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The Effectiveness of Image Augmentation in Deep Learning Networks for Detecting COVID-19 : A Geometric Transformation Perspective Elgendi, Mohamed; Nasir, Muhammad Umer; Tang, Qunfeng; Smith, David; Grenier, John-Paul; Batte, Catherine; Spieler, Bradley; Leslie, William Donald; Menon, Carlo; Fletcher, Richard Ribbon; Howard, Newton; Ward, Rabab Kreidieh; Parker, William; Nicolaou, Savvas
Abstract
Chest X-ray imaging technology used for the early detection and screening of COVID-19 pneumonia is both accessible worldwide and affordable compared to other non-invasive technologies. Additionally, deep learning methods have recently shown remarkable results in detecting COVID-19 on chest X-rays, making it a promising screening technology for COVID-19. Deep learning relies on a large amount of data to avoid overfitting. While overfitting can result in perfect modeling on the original training dataset, on a new testing dataset it can fail to achieve high accuracy. In the image processing field, an image augmentation step (i.e., adding more training data) is often used to reduce overfitting on the training dataset, and improve prediction accuracy on the testing dataset. In this paper, we examined the impact of geometric augmentations as implemented in several recent publications for detecting COVID-19. We compared the performance of 17 deep learning algorithms with and without different geometric augmentations. We empirically examined the influence of augmentation with respect to detection accuracy, dataset diversity, augmentation methodology, and network size. Contrary to expectation, our results show that the removal of recently used geometrical augmentation steps actually improved the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 17 models. The MCC without augmentation (MCC = 0.51) outperformed four recent geometrical augmentations (MCC = 0.47 for Data Augmentation 1, MCC = 0.44 for Data Augmentation 2, MCC = 0.48 for Data Augmentation 3, and MCC = 0.49 for Data Augmentation 4). When we retrained a recently published deep learning without augmentation on the same dataset, the detection accuracy significantly increased, with a χ 2 McNemar′s statistic = 163.2 and a p-value of 2.23 × 10−37. This is an interesting finding that may improve current deep learning algorithms using geometrical augmentations for detecting COVID-19. We also provide clinical perspectives on geometric augmentation to consider regarding the development of a robust COVID-19 X-ray-based detector.
Item Metadata
| Title |
The Effectiveness of Image Augmentation in Deep Learning Networks for Detecting COVID-19 : A Geometric Transformation Perspective
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| Creator | |
| Publisher |
Frontiers
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| Date Issued |
2021-03-01
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| Description |
Chest X-ray imaging technology used for the early detection and screening of COVID-19
pneumonia is both accessible worldwide and affordable compared to other non-invasive
technologies. Additionally, deep learning methods have recently shown remarkable
results in detecting COVID-19 on chest X-rays, making it a promising screening
technology for COVID-19. Deep learning relies on a large amount of data to avoid
overfitting. While overfitting can result in perfect modeling on the original training dataset,
on a new testing dataset it can fail to achieve high accuracy. In the image processing
field, an image augmentation step (i.e., adding more training data) is often used to
reduce overfitting on the training dataset, and improve prediction accuracy on the
testing dataset. In this paper, we examined the impact of geometric augmentations
as implemented in several recent publications for detecting COVID-19. We compared
the performance of 17 deep learning algorithms with and without different geometric
augmentations. We empirically examined the influence of augmentation with respect
to detection accuracy, dataset diversity, augmentation methodology, and network size.
Contrary to expectation, our results show that the removal of recently used geometrical
augmentation steps actually improved the Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of
17 models. The MCC without augmentation (MCC = 0.51) outperformed four recent
geometrical augmentations (MCC = 0.47 for Data Augmentation 1, MCC = 0.44 for
Data Augmentation 2, MCC = 0.48 for Data Augmentation 3, and MCC = 0.49 for
Data Augmentation 4). When we retrained a recently published deep learning without
augmentation on the same dataset, the detection accuracy significantly increased, with a χ
2
McNemar′s statistic = 163.2 and a p-value of 2.23 × 10−37. This is an interesting finding
that may improve current deep learning algorithms using geometrical augmentations for
detecting COVID-19. We also provide clinical perspectives on geometric augmentation
to consider regarding the development of a robust COVID-19 X-ray-based detector.
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| Subject | |
| Genre | |
| Type | |
| Language |
eng
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| Date Available |
2021-06-02
|
| Provider |
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
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| Rights |
Attribution 4.0 International
|
| DOI |
10.14288/1.0398233
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| URI | |
| Affiliation | |
| Citation |
Elgendi M, Nasir MU, Tang Q, Smith D, Grenier J-P, Batte C, Spieler B, Leslie WD, Menon C, Fletcher RR, Howard N, Ward R, Parker W and Nicolaou S (2021) The Effectiveness of Image Augmentation in Deep Learning Networks for Detecting COVID-19: A Geometric Transformation Perspective. Front. Med. 8:629134.
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| Publisher DOI |
10.3389/fmed.2021.629134
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| Peer Review Status |
Reviewed
|
| Scholarly Level |
Faculty; Researcher
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| Rights URI | |
| Aggregated Source Repository |
DSpace
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Item Citations and Data
Rights
Attribution 4.0 International