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Chloroplasts and Plant Immunity : Where Are the Fungal Effectors? Kretschmer, Matthias; Damoo, Djihane; Djamei, Armin; Kronstad, James Warren

Abstract

Chloroplasts play a central role in plant immunity through the synthesis of secondary metabolites and defense compounds, as well as phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Additionally, chloroplast metabolism results in the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as defense molecules. The impact of viral and bacterial infections on plastids and chloroplasts has been well documented. In particular, bacterial pathogens are known to introduce effectors specifically into chloroplasts, and many viral proteins interact with chloroplast proteins to influence viral replication and movement, and plant defense. By contrast, clear examples are just now emerging for chloroplast-targeted effectors from fungal and oomycete pathogens. In this review, we first present a brief overview of chloroplast contributions to plant defense and then discuss examples of connections between fungal interactions with plants and chloroplast function. We then briefly consider well-characterized bacterial effectors that target chloroplasts as a prelude to discussing the evidence for fungal effectors that impact chloroplast activities.

Item Metadata

Title
Chloroplasts and Plant Immunity : Where Are the Fungal Effectors?
Creator
Kretschmer, Matthias; Damoo, Djihane; Djamei, Armin; Kronstad, James Warren
Contributor
Michael Smith Laboratories
Publisher
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Date Issued
2019-12-24
Description
Chloroplasts play a central role in plant immunity through the synthesis of secondary metabolites and defense compounds, as well as phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Additionally, chloroplast metabolism results in the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as defense molecules. The impact of viral and bacterial infections on plastids and chloroplasts has been well documented. In particular, bacterial pathogens are known to introduce effectors specifically into chloroplasts, and many viral proteins interact with chloroplast proteins to influence viral replication and movement, and plant defense. By contrast, clear examples are just now emerging for chloroplast-targeted effectors from fungal and oomycete pathogens. In this review, we first present a brief overview of chloroplast contributions to plant defense and then discuss examples of connections between fungal interactions with plants and chloroplast function. We then briefly consider well-characterized bacterial effectors that target chloroplasts as a prelude to discussing the evidence for fungal effectors that impact chloroplast activities.
Subject
fungal phytopathogenesis; reactive oxygen species; light-harvesting complex; effector
Genre
Article
Type
Text
Language
eng
Date Available
2020-01-24
Provider
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Rights
CC BY 4.0
DOI
10.14288/1.0388362
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/2429/73381
Affiliation
Science, Faculty of; Non UBC; Microbiology and Immunology, Department of
Citation
Pathogens 9 (1): 19 (2019)
Publisher DOI
10.3390/pathogens9010019
Peer Review Status
Reviewed
Scholarly Level
Faculty
Rights URI
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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CC BY 4.0