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Clarion AJomnalof AJBEINT BVIUT8 Official Organ of THE SOCIALIST PARTY OF CANADA HIBTORY BOONOmOS PHILOSOPHY ho. 851 Twice a Month CANADA FIRST.' A Trip on the Great Lakes THK personal inspection of the forecastle revealed a d*sg3"oeefoi atats of affaire. Th- nleoninaj quarters were visited and I . ■ • Ithy almost bt^-ond baUe$. Vermin of i -oriswss ••video■ «\ the nmtt*-***eWe were Wthy, v v re of hard hoard'- the wall** and ( bad not boon cleaned for a long tai j rss rery bad, and many ot the cr»-w erere itasag no tb< aatonos, .... There «*•* no b ■ i. ■ |e« of food we saw erere badly cook- «$ isd Krved in tin asanas none too clean Rica i.-. i al andsnee ami then- ws» a lot *-{ was*' too 1 ■v-v »on*c of which sraa io the hunks The ued of bed hoc*. Th«- food ia earned :'• r end forward by the man themselves *> Bated thai sn attempt had been Beads to got health officer aboard but had failed ... plained of a Hsperabundance of eoek« ■ * The pi."\ ootnplsined ol not getting Megt deep en route, h*-u-g for the most part 11 to • si ont of twenty-four on duty and sleep hem? stm-apted.'' Mary will imagine thi* ia more of Kit**?* mud |» appointed when told ii is part of « n . peak .. fi !'.;tr*l of Conciliation investigating the ditM-n* of men ««rking in tin shipping industry I • Canada, with upr-ial attention to that «iod« asreaj psrt known as Ontario and Quobee Of sanu ihe representative of capital makes e fc''-' ' « the prom in which he doea not refute thi p I the hoard, but denies ownership of the v I orunns" by makinc tlm atatement the ob* jkst i* i<* shift reefK*Js~tt*ility for such eonditions on '■ • h. The statement reads: "The ateam runoa' ^ neither owned nor operated by th. tamos s*. imnhip I in.-*, and the r>r*artmenl of la l^'^en notified to this effect" ■ ■■ iph would naturally think these condi- |»«n applied only to thi*. one boat after reading the *■•■ BatenMttl in the daiij press, but, 'The *•*• hi is investigation have discovered that on l!-y ibipe th.re ercre continual chsnges in the per • f the cr.-K. m soma eaaes the eresi bsving | ""fed completely three times op t" date Jul) *• -*«1 , aad ean only oome to the eonclusion thst the -eantiona, eanoeially in the tire hole, are such ' *; the m.-n have thrown np their jobs ^s ■"• pointed out*, ths condition! of the aleeping IJ;iar,''iX sanitalion, ami hard work ha\c m the opUl- *«ftlis Board, boon the causes of so "tuch Iran- iftait,. mployment." !tiv'-"t all important to know who owns tins boat, H'0"" ting of paraaite* i« a.s had as another, but it M'r.v instructive to nee how our masters try to *■' *ay itatcment made by the workers, and the '^"■'•r in whieh they will deliberately lie when j^111'-' itatejuorrte in the prom. First, regarding ^••rsi.i,,, thin Hoard itatosr **With reference -0 ownership of the '8.8. Corunua" t b«8 l0 J* *»t Moyd'a Register for 1920 states that •■"■■.ur*- to the Black Diamond Line Steamships, "*•«owned by the Dominion Iron and Steel Com- wjyat Sidney, \. s 8rnee that date thc D. 1. ? S- CO., hai heen absorbed hy the British Rmplre [ty ^wpsny and the Black Diamond Boats were 10,1 ^Ong with other tmeta Further Invssti* ,0n °0 the part of the Board revealed the fsct that ;! «aiml cr of the directors of thc British Empire Steel -ay wen aiso directom on tbe Canada Steam- "'■' l'Ur" This ahowi a remarkably close as- - iation between the two companies." * resemblee e One Big Combine with many oames, one psrt giving ordere but acknowledging bo identity ia the -shin game/' The company eleimed that cm Ij - ten disgruntled employees" had ailed for b Board of Enquiry, but daring th'e inves- • on il was found that "after the new schedule of wsgea bad I a announced by the Canada Steamship I.».s. limited, there was great dissatisfaction, and the seamen employed by them at Midland. Ontario, etng members of the union, had threatened to go on strike, hut at a meeting held on the above date (11th A* *i\, 1921 at which there was a fair attendance of at least •eventy.five representatives of the men it wsj decided to wait until a Board of Conciliation •I been eecured in aecordance with the Act." And what number of men did *h;s committee represent? "Membership in the union was investigated and it Waa discovered that there were some twenty-one hundred members 2,100) On the list iu good stand- H.rc is a body of men working under the vil- «•-.: and moM degrading eonditions possible, even under capitalism. and when they protest, the acknowledgment from their-Christian masters takes the appropriate form of lies and misrepresentation of the p tool fa-ts "We don't acknowledge the existence of e <iis" ate!" As thoagb there was no reason at all for srrievsnee and rebellion among these workers. when we Bod that they are denied even the common deoenciea of sanitary accomodation, as was found • at "there ere no baths or showers on this ship." and "on the paeoenger steamers a sharp inspection ia made daily an far as the passengers' conveniences ire eoncerned, but '!•',•>•,• of the crew would appear In be madly neglected." The stinking atmosphere of the forecastle will to some extent be realized when the Board "reeommenda that steps be taken to have thia grievance remedied without delay. It would ap* ear that the idea aeeme to prevail on many ships that all the ventilation Q**eessary is a port hole, no intelligent itndy being mad. as to the circulation of Ihe air." Both the "intelligent study" and the labor to Ameliorate theae conditions would mean the hiring of more men. and this means expenditure, calculated ,IS loss of dividend, then fore the Board's recom- meadations csnnot be complied with. In making profit; tht capitalist has very little thought for anything else and in many cases, if it were not that aome lava stand in tho way really safeguarding tho „„„,,„,,,„,,, 0f the exploitation process, the ravages 0f capitalism would sweep away many more millions than oven the Mack plague. Here is one gang that ignores cvcrvthiiu*. as was found, "a ship cau clear Ullall(1 p0P* with a crew palpably too small to onertte without danger." What do they, the own- mn care about danger! The smaller the crew the its, expenditure for operation. There is no rough wether during «■■•'•■''''' ti,1,e- so tbere ,s ,K) danRcr ,f iotins the boat, that is the vital and most Import. Jintma(t(ir. preservation of private property. When thev hear "a number of vessels were examined and I* was found that the machinery was dangerously exposed and leal it-elf lo.accidents, in bad weather especially," they only sit back and say, "we don't acknowledge it." These people know this exist.-* and have known it for years, but the workers have been at their mercy and are at their mercy today, should a man fall sick, it was found that no medicine for first aid could be found on these boats. "The general manager admitted the subject having been neglected." Of course, when a sailor becomes sick he is "sent to a hospital, but unless the sickness has occurred through the fault of the ship, the sailor is obliged to pay his own hospital fee and medical attendance." When a member of the crew falls a victim.to fever, which is the most likely thing he would*do, this would not be classified as the fault of the ship, therefore he claims no compensation and pays the hospital bill, providing he has been fortunate enough to save a few dollars. Again, when he happens to be caught in one of the winches and mangled, the Board also finds "several cases where the seaman has met with mishap aud apparently through ignorance or nceleet of someone has received no redress." Therefore, it is quite evident a case of '' heads I win, tails you lose." in any case the worker suffers. The company, not being anxious to report accidents to the Compensation Board, this is considered as not being a dangerous occupation and assessed at a low rat-1. If all accidents are reported, then the rate per employee would be high and would eat into the general rate of profit. There's not-much ignorance attached to this.—just "neglect," but not neglect of dividends. Inordcr to obtain some idea as to the position these , men are in to pay doctor's bills, the Board asks "to take the wages of a wheelsman, for example, in 191") during eight (8) months of service on the Great Lakes, which is the maximum period of employment in the year, at the scale as submitted to the Board: he would earn 1336.00 aud his board for that period. If he were a married man, and a large proportion of these crews are married, he would of necessity have to support a family on this sum The 'Labor Gazette* for 1915 gives a fair cost of ordinary living for a small family as $719.16. This means that ha would have at that time to deprive his family of what is usually considered as essential. He has nothing to go on with for a supply of clothing for himself and family, as it certainly appears that he was in very bad financial straits and was evidently underpaid. In 1920 the wheelsman'swages have been raised up to $880.00 for the season The 'Labor GaaettV for tfyat year shows that the cost of living for a small family was ^1.212.12. It will then bc seen that although his condition was improved over 1915 he still is not in a satisfactory financial shape to meet the requirements of his family." Bad as this is, with hunger staring the men in the face, the company, not satisfied that they have wrung the limit out of the "disgmntle<i"employee" ordered a 30 per cent, reduction in wages, beginning with "the season." The report states: "The heavy reduction in wages at the beginning of the season put the seamen into a pecuniary condition as bad as 1913, which was bad enough. The Board is of the opinion that thc reduction was much too sweeping, and after careful consideration believe that a ten (Continued on page 3) m90* r PAGE TWO WESTERN CLARION The "Economic Factor" in the Materialist Interpretation of History Being a reply to a letter of enquiry arising out of a friendly controversy between two comrades concerning the "Economic Factor" as all comprehensive in the Marxian system, and concerning also "Race," "Natural Environment," "Cultural Influences," as directing influences in the march of events in history. By C. STEPHENSON. - "In the middle of the century, (the 19th), two men sought to incorporate in their philosophy the physical basis which Hegel had ignored in his spiritism—recognising that life is conditioned by an environment and not an abstraction for metaphysics. H. T. Buckle in his History of Civilisation in England" (1857). was the first to work out the influences of the material world upon history, developing through a wealth of illustration the importance of food, soil and the general aspect of nature upon the formation of society. Buckle did not as is generally believed make these three factors dominate all history. He distinctly stated that the advance of European civilization is characterised by a diminishing influence of physical laws and an increasing influence of mental laws, and 'the measure of civilization is the triumph of mind over external agents.' Yet his challenge not only to the theologian but to those 'historians whose indolence of thought* or 'natural incapacity' prevented them from attempting more than the annalistic record of events, called out a storm of protest from almost every side. Now that the controversy has cleared away, we see that in spite of Buckle's too confident formulation of his laws, his pioneer work in a great field marks him out as the Augustine of the scientific age. Among historians, however, Buckle's theory received but little favor for another generation. Meanwhile the economists had themselves taken up the problem, and it was from them that the historians of today have learned it Ten years before Buckle published hia history, Karl Marx had already formulated the 'economic theory of history.' Accepting with reservation Feuerbach's attack on the Heso- lian 'absolute idea' based on materialistic grounds (I)er T'er.sch ist, was er 1st), Marx was led to the conclusion that the causes of that process of growth which constitutes the history of society, are to be found in the economic conditions of existence. From this he went on to socialism, which based its militant philosophy upon this interpretation of history. But the truth or falsity of Socialism does not affect the theory of history. In 1845 Marx wrote of the young Hegelians that to separate history from natural science and industry wag like separating the bouI from the body, and 'finding the birth place of history, not in the gross material production on earth.' but in the misty cloud formation of heaven. (Die Heilige Familie p. 238). In his 'Misere de la Philosophie* j[1847), he lays down the principle that social relationships largely depend upon modes of production, and therefore the principles, ideas and categories which are thus evolved are no more eternal than the conditions th*>y express but are historical and transitory products. In hia famous 'Manifesto of the Communist Party* (1848), the theory was applied to show how the industrial revolution had replaced feudal with- modern conditions But it had little vogue exce-pt among Socialists, until the third volume of 'Das Kapital' was published fn 1894 when its importance was borne in upon continental scholars. Since then the controversy has been almost as heated as In the days of the Reformation. It is an exaggeration of the theory which makes it an explanation of all human life, but the science of dynamic sociology rests upon the postulate of Marx." Ency. Britannica (11th ed.) Abstract from history article contributed by James Thomson Shotwell, P.H.D., Prof. Hist, in Columbia University, New York City. Dear Comrade,— Received your letter with pleasure. As well as I am able within the time at my disposal, I herein '--comply with your request for information on certain mature raised in a dispute between you and an opponent of yours, on the Marxian theory of history, i.e.. the Materialist Interpretation. In compliance with your further request for the non-Marxian testimony of the "Britannica' on thc Marxian theory it i.s slso herewith. You say your opponent considers any Socialist source of information on thc Marxian theory of history as of no authority. Thc Materialistic Interpretation, then, is in bad case with him, if only the voices of its enemies are to be heard. What should we'think of an administrator of the law who would only hear one side of a case f Instead of holding the balance fair, 1 think Im- would be degrading hia office to that of executioner In the main, your opponent 'a objections are point' less ami ineffectual because he appears to be unaware of the issue that divides the Materialistic and Idealistic schools of philosophy. Else how could ii-. for instance, raise the particularly pointless objections to materialism, "that the term 'material' does not allow for human thought as a factor," and Tha" human thought is not materia! as material must partake of matter, and matter is only sii.-h as p.issess es weight or dimension.'1 N'<> one baa claimed that the mind, or thought or idea are material Bubatanees, any more than it has hen claimed for nutrition. Are all our ideas, as claimed hy the Materialists images, formed hy the mind, id' experienced things of thc material world* Or have we ideaa as claimed by the idealists, whieh transcend experience, being innate in the constitution of our mind and independent of experience* principles of knowledge, the categories of time and apace, and cause and effect, concepts whose truth we know beyond doubt intuitively,- hut whieh w»- can not know by reason and analysis? In like manner and to the game effect, it is claimed that the knowledge of mora! principles, and of God, soul, immortality, free-will, etc., is knowledge which can only be arrived at intuitively and not hy matter-of- fact reason and analysis. The dictionary ha* it: "intuition, the power of tin mind by whieh it immediately perceives tin- truth of things without fSS> Boning or analysis." Thus to thc Idealist there ar- two kinds of knowledge; to the Materialist only on l. The point in dispute, is. as t<» the aouree and nature of such conceptions as named, and this gives occasion for the terms Materialism and Idealism being ap [died. TO thc Opposing BChools. The dispute is not at all as to whether thoucrht is a factor in the historical process. Both schools allow for thought as a fa*'- tor. neither of them denying its influence, least of all the Materialists; for. are not they, everywhere, the hated who sap and mine against the citadels of entrenched orthodoxy, ignorance and that slavish apathy whose other name is mental indolence? An,d what purpose, indeed, could Marx, himself arch- materialist, have had in view in devoting his whole energies and great ability during his mature life up to his death in harness, to the increase of human knowledge of that very historical process! And whether your friend considers the influence of Marxian thoucrht good or evil, he can hardly deny that it has influenced scientific enquiry nnd theory in th° domains of history, economies, and polities, for. SS the "Hritannica' has it* "Thc science of dynnmie sociology rests upon the postulate of Marx." As a further consequence of its influence on thouirM. there is involved thc translation of thought into net, andact into fact It is thus with increasing measure that Marxian theory influences practical affairs in the life of our time. Tn respect of what I have to say on thc Materialistic Interpretation and in justice to that theory, I must call to your minds, what you will both realise, thc inescapable limitations, thc inadequacies Inherent in all brief and summary definitions or explanations. Thc corollary to that is thc dictum that the essence of any school or system of thought, religious or secular, is not to be found in any particular phrase, formula or part of the system, nor in any one man's contributions to it. Tts essence is only to be found in thc whole body of it. Tt is hardly necessary to point ont, especially in respect of what is known as thc Marxian School of Scientific Socialism, that that dictum has been grossly netrlected, sometimes in a spirit of partisanship, sometimes in ignorance, thouqrh oftener through malice by reason that it takes issue with orthodox teachings and the old familiar ways of thinkinpr to which wc, however, have become habituated. The dictum, however, has received ils most malicious abuse at hands inspired by private in terest, aach as Marx Bpokc ot when lw g| llf -h„ domain of political -iimny. that u, thai domaia •free acientific enquiry meets not merely tl., Ul enemies as in all other domains. The pcculisi .... Of the material it deals with BUOUnona U foej the field of battle the most violent, mesa a:, | Bant j.asiuns of the human breast, thl Fit:.., ■ vate interest.*' <»n the point at is-sue between BUleriaii*n* .,, ; Idealism, dictionary definitions, as I uid, an ably inadequate because of their brevitj * . - ie-s, any dictionary will, I tl ink, sin,v\ thst that put- ts as to whi.-h belong! priority, thought • world of material qualities and forces. Thi ary has it: " Idealism, is tbe doctrine that u, . v p.-ree| tions the objects immediately known ar : that all reality is in its nature psychical . • Jn other words, it asaerta that there ia a con world of the mind that ia independent of tb< ma • iife experiences. Materialism rejects the doctrine of Idi i n taking the position that ideaa an the : - the material world in the mind of man. and tram ed into forms of thought hs attitude to i lent "f man and his plaee in natur< ia .i nai • une, based on the bioligieal sciences. I* asa * the who!-- man. as evolve,! from lower fornu I with the phyaii al as well it* the psyi b traits oa live to him, his instinctive tendencies si d of whatever kind, emotional or mental, ii come of the interaction of organism and enviroi natural and » eial. Thinking itself, j| bai said, is but an outcome of the neeessitj c getting out of trouble A*- his instinclh traits d< terminc for him what »» north while b - I - driven to !>«• an active factor in Ins envoroi The materialist claims that intelligi i not I original ahaper and final cause of things, ■/ I thought is but man's mental response to lh< - of his materia] environment, That mental res] - carries with it. however, a* B farther the translation of thought into action ai the fnct of an adaptive adjustment, either by - forming to the conditions of hia environi cht Iging the conditions for good or ill, u come may be. The queation that hangs on the issue between " terialism and Idealism, is. are are to depend ■ auppoaed higher, innate ideas, the eternal ai I i solute truths of Idealism for our guidance in tl fairs of life, or, are we to reject them and ' ' perience for our guide! Materialism aayi tl 'ai'«*r' and even says further, that the B0*cslied pteroi 'ruths and verities of Idealism ere, after all, ' '•'? mental reflections of humanity - experiencea ol material world, distorted or sublimated bj the •■' agination. Moral conespta are the product of human association, are the outcome of a general!} f<-H esi'v in any community for a rule of live and lei h*t being lived up to iu some sort of fashion. »' '" others, the concepts of (iod. the soul, of fr !""• •J™ immortality, have also their causes iii the material world. They are attempts to escape from the i*'1 world of bitter experience hy idealising It. ■' ,!:" been said, the mind needs system and abhora the ",! known and tin* anarchic. Also, the insatiable bean of man h>nj;K for comfort, consolation and B»PP° amidst the evils, the oppressive conditions ami tru- trillions incidental to life in a so largely alien won Hitherto mankind has found what Batiafactioni ajw consolations it could hy the fictitious way of belie in an independent world of spirit, much aa the l!" tory girl may fly to the fid it ions world of the Dud ess novelettes, or the "movie" show, in order to ' cape for a time the dullnesses and dread realities life in a factory town. Materialism, however, ca for a rigorous facing of realities. So may we f intelligence for re-creating the world. (Continued on page 8) WESTERN' CLARION THE ECONOMIC FACTOR'' IN THE MATER- PAGE THREE -ALIST INTERPRETATION OF HISORY Continued from page 2 i-„. opponents objections to the MaterialU ... Q ire certainly not well founded. One ,.,,■ h.- makes, that Marx conaidcred tbe i tor tis- only fa tor to influence history may , reading Marx. Any number of it , found in ins writing** of where be .,.„...,- . f other factors. One or two auch in note m dm- course, and also indi D ,y he found, Mai i certainly . factors as l-asi • factora ol I .._. •, reoogniaas that theii iai u■• • . . . fested in more waya than ibro .- Continued economic development b • • •. Bubsistenee levi 1 once • I nee* - . a all members ot the human 'irmly, i from unremitting toil for th< n ■ • . • physical eaisten •■ possible, il not for t ■ tgt for increasing numbers as | I • •• - r.i;e. fre- from the Btra ■ ,,.,!-,, is the room of human dev< I . ..-. liber ited, obse-n a*, n, i oqnlr* refti . . . dion, the pdWera oi reason id ii •■- , • . narrow boi • f bruti . • • - . nomi activitu-s ensues, thi art* :» pons and phflosoj — I thi ti ii .* extentiona ol our c dtural til itate of the industrial arts tlturel arts>f inter-act upon ea ■ a degree, merge into, modify, snd .. • | . other Progress becomes cumolstiv-: -••-.-. than eatisfsctor) degn • It ' ta also ao happened, »» a historic i development has given lurth to I pre I privste ownership with its eorolisries " w principle, and also thi io al • - - at and conflicting e *onomi« inti * it-s . servitude baa been in various forn * •■-,. i aompoaed of proper!) ownen si d • -■ t-aa the dominant social relationship •.- down through tbe biter agi i ■'> orgai antique slava owners and chattel a rda and rising capitalist • lam and the land lern eapitaliata and propertyless wage pm "arista The political history of those societies - •'•■ J i I istory oi their class struggles. The* • - - eai h In its time and pine, have ended either • ' h attaining aupremacy in the atruggh taining control ol the powers oi tht centra • istate, •■ aa direct a re tonstruction of aooiet) in • •■ !. interest, or else, the atruggles bava ended "*' eommon rum of the contending elssses I '••rtliaed political state evolves out ol the necea - atabiliaing power amidst the ansrcl ■ '"** • nomk interests whuh result from com *wthri druggla for control ..f the means of j •■ !i ' Rata enforces atabillty primarily in ths inti 'l-*« dominant social .dass who control it, Marx 1 eount of this two aided effect of the infla "! aconomie factors on hiatory, w■•• * econ Velopment, laying the basis of general pro torn >n all the arts of livelihood and culture. And ™ •* giving occasion for social elassea and thc nol- ' ' -aate, and. das* interest, giving rise to class * '•i-,,-'l"s. ami, as the outcome of the Bt niggles, po'-- ^ development Tiui*fnr I hiivc merely indicated m crudest Old |* |""'tl'e effect of economic fa-tors or forces on gen- to\ progrcaa ami the progress and chances of the ■•*■ of social organisation The Influence of the °lui,> OP history is also to be seen in the inter rm'»«l. and national conflicts for territory, tor routes In land or sea. for markets and sources tubal trade °*W materials, coal, oil and ores, etc, It is in th< ''.':s""iai | have tried to describe, that Marx eon **ed the aconomie as basic. "The mode of pro ,T,I(1"■■■ material life dcier.nii.es the general obar ,"1-" of the • life, social, politieal ami apiritual processes '"'-1- taken account of In ehum*-. i- . *- ., • , vnbtr, r ..,. • , enapter 4. of the third » Oil trie ,,I "(■,,,,*.,| • I i- , .. ' '"J"'"1' w discusses the "Genesis of ' Ifor^ or the Unpaid Surplus Lahor of ;P^«t Producers." he has, in part, this to say -Ths specific economic form, ta which unpaid ■■' '''''--^^"HHHloutortho.lirectprolucc-rH, aetermhiea the relaUon of rulera and rated It laslw«y, the direct r,lati(Jll of ^ ^.^ ' — WOdlUoM of arodnotloa to tha direct producers, wwch reveal tha Umermoat -ecrot, the hidden foun- wtloa of the entire social wmstractlon, and with it ' ' :(i''» al form of the Nation*- between 8over- • «■■•• dependence, in si, n. (Jf the correspond- «"•"'•■•'••''• ■- "tsu . . . Thia does not prayent ls« asm -•„-,,., basta from ihowing infinite gnu*. •tteaa in ha spp«aranc« even though Ita principle rondti oa are everywhere the name This is due to ' • • • rV le outalde clPCSmauuiceB, natural environ- ' : • I dtarltiea, outside historical inUuences, ■ I rth, all ot whirl- must ha ascertained by il anal-*aia." See al-1 quotations in "Geordie's" articles on the ri of Value," now appearing in the I larion." I ■ feature of tbese articles js? that s •• to ill istrate the cultural power of the ma- ''! ■ ' ns prevalent at any particular time iii The concept of ' 'Value' 'is seen to arise in "tain definite historical conditions of pro- lucl . \ ange, and. that with even- change .ui approximate change takes e in the tn net pt ipponcnt saya thai Bngels modified Marx'.-. If I eans by "modified," moderated, - ' esssrj to read Engels to disprove that. -1* • "i ■ • in 1 a later years was not to detract r of the* onomie as a factor in history, but • on some who wen over-emphasizing its . ■ e to the neglecl ol otl er factors. It is signi- ■ of tl virility of the Materialisl Conception il 1. .- -• ai I others since, by reason that they Marx1 shoulders, who himself had only one - life tim- to work in and the comparatively limited material of the science of his day to draw up— • iv< • ' ike i >connt in a more exhaustive inner of other f.nt.T., than the strictly economic ilso il human conduct and cultural pi , •- Aa m* quotation of Marx shows, it was a .- • with him as to the relative efficiency of var- ■ rial factors in enforcing habits of life, whose daily discipline sbspes men's habits of • . • ■ md not a question of the economic factor a)on<. Another quotation from Marx will show that that was his position. Sec 'Geordie's" article in the \ .,.• is- issue, in which the quotation from vol. 1. • 6'-. states, in effect: thst tbe notion of human ./•, n >• have acquired the fixity of a popular judicc before all kinds of human lahor (human ,r in ceneral could com.' to be regarded as equal < . qnivalent. :0 : SEE CANADA FIRST." (lVefaee. "<>iti«|iie of Political econ- ■'• J The use of the qualifying term "general S((M,'S there are other faoteSS, though they arc not uiflnentiaj, Here I quote one inatanee where 8rx Ul^ists on these other than economic factors Continued from page 11 een- ],, pen-en! reduction would be more reasonable, especially in view of the fact of the Blight . .,. ,..,t;r.(. in the decrease o( the cost of living as ■ n j,, .), , 'Labor Gnsettc.' The reduction made thH v. .mi- iu the pay of the masters (captains) and, ...,.,..,.., was only ten percent. (10pcrce.it). It is difficult to understand why only a ten per cent, re . , m* made in their cases, and nearly thirty , r mit in the cases o\' the real of the crew, unless ,',, ,.,„ i, Waa anticipated thai there would be con- siderahic difficulty in replacing the certificated atalf, v ,„,,..„ in the latter case, it was expected to take ful] advautage of the widespread unemployment ci lahor "ii >hov<>. Th0 task was not so "difficult when a little con- ldpr.Uon is given the subject, to ascertain why the ILter clew can take such a large aUce out ofthe „*uff. it onlv requires a favorable opportunity when J pounce' on the worker with full force, never eon. •LL the wage-slave as human. "Mr.Bnderby /..tilled th»1 *vhen bin schedules were being made Le company had solely in view what they could at '•' ;HV )mt did not consider, in any caae, the eou. ,;ni ,"1 fn ng imposed upon their men. It would ditions oi ii' lu« " ' appear to he evident that the reduction this year was made with thc object in view of taking advantage of thc abundance of men and labor conditions generally throughout the territory served by the company from which their men are recruited." As the vulture treats its prey so the capitalist Class use their slaves; but their motto seems to be, where there's life the pickings are good. Men drift around in the aimless sort of way. no record behind them and very little to look forward to. no record except that of a pitiable slave with the sweat and blood sapped out, to furnish the parasite with the luxuries of life but, ''Britannia rules the waves." Many of these men listened to the call of their master and accepted the invitation to taEe part in "the war to end war';: some of the men have returned only to find that a greater war is going on—the war to end classes. In order to ensure some measure of protection for themselves against the rapacity of the employers the men join in union with one another, but the masters refuse recognition of the union. Union men are discriminated against. "General manager Mr. Enderby has admitted in his evidence that at least one officer had been reprimanded for this practice, he having collected and insisted upon the surrender of union books by those men who were being employed." With the men in poor financial shape the union must likewise be in the same position: nOt even satisfied with this the master class intends to break all power of resistance of the workers, smash the unions, disintegrate them, then impose conditions that no person could stand any longer than one trip, when he jumps off without his pay- check, plad of relief. The company is safe, as there are many men willing to try the west and as many moreanxious to make their way east. The married man tries to stick to the ship; he cannot jump off so easily, unless it be overboard. He tries to provide for his family; when he sees he cannot do so sometimes a note is found in his clothes, as: "The Board had reported to it the ease of an assistant cook whose body was recently found in the river, on whose person was found a letter stating that he had committed suicide because he found it impossible to keep his family going on the small wages he was in receipt of." The Board made some recommendations in order to ameliorate these stunning conditions, but please notice how our kind masters deal with the suggestions. The company writes the following: "I am instructed to advise you that the Canada Steamship Lines, Limited, cannot accept the recommendations of the Board for the adjustment of the alleged dispute in question." While the workers endure these tortu- ous conditions, both in the fire-hole and on decks, with no prospect cf better things in view, the company advertises its services is the daily paper as follows: "There is never a dull moment aboard ship, a wonderful orchestra plays every day and you enjoy a masquerade ball, when prizes are presented to th*.: best dressed ladies and gentlemen. Round trip from Toronto. $108.00." ("Mail and Empire." Toronto). The working class, owning nothing but labor power, are divorced from thc machinery of wealth production, they are permitted to work only when it is profitable to the capitalist class. The sole function of the wage slave (in the case under review, workers aboard ship) under the present system of society is to produce and provide thc luxuries of life for a parasite class. What the workers produce is taken from them, excepting the few miserable crumbs that arc grudgingly thrown to them and upon which they are supposed to raise successors to fill their places in the tire-hole or on deck as the case may be. These few crumbs constitute the diet of the wage Working class under the wages system, and while the workers will be compelled to unite in order to resist the arbitrary will and dictation of the capitalist class, if only to preserve the powTer of combat, the goal must be the social ownership of all wealth socially produced.. When that condition is reached a sailor on the Great Lakes may more closely resemble a human be- ing than the water rat his present conditions make him resemble now. J. BRAMMELL. PAGE FOUR sV £ S T » R N CLARION Western Clarion Pab'iska* twiea a noath by tha Soeiali** Party of Canada 401 Ptadsr Strata East, Vaaeoarar, B. a Pk*SM Hig hlaac SSSJ B*oter*-*d *t G. P. O. -u a Btmmvmtpmr. Editor Swan MacLeod •ubscriptioa: Canada, 20 issues Foreign, 16 issues $1.00 IL00 852 If thia aambar ia oa yow addraaa labal 7001 •ubieriptioa azpiraa with aazt iaaaa. Baatw patsssety- VANCOUVER, a C, SEPTEMBER 16. 1921 DOMINION ELECTIONS THE political trumphet has sounded from the headquarters of class rule, and the government, as the saying has it, "goes to the country." In the present case Mr. Meighen names the question of tariffs as the pet issue, and his government might as well hang its hat on that peg as on any other. In politics as in war some more or less plausible excuse is required as a rallying cry, and if it happens to he time worn it i.s the more likely to appear important and difficult of Battlement. To the wage workers of Canada the question of tariffs is of no more importance than the shape of the prime ministers hat. Tariffs concern those who own and control in a greater or lesser degree the products of labor, and labor these days is quite plainly in the same position of hunger and want whether it be located in a country of free trade or of tariff protection. No solution lies there of the workers problem, and no solution will be found by anyone but himself. In spite of appearances the worker has only one problem, and that is to secure unto himself the means whereby he produces the necessities of life. The necessities of life are produced by the working class alone, and world wide working class misery and destitution serve only to illustrate it. Present day society is based upon class ownership of the means of life. Election cries will express the class interests of those who give voice to them, while the promises issued by the several competitive master class political parties will he gener ous, while the productive processes arc in thc hands of private owners the share of the wealth enjoyed by labor will be a slave's portion. The election will appeal to the worker as an equal with his master. His condition of wage servitude will be forgotten or, if alluded to at all it will be pictured rosily in terms of foretold continuous employment and prosperity. The antagonism between master and wage-slave, properted ami propertyless, will be denied existence and its burial advocated and prophesied in tbe happy co-operation of capital and labor. The condition of misery and hunger of the wage workeqs of all lands today, sharpened and brought into relief more noticeably through widespread unemployment, is but the inevitable condition of class <twnership of the means of wealth productidn. The •worker's interests as a producer and non-owner arc opposed to those of his master, owner and non-pro-. ducer. The political expression of the two must stand opposed, and while tbe machinery of State is in the hands of thc master class it must be used to conserve their interests, consequently the interests of the working clsss sre opposed to those of all sections of the master class, whatever their parties may be called, snd s working class political party must oppose all other parties, to the end that the working class msy take control of the machinery of state. The Socialist Party of Canada has already four candidates in the field. Comrade W. A. Pritchard will contest the constituency of Nanaimo, Vancouver Island; Comrade J. D. Harrington will contest Burrard; Comrade^T. O'Connor, Vancouver Centre; and Comrade J. Kavanagh, South Vancouver. Th- Winnipeg comrades ore in convention at this date of writing and other parts of the country are yet to he heard from. Volunteer workers for organizational work are urgently required, literature must bc distributed, meetings arranged and funds collected. Thc expenses will be heavy and the heavy election deposits must not keep us out. All comrades are urgently called upon to help, financially where possible and in all cases with personal aid. Working committees must be active in the various constituencies, and they must proceed with organizational work at once. HERE AND NOW / Following, one dollar each ■. Cumberdand lit, and Athletic Assn.. II. A. Black. .1. K. i.indb.rg, 11. Vm deg. W. Mitchell, W. K Miller, G. Roan, C. Cesar, (i. Sangster. R W. Hsttley, II. .ludd. J. Harries, A. Smith. VV. .1. Inglis. F. A Charters, F. K. Moore, A. Stcdman, G. W. Pairdge, Geo. Resetter, Geo. Wal- lick. Sid. Karp .**-">; M. Vanger |2* T. Roberta $2; W, lloare $4; .1. Glendenning •*•■; *i. Ksbrugi ',<» cents; *f. A. Eggc |2;.'. Praser $2. Above, Clarion subs, received Irom 30 August to 13 September, inclusive, total ("46.50, The "sub" barometer, "set fair" last issue, has cracked up again and. to be truthful if We are not surprised—considering the working claaa pocket --we are privileged to be disappointed. It seems to be that when we do not h*»i-*t screaming signals of distress and speak quietly, whispering our woes, wc inspire more anxiety among the Mean ed sub-hunters, but be if known lo all men in eaution), that the "Clarion printer is become** dread person with a faculty for figuring and a hot) distrust of the ungodly. With him. the matter <■;' working class education is stated only in terms of cash calculated iu the form of printers costs, and Whan confronted with his side of the story we BT« impressed with the weight of his unwelcome ideas Conveyed to our readers, this imprCSMOn means that we must have mi.re "Clarion" BUJbs. Thia is intended as a Whisper tO that effect. Lie in'wait for thc unwary. They need education and the "Clar- ion" needs subs., ergo—even things up a bit by re ducing our fear of the hungry printer. CLARION MAINTENANCE FUND Katherine Smith ($* Oscar Motter $5; Jock Hen demon $5*j P. Clark *1 : IU...I. $2; G. R. Ronald $1. Above, C. M. F. contributions from • »»> August to 18 September, inclusive, total $19 SECRETARIAL NOTES. Comrade Stephenson's article "What ia a Point of View?" whieh appeared in last issue, will be COU« tinned in the issue of 1st October. Some further points raised in the letter of cinpiiry dealt with by him in the present issue will also In- attended to in next issue if possible. NOTICE: Local (Vancouver) No. 1 will elect campaign committees on Tuesday 20th September, at 8 p.m. All workers willing to help are requested to attend. :0: PHRASE WORSHIPPING II. G. Wells wrote a satire on "The Misery of Roots" wherein he emphasises the foolish practice of suffering pain in order to be fashionable. "Roots'' however, is not the only folly whieh the wise animal inclines to. He is given in a lamentable degree to copying, and indulges his vent in all his manifold activities, aping his superiors, so called, in airs, dress and gait, and suffering with a patience, the more remarkable because it so rarely manifests itself tn ef forts which make for comfort and security. It is fnrtbermore worthy of note that this proclivity is best expressed hy the term I use above—aping-— Swift has given Qi a revision of what the I should think of man: let us be thankful th I cannot speak. ■ * But more than fashion in dress ia tha i wrought by slavish worshipping of phrasea v I labor press is not free from this vie.. if „„„;i. ■ I discovers iu his reading a felicitous phrase, and ly claims the lights of discovery, i? ia »o\9aa ■'.',■■ 11 within a short time by every ink-spillcr in I briati dom. And however appropriate ita advem • n| have been, its subsequent usage is generally *,... | iu meaning, where it does not actually deceive Some one discovered m Homer where the bin] sun.'** oi the snare laid by Vnlraii to trsp hia i r •( spouse: "Came Appollo 1 f the Uoldi n ler,. u .. haps it was 11 itspnrs "Came tHere a certaii L 1 And then after 1 i.ine" everything, wh< 1... . garay penned his magnificsnt phrase, R 1 marl pared the war, Napoleon HI. wanted it, I >• I bourgeoise looked on. They might have stopped -j with an earnest geetr.rc. If. Thiers •. hia self with a grims e." he little realized ,-| words would he reuttered a thousand I n ■ ■ in all the radical and intellig in • orgsni ol 192 21 Everything is a gesture nowi if to star! « Btudy class, you ar«- aociel l»<- saved by a gesture, if you aeek to en" ■.• • sab- of some book, you arc met with the suggesti* that a gesture should not be confounded irill revolution. The loyie is perfect. -1 is 111. ■ .. [| • ou«- fault, as apparent truth oban urea n* rocai stupidti>. Between the action contstaplstc-j the term npplt-d to it is « ehasaa distant as) stellar space*. But the radical prsa tfliigeneis contributors atfeel thiaatyle ot r-»- isg, and ail the labor press howl in • Misery of li**-*"** forsooth! In hn* "Civil W«r 111 Frame. Msrs ■*■; ■ pr<>!»-tanat cannot simply i«> bold ot tbe made stale machinery and wield it foi purposes He then goes on to demonstrsti What goes before and immediately follow sentenec ia a asarchiug analysia oi the and its relation to class government So A section of the working claaa who estimsl BS the one revolutionary factor. bSVi torn toe 0*0 tanee from it* eontext^ ***** hold »! bi •> bju mar. In rtseif it is meaningless. Perhspa thai a plains its popularity. For of B **in>\ -'■*; not an Baton t Ial factor in some quartera rak* "vivns" of Initio people* No doubt in Prance aw ad.accnt countries "Long Live" thia and significance and force, lustily ahooted h) 0 - tb«- rampage, It has historical force, ami trsditi values- It belongs. And its use ia never OTtref*- by combinations childish and hysterical, «hen introduced interminably in working plawi* iodieals pablished in England. I.one live the* cial Revolution," "Long live the Class Str sounds more like the erv of an ignorant notice than evidence of revolutionary fervor wnen aoeial revolution is yet a thing remote Then there is the famous denial of Marx bj Mart himself. Which has at last wandered from '•" ■" ' of Spargo and his kind. Then*- wise men are r . fond of commiserating Marx on In** latter «•" pOUndera, Whenever thev have cause to oDjec working class activity, they invariably hum'- Marx! no wonder he said, he was not t ^.a. Of course Marx did not say it. B fnet which has l weight with them, bill which ouglil to weigh i.''"1 with us. In thr early days of Marxism, then >F peared in France a school which fast end "I J'1 Marx's fair hair, and perpetrated even frf0**8' partures from his phihisophy, albeit calling selves Marxist. Asked what he would be, thool un to France. Mnrx replied he did not know, b-ast he would not be a Marxist. Copying Ihe moiithings oT literary cheap J"'*s . not any more edifying than aping the '0* social cheap iaoks. The master class arc Wi ' * 1 Those 'vl1 expend vast sums to fool the workers. '" . speak for the workers should endeavor to P f them from getting this service free, gM" I tor nothing. .1.11. W E S T 8 R N C I A R I 0 N PAGE FIVE Concerning Value Machine Industry and Wage-Labor Oapital as Dominant Factor id Production. Cost ol Production of Commodities "Apologetics*' in Political Economy. Price of Production and Value BY GEORDIE " ; . ■, ■. ra, m the . apttaHs* »>••• a. -1 • < ■ tl )■)• of ths workers ol taa : t «ra : a> ihs a swesak aapsaliti it tin - . ihs prtacJpU i . i •♦■ pi Sts tot tejoa • • - ■ ■.. ibs* in lastostrfi cooi8isrc« •■• lt j, . ... <-. « •*•-■--.-'ilioli -tvirv;*.- . . ..• > ' - aOani Te i means that GSjtftal instead alia i h»» ., tSi <U Wis tt-'-'-or N Bfer tka • -. rated in bbbssi I at th'' i of pro ta the Bftcs Rsaea tba I . Uafa to redoes ihs crca ...,.-. tha Ishor 0 ih<* worker*.*" H Csks, ' ;• * pi • of prodtv-ik-n* mktu4«a tha .•*.••-■•■ i < | pf-odocttoo 1* i* aa a i ■ • t fsci >•■,•■... ami h Adssa s- a || Qf ?.; •' , tt 11/ An-! ".;:- - ; : \ • . . . Mtai ; r i • as«a 11 hi a Um to vi I ' • M 'h t moitiimt to wary todJvtdas] aphen ■ apin ■ in. p. I T ' t-hov -MftktUtv arises tress th« Ea I thai rt ■ • aatchsnasul atmpU i- *•-.•■.-- ,i -ajtftsli »»*b ess • • .■•.,'• at ot asrrjtss asms If «*»•*■> are of * ■ res props* liessU to th* ir different • . as ot ooismod • , • i ■. *t their vsIum rsqfidrw arefoi hjnatr Mass ikss their etxehsnfi si tfcetr i vkteb reejsfersa a rstativst) sis* •■•*•• tloa "* L i . * Dut • ' at earlier pari of l I ilist era *bi i arith Ihe li si Re* ' .j-i-'l tl i .-: • ■* r portion th ecu i* andtng festun • ss tl • • • -. u iu industry. Capiti i§ iter or loaaat exti nt, all sj res ol •-''. bad redo -«1 the fret I Bum (o the condition of wag* ■ • I the machine having rendered »let< v oM band tools All the "fsctori ol produc! •• no* eapltai. The machine wss oa Capitalist and was bin capital- ' - nsd bought waa 1 - capital: the •■ • m the • ••.. bo fa as they had '• .-. I. Th.- commodity apw ired i longer as the product of labor, ii wa* the product end, by virtue <>f the capitalists owners raestta of production, it wai bis proj '■ l"''l it This he would onlj d« at such a priec <-s "■muld bring him whit he - msid i d " ret rm on bis capital et*neuditui -"'. seeing that he had engsged in ; ** other purpose than the realisstion • v* Profit That equality which must exist ,; emditiea in exehange was, then fore, m longer a -netter of lahor cost, lt was'a questh :; °- s! ' UVe capitals employed. Cspital was the dominant il not in appes M leaat the only factor in production. Thia co '•" of affaira waa reflected in thc economics of th,• Ume by the concept of the "coal of prodm Hon "•■icardo" says Mars, "gave to classical | old ea economy [ta final ahape, having formulated »»" * "'""'■tr.l with the greatest clearness thfl \** "' ' ',' ^termination of exchange value by labor-time. (Critique," p. 19.) He bad no sooner done ibis than the spokesmen nf the subjeet claaa of wago-workers, created s capital itself and now becoming 'i"'!-'' '"' }eM ,''> ^OM of its (dass interests, drew the logical eo" ,,|usi(,ns from this theory and began asking ;>u - Wl"-I questions. Thev wanted to knov diow '.'""•• Ul" <H.srepnney between labor-eoat and vaine^ whence earns rent, interest and profll and wne e *•* Parts of the products of Isbor might be Jaatloe apprqprlated by people who had nol •• «*y participated in produetionl These ques- l0M they answered to their owi aatiafacticn by the ',on °'various-caploitatioa" theorim Thia \ne '"' thou*h' enltninsted later ia the tl ry a! «urplus.value" elaborated b) Marx. Heneefortb '* •' P°,wcsl eeonooi* iras on the defensive ■ "•"'■»»"l its attention vary largeij ,., ••J1[)0|(l. •"■'• ' thst is to the elaboration of such theories 'n"! !';" Plantation ofthe i.. ti in such a wsy as :"""-J ,i:' ;<» I of exploiution and to justify the ' '' » "'•'i"!' '* ii " msttei of no taomest that • ' many ca« i, was done onconscioosly. Now the facts of exploitation cannot be explained away, " ■ y msy be ignored or obacured, and this '.'••i> of the coat of production is much more eon- ••• ienl for, thia purpoae than the labor theory. A; srl from all this, however, it is very useful in «. • the superficial phenomena of the period ' " • hai da of Mars, as the "price of produc- nM it wan used to good effeel in bis analysis of the - stem. In what I have further to say at this time 1 Fihall follow Mar\ in the main. irti nlsr phrase—tbe cost of production—is ■ ■• often misunderstood. 1; does not mean the •■ • \: • •<*•■ - it volved in the production of a com- it Dceans the expenses of production plus rage raw of profit prevalent at the place and Prom the capitalist point of view this profit i one of tbe expenses ol production seeing thst the ■ ' tiitj ■ ould not, or rather, would not he produced • its absej The average rate of profit is. of -• brought about by competition. Capital nat- . > ej-j those employments paying the highest ■ rofit. Those industries paying a high rate would ibject to an influx of cspitsl. This would suit in increased production with ;. consequent n reased sup; ol 'ommodities on the market. This irould bring about lower prices and thus tend to : ■ profit in that industry. On the : the industries paying a low- rate of profit ■ h eapitai had, in consequence, neglected. [guffei from decreased production, resulting in | - ipply and higher prices. This would -. i -,, incr*. -■ the rate of profit in those industries. < i; so '*•■ no R lUSl level Waa ever struck, because ,,f -j ■.. nobility of capital or because of special ,.„...- m existing in many industries, lt is suffic- ni that there was a tendency to an average rate. See on this point -"Wage-Labor and Capital.") It is readily seen tbat this competitive process will ,, ,v. f0r d e striking of an average rate of profit, ... j| ;,„ v nol account for the general level. That is to sav. it will account For an average rate of, say. lm per ,.,-.-. but it does not explain why it is 20 ,,. r cent, and not 15 or 25 per cent. '•'n;, general rate of profit," says Marx, "is actu- , ,;,. pjnined. 1 by the surplus value produced U_,. capital: 2 by the proportion oi this surplus .. ,,. to the value of the total capital: and, (3) by tition, but only to the extent that thia is a )V( ,.„t by which capitals invested in particular upherea sees to draw equal dividends out of this us x ,!„,. ,,i proportion to their relative magni- . . , • Capital, vol. iii., p. 431.) I, is s matter o( average productivity of labor, ,]U1, |8i of the degree of exploitation. prt ns assume an average composition of capital ,. j (il - ,!,,,( js, 80 per cent, constant and '2t> per rt.lM variable capital. That means that of every II.,, dollars invested 80 dollars go for raw materials HIU* depreciation of machinery, while 20 dollars are twpended in wages. Lei us further assume that the 18te 0f exploitation is 100 per cent That is. that tho |jtborer re(iuirf8 half the working day to reproduce '. „affea Bid in another way this means tbat the |aborcr produces two dollars in values for every dol. |al. lu, receives In wages. The rate of surplus value is therefore 100 percent Vow then, for every hundred dollars invested we ve embodied in commodities the 80 dollars cou- . capital, the 20 dollars variable capital and 'JO dollars surpi"8 ™luc> which ,Makos a total o! 1>2° dollars. Assuming that this paiticular investment resulted in the production of 100 snmmodities the price of production of each one \v< \'d be one dollar and 20 cents. The actual p.ice at which they were sold— the market price—would, in ohedr^nce to the law of supply and demand fluctuate around the price of production so formed. Now. if the average composition of capital obtained generally throughout nil Industries, it is clear thst the prices of production would aproximate to the real value** of the conn o.l.'ies and, as a matter of fact, we may assume this to be the case where the average composition if ritai does obtain. This is as near as one can sver get to an apprehension of lip- value of any commodity, lin*. in actual practice, the various industries arc a very different stages of development and are* of "arying compositions of capital. Dtis introduces a certain complexity into the qin »tion and results in considerable deviation rr the prices of production and therefore of the mar! et uiees of e< mmodities from their values. More of this anon. •:o: TH*5* CARF OF THE SICK- In the socialization rapidly taking place under capitalism one ... the interesting phases is in the •are of the sick. The . !vai ees made in therapeutical appliances and sjirgi...i i uplements, the development of those machines like the Xray, miscroscope, camera, etc. which i -at.y facilitate the acquirement of knowledge and Inch !.■ s led to specialization in the science or tin ip^ntics, has caused a revolution in the methods o. caring for the sick as marked to the observer of boeial phenomena, ss that in any Held of industry. The simple instruments of the general practitioner have given way to the complicated machit., which i.s far too expensive fci the average physician to own. consequently, they are concentrated in tho hospitals and in order that physicians may have access to them the patients are, more and more, being sent to those social institutions, and the individual care of the sick bids fair to become the exception rather than the rule. Fn connection, or rather as n outcome of this endeavour of the doctors to .are for the most patients with the least expel ** to themselves, has arisen a competition among thc 'octors for the exclusive privilege afforded by thc hospitals, and they resort to the same methods of freezing out eom- petitors as their brothers in the industrial world. Thc necessity of cheap care for tbe greatly increasing number of derelicts car ap by*the capitalist system gives ample play for ibis practice. The physicians join the staff Of n hospital, giving a modicum of advice tO tbe ward patients for thc privilege of exploiting the resources of the hospital for their own private patients and the profits ac- eruiiiir therefrom. Woe betide the outside doctor who ventures to butt in on what the staff doctors assume to be their own exclusive prerogatives. Tho consequences to the patient are as usual. Those who have the money and can pay well for special care recover in a large majority of cases; those who have not money xovc\ -r sometimes, but quite as frequently continue to drag cut r.n existence unless death intervenes, which qui', t'vquently is the chse The socialization of the care if ;he sick under capitalist control is for profit with all thai entails. The socialization of the care of the sick under the control of the proletariat, when be who needs the care is the one who will get it, will alleviate the moat of tlie suffering of the working class that the abolition of the Wage system does not otherwise abolish. kATIIETMM'* SMITH. PAGE SIX WESTERN CLARION Materialist Conception of History FOR BEGINNERS Lesson 20. CHINESE OPIUM WAR: CRIMEA; U. S. A. CIVIL WAR. liY PETER T. LECKIE ENGLAND violated for years the laws of Chins against thc importation of opium, which China believed to be demoralising to her people. China endeavored by vigorous measures to enfore her laws against tin opium traffic; she seized 20,000 chests of opium valued at ten million dollars ami dumped them into thc sea. England bombarded China's coast and burned miles of territory until China shouted for peace, which was granted by Christian England on condition of the payment of a war indemnity of $21,000,- 000 and that England be permitted to introduce h* r opium into China. The British government continued persistently to impress upon China the importance and advantage of legalizing the opium traffic, by imposing upon it regular import duties and so to secure a large revenue from its use. The Chinos*4, though fully realizing this advantage of raising revenue never wavered in their indignant refusal of the opium traffic. The heathen Emperor's declaration was: "It is true I cannot prevent the introduction of the flowering poison. Gain-seeking and corrupt men will, for profit and sensuality, defeat my wishes. But nothing shall induce me to derive a benefit from the vice and misery of my people." In 1857, a second conflict occurred over the opium quegtion. British forces attacked thc Canton from gunboats drawn up in the river, opened fire upon an unarmed, defenceless city with narrow streets crowd- ed with women and children, that some papers of the time asserted a more horrible or revolting crime had never been committed in the ages of barbarian darkness. The Emperor's palace, with all its curiosities ami artistic treasures of centuries was set fire to and destroyed deliberately. Britain obtained a pcrpetin.l lease of Hong Kong and five ports were thrown open to British trrders. Redpath says, in his "Cniversal History":— "Thus by the law of the strongest, by the law of the cannon was China compelled to expose her teeming millions to tbe ravages of a life-destroying drug of Turkey, presented by tbe hand of Christian England. It was the work preparatory to the successful planting of christian missionaries. The mockery needs no comment." We have arrived ut a revolutionary period when insurrections broke out in almost every country of Europe. A very valuable history of this period is to he found iu "The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte," by Karl Marx himself. The Chartists of England intended to hold a large demonstration and procession, which was frustrated by the military under direction of the Duke of Wellington. McCarthy, in his "Short History of our Own Times," says that nearly two hundred thousand persona were sworn in for the maintenance of law and order, "and it will always he told of an odd incident of that famous scare, that the Prince Louis Napoleon, then living in London, was one of those who volunteered to bear arms in the preservation of order. Not a long time was to pass away before thc moat lawless outrage on the order and life of a peaceful city was to be perpetrated by the special command of the man who was so ready to lend the saving aid of his constable's staff to protect English gocicty against some poor hundreds of thousands of "English workingmen." The period of 1844 to 1848 was one of strikes, lockouts and especially 1847, was one of financial panics as a result of the gambling in railway speculation. When a large calico printing firm failed in Kilmarnock, the firm's creditors seized the workers' wages as part payment of their accounts; the creditors bad the law on their side. The .smashing of factories and burning their owners' bouses, in tbe forties was no unusual occurrence. The factor) condition was such tbat millownera were magistrates and bad employees brought before them for refusing to work when refused an increase ol wages which tiny had asked for. Johnstone'a "History of tbe Working Classes in Scotland, p. 310, gives us cue of these incidents: "A r*undee case, raised in parliament. gives us a light or, tee factory conditions of this period Six fa. tcry uirl* la tut- employment of Messrs Baxter, their a-iet* from 11 to 2*i a Ad their wacres .'■-*> ami 6s a week, had the auda- city to ask for an increase of a halfpenny a day; (he re quest was refused; aiftcr dinner they dM not return to work; by the rules of the mill they could be fined time and half for undertime; but next mot-Sins **,r Bsxtsr, instead of lining the girls, had then arrested and marched through the streets under polie»» eseorl lo a private office where there was a magistrate, one of th-.- Baxter family and the overseer and manager of the mill. The judicial Baxter there and then tSBtsa-oed the cirls to 1«> Java hard labor." Baxter wan a free trader and bad subscribed i>'<> I to the Anti Corn Law League- The depression <>' trade waned, and with 1849 becoming prosperous wages rose as thc demand for labor increased. The workers were gaining inrresses and winning sink M ufi until the outbreak of the Crimean War, which interrupted the supplies of flax lieiup and jute, when wages ac/ain fall The Crimean War was a conflict of the ambition* of France snd Russia over the Turkish Empire, each wanting to peg out spheres of interest and influence on the quivering body of the sick man of Europe. who was supposed to he sick unto death. Creat Britain supported the Turks because of the danger of Kussia obtaining the possession of the Straits and Constantinople, which would allow a passage for" Russia's navy into the Mediterranean S.« which might interfere with Britain's trade routes The Crimean War. like all wars bad its profiteers and its blunders. Food was sent where it could n*»t be landed. Trusaiea for bay were filled with manure and cargoes of boots were all for the left foot. Turkey was preserved from disaster to prevent a lius sian outlet to the Mediterranean, After the Crimean War came the second war with China over the opium, winch I have already drawn your attention to. Qeneral Sir William F. Buller'§ "Life of General Gordon," says "In the lon« BSnrfCB of Bm-lbh wars with China which began 1839-46, opium was from first to last the CSSSS of the trouble." We come down now to the Civil War in America between the North aud South to control tin- politieal power and give expression to their economic interests. A book entitled "Cotton is King," says: "If they, the slaveholders, could establish free trade, it would assure th** Americas market to foreign msmtfse- turers. would Mcurs foreign markets for cotton, ropr**ss home manufacturers, force a large number of North men Into agriculture, multiply the growth and diminish the price of provisions to feed and clothe their slaven at lower rates, produce their cotton at one-third of the former prices and rival all other countries In Its cultivation, mon- OpOUSS the cotton trade throughout the whole of Kurop-* and build up a commerce and a navy that would make tis rulers of the seas." The Union of the States of America in the lirst place was economic, Judge Millar, quoted by Bryce in vol. I of "American History," says: "It is not a little remarkable that the suggeHtlon which finally led to the relief, without which aa a nation wo must have perished, strongly supports the philosoplcal maxim of modern timet, that of all the agencies of civilization, and proqrest, commerce ia the most efficient What our deranged finances- our discreditable failure to pay our debts, the Bufferings of our soldiers could not force tho several states to attempt, was brought about by a doslro to be relieved from the evils of an unregulated and burdensome commercial Intercourse." Montgomery's "Leading Fact of American His tory "The iStates quarrelled with each other about bound arv lines, about commerce, about trade. If a farmer took potatoes from New Jersey to New York ho might have lo pey 10 to 15 cents tax a bushel. If a New York merchant »enl Ixot.-i to New Jersey he niluht be tax.-,! *, ,.n(s pair before ha -*»** allewsd to sell" The Onion gars svar** rituen of the United Statu tonal rights la el! state* to !,.-> an(j ni.n „, a!| ,ijrts'j( the country, Thus cntir*- freedom of trsde eai let-Bred throughout th«- e-mniry " The Clvi|| War iu short, was a political it I ■_■■;.. m or.- possession o( the big Mick, the State, The northern capitalists wanted to build railr U and collect tariffs. The southern alave ownera wanted fre. trade an<j tbe rfrrbt to hunt down fugitive slaves. The north waa ao far from abolishing ilavery that it passed a resolution, December, I860, prohibiting eny future amendment interfering with the slave traffic within the bounds of any Existing state The south did not secede to maintain tlaverj I to repudiate the two to four million dollar debt. The south i rbposed to abolish slavery to get Kuro. in support when the war was going against tbem, Tb< negro waa changed from a chattel ilav< • t wage slave because it,was more profitable I..- other wars we had the worker* fighting on * I a .j uurrsl *vhi< b w:is none of their bturinesi The Civil War v-«* won because of th* veloppd meani of producing wealth by the north. The M i "• nick; reaping machine, which •he women and children of the north to be while the men fought waa one of the inperii •.*! <■ advantairis Tbe usual w«r graft was employed. 117,000 • out of a |60,000t000 million order, shoddy m I rotten leather and adulterated rations were i ihe government, and the northern apit it '■•-" on the life blood of their fighting slave. Hen wai laid the foundation itone of the wealth snd power of the majority of todays fortunes, It was •>■•••■ upon the floor of Congress that "the movement of armies bad bean conducted more with a riev e.i-rv q trade, than to Strike down rcbeli A glance at the south adds further proof superiority of wage slave* to chattel slaves in .1 meana of exploitation. Iu a short tune the rails the street railroad st Rtehmond were taken hj make armour for a gunboat and the old ; tpsdea, ax--* ami stoves were gathered from tl "ations to be »uade into weapons of war. The lOUto being a one crop country, depending on f,,r' i trade had its industrial lift paralysed the momen the blockade wa« applied The only sign of working elaas opposition lo war wj*s the uprising against the exemption clsui of tbe draft, which enabled the wealth) to escape froui military service, aud New "fork v-iis ;i '"' bands of »t mob for I few days in 1863. The plUtO cray arose [mediately after the war. Iron, *' bank nnd railroad interests, wring illegal methodi • railing Jim roll, omitting the representatives ol Southern States (although present), snd pro< ing a military dictatorship over the Southern State* This same clasa is ho-, ling today because ol tl ■ volntionary ideaa of the workers. The Republican party lived on the glory of the emancipation and enfranchisement of the negro, conferred b.V thdr tender conscience, Vet the BOUtl !■' publican states of Ohio, Kansas, Minnesota and I on- neoticut, between 1865-1867 defeated by refcrendu n measures granting the suffrage to negroes residm« in these stntes„hut they needed the southern negro vote to obtain tin political power from 1867 to • ■•■ When the Republican party became strong enough l<* control political power without the negro vote the) did not protest against the disenfranchisim- of the southern negro. After thc Civil War, when industry fell to piece* owing to over-production and the panic of 1878, **'* saw its effect in n reduction in wages nmi B re* small unions swept ont of existence. The first Ceil tennlal celebration'of Independence (is7<; > f"'1'" (Continued on page 7) WESTERN CLARION PAGE SEVEN The Answer There II overproduction became of undercontumption. there » ur-dercomumption because ef lack of purettastne FC*er, there it lack of purchatlnfl power BSSSllSt. there is af-emp'oyrnent. and there ia no employment became of over- pro*uct»on."-1 Rocheiter "Herald."■ Hi; key to the above 'vicious circle is in overproduction, In the cans.- of thst lie* the solution of the puzzle. (spits! presupposes wage labor, and B ■..- labor, ^«e cheaply; „ mog, regulate both production aud ■aarket to its own ail-obsorbing self-interest, no mat- •<■'■•* ""at cost, or at what sacrifice to society. But to produce cheaply means the greater indus- T ' •- -■•— > - IL/' TIT If6 ****** °* "■"*- and over. overproduetioiL In the cans, of thst Z " *"***? an'1 ,neffiden^ ******* °* i # ,i orapetition tn production Whi h is trood and much the solution of the puz/le. , , , , , l" *-°,m an(1 mu' * ' desired. It also means the reduction to its •"'•'•'■•' terms of tbe component elements of necessarv .;.- presupposes dispossession of the means of |-boi l.i,i, , ♦,.i . • , . ' , , , , , "'" '■' s,'i the sia of approval For *, o . ou* y, since no one would abot for s i tea -i, '. , . »ft« minimum of necesaary labor ia tbe prime fly from its chrysalis, society will emerge from the bondage of capital, and grow into full-winged beauty, with all its wonderful powers and potentialities, its impassioned aspirations, and dauntless mind, free and untrammelled, individually enjoyed, but socially possessed, as they are socialy created. That is the answer to the problem. R. :o: MATERIALIST CONCEPTION OF HISOORY ., . uld otherwise soouire s livinj conai- tion of ultimate achievement, the foundation from 1: , is the fundamental on whieh our present ,,•„,.,, , K „ ■ / "
ss!<>! in productive activity, ao thst greater }'u'^- and with it greater power may accrue, ri,i,: is to say, greater power to crush all eoropeti ","' •■'■""< the wealth fields of the world. "Freedom of trade," i.,-.. freedom to gamer everything to it """'■ ia ths watchword of all buaineaa, and 11 dare "ot h-K. on pain of death, in its pursuit of the game v,,t this accumulation is fatal For, "« proportion Us ''"pitalism gamers and accumulates, in propor tl"" «* it reinvests and develops, u delimits itself. i! Arrows its sphere of subaequenl conquest, it rosresivclv destrovs the market, because it impov erishes tbe one creative force of production, whereon ,;; ij e i Ihers rest. tYver-produ tion and under-conaumption arc but incidentals of Ihe capitalist system of society. They ,uv not originsl elements, but secondary causes, sole- |v derived from coraomdity production. They are u,t], , -|,. pvideueea ol a Boeiety aproaching dissol- ..,,,,' T':- primal features of the "vicious circle" ,on8i-,1 in thai there is no employment because there „ ,,,, pmfil to be derived from production; there is . , ,,,., ■;, in ,.:, duetion because there is no market; ,hr,., i„ no market because there is no purchasing ,„,„,.,■. and no purchasing power because of unem- Vu, ,,.,,llMiN is ,,bvious. The abortion of capitalist private property, i.e., property in the means of life. Thc Volition of class control of natural resources; tho Volition of production for profit, and its eorrol- lary wnge-labor. And. instead, the social ownership of'aoeinl necessities; the social control of all resources; the social management of social production. and all indnsfrv carried on for the use and benefit. nnt of ow -.la,; but of one society. Then, but not tn] ,,„,„ wm the vicious circle of crises disappear. Thpn VTiH feverish activdy, alternated with feverish f-tajrnntion. give way to thc abundance of social pros- ,'tv Then will competition and exploitation in [ifp'a resources vanish away. Then will wanton af- n„eaee and appalling poverty offend us no longer; ,, ,,,,,,,,,-ii,,.* confusions of class law and class mor- "ll;'"1<N its rate of future advance; it sets ultimate , ,- i .ivf ^ ^ ^^ ^ ^ ^f im,vi|ahl|1 l"'11"^ to its field of endeavor; i» is. at length, BCtU alihM ^ ^ ^ ^^ -^^ th<%h. unmiti. Ull> 'oinpelled to erect harriers agalnat Ita own pro- '°?"!qYj(,e their sordid depravity, and the bloody k'n'ss lb-cause self-interest' competition demands gn oUticnl eiviliaation will melt away from ua ,h" ''""'h shars of eommeree; it muat have the widest eurse r medieval night and. like a butter- "•'•^'t; it must have the largest control; ,t must pro like phantai • (Continued from pajre 6) the workers in a condition of servitude more pitiable than the colonists under the tyranny of George IIT. When trade began to revive, economic conditions, with further development of machinery, brought about corporations and joint stock companies and the disappearance of the individual capitalist as an active participant in the productive process. The capitalist henceforth can be an infant, idiot or imbecile person, with ownership protected by law, and live on the productive energy of others. Although trade began to revive, wages were cut still lower owinfir to the glut of the lahor market. Things became unbearable. 16th July. 1877. saw the railway strike, which extended to other industries, and the workers were forced to realize what the civil war had been {Ought for when the capitalists, with all the power of the State, used it in a bloody defeat of the workers This was the first great fight between so-called capital and labor in America. The rise of corporation and joint stock companies reduced the numbers of establishments of wealth production from 13.514 in 1850 to 11,193 in 1900, even although the population had increased 50 per cent, and the territory occupied had doubled. So we see thc opportunity of the worker to pass out of his class is becoming not only more difficult, but practically impossible so far as the prominent industrial establishments are concerned. Tt is reckoned that 30 billions of dollars of wealth has passed from the competitive system into the control of a score or more individuals. The government is a committee to manage the affairs in the interest of the capitalist class. Thousands were unemnloved in the cotton industry of England as a result of the Civil "War. but they sided with the north while the hieher classes favored the south, and vessels were built for the south, e.?.. the "Alabama.*" The States received 15 million dollars eomnensation from Bneland for the "Alabama' incident. The 'Alabama' claims were disputed by England 1*62. 1865. 1869. 1870. but when the European political Sky grew threatening with France and Oermany, Great "Britain herself made overtures on January. 1871. and a tribunal awarded the above damages September. 1872. "Vote: The British slave trade was abolished by parliament on the 25th of March, 1807. Slavery itself ceased to exist in British possessions in 1834. The French did not abolish slavery until thc revolution of 1848. The slave trade was abolished by tbe United States in 1808. but slavery itself continued in tbe country for more than half a century after that. The ncerro slaves of the United States were freed bv Abraham Lincoln's proclamation of January lst, 1863, the svstem was finallv abolished by constitutional amendment in "December, 1865. :o: FAMINE RELIEF COMMITTEE For the Drought Stricken in Soviet Russia*. To All Labor Organisations—An Appeal for a Great Cause! Fellow Workers,—Twenty million workers and peasants in the Volga region in Soviet Russia are dying of hunger! The crops there have been completely ruined by an unpredecented drought. Russia which for seven years has been devastated by world war. civil war, and foreign interventions, caused by base manipulations and intrigues of the great capitalist powers, is now unable to cope with this new catastrophe. For the first time the workers' republic surrounded by a hostile world, is crying aloud for help to the workers of the world. Comrades! Soviet Russia is the only fortress, the only bulwark of the workers against capitalism, and we cannot afford to (Continued on page 8) '.'AGE EIGHT WESTER X C i. A RIO NT FAMINE RELIEF COMMITTEE Communism and Christianism Analyzed and contrasted from the Marxian and Darwinian points of view. By William Montgomery Brown, D.D- The writer, a Bishop of the Episcopal Church, smites supernatural- ism in religion and capitalism in politics. Comments: "One of the most extraordinary and annihilating books I have ever read. It will shake the country." "I call it a sermon. The text is astounding:—Banish the gods from thc sky and capitalism from the earth." "It came like a meteor across a dark sky and it held me tight." "Bishop Brown is the reincarnation of Thomas Paine and his book is the modern Age of Reason." "It will do a wonderful work in this the greatest crisis in all history." "A remarkable book by a remarkable man of intense interest to all." Published in October, 1920. Fiftieth thousand now ready, 233 pages, 25 cents or six copies $1; postpaid (Canada 5 copies for $1). Send M. O. (United States rate). Thc Bradford-Brown Educational Co.. Inc., Publishers. 1C2 South Union Street, Galion, Ohio or from SOCIALIST PARTY OF CANADA 401 Pender Street E., Vancouver, B. C. PLATFORM Socialist Party of Canada We, the SorialiBt Party of Oana<la affirm our aUog- lance to. and support of the principles aad programme of t-he revolutionary working class. Labor, applied to natural resources, produces all wealth. The prenent economic By-stem ls based upon capitalist ownership of the means of production, consequently, all the products of labor belong to the capitalist class. The capitaliat ls, therefore, master; the worker a slave. So long as the capitalist class remains in possession of the reins of government all the powers of the State wUl be used to protect ard defend its property rights In the means of wealth production and its control of the product of labor. The capitalist system gives to the* capitalist an evar- swelling stream of profits, and to the worker, an ever--. increasing measure of misery and degradation. The interest of the working class lies in setting Itself free from capitalist exploitation by the abolition of the wage system, under which tnis exploitation, at the point of production, is cloaked. To accomplish this necessitates the transformation of capitalist property In the means of wealth production Into socially controlled economic force*-. The irrepressible conflict of interest between th» capitalist and the worker necessarily expresses ItMlf M a struggle for political supremacy. This is the Cls.'t** Struggle. Therefore we call upon all workers to organize under the banner of the Socialist Party of Canada, with the object of conr*uertnK the political powers for the purpose of setting op and enforcing the economic programme of the working class, as follows: 1—The transformation, as rapidly as possible, of capitalist property In the means of wealth production (natural resources, factor- torie.*-, mills, railroads, etc.) Into collective means of production. 2—The organization and management of Industry by the working class. 3—The <establishment, a* speedily as possible, of production for use instead of production for profit. 0 NOW READY. Preface by tha author. 132 PAGES. • ECONOMIC CAUSES OF WAR By PETER T. LECKIE. Par Copy, 25 Centa. Tan oopiee ap, 20 eenta each, Poat Paid. Literature Price List l Continued from page 7) furaaki her In this, her darkest hour! The working ••hiss in Europe ^although themselves pushed to tn \ starvation line, arc already responding magnincenjt- ly. The members of the General Federati m ot Labor oi' Prance have voted one day's wagea for the atarv- ing t'ii the Volga. From other countriea eimilar heroic aaerifii ea ure being made. Fellow Workeral Yon must realise 11**»r the greatly.' imlk of the Decenary help must come from u- herc ir. Canada, and from our comrades in the United state.*. We miht now be ready t" make greater sacrifices than we ever have been called upon to bring to the Altar of Class-sol idarit) l Comrades 1 Wo ean save Soviet Russia if every one of us gives one day's wages to the famine stricken on the Volga. Poverty is haunting our own doors, but ***** we still can exist with on* day's wages short Soviet l?ussi-» esnnct, without this sacrifice irom oa—-and the cause demands that we give it gladly. The Winnipeg Famine Relief Committee for the Drought Stricken in Soviet Russia, which is compos ed of delegates from all local progressive labor organisations, and which by consent <>f other similar committees in tin- Dominion baa become the Central Office of al! unso committees, is sending thla appeal out to al! lahor organisations in Canada. What wUl your answer be to this appeal' The fate <>f millions of starving little children, the fate of Soviet Russia, depends upon this, yonr answer! Can the worker-, of Canada rise to each a lofty, heroic sacrifice and aave Soviet Russia! Remember] your answer must came froickly, or it will eome ton late. In vi»-w of the orgency of help needed, this committee has set October l^th as the closing date for ihis appeal. Bring tips question before the next meeting of yonr organisation, and let its hear about your decision. Tours for the Famine Stricken The Press Committee. Help Famine Stricken Workers and Peasant* in Soviet Russia Twentv Million of Our Drought Stricken Worken and Peasants—in Soviet-Russia-—Call for Our Assistance. How Much Will You Give to Help Them? Will yon feed imi children today, at a <-ost of onlv "• e-'titH per i iiild? A total Contribution of $5. Will you feed 2(» families today at a cost of only 25 cents per familyf A total contribution ol 15. Will you fe»-d lo families to day at a cost of only lo cents per family I A total contribution of $2.50. Will yon feed 20 children today at a eo*t ,,( only 5 eenta pot ahild? A total contribution of tl, You must give all jou can, and give and give again. Send all remittances to— P.O. Boa 3591, Station IV Winnipeg, Man., secretary. Miss A. Kchultz. Form branches everywhere, and affiliate with the Central Office- at the above address. Collect funds, }?rain, etc. and ship to llu- Central Committee, advising when done so. MANIFESTO — of the — SOCIALIST PARTY OF CANADA (Fifth Edition) Per copy 10 eenta Per 25 copies |2 Post Paid Cloth Bound Positive Outcome of Philosophy (Dtetssjen Woman Coder BodslUm (Babel) Klid of die World i MrCnbe) Conditions or the Workim- Glass in E*ns*ead in imi (gavels) A -ft ( of Kvo'ufjon (McCabe) EVroaomic Determinism (Puree) Socialism end Modern Science (Pu-rrl) Physical ftSStS fit Mind SOd Mi-rain (Pitch) ijimimarK)* of Scientific Socialism (K*tu*#l*o Industrial History of Bnglasd tH DaOlbbina) The {Undent's Msrs (Avellsg) Rrnlution at th.- j-!*** < r Ood (Oram Alton I>:tr**.in!*»ni .and Raes Ptasrssi (Hapcraft) "*■ la'ion of Propertp (Lsifarfrue) Critique of Pntli eel Economy (Mars) Revolution and < outlier RevOitttlOU (Marx) Philosophical k«*»-«- (Dtetxsen) History ol Per*i < ommvos (I-teaagaraj I Ancient Soetety (L " Morsjaa) Introduction to F*oetotof| (Arthar M i.-'**i-> Capitalist Production (first Ntas and s;***! Cbsptera • r*»t»!tal,** vol 1. (Man* Savass Survivals (Moors) Vital proMemi ta Sortal BvoluUca (Lewis) s. i«»n ■-*■ »'*d !'• vf.|*f!-n (t'nt*-rm-.' i Th* Militant 'rolettrial (L*Vla) !■>• iM'.iv-r *-'fv.|.i! find "rtsnk ttjomti*) rba Sorts! Revolotlou (Kautsky ■ !.•»*# .«rn!!'-'!'- fKrtutRkv) /' P-'rUa'-'-in* (MeltV) TIhi WocMs Revoitttlons 't'ni*-rtn"in) Bthlea and History (Kautsky) Ufa and f>*<!h <t>r E Teldkinana) \j*X*t of n'o«etiii»-»i» 'Mo*r-*J ?wiai *Jt»ij«--* (lA/anru**) f.onnt of Mini in VHw* <v. H rrmnr*) P*t>tr Coven -—-—-.--— Two Bssats on Hi«*r>rt <* StsfdMnuon and «: r*- Tba Criminal Court Jud««\ *nA Th«- Odd Tri-k (E B ?*--•■» •Communist Maatfesto "s**aatft4ibov »"•? '»f-!ijii Thr I*r«*«--ni PSr««*omir Bpstsss 'l*rof W A Booavr) Horlullvm, ntoofaa ie<i 8-!«nv.« Rtavu of ih*- Virrrt Var*sf«"->to. mmm\\**\\*******\\ Pt* Cop- 12 1", 12 IS 117'. 1115 11.78 11.71 ii :•'. ii:;. 11.73 in:, Il u nn Il u II T'II IS Ii:; ItM Hll ii -- II i*> IIOO M *w • p* I M M N M H !**»r Copy ■ I iv It Ik ', Hk Rvutetlon of Man fProt Ho?««-h<-i t'tv*p* of Belief in Ood (Lafsrfiue) Ths Structure of Soviet itt*«*!i (Humpbrlaa M Shop Talk-* on EVouenlcs (Msrep) c- Hirht to h«» I nf (Ijifursue) "' Vatud, *'rl^*» and Proit <M*»rti lie Bfioaomlc Causes of War (l^seuie) : *n*<- Protortloa of Lshav fn r*o*ft0 Russia (RspJsa) Ik Tha State aod u^rnf-'fon (V**ttm) "r'r Ctrll War in Pvaaea (Man) F'lrhl»>«»*-«h Hrt-nialm (Mart) '"hri*»*'«ni-;m *n-i Communism (B*shou w M Bruvai Bk ts-Tt \V!rtK «'"o*T*m»n|nm. Aa In'anM:" f-'.-'-r.tcr (Lsall Detroit Wltksi I Thasas ffni t*!at«j*«*n of i^«» 3r.j (Communrnt) latei na"'or-»! Ouantitv **-toa oo P»-*M*r C*>v**-**-»(1 Pa-nohtfli Two gauavs on ••|-*inr-r Criminal Court t.uiro 1 mnmnohrt Manifesto U'-*j-<».f %ht*r pro* <"-.t-|f-j| Vri-'^n* Rcouoml'" B*m***m I <'>^!a!i*m. ?•»«-*.(-,.< a->,j Brtentiflr Slave of fho Ptrm "anifeato of H P of C RVohitU D '■' Van ' aotea pf n«»i*«f in iv.-j V Ine Prl - an ! T»m-*» l-Vonomir i a'i«< « --f \v<%r Chrlsttaaissa and fommnntttn AM Or 'o* loaltlde Pittone. wake •'! moneva pay«h}« Ut P" Mcleod 101 Pendef »tret» *'^«», Veneouvar n <• ^<i i ,i|-.wmi on rh^r^* Ml aho*a Pterutuva no he ohtalned •>» ih-. aame pr • ■ poat paid, from J, «*and.-r*r,n, Roi I7M Wlnnlpea Mas *■'. f(>r>i<*« "*■- ■-.■«"'- < on tm IJ!' tt ronka II ■ '■ f! ■-!•*'» nt *.'* U . ,•'.-- r ?- II w plea n M f* ,,...,'f a |] N U coo'sa II " K -*ou*M M M IS ■- *>t<'i II ]a eooiea I -. . ■•,;,-* ft M NEOOIATIONS WITH AMERICA Riga, ' K<»sta Wii Phe negotiations between tJtvinov and Brosm "ill not be eoniineel merely t<. tha question! of relirl ^ork for tha famine district! of Russia but will ,"- extended to the clearing of the political relation* between Europe, America, nud Soviet Russia, Brown, the representative of Hoover, has listed that the Americana will begin at onee with the work ol relief. There are eight thousand inns of food stored En Harahurg and Danidg which will roffiee to feed many tbonaanda «>f persona during s month. Food transports will arrive in Petrograd, Riga, and all tin. Black Sea harbours every fourteen days. The transporl in Soviet Russia will be In tbe bands <<f the Soviet government nnd the distribution will Im- •" the hands of the local authorities. The ques tion of diKtrihution of clothing comes for the momeni in second- place*. Thc plan of organisation ean f'<" the present only be generally announced since the manner of relief ean only be laid down after practical experience, The relief work will be continuen *'> long ns the distress of the districts eoncernt'd makes it appear necessary,
Titled The Western Clarion from June 18, 1904 to June 1, 1907; titled Western Clarion thereafter.
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Western Clarion
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