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Hawthorn Fly Fishing & Angling Collection
Brookes, R. (Richard), active 1721-1763
"In two parts the whole forming a Sportsman's Magazine; and comprising of all that is curious and valuable in the art of angling" -- Title page Edition: Sixth edition, with great improvements.
viii, 303 pages : illustrations ; 18 cm
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w£ s« ft CJc)rdLCU^S~n. 5V ^// ^7 / /o ^ 'Aim// BROOKE S's Art of Angling, O R SPORTSMAN'S MAGAZINE. [Price Three Shillings and Sixpence,] J-June. Z)e//Srt*4,, THE ART of ANGLING. By R. BROOKES, M. D. IN TWO PARTS. I. Containing an Account of Fifh, and Fifh-Ponds: A new Art of Fly-making; The Laws that concern Angling : The fecret Ways of catching Fifh by Ointments, Paftes, and other Arts : Di - reftions how to procure Baits, and for making all Sorts of Fifhmg-Tackie,with the fureft Method of find* ing Sport, &c. II. Of the great Whale, and WhaleFifheryj the devouring Sharkj the amphibious Turtle j the lufcious Tur- bot and Sole; with the Flying Fifh, Sea Devil,and other _ extraordinary Productions of the Sea. Likewife a Natural Hifiory of the Inhabitant! of the Salt Water j and the various Methods of Rock and Sea-Fifhing, ILLUSTRATED With One Hundred and Thirty-five Cuts, Xxa&ly defcribing the different Kinds of Fish that are founa in frefh or fait Waters. THE WHOLE FOKMING A SPORTSMAN'S MAGAZINE; And comprifing all that is curious and valuable in the ART OF ANGLING. The Sixth Edition, with great Improvements. Infioixfry Meads oh let me live I Where cryftal Streams fiweet Solace give \ To ivbofe harmonious bubbling Sound, My dancing Float and Heart rebound. LONDON: Printed for W. Lowndes, No. 77, Fleet-Street. M,DCC»LXXXVt f iii 3 £ T O Richard Heath, Of Hatchlands, in the County of Surry, Efq\ SIR, iHE Pleafure I enjoyed when I had the Honour of your Converfation in the Country, makes me now de- firous of prefixing your Name to this Trea- tife, merely, as a Teftimony of Relpecl: and Gratitude for Favours already received. I now lay before you the Art of Angling; and am too well acquainted with your Dif- pofition to favour every Thing that is de- figned for Information and Improvement, to defpair of its meeting with a candid Reception. Befides the Study of Nature always has been, and always will be eiteemed by the wifeft Mer., an Entertainment worthy of .the moft rational Mind, and coniequently no Way unfuitable to the higheft Rank ; which I the rather take Notice of, leit ic a 2 fhould h DEDICATION. fhoiald be thought that I offer you a difi- greeable Prefent, or that I have employed! •my Time ill, in bufying myfelf about Enquiries of this Sort. It is not my Purpofe to offend your Mo^. defty by going into theufual Style of Dedi- cations-, however, I mayjuft mention what will not lay rne under the leaft Imputation of Flattery,. That Yon are the Delight of all. Companies where you happen to be, and are poffefTed of every Quality that conftitures a Compleat Gentleman. 'This naturally puts me m Mmd of the many agreeable Moments which I have loft by my Removal, from yourNeighbourhood,.and which 1 cannot yet think, of without Regret, efpecially fihee I learnt from you how to relifh the fe- rener Pleafures of Life, and to enjoy all the Advantages of a rural Retirement. But I forget that I am talking to the Public as well as to you £ I ihall therefore^ddi nothing elfe, but my fincereft Willies for the- Happinefs and Profperity of Yourfelf and? Family ; defiring thatyou.would always he«~ lieve me to be. Zour moft obedient^. R, BROOKES. [ v I The ANGLE R*j LIFE. Tune, The Banks of Indermay. I. JT7*HEN vernal Airs perfume the Fields, *' And pleafing Views the Landfkip yields: The limpid Stream, thefialy Breed, Invite the Angler** waving Reed. Tb&muftng Swain what Pleafures feize ! Ths talking Brook, the fighing Breeze, The aftive Infeft's buzzing Wing, And Birds thai tuneful. Ditties Jing. At latejl Eve, at early Dawn, The Angler quejis the fcented Lawn^, And roams; to fnare the Finny Brood,, The Margin of the floufry. Flood. Mow at fame Ofier%'s wat'ry Roott The Chub beguiles, or painted Trovtm No Cares nor Noife his Senfes drown,. His Pajliyie, Eafe and Silence crown.^ Ill; Adieu, ye Sports of Noife and Toil That Crowds infenfelefe Strife embroil; The Jockeys Mirth * the Huntfman's Train9 Debauch of Health, and IVaJie of Gain. Jtfore mild Delights my Life employ y The Angler'* unexpenfive Joy. Here I can fweeten Fortune's Frowns^. Nor envy Kings the Blifs of. Crowns, M. Br y& [ vi ] The Pleasures ^/Angling. Tune, All in the Downs, 65V. I. jJLL in the fragrant Prime of Day, Ere Phcebus fpreads around his Beams, The early Angler takes his Way To verdant Banks of cryjlal Streams. If Health, Content, and thoughtful Mufing charm^ What Sport like Angling can our Cares difarm f II. There evry Senfe Delight enjoys, Zephyr with Odours loads his Wing; Flora difplays ten thoufand Dyes, And varied Notes the WarbUrs fing. If Health, Content, he. III. On the foft Margin calmly placed, Pleased he beholds the Finny Brood Through the tranfparent Fluid hafle, Darting along in ££uefi of Food, If Health, Content, he. IV. Thefkilful Angler opes his Store, (Pa/e, Worms, or Flies his Hook fuflains] And quickly^reads the graffy Shore With jhining Spoils that crown his Pains* If Health, Content, he. V. If fome fierce Shower in Fhods defends, A gloomy Grove's thick Shade is near $ Whofe grateful Umbrage fafe defends 'Till more inviting Skies appear* If Health, Content, he. VI, [ vii ] VI. "There blifsful Thoughts his Mind engage*. To crouded noify Scenes unknown ; Wak'd by fome Bard's inftruftive Page, Or caim Reflections all his own-. If Health, Content, he. VII. Thus whether Groves or Meads he roams. Or by the Stream his Angle tends; Pleafure in fweet Succeffion comes, And the fweet Rapture never ends. If Health, Content, and thoughtful Mufing charm* What Sport like Angling can our Cares difarm ¥ J. D. The AnglerV SONG. I. y]S Things moft lov'd excite our Talk, ^ Some praife the Hound, and fome the Hawk ; Whil/l thofe who chufe lefs rujlic Sport, Tennis, or fome fair Miftrefs court: But thefe Delights I neither wifh, Nor envy, while I freely fifh. II. Who hunt, in Dangers of en ride; JVl)o hawk, oft lure both far and wide% Who game, Jhallfrequent Lofersprove; While the fond Wretch, allurd to love, Is fettered in blind Cupid's Snare— My Angle breeds me no fuch Care. in. if 'No other Pajlimes (thus employed) Yield us fuch Freedom while enjoy'd} All Recreation elfe, no lefs Than Mind and Body both poffefs. Mv f vili 1 My Hand, alone, my Work can do: So I can fifh. andfludy too. IV. Hove not angling (rude) on Seas, Frejh Streams my Inclination pleafe; Whofe fweet calm Courfe to Thought I call, And fee k in Life to copy all: In Bounds (like theirs) I fain would keep, Like them would (when I break, them), weeg*. V. And when the timorous Trout I wait To take, and he devours my Bait; How fmalL how poor a Thing, I find,.. Will captivate a greedy Mind: And when none bite, the Wife I praifie^ Whom falfe Allurement-ne'er betray*. VI. If (too intent on Sport) I fa ft, Good Fortune gives me rich Repaft ;■ My Friend it ferves me U invite, In whom, I more than that delight :• Who comes more welcome to my Dijb,, Than to my Angle was my. Ftfhi, VII. Content, as well, if nought I take, As ufe of that obtained, to make— Christ thus was pleas'd, his Fifhers when He happier Fifhers made 0^* Men. Where—(which no other Sport can claim) A Man may fifh and praife his Name. VIII. His firfl Attendants chofe on Earth, Blefl Fifhers were, ofmeanejl Birth :. And Fifh. (as facred Records Jhow) Was His laft-ta/ied Food below-— I thereforeJtrive to.follow thofe, Whom him to follow He hath chofe* T HE ■"": Jw»/ lis ^ipptfe^ 1ii*~—Wis THE T>'of ANGLING.' Of F I S H || general. S it is the Defign in this Dictionary to give a particular Account of all the Fifh which are either brought to our Markets, or caught in our Rivers or Ponds, it may not be improper firfl to give a Defcription of fuch Properties as are commonly poifeiied by the watery Inhabitants, becaufe this will greatly contribute to make all that fhali be fa>d oi- them eafily underflood. The firfl thing that occurs is their Shape or Figure, which always tapers a little at the Head, and qualifies them to traverfe the Fluid which they inhabit. The Tail is extremely flexible, and is furnifhed with great Strength and Agility, & bending 2 Of FI s h in general. bending itfelf either to the Right or the Left, by which means it repels the Water behind it, and advances the Head and all the reft of the Body. It is commonly thought, that the Fins are the chief Inflruments of Motion, but this is a vulgar Error, for the chief Ufe of the Fins is to poife the Body, and to keep it fleady, .as alfo to fiop it when it is in Motion. (Borelli, by cutting oft'the Beily Fins of a Fifh, found that it reeled *to and fro, and was unable to keep itfelf in an upright Poflure. When a Fifh would turn to the left it moves the Fins on the right Side, when to the right it plays thofe on the left; but the Tail is the grand Inflrument of progreffive Motion. Mod of their Bodies are cloathed and guarded with horny Scales, fuitable to the Dangers they are expofedto., and the Bufinefs they are to perform : Thefe Scales we find moiflened with a $limy Liquor, and under them lies, all over the Body, an oily Subflance, which, by its Antipathy to Walter, iupplies the Fifh with Warmth and Vigour. v Fifh are enabled to rife or fink in the Water by means of a Bladder of Air that is included in their Bodies ; when this is contracted they £nk to the Bottom, but when it is dilated they rife to the Top. That this is the true Ufe of this Bladder appears from an Experiment made upon a Carp. This Creature was put into an Air-pump, and when the Air was pumped out of the VefTel, that which was in the Bladder of the Fifh expanded itfelf to fuch a Degree, that the Carp fwelled in an extraordinary Manner, and his Eyes flarted out of his Head, till at laft the Bladder burfl in his Body. The Fifh did not die, but was thrown immediately into the Water, where he continued to live a Month longer : However he never fofe any more, but crawled along the Bottom like a Serpent. The Of F i s h in general. 3 The Gills ferve this Animal for Refpiration, and are a Kind of Lungs, which he opens for the Reception of the Air: Their Machanifm is fo contrived as to admit this Element without any Mixture of Water. Through thefe PafTages the Air evidently flows into the Bladder, and then the Fifh afcends: But in order to fink, he is obliged to contract: this Bag 5 the Air then rifes to the Gills, and is ejected, and the Fifh de- fcends with a Rapidity proportionable to the Quantity of ejected Air. This Motion may likewifc be'affifted by the Action of the Mufcles, not ta fay that it is the mofl ufual Expedient : When thefe are expanded, the Air of the Bladder dilates itfelf by its natural Spring, and when they ara contracted the Air is comprefled, and the Bladder will confequently fhrink. Befides, Air is necef- fary to preferve the Lives of Fifh, for by what means foever the Air is excluded from the Water, it foon proves fatal to the Fifh that are contained therein. A great Number of Fifh are furnifhed with Teeth, which are not defigned for eating or chewing, but to retain their Prey. Thefe Teeth are differently placed, according to the different Manner of this Animal's Feeding ; in fome they are placed in the Jaws, Palate, and Tongue $ iu others in their Throat ; thefe lafl are called Leather- mouthed Fifh. The Eyes of thefe Animals are flat, which is mofl fuitable to the Element in which they live, for a protuberant Eye. would have hindered their Motion in fo denfe a Medium ; or by brufhing through it, their Eyes would have been apt to wear, to the Prejudice of their bight. To make amends for this, the cryflailine Humour is fphe- rical in Fifhes, which is alfo a Remedy againft B 2 the 4 Of F i s h in general. the Refraction of the Water, which is different from that of the Air, and Animals that live in the Air have the cryflalline lenticular and more flat. All Fifh, except the cetaceous Kind, feem entirely divefied of thofe parental Pleafures and Sol- liciiudes which fo flrongly mark the Characters and Conduct of the more perfect terreflrial Animals. They do not ufe Coition ; for though the Male fometimes feems to join Bellies with the Female, yet as he is unfurnifhed with the Inflruments of Generation, his only End by fuch an Action is to emit his impregnating Fluid upon the Eggs, which at that Time fall from her. His Attachment feems rather to the Eggs than the Female ; he purfues them often, as they float down along the Stream, and carefully impregnates them one after the other. All Fifh have a peculiar Seafon to depofite their Spawn. They in general chufe the hottefl Months in Summer, and prefer fuch Waters as are fomewhat tepified by the ilays of the Sua. They then leave the deepefl Parts of the Ocean, which are always mod cold, approach the Coafls, or fwim up the Rivers of frefh Water, which are warm by being {hallow. When they have de- pofited their Burthens, they then return to their old Stations, and leave their Spawn, when come to Maturity, to fhift for themfelves. Thefe at firfl efcape by their Minutenefs and Agility. They j rife and fink much fooncr than grown Fifh, and can fwim in much fhallower Water. But with all thefe Advantages, fcarce one in a thoufard the various Dangers that fur round it ; Male and Female that have given it fur the \ tr j Life are equally dangerous and formidable with the re;V, for every Fifh is the declared Enemy of all it is able to devour. Fifhes Of Fl: i in general. 5 nav be divided into thofe Fifhes in general that have Lungs and thofe that have Gills, though they both ferve-for Refpiration ; of the firfl Sort are the cetaceous Kind, by fome hyperbolical iy called Sea Monflers ; for they do not all deferve that Name. Thofe that refpire through QUh may be fubdivided into the cartilaginous, which are alfo viviparous ; and thofe that produce Spawn. Thefe laft are diflinguifhtd by the Name of fpinous ; that is, they are provided with fharp Bones, to fupport and flrengthe fn their Mufcles ; whereas the cartilaginous, fucri as the Scate and Thornback, have only a Sort of Griflles, which are fo foft that they are eaten by fome. The fpinous Sort generate without Coition ; in dead of which the Females dig Holes in the Bottoms of Rivers, Ponds, and other watery 'Places, wherein they depofit their Spawn j upon which the Male immediately after emits his impregnating Fluid, in order to render the Spawn prolifick. However, this Divifion is not fliictiy true ; for there are fome fpinous or bony fifh which are viviparous, or bring forth their young alive ; among which fome thftik the Eel may be placed, though thi T s is uncertain, fome Fifh which ,Eggs, after the Mann r of Birds, with the YoTk and White, th-.t are hatched^ in their Bodies be- cartilacinousKind. Others are ovMpaTOTrsrxri-^^^ forth a great Quantity of Spawn ; which ^being a Kmd or little Eggs, are hatched in the Summer Time by the Warmth of the Water. The Increrfe of thefe is almoft incredible, for Lewenh:ek has computed, that there are no lefs than nine millions three hundred and forty-four thoufand Eggs in a fingle Cod. Hence it ceafes to be a Wonder, B 3 that 6 Of Fish is general. that every Species is preferved, notwithstanding they are continuallv preying upon, and devouring each other-. The Flat-Fifh, in particular, conceal themfelves in the Mud, which they referable in Colour, till the Spawning of other Fifh Is over, and then they feize upon the Eggs, and feed upon them. If it was not for this Practice, and the devouring of the Fry, the Ocean itfelf would not be large enough to contain the prodigious .Number of Fifh that would otherwife come to maturity. Mofl Fifh are provided wrkh a Tongue, and fome, as the Carp, have none at all, but in its flead tbey have a fieihy Palate, which is accounted a delicious Morfel among Perfons who are foncf of fuch Niceties. What Ufe a Tongue is of to Fifh is not eafy to determine, fince it cannot ferve to modulate their Voice, becaufe they are entirely mute : Nor does it ferve to revolve the Food in their Mouths, for it is immoveable; nei^v. ther can it aflifl them in Maflication, for they fwallow every thing without chewing : Nor yet is it likely to be the Organ of Taile, becaufe it is griftly in all Fifh, except thofe of the cetaceous Kind, and therefore does not feem adapted to perform an Office of fo exquifite a Nature, unlefs in an obfeure Manner, which perhaps- mity be fufficient for their Purpofe. tuch whofe Bodies are long and ./lender, as the Lei Kind, have a Throat, though they are without Lungs, Though the Stomach of Fifh is endowed with no fenfible Heat, yet it has a wonderful Faculty of Digdlion, fince in thofe of the more voracious Kind, it not only diflblves great numbers of Of Fish in general. 7 of other Fifh, but even Prawns, Crabs, and Lob- flers, which are covered with hard crufty Shells. Below the Stomach in mofl Fifh, and about the Pylorus, there are feveral Appendages, or blind Guts, but for what Purpofe they ferve is a Secret hitherto, unlefs they fomehow or other afiifl Digeflion, as Ray thinks. The Hearts of fuch Fifh as refpire through their Gills, have only one Ventricle and one Auricle, but the latter is very large in proportion to- the Heart, as are likewife the Veins in general to the Arteries. The Figure of the Heart is trian- gular. Many Writers on Fifh have affirmed, that"; none, except thofe of the cetaceous Kind, have either Kidneys or Urinary Bladder; but this proves a Miilake, for it is hard to fay whether there are any without them cr not ; however, it u certain that mofl are provided witfe them, and, as Dr. Needham obierves, thofe whofe Swftt§i?Pfing-Blad- \ der is double, or divided into two Lobes, have larger Kidneys than the reft, from whence the Ureters plainly defcend to the Urinary Bladder, which lies at the Bottom of the Belly upon the flraight Gut. Befides thefe they are endowed, with a Liver, Sjpjfien, and Pancreas, in the fame manner as Quadrupeds, and which probably ferve for the fame Ufes. The Sea carries off from the Lands which it wafhes, a Vitriol and Bitumen, that difperfe and incorporate with the fmalleft Particles of the VVater. It is in this naufeous Water, that the All- wife Creator has thought fit to improve and bring. to Perfection the Flefh of thofe Fifh which the mofl voluptuous prefer before the choicefl Fowls. In this Element one would imagine that tfye Num- B 4 ber 8 Of Fish in general. ber or Fertility of the Inhabitants fhould not be any thing confiderabJe ; yet what a prodigious* Quantity of Mufcles, Crabs, Lobflers, and other Fifh of an enormous Size ; what Piles of Oyflers, whofe Whitenefs and Fat give a Keennefs- to the Appetite; what a ProMion of Turbots, Flounders, Dabs, Burts, Plaice, and all the various Species of flat Fifh, whofe Flefh is fo exceedingly admired, dees it furnifh us with ? We obferve, in the Seafon, whole Fleets of Ships freighted with ilerri^f; and at other Times Shoals of Mackarel and Waitings prefeftt themfelves voluntarily before us upon the Coafls ; infomuch that many Cities are fupplied with a fufficient Quantity of them by the bare Capture of a fingle Day. Legions of Smelts and Flounders forfake the Salt Waters in the Spring, and begin to fwim up the Rivers. Shads follow the fame Track, and grow to their full Perfection in the frefh Water. Salmons continue till Augufi,to enrich the Fifhers, and regale the Public. Every Seafon furnifhes us ~with frefh Delicacies, without the leafl Interruption of their ufual Prefents ; fuch as Lamprey, Smelts, Soles, Thornbacks, and a vafl Variety of other Fifh, that adorn our Difhes, and gratify the nicefl Tafle. What a Delicacy, wh'it aProfufion of Provifians do we receive from the Indulgence of this Element ! This very Delicacy, however, might poffibly fo enhance their Value, that none but the Rich Could purchafe them ; or the Plenty might be fo great, that the Corruption of the Whole, or the greatefl Part, might prevent their timely Con- fumprion. But both thefe Inconveniencies are effectually prevented by a little Salt. Tims the Sea is lavifh of her Stores, and at the fame Time furnifhes us with tha$ which renders their Communication Of Fish in general. q nication eafy, and their Conveyance fafe. We ohferve likewife in this Profufion of the Sea, a Precaution which enhances the Value of her Gifts, and proves an additional Blefling. Such Fifh as are wholefome Food, and agreeable to the Tafle, are exceedingly prolifick ; but thofe, on the other hand, whofe Flefh is unpalatable, or prejudicial to our Health, and whofe monflrous Size renders them formidable to others, for the Generality bring forth their Young completely formed into* the World, and feldom more than one or two at a Birth. The fame Wifdom that has regulated with fuch Indulgence the Bounds of their Fecundity, keeps thofe at a wide Diflance from our Shores which we have the leafl Occafion for, and puts others into our PofTeffion, which are of mofl Be- nefit and Advantage- to us. Some Species are with us all the Year long, and qthers pay us an annual Vifit in prodigious Multitudes. The exact Time of their PaiTage, and their peculiar Track, is well known, which are very advantageous Cir- cumflances, though fori etimes it may vary ten or fifteen Days, by Means of flrong Winds or bad Weather. We may form an adequate Idea of other Fifh of PafTage from the Herrings and Cods. The former feem to have their principal Rendezvous between the Points of Scotland, Norway, and Denmark. From thence the Danijh Colonifls take their annual Progrefs, and, at different §eafons, crofs the Channel : Their Voyage is performed with the utmofl Exactnefs : Their Track is pre- fcribed, and their March regulated. The whole Body move at once ; not one of them prefumes to •draggle, pillage, or defert. When the Body of their Army is once pafTed, not one of the fame Species appears again till the Year enfuing. An infinite Number of Worms and little Fifh are B 5 bred i o Of Fish in general. bred every Summer in the Channel, with which the Herrings regale themfelves. They are a Sort of Manna, which thefe Animals never fail of picking up; and when they have cleared the Seas in the Northern Parts of Europe, they defcend towards the South, to which they are attracted by the pleafing Profpect of a new Stock of Provifions.. We have but very Jew Cod-nfh in our Seas... Their general Rendezvous is at the immenfe Bank before Newfoundland. There they are (o numerous, that the Fifhermen, who refort thither from all). Parts, are constantly employed, and find their La* bcurs attended with furprizing Succefs. One Mart^ jfhall fometimes catch three or four hundred in & Day. When the Suflenance that attracts them is: exhaufled in thefe Parts, they difperfe, and proclaim open War with the Whitings, which are their favourite Aliment. The latter fly before them ; and their frequent Returns upon our Coail% are principally owing to this hoflile Chace. Having mentioned the Wars of the Cods and Whitings, I mufl take Notice of one Circum- flanee* which reigns through all the Species of Fifh. The Mufcle opens her Shells, and when a fmail unwary Crab prefumes to creep in, fhe claps them, clofe together in an Inflant, and fecures her Prey. The Qyfter takes the fame Meafures to enfnare fuch little Fifh as are not on their Guard. The Sole, and-mofl F!at-fifh lie concealed likewife in the Soil, to the Colour whereof their Backs bear a near Refemblance, and obferve, with the utmoft Circumfpection, where the Females of large Fifh, fink commodious Lodgments for their Spawn. The Sole fprings inflantaneoufly from her Ambuscade, and regales herfelf with this delicious Food^ which pampers her up, and gives her an exquifite Flavour^ Of Risk in general. t| Flavour. The fmall Soles, in their Turn, are equally an agreeable Collation to the large Crabs; and when we open one of thefe latter, we feldom fail of fioding a Sole or two in the Belly of it. You may form an Idea of the other Species by this. All the feveral Ciafles of living Creatures that breed in the Water, from the biggefl to the leafl, are conflantly in Action, and at War with each other. It is one continued Series of Artifices, Flights, Evafions, and open Violence. They pillage and devour one anothit", without Remorfe or Moderation. But tho' the If&febitants of the Watery Regions are thus addicted to devour one another, the Al- mighSyfcas taken proper Meafures for thePreferva- tion of Fifh, by giving Strength to fome, Activity and Circumfpettion to others, in order to fave their Species from entire Deflruction. Be the Number of Cods ever fo great, that have been caught this Year, there will ever be fufficient to furnifh us with as large a Quantity. Tho' equivocal Generation is now univerfally exploded, yet it is certainly very wonderful to confider how fome Places are flocked with Fifh, efpecially if we may believe the Relations of fome Authors of the greatefl Credit. The mofl ufual Food of Fifh are Worms, Flies, and other Infects ; and yet there do not want Inftances of fome who not only live, but grow to a large Size by Water only. Others live upon Spawn, particularly the Flat-fifh, as was mentioned before. This Would contribute greatly to depopulate the Waters, if the Quantity of Spawn was not fo exceeding great. Some devour the fmall Fry almofl as foon as hatched ; others when they are grown larger. Some live upon fmall Fifh, fuch as the Minnow, Bleak, Gudgeon, B 6 Roach, 12 Of Fish in general. Roach, Dace, and the like; others devour Shelf- Filh, as Shrimps, Prawns, and fmall Crabs ; others again, as the Pike and Eel, are fo exceeding voracious, as to prey upon their own Kind. .Some few will feed upon Crumbs of Bread, Sea- Weeds, and the like, and it is well known to Sailors, that feveral Kinds of Sea-fifh will follow the Ships hundreds of Leagues, on Purpofe to fwallow all the Naflinefs that falls from them. As to the Age of Fifh, nothing certain can be pronounced, except that they are not fo fhort- Jived as the Ancients imagined ; for Inflance, a Salmon is fix Years in growing before he is thought worthy of that Title in Chefhire, notwithstanding fome have affirmed that he came to his 4*ull Growth in a Year, THE [ *3 1 THE Angler's Dictionary. A1 NGLING. In all Kinds of Angling there are fome general Rules to be obferved, which will conduce greatly to the Angler's Di- verfion ; as, not to angle in cold Weather, when the Eafl or North Winds blow, for it is a common Obfervation, that the South Wind is mofl favourable to Anglers, except South Weft, and next to that the Weft. The ufual Months for Angling are, from the Beginning of May to the Beginning of September ; when you angle before or after thefe Times, the warmefl Part of the Day is always beft* On a hot Summer's Day, early in the Morning, and late in the Evening, will be mofl feafonable, and likewife dark, cloudy, gloomy Weather j nor will a Gale of Wind hurt your Sport, if it does not blufter too much. In all Sorts of Angling, it will be bed to keep out of the Fifties Sight, and as far from the River's Bank as poflible, unlefs the Water be muddy, and then you may come as near as you pleafe. For the fame Reafon, the Angler's Cloaths fhould be of a grave dark Colour, and not bright and glaring, for that would fright away the Fifh. To invite the Fifh to the Place of Angling, it will be proper to caft in fuitable Food, fuch as boiled Corn, Worms, and Garbage I 14 A N G bage; but to keep them together, it will be ufe- fill to throw in the Grains of ground Malt. But for Salmon and Trout, a Compofition of fine Clay, Blood, and ground Malt, will be beft. N. B. After Floods or Rains, angle at Ground. When the Streams are beginning to clear, or after a Shower that has not mudded them, but only beaten down the Flies and Gnats, or in the Shower, if you are inclined to ftand it, angle with a Fly Improper Times for Angling are, in a ftrono- Eaft or cold North Wind. After a long Drought. In the Middle of Days that are exceffive hot and bright, efpecially in muddy or clear fhallow Rivers. When there has been a white Froft in the Morning. In Days of high Wind. Where they have been long wafhing Sheep. Jufl after x Fifh have fpawned. Upon rifmg of any fudSen Clouds that prove to precede Rain. Tho Days- following dark, clouded, or windy Nights. When Rivers, efpecially fmall ones, are pent up by- Flood-gates or Mills, and run low. The proper Times are, in calm clear Weather In a bnfk South or Weft Breeze; if you can find Shelter, no matter how high it be. When in the hotteft Months it is cool and cloudy. Aftes Floods, when the Water fines, and is of a Whey-colour. After a hafty violent Shower has a little muddied and fwelled the Tide, efpecially for Ground-fifhing. When a River is very much fwelled, and it runs violent in any ftill Pit, then by its Sides; the Mouth of any flow Creek running into it, and the Ends of Bridges where the Water runs calm and quiet, if not too deep. There is admirable Sport when Flafhes are let down, or Mills fet agoing, if you follow the Courfe of the Water, Bladder- A N G 15: Bladder-Angling. This is as much for Diverfion as any thing elfe. It is ufually practi- fed in large Ponds, with an Ox's Bladder, and a Bait fixed on an armed Hook, or a Snap-Hook. Thequick Rifing of the Bladder after it has beea pulled under Water, never fails to ftrike the Fifh as effectually as a Rod ;■-. and let him flruggle as much as ever he will, the Bladder always-gets the Victory at laft. DiBBiNGy or Fly-Angling. This is gene-* rally performed on the very Surface or Top of the Water, with a Line about Half the Length of the Rod if the Day be calm, or with-one almoft as- long as the Rod, if the Wind is fo ftrong as to carry it from you. The Fly muft always be in Motion, as near the Bank-fide on which you are as may be thought convenient, unlefs you fee a Fifh rife within your Reach, and then it will-be Befl to gufde it over him, and if you can keep- out of Sight by kneeling, or otherwife, you may be almoft fure to take him. Sometimes the Bait is fufFered to fink two or three Inches into the Water, but this is but feldom. You muft: always Dib in a clear Water, without either Lead or Float, and your Line ftrong, as by this Method you will ufually lay hold of the largeft Fifh. When you Dib for Chub, Dace, &c. which is ufually under fome Tree or Bufh, let your Fly drop into the Water as if it fell from the Boughs, then raife it to the Surface, and with one Finger of your Right Hand gently tap the End of your Rod, and when you have a Rife, give him Time that he may gorge the better. The befl Place is a ftill Deep, on a hot calm Day, or in the Evening of a hot Day. If you Dib in a Stream, it is befl when the Water is clearing after 16 A N G after a Flood, in which Cafe the Horfe-Fly is th« propereft Bait. Float-Angling. In this the Line fhould be longer than the Rod by two or three Feet, and let the Pellet that is put upon it be neither fo heavy as to fink the Cork or Float, nor fo lig^t as to hinder the fmalleft Touch from pulling it under Water, becaufe that is the only Sign you have of a Bite. In Rivers it will be mofl proper to make Ufe of a Cork; but in {landing Waters, a Quill may ferve well enough. Fly-Angling. Let the Rod be light, and the Line twice as long as your Rod, and very ftrong at Top, and go gradually taper, till you have only a fingle Hair at the Hook. You muft: contrive to have the Wind on your Back, and the Sun, if it fhines, to be before you, and to fifh down the Stream; and carry the Point or Top of your Rod downward, by which Means the Shadow of yourfelf, and the Rod too, will be the leaft offerifive to the Fifh, for the Sight of any Shade mazes the Fifh, and fpoils Sport. In March or April, u the Weather be dark, or a little windy or cloudy, the befl Fifhing is with the Palmer-Worm, which, with the May-Fly, are the Ground of all Fly-Angling, See the Article Flies. Till you are a Proficient, every Throw will oo near to coft you a Hook; therefore practife for fome Time without one; or get your Flies dref- fed on Siik-Worm Gut, and you will not eaiily fmack them off. j The befl Times to ufe a Fly .are, when the River has been a little difcoloured by Rain, and is again clearing, or in a cloudy, breezv Day. When the Wind is high, chufe the ftill Deeps, when A N G W when fmall or none, the runningiS^reams, and , ufe then the Natural, in boifterous Weather the Artificial Fly. In clear Streams ufe a'fmall Fly, in lefs clear, one larger; a light-coloured Fly in a bright Day, a dark Fly for dark Waters, and an Orange Fly in muddy ones. Ledger-Bait Angling is when the Bait always refts in one fixed and certain Place : To perform this, the Line muft be leaded as ufual, with a Bullet with a Hole through, large enough to let the Line eafiiy draw through ; and abou# nine Inches above the Hook, fix a Shot to prevent the Bullet flipping down to the Bait, and the Float taken off. Within Half a Yard of the Top of the Line muft be wrapped a thin Plate of Lead, about an Inch and a Half long, and an Inch broad; this will ferve to difcover by its Motion when you have a Bite. You may either hold the Rod firmly in your Hands, or flick the thick End of it into the Side of a Bank. Running-Line Angling is with one or two fmall Pellets of Lead to your Line without a Float. The Lead fhould be juft fo much as will fink the Bait to the Bottom, and let the Stream carry it down without much flopping or jogging. It is neceffary to begin at the Head of the Stream, and let the Bait drive downward as far as the1 Rod and Line will permit. It is good frequently to raife your Bait a little from the Ground, and let it drop gradually again. The Line muft be kept as ftrait as is confiftent with letting the Lead drag on the Ground, and when there is a Bite it will eafiiy be felt, as well as feen by the Point of the Rod and Line. When the Fifh bites, the Line fhould be flackened a little, that he may more eafiiy fwallow the Bait, and then you fhould ftrike iS A N- G ftrike gently and directly upwards. When yoor Lead is rubbed bright, you ought to cover ity thinly with Shoemaker's Wax, or change it- When you angle thus for Trout in fmall Brooks, you frequently find very good Holds grown over with Wood ; in fuch cafe, wrap your Line about, your Rod till it comes to the Hook,, and then; you will eafiiy get the Top of your* Rod; under any Bough; this done, loofe as much Line as: will reach the Bottom, by turning your Rod the contrary Way ; keep the End. of your Rod as high as you can till you have Line enough un- wrapt, then fuddenly Jet it drop into the upper Part of the Hole, and if you have a Bite, let him. have Liberty to gorge^, and by this Method you will frequently take good Trout that you would not othetrwife have come at.. Snap*- Angling is. with two large Hooks tied Back to Back,. and;one fmaller to fix your Bait on.. Your Tackle muft be very ftrong, and your Line; not quite fo long as your Rod, with a large Cork- Float, leaded enough to make it fwim upright. Your Bait muft not be above four Inches long. As foon as ever you.perceive the Cork to be drawn under Water, ftrike very ftrongly without giving the Fifh Time, otherwife he will throw the Bait out of his Mouth. When you find he is hooked, mafter him as foon as you can, and with your Landiag-Net under him get him out of the Water. Some prefer a double-fpring Hook, and put the Bait on by thrufting the Wire into the Middle of its Side and through its Mouth, fewing u.p> the Mouth afterwards. Top-Angling with a Worm requires a Line without Float or Lead. The Bait muft be drawn up and down the S trearn on the Top of the Water.. This- A N G 19 This Method fhould only be ufed when the Weather is fine, and the Water clear ; it is fometimes fuccefsful in fifhing for Trout and Salmon-Smelts, Trimmer-Angling is very-ufeful in a Meer^ Canal, or Pond, and even in the ftill Part of a,River. This requires a round Cork, fix Inches in Diameter, with a Groove on which to wind up-, your Line, except fo much of it next the Hook as will allow the Bait to hang about Mid-water, and likewife fo much of the other End as will reach to the Bank, or a Bufh, where it is to.be fattened. In this Pofition you.may leave it to take its Chance, while yqu are Angling elfewhere. As foon as the Pike takes the Bait, and runs away with it, the Line unwinds itfelf off the Trimmer, without giving him the leaft Check. However, when you come to take up your Line, give it a Jerk, as in other Fifhing, and then your Prey will be more fectfre. This is a good Method of Fifhing in the Night. Trowling ; a Method of Angling chiefly ufed to catch a Pike. This requires ftrong Tackle, and no verv flender Top, with a Ring fixed to it for the Line to run through. When you. perceive a Pike lying in wait for his Prey, put. three or four Rings., one bigger than another,, made in this Form, Qo, upon a Gudgeon-Rod j. ?na\rAhen. nnt yew Trowlimr-foine tbrnnorh thg-i fitter* ^r Jtrre-Jimg^^iTy^ oport. The heft Baits are Roach,..Dace, or Bleak, newly taken, if the Water is any thing thick, Qt IJay cloudy; and nothing [? comparable to a lame [ Guageon, in a clear Day and Stream : Great Baits invite him mofl, but little ones, are mofl fure to take him. Your Line muft be of Silk, at leaft two Yards next the Hook^ and thirty Yards longj.. there •so A N G there mui\ likewife be a Reel to wind it upon. The Hook muft be leaded, that the Head of .the Fifh may hang downward ; there muft be likewife two Links of Wire faftened to it. And becaufe it is not very eafy to thruft the Wire through the Body of the Fifh, it will be proper to have a Fifn- Needle, which pafling through firfl, the Wrire will readily follow it. Let the Point of your Flook ftand near the Eye of your Bait, and then few up its Mouth to keep it firm. The Fin of the Tail fhould be cut off, and the Tail itfelf faftened to the Top of the Wire, otherwife the Bait will not lie fmooth and even upon the Hook. It will be like- wife proper to faften the Bait at the Gills, with the Help of a Needle and Thread ; this done, make a Loop at the End of your Line, and faften a Swivel to it, then put it through the Loop of your Ring, and hang your Bait on the Swivel. When you throw your Bait into the Water, take Care to avoid Stumps and Weeds, for they will do your Bait as much Damage as the Bite of a Pike. Give your Bait Time to fink ; then flowly raife it, by Degrees, higher and higher, till you fee your Bait; then let it fink again ; and fo on, drawing it gently towards you. If a Pike takes the Bait at firft, it is acrofs its Mouth, for he feldom or never fwallows it until he gets to his Harbour. Bite, if he goes down the Stream with your tfatt, it is commonly a fmall Fifh ; if up, you may expect a large one; but take Care not to check him, until he has had Time to pouch the Bait. Trowling in Ponds is performed with a long Line, which will reach from one Side of it to the other : It fhould have as many armed Hooks and RnifQ. nhnur three Yards afunder, as the Length of the Baits, about three Yards afunder, as B A C 21 the Line will allow. This Method requires an Affiftant, who muft hold one End of it, and help you to keep it in a gentle Motion, until you find you ha^e a Bite, and then ftrike with a Jerk the contrary Way to thevMotion of the Fifh. Angling is defcribed in general by Mr. Pope. IN genial Spring, beneath the quivring Shade, Where cooling Vapours breathe along the Mead, The patient Fijher takes his filent Stand, Intent, his Angle trembling in his Hand; With Looks unmovd, he hopes the fcaly Breed, And eyes the dancing Cork, and bending Reed. Our plenteous Streams a various Race [apply, The bright ■ ey d P E r c H, with Fins of T Y RIA N Dye % Thefilver Eel, in fhining Volumes roVCd, The yellow Carp, in Scales be-drop*d with Gold; Swift Trouts, diverfifyd with cri?nfon Stains, And Pikes, the Tyrants of the watry Plains. The ANT-FLY is to be met with from the End of 'June to September. They are to be kept in a large Glafs Bottle, with a Handful of the Earth, and another of the Roots of Grafs from the Ant-Hills where they were bred. They are an excellent Bait for Roach, Dace, and Chub, if you angle with them under the Water about a Hand's Breadth from the Bottom. ARON-BERRIES, or Lip-Berries, are of a lovely tranfparent Red, or Orange Colour; they are fit for Ufe, being ripe in July and Auguft, and prove good Baits for Roach and Chub, efpecially the latter. ASH-FLY. See Oak-Fly. BACON, mixed with old Cheefeand Turpentine, is an excellent Pafte, and a good Bait for Chub, in Winter Months. BAG, 22 BAR BAG. A Line is faid to Bag, when one Hair {after it is twilled) runs up more than the reft. BAITS. To know at any Time what Bait Fifh are apt to take, open the Belly of the firfl you catch, and take out his Stomach very tenderly ; open it with a fharp Penknife, and you will difcover what he then feeds on, The procuring of good Baits is not the leaft Part of the Angler's Skill; They are ufually to be met with at the Shops where Fifhing-Tackle is fold, but I fhall hereafter particularly mention them in their Order. BARBEL. The Barbel is a beautiful, well-fhaped Fifh. The Back is of an Olive Colour, the Belly Silver. It is fpeckled on the Back and Sides with fmall black Spots. His Make is long and roundifh, and his Snout fharp. His Mouth is not large, but the upper Jaw is more prominent than the lower. He has four Barb?, or Wattles, from whence he derives his Name ; two near the Corners of his Mouth,and two higher,near theEnd of theSnout. 1 he Barbel cannot well endure Cold, and therefore, in the Winter Time, he is fick and languid, but in the Summer clean and found. The Flefh is loft and flabby, andv in no great Efteem. The Spawn is unwholefome, purging both upwards and downwards, and is thought, by fome, to be little better than Poifon, The Male i$ B A R 23 Is much better than the Female. Their principal Seafon is September. Their Size is from a Foot to a Foot and a Half long; the Sort which are ufually met with weigh about feven or eight Pounds; yet a Perfon at Staines caught one of twenty-three Pounds Weight; his Bait was a Bit of rufty Bacon. He is bred in mofl Rivers; and the Thames, in particular, abounds with them. In the Summer he haunts the fwifteft and fhalloweft Streams, where he lurks under the Weeds, and works and routs with his Nofe in the Sand, like a Hog. Yet fometimes he retires to Bridges, Flood-Gates, Locks, and Weirs, where the Waters are fwift and deep. He never feeds off the Ground, and wjll take any Sort of Worm, Bits of Bacon, old Cheefe, or new Cheefe, if kept in a Linnen Rag dipped in Honey two or three Days to make it tough. The Watermen, who attend on you wmen you fifh in their Boats, fometimes provide Greaves, to be had at the Tallow-Chandlers, for a Ground Bait over Night: Yet mofl commonly tney ufe the fame Worm that you bait with. They are a very fubtle, ftrong Fifh, and firuggle hard for their Lives, and will often pick off your Baits. On the Morning of Auguft 23, 1771, Mr. Warren, the Perfumer, of Marybone-ftreet, began to angle in Walton Deeps, and found fuch Sport, that he flopped before Noon, tired with Fatigue, and found that he had caught 280lb. Weight of large fized Barbel. This Gentleman ufually has the Deeps baited with Worms over Night, and in the Morning fifties from a Well Boat, with a perfumed Pafte on his Hook. In June, 1772, when Mr. Warren came to the ufual Fifhing Hole, 24 B A R Hole, a Brother Angler cried out, that he had had great Sport, but had been devi'ifh unlucky, for he had hooked a Sturgeon who had carried away his Line. Well, (fays Mr. Warren) have a little Patience, and I'll catch the Gentleman ; which he did in about Half as Hour, and it proved to be one of his old Acquaintance, a Barbel, which weighed nib. but being out of Condition, Mr. Warren had punched a Hole in his Tail, and turned him again into the Thames. This Fifh had then the Angler's Hook flicking in his Gills, and has fince been twice caught by Mr. Warren, who as often has given him his Liberty. His Time of Biting is early in the Morning, \x\ June, July, and Auguft till Ten o'Clock, and from Four in the Afternoon till Sun fet; but I prefer September and Oftober before any other Months, becaufe then they retire to the deep Holes. In the Summer they come to the Shal- • lows about Sun-fet, where they may be eafiiy taken with a fcoured Lob-worm. Your Rod muft be very ftrong, with a tough Whalebone at the End. You have no Occafion for a Float, but muft put a large Bullet on the Line that your Bait may Me ledger. You muft have ten Hairs next the Hook, but the remaining Fart of your Line muft be Silk. If you make ufe of a Wheel, as in Trcut-fifhing, it will be fo much the better. The mofl famous Places near London for Barbel Angling, are King ft on-Bridge, and Sheperton- Deeps ; but Walton-Deeps, Chert fey - Bridge, Hampton-Ferry, and the Holes under Cooper's-Hi'11, are thought to be in no wife inferior. You may likewife met with them at all the Locks between Maidenhead and Oxford. BASS. 10 The Bass, from its Greedinefs, fometimes grows to the Length of a Yard and a Half; yet, according to fome, they are thought to be gj a large Size when they weigh fifteen Pounds. They are fhaped pretty much like a Salmon. The Colour on the Back is of a dark dirty Blue ; oft the Belly Silver. When young they have black Spots on the Back and lateral Lines, which, as they increafe in Bulk, quite vanifh. The Scales are of a middling Size, thick, and adhere very clofely. The Mouth is large, and full of frnall Teeth. In the Palate there is a triangular Bone, and there are two more in the Throat. The Tongue is broad, flender, and rough, there being a rough Bone in the Middle* The Eyes are large, and of a Silver Colour, with dark cloudy Spots ; a fmall Circle next the Pupil is Yellow. Is a very voracious Fifh ; and of a good Flavour, and very wholefome. They will live either in the Sea, Rivers, or Ponds : but the Sea Bafs are befl, and next to them are thofe that are taken in the Mouths of large Rivers, The Way of catching the® is with Nets. Sometimes they are caught with an Angle in fifhing for Mullet, BAWFC, A Knot in a Hair or Link of a Line, .occafioned often by the twifting of an Eel, and if not rectified in Time, the Link will break in that Place. A Fifh is faid to be balked, when checked as he bites. BEARD. The Beard is that Part of the Hook C which 26 B L E which is a little above the Point, projected out to hinder the Fifh from flipping off the Hook. BED and BEDDING. Hairs are faid to bed well, when they twift kindly, fo that theLink is equally round in every Part. Bedding is the Substance of the Body of ah artificial Fly. Eels are faid to bed, when they get into the Sands or Mud in large Quantities.. BEE. The Black ones., that breed in Clay Walls, at the Top, and the Humble Bees, at the Bottom, which breed in long Grafs, are good Baits for the Chub. B L ■ E A K. A very fmall Fifh, fcarcely ever attaining to be fix Inches long. His Body is covered with thin filver Scales, which eafiiy come off. He is of a Slenderer and flatter Make than a Chub, and %?$ Head is proportionable lefs.. He has large Eyes, and the lower Part of the Iris is fpotted-with red. The Infide of the Mouth is like that of a Carp, .and provided in the fame Manner. There are none in the Merfey. They are to be met with in great Plenty in many other Rivers, and are reckoned to be chiefly in Seafon in Autumn. It fpawns in March, and recovers its .Strength in three Weeks time. The Flefh is fweet, no.ujrtfhing, and pfe&fant, frut little fought after becaufe of the diminutive .Size of the Fiih. The beit Baits for him in the cold Months are Oentles and fmall Red-worms, and in Summer you may catch great Niuitfcers with.an artificial Ant- B R E ty Ant-Fly, or very fmall Gnat. There.fsjSo better Sport than whipping for Bleaks, in a Boat, or on a Bank in the fwift Water, in a Sumndft Evening, with a Hazel-top, and a Line twice the Length of the Rod. Point your Hook with a fmall Gentle. As this Fifh is always changing its Situation, and feems to be ever refllefs, and ever in Motion, ^he befl Method of Angling for him is with a JKg. ter-nojior Line; that is, a Line with half a Dozen or more Hooks, tied to the main Line, about three or four Inches above one another. He will take your Bait wherever he meets it. BOBBING. See Eels. BRAN from Wheat is very proper to put the fmall Fifties in, fuch as are' defigned as Baits for larger Fifties. ^S BRANDLINGS are a fine Red Worm {treated with Yellow, and are to be met with in old Dunghills, and are as good a Bait for mofl Sorts of Fifh as any ufed, and have a Smell very peculiar to themfelves, and when wounded with a Hook, a Yellow Liquid fprjngs from the Wound* See Worms. BREAM. ^B^^S The Bream is a broad flat Fifh, with a fmall Head and a fharp Snout. The Flefh of the Bream is in no great Efteem, and yetrnakes'no bad Difh, if wellcook'd, Thofe C 2 who *S B R E who would be thought Critics in Good-eati-»g, prefer the Tail of a Pike, the Head of a Carp, the Back of aTench, and the Middle Part of a Bream. They breed both in Rivers and Ponds, but delight chiefly in the latter ; for which Reafon they are never found in fwift, rapid Streams, but only in fuch Parts of the River as mofl refemble Handing Waters, with muddy or clayey Bottoms ; the Mole in Surry, as far a^ Experience reaches, is the befl flocked with this Fifh of any River in England, but in the Thames there are-very few. I hey fwim in a Herd as tho' they loved Society, and at leaft fifty Brace together have been feen at EJher Bridge. Gefner tells us he faw one that was a Yard Jong, and two Feet broad. In 1781, one was caught in the LatchfordFifhery in Chefhire, which was 2 Feet long and 9 Inches broad ; another was caught with angling in the Merfey by John "Bentley of Mire Town, which weighed nine Pounds. They fpawn in May, and are in the highefl Seafon in March and April, but eat well in September. They naturally feed upon Slime, Weeds, and JDirt; but will take any Sort ofPafte, the Brood of Bees or Wafps, Flies under Water, and Cod Baits. Butafhort well-fcowered Marfh-worm,or a large Red-worm, will prove mofl fuccefsful, or the Tail of a well-fcowered Dew-worm, or two ox three large Brandlings. They bite beft when there is a Breeze of Wind, and require a great deal of baiting to keep them together. When the Water is rough, your Bait muft be placed within a Foot of the Bottom. The likelieft Place to meet with therri is in the deepeft and broadeftPartof a River, early in the Morning, and from Three or Four in the Afternoon till Sun- fet, when the Weather is warm. They bite very flow, F R E 'v& flow, and the larger they are, the flower. As foort as you haveftruck one, he will immediately make to the Bottom, and flay there fome Time ; if he flays too long, give him a gentle Touch, and he will immediately rifej and;give two or three ftrong Tugs ; but when once you have turned him, he will foon yields The befl Method of Angling for him is this : Seek a fhallow fandy Bottom that leads to a deep Hole; then throw into the fhallow Part of the Stream four or five Handfuls of ivlarfh-worms cut into Pieces, which will foon drive down into the Hole. Ufe a long Rod, and of good Strength, with a Line proportionable; a fmall Hook, and no Float. The Hook muft.be tied to India Grafs, on which put a cut Shot fix. Inches from the Hook, and next to that a fmall Bullet. The Ufe of the Shot is to keep the Bullet from flipping lower.. This done, bait your Hook, with a fhort well— fcoured Marfh-worm,. throw it in the Shallow, and the Stream will drive it into the Hole. By this Method5 you may catch more in two Hours* than you can well carry away. Another Method often attended with Succefs: Sleek a deep Hole near the Bank, plumb the Depth over Night, and bait it at the fame Time with- Grains well fqueezed, and mixed with Blood. In the Morning early vifit the Place again, and take your Stand out of Sight; bait your Hook with a large Red^-worm, and then drop it gently into the Hole. With thefe Precautions,you will find Sport. But remember always, when you have Occafion to plumb the Depth.of a Place the Night before, to take Notice at your Return, whether the Wa^ tier be rifen or fallen, and make an Allowance accordingly. You may have very good Sport, if you bait with chewed white Bread, and angle, with.Gentles, or C 3 the 3A • CAR thedSroo:! of Wafps, but then you are not to ufe fo long or ftrong a Rod, or Line, and a fmaller Hook. • RROGLING. See Eels. BULLHEAD, wMILLER's-THUMB.. J i. opt The Bull-Heab is a fmall Fifli of aboutfour or five Inches long; is a good Bait for Pike,. Perch, Eel, or large Trout. It is found in Brooks and gravelly Rivers, wher& they lie hid like a Loach under Stones, and fucjffe like Places. They are a fweet Fifh, and very agreeable to the Tafte^ and may be taken with, any Bait^'th^ft? Mouths are fo large ; but they are mofl fond of & Red-worm. BUTT. The Stock of a Rod. CADIS, or COD-BAIT. See Worms. An excellent Bait for Trout. CARP. The Carp grows fometimes to the Length of a Yard and a half, and a proportionable Thicknefs. In C A »- 3^ In 1739, a ptetty latge one was e^gWdm the Th^Hes, near Hawpton-Cott^'ythich weighed tblr-*' teen Pounds. The Colour of t!bi6iFi(feyefpecially when full grown, is yeltowifh ;< the:Scales~ are large, the Head fbort, and like that of a Tench; the Mouth is of a middle Size ; the Lips faty iefhyy and yellow. It is without Teeth, but-there is a i tfi$8|ftttarBone in the Palate, and two otherBones in the Thr<akt, which ferve for the fame Purpofe. On the upper Lip, near thfe^ocner of the Mouth, are two yellow Appendages, which may be called Muftachaos, from their Situation. The Fins are large; the Tail is broad, a little forked, and of a reddifh black. The lateral Line is ftraight, and paffes throu§h:the Middle of each Side. It has no Toii^aev;but in the room thereof Ratwerh*8^.rov^eti a ftefhy Palate, which being taken out of the Moutlv looks like a Tongue, and fome Per&nrs pretend to be pofMve it is one. Some-imagine it is only the fmalrXSajrp that are the Brdetters, but thisis a Miftake. A Gentleman in Cheshire clean fed his Moat, and ftored it with large Carp, ima^ning, as the larger Sort did not breed, they would feed very well; but, in a very fmall Time, the Moat was all alive with the Carp Spawn(.i f| They fpawn feveral Times in a Year, but the principal are in May and Auguft, in which Months they are lean and infipid, and confequently out of Seafon. The Females drop their Spawn as they fwim along, and are generally followed by thirteen ©r fourteen Males, who impregnate it as it falls, yet a great deal of it perifhes. They are in higheftV Requeftin April. Willoughby affirms the largeftg weigh about twenty Pounds. One 7'hing obfervable in a Carp is, that it lives the longeft out of the Water of any other Fifh ; and Mr. Derham affures us, that in Holland they C 4 hang 2% CAR hang them up in Cellars, or other cool Places, in a fmall Net, full of wet Mofs, with only tfosk*- Headsout,.and feed them with white Bread foaked in Milk for roany^Days. The Pkfh of theRiver Carp is much better than that of the Pond, and in general it is more or lefs wholefome, according to the Nature of the Water in which they are bred, and confequently muddy flinking Ponds produce the worft Fifh. It is foft, infipid, and not altogether free from Vifci- dity. But your curious Eaters value it chiefly for the Palate, or Tongue, as they call it. The River Carp is not fond of a rapid Stream, but delights in a ftili deep Water, with a marly or clayey .Bottom, efpecially if there be green Weeds, which he loves exceedingly. A Carp exercifes the Angler's Patience as much as any Fifh, for he is very fly and wary. They feld^m bite in cold Weather, and in hot, a Man cannot be too early or too late for them. Yet when they do bite, there is no Fear of their Hold. Proper Baits, are the Red-worm in March, the Cadew in June, and the Grafshopper in July, Au- guft, and September, But a recent Difcovery has proved a green Pea to be a Bait inferior to none, if not the beft-of all; and that the befl Method to prepare.tbem for Ufe, is by half boiling a fufficient Quantity, and covering them with melted Butter. In hot Weather, he Will take a Lob-worm at Top, as a Trout does a Fly: Or, between the Weeds, in a clear Place, fink it without a Float, about eight Inches in the Water, with only one large Shot on the Line, which is to be lodged on the Leaf of fome Weed : Then retire, keeping your Eye upon theShot, till you fee it taken away, with about a. Foot of the Line, and then you may venture to ftrike; but keep him tight, and clear of C A. R 33 of the Weeds. Great Numbers of Carp have been taken this Way. In Ponds, the befl Method is to throw fix'xSfc,: eight Slices of Bread, to be carried with the Wind, and in a fhort Time, it is probable, you will fee many Fifh feeding on it: If not, crumble a little very fmall, and caft it in where the Slices reft; which will be a Means to make them find the Pieces at Top, which when you have fuffered them to feed on, take a very long Rod, ftrong Line, middle-fized Hook,,and one Shot fixedjuft above the Hook, and baited with about the Size of a large Horfe-bean of the upper Cruft: of a rafped French Roll, and you may pick.out what Size and- Quantity you pleafe, by dropping your ..Bait before the iargeft Fifh:, as he is feedir^fghJlfe Slices at Top. This is a fure Means.fef^etting Sport, and but little.known. As before obTerved, th&Fjfh is very cautious,. and therefore your Float'niuft be fmall, and you mufl be fure to keep out of Sight. And becaufe,. when hooked, he flrnggles in a violent Manner, you^muft take Care that your Tackle be very good I and ftrong, otherwife he will break from you* When you have found a Place which you think ajikely Harbour for Carp, you fhould plumb your Ground over Night, in order to find the Depth of. the Water. Likewife at the fame Time bait the \ Place with fmall Bits of .congealed Blbod|, boiled Malt, Wheat, or*Rye, mixed with Bran. The next Morning early, repair to the Place as gently as you can, taking. Care, as faid before, to I keep out of Sight; when you have a Bite, let the Float fail away.before you ftrike, and then do it^ ftrongly, and the contrary Way to the Motion of" the Float, and there will be lefs Danger of pulling the Bait out of the Fifh's Mouth. When you \ have holoVof him3 if your Tackle be good, you' C-5; need< 34 " .' CAR need not fear lofing him, for he feldom dr ever breaks his Hold ; and, if poffible, prevent him ftretching your Line along his Back, left he cuts it with his Saw-fin, which is on his Back. When you angle for a Carp, you ought not to forget your Landing-Net, which is by much the fafeft Way of taking him out; otherwife play the Fifh till you draw it to the Shallows, where you may fix your Rod upright in the Ground at a pro- p# JDiftance from the River, and, putting both your Hands under the Fifh, throw it on the Shore. If you are defirous of Angling with a Pafte, the following is as good as any. Take fine Flour, a Bit of lean rjw Veal, a little Honey, and Cotton- Wool^umcrent to keep the Ingredients together, and beat tygg^a^LMortar to a Pafte. Or white Bread mixed wfth Cotton-Wool > and worked inf|[ Pafte with fome of the-Water where you are fifhing, is not a defpicable .jpait. Carp will take red Currants, green Figs, or ^almoft any Sort of Bait. When you fifh with a Grafshopper you muft take off its Wings, and let it fink~into the Water without Lead or Float. Gentles, Two upon a Hook, and throw in chew'd white Bread, is a good Me- thcpi'to angle for Carp, efp&<?ially in a Pond. Some farther Particulars relating to Carp will be^ found under the Article Fish-Ponds. At prefent we fliall only add the Manner how to make this Fifh as good a Difli as can be fet before a Prince. s,Xake a Carp, alive if poffible, fcour him, and rub him clean with Water and Salt, but do not fcale him; then open him, and put him, with his Blood and Liver, into a fmall Kettle; then take Sweetie- marjoram, Thyme, and Parfley, of each Half an Handful, a Sprig of Rofemary, and another of Savory, bind them into two or three fmall Bundles, and put them to your Carp, with four or fiye whole (p£ons, twenty pickled Oyftersj and three An- chovies* CAT 35 chovies. Then pour upon your Fifh as much Claret Wrffe as will only cover him, and feafottf your Claret well with Salt, Cloves, Mace, and the Rinds of Oranges and Lemons; covfcr your Pot, and fet it on a quick Fire till it be fufficiently "boiled ; then take out the Carp", and lay it with the Broth into the Difh, and pour upon it a Quarter of a Pound of frefli Butter melted, and beaten with half a Dozen Spoonfuls of the Broth, the v^K^ks of two or three Eggs, and fome of t|^e Herbs fhred : Garnifh your Dim with Lemons, and fo ferve it up. Dr. T. CAT is an Animal that generally feems averfe to wetting his Feet, yet from Habit he is content to walk the wet Meadows in Quefl of Birds, and ha9 oft been known to turn Fifher in Thai- well Brook, which runs into the Merfey.—On .Moon-light Nights the Trout works its Way up the Current, where there is not Water enough to cover his Back-fin ; the Gat thenfprings upon the Fifh from the Banks, and has been known to carry it to Mr. Lee at Thelwell, as a Dog does a large Bone he has ftole from his Neighbour, or as a Greyhound fometimes doth a Hare, to his Mafter at Home. As to Cats, their Humours H*&i4d be determined from the wild ones: for thofe that have been long domefticated contract new and ftrange Habits. My Cat walks every Day over the wet and cold Sink on which the ©ffiies are wafhed very contentedly, in Hopes of picking up the Fragments from the Plates; whilft another in Northampton/hire will no more eat an Oyfter than the poorer Sort of Natwes; at the fame Time that they will devour a^SsUad drafted withJC^^Vinegar, Salt, and Pepper. In Cats the Hair on the Bottom of the Out-. fide of the hind Leg turns upwards; perhaps this C 6 Difpofition 36 C H A Difpofition may affift them in Leaps, by which\ they and their Genus take their Prey. CATERPILLAR,, or PALMER-FLY, or, WORM, is a good Bait for a Trout. CHAR y i. The Gilt-Char-.. The Latin Writers calLthis CarpioLacds Be- naci, becaufe they imagined it was only to be met- with in that particular Lakej. but it has fince ap-* peared to be the fame Fifh with our.Gilt-Char,, which is bred in Winander-Meer, in, the County, of Weftmoreland. It is proportionably broader than* a Trout, and the Belly is more prominent, but, its Length, when greatefl, never exceeds twelve- Inches. The Scalesare fmall, the Colour oftheBack; is more lively than in*a Trout, and is beautified with black Spots; the Belly and Sides beneath the, lateral Line, are of a bright Silver Cok>ur;. the Scull is tranfparent, and the Snout blueifh. It has Teeth* in the lower Jaw, on the Palate and fche Tongue ^ the Swimming-Bladder is extended the whole? Length of the Back, and the Gail-Bladder is large. The FleHh of the Gilt-Char is red, and is ac-~ counted fo very delicious among the Italians, that? they fay it excells all other Pond or Sea-Fifh what-* ever, and they efteem the Nature of it to be fo wholefome, that they allow fick Perfons to eat it. Winander-Meer is a Lake, according to Cam* d<n% C H A 3* denr, ten M$es in Length, and in fome Places ex* ceedirig deep, therefore they are only taken in the Winter-time, when they go into the Shallows to. fpawn. 2r. The Red Char, or Torgach. The Red Char is the Umbla Minar of Gefner. and other Authors, and is known in Wales by the Name of Torgcch. The Body of this Fifh is of a longer and more flender Make than that of a Trout, for one of about eight Inches long was no more than an Inch and an halt broad. The Back- is of a greenifh olive,-, fpotted with white. Tluv jfejly, about the Breadth of half an Inch, is painted with red,, in fome of a more lively, in others o£ a.paler Colour, and in fome,_e,fpecially the Female* ft is quite white. The Scales are fmall, and the lateral Lines ftraight. The Mouth is wide, the Taws pretty equal, unlefs the lower be a little lharperand more protuberant than the upper; the lower Part of the Fins are of a vermilion Dye. „ The Gills are quadruple, and it has Teeth both in the Jaws and on the Tongue; in the upper Jaw there is a double Row of them. The Swim- ming-Bladder is like that of a Trout; the Liver ii not divided into Lobes ; the GalLBladder is large, the Spleen fmall and blackifh, the Heart triangui lar, an^the Eggs of the Spawn large and round. The Fleifh. is more foft and tender than that of a. Trout, and when boiled can fcarcely be allowed to be red... It is in the hi^heftEfteem where known* 5 and 3* C H A and in Wales is accounted the chief Difh at th& Tables of People of Fafhion. The chief Place in England where this Fifties taken, is Winander-Meer; but in Wales they are to be had in five different Places, namely Llan- berris, Llin-Umber, Feftiniog, and Bettus, in Carnarvon/hire, and near Cafageddor in Merioneth/hire^ In this laft County they are fmaller than in the former, and are taken in October; but in Carnarvon/hire, in one of the Lakes, they are caught in November, in another in December, and in the third in January, and when the Fifhing in one ends they begin in another. They fwim together in Shoals, and thougrj they appear on the Surface of the Water in the Summer-time, yet they will not fuller themfelves -jfeThe taken either with the Angle or with Nets. Therefore the only Seafon for Fifhing is when they refort to the fhallow Parts of the Lake, in order to fpawn. At thefe Times they fet Trammel-Nets baited, and leave them for whole Days and Nights, into which the Fifh enter of their own accord. Some have doubted whether the Welfh and Englijh Fifh are of the fame Kind or not; but- Mr. Ray thinks there is no Room to make*']f^a Doubt. The Weljh Name Torgoch, fignifies a red Belly, which diftinguifhes the Red Char properly enough. The Gilt Char is, indeed, a quite different Species," and is above twice as fmall as the Red. The Belly of the former is of a Silver Colour, the Flefh is red, and the Back is fpotted With black ; whereas the Belly of the other is red, the Flefh white, and the Spots on the Back white likewife. And though fome Fmiermen&y they only differ in Sex, and would have the Red to be Males, and thtfWhite Females, yet it is as plain C H U 39 plain as can be, that they are of a diftincr. Species;, and notwithftanding the Red are fo large, the White are more valuable, and the Flefh is more delicate. Thefe of this Meer are only taken in the Winter-time, as well as thofe in Wales, for in Summer they will get over the Tops of the Nets, and make their Efcape. Dr. Leigh affirms, that the Char is found in Coningflon-Meer, in Lanca- Jhire, which, from what he fays of the Size, muft be the Red Char. CHEESE. See Barbel and Chub. CHERRIES and BERRIES, are Baits for the Trout and the Chub. CHUB, CHEVIN. The Chub is of a longer Make than a Carp, and has a larger and flatter Head than a Dace. The Back is of an obfcure Green, like an unripe Olive. It is bred in Rivers, and delights to abfcond in Holes, and under the Shade of Trees in a clayey or fandy Bottom, where Cattle come to dung in Fords in hot Weather. They generally fwim in Droves, and keep to one Refidence like the Barbel, efpecially if there is Plenty of Wood. Some have been met with that have weighed eight or nine Pounds. They fpawn in May, in fandy or gravelly Places, and in the very Midft of the Stream. They are mofl in Seafon in the Spring, while they are full of Spawn. 9 In 4o. C; H U Tn Auguft, and in the cooler Months,.a yellow- Pafte made of the ftrongeft Cheefe, and pounded in a Mortar with a little Butter, and fo much Saffron as being beateji.fmall will turn it to a Lemon Colour, .is a very good Bait, in the Winter Months the Chub is.accounted befl, it being ob— feirved that the forked Bones are then loft or turned into a Kind, of Griftle, efpecially if he be baked.. Some make a Pafte for this Seafon of Cheefe and Turpentine. He alfo will bite at a Minnow,- as well as the Trout* But take this for a Rule in Ghub-fifhing, that in hot Weather he ia.-to be angled for towards the Mid-water, or near the.- Top; and in colder Weather nearer the Bottom, And if youfiih for kjm near the Top, with a Beetle : ox Fly, before to let your Dinebe very-long, and? to keep out of Sight. The Spawn of this Fifh is excellent Meat; and the Head of a large Chevin,, the Throat being well wafhed, is the beft Part of him. Trie Flefh is white, foft, and infipid, andns but in very little Efteem among the Generality. The Chub is fond of a very large Bait.' In the Summer at Mid-water, five or fix Cabbage, Nettle, , OB Cattle Dock Grubs, or a Mixture of all or any of the above, mixtwith Flies, are very good j Baits. He commonly fwims in Mid-water, and fome- | times at the Top/ and therefore is beft taken by Dibbing. From the Beginning of May to Septem- - her you may angle for him before the Sun rifes till, Nine, and in June, July, and Auguft, from Five till Dark, and with the white Moth all the Night j over; but in the Winter he lies lower, and then you may fifh for him at the Bottom in the Middle of the Day, with new Cow Brains. Some People - will chew and fpit them into the Hole where they fifh, but if you can mix them very fqaall in a Cup.. with C H U 4:1 with a little Water, and throw a fmall Quantity in at a Time, you will have Sport, if yoi* bait with the fame ; this, and the Spinal Marrow of an Ox, is the very beft Winter Bait. They will take almoft any Bait, as the Brains of Butchers Meat dried, and cut into fmall Pieces ; all Sorts of Worms, Gentles, the Brood of Wafps* Blackberries, Dewberries, new Cheefe, Grafshop- pers, black Snails with their Bellies flit, and all Sorts of Pafte. Auguft 1770, whilft Mr. Warren, of Marybone Street, was fifhing for Gudgeons, after having raked the Ground, in about three Hours he hooked a Fifh which broke his Hold ; in a Swim or two he hQoi&d anothecy which did. the fame; in a very few Swims he hooked a third, which broke his Taafcle ; on which he left off fifhing; and next Morning returned to the fame Place, where: he took eighSy-three Chubs, the leaft weighfis^f two, and the largeft fix Pounds. The fecond Day he was broke three Times, but catched a. Fifh, having in his Mouth one of the Hooks and the Piege of Line he had before lbft. In Dibbing, the Chub will take a black Ant- Fly, fmall Butterflies witbffthe great Wings cut off, QafeWornwsv Afh-flies, green Caterpillars,. and the Cod-Bait; in fhort, there is fcarce anything comes amifs to*ton.; It is but a dead-hearted Fifh, and when once turned yields prefently. But yet you muft mafter it as foon as you can, becaufe when he is hooked he does not make to the Middle.of the Stream, but to the Banks, which may endanger, youfv Tackle. €k$M , When you throw your Bait into the Water they^ fly fwiftly from it, but return immediately to fee> what it is, and, if they like it,, they fwallow Lt without Heiitation, if you,keep, yonrlelf out o£* Sight. This, 42 C H U This Fifh will afford you* good Sport if you do as follows. Go to onCiOfltJ^iF Ho{es$. where, in mofl hot Days, you may find a Nupftrer of them floating near the Top of the Water. Geiitwo or three Grafshbppers as you go over the Meadows, and place yourfelf fecretly behinid a Tree, remaining as free from Motion as poilJMe. Put a Grafs- hopper upon your Hook,.arid let your Hook hang a Quarter of a Yard fhort of the Water I To which End you muft reft your Rod on fomeBotfg&i of a Tree. It is likely the Chub will fink down towards the Bottom of the Water at the firfl Shadow of your Rod, they being the mofl fearful ift, Fifties, and apt to do thus if but a Bird flies over themy and makes the leaft&ihacjow on the Water ; ButDthey wall- prefently ri&swfr te( tbmffltop:again, and there lie foaring^ll fomeShadow frights them afrefh : When they lib tkusoipon: the TopWit^i Water, hx youriiljse^HpQn thetkft Chub you can fingle out, and move your Rod gentlyfsowards* him. Let your BaijiTall eafiiy updn the Wateti three or fo«ircInches before him, and he mil infallibly take it, and yoaiwiil be as certain to catch hi&r; for he is one of^hofe Leather-mouohfed B*|hes, of which a Hook fcarce ever lofes its Hold: But be fure to give him Playeii^aghv^fore yoa offer to take him out of the Water. When a Grafs hopper* cannot be found, a blaeld Snail, with his Belly flit, to fhew his White, or a Piece of foft Cheefe, or any Sort of natural Flies^ Will ufually do as welL When you angle for him with a Fly, let it be a very large Hackle^ and point your Hook with fouri or five large Gentjes, or Botts; call your Line, which ought to be fourteen or fifteen Yards long, acrofs the Stream, and let the Current carry ^ down, as they will take a Fly much better a little under Water than at Top. When you fee. your Line COD « Line draw, ftrike pretty fmart. Your Rod fhould be fix Yards, and not too flender. A fmall Lamprey is no bad Bait for a Chub. CLAP-BAIT, or Bott, a whitifh Maggoty always to be found under Cow Dung, and is an excellent Bait for Trout, and almoft all Fifh will take it. The COD-BAIT, Cadis - Worm and Straw-Worm, are only different Names for the fame Bait. They are found in Pits, Ponds, Brooks and Ditches, and are covered with Hufks of Sticks, Straws, or Rufhes and Stones. Thofe with Stones or Gravel Hufks are peculiar to Brooks, and thofe with Straw and Rufhes to Ponds, and all the three Sorts may be found at one and the fame Time. They are very good Baits for Tronts, Grayling, Carp, Tench, Bream, Chub, Roach, Dace, Sal- **lo«-Smelts> grjd Bleak. The green Sort are found in March, the yellow in May, and a third Sort in -Auguft. Thofe covered with Rufhes are always green, and thofe Wi£h^§tfc6we-hufks ufually yellow all the Seafon. About a Week or nine Days in May Cod-bait Fifhing comes in Seafon ; which is the firfl Bait to be ufed in a Morning, and may be continued to the Middle of the Day. It is an excellent Bait till the Middle of June^ and is to be ufed with a Hook leaded on the Shanks and the Cod-bait drawn on to the Top of it. It i^jj^take in deep Waters as well as in Streafns, by moving it up and down about nine Inches or a Foot from the Bottom ; this is commonly called fink and draw. There is another Method of fifhing with Cod-bait, at Mid-water, hut then you muft put a Canon-fly at the Point of your Hook. This Bait is a good Bottom-bait, if the Water be clear: and is to be preferred to the Worm at kail 44 i A C leaft three Degrees to one, becaufe all Sorts of Poo$ Fifh, and even the Eel, are great Lovers of it. COCK. A Float is faid to cock well, wrier* it fwims upright in the Water as it ought to do. CONGER. A Sea-Eel, often taken in the Severn, near Gloucefter. CRICKETS, i. The House-Cricket, iY a good Bait for Chubs, if you dib with it, or permit it to-fink within the Water. 2. The Water- Cricket, or Creeper, is an excellent Bait for a Trout in March and April, or fometimes in May' in fome Rivers. They are found under Stones that lie hollow in the Water, and you may fifh. with them within half a Foot or a Foot of the Bottom. Others let their Bait drag on theGround; and other good Anglers affirm, that if you dibble with it in the Streams about Noon, on^ a Sun- Jfhiny Day, two or three Hours, in the Month of April, for Ti»©uts, it will prove a murdering Bait.. It is always to be ufed in a clear Water, and is to be found only in very ftony Rivers, not in thofe . that calmly glideon Sand and champaign Grounds.. Thefe Creepers always turn into Stone-Flies about MayrDay. D ACE, or D A R E. The Dare is not unlike a Chub., but propori- tiionably lefs ; his Body is more, white and flatter,- and his Tail more forked.. Hois not fo broad as* a^Roach, and is a Leather-mouthed Fifh. He breeds,alm^pljjn.: all Rivers,.and,;generally^ linear the Top of the Water in Summer. He is D A R 45 is avery brifkand lively Fifh, and fwims fwiftly like a Dart, from whence he derives his Name. The Flefh of the Dare is fweet, foft, and of good Nourifhment, but is in no great Efteem. They fpawn in February and March, and are fit to eat in April and May ; but their higheft Seafon is from September to the latter End of February. They delight in gravelly and fandy Bottoms, and the deepeft Part of the River under the Shade of Trees, or Dock Leaves. They are a very fimple Fifh, and will often bite jj^ien you lead defire it. However, their darling Bait is a Gentle at the Bottom, and a fmall Fly at the Top. In the Summer-Months an Ant-Fly is beft. They will likewife take any^Pafte as well as all Sorts of fmall Worms* Angle for him with a very flender Rod, a Line of fingle Hairs from Top to the Hook, which is to be a very fmall one; one fmall Shot, a Float made of two Sea-gull Quills, cut within about half an Inch of the Feather, and thruft one of the open Ends into the other, and then whipt faft with fine waxed Silk. This makes the very beft Float, and is drawn under the Water without Danger of pricking the Fifh. When you are fo provided, get fome white Bread, and chew it, and throw it into the Water in fmall Pieces, and bait with Gentles, you will have good Sport; or you may fifh with boiled Malt, and bait with Grains, and. you will frequently catch Chub, Bream, and many other Sorts of Fifh. He will likewife take all Sorts of Flies very well. If yot* point your Hook with one Gentle in the Spring, he takes an Earth-bob very well. If you angle where two Mill Streams are going at one and the fame Time, let it be in the Eddy between the two Streams : Firfl make ufe of your Plummet i and if the Water be deep, you muft angle 46 DUB angle within a Foot of the Bottom, and perhaps you will find but little Sport. But if it proves to be fhallow, that is, about the Depth of two Feet, or not exceeding three, then bait your Hook with three large Gentles : Ufe a Cork-Float, which ought not to be a Foot and a half from the Hook, and have a quick Eye to ftrike at the very firfl Bite ; for if there be any large Dace in theMill- Pool, they will refort to the Eddy between the two Streams. DIBBING. See Anglinc. DOCK-WORM. This Worm k found by plucking up the Plants, and wafhlng their Roots from the Earth. In their Fibres are little Cafes of a red or yellow Colour; which, upon being opened with a Pin, will difcover the Worm, They are kept inBran, like the Gentle. It is of good Bait for the Bream, Grayling, or Trout, and Perch particularly. DRABLING, is a Method to catch Barbels, Take a ftrong Line of fix Yards, which, before you faften it to your Rod, muft be put through a Piece of Lead, that if the Fifh bite, it may flip to and fro, and that the Water may fomething move it on the Ground ; bait it with a pretty large Lob- Worm well fcoured, and fo by its Motion the Barbel will be enticed into the Danger without Sufpickm. The beft Places are in running Water, near Piles, or under Wooden Bridges, fup- ported with Oaks floated and flimy. DRAG. A Piece of Iron, with four Hooks placed Back to Back, to which a Line is faftened; ufcful to the Angler, only to fave an intangled* Line, or when it flips off his Rod. DUB. To dub is to make an Artificial Fly. DUBBING, the befl is from Spaniels Hair, Hogs Down dyed all Colours, a Weft India Squirrel, Bears and Camels Hair, the Kerle of an Oftrich, EEL 47 ©finch, Peacock, or Wing Feather of a Turkey. The Skin of the Belly of an Urchin or Hedgehog, has very good Dubbing upon it. EARTH-BOBS, or GRUBS. See Worms. EARWIG is a good Bait for Salmon-Smelts ; they are caught by laying a white Linen Cloth, or any thing that is hollow, on a Garden Hedge; and are proper for P'loat-Angling. EEL. k*W M The Eel I fliall put amongft the Frefh Water Fifh as it has been cuftomary, but by the following Obfervations it will appear to have its Origin in Sea Water. The Eel has a long fmooth Body, moiftened all over with a vifcous Liquor, which renders it very flippery. He feeds upon Earth-Worms, fmall Fifh, and Snails. Witfi regard to the Generation of£efs9 Authors are divided in their Opinions ; for Ariftotle aftures us, that he could find no Difference of Sexes. Pliny affirms, that, though there are neither Male nor Female, they will rub themfelves againft Rocks and Stones, and by th„t Means detach Particles or Scales from their Bodies, that quicken by Degrees, and afterwards become fmall Eels. Some mam- tain that they couple, and at the fame Inftant they fhed a Kind of Vifcofity, which, being retained in the Mud, gives Birth to a great Number of the fame Animals. Rondeletius informs us, that he has feen Eels fpawn together ; and he thinks they cannot want the 48 EEL the Parrs of Generation, fince, at the lower Part of the Body there is a Vulva in the Female, and Semen in the Male ; but then thefe Parts are fo covered with Fat, as well as the Spawn, that they do not appear. Boeder, and other Moderns, think that they proceed from Eggs; for though they are brought iorth alive, and upon that Account may be faid to be viviparous, yet it does not follow from thence that they may not be produced from Eggs in their Bodies. Some CheJhireFifhermen confidently affirm, that in January, where the Merfey joins the Sea, they have feen Eels linked together in the Act of Copulation : and that, on cutting open the Bellies of large Eels, they have found perfect little Elvers, or Eels, about theBignefs of a fmaUNeedle, which appeared to be lively, and where inclofed in a Skin like a Bladder, which ftuck to the Back-bone of the Fifh. Thefe are fuppofed to be the Eel-brood, which in the Spring Months fwim on the Sides of the faid River as high as Warburton^ where the poor People catch them in Scoops, in order to flore Fifh-ponds, or fometimes to fcald and make Eel- pyes with. Nay, fo great Plenty is there near Northwich, that the Farmers catch them, in order to feed Pigs with. Thefiflme to find them with mofl Certainty is* when the River is clear, at which Time they come up with the Tide, and may be pulled out; by dipping in a fmall Sieve a great Number may be caught. When the Rain falls about Michaelmas, and raifes the Fifh-ponds and other Pieces of Water, Eels attempt their Efcape, and will get off, though their Bodies be but half covered with Water; and in general the large ones, efpecially the Females, make for the Sea m9 whence 'tis doubtful whether they EEL 49 they return ; for a Merchant of my Acquittance has often feen Eels called Congers, when at Sea, and once in a Cave in Mi If or d Haven killed one with Difficulty that meafured fey en Feet, and made good Food for his Ship's Crew. About Michaelmas 1741* at an Eel-Fifhery at Thelwell in Chefhire, the Fifhermen did, in one Night, catch in Door Nets a Ton Weight of Eels, which, as fuppofed, were then flriving to go down to the Salt Water. There are four Sorts of Eels, the Silver Eel, the Greenifh or Greg-Eel, the Red-fin'd Eel, and the Blackifh Eel : This laft has a broader, flatter, and larger Head than the reft, and is counted the worft. But whether thefe Diftinc- tions are effential or accidental, will admit of a Doubt. In the Thames the Fifhermen give them particular Names; but the mofl ufual are, the Silver-Eel, and the Greg : This laft is thicker and fhorter than the other Sort, and of a darker Colour. Though Eels love to lurk and hide themfelves in the Mud, during cold Weather, yet they are ayerfe to muddy Water, becaufe they are liable to be fuffocated by it: They are caught in Nets in the Time of a Flood, at Mill Dams, and fuch-like Places. In the Day-time they fkulk among Weeds, under Stones, or the Roots of Trees, or among the Planks, Piles, or Boards of Weirs, Bridges, or Mills. The proper Baits for an Eel are fmall Gudgeons, Roach, Dare, or BJeak. They are likewife fond of Lampreys, Lob-Worms, fmall Frogs, raw Flefh, falted Beef, and the Guts of Fowls. The beft Time to angle for them is on a rainy or gloomy Dav^ efpecially after Thunder. Your Rod mull be ftrong, your Line the fame as for D Trowling* 50 EEL Trowling, with an armed Hook, and your Bait muft lie ledger. Some catch Eels with Spears, one of which (a Cord being firfl faftened through a Hole bored at the Top) being darted into the Mud, in the Middle or deepeft Part of a Pond, where they lie in hot Weather, it will fo difturb them that they will fwim to the Sides, where the Eel will again ftrike into the M ud, which will make a Circle in the Water, and guide the Fifherman where to ilrike with another Spear; by which Means he may catch many Fifh. * Another Way to take Eels is by laying baited Night-Hooks, which are to be faftened to a Tree, or the Bank, in fuch a Manner, that they may not be drawn away by the Eels : Or a String may be thrown acrofs the Stream, with feveral Hooks faftened to it. The Line muft be tied to a large Plummet of Lead or Stone, which muft be thrown Into the Water with the Line, in fome remarkable Place, fo that it may be found readily in the Morning, and taken up with a Drag-hook, or other wife. Sniggling or Broggling for Eels is another remarkable Method of taking them, and is only to be practifed on a warm Day when the Waters are low. This requires a ftrong Line of Silk, and a fmall Hook baited with a Lob-Worm. Put the Line into the Cleft of a Stick, about a Foot and a Half from the Bait, and then thruft it into fuch Holes and Places before-mentioned where he is fuppofed to lurk; and if there be one, it is great Odds but he takes your Bait. Some put that Part of the Line next the Hook into the Cleft; but however that be, it muft be fo contrived that the Line may be difengaged from the Stick, without checking the ,Eel when he takes the Bait. When he has fwallowed it, he is not to be drawn 5 out EEL 5* out haftily, but after he is pretty well tired with pulling, and then you will make him more fecure, N B. When you broggle under a Bridge with a Boat, take care it does not ftrike againft the Bridge, nor difturb the Water; either of which will drive them into their Holes, fo far, that they will fcarcely ever bite. The beft and largeft Eels are caught in the Merfey by this Method. Another Manner of Sniggling, which I have feen, is this : Take an ordinary fized Needle,whip it only about the middle Part, to three Inches of the ftrongeft fine Twine, waxed, and faftened above to feveral Yards of Whip-cord, or Packthread ; thruft the End of your Needle into the Head-end of a large Lob-worm, and draw him on (which with Care you may eafiiy do, the Needle being ftrait) till you have got it up to the Middle of the Worm ; then, in the End of a fmall long Stick, which you may fix in a Joint or more of your Rod, let there be ftuck another Needle, faftened well from flipping out, with about half an Inch of the Point appearing: Pint this alfo into the Head of the baited Worm, and holding the whole Length of the Cord in your Hand, together with the Stick, thruft your Worm between the Cleft of any Clods or Piles in fhallow Water, till you have loft Sight of it; then foftly draw your Stick away, laying it afide, keeping the Line ftill in your Hand, till you perceive it to draw, and, after fome Time, flrike, as has been directed. The Needle, which before this lay buried ftrait in the Worm, will, by your Stroke, be pulled quite crofs the Throat of the Eel, and hold him faft. When he is landed, you may, by fqueezing one of the Points through his Skin, draw that and the whole Line after it, without the Inconvenience and Trouble that is found in diflodging a Hook. Before you ftrike, give your Line a gentle Pull, which will make the D a Eel $2 EEL Eel to (hut his Mouth, and prevent your Needle flipping out, which it is apt to do, if you ftrike before he has gorged. To Bob for Eels, you muft provide a large Quantity of well-fcoured Lob-worms, and then with a long Needle pafs a Thread through them from Head to Tail until you have ftrung about a Pound. Tie both Ends of the Thread together, and then make them up into about a dozen or twenty Links. The common Way is to wrap them about a dozen Times round the Hand, and then tying them ail together in one Place makes the Links very readily. This done, faften them all to a fmall Cord, or Part of a Trowling-Line, about four j£sards in Length. Above the Worms there fhould be a fmall Loop to fix the Worms to, and for a Lead Plummet to reft on. The Plummet fhould weigh about half a Pound, or from that to a Pound, according to the Stream, the fmaller the Line the lefs the Plim ; it fhould be made in the Shape of a Pyramid, with a Hole through the Middle for the Line to pafs through ; the broad Par^t of the Plummet, or the Bafe of the Pyramid, ihould be towards the Worms, becaufe that will keep it more fteady. When you have put your I Plummet on your Line, you muft faften it to a ftrong, ftiff, taper Pole, of about three Yards long, and then the Apparatus is finifhed. Being thus prepared, you muft angle in muddy Water, cr in the Deeps or Sides of Streams, and you will foon find the Eels tug ftrongly and eagerly at your Bait. When you have a Bite, draw them gently up towards the Top of the Water, and then fuddenly hoift them on the Shore, or in your Boat ;My this Means you may take three or four at a Time. A Sea Crow was feen by Mr. Percival, of Theluell, in Chejhire, to pick up an Eel in a fhallow EEL S3 low River, and whilft flying away with it to let it drop, on which {he has darted down with great Velocity, and getting under the Eel has catehed it before it had fallen down to the Water. It is not common to fhoot Eels, and lefs common to fhoot them flying ; but I know a Warrington Gentleman that (hot one in the Air, 1 weighing twenty-four Ounces. A Heron had firft caught it, and was flying away : My Friend aimed to kill the Bird, which efcaped, but dropped the Eel, which was found to be wounded by the Pellets from his Gun. William Bowker, of Latchford, faw a Heron in a hard Froft about to light; he ran for his Gun* and juft returned as the Heron had picked up an Eel by the Side of the River. He fhot, and ftruck the Eel, but the Heron efcaped. Whilft William Bowker was fifhing near Stockport he had a Bite, but pulled up too haftily for Eels. Again he had a Bite; and fo had his Companion, who pulled up a large Eel, which proved to have fwallowed both their Hooks. A Conteft enfued which, if the Anglers had been rich, might have furnifhed a Debate in Weftminfter- Hall. A Bye-ftander propofed they fhould tofa up for the Fifh ; but William being the ftrongeft Man, and faying he would have it, for he was fure the Fifh took his Bait firft, as his Hook was deepeft in the Belly of the Eel ; his Antagonifl yeilded, and Bozvker brought off the Prize, weighing twenty-three Ounces. In the Year 1740 was a Land-flood in Chefhire, when William Bowker placed a Net in the Brook running by Mr. Egertons, at Whiihinjhaw, where he caught one hundred Pounds Weight of Eels ;. two of which were remarkable, being both blind, and weighing twelve Pounds, and fuppofed D 3 * to 54 EEL to get out of fome high Pit which the Water di*d not often reach. In 1750, Robert Guillim, Efq; of Buiffey in Lan- eajhire, invited the neighbouring Gentry to dine under a Tent near his Fifh-pond, which the Servants drew Nets through, and amongft other Fifh pulled out an Eel weighing fix Pounds; a Gentleman prefent cut it open, and in its Stomach found a half-digefted Eel of about a Pound Weight. Sometimes when I have been angling for other Fifh, I have thrown a long Line into a likely Place, with feveral Eel-Hooks on it, placed about a Yard and a Half afunder, and a heavy Lead to ^fink it. The Hooks were baited with Lob worms and fmall Fifh. 1 have not only caught Eels by this Method, but alfo Pike and Pearch. Some, hear Eels Haunts, fink a Bottle of Hay loofely bound, fluffed with Fowls Guts, and Liver cut in long Shreds, over Night, and coming .early the next Morning, drawing it up haftily by the Rope, faftened to the Bank, find large Eels bedded in it, for the Sake of the Prey. This may be done with a Bundle of Brufh-wood, out of which, upon pulling up, they cannot fo eafiiy get. EEL-POUT, or BURBOT. The EEL-Pb&T has a fmooth, foft, flippery .Body like an Eel, efperihally the Belly. It has either no Scales, or they are exceeding fmall. The Colour F I S 5$ Colour is blaekifh, refemWIng that of a Tench. The Head is a little flattifh, and both the Jaws are well furnifhed with fmall Teeth. On the lower Jaw grows a Barb of about half an Inch long, and likewife a fhort Pair between the Noftrils and the Snout; the Tail terminates in a circular Figure. This Fifh is met with chiefly in the Trent, though there are fome in the Severn. They fpawn in December, and are fo fruitful, that one Roe contains no lefs than one hundred and twenty thoufand Eggs. Their Places of Refort are the fame as the Eels, if within the Reach of the Tide ; and the beft Time to take them is after a Storm of Thunder and Lightning with heavy Rain, i The beft Bait for him is a fmall Gudgeon, Roach, or Dace; your Hook fhould be armed on account of his fharp Teeth, and becaufe he is a vigorous ftrong Fifh, and ftruggles hard for Life, His Flefh is good and fweet, and greatly efteem- ed. His ufual Size is from fourteen to twenty Inches. EGGS of Spiders, a good Bait for Roach, Dace, &c. j$B?R EYES of Fish are an excellent Bait for mofl Sorts of Fifh. . FERN-FLY, or FERN-BOB, is found among Fern from May-day to the End of Auguft ; it is thick and fhort of Body, has two Pair of Wings, the uppermoft reddifh and hard, which may be taken off. The laft ten Days of May the Trout will take it every Day, and the Chub refufes it no Part of the Summer FISH, how to bring them together. Get the Blood of an Ox, a Goat, and a"$heep, with Dung of the fame Creatures, taken out of the fmall Guts, with Thyme, Origanum, Penny-Royal, Savory, Elder, Garlick, Lees of fweet Wine, of e'acV D 4 alike $ 56 F I S alike; the Fat or Marrow of the fame Creatures a fuflkient Quantity ; beat all thefe that they may mix together: Make the whole into Lumps, and caft them into Fifh-Ponds, or where Fifh are, an Hour before you propofe to catch them, at which Time caft your Nets upon or around them. Fifh have many Enemies, which make them cautious and wild, but if protected and fed, will, like Ducks, be brought to their Food. As Proof, the Standifh Hall Family have Opportunity of feeing great Quantities in their Pond after Dinner, when the Cook has wafhed Difhes and empties the Difh-Kettle into the Fifh-Pond. j FISH-PONDS. In making of them, a principal Regard ought to be had to the Choice of a lit Place, and a proper Soil. It is now generally agreed that healthy Land, inclinable to moorifh, and full of Springs, is the beft. Let the Situation, if poffible, be at the Bottom or Side of a Hill, that any fudden Shower or continual Rain may wafh down Worms, Infects, and other Things fit for the Nourishment of the Fifh. This likewife will- be a Means of filling and refrefhing the Pond, if it has not the Advantage of a Brook or Rivulet. Moreover it has been obferved, that thofe Ponds, which have been fo fituated as to receive the Stale and Dung of Horfes, have bred the largeft and the fatteft Fifh. The Head of the Pond fhould be at the loweft Part of the Ground, and the Trench of the Flood-Gate or Sluice fhould have a pretty fwift Fall, that the Water may not be too long in run* ning out when it is to be emptied. If more Ponds than one are to be made at a Time, it will be mofl beautiful and advantageous to have them placed one above another, in fuch a Manner that the Head of one may be next to the Point or Tail of the other. If HP" F I S 57 If the Pond carry fix Foot of Water it is fuf- ficient, but yet it mould be eight Foot deep, that there may be room enough to receive the Rains and Frcfhes that may fall into it. In fome Places there fhould be Shoals for the Fifh to fpawn upon, and fun themfelves in ; as likewife Holes, hollow Banks, and^Roots of Trees, to ferve for RetiringrPlaces. Some caft in Bavins in the mofl fandy Places, not far from the Sides, which ferve not only for the Fifh to fpawn upon, but are a Defence for the yOung Fry againft fuch Vermin as would devour them. Trees fhould not be planted fo near the Pond as to incommode it with the falling in of dead Leaves, becaufe they fpoil the Water, and render it difagreeable to the Fifh. In ftockingf the Pond, if the Fifh are defigned only for Store, they fhould be all of one Sex, that is, either Milters or Spawners ; by this Means Carp will become large and exceeding fat in a ihort Time. The mofl ufual Fil& which Ponds are flocked with, are Carp, Tench, Bream, and Pike. Of thefe, Carp and Tench agree well enough together, but any other Fifh will devour their Spawn. The Pike admits of no Companion but the Pearch, and he is not always fafe, if not very large.. However, it is ufu'al to put Roach, Dace, Bream, Chub, Gudgeons, and Minnows into the fame Pond withv him, that he may have tvhelewithal to fatisfy his* voracious Nature, and growJat the fooner.. Like- wife Care fhould be taken, that all the Pike which are put into the fame Pond fhould be nearly of a Size, becaufe a Pike ©f thirty inches will devour another of fifteen. Some grow more in Length,. others in Thicknefs, which latter Sc*t are the firmeil Fifties. For a lean, flender Pike, though ke feems to. advance in Length, is commonly in a D £ decaying 5S F I S decaying Condition, by reafon of fome outward Wound from the Otter, or fome ftronger of his own Kind, or an inward Prick by the Hook, or fome other Cafualty. Yet even in this Condition, he will be as hungry and as greedy as ever. It is obferved by fome, that Tench and Eels delight in thofe Ponds cheifly whofe Bottoms are full of Mud ; whereas the Carp likes a found gravelly Bottom, where grafs grows on the Sides of the Pond, for in the hot Months, if the Water happens to rife, they will feed upon it. Some make a fquare Hole in the Middle of their Ponds, three Feet deep, and cover it with a Sort of Door fupported at the Corners by four ftrong Stakes driven into the Ground. This provides the Fifh both with a Place of Shelter and Retreat, and likewife preferves the Ponds from being robbed, for the Door and Stakes would tear the Nets of Poachers. In the Winter Seafon, when there happens to- be a hard Froft, it will be neceffary from Time to Time to break Holes in the Ice, in order to give the Fifh Air, otherwife they will all die, for they cannot live without frefh Air. Care fhould likewife be taken either to kill or drive away the Enemies of Fifh, and Devourers of their Spawn; fuch as Herons, ^Cormorants, .Sea-Gulls, Kings-Fifhers, Water-Coots, Water- R.ts, Bitterns, Wild-Ducks, and Otters, if they frequent the Ponds ? likewife Tame-Ducks are great Devourers of Spawn, and the young Fry of Fifh, and therefore fhould not be permitted to da Mifchief. It is furprifing, that, confidering the Benefit which may accrue from making of Ponds and keeping of Fifh, it is not more generally put in Practice. For befides furnifhing the Table, and raiftng Money, the Land would be vaftly improved, F I S 59 proved, and be worth more this Way 1&ah any other whatfoever. Suppofe a Meadow to be worth forty Shillings an Acre ; four Acres, converted into a Pond, will return every Year a thoufand fed Carp, from the leaft Size to fourteen or fifteen Inches long, befides Pike, Pearch, Tench, and other Fifh. The Carp alone may be reckor*fc<$ to bring, one with another, Six-pence, Nine- pence, and perhaps Twelve^pence apiece, amounting at the lowed Rate to twenty-five Pounds, and at the higheft to fifty, which would be a very con- fiderable, as well as a ufeful Improvement. Fish. Their Enemies. ' A thoufand Foes the finny People chace ; Nor are they fafe from their own kindred Race % The Pike, fell Tyrant of the liquid Plain, With rav'nous Wafle devours his Fellow Train .* Yet, howfoe'er with raging Famine pin'd, The Tench he fpares, a falutary Kind. Hence too the Pearch, a like voracious Broody Forbears to make this generous Race his Food: Thoy on the common Drove no Bound he finds* But Jpreads unmeafur'd Wajle o'er alMhe Kinchi Nor left the greedy Trout and glutlefs Eel Inceffant Woes, and dire Deftrudion deal. ^fftPjlM^ The lurking Water-Rat in Caverns preys:, And in the Weeds the wily Otter fays ; The ghaflly Newt in muddy Streams annoys? \And in fwift Floods the felly Snake defrays h Toads fiorithe fwarming Fry for fake the Lawn,, And croaking Frogs devour the tender Spawn, Neither the Habitants of Land nor Air, (So fure their Doom) the fifhy Numbers fpare / The Swan, fair Regent of the Silver Tide, t Their Ranks deftroys, and fpreads their Ruinfyuide .* The Duck her Offspring to the River leads? And on the deftirfd Fry infatmte feeds t D 6 On 'lira' HI 60 F IS On fatal Wings the pouncing BiTTERN foars, And wafts her Prey from the defencelefs Shores: The watchful Halcyans to the Reeds repair, And from their Haunts the fcaly Captive bear : Sharp Herns and Corm'rants too their Tribes opprefei A harrafs'd Race, peculiar in Diftrefs : Nor can the Mufe enumerate their Foes, Such is their Fate, fo various are their Woes. FISHES FOOD. The beft Food to render Pike extremely fat, is. Eels, and without them it is not to be done in any reafonable Time. The beft Feeding-Place for all Sorts of Fifh is a Shoal-Place, near the Side, of about Half a Yard deep, and this will be a Means to keep the deeper Parts fweet and clean. Befides, whatever is thrown into the Water, will be more readily picked up by the Fifh, and nothing will be loft. Any Sort of Grain boiled is proper Food for Fifh, efpecially Peafe and Malt coarfe ground. Alfo the Grains after Brewing, while frefli and fweet, are very proper. But one Bufhel of Malt will go as far as two of Grains. Rafpins and Chippins of Bread, or almoft any Scraps from the Table, placed under a Cafk of ftrong Beer or Ale, in fuch a Manner that the Droppings of the Liquor may fall among them, is excellent Food for Carp. Two Quarts of this is fufficient for tbirty, and if they are fed Morning and Evening, it will be better than once a Day only. From Oclobtr to March, thirty or forty Carp in one Stew-Pond may be kept well enough without Feeding; but from March to OcJober they muft be fed as conftantly as Fowls in a Coop, and tohey will turn to. as good an Account: And it muft be always remembered, that Conftancy and Regularity FLA 61 Regularity in the ferving of Fifh, will conduce very much to their Feeding and Thriving. It has beeh obferved by fome, that Pike in all Streams, and Carp in hungry fpringing Waters, if fed at ftated Times, will rife up and take their Meat almoft from the Hand. There are Inftances of Fifh gathering together to be fed at the Sound of a Bell, and other Kinds of Noifes, even tho' the Perfon himfelf keeps out of Sight; which is a demonftrable Proof that Fifties hear. Tho' it muft be acknowledged, that fome very learned Men formerly have doubted whether Fifh have this Faculty or not : But the Abbe le Pluche feems to intimate that it is now not fo much as queftioned. Befides the Food already mentioned, there is one Sort which may be called accidental, and that is when Pools or Ponds happen to receive the Wafh of large Commons, where Flocks of Sheep ufually feed ; for the Water, being enriched by the Dung, will maintain a much greater Number of Carp than otherwife it could do. For the fame Reafon it is an Advantage for Cattle to ftand in the Water in hot Weather and dung in it, for it nourifhes the Fifh very much. Some feed Carp and Tench with the fhort Mowings of Grafs, Bullocks and Sheeps Blood, and Chicken Guts ; which will help the Growth of the Fifh, and fatten them likewife. But then Care fhould be taken to fupply them with no larger Quantities than they can difpenfe with, otherwife they will rot and putrify, thereby making the Water unwholefome, and greatly endanger the Fifh. FLAG-WORM. Found fsomtbe Flags, as the Dock-Worm is from the Docks. See Dock- Worm. It is a good Bait for Tench* Bream, and Carp. FLATTER- .6* F L I FLATTER-DOCKS, oft grow in Pits, and are a Shelter for the Fifh, but oft are an Obstruction to the drawing of Pits with Nets ; in fuch Cafe the beft way to remove them is by fix- >ing a Scythe to a long Pole, and mowing the Docks near their Root. FLAW. A gouty Part in an Hair, which will make it break in that Place. FLIES, to make the ufeful artificial ones, you furnifh yourfelf with a Pocket Cafe that has many -Partitions in it capable of holding the following Materials; Bears Hair of divers Colours ; as grey, dun, light, and dark-coloured, bright brown, and that Which fhines : Alfo Camels Hair, dark, light, and of a Colour between both : Badgers Hair, or Fur: Spaniels Hair, from behind the Ear, light,- and dark brown, blackifh, and black : Hogs Down, which may be had, about Chriftmas, of Butchers, or rather of thofe that make Brawn ; it fhould be plucked from under the Throat, and other fo ft Places of the Hog, and muft be of the following.Colours, viz. black, red, whitifh, and fandy ; and for other Colours, you may get them died at a Dyer's : Seals Fur is to be had at the Trunk-makers ; get this alfo dyed of the Colours of Cows and Calves Hair, in all the different Shades, from the light to the darkeft brown ; you will then never need Cows or Calves Hair ; both which are harfh, and will never work kindly, nor lie handfomely : Get alfo Mohairs, black, blue, purple, white, and violet : Camblets, both Hair and Worried, blue, yellow, dun, light, and dark- * brown, red, violet, purple, black, norfe-flefh, pink-,, and orange Colours. Some recommend the Hair of abortive Colts and Calves ; and particularly the Hair out of a plaftered Wall; but Seals Fur dyed, as above, is much better; but obferve that the Hog, F L I 63 Hdg-Wool is beft for large, and the Seals Fur for fmall Flies. A Pfcfce of an old Turkey Carpet will furnifh excellent Dubbing : Untwift the Yarn, and pick out the Wool, carefully fepanltmg the different Colours, and lay it by. Get alfo Furs of the followingfi&ttirnals, viz. the 6-quirrel, particularly from his Tail : Fox-Cub, from the Tail where it is downy, and of an Afh- Colour; an old Fox, an old Otter, Otter-Cub, Badger, Fulimart, or Filmert; a Hare, from the Neck, where it is of the Colour of withered Fern -T and above all, the yellow Fur of the Marten, from off the Gills or Spots under the Jaws. Ail thefe, and almoft every other Kind of Fur, are eafiiy got at the Furriers. Hackles are a very important Article in Fly- making: They are the long flender Feathers that hang from the Head of a Cock down his Neck ^ there may alfo be fine ones got from near his Tail $ be careful that they are not too rank, which they are when the Fibres are more than Half an Inch long; and for fomePurpofes thefe are much too hig : Be provided with thefe of the following Colours, viz. red, dun, yellowifh, white, and perfect black ; and whenever you meet, alive or dead,, • with a Cock of the Game-breed, whofe Hackle 'is of a ftrong brown-red, never fail to buy him : but obferve that the Feathers of a Cock-Chicken, be they ever fo fine for Shape and Colour, are good for little ; for they are too downy and weak to ftand erect after they are once wet. Feathers are abfolutely neceffary for the Wings, and other Parts of Flies ; get therefore Feathers from the Back and other Parts of the wild Mallard,. or Drake, the Feathers of a Partridge, efpecially thofe red ones that are in the Tail: Feathers from a Cock Pheafant's Breaft and Tail, the Wings of a Biack- 64 F L I a Blackbird, a brown Hen, of aj&tarling, a Jay, a Land Rail, a Throftle, a Fieldfair, and a Water Coot; the Feathers from the Crown of the Pewit, Plover, or Lapwing ; green and copper-coloured Peacocks, and black Oftrich Herl; Feathers from a Heron's Neck and Wings ; and remember, that in moil Inftances, where the Drake's or wild Mallard's Feather is hereafter directed, that from a Sterling's Wing will do much better, as being of a finer Grain, and lefs fpungy. Be provided with Marking-filk of all Colours, fine, but very ftrong, Flaw-filk, Gold and Silver flatted Wire or Twill, a fharp Knife, Hooks of all Sizes, Hogs Briftles for Loops to your Flies, Shoemakers Wax, a large Needle to raife your Dubbing when flatted with working, and a fmall but fharp Pair of Sciflars. And iaftly, If any Materials required in the fubfequent Lift of Flies may have been omitted in the foregoing Catalogue, be careful to add them to your former Stock, as often as you fhall find any fuch Omiflions. Remember, with all your Dubbing, to mix Bears Hair and Hogs Wool, which are ftiff, and not apt to imbibe the Water, as the fine Furs, and mofl other Kind of Dubbing, do ; and remember aifo, that Martens Fur is the beft yellow you can ufe. When the Angler is furnifhed with thefe Materials, he may make any Sort of Artificial- flies, to reprefent thofe which he fhall perceive Trout or other Fifh to rife at ; but he fhould be fure always to have in his Pocket-cafe the Pear- cock's Feather, and Grounds of fuch Wool and Crewel as will make the Grafshopper ; and to obr ferve, that ufually the fmalleft Flies, are the beft.. Alfo, that the light Fly ufually makes the moft Sport in a dark Day, and the darkeft and leaft Fly in a bright Day,. But particularly obferve to make youjfr F L I 65 your Flies lighter or darker, according to the Weather. In making Artifical Dub-flies, chiefly obferve and imitate the Belly of the Fly ; for that the Fifh mofl take Notice of, as being moft in their Sight : And let the Wings of the Fly always be of an equal Length, elfe it will not fwim right and true. When you try how to fit the Colour of the Fly, wet the Dubbing, left you be miftaken ; for though, when dry, they exactly Suit the Colour of the Fly, yet the Water alters moft Colours. Always make your Dub-flies on a Sunfhiny Day : And to know the exact Colour of your Dubbing, hold it betwixt your Eye and the Sun. Never let the Tail of your Dub-fly defcend lower than till you come to the Bend of the Hook, and not into the Bent itfelf, as fome practife. When Trouts often fhew themfelves at your Fly, and yet do not take it, be affured that either the Day or Water is improper for Fly-angling ; or that your Dub-fly is not of the right Colour and Shape they then covet. Though fome always dub with Silk of the moft predominant Colour of the Fly ; yet other goo4 Anglers dub Duns with yellow, and Browns with red Silk, and in September with violet-coloured. Flies made of the Hairs of Bears, Hogs, Squirrels Tails, Camels, Dogs, Foxes, Badgers, Otters, Ferrets, Cows, Calves Skins, Sic. are more natural, lively, and keep Colour better in the Water, than Flies made of Crewels and Worfted Stuffs, unlefs you mingle Hair therewith. The Feather got from the Quill of a Shepftare, or Starling's Wings, is the beft Feather generally to ufe for Dub-fly Wings. Next are the Feathers got from the Quills of Throttles, Fieldfares, Blackbirds, 66 F L I birds, and thofe from the Back of the wild Mallard, or Drake. The Hackle, or Palmer-fly, may be made as follows -: Hold your Hook even with the Shankj downwards, and the Bent of it between the Forefinger and Thumb of your Left Hand; then take Haifa Yard of fine red Marking-filk, well waxed, and, with your Right Hand, give it four or five I Turns about the Shank of the Hook, inclining the I Turns to the Right Hand, and there fix it with a faftening Loop ; which done, take a fine Briftle, finge the End, and lay it along on the Infide of the Shank of the Hook, as low as the Bent, and whip four or five Times round ; then fingeing the other End of the Briftle to a fit Length, turn it over to the Back of the Shank, and, pinching it into a proper Form, whip down and faften off, as before, which will bring both Ends of the Silk into the Bent. Wax your Silk again, take three Strans of an Oftrich Feather, and holding them, and the Bent of the Hook, as at firft directed, the Feathers to your.Left Hand, and the Roots in the Bent of your Hook, with that End of the Silk which you jufl now waxed, whip them three or four Times round, and faften off: then turning the Feathers to the Right, and twifting them and the Silk with your Fore-finger and Thumb, wind them round the Shank of your Hook, ftill fupplying the fhort Strans with new ones, as they fail, till you come to the End, and faften off. When you have fo done, clip off the Ends of the Feathers, and trim the Body of the Palmer fmall at the Extremities, and full in the Middle, and wax both Ends of your Silk, which are now divided and lie at ejther End of the Hook. This done, take a ftrong bold Hackle, with Fibres about Half an Inch long, ftraiten the Stem jNlryCarefully, and, holding the fmall End between the F L I 67 the Fore-finger and Thumb of your Left Hand, with thofe of the Right ftroke your Fibres the contrary Way to that which they naturally lie, and holding the Hook as before, lay the Point of the Hackle into theBent of the Hook with the Hollow, ft Which is the paleft Side, upwards, and whip it -very fall to its Place : In doing whereof, be careful $K>t to tie in many of the Fibres ; or if you fhould chance to do fo, pick them out with the Point of a very large Needle. When the Hackle is thus made fa ft, the utmofl Care and Nicety is neceflary in winding it on ;. for if you fail in this, vour Fly is fpoiled, and you muft begin all again ; to prevent which, keeping the hollow or pSfeSide to your Left Hand, and,, as much as poftible, the Side of the Stem down on the Dubbing, wind the Hackle twice round,, and holding faft what you have fo wound, pick out the loofe Fibres, which you may have taken in, and make another Turn : Then lay hold of the Hackle *with the third and fourth Fingers of your Left Hand, with which you may extend it while you difengage the loofe Fibres as before. In this Manner proceed, till you come to within an eighth of an Men of the End of the Shank \ where you will find an End of Silk hanging, and by which Time you will find the Fibres at the ♦great End of the Hackle fomewhat difcompofed -y ■ clip thefe off clofe to the Stem, and, with th& End of your Middle-finger, prefs the Stem clofe to the Hook, while with the Fore-finger of your i^ight Hand you turn the Silk into a Loop ; which, When you have twice put over the End of the Shank of the Hoop, loop, and all your Work is fafe. Then wax that En<lbf the Silk which you now Ufed, and turn it over as before, till you have taken up rwsftly all that remained, of the Hook, obferving: 68 F V I obferving to lay the Turns neatly Side by Side ; and, laftly, clip off the Ends of the Silk : Thus j will you have made a Bait that will catch Trout l of the largeft Size in any Water in England. Another Method of making a Fly. Take about half a Yard of fine well-waxed marking Silk, holding the Hook with the Bent betwixt the Finger and Thumb of your Left Hand, then lay your Hair or Link along the Infide of the Shank, and whip it till you come within about one-third Part of the Way towards the Bent, and then turn your Silk back by a few Laps till you come within about cne-eighth Part of the End of the Shank, and make it faft, then ftrip off the Feathers for your Wings, keeping the fmall Ends as even as pofllble; the better to do which, ftrip and place your Feathers at fundry Times. Then lay your Feathers with the Points towards the Shank, and fo far longer, that wThen you have given them a Lap or two with your Silk, the Points, when turned back, may come as far as the Bent of your Hook ; then whip their Root-ends with your Silk a few Laps, and cut off the Root-end Feathers with a fine Pair of Sciffars a little floping, fo as a few of them may corneas far as the firfl Whipping, then whip as far as before, and faften; and if you intend to make a Hackle, lay the fmall End (when one Side of the Fibre is cut off) towards the Wings, #and whip back by a few Laps to the Wings ; then divide your Wings, and, with your Silk, part them by bringing it crofs backward and forward three or four Times ; then wrap your Hackle round till you come to the Wings, then lay the remaining End towards the End of the Shank, then wrap your Silk two or three Times clofe at the Back of the Wing, to throw them towards the Bent; then make faft, and cut off your Silk; and if you intend to make a Dubbed-fly, part your Wings F L I 6o Wings before you whip the Root ends, and this done, whip as before; then pull and loofen your Dubbing very well, that it may twift the better about the Silk, (the lefs Quantity flicks to the Silk, the better, fo as it is equally covered in every Part,) then wrap your Silk and Dubbing fro%& the Whipping to the Wings, and faften as before. When you make a Fly with-dubbing Twift and Hackle, whip your Hackle and Twift with your Root-feathers and fallen, afterwards dub as before, and rib with your Twift, and wrap your Hackle over all, whip at theBack of your Wings, and make all faft. There is another and neater Method of Fly-making, preferred by fome good Anglers to all others. Take as much fine Silk of a proper Colour, as may be neceflary. Wax it well: Then holding the Bent of the Hook between the Fore-finger and Thumb-of the Left Hand, give the Silk two or three Turns round the Shanlcand fallen it; Then take a fmall Feather of the Colour you would have the Wings of the Fly ; ftrip off fome of the Fibres towards the Quill End of it, leaving a fufficient Quantity for the Wings : Then, holding the Point of the Feather between your Finger and Thumb, turn back moft of the remaining Fibres, and, laying the Point End of the Feather upon the Hook, give one or two more Laps round it with your Silk, and fallen : Then twirl the Feather round the Hook till all the Fibres are wrapped upon it; which done, faften and cut off the two Ends of the Feather: Then, with Dubbing of a proper Colour twilled round the remaining Silk, wrap from the Wings towards the Bent of the Hook, till your Fly is of the Size you defire. If your Fly is to be very fmall, you may not be able to hold the Feather in your Fingers, to wrap it round the Hook; in which Cafe if you 10 tie *?o F L I tie a little waxed Silk or Thread to the Quill End of it, you may manage as fmall a Feather as you pleafe. As a Ground-work for Fly-fifhing here is in- ferted Mr. Cotton'fs Lift of Flies. February, i. The little Red-brown, made of the Fur of the blafek Spot in a Hog's Ear wrapjkdH on with red Silk, the Wings of the Male of a Mallard almoft white. 2. The Palmer-fly, or Plain-hackle, made with a rough black ^ody, either of black Spaniels Fur, or the Whirl of an Oftrich Feather, and the red Hackle of a Capon over all. 3. The Silver-hackle, made with a black Body, Silver Twilhover that, and a red Feather. 4. The Great-hackle; the Body black, and wrapped with the red Feather of a Capon un- trimmed, that is the whole Length of the Hackle on the Top or Back of the Fly; which makes it fwim better, and, on a whirling Water, kill great Fifh. 5. The Gold-hackle, the Body black, ribbed over with Gold-twift, and a red Feather over all, does great Execution. 6. The Great- dan, made with dun Bears Hair, and the Wings of the grey-Feather of a Mallard near his Tail. This is the very beft Fly this Month, and makes admirable Sport. 7. The Great-blue-dun, witt$i Dubbing of the Bottom of Bears Hair next to the Roots, mixed with a little blue Gamblet; the Wings of the dark grey Feather of a Mallard. 8. The Dark-brown, with Dubbing of the brown Hair of the Flank of a brended Cow, , and the grey Feather of a Drake for "Vyings. Thefe Flies are fome for one Water and Sky, and fome for another; and accordingly the Size and Colour are altered : Ufe a fmall Hackle if the Water be clear ; or a bigger, if fomething dark ; efpecially when you cannot know certainly, in this Month or any other, what Fly is taken. la F L I 7t 111 March, ufe all the fame Flies with February, but make them lefs. The Names are now, i. The little Whirling-dun, made of the bottom Fur of a Squirrel's Tail, and the Wings of the grey Feather of a wild Drake or Mallard. 2. The Early-bright-brown, made either of the Down of a Spaniel, or the Hair of a red Cow's Flank, with a grey Wing. 3. The Whitifh- dun, made of the Roots of Camels Hair, and the Wings of a wild Mallard's grey Feather. 4. The Thorn-tree-fly, made of an abfolute black, mixed with eight or ten*Hairs of Ifabella- coloured Mohair; the Body as little as can be made ; the Wings of a bright wild Mallard's Feather. It is an admirable Fly, and a great Killer. 5. The Blue-dun, made with the Combings of the Neck of a black Greyhound. It is a fine blue. The Wings can fcarce be too white. It is taken beft in the latter Part of the Month. 6. The Little-black-gnat,taken at thefameTime; and made of the Fur of a black Water-Dog, or the Down of a young black Water-Coot: The Wings of the Male of a wild Mallard, as white as can be : The Body as little as you can pof- fibly make it, and the Wings as fhort as the Body. Some make the Body of the Cop, or Top Feather on the Head of a Plover. 7. The Latter- bright-brown, taken from the Middle of March to the Middle of April, and made with Dubbing got out of a Skinner's Lime-Pits, and of the Hair of an abortive Calf, which the Lime will turn as bright as Gold. Wings of the Feather of a brown Hen is beft. All the fame Hackles and Flies that are taken in March, will be taken in April alfo, with this Diftinction only, that all the Browns be lapped with red Silk, and the Duns with yellow Silk. The Names peculiar to this Month are, 1. The Small- n F l i Small-bright-brown, made of Spaniels Fur ; with a light grey Wing, to be ufed in a bright Day and clear Water. 2. The Little-dark-brown, the Dubbing of dark brown and violet Camblet mixed; the grey Feather of a wild Mallard for Wings. 3. The Great-whirling-dun, ufually taken from about the twelfth of this Month, all the Month through, about Noon, and by Fits from thence to the End of June. It is one of the beft Flies we have, and commonly made of the Down of a Fox-Cuh, which is ot an Afh Colour at the Roots, and ribbed about with yellow Silk : The Wings of the pale grey Feather of a wild Mallard. 4. The Violet-fly, taken only a fhort Time about the Beginning, and made of a dark violet Stuff, and a very little dun Bears Hair mixed therewith ; the wild Mallard's grey Feather for Wings. 5. The Yellow-dun, made of Camels Hair, and yellow Camblet; or yellow Wool of a Blanket, well mixed, and a white grey Wing. Others make it of dun Hair of a Bear, and fome yellow Fur of a Marten mixed, and dub with yellow Silk. The Wings from the Quill of a Shepftare's Wing. It is an excellent Fly both for April and May. 6. The Horfe-flefh -fly, taken beft in an Evening, from? two Hours before Sun-fet, till Twilight, and the whole Month through. His Dubbing of blue Mohair, with Pink-coloured and red Tammy mixed ; a light-coloured Wing, and a dark brown Head. It begins to be taken in the Mid- I die of the Month, and the beft Time in an Evening. In the Month of May all the fame Hackles and Flies may be ufed as in April, the Hackles only brighter, and the Flies fmaller. To thefe I will add feven of the very prime Flies for May, and indeed all the Year; efpecially the Dun-cut, Green- F L I W | Green -.drake, and Stone-fly; and then nine of fmaller Efteem, which yet are not to be de- fpifed. In the firft CIafs are, i. The Dun-cut; its Dubbing of Bears dun Hair, with a little blue and yellow intermixed with it; a large dun Wing, and two Horns at the Head, made of the Hair of a Squirrel's Tail. It is a very killing Fly. 2. The Artificial Green-drake, which comes in about the Middle of May, and is taken until Mid- fummer in mountainous flony Rivers, and that at all Hours is made thus: On a large Hook dub with Camels Hair, bright Bears Hair, the foft Down combed from a Hog's Briftles, and yellow Camblet, well mixed together: The Body' muft be long, and ribbed about with green Silk, or rather yellow Silk waxed with green Wax ; the Whifks of the Tail df the long Hair of Sables, or Fitchet; and the Wings of the white- grey Feather of a wild Mallard, dyed yellow. 3. The Artificial Stone-fly, made of Bears dun Hair, with a little brown and yellow Camblet well-mixed ; but fo placed, that the Fly mny be more yellow on the Belly, and towards the ^Tail underneath, than in any other Part. You may place two or three Hairs of a black Cat's Beard on the Top of the Hook, in the arm-, ing or whipping, fo as to be turned up when you wrap on your Dubbing, and to Hand almoft upright. This Fly is to be ribbed with yellow Silk, and his Wings to be long and very large, of the dark-grey Feather of the wild Mallard, or of the brown foft Feather of a Kite, or of the Feather got out of the Wing of a Throftle. Sometimes you may dibble with an Artificial Stone-fly in the ftill Deeps, in an Evening, if any gentle Gale of Wind or Breeze E furl 74 F L r furl them. 4. The black May-&y, which i$l$f^ next in order, made in the Body of the black Whirl of an Oftrich-feather, ribbed with Silver- twift, and the black Hackle of a Cock or Capon, over. It is a killing Fly, but not equal with ipE Green-drake, or Stone-fly. 5. The little yellow. May-ny, of the fame Shape with the Green-drake, and of as bright a yellow as carije feen, made of a bright yellow Camblet; the Wings of a white- grey Feather dyed yellow. Some dub it with yellow Fur of a Marten. 6. The Grey-drake,* n# Shape and Dimenfions perfectly the fame with the Green-drake, but of another Colour, being of a paler and ;rnore livid yellow, green, and ribbed with black quite down his Body, with black fhining Wings, diaphanous and very tender. It comes in after the Green-drake, and kills very well. It is made of the whitifh Down of a Hog's Briftles, and black Spaniels Fur mixed, and ribbed down the Body with black Silk: The Whifks of the Tail of a Beard of a black Cat, and the Wings of the black-grey Feather of the wild Mallard. 7. The Camblet-flv, taken from the Middle of May till the End of June; in Shape like a Moth, with fine diapered or watered Wings. It is imitated with darjc-brown fhining Camblet, ribbed over with very fmall light green Silk, and the Wings of the double grey Feamgf of a mid Mallard. It is a very killing Fly fo* Graylings and fmall Fifh. In the fecond Clafs of May-files are, 1. The Turkey-fly, with Dubbing ravelled out of fome blue Stuff, and lapped about with yellow Silk ; fhfe^Wings of a grey wild Mallard's Feather. 2. The Yelipw-palmer, made with yellow Body, ribbed \frith Gold-twift, and large Wings of a wild Mallard's Feather dyed yellow, with the red Hackle 1 L I 75 Hackle of a Capon over all. 3. The Black-fly, with Dubbing of black Spaniel's Fur, and Wings of a grey wild Mallard's Feather. 4. The Light- brown, made of light brown Hair, with a flender Body; the Dubbing being twirled upon fmall red Silk, and raifed with the Point of a Needle, that the Ribs or Rows of Silk may appear through; the Wings of the grey Feather of a wild Mallard. 5. The ;Little-dun, with Dubbing of Bears dun Hair whirled upon yellow Silk, and Wings .-of a wild Mallard's grey Feather. 6. The Whi^w gnat, with a pity'tfffltig and a black Head. 7. The Peacock-fly ; its Body of the Whirl of a Peacock's Feather, with a red Head, and Wings of a wild Mallard's Feather. 8. The Cow-lady, a little Fly, with the Body -of a Peacock's Feather, the Wings of a red Feather, or Stripes of the red Hackle of a Cock. 9. The Cowturd-fly, with light brown and yellow Dubbing mixed ;1 the Wings of the dark grey Feather of a wild Mallard. From the Firft till near the End of June, are taken the Green-drake and Stone-fly; and all the Month the Camblet-fly. Befides thefe the Sportfman may now make, 1. The Owl-fly, taken in the Middle of the Month, late at Night: Its Dubbing of a white Weafel's Tail, and $ white-grey Wing. 2. The Barm-fly, with Dubbing of the Fur of a yellow dun Cat9 and the grey Wings of a wild Mallard's Feather. 3. Thd Purple-hackle, made with a purple Body, whipped about with a red Capon's Feather. 4. The, Purple-gold-hackle, made with a purple Body, and Gold-twift over that, all whipped about with' a red Capon's Feather. 5. The FJefh-fly, with Dubbing of a black Spaniel's Fur and blue Wool mixed, and a grey Wing. 6, TheLittle-fkfh-fly, E 2 with j6 F L I with a Body made of the Whirl of a Peacock's. Feather, and the Wings of the grey. Feather of a wild Drake. 7. The Peacock-fly, itsBodvand. Wings both of the Feather of that Fowl. 8. The. Ant-fly, with Dubbing of brown and red Camb- lets mixed, and a light grey Wing, q The Brown-gnat, made with a ver^flender Body, of brown and violet Camblets mixed well together, with a light grey Wing. 10. The Little-black- gnat, with Dubbing of black Mohair, and a white-grey Wing. 11. The Green-grafshopper, with Dubbing of green and yellow Wool mixed, ribbed over with green Silk, and a red Capon's Feather over all. 12. The Dun-grafshopper, its Body flender, made of dun Camblet, and a dun Hackle at Top. ■ i\-$. ;The Brown>.hackle, made of theiight brown Hair of a fat Colt, with a red Hackle over all, wrapped with Afh-coloured or Hair-coloured Silk, j The Dub-flies for July are, 1. The Badger- fly, with Dubbing of the foft brown Fur of a. Badger's Skin, that has been in the Skinners Lime-pits, twirled upon red Silk, with a red Head, and a fad grey Wing of a wild Mallard's Eeaither. It is an,excellent Fly for this Month in -insfeny Rivers, and alfo taken in many Places in March and April. 2. The Orange-fly, its Dubbing of Orange-coloured Wool, and the Wings of the Feather of a Blackbird's Quill. 3. The Little-white-dun, its Body made of white Mohair, and the Wings of a Heron's blue Feather. 4. The Wafp. fly, made either of dark brown Dubbing, or elfe of the Fur of a black Cat's Tail, ribbed about with yellow Silk ; its Wings of the grey Feather.of a wild Mallard. 5. The Black-hackle, the Body made of the Whirl of a Peacock's Feather, and a Black-hackle Feather on F L I 7? on the Top. There is alfo another, made of a Peacock's Herl without any Wings. 6. The Shell-fly, with Dubbing of yellow green Jerfey Wool, and a little white Hog's Hair mixed. 7. The Black-blue-dun, the Dubbing of the Fur of a black Rabbit, mixed with a little yellow ; the Wings of the Feather of a blue Pigeon's Wing- Auguft* The fame Flies with July. Then, I. Another Ant-fly; the Dubbing, the black brown Hair of a Cow, fome red warped in- f^p the Tag of his Tail, and a dark Wing; a killing Fly. 2. The Fern-fly;, the Dubbing of • the Fur of a Hare's Neck, that is of the Colour of Fern, with a djarkifb grey Wir^g of a Maij- iard's Feather ; a Killer too. 3. A White-hackle; its Body of white Mohair, wrapped about with a White-hackle Feather, 4. A Harry-long-legs ; the Body made of Bear's dun and blue Wool mixed, and a brown Hackle Feather over all : All the -feme Browns and Duns are taken this Month that were in May. September. The fame Flies are taken this Month •that were in April: To which I fhall only atddj, I. A Camel-brown Fly; the Dubbing, .pulled out of .the Lime of a Wall, whipped about with red Silk, and a darkifti grey Mallard's Feather for the Wing. 2. One other,,for which we,have no Name ; it is made of the black Hair of a Badger's Skin, mixed, with the yellow fofteft Down of a farded Hog. Oclober. The fame Flies that were taken in March. November, The fame Flies that were taken in February. December. Few Men angle with a Fly this Month, no more than they'do in January ; but E 3 yet* 7§ F L I yet, if the Weather be warm, then a Brown, that looks red in the Hand, and yellowifh betwixt your Eye and the Sun, will both raife and kill in a clear Water, and free from Snow-broth. Modern Catalogue of FLIES. . Number I. February. Red Fly : Is made of a Drake's Feather, and the Body of a red Hackle, and the red Part of a Squirrel's Fur. He has four Wings, and they lie flat on his Back. Peacock-hackle. Peacock's Herl alone, or interchanged with O- Urich Herl; Warping, red Silk, red Cock's Hackle over all; it may be varied by a black Cock's, Hackle and Silver-twift. Taken chiefly from Nine to Eleven in the Morning, and from One to Three in the Afternoon. This and the feveral other Hackles, which we have here and hereafter defcribed, being moft tempting Baits, fhould always be firft tried when the Angler comes to a iirange River ; and not changed till he has found out, and is certain what particular Fly is upon the Water. March. I. Green Peacock-hackle. Greenifh Herl of a Peacock : Warping, green Silk, a black Hackle over all. Taken from Eight to Eleven in the Morning. 2. Dark-brown. Dub with the Hair of a dark-brown Spaniel or Calf, that looks ruddy^ by being expoled to Wind and Weather ; warp with ruddy or chocolate-coloured Silk. The Wing of the darkifh Part of a Starling's Quill-feather. Taken chiefly from Nine to Eleven in the Morning ; the fame Fly takes in September. 3. Afh-coloured-dun. Dub with the Roots of a Fox-cub's Tail; warp with pale yellow F L I 7§ low Silk: Wing of the pale Part of a Starling's Feather. Xhis Fly, wh|cji is alfo called the Violet-jiun and Blue-dun, is to be found on almoft e#ry River; it variesjmuch in its Colour, according to the Seafon of the Year. In March and September it is called, and that very properly, the Violet-dun; for it has often that Hue ; and therefore, it is ufual to mix the blue-violet Crewei with the Fox-cub Down. In April it affumes a pale afh-colour, and in May is of a beautiful lef»pn-colour, both Body and Wings. In June and July it is blue-back, and from July it infenfibly varies till it becomes of its primitive Colour, Violet-dun, which it never fails to do by September. April, i. Pearl-colour, or Heron-dun. Dub JVlth the yellowM or afh-colourcd Herl of a He- jLO|f, warp wrU^gm-coloured Silk : Wing, from the fhort Readier of a Heron, or from a Coot's Wing, of an afh-colour, M(drjdng and Afternoon. 2. Blue^un. Dub wit& the Fur of a Water-rat i;r^wj with Afh-colour i Wing of a jCobt's Feather. Morning and Afternoon. 3. Cow- dung Fly, comes on about the Middle of March, and continues till the latter End of April, but it is not to be fifhed with unlefs it be a cold windy Day. The Wings to be made of the blue Feather of a Hen tipped with yellow; to lie flat: Ufe for the Body a Lemon-coloured Mohair, with a yellow Feather about it. The whole fhould re- femble the large Horfe Ant-fly. 4 Spider-fly, comes about the Middle of April, if it be a favourable Spring. The Wings are made of a Woodcock's Feather, that lies under the But end of the Wing; the Body of Lead-coloured Silk, with a black Cock's Hackle wrapped twice or thrice E 4 round: So F L I round : the Body muft be made in the Shape of the Ant-fly. This Fly appears in bright and Warm Days, and comes out of Beds of Gravel by the Water-fide, where you may find them in Bunches from the Middle to the latter End of the Month, In warm Sun-fhlning Days. May. i. Silver-twift-hackle. Dub with the Herl of an Oftrich Feather; warp with darlc green, Silver-twift, and black Cock's Hackle over all. Taken from Nine to Eleven, efpecially in a fhowery Day. 2. Sooty-dun. Dub with darK black Spaniel's Fur, or the Herl of an Oftrich ; warp with green : Wing, the dark Part of a Land-rail or Coot. Taken beft in a fhowery Day, as alfo in April or June. 3. Light-flaming, or Spring-brown. - Dub with light brown Of a Calf; warp with Orange-colour : Wing of a" pale g^ey Mallard's Feather. Taken chiefly herofe* bun-fet in a warm Evening; a good Ply.7 We would recommend the making it after the Natural Fly, and that according to the following Directions. 4. Oak-fly (by fome called the Afh- fly, by others, the Cannon-fly: the Head, which is large, of an afh-colour: the upper Part of the Body greyifh, with two or three Hairs of bright brown mixed, and a very little light blue, and fometimes a Hair or two of light green ; the Tail- part is greyifh mixed with orange: Wing, of a mottled brown Feather of a Woodcock, Partridge, or brown Hen :. Hook N° 8, or 9. This is the Fly which is feen. much in April, May, and June, on the Bodies of Afhes, Oaks, Willows, or Thorns, growing near the Water, Handing with its Head downwards ; it is an excellent. Ply, but difficult to imitate, being of many Colours, unequally mixed. It takes chiefly in the Morning ; it does not feem to come from any Cadis 1 F L I 8c Cadis; for it never drops in great Numbers on the Water ; and the, Wings, are fhort, and lie flat on the Back, like the Blue-bottle, or large Flefh- fly. 5. Orange-tawney, Orange-brown, Camb- let-fly, Alder-fly, Withy-fly, or Baftard-cadis. Dub with bark brown Spaniel's Hair, or Calf's Hair that fhines, or Barge-fail; warp with deep orange, black Hackle, under the Wing : Wing of a darkifh Feather of a Mallard or Starling. Taken chiefly in a Morning before the Green-drake comes upon the Water. 6. Huzzard. Dub with pale lemon-coloured Mohair, or Oftrich Feather dyed yellow; warp with yellow, Gold-twift, and yellow Hackle over all : Wing, of a very pale Mallard's Feather dyed of a lemon-colour, the Wings large, and longer than the Body, lying flat on the Back, Taken in a bluftering Day, before the May-ny comes in. A Fly little known, but the moft: beautiful of the Infect Species that frequent the Water. It is larger than the Green-drake, of a beautiful lemon-colour, both.Body and Wings, which are four in Number, and We clofe to its Back. It is to be met with in but few Rivers, and is efteemed a great Curiofity, In thofe .Rivers that produce them, they appear in great Numbers . about the latter End of April; at which Time, ..and afterwards, the T routs rife at them very eagerly : Doubtiefs this is a true Water-fly-: it is fuppofed to be produced from a very large Cadis. 7. Death-drake.. The Body, one Herl of black .Oftrich and two of Peacock; Silver-twift,.black Hackle :. Wing, of the dark Feather of a Mallard of a.copper-colour. Taken chiefly in an Evening when the May-ny is almoft gone. 8. Yellow-miller, or Owl-fly. The Body of a yellow Martenfs Eur, or Oftrich Herl dyed bufF-eolour.; Wu g, ef the ruddy Feather of * young Peacock's Wing ' E 5 P|»f? or 82 F L I or pale brown Chicken. Taken from Sun-fet till Ten at Night, and from Two till Four in the Morning. June. j. Orle-fly, comes down the Beginning, and continues till the End of June, and is the beft Flv to fifh with after the May-Hies are gone. The Wings of this Fly are made of a dark-grizzel'd Cock's Hackle ; the Body of a Peacock's Herl, with very dark-red Silk. It has four Wings, which fhould lie flat on the Back as it fwims down the Water, This Fly is to be fifhed with in the warmeft Weather, and you may ufe it with Succefs from Ten o'Clock till Four in the Afternoon, at which Time the Fifh leave off the Orle- fly, and take the Sky-coloured Blue. 2. Sky- coloured Blue Fly, is on at the fame Seafon with the former, but never appears till the Evening, and a very hot Day. Is made of the Feather of ^|light-blue Hen, with a yellowifh Giofs : The H^jfocly is made of a light-blue Fur, mixed with a J^fght yellow, with a Silver-grizzel'd Hackle over it. This Fly comes on about the Middle of June, and continues till the Middle of July. 3. Cadis Fiy, proceeding from the Cod-bait, begins with June", and is a large Fly, having four pale-yellow "Wings, all of one Colour, and a pale yellow Body, ribbed with dark-brown. The Wings are made of a yellow Hen's Feather: The Body, of a buffrcolour yellow Fqr, ribbed with dark brown Silk, ana a yellow Hackle three Times round. This Fiy continues till about a Week in July before they are all gone; and is to be fifhed with at the clearing of the Water, after it has been dif- coloured, when no other Fly will do fo well. This little Creature, while in the State of a Grub, is a very choice Bait at Bottom-fifhing. Fern fly comes in about the latter End of June^ and is F L I 83 is of fhort Continuance. It has four Wings that fland upright on his Back. The» Wings and Body are made of a Woodcock's Feather, ribbed with orange-coloured Silk. It may be fifhed with in a Morning, the firft of any Fly, till about Eleven-o'Clock, and then you may change your Fly according to the Brightnefs or Dulnefs of the Day, for there are many Flies on at that Time. July. 1. Middling-brown. Made of Calf's Hair twilled upon pale yellow Silk, for the Silk to appear: Wing of a Mallard's Feather. 2. Dark-brown. Warp with red Silk, with a deep orange Tag at the Tail : Wing of a Mallard's Feather. 3. Willow-cricket, or Small Peacock- fly. A Herl of a green Peacock's Feather; warp with green Silk: Wing of a Starling's Feather longer than the Body. A Morning-fly, erpecially for Grayling in rapid Rivers. 4. Pifmire. The Body, fome few Reeves of a Cock Pheafant's Tail- feathrr, or ruddy Barge-fag or brown Carpet, or old Bear's Hair, towards the Roots, tanned with the Weather: One Peacock's Herl may be twilled wiihit: Warp with ruddy Silk: Wing, the light Part of a Starling's Feaiher left longer than the Body. A killing-fly after an Emmet-flight, but not before. Auguft. The Pifmire through this Month ; as alfo the other Flies of the laft Month. September. Large fcetid-light-b'owh»j§TheBody ©f a haybt Calf or Cow's Hair, or Seal^pFur died of the Colour; warp with ruddy or orange-cBrou-red Silk.: Wing of a ruddy bmwn Chicken, large and longi A" killing Fly in the Morning. ThisFlyis much upon Hackn y River, and is much ruddier there than elfewhere. E6 Nu MBEfc — s4 F L I Number II. January, i. Spring-black. Body, black Wool of a Sheep's;,Pace, with or without a greenifh Peacock's Herl; warp with brown Silk: Wing, the grey Feather of a Mallard. 2. Second Spring- black. Body, the very blackeft Part of the dark- eft Hare's Scut you can procure, with or without a greenifh Peacock's Herl : Warp with afh-coloured Silk: Wing of a Fieldfare's Feather. This ' and the other Spring-black are beft taken irf bright Weather. 2. Dark Blue-herl. Body, black ' Rabbit's Scut; black of a Hare's Scut: Greenifh Peacock Herl ; warp with brown Silk*: Wing* the light Part of a Fieldfare's Feather. 3. Black- hackle. Body, pale yellowSilk, with a black Cock's Hackie turned about it. 4. Dun-hackle. Body* * dun-coloured Silk, with a dun Cock's Hackle, February. The fame Flies as are directed for the preceding Month. March. The fame Flics as are direeled for the preceding Months; and alfo the Turkey-fly^or Marc Body, brown Foal's Hair; Tops of the Wings of a Woodcock, fome ruddy, others^ grey, well mixed together : warp with pink and' yellow, or pink and light-coloured brown Silk, L twilled together : Wing, of a Pheafant Cock's. Feather. N. B. This, it is fuppofed, is the Cob- fly, fo much cried up in Wales. 2. Brown Fly, or Dun Drake, begins to come down about the Middle of March, and continues till about the Middle of April. It is made of a Partridge or ' Pheafant's Feather,; the Body of a Partidge's "Hackle,"with'-' Hare's Fur under it, ribbed with yellow Silk. The.red Fly; the blue Fly, and the Drown Fly, frequently appear upon the Water all at one Time; but there is no Neeeifity of fifhing F L I 85 fifhing with the red Fly after they have tailed the blue Fly. They take ^Be blue Fly in the Morning, till the brown Fly* comes on, which he does about Eleven, and then they take the brown till two or three o'Clock. In this Order they continue till the End of the Month. April. 1. Light-blue* Body, light Fox-cub Fur, a little light Foal's Hair ; a little Squirrel's Fur that is light-coloured, all thefe well mixed together; warp with yellow Silk: Wing of a light Fieldfare's Feather. 2. Dun. Body, dun- neft Marten's Fur ; Indian Fox-dun ; light-dun Fox-Cub ; coarfe Hair of the Stump of a Squirrel's Tail, of a brig'htifh-brown or a yellowifh. Caft ; warp with yellow Silk : Wing, the light Feather of a Fieldfare. 3. Plain-hackle. Body, black Oftrich Herl, with red or black Cock's Hackle over it ; and in hot Weather add Gold- twift. 4. Red-hackle. Body, red Silk and Gold-twift, and a red Cock's Hackle, till June. Afterwards ufe orange Silk for the Body. An excellent Fly. N. B. This is more properly the Orange-fly. It refembles in Colour a Seville Orange. Wings may be added, either of a Hen or Chicken, of an orange or ruddy caft ; or a dull dark Wing of the fofteft Feather of a Rook's Wing. It has four Wings, two next the Body of a very dark-grey Colour, and two ferving as a Cafe over them, fometimes of a dirty blackKh Colour, and fometimes of an orange Colour. 5. Pale blue Watchet. Is a fmall Fly, and appears on the Water in a cold Day. The Body, Fur of a Water Rat, black Part of a Hair's Scut, the pale Roots cut off; a very little brown Bear's Hair: warp with the pale-brown, or olive-coloured Silk : Wing of a Hen Blackbird. 6. Yellow-watchet. Body, Water-Rat's Fur, the blackeft Part of a Hare's Scut, greenifh-yellow Crewel «6 F L I Crewel for Feet; warp^ with, green Silk : Wing, the lighteft Part of a Blackbird's Feather. 7. Knotted-grey-gnat. Body, darkeft Part of a Hare's Scut, dark-brown Foal's Hair, dark Fur of the Black of an old Fox; warp with grey Silk: Wing, the blue Feather of a Fieldfare. 8. Green-tail. Body, dark Part of a Hare's Scut and darkeft-blue Fur of an old Fox ; light Part of a SquirrelVTail, and a Hair or,two of the coarfe brownifh Part of it for Feet ; warp with afh-coloured Silk : Wing of a Hen Pheafant. g.. Sand-fly, .Body, dark-brown Foal's Hair, a little blue Squirrel's- Fur, and the whitifh yellow of" the fame ; warp with yellow Silk : Wing, the light Part of a Fieldfare's Feather. 10. Black. Caterpillar Fly,, comes about the Middle of April,, and appears till the Middle of May. .Wings,, of ai Jay's Feather, one Part blue and the other Part black ; Body, of a Feather out of the Top of a Plover, with a dark Hackle over it. The Body of* this Fly is of a fine Shag like Velvet,, which the Plover's Feather makes incomparably well,, to be fifhed with in warm Days, provided1 there come Winds and Clouds ; for then the Flies grow weak for want of the Sun, and fall, upon the Water in* great Numbers. May. The nine foregoing Flies directed for April, and alfo, 1. The Blue Herl. Body, Fox's. Fur, dark Part of a Hare's Scut, greenifh Herl of a Peacock (if the Weather is warm for the Seafon, otherwife little or none of the greenifh, Herl ;). warp with brown Silk : Wing, of a Starling's Feather. 2. Dun. Body, dunnifn-blue Fur of an old Fox, mixed with pale Yellow, the- Ends of the Hairs of an old Fox almoft red ; fome coarfe Hairs taken out of the Tail, 01 Brufti • warp with yellow : Wing, S^UnJj.'s Feather. 3. Stone-gnat. Body, t.he ^^^-^i^ ^arke^ Tarfc\s F L I 0*7 Part of a Hare's Scut, the Top or Ends being cut off; warp with afh-coloured Silk : Wing, a Blackbird's Feather. 4. Light-blue, Body, light Fur of an old Fox, mixed with pale yellow Crewel ; warp with pale yellow Silk : Wing, light Feather of a Jay. 5. Orange-brown. Body, orange-coloured Wool, with bright-brown Bear's Hair mixed ; warp with orange Silk : Wing, of a Starling's Feather. 6. Teacock Hackle. Body, Peacock's ruddy Herl *, red Cock's Hackle ; warp with red Silk. 7. Black-herL Black Herl of an Oftrich, and ruddy Herl of a Peacock, twifted together; warp with brown? Silk : Wing, the light Feather of a Fieldfare* 8, Pewet, or Lap-wing's-topping. Body, Peacock's Herl, and that of a Lapwing's Crown Feather, twifted together ; warp with red Silk : Wing, the red Feather of a Partridge-tail. 9. Red-herl. Body, two Herls of a Peacock, twifted together; warp with ruddy Silk : Wing, the red Feather of a Partridge-tail. 10. Little Irons Blue Fly begins and ends with May: In cold on ' ftormy Days they come in great Quantities. The - -Wing of this Fly is made of a Cormorant's Feather that lies under the Wing, m the fame- Form as thofe of a Goofe : the Body is made with: the Fur of a Mole, or rafher a Water-Rat's Fur, if you can have it, ribbed with yellow Silk, and a grizzle Hackle wrapped twice or thrice round. The Wings fhould fland upright, with a little forked tail. * This Fly is greatly admjred by the Grayling. 11. Yellow Sally Fly, appears from the Middle of May to the Beginning of June. The Wings are made of a yellow Cock's Hackle, >by reafon of its fhining Gloflinefs, which no dyed Colour can come up to; it has four Wings, which lie flat : the Body is made with yellow* Qub- -bing, mixed with dark-brown Fur> and a yellow lit S8 F L I low Hackle round it. This Fly, the Cannon Fly, and the Shorn Fly, are the three Flies that prepare the Fifh to look for the yellow Cadow, or May Fly. 12. Shorn Fly comes in the Middle of May, and continues about a Month ; and is frequently found in Mowing of Grafs; has a hufky Wing of a dark-brown Colour, with fine clear blue Wings underneath, which he makes Ufe of in his Flight. This Fiy is of the "Caterpillar Kind: the Female Fly is of a dull Red. They are in the greateft Perfection about Mowing-time, for after the Grafs is cut few are to be feen. It is as killing a Fly as any I know till the May Fly comes in, yet has been taken but very little Notice of by Anglers, though it is the only Fly to fifh with in the Forenoon, before the yellow Cadow comes down. The Wings of this Fly are made of a Jay's Feather, taken out of the Wing, mixed with a little black and blue ; and the Body is mady of a Flefh-coloured Silk, and red Hackle about it. This Fly will never fail killing Fifth,; if the Water be in Order. June. The Dun, Stone-gnat, Light-blue, O- range-brown, Peacock-hackle, Black-Herl, Pe- wet's-topping, and Red-Herl, of the. laft Month, goal fo through this ; there are lik.wife taken, 1. The Whitterifh. Body, the Root-end of the white .Part of a Hare's Scut; light grey Foal's Hair, or Camel's Hair, towards the Tail, the dark Part of a Hare's Scut with fome brown Hairs mixed :: Peacock's Herl 'for the Head ; warm with white Silk : Wing, the Feather^of a Sea-mew. 2. Light-grey. Body, Fur of the inner Part of a. Rabbi Leo hteft of the dark Part of Hare's Scut; warpvvith afh-coloured Silk: Wings,. light-grey Mallard's Feather. 3. Brown-Night Fly, is made of the brown Feather of a Hen, and the. F L I 89 the Body of the fame Colour. This is properly a Moth, which flies by Night only ; and is to be ufed (if you are inclined for Night-fifhing) in a dark gloomy Night, after a warm Day. When you fifh in this Manner, ufe a Line about a Yard longer than the Rod, and put a Couple of Maggots at the Point of the Hook, which will be of great Advantage to the fmelling Part. It will take Fifh :both in Streams and {landing'Waters, and you may hear them rife in as much Perfection as if you were fifhing by Day. They will continue to bite till Day-break, if the Night be gloomy and cloudy ; but if it be a Moon-fhining or Star-light Night, they will not ftir at thefe Flies, any more 'th'an they will'-at the Day-flies in a bright Day. 4. White Night-fly is, in my Opinion, the beft of the two. To be made of the white Owl's Feather, on account of the Softnefs of it, upon a ;:middle-fized Worm-hook ; the Body of the fame Colour as the Wings, and as big as a very large Wheat-ftraw. Itis'in Perfection about the latter End of May, and continues till the latter End of 'June; when, if you kt out with an Intent of 'killing a Dim of Fifh in the Day, and fail of Suc- cefs, you may be fure of taking them at Night, if you are fo difpoied, and this Night-fly is on the Water. July. ThePeacock.-hackle, B1 ack-h e rl ,Pe wet's - topping, and Red-herl of May and June, and the Whitterifh and Light-grey of the laft Month, ferve •alfo for this, and to thofe add the Brown. Body, Hair of a very light-brown or redJifh Calf or Spaniel and light Bear's Hair mixed; warp with pale Orange : Wing, the Feather of a Land Rail. Red Spinner, begins with July and ends the Middle of the Month, only ferviceable hi Evenings or hot Days. The Wings to-be made of a grey Drake'* 90 f L I Drake's Feather lightly tinged with a yellowGlofs; the Body is made of a Gjfyd Twift, with a red Hackle over it. Blue Gnat, begins with July, and is a good Killer when the Water is low and fine. The Wings to be made of a light blue Cock's Hackle ; the Body, of the blue Fur of a F"ox ; mixed with fbme yellow. Large Red Ant Fly, as well as the Black, come in about the Middle of June, if the Weather be hot, and continue for about a Week or nine Days. Obferve that thefe two Ant Flies that come firft, are the large Horfe Ants. The Wings of this Red Fly are made of a Feather out of the Wing of a Starling, of a dufky Colour : the Body of Hog's Down, died of an Amber^olour. It muft be made very large at the Tail, ajyiw^afl foyyards the Wing : with a red Cock's Haek& wrapped twice round under the Buj^end of jy§£ Wing. Large black Ant Fly, with Wings made of d)e *figtiteft fky-coloured blue Fegujtjer you §an get, and of the greateft Glofs ; the Body is made of an Oftrich's black Feather, and a black Cock's Hackle wrapped twice round under the Wing. This Fly is to be made in the fame Form as tl^e Red one. Welshman's Button. The Welfhman's Button, or Hazle-fly, comes in the latter End of July. It has an outer bulky Wing, and a fmall blue one under it ; and is round as a Button, from whence it has its Name. They are found upon Hazle- Trees and Fern' Bufhes ; and as foon as the Bufhes are touched they drop down. They are as good for Bobbing attheBufh in this Month, as the Cannon or Down Hill Fly is in May. The Wing is made of a dark HUH F L 1 yi <£ark Hackie Feather of a Pheafant; and the Body of the dark Part of Camel's Hair. Auguft. The Peacock-hackle, and the three following Flies of May, and the two fubfequent Months, and the brown of the laft Month, ferve alfo for this ; in which alfo are taken, i. The Grey-fly. Bodyy light-grey Foal's Hair mixed with the dark Part of a Hare's Scut; warp with grey Silk: Wing, a Hen-pheafant's Feather. 2. Black Ant-fly. Body, darkeft Part of a Hare's Scut, and dark-brown Wool or Sheep's Ruffet, equally mixed, and one fingle ruddy Herl of a Peacock, all twifted together; warp with Copper* coloured Silk: Wing, a Fieldfare's Feather. 3. Brown Ant-fly. Body, bright-brown Bear's Hair, much weather-beaten, almoft of an orange-colour towards the Tail, and therefore a few Hairs of a light-brown, or flame-coloured Calf, or Spaniei*8 Hair to be added in the Tail-part; warp with Orange-coloured Silk: Wing, the light Feather of a Fieldfare or Starling. 4. Little Red and Black Ant Flies, come down the Beginning of Auguft 5 but very feldom appear on the Water till between One and Four in the Afternoon. They are made of the fame Materials that the large ones are, and in the fame Shape, but only half fo large. 5. Little Whirling Blue, comes down the Beginning of Augufl, and continues about a Fortnight. The Wings are made of the blue Feather of a Sea-gull ; and the Body of the red Part of a Squirrel's Fur, ribbed with yellow, and a red Hackle over it. This Fly is oniv to be ufed in the Evening, and in warm Weather. 6 Little pale Blue, comes down ?he Beginning of Augufl, and continues till the Middle of September, it is a Fly that the Graylings greatly admire, which are in Perfection at this Seafon, and afford the An gler much Sport, The Wings of this Fly are made 92 F L I made of the lighteft-blue Feather of a Sea fwaf- low : the Body is made of the biueft Part of a Fox's Fur, with a very little yellow Mohair' mixed with it, ribbed with a ftraw-coloured Silk, and a fine pale-blue Hackle over it. This Fly continues till the Willow Fiy comes, and afterwards till the Weather grows cold. 7. Willow Fly, comes on the Middle of Auguft, or fometimes fooner, and contiuues tijl the Dun Blue comes again. It has four Wings, which lie flat on the Back : the Belly of a dirty-yellow, and the Back of a dark-brown. The Wings are made of a dun Cock's Hackle a little freckled; the Body of Squirrel's Fur, ribbed with yellow Silk, and covered-light I y with the fame coloured Hackee as the Wings. In cold ftormy Days you mmW'~- chiefly ufe this Fly 5 hut in warm gloomy Days you rmuft flfh with the Pale Blue, and theie two Flies carry out the Seafon for Fly-fifhing. From the latter End of May till the Beginning .of Augujl, you will find fifteen or fix teen different Sorts of Gnats and Flies on the Water every Day ji and then, if the Weather be warm, you mu0t obferve it as a general Rule, to fifh with the firft Fly that comes on in a Morning ; and then you will fee the other Flies coming down gradually : and, as the Fifh leave off one and take another, you muft vary your Fly according to your Discretion and Obfervation. From about the Middle of Augujl you will find moft of the other Flies fall off, except the little Whirling Blue, the Pale Blue, the Willow Fly, and fome ibid! Gnats that are of little or no Signification ; and thefe three Autumn Flies are reckoned to be of equal Value to the three firft Spring Flies, vis, TheRed Fly, the Blue Dun, and the Brown Drake, In thefe two Seafons, if the Weather and Water be.favourable, you will find your Sport more regular and certain than in the hotter F L I 93 ter Months: one Reafon of which, among others, is, that in the hotter Months the Rivers abound with a great Variety of Infedts, which makes the Fifh more difficult to be taken; and in the Spring you have the Advantage of having the River fuller | -of Fifh, before they are difturbed with Nets, &c. The Flies here mentiond are found in all Rivers, only the May-ny and Grey Drake are much more fcarce on fome Rilf§j%£&an others ; and therefore, where they are fcarce, and thergfh not well acquainted with them, lefs Sport is to beex- pecled than where they are plentiful. It is commonly faid, that Flies differ according to the Rivers, but 'tis an Error. 8. Dragon Fly, feeds on fmall Infecfs fcarce difcernable to the naked Eye. The Head of this Fly is almoft all Eyes ; he has four Wir>gs of a dark-brownifh Colour, and his Body is of the fame. The Bodies of fome of them are two Inches and a Half long. This Fly comes in about the Middle of May and continues about two Months, and is a good Decoy for a Salmon, as is a Fly called the King's Fifher, which appears in June and July. N. B. Though here have been particularly mentioned the Flies for each Month, yet fome Anglers go a fhorter Way to work; they take their Landing-net, and with it catch, from the River, one of the Flies of the Day, from which they in- flantly make an artificia1 one, and proceed to Fly- fifhing, with the Words of Mr. Gay : To frame the little Animal provide All the gay Hues that wait on Female Pride ; Let Nature guide thee ; fometimes golden Wire The fhining Bellies of the Fly require ; The Peacock's Plumes thy Tackle muft not foil, Nor the dear Pur chafe of the Sable's Tail ; Each gaudy Bird fome fender Tribute brings, And lends the growing lnjeel proper Wings; Silks, 94 FLO Silks, of d$€!olours, muft their Aid impart, And every Fur promote the Fifher's Art: So the gay Lady, with expenfive Care, Borrows the Pride of Land, of Sea, of Air ; Furs, Pearls, and Plumes, theglittfy&rig Thing difplayS) Dazzles our Eyts, and eafy Hearts betrays. Natural-flies for Angling are of variosrr JSO^ids, the principal of w*hkh, according to their Seafons, are as follow: In January, the Dun-gnat. February, the Brown- palmer, the Dun-fly, and the Blue-dun. March, the Whirling-dun, the Thorn-tree-fly, and the Black-gnat. April, the Stone-fly, the Yellow-dun, the Violet-fly, and the Horfe-flefh-fly. May, the May-By, the Green-drake, and the Grey-drake. June, the May-By, the Black-ant-fly, and all the raimers. July, the Orange-fly, the Wafp-fly, and the Shell-fly. Auguft, the Drake-fly, the late Ant- fly, and the Fern-fly. September, the Camel Brown- fly, and the late Badger-fly. Oclober^ the fame Flies as in March. November, the fame as February. December, the fame as January. FLOATS for rapid Rivers fhould be of Cork, Quills not being able to bear up agairfft ftrong Streams ; but then they are beft for Pits, PondS, Meers, and Handing Waters. FLO UNDER FLUKE; Is in Shape much like a Plaice, oaJy the Bodyili 3 fomewhat FLO 95 fomewhat longer, and when it is full-grown it is thicker. The Colour is of a dirty Olive. Sometimes they are beautifully fpotted, but we never meet with any of thefe, except far up the River Thames. The Flounder is both a River and a Sea-Fifh, and will do very well in a Pond ; but the former are not fo black, and are more foft than the latter. But this Difference feems to arife only from the Nature of their Food. They are in Seafon all the Year, except in June and July, which is their Time of Spawning, and then they are fick and flabby, and infefted with Worms which breed on their Backs. The Flefh is white, foft,* innocent, and nou- rifhing; but it is always beft when it is moft firm. The Tafte of it is much like that of the Plaice, from which it differs but little in any Refpe<5l. It is the Nature of all Fiat Fifh to lie and feed at the Bottom ; fome indeed are fond of Mud, but the Flounders avoid it as much as poflible, delighting to lie on fandy or gravelly Bottoms, efpecially on the Declivity of a deep Hole, near a Bank, and in an Eddy. They may be angled for either with a Float or a Running-Bullet, but the latter is preferable. The Bullet fhould reft at leaft a Foot from the Hook, that the Bait may be at Liberty to be put in Motion by the Water. If you ufe a Float, let it lie flat on the Water, and when you perceive it to move along flowly, and foon after become upright, then ftrike, an|J~you will be fare of your Prey. But always remember, that he is fome Time in fucking the Bait into his Mouth before he gorges it. us|E The beft Baits are Red Worms, or very fmall Marfh-Worms put on a fmall Hook. You fhould bait the Ground with a Handful of fmall Red- Wornis 96 GEN Worms cut in two Pieces. They may be angled for ail the Day, but early in the Mornin likplieft HTimp T-Tp liLrpiwife fakes Far is the Earth-Bobs likelieft Time. very well. In the hot Months, there are great Quantities caught with the Fluke-rake. The Method is to get one about two Yards long, made thus, and go to the fhallow Parts of the Water where it is the moft fandy, and as you go along, keep fhrufting the Rake into the Sand, which you may eafiiy do, by fetting one Foot upon the Frame, and when you have caught one you will eafiiy perceive it by the Rake's grafhing as the Forks enter his Back. 7'his Method is only ufed in the Tide's-wav after it is gone down. FROGS of a brightifti Yellow, that are found in green Meadows in June and July, are good Baits for Chubs, Pikes, Pearches, and Eels. GAD, a fmall Jack. GENTLES, or MAGGOTS, are kept with dead Fiefh, Beaft's Liver, or Suet; or, which is better, you may both keep and fcour themfni Meal or Wheat-bran. In order to breed them, prick a Beaft's Liver full of Holes ; hang it in the Sun in Summer Time, and fet under it an old Barrel, or fmall Firkin, with Clay and Bian in it; into which they will drop, and cleanfe themfelves, and be'rap ways ready for'Ufe. In this Manner Gentles'm^kj be produced till Michaelmas : Biit if you would fifh with them from Michaelmas to May-day, you muft get a dead Cat, Kite, or other Carrion, at the latter End of September, and let it be Fly-blown j'%$m when G R A 97 when the Gentles begin to be alive and ftir, bury it and them together in moift Earth, deep in the Ground, that the Froft m^neither kill nor injure them, and they will ferve for Ufe till March and April following, about which Time they turn to be Flefh-flies. Gentles are fometimes added to a Worm, or put on the Pointof a Dub-fly-hook for Salmon Smelts \ but moft commonly they are ufed by themfelves, frequently two or three on a Hook at a Time. When you go to fifh with Gentles, you may put them in a Horn, wherein there are fmall Holes bored to let in Air, either with fome Wheat-oraa only, or a few Shavings of a Barber's fweet Wafh- ball among the Bran : But the beft Way is to put N£hem,' the Day you angle, in a Box with fame Gum-ivy, and you will find it of no fmall EfTec"t, Wet your Bran with a little Saffron-water, and put a little Chandlers Fat; it will both fcour, keep, and give them a fine Colour. Gentles are good Baits for Roach, Dace, Chub, Carp, Tench, Barbel, Bream, and Bleak ; and in fome Rivers and Seafons, if the Water be clear, even a Gudgeon or Trout will take them. GRAIN, viz. Wheat or Malt, fhould be boiled gently in Milk or Sweet-wort; it is then fit for Ufe; though fome afterwards, and, indeed, not without Reafon, fry it in Honey and Milk, or fteep it in fome ftrong-fcented Oils, as Amber, Spike, Polypody, Ivy, Annife, Turpentine, or Oil of Peter. Grain is a good Bait, either in Winter or Summer, for Chub, Roach, Dace, and Bleak; but take care that before you bait your Hook, you ftrip off the Bran. GRASSHOPPERS are found in green Meadows and Grafs; and Fifh take them the beft in the latter End of June, all July, and Augujl. The middle-fized are beft; but you muft cut off their F Leg* 1111 w 9$ G R A Legs and outward Wings. For Trout, Grayling;, and Chub, you may lead your Hook on the Shank, With a Plate of Lead, made narrowefl and flender- eft at the Bent of the Hook, that the Bait may come over it ; then draw him over the Lead, after put a lefter Grafshopper, or a Cod-bait, on the Point, and keep your Bait in continual Motion, lifting it up and finking it again. GRAYLING, or UMBER, The Grayling is in Proportion neither fo broad nor fo thick as a Trout, and in Srze feldom exceeds eighteen Inches ; they weigh about half a Pound ; but in fome Places they are faid to be three Times as heavy. They delight in Rivers that glide through mountainous Places, and are to be met with in the cleared and fwifteft Parts of thofe Streams, particularly they are bred in the Hcdder, Dove, Trent, Derwen, Wye, and Lug. This,Fifh may be eaten all the Year, but its principal Seafon is in December, at which Time his Head, Giils, and the Lift that runs down his Back, are all black. The Time of its Spawning is in May. The Flefh is accounted by fome to have the moft agreeable Tafte of all River Fifh ; it is firm, white, cleaves Ike Salmon, and is judged to be very wholsiome. It is a bnfk fprightly Fifh when in the Water, and fwims as fwiftas an Arrow out of a Bow ; but when lie feels the Hook he is dead-hearted, and yields rather too foon for the Angler's Diverfton. He G R E gg He feeds uponGrafshoppers, Flies, Worms, and fuch like Infe£ls, and therefore fuch Sort of Baits muft be ufed in order to take him ; but a well- fcou red Red-worm is preferable to any Bait, if ufed about four Inches from the Bottom. The fame Rules that have been laid down for taking the Trout, will alfo ferve for the Grayling, only let your Tackle be fomething finer. Some Anglers, when they make ufe of a Fly, faften: their Hook to two Hairs ; but becaufe they are apt to tangle in the Weeds, the Silk-worm-gut is preferable, which fhould be well waxed with Virgin Wax, to hinder it from frying. The Grayling has fo quick an Eye, that he hat difcovered and taken the Bait fix Inches out of the Water, when the Sportfman has been angling for him Handing upon a Bridge. You may obferve likewife, that he is a muc|* fimpler and bolder Fifh than a Trout; for if you mifs him twenty Times, he will ftill continue t® rife at your Fly. And as this is his peculiar Property, that he is more apt to rife than defcend, your Bait fhould never drag on the Ground, but be fix or nine Inches from the Bottom ; arid for the fame- Reafon it will be more proper to ufe a Float than a Running-line ; but when you ufe the latter, the beft Ground-baits are the Brandling, Gilt-tail, Tag-tail, the Meadow-worm well fcoured, Cod- baits, Bark-worm,andFlag-worm; and at the Top he may be taken either with natural or artificial Flies, or with the Earth-bob, or Clap-bait. GREEN-DRAKE-FLY is a Mayfly, bred under Water ; his Body is either of a pale or dark Yellow, ribb'd with Rows of Green, long, flender, and fharpening towards the Tail, at the End of which he has three long Whifps almoft black, and his Tail turns up towardshis Back,like a Mallard; a Box with Holes, to give them Air, will keep F 2 them too G R E them alive a Night or two : they are good.at dib- ,bing for Trouts and Grayling ; putting the thick- eft Part of hisJBody upon the Point of the Hook, under one of his Wings, run it directly through and out. at the other Side, leaving him fpitted upon the Hock, Sec. See Fly-angling. He is taken at all Hours in his Seafon. GREY-DRAKE-FLY. The fame in Shape and Dimenfions with the Green-drake, but not in Colour,, being paler, and Of a more livid Yellow and Green, ribb'd with Black quite down his Body, with black fhining Wings ; fo diaphanous, jthat he is of no Ufe for dabbing. G R E Y. The Grey is thought to be the fame kind of '{Fifh which hi Scotland fhey call the Grey-Lord. In Magnitude it differs but little from the Salmon, but the Shape is very unlike, being confiderably broader and. -([bicker ; the Tailis indeed as large!, but not forked. The 13. dy is every where flained ^wlth grey or a^n^colouied Spot?, from whence it ♦derrves its Name. The Flefh is more delicious than that of the Salmon itfelf, and fells for almoft double the Price. He makes his Progrefs fern the Sea into the Rivers with extraordinary Swiftnefs, and is pofleffed of very great Strength and Agility, furmounting almoft all Obftacles with the grcateft Eafe. - G U I> io, Eafe. He is feldom taken, and is therefore known j^itnto few. They never advance into the Rivers before the Beginning of Augujl, in order to fpawn, and then commonly take the Advantage of a Flood ;-whereas the Salmon comes into the frefh Water in every Part of the Spring. It would be to no Purpofe to give Direclions how to take this Fifh with, the Angle, for he de- fpifes all Kinds of Baits, and in this be refembles the Fordich-Trout, which is fufpecfed to be of the fame Species, but for want of a more particular Defcription of the latter, cannot certainly be determined. GROUND-BAIT. Such Places as you frequently angle at, you fhould, once a Week at leaft, caft into, all Sorts of Corn boiled foft,, Grains wafhed in Blood, and dried, and cut to Pieces ; Snails, chopped Worms, Fowls Guts,, Beafts Guts, Livers of Beafts ; for Carp and Tench cannot feed too often, nor too much, and by this they are drawn to the Place ; and to keep them together, throw Half an Handful of ground Malt now and then as you Angle. For Ground- baits for every Fifh, fee their Names. GUDGEON. The Gudgeon is generally five or fi^Inches Jongj fometimes in the Merfey eight or nine ; of a fmooth Body, with very fmall $cales. The Back of it is dark, but the.Belly pale. They are.to be met with every where in Rivers ; but in fome they grow to a larger Size than others. This Fifh fpawns twice in a Year ; the firft Time about the latter End of April, and the fe- cond in November. §182^ tw^f€;P- F 3' His 102 G U D His Flefh is very well tafted, of eafy Dige^lion and very nourifhing, infomuch that fome think it no way inferior to a Smelt. He delights in fandy, gravelly Bottoms, gentle Streams, and fmall Rivers. In the Summer-time he reforts to the Shallows, and in the Winter to the Deeps. He bites all Day from the End of March till Mi haelmas, but not till an Hour after Sun-rife, nor longer than an Hour before Sun-fet. Yoiu may fometimes have full as good Sport an Hour . after Sun-fet as at any Time in the Day, efpecially if you angle in fome Place about a Yard and it raalf deep, with a fandy Bottom, below fome Scower, or near the Place he bites at in the Middle of the Day. The principal Baits are the fmall Red-worm, Gilt-tail, Brandling, and a Meadow-worm. He will likewife take a Gentle, Cod-Bait, Brood of Wafps, or Cow-dung Bob ; but the fmall Red- worm is what pleafes them beft. If you can find a Bridge or Plank over a fmall River, chufe to angle -underneath for Gudgeons, for they love the Shade ; and are fo far from being fhy, that you may not only appear in'Sight, but if you drive them from their Place-of Refort, they will immediately return. A fingle Flair Line^ a fine taper Rod, a Float, and a fmall Hook, is. what mofl ufe, and the Bait to drag on the Ground. When you angle for them in the Shallows, rake up the Sa,nd or Gravel with a Fake or Pole^, and it w$lf draw your Gudgeons about your Bait % when you have no fuch Conveniency, throw in feme Handfuls of Earth. Ufe a Float, and let your Bait always touch or drag on the Ground; Be not too nafty with them when they bite, becaufe they will fometimes nibble a little befoie they take it, though they commonly bite pretty fare. When . g m i soj. When you angle for them in a Boat in the Thames, let the Waterman rake the Gravel up to draw the Gudgeons about you;: then plumb the Ground, and bait your Hook with a fmall well* fcoured Red-worm; by tha^JVIethod you will fel- dom fail of good Sport. Your Tackle as for Dare, with a* well - fcoured Gilt-tail. He is caught in deeper Water Morning and Evening till Mid-day. There have J>ecn Fifty Dozen taken by Anglers at Thelwell Weir, in the River Merfey, in one Day. You may ufe two Hooks at a Line, and two Rods are not amifs ; and then you may fometimes take Pearch or Trout inftead ©f Gudgeons. G U I N I A D. Guiniad is a Welfh Name for a Fifh that is bred in PemMe-Meer in MtrianethftAre, and is the fame with the Ferra of Rondeletius. The Shape is not very much unlike that of a Salmon, and the ufual Length is about twelve or thirteen Inches ; the Back is of a dufky Colour, but the Belly is white. The Scales are of a middle 3ize» the upper Jaw is fomewhat more prominent than the lower, and the Mouth is much like that of a Herring. This Fifh is bred in Pemble-Mttr, which lies near Jafoj.Jn WJfjh Llinhged, in ^^onetb/hire. It generally lies at the Bottom of the Lake, among5 Water-Gladiol, a Plant peculiar to thefe Mountains : It is called Gwinead, from the Whttenefs of its Body, the Word -fisnifying much the fame I 4 M 204 H A C as Whiting in Englijb. There is one thing worthy of Remark, which is, that though the River Dee runs through this Lake, yet they are never found in its Streams ; and on the contrary, though Salmon are caught in the River, they never enter the Lake; fo ftrictly do thefe Animals keep to the Haunts that Nature has provided for them. They are in Seafon in the Summer : The Flefh is white, and yet the Tafte is not mucStffinlifctf •that of a Trout : It is in the higher Efteem becaufe it is a Kind of a Rarity. This Fifh is like- wife an Inhabitant of Lake Leman, near Geneva, among the Alps. HACKLE, the bed are the Lapwing-topping, the Feathers of a Hen's Neck, (from which you will get the greateft Variety,) and not much ufed, though they are the very fineft Hackle but the Lapwing?'s Top, the fame Feathers o£^£Cock, the longFeathepf#f a Swallow's Tafcthe Crown of a Peacock, a Wren's Tail, a Pheafant^Neck, a black Cock's ditto. Hackles of different Colours, from the Feathers of Moor Game, Pigeon, Cook, &e. are very kiting ; which are madeffly- fallening hhsi End of^the Feather a littldabove the Bent ofcthcf Hook, witfeSilk ofii&e Colaajrriof the Reatherv and turning the Feather round the Shanlkidfi ttefef Hook, with the Silk up to the.Top of the Shank* thsfi&to be faftened. HAIR. II O O ios HAIR. In chufing good Horfe-hw for your Line, be fure it be long, round, and even, without any Flaw or Blemifh. A young, healthy Stone-horfe affords beft. Scower it with Soap and Water, and keep it for Ufe. HAWTHORN-FLY is black, and found on Hawthorn Trees ; it is proper to dib for Trout. See Black May-Fly. tS^*#- HOOKS fhould be long in the Shank, and of a Compafs inclining to Roundnefs ; but the Pofifib muft ftand even and ftrait, and the Bending muft be in the Shank : For if the Shank be ffeut, the Point will hang outward ; and though, when fet, on, it may ftand right, yet after the taking of a few Fifh,. it will caufe the Hair at the End of the Shank to ftand bent, and confequently the Point of the Hook to hang direclly upwards. The Point of your Hook fbould not be in a Line with the Shank, but a little fideways, and the more regularly bent the better. Whether you angle at Top or at Bottom, proportion your Hooks for Strength and Compafs to the Number of Hairs you angle with next yduff Hook ; jmd ufe not a fmall Hook to great Baits, nor a great Bait to a fmall Hook. When you-fet on your Hook, do it with fmall but ftrong Silk, well rubbed with Shoemaker's Wax. If for a fmall Hook, ufe the Silk tingle. Lay your Hair or Grafs on the Infide of the Hook ; for if it comes on the Outfide, the Silk will be apt to cut and fret it afunder; and it is not fo convenient to ftrike Fifh. From a Straw's Breadth below the Top of the Hook, wrap the Silk about the bare Shank, until you come to the Top of it : Then lay your Line on the Infide, and whip with your F 5 Silk io6 I N D Silk downward, till you come almoft to the Bent of the Hook, and then faften it by turning over three or four Times, and drawing it clofe ; which done, cut off the End of the Gildard, or Link, as nigh as you can to the Twift. Though perhaps the Colour of the Silk you whip with is not very material, yet it may not be amifs, when you angle with Worms, to ufe red Silk ; but for Pafte, Cod-bait, and other whitifh .Baits, to ufe white. HORNETS. See Wasps. HORSE is an Animal that few Sportfmen will allow to be a Fifher ; but Robert Baldwyn, Efq; of Aqualate, had a Horfe which went to drink at his Pond, a Pike feized his Nofe, on which he plucked up his Head and threw the Fifh, Weighing about three Pounds, three Yards behind Mm, and fnorting, ran away. HUMBLE-BEES. See Wasps. JACKS. Small Pikes are ib called till they are twenty-four Inches/long. IMPEDIMENTS to the Angler's Recreation. The Fault may be occafioned by his Tackle, as when his £.ines or Hooks are too large; when his Bait is dead, or decaying. If he angles at a wrong Time of the Day, when the Fifh are not in the Humor of taking his Bait. If the Fifh have been frightened by the Sight of him, or with bis Shadow. If the Weather be too cold. If the Weather be too hot. If it rains much, and faft. If it hails or fr.ows. If it be tempeftuous. If the Wind blows high, or be in the Eafl, or North. Want of Patience, and Variety of Baits. INDIAN, or SEA-GRASS, makes excellent Hook-links ; and though fome object to it, as being apt to grow brittle, and to kink in ufing 5 with KIN 107 with proper Management it is the befl Ma^ terial for the Purpofe yet known, for large- Fifh, efpecially if ordered in the following Manner : Take as many, of the fineft you can get, as you pleafe, put them into any Veffel, and pour therein the fcummed Fat of a Pot wherein frefh, but by no Means fait, Meat has been boiled ; when they have lain three or four Hours, take them out one by one, and ftripping the Greafe off with your Finger and Thumb, (but do not wipe them) ftretch each Grafs as long as it will yield ; coil them up in Rings, and lay them by, and you will find them become near as fmall, full as round, and much ftronger than the beft fingle Hairs you can get. To preferve them moift, keep them in a Piece of Bladder well oiled ; and, before you ufe them, let them foak about Half an Hour in Water; or, in your Walk to the River-fide, put a Length of it imo your Mouth. If your Grafs is coarfe, it will rail'heavily in the Water, and fcare away the Fifh ; on which account Gut has the Advantage. But, after all, if your Grafs be fine and round, it is the befl thing you can ufe. IVY-GUM. See Unguents. KINK. To Kink, is aTerm ufed in Trow- ling, when the Line is twifted between the Top of the Rod and the Ring, through which it ought to run freely ; or when Part of the Line twifts about the other Part that is coiled in your Left Hand. Silk Lines are more apt to kink thaa Hair Lines. F 6 LAMPREY* to8 LAMPREY, rtAMPERN. The Lamprey is called, by Dr. Plot, The Pride of the I/is, and by others, SEVEN-EyE3;'8nlB is found in the Merwk'which waters the fertile Banks of Cheshire. It is a Fifh about ten or twelve Inches long ; 0j&,,the Back it is of a greyifh Black, but ^mM| Belly is of a lively Silver Colour. Its Mouth is round, and furnifhed with fix or feven Teeth. On the Top of the Head there is a Hole, as in the cetaceous Kind ;40r as the Mouth, when the Lamprey adheres to a Rock or Stone, is entir^r^ {hut, there is a Neceftity for a Hole to take in the Water, which is difcharged again by the Gills, or the feven Holes placed on each Side near the Head. The Belly files and falls much In the fame Manner as'in Animals thai'breathe. The Liver is undiv^gd, and the Capfula of the Heart almoft boney,Jwnjcfivis purpofely defigned by Nature as a Guard or Security for it, becaufe this Fifh has no Bones, not even fo much ab a Back-bone. The River Lamprey, contrary to the Manner of other Fifh, procreate their Species, with their Bellies joined together, which is eafy to be ob- ferved, becaufe at" that" Time they get into fhallow Fords*;,.wfiere all that paffes is vifible enough. The Flefh is of a foft glutinous Nature, and is generally eaten potted ; and. even then it is- more agreeable to the palate"fhan healthful to the Body. Their Time of Spawning is in April.'" They are the very beft Bait for Night-hooks* cut in Pieces about an Inch and a Quarter long. There is another Sort of this Fifh which is called L A M iog called the Bind Lamprey, which is fmall and round, like a large Dew-worm, or Lob-worm. It has no Scales, and its Body is divided into fmall Rings by tranfverfe Lines, in the Manner of Worrn^f.; Thefe Rings are about eighty-four in Number. The Mouth is round, and always open, feu,t it has neither,Teeth nor Tongue,, It has a Hole on the Head, and feven on each Side inftead of Gills, is in the other Species. A good Bait for Chubs and Eels. LAMPREY-EEL is of the fame Shape, but of a larger Size than the Lamprey, for it is fometimes taken in the Severn three Feet in Length, and the Diameter of the Body five Inches. The Skin is of a blackifh Colour,' and full of palifh angular Spots ; it is tough, but yet not taken off when drefied, as in Eels. It will hold a Bit of Wood or a Stone fo firmly in its Mouth, that it cannot be taken out without Difficulty. On the Top of the Head there is a white Spot, and before it a fmall Hole, encompafted with a Membrane, which rifes up a fmall Matter ; the Ufe of it is the fame as in the Lamprey. The Gills are concealed under the feven Holes placed on each Side, The Edge of the Mouth is jagged, and adheres fo clofely to any thing,, that fome have fuppofed thefe Inequalities to be Teeth covered with Pitch ; whereas the Teeth, properly fo called, are placed on the Infide of the Mouth, and the more remote they are, the larger. It has no Bones, but a Griftle down the Back full of Marrow, which fhould be taken out before it is dreffed. In fhort, they referable a Lamprey in all Things. They lie chiefly in the Sea, but come into the Riversi;\p fpaw^jiwj^srjei tjiey are found in great Jfifnty. They are difcovered by the Froth th$| rifes frornjthem. momi^ c^f heir higfeeft Seafon is in March, when they ;.mm firft mm LAW fir!& enter the Rivers, and are full of Spawn., lb April they make Holes in a gravelly Bottom, where they depofite their Spawn, and if they meet with a Stone of Two Pound weight, they remove k, and throw it out. They are feldom angled for purpofely, but are fometimes c^ght with Worms in angling for other Fifh. After fpawning they haften to the Sea, leaving their Brood, which hide in the Sand, and in three Mont(is grow to be about - five Inches long, and afford good Sport to the School Boys, who throw them, together with the Smnd, upon the Banks of the River. LANDING-NET. A fmall Net extended upon a Ring or Hoop, and faftened to the End of a long manageable Pole. A Landing-hook is alfo neceffary for fafely bringing to Shore large Fifh, which^muft have a Screw to fcrew into a Socket at the End of a Pole, which, when your Fifh is entangled, you clap into its Mouth, and draw it to Land. The latter is chiefly fOr Barbel, Salmon* and other ftrong Fifh. LAVE, to throw the Water out of a Pond, m LAWS of ANGLING, &c. The Laws of England being all public, Ignorance of their Contents excufes no Offender. It will not be amifs therefore to fay fomething of thofe which concern the Angler, that hemay have a certain Knowledge, how, without Offence, to demean himfelf amongft his Neighbours, when he goes about his Sport. Whoever fifties in the River Severn with, or ftall make ufe of, any Engine or Device, whereby any Salmon, Trout, or Barbel, under the Length appointed by the Stat, i Eliz. Cap* 17, Jhall be taken or killed, or fhall S(h with any Net for Salmon-Peale, Pike, Carp, Trout, Barbel, Chub, or Grayling, the Mefh whereof fhall be under two Inches.and a Half fquare from Knot to Knot, LAW HI Knot, or above twenty Yards in Length and two in Breadth, or above fifty in Length and fix in Breadth in the Wing of the Net, in the faid River, from Ripplelock-Stake to Gloucefter-Bridge, or above fixty in Length below Gloucefter-Bridge, and fix Yards in Breadth in the Wing of the Net ; or fhall fifh with more than one of thefe Nets at once, or fhall ufe any Devife for taking the Fry of Eels, fhall forfeit five Shillings for every Offence, and the Fifh fo taken, and the InHruments, to be divided between the Profecutor and the Poor* 3 Car. II. If any Perfon fhall keep any Net, Angle, Leap, Piche, or other Engine for taking Fifh, (except the Makers or Sellers of them, or the Owners or Occupiers of Rivers or Fifheries) fuch Engines, if they fhall be found Fifhing without the Confent of the Owner, fhall be feized ; and any Perfon, by a Warrant under the Hand and Seal of a Juftice of Peace, may fearch the Houfes of Perfons prohibited and fufpected, and feize to their own Ufe, or deftroy fuch Engines. q.& $W.& M. Cap. 23. No Servant fhall be queftioned for killing a Trefpaffer within his Mailer's Liberty, who will not yield, if not done out of former Malice: Yet if the Trefpaffer kills any fuch Servant, it is Mur* der. 21 Eliz. None fhall unlawfully break, cut down, cut out, or deftroy any Head or Heads, Dam or Dams, of any Ponds, Pools, Moats, Stagnes, Stews, or fe- parate Pits, wherein Fifh are, or fhall happen to be put by the Owners or Poffeflors thereof; or fhall wrongfully fifh in the fame, to the Intent to deftroy, kill, take, or Ileal away, any of the fame Fifh, againft the Mind of the Owners thereof, without Licence of the Owner, on Pain of fuffering three Months Imprifonment, and to be bound to good Behaviour for feven Years after : And tire Party, ii2 LAW ,Party, in Seflions or elfewhere, fhall recover treble Darnages againft the Delinquents. 5 Eliz. None fliali erecf a Weir or.Weirs along the Sea- fhore, or in any Haven or Creek, or within five Miles of the Mouth of any Haven or Creek, or fhall willingly take or deftroy any Spawn, Fry, or Brood of any Sea-fifh, on Pain often Pounds, to be divided between the King and the Profeemor. Neither fhall any fifh in any of the faid Places, with any Net of a lefs Mefh than three Inches and a Half between Knot and Knot, (except for Smoulds in Norfolk only) or with a Canvas-net, or other Engine, whereby the Spawn or Fry of Fifh may. be deftroyed, on Pain of forfeiting the faid Net or Engine, and ten Shillings in Money, to be divided between the Poor and the Profecutor. 3 Jac. Cap. 12. , By the Statute of ij Rich. II. Cap. 9. Juftices of the Peace fhal<I be Confervators of the Statute of Weftm. 2. Cap. 47. and 13 Rich. II. Cap. iq. and fhall have Power to fearch all Weirs, left by their Straitnefs the Fry of Fifh may be deftroyed. And the faid Juftices fhall have Power to appoint and fwear Under-Confervators, and to hear and determine Offences of this Kind, and to punifh the Offenders by Imprifonment and Fine, whereof the Under-Confervator which informs, is to have the Half. The Mayor or Wardens of London have, by the fame Statute, like Power in the Thames, from Staines to London, and in Medway as far as the City Grant extends. And every Juftice of Peace before whom fuch Offender fhall be convicfed, may cut in Pieces and deftroy all and every the Nets and Engines whatfoever, wherewith the Offender is apprehended. Barbe is not to be taken under twelve Inches long; the Penalty is twenty Shillings, the Engine, and the Fifh. Herrings LAW 113 Herrings are not to be fold before? $e Fifhermen come tpiLand, and muft not be brought into Yarmouth Haven between Michaelmas and Martinmas ; the Penalty is Imprifonment, and Forfeiture of the Herrings. Lobfters muft not be fold under eight Inches from the Peak of the Nofe to the End of the middle Fin of the Tail; the Forf. iture is one Shilling for each Lobfter. Pike muft not be taken under ten Inches ; the Forfeiture is twenty Shillings, the Fifh, and the Engine they are taken with. Salmon is not to be fent to London to Fifli- mongers, or their Agents, weighing lefs than fix Pounds ; and every Perfon that buys or fells ffetch,., fhall be liable to forfei.t.five Pounds, or be fent to hard Labour for three Months In the Rivers Severn, Dee^ Thame, Were, Tees, Ribble, Merfqy, DunjiAir, Ouze, Swale, Gaddor, Eure, Darwent, and Trent, no Perlon is to lay Nets, Engines, or other Devices, whereby the* §ofcwn.or fmall Fry of^Salmon^iir any Kepper or Sfeeo^li^palinon, under eighteen Inches long from the Eye to the/Middle of the Tail, QiilL.be taken,.- killed or dejtrayed. n$$f>r fhall they make,, ere&, or fetv.fmjr,§j|nl4rtpam^ Hedge, Stank, or Netsf, crofs the fa$$L^£p^j^take the Salmon, or hinder them from going to fpawn : Nor lhall they kill JUlfnon inthe faid litvers between the Twelfth of Augufl and the Tgjpfnty-third pfi't&Smbir,. or fifh with unlawful Nets, under t&jRe^gljy of five E^fyids for every Offence : And for want of Di- ftrefs, to be fent to hard Labour for not lefs ih^ai qn,e$l£mth, nor more than three fyBinths. -#4fe Thofe that ufe any Net or Engine to deftrogL the Spawn or Fry of Fifh, orvtake Salmon or Trout out of Seafon, or the latter lefs than eight Inches long, or ufe any Engine to take Fifh othg^' ways 114- LAW ways than by Angling, or with a'Net of two Inches and a Half Mcfh, forfeit twenty Shillings. a Fifh, and the Net or Engine. Thofe that fell, offer, or expofe to Sale, or exchange for any other Goods, Bret or Turbo t under fixteen Inches long, Brill or Pearl under fourteen, Codlin twelve, Whiting fix, Bafs and Mullet twelve, Sole, Plaice, and Dab, eight, and Flounder feven, from the Eyes to the utmoft Extent of the Tail, are liable to forfeit twenty Shillings by Diftrefs, or to be fent to hard Labour for not lei's than fix, or more than fourteen Days, and to be whipped* Every one who between the Firft of March and* the Laft .of May fhall do any-Ail wheieby the Spawn of Frfh. fhall be deftroyed^ fhall forfeit forty Shillings and the Inftrument; Extract from the Fts h-Act *f 17 6 f. No one fhall enter into any Park or Paddock fenced in and inclofed, or into any Garden, Orchard, or Yard, adjoining or belonging to any* Dwelling-houfe, in or through which Park or Paddock, Garden, Orchards, or Yard, any River or Stream of Water 9&1I run or be, or wherein (hall be any River, Stream, Pond, Pool, Moat, Stew, or other Water, and by any Ways, Means* or Device whatsoever, {hall Heal, take, kill, or deftroy, any Fifh bred, kept, or preferve&:, in any fuch River or Stream, Pond, Pool, Moat, Stew, or other Water afbrefaid, without the Confent of the Owner or Owners thereof ^ or-fhall be aiding or affifting in the ftealrttg, taking, killing, or deftroying,. any fuch Fifh as aforefaid ; or fhall receive or buy any "fuch Fifh, knowing the fame to be fo ftolen or taken as aforefaid ; and being .thereof indicated within fix Calendar Months next after fuch Offence or Offences mall have been committed* LAW 115 committed, before any Judge or Juftices of Gaol Delivery for the County wherein fuch Park or Paddock, Garden, Orchard, or Yard, fhall be, and fhall on fuch Indictment be, by Verdi&, or his or their own Confeffion or Confeffions, convicted of any fuch Offence or Offences as afore- faid, the Perfon or Perfons fo convicted fhall be tfanfported for feven Years. And, for the more eafy and fpeedy apprehending and convicling of fuch Perfon or Perfons as fiiall be guilty of any of the Offences before-mentioned, be it further enacted by the Authority aforefaid, That in cafe any Perfon or Perfons fhall, at any Time after the Firft Day of June, commit or be guilty of any fuch Offence or Offences, as are herein before-mentioned, and \n-Al furrender himfelf to any one of his Majefty's Juftices of the Peace in and for the County where fuch Offence or Offences fhallhave been committed ; or, be- s ing apprehended and taken,orinCuftody, for fuch, Oifence or Offences, or off any other Account, and fhall voluntarily make a full Confeflion thereof, and a true Difcovery, upon Oath, of the Perfon or Perfons who was or were his Accomplic* or Accomplices in any of the faid Offences, fo as fuch Accomplice or Accomplices may be apprehended and taken, and fhall, on the Trial of fuel* Accomplice or Accomplices, give fuch Evidence of fuch Offence or Offences, as fhall be fufRcienfc to convict fuch Accomplice or Accomplices thereof; fuch Perfon making fuch Confeflion and Difcovery, and giving fuch Evidence as aforefatd* fhall, by virtue of this- AcTr, be pardoned, acquitted, and discharged, of and from the Offence or Offences fo by him confeffed as aforefaid. That in cafe any Perfon or Perfons fhall take> kill, or deftroy, or attempt to take, kill, or destroy, any Fifh, in anv River or Stream, Pond, Pool, u6 LAW Pool, or other Water (not being in any Park: op Padcoc-k, or in any Garden, Orchard, or Yard, adjoining or belonging to any Dwelling-houfe* but fhall be in any other inclofed Ground which fhall be private Property}; every fuch Perfon, be-' ing lawfully convicted thereof by the Oath of one ©r more credible Witnefs or Witneffes, fhall forfeit and pay, for every fuch Offence, the Sum of Five Pounds, to the Owner or Owners of the Fifhery of fuch River or Stream of Water, or of fuch Pond, Pool, Moat, or other Water: And it fhall and may be lawful to and for any one or more of his Majefty's Juftices of the Peace of the County, Divifion, Riding,, or Place, where fuch laft-mentioned Offence or Offences fhall be com- | mitted, upon Complaint made to him or them*, upon Oath, againft any Perfon or Perfons, for any- fuch laft mentioned Offence or Offences, to iffue his or their Warrant or Warrants to bring the- Perfon or Per Vms fo complained of, before him or them ;. and, if the Perfon or Perfons fo complained, of'fhall be convicted of any of the did Offences- laft-mentioned, before fuch Juftrce or Juftices, or any other of his Majefty's Juftices of the fame County, Divifion, Riding, or Place aforefaid, by '-$J&^atfi; or Oaths of one or more qr^dible Witnefs or Witneffes, which Oath fuch Juftice or Juftices are hereby authorized to adminifter ; or tehis or their own Confeffion.;, then, and in fuch Cafe, tlie Party fdconvicfed fhall, immediately after fuch Convicten,.pay the faid Penalty^ of Five-, Pound$/-Bereby befo'rjimpofed for the Offence or OffeiiQes*aforefaid,. to fuch Juftice o2juftices be^ fore-whom hematll beib convicled, for the Ufe of fuch Perfon or Perfons as the fame is hereby appointed to be forfeited and paid unto ; and, in Default thereof, fhall be committed by fuch Juftice or Juftices to the Houfe of Correction,, for any ; Time li LEA 117 Time not exceeding fix Months, unlefs the Mo-, ney forfeited fhall be fooner paid. Provided neverthelefs, That it fhall and may be lawful to and for fuch Owner or Owners of the Fifhery of fuch River onStream of Water, or of fuch Pond, Pool, or other Water, wherein any fuch Offence or Offences laft-mentioned fhall be committed as aforefaid, to fue and profecute for and recover the faid Sum of Five Pounds, by Action of Debt, Bill, Plaint, cr Information, in any of his Majefty's Courts of Record at Wejlmin- Jfer ; and in fuch Action or Suit, no Effoign, Wager of Law, or more than one Imparlance fhall he allowed ; provided that fuch Action or Suit be hrought, or commenced, within fix Calendar Months next after fuch Offence or Offences fhall have been committed. teSN Provided always, and be it further enacted by the Authority aforefaid, That nothing in this Act fhall extend, or be conftrued to extend, to fubjecl: or make liable any Perfon or Perfons to the Penalties of this Act, who-fhall fifh, take, or kill, and carry away, any Fifh, in any River or Stream of Water,Pond, Pool, or otherWater, wherein fuch Perfon or Perfons fhall have ajuft Right or Claim to take, kill, or carry away, any fuch Fifh. LEAD. To lead your Line, do it with a Shot cloven, and then clofed exactly on it, not above two on a Line, and about two Inches diftant from eacih other, and the loA'eft feven or eight Inches from the Hook ; but for the Running-line, either in clear or ,®iuddy Water, nine or ten Inches, and in a. fandy Bottom full of Wood, fhape youi Lead- in the Diamond Fafhion, or that of a Barley-corn or oval, and bring the Ends very clofe and fmooth to the Line; but make it black, or the Bri^ht- nefs will fcare the Fifh, LEADING nS L I N LEADING of LINES. The fmall round Pellet or Lead-fhot is befl, efpecially for flony Rivers, and the Running Line. LEAP. Fifh are faid to leap when they fpring out of the Water, which is peculiar to Trout and Salmon. LEASH. Three; as a Leafh of Jack, Pike, Trout, &c. LEATHER-MOUTHED. Leather-mouthed Fifh are fuch as have their Teeth in their Throat; as the Chub, Barbel, Gudgeon, Carp, &c. LEDGER-BAIT. A Bait that is fixed or made to reft in one certain Place, when you fhall be abfent It is beft to be a living one, a Fifh or Frog. Of Fifh, a Roach or Dace is beft. Cut off the Fin on the Back, and make an Incifion with a fharp Knife, between the Head and the Fin ©n the Back, and put the Arming-wire of your Hook into it, and carrying it along his Back, unto the Tail, betwixt the Skin and the Body, draw out your Arming at another Scar near the Tail, and then tie him about it with Thread. LINES made of a forrel, chefnut, or brown coloured Hair, are beft for Ground-angling, efpecially in muddy Water, they being not only the Colour of the Gravel or Sand, but of the Water itfelf. The white and,grey, or dufkifh white Hair, is for clear Rivets and Waters. Your Hair thus fuited is not difcernable by the Fifh, and confequently will not fcare them from your Bait, if your Lines arc but of a juft and due Thicknefs. It being impoffible always to have natural Hair of a Colour fuitable to the Seafon and Water, Anglers fupply this Defect by dying it. To make a Brown, boil Walnut-leaves in Chamber-lye; or take Water, and diffolve fome Alum in it; or mix* ftrong LIN fff &rom*>i&J,e and Salt§j In either of thefe foak tbo Hair well. The inner Bark of a Crab-tree boiled in Water with fome Alum, makes a pure yellow Colour* which is goc*d when the Weeds rot, for thereby the LinCvlcoks like the Weeds. Another Yellow may be made with two Quarts of fmall Ale, and three Handfuls of Walnut- feaves! ftamped therein. Let the Hair remain till it'isas deep as you defire it. N. B. The Hair you ufe for dymgv{taeuld be the beft white you can get. And obferve, that as the Weeds rot away in the Autumnal Months, September, October, and Noventfar, the yellow is then beft. The ruffet or brown ferves all the Win- tter* and the bright natiwra^ fcfok fuits beft for Summer. You muft furnifh yourielf with an Inftrument for twifting your Line : Then cut off near an 'Handful of the Bottom Part of the Hair ; turn the Top of one Hair to the Tail of another, which will caufe every Part to be equally ftrong; knot them atone End, and divide them into three Paits; fc#$& every Part by itfelf, and knot them together, then put that End into the Cleft of your twitting- InflrUftient, four Inches fhorter than your Hair; twincyour Warp one Way alike, and faften them in three Clefts, alike ftrait, then take out the other End, and let it twine which Way it will, then ftrain it a Utile, a©d knot it before you take it out. When you have prepared as many Links as will fuffiee to make your Line long enough, you muff then tie them toggfcher in a Water Knot, Dutch Knot, or Weaver's Knot. Then cut off the fhort Ends about the Breadth of a Straw from the Knot, and thus the Line will be even, and fit for Fifhing. You may make the Top of your Line, and indeed all of it, except two Yards next the 120 LIN Hl4 Hook, of a coarfer Hair, Always let the Top of your Line, whether in muddy or clear Waters, be made of wljife Hair, becaufe the Motion of the Line, when the Fifh bite, will be far more difcernable. Never ftrain your Hairs before they are made into a Line, for then they will fhrink when ufed. To make the Line handfome, and to twift the Hair even and neat, gives it Strength : For if one Hair is long, and another fhort, the fhort one receiving no Strength from the long one, confe- quently breaks; and then-the other, as too weak, breaks alfo. Therefore twift them flowly, and in twilling, keep them from entangling, which hinders their right plaiting or bedding together: Twift them neither too hard nor too flack, but even, fo as they may twine one with another, and no more. When you have tied your Lengths together with the Water-Knot, cut off the fhort Ends about the Breadth of a Straw from the Knot, that it may not undo in the ufing. Do not arm, fix, or whip Hooks to any Line, either for Ground or Fly Angling, that conli|}i$i| of more than three or four Links, at the moft. The Top of the uppermoft Link having a fmall Loop, or Water-noofe, you may fix it to any Line, and as eafiiy remove it; there being another - Water-noofe at the Bottom of your Line. To angle for Trouts, Graylings, and Salmon^ Smelts, with the Dub-fly; let the two firft Links next the jHook be but of one Hair a-piece; But the Hair muft be ftrong, and of the thick Ends only, and chofen for the Purpofe. The next two Links of two Hairs, and next to thefe one of three Hairs; at the Top of which have a Water noofe, or Loop, to put your Line to; which lowermoftLink confifts of three Hairs, and has another Water-noofe at Bottom, or Hook- link, LIN i5i link, to fix your Fly to. Then let two of the next Links of your Line be four Hairs, and fo proceed, by increafing one or two Hairs till you come to fix or feven Hairs at the Top. Let t&e fingle Hairs, or three or four of the next Links, be of a white, or light Colour. The artificial-fly Line fhould be very ftrong at the Top; by this Means any young Angler will caft a Fly well, and quickly become an accurate Artift; and if he chances to faften his Hook, -and cannot come to loofen it, he will not lofe above one Link, or two at moft, though he pull to break it; becaufe the Line is fo ftrong at the upper End. You may angle with ftronger Lines at the Caft-fly than at Ground, in a clear Water for the Trout. For in a clear Water at Ground for Trouts, Graylings, and Salmon Smelts, never ufe a Line made otherwife than with a fingle Hair at Hook, and fo on as above directed ; only never have above four Hairs in any one Link of the Line. At the Bottom of every Line have a fmall Water-noofe, or Loop, that you may hang on a Hook of any Size, whipt to a Line, confiding of two or three Links. In a muddy Water, or one difcoloured by Rain, the Running-line fhould be half the Length of the Rod, more or lefs, and the two lowermoft Links of three Hairs a-piece. Next fhould be a Link of four Hairs, with a Loop or Water-noofe, to faften it to another of the fame Number, having likewife a Water-noofe at its Bottom. Then proceed with Links, of five or fix Hairs a-piece, to the End. The three lowermoft Links, or Gildards, fhould be of a forrel, brown, or chef- nut Colour. Your Cane or Reed-rod muft have a Top, neither too ftiff nor too flender: The Rod to be about three Yards and a half long, and the Top about one Yard and a half, or two G Yards, 122 LIN Yards, of Hazle, either in one or two Pieces, or five or fix Inches Of Whalebone, made round, fmooth, and taper. All this will make the Rod five Yards and a Half long, or five Yards at leaft. The Line fhould have more Lead in a great, troublefome, rough River, than in one that is fmaller and more quiet: As near as may be, always juft fo much as will fink the Bait to the Bottom, and permits its Motion, without any violent jogging on the Ground. Carry the Top of your Rod even with your Hand, beginning at the Head of the Stream, and letting the Bait run downwards as far as the Rod and Line will permit, the Lead dragging and rolling on the* Ground. No more of the Line muft be in the Water than will permit the Lead to touch the Bottom ; for you are to keep the Line as ftrait as poftible, yet fo as not to raife the Lead from the Bottom. When you have a Bite, you may perceive it by your Hand and the Point of your Rod and Line: Then ftrike gently, and ftrait upwards; 'firft allowing the Fifh, by a little flackening the Line, a fmall Time to take in the Bait. In a clear Water, indeed, it has been found beft to flrike at the firft Biting of the Fifh, when you angle for Trout, Graylings, or Salmon Smelts. There are (if any Credit may be given to Report) many who in Italy will catch Swallows thus, but more efpecially Martens. This Bird- Angler ftands on the Top of a Steeple to do it, and with a Line twice as long as I have fpoken of. A Hern, that conftantly frequented one Place, has been caught flying, with a Hook baited with a big Minnow, or fmall Gudgeon. The Line and Hook muft be ftrong, and tied to fome loofe Staff, fo big that fhe cannot fly away with it, and the Line not exceeding two i ards. LINE- L O A 123 LINE-CASES, the moft convenient are with twelve or fourteen Partitions therein, made of the fin eft'thin Parchment, and a Flap to cover over the Edges, to prevent the Jofing any thing out of them. In the feveral Partitions, keep Hooks ready whipt to Lines of two or three Gildards in Length, and ready leaded. Likewife fpare Links, Lines of all Lengths or Sorts, Silks of all Sorts and Colours, and fingle ftrong Hairs. Thefe Cafes lie in a fmall Room in the Pocket, and yet in one of them you may put all your Tackle ready fixed for the Running Line in a muddy or a clear Water; in another, all the Tackling for Ground-Angling, with the Float; in another, which muft be large, the Angling-tackle for great Fifh, as Chub, Barbel, great Salmon; in another, your Angling-tackle for Pike, which muft likewife be very large: So that when you travel from Home, you may angle any where for moft Sorts of Fifh at Ground, if you carry with you but a good Rod made of Hazle, and the Pieces put into each other, which will ferve you alfo for a Walking-ftaff. LINK. A Link is two or more Hairs twifted together, and a Line is made of feveral Links, faftened together with aFifherman's Knot. Never make a Link of two Hairs, as they are no fmaller till three. LOACH. The Loach refembles a Gudgeon in Colour. Its Body is fmooth, foft, and flippery, with no difcernible Scales. G 2 They T2<4 MAG They begin to fpawn in April among the Weeds, %ut as they do not all fpawn at the fame Time they are always in Seafon, and are moft common™ fwallowed alive, as being very reilorative. They are generally found in fmall, fwift, clear Brooks, and lie under Stones, Pieces of Wood, and fuch like things, which they ufe as a Harbour. You may angle for him clofe to theGround with a very fmall Hook, and a proportionable Red-worm. There is no Art in taking them, for all you have to do is to prevent them from running under fuch Places as will endanger your Tackle, and therefore they are to be pulled out immediately. They are good Baits for Pike, Perch, Eel, and large Trout. LOAD. To put Shot, &c. to your Line. The beft Method to fplit a Shot is to lay it on the Infide of a Knife-haft, and as you fhut it you may fplit it what Depth you pleafe without Danger of cutting it through. MAGGOT-BREEDING. Take a Cow's Liver, Lights, or Lungs, or a Sheep's Head (but Livers are the beft). After it is fcored with a Knife, hang it up and cover it, but not too clofe, for the Flies will blow it better covered than hanging in the open Air. In two or three Days after you perceive the Maggots to be alive, take down the Liver, and put it into a Barrel or large Earthen Pan, and there let it remain till you think the Maggots are of full Growth. Then take a fufficient Quantity of Bran, in Proportion to the Size of the Liver, and in three or four Days the firft Brood will come out of the Liver into the Bran, and there fcour themfelves. Then in three or four Days more take a Stick and run through the Liver, and hang it acrofs the Ba;rel or Pot, when the latter Brood will foon drop out into th« Bran, and fcour themfelves for your Ufe. This is the beft Method to prevent their turning pttH MAG m$ ing to- feemingly dead blackifh Grubs,- and from thence to Flies. A Fly-blow wi'il become a Grub, and then a Fly, which will produce other Flies,, in. the Space of fifteen Days. If you are willing to preferve-Maggots all the Winter, you muft get two or three Livers about- the Beginning of November; and, if it be a favourable Seafon, the Flies will blow them as ftrongly as "in the hotter Weather, in order to preferve their Kind againft the next Summer. Thefe are to be managed in the fame Manner as the other, only kept fome what warmer till they come to their full Growth, and then throw in a good Quantity of Bran, which will fecure them from Froft in- Winter : They are to be kept in a Cellar or fome dampifh Place, in the Barrel, or Pot they were bred in. Thus you may preferve them all the Winter*, and at any Time have them ready for Ufe. MAGGOT-FISHING begins with May, and* continues till Chriftmas; but the beft Time for taking the Grayling in Rivers, is from the Middle of Augu/l till November. Maggots are conftantly of Ufe in Fifhing; for all Sorts of FrefH-waterFiill (except Salmon, Pike, and Shad) will feed upon this Bait in a very plentiful Manner... Itjs the.; beft Bait for Quicknefs of Sport; for upon throwing in a few Handfuls of them, by little and little, before you begin to fifh, you will by that Means draw the Fifh together, and they will pick up the Baits from the Bottom, juft as the poultry will pick up their Food from the Ground. It was formerly the Practice to bait the Hook with the Maggot, and to bait the Holes with other Sorts of Ground Baits : which could afford but little Sport;.for neither Trout, Grayling, nor Pearch will eat Grains, ftewed Malt, Paftes, or any fuch dead Baits, and therefore it is neceffary to bait the Holes with the fame you put upon your G.-3 Hook; 126 MID Hook ; living Baits, when thrown into the Water, being much more tempting than dead ones, and make the Fifh more eager. If you lofe a Hook in a Grayling's Mouth, there is great Probability that in five Minutes you recover it, by ufing more Caution the next Time you ftrike; for when the Fifh are come in Shoals to your Baiting place, the largeft Fifh preffes moft forward, and fooneft catches your Bait. Near Windfor fome Gentle men were angling in the The vhen it was clear, and apparently drew all the Fifh that fwam within forty Yards of the Feeding-place, by throwing in Maggots. At the fame Time two Gentlemen I eager in the Sport ftruck away two Hooks in two Fifties Mouths, but perceived that thofe very Fifh kept their Ground, bit again, and were caught, weighing four Pounds. . When you fifh in Rivers with this Bait, your Line fhould be finer than for Pool-fifhing, ;in«| leaded pretty heavy: The lower Link muft be a fingle Hair, or a fine Silk-worm Gut; and always obferve that your Shot drags upon the Bottom, efpecially in<,a Stream. MAY-FLY. It is found by the Side of every River. See Flies and Artificial Flies. It is bred of the Cad-worm, or Earth-bob, and is an excellent Bait for a Trout or a Chub, five or fix upon a Hook, either at Top or under Water; it is likewife a good Bait for Dace, either to dib with, or under Water, with a Shot juft fufficient to fink it ; you,are to angle about fome Willow Bum (on which they are ufually found) frequently raifing your Bait, and letting it gently fitik again. At firft this Fly makes its Appearance on the Water, and till the Fifh are glutted with them you will not fail to have very good Sport by any of the above JVlethod?. MID-WATER-FISHING is with any live "Fifli- M O T «r Fifh-bait, or Worm, or other Bait, at the Middle, or fomewhat lower, and fometimes again within a Foot of the Surface, for Trout, Pike, Pearch, or Chub. If you angle for the latter with five or fix Caterpillars of fundry Sorts on a Hook at a Time, you may take very large ones ; they are an excel* lent Bait. M I N N O-W, or PINK. The Minnow is twice as fmall as a Gudgeon, its greateft Length being about three Inches. In April they caft their Spawn in fandy or gravelly Fords, where the Current is fwift and ftrong. This fmall Fifh is ufually caught for a Bait, in order to take Pearch, Pike, Trout, or Salmon.. He begins to make his Appearance in March, and continues viftble till September, when he retires to the Mu.d, Weeds, and woody Places, for Security. He never ftirs in the Night, nor in dark windy Weather, becaufe the Trout at fuch Times is ranging about for Food. His Time of biting on a fair Day is from an Hour after Sun-rifing until an Hour after Sun-fet. His Baits are fmall Worms of any Sort; and he is caught at Mid-water, or at the Bottom.^ In angling for him it will he proper to ufe a Float. MOTH. There is a great one not unlike an Owl, with whitifh. Wings on the Infide, and yellowifh on the Outfide and Body; they are feen flying in Gardens of a Summer's Evening, and are a fure killing Bait, if you dib for Chubs with tbem, particularly in the Evening. To make the Wings of an artificial one, ufe the brown^Feather of a. Mallard, very large; make l| G4. the id M U L the Body with the Hair of a yeJlowifh-coloured Englijh Land Spaniel, and a white Cock's Hackle over it. MUDDLE. To muddle, is to fkh up the Mud or Sand with a Pole, &c. when you fifh for Gud- MULLET. The Mullet is in Shape much like a Dare, and8 Has a flat Head with a fharp Snout; and when he is largeft his Size is above a Foot and a half long. He is faid to live upon Weeds and Mud ; however it is certain that he abftains from Fifh. In the Beginning of the Summer he comes into the Rivers in the South of England every Tide4 and returns back with it. The River Axe in De- vcnjhlre, and Arundel in Suffex, are famous for this Fifh. In the Metfey they continue ail Day, and in hot Weather feveral Days, even at neap, or no Tides ; they are commonly feen about large Sandbanks, in fhallow Water, in very great Shoals,, and will even leap out of one Hole into another that is furroundedwith Sand, and will fpringovera Net two Feet above Water, as the Fifhermen are drawing for them in the Merfey. They never fwim farther up a River than where the Tide runs fait. The Italians make a Pickle with the Spawn, which they call Botargo, in the following Manner: They take the whole Roes, and cover them with Salt for about four or five Hours, then they prefs them between tWo*Planks for a Day and a Night; after which they wafh them, and fet them in the Sun. N 1 G 129 Sun to dry for thirteen or fourteen Days, taking them in the Night-time. They raife the Appetite, provoke Thirft, and give a true Relifh to Wine. They are bold Feeders, and are to be caught with moft Flies that allure the Trout. Within two Feet of the Bottom they will take the Lobworm, or the Marfh-worm; but your Tackle muft be ftrong, for they ftrugale hard for their Lives. NIBBLE. A Fifh is faid to nibble, when he does not take the Bait freely. NIGHT-ANGLING, for the Trout. You muft have a ftrong Line and large Hook, always proportioning your Hook to your Bait, and he muft have Time to gorge it. He will take almoft any Bait. NIGHT-HOOKS fhould be tb,us laid : Procure a fmall Cord fixteen Yards long, and at equal Diftances tie to it five or fix Hempen Lines, of theThicknefs of the Trowling-line, about eighteen Inches long a-piece, fattening them in fuch a Manner as vou may eafiiy remove or put them to again. 1 To each of thefe whip a Hook, and bait it with a Minnow, Loach, or Bull-head, his Gill- fins cut off; or, for want of them, with a fmall Gudgeon, a fmall Roach, a Piece of Seven-Eyes, of about an Inch, and the brighteft coloured you can get, which is much the moftr preferable Bait for Eels, or one of the fmall Brood of Eels ; or with Beef, or the Pith and Marrow in an Ox or Cow's Back-bone. If you bait with any Fifh, put the Point of the Hook in at the Tail and out at the Mouth, the Head of the Fifh reding on the Hook's Bent; and cover the Point of the Hook with a fmall Worm : Then at one End of the Cord faften a Stone or a Lead Weight of about two Pounds, and throw it crofs the River in fome ftill Deep, or at the Tail or Side of a deep Stream. G 5 Fallen 130 O A- ft ■ Faften the other End to fome Bough or Stick on the Water-bank you ftand on ; and in the Morning you will feldom fail to find Fifh enfnared. Ufe a great Fifh Needle to draw the Line through the Bait, and out at its Tail, and then let it flip down to the Hook's Bent, the Head being downwards, tying the Tail to the Line with Thread, and the Top of the Hemp Line to the Cord. Eels, Chubs, large Trouts, and Pike, are taken this Way; but if you lay for Pike, keep the Bait with a Float about a Foot from the Bottom. For other Fifh let it touch the Bottom. Your great Lob-worm is as good a Bait as any for Night- Hooks ; only if you lay them in Rivers, perhaps the fmall Fifh may pull your Bait off, and mifs being taken. Therefore Minnows. Loaches, Bullheads, fmall Qudgeons, Bleak, fmall Roach, fmall Dace, Seven-iiyes, &c. are the moil certain to fucceed ; but if you bait with Worm, the Links you fix to your main Line ought to be of Silk, for a Worm will rot a Line made of Flax or Hemp in twenty-four Hours, fo as an Eel of-a Quarter of H Pound will break it. OAK-FLY is known alfo by the Names of the Afh-fiy and the Woodcock-fly ; in Shropfhire it is called the Cannon or Downhill-fly ; and in Lan- cajhire the Down-looker. It holds good from the Beginning of May to the End of Auguft, it is of a brownifli Colour, and ufually found on the Body of an Oak or Afh, Handing with his Head downwards towards the Root of the Tree, and is a very good Bait for a Tre-ut; And to make fpeedy Work, put it long-ways on the Hook, and at the Point a Cod bait, and let them fink fix Inches or a Foot into the Water, raife it gently, and having a fhort dibbing Line, you need not fear Trouts in clear Water; and inftead of a Cod-bait, if you have it not, you may ufe an Oak-worm or Green- grub, O B: S i3r grub, dub it with black Wool and Ifabella-coloured Mohair, and bright brownifh Bears Hair warped on with yellow Silk, but the Head of an Afh-colour ; others dub it with an Orange-tawney and black Ground ; others with blackifh Wool and Gold-twift, the Wings of the Brown of a Mallard's Feather: The Body may be made of a Bittern's Feather and a Woodcock's Wing. A Bittern's Feather makes a good Wing. OBSERVATIONS. When the Nights prove dark, cloudy, or windy, and the Moon mines little, or not at all, next Day there will be little or no Sport, except at fmall ones : For Trout and . great Fifh then range about to devour others. In fmall, clear, and fhallow Brooks, where the Mills ftand and keep up the Water, you will fel- dom catch Fifh at Ground or Fly, except about the Pen; for Fifh, efpecially Trouts, dare not then come out of their Hold, by reafon of the Shallow- nefs of the Water, and that the Water then brings < no Aliment with it. Obferve, that when you angle in a clear Water, either for Trouts, Graylings, or Salmon Smelts,-, if you have fo" much Dexterity as to do it with a fingle Hair for two Links next your Hook, you* will certainly catch three Trouts for one, againft; £ any that angle with three Hairs next the Hook. And though you may now and then lofe a great Trout by his breaking your Line* yet if you had not been fo fmall tackled, ten to one he had never bit, and the Number of Bites will compenfate the Lofs. You may fifh with lei's Hazard at Bottom than at Top. with fine Tackle* becaufe a Trout at : Fly fhoots with a rapid Agility at your Bait, and from you when he hath taken it, with his Head; generally downwards; but at the Ground, or Mid- water, he takes the Bait gently, and glides.awayI far more le.ifur.ely, / G 6 Fifh, 132 O B S Fifh take all Sorts of Baits moft eagerly and freely, and with the leaft Sufpicion, when you prefent them in fuch Order and Manner as Nature affords them, or as the Fifh themfelves ufually take them. Some are peculiar to certain ^Countries and Rivers, of which every Angler may^ in his own Place, make proper Obfervation. Se- I veral of the foregoing Baits may be taken in fome particular Rivers, and not in others ; and the fame Baits are taken earlier in fome Rivers than others, and fooner or later in fome Years than others. Wherever you can find large Shoals of Fifh, (except about their Spawning Time,) they will bite if you ufe proper Baits ; fifh with a fine Line in a ftrong Current, which will require a lefs Quantity of head ; if you angle for fmall Fifh at Ground, ufe a Line of fingle Hairs and a Float made of Sea-Gull Feathers. Whilft you are angling, do not give them more Baiting than will keep them together; and if you intend to angle in the Morning, bait well the Evening before; and i the Morning., if you intend to angle in the Evening. <;. The beft Hours, in general Efteem, to angle in a clear Day and Water, from about the join of April until the End of Auguft, is from Sun-rife till half an Hour.after Ten o'Clock, and from half an Hour after Two o'Clock until Sun-fet. But if the Day be dark, cloudy, gloomy, or lowering, efpecially if at fuch a Time alfo a gentle Breeze blow from any Quarter but the Eaft, you will not fail of catching Fifh in any Hour of the pay. But in March, the Beginning of April, September, and all the Winter Months, you may angle all the Day, from about one Hour after Sun-rife, until about half an Hour before Sun-fet, either in a muddy or clear Water ; and you may even angle all the Day 9 in O B S 123 in- a- muddy Water, from the Middle of April until the End of Auguft, though early in the Morning and late in the Evening are beft. When Trouts leap out of the Water, andPikes fhoot in Purfuit of other Fifh, they will bite well, if you angle with Tackle and Baits proper for the Seafon and Fifh When Floods have carried away all the Filth that the Rain had wafhed from the higher Grounds into the River, fo that the River kcepeth Its ufual Bounds, and is of a wheyifh, chefnut, brown, or Ale-Colour, it is then good to angle at Ground. A little before any"Fifh fpawn, they come into the gravelly, fandy Fords, to rub and loofen their Bellies, and then and there they bite well. At the Conflux of Rivers, and where they ebb and flow, Fifh" fometimes bite very.well, but in the Ebb moft ufually ; and alfo at the Pointing of a Tide. In February, March, the Beginning of April, September, and all the Winter Months. Fifh bite beft in the Sun-fhiny, warm, and middle Part of the Day, no Wind flirring, and the Air clear. Fifh rife beft at the Fly after a Shower that has not muddied the Water, yet has beaten the Gnats and Flies into the River. You may, in fuch a Shower, obferve them to rife much, if you can but endure the Rain. In calm, clear, and Star-light Nights, efpecially if the Moon fhines, great Fifh, Trouts efpecially, are as wary and fearful, as in dark, gloomy, and windy Days ; but if the next Day prove dark, cloudy, gloomy, and windy, and the Water in order, you may be fure of Sport, if there be Plenty of Fifh in the River. Morning and Evening are beft for Ground-line, for a Trout, or other Fifh, in clear Weather and Water ; I3f O T T Water: But in dark, cloudy Weather, or muddy Water, you may angle at Ground all Day. Great Fifh, as Trouts in particular, feed moft in the Night, efpecially if it be dark, or windy ; and they bite not the next Day, unlefs it proves dark or windy, and then a little in the Afternoon only. All Fifh bite keener and better, efpecially in Summer, in fwift, rapid, ftony, and gravelly J^8 vers, than in thofe that run gently, and glide in, Slime and Mud. In little Brooks that fall into larger Rivers, where the Tide comes up only in frefh Waters, or Waters a little brackifh ; if you begin at the Mouth of fuch Brooks, juft as the Tide comes in, and go up with the Head of the Tide, and return with the Ebb, you may take many good Trouts; and if the Tide do not foul the Water, they will rife at the Fly; or if you come immediately after a Shower that hath raifed the Water, or juft as any Mill-water begins to come down, and fo proceed with the Courfe of the Current, Trouts will bite eagerly, becaufe, expecting the Water to bring down Food with it, they come forth to feek it. When Rains raife the Rivers, and keep them for fome Time above their ordinary Height, Trouts leave the larger Rivers, and retire into fuch fmall Brooks as are almoft dry in hot Summers ; and in fuch Brooks you fhould then angle Tor them ; and in the River where fuch Brooks difcharge themfelves, at the Fall of a Flood you'll ufually have good Sport. They generally quit the great Rivers at Michaelmas, and go into fmall Ri- vuletsto fpawn, and are frequently there deftroyed by idle and diforderly Fellows, with groping or otherwife, which does more Injury to the Breed of ' Fifh5 than all the Summer's Angling. OTTER is a deftruaive Animal that fhould mm mmwm PAS i3S be kept at a Diftance, for if he once finds out your Pond, he will haunt it till he has devoured all your Fifh. PANNIER. A Conveniency made of flit Ofiers, or Withy, to be the more light, in which an Angler carries all the Tools and Tackle he makes ufe of. PASTES are varioufly compounded, almoft: according to the Angler's own Fancy ; but there fhould always be a little Cotton Wool, fhaved Tint, or fine Flax, to keep the Parts of it together, that it may not fall off the Hook. White Bread and Honey will make a proper Pafte for Carp and Tench. Fine white Bread alone, with a little Water, will ferve for Roach and Dace ; and Mutton Suet and foft new Cheefe for a Barbel. Strong Cheefe with a little Butter, and coloured yellow with Saffron, will make a good Winter Pafte for a Chub. Other Paftes are made as follow : Take Bean- flour, or, if that is not to be got, Wheat-flour, and the tendereft Part of the Leg of a young Rabbit, Whelp, or Kitten ; as much Virgin-wax and Sheep-fuet: Beat them in a Mortar till they are •perfectly incorporated ; then, with a little clarified Honey, temper them before the Fire into a Pafte. Some omit the Bean and Wheat-flour, others the Virgin-wax and Sheep-fuet, only when they ufe it for Carp. Take Sheeps Blood, Cheefe, fine white Bread, and clarified Honey : Make all into a Pafte, Take Cherries without Stones, Sheeps Blood, fine Bread, and Saffron to colour it with, and make a Pafte. Take fat old Cheefe, ftrong Rennet, Mutton Kidney-fuet, Wheat-flour, and Annifeed-water ; beat them all into a Pafte. If it be for Chub, add fome roafted Bacon, Take %$ P A S Take the fatteft old Cheefe, the ftrongeft Rennet, Mutton Kidney Suet, and Turmeric reduced into a fine Powder ; work all into a Pafte. Add the Turmeric only till the Pafte becomes of a very fine yellow Colour. This is excellent for Chub, as are alfo the two following : Take fome of the oldeft and ftrongeft Chejhire Cheefe you can get, the Crumb of a fine Manchet, or French Roll, and fome bheeps Kidney Suet: Put thefe in a Mortar, and beat them into a Pafte, adding as much clarified Honey as will be fufn- cient to fweeten it. Take a few Shrimps or Prawns, pull off their Shells and Skins, and beat the clear Meat in a Mortar, with a little Honey, till it becomes a Pafte. When you bait with a Piece of this, let the Point of the Hook be but lightly covered. Take fine Flour and Butter, with Saffron to colour it, and make a Pafte for Roach and Dace", But among all the Variety of Paftes, there is none fo often ufed as that fimple and plain one made with white Bread and Milk, which requires only clean Hands. The following Obfervations concerning Paftes may be of ufe to a young Angler, being all found-- ed on Experience. In September, and all the Winter Months, when you angle for Chub, Carp, and Bream with Pafte, let the Bait be as big as a large Hazle-nut : But for Roach and Dace,, the Bignefs of an ordinary Bean is fuificient. You may add to any Pafte, Affa-fcetida, Oil of Polypody of the Oak, Oil of Ivy, Oil of Peter, Gum Ivy, and many other Things, which fometimes wonderfully increafe your Sport. When you angle with Pafte, you fhould chufe a ftill Piace, and ufe a Quill-float, a fmall Hook, a quick PAT 137 quick Eye, a nimble Rod and Hand. The fame Rule holds in regard to all tender Baits. N. B. The Spawn of any Fifh, (Salmon efpecially,) beat to a Pafte, or boiled till fo hard as to hang on the Hook ; or the Flefh of any Fifh beat to Pafte, or cut into fmall Bits, is a choice Bait for almoft all Fifh. Take Cocculus Indicus, finely pounded, four Ounces, mix it with Cummin, old Cheefe, and . Wheat-flour, about two Ounces, of each, work them into a Pafte with white Wine, then divide it into Pieces about the Size of Peafe, which throw' into Handing Waters ; all that tafte will prefently be ftupified and fwim to the Top, fo that you may catch them with your Hands. N. B. Some ufe Brandy inftead of Wine, and put Nux Vomica, finely grated, into the Compofition. Take Goats Blood, Barley Meal, and Lees of fweet white Wine, mix them with the Lungs of a Goat, boiled and pounded fine ; make the whole into Pills, which throw into Ponds or Pits, and. you may foon catch the Fifh, who will prove intoxicated. §8^ PATER-NOSTER-LINE. Six or eight very fmall Hooks tied along a Line, one half Foot above each other. PATIENCE is a neceffaryArticle, whereas Gentleman fifties without having read this Book, or having got practical Knowledge; to prove which, I will give you fome Inftances. A Clergyman, an Acquaintance of the Publifher's, went, with a ftrong Eafterly Wind, to the New River Head, near London, and fifhed nine Hours without a. Bite. The Bookfeller advifed him to read this Book and learn, or next Time to take with him, Caryll on Job* A Captain of a Man of War, who is a Mas, of Senfe, but has not yet learoit the. Art of Fiih- catching* 138 PEA catching, went early in the Morning to Commodore Hore's, near Warrington. The Morn was frofty, but he bore it well, when called in to'.| Breakfaft; at Noon there were no Fifh ready for Table ; but, though the Wind was Eafterly, he flill had Hopes. At Tea-Time he was invited in. Hufh ! Hufh ! fays the Captain, Don't make- a Noife, Pve juft had two Noggs, A Farmer at Lymm'went to the Side of the- Merfey to fetch his Cart Horfes: He faw Robert Bankroft fifhing: He fetched a Load of Kenel Coal from Sir Roger Bradfhaw's Pits (fifteen Miles) and when he came back, afked, What Sport ? I am juft a going to have Sport, fays the^ Sportfman, for I've had three Noggs. PEARCH. FH Called in Cumberland, Barfe, is generally, when full grown, about twelve or fourteen Inches long §J fometimes, though but feldom, they attain to fifteen, which is an extraordinary Size. This Fifh is Hog-backed, and rather broad than otherwife. The Colour inclines a little to a dufky Yellow, with five or fix blackifh Places like Girdles,, proceeding from the Back towards the Belly. The Flefh of this Fifh is firm and of an agreeable Tafte, of eafy Digeftion, and very wholefome ; but the Liver is ufually thrown away, becaufe it is apt to be meafly. They fpawn but once a Year, and that is the latter.- PEA i39 latter End of February. Some think the Male is to be diftinguiflied from the Female by the Fins being of a deeper Red. The moft natural Places for this Fifh are Rivers, and yet he will live and thrive well enough when fhut up in a Pond. In the Day-time he does not feem to be fond of any particular Haunt, becaufe he is almoft continually roving about in queft of Food, being a very voracious Fifh : And yet they are more likely to be found under the Hollow of a Bank, the Piles of Bridges, Stumps of Trees, or in a gentle Stream of a middling Depth. In the Night, indeed, they retire to a Place of Repofe, which if you are fo lucky as to difcover, early in the Morning, you have a fair Chance to take them all, for they bite very boldly, and generally herd together, and the taking of one does not difcourage the reft from falling into the fame Danger. He bites beft in warm Weather ; yet, in the very Midft of Summer he is fooneft taken in cool, cloudy, and windy Weather, and you may angle for him any Timeof the Day, but you will be more likely to fucceed from five to eight in the Morning, and from four till Sun-fet in the Afternoon.' In angling for Pearch you need not continue long in the fame Place, for they ufually bite as foon as the Bait drops in ; you ought to angle at or hear the Bottom, conftantly raifing your Bait almoft to the Top, letting it drop gently again. The Dock or Flag-worm is an excellent Bait. The moft likely Baits are Worms, Minnows, and fmall Frogs ; but the moft fure killing is the Brandling-worm, two upon the Hook at a Time, well fcoured in Mofs, unlefs it be in the Mole, and fome other Rivers that run into the Thames, where Minnows are fcarce. But they are not very nice in the Choice of their Feed, and have even often been caught with a Fly in fifhing for Trout. In J40 PEA 1775 Mr. Fur man of the Temple caught one with a Fly at Mr. CavendiJFs Seat at Latimer, weighing near a Pound Weight ; and fometimes a Brace at a Time have been caught in angling for Gudgeons, with two Hocks baited with Red- worms. They will take their own Gills very well. They take the Bait beft within a Foot of the Ground, and Twa How it inftantly, becaufe they have the iargeft Mouth, in Proportion to theis Size, of any other Fifh. Hov/ever, when you fifh with a.Minnow or Frog, they fhould have a little more Time when you ftrike, than when you bait with a Worm. The Pearch is a Fifh that ftruggles hard for his*. Life, and confequently yields the Angler much Diverfion : When a Pearch is purfued by the Pike,; he fets up his prickly Fins,, and often faves him- felf from being fwallowed. If you find that you have a Bite from a large one, give him a little. Time to gorge the Bait ; but if it is a fmall one. you may ftrike inftantly, efpecially if your Bait be a Brandling.. He will bite at a Worm, a.Minnow, or a little- Frog ; of which you may find many in Hay-time: Of Worms, the Lob-worm or the Brandling is- taken to be the beft, being well fcoured in Mofs, or Fennel ; and next the Worm that lies under a. Cow-turd with a bluifh Tail. He will alfo take the Red-worm and,the Dew-worm. When the Pearch bites, be fure you give him Time enough to pouch the Hook, for there was fcarce ever any Angler that gave him too much.. Some, in angling for Pearch, will fuller their Bait to touch the Ground, efpecially when they- fifh with a Worm. The turning of the Water,; or Eddy, in a good Gravel-fcour, is an excellent. Place for Sport. Your Tackle fhould be ftrong J becaufe, PEA 141 "becaufe, in fifning for Pearch, Pikes are often taken. Bait the Ground over Night with Lobworms cut in Pieces. The following Directions in angling for Pearch with a Worm, may be worth obferving: In March ufe the Red-worm at the Bottom: In April, the Oak-worm, a young Frog with its Feet cut off, or a Red-fnail : In May, the Dock-worm, or the Bait that breeds on the Ofier-leaf, the Oak-leaf, and the Hawthorn : In June, the Red-worm with the Head cut off, and a Cod-bait put before it, or the Dor : In July, the largeGrafshopper, or Dunghill-grub : In Aujuft, and the following Months, Red-worms, or Brandlings; at any Time two or three Gentles. He has been often fifhed for with two Hooks and a live Minnow with good Succefs. The Hooks have been tied to Silk, one of which is put through the upper Jaw, and the other through the Middle of the Back. When you bait with a Frog, thruft the Hook through its Leg near the Thigh, and when you throw it in'o the Water keep it from the Shore as much as poffible, for it will be for making thither unlefs prevented. As the Pearch generally fwallows the Bait, and as it is difficult to get the Hook out of his Entrails without breaking the Line, it will be necef- fary to carry an Inftrument in your Pocket which is called a Gorge. It may be made of Iron, or Wood, about fix Inches long and Half an Inch thick, with a Hollow at the Extremity. This hollow End you are to thruft down the throat of the Fifh till you feel the Hook, at f.he fame Time keeping your Line ftrait, left the Hook fhould catch again ; when you have difengaged it with this Inftrument, ycu may draw them both out carefully together. PERRIWINKLES, H?. P I K PERRIWINKLES, taken out of the Shell, are good Baits for Roach in the River Thames, as are likewife Shrimps uncafed for the Pike and Chub.. PIKE, LUCE, or PICKEREL. The Pike is a very voracious Fifh, and often grows to an enormous Size. In a Ditch near WalUngford two were caught, one of which, being the Milter, weighed fifty-one Pound, and the Spawner fifty-feven. The Ditch runs into the Thames, and they retired thither in order to fpawn. The Make of a Pike is long, the Head is flat, the Back fquare; the Snout very prominent, almoft like the Bill of a Duck, and the lower Jaw is longer than the upper. The Mouth is very wide, and the Tail forked. His Body is covered with fmall thick Scales, moiftened on the Edges with a Kind of Mucus, which may be eafiiy wiped off; to this Mucus is owing that greenifh Caft which we behold in this Fifh, and the younger he is the greener he appears. If the Back and Sides are placed towards the Light, there appears fomething of a golden Hue. The Sides are fpotted with yellow, and the Belly with white. On the Tail there are dufky Spots and reddifh Lines, efpecially towards the Corners. The Teeth in the lower Jaw are crooked, in the upper there are none, but on the Palate there is a triple Row. The Tongue is broad, black, a little forked, and rough with Teeth. The Eyes are of a Gold Colour, and feem to be a little funk into the Head; and therefore the moft commodious Way of holding him is, by put- 7 'wk\ im& P 1 K 143 ting the Fore-finger into one Eye, and the Thumb into the other. The Head and Gills are fpotted with Variety of fmall Holes. The Liver is of a pale Flefh-colour. The Gallbladder is joined to the upper Part of the Liver, and is emptied into the Gut by a long Duct; the Gall itfelf is of a greenifh Yellow. The Spleen is of a blackifh Colour, and almoft triangular. The Heart is of the fame Figure. The Gut is covered with Fat, and is folded back three Times. The Stomach is large, and wrinkled on the Infide. This Fifh is of fo voracious a Nature, that he will fwallow another Fifh almoft as big as himfelf. There are feveral'Stories related by Gefner, and others, concerning his ravenous Difpofition. Certain it is, they will not fpare their own Kind; and if the Pearch fares better than other Fifh, it is only on Account of its prickly Fins; for they will'fometimes take them crofs-wife in their Mouths, and when it is. dead, and its Fins laid flat, they will fwallow it Head foremoft. A Pike weighing four Ounces was put into a Pit, and the Year following proved to weigh twenty Ounces. Mr. Lee of Thelwell, in Chefhire, had flored a Pit; but when he laded it, in Expectation of catching a great Number of Fifh, to his Difappoint- ment he found only a large lean Pike, which had devoured all the Store-fifh, and had in his Stomach a Water-wagtail, and a young Throftle, which were fuppofed to have been hopping on a Twig near the Water. Near Budworth in Chefhire is Cog fhall Hall Mill Pool, in which, whilft Mr. John Heath, of Thelwell, was wafhing his Hands, he was bit by a ravenous Pike, which may be called a Frefh- water Shark. Exafperated at Sight of his Blood, Mr. Heath ran to his Father's to get a trowling Rod, . ■ I ^ 144 P I K Rod, and foon brought the hungry Pike to the Bank ; and on weighing, it proved to be five Pounds. A Pike catched in Bam-Meer (a large Handing Water in Chefhire,) was an Ell long, and weighed thirty five Pounds ; it was prefented to Lord Chol- mondeley, who ordered it to be put into a Canal in the Garden, wherein were Abundance of feveral Sorts of Fifh. About twelve Months after his Lordfhip drawed the Canal, and found that this overgrown Pike had devoured all the Fifh, except one large Carp, that weighed between nine and .'ten Pounds, and that was bitten in feveral Places. The Pike was then put into the Canal again, together with Abundance of Fifh for him to feed upon, all which he devoured in lefs than a Year's Time ; and was obferved by the Gardener and Workmen there to take the Ducks under Water ; whereupon they fhot Magpies and Crows, and threw them into the Canal, which the Pike took before their Eyes : Of this they acquainted their Lord, who thereupon ordered the Slaughterman to fling in Calves Bellies, Chicken Guts, &c. for him to prey upon ; but being foon after neglected, he died, as fuppofed, for Want of Foocl. In the Stew for preferving Fifh, at John Tatton Egerton's, Efq; at Tatton-Park, in Chefhire, a large Pike was taken out, when there appeared at his Mouth, the Tail of a Fifh, which being pulled out, proved to be another Pike, weighing one Pound, and then alive. In 1730, whilft Peter Bold, of Bold, in Lan- cafhire, was netting fome Pits in Burton Wood, he faw a Pike lying amongft the Weeds. Mr. Ralph Taylor,s a Gentleman who accompanied him, twice attempted to feize the Pike, but it efcaped. Afterwards the Pit was drawn, and a Tench -SaAk, P I K 145 Tench about five Pounds Weight pul'ej out; and fo was this Pike, with the Tail of anotier hanging out of its Mouth, which being meafu. ed with the other, proved nearly of equalize* About the Year 1740, when Robert Hyde, of Cafnal, Efq; came of Age, he had a large Company of Gentlemen to dine with him, to whom a Fifherman hrought three Pike, one of twenty- three Pounds, another of twelve Pounds, and a third of four Pounds, which he had caught by trowling in the Weaver. That of twelve Pounds appeared in many Places to have been bit, which he thus accounted for: Whilft he was drawing the Fifh to Land it was laid hold of by a larger Pike, which ftuck faft, and was kn_Vd, but then quitted his Hold and got away. In 1749, at Weflon -in Staffhrdjhire, a Clergyman baited his Hook with a fmall Pearch, and foeuT caught another, weighing near a Pound, which before he had landed was feized by a Pike about five Pounds Weight. He quickly hauled the Whole on the Banks of the Pool. The Pike difgorged the Pearch, but did not efcape from the Angler. In 1768, William Cotton of Streiton catched a Pike, weighing four Pounds and a half, which had in its Belly another Pike of three Quarters of a Pound. In 1775, Mr. Wal one of the Duke of Bridgtwater's Agents, was paffing-Trajford Mofs, n?ar Manchefter, with one of the Duke's Barges; he faw a Fifh feemingly bafking near the Banks ; out he jumped, threw the Fifh upon the Grafs; and, on examining, found it was a dead Pike, and had been killed by a Viper, whofe Tail then hung out of its Mouth. Mr. IValwnth hailed a Man getting Broom ; who faid, he drove the Viper out of the Broom about an Hour before. H SeptembiT *46 P I K September 1776, the Game-Keeper at Btmheim complained the Fifh of the River that runs through the Park, were Jeffened by a large Pike \ Lady Spencer, then on a Vifit, bid him procure 4ome Frogs for Baits, and attend her at Five next Morning ; when, with great Art, fhe threw her Trowling-line to the Foot of the Weir near Blenheim Bridge, and at the Hour of Break faft pre- fented the Duke with a Pike weighing; thirty-fix Pounds, which bis Grace caufed a Painter immediately to delineate, and it now hangs up as •one of the Ornaments of Blenheim. Mrs. Boyer of Den ham, near Uxbridge, had a favourite Lap Dog, which ufually attended her in the Garden. One Evening fhe miffed her Companion, and fent a Servant in queft of him, faying, that the laft Time Ihe fawhim, he was lapping Water from the Fifh Pond. The Servant fought in vain, but did not return empty handed,.for he brought a large Pike, which was half dead,. The Servant had thruft his Fingers into one of the Pike's Eyes, not daring to hold it by its Jaws ; and on cutting up this Fifli the Dog • was found whole in its Stomach. The Pike ufually feeds on Frfh or Frogs, and fometimes on a Weed of his own, called Pickerel-" weed. It is a vulgar Error, that Pikes are bred of this Weed. They who .maintain it, affert, that where none have been put into Ponds, yet they have been there found in Abundance; and that there has always been Plenty of that Weed in fuch Ponds. But thi?, admit it to be true, is far -from being a fufficient Argument againft an uni- vcrfal Law of Nature, whieh holds in Vegetables as well as Animals, That nothing can be produced but by' the Seed of its own Species. Even the Flies in corrupted Flefh are no otherwife the Effect of that Corruption, than as it ferves them for '-..;■ a proper P I K 4;; 31 proper Neftjm. 1 Nourifhment. And doubtlefs, by Parity of Reafon, there will be more Pikes found where there is a Plenty of this their favou-*- rite Weed, than in any other Place, without the Weed's contributing in the leaft to their orio-inal Production. The ufual Time of Spawning is in March, fometimes fooner, if the Spring be forward. They retire into Ditches, as is fuppofed, that other Fifh may not devour their Spawn. They are prodigious Breeders; Baltner reckoned no lefs than a hundred and forty-eight thoufand Eggs of Spawn in one Row. They grow faft while young, for in the firft Year only they grow to the Length of fixteen Inches, if the Brook be clear in which they are fpawned. When he comes to be thirty Inches Lhe is at a Stand, and then thrives in Thicknefs. It is a very uncommon Sight to meet with one full four Feet long. They are in Seafon all the Year, except in Spawning-time, and about fix Weeks after it \ therefore February, March, April, and May, .are the worft Months, but efpecially March and April, for in Part of the other Months, at leaft, they may be in pretty good Order, efpecially the Male." The Flefh is white, firm, dry, and fweet, efpecially of a River Pike. Somethjnk the larger they grow the more agreeable is their Tafte. :But fome think, when they weigh more than twelve Pounds, they have a Sort of Ranknefs, and under three they are-flabby and infipid. The Pike is fond of a quiet, fhady, unfrequented Water, and lurks in the Midft of Weeds, Flao-s or Bull-rufhes: Yet he often makes Excurficns from thence, and ranges about in Search of Prey • Jn Winter and cold Weather he lies deep ?nd near the Bottom, but as the Weather grows warm he frequents the Shallows. In a very hot, i? z clear, 148 P I K ■ clear, fultry Day he may be feen lying on the Surface of the Water, but then you cannot tempt him with any Bait. His beft biting Time is early in the Morning and late in the Evening, when there is a brifk Wind, and where the Water is clear. If they bite at all they will take the Bait at firft; it|H therefore needlefs to throw it often into the fame Place. He will take any Sort of Bait, except a Fly; but the principal are young Roach, Dace, Gudgeons, Minnows, Loaches, and Bleak: In July young Frogs and Salmon-fmelts are proper; and in Winter the Ft of Bacon. Your Baits in general fhould be frefh, fweet, and clean, and if you expect to catch large ones, let not your Baits be too f nail, otherwife you may fpend a great deal of Time to no Purpofe. The beft of the Water-frogs for a Pike is the yelloweft that you can get, for that the Pike will iooneft take : And that your Frog may continue ]< . ou may eafiiy Augujl, when the Frog's Mouth clofes up, and continues fo for at leaft-fix Months,) and out at hi? Gills, and then with a fine Needle and Silk faften the upper Part of his Leg with only one Stitch to the Arming-wire of your Hook, or tie it gently above the upper Joint to the armed Wire, being careful to hurt him as little as poflible. The e are feveral Ways of fifhing for a Pike, but the principal are Trowling, Trimmer-angling, and Snap-angling, In Trowling, the Line fhould be made of green Silk, or Threid^ and fhould be forty Yards long, or more, if the River be broad. Very great Care fhould be taken that your Line may run freely cut, for if it knot?, or tangles, and by that means checks jouncii idfc.c . rum indi yuui 1 iog may cui^cniuc long alive, put your Hook into its Mouth (which vou may eafiiy do from the Middle of April to P I K 149 checks the Motion of the Pike as he runs away with the Bait, he will let it go, and will not be prevailed upon to take it again very foon, unlefs he be hungry indeed. When, you have fixed your Bait on your Hook, with as little Damage to it as poffible, caft it up and down fuch Places as you imagine the Pike frequents, letting it fink a con- fiderable Depth before you pull it up again. When the Pike comes, you may fometimes perceive it by a Motion in the Water, or at leaft you may feel him, which is the fame Thing. When this happens, your Bufinefs is to give him Line enough, that he may have free Scope to go where he pleafes without the leaft Check, for the Reafons above- mentioned. When he is got into his Hold, there let him lie till you perceive the Line move, and then you may conclude he has pouched the Bait; then wind up your Line till you think it is almoft: ftraight, and with a nimble Jerk, contrary to the Way the Pike takes, hook, and land him as foon as you can. A Trimmer is made ufe of in the ftill Part of a River, or in a Pond, Meer, or Canal. Your Bait, which ftiould be a young Roach, Dace, or Gud- geon, may hang about Mid-water, and may be left to itfelf while you are fifhing elfewhere. By this Artifice one Perfon may do as much Execution as if he had a Companion along with him, with little or no additional Trouble to hirnfelfi For further Directions fee Trowling, under the Article Angling. A Snap is general large Hooks placed Back to Back, and a Perch-hook in the Middle to hang your Bait upon. When you make ufe of it, take a Gudgeon, Dace, or fmall Roach, and fix it to the fmall Hook,.by running it wder the Back- fin ; then let it fwim down the Current, and when you perceive the Float to be drawn-under Water, H 3 you 150 P I K -you may conclude the Pike has laid hold of it * therefore give it a fmart Jerk, and without giving him Time to play, keep your Line always ftraight, drawing him towards the Shore as foon as you can without breaking your Tackle, and then with your JLandi-ng-net throw him out of the Water. It w4H .siways be the moft prudent Method to have Gimp or Brafs-wire next your Hook,, and your Line to be father fhorter than the Rod. - Note, That in Trowling, the Head of the Bait- fifh muft be at the Bent of the Hook, and muft come out at or near his Tail. But the effenfifjH Difference between thefe two Methods is, that in the former, the Pike is always fuffered to pouch or fwallow the Bait; but in the latter, you are to ftrike as foon as he has taken it. The common Trowling-hook, for alivingBait, confifts- cf two large Hooks, with one common Shank, made of one Piece of Wire, of about three Quarters of an Inch long, placed Back to Back, fo that the Points may not ftand in a right Line, but incline fo much inwards, as that they with the Shank may form an Angle, little lefs than equilateral. At the Top of the Shank is a Loop, left in the., bending the Wire to make the Hook double, through which is put a ftrong twifted Brafs-wire, of about fix Inches long ; and to this is looped another fuch Link, but both fo loofe, that the Hook and the lower Link may have Room to play :' To the End of the Line faften a Steel Swivel. But there is a Sort of Trowling-hook different from that already defcribed, and to "which it is thought preferable, which will require another Management: This is no more than two fingle Hooks tied Ba^*to Back, with a ftrong Piece of Gimp between the Shanks 5 in the whipping the Hooks and the Gimp together make a fmall Loop,, and P I K 151 and take into it two Links of Chain of about an eighth of an Inch Diameter ; and into the lower Link, by means of a fmall Staple of Wire, faften by the greater End a Bit of Lead, of a conical Figure,' and fomewhat fharp at the Point. Thefe Hooks are to be had at the Fifhing-tackle Shops> ready fitted up. This latter Kind of Hook is to be thus ordered, v'15. Put the Lead into the Mouth of the Bait-fifh, and few it up ; the Fifh will live fome Time, and will fwim with near the fame Eafe as if at Liberty But if you trowl with a dead Bait, as fome do, let the Shank be about fix Inches long, and leaded from the Middle as low as the Bent of the Hook,, to which a Piece of very ftrong Gimp muft be* faftened, by a Staple, and two Links of Chains the Shank muft be barbed like a Dart^ and th« Lead a Quarter of an Inch fquare : The Barb ofY the Shank muft ftand like the Fluke of an Anchor j which is placed in a contrary Direction to that of the Stock. Let the Gimp be about a Foot long, and to the End thereof fix.a Swivel.- To bait it^. thruft the Barb of the Shank into the Mouth of the Bait-fifh, and bring it out at his Side near the Tail; when the Barb is thus brought through* it cannot return, and the Tifh will lie perfectly ftrait; a Cjrcumftance that renders the Trouble of tying the Tail unneceffary.- There is yet another Sort of Trowling-hook, which isy indeed, no other than what moft Writers on this Subject have mentioned ; whereas the others, here defcribed, are late Improvements ; and this is a Hook either fingle or double, with a long Shank, leaded about three Inches up the Wire with a Piece of Lead about a Quarter o£ an Inch fquare at the.greater or lower End : Fix to the Shank an armed Wire about eight Inches long ; to bait this Hook, thruft your Wire into H 4 the i5* I | K- the Mouth of the Fifh, quite through his Belly^ and out at his Tail, placing the Wire fo as that the Point of the Hook may be even with the Belly of the Bait-fifh ; and then tie theTail of the Fifh with ftrong Thread to the Wire, Some fafien it with a Needle and Thread, which is a neat Way. Both with the Trowl and at the Snap, cut away one of the Fins of the Bait-fifh clofe at the Gills, and another behind the Vent on the contrary Side | which will make it play the better. The Bait being thus fixed, is to be thrown in, and kept in conftant Motion in the Water, fometimes fuffered to fink, then gradually raifed; now drawn with the Stream, and rhen againft it; fo as to'counterfeit the Motion of a fmall Fifh in fwim- ing. If a Pike is near, he miftakes the Bait for a Jiving Fifh, feizes it with prodigious Greedinefs, goes off with it to his Hold, and in about ten Minutes pouches it. When he has thus fwallowed the Bait, you will fee the Line move, which is the Signal for ftrikrng him; do this with two lufty Jerks, and then play him. Chufe to trowl in clear, and not in muddy Water, and in windy Weather, if the Wind be not Eafterly. Some ufe in Trowling and Snapping, two or more Swivels to their Line; by Means whereof the twilling of the Line is prevented, the Bait plays more freely, and, though dead, is made to appear as if alive ; which", in Rivers, is doubtlefs an excellent Way; But thofe who can like to fifh in Ponds or ft ill Waters, will find very little Occa- fion for more than one. The Pike is alfo to be caught with a Minnow ; for which Method take the following Directions : Get a fingle Hook, flender, and long in the Shank; let it referable the Shape of a Shepherd's Crook j put Lead upon it, as thick near the Bsnt M i P 18 ie? as will go into the Minnovr^s Mouth : Place the Point of the Hook directly up the Face of the Fifh ; let the Rod be as long as you can handfome- ly manage, with a Line of the fame Length, caft up and down, and manage it as when vou trowl with any other Bait: If, when the Pike hath taken your Bait, he runs to^the End of the Line before he hath gorged it, do not ftrike, but hold ftill only, and he will return back, and fwallow it: But if you ufe that Bait with a Trowl, it is preferable to all others. When you have ftruckhim, be fure to have your Line ready and flack, that he may take as much- Liberty as he will : For when he finds himfelf trapanned with the Hook, he will ufe all his Might- and Cunning to get loofe. As you feel him come eafiiy towards you, you maybe ftill drawing, till Tou feel him make Refiftance again : Then let him have his Swing till his Fury is over ; after which jgather your Line to you again till he Harts- . away ; and if you can get him to the Top, it will fboner tire him : For the more he ftrives and throws himfelf from youy the fooner will he be weary. After this Manner, by drawing him up, and letting him loofe again, you may tame him till you'bring* ' l«m to Shore, and land him by the Net. But in cafe you be unprovided with this Convenience,, beware of attempting to take him out by the Back or Tail, but grafp him by the Head, and put your Fingers into his Eyes. If you lay hold by his Gills, your Fingers may be injured with his Bites^ which are venomous. There are two other Ways of taking Pikes, frequently practifed, though not fo much by the fair Angler as the two former : Thefe are called Snaring and Hooking. In May, June, and July, in a clear, calm, hot, gleamy Day, Pikes foar on the Water's Surface, or near it: Then fix a Snare,. or Running-nopfe of Wire, to the End of a ftrong Packthread^ a Yard and a Half long, and the other H 5 "? End 154 RAT End of the Packfifread to a long Pole that i's manageable. Your Snare being open, you may ob- ferve Jacks lie on the Top of the Water, and eafiiy put the Noofe over their Head and Gill Fins, and with a quick and fmart Jerk hoift them to Land. Or, you may, at that Time, take a Line of feven or eight Feet, and arm to it a Hook of the largeft.Size, having the Shank leaded neatly, that the Weight may guide it at Pleafure,, and you may ftrike the Pike with the bare Hook when they go a Frogging into Ditches, and you fee them fearing on the Superficies of the Water. Or you may swhip four Hooks to fuch a Line, the Points a Quarter of a Circle diftant from each other, and all whipt together. PITT is a large, and generally fquare Piece o£ flanding Water, confined in a Place from whence Marie has been dug out; they are very common in Chefhire, where the Fields are often enriched with this Sort of Manure. POND for Fifh mould be often-examined, left the Otters fhould have made Lodges in its Banks ^ but if you net it, the Night following it fhould be particularly watched, for the Carp being difturbed? will run their Nofes into the Sides, and are eafiiy thrown out by a Poacher.. POUCH. A Term peculiar to Jack and Pike,: when they fwallow their Prey„ POUCH. A Bag, wherein the Angler carries fome Parts of his Apparatus.. QUOIL. A Term ufed in Trowling, and fig- nifies to gather up the Line with the Thumb and the two next Fingers, in fmall Rings of an equal Size. RAISE a'Fifh, is to bring him to the Top after you have hooked him. RAT (Water) is a great Devourer of Fifh.. In 17763 one of thefe amphibious Animals was prowling R I S *55 prowling under Water in the Merfey, where James Mann of Lymm was fifhing with a Stone Bait; the Rat fwallowed the Bait, and James hawled. it on the Banks, where he trod it to Death. The Red-Eye, by fome called Bream Dace, iivery much like a Bream, but thicker. His Back is very round, and high, in the Manner of a Hog. The Fins are all red; and the whole Body has a reddifh Caft, efpecially the Iris of the Eye ; from whence it derives its Name. The Scales are larger than thofe of a Roach ; when it is fcaled, the Skin looks greenifh. The Palate is like that of a Carp.. This Fifh differs from a Roach in its Shape, which refembles a Bream, as was mentioned before ; befides, it has redder Eyes, and is of a more beautiful Colour than a Chub. When full grown, they meafure ten Inches.. They fpawn in May, among the Roots cf Trees ; and are angled for in the fame Manner as a Rud, Roach, or Dace. Angle for him with two Gentles, or a well- fcowered Worm. RED-WORMS or GILTALE are found in fat rotten Earth, or Dunghills, chiefly of Cows or Hogs Dung ; but the beft in Tanners Bark.. RISE.. A Fifh is aid to rife, when he endeavours to take a Fly on the Surface of the Water. H6 ROACH. m ROACH. It is a lefs Fifh than a Bream, and about one third as broad as it is long. The Back is of a dufky Colour, and fometimes bluifh ; but the Belly pale. The Iris of the Eyes, as well as theTail and Fins, are red ; the lateral Lines run parallel to the Belly, and theTail is forked : About the Gills it is of a gold Colour ; the Mouth is round, but void of Teeth, it being a Leather-mouthed Fifh. Angle as for Dare, with one Gentle . They breed both in Rivers and Ponds; and though the Pond Roach are largeft, thofe caught in Rivers are the beft Fifh. They fpawn about the Middle of May, and recover their Strength in a Month's Time. When you angle for Roach in a Pond, throw in a little chewed white Bread, and let your Bait (which ought to be one large Gentle) lie within fix Inches of the Bottom, and you'll not oary take much larger, but three to one to what you wil J by any other Method. % In Winter you may fifh for him wfth Pafte or Gentles ; in April with Worms or Cod-Bait; but in very hot Weather with very little white Snails* Earth-Bobs, New Cheefe, or with Flies under Water, for he feldom takes them at the Top as the Dace will ; and this is the principal Thing wherein they differ. A Gentleman took a Roach out of a Pond in Chefhire, which weighed four Pounds within two Ounces ; which being drefled in the Manner of Carp, proved to excel that Fifh ia Tafle. In 14 R O A 157 In Auguft the Roach Fifhery affords much Plea- fure about London, where it is thus practifeti ; Any Waterman will provide a Boat, with Rip- hooks, to fix it in the Middle of the Stream ; and prepare your Ground-bait, which is of Bran and ftale Bread, mixed in Balls, and thrown in, up the Stream, with Clay or fmall Stones within, fufh- cient to fink ic fpeedily, and lodge it at the Bottom. Not more than three can convenierftly fifh in one Boat, which is ufually hired at the Rate of Threepence per Hour. Your Tackle muft be ftrong, your Float large, and heavy-leaded, to fink the quicker. The conftant Bait is a well-fcoured Gentle, three at leaft on your Hook; which muft fwim ten or twelve Inches, at moft, from the Bottom. The beft Times are, from Half-ebb Tide, to within two Hours of High Water : And the beft Places are, the whole Sand-bank in the Middle, facing, the Tower; that oppofite the Temple; before White' hall\ and againft Chefea Church. At thefe Places you will find Plenty of Sport. Some, with very good Suecefs,pick out fome Stand upon the Shore, among the Chalk ftones at the Bank of the Ifle of Dogs, near Limehoufe, under the Wind-mills,, and fifh there in the fame Manner, from Dead* ebb, till within an Hour or more of High-water, retiring backwards as the Flood comes in. As- the Soil is oozy and fiippery, Ca;e muft be taken to chufe fuch a Place as you may fecurely retreat as the Tide advances. There is alfo another highly-approved Method of this Diverfion below Bridge, called Stern-fift)- ing, by faftening a Boat at the Stern of any Collier, or Veffel that has lately been a Voyage, and has her Bottom foul, which contains Infects and Food for the Fifh ; xxfe about two Joints of your Rod at moft, and a Line not longer than four Feet, your Float fixed within twelve Inches of the Top ROC Top of it. Angle there with three or four Gentles on your Hook at a Time, and lay in as clofe to the Ship's Stern as you can, letting it fwim about three. Yards, In this you ufe no Ground-bait. You muft begin when the Tice-firft ebbs, and for two Hours, at leaft, you will not fail of catching many Fifh, (Roach and Dace] and thofe vejy large ones. In Thames Angling, you muft beware that you make not your Attempt when there is a cold and raw Air, high Wind, rough Water, or wet Weather, or when there are Spring Tides, or the Land- Hoods come down. At theChalk-biil, and about the Piles of London-Bridge, there is excellent Sport when the Tide is low. Be always careful to pitch your Boat on that Side the River that is moft under the Wind. ROCK-FiSHING is to be followed only during the Summer Seafon, and is chiefly prac- tifed in the houth and South-weft Parts of England, and iu fome Places in Ireland. In this laft mentioned Country, the Rocks of Dunlery, which are eight or ten Miles in Length, and the neareft Part about five Miles Eaftward of Dublin, are re* markable for this Way of Fifhing. When you fifh for Haddocks, your Line muft be deep in the Water, and your Hook baited with two or three Lob-worms : Your Tackle muft b$ ftrong ; for they ftruggle hard, efpecially if they have arrived to a tolerable Growth. As to the otberPart of Sea-fifhing, namely, in a Ship under Sail, your Line ought to be fjxty Fathom in Length, having a large Hook affixed to it, and a Piece of Lead fufRcient to keep it as deep under Water as poilible. Your Line muft be made of Hemp, and faftened to the Gunwale of the Ship. :|fc&*; Cod, Mackerel, and large Haddock, are the 9 Fifh ROD 1^9 Fifh ufually taken- in this Way, and fometimes Ling : The Bait for them, except for the Macke~ rel, is a Piece of raw Beef, and it is fcarce poflible* to feel either of them bite, even though you. hold the Line in your Hand, by reafon of the continual Motion of the Ship. It is in vain to fifh for Mackerel, except when the Ship lies by, or is becalmed. A Piece of fear- let Cloth hung upon a Hook, is the firft Bait that is ufed, which never fails of anfwering the Intent it was defigned for. And when you have taken a Mackerel, cut a thin Piece off from the Tail, a little above the Fin, and place it upon your Hook, and you need not fear taking many of them. Thus one or two will ferve for Baits, till you are tired with the Sport. One Mackerel, if drefled as foon as it is taken, will be preferable to a Dozen that are brought to Shore. They who divert themfelves with catching Crabs, fhould bait their Hooks with Chicken-guts, or with theGuts>of Fifh; and when they bring a Crab near the Surface of the Water, have their Landing-net ready, or weigh him on Shore with all the Expedition imaginable. For further Particulars fee Whiting and Whiting Pollack, in the fecond Alphabet. RODS. If you fifh with more than one Hair, or with a Silk-worm Gut, red Deal is much the beft, with pickery Top, and about four Yards long the whole Rod ; for fmall Fly, with fingle Hair, about three Yards, very flender, the Top of the yellowifh Hickery, with Whalebone about nine Inches, and very near as Tong as the Stock; the Stock of white Deal, not too Rufh-grown ; let it be thick at the Bottom, which will prevent it from being top-heavy, and make it light in the Hand. A Rod for Salmon, or large Chub, the Stock of i6o ROD of red Deal or Afh, about ten Feet, the Top about feven, proportioned as above; the Top of toe beft Cane or yelftfw Hickery, but not too ilender ; get it well looped, and ufe a Wheel. The 7tme to -provide Joints for your Rods is near the Winter Solftice, if poffible between the Middle of November and Chriftmas-Day, or at fur- theft between the End of' Oclober and the Beginning of January, the Sap continuing to defcend till towards November, and beginning to rife again when January is over. The Stocks or Bufs fhould be of Ground Hazle, Ground Afh, or Ground Willow; though very good ones are fometimes made of Juniper, Bay-tree, or Elder-fhoots. Stocks- ought not to be above two or three Feet in Length, and every Joint beyond it fhould grow gradually taj^er to the End of the Top. Chufe the Wood that fhoots directly from the Ground, and not from any Stump, becaufe thefe latter are never fo exactly fhaped. Hazle-tops are preferred to all others ; and the next to them are Yew, Crab-tree, or Black-thorns Some, indeed, ufe the Bam boo Cane, and fay it exceeds the beft Hazle. But as the Hazle is freed from Knots, and of the finefl natural Shape, it feems fitteft for the Purpofe. If they area little warped, you may bring them ftrait at a Fire; and if they have any Knots or Excrefcenees, you muft take them off with a fharp Knife : Though, if pof- fible, avoid gathering fuch as have either of thofe Defeds. For the Ground Angle* efpecially in muddy Waters, the Cane or Reed is preferred for a Stock. It fhould be three Yards and a half long, with I Top of Hazle, confiftifcg of one, two, or threfe- Pieces, all of them tog< tfer two Yards, or ot|J Yard and a half long at leaft, including the Whalebone. Your Rod will then be in all five Yardsatii a half, ROD i6t a half, or five Yards long at leaft. The Stiffnefs of the Cane is helped by the Length and Strength of the Top, the pliant and regular Bending of which preferves the Line. Having got anHazle-top made of yourdefired Length, cut off five or fix Inches of the fmall End : Then piece neatly to the remaining Part, a fmall Piece of round, fmooth, and taper.Whalebone, of five or fix Inches long, and whip it to the Hazle with ftrong Silk, well rubbed with the heft Shoemakers Wax. At the Top of the Whalebone, whip a narrow, but ftrong Noofe of Hair, with waxed Silk, to put your Line to. - The beft Method to piece Hazle and Bone, is, firft whip the End of the Hazle with Thread, and bore it with a fquare Piece of Iron of a fuitable Size, and then make the thick End of the Bone to go into it, after it has been dipt in Pitch ; then (crape off, file the Hazle, and whip it neatly. But the neateft Rod is thus made : Get a white Deal, or Fir-board, thick, free from Knots and Frets, and feven or eight Feet long : Let a dextrous Joiner divide this with a Saw into feveral Breadths: Then, with his Planes, let him fhoot them round, fmooth, and Rufh-grown, or taper. One of thefe will be feven or eight Feet of the Bottom of the Rod, all in one Piece : Faften to it an Hazle of fix or feven Feet long, proportioned to the Fir, and alfo Rufli-grotfn. This Hazle may confift of two or three Pieces ; to the Top of which fix a Piece of Yew, about two Feet long, made round, taper, and fmooth ; and to the Yew a Piece Of fmall, round, and fmooth Whalebone, five or fix Inches long. This will be a curious Rod, if artificially worked : But be fure that the Deal for the Bottom be ftrong and round. The Rod for Fly, and Running Worm, in a clear i62 R O D clear Water, muft by no Means be Top-heavy* but very well mounted, and exactly proportions- able, as well as flender and gentle at Top : Other- wife it will nekhcr caft well, ftrike readily, nor ply and bend equally, which will very much endanger the Line. Let both the Hazle and Yew Tops be free and clear from Knots, they will' otherwife be often in Danger to break. As the Whitenefs of the Fir will fcare away Fifh, you muft colour your Stock in this Manner : Warm the Fir at the Fire, when finifhed by the Joiner ; and then, with a Feather dipped in Aqua:.} Fortis, ftroke it over and chafe it into the Wood, which it will make of a pure Cinnamon Colour. It is found very ufeful to have Rings, or Eyes, made of fine Wire, and placed upon your Rod from one End to the other, in fuch a Manner as , that When you lay your Eye to one, you may fee through all the reft. Through thefe Rings your Line muft run, which will be kept in a due Po- flure by that Means : And you muft have a Winch, or Wheel, affixed to your Rod, about a~ Foot above the End, by which you may, if it fhould be proper,* give Liberty to the Fifh. Rods for Roach, Dace, Tench, Chub, Bream, and Carp, fhould not have the Tfop fo gentle as thofe for Fly, but pretty ftiff, that fo the Rod may exact\y anfwer the Motion of the Hand : For I Roach and Dace only nibble, and if you ftrike hot in that very Moment, efpecially if you fifh with Pafte, or any very tender Bail, you mifs them ; and a flender Top folds and bends with afudden Jerk.. In a Time of Drought, fteep your Rod in Water a little before you begin to angle. Faften to the Top of your Rod or Fin, with Shoemaker's Wax and Silk, a Noofe or Loop of Hair, not large, but ftrong and very ftraight, to fix your Line to. Your. R U D 163 Your Top for the Running Line muft be always gentle, that the Fifh may the more infenfibly run away with the Bait, and not be feared with the Stiffnefs of the Tackle, To preferve Hazles, whether Stocks or Tops** from being Worm-eaten, or rotten, twice or thrice in* a Year, as you think fit, rub them all over with Sallad-Oil, Tallow, or fweet Butter, chafing it in with your Hand : But, above all, keep them ,dry, to prevent their rotting, and not too near the Fire, left they grow" brittle : And in the? Spring, before you begin to angle, fteep them at leaft twe}ve Hours in Water. RUD, orFINSCAL E, ^mS^ m* The Rud, or Broad Roach, is broader than a Carp, and thicker than a Bream, and ufually from twelve to fourteen Inches long. This Fifh feems to partake of the Nature not only of the Carp, but of the Bream and Roach. Its Colour is a dufkifh-yellow, and its Scales are as large as thofe of Carp. It is found in the Rhine, in the Lakes of Hoi- dernefs in TCorkJhire, in thofe not far from Lincoln, the Tare in Norfolk, and in the River Cherwell in Oxford/hire. it is a Fifh in great Efteem, ami is placed among thofe of the firft Rank. It is always in Seafon, and confequently fittb eat. The Time of Spawning is in April, and then it is at the worft; the Signs of which are white Spots about the Head of 164 R U F of the Males. At this Time likewife they feel more rough, and fwim in Shoals, calling their Spawn among the Weeds that grow in the Water. The largeft weigh about two Pounds. They bite very freely, ftruggle hard for their Lives, and yield the Angler good Djverfion. They feed near the Top of the Water, and the principal Baits for them are Red-worms and Flies. RUFF POPE. -^Mm tM This Fifh is called by fome Aspredo, from the Roughnefs of its Body, and by others Perca fluvtatilis minor, from its Likenefs to a Pearch. When largeft, it feldom exceeds fix Inches, and is covered with rough prickly Scales. The -Fins are prickly alfo, which, like a Pearch, he briftles up ftiff when he is angry. The Time of Spawning is in April. The Flefh is fecond to none for the Delicacy of its Tafte. it is found in moft of the large Rivers in Eng~ land, particularly the Tare in Norfolk, the Cam in Cambridgejhir-e, the Ifts near Oxford, the Sow near Stafford, the Tame that runs into the Trent, the Mtoie in Surry, &c. The moft likely Place to meet with him, is in the fandy and gravelly^Parts of thefe Rivers, where the Water is deep, and glides gently along. And if you meet with one, you may, conclude there are more, for they'generally herd together in Shoals. He will take almoft any Bait, and bites at the fame Time as the Pearch* However^ a Pved-worm, or R U L i'5 or fmall Brandling, is to be preferred, finding it to be a Bait they generally covet: Yet fome have taken them with a Minnow almoft as big as themfelves, when they have been angling for Trout. The beft Way, before you begin, will be to bait the Ground with two or three Handfuls of Earth, and then you will be fure of Diverfion if there are any Ruffs in the Hole, and will ftand a fair Chance to take them all. Sometimes ufe a Pater-nofter Line with five or fix Hooks, according to the Deprh of the Water; for when it has been a little troubled, they will take the Bait from the Top of the Stream to the Bottom. RULES for FISHING. In all Sorts of Angling, be fure to keep out of the Fifties Sight, and as far off the River's Bank as poflible, unlefs you angle in a muddy Water, and then you may approach nearer. Angle always, if you can, on the Lee Shore ; and obferve, that Fifh lie or fwim nearer the Bottom, and in deeper Water, in Winter than in Summer. They alfo get near the Bottom in any cold Day, and on the calm Side of the Water: And in the Winter they are caught beft at the Mid-time of the Day, and in Sun-fhiny Weather. When you ait^le for Pearch, Chub, Tench, Carp, Dace, Bream, Gudgeon, and Ruff, and have hooked one, who after makes his Efcape, you will not often have any great Sport at that Standing for one or two Hours after fuch Misfor- tu e, (except you caft fome Ground-bait into the Water immcd aiely, which may preferve your' Sport) becaufe the Fifh is fo frighted, that he fc ; his Companions out ■ after fome Trial, it i an<>le at fome other Standin »fthat Place. There-. ; beft to remove, and is Call 166 R U L Caft into fuch Places where you ufe to angle, once a Week at leaft, all Sorts of Corn boiled foft, Ale-grains, or Wheat-bran fteeped in Blood, Blood dried and cut to Pieces,' Snails, Worms chopped into Pieces, Pieces of Fowl or Beafts Guts, Guts of Fowl, Beafts Liver cut into Pieces, Oatcake or Cheefe chewed, ground Malt, Sec. When you angle for Carp, Tench, Chub, Roach, Dace, Barbel, and Bream, you cannot feed too often or too much. This Courfe draws the Fifh to the Place you defire, and there keeps them together. In a clear Water, when you ufe Worms, bait with but one Worm only. In a muddy or dif- coloured Water, bait with two Worms at a Time. As in clear Water, the Colour of your Line muft be a dufkifh white, or grey Colour ; fo in Water that is difcoloured, your Line for two Yards next the Hook ought to he of a forrel, brown, or chef- nut, and the upper Part of it white. When you angle in a very flony River that is clear, with the Running-line, the Stones are apt to rub the Pellets bright, which fcares away the Fifh : When it does fo, remove the bright Lead, and put on another that is black. - Let your Apparel not be of a light or fhining (Colour, vthich will reflect upon the Water, and fright away the Fifh, but let it be of a dark brown Colour, and fit clofe to the Body. Fifh are terri- , fied with any the leaft Sight of Amotion. Therefore, by all means, keep out of Sight, when you angle in a clear Water, either by fheltering behind fome Bufh or Tree, or by Handing as far off the River's Side as you can poifibly. To effect this the better, a long Rod at Ground, and a long Rod and Line at Artificial Fly, areabfolutely ne- ceffary. Neither ought you to move much on the "Banks, R U L 167 Banks, next the Water you angle in, efpecially for Trouts, Chubs, or Carps. When you angle at Ground ^n a clear Water, or dibble with Natural Flies, angle up the River ; but in muddy Water,or with Dub-fly, angledown the River. When you have hooked a large Fifh, let him play and tire himfelf within the Water ; and have fpecial Care to keep the Rod bent, left he run to the End of the Line, and break either Hook or Hold. Hale him not too near the Top of the Water, left by flouncing he break your Line. Where any Weeds, Roots of Trees, Stones, Wood, or other Rubbifh are, it is often good, but troublefome Angling: For to fuch Places Fifh refort for Warmth and Security. The fame may be faid of Whirl-pools, which are like Pits in Kivers, and feldom unfurnifhed of good Fifh. Likewife at Weirs, Weir-pools, Mill-ftreams, Piles; Pofts, and Pillars of Bridges, Flood-gates^ Cataracts,'rand Falls of Waters. The Conflux of Rivers, the Eddies betwixt two Streams, the Returns of a Stream, and the Sides of a Stream, are good Places generally to angle in. If you angle at any. Place you have twice or thrice baited, and find no Sport, if no one has been there before you, or no grand Impediment in the Seafon or Water appear, you may be affured that either Pike or Pearch, if they breed in that River, have taken up their Quarters there, and feared all the other Fifh from thence* for fear of becoming their Prey. Your only Remedy is prefently to angle for them, with fuitable Tackle and Baits ; and when they are caught, the others will repoffefs themfelves of their former Station. Keep the Sun, or the Moon if you angle at flight, before you, provided your Eyes can endure it: At leaft, be fure to have thofe Planets on your Side; *oS R U L -Side ; for if they are on your Back, bothyourfelf and Rod will, by the Shadow, give Offence, and every Creature fees farther and clearer when it loo'ks towards the Light, than the contrary. Let all Baits and Flies whatsoever fall gently firft into the Water, before any other Part of the Line, with as little of the Line as poftible, and without any Difturbance, Plunging, or Circling of the Water, which mightily fcarces and frightens Fifh. Rules and Cautions. Never raife a large Fifh out of the Water by taking the Hair to which your Hook is faftened, or indeed any Part of the Line into your Hand ; but either put a Landing-net under him^ or, for want of that, your Hat: You may, indeed, in Fly-fifhing, lay hold of your Line to draw a Fifh to but this muft be done with Caution. Your Silk for whipping Hooks and other fine Work, muft be very fmall; and wax it, and indeed any other Kind of Binding with Shoemakers Wax, which, ofall Wax, is the tougheft and holds beft. Inclofe the Knots and Joints of your Lines in a fmall Pill of Wax, preffed very clofe, and the Superfluities pinched off: This will foon harden, and prevent the Knots from drawing, it is better to whip your Knots with fine Silk. If for ftrong Fifhing, you ufe Grafs, which, when you can get it fine, is to be preferred to Gut; remember always to foak it about an Hour in Water before you ufe it : This will make it tough, and prevent its breaking. Whenever you begin Fifhing, wet the Ends of the Joints of your Rod; which, as it makes them fwell, will prevent their loofening. And if you happen with "Rain, or otherwife, to wet your Rod, fo that you cannot pull the Joints afunder, turn fiBI the S A L 169 the Ferrel a few Times round in theTJame of a Candle, and they will eafiiy feparate. Before you fix the Loop of Briftle to your Hook, in order to make a Fly, to prevent its drawing, be fure to finge the Ends of it in the Flame of a Candle ; do the fame by the Hair, to which at any Time you whip a Hook. . Make Flies in warm Weather only.; for in cold your waxed Silk will not draw. Moderate Weather'is beft. Never fifh in any Water that is not common, without Leave of the Owner, which is feldom denied to any but thofe that do not deferve it. If at any Time you happen to be overheated with Walking, or other Exercife, avoid.fmali Liquors, efpecially Water, as you would Poifon; .and rather take a Glafs of Brandy; the inftanta- neous Effects whereof, in cooling the Body and quenching Drought, are amazing. Remember that the Wit and Invention of Alan- kind were beftowed for other Purpofes than to deceive filly Eifh ; and-that nowever delightful Angling may be, it ceafes to be innocent when ufed otherwife than as a mere Recreation. RUNNERS. Bits of Quills to faften your Line to your Float. Alfo a fine Sort of an Eel, by fome called the Silver-EeL S A L M O N. fefe A Salmon maybe called the King of frefh Water Fifh, and has different Name^, according I to 17© SAL to its different Ages: Thofe that are taken in the River Merfey in Chefhire, the firfl Year are called Smelts, in the fecond Sprods, the third Morts, the fourth Fork-Tails, the fifth Half-Fish, and in the fixth, when they have attained then* proper Growth, they are thought Worthy of the Name of Salmons. The Smelts, or Fry, leave the Merfey about May or June, and are then about two Ounces a*piece; and return about Augujl or September, and are from one-half to two Pounds. Their greateft Magnitude is much the fame in moft Parts of Europe, and when they are largeft, they weigh from thirty-fix to fifty-four Pounds; one of this laft Weight being caught at Latchford Caufey, in the Year 1763. The Salmon is a beautiful Fifh, and has fo many excellent Properties that it is every where in high Efteem. It has a longifh Body covered with fmall thin Scales, a fmall Head, a fharp Snout, and a forked Tail. The Colour on the Back is bluifh, on other Parts white, generally intermixed with blackifh or reddifh Spots in a very agreeable Manner. The Female is diftin- guifhed from the Male by a longer and more hooked Nofe, its Scales are not fo bright, and its Body is fpeckled over with dark brown Spots : When the Spawn begins to growlargE, its Belly is flatter, its Flefh more dry and not fo red, nor is the Tafle fo delicious. The Excrefcence which grows out of the lower Jaw of the Male, which is a bony Griftle like a Hawk's Beak, is not a Sign of his being fickly, but is a Defence provided by Nature againft fuch Fifh as would devour the Spawn. It grows to the Length of about two Inches, and falls off when he returns to the Sea, Its Teeth are but fmall in Proportion to the Body; Sal 171 Body; its Gills are quadruple, with a broad Cover full of red Spots, in the fame Manner as the Sides, for towards the Back they are du'fky. The Flefh is red, if in Seafon; it is fweet, tender, flaky, and lufcious, for which Reafon it fatisfies the fooner: Though the Tafte of it is generally preferred to that of all other Fifh, yet it fooner offends the Stomach by its Vifcidity, and confequently is apter to create a Naufea, and caufe a Surfeit. It ought to be kept a few Days before it brdreffed, for which Reafon it is better when it reaches London, than when catched in the Merfey. ^fout the Time of Spawning, it grows more infipid, and lofes its lively Colour. Some begin to be out of Seafon foon after the Summer Solftice, and others foon after, which may be knowir By their falling away, their lofing their beautiful Spots, and by their Colour; infomuch that when they are quite out of Seafon, they look like a Fifh of a different Species, and are then called Kippers. The Salmon chufes the River for. his Abode about fix Months in tbe Year; they enter the frefh Water about December or January, and are fometimes caught in the Merfey in November, February, or March, where they continue till the Autumnal Seafon, (here they are very humanely protected by the Power of the Chefhire and Lan* cafhire Juftices. It were to be wifhed that as much might be faid to the Credit of the Chefter Juftices, who have permitted the idle Wretches of that City to run from Harveft-labour, and to fubfift by de- flroying the Female Salmon, then full of Spawn and too heavy to efcape the Nets) at which Time they caft their Spawn, and foon after return to the Sea. But directly the contrary of this is reported of the River Ex in Devonfhire, and the River Wye I 2 and 172 SAL ' and Ufk in Monmouthfhire, where the Salmon are • faid to be in Seafon during the other fix Months. When Spawning-time comes, the Female feeks a pr per Place, in a gravelly Bottom, where fhe has been obferved to work with her Head, Tail, Belly, and Sides, till fhe has formed a kind of Nidus, of the fame Dimenfions with herfelf,' which done, fhe difcharges her Spawn, and retires,; then the Male, or Milter, advances, and covers the Spawn with his Belly, emitting at the iame Time a whitifh Fluid, like Milk (which prevents the Spawn from wafhing down the Stream) : This is no fooner oyer, but the Female returns to the Male, when they ufe their joint Endeavours to coyer their Brood with the Gravel, in which they work with their Nofes like Hogs : After this they return to the Deeps to recover their Strength, which they do'in about twenty Days. About this Time this Fifh is of fmall Value ; but to prevent their being deftroyed, the Laws of the Land inflict a Penalty on whomfoever fhall deftroy Salmon between the i ith of Augujl and the 22d of November. There'is nothing relating to this Fifh, which has been more talked of, than its Agility in leaping over the Obftacles.which oppofe its Paffage either to or from the Sea,; for they are frequently feen to throw themfelves up Cataracts and Precipices many Yards high. They fometimes make feveral Effays before they can gain their* P6int, and when they have done it, it has been often to their own Deflruction, for they have leapt into Bafkets. placed on Purpole to catch trum. There is a remarkable Cataract on the!River Tivy in Pembrokeftnre, where People often ftand wondering at she Strength and Sleight which they ufe to get out of the Sea into the River ; on 9 which S A L '73 whkh Account it is known in thofe Parts By the Name of the Salmon-Leap. On the River Ue.ir, near the City of Durham, there is another of this Kind, which is accounted the beft in England: Likewife at Old Aberdeen in Scotland, there is .another, where fuch great Plenty of Salmon has been caught, that they have been accounted the chief Trade of the Place/ Whenever their Paffage to the Sea is intercepted by Weirs, or any other Contrivance, they foon grow fickly, lean, and languid ; and if they are caught in that Condition, when they come to the Table, they prove taftelefs and infipid : In the fecond Year they pine away and die. It is w >rth Obfervation, that the Salmon is not only defirous of returning back to the Rivers, but to that very River where it was fpawned, as is evident by an Experiment made by Fifhermen, and others, who have caught them when very fmall, and have run a fmall Ribband, Tape, or Thread, through the Tail-fin: By this Mark they have been certain that they have retaken the fame Fifh, at the fame Place, ao they returned from the Sea : By this Means they have likewife difco- vered, that the Salmon is of very quick Growth, and much more fo than any other Fifh. The chief Rivers in England that yield this excellent Fifh are the Thames, Severn,- Merfey, Ttent, Medway, Dee, Ex, Ufk, Wye, Lon, Tyne, Werkington, Weaver, he. However, our London Markets are -fupplied fooneft from the North, where they are not only more plentiful, but are in Seafon before thofe in the Southern Rivers. The Merfey greatly abounds with Salmon, which in the Spring ftrive to get up that Arm of the Sea, and with Difficulty evade the Nets, which the Fifhermen fpread to catch them before they get to Warrington-Bridge, at which Place I 3 ° the J74 SAL % the River becoming more narrow, arfd the Land* Owners having an exclufive Right, each Proprietor, by his Agents, catches Salmon, which, in the Whole, amounts to above one thoufand Pounds a Year; by which Means the Towns of Warring- ion, Manchejler, and Stockport, are well fupplied, and the Overplus fent to London, by the Stagecoaches ; or carried on Horfeback to Birmingham, and other inland Towns. Thus having given a general Account of the Nature of this noble Fiflr, we fhall now proceed to the Method of taking him with the Angle, But firft it muft be noted, that the Salmon does not lie long in a Place, but feems defirous of getting ftill nearer to the Head of the Spring. He does not lie near the Bank-fide, nor under the Roots of Trees, but fwims in the deep and broad Parts of the Wrater, generally in the Middle, and near the Ground. But the Salmon-Smelts commonly lie in the rough and upper Part of a gentle Stream, and ufually pretty near the Middle in the Months of April and May% and nearer the Side earlier in the Spring. The moft alluring Bait for the Salmon, in thf Weflern Jflands of Scotland, is a raw Cockle taken out of the Shell 5 with this they fifh at the Bottom, ufing a running Bullet. This Method is practifed in the River Midway, in Kent, with Succefs : Let the Cockle fall into a Shallow, from which there is a gradual Defcent, into a deep Hole. In moft of the Salmon Rivers of France, , they ufe Prawns or Mufoles, taken out of the Shell, In the Months of Ocloher, they go up the fmalU er Rivers as far as they can, to fpawn. At that Seafon of the Year many Salmon get high up the River Merfey, where fome few are caught by Angling : but the far greateft Part of them is deftroyed by poaching-Fellows, with Spears, though the S A L, 175 the Fifh are at that Time of little or no Value. Thus moft Harm is done to the Breed of Salmon, and it were to be wifhed, that the Juftices of the Peace would a little more exert themfelves, and imprifon thefe idle Poachers. The moft ufual Baits are Lob-worms, fmall Dace, Gudgeons, Bleaks, Minnows, or two well- fcoured Dew-worms, which fhould be often varied, in order to fuitthe Humour of this fickle Fifh, for what he likes one Day he will defpife the next. Though it muft beowned it is a very difagreeable Circumftance to an Angler, and which he often meets with to exercifehis Patience, to fee the Fifh. fporting on the Surface of the Water, and not be abie to tempt him with any of his Baits. However be generally bites beft about Three in the Afternoon, in May, June, and July, efpecially if the Water happens to be clear, and there is a little Breeze of Wind flirring ; but there will be ftill greater Likelihood of Succefs if the Wind and Stream fet contrary Ways. There is aFly called the Horfe-leech-fly, which he is very fond of; they are of various Colours, have great Heads, large Bodies, very long Tails; and two, fome have three, Pair of Wings, placed behind each other : Behind each Pair of Wings whip the Body about with Gold or Silver Twift, or both, and do the fame by the Head ; with this Fly fifh at Length, as for Trout, and Grayling: But if you dib, doit with two or three Butterflies, of different Colours, or with fome of the moft glaring fmall Flies you can find. When you make ufe of the Fly, let your Hook be ftrong and large ; but it would be better to have two well-fcoured Lob-worms, as they have been found moft fuccefsful in fifhing at the Bottom. In this Cafe, let your Hook be large, and armed with Gimp ; for though a Salmon, when ftruck, 14 feldom i-jb S A L feldom or never attempts to bite the Line, yet*, a*s* you will be obliged to play the Fifh for fome Time,, the "Line muft rake againft his Teeth, and you will- be in-great Danger of lofing your Prize without this Precaution,. Next to Gimp are recommended the Briftles of a WeJlphalia Hog doubled ; which yet are only preferable to.ours on account of the Length. If, therefore,.you cannot eafiiy procure the former, you may make ufe of ourown, which being often lapp'd into the Length of half a Yard, have been found Proof againft the Teeth of a Jack,-wiien trowling for that Fifh. Wherever you obfervea Salmon leap out of the" Water, you may hftly conclude there is a deep- Hole not far off; and if the River is too broad for you to throw a Fiy, or if a contrary Wind hinders you, then lay your .Ledger-bait as near the Hole a> you can,.and you will have great Probability of Succefs, for he.always chufes fuch Places for Retirement. If you bait with a Dace,-Gudgeon, he. then put on your Swivel and Reel, and make ufe of a large Cork-float, with your Live-bait about Mid-water, For the Salmon-fry, or Scegger, called in Chefhire, a Salmon-frnelt, the propereft Baits are Ant-flies, Brandlings-, Earth-bobs, Gentles, black and dun Gnats, all coloured fmall Hackles, and dub'd Flies, according to-the Seafon; when they rife at Fly, and a little before they leave the River, they ufually get together in large Shoals,- where you will fee Ten or a Dozen rife at a Time ; if you light of a Shoal, you will never fail to have Sport, as they rife very freely. You may ufe three or four Hooks to one Line, tied to fingle Hairs. They are alfo frequently caught with the Red-worm in fifhing for Gudgeons. The Places where they are generally found are the ccours near the Deeps, or amongft Wood or Weeds.. SAL 177 Weeds* They always leave the Merfey in May or June. Two of them were, whilft fmall, put by a Tradefman of Stockport into his Fifh Pond, and again took out in three Years, and proved to weigh five Pounds. The chief Salmon Fifheries in Europe are along the Coafts of England, Scotland, and Ireland; the Fifhing ufually begins about the ill of January, and ends the 1 ith of Augujl. It is performed with Nets in the Places wnere the Rivers empty themfelves into the Sea, and along the Sea-coafts thereabout; becaufe thefe Fifh are feen to crowd thither from all Parts in fearch of frefh Water. They alfo fifh for them higher up in the Rivers, fometimes with Nets, and fometimes with Locks or Weirs made for that Purpofe twith Iron-gates: Thefe Gates are fo contrived, that the Fifh in paffing up the River can open them with their Heads, but they are no fooner entered than the Gates clap to, and.prevent their Return. Thus the Salmon are incjofed as in a Refervoir, where it is eafy to take them. SRI! Near Flixon In Lancajhire, they fifh for Salmon in the Night-time, by the light of Torches, or kindled Straw, which the Fifh miilaking for the Day-light, make towards, and are ftruck with the Spear, or taken with the Net, which they lift up with a fudden Jerk from the Bottom, having laid it the Evening before oppofite the Place where the Fire is kindled. In fome Parts of Scotland, it is faid they ride a fifhing up the Rivers, and when they efpy them in the Shallows, they fhoot them with Fire-arms. It is veryx common to dart Salmon as they are endeavouring to get over the Weirs. When the Fifh are caughr, they open them, take out the Guts and Gills, and ialt them in Purpote, out of which they large Tubs made for th, I 178 SAM they are taken before Oclober, and are packed up in Cafks from 300 to 450 Pounds Weight. SALMON-SPAWN, a very good Bait for Chub, and in fome Rivers for Trouts. The common Way of ufing it, is, to take the Spawn, and boil it fo hard as to flick on the Hook, though fome ufe it without boiling it at all. Others put a good Quantity of Salt to their Spawn, and hang * it in a Linen Bag, in the Kitchen, far from the Fire, where it wiil become hard ; and then they fleep it the Night before it is ufed in fome fpiri- tuous Liquor. It is a lovely Bait for the Winter and Spring, efpecially if ufed where Salmons nfe to fpawn; for thither the Fifh are come in Expectation of it. * SAMLET, FINGERIN, or PINK TROUT, Never exceeds fix or feven Inches in Length, and has Teeth not only in the Jaws but the Palate atid Tongue. The Body is covered with fmall Scales like a Trout. The Back is full of black Spots, and on the Sides there are five or fix Jm- preflions of fuch a Form as though they had been made with Fingers; the Finger Marks are crofs- ways of the Fifh ; hence fome give them the Title of Fingerins; in every one of thefe Pits there is generally a red Spot. Their Bellies are white, and their Tail is forked like a Salmon. They fpawn in February, and never leave the frcfh Water. They delight in the moft fwift and rapid Streams, where no other Fifh is able to abide. You may angle for them at any Time of the Year j S C H 179 Year ; early in the Spring the beft Baits are Brandlings, Gilt-tails, Earth-bobs, and Gentles; from the Middle of March till the Middle of Oclober with the black, dun, brown, grey, and green Gnat. They will frequently take a fmall Fly and Gentle, in a rapid Stream, full as well under Water as at Top. When you have got hold of one, get him out as foon as poffible, for they, as well as Salmon-fry, are fo lively that they frequently get off the Hook. They may alfo be angled for in the fame Manner as the Salmon-Scegger. See Salmon. In the Spring they bite beft in fharp Streams, where there is Plenty of Gravel or Wood, and very near the Sides of the River ; in the Summer, after a very hot Day, they always make in the Evening to very fhallow Scours, or the Sides of large Sand-banks, where, with as fmall a Ply as can be made, and pointed with a very fmall Gentle, you may have excellent Sport; ufe about two Yards of fingle Hair at the Bottom of your Line, and if you fifh at Ground, give him Time, and you will be fure to take him ; when you drefs them, take the Guts out at the Gills, and do not open them. They are a very good Fifh, and always in Seafon. S C H E L JL E Y. TheScHELLEY is bred in a Lake in Cumberland*, called Hulfe-water, or Ulles-water. The Size of this Fifh is not very large, for it feldom or never exceeds two Pounds in Weight. In Shape it is J 6 more 180 S H A more like a Herring than a Trout, and feems t& be a Species partaking of the Nature of both. The Flefh is white, tender, not vifcid, of good Juice, and moderately nourifhing. They fwim in Shoals, and are caught with Nets in the Months of March and April. As foon as they are taken out of the Water they die, like a Herring. They are taken in the Lake Acronius among the Alps in great Quantities, and after they are faked they are fent to Bafil, and other neighbouring Towns. SCOUR. To cleanfe Worms, &c. from Filth. Alfo a gravelly Bottom, over which the Water is a little rough and fhallow. S HA D. The Shad is in Shape much like a Herring, but a little broader: It grows to the Length of a Foot and a half, and is much of the fame Colour of a Pilchard ; that is, of a bluifb Black on the Back, and the Belly and Sides of a Silver Colour, The Shad enters the Severn in March and April, at which Time they are fat and full of Spawn; but in May they return back to the Sea, very lean, and prodigioufly altered ; in fome Rivers, as the Thames, they flay till June or July. The Flefh is well enough tafted, but is fo full of fmall Bones that it is little valued for that Reafon ; though the Severn Shad are much better than thofe caught in the Thames. The ufual and only Way of taking this Fifh is wiih Nets. SHANK. S M E i&r '' SHANK. That Part of the Hook, to which the Line is whipt. SHEEPS-BLOOD is a good Bait for a Chub, Roach, and Dace, when managed thus : You muft dry it in the Air upon a Board or Trencher, till k becomes pretty hard ; then cut it into fmall Pieces, proportioned to the Size of the Hook. Some add a little Salt to it, which keeps it from growing black. SHEER. To have your Hook bit off with a Fifh. SHOOT. A Fifh is faid to-fhoot, when it fwims away at the Approach of the Angler, or , his Rod. SILK-LINES. Silk fhould not be mixed with Hair; but though Silk-lines are very apt to rot and break, if they are cjiofen by any Angler, the lower Part fhould he made of the fmalleft Lute or Viol Strings. SILK.WORM-GUT. A very good Line; always choofe the roundeft and cleareft from Knots and Flaws. Is a Fifh for Shape not much unlike a Trout, only longer in Proportion to its Bignefs. Its common Size is about fix Inches long ; but near Warrington thefe Fifh are often caught, which meafure twelve or thirteen Inches. The Back is of a dufky Colour, but the Belly and Sides fhine like Silver. Thofe who examine them attentively will find fmall black Spots on the Head and Back. The Body is covered with Scales, which r8V S M E which fall off with the leaft Touch. The Skull! is fo tranfparent, that the Lobes of the Brain may be diftinctly feen through it. The Eyes are of a. Silver Colour.. The lower Jaw is a little more: * prominent than the upper,, but they are both well|| furnifhed with Teeth ;two of which, in the upper Jaw,, and as many in the Tongue, are longer than the reft. The Flefh is foft and tender, and of a delicate Tafte; it is fo highly in Efteem, that they are generally fold atan extravagant Price. All Writers on this Fifh affirm, that it has the Smell of a Violet; but the vulgar Opinion would have it to be that of a Cucumber, or green Couch of Malt. It is a Fifh of Paffage, and vifits the Thames and other great Rivers twice a Year, that is in March and Augujl; in the firft of thefe Months* they generally advance up the River as high as Mortlake, but in the laft they make a Stand about Blackwall. In March, if the Spring be mild, prodigious Quantities of this delicate Fifh make their Appearance in*the River Merfey, which often feems^ of agreenifh Colour from the vaft Bodies of Smelts^ which then fwim about. At this Time,, every Boat, every Fifherman, and every Net, is employed, and even the Boys with Cabbage*nets catch thefe Fifh, which are double the Size of thofe ufually caught in the Thames; oftentimes the Bafkets, Pails, Boats, and the very Banks, are filled with Sparlings, as they are called in Chefhire, where, from the greaf Plenty, they are frequently fold at Four Pence per Score. Some of thefe Fifh have been caught in Rojlern Mere and other ftill Waters, where the Fifhermen have wafhed the Spawn from their Nets; but thefe Fifh appear lean, and do not breed in Ponds. The beft Way of Angling for them is with a Pater- S T O r% Pater-nofter Line, with a fmall Shot to fink it under Water'. Your Baits fhould be Earth-bobs,. Gentles well fcoured, Pafte,.or the Fifh itfelf, cut into fmall Bits fufhcient to cover your Hook ; they are feldom caught with Angling, as they flay about Warrington but a little Time after they have fpawned, but they are caught in the Salt Part of the River all the Year round with Nets. SNAILS, whether black or white, with the Belly flit, that the White may appear, are good' Baits for the Chub, early in the Morning; and likewife good Night-baits for the Trout or EeL SNIGLING. See Eels. SPLICE. To fplice, is to join the broken* Parts of a Rod together* by cutting them with a Plane into due Form, putting Glue or Wax between, and twifting it over with waxed Thread.. To fplice a Line, is fattening the Links togethec- with waxed Silk,. &c. inftead of Knots. STAND. A convenient Place to fifh at. STICKLEBACK, or SHARPLING, The Stickleback is flat-bodied, fharp-nofedV and about two Inches and a quarter long : He has three fharp Prickles on his Back, and two on his Belly, from whence he derives his Name. He is to be found in every River, Lake, Pond, and Ditch. He is never caught in the Streams or the Deeps, but in the Shallows, where the Waters move but flowly. The Bait fhould be a Bit of a Red-worm upon a very fmall Hook. You may take them without a Hook, if you pull very eafy. STONE-FLY lies under hollow Stones at the River Side. See Flies. STRIKE. — m s t u STRIKE. To ftrike, is to give a moderate Jerk When the Fifh has taken the Bait, to hook him faft. STURGEON. The Sturgeon is a long and pentagonous Fifh, that is, it has five Rows of Scales, which divide the Body into as many Angles. The Belly is plain and flat. The upper Row of Scales, which is in the Middle of the Back, are larger, and rife higher than the reft ; the Number of thefe is not determinate, being in fome eleven, in o.hers twelve or thirteen. . This Row reaches to the Back-fin, and there terminates. The lateral Rows begin at the Head and end at the Tail, confifting of thirty or thirty-orte prickly Scales. The lower Rows, which bound or terminate the flat Part of the Belly, begin at the foremoft Fins, and end at the fecond Pair : Each of thefe Rows contain eleven, twelve, or thirteen Scales. Every Row of Scales in general hath Prickles on their Tops, which bend backwards. Befides thefe five Rows, it has only two Scales in the Middle of the Belly below the Vent. The Head is of a moderate Size, and rough, with very fmall Prickles, as is the reft of the Body between the Rows, of Scales. The Eyes are very fmall in Proportion to the Bulk of the Fifh, and of a Silver Colour. The Snout is long, broad, and flender, ending in a Point. In the Middle of the lower Part of the Snout, which is extended beyond the Mouth, there are four Barbs, or Wattles, placed in a right Line, which crofs the Snout tranfverfely. •The Mouth is fmall, void of Teeth, and placed over-againft the Eyes-, it is a Kind of a fmall Pipe, which he can thruft out and draw in at Pleafure. He S T U iB$ He HaS rto Jaws, whence it is plain he takes no Nourishment but by Sucking. TheTail is forked, but in fuch a Manner that the upper Part ftands out much farther than the lower. The Colour of this Fifh is of a dufky Olive, or dark Grey on the Back, but on the Belly of a Silver Colour; add to this, that the middle Part of the Scales is white.- They are brought daily to the Markets of Venice and Rome, whence it is evident that they abound in the Adriatic and Tufcan Seas ; but they are fbalJ, as indeed they all are that keep conftantly in the fait Water. In the Cky of London they are now frequently feen, being brought in the Fifh Carriages which were firft fet on foot by the Society for promoting Arts, &c. One of thefe Fifh was lately fold, which weighed one hundred1 and fifty-three Pounds Weight. In Rivers they increafe to a monftrous Size, fome having been taken from fourteen to eighteen Feet long; and Cardan faw one that weighed a hundred and eighty Pounds j in the Elbe they fometimes amount to two hundred Pounds ; a German Prince once took one of two hundred and5 fixty Pounds Weight. Of the Spawn of this Fifh there is made a Sort of Edible, which they call Cavear, or Kavia, and h a cohfiderable Merchandize among the Turks, Greeks, and Venetians. It is likewife in high Ef- teem throughout Mufcovy, and has lately been introduced on the-Englifh Table. It is made after the following Manner I They take Sturgeons Spawn, and free it from the little Fibres by which it is connected, and wafh it in white Wine or Vinegar, afterwards fpreading it upon a Table to dry; then they put it into a Veffel and fait it, breaking the Spawn with their Hands, not with a Peftle ; this done, they put it into a fine Canvas Bag, that the Liquor may drain 186 TEN drain from it; laft of all they put it into a Tub, with a Hole at the Bottom, that if there be any Moiflure ftill remaining it may run out; then they prefs it down, and cover it clofe for Ufe. The Italians fettled at Mofcow drive a vaft Trade with Cavear, Sturgeons being caught in great Plenty in the Mouth of the Volga, and other Rivers that empty themfelves into the Cafpian Sea* In Holland they cut thefe Fifh into fmall PiecejJM and pickle them; then they put them in Kegs* and fend them abroad. This is in great Efteera. among us. The common Way of killing them is with a Harping-iron, for they take no Bait; and when they feed, they rout in the Mud with their Snouts like Hogs. In the Merfey they have been caught with Nets, but commonly they prove too ftrong to be flopped by fiich Entanglement. SWIM. A Swim is the Length of Water that the Float fwims along the Stream, and if clear of Grafs and Weeds is called a good Swim or Sail. SWIVEL. One fhould be placed about a Yard from the Flook in Angling for a Trout, and one or two to the Line in Trowling for Pike* T E N C H, Are generally met with in England of about five or fix Pounds Weight, yet in fome Countries they grow to twenty. It is a fhort, thick, roundifh Fifha. and is about, three times as long as broad.. In, T E N 1P7 In this Fifh the Sex is eafiiy diftinguifhed, for the Fins on the Belly are much larger in the Male than in the Female. The Flefh is in no great efteem for its falutary Properties ; for Phyficians, with one Voice, forbid it to fick Perfons ; and yet the Tafle of it is agreeable enough: but it is faid not to be very eafy of Digeftion. The Tench delights in Handing Waters and Ponds, and the ftill Parts of Rivers, whenever they are found there, for they feem to be the Natives of ftanding Water. However, they are faid to breed in the Rivers Stower in Dorfetjhire, and the Tiber in Italy. Their Time of Spawning is the latter End of June, or the Beginning of July; and they are in Seafon from the Beginning of September to the End of May. Moft Anglers declare that this Fifh bites beft in the three hot Months; and yet fome have found they will bite at all Times, and at all Seafons, unlefs after a Shower of Rain, but beft of all in the Night. The beft Baits for this Fifh are a middle-fizect Lob-worm, or Red-worm, well-fcoured, a Gentle, a young Wafp, a Grub boiled, or a green Grub ; or you may ufe the clotted black Blood in a SheepVheart, made with fine Flour and Honey into the Confiftenqe of an Unguent; and your Bait (when it is a Red-worm,} anointed with this,, is by many preferred to other Baits. But fome have had more Succefs with a Red-worm dipped in. Tar, than any other. They bite almoft in the fame Manner as the Pond-Carp, and will run away with your Float ; but when once you have (looked him, you are in no Danger of lofing him, if your Tackle is but ftrong enough. The Groynd-bait fhould be the fame as for all Pond-_ fifh- - m TEN fifh, that is, either Blood, or Blood- and-Gr'ainr -mixed. 1W1 When the Weather is very warm you muft fifh? about Mid water, gently pulling your Bait almoft . to the Surface, and i hen Jetting it down as flow 2 s pofiible. Be not too eager in ftriking him when he bites, for as he delights in lucking tne Bait, allow him Time, and he will not quit it. Ufe a ftrong Grafs-or Gut, anda Goofe quill Float,, without a Cork, except in Rivers, where the Cork is always to be preferred. Fifh very near the Ground; and if you bait with Genties, throw in a few at the taking every Fifh; wmen will draw them to your Hook, and keep them together. When you angle with a Pafle, let a litle Tar be mixed with ir. They bite beft one Hour before and after rhg_Sun rifes and fets. In hot Weather you may-fnare them at Top of the vVater, astbe Pikeywitba*double-wired Link, not over-twifted,.hung in a. Noofe, tied to a Line, on a long Rod : Let it fall foftly before him on the Water, without touching him, till you have brought it over his Gills ; ihen pull gently, and you have him. John Haughton of Bagiley in Che/hire employed Jofeph Mather to catch him fome fmall Tench as stores. Mather brought fo many, that Sufpi- cion arofe : He marked the Fins of fome, and foon detected the Roguery. They are very eafiiy caught either with Draft- apron, or Drum-,net. N. B. Tench and Afkers ufually are found in the fame Pond ; if the latter begin to bite, it is Time to leave that Place, for that is a certain Sign Tench have done at that Time, TRIM Rll! T R O 189 'TRIM a Fly, is to cut off the fuperfluous or ^long Hairs of the Body. TRIM an Hackle, is to cut off one Side of the "Fibres. TROUL. Iroul at Home, a Leflbn for young Anglers, advifing them to fifh firft clofe to that Side of the River on which they*ftand. TROUT. The Trout is of a longifti Make, and refem- bles a Salmon more than any other Fifh. His Head is fhort and roundifh, his Nofe blunt, his Body thick, and his Tail broad ; his Mouth is wide, and he has Teeth not only in his Jaws but in his Palate and Tongue. Trout generally delight in the cooller and fmaller Rivers, which defcend from Hills and rocky Mountains; and they feem to take a Pleafure in ftriving .againft the Stream. It is really wonderful to fee with what Force and Agility they will furmount all Difficulties in travelling towards the Source of Rivers, let their Defcent be ever fo rapid. And feveral Authors tell us, that they are found among the Alps, in Waters fo very cold, that no other Fifh can live therein. Their Time of Spawning is in November or December, when they dig Holes in gravelly or flony Places, and depofit their Spawn therein : But they are not in Seafon when they are full of Spawn, for 'they are fatteft and have the moft delicious Tafte in the Months of July and Augujl. However, they begin to be in Seafon in AAarch, and are fooner fo in fome Rivers than in others; particularly in the Wandle they are more, forward than in any other about jqo T R O about London, and there is near a Month Difference between that and HertfordRiver. What the Rea* . fan fhould be is hard to guefs j but we may conclude that that River more than commonly abounds with the Cadis Bait; for there are Variety of fmall Fifh in the other Rivers for them to feed on; whereas, in that Part of the Wandle frequented by the Trout there are none but Eels, Flounders, and Prickle-backs. At Latimer in Bucks, the Seat of the Right Honourable Lord George Cavendijh, he is fup- pofed to have a Ton Weight in the River which runs through his Park. In 1776 he ordered his Servants to draw fome Parts of the River now. flopt by Weirs, which make beautiful Cafcades; they drew out about five hundred Brace, which on an Average were fuppofed to weigh one Pound a- piece, for fome of them weighed two Pounds. In the Winter-time Trouts are fick, lean, and unwholefome, breeding a Kind of Worm with a large Head, which is not unlike a Clove in Shape 5 then this Fifh feems to have a Head of a larger Size than ordinary, and thofe beautiful Spots disappear, and the lively Colour of the Belly becomes dufky and difagreeable: But towards the latter End of March, when the Sun with its genial Warmth and Influence begins to invigorate the Earth, he then makes a Shew of fome Spirit, and roufing, as it were, from a Sort of Lethargy, forfakes the deep ftill Waters for the more rapid Streams, where he rubs off his inbred Foes againft the gravelly Bottoms, and foon after recovers his former Strength and Vigour. The Flefh is a little drier, and not quite fo tender as that of a Salmon ; however, it is efleemed the moft agreeable of all Fifh that make their conftant Abode in frefh Water. There are feveral Kinds of this Fifh, which are all valuable, but the beft are the Red and Yellow 3 Trout j T R O 191 Trout; and of thefe the Female is preferable, which is known by a lefs Head and a deeper Body. The Fordich Trout, which is fo much talked of, feems to be of a different Sort from the reft, becaufe it is almoft as big as a Salmon, and lives nine Months in the Sea ; befides it is feldom or never caught with the Angle, being fuppofed not to feed at all in frefti Water ; and there feems to be a probable Ground for this Opinion, for when they are opened thene is nothing found in their Maw. Yet their Return to the River is fo very conftant and punctual, that the Fifhermen know almoft to a Day when to expect them. When this Fifh is in full Seafon the Flefh of it cuts white. The ufual Baits for a Trout are the Worm, Minnow, and Fly, either Natural or Artificial The proper Worms are the 3randiing, two upon a Hook, Lob-worm, Earth-worm, Dung-worm, and Maggot, but efpecially the two firft; and indeed, in fifhing at the Bottom the Lob-worm is* preferable, nor is any other often ufed. This Fifh, as before obferved, delights in the fwifteft Streams; at a Stream-tail in Spring, and latter End of Summer; in May he keeps the upper End 5 and on the Shallows in Summer, or at the Aprons or Tails of Mills ; he is particularly fond of a Hole covered with Boughs, and where the Roots fhoot down to the Water's Edge, where he can find a good Hold 5 in fuch a Place you may find the largeft; and confequently you muft angle for them near fuch Places. See the Method of taking them in fuch Places under the Article of Running-Line Angling, Page 17. When they watch for their Prey they generally fhelter themfelves under a Bank, or a large Stone, or in the Weeds, where they are often feen lurking entirely covered all but their Heads. When they are difcovered in this Situation,, go a little up the Stream* igs ■ T R O •Stream, and with great Care and Caution muddy 'the Water, putting in your Bait immediately in the very Place troubled ; then keeping yourfelf as far from the Bank as you can, in order to be out/ of Sight, follow your Float, and expect Succefs ; ~*fbme fay much better without a Float. Trout-may be taken in this Manner either with -a.Minnow or two well-fcoured Lob-worms. When you ufe two Worms., put the firft on the Hook with the Head foremoft, and then flipping it a little up the Line to make room, put on the other with the Tail foremoft, after which draw the firft down to it fo clofe that they may feem to be knotting or ^engendering; for they often perform this naturally on the Banks of Rivers, and fometimes fall into the Water, where they become a Prey to the hungry Fifh. This is likewife a good Bait when you angle in the Morning-Twilight, or in the Dufk of the Evening, or even in the Night when it is dark. In this Cafe you muft put no Lead on your Line, but throw your Bait as gently as you can acrofs the Stream, and draw it foftly to you on the Top of the Water. This is the beft Method of catching the oldeft and largeft Trout, for they are very fearful and fhy in the Day-time, but in the Night they are bold and undaunted, and generally lie near the Top of the Water in expectation of meeting with Food ; for if they fee any Thing in Motion, let it be what it will, they will certainly follow it if it glides gently along. If you put the Point of your Hook in at the Head of your firft Worm, and out at the Knot, and flip it a little Way up the Line that you may bait the other the fame, that fo both Tails may play, you will find it will anfwer very well. If you angle for a large Trout in muddy Water, then it requires/ome Art in baiting your Hook ; i2A~ as T R O 193 as fuppofe the Bait is a Dew-worm, here you muft thruft the Hook in towards the Tail, a little above the Middle, and out again below the Head, then draw him above the Arming of the Hook, or Whipping, fo put the Point into the Head of the Worm, until it is very near the Place where the Point of the Hook firft came out, and fo draw back the Worm, or that Part that was above the Shank. This Hook fhould be indifferent large. A Water-clearing after a Flood, or dark, cloudy, and gloomy Weather, when it is windy, is;ttftsit favourable for Worm-fifhing. In March, April, September, and a Part of.Otlober, the warmeft fun^ fhiny Weather, and Middle of the Day is beft. It is the Practice of fome to fifh at the Bottom in the Dark, with a little Silver Bell fixed to the Top of the Rod, in fuch a Manner, that when the Trout takes the Bait, the Sound of the Bell may give Notice of the Bite; but fome think this Method is very precarious, becaufe the leaft Weed that touches your Line as it comes down the Stream will deceive you. The furefl Way is to hold your Rod in your Hand, for as the Trout is a bold Biter, you will eafiiy perceive when he takes the Bait : As foon as you have ftruck it, give it the But of your Rod, for if you hold it the leaft upon a Level, you run a great Rifque of lof- ing your Line. There is a very killing Method : Make a Pair of Wings of the Feather of a Land Rail, and point your Hook with one or more Cadis ; your Hook fhould be briftled, and the Head of your Cadis kept clofe to your Wings, and angle with a Rod about five Yards, and a Line about three ; call yourWings and Cadis up the Stream, which will drive it down under, the Water towards the lower Part of the Hole, then draw it gently-up the Stream a little irregularly, fhaking your Rod, and in a few Calls you will be fure to hook him, if K - there i94 T R O there is one in the Hole. You may angle the fana^ Way with two Brandlings. N. B. If you ufe two Cadis with your Wings, run your Hook in at the Head, and out at the Neck of the firft, and quite through the otherfrora Head to Tail; this is a killing Way for large Trout. When you angle with a Fly, let your Rod be *ufh-tapered, with a very flender Top, that you may throw your Fly with greater Certainty and Eafe; for if the Top is too flifF, the Fly will be foon whipped off. Your Line fhould be three Times the Length of your Rod. In this Kind of Angling, you fhould place your- felf fo that the Wind may be upon your Back, or at leaft you muft chufe fuch a Time or Place, that- the Wind may blow down the Stream, and then it will affift you in laying your Fly upon the Water, before your Line touches it; for if your Line touch the Water firft, it will caufe a Rippling that will fright the Fifh away. The Cad-bait upon the'Point of the Hook with the artificial Fly is recommended. Or another Way to angle with the Cad-bait is on the Water, as with a Fly. It muft ftand on the Shank of th# Hook as the artificial Fly, (notcome into the Bend, Or the Fifh will not value it, nor if you pull the Blue-gut out,) and thus it is a moft excellent-I$tf'"] for a Trout. Where the River is not violently {wlft, you may place a very flender Lead on the Shank, and draw the Cad-bait over it: raife it often from the Bottom, and fo let it fink again. Ey which Means you will find good Sport, either in muddy or clear Water. You may imitate the Cad- bait, making the Head of black Silk, and the Body of yellow Wax, or of Shamoy. When the Fifh appear at the Top, they will take the Oak-worm upon the Water, rather than £ under T R o m under it, or than the Fly itfelf; and it is more de- fired by them. After you have dibbed with thefe Flies on the Surface till they are dead, cut off their Wings, and fifh with them at Mid-water, or a little lower. This is reckoned a valuable Secret. You may dib for a Trout alfo with a Fly or Grafltopper, as you do for a Chub, under a Bufh by the Bank Side, with a ftrong Rod, and fhort ftrong Line. If they do not rife after Half a Dozen Trials, there are none there, or they diflike your Bait. You need not be very cautious in the Choice of your Flies, for a Trout is not difficult, nor yet very curious abouttheSeafon, for fome have angled fuc- cefsfully with an artificial May-Fly in Auguft. The Time of the Trout's Biting is from Sun- fifing till near Eleven in the Morning, and from Two in the Afternoon till Sun-fet; and yet the moft certain Times, are Nine in the Morning and Three in the Afternoon, efpecially if the Wind be at South ; for when it blows from that Point it is moft favourable to the Angler. At this Time if you angle with a Loach about a Quarter of a Yard deep in the Stream, you are fure of catching Fifh. -If you have not this Bait, a Bull-head, Stfith the Gill-fins cut off, may prove a good Bait j or a Minnow for want of the others. And as the Trout may be deceived almoft by any Fly at the Top, fo he feldom refufes any Worm at the Bottom, or fmall Fifh in the Middle; for which Reafon he is fometimes caught when trowling for Jack. You may likewife dib for Trout in the fame Manner as you do for Chub, only let your Fly drop as gently into the Water as pofEble, and keep it eafiiy gliding along the Surface; let it fink a Jittle, and fuddenly raife it again, with a ftrong Rod, and a fhort ftrong Line ; but you muft he fure to k^ep jout of Sight, for the Shadow of your K 2 Rod, ;xg6 T R O Rod, or the Flight of a Bird over the River, will make them fly almoft as fwift as the Bird, and it will be fome Minutes before they will fhew themfelves again. You will find good Sport if you dib with the green Drake-fly whilft alive, which is thus practicable : Gather a Store of them into a long Draw-box, with Holes in the Cover to give them Air, where alfo they will continue frefh and vigorous a Night or more; take them out thence by the Wings, and bait them thus upon the Hook: Firft take one, for it is common to fifh with two of them at a Time, and putting the Point of the Hook into the thickeft Part of the Body under one of the Wings, run it directly through, and out at the other Side, leaving him fpitted crofs upon the Flook, and then taking the other, put it on after the fame Manner, but with its Head the contrary Way; in which Pofture they will live upon the Hook, and play with their Wings for a Quarter of an Hour, or more : But you muft have a Care to keep their Wings dry, both from the Water, and alfo that your Fingers be not wet when you take them out to bait them ; for then your Bait is fpoiled. With the Stone-fly you may likewife dib, but with this Variation : The Green-drake is common both to Stream and Still, and to all Hours of the Day, this is feldom dibbed with but in the Streams, (for in a whiffling Wind a made Fly in the Deep is better,) but note, Morning is the Time : But much better towards eight, nine, ten, or eleven o'Clock at Night, at which Time alfo the beft Fifh rife, and the later the better, provided you can fee your Fly, and when you cannot, a made Fly will murder. There is a Method of taking Trout in fome Parts of England \>y tickling them ; there was a Perfon who was very expert in that Art; he would grope T R O 197 grope for tliem in their lurking.Places,.and gently tickle their Sides, which they feemed to be delighted with, till, at length, approaching their Gills, he held them faft, and made them Prifoners ; and it. is.obferved in the Philofophical Tranfaclions, that Carp are fometimes taken the fame Way. See an Anecdote of a remarkable Fifh-Catcher under the Article CAT, p. 35. There are great Quantities taken with the Spear and Lamp. BULL-TROUT, SALMON-TROUT, SALMON-PEALE,* or SCURF. Thefe are all different Names for the fame Fifh. In fome Places it grows to the Length of twenty Inches, in others it feldom exceeds lixteen; they, have been caugl^near Warrington, and fome have, weighed near twenty Pounds. It differs in Shape from a Salmon in not having a.forked Tail ; its Head likewife is more fhort and thick than that of a Grey, and its Body is adorned with Variety, of Spots. The Flefh of thofe taken in Torkjhire is not red, as is the Salmon, and its Tafte is more flrong and rank than that of the Grey. They are found in Torkjhire, Dorfeifhire, and Devonfhire, and enter the Rivers the Beginning^ of May. They delight to lie in deep Holes, and com- monlyfhelter themfelves under the Root of a Tree. When they watch for their Prey they generally chufe that Side of the Hole that is towards the. Stream, that they may more readily catch whatever Food the Stream brings down. % 3 They 198 U N G They will rife at an artificial Fly like a Salmon : but the beft Bait for them is a well-fcoured Brandling, efpecially thofe that breed in a Tanw j ner's Yard. You may angle for them any Time in a Morning, and in the Afternoon from five till Night. They are in Seafon all the Summer. When you try to catch them, remember to keep out of Sight, and let your Line fall into the Stream, without any Lead, except one fingle Shot, and then it will be carried gradually into the Hole. When you have a Bite you ought not to ftrike too eagerly. They bite freely enough, and ilruggle hard for their Lives. It is worth while to obferve, that fome give the Name of Salmon-Trout to a young Salmon, which has occafioned feveral to run into Errors in treating of this Fifh. They have likewife in Franc*- a Kind of Pond-Trout, which they calt a Salmon-Trout, that grows to fuch a Magnitude^ as to weigh above thirty Pounds ; and in the Le- man Lake near Geneva, there are fome of tiuV Kind, that weigh fifty Pounds. TROWLING. See Angling. VEER. To veer, is to let out your Line from the Wince or Nut, after you ftrike a large Fifh. UNGUENTS, or OINTMENTS, to allure Fifh to bite : Take Gum-ivy, and put a good Quantity of it into a Box made of Oak, like thofe* the Apothecaries ufe of white Wood for their Pills. Rub the Infide of the Box with this Gum, and when you angle, put three or four Worms therein, letting them remain but a fhort Time; for if long, it kills them : Then take them out and ufe them, putting more in their {lead, out of the Worm-bag and Mofs ; and continue to do this all Day. Gum-ivy is a Tear, which drops from the Body of U N G 199 of the larger Ivy, being wounded. It is of a yel- lowifh red Colour, of a ftrong Scent, and fharp , Tafte. That which is fold in the Shops is often counterfeit and adulterate: Therefore, t® get true Gum-ivy at Michaelmas or Spring, drive feveral great Nails into large Ivy-ftalks, and having wriggled them till they become very loofe, let them remain, and a Gum will iffue out of the Hole. Or you may flit feveral great Ivy-ftalks, and vifit them once a Month, or oftener, to fee what Gum flows from the wounded Part* This Gum is excellent for the Angler's Ufe ; perhaps nothing more fo under the Form of an Unguent. Take Affa-fcetida, half an Ounce; Camphire two Drachms; bruife them well t<sgether with fome Drops of Oil of Olive, and put it in a Pewter-box to ufe, as the Recsip£ from Monfieur €harras.y Some, inftead of Oil of Olive, ufe the Chemical Oil of Lavender and Camomile; and fome add the Quantity of a Nutmeg of Vmic* Turpentine to it. But for a Trout in a muddy Water, and for Gudgeons in a clear Water, the beft Unguent is thus compounded, viz. Take Affa-fcetida, three Drachms ; Camphire, one Drachm ; Venice Turpentine, one Drachm; beat all together with fome Drops of the Chemical Oils of Lavender and Camomile, of each an equal Quantity, and ufe it as in the firft Direction. Take Venice Turpentine, the befl Hive-honey, and Oil of Polypody of the Oak, drawn by Retort ; mix all together, and ufe it as the firfl Ointment. Take Oil of Ivy-berries, made by Expreftion or Infufion, and put fome in a Box, and ufe it to fcent a few Worms juft before you ufe them. Diffolve Gum-Ivy in the Oil of Spike, and anoint the Bait with it, for a Pike. K 4 Put 2co 4 V N G Put Camphire in the Mofs wherein are your Worms, the Day you angle. Diffolve two Ounces of.Gum-ivy in a Gill of Spring-water; mix them together with the like Quantity of the Oil of Sweet Almonds ; then tak* v/nat Quantity of Worms you intend to ufe that Day, being firft well fcoured in Mofs, and put them in Linen Thrums (the Ends of the Weaver's Warp when he has finilhed his Piece) well wafhed in Spring-water, and fqueezed : Then wet the 1 hrums in this Compofition, and putthem andthe Worms into a Linen Bag, out of which ufe them. Take Affa-fcetida, three Drachms; Spikenard of Spain, one Drachm : put them in a Pint of Spring-water, and let them ftand in a fhady Place fourteen Days in the Ground : Then take the Solution out, and having drained it through a linen Cloth, put to the Liquor one Drachm of Spermaceti, and keep it clpfe in a ftrong Glafs Bottle. When you go to angle, take what Quantity of Worms you intend to ufe that Day, (they being firft weli fcoured in Mofs) put them upon a Pewter Saucer, and pour a little of this Water upon them ; then put them in the Mofs again, and ufe them. Take Juice of Camomile, half a Spoonful ; Chemical Oil of Spike, one Drachm ; Oil of Comfrey by Infufion, one Drachm and a half; Goofegreafe, two Drachms : Thefe being well diflblved over the Fire, let them ftand till they are cold; then put them into a ftrong Glafs Bottle, which keep unftopped three or four Days; flop it afterwards very well, and when you angle, anoint the Bait with this Compofition. Some add to it three Drachms of the Spirit of Vitriol, and call it theuniverfal and infallible Bait. Take a Handful of Houfeleek, and half a Handful of inner green Bark of the Ivy-ftalk : Pound thefe U N G 201 thefe well together, and prefs out the Juice, and wet your Mpfs therewith. When you angle, put fix ore?ght Worms therein out of the other Bag. Some ufe the Juice of Nettles and Houfeleek, as the laft Receipt, and fome only the Juice of Houfeleek. Some anoint their Baits with the Marrow got out of a Heron's Thigh-bone, and fome ufe the Fat and Greafe of a Heron. Oil of Anife, Spikenard of Spain, Spermaceti, powdered Cummin-feed, Galbanum, are all highly commended, and may be tried fingly or compounded ; either mixed up in a Pafte, or ufed as Unguents. Make up a Pafte with Mulberry Juice, Hedgehog's Fat, Oil of Water-lilies, and a few Drops of Oil of Penny-royal. Some highly commend this. '^Inl Oil of Amber, Rofemary, and Myrrh, alike of each, mixed with the Worms, or in Pafte, is faid to make the Bait fo powerful, that no Fifh will refill it. Sea-gull's Fat, mfcced with Eringo Juice, is an attractive Unguent. Unpickled Samphire bruifed, for Ground-bait with Walnut for Carp, Bream, or Tench, with a little Honey, wetted wit of Wine and a,little Oil of T up in fmall Pellets, and thrown made up in Balls Oil, is excellent Alfo Bean-flour, h rectified Spirits urpentine, made in over Night, will make the Fifh ve the Place j where you wi next Morning. :ry eager, and keep them at be fure to rind them Take the nifeed, each of Ca nile, Lavender, m Ounce, An- , Heron's G'eafe, and the beft of Affa-fcetida, each two Diaehms, two Scruples of Cummin-feed, finely -'-<? Turpentine, Camphire, 5 and beaten to Powder, Vei 202 WIN and Galbanum, of each a Drachm ; add two Grains of Civet, and make them into an Unguent; this muft be kept clofe in a glazed earthen Pot, or it lofes much of its Virtue; anoint your Line with it as before, and your Expectation will be ftrangely anfwered. WALKING-BAIT. A Bait in Motion. WARP. A Rod is faid to be warped, when it is crooked by the Heat of the Sun. WASPS,HORNETS,andHUMBLE-BEES. The Brood of them are killing Baits when dried on a Fire-fhovel, or Tile-ftone, in an Oven that has cooled after baking t By this Means they will keep long, and flick well on the Hook. If you want them for prefent Ufe, you may boil them about a Minute in Milk and Water. Thefe are lingular good Baits for Roach, Dace, Chub* Eel, Bream, and Flounder, and may try them for Carp, Tench, and Barbel, which will feldom refufe them. WEATHER. See Observations. WEIGH. To weigh a Fifh, is to lift it cut of Water with a Red and. Line, without ufing the Landing-net, or Hook. It is very imprudent to weigh a flout Fifh; for, even when out of the 3 Water, he may flounce, and break the Line. WHETSTONE. A fmall one is a neceffary Part of an Angler's Apparatus, to fharpen h'& Hooks, &c. WHIP. To whip, is to ufe the artificial Fly* the calling which is called Whipping. WHIP a TOP. Is tawrap waxed Silk round the Joints after they are glued and dreffed. Alfo to faften your Hook to your Line.. WINCE, or WHEEL. . Atfrafs Inftrument* fixed on the Infide of the Roil, near the But- end, round which a Line of thirty or forty Yards is rolled or wound, which, as foon as you hook W O R 203 hook a large Fifh you are to unlock* and let him run to what Diftance you pleafe, by which Method you may kill a Fifh of fix or eight Pounds with three Hairs, if you keep him out of Wood, &c. WISK. To angle with a long Line and arti- - WOODCOCK-FLY. See Oak-Fly, Ash, or Down-Looker. WORMS. The Ash-Grub is a Milk-white Worm with a red Head, and may be had at any Time from Michaelmas till June. It is to be found under the Bark of an Oak, Afh, Alder, or Birch, if they lie a Year after they have been cut down. You may likewife find it in the Body of a rotten Alder, if you break it with an Axe; as alfo under the Bark of a decayed Stump of a Tree. It is a good Bait for a Grayling, Chub, Roach, and Dace. The Brandling, Gilt-Tail, and Red- Worm, are all to be.found in old Dunghils, or the rotten Earth near them, but the beft are found in Tanners Yards, under the Heaps of Bark which they throw out after they have done "with it: The Brandling is moft readily met with in Hogs Dung. Thefe are good Baits for Trout, Graylings, Salmon-Smelts, Gudgeons, Pearch, Tench,, and Bream, or any Fifh that takes a Worm. The Earth-Bob, or White Grub, is a Worm with a red Head, as big as two Maggots, and is foft and full of whitifh Guts ; it is found in a fandy light Soil, and may be gathered after the Plough, when the Land is firjft broke up from grazing. You aiay know in what Ground to find them by the Crows, for they will follow the Plough vety sloferwbere thefe Animals are to be met with. This is chiefly a Winter Bait5 from K 6 the 204 W O R the Beginning of November to the Middle of April, and is proper for Chub, Roach, Dace, Bream, Tench, Carp, Trout, and Salmon-Smelts. They are to be kept in a VefTel clofe flopped, with a fumcient Quantity of the Earth they were bred in, and they will be ready for Ufe all the Winter. From this Bait arifes the May Fly. The Flag-Worm, or Dock-Worm, are found in the Roots of Flags that grow on the Brink of an old Pond. When you have pulled up the Root, you will find among the Fibres of it reddifh or yellowifh Cafes; thefe you muft open with a Pin, and you will find a fmall Worm longer and flenderer than a Gentle, with a red Head, a palifh Body, and Rows of Feet all down the Belly. This is an exceeding good Bait for Grayling, Tench, Bream, Carp, Roach, and Dace. The Lob-Worm, Dew-Worm, Garden- Worm, or Twatchel, as differently called,, is a proper Bait for Salmon, Trout, Chub, Barbel, and Eels of the largeft Size. It is to be found in Gardens, or Church-yards, by the Help of a Lantern, late in a Summer's Evening. In great Droughts, when they do not appear, pour the Juice of Walnut-tree Leaves, mixed with a little Water and Salt, into their Holes, and it will drive them out of the Ground. The Marsh-Worm is got out of Marfh- ground on the Banks of Rivers, and is of a bluifh Colour. It is a likely Bait for Salmon-Smelts, Gudgeon, Grayling, Trout, Pearch, Bream, and Flounders, in March, April, and September, though they ufe it from Candlemas till Michaelmas preferable to any other. The Tag-Tail is of a pale Flefh-colour, with a yellow Tag on his Tail almoft Half an Inch long; they are found in marled Land, or Mea-. dows, after a Shower of Raki, and are a good Bait for W O R 205 for a Trout, if you angle for them after the Water is difcoloured with Rain. And here you muft obferve, that all Worms fhould be well fcoured in Mofe that has been well wafhed and cleanfed from all Dirt and Filth; after it is wrung very dry, both the Mofs and Worms fhould be put into an earthen Pot,clofe flopped, that they may not crawl out. This Pot fhould ftand cool in Summer, and the Mofs be changed every fourth Day; but in Winter it fhould ftand warm, and if you change the Mofs once a Week it will be fufficient. Befides thefe Worms that are to be found in fhe Earth, there are others, which breed upon different Herbs and Trees, whjch afterwards become Flies. The principal of thefe are, the Palmer- Worm, the Oak-Worm, the Crabtree- Worm, and the Caterpillar. Thefe are to be kept in little Boxes, with Holes to let in the Air, and they muft be fed with Leaves of the fame Tree on which they were found. Thefe are good Baits for Trout, Chub, Grayling, Roach, and Dace. All Sorts of Worms are better for being kept, except Earth-bobs, and in cafe you have not been fo provident, then the Way to cleanfe and fcour them quickly, is to lay them all Night in Water, if they are Lob-worms, and then put .them into your Bag, with Fennel; but you muft not put your Brandlings above an Hour in Water, and then put them into Fennel, for fudden Ufe; but, if you have Time, and propofe to keep them long, then they are beft preferved in. an earthen Pot, with good Store of Mofs, which is to be frefh fhifted every three or four Days in Summer, and every Week or eight Days in Winter, or at leaft the Mofs taken from them, clean wafhed, and wrung between your Hands till dry, and then putto them again 3 and when your Worm, efpecially ao6 W O R efpecially the Brandling, begins to be fick, drop about a Spoonful of Milk or Cream upon the Mofs; and note, that when the Knot, which is near the Middle of the Brandling, begins to fwell, hois fick, and, if Care is not taken, will die. If you want to fcour Worms in a little Time, put them about an Hour in Grains and Blood ; then put them into clean Mofs-. Gilt-tails are fooneft fcoured by putting them in a Wcollerf Bag, and keep them in your Waiftcoat Pocket. The Editor having gone through the Englifh Alphabet, takes the Liberty to tell Gentlemen, that the beft Way to fecure Fifh, is to tranfport Poachers: One of whom told him, that he could decoy all the Fifh in a Pit into a Net, by putting a proper Quantity of Oil into a Flint Glafs Bottle caft on purpofe, with a long Neck, in the Manner of an Oil Flafk. Put your Net in at one End of the Pit, twift a Bit of whited brown Paper, dip it into the Oil, where it will float; introduce a lighted Fir Splinter, or a bit of Cotton tied to a Switch, with this light the floating Paper in the Bottle; faften the Bottle to a Pole, draw it gently through the Pit; the flat Fifh and Eels, will follow the Light till you get them within the Place where you have fpread your Net. This was told by J. N. of B. W. in Lancafhire, who was acquainted with Henry Holbrook, a Tanner ixiB. W. to whom he fold Fifh as Stores for a Pond he had in his Yard, where a large Dog was the Guard. At the End of five Years Harry called upon J. N. to help him to draw this Pond ; N. took a deal of Pains to perfuade Harry that the Fifh were: not big enough; but the Tanner was obflinate: m Hold," fays N. 'Til tell you Truth for once; I fold them to a Man in Stretton four Years ago; flay ( 207 ) ftay but four Days and I'll fleal them back ready fatted to your Hands." If you net your Pond, 'tis two to one but 'tis robbed that Night; for the Carp being difturbed, run their Nofes into ^the Sides of the_Pond, and are eafiiy thrown out by a Poacher. Apoftrophe. At Stockport, Mr..C. a Tradefman, had counted 19 Rabbets at the Side of his Sand Hill; he lays hold of S. L. J* Come with me, and bring Jack with the Ferret." L. could not fhift off: Away they went, the Nets were clapped to the Holes, the Ferret was turned in, but no Rabbets came out;«'Come, Mafter," fay sL." give us fome Drink, they'll bolt by and by." The Drink opened^ Jack's Heart,and he whifpered Mr. C. *S Damn, my Mailer," fays foe,.<fchow fhould they bolt? he has bolted fome of them down his Throat; foe t'other Night we put Straw Arms Length into- the Holes, and catched Eighteen, which he made me carry Home in a Sack." " Thank you, Jack," fays Mr. C. ** Come L. you've had Drink enough,, take your Nets and let me fee no more of you." In the fame Town lives Dr. W. who made a- Fifh Pond, and applied to L. for Stores; Twelve Tench were brought, and L. got a Piece of Money and a Cup of Ale 5 the fame was oft repeated, for L* was dry every Day. 4C Well," quoth the Dodlor, P now I've got all my Heart wifhed for j my Pond is flocked with a Grofs of fine Tench: Jenny, bring a Tankard of Ale." L. drank good Luck to the Pond, and faw the Ale out, and fooik after met one of his Companions in the" Street T " Dick," fays he, " I've got fome of the Doctor's Fees : He thinks I've fold him Twelve Dozen of Tench, but troth he has had but Twelve; what he paid me for in the Morning,! always ftole at Night.': Of ( ao8 ) Of S E A FISH. ALBICORE. Af J" THE Albicore is.about four or five Feet in Length, foihetimes more, and when largeft weighs about one hundred and fifty Pounds : It has large yellow eyes, a broad forked Tail of a greenifh Yellow; the Beliy-Fins are likewife yellow; the Belly is white, and when juft taken fhines like Silver. This Fifh will follow Ships for many hundred Leagues, and often proves a very feafonable Relief to the Crews when Provifions are fhort. It is either caught with a Hook, or ftruck with a Fizgig. It is a ftrong Fifh when in the Water. They Jive chiefly upon Flying-fifh. It is a very flefhy Fifh, having few or no Bones, except the Back-bone, and is accounted a very good Fifh* TM&m The Albicore..generally keeps Company with aflpjfteiCfcailed a Bonettoe, but not the fame Bo- ftettoe which in Conmkall is termed the Scad. It is about three FsetUsng and two in Circumference, has a fharp Head,, a froa.ll Mouih, large Gills, a full Silver"Eye, and a Tail like a Half- moon. It has no Scales except on the Middle of 6. the ( 209 } the Sides, where there is a pine'of a Gold Colour which runs from the Head to the Tail ; on this Line is placed a double Row of Scales, which are fmooth two-thirds of the Length of it, and then begin to be rough till they reach the Tail. The Colour of the Bonettoe is greenifh on the Back and Sides, but on the Belly it fhines like Silver. It has feven Fins, two on the Back, two at the Gills, a Pair on the Belly, juft below the Gills, and one in the Middle of the Belly oppofite to the largeft oh die Back. Both thefe Fifh are well known to all Sailors who have crolTed the .^Equinoctial Line ; and they refemble each other in their Shape, Colour, and in the Number of their Fins. But the Bonettoe is thought to be the fineft Eating by much: It is taken in the fame Manner as the Albicore. AMERICAN OLD-WIFE. This Fifh is often taken Notice of in the Relations of modern Voyagers, being a Fifh well known to Sailors. 'It is about two Feet long, and nine Inches Droad, having a fmall Mouth and a large Eye. He has one large Fin on his Back, beginning at the hind Part of his Head, and ending at the Tail; he has a pretty broad Fin on each Side near the Gills, and another under the Belly. They are all «f a very light Blue, as the Body is of a deep Blue. The I 2X0 J flftc Edges ^6f the Fins are yellow. His Body and Head have a great many Spots and Streaks* feeming to crofs each other. The Sailors often take this Fifh in their Voyages, and it is reckoned by them to eat agreeabljr enough. Ilpl ANCHOVY. The Anchovy is a fmall Fifh, about as thick and as long as one's Finger; but near Chefter they have been taken much larger. The Body is of a rounder Make than a Herring's. The Eyes are large, the Body of a Silver White, and the Gills are of a fhining Red ; the Snout is fharp; the Mouth wide, but without Teeth; yet the Jaws . are as rough as a File. The Tail is forked. Anchovies are very common at Venice and Genoa, as alfo at Rome. They are likewife plentiful in Catalonia, at Nice, Antibes, St. Tropez, and other Places in Provence. They are moft commonly taken in the Night in May, June, and July; for in thefe three Months they leave the Ocean, and pafs up the Mediterranean towards the Levant. When they fifh for Anchovies, and would take a large Quantity, their Method is to light a Fire on an Iron Grate placed at the Poop of the Ship, fo that the Fifh feeing the Ught, make towards it, and are more eafiiy taken. When the Anchovies are caught, they gut them, and take the Gills out of the Head, and whatever elfe is apt to putrify, and fait them. As to the Manner of Salting them, they do nothing eife but range them in Barrels of different Sizes, with a proper Quantity of Salt; the largeft Barrels do not weiglfabove fix and twentv Pounds. In mm I 211 ) In chufing A^nchovies, thofe that are leaf! ought to be preferred ; as alfo thofe that are white- without, red within, that are firm, and have round Backs. There is another Sort of Fifh fold inftead of Anchovies, called a Sardin, which is very probably a young Pilchard, it being larger and flat-* ter than an Anchovy, and not fo well tailed. B A L A N C E-F I S H. The Balance-Fish differs from all otfoers fit the monflrous Shape of its Head, which is like a Smith's Hammer, It grows to a very extraordi* nary Size, and is of the. Shark Kind. The Eyes are placed on each Side of the Head, as far from each other as it is poffible for them to be; they are large, round, and look rather downwards than upwards. He has a very large Mouth placed underneath his Head, which is furnifhed with exceeding ftrong, broad, fharp Teeth. The Tongue is broad, and like that of a Man. The Body is round and long, not covered with Scales, but with a Slcin like Leather. The Back is Aflv* coloured, and the Belly white. BIB. See Coal-Fish. BONETTOE. See Albicore, BOUNCE, ( 212 } BOUNCE, ROUG H-H O ¥ N D, or M O R G A g&i *g^^s< g> The Bounce is fometimes feen above the Length of two Feet, and is fpotted like a Leopard, The Spots are black, ,and the Skin Afli-coloured with areddjfti Caft: whence the French, give it the Name of Roufette. The Belly is flat, and the Back broad ; the Snout is mor||rand more bj unt than that of the Dog-fifh; the Mouth likewife is greater andj|§?ader; the Jaws are full of fharp hooked Teeth bending inwards ; the Tongue is broad and fmooth; the Snout does not reach above an Inch beyond the Aperture of the Mouth, which is in the under Side of the Fifh ; the Noftrils are very large, the F^yes oval, and half covered with a Skin, the Gills haye five Holes or Apertures on each Side, the Fins are placed as in the Cut. He is caught very, frequently in the Mediter- ranean^ and not feldom in the Britifh Ocean. There is another Fifh of this Kind, which is called Caiulus Minor, and differs from the former chiefly in being much lefs, and of a lighter Colour. The Flefh of this laft is commonly eaten, and is fold in the Fifh-markets at Rome. The Skin of both is rough, and ferves for the fame Purpofes as the Skin of the Dog-fifh. BRILL. See Pearl. 3UTTER. ( 213 ) BUTTER-FISH, or GUNNEL. ^mt^^g^Smmmm^^ This Fifh fometimes attains the Length of fix Inches, but never exceeds an Inch in Breadth. The Colour varies, fometimes it is reddifh, fometimes of a dark Olive, fometimes green and white, like a variable Silk. At the Root of the Back- fin, on both Sides, are ten or twelve beautiful, round, black Spots, encircled with a white Border. The Head is little, the Snout fhort, the Mo'utk large, with one Row of Teeth ; the Eyes fmall, of a reddifh Yellow, and covered with a Cuticle. This Fifh is taken frequently on the Cornifh Coaft; but of what Ufe it is, does not appear. BUTTERFLY-FISH. The Butterfly-Fish is about feven Inches long. It is of a light Blue, or Afh-colour, mixed with Olive, or a dirty Green. The Eyes are large, and of a Saffron-colour, being placed pretty near the Top of the Head. The Mouth is not large. Th« f 2»f ) The Teeth are long and round, and placed in a regular Order. The Tongue is foft, -round, and flefhy. It has only one Fin on the Back, which reaches from the Head to the Tail. The Butterfly-Fifh is often expofed to Sale at Venice, among other fmall Fifh. C E N T R I N A. The Centrina is of the Dog-kind, and is called by the Italians, Pefce Porco, either from his being like a Sea-hog, or from his wallowing in the xMire. ~ 6 His Body, from the Head to the Vent, is of a triangular Shape; the Belly being broad and flat makes one of the Sides, and the Back being fharp makes the oppofite Angle. The Liver of one was fo large that it yielded fix Pounds of Oil. The Colour is of a dark Brown. The Head is fmall and flat; the Mouth is fmall, and on the under Part of the Head; there are three Rows of Teeth in the upper Jaw, and one in the lower. Behind the Eyes are two Holes, in the Shape of a Half moon, which perhaps may ferve for Hearing. He is taken in the Mediterranean, and brought to the Fifh-markets at Rome, but feldom eaten, beingj&ia poifonous Nature. COAL. The Coal-Fish is very like the Whiting-Pollack, only the lateral Lines are white, broad, and not fo crooked ; the Colour more black, lively, and fhining; the Scales lefs, and the Eyes larger and more portuberant. In a Cod the upper Jaw is a little longer than the lower, but the direct contrary obtains in this, the under Jaw being longer than the upper. They are taken on the Coaft of Northumberland and Torkjhire, and are called the Coal-fifh, from the black Colour of their Back and Head. The young ones of this Kind are called Billards, Pollards, and Rock-Whitings. Some reckon this Fifh to be better than a Haddock, and inferior to a Whiting, or a Cod. Thereris another Fifh of this Kind, which the Cornifh People call a Bib, or Blinds, which grows to about the Length of a Foot, and is rather of a broadifh Make than thick and round. On the Back it is of a light Olive or dirty Yellow, and on the Belly of a Silver colour. A Bib may be diftinguifhed from a Cod by its Size, which is fmaller; and by its Shape, which is fhorter and broader. COCKLE. See Oysters. COD, or KEELING. The Cod is a Fifh of about three Feet long or upwards^ ( 216 ) , upwards ; thofe.that are fmall are called Codlings. It has different Names from the different Places where it is taken, and from the different Manner of curing it: Hence it is called Green-Fifh, Iceland-Fifh, Aberdeen-Fifh, North-Sea-Cod,- Stock-Fifh, Poor John, and Barrell'd Cod. It is a thick round Fifh, with a large Head and a prominent Belly. It is brown on the Back, white underneath, and is full of yellow Spots. The Scales are fmall, and flick clofe to the Skin'; the Eyes are large, and covered with a loofe tranf- parent Skin; on the lower Jaw is a Barb of I about an Inch long ; the Tongue is broad, round, fofr, and fmooth ; there are feveral Rows of Teeth in the Jaws, one of which is longer than the reft. rl here are likewife Teeth on the Palate and in the Throat. The Stomach is large, and is often found full of fmall Fifh, particularly Herrings. The Flefh is exceeding good, and highly efteemed. It is greatly in Ufe as well frefti as faked ; and in Lent, it goes by the general Name of Salt-Fifh. The Head of a large Cod is thought, by thofe who are Judges of nice Eating, to be a moft excellent Difh. Frefh Cod, that is, Cod for prefent Ufe, is caught every where on the Coaft of Great Britain ; but there are particular Times of Fifhing in particular Places, becaufe they are then found in great Plenty. Thus from Eafter to Whitfuntide is the beft Seafon at Alanby, Workington, and Whitehaven, on the Coafts of Lancafhirc and Cumberland: On the Weft Part of Ireland from the Beginning of April to the Beginning of June: On the North and North Eafl of Ireland from Chrijl- mas to Michaehnas: And on the North Eajt of England front Eafter dill Midfummer. But the chief. Support of the Cod Fifhery are the c 2.7 ; the Banks of Newfoundland, which are a Kind of fub-marine Mountains, one of which, called the- Great Bank, is four hundred and fifty Miles long, and an hundred broad, and feventy-five from Newfoundland. The beft, largeft, and fatteft Cod, are thofe taken on the South-fide of the Bank; thofe on the North-fide are much fmaller. The beft Seafon for fifhing for them is from the Beginning of February to the End of April, at which Time the Fifh, which had retired during the Winter to the deepeft Part of the Sea, return to the Bank, and grow very fat. Thofe that are taken from March to July keep well enough; but thofe in July, Auguft, and September, foon fpoil. The Fifhing is fometimes done in a Month or fix Weeks, fometimes it holds fix Months. When Lent begins to draw near, though the Fifhermen have caught but Half their Cargo, yet they will haften homewards, becaufe the Markets are beft at that Time; and fome will make a fecond Voyage before others have got a ~ fufficient Cargo for the firft. Each Fifher can take but one at a Time, and yet the moft expert will catch from three hundred and fifty to four hundred in a Day. They are all taken with a Hook and Line, baited with the "Entrails of other Cod, except the firft. This is very fatiguing, both on account of the Heavi- nefs of the Fifh, and the Coldnefs of the Weather ; for though the Great Bank lies from forty- one to forty-two Degrees of Latitude, yet the Weather, in the Seafon of Fifhing, is very fevere. The ufual Salary allowed to the Captain and Sailors, is One-third of the Cod that they bring home found. f They fait the Cod on board the Ship in the following Manner: They cut off the Head, open L the I 2IS the Belly, and" take out the Guts ; then the Salter •ranges them Side by Side at the Bottom of the Vef- ,fel, and Head to Tail, a Fathom or two fquare : When one Layer is complete, he covers it with Salt, and then lays on another, which he covers as before ; and thus he difpofes of all the Fifh caught in the fame Day, for Care is taken not to mix thofe of different Days together. After the Cod has lain thus three or four Days, they are removed into another Part of the Vefftl, and faked afrefh ;' and then it is fuffered to lie till the Vefltl h2S its Burthen. Sometimes they are put into Barrels for the Conveniency of Carriage. The prinjgfcal Place for fifhing for Cod which is defigned to be dried, is along the Coaft of Pla- centiain Nezvfountflar.d, from Cape Race to the Bay of Experts, within which Limits there are feveral commodious Ports for the Fifh to be dried in. oefothis Fifhing, VeiTels of all Sizes are ufed, but thofe are moft proper which have large Hold?, becaufe th^Sfl1 have not a Weight proportionable to the Room they take up. The Time of Fifhing is in the,Summer Seafon, for the Conveniency of drying the Fifh in the Sun : On which Account European Vis&Is are obliged to .^out m March or April: For as for thole that begin their Voyage in June or July, their De»fi|gfl is only to purchafe Cod that are already caught .and pfejiared by the Inhabitants of the Englijb Colonies of Newfoundland, and the neighbouring Parts; in Exchange for which we carry them Meal, Brandy,' Linen, Melaffes, Bifcuits, &c. The Fifh which they choofe for drying is of a fmaller Sort, which is the fitter for their Purpofe, becaufe the Salt takes more hold of it. When the Fifhing Veffeis arrive in any particular Part, he who touches Ground fiift is intitled to the Quality arid Privileges of Admiral, has the 9 Choice C 219 ) Choice of his Station, and the Refufal of all the Wood on the Coaft. As faft as they arrive, they unrig all their Vef- fils, leaving nothing hut the Shrouds to fuftain the^ Mails; in the mean Ti me the Mates provide a Tent on Shore, covered with Branches of Fir, and Sails over them, with a Scaffold fifty or fixty Feet long, and twenty broad : While the Scaffold is building, the Crew apply jthfemfelves to fifjbing, and as faft as they catch any Fifh, they open them, and fait them on moveable Benches ; but the mainSal ting • is performed on the Scaffold. When the Fifh have taken Salt, they wafh them, and lay them in Piles on the Galleries of the Scaffold to drain ; after this they range them on Hurdles only a Fifh thick, Head againft Tail, with the Back uppermoft. While they lie thus, they take Care to turn and fliift them four Times in every j twenty-four Hours. When they begin to dry, they lay them in Heaps, ten or twelve a piece, to retain their Warmth, and continue to enlarge the Heap every Day till it is double its firft Bulk; at length they join two of thefe Heaps into one, which they continue to turn every Day as before, and when they are thorough drvV they lay them in huge Piles as large as Hayracks. Befid.es the Body of the Fifh, there are the Tripes and Tongues, which are fa 1 ted at the fame Time with the Fifh, and barrelled up. Likewife the Roes, being falted and bartelled up, are of Service to throw into the Sea t&" draw Iprth together, particularly.Pilchards. The Oil is ufed for drefilng ' Leather, and other Purpofe5r? in the fSme Manner as Train-oil. V ^ '-: when Cod leave the Banks of Newfoundland, they go in purfuit of Whitings; and it is owing L 2 to ( 220 ) to this that the Return of the Whitings is frequent on our Coaft. On the Coafts of Buchan, the Scots catch a fmall Kind of Cod, which is highly prized; they fait it, and dry it in the Sun upon the Rocks, and fometimes in the Chimney; but the greateft Part of it is fpent at home. See Stock Fish. CONGER, or SEA-EEI The Conger is a very long Fifh, being fometimes two Yards, or two Yards and la Half in Length, and of the Thicknefs of a Man's Thigh. It is made much like an Eel, but is larger, of a lighter Colour, has bigger Eyes, of a Silver-hue, has alfo two white Lines on each Side, compofed of a double Row of Points, and a membranous Fin running all the Length of the Back to the very Tail. At the very End of his Snout, the Codger has two fmall Horns, or Tubes, from whence a mucous Liquor may be expreffed;. and the like has been obferved in fome Kinds of Eels. In other Refpecls it refembles an Eel. The Flefh is very white and fweet, but not eafy of Digeflion. It was greatly efleemed by the Ancients, and does not want its Advocates among the Moderns, efpecially when it is fried. The young Fry of this Fifh are called Elvers in Gloucefter/hire, where they are taken in great Plen- 7 XY> ( 221 ) fcy, out of the Severn, in dark Nights. They herd together in fuch Swarms, that they are eafiiy cau.qht with a Kind of Net made for that Purpofe. They are fuppofed to travel as far as Gloucefler&nd Tewkefbury out of the Sea, for they are chiefly taken near thofe Places. They are fo fmall that they are made into Cakes, and are fold very common in ilshafc Form. Their Size does not exceed a fmall Needle,,which makes it very furprizing how they fhould come fo far in fuch Shoals. CRAB, CRAWFISH, PRAWN,W SHRIMP. The Crab is much of the fame Naturcas the Lobfter, and may be caught in the fame Manner. 'They often lie in the Mouths of Rivers, Creeks, ^and Ponds made with ^Salt-water, and there they may be angled for with a Piece of Liver, or the Garbage of a Fowl. There requires no great Art in the Management of this Sort of Angling \ the Bait needs only be tied to a String, and laid where they are fuppofed to be ; as foon as they are aware of it they will feize it with their Claws, and wM not leave their Hold till they are drawn up near' the Surface of the Water; at which Time a Landing-Net fhould be conveyed under them,and^ by that Means they may be brought fafc to Land. L $ The. ( 222 ) The Craw-Fish, or Cray-Fish, exactly f&> fembles a Lobfterin Shape, and is to be found almoft in evei^Brook and Rivulet in England. The ufual Way of taking them is by groping, for they fheiter themfelves in little Holes on the Banks of Rivers, where they fearch for them with their Hands ; fome will take in this Manner feveral Dozens in an Afternoon : Others will take a Score or two of Rods, or fmall Sticks, and fplit them at one End, fo that they may put a Bait in the Cleft; thefe they flick in the Mud at the Side of the Brook, at the Diflance of about eight or ten Feet from each other. After fome Time they take them up, and if they perceive any Game'flicking to them, they flide a little Bafket made with Rufhes, having a long Hahdle-jkMt, under the Craw-Fifh, and fo take them fafely out of the Water in the fame Manner as Crabs; for they will not fuffer themfelves to be drawn higher than the Surface of the Water. The beft Time for this Sport is after Sun-fet, for then they feed moft eagerly. There^likewife^nother Way, more expeditious than this ; which is to take a Bunch of Thorns, and lard it well with the Thighs of Frogs, and throw it into the Water; in the Evening the Craw-Fifh will throng about it in Shoals, and fo entangle themfelves in the Thorns, that by gently pulling up the Cord, which is faftened to the Bundle, and flipping a Bafket underneath it, you may catch them every one. The Prawn and the Shrimp harbour themfelves in the Holes of Rocks, and fuch-like Places along the Sea-coaft; and thofe that live near the Sea-fide, may divert themfelves very agreeably in (pending an Hour or two in catching them. The Net that ferves for this Purpofe is fomething like a Cabbage-Net, but deeper, and the Mefhes fmailer; this muft be faftened to a Bow, with a Handle of %$iv the ( *23 ) the fame Shape and Size as a Tennrs-Ball Racket. Thofe who woulJ take them muft be upon the Spot as foon as it is High-Water, that they may be ready with their Nets when the Tide begins to turn. At this Time the.Nets muft be tburft into the Holes and Clefts of Rocks, efpecially fuch where Sea-weeds grow; when you lift them up, turn all vthat you take into a Pail, or fome fuch Thing, and then proceed from one Part of the Hole to another, till you think you have taken all that are there. You may try fome Places twice or thrice over; for when they are difturbed they will fhift their Station. % By this Method you may take feveral Hundreds in an Hour's Time. The Flefh of all thefe Sorts of Fifh are of the fame Nature, and only differ in Degree of Good- nefs. They are all fuppofed to have a reftorative Quality, and therefore muft be very nourifhing. and wholefome. CRAM P-F I S H. The Cr.amp-Fish is of a circular Figure, all but the Tail, which is long and flender. It is faid to grow to no extraordinary Size ; and yet one caught by F. Rcdi weighed fixteen Pounds. Its Colour is of a dirty Yellow, refembling Sand or Gravel. Its Eyes,are fmall, and almoft covered with Skin, behind which are two Holes, in the L 4 Shape £ 224 ) Shape of Half-Moons, which are fuppofed to be the Organs of Hearing.. On the upper Part of the Body are five remarkable black Spots, placed in the fame Form as in the Cut, and are a little bluifh in the Middle, The Head of this Fifh is broad, and joined to the Body, for which Reafon it feems to have no Head at all. The Extremities of the Body end in Fins„ A little above the Vent two Fins arife, which have two Appendages that ferve for a Penis, as in the reft of the cartilaginous Kind. The moft remarkable Quality of this Fifh is, to benumb the Hand of the Perfon that touches it j and it performs this to fuch a Degree, that it feems affect-ed with the Cramp; from whence it derives the Name of Cramp-Fifh. The famous Redi ordered one to be caught pur- pofely that he might make a Trial of the Nature of this benumbing Quality. As foon as he touched the Fifh, he found a Tingling in his Hand, Arm, and Shoulder, attended with a Trembling, and fo acute a Pain in his Elbow, that he was obliged to take his Hand away. The fame troublefome Symptoms were renewed as often as he repeated the Trial; however they grew weaker and weaker till the Creature died, which was in about three Hours. After it was dead, the benumbing Quality quite ceafed ; for though it was handled ever fo much, it produced no Effect. According to Borelli, the flupefaclive Quality of the Cran>p-fiOi does not proceed from any poifon* ous Steam ; becaufe if he be touched when he is entirely at rcft,'no Effecl is produced at all: Be^ fides, if the Fingers comprefs the Extremities of the Sides ever fo ftrongly, the Hand receives no Damage; but if the Hand lies upon the flefhy Part near the Back-bone, the violent Vibrations of the Fifh § 22S } FHK will ftupify it,- and affecl: it with a Sort of Cramp. The Flefh of the Cramp-rlfh is feldom or never- brought upon the Table, as being unwholefome. C U T T L E-F I S H. The CuttlEtFish is a deformed uncouth Sbrfc of Fifh ; the Name of which is well known on ac- countof the Bone, which is put to*vario.us Ufes. be has two Trunks fixed to his Head, which ftrvQ inftead of Hands; being not only ufeful in fwim- mingj but in taking what ferves for Suftenance^. This Fifh carries underneath his Throat a Bag, or Receptacle^full of a IJquor that is blacker than Ink, which.he dilcharges when purfued, and by that Means conceals himfelf from the Sight of his Enemies, and fo makes his Efcape. Beftdes, he has fix Feetv on the upper Pact, and two larger below, armed with Teeth. They are eaten very commonly in feveral Part* oLFrance, and are faid to be good Meat. They live upon fhiall Fifh... Vs I>; A I The Dab is a little thicker than a Plaice, bu£ much about the fame Size. Fie is a fcaly Fifh, and the Scales are large for one of this Kind. He feels pretty rough if you draw your Fingers-from? the Tail upwards; but he has no Prickles neifchfii on Jthe Middle of the Sides, nor at the Root of the furrounding Fins. TbJpSituation of the Eyes are like a Plaice. The Colour of the upper Part is of a dirty Olive With a reddifh Caft, and fpeck- led with Spots of a dufky Yellow. It differs from a Plaice in being thicker, in having large Scales, in having no Tubercles near the Head, and in wanting the Vermilion Spots ; though fome have Yellow ones. This Fifh is frequently met with in all Parts of the Sea that furround our Coaft, The Flefh is firmer, and is thought to be better relifhed than that of a Plaice. DOG-FISH, or PICKED DOG-FISH. The Picked Dog-Ftsh has a roundifh oblong Body, which is covered with a rough Skin, of great Ufe among the Joiners forpolifhing Wood. The ( 22-7 ) The Back is of a brownifh Afh-colour. The Belly is white, and more fmooth than the other Parts. The Eyes are in the Shape of a Boat, and covered with a double Membrane. The Mouth lies juft under the Eyes, and is furnifhed with a double Fvow of fmall Teeth. The Back is provided with two Fins; on the Fore-part of both which are placed two Spines, or Thorns, from whence he is called the Picked Dog-fifh. The Males have two Penifes, which join to the Belly-fins, near the Vent. The Tail is a little forked, and the Fin that others of this Kind have between it and the Vent is wahting. The Dog-fifh brings forth his Young alive, 'which are produced from J£g| hatched within the Body of the Fifh. He never grows to any large Bulk; the largeft never weighing full twenty Pounds. He has a,large Stomach, and feveral Cuttle-fifh have been found in it at once. He is frequently taken in the Britift) Ocean, and in the Ir'i/h and .Mediterranean Seas. There is another Dog-fifti, called the Smooth or Unpric.kly Hound, which is very like this, but he has neither Prickles nor Teeth. The Flefh of all thefe Kinds of Fifh is rank and unwholefome. D O L of the Ancients.. The Dolphin, properly fo called, is a Cetaceous Fifh, and is covered with a fmooth hard Skin. He has an oblong roundifn Body, is Hog- L 6 b*ck5d, ( 228 } back'd, has a long round Snout which is turned a little upwards. The Cleft of the Mouth is long, snd fhuts very clofe. The Teeth are faiall and fharp. The Tongue large and flefhy. The Eyes are likewife large,, but fo covered with the Skin, that nothing but the Pupil appears; they are placed not far from the Mouth, and almoft in th# fame Line. On the Top of the Snout is a double Pipe, by which he fpouts out the Water; it is placed before the Brain, and communicates with the Afpera Arieria: The Flefh is blackifb, and refembles that of a Hog, The Parts which ferve for Nutrition and Generation are more like Quadrupeds than Fifties. In fhort, the Kidneys, Penis, Vulva,. Teftes, and all the internal Parts, have a great Likenefs to thofe of Quadrupeds. IB He differs from the Porpus in having a long Goofe-like Snout, in being more flender and ilefhy, but not fo fat.. The Porpus Is lefs, but has a broader Back and a blunt Snout. The Dolphin generates in the fame Manner as a Whale, and goes with Young about ten Months*, ftldom producing above one at a Time, or two at the moft, and that in the Midftof the Summer. They live a confiderable Time, fome fay twenty-five or thirty Years. They fleep with their Snouts out of the Water, and fome have affirmed they have heard them fnore. When they feem to , play on the Top of the Water* it is a certain Sign- of an approaching Tempeft. They fwim very fwift, which is owing to the Strength of their Mufcles, and are often m Shoals ; but there is never lefs than a Male and Female together. They will live three Days out of the Water, during which Time they figh in fo mournful a Manner as to afFe& thofe with Concern, who are not ( 229 ) not ufed to hear them. The Flefh is feldom eaten but by very poor People, out of mere Ne- ceftity. DOLPHIN of the Moderns. The Dolphin of the Moderns is taken from four or five to fix or feven Feet long. It is a Fifh well known to Sailors, and by them greatly celebrated for its extraordinary Beauty \ but this Beauty mull confift in the Colour rather than the Shape, for neither the Head nor the Body are of fuch a regular Proportion as merit the leaft Fraife. The Back, Belly, and Fins are of a lively Green, mixed with a Silver Colour; the Belly is white^ but every Part is fpotted with a fhining Blue, which renders this Fifh a very agreeable Sight both in the Water and out. Theieis only one broad Fin on his Back, which runs the whole Length of his tapering Body, and always ftands upright when he fwims. Xhis Fifh is a very fwift Swimmer, and will accompany a Ship for a long while together, and very often proves a feafonable Relief; and as the Flefh is very well tailed, though dry, the_Sailors are never backward in endeavouring to make a Meal of them as often as they can. The Dolphins are a great Enemy to the Fly- ing-fifh ; and are always purfuing them, which is one Reafon of their being feen fo often out of the Water. Some Writers call this Fifh a Dorado DOREE, ( 230 ) D O R E E. The Doree is a very broad flat Fifh, and almoft every where of an equal Th/cknefs, He is fhaped almoft like a Plaice, but fwims ere£l, and therefore ought not to be numbered among; the flat Fifh. The Head is very large; the Mouth monftroufly wide ; the Eyes yellow and great; the Sides are of an Olive-colour, varioufly mixed with a light Blue. On each Side there is a black Spot as big as a Silver Groat. There are Teeth in both the Jaws ; the Tongue is long, fharp, and fmooth ; the lateral Lines bent as in the Figure; the Tail round. The Size of this Fifh is generally about eighteen Inches long and feven or eight broad. The Flefh is tender, and eafy of Digeftion, and by many thought fuperior to that of a Turbot. This Fifh was formerly hung up in Churches, on account of the remarkable Spots that appear on each Side, which were faid to.be the Marks of St. Chrijlophers Fingers, who caught this Fifh ( 231 J as he was carrying our Saviour over a Ford : Or, according to others, becaufe this was the Fifh out of whofe Mouth St. Peter took the Money wherewith to pay Tribute ; and that the Spots are elegant Reprefentations of the Coin, being left a$ a Memorial of the Miracle. But thefe Sort of Fables meet with little Credit now, even among the Roman Catholics themfelves. They are taken both in the Ocean and in the Mediterranean Sea, and are often expofed to Sale at Penzance in Corq$mlhf and have often been brought to the London Markets by the Land-carriages for Fifh, and fold at a high Price. FATHER-LASHER. m This Fifh, when full-grown, does not exceed nine Inches in Length, it has fome Refemblance of a Miller's Thumb, the fore Part being much larger in Proportion than that towards the Tail. It has no Scales. The Belly is broad and flat.; the Sides are divided in the Middle by a rough Line ; the Top of the Head is black, and there are three or four black Patches on the Back, but the Spaces between them are pale; the Sides beneath trie Line are yellow ; the Belly is white. The Noftrils are fmall; the-Mouth large, armed with feveral Rows of fmall Teeth ; the Tongue is broad, large, and fmooth ; the Eyes are covered with ( 232 ) with a loofe tranfparent Membrane; the Pupils are fmall, and encompaffed with a red Circle. When the Tail is fpread, it is fomewhat roundifh: He feeds upon Shrimps, fmall Fifh, and Sea In- fecfs, as appears from opening the Stomach, FLYING-FISH or SEA-SWALLOW. The Flying-Fish is very common between the Tropics. There are feveral Sorts of them, but they are all about the Bignefs of a Herring, and their Gill-fins are fo long and broad, that they ^ look like Wings ^ with thefe they are enabled to fkira along the Surface of the Water in the Manner of a Swallow, infomuch that it is very com* mon for them to fiy into the Ships which are failing in thofe Seas. They are an excellent Bait for the Dolphin, and are often made ufe of by the JSailoFS for that Purpofe. They cannot fly far, becaufe their Wings foon ftand in need-of wetting. There is a Sort of a Flying-Fifh fometimes feen in the Mediterranean-, between the Tropics they appear by Thoufands at a Time, and it is thought a very good Diverfion to fee the Art they make ufe of to avoid the Dolphins. FRO G* t *33 ) FRO G-F I S H or TOAD-FISH. The Frog-Fish refembles a Tad-Pole in Shape, and feems to Be of a middle Nature between the bony and the griftly Fifh. His Head is of a circular Figure, and very large in proportion to his Body. His Mouth is monftroufly wide, and the lower Jaw ftands out an Inch farther than the upper. Both his Jaws are armed with long fharp Teeth. He has likewife Teeth on the Palate, and at the Root of the Tongue, which is large and broad. On the lower Part of the Body, under the Throat, are placed two Fins which refemble the Feet of a Mole, by the Afliftance of which they creep at the Bottom of the Sea. The Flefh of this Fifh is white when it boiled, and refembles that of a Frog in Tafte. GILT-HEAD or GILT-POLL. J.s The Gilt-Head, fo called from the remarkable ( 234 ) able Semicircle of a Gold Colour between Its Eyes, is broad and flat, being in fome Refpecls like a Bream ; it grows to be two Spans in Length, but feldom weighs full ten Pounds, The Flefh is neither foft nor hard, but of a middle Confiftence, and yields good Nourishment. It is feldom taken in the Summer, but often in the Winter, when it is higheft in Seafon. j It is fcen in the Fifh-markets of Rome in great Plenty ; nor is it a Stranger upon the Britifh Coaft, it being taken in the Ocean as well as the Mediterranean. G U R N A R D, (G R E Y). The Grey-Gurnard has a Back of a dirty Green,.fometimes fpeckled with Black, and always with Yellow or White. The lateral Line is more rough and prominent in this than in others of the fame Kind. Under this Line the Sides are of a lighter Colour, and fuller of white Spots. The Belly, as in moft other Fifh, is white ; the Head is large, and covered with bony Plates, the upper- moft of which ferves for a Shield to the Top of the Head. It is very common in the Britifh Ocean, and frequently met with in the South of England. gurna£i> ( 235 ) GURNARD (RED), or ROTCHET. This Fifh is not fo large as the Grey-Gurnard, it never exceeding a Foot in Length. It has a large bony Head, armed with Prickles; the Body gradually decreafes in Thicknefs from the Head to the Tail, which is very fmall; both the Body and Fins are of a reddifh Colour, from whence it derives its Name. The Flefh is hard, brittle, white, well-tafted, and wholefome, claiming a Place among Fifh of the higheft Efteem. This Fifh makes an odd Sort of a Noife, which fome fancy to be like the finging of a Cuckow, others like the grunting of a Hog ; others again affirm, that when it is taken out of the Water and touched, it erecfs its Prickles, and cries Cur** re very plainly ; Vsfhence, in fome Parts of England, they go by the Name of Curres. GURNARD^ ( 236 ) GURNARD, (YELLO W.) This Fifh is very uncommon, and was firft de« fcribed by Dr. Tyfon, in the Philofophical Tranf adlions, N° 233. From the Likenefs of the Fins he placed it among, the Gurnard Kind, for they had no Name for it on the Coaft of Suffex, where it was taken : He therefore calls it, The fmooth Gurnard of a bluijh Yellow. An Haddock, is of a middle Size, between a ,Cod and a Whiting. This Fifh is blackifh on the Back, and is -covered with fmall Scales. From the upper Corner of the Gills to the Tail there runs a black Line; and on the Middle of both Sides, not far from the Gills, is a large black Spot, which they iky is a Mark made by the Finger and Thumb of St. Peter, that he might dif- ttnguifh this Fifh from others, as being very much tQ: ( *37 ) to his Liking. The fame Monkifh Fable is told of another Fifh called the Piper. The Eyes are large, and there is a Barb on the lower Jaw, about an Inch long. The Tail is forked. In other Things it refembles a Cod. Some reckon this to be but a coarfe Fifh, and apt to caufe Fevers; but that chiefly happens when it is taken in Seas that are fhallow and muddy, as about Frieftand: But where the Seas are deep, and the Water clear, this'Fifh is wholefome enough, and the Tafte is far from being defpicable. HAKE. The Hake is a Fifh about half a Yard long, and fometimes more. It is fhaped fomething like a Pike, from whence it derives its Name. Willoughby compares it to a Whiting, which it is moft like, both in the Shape and Colour. The Back is of a light Colour ; the Belly of a dirty- White ; the Scales are fmall; the Head broad and flat; the Mouth is large, like a Pike's, and full of fharp Teeth. His Fiefli is foft and tender. The proper Time of fifhing for Hake, at Ftf- card, and other Places bet wen Wales and Ireland^ is from Whitfuntide to St. James"s-Tide. HALY. ( 238 ) H A L Y B U T. The Halybut is the largeft of all flat Fifh. It exceeds the Turbot great^, and is of a longer Make. One of thefe Fifh of a Yard long, is about half a Yard broad. Some of them weigh one hundred Pounds, but thofe efteemed beft to the Tafte, are from forty to ten Pounds each. The Jews are very fond of it. It is found in the German and B)*ufy[h Oceans, and likewife in the lrifh Sea. It is thought to be nearly as good as a Turbot. HERRING. The Herring is a well known Fifh, of nine Inches or a Foot in Length. It is commojnlyj thought to be the Hake of the Ahojents, whfch is a gr&itMiftake -, :fmHalec~ki%ot the Iffome of any Sort oftMflfh, but only of.a^iti^a^Sait.Fifh hi general. ^ That which diftinguifhes this Kind of Fifh from all others, is a fcaly Line that runs along the Middle of the Belly from the Head to the Tail. A Herring i 239 -) A Herring dies immediately after it is taken out 1 of the Water, whence the Proverb arifes, As dead as a He? ring. The Flefh is every where in Efteem, being fat, foft, and delicate, efpecially if drefled as foon as taken. That it is a Fifh every where in Efteem, appears from the vaft Quantities that are taken and confumed, as well faked, dried, and pickled, as frefh. It was a Queftion formerly, whether Herrings fed upon any thing befides Water? but Lewenhoeck has made it evident, that they come every Year in Purfuit of Worms and fmall Fifh, which at the Time of their Arrival abound in the Channel-, for when they have cleared the Northern Seas of their Stock of Provifions, then they travel Southward in Search of a frefh Supply. Their moft con- ftant Abode feems to be in the Seas between the North of Scotland, Norway, and Denmark, from whence they make annual Excurfions through the Britifh Channel, as far as the Coaft of Normandy. The Dutch begin their Herring-Fifhery on the 14th of June, and employ no lefs than a thoufand VefTels therein. Thefe Veffels are a Kind of Barks, called Buffes, carrying from forty-five to fixty Ton, and two or three fmall Cannon. None 01" them are allowed to ftir out of Port without a Convoy, unlefs they carry twenty Pieces of Cannon among them all, in which Cafe they are permitted to go in Con fort. Before they fet out they make a verbal Agreement, which has the fame Force as if it was in Writing. The Regulations of the Admiralty of Hdland axe in a great Meafure followed by the French and other Nations : The principal are, That nornlher mail call: his Net within a hundred Fathom of another's Boat: That while the Nets are caft, a Light fhall be kept on the hi- That when a Boat is by any Accident obliged to id Part of the Veffel : ;ed to leave ( 24° ) leave off Fifhing, the Light fhall be call: into the Sea : Likewife, that when the greater Part of the Fleet leaves Fifhing, and calls Anchor, the reft fhall be obliged to do the fame. The beft Times of Fifhing on the Coaft of Norfolk and Suffolk, neat Yarmouth, Leftoffe, and South- wold, are from the Middle of September till the Middle of Oclober. The Nets they ufe are about five Yards deep, and twenty-five Yards long: They fometimes faften fo many of thefe Nets together as will take in a Mile in Compafs. They judge whereabouts the Herrings lie by the Hovering and Motion of the Sea-Birds, which continually purfue them in Expectation of Prey. The Fifhers, as they row gently along, let their Nets fall into the Sea, taking their Courfe as nearly as they can againft the Tide, that fo when they draw their Nets they may have the Affiftance of the Tide. As foon as any Boat has got its Load, it makes to the Shore, and delivers the Herrings to the Man who is to wafh and gut them. They diftinguifh their Herrings into fix different Sorts; as, the Fat Herring, which is the largeft and thickeft of all, and will keep about two or three Months ; the Meat-Herring, which is likewife large, but not fo thick nor fo fat as the former ; the Night-Herring, which is of a middle Size ; the Pluck, which has received fome Damage from the Nets; the Shotten-Herring, which has loft its Milt or Spawn ; and the Cop- fhen, which by fome Accident or other has been deprived of its Head. All thefe Sorts of Herrings are put into a Tub with Salt or Brine, where they lie for twenty- four Hours; then they are taken out and put into Wicker Bafkets and wafhed 5 after this they are fpitted on fmall wooden Spits, and hung up in a Chimney built for that Purpofe, at fuch Diftarices ■ ( 241 ) Diftances that the Smoke may have free Accefs to them all. When they have filled thefe Places, which will hold ten or twelve thoufand, they kindle the Billets which are laid on the Floor, in order to dry them ; this done, they fhut the Doors,-all other Air-Holes being ftoptnftefore, and immediately the Place is filled with Smoke. This is repeated every Quarter of an Hour, in- fomuch that a fingle Laft of Herrings requires five hundred Billets to dry them. A Laft is ten Barrels, each Barrel containing near a thoufand Herrings. Thefe, thus prepared and dried, are called Red-Herrings. The Pickled Herrings are beft done by the Dutch, who take them for that Purpofe about the Summer Solftice. The ufual Method of pickling them is this : As foon as the Herrii$gg6 are taJ^e%1 opt of the Sea, they are gutted and wafhed : then they are put into a ftrong Brine, made with Water and Sea-fak, for fifteen Hours ; after this they are taken out and well drained, and put in a regular Order into Barrels, with aJSiyer of Salt at the Bottom of the Barrel, and another at the Top. They then take care to flop them up carefully that no Air may get IrL jrior BttJ&'gfi&r either of which1 would be prejudicial to the Fifh. Herrings always fwim i^o^oajs, delighting to be near the Shore. They fpawn but^onWJaT Year, and that is about the Autumnal Bquinox, a little before which, like many other Fifh, ffieV are hfigbeft in Seafon. HORN-FISH, or GARR-FISH. The Horn-Fish is a long, flender, and roundiffi Fifh, The Shout is very long, flender, M and ( m ) and fharp; the Head is flat, and of a bluifh Green ; the lower Jaw is longer than the upper; but what is moft remarkable of all, the upper Jaw is moveable, as in a Crocodile. It does not grow to any large Size; for fix of thofe that are ufually taken will not weigh a Pound. Thefe Fifh are generally caught with Mackereh, and are very much of the fame Tafte, but the Back-bone being of a Green-colour, few People care to eat them on that Account. But though the Flefh is hard and dry, and confe- quently not very eafy of Digeftion, yet it yields good Nourifhment. ISINGLASS-FISH. The Isinglass-Fish has a very thick, heavy, large Head; the Mouth is very long and wide. The Length of this Fifh is about twenty-four Feet, and it weighs above four hundred Pounds. It is ufually met with in the Seas about Mufcovy, and in the Danube. The Flefh is fweet and vifcid, and eats beft when it has been fome Time in Salkt the Flefh of the Back: has the Tafte of Veal, and that of the Belly is thought to be as fweet and good as Pork. It is a very common Difli in Mufcovy, and the jelly is very wholefome and nourifhing. As to the Ma|£er of making the Ifinglajg^ d^S3Guts,. Stomach, Tail, Fins, and Skin, are taken and boiled till they are all diffolved that will diflblve 5 then the Liquor is ftrained and fet to 1 ftg 1 tb cool ; when it n cold, the Fat is carefully taken off, and the Liquor itfelf is boiled again to a juft Confifteiicy, after which it is cut into thin Slices, then hung upon a String and carefully dried. That which is cleared and whiteft is beft. The chief Confumption of this is by the Wine Merchants, who make ufe of it to fine, or force their Wine, as they themfelves term it. L I m\ The Ling has a Body in Shape long and round, covered with fmall Scales that flick clofe to it. The Back and Sides of fome are Olive, of others Afh-coloured or Grey. The Flefh of a Ling, when juft caught, is very delicious, and when falted and dried is juftly preferred before all other Salt-fifh, It is frequently taken near Penzance, and among the Iflands of Scotland. On the North-Eaft of England it may be taken from Eafter till Midfum- mer, and on the North-Eaft of Ireland from Chriflmas to Midoaelmas. LOBSTER. The Lobster is better known by Sight,than any Defcription that can be given of it. They always feed at the Bottom of the Water, and are furnifhed with a Pair of ftrong Claws, wTith which M % % they (■ 244 ) they faften on the larger Prey that happens to come within their Reach : but when none fuch offers, they fearch the Beds of pud and Gravel for the Worms that commonly lie hid therein. The1>eft tailed Lobfters are caught off the Ifle of Wight ; butthoffe being few in Quantity, the London Markets are chiefly fupplied from Norway and the Orkney Iftes. Lobfters are taken with Pots, as they are called, made of Wicker-work ; in thefe they put the Bait and throw them to the Bottom of the Sea, in fix or ten Fathom Water, or fometimes deep, er : Into thefe the Lobfter will creep for the Sake of the Baitt^o^Dy that Means is deprived of its Liberty. Their Flefh is fweet, reflorative, and very innocent. LUMP, or SEA-OWL, The Lump is about a Foot or a Foot and a Half long, and is a thick deformed Fifh, as the Name implies.. The Belly is broad and red, the Back is narrow* the Body without Scales, but there are black fharp Tubercles on all Parts of the Skin. It is a very common Fifh, and frequently feen in the Markets, but the Flefh is in no great Efteem* MACKEREL. ( 245 ) MACKEREL. The Mackerel is generally a Foot, and fometimes a Foot and a half long. The Body is long, round, thick, and flefhy, but towards the Tail very flender and fmall. It is not entirely void of Scales, but they are very thin and little* Underneath the Lines that divide the Sides in the Middle it is of a bright Silver Colour, and above them of a bluifh Green ; from the Back towards the Sides proceed feveral dark Streaks, which by diverfifying the Colour contribute greatly to the Beauty of the Fifh. It is a Fifh of Prey, and exceeding voracious i there are often found fmall Fifh in its Belly. Mackerel are found in large Shoals in divers Parts of -the Ocean, but efpecially on the Coafts of France and England. 'They enter the Englijh Channel in April, and take their Courfe through -the Straits of Dover, infomuch that in June they advance as far as Cornwall, Suffex, and Kent, Normandy and Picardy* They are taken either with the Angle or with N; ts When they are angled for, it muft be out of a Boat, Smack, or Ship that lies at Anchor; The beft Bait for them is a Bit of a Herring put upon a ftrong Hook ; but when this is wanting, a Shrimp, or a Bit of any other Fifh will do9 or even a Piece of fcarlet Cloth ; for they bite fo freely there is no Danger of not having Sport ; when you have taken one, their own Flefh will ferve for a Bait. There is no Occafion to be M 3 curious f a46 J curious.about your Tackle, for you may even fifh without a Rod, and with feverafcHooks at a Time. In the Weft of England they fifh for them with Nets, near the. Shore, in the following Manner : One Man fixes a Pole into the Sand near the Sea, to which he makes faft one End of a long Net. Another in a Boat takes the other End of the- Net in his Boat, and rows round in a Circuit as- far as the Length of the Net will permit, and them back towards the Shore; when his Boat turns* round he .fteps into the Water, and taking the Cord of the Net with him, drags the Net towards* the Shore ;, then upon a Signal given, both the Men draw the Net out of the Sea,, and by this Method often catch three or four hundred Fifh ;. they are immediately carried, away by Horfes, which wait for that Purpofe. The Quantity of Mackerel taken upon that Coaft fometimes is almoft incredible ; and when they, are fo cheap they are not worth carrying away. The Flefh of a Mackerel is very good when frefh, efpecially if they are drefled when juft taken out of the Water; and there is fuch a Difference between them and thofe that are brought to LanqsM-s that it is not to be conceived by any that have not tried. However, they are not to be defpifed even when they are well cured by pickling, and-put up into Barrels. There are two Ways of pickling them ; the firft'is by opening and gutting them, and filling their Bellies with Salt, cramming it as hard in as poffible with a Stick; which done, they range them in Strata, or Rows, at the Bottom of the yeflel, ftrewing Salt between the Layers. In the fecond Way, they put them immediately into Tubs of Brine made of frefh Water and 5air, and let them fteep fo long till they think they ( 247 ) they have imbibed Salt enough to make them keep; after this they take them out and barrel them up, taking Care to prefs them down clofe. MAID. The Maid is a young Thornback, and though fomething like the Skate, is of a different Species, the Maid often abounding with Prickles iffuing from round hard Subftanc«s concealed within the Ffefh ; whereas the Skate is ftee-'ftdm any Prickles: Neither is it fo much efteemed for Delicacy as the Skate. MONK, or ANGEL-FISH. The Monk-Fish is of a middle Nature between a Shark and a Skate. It grcws to a large Size, M 4 often ■fh ( 248 ) often weighing fixty Pounds. Rondeletius aflirms* they fometimes grow to the Bignefs of a Man, and that he faw one which weighed a hundred and fixty Pounds. The Skin of this Fifh is very rough, and covered all over with a filthy Slime. It is very much ufed to polifh Wood and Ivory, and goes by the general Name of Fifh Skin. Its Colour upon the Back and Sides is of a dufky Afh; but on the Belly it is White. The Head is roundifh at the Extremity, where the Mouth is placed, quite different from ti&|e Fifh to v/hich it feems to be allied. It has three Rows of Teeth in each Jaw, ejbeh Row confift- ing of eighteen, fo that the whole Number amounts l$||ne hundred and eight; but there is fome Variation in this. The Flefh of this Fifh is in no Repute. The Skin is- in great Requeft for making Sheaths, Cafes j &cc. Jovius affirms, that this is the Skin -of which the Turks make Shagreen. The Monk-Fifh Is riO.be met with in all Parts of the OceMi, and is frequently taken on the Coaft of Cornwall. %ftWi& MUSCLE. See Oysters. OLD-WIFE The Old- Wi$f£ is in Shape like a Te^i, and in Length about; nine Inches* The ( 249 1 The Flefh is no way to be commended, either for an agreeable Tafte or wholefome Properties. The People of Cornwall call this *J£ifb a' Wraffe; and the 'Welch, Gwrach, which has Came Affinity to it in Sound, and fignifies an Old Woman. ORB, or SEA WEATHER-COCK. ;-f 3PB,liii The Orb is taken in the Mouth of the River Nile in Egypt. The Figure is nearly fpherical9 the Tail only excepted. It is covered with a hard Skin which is all over befet with fharp Prickles. This Fifh is not eatable, it being either all Head or Belly, which you pleafe; and is commonly hung up in the Cabinets of the Curious as a Rarity, M OYSTER- { 250 } OYSTER, MUSCLE, COCKLE, and PERRIWINKLE. Thefe are fo well known to all, that they ftand in no need of a particular Defcription, The Oyster calls his Spawn or Spat in May, which at firft appears like the Drop of a Candle £ it flicks to any hard Subftance it falls upon, and feems to be projected with a Shell in two Days Time, and in three Years they are fit for the Market. Colchefter, Merfey, and Bricklefea in Effex, have been long famous for fattening great Quantities in Pits, or Beds, contrived to admit the Sea Water. From whence they are packed up in Barrels, and fent to all Parts of the Kingdom in the Months of November and December, being efteemed fupe- rior to any others of the Kind. Thefe Oyfters they term Natives, and they are altogether incapable of moving from the Place where they are firft fpawned. For this Reafon the Dredger! make ufe of a Sort of Nets, which are faftened to a ftrong broad Iron Hoop with a fharp .?Q ( 251 ) fharp Edge, wlifeh they drag along the Bottom of the Sea, and fo take the Oyfters. The Oyfte€rs>wus taken are carried to different Places, where they are laid in Beis'or Rill of Salt-water, in order to fatten them, and thefe they term Layers. Thofe which, when they are fpawned, happen to flick to Rodts, often grow to y ^!wyffer^,®tee3 a\itiiare called Rock-Oyffirs. And it is fo far from being ftrange that the ©yfters fti&i-to "the Rocks in- this Manner, that it is very common for Sailors to fee Millions hang on the Roots of Mangrove-Trees at low Water, in the Mouths of Rivers, in many Parts of the World. What is commonly faid of their changing their Sides at the Ebbing of the Tide cannot be true; for the^ have no!the leaft Powe& to do : any Thing but to ftiut and open their Shells. But it is otherwife with the Muscle and Cockle ; for they being lighter, are more liable to be carried along by any Motion of the Water, and if they cannot move themfelves from Place to Place, they can, however, hinder themfelves from being the Sport of the Waves. For this Purpofe they are capable of forming feveral Strings, of the Thicknefs of Hairs, about three Inches long, and fometimes to the Number of Two hundred and Fifty. With thefe they lay hold of any Thing that is near them. Mr. Reaumur has often feen them making thefe Threads, and when he has cut them off they have begun to make others. Ifirttis Mech#nffm is ftill more eyilcfent in the Pinna Manna, with regard to the Finenefc anehNumber of their Threads: This is aShell-fifh, which, on the Coaft of Provence, grawsvto the Length of a Foot, and on the Coaft of Italy to that of twa Feet. The Production of this Animal is as fine as Silk, artd is made ufe of for the fadie Purpofes to this very Day at Palermo in Sicily; foi they M 6 make I 252 I make vjriojfc Kinds of Staffs, and other Curiofi- ties, of the Silk of this laboriou^cSheUrfifh. -tiffo Thfei&iftr&ment that the Mufcle employs in producing thefe Threads is what we commonly call the Tongue, in the Midft of wfekh is a narrow Channel, which ferves as a Soffc&f a MojuW^ for their firft Formation* The Cockle has likewife a Pow^r^f making; thefe Threads as well as the Mufcfe; the only Differ^noftiijltbat-thofe of 5the Cockle are more thick andfhorter As fwibe Perriwlskle, there is nothing re~ markable can be faid of it, but what belongs ins common to all Animatecifeat.have Shells. . PEARL or L U M* ALEAF, The Pearx- differs -foom a Pfaice much in the fame Manner as a Turbot, that^a, in not haviftg^ any.roufch Lines at the Root of the FinS which furround it; in having the Eyes placed on the kfc)Side,<to the Rightiof the Mouth, andfarther diflant: from each other; likewife in having the Baickfiin take its Rife nearer the Mouth, JfPf ?i4&V&ltf '*i«rtS $*G Thofe ( 253 5 Thofe caught on the Coafts of Dev$n and Corn* 'fCji#are called Brill, and by fomf efteemed equal to Turbot, beiagia firm, well-^ajled Fifh. PERRIWINKLE. See Oyster. PILCHARD. The Pilchard is never above nine Inches long, and is fomewhat of a thicker Make than a Herring. The Back is of a bluifh Green, the Belly and Sides of a Silver Colour; near the upper Corner of the Gills, on both Sides, there are black Spots, and in fome there are four or five placed in a right Line towards the TaiJ/ The Mouth is wide, but there are no Teeth, either in the Tongue, Palate, or Jaws. The Eyes are of a middle Size, and of a Silver Colour, with a little Tindfure of red. In moft other Things it refembles a Herring. The Flefh eats admirably well, and is more firm and delicate than. that of a Herring ; and, befides its falutary Properties, are no way inferior to its Tafte. The Pilchard is a Fifh of Paffage, and fwims in Shoals in the fame Manner as tneHerrjhg and Anchovy. The chief Fifheries are along the Coaft of Dalmatia, to the South of the Ifland of IJfea ; on the Coafts of Bretagne, from Belleifle as far as BreJl; anuValong the Coafts of Cornwall and Devonjhire. ^Fhat ori'the Coaft'^pf Dalmatia is fo plentiful, thatdtnptpnly furnifhes all Greece, but a great Part of //<£&• That on the Coaft of Bretagne ( m ) Brttdgne employs yearly above three thoufand Sloops, and moft of the Sdafnen of the Ooti-ritry. The Pilchards caught on ourf^wn Coafts are not fo much valued, though bigger, as thofe on the Coaft of France, which is owing to their not being fo well cured. The Seafon of Fifhing is from June to September ; though fometimes they are caught on the Coaft ofiQefrtwall at Chriftmas. .Near France they ufe the Roes of CocL^fh as Baits, which, thrown into the Sea, make them rife from the Bottom, and run into Nets placed for that Purpofe. The Pilchards naturally follow Light; and for that Reafon will gather about a Boat which carries a Light in the Night-time; which renders the Fifhery much more expeditious and eafy. On the Coafts-of Devonfhire and Cornwall they fe£JMen to watch on the Tops of Mountains and Cliffs, whom they call Huers, who are able to olftfover when a Shoal of Pilchards are coming, by the Blacknefs or Purple-colour of the Water, and in the Night by itsjm&hg. When the Huers perceive, by thefe Marks, where the Fifh are, they direcf the Boats and Veffels, by Signs before agreed upon, how to manage their Nets, which they call Saines, by which Means they often take at One Draught a hundred thoufand Pilchards, and upwards. 3~^ney lay the Pilchards in a Heap, in a Ware- Boufe, upon the Ground, placing one Layer upon another, with a Sufficient' Quantity of Salt o&y tweeneach ; thus they go on, htyingfiratumfuper Jlratum, as the Chemifts fpeak, till they are an Ell and,a Half high ; after they have remained fifteen or eighteen Days in this Manner, and are thoroughlyXalted, thCTHaj$e\them out and thruft wooden Spits through theWvjilfei that they may wafh ( 2SS ) wafh them with greater Eafe. When they have- b.een wafhed twice, they put them into Barrels, and prefs them down with heavv Weights, which force out a great Quantity of Oil, ferviceable for many Purpofes ; then they fill the Barrels up again, and fell them to the Merchants. This Fifhery yields great Profit to the People in thofe Parts. P I L O T-F I S H. This Fifh is an Attendant upon the Shark, and- is never feen but in his Company, generally fwim- ming before him as though he was his Pilot ^ whence our Sailors have bellowed the Title of Pilot-Fifh upon him. That there is fome natural Friendftaip between thefe two.J$J$r, is pj£&y certain ; for they are always feen in each other's Company, but upon? what Account is very hard to determine; though they are faid to go before to direct the Shark to his Prey. They are about the Size-of am,iddlin°\ Whiting ; and make a very beautiful Appearance in the Water, playing about the Shark, who will not meddle with them though he is ever fo hungry. I They are moft commonly ftruck writh a Fizgig when they are taken, and are accounted a very delicate Morfel. PIPER, ( p } PIPER. The Piper is of the fame Colour as the Red Gurnard, only the Head is lighter, and l£i ayel- lowlfh Caft. The Snout is divided into two broad Horns, which, about the Edges, are armed with Thorns or Prickles.. It is met with botffln the Britifh Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It feeds nj^on fmall Crabs., The Flefh is of the fame Nature as that of tho Red and Grey Gurnard. This Fifh makes a Sort of a Noife when he is taken out of the Water, which has given the Cor-^ nifh People Occafion to diftinguifh him by the Name of the Piper.. PLAICE. The Plaice is a Fifh extremely flats fometimes We meet with them'of the Length of a Foot, and fovea. ( 257 ) feven Inches broad. The upper Part is of a dirty Olive, painted with round Spots of a Vermilion Dye; the lower Part is white. This Fifh is every where to be met with. The Flefh is foft, fw^et, pleafant, and wholefome, and by fome thought of equal Goodnefs with a Soal. The Pogge is about two Hands Breadth in LengtS. The Head is but two Inches broad at the moft, each Side of wh'ch is full of Warts or Tubercles, which render it a very difagreeable Sight. On the fore Part, about the Mouth, are a great many fmall BfjffBes,' and the hind Part is armed with^rriCkles which bendjjackwards. Thisjifh is frequently taken in Yorkfhire, and the Bifhoprick of Durham* It is accounted a delicious Morfe), and feeds upon Shrimps, and Fifht of the minuteft Kind. * Sf#^ PORPUS. The Porpus is a Fifh ufually about fix Feel long, and is feen very frequently leaping in and out Wfl of ( ft* ) of the Water, efpecially before a Storm, making an uncouth Kind of a Noife like Snorting. The Shape is long*and round, but towards the Tail it is fmall, tapering like a Cone, and at the very Root of the Tail it is flat. The Snout is long and fharp, furnifhed with ftrong Mufcles to enable them to dig up fmall Fifh out of the Sand. He has no Gills, nor Hobs where the Gills fhould be ; but on the Top of-the Head there is a wide Pipe, which opens like a half Moon ; and inwardly it is divided by a bony Subftance, as k were, into two Noftrils. Thefe afterwards unite into one, and open with a fingle Hole into the Mouth near the Gullet:'slE-he End of this Aperture is provided with a ftrong-Sphincler, whereby it may be opened or (hut at Pleafure. The upper Part of the Noftrils are covered with iwong Skin, in thelpanner of an Epiglottis, to hinder any Liquor from entering contrary to the Inclination of the Fifh. The'j|ju&g|a.ced horizontally, like the Whale's, which *i5fi&?A is neceffary, he being oHiged\o rife f6^og^^taKe: SreathV' The j^Iwgnaaji other Parts of the Body is covered witiTTat, which tends to preferve the Equilibriufr3^jetween the Fifh and the Water, otherwife it would be difficult for him to rife. The Fat likewife is, a great* De|fncejBga%i ft the Cold, which would otherwife extinguifh the natural Heat; for it ferves for the fame Purpofe as good warm Cloaths in the Winter Time. Tifeflefh is led, and looks very much like Pork. PRAWN. See Crab-Fish. ROCK-FISHINg. See Wmrm^mM Whiting-Pollack. SAND- I 2*9 ) SAND-EEL, or LAUNCE. The Sand-Eel is Jong and roundifh, and has fome Affinity with an Eel, as the Englifh Name intimates, ft feldom exceeds a Foot in Length, and is of the fame Shape and Figure as the Gar- fifh. , The Flefh has a delicate Tafte, and is a ver^ agreeable Bait for other Frfh. 5 The Males are fnort and thick, the Femajes long and flender; the former being more turgid with the Milt than the other with the Spawn. They generally lie Half a Foot under the Sand £ and when the Tide is out, the Fifhermen dig them up with a Sort of a Hook made for that Purpofe. There feem to be two Sorts of Sand-Eels, one of which has but one Fin on the Back, and like- wife wants the Belly-fins. The Fins of the other are placed as in the Cut. SAW-FISH. The SAw-Fisirhas often been treated of in an uncertain and fabulous Manner; we fhall therefore take Care to fay nothing about it, but what has been related by Eye-witneffes themfelves. For Magnitude it may be reckoned among the Cetaceous-Kind, but has nothing elfe in common f 260 ) common with them. The Body, both in Shape and Colour, has a great Refemblance of the Dog- fifh. Frazier, who, in his Voyage to the South- Sea, happened to fee a Saw-Fifh, fays, the Mouth of it is like that of a Man. The Saw ferves as a Defence for it againft the Whale, as he judged from an Engagement he happened to fee between them on the Coaft of Chili. SCAD, T O. The Scad is like a Mackerelboth in Shape and Tafte, for which Reafon the French give it the Name of the Baftard-Mackerel; but it is con- fiderably lefs than a Mackerel; and not of fo round a Make. The Back is of a fhining Blue; the Belly of a Silver Colour, with a I mclure of Purple; the Borders of the Gills teem to be flain- ecl with Ink. In the Middle of the Sides there is a Line covered with fmall bony Plates; it does not run directly along, but bends a little downwards. Thefe Fifh fwim in Shoals, and are taken in the European Seas. The Flefh is dry, and harder than that of Mackerel. SCOLLOP* C O L L O P The Scollop is a Shell-fifh of a fweeter and more agreeable Tafte than an Oyfter, and is more eafiiy digefted. This Species in particular are covered with Shells foon after they are generated ; but as foon as the Fifh begins to grow bigger, the Shell will not entirely cover his Body, and confequently a fmall Part of it will begin to appear through the Opening of the Shell; from this Part there proceeds a thick vifcous Subftance, from whence an additional Piece of the Shell is formed. Thefe are not much efteemed, but are caught on the Coaft of Cornwall and Devon/hire. S E A - B A T. The Sea-Bat is about eight Inches and a 6 Half I 26a 1 Half in Breadth from the Extremity of one Fin ' 4:o the Extremity of the other. But the Breadth of the Body is no more than three Inches and an ■Half; and the Length from ihe End of the ;Snout to the Tail-fin is about five, whereof the Tail itfeif is fomewhat more than a"i| Inch, SEA-BREAM. The Sea-Bream is a flat fcaly Fifh, about twenty-fix Inches long, and ten broad. The Tail is very fmall, and the Fin of it long and forked. The Back is black, the Sides are of a lighter Colour, and the Belly is white. The lower Jaw has two Rows of Teeth ; the upper, one. The Eyes are large, -And for Colour and Shape re- femble thofe of Quadrupeds. The Flefh cuts red, and is of a very delicate Tafte, far furpaffing either the River or Pond Bream, infomuch, that it feems allied to them in ^nothing elfe but the Name. It is often caught in Rock-fifhing, and by the Salmon Fifhermen in the Merfey. S E A- I 263 ) S E A - D E ■ V I U The Sea-Devil takes its Name from tho monftrous and frightful Appearance it makes in the Water. The Snout is cloven into two Parts, which look like Horns ; on each Side are two narrow Fins.; on the Back, efpecially near the Head, are very dark Spots. It grows to the Length of four Yards, feems to be of the Thorn- hack Kind, but very ftrong, and often breaks the Harpoon with which he is ftruck. Its Flefh &as a rank Tafte, s m a- ( 2^ ) Tail, as well as from the ftrong Smell of the iHefh, which is like that of a Fdx ; though fome think he had thefe Names given him on Account fof the natural Cunning wherewith he is endowed. He grows to as enormous a Size as any of the •Shark Kind, and fometimes weighs Hundreds of Pounds. illife Rondeletius af&rms he once faw a Sea-Fox opened, in which were feveral young ones of the fame Kind; from whence he concludes, that this Fifh, as well as the Sharks, Toiler their Young in their Bellies; though the Fifhermen, wbcv were Speculators^ believed he had devoured them as Food ; but they being alive, and unhurt, he fuppofed proved the contrary. SEA-GUDGEON, or ROCK-FISH. The Sea-Gudgeon is a flender roundifh Fifh, about fix Inches long, and fometimes more. The Colour is a light Blue, mixed with Olive, and fpotted with. Black. They have likewife tranfverfe Streaks of an Olive Colour, which arc pretty broad, and look agreeable enough. It is a foft flippery Fifh ; it is fcaiy, indeed, but the Scales are very fmall. It is always to be met with in the Fifh-markets of Venice, and is taken near the Shore, or in Ponds made by the Sea- water. The Flefh is fat and tender, and in very great Efteem. N SEA^ ( 266 ) S E H - H O R S m The Sea-HoRSE never exceeds nine Inches in Length, and is about the Thicknefs of one's Thumb. - It has a Head and Snout of the fame Shape as thofe of a Horfe, and the Body, is full of Clefts, or.Sciffures. It is taken in the Medi^ Jerranean, and likewife in the WeJlern Ocean. There is a large amphibious Animal, called by fomea Sea-Horfe, which ought not to be miflaken for this. SEA-LARK, or BULCARD. The SEA-LAli:*is called in Cornwall the Mul- granoc and Bulcard. The Colour on the Back is in fome of a dark Green or Olive ; others are prettily painted with Streaks of a light Blue, and the Spaces between are Murray, or Fillemot. JBut the Colour in moft greatly varies. He lurks in the Holes and Cavities of Rocks, and often bites the Fifhermen's Jf ands, but with- .out any bad Confequence, SEA- ( 267 ) SEA-LOACH, or WHISTLE-FISH. The Sea-Loach is properly a Sea-Fifh, becaufe it is never to be met with out of the Saltwater; but it is very common near the Coaft and in the Creeks of the Bahick, where they call it Aelpute, or E-el-Pout, and is probably the fame Fjfh which at Gheftenr they call the Sea-LoaS, and in Cornwall the WhiJlle-lifh. It is about a Foot in Length, or fomewhat better. The-Skin isfmooih, of a dufky Yellow on the Back, and fuil of black Spots. The Sea-Loach brings forth her Young alive, and the Females feem to conceive about tho Vernal Equinox, becaufe about that Time they begin to have Spawn like other Fifh; bot^the- Eggs are very fmall and white, like Nits. About Wbitfuniuk the Eggs begin to look a little red- difli, and to attain the Size of a Grain of Muf- taid-feed : Likewife about that Time they begin to foften, for when they firft appear they are hard. After this they begin toaffumean oblong Figure, and to difcover two blackifh Specks, which are the Rudiments of the Eyes and Head. Then the Belly begins to appear, and afterwards the Tail, about the Thicknefs of a very fine Thread. As the Eggs encreafe, the Belly is not only dif- tended with their Bulk, but with a flimy Liquor full of flender Fibres, by which Means the^ tender Bodies of the young Fry not only lie foft and in a regular Order, but are kept from crowding and hurting each other. N 2 When ( " 268 ) When the young Ones are cut outofthe Ute*« rus, they bend their Bodies like Eels, moving their Mouths and Gills, and live feveral Hours. The Time of their being excluded naturally is about the Winter Sol/lice. The Males are diftin- guifhed from the Females by being lefs, and of a brighter Yellow, whereas the Female is more of an Afh-colour. After the Summer Solftice the Sea^Loach retires from the Shore and ^Creeks into deeper Places, where they have a particular Kind of Lurking- holes, from ^whence they are taken by the Fifhermen ; but fometimes they go out of their Reach. The Flefh is hard, and not very agreeable. S E A - S E R *P 1 N T* The .Sea-Serpent is commonly about five Feet long. The Body is exactly round, flender, and of an equal Thicknefs, except towards the Tail, where it grows fenfibly more flender. The Colour' of the upper Half is of a dufky "Yellow, like the dark Side of old Parchment at Vellum ; the lower Part is of a brightifh Blue. The Snout is long, flender, and fharp, and the Mouth opens enormoufly wide. The Flefh is very well tailed and delicate, but is ( 269 ) is full of very fmall Bones, and therefore cannot be eaten without fome Trouble. It is taken very frequently in the Mediterranean. S E A-S N A I L. TheSB\-3NAiL,whenitis juft taken, is brown on the Back, and white on the Belly ; but in ten or twelve Hours after, it becomes of a much lighter Colour. The Head is round, the Mouth void of Teeth, but the Jaws are a little rough. The whole Fifh, as well the Head as the Body, is very foft and unftuous, and is eafiiy re- folvable into an oily Liquor ; whence it juitly de- ferves the Title of Snail. \ It is not taken in the Sea, but in the Mouths of Rivers four or five Miles from it. SEA-UNICORN, or NARWAL The Sea-Unicorn is often found near Iceland, Greenland, and other Countries that lie very far North. It is a Kind of Whale, and carries a fmooth large Horn at the End of its Snout. It is of a fpiral Figure, and may be feen of different Weight and Sizes in the Cabinets of the Curious, fome of which are at leaft three Ells in Length. Thefe are the Horns which are commonly fhewn as a great Rarity for Unicorn Horns, and to which N 3 they ( 2yo i they attribute, upon a very flight Foundation-, fuch extraordinary Virtues. He is faid to carry this Horn for his Defence, and is fo courageous that he will venture to attack the largeft Whale, Jf .Sw-Jl-- j£. | The Sea-Wolf is taken near Hilligland, not far from the Mouth of the Elbe. The Head, is larger and more round than that of a Dog-Fifh* •They grow to be near a Yard long, and are caught in all Parts of the Ocean. Fie is a very voracious Animal, and well-fur- a&fihed with dreadful Teeth. They are fo hard* that if he bites the Fluke of an Anchor, you may hear the Sound, and fee the Impreffion of his Teeth.. • * ^J^Jjggg m - S H-A R K. The Shark'fometimes grows to fb ftrge a Bulk, that when he is laid upon a Cart, two Florfes are fcarce able to draw him. Some Authors mention Inftances of their weighing two thoufand, others four thoufand Pounds, and that I Wi ) that there have net been onfy^wtiofe Men, bt*tr once a Man in Armour found in their Bellies. That this is a voracious Animal many of our Sailors have found to theirSDoft, having often loft Legs, Arms, and even a great Part of their Thighs in the Jaws of thefe monp^us Creatures. It appears from hence, that a Shark muft have a Mouth of a very extraordinary Size, andlike- wife a proportionable Head. ^Fhe Mouth is not placed, as in other Fifh, at the End of the Snout, but under the Eyes, at fome Diftance from it, which obliges him, when he takes his Prey, to turn on his Back. He hss fix Rows of Teeth, which are extremely hard and fharp, and of a triangular Figure ; there are feventy-two in each ' JEKM $h*fch make one hundred and forty-four in the whole. It has a moft monftroBanStomach, and an extremely wids .3/hnoat. ljpi$H The Flefh of a Sharfets ^hite, and.has ho .veigr. difcernible Ranknefs in the Tafte. Some Phyft- cians, particularly; Galen, condemn it; and yet our Sailors often venture to feed upon it; and find no ill Confequences attend it. The Method of the Buccaneers was firft to boil them, then t©> ftjueeze them dry, and afterwards to flew them. The Method of taking them, when they are feen to*hanker about a Ship, is to bait a large Iron Hook, made faft to-a thick Rope, with a Piece of fait B^^^hic|^|ne w3H fwallow very greedily*, and then the^drag him on Board. He is to be found not only in the Mediterranean Sea, but in all Parts of the Ocean, and is extremely fond of Human Flefh, when any Perfon is fo unhappy as to come within his Reach. If Ships in the Guinea Trade happen to thrOw a.dead Slave overboard, there are feldom wanting N 4 three Bill ( 2T* I three or four Sharks to tear hifn to Pieces In an* Inftant. SHARK, (BLUE,). The Blue Shark is as bold and mifehievous a Fifh as any that fwims. His Back is of a lively blue, and his Belly of a Silver Colour. The Stomach of the Blue Shark is fo large, that the Tunny-Fifh is often found entire therein. This Fifh is fometimes taken two Yards and two Yards and a Half long. He is very fond of human Flefh, and watches all Opportunities of feizing the Legs of thofe that are within his Reach; nay, there are Inflances of his following Boys that have walked along the Shore, and attempting to fnap at their Heels. His Flefh is tough, rank, and hard of Digeftion; yet it is fometimes eaten. SHEAT-FISH. The Sheat-Fish fometimes grows to a large Bulk, weighing eighty Pounds. In the Elbe there have been taken fome that have weighed one hundred I *73 ) dred and twenty Pounds; and in the Vijhtla, that runs into the Baltick, they are fometimes caught fixteen Feet in Length, and twenty-feven Inches in Breadth. It is of the Colour of an Eel, only the Belly and Sides are diverfified with White and Black. The Flefh is commended as wholefome Food ; and is dreffed in the fame Manner as an Eel. It is found in many large Rivers upon the Continent, and in fome Lakes ; their Delight being in rough muddy Waters. It is a very voracious Fifh, and upon that Account is reckoned very, mifehievous. This is not indeed a Sea-Fifh; but as it is not caught in our own Rivers, it comes in as properly here as any where elfe. SHRIMP. See Crab. SKAT E, The Scats is a griftiy Fifh,, With a Sar^ fmooth, and very broad Body. It grows to a very large Size; for fome have been taken thatr have weighed above an hundred Pounds: But what is ftill more extraordinary, there was one fold by a Fifhmonger at Cambridge, to St. Johns College, which weighed two hundred Pounds, and* dined one hundred and twenty Perfons.- It was* N 5 carefully I ( m j tflrflftfrtjr^Sicaftlred, and the Length was forty- two Inches, and the Bueaikh thirty-one. Thofe of this Size here mentioned are very coarfe and ranlc^ the fineft being from twenty to forty Pounds Weight. -'The Colour on thdJupper Part is a pale Afh, TOy)raiJdl$pfrtted witfeBlack. The under Part ifctwhite. v All Fifh of this Sort, when firft taken, have a *&iikifh Tafte, which by keeping a little vanifhesv ^Fiifey are moft ill Seafon in the Winter, for then ftflgydonot fmell fo ftrong, and thifcr Tafte is more pleafant. They delight to feed in muddy Places not far from df&Shore. They are found in great Plenty on all the Sea Coaft of Great Britain. i -'SO A L. The Soal is aflatlongifh Fifh, in Shape much like the Soal of a Shoe, from whence it derives its Name. It is often feen of the Length of a Foot, and fometimes a little longer. The upper Part is of a dark Afh-colour, and the lower White. i They are caught in large Quantities on the Coaft of Devon and Cornwall, from whence the Markets of London are fupplied by Land-* Carriage; The Flefh is more firm and folid than that of a Plaice ; and for Sweetnefs of Tafte, the Plenty of Nourifbment it affords, and the Goodnefs f 275 I Goodnefs of its Juice, far excels it; for wh$dl> Reafon, in fome Countries, they ftile it the Sea-»- ftortridge. SOLDIER-CRAB, or HERMIT. The Sol&JER-Crab is about three or foraar Inches long. It has fix Feet, two of which are Biters .■; one of the two is as broad as one's Thumb, and fhrinks up ftrangeiy when*he*»is in his Shell,. to clofe the Mouth of fa All the reft of the Body is a Sort of a Pudding, in a pretty rough « thickSkinv They vilit the Sea Coaft once a Year, to change: their Shells, which every one endeavours to* fit himfelf with accor4i»ng to his Size. As foon as1 this is done, they run; ^fca§kwaro! into the Shell,, and thus cloathed anew^jfn^^fme^l like SoU diers, they march back to the Mountains, and fcfee,up their Quarters amoflg the R#cks and the hollow Trees. jf i- isdj^fll v4 ■ Xfcgyfeed upon rottfn Leaves and Fruit till they are fo increafed in Bulk, that the Shell be- N 6 ? comes ( 276 ) comes too ftrait for them, which obliges them to go down to the Sea Coaft again to change their Houfes. The curious, who have been at the Pains to obferve them while they make this Exchange, have been very much pfeafed with their Manner of doing it; as they go along,, they flop at every Shell*, to examine if it be fit for their Purpofe, and when they have met with one that they like, they immediately quit the old one, and- run back fo fwiftly into the other, as if they were- afhamed to be feen-naked ; though moft probably it is to avoid the Coldnefs of the Air. Sometimes it happens that two make Choice of the fame Shell, and then this occafions a Battle ; for tfiey will fight and bite each other, naked as they are, till one of them yields, and refigns the Shell to the Viclor. When he has got Pofleffion of k, he takes three or four Turns upon the Shore, and if he likes it he keeps0it, otherwife he betakes himfelf to his old one again, and goes ( and choofes another. This they fometimes do. five or fix Times, till they can getrone entirety to, their Liking.. Sv P R A T. A Sprat is fo like a Herring in every Particular, that, after the moft diligent Examinations the befl Authors have concluded* that there is no Difference between them but in their Age. They are taken annually in great Plenty about the Winter Solftice, and, as it is well known, are not fold by Number or Weight, but Meafure, at a very low Price. An old Cornifh Fifhermajr, who was confulted in this Affair, declared, that- * there ( *77 ) tHere *re two Kinds of Sprats* imially met wrthi upon that Coaft, one ofwHtch is young Pilchards^ and the other young Herrings, which may be eafiiy diftinguifhed from each other : That the Pilchard Kind travel-no farther Eatlward than Bevonjhire and Cornwall*, whereas the other are.: lobe met with every where.. a T A. R-G A. Z E Rv The Star-Gazer is about-ten or• twelve Inches long. The Head is large, fquare, rough, and bony. The Body is of aroundifh Make,, afh-coloured on the upper Part* and white on the lower. The Scales are fo fmall, that.fome have affirmed he has none.. The Face is flat, looking upwards, in which the Eyes are fmall, pro* fttberant, o& a Gold-colour, and placed near together ; befides,uh«y look directly upwards, from whence he is called .the Star-Gazer. The Mouth is large, and placed on. the upper* Bart of the Snout. Hjfe? The Flefh of the*Star-Gazer is-much com- mended by fome, and difliked by others. He is often taken in the Mediterranean Sea. STOCK-FISH is the Cod-fifh catched in extreme Froit, in the North of Norway, bordering m ! II; In sug upon Lapland, where the Fifhermen, covered over wi|h Furs, make a Hole in- the Ice, let down their baited Line, See. After pulling up the Fifh, tia^ing out the Entrails, &c. and wafhiftg off the Slime, they throw it upon the Rock, where it freezes and becomes as hard as a Deal Board, and never to be diffolved ; this the Sailors beat to Pieces, and often call it frefh Fifh, after it has4$een kept feven Years, and Worms have eat Holesjn it., S-mm C K I N G-F I S H. iWmmfmwMm ^|pP The S ucki NG-'Fi'sH%as a roundifh Body, ahfttt? eighteen Inches long, and four thick, it has a triangular Mouth, the upper Part of which is fhorter than the lower. From the upper Part of the Head to thetMiddle of the Back, there is a grmiyi *Suhilance, of an oval Form, like the Head or Mouth jybf a Shell-Snail, but harder. This Excrefcence ii^lahout feven Inches long,, five broad, and jllalf an Inch high. It is full of fmall Ridges, wherewith it, will faften itfelf to mrsfi i^kbeg at Pleafaire.s ; .fjjfjf ] Thisf&fh ufually ^attends uphh<Ships, for the Sake of/any Filth that is thrown out of jthrr!j£g< fine Weather they will play about the Ship ; but when it blows hard, and confequenfcly. the Shift- fails very fwift, tney will flick to the BottorS oBdt, ffcom whenc©:fBe|r;«reenot to be removed cichler by* the Motion? Mi$ad;8hip, or the Reatisig of therWaves, though the&ea is ever fo tempef- tuous. Sometimes ( 279 ) Sometimes they take the Advantage of flicking to fome large Fira or othe*,?$w they cannot fwim? very faft themfelves They often flick to a Shark, even after he is taken out of the Wattjn, and throws himfelf about violently on the Deck of the Ship for half an Hour together ; for a Shark. is a very ftrong unruly Fifh, and hard to be maf- tered. The Sucking-Fifh is fuppofed to be the Remora ©f the Ancients.^ S V N-F" I S H. The Siw-Fish has a broad fhort Body, the hind Part of which is covered with a circular EflfiJ which fervesinflead of a Tail, fo that it feems to be the Head of a Fifh, or at moft the Half of one,; with the Tail Part cut off. It fometimes weighs near a hundred Pounds. The ordinary Size is abovewo Feet long. He has no Scales, but! Bfi^ SMnW^hard, thUGk, and;rwgh ; he is bla^kffhon the Back, and of a Silver Colour on the Belly} both the Belly and Back terminate in a fharp Ridge. Th ( *&> ) The Flefh is exceeding foft; the Bones are griftly, and foft likewife. It is called the Sun-F"ifh, from the Roundnef^ of its Body, or becaufe it will fhine in the Night: However, this Quality does not belong to this Fifh alone, but to feveral others. This Fifh is taken both in the Mediterranean and in the Ocean; fometimes likewife near Penzance in Cornwall. S U R M. U L E. E T. The Surmullet is from fix to nine Inches' long; it has athickifh Body> which gradually de- creafes in Circumference to the End of the Tail. The Scales are large, and come eafiiy off. The Colour is a dufky Yellow. This Fifh has always been efteemed a great Rarity, and was fo dear formerly,, that it,fold for its Weight in Silver ;.But now they are brought to the London Markets by Land Carriage from the Coaft of Devon, Cornwall, and Suffex. There is another Fifh of this Kind, better known in England than the former, and is twice the.Size of it, for fometimes it grows to be fourteen Inches long. It likewife differs from the former, in having the Back-fins beautifully painted with Red and Yellow; when thofe of the leffer Sort are White, mixed with a pale Purple. The Surmullet is very common in the Mediterranean Sea. ^v^lS SWORD- c 28* y SWORD-FISH. The Sword-Fish has a Snout In the Shape of^ a Sword, which is fo remarkable, that he is every/ where called by a Name of the fame Signification. It grows to a large Bulk, being fometimes fifteen Feet in Length, and weighing above a nun* dred Pounds. The Sword-Fifh continues to>be taken in the fame Place as it was formerly, that is, between? Italy and Sicily, and much, in the fame Manner. Their Cuftom is to place Watchmen on the highh Cliffs that hang over the Sea, whofe Bufinefs is- to obferve the Motion of the Fifh. As foon as. they perceive any, they give Notice to the Boats,, below, by- Signs agreed upon, and direcf them. what Courfe to take. As.foon as they draw nigh^ the Fifherman, who is ufed to the Sport, climbs, up a fmall Mafi placed in the Boat for that Pur- oofe, that he may obferve the Motion of the Fifh. which he defigns to fluke,. at.the fame Time directing the Rowers which, Way to fleer. When* they have almoft overtaken him, the Fifher im-~ mediately defcends from the Mail, and ftrikes a Spear,,, or Harping-iron,, into his Body; the. Handle of which, being loofe in the Socket, he takes back, while the Iron Part, which is made- faft to a long Cord* remains in his Body. Tho Fifh thus hampered, is fuffered to flounce about, till,he is tired and faint. After this, they either h©i$t ( 282 § Hoift him into the Boat, or, if he is very larger tow himbn Shore. ^1*0 # & The Flefh is whiterj&an than that of a Tunny, and ,3 well enough.taftea.. -It is not very eafy of r^?!?"' but k nour'i{h^ much. The Pe«I* or Mejfina prefer k to Sturgeon. .j££ THORNBACK. IP II The Thornback is in Shape almoft fquarjjl and yet a tranfverfe Line drawn from Corner to Corner is longer than one from the Head to the- Root of the Tail; fo that, in a Senfe, this Fifh is, ftdader than it is long. Thif are found in the like Places as the Skate, and their Flefh is much of the fame Tafte, but i% fomewhat more hard of Digeftion. TORTOISE, TORTOISE, or TURTLE. The Tortoise is a Kind of an amphibious Animal, living both by Land and Water. They are covered with a fine large oval Shgll^ which is marbled witfc. various -Colours. Their Sizes are different, but they are often met with..in- America. five Feet long and four broad;. There are four Sorts of Tontoifes, called by- Sailors, the Trunk-Turtle, the Loggerhead, the Hawks-Bill, and the Green-Turtle. The Trunk- Turtle are commonly bigger than the reft, and their Backs are higher and rounder. The Flefh of this Sort is rank, and not very wholefome*. The Loggi?i$ead is fo called from the Largenefs of its Head, it being much bigger than thofe of the other Sorts: The Flefh of this is likewife rank, and not eaten but in Cafe of Neceflity. The Hawks-Bill Turtle is the leaft-of the four.; they have long and fmall Mouths, fomethingrefembling ^evBill of a Hawk ; on the Back of this Turtle grows the Shell that is fo much efteemed in Europe for making CqgnW, Soxes, &c. Some of them carry three Pounds, others w&iqh %i?e :)58§jjr large, fix Pounds of Shell. It confifts of thirteen. Leaves, or Plates, of which eight are jiat, and five hollow. They are raifed and taken off by Means. of Fire, which is made under it when the Flefh is taken 1 taken out; as foon as the Heat affects the Leaves^ they are eafiiy raifed with the Point of a Knife. The Flefh is but ordinary Food, but fweeter and Better than, trfafof the Loggerhead i yet fometimes it purges both upwards and 'downwards, efpecially between Samballoes and Porto-Belh. TheGreen-Turtlearefo called,becaufe theShell is greener than any other. It isveryclear, and better clouded than that of the Hawks^Bill; but it is fo- exceeding thinj it is ufed only for inlaying. Thefe Turtles are generally larger!than the Hawks^Kill, and weigh fometimes two, fometimes three hundred Pounds. Their Heads are round and^fmall, and their Backs flatter than the Hawks-Bill. The Turtle is a dull* heavy, fhipid Animal, their Brain being no bigger than a fmall Bean, though their Head is as big as a Calf's; but they have a very good Eye, and a quick Sight* Their Flefh looks fo like Beef, it would hardly be dif- tmguifhed from it, if it'was not for the Colour of the Fat, which is of ayellowifh' Green.-- They feed upon Mofs, Grafs, and Sea-Weed, unlefs in the Time of Breeding, when they for- fake^their common Haunts, and are fuppofed td eat nothing. Both the Male and Female are fat the Beginning of this Seafon, but before they return, the Male becomes fo lean that he is not fit to eat, while the Female contiuues in good Plight, and eats well to the very laft; Theycouple rn the Water,-and are faid to be nine Days in performing the Work. They begin in MartB, and continue till May. This coupling Time is one of the principal Seafons of Fifhing for them. They are very eafiiy difcovered when they are in the Action, the Male being upon the Back of the Female; As foon as they are perceived, two or three People approach them in a Canoe, and either flip a Noofe round;! ( 2*5 I 'round their Necks, or one of their Feet; Of if they have no Line, they lay hold of them by the Neck, where they have no Shell, with their Hands only, and by this Means catch them both together ; but fometimes the Female efcapes, being more fhy than the Male. Another Way of taking them, at this Time, is with the Spear; which being thrown at the Back of the Turtle, pierces the Shell, and flicks as faft in it as if it were folid Oak. He ftruggles hard to get loofe, but all to no Purpofe, for they take Care that the Line which is faftened to the Spear be ftrong enough to hold him. The Time of taking Turtle upon Land, is from the firft Moon in April to that in Auguft9 being the Seafon in which thefe Creatures lay their Eggs. The Quantity which they lay is prodigious, being at leaft feveral Hundreds in one Seafon. The Night before fhe lays, fhe comes and takes a View of the Place, and after taking one Turn about it, fhe goes to Sea again* but never fails to return the Night following. Towards the Setting of the Sun, they are feen drawing to Land, and feem to look earneftly about them, as if they feared an Ambufcade. :ff they perceive any Perfon on Shore, they feek for another Place; if otherwife, they come on Shore when it is dark. After they have looked carefully about them, they begin to work and dig in the Sand with their fore P'eet, till they 'have made a round Hole, of a Foot 'broad and a Foot and a Half deep, a little above where the Water reaches when higheft; this done they lay eighty or ninety Eggs or upwards at a Time, as big as a Hen Egg, and as round as a Ball; fhe continues laying about the Space of an Hour, during which Time, if a Cart Was to be driven over her, ^fhe would not flir. The Eggs are covered with -a White [ 286 ) a white tough Skin, like wetted Parchment. When fhe has done laying, fhe covers the Hole fo dextroufly, that it is no eafy Matter to find the Plaas: after this, fhe returns to the Sea. At the End of fifteen Days fhe lays again in the fame Manner, and at the End of another fifteen, like- wife, laying three Times in all. In about twentvr«five Days after laying, the Eggs are hatched by the Heat of the Sand, at the End . of which Term, the little Turtles, being as big as young Quails, run direcfly to the Sea, without any Guide to lead them, Thofe that are taken by the Way, are generally fried whole, and are faid t© be delicious Meat. The Men that ftand to watch for the Turtle, turn them on their Backs, which is not performed without fome Difficulty, for they are very heavy, and ftruggle hard. After this he hales them above high Water Mark, and leaves them till Morning, for when they are once on their Backs, they are not able to ftir from the Place. Ao a Turtle enjoys the Benefit of Lungs, fhe can, by fucking in the Air, bring herfelf to an Equilibrium with the Water. She is alfo able to fwim, like other Animals, by the Motion of her Paws, though moft commonly fhe contents herfelf with creeping. The Turtle, as was faid before, feeds.upon Grafs and Weeds, and this fhe does on the Land as well as in the Water. Near feveral of the American Iflands there are a Sort of green Meadows at the Bottom of the Sea, which is not many Fathom deep in thofe Parts; for which Reafon, when the Weather is fine, and the Water fmooth, they may be feen creeping on this green Carpet at the Bottom of the Sea. After they have fed fuf- ficiently, they take their Progrefs into the Mouths of Rivers for frefh Water, where they likewife take ( a87 ) *ake in the refrefhing Air, and then return to their former; Station. WH$i they have done feeding, they generally float with their Heads above Water, >unlefs*they areit&rmed by the Approach of Hun- M&ers* or. Biflds of Prey, in which Cafe they fud- denly plunge to the Bottom. A Turtle of an ordit&rf?$rze, and of the beft Sort, will yield at leaft two hundred Pounds of Elefh, which the Sailors1 take Care to falt,^a^j8P near three hundred Eggs, which will keep a considerable Time. The Shell may he faftioned in what Manner the Workman pleafes, by foftening it in warm Water, and putting it into a Mould ; for it immediately takes the Irap^eflion by the AiTiftance of a ftrong Iron Prefs, and may be afterwards adorned ■wd /emsbelliiked at Pfeafure. TUB-FISH. See Gurnard. TURBOT, or BRET. *?W$d$ Fifh in fhe Southern Parts of England is called a Turbot, but in the Northern a Bret. The Size of this Fifh feldom exceeds a Yard in Length, nor two Feet and a Half in Breadth. ( 2»8 ") Though he has no Scales, he has a rough granulated Skin, full of exceeding fmall Prickles, placed without Order on the upper Part. The Colour of the fame Part is Afh, diverfified with a great Number of black Spots The lower Pare is white. The London Markets are wholly fupplied with this Fifh by the Dutch, who, to the Scandal of the Britifh Fifhermen, it is computed, carry out of the Kingdom upwards of thirty thoufand -Pounds annually; and in the Space of three Months, beginning in May, and ending the End of July, or Beginning of Augujl, they are chiefly to be found on the Dogger-Bank, but in the Months of Jttnuary, February, and March, they are to be had in pretty great Plenty on the Coaft: of Devon and Cornwall, of equal Goodnefs with thofe caught by the Dutch. The Flefh is white, firm, delicate, and whole* fome; and .is fo highly efteemed by fome, as to be preferred before all the Inhabitants of the Water. It-is a Fifh of Prey, and lives upon others, particularly Crabs* TUNNY, or SPANISfi MACKEREL. M \m\+_ fi 4 The Tunny is 4 large heavy Fifh, fometimes weighing upwards of a hundred Pounds. His Body is round, long, and thick, but towards the Tail remarkably fmall j Tne Back is of a very c m > very dark Colour, and appears to have either a blue or greenifh Caft, according to the Light it is placed in. 3*jpf, The Tunny is a Fifh of Paffage, that is, rambles from one Part of the Sea to another at a confider* able Diftance. In the Months of September ani OcJober, they leave the Ocean, and pals through the Straits of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea towards the Levant*, they fwim in Shoals, and are often tajeen on the Coaft of Cornwall with their Stomachs full of Pilchards. Both the AnciggtS and the Moderns feem to think that their Place of Spawning is in the Euxim Sea, and that they traverfe the Mediterranean for that Purpofe. ^tjhe Time of Fifhing begins in September \ they are caught by a Contrivance made of fmall Cane, which the French call Madrague; fome of thefe are faid to be a Mile in Compafs,, They are divided into feveral Partitions, and the Fifh having entered the large ones, are driven from thence into the fmaller; for they are like Sheep, if one leads the Way, all the reft will follow. The inmoft Partition of all is of a clofer Contexture than the reft, and it, js floored as it were with a Net: When they take out the Fifh, they draw it fo near the Shore, that the Bottom may be within f\ve Feet of the Surface Of the Water, and then the Fifhermen leap into it as into a Fifhpond ; they lay *hold of the Fifh by the fmall Part of their Tails, and throw them into the Boats, where they immediately die. When they are brought to Land, they hang them up in the Air; then they cut off their Heads, take out their Entrails, and having cut their Bodies to Pieces, they broil them on large Gridirons, and fry them with Oil-olive: After this, they feafon them with Salt, Pepper, and Cloves, O and t %*9<> ) and a Jew Bay-Heaves ; then they put them into -Barrels with frefh Oil-olive and a IMeVinegar; and in this Manner they are tranfported, ready to eat, into different Parts of Europe by the Name ©f Sea-Tunny. The. Flefh of this Fifh is not very delicate, but vecy ufeful t When it is cooked in the forego!^ iKfehner, and done with good Oil, it is as firm and white as Veal, and eats pretty inuch like it. UMBRANA, or OMBRINO. This Fifh, in M^% is called Umbrana, or OMBRINO, and is chiefly known in England, by being the Subject of feveral diverting Scenes i» one of Beaumont and Fletcher's Plays. In Colour it refembles a Tench, but the Shape is mop like a Pearch. This Fifh is in the highefl Efteem among the ^tUiais^and is thought to make a Repaft worthy of a Prince* They are often feen in the Mar- ippin Rome-, but in other Places it is a very great Rarity. -m £ E V E R, ^^TltevERhas a longiih*8c4^and a ftpaigfe^; 3 Back* ( 29i ) Back. The Sides are painted with yellow and brown Lines, which run obliquely from the Back towards the Belly. He is often taken a Foot and a half long. The Flefh is firm, and eats agreeably enough. The Fin on the Back, next the Head, is faid to be poifonous; and if a Fifher happens to be wounded with it, the Part fwells, and is very full of Pain, which continues very intenfe for four or five Hours, and then abates. WHALE. The Whale is by far the largeft of all the Inhabitants of the Sea, and is chiefly caught in the North Sea. Seme of thofe taken at Spitzberg amount to two hundred Feet in Length. Thofe on the Coaft of America are about ninety, or an hundred ; and thofe on the Coaft of Guienne, and in the Mediterranean, are the fmajleft of all. There are two Sorts of Whales, one of which is called Cachelot, whofe Mouth is furnifhed with little flat Teeth ; whereas the true Whale has none/ but inftead thereof has a Kind of Whifkers in hlf^Throat about a Span broad,, and fifteen Feet P 2 long, I ( *92 ) long, ending in a Sort of Fringe like Hogs Briftles; they are fet in the Palate, and do in Tome Meafure the Office of Teeth. Of thefe Whifkers, cut into a proper Breadth, is made Whale-bone, which the Generality erroneoufly think is taken from the Fins of this monftrous Fifh. The Whale, properly fo called, has likewife no Fins on his Back* but has two behind his Eyes, of a Bignefs proportionable to the Bulk of the Whale ; they are covered with a thick black Skin, curioufly marbled with white Strokes, which look like Veins in a Piece of Wood. When thefe Fins are cut up, there appear Bones underneath, refembling a Man's Hand ; theie likewife appear between them very ft iff Sinews, which are fo hard that tlney^ will rebound if flung againft the Ground. Thefe are all the Fins that a Whale has, and with thefe he fleers himfelf as if a Boat was rowed with Oars. The Tail does not ftand upright as the Tail of almoft every other Fifh, but lies in a horizontal Poiition, and is about fix or eight Yards broad. The Head is the third Part of the Length of the Fifti^ and on the Fore-part of the upper and under Lip there are fhort Hairs. The Lips are crooked fomewhat like an f, on the uppermoft of which there are black Streaks mixed with brown. Their Lips are fmooth and quite black, and when they are fhut they lock one within toother. The Whale-bone, as we te n it, is, as wasob- ferved before, in, his Mouth an||Throat; of this the middlemoft Pieces are th ;eft; there are about five hundred of them in all, at|d between every one there is room enough. :ut one's Hand. In the Midft of thefe Piec lie the Tongue* which is large and white, but on the Edges fpot- ted with black ; It confifts of a foft fpozigy Fat, which f 293 ) which cannot eafiiy be cut, for which Reafore they fling it away. On the Top of the Head, and before the Eyesr is placed what they call the Hovel, or Bump, in which are two Spout-Holes. Out of thefe Holes; he blows the Water fo very fiercely, that it roars like a hollow Wind, or an Organ-Pipe: It is fo very loud that it may be heard at the Diftance of* a League, when the Whale is not to be feen by Reafon of the foggy Air. He blows out the Water the fierceft of all when he is wounded, and then the Noife refembles the Roaring of the Sea in a great Storm. The Head of the Whale is not round at the Top, but flat, and flopes downward like the Tiling of a Houfe, till it comes to the under Lip. In fhort, the whole Fifh is fhaped like a Shoemaker's Laft, if you look on it from beneath. His Eyes are placed near the Corner of the Mouth, and are not much bigger than thofe of an Ox. They have Eye-lids, and Hair upon them, like the Eyes of a Man. The Cryftalline Humour is not much bigger than a Pea, and is clear, white, and tranfparent. His Back and Sides are quite red, but underneath the Belly they are commonly white ; though fome are of a Jet Black. They make a beautiful Appearance in the Water when the Sun fhines ; for as the Waves of the Sea rife up, and are dafhed againft him, they fhine like Silver. Some of them are marbled on the Back and Tail, and wherever they are wounded there always remains a white Scar. Thofe Whales that are black are not fo in an equal Degree ; for fome are as deeply black as Velvet, others as a Coal, and others again are of the Colour of a Tench. O 3 The m \ ?&A ) The Skin of thisFifh is almoft as flippery as that of an Eel, but this does not hinder a Man from Handing upon him, becaufe the Flefh being foft, finks downward with his Weight, and makes a Sort of a Hole* The outward or Scarf-fkin is as thin as a Parchment, and is eafiiy taken off with one's Hands when the Fifh is hot; but it is of little or no Ufe. The Penis of the Whale is of a tendinous Nature, and is fix, feven, or eight Feet lb^g, according to the Bignefs of the Fifh : It lies in a Doubling of the Skin, juft like a Knife in the Sheath when the Haft only appears. The Pudendum of the Female is fhaped like that of a Mane, or Cow. On each Side of it grow two Udders with Nipples, like thofe of a Cow ; fome of thefe are all over white, fome are fpeckled with black and blue Spots, like a Lapwing's Egg. When they have no young ones their Udders are fmall, in the Acl of Coition they ftand upright with their Heads out of the Water, embracing each other with their Fins. It is fuppofed they never have more than two young ones at a Time, becaufe there have never been found more than two in their Bellies when , they have been cut open. How long they go with Young, is altogether/uncertain. In the Year 1658, a Skeleton of a Whale was publicly fhewn at Paris. The Skull was between fixteen and feventeen Feet long, and weighed 4600 Pounds, The Flefh is coarfe and hard, looking like that Of a Bull, and is full of Smews : It is very dry and lean when it is boiled, becaufe the Fat of a Whale lies only between the Flefh and the Skin. Some Parts of it lcok blue and green, like powdered Beef, efpecially at the joining together of the Mufcles, ■ I f 29S J Mufcfesi The Tail is the tenderefPFart, anddB^ not fo dry as that of <the Body. It may be eateii fafely, when there is notMkg better to be got; for thofe thafchave eaten of it daily have found no bad Effecls-lrom it. The Drug calte$ Sperma* Ceti, is the Brain of the Ca&helot, or Male Whale, which, when it is taken out'^i the Skull, is melted over a gentle Fire; then it is caft iajto Moulds, like fc&ofe in which Sugar is refined; after it is cooled, and grained from the Oil, they take it and melt it again, repealing the Operation till it is well purified, and very white., Then with a Knife, made for that Purpofe, they cut it into Flakes, in the. fame Manner as it appears when it comes to us* The chief Place where Whales are caught, is on the Weftern Coaft of Spitzberg, from the La- titude of 76 Degrees 40 Minutes, to 80 Degrees ; the Eftablifhment at Greenland not fucceeding to Satisfa&ion. The Dutch have upwards of three hundred Years had a large Share of the Whale-Fifhery, and it is now efteemed one of the principal Branches of their extenfive Trade. The chief Merchants of their ftouriflaing Provinces afftfei* ate themfelves into a Body for the carrying it on, and fend every'Year a Fleet of Veffels to the North Seas for that Purpofe. In the Year 1728 the South-Sea Company feegjan to fhare with them, in which they met with pretty good Succefs at firft ; but it afterwards dwindled away till the Year 1740, when the Parliament thought fit to give farther Encouragement in it, by which Means we are become powerful Rivals of the Dutch, and now fell both Oil and Whale-bone to feveral Parts of the World.- That the Reader may be a Judge of the Importance of this Trade, we fhall here fubjein the O 4 Difcipline t 2961) Bifcipline obferved in the Whale-Fifhery, the Method of Fifhing, the Cargo and Equipage of a Veffel, and the Produce thereof. The Difcipline is adjufted by ftanding Regulations, the principal of which are as follow : That in cafe a Veffel be fhipwrecked, and the Crew faved, the next Veffel they meet with fhall take them in, and the fecond Veffel half of them from the firft; but no Ship is obliged to take in any of the Cargo of the fhipwrecked Veffel: But if any Goods, taken out of fuch a Veffel, are abfolutely relinquifhed, and another Ship finds them, and takes them up, the Captain fhall be accountable to the Owners of the fhip-wrecked Veffel for one Half, clear of all Expences. If the Crew defeft a fhipwrecked VeiTel, they fhall have no Claim to any of the Eftecls faved, but the.whole fhall go to the Proprietor; but if they be prefent when the Effeefs are faved, and aflift therein, they fhall have One Fourth thereof: That if a Perfon kill a Fifh on the Ice, it fhall be reputed his own fo long as he leaves any Perfon with it j but the Minute he leaves it, it becomes the Due of the firft Captain that comes that Way. But yet if the Fifh be faftened to an Anchor, or a Rope faftened to the Shore, it fhall remain to its iirft Proprietor, though he leave it alone: That if any Perfon be wounded or maimed in the Service, the Commiffioners of the Fifhery are to procure him a reaionable Satisfaction, to which the whole Fleet fhall contribute. They likewife agree to attend Prayers Morning and Evening, on Pain of a Forfeit at the Discretion of the Captain; nor to get drunk, or draw theix Knives, on Forfeiture of Half their Wages j nor fight, on Forfeiture of the Whole. They are not to lay Wagers on the good or ill Succefs ©{ the Fiflung, nor buy nor feU with the Condition ( 297 ) tion of taking one or more Fifh, on the Penalty of twenty-five Florins. They are likewife to reft fatisfied with the Provifions allowed them; and they are never to light Candle, Fire, or Match, without the Captain's Leave, on the like Penalty. After the reading I is Regulation, the Crew are all called over, who receive the cuftomary Gratuity before their fetting out, with an Aflu- rance of another at their Return, in Proportion to the Succefs of the Voyage. The Captain, on this Occafion, receives from an hundred to an hundred and fifty Florins : The v Pilot from forty to fixty: Each Harpineer from forty to fifty: The other Officers from twenty- fix to thirty-fix Florins: The old Sailors twenty, and the young ones twelve. The Fleet, which confifts chiefly of VefTels from two to three hundred Tons, and from thirty-five Men to forty-one, ufually fets fail about the Beginning of April, and takes its Courfe by the I Hands of Iceland, from 60 to 61 Degrees of Latitude; after which, leaving them to the Weft, it fleers Northward through 73, 74, and 75 Degrees of Latitude, where they begin to find the Ice. It is through thefe prodigious Heaps of Ice, which abound in thofe Parts, that they firft begin to f'py the Whales, and there moft of the VeiTels make a Stop in order for Fifhing. But as the Fifh are larger and fatter the further they go North, for that Reafon fome VefTels will venture as far as eighty or eighty two Degrees. Each Veifel of three hundred Tons has fix Shaloops, each Shaloop is allowed a Harpineer, and five Sailors to row it; in each Shaloop there are feven Lines of three Inches Circumference, five of them in the fore Part of the Veffel, and two ■1; 1 two b^ind. The fiv« Lines together-make fix hundri^jFa,thom, and witjjr the Addition of thes other two, the whole amoaawts;fe» eight hundred a#d fifty Fathom. If the Whale dives deeper, or runs further under the Ice, the Line mulfe $e cut,, to prevent the Lofs of the Boat. The Inftrument wherewith the Est^cution is done, is a Harping-iron, or javelin, five or fix Feet long, pointed with Steel in a triangular Shape, like the Barb of an Arrow. The Harpineer, Handing at one End of the- Shaloop,, as foon as he is at a proper Diftance from the Whale, flings the Harping-iron,W*£hali. the Force he is Mafter of, againft the Whale's- Back, and if he is fo lucky as to penetrate through- the Skin and Fat into the Flefh, he lets go a String faftened to the Harping-iron,' at the End whereof is a dry Gourd, which fwimming on the Water difcovers whereabout the Whale is, who, as foon as he is ftruck, plunges to the Bot- t§|». The Gourd is made ufe of when they have not Line enough to purfue&he Whale in its Career, However, great Care is taken that they may have Line enough, and. if the Cargo of one Shaloop is not fuftkient, they throw the End of the Cord to another, and from thence .to another,, if there fhould be Oecafion. The Cord in running out fo fwiftly would often take Fire, if it was not kept wetting with a Mop or a. Swab. As foon as the Whale rifes again for Breath, the Harpineer gives him a frefh Wound with aLaunce. and fo do the reft of the Crew, as they have an Opportunity ; for when he begins to faint with Lois of Blood, they can approach near him, and■* then they plunge their Launces into various Parts of his Body, which foon dtfpatch him. When. the Carcafe begins to float, they cut off the Fins and ( *99 ) and Tail, and tow him to the Ship, where they faften Ropes to keep him from finking, and when it is cold they begin to cut it up. In order to this, three or four Men go down upon the Whale, with Irons upon their Boots to keep them from flipping, They begin to open him on the Side, and proceed downwards towards the Belly, cutting off all the Fat into Pieces of three < Feet broad, and eight long : befidesthe Fat on the Sides, they frequently cut off that on the Throat and the under Lip, leaving the Lean behind. They next proceed to the Whalebone, which they cut off, with a Hatchet made for that Purpofe, from the upper Jaw of the Fifh. The Fat and Bone thus procured, they leave the Carcafe for the Bears, who are very fond of it. As faft as the large Pieces of Fat are cut off, the reft of the Crew are employed in flicing thetn fmaller, and picking out the Lean. When this is prepared, they flow it under Deck till the Fat of all the Whale is on board ; then cutting it ftill fmaller, they put it up in Tubs in the Hold, or Bottom of. the Veffel, cramming them very full and clofe ; this done, they fail homewards, where the Fat is to be boiled, and melted down into Train Oil. As to the Produce of this Fifhery, it is different in different Years. In 1697, the moft fortunate Year that ever was known, one hundred and ninety-feven VefTels took one thoufand nine hundred and fixty-eight Whales. Whereas, in 1725, there were two hundred and twenty-fix VefTels, which only took three hundred and forty-nine. Of thefe VefTels, twelve were Englijh, which caught to their Share twenty five Whales and a Half; the Produce of thefe were, one thoufand Puncheons of Blubber, and twenty Tons of Whale-bone. Now ( 3*° | Now fuppofinga Puncheon of Blubber to be worth two Pounds fifteen Shillings, as it was to the Dutch in 1697, and an hundred Weight of Whale-bone to be worth four Pounds four Shillings; the Amount of both Articles will be three thoufand five hundred and ninety Pounds for the whole Year's Produce ; and the Value of the Produce to the whole Number of Ships was, three hundred forty-fix thoufand feven hundred and forty-four Pounds ten Shillings. WHITING. The Whiting is one of theTmalleft of this Kind of Fifh, it being feldom met with above a Feot in Length.. It is a flender Fifh for the Size, efpecially towards the Tail, for about the Head the Make is confiderably larger. The Flefh is fweet, tender, and in univerfal Efteem. In fome Parts of England and Holland, they take out the Guts of thefe Fifh, and then dry them, by which Means they may be kept a confi- derable Time. They eat pretty enough. There is another Sort of Whiting, not above feVen Inches long, which is very common in the Mediterranean Sea, and is called by the Venetians, Mollo, but by the People of Marfeilles, -Capelan. It is doubted by fome whether they are found in the Ocean or not; and yet it is probable that this is the fame Fifh which our Countrymen corruptly call Cupeling, and which they catch upon the American ( 30* ) American Coaft for a Bait in Cod-fifhing. It is of a darker Colour than a common Whiting, and has a Barb at its Nofe like a Cod. The Flefh is very foft, tender, and nourifhing. 'Fhe h idling for Whitings in a Boat or Smack is diverting enough, becaufe they bite very freely, and require no very nice Tackle to catch them. You may know where to caft Anchor by the Sea- Gulls, for they never fail to hover over the Place where the Whitings lie, and if they feem to dip into the Water every now and then, you are fure not to lofe your Labour. At Portfmouth, the Tradefmen frequently get fmall Smelts as Baits, and find good Diverfion amongft the Whitings; but if Smelts are not to be had, a Mufcle, a Herring, a hairy Worm, a Lob, or a Marfh Worm, are good Baits. You need not ufe any Rod, but a Paier-nofler Line, with half a Dozen Hooks half a Yard diftant from each other. The Line may be faftened to the Infide of the Boat, by which Means you wil) have but little Trouble, except in drawing up your Fifh, and putting on frefh Baits. The Time of waiting before you examine your Hooks need not be long, for they are a very greedy Fifh. W H I T I N G-P O L L A C K. This Fifh has the Englifh Name of Whitino- Pollack beflowed upon it, from its Likenefs to a Whiting. However it is larger, proportionably broader, and not quite fo thick. 2 He ( 3°?« ) He lives upon Fifh, particularly Sand-Eels, and is frequently taken near Penzance and St. Ives, in Cornwall; and is likewife often caught in Rock- fifhing. He ftruggles hard for his Life, and yields the Angler good Dtverfion. Proper Baits in Rock-fifhing, are fmall Smelts, a live Shrimp, a Cockle, a Perriwinkle, a Lobworm, a Marfh-worm, and a hairy Worm, that is found under the Sand at the Tide of Ebb. This laft, as it is the moft natural, fo it is the moft fuccefsful Bait; befides it has this Advantage, that it needs no fcowering, as other Worms do. If you fifh out of a Boat or Smack you will need no Rod, and your Line may be fixty Yards long, with three or four Hooks one above another, and baited with different Baits. Some Inches above the Higheft Hook muft be fixed about half a Pound of Lead. When you fifh, you muft coil your Line in feveral Rings in your left Hand, and holding your Lead in your right, throw it as far into the Sea as you can, taking Care to hold the Loop of your Line faft in your Hand, left you lofe it. The beft Time for Sea-fifhing is in warm Weather, and early in the Morning, or after Su^-fet, provided the Tide has been ebbing near an Hour. Some in this Kind of Fifhing choofe to place themfelves under the Covert of a Rock, where they fhelter themfelves, and fit fecure from the Inclemencies of the Wind and Weather, and this, in a proper Senfe, may be termed Rock-fifhing. In this Cafe a Rod is neceffary, as likewife a Float. It is common to ufe two Hooks, one to lie at! the Bottom, and one to hang about Mid- water ; and if a little mifehievous Fifh, called a Miller's Thumb, fhould happen to carry your Bait into the Clefts of the Rocks, you muft have Patience tL: ( 3^3 ) Patience till he thinks proger to come abroad, for rthere is no dealing with him by Force. The Tlefh of a Whiting-Pollack is well-tau> ed, nourffhing, and flaky lite that of a Cod. W H ITING-POUT. The Whiting-Pout is remarkably broad in Proportion to its Length, by which it is diftin- ^uifhed from all other Fifh of this Kitidv The Size of this Fi& is generally about eleven Inches long, and three and a half broad. It has fmall Scales, and is of a Silver Colour on the .Body like a Whiting. This is a different Species from the Whiting- Mops ; the Whiting-Mops being very young Whitings. The Whiting-Pout is of a dry, infipid Tafte, and very little efteemed. FINIS, BOOKS printed for T. Lowndes. TWELVES. THEOBALD'S Shakfpeare, 8 Vols. Cuts, il 8s Fortunate Country Maid, 2 Vols. 6s The Prater, by Nicholas Babble, Efq; 33 Antigallican, or Adventures of H. Cobham, Efq; 3s Sir John Vanbrugh's Plays, 2 Vols, 6s Milton's Paradife Loft, Cuts, 3s 6d Farquhar's Works, 2 Vols. 6s Ogilby's Roads, ^with a Map is 6d Selectae e Profanis, 2s 6d Clarke's Introduction to making Latin, 2s Steele's Dramatic Works, with his Life and Head, 2s 6d Kimber's Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland, with Arms, &c. 3s 6d each. Dr. Croxall's JEfop, 3s ' Lillo's Plays, 2 Vols. 7s Bankes's Oliver Cromwell, 3 s Fine Lady, 2 Vols* 6s Scarron's Works, 2 Vols. 6s Cotton's Poetical Works, Cuts, 3s 6d Theatrical Bouquet, confifting of Prologues anil Epilogues, 3s 6d C^II Ovid's Art of Love, 3s Conftantia Philip's Apology, 3 Vols* 9s Howard's Dramatic Works, 3s Fielding's Tom Jones, 4 Vols. 12s Henrietta, by Mrs. Lenox, 2 Vols. 6s ij|| The Locket, a Novel, 2 Vols. 6s Philips's (John) Poems, with Cuts, 2s 6d Philips's (Ambrofe) Paftorals, 2s Thompfon's Works, 4 Vols. 12s m M
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Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Woodward Library. Memorial Room. Hawthorn collection. SH411 .B7 1785
Fishing
Fishes
The art of angling
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