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Canadian Pacific Railway
Canadian Pacific Railway Company
Railroads--Canada
Wallace B. Chung and Madeline H. Chung Collection
Annotated guide to stops along the Canadian Pacific Railway Western Lines. Part 2: west of Winnipeg, west of Chicago.
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Western Ones- West Bound Save the Forests! Canada's timber reserves are national assets of incalculable value. To neglect to take ordinary precautions which ensure them against destruction from forest fires is to rob civilization. Quite apart from the danger to the lives, homes and property of settlers, every acre of forest burned means labor turned away, reduced markets for manufactured products, heavier taxation on other property, and higher lumber prices. Passengers on trains should not throw lighted cigar or cigarette ends from car windows. Those who go into the woods—hunters, fishermen, campers and canoeists—should consider it their duty to exercise every care to prevent loss from fire. '<?*/ ACROSS CANADA An Annotated Guide to the Country Served by the Canadian Pacific Railway and its Allied Interests. WESTBOUND Part 2. West of Winnipeg West of Chicago Canadian Pacific Railway MONTREAL 1921 _^._E- ACROSS CANADA BY CANADIAN PACIFIC THE Canadian Pacific Railway is the world's greatest transportation system. With a total length, including lines owned and controlled, of over 19,300 miles, it serves all the important industrial, commercial and agricultural sections of Canada, as well as many parts of the United States. Practically every large city of Canada is on its system. It reaches famous historic spots, wonderful holiday-making and sporting resorts, and some of the most magnificent scenery in the world. Its steamship services reach out across the Atlantic to Europe, and across the Pacific to the Orient. Its telegraph system extends along the entire length of the railway and reaches as well every point of importance in Canada away from it. Its fifteen fine hotels set the standard for hotel accommodation in Canada. Its express system (the Dominion Express Company) has a world-wide service. Its land-settlement policy, coupled with the large areas of fertile agricultural land that it still has for sale in the west, is helping to accomplish the development of a richer and bigger Canada. This Annotated Guide" is a description of the Canadian Pacific system and of those systems allied or associated with it. While principally dealing with the various cities and resorts from the viewpoint of. the pleasure-traveller, it also pays some attention to the industrial activities and natural resources of Canada; and while the latter information is not — because of the nature of this publication — of an exhaustive character, yet it is hoped that it will .be stimulating as indicative of the potentialities of this great Dominion. Across Canada by Canadian Pacific, from Halifax to Victoria, is a journey of over 3,600 miles; other lines amount to over fifteen thousand more. With such a vast territory to be covered, and with such a multiplicity of interest to be described, it is inevitable that a certain abridgment must be made. Other publications issued by this company enter into fuller detail concerning various parts of the Canadian Pacific system. This Annotated Guide is issued in two £arts, East ot yvmnifeeg and West of Winnipeg, as well as in an East- bound Edition. Copies of Part I (East of Winnipeg) can be obtained from porters on transcontinental trams, Canadian Pacific passenger agents, or from the General Publicity Department, Canadian Pacific Railway, Montreal. TABLE OF CONTENTS PART II—WEST OF WINNIPEG AND CHICAGO MAIN TRANSCONTINENTAL LINE Winnipeg to Calgary ... Winnipeg to Calgary via Edmonton Calgary to Field - - - - Field to Revelstoke ... Revelstoke to Vancouver Southern British Columbia Route - Pages 76 83—86 91—100 101—110 11.1—119 120—131 MANITOBA Winnipeg to Emerson, Riverton, etc. Winnipeg to Begina via Arcola Winnipeg to Napinka - Brandon to Estevan - Brandon to Saskatoon - - - - SASKATCHEWAN Regina to Saskatoon - Moose Jaw to Govenlock, Macklin, etc. Swift Current to Empress and Bassano - 64- 87—88 88 66 68 70 71 72 ALBERTA Calgary to Edmonton -------- 89 Calgary to Lethbridge and Macleod ..... go Branches from Lethbridge ------- 122 BRITISH COLUMBIA Lake Windermere Branch ------- 104—105 Kootenay and Slocan Lakes Steamer Services - - - - 126 Arrow Lakes Steamer Service - - - - - - 110 Okanagan Lake Steamer Service ------ 112 Vancouver to Victoria, Seattle, and other steamer routes - 132—135 Vancouver to Alaska -------- 136—139 Victoria to Courtenay and Alberni (E. & N.) - - - - 139—142 UNITED STATES Chicago to St. Paul and Minneapolis St. Paul and Minneapolis to Winnipeg - St. Paul and Minneapolis to Vancouver - Lethbridge to Spokane - - - - 77 78 78—82 122—125 Index to Principal Stations will be found on page 143. For description of lines East of Winnipeg and East of Chicago, see Part I. _J TABLE OF MILEAGES (By Direct Route unless otherwise stated) Montreal Toronto Winnipeg Chicago Vancouver Banff, Alta 2326 2147 914 1694* 560 Belleville, Ont 221 119 1352 632 2826 Boston, Mass 340 598 1752(a) 3226(a) Brandon, Man 1545 1365 133 1341 Brantford, Ont. (b) . . 405 65 1297 2771 Broadview, Sask 1676 1496 264 1210 Brockville, Ont 156 239 1472 751 2947 Buffalo, N.Y. (c) 441 101 1333 613 2807 Oalgary, Alta 2244 2065 832 1612 642 Chalk River, Ont 242 1169 2644 Chatham, Ont 519 179 333 Chicago, 111 853 512 913 2254 Detroit, Mich 569 229 1197 283 2671 Duluth, Minn 1038(d) 859(d) 404 1878(e) Edmonton, Alta. (f) . . 2438 2259 1026 1806 836 Edmonton, Alta. (g) . . 2260 2081 848 2117 Field, B. C 2380 2201 969 1749 505 Port William, Ont. .. 992 813(h) 419 1893 Fredericton, 'N. B. . . 459 798 1871 1312 3345 Galt, Ont 398 57 1290 455 2764 Glacier, B.C 2466 2286 1054 1834 420 Guelph, Ont 395 54 1287 488 2761 • Halifax, N.S. (i) 677 1018 2089 1530 3563 Hamilton, Ont. (c) . . 380 40 1272 491 2746 Ignace, Ont 1140 960 272 1746 Kamloops, B.C 2635 2456 1224 2004 250 Kenora, Ont 1286 1106 126 1600 Kingston, Ont 208 209 1442 721 2916 Lake Louise, Alta. . . 2361 2181 949 1729 525 Lethbridge, Alta. (f) 2370 2191 959 1739 768 Lethbridge, Alta. (j) 2183 2004 772 1544 - 863 Lindsay, Ont 294 67 1196 581 2670 London, Ont 455 115 1311(k) 398 2785(k) Medicine Hat, Alta. . . 2068 1888. 656 1436 818 Minneapolis, Minn. .. 1119(d) 939(d) 453 460 1794 Minneapolis, Minn. .. 1313(k) 972 (k) Montreal, Que 340(1) 1412 853 2886 Moose Jaw, Sask. .. 1810 1631 398 1178 1076 Nanaimo, B.O. (m) . . 2927 2748 1515 2295 41 Nelson, B.C. (n) .... 2690 2511 1278 2058 563 Nelson, B.C. (j) .... 2537 2354 1122 1894 513 New Westminster, B.C. 2877 2698 1466 2246 25 New York, N.Y 384 539(c) 1796(a) 3270(a) North Bay, Ont 360 1053 2526 Oshawa, Ont 303 37 1271 550 2744 Ottawa, Ont Ill 265(1) 1300 777 2775 Owen Sound, Ont 461 121 1353 633 2827 Pembroke, Ont 220 1191 2665 Penticton, B.C. (o). . 2706 2527 1294 2074 489 Penticton, B.C. (j) .. 2795 2616 1383 2156 251 Peterboro, Ont 262 78 1311 591 2785 Portage la Prairie, Man. 1467 1288 56 1418 Port Arthur, Ont 988 809 424 1898 Quebec, Que 172 513 1584 1025 3058 Regina, Sask 1768 1589 357 1220 1117 Revelstoke, B.C 2506 2327 1095 1875 379 St. John, N.B 482 822 1893 1334 3367 St. Paul, Minn 1109(d) 929(d) 464 449 1805 St. Paul, Minn. . .'. . 1302 (k) 961(k) St. Thomas, Ont 462 121 Saskatoon, Sask. (q) . . 1940 1761 529 1749 1204(r) Saskatoon, Sask. (s) . . 1892 1713 480 Sault Ste. Marie, Ont. 618 439 ' Seattle, Wash 3050 2870 1638 2418 164 Sherbrooke, Que 106 447 1518 959 2992 Sicamous, B.C 2551 2372 1139 1919 335 Skagway, Alaska 3874 3695 2462 3242 988 Smith's Falls, Ont. . 129 212 1444 724 2918 Spokane, Wash, (j) .. 2576 2396 1164 - . 773 Sudbury, Ont 439 260 973 772 2447 Swift Current, Sask... 1921 1741 509 1289 965 Toronto, Ont 340(1) x 1232 512 2706 Trenton, Ont 231 109 . 1341 621 2816 Trois Rivieres, Que... 95 436 1507 948 2981 Truro, N.S 696 1036 2107 1548 3581 Vancouver, B.C. (f) . . 2886 2706 1474 2254 Vancouver, B.C. (j) .. 3046 2867 1634 2407 Victoria, B.O 2969 2789 1557 2337 83 Windsor, Ont 567 226 1199(k) 286 2673(k) Winnipeg, Man 1412 1232 913 1474 Woodstock, Ont 428 88 424 (a) via Montreal, (b) via Hamilton, (cj via Toronto, (d) via Sudbury, (e) via Winnipeg, (f) via Calgary, (g) via Saskatoon, (h) 655 miles via Port McNicoll and steamship, (i) via Digby; 83 miles further via Moncton. (j) via southern route, (k) via Chicago. (1) via Lake Shore; 2 miles less via Peterboro. (m) via direct steamer, (n) via Revelstoke. (o) via Sicamous. (q) via Regina. (r) via Edmonton, (s) via Wynyard. Winnipeg 63 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg Winnipeg Alt. 772—The population of Greater Winnipeg is estimated at 271,958, the city itself having about 195,000. La Verendrye was t&e first white man to set foot in Winnipeg, arriving in 1738, when he built a fort known as Fort Rouge, which is now part of the city. Two years later he built Fort Maurepas on Lake Winnipeg, as a point more suitable for trading with the Indians. In 1806 Fort Gibraltar was built by the North-Western Trading Company, but ten years later was destroyed. In 1822 a second Fort Gibraltar was built and renamed Fort Garry when the North-Western Company amalgamated^ with the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1835 Fort Garry was rebuilt by Governor Christie with stone, the walls running 280 feet east and west and 244 feet north and south. This was an important trading centre for the Western plains, but as late as 1871 the population of Fort Garry was only 215 souls. To-day Winnipeg is Canada's third largest city. Situated as it is, at the junction of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, a city of beautiful boulevards and parks, many golf links, and •summer and winter sports of all kinds, it is the home of a contented people. It is the capital of the Province of Manitoba. Winnipeg is the greatest grain market and grain inspection point in the British Empire. It is the railway centre of the West, and commands the trade of the vast region to the north, east and west. Branch lines radiate in every direction. The city is handsomely built, amongst the notable buildings being the Provincial Parliament House. The Royal Alexandra, owned and operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway, ranks amongst the finest hotels in the world. It was erected at a cost of $1,250,000, has been extended to twice its original size, and is most handsomely decorated and furnished. The hotel is adjacent to the railway station, a magnificent building which is the headquarters of the Company's western system. Immense workshops of the Canadian Pacific Railway are here, and the railway has also in this city the two largest train yards in the world. One yard, which has been completed for several years, has 110 miles of track. The second is even larger, as it includes seventy tracks of a total mileage of 183 miles. In connection with this yard development the Canadian Pacific has a transfer elevator of a million bushels capacity. A land office of the railway is located in the city, and here also are the chief Western immigration offices of the Government, and the immigration sheds. The C.P.R. owns large areas of good agricultural land, and has a comprehensive colonization policy for facilitating the settlement of practical farmers. Since the advent of cheap hydro-electric power in 1911, Winnipeg has made remarkable strides as an industrial centre. It now supplies manufacturers with what is claimed to be the cheapest power in America. During the war period the city constructed a $16,000,000 aqueduct carrying pure, soft water _^> 64 Across Canada from Indian Bay, a portion of Lake of the Woods which juts across the Ontario boundary into Manitoba, with a capacity of 100,000,000 gallons daily. In Winnipeg and St. Boniface are the largest western stock yards and packing houses, with enormous flour mills, mills for other cereal products, rolling mills, iron and steel works, and automobile assembling plants. WINNIPEG TO RIVERTON: 84 miles Winnipeg Fort Garry Selkirk Matlock Whytewold Ponemah Winnipeg Beach Gimli Riverton A branch line runs north from Winnipeg to Winnipeg Beach and Riverton. Skirting the banks of the Red River, we traverse first a well-settled suburban district, and then a truck-gardening area, reaching Lower Fort Garry, built by the Hudson's Bay Company as a trading post in 1831. Selkirk is the shipping point for the steamers that travel across Lake Winnipeg to Warren's Landing, at the north end. of the lake. At this point are successful fisheries, lumber business, and several factories. Matlock, Whytewold, and Ponemah are summer cottage points. Winnipeg Beach is perhaps the most popular summer resort for Winnipeggers. It stands on the shore of Lake Winnipeg, and has a beautiful beach, dancing pavilion, hotels, yacht club, hundreds of summer cottages, and all the other appurtenances of a successful resort. Gimli and Riverton are very progressive Icelandic settlements whose principal industries are fishing and lumbering. The region is also a large pulp-wood producing one. WINNIPEG TO ARBORG: 76 miles Winnipeg A branch north from Winnipeg runs through a suc- Stony Mountain cessful market garden area and a fine mixed farm- Stonewall ing district to the commercial centre of Stonewall. Teulon At Teulon, 19 miles further, flax is being grown Komarno in a commercial way for its fibre, so far with Arborg great success. As we travel north the wooded country is reached and lumber becomes one of the principal industries of this territory. Arborg, the terminus of this line, serves a flourishing country to the north and west. WINNIPEG TO EMERSON: 65 miles Winnipeg From Winnipeg a branch runs due south to the St. Boniface international boundary, where connection is made Niverville with the Soo Line. The route is through the fertile Otterburne valley of the Red River; and it is interesting to re- Arnaud member that Fort Garry (as Winnipeg was then call- ' Dominion City ed) was reached by this route before the building Emerson of the Canadian Pacific Railway, except that the Minneapolis river was used—first small boats that drifted with St. Paul the current, and then shallow steamers. St. Boni face is an independent city facing Winnipeg across the Red River. Oi its 12,000 population, a considerable proportion is French-Canadian. It has a fine cathedral, college buildings, and many manufactures, as well as the Union Stock Yards,' where thousands of head of stock are handled and trans-shipped east and south every year. The country down to the border was amongst the earliest taken up in' Western Canada, and some of the farms in this neighborhood have been under cultivation for several generations. Round Dominion City are large gypsum deposits which have been investigated and found highly suitable for development. Emerson (population 1,300) has grown rapidly during the past few years. Canadian Pacific Station and Royal Alexandra Hotel, Winnipeg Manitoba 65 Winnipeg Beach WINNIPEG TO CALGARY: 832 miles (For Map, see page 67) Winnipeg Rosser Marquette Reaburn Poplar Point High Bluff Portage la Prairie Between Winnipeg and Portage la Prairie we traverse the Portage Plains, as level for the most part as a billiard table. We cross the Assiniboine River, the course of which is marked by the line of trees to be seen along its route. This country is a great hay one, but also has considerable grain growing and dairying. Marquette is the home of the Indian tribe of that name. At Reaburn we are at the half-way point between Montreal and Vancouver; not far away is Long Lake, a favorite resort for sportsmen. Portage la Prairie (population 7000, altitude 858) is the centre of a large and very fertile agricultural district, and an important railway point served by many branch lines. It is situated a mile from the Assiniboine River, 56 miles west of Winnipeg. It has large flour mills, brick yards, and other Industries, and in addition to its present water supply the power lines of the Manitoba Power Commission have now been strung into the city from the Winnipeg River, 125 miles distant. North of the city is Lake Manitoba, an excellent summer resort, with boating, fishing, and summer cottages. At Portage the Winnipeg-Edmonton service leaves the main line (see page 83). Bagot The country from Portage la Prairie to Brandon MacGregor is for the most part a fertile and well-settled area, with comfortable farm homes and large barn buildings. It is a first-class grain and stock country, renowned for the prize cattle which it raises, for this is the home of several world-championship herds. From MacGregor a branch runs in a westerly direction to Varcoe and thence south to Brandon. North of Varcoe 1 another branch runs to Minnedosa, on the Winnipeg-Edmonton line (see page 83), and from Forrest, between Varcoe and Brandon, there is yet another running westerly to Miniota. These lines enter the heart of a magnificent and fairly old settled district, with many prosperous communities, such as Rapid City, Oak River, Hamiota, Crandall, etc. We are now well into the prairies, and from here to Calgary will travel across them continuously. This vast region forms a mammoth agricultural area of almost limitless possibilities. The three prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta contain a land area of 466,- Sidney Carberry Camp Hughes Chater ■■■ 66 Across Canada 000,000 acres. Of this amount, the conservative estimate has been made that at least 200,000,000 acres are first-class agricultural land that will raise the finest of crops. At the present time, less than 35,000,000 acres are actually under cultivation, and the population of this vast area is only roughly a million and three quarters. Of the remaining 165,000,000 odd acres of available good farming land, considerably over 30,000,000 acres are within a radius of fifteen miles of existing railroads. It will be seen, therefore, how far the absorption power of Western Canada for population is from being exhausted. Practically all the way west of here too, our train is climbing up the long ascent to the Rockies; between Winnipeg and Calgary it climbs over 2600 feet. Carberry is a prosperous town of 1000 inhabitants, with a surrounding country reminiscent of the Portage Plains. Camp Hughes was, during the period of the war, the training ground of thousands of western soldiers. Running down the hill from Chater we cross the beautiful Assiniboine river again, and enter Brandon. Brandon—(Pop. 18,000, altitude 1204 feet). Situated in the centre of one of the richest agricultural and live stock territories of Manitoba, Brandon is a railway divisional point and an important commercial centre acting as a feeder to nearly three hundred small towns, villages and hamlets. It has flour mills, factories, distributing houses covering all line of farm machinery, and the largest seed warehouse in the West. It is a modern city with complete educational facilities, churches of all denominations, an Indian training school, and a Dominion Government Experimental Farm. Beautifully situated overlooking the Assiniboine River, it is a home-like city with many charming streets. It has a unique central heating system for business premises. From Brandon a branch line runs north to Minnedosa, on the Winnipeg-Edmonton line (see page 83). BRANDON TO ESTEVAN: 164 miles Brandon From Brandon an important branch line runs in a south- Souris westerly direction towards the international boundary, Hartney which it then parallels for a considerable distance. This Lauder line is the medium for intercommunication between the network of branches that laces the southern regions of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. At Souris it crosses the Winnipeg-Regina loop line (see page 87). Hartney is adjacent to large but as yet undeveloped electric power in the Souris River. At Lauder branches run west to Alida and east to Boissevain. I Brandon WINNIPEG TO CALGARY ^j 68 Across Canada Napinka At Napinka we join the Southern Manitoba branch from Melita Winnipeg via La Riviere (see page 88). Continuing Plerson through an excellent farming region, we reach at Bien- Gainsboro fait the centre of the Souris coal fields, where the Do- Oxbow minion Government, in conjunction with the two provin- Alameda cial governments concerned, are erecting a briquetting Bionfait plant at a cost of some $600,000 to utilize and improve Estevan the grade of coal for domestic consumption. The Souris field is a somewhat low-grade lignite coal finding its principal market in Manitoba. At Estevan we reach the junction with the Soo Line from St. Paul and Minneapolis to Moose Jaw (see page 81). A branch continues westerly to Neptune, through a ranching and farming country with good clays and salj lakes awaiting development. Kemnay Alexander Griswold Oak Lake Routledge Virden Eikhorn Kirkella shooting in population Westward from Brandon we climb by a gradual rise to the top of the Assiniboine Valley, and travel through a prosperous farming community wherein are situated many towns and villages definitely associated with the agricultural products which are brought to their grain elevators and stock yards. It is a very attractive country, too, with many beautiful spots such as Oak Lake, which has fine duck and prairie chicken its vicinity. Virden is a flourishing town with a of 1600. BRANDON TO SASKATOON: 397 miles Brandon A service runs north-west from Brandon to Saskatoon, Virden on the Winnipeg-Saskatoon line. Following the main Kirkella line to Virden, the train here takes the branch to McAuley McAuley, where it connects with another short branch Rocanville from Kirkella, also on the main line. The country Esterhazy through which we are passing is admirably suited to Neudorf grain and mixed farming, and, after the province of Saskatchewan is entered at Welwyn, we are into the Qu'Appelle Valley territory—a prosperous dairying country shipping large quantities of cream, butter, and live stock, and also a country of beautiful scenery. The various towns are well built up and doing a large local business, drawing from a tributary country well settled with enterprising farmers. Lemberg After passing Neudorf we run through a grain farming Baicarres country of considerable importance, in part well treed, Lipton and supplied with good water, and then on to prairie Southey lands that have always been productive of large crops. It Bulyea is a territory of large farms, good buildings, and well- Strasbourg to-do farmers who have built up the country to a fine Govan state of cultivation. The towns are all active com- Nokomis mercial centres doing a large and varied business. In Lanigan tributary territory are lakes and local summer resorts, Saskatoon good shooting, and plenty of sports. At Bulyea a branch line runs south-west connecting with Regina (see page 70) and at Lanigan the traveller goes either west to Saskatoon or east to Winnipeg (see page 84). Fleming Moosomin Wapella Whitewood Percival Broadview the south is and woods w productive ar Eikhorn has an Indian Industrial School. At Fleming the Manitoba boundary is passed, and we enter the greatest wheat-growing province of Canada, Saskatchewan, which produces over 60 per cent, of the total wheat crop of the Dominion. Moosomin (population 1500) is a large progressive town in a fine dairying country. To the Moose Mountain country. The numerous lakes hich we pass make an attractive setting to a very ea. Broadview is the end of the Manitoba operating Threshing in Manitoba Saskatchewan 69 district of the railway and the beginning of the Saskatchewan District. . Near the town is Lake Escape, with good fishing and boating. Oaksheta Still climbing the grade, we run through one of the Grenfell most picturesque districts of Eastern Saskatche- Wolseley wan. Grenfell was amongst the earliest established towns of this part of the province. At Wolseley (population 1200) the Canadian Pacific has a nursery covering some 115 acres, where trees are grown for the planting of prairie farms and flowers and vegetables for the company's hotels and dining-cars. Wolseley is also the headquarters of the company's horticultural branch, which supervises the beautifying of the stations on its entire system. From Wolseley a branch runs through a prosperous grain and stock country, well settled and with good business towns dotted through an area that. produces huge quantities of grain and other products yearly. It has several lakes and summer resorts, and good shooting, and is well served by good roads, rural telephone service, and excellent school facilities. At Reston this branch joins the line from Winnipeg to Regina, Weyburn and Assiniboia (see pages 71 and 87). Indian Head Indian Head (population 1600), an old-establish- Qu' Appelle ed and prosperous town, has an experimental Balgonie farm and a forestry farm. A long pull up brings us to the pretty town of Qu'Appelle, twenty miles north of which are the Qu'Appelle Lakes and the fort bearing that name—an old Hudson's Bay post. Along the valley the river and numerous lakes afford excellent fishing and duck shooting. Qu'Appelle is well-known for its beautiful trees.* Leaving the town, we gradually draw away from the wooded district on to the Regina plains, a splendid stretch of grain growing country extending well to the north and nearly down to the international boundary. From here can be seen the dark blue line of the Dirt Hills south of Moose Jaw, the western boundary of the plains. This is a very productive region growing immense crops of grain each year. Regina—(Population 45,000, altitude 1896 feet). Regina is the capital and largest city of the Province of Saskatchewan, one of the most important distribution points west of Winnipeg for farming machinery and farm implements, and the home of some large mail order houses. A huge oil refinery has been built at a cost of two million dollars, the oil being brought from Wyoming. Regina has a very handsome Parliament building, facing the placid Wascana Lake, and fine exhibition buildings. It is a modern city with well-paved streets, parks, large educational institutions, splendid buildings, and numerous wholesale distributing houses and factories. It was for over forty years the headquarters of the Royal North-West Mounted Police, one of the most famous bodies of constabulary in the world, Whose exploits have been so often chronicled, both in fact and in fiction, V. iVl as to have become almost historic. This * .^ force is now known as the Royal Can- ^ _*£^3!LiB§( adian Mounted Police. Provincial Parliament Buildings, Regina 70 Across Canada REGINA TO SASKATOON: 172 miles Regina Euston Lumsden Beach Regina Beach Holdfast Imperial Simpson Amazon Young Colonsay - Saskatoon Covering a portion of the great summer pleasure grounds of the people of Southern Saskatchewan, a branch line runs north-west to Saskatoon, on the secondary main from Winnipeg to Edmonton (see page 84). Regina Beach, on Long Lake, within easy reach of the city of Regina, affords good fishing and shooting. The lake is a magnificent body of water where sailing, boating, and all aquatic sports can be indulged in to the heart's content. Along its beaches and up the sides of its treed banks are scattered hundreds of summer homes. North of the lake open prairie land suceeds, well cultivated and well settled, with numerous prosperous towns. At Colonsay the traveller joins the Saskatoon line. Euston Another route to Saskatoon is by a branch from Euston, Bulyea connecting with the Brandon-Saskatoon line (see page Lanigan 68) at Bulyea. This branch passes through a very at- Saskatoon tractive farming territory. The cuttings through all this lake territory show very fine clay deposits, which have been investigated and are due for development. The train service between Regina, Moose Jaw and Saskatoon is a good one for the business man, with an overnight daily service via Colonsay and a morning service (daily except Sunday) via Bulyea. At Regina the important Winnipeg-Regina loop line via Arcola joins the main.line (see page 87). Leaving Regina behind, we cross the Regina plains, the extreme fertility of which will be evident when one notices the large farms and splendid farm buildings on either side. This territory is a very thriving one, and herds of sheep and cattle are seen. At Pasqua the Soo Line from St. Paul and Minneapolis joins the main line (see page 82). Moose Jaw (Population 25,000, altitude 1779 feet). Moose Jaw is the centre of a rich wheat-growing district, and an important divisional point. Its unusual name is a contraction of an Indian word meaning "The-creek-where-the-white-man- mended-the-cart-with-a-moose-jaw-bone"—an illuminating sidelight on an episode of pioneering days. The city is situated in a fine agricultural country extending from the elbow of the Saskatchewan on the north to the Dirt Hills on the south. The finest stockyards on the line between Winnipeg and the coast are located here. Mills and elevators indicate the district's wheat- producing qualities, Moose Jaw being one of the largest milling points in Saskatchewan. A Dominion government interior terminal elevator, with a capacity of 3,500,000 bushels, lies just west of the city. The city is an important wholesale centre, and has cheap electric power. A new station is under construction to handle the increasing business at this point. Grand Coulee Pense Pasqua Moose Jaw I 1 The Prairies 71 Moose Jaw Crestwynd Expanse Assiniboia of wild duck MOOSE JAW TO GOVENLOCK: 263 miles From Moose Jaw a branch runs south-westerly towards the international boundary to Assiniboia, and then turns abruptly to the west. The region through which we pass is settling up fast, and is already a heavy-producing one. Near Expanse is Lake Johnson, home of thousands and the Mecca of the sportsman every fall. Assiniboia (population 1400) is a divisional point with large elevator capacity, abundant lignite coal within seven miles, clay deposits, sand and gravel in the immediate vicinity, and the centre of a rich grain- growing district. From Assiniboia a branch runs east to Weyburn, on the Soo Line (see page 82) and continues to Stoughton, on the Winnipeg—Regina branch (see page 88). This line passes through a ranching country, only partially settled so far, but destined for great development. The country west of Assiniboia is good rolling prairie, with many large sheets of water. At one time a considerable portion of this area was devoted to ranching, but the process of the dissolution of these big ranches into small farms, familiar in many other parts of the west, has taken place here also. Clay deposits are plentiful and also small coal areas. Near Gouverneur is a large deposit of flint pebbles. Shaunavon (population 1500) is the principal town of this territory. Before the construction of the railway, the only means of access to this district was by Gull Lake and Maple Creek. We are now approaching the Cypress Hills, which lie to "the north and continue westerly towards the south of Medicine Hat. At Eastend we cross the Frenchman river, near which are large clay and sand deposits, with big possibilities for the development of the chin and pottery industry. The line ends just beyond Govenlock, but will I eventually be extended to Manyberries to meet the line coming from Lethbridge, (see page 122). When this gap is bridged, through trains will be run between Winnipeg and Lethbridge via the Arcola line, Stoughton, Weyburn and Assiniboia.' Limerick Meyronne Kincaid Ponteix Gouverneur Cadillac Shaunavon Eastend Govenlock Royal Canadian Mounted Policeman MOOSE JAW TO MACKLIN: 268. miles An important branch line runs north-westerly from Moose Jaw to Macklin, on the Winnipeg-Edmonton line (see page 85). This line passes through the rich agricultural regions of Western Saskatchewan. After climbing up a grade to a plateau, it enters a long stretch of fertile prairie country extending to the Alberta boundary and watered by the South Saskatchewan river. This river is crossed at Outlook by a fine steel bridge, the third longest on the Canadian Pacific System—3004 feet in length, 140 feet above water level, and with eight truss spans supported by concrete piers. Crossing the river, we continue through a fertile grain and mixed farming country, with many prosperous towns. Rosetown is a convenient point for the rich area known as the Goose Lake country. Kerrobert (population 1200), is an important town with some district government offices. It is a railway divisional point, branches running north-easterly to Wilkie and westerly to Lacombe, on the Calgary-Edmonton line (see page 89). Leaving Kerrobert we continue through the same kind of country to Macklin, whence train can be taken either west to Edmonton or east to Saskatoon and Winnipeg. This branch affords a direct route from St. Paul to Edmonton. Moose Jaw Tuxford Eyebrow Tugaske Elbow Outlook Sovereign Rosetown Plenty Kerrobert Luseland Macklin Leaving Moose Jaw oil the westward journey, and still climbing,_we pass through a somewhat varied country where settlement has not yet spread itself over all the available lands. Old buffalo trails can be plainly seen, scarred and pitted on the prairie by their "wallows". In the late eighties and early nineties great piles of buffalo bones were stacked up, adjacent to the railway, for transportation to the towns to be made into fertilizer. Practically the only remainder of the huge herds of buffalo that roamed the prairies fifty years ago are at Banff and Wainwright, in government enclosures. Caron Caron Parkbeg Chaplin Morse Herbert Rush Lake 72 Across Canada Reaping supplies Moose Jaw with part of its water supply. Morse and Herbert are growing towns with large tributary agricultural districts to serve. Rush Lake is a hunter's paradise; there are literally millions of ducks in its great lake and marshes during the breeding and shooting seasons. The prairie is rolling, and at times a magnificent vista of level plain opens to the eye, with thousands of acres of good arable land, both cultivated and uncultivated. Presently we wind around an unusually large roll in the prairie formation, and reach Swift Current. Swift Current—(Population 4500, altitude 24S2 feet) is situated on a pretty stream, which, although in summer somewhat shallow, is a very turbid body of water when the spring freshets are coming down. This is the end of the Saskatchewan District of the railway, and the beginning of the Alberta District. The city is an important one, with a large distributing area for merchandise, reaching practically to the international boundary. Around it is a rich farming territory. A government meteorological station is located here. From Swift Current a short branch runs south and east, reaching Blumenhoff, Neville and Vanguard. A new branch line is under construction easterly from Wymark. Originally a ranching territory, this area is now becoming settled, with grain farms and large herds of dairy and beef stock. SWIFT CURRENT TO EMPRESS AND BASSANO: 236 miles Swift Current From Swift Current a branch runs north and then Java west as a cut-off between this point and Bassano. Success on the main line (see page 74). This branch Pennant crosses the South Saskatchewan River at Empress, Cabri east of which the river is joined by the Red Deer Abbey River, running north-west and acting duriDg part of Sceptre its course as the northern boundary of the Canadian Prelate Pacific Irrigation Block. The country through which Leader we pass is a typical prairie one of good promise Estuary and excellent settlement, with many growing towns.' Empress A new branch is under construction from near Prelate in a south-westerly direction towards Medicine Hat. Empress is a divisional point that with the building up of the surrounding territory will become an important commercial centre. Jenner Leaving Empress, we run through a sparsely settled Denhart country until we strike the Irrigation Block near Den- Patricia hart.. A scheme is now under consideration to use the Millicent waters of the Red Deer River to irrigate all the country Rosemary round Jenner. Entering the Irrigation Block we come Bassano within sight of many well-cultivated, irrigated farms, which have transformed the dry prairie into a prosperous and highly-producing region. With the advent of a large number of experienced irrigation farmers, this district is rapidly growing in importance. Seward Gull Lake Tompkins Crane Lake Piapot Cross Maple Creek Klncorth Walsh Dunmore leached. Gull Westward we travel through what was at one time a purely ranching country but which is to-day rapidly settling with first-class farmers. Many of the small towns have" sprung into active existence within the last few years. South are the Cypress Hills, a country valuable because of the commercial timber and extensive clay deposits which it contains. It is still a great cattle country. The hills increase in height as the range travels westward, until an elevation of 4790 feet is Lake was at one time the jumping-off Alberta 73 place for this south country, but this traffic is now handled by the branch from Moose Jaw to Govenlock. Crane Lake is'devoted principally to stock-raising. Piapot commemorates the name of an Indian chief who defied the North-West Mounted Police to move him from his reservation. His tribe numbered several hundreds. Two policemen were sent—and suffice it to say that the Indians moved as per schedule! Maple Creek is a prosperous and well-built town of some 2000 inhabitants in a good mixed-farming district. North of it is a fine grain country, very well settled, and south, towards the Cypress Hills, are some interesting small irrigation projects. Walsh is the first town we pass in Alberta. From Dunmore the important branch to Lethbridge, the Crow's Nest Pass, Nelson, and Vancouver leaves the main line. (See page 120) Running down the hill to Medicine Hat, we notice the huge clay banks that are being developed, first-class bricks being the product. After crossing the Ross and Seven Persons Creeks we reach Medicine Hat. Medicine Hat—(Population 12,000, altitude 2181 feet), is the city that Rudyard Kipling once called "the town that was born lucky, with all hell for its basement". His allusion was to the famous natural gas wells. The first well was drilled in 1903; since that date 22 wells have been put down, to a depth averaging from 1000 to 1200 feet, and each producing from two to three million cubic feet of gas per day. The rock pressure is about 480 lbs. The area of the gas field, so far as at present defined, is 108 square miles. The gas is used by the many factories of Medicine Hat for power and by the inhabitants for lighting, heating, and producing electric light, its cost being 5 cents per thousand cubic feet for manufacturing purposes and 20 cents per thousand feet for domestic purposes. One of the largest clay products plants in the west is situated at Medicine Hat, which is also a large flour milling centre, its three mills having a capacity of 4700 barrels per day. Redcliff Crossing the South Saskatchewan River, and Bowell climbing up the slope to Redcliff, we can obtain a Suffield very fine backward view of the river and the city. Natural gas plays a very important part in the industrial life of Redcliff also, glass, steel and other manufactures being established here. j Leaving the main line at Suffield, a branch turns west to Lomond, skirting in part the Bow River and running through a territory of which a large part is being put under irrigation. The many towns are growing rapidly as settlement comes in to take up the vacant lands. Alderson The railway crosses a fine stock raising country, Kininvie where some of the largest herds of Galloway cattle Tilley in Canada are to be seen. There is a strong up- Bantry grade to Bowell, then a rapid descent to Suf field, followed by a steady rise. The Bow River occasionally appears to the south. The prairie is here seen to Medicine Hat 74 Across Canada Brooks Aqueduct advantage, and before August it is a billowy ocean of grass. Cattle ranches are spread over it, and farms appear at intervals. The entire country is underlaid with two or more beds of good coal, and natural gas is frequently found in boring deep wells. From Tilley on a very clear day the higher peaks of the Rocky Mountains, nearly two hundred miles distant, can be seen. Just west of Alderson the line enters the three-million acre Irrigation Block of the Canadian Pacific, extending from this point to within a few miles of Calgary, a distance of over 140 miles. This is the largest individual irrigation project on the continent, and is divided into three sections. Work was completed about ten years ago on the western section, and the greater part of the land in that area has been settled. The eastern section, extending from Alderson to Bassano, is almost entirely completed, and is now being settled. Brooks—The source of supply for the water used for irrigation in the Eastern Section is the Bassano Dam, but before we reach Bassano we pass a very important structure in the Brooks Aqueduct. Here it is necessary to carry water from the reservoir, Lake Newell, across a long flat valley. This is accomplished by a reinforced concrete flume two miles in length and in places over 50 feet high. Its construction marked an, interesting departure in the matter of water transportation; it is the first aqueduct in which the hydrostatic catenary, or elastic curve, has been adopted for the shape of the water section. There being insufficient clearance for the flume to cross the railway overhead, the water is carried underneath the track by means of an inverted siphon. Cassils Thirty miles west of Brooks ic Bassano, three miles Bassano from which the great Horseshoe Bend Dam is situ- Lathom ated in the Bow River. By means of the dam, the ordinary water level at the site is raised 45 feet, so that the waters flowing from the far distant eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains are diverted through a total length of 2,500 miles of canals and distributing ditches, over about 1800 square miles of fertile prairie country, irrigating approximately one- Bassano Dam The Irrigation Block 75 third of that amount. Altogether the structure has a total length of nearly 7000 feet, being made up of two main parts—- a reinforced concrete spillway, 720 feet in length, with 24 electrically-operated gates, which permit of the free passage of the river at highest floods, and a concrete-faced earthern portion of a maximum height and width of 45 and 350 feet respectively. Leading from one end of the spillway is the main canal, 90 feet wide, capable of discharging 3800 cubic j-eet of water per second at a depth of eleven feet, through headgatcs which form an integral part of the main structure. From Bassano a branch runs west and north through the western section of the Irrigation Block, joining at Irricana a branch running north from Langdon, on the main line, to Beiseker and Acme (see •below). Crowfoot ^ Crowfoot the Rocky Mountains are again seen. Clunv Near this point, south of the railway, is a large Gleichen reservation occupied by the Blackfoot Indians, some of whom are frequently seen about the station. Cluny has a large nursery for supplying trees to prairie farmers. At Gleichen again are many Indians, with an Indian hospital and Canadian Pacific Supply Farm, Strathmore school. The Dominion Government is spending large sums of money to see that its red wards are well cared for, and is assisting them to enter agriculture and other peaceable pursuits. From Gleichen to Shepard there are two lines, one running to the south and touching the well-developed farming points of Strangmuir, Carseland and Dalemead, the other, the old main line through Namaka and Strathmore. Namaka - Beyond Gleichen the Rockies come into full view—a Strathmore magnificent line of snowy peaks extending far along Langdon the southern and western horizon. From Gleichen for several miles westward the line traverses the Western Section of the Canadian Pacific Irrigation project, and the canals and ditches are crossed at several points. Irrigated farms are seen on each side of the track. There is not the same necessity for irrigation in this region as there is in most "dry" regions of the United States, but the advantage of irrigation to Southern Alberta is that it increases the crop yield and ensures a crop every year. The growing of many profitable crops not ordinarily raised in this region, such as that very paying fodder crop alfalfa, is also made possible by the use of irrigation. Strathmore is the headquarters of the western section of the Irrigation Block. It has a large Canadian Pacific Supply Farm which supplies, from its own production and by purchase from surrounding farmers, the western dining car system and hotels of the company with cream, butter, eggs, poultry, vegetables and other commodities. From Langdon a branch line runs north through the Irrigation Block to" Acme, whence it is being constructed into the Drumheller coal fields. From Irricana, about 25 miles up this line, a branch runs gouth-easterly to Bassano (see above). 76 Across Canada Shepard As we approach Calgary, we see on the north side of Ogden the track the large construction and repair shops of the Canadian Pacific, the Ogden Shops. Crossing first the Bow River and then its tributary, and passing a huge flour mill under construction, a cement plant, a huge packing house, stock-yards, and other industries, we reach Calgary. Calgary—(Population 72,000, altitude 8489). At Calgary we reach the end of the prairies proper and are on the edge of the foothills, which climb up gradually to the Rockies. Calgary is the largest city in the Province of Alberta and also between Winnipeg and Vancouver. Founded less than forty years ago, it is now a flourishing industrial and agricultural centre, with many manufacturing industries, and is well supplied with clay and building stone deposits and is close to immense developed coal areas and large developed water-powers. At the west end of the station block is the imposing Canadian Pacific Hotel, the Palliser. This handsome structure, completed in 1914, comprises ten floors in an "E" shape, which makes every room an outside room. From the roof garden one can obtain a beautiful view of the Rockies. At the east end of the platform is the building of the Natural Resources Department of the C.P.R., administering all the company's land, mineral and timber interests in the West. The Canadian Pacific has a very simple but excellent method of settling experienced irrigation farmers on the land, giving twenty years for payment of the cost of the land after a first payment of ten per cent, has been made, and then for a period of three years collecting only the 6 per cent, interest, thus enabling the farmer to get firmly established on his land and his farm in full operation. This method has been the means of creating many fine homes and contented settlers. Calgary has modern facilities, electric power, street cars, and natural gas, which is piped from Bow Island at very cheap prices for both- manufacturing and domestic purposes. The city has some beautiful parks and many golf courses, including a municipal course. Transcontinental Journey Continued on page 91. Palliser Hotel, Calgary Connections from Chicago 77 n Michigan Boulevard, Chicago SOO LINE Chicago to St. Paul and Minneapolis: 460 miles Chicago Silver Lake Burlington Mukwonago Waukesha Milwaukee Fond du Lac Oshkosh Neenah Waupaca Chicago, the second city in size and importance in the United States, is left in the evening, for a fast, comfortable, enjoyable run on a perfect train. The line to Milwaukee branches off from the main line at Rugby Junction, but through sleepers are operated daily between Milwaukee and the Twin Cities. Waukesha, Wis., is famous for its wonderful water, which is shipped all over the country. It is a city of Leautiful drives and handsome residences, with several lakes nearby, while the Fox river flows near the city. Waupaca, Wis., is one of the most noted of the vacation spots within easy reach of either Chicago, Milwaukee, or the Twin Cities. The lakes at Waupaca are over twenty in number and form a chain several miles in length. The irregular shores, with their hard, sandy beaches, tempt the love of bathing, while the launch or canoe owner finds the place ideal for cruising. There are many other beauty spots, including Stevens Point, Fremont, Fond du' Lac, Oshkosh, Cedar Lake, etc. There are thousands of beautiful lakes along the right-of-way through the entire state, and many are well known as ideal summering places because of the fine summer homes and the well-appointed summer hotels which are built along these shores. The clear crystal waters of these lakes are well stocked with game fish of all descriptions, the large and small mouthed blass bass being the most popular with the average sportsman, although the mighty "'lunge", which often grows to a weighty of over forty pounds, is also a prime favorite. Passing through the beautiful Minnesota country to the Wisconsin state line, the St. Croix river is spanned by a mighty bridge Through Wisconsin the line runs through an agricultural territory that is fast becoming known as part of the best farming land in the entire western country. St Paul Minneapolis and St. Paul are reaching the fol- Minneaoolis lowin& morning, after having enjoyed a trip H over one of America's finest railroads. Stevens Point Marshfield Abbotsford Eau Claire Chippewa Falls New Richmond 78 Across Canada St. Paul Soo Line: St Paul to Winnipeg: 464 miles St. Paul Minneapolis Brooten Qlenwood Alexandria Parker's Prairie Henning Detroit Ogema Mahnomen Thief River Falls Emerson Winnipeg From St. Paul and Minneapolis the Soo Line runs direct to Winnipeg via Emerson. The route is through the lakey way of the Minnesota lakes, much resembling in outline a gigantic fish-hook, with the eye at the Twin Cities, the shaft running north-west as though in ages past some titanic bass had struggled with it. This belt is not comparatively wide through the first hundred miles of its length out from the Twin Cities, but broadens as it turns northward through a territory which is at once a beauty spot and a great black bass preserve. West of this region the country smoothes down and sobers off into the famous prairies of the Red River Valley, every foot of which is capable of furnishing its quota of wheat, corn and other cultivated crops. Eastward, the land varies from prairie to pinery, but the park region itself is a territory with slightly rolling surface, where wood-rimmed lakes are divided by wooded* prairies and where prosperous farming has not harmed but heightened the charm of the scenery. At Glenwood we leave the St. Paul-Moose Jaw line, and turn north towards the Canadian boundary through Alexandria. From Alexandria northward to the White Earth Reservation the scenery in its nature varies little, being a succession of well-tilled farms, of beautiful groves of magnificent timber, and of picturesque sheets of sparkling spring water. The country supports many business centres. Richville and Dent are iocated advantageously in splendid farming territory, and are towns of great promise. Detroit is an old established town, finely located in the midst of numerous lakes and having within a small radius a great number of summer hotels. Northward from Detroit until the Canadian boundary is reached, the country, although farmed to some extent, is as yet almost virgin territory. For fishing and hunting it is almost without a peer. At Emerson we cross the border into Canada, and thence travel to Winnipeg over Canadian Pacific metals. (For description of this route and the Westbound Transcontinental Journey beyond, see page 64). SOO LINE St. Pau I-Minneapolis to North Portal: 562 miles St. Paul St. Paul and Minneapolis, the Twin Cities of Minneapolis the Northwest, form the most important financial and manufacturing centre between Chicago and Milwaukee, on the east, and the Pacific Coast on the west. Politically two municipal corporations, they are in substance one large community of over 600,000 population. St. Paul is the capital of the State of Minnesota and the older of the 1 Indicates Double Track. ST. PAUL-MINNEAPOLIS to WINNIPEG and MOOSE JAW 1 80 Across Canada Milling District, Minneapolis "Twins". It is the terminus of nearly all the railway lines in the Northwest and an important jobbing centre. Minneapolis is younger, larger and more advantageously situated than St. Paul. The principal advantage was primarily the immense water power developed by the falls of St. Anthony, aggregating 40,000 utilized horse power, employed almost wholly in the manufacture of flour. Minneapolis, due to the presence of these mills, is the largest primary wheat market in the world. During recent years it has also become the leading flax seed market, as the largest flax production in the world from the new lands of North Dakota, which are tributary, forms the basis of the immense linseed oil production of the Twin Cities. Minneapolis is the site of the University of Minnesota. Buffalo Maple Lake Annandale South Haven Kimball Prairie Paynesville Brooten Glenwood The country along the Soo-Pacific Line running west from Minneapolis to the International Boundary Line between North Dakota and Canada may for convenience be split into three divisions. The first, running slightly northwest to Elbow Lake (172 miles), passes through '„he lake country. Here the settlement is comparatively old, and the people are prosperous. They have passed through that early period in farming when the farmer depends upon a single crop, and have learned the practical importance of diversification; and not only wheat, oats, barley, but corn and other crops receive their share of attention. This is one of the rich dairy sections of the state. Every little community has its creamery, or milk station, and the people are correspondingly prosperous and progressive. Almost every station on the Soo-Pacific Line running west from Minneapolis has its lake resorts. Often there are a number of lakes of consideiable area within a radius of five miles from the town. Some of the finest lake cottages in the Northwest are on this line. Buffalo, Maple Creek, Annandale and Glenwood are particularly famous, Glenwood being the location of the new second state fish hatchery although South Haven, Kimball Prairie, Paynesville and other towns are having increased attention and a corresponding appreciation from summer visitors. At all of these lake resorts the fishing is excellent. Disciples of Walton come from as far as Chicago and St. Louis for the fun of catching the superb black bass for which Minnesota lakes are famous. Elbow Lake The second division into which the country, Fairmount along the Soo-Pacific Line naturally divides Hankinson itself may be called the great wheat belt of Enderlin the Northwest, running from Elbow Lake in Valley City western Minnesota to Harvey, in the north Carrington central part of North Dakota, passing Fessenden through the Big Bend country of Richland county, through Hankinson, Enderlin, Valley City, Carrington and Fessenden en route. The great Southern Saskatchewan 81 wheat belt of Minnesota and the Dakotas is fast learning the lesson which has been taught old communities; that is, that a single crop will never make a country prosperous, no matter how profitable it may be at the beginning. The time will come when the land will cry out for a change and diminished crops must result. Fortunately the development of mixed farming has already begun. At Hankinson fruit raising experiments have resulted in establishing a fine apple orchard, which is the basis of considerable fruit-growing through North Dakota. But for many years the Dakotas and Min-. nesota will continue the bread basket of the continent. Here the bonanza farms first surprised the agricultural world and the growing of grain assumed its wholesale proportions and characters. Harvey The third natural di- Minot vision of the country Kenmare along the Soo-Pacific Flaxton Line from Minneapolis west is that newly opened Portal land area which is now aptly called "Flaxland". During the past few years the production of flax has increased prodigiously. It is the crop particularly adapted to the newly broken soil of the Dakota prairie. Frequently the production runs as high as 20 bushels to the acre. From Flaxton a line has been built westward into Montana through a splendid wheat countrv. The present terminus of the branch is White- tail, Mont. But even here the lesson of diversified farming is being applied. Considerable attention is paid to stock and sheep raising, and wheat produces immense crops. A Western Canadian "Land Girl" CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY NORTH PORTAL TO MOOSE JAW: 167 miles North Portal Estevan Macoun Midale Halbrite Ralph We enter an Portal is on one side of the International boundary between the United States and Canada, and North Portal is on the other.' Here also we leave the metals of the Soo Line and continue our journey on those of the Canadian Pacific Railway, running in a north-westerly direction towards the main transcontinental line, interesting territory of large coal deposits, A Western Canadian Farm Home 82 Across Canada Horse Ranching with many operating mines and very extensive clay areas supplying material to numerous brick plants. The country is somewhat rough, and is drained by the Souris river. Investigation has been carried on for some years with a view to. improving the value of the coal measures of this district, and a briquetting plant is under construction to be followed by byproducts plants. This will enable a better class of domestic coal to be'sold. North of Estevan, a flourishing centre with a population of some 2,500, we enter a very fertile area known as the Soo Line country, flanked on the west by the Dirt Hills and on the east by a continuation of the Regina plains. It has always been a good crop territory, settled many years ago with farmers mostly from the United States, who have prospered and built fine homes and have well laid-out and cultivated farms. At Estevan connection can be made for Napinka with a through service to Brandon (see page 68) on a connection to Winnipeg via Deloraine (see page 88). From the same point a branch runs west to Neptune (54 miles).. Weyburn Weyburn, centre of a very prosperous com- Yellow Grass munity and with a population of about 3000, Lang is the next large point of importance. Con nections are made at Weyburn east to Stoughton, Souris, Brandon and Winnipeg, (see page 87) and also westward to Assiniboia, on the Moose Jaw-Govenlock line (see page 71). Milestone At Ralph work was carried on during the war Wilcox to test the value of large potash deposits lying Rouleau beneath the surface, and at Yellow Grass an Drinkwater extensive scheme for the reclamation of the Pasqua marsh in that district is under way. At Pasqua Moose Jaw this line joins the main line, and seven miles further on reaches Moose Jaw, whence it continues to Vancouver (see page 70). Cattle Ranching in Saskatchewan Manitoba 83 Canadian Pacific Railway Yards, Winnipeg WINNIPEG TO EDMONTON: 848 miles (For Map, see page 67). Generally speaking, the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway means the transcontinental line between Montreal and Vancouver. But there is really another main line, which is that portion of the system over which the through trains between Winnipeg and Edmonton are operated. It is an interesting trip through a well-wooded country, the magnificent scenery of the Qu'Appelle Valley, the grain plains of Saskatchewan, and- the parklands of Central Alberta. Winnipeg All trains on this line start from Winnipeg and Portage follow the transcontinental line to Portage la Gladstone Prairie (see page 65). From Portage la Prairie Neepawa the line branches in a north-westerly direction. Minnedosa As we progress north from the Portage plains, the country becomes rolling and well-treed. It is an old and well-settled district, with many important business centres, such as Gladstone, Neepawa and others. From Minnedosa, a divisional point on the Little Saskatchewan River, a branch line runs south and west to Varcoe, Miniota and Brandon. (See page 65). Basswood Strathclain Shoal Lake Kelloe Birtle Binscarth Minnedosa (pop. 1500) is an important farming centre in a flourishing territory, and quite a beauty spot. En route to Birtle we get a good view of the valley, and at Birtle, the centre of a large mixed farming area, is the home of Sam Larcombe, an expert in the growing of vegetables and grain, and the winner of many prizes at agricultural exhibitions. At Binscarth a line runs northeast to Russell and an extension farther north in the direction of the Riding Mountains is now under construction. The Riding Mountains are a great field for the sportsman. We pass along through a th r i v- ing country until Bredenbury, the end of the M anitoba District of the railway, is reached. Portage la Prairie 84 Across Canada Churchbridge Bredenbury Saltcoats Yorkton Foam Lake Leslie Wynyard Lanigan Saltcoats derived its name from a large lake, and is a well-developed town. Yorkton (population 4500) is one of the most important towns in this territory, surrounded by an immense farming and well settled area of grain growing and dairy country. It has a large wholesale business. Westward we pass through a mixed farming territory, comparatively newly settled, with much bush and plenty of ponds and sloughs, which make it the paradise both of the ducks and the hunter. South of Wynyard will be seen the Big Quill Lake, on the shores of which a summer resort has been established. Wild geese, turkey, ducks and chicken provide good sport. At Lanigan branches run south to Brandon (see page 68) and Moose Jaw (see page 70). There is under construction in a northeasterly direction a new line to tap the more northern parts of the province. Plunkett Most of the territory through which we are now Colonsay passing has been settled during the past twenty years. It is a good territory, producing large crops and peopled with first-class farmers. From Colonsay a branch runs south to Regina and Moose Jaw (see page 70). El stow Passing along to Sutherland, which is a divisional Sutherland point, we come to the University of Saskatoon, the home of higher education in the province for both Arts and Agriculture, and, crossing the North Saskatchewan river by a very fine steel bridge, enter the city of Saskatoon. Saskatoon All. 1596. Population 26,000, is a city of rapid growth, modern in every particular, with fine business blocks, public buildings, paved streets, a beautiful river boulevard, electric light and power, street railway and many river bridges. It is a city of optimism and the centre *of a large territory for wholesale trade. There are many factories, including the large Quaker Oats Company mill turning out a thousand barrels each day. The Dominion Government has here an interior terminal elevator with a capacity of 3,500,000 bushels that takes care of storage of grain and relieves the pressure during the grain shipping season. There are large parks and a fine baseball ground. Saskatoon is a city destined to build to large dimensions. Its territory is fruitful and well settled and its products mixed and numerous. Asquith Perdue Biggar Oban Trayner Wolfe Wilkie Passing along to Asquith we can look back and get a fine view of Saskatoon, the river and its buildings. Asquith is a mixed farming district, and between it and Wilkie the territory is settling up and is very productive. There are many lakes lying back from the line which are popular local summer resorts. Near Oban there are a series of salt lakes (sodium sulphate), such as the White Shore Lake, which will be developed in course of time the Canadian Pacific Railway "Ready Made Farm" districts which have been so successfully created in many parts of the Western Prairies. Wilkie is a divisional point, a town of commercial importance to the district, and from it radiate three At Trayner we run into one of Saskatoon University L Central Alberta 85 Reaping by Tractor Power lines north and south serving a well developed and productive country. One branch connects with Kerrobert on the Moose Jaw-Macklin line. Important points on these branches are to the south, Leipzig, Handel Kelfield, Broadacres, Tramping Lake, Revenue and Reford, while to the north is Thackeray, Cloan, Rockhaven and Cutknife. Phippen Adanac Unity Rutland Evesham Macklin Hayter Provost Cadogan Metiskow Czar Hughenden Amisk Hardisty Lougheed Sedgewick Killam Strome Daysland Bawlf Ohaton Camrose Bittern Lake Gwynne Leaving Wilkie we continue on the journey through an attractive wheat growing country and note that between Senlac and Evesham there is a salt lake in course of development which produces, after drying, a very fine salt suitable for table and other uses. Macklin is the junction point for the line running south and east to Moose Jaw (see page 71). Near Hayter we enter the Province of Alberta. Provost is half the distance between Saskatoon and Edmonton. We are now passing through a good stock country, with good feed and water. South of Czar the Imperial Oil Company are drilling and testing for oil in the Teat Hills. The next point of interest is Hardisty, beginning of the Alberta District of the railway, and surrounded with good lands and coal and clay deposits. Lougheed is named after Senator Sir James Lougheed. The district around the next few points is a fine wheat growing and mixed farming area, where one of the first Canadian Pacific Railway ready made farm colonies, numbering 120 units, was established. Coal abounds in this territory and mines are in operation at Bawlf and Rosenroll. The larger part of the Province of Alberta appears to be underlaid with coal deposits. Camrose (pop. 2500) is a well situated town doing a large business and from which many lines of railway radiate. It is the centre of a good coal area, with operating mines and a big dairying and mixed farming district. It is the home of the Alberta Scandinavian College as well as high and normal schools. There are good lakes and good shooting. Bittern Lake, just beyond it, is a beautiful spot. It is a large stock centre. At Gwynne we run into some very fine clays that can be utilized for brick making. Wetaskiwin At Wetaskiwin (from the Indian name "Hills Millet of Peace") we join the through line running Leduc from Calgary to Edmonton (see page 90). it Strathcona is a city of some 2,500 inhabitants backed by a good country and a developed lumber industry to the west nearer the mountains. Coal, marl and cla^ are in the 86 Across Canada Cowboys l vicinity. Running north we pass through a park-like country, well settled and productive of good crops and stock, to Strathcona, which is now part of the city of Edmonton. It is connected with Edmonton by a good street car service. Edmonton— Alt. 2,183. Population 66,000, capital of the Province of Alberta, is situated on both sides of the North Saskatchewan River. The portion on the south bank was originally known as Strathcona, the two cities being amalgamated in 1912. The C.P.R. enters Edmonton by means of a magnificent steel high-level bridge, 2,250 feet long, 152 feet above water level, which carries also street car tracks and traffic roads. This bridge was opened in 1913. Edmonton was established as a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1795; the magnificent buildings of the Province of Alberta now being located on the site made historic by the original trading post of Fort Edmonton. The old Fort was dismantled only a few years ago. The University of Alberta, the Robertson Presbyterian College, Alberta Methodist College, and many other educational institutions are situated here. The city is run on very progressive municipal lines, and owns and operates all its own public utilities. It is the distributing centre for the vast Peace River country to the north and northwest, and is also the centre of an important and rapidly developing coal industry, the production of the mines in and around Edmonton being over 4,500 tons per day. There are many points for summer vacation within easy reach, including the very fine Lake Wabamun, which is well patronized during the summer months. Sixty miles west of the City at Rocky Rapids there is large water power available for development. It will be noted with some interest that Edmonton is approximately the centre of the Province of Alberta from North to South, and that there is yet a vast territory to be developed. EDMONTON, DUNVEGAN & BRITISH COLUMBIA RAILWAY The Edmonton, Dunvegan & British Columbia Railway, extending northwestward from Edmonton to Grande Prairie (4 16 miles) with a branch from McLennan to Peace River (50 miles) is now being operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Some of the most fertile sections of the great Peace River district are thus rendered accessible. Parliament Buildings, Edmonton Southern Manitoba 87 "Countess of Dufferin" (C.P.R. Locomotive No. 1) in front of Winnipeg Station WINNIPEG TO REGINA, via ARCOLA: 366 miles (For Map., see page 67). Winnipeg Of the many branches that radiate from Winni- Headingley peg, one of the most important is that which Starbuck makes a long loop south of the main line between Elm Creek Winnipeg and Regina. This passes through a splendidly fertile country, well settled with prosperous farmers who mostly came in during the pioneer days of Manitoba and are now reaping the enjoyment of their leisure. At Headingley, Winnipeg practically ceases, as evidenced by the street-car line, and after crossing the Assiniboine River we reach Elm Creek. From Elm Creek a branch runs south 12 miles to Carman, a town of 1200 population and great prosperity. Treherne Holland Cypress River Glenboro Souris Continuing our journey westward, we run through a pleasing country of large farms, well treed, with many lakes and a succession of fine towns and villages in a prosperous condition. This region produces large crops, and on every side big herds of cattle and dairy stock are to be seen. Souris (population 1800) is beautifully situated on a small river, and carries on a large business. At Souris is the junction point with the Brandon-Estevan line (see page 66). Schwitzer Continuing westward, we pass through a well- Deleau settled prairie country that shows good crop re- Pi pestone turns and has many important towns. The Arcola Reston country has always been noted as a first-class farming area, which condition is testified to by the fine farm buildings we see on either hand. At Reston a branch runs In a north-westerly direction, joining the main transcontinental line at Wolseley (see page 69)- v^jmt* Dairy' Cattle 88 Across Canada Manor Shortly afterwards we enter the province of Sas- Carlyle katchewan, and speed on through a good wheat- Arcola growing district until we reach Arcola (popula- Kisbey tion 1000), a progressive town with a pretty Stoughton summer resort named Fish Lake. Stoughton is Fillmore the point from which a branch line runs to Wey- Francis burn, on the line from St. Paul and Minneapolis to Regina Moose Jaw (see page 82). Then we turn north westward, and in about three hours reach Regina, on the main line (see page 69). WINNIPEG TO NAPINKA: 221 miles (For Map, see page 67). Winnipeg Another very important branch line from Win- Morris nipeg is that which runs due south and then west, Rosenfeld paralleling the international boundary at a not very great distance. This region, probably one of the earli- e s t settled of the west, is one of close popula- tion an d large production, the Red River Valley being noted for its fertile soil- The country is well-t r ee d, md pleasing to the eye, supports large herds of fine dairy stock, and is a fruit-growing district of some note. From Rosenfield a short branch runs south to Altona and Gretna, connecting at the border with the Great Northern Railway. Sheep Farming on the Prairies Plum Coulee Winkler Morden Manitou La Riviere Wood Bay The towns through which we are passing are all fairly large, and have a big trade. Morden (population 1500) is a flourishing centre, with a Dominion Government Experimental Farm nearby and cement deposits fourteen miles distant. At La Riviere, a divisional point, there are found some very good red shales which produce a high-class brick. From Wood Bay a short branch runs south to the international boundary, reaching a well-populated country with such important towns as Snowflake, Mowbray and Windygates. Pilot Mound The country which we traverse is not only an Crystal City exceedingly prosperous one; it is also a beauti- Cartwright ful one, and such points as Crystal City and Killarney Killarney have become popular summer resorts. Boissevain Killarney has a particularly lovely lake, with Deloraine good fishing and boating. The town has a population of some 1200, and an experimental fruit farm. Boissevain (population 1000) is another summer resort, situated in the heart of a fine wheat-growing district. Deloraine is another highly prosperous town. From Boissevain a branch runs to Lauder, on the Brandon-Estevan line (see page 66) and from Deloraine another runs south-westerly to Lyleton. Medora The country is a table-land one, producing fine crops Napinka of wheat and other grains. Napinka is the junction point of this line with the Brandon-Estevan line (see page 68). Branches from Cal gary 89 Calgary CALGARY TO EDMONTON: 194 miles (For Map, see page 67). Calgary From Calgary a very important branch line Airdrie runs north to Edmonton, passing through Crossfield and serving an exceptionally rich region well Carstairs suited for mixed farming and especially for dairy- Didsbury * ing. This district, as a matter of fact, is one Olds of the most successful dairying areas of Alberta, Innisfail which fact is testified by the large number of Red Deer creameries situated along the line. For about thirty miles after leaving Calgary the line skirts the extreme western boundary of the Canadian Pacific Irrigation Block. As far as Crossfield the character of the country has been very similar to that seen along the main transcontinental line—undulating prairie with very little timber; but from this point north, generally called "Central Alberta", the keynote changes. The country is more wooded, bush will be seen everywhere, gradually increasing in size the farther north we go, until at Edmonton the trees are almost continuous. At Olds is one of the Agricultural Schools established by the Province of Alberta, where practical courses in agriculture, animal husbandry and domestic science are available for farmers' sons and daughters. Red Deer (population 3,000), is the commercial centre of this mixed farming and dairying district. Situated on the Red Deer River about midway between Calgary and Edmonton, it is a well-established city with many factories and distributing houses. In the neighborhood are found coal, clay, gravel and sand deposits. From Red Deer a branch line runs west to Lochearn (62 miles) passing through a very beautiful mixed farming country with large hay areas. Sylvan Lake, on this line, is a very popular resort for Calgary and Edmonton people. At Lochearn we cross the North Saskatchewan River, and westward a road lies to the Brazeau coal fields in the foothills of the Rockies. Blaekfalds Leaving Red Deer we cross the Red Deer River Lacombe and run through some very picturesque country, well adapted to mixed farming and stock raising; as a matter of fact, all the territory from Calgary north has seen a large number of prize cattle raised. Lacombe (population 1800) is another important centre, and is the site of a Dominion Government Experimental Farm. About eight miles west is another highly popular summer resort, Gull Lake. From Lacombe a branch runs in an easterly direction through Central Alberta and Saskatchewan, to Kerrobert (223 miles), where it joins the line running north-westerly from Moose Jaw to Macklin (see page 71). The region through which this line passes is a prosperous mixed farming one, with an important dairying industry. Sodium sulphate deposits are found near Fusilier, coal mines at Ill 90 Across Canada Nevis, and some fine clay deposits at Alix. Along the line are some nourishing towns, such as Clive, Alix, Erskine, Stettler, Gadsby, Castor, Coronation, Consort, Monitor, Compeer, etc. From Coronation, an important centre and divisional point (population 1,200), another branch runs north 25 miles to Lorraine. Ponoka Resuming our journey towards Edmonton, _ we Wetaskiwin continue through the same prosperous dairy- Edmonton ing and mixed farming country. Ponoka is the site of the provincial asylum for the insane. At Wetaskiwin we meet the Winnipeg to Edmonton line (see page 85) and travel along it for over forty miles until we reach the capital city. CALGARY TO LETHBRIDGE: 126 miles; and MACLEOD 108 miles (For Map, see page 67) Calgary From Calgary an important branch line runs Midnapore south to Lethbridge through a very prosperous Okotoks agricultural country. Midnapore is the site of a Aldersyde well-known orphanage founded by Father La- Blackie combe, one of the most famous pioneers of the Kirkcaldy West. West of Okotoks, in the Turner Valley, Carmangay is the Dingman oil-field, which has been pro- Nobleford ducing a high grade gasoline since 1916 and Kipp where large natural gas deposits abound. The Lethbridge towns in this region are well-developed and flourishing. East of Kirkcaldy and Blackie there is Borne particularly good country. Nobleford is the home of one of the largest individual farming organizations in Canada, owning and operating upward of 30,000 acres of land. It was on this farm that a measured tract of land of one thousand acres produced in 1916 an average of 54^4 bushels of Marquis wheat to the acre, and on a tract of 1075 acres in 1915 produced an average of 126 bushels of Banner oats to the acre. At Kipp we meet the Crow's Nest Pass line (see page 122) and in a few minutes are in Lethbridge. Aldersyde From Aldersyde a branch runs direct to Macleoa, High River through an old settled country running right Nanton back to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, Stavely which, for a considerable part of the journey, Claresholm are plainly visible on the western horizon. This Macleod region is a great grain and stock country, fam ous for many years back as the location of some celebrated ranches, of which the "Bar U", near High River, is probably the largest. H.R.H. the Prince of Wales owns a ranch near the Bar U. The country is a beautiful one, and in the Highwood River district particularly affords good fishing and shooting. In the foothills are large coal measures and indications of iron ore deposits. Many very valuable clay deposits are found, and also a first class building stone. At Macleod we join the Crow's Nest Pass line (see page 122). The Bar U Ranch Approaching the Rockies 91 ,<^SU*£ Indian. Teepee CALGARY TO FIELD: 135 miles (For Map, see page 93). (The figures after the names of stations denote altitudes, in feet) Westward from Calgary we enter the most wonderful region of Canada—the Canadian Pacific Rockies, which interpose their giant bulk between the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia. Nature has thrown up this system on so vast a scale •that their greatness cannot be grasped except by some comparison. The transcontinental trains take twenty-four hours to pass from Cochrane, at the entrance to the Rockies, to Mission, where one finally leaves them. The simplest parallel is that of the Swiss Alps. To traverse these by train takes only five hours. When, therefore, the late Edward Whymper, one the most famous mountaineers that ever lived, described the Canadian Pacific Rockies as fifty Switzer- lands thrown into one, this certainly was no exaggeration. The Rockies were first seen several miles east of Calgary,but the finest distant view was that obtained from the roof garden of the Palliser Hotel. Now we leave the city and the hotel behind. Between Winnipeg and Calgary the line has already climbed over 2600 feet; from Calgary to Banff it must climb another 1100 feet in eighty miles. Following the course of the Bow River, the great stretches of level prairie cease, and the rolling grassy foothills succeed, rising tier upon tier to the base of the great ranges to which they are the outposts. At Cochrane we are well within the foothill country. In the lower valleys can be seen huge ranches, for this is a great stock-raising country, and on the higher terraces can be seen great herds of cattle and sheep. These transverse valleys are the grooved courses of ancient glaciers. As we leave the town and ascend the river, from the top of the first terrace we can get a full view of the Rockies at last. Morley is the modern home of the Stoney Indians, once a very warlike race but now the most industrious of red men. Seebe is the site of the two hydro-electric power plants that supply Calgary with the bulk of its electrical power. The first plant was completed in 1911, the second in 1915, at a total cost approximating three million dollars. Generators with a total capacity of 29,500 horse-power are installed in the power houses, and the voltage is "stepped up" very considerably and transmitted over high tension lines. The dam, consisting of a solid concrete structure 600 feet in length and capable of discharging over 40,000 feet of water a second, can be clearly seen on the right from the train. The same company have also built a dam across the Devil's Canyon at Lake Minnewanka for Storage purposes, for use in wi$teri Calgary S439 Brickburn 8U85 Glenbow S688 Cochrane 3750 Radnor 3896 Morley 4078 Seebe 4182 92 Across Canada Kananaskis Exshaw Gap 4180 4261 4248 The Three Sisters, Canmore The mountains stand up before us, an impenetrable wall; to cross them seems almost impossible, but over the Kananaskis river, a little above its junction with the Bow, is an iron bridge. Crossing this, we hear the roar of the Bow's .nighty cataract called Kananaskis Falls, .lamed after a mythical Cree chief and meaning "a tall straight pine with branches near the top." The country in this region is full of Indian lore. The Indians conceived the whole country as a great giant, hence there are the Knee Hills, the Hand Hills, Ghost Hills, and many such. At Exshaw is located a large Portland cement mill, which has an average output of 4,000 barrels a day. It draws its supplies of limestone and shale from the excellent deposits close to the mill. From here onward we first notice how an ordinary upland stream differs from a glacier-fed river. The former, as it tumbles from great heights, may be foamy and tumultuous, but the latter is always milk-green with a sediment of glacial silt. This silt is composed of infinitesimally fine particles ground from the rocks by the ice scraping over them. A bend in the road brings us- between two almost vertical walls of dizzy height, streaked and capped with snow and ice, and we enter the mountains by means of this Gap. On our right is the Fairholme Range, opposite it is the Goat Range. The prominent peak is Grotto Mountain (8870 feet), and those on our left are Pigeon Mountain, Wind Mountain, and the Three Sisters. Contrast the ranges ahead. Tno-o on the right are fantastically broken and castellated; the ones opposite are massive snow-laden promontories, rising thousands of feet. They are penetrated by enormous alcoves imprisoning all the gorgeous hues of the prism.. The reason why the profiles looked so jagged from the plains is now apparent. These mountains were lifted up in some huge upheaval, say geologists, 'way back in the Devonian and Carboniferous ages. The rock is all stratified, and some sections rose up while others remained almost as level as before, others tilted more or less towards the east and still others bent and crumbled under the tremendous pressure from the sides. Today nothing but colossal fragments of the original remain, and it is these we see from the observation car. The Gap Canmore 4295 Canmore, a coal-mining town, is Bankhead 4581 passed in a few minutes. Here on the left is obtained a striking profile of the Three Sisters", companion peaks that form one of the first notable sights of the journey. The highest peak is 9734 feet in B Indicates Double Track CALGARY TO FIELD 94 Across Canada height. The curious groups of pillars on the right, some of them ten times as tall as a man, are made of hard enough material to withstand the weatherings that have played havoc with the surrounding bank. They are called "hoodoos". Ahead the great bulk of Cascade Mountain blocks the view. The pass narrows suddenly. On the left, the sharp peak is Rundle, so called in honour of an early missionary to the Indians. Here we leave the Bow for a time and strike up the valley of the Cascade River directly in the face of Cascade Mountain, which apparently is but a stone's throw away. Really it is miles distant, but we cannot quite free ourselves of the illusion that it rises and advances to meet us. At Bankhead is located the Bankhead Mine, operated by the Canadian Pacific and said to be the only producing anthracite mine in Canada. Eleven coal seams have been found in this property, of which five are being worked so far. In connection with this mine there is a briquetting plant consisting of two units with a capacity of 500 tons in twenty-four hours. To prepare anthracite coal for the market it is necessary to remove the dust and impurities and separate it into different sizes. The dust is converted into briquettes. The mine has a capacity of 1,500 tons per day, and employs an average of 300 men under ground and 150 above ground. Banff 4534—The Rocky Mountains Park, a national park of which Banff is the headquarters, is one of the largest in the world. It embraces parts of the Bow, Spray, Kananaskis, Ghost, Red Deer, Panther and Cascade River valleys, the Clearwater river forming the northern boundary. The park stretches for 115 miles from south to north, the Canadian Pacific Railway running through the Park from Seebe to the Great Divide, a distance of about 70 miles from east to west. Besides the rivers mentioned, the Park also contains Lake Minnewanka, Lake Louise, the Bow Lakes, Lake O'Hara, and others, and several impressive mountain ranges. Within easy walking distance is Sulphur Mountain, a long wooded ridge rising to an elevation of 8030 feet, which has an observatory on its summit and the Canadian Alpine Club's permanent club-house on the slopes. The club has a membership" of about 500, and holds a camp every year somewhere in the Canadian Pacific Rockies. In the various mountain ranges that make up the Canadian Pacific Rockies—the Rockies proper, the Sekirks, and the Gold, Coast, Cascade, and Purcell Ranges—there are, according to government measurements, no less than 598 mountain peaks above 5,000 feet in height above sea level. This Banff Springs Hotel Banff 95 list includes only those peaks which bear names, and does not profess to exhaust the innumerable mountains that have not yet been named or measured. Of those actually listed, there are 147 over 10,000 feet. Cascade Mountain (9825 feet) faces the village like a glowering giant. The sharp pointed edge of Mount Rundle (9665 feet) makes a most striking feature. Mount Edith (8370 feet) and Stony Squ^aw (6160 feet) are close at hand. Crossing the Bow River bridge from the village, we follow a road to where the Banff Springs Hotel stands on a height between the foaming falls of the Bow and the mouth of the rapid Spray river. This hotel, operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway, has been constructed on a magnificent scale. From its verandah beautiful panoramas are to be viewed. Just below the terrace is one of Banff's three distinctive sulphur swimming pools, supplied with sulphur water piped from Sulphur Mountain and averaging 90 degrees Fahrenheit and possessing great curative value. The pool is a beautiful one, affording excellent swimming; and a semicircular cold water pool adjoins it on the crest of the hill. The other two pools are at the Upper Hot Springs, on the wooded slopes of Sulphur Mountain and reached by carriage or on foot; and at the Cave and Basin, about a mile west of the bridge, where the government has erected a handsome $150,000 swimming bath. Mount Assiniboine Sulphur Swimming Pool, Banff Springs Hotel /< 96 Across Canada Buffalo at Banff In an enclosed park about 1 Vz miles to the other side of the village are a number of specimens of native animals, such as buffalo, elk, moose, mountain sheep and mountain goat. The buffalo herd, with a somewhat larger one in another park to the north, comprise the sole remains of the million buffalo which roamed the prairie fifty years ago. Long launch trips up the river, tennis, driving, motoring, swimming, horseback riding, fishing, beautiful walks, and mountain climbing are some of the diversions open to visitors. A nine-hole golf course, now being enlarged to eighteen holes, is situated on the banks of the Bow River at the base of Mount Rundle. These links occupy the site of the headquarters of the Snaring Indians, so called on account of their hunting methods. The tribe is now extinct, but opposite the club house are pits which they used as winter quarters, and where m'any flint spears and arrowheads have been found. There are wonderful fossil beds on the south and east sides of Lake Minnewanka, from which many very fine specimens have been collected. An annual Indian "Pow-wow" of sports, races, etc., is held during the month of July. Of great interest to automobile enthusiasts is the new automobile road that is being constructed by the Dominion Government, the British Columbia Government, and the Canadian Pacific Railway from Banff to the Columbia Valley (see page 104). Its course is southeast from Castle Mountain, which we shall shortly pass, through Vermilion Pass, over the Rockies, and. then through some subsidiary ranges until it reaches beautiful Lake Windermere. Twenty miles south of Banff is Mount Assiniboine (11,860 feet), the "Matterhorn of the New World", the first ascent of which was made, after many unsuccessful attempts, in 1901. The way thither leads through beautiful valleys shaded with transparent blue lakes and park-like prairie openings, and the journey is a particularly fine pony and camping trip. Castle Mountain Castle Mountain Alt. 4638 Eldon " 4822 Leaving Banff, the railway rejoins the Bow and follows it up through a forested valley. Look backward and see if the memory of that view will ever leave you! We skirt the Vermilion Lakes and obtain an excellent view of Mount Bourgeau on the left. Far to the south these snow-peaks enclose Simpson's Pass. A sharp turn, and also on the left we see Pilot Mountain, a landmark of mountain trappers visible from either end of the Bow. Hole-in-the-Wall Mountain (9183 feet), on the right, has an interesting cavern running into the moun- Thr ou gh the Rockies 97 tain for 160 feet which has been used as a meeting place by the Masonic Lodge of Banff. Castle Mountain, a sheer precipice al- tnost 5000 feet above the railroad, is so named because no imagination whatever is required to see in it the outlines of some ancient fortress. Mountain Sheep of the towers and battlements This mountain overlooks the railway for almost eight miles. After passing Castle Mountain, we see to the right the bare, rugged and sharply serrated Sawback sub-range, with a spur, called the Slate Mountains, in the foreground at Lake Louise. Looking ahead we catch many enchanting glimpses until, at Eldon, the whole array is in full view. Turning to the left, and looking backward we see Pilot Mountain, Copper Mountain, Mount Brett and Vermilion Pass, where the continental watershed sends the Vermilion River westward in to the Kootenay. On the south is Storm Mountain (10309 feet) and the snowy dome of Mount Ball (10825 feet). Loftiest and grandest of all towers Temple Mountain (11626 feet). This great snow-bound mountain, whose crest exhibits precipitous walls of ice flashing blue in the sunlight, is the most conspicuous and admirable feature of the wonderful valley. Lake Louise Alt. 5044—Thirty-five miles from Banff we reach Lake Louise. To reach the lake we must ascend another 620 feet, which we do by means of a light gasoline railway. Turning a shoulder of the mountain, we come suddenly into full view of Lake Louise, named after Princess Louise, wife of the Marquis of Lome, one-time Governor-General of Canada. This is one of the most perfect gems of scenery in the world—"a lake of the deepest and most exquisite coloring, ever changing, defying analysis, mirroring in its wonderful depths the sombre forests and cliffs that rise from its shores on either side, the gleaming white glacier and tremendous snow-crowned peaks that fill the background of the picture, and the blue sky and fleecy clouds overhead." On the shores of this beautiful lake the Canadian Pacific Railway operates one of its Chateau Lake Louise r 98 Across Canada Lakes in the Clouds splendid hotels, the Chateau Lake Louise. No more beautiful spot and no more comfortable hotel could be chosen by anyone wishing to make-either a short stay or a long one in the Canadian Pacific Rockies. Many there are who are entirely satisfied to sit on the verandah watching the marvellous kaleidoscope of color that flits across the surface of the lake. The principal mountains surrounding Lake Louise are (from left to right as you stand on the Tiotel verandah) Saddle Mountain (7783 feet), Mount Fairview (9001 feet), Mount Aberdeen (10304 feet), Mount Lefroy (11220 feet), Mount Victoria ^^^ (11855 feet), Mount Whyte (9766 feet), Mount Niblock (9754 feet), the Beehive (7403 feet), and Mount St. Piran (8618 feet). Victoria Glacier, which shuts off the southern end of the lake, is an awe-inspiring spectacle. Along the westerly shores -of the lake is a delightful mile-and-a-half walk affording splendid views of these gigantic peaks. Amongst the numerous delightful excursions from Lake Louise is that to Lakes in the Clouds, two gems that nestle high up on the mountain side. The trail leaves the west end of the Chateau - and rises gradually to Mirror Lake (altitude 6650 feet), and thence to Lake Agnes (6875 feet). There are beautiful views on the way up, and the trail is excellent. A charming tea house has recently been established on the shore of Lake Agnes. The trail continues around Lake Agnes and up a zigzag path to the Observation House on the Big Beehive. The trip can be made either by sure-footed mountain pony or on foot, and the round trip distance is about five miles. Return can be made if desired via the Little Beehive and Mt. St. Piran, or via the lower glacier trail. Another charming trip is that to Moraine Lake, a lovely mountain lake lying in the "Valley of the Ten Peaks". These ten peaks, all of which are over 10,000 feet high, and the highest of which, Mount Deltaform, is 11,225 feet, encircle the eastern and southern sides of the lake, and present a serrated pro- . file that affords a most majestic view. Lake Moraine affords good trout- fishing, and during the summer months a small teahouse and camp is maintained on the shore of the latter. On the eastern shore of the lake is the Tower of Babel (7580 feet), a mountain of . somewhat curious shape, on the other side of which is Consolation Lake. Yet another fine pony trip is to Paradise Valley. Ponies Lake Louise 99 On the Trail may be taken up Paradise Valley, via either the Saddleback and Sheol Valley, or via the low trail. The journey is continued up the valley to a short branch trail leading to the Giant's Steps, a step-like rock formation over which _S. the water glides in 4£* ^S sheets. The journey may then be continued across the valley to ■Lake Annette (altitude 6500 feet), a tiny emerald sheet of water, on the side of Mount Temple, and thence back miles. In a southwesterly direction from Lake Louise is Lake O'Hara, presenting in its surroundings features of wild Alpine grandeur that cannot be surpassed. There is an excellent trail from Hector, a few miles west of Lake Louise station, and the trip affords an extremely delightful two days' trip. Further pony and camping trips of one or more days' duration can be made in several directions, such as along the Pipestone River. This trip leads north from Lake Louise to an alpine lake high up on a mountain meadow amid high glacial surroundings of spectacular grandeur and beauty. The lake is full of trout. The camping ground is nineteen miles from Lake Louise station. Consolation Lake, which is about three miles from Moraine Lake, is also a very profitable place to fish for cut-throat trout. For those who wish to visit the glaciers, climb mountains, or make some of the more strenuous trips through the passes, Swiss guides, whose services can be obtained by visitors, are attached to the Chateau Lake Louise. There is good trout-fishing at several points near Lake Louise., to Lake Louise, a distance of thirteen Moraine Lake and Valley of the Ten Peaks 100 Across Canada *w?x Wms% impmmt The Great Divide The Great Divide Alt. 5298—Six miles west of Lake Louise is the "Great Divide", which is at once the highest elevation of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the boundary between Alberta and British Columbia, and the very backbone of the continent. It is marked by a rustic arch spanning a stream under which the water divides. The'waters that flow to the east eventually reach Hudson Bay and the Atlantic Ocean; the rivulet that runs to the west adds its mite to the volume of the Pacific. On the left is the granite shaft erected to the memory of Sir James Hector, the discoverer of the Kicking Horse Pass, which permits the Canadian Pacific Railway to cross the Rockies. Hector From the" Great Divide the railway begins to descend. Wapta Camp, on Wapta Lake (Hector Station) is an attractive summer resort for touirsts, consisting of rustic bungalows with a central community house. Between here and Field, a distance of fourteen miles, it descends, in fact, nearly a quarter of a mile through the Kicking Horse Pass. Formerly this was a difficult track, the gradient being 4.5 per cent; but by two wonderful tunnels— forming one of the most notable engineering feats in existence— this difficulty has now been eliminated, and the grade reduced to 2.2 per cent. These tunnels are the famous "Spiral Tunnels". From the east the track enters the first tunnel under Cathedral Mountain, 3,255 ft. in length, and after turning a complete circle and passing under itself emerges into daylight 54 feet lower. (Mount Cathedral 10,454 feet high). The track then turns easterly, and crossing the river enters the second tunnel, 2900 feet long, under Mount Ogden (8795 feet). Again turning a complete circle and passing under itself, it comes out 50 feet lower and continues westward to Field. The whole thing is a perfect maze, the railway doubling back upon itself twice and forming a rough figure "8" in shape. If the train is run in two sections, passengers are able to see the other section at a higher or lower level (according to which one they are in) making its way down the big grade. Kicking Horse Pass owes its name to an incident of early pioneering days in which a "kicking horse" figured literally. Spiral Tunnels, Field The Yoho Valley 101 FIELD TO REVELSTOKE: 126 miles Field Alt. 4072—Field is the divisional point between the Alberta and British Columbia districts of the railway. Towering 6,000 feet higher than the little town is seen Mount Stephen (10J/.85 feet) and in front of it roars Kicking Horse River, which the railway will now follow for a considerable distance. I Field is the gateway to a wonderful mountain resort, the far-famed Yoho Valley, which stretches away to the north between great glacier-bound peaks. The Yoho Park, another national park, has an area of 480 square miles. Among its attractions are Takakkaw Falls, the Twin Falls, the Yoho Glacier, Sf*^ etc. The Takakkaw Falls, the return trip to which can be made in a day by either coach or pony along a good trail, are among the most wonderful in the world. An immense volume of seething, boiling water rushes over the precipice on the far side of a narrow gorge, and descends the rock sides in clouds of foam, a sheer drop of 1,200 feet. Farther up the Yoho Valley, following the Yoho River, is a rather more rugged country, affording a longer trip. Twin Falls, divided by a high rock on the edge of the precipice, are of even greater interest than the Takakkaw Falls, owing to the vast columns of steamlike spray caused by the concussion of their two columns of water with the rock floor nearly 700 feet beneath. From here one can penetrate still farther into the ranges and reach Yoho Glacier. The trip from Field to Emerald Lake is a delightful one. An excellent carriage road crosses the Slicking Horse River at Field to the base of Mount Burgess, and leads through a forest of balsam and spruce to Emerald Lake, seven miles distant. This beautiful lake, of most exquisite coloring and sublimity of surroundings, lies placid under the protection of Mount Wapta, Mount Burgess and Mount President. It is well stocked with fish, and its vicinity affords many charming excursions on foot. ^. picturesque two-story log chalet has been erected on the shore of the lake, and is operated by the Canadian Pacific. Here the tourist may break his journey en route to the Yoho Valley. Mount Stephen and Field Emerald Lake 102 Across Canada Takakkaw Falls, Yoho Valley It is also possible to reach the Yoho Valley from Emerald Lake. From Emerald Lake an excellent trail leads around the lake to the Yoho Pass (altitude 6,000 feet), where it is joined by the trail from Field over Mount Burgess. Reaching the summit by pony, a wonderful view is obtained. Summit Lake, a small but beautifully colored lake, is passed, and thence descent is made into the Yoho Valley. Yet another route to the Yoho Valley is over the Burgess Pass. The pony trail from Field rises up the wooded slopes of Mount Burgess to the pass (altitude 7,150 feet), from which a magnificent panoramic view of the surrounding mountain ranges may be obtained. Mount Burgess, a sharp-topped mountain, 8,463 feet, is in the centre, with the Backing Horse River on the left and the road to Yoho Pass on the right. Continuing along the slopes of Mount Wapta the trail is almost level until the Yoho Pass is reached, whence descent is made to either Takakkaw Falls or to Emerald Lake. There are numerous other charming trips at Field, mostly of longer duration, such as to Dennis and Duchesnay Passes, Lake O'Hara, and Upper Bow Lake. Mention must also be made of the famous Mt. Stephen fossil beds, reached from Field by a pony trail which rises to an elevation of 6,000 feet above the sea level. The fossil beds are over 2,000 feet in thickness. Open Top Observation Car Emerald Alt. 3895 Resuming our journey westward from Ottertail " 3720 Field, we find "open-top observation Leanchoil " 3682 cars" provided for travellers, which afford the utmost opportunities for viewing the magnificent scenery. The locomotives on this section are oil-burning, which means an absence of smoke and dust. Tk Indicates Double Track FIELD TO REVELSTOKE J 104 Across Canada The railway begins to descend steadily. The narrow valley of the Kicking Horse divides the Ottertail Range on the left from the Van Home Range on the right. A vivid contrast in mountain formation can be made between the two ranges. One mile west of Emerald we can see Mount Goodsir (11676 feet) on the left, the highest of the Ottertail group. At Leanchoil we leave the Yoho Park. On the left, Mts. Vaux and Chancellor are seen, the glacier on the former plainly visible. Mount Chancellor (10,731 feet) is one of the giant peaks of the Ottertail range. Between the two mountains is what is probably the best known group of "hoodoos", but they cannot unfortunately be seen from the train, although two miles west of Leanchoil, on the left side, is a rocky bluff where "hoodoos" in the process of formation through the action of the elements can be plainly viewed. At the base of Mount Hunter the river turns abruptly and plunges into the lower Kicking Horse Canyon. Palliser Glenogle Golden Alt. 8288 " 3008 " 2588" The canyon rapidly deepens until, beyond Palliser, the mountain sides become vertical. The roar of the river as it rushes from side to side of the narrow gorge, the thunder of the train as it follows the river—pandemonium increased a thousandfold by the reverberations of the canyon walls—gives an indescribable sensation until at Golden we suddenly reach daylight again and the noisy, turbulent Kicking Horse is received into the calm bosom of the mighty Columbia. The railway, as has been said, has been descending, although just here it has risen a little again, but at Golden it has descended 1,500 feet from Field, and has left behind it the Rockies proper. Golden, an interesting town with large lumbering and mining interests, commands the trade of the fertile Windermere Valley to the south. The Columbia river, the most important waterway flowing into the north Pacific Ocean on the western side, rises in the north end of Lake Windermere, and flows north in a famous "Big Bend", paralleling the railway for several miles until it leaves it at the lower slopes of the Selkirks to re-appear at Revelstoke on its way south to the United States. To the right of the track, shortly after leaving Golden station, can be seen the model Swiss village of "Edelweiss," erected by the Canadian Pacific for the Swiss guides whom it employs for the benefit of mountain climbers. Previous to the erection of this village, which lies on the slopes of a hill and reproduces with remarkable verisimilitude the characteristic architecture of the Swiss chalet, ■ the guides had always returned to Switzerland at the end of each season, but now they live in Canada the entire year. Continued on page 105. Swiss Guide's Chalet, near Golden GOLDEN TO CRANBROOK: 166 mi les Golden Spillimacheen Edgewater Lake Windermere Goldie Creek From Golden a branch line runs south through the fertile Columbia Valley, touching for a considerable part of the journey the beautiful Lake Windermere, and joining the Crow's Nest line at Col- The Selkirk Range 105 Canal Flat valli. From Golden we travel past many Wasa new settlements, from the clearings of Fort Steele which smoke is sometimes still rising, Bull River until we reach Spillimacheen, where there Colvalli is a wonderful view of the Selkirk Cranbrook Mountains. The new motor road being built through the Vermilion Pass from Banff (see page 96) will join the government road at Sinclair, sixty miles from Golden. Both at Sinclair and at Fairmount, near Lake Windermere, there are interesting hot springs. The scenery of this valley is splendid, and the canyons and creeks on either side furnish excellent sport. On the left is the slope of the Rockies—on the right, the panorama of the Selkirks. At Lake Windermere station, the local train puts up for the night, continuing southward in the morning. Lake Windermere is the station for four neighboring villages: Athal- mer, Wilmer, Windermere and Invermere, while on the shores of the lake, about a mile from the station, a bungalow summer camp has been located, making an admirable centre for excursions into the beautiful country surrounding. After Lake Windermere, the next important stopping point is Fort Steele, in a ranching and fruit-growing district. Lead, copper, silver, gold and iron are found. There are quantities of lumber available, with important sawmills at Bull River. Good fishing and hunting can be obtained. FIELD TO REVELSTOKE (Continued) Moberley .Alt. 2553 Forde " 2563 Donald " 2579 Beavermouth " 2483 From Golden we follow the Dogtooth Mountains, part of the Selkirk Range, on the left as far as Bear Creek. Mount Moberley, on the right at Moberley Station, is the most prominent peak for several miles (7721 feet). About two miles west of Moberley, on the left just before crossing Blackberry Bridge, is the site of the oldest cabin in the mountains—the cabin where a government survey party under Walter Moberley, C.E., engaged in preliminary surveying for the railway, passed the winter of 1871-2. They wintered their stock on the shore of what is now Lake Windermere. One mile west after leaving Donald, we cross the Columbia River and shortly reach the upper Canyon of the Columbia, where tfh? mountain ranges, crowding together, force the river through a narrow gorge to the high slopes above which the railway clings. Immediately above this canyon, the Blue Water river coihes into the Columbia from the north. At Beavermouth, the farthest north station of the transcontinental route, making a sharp turn to the left we enter the Selkirks, the second of the two principal ranges which compose the Canadian Pacific Rockies. Lake Windermere Camp 106 Across Canada Mountain Climbing, near Glacier Now the railway begins to ascend again. We follow the Beaver River from Beavermouth to Connaught, crossing the river about two miles west of Beavermouth, then cross six streams flowing from the north. One sees ahead up the Beaver Valley a long line of the higher peaks of the Selkirks, in echelon, culminating in an exceedingly lofty pinnacle named Sir Donald, seen more closely at Glacier House. A few miles beyond, where a powerful torrent comes down from high mountains northward, the same view is obtained, nearer and larger, and eight peaks can be counted in a grand array, the last of which is Sir Donald leading the line. A little farther on, Cedar Creek is crossed and not far west of it is a very high bridge, spanning a foaming cascade, whence one of the most beautiful prospects of the whole journey is to be had. So impressed were the builders with the charm of this magnificent picture of mountains that they named the spot The Surprise. The principal difficulty in construction on this part of the line was occasioned by the torrents, many of them in splendid cascades, which come down through narrow gorges cut deeply into the steep slopes along which the railway creeps. The greatest of all these bridges crosses Stony Creek—a noisy rill, flowing in the bottom of a narrow, V-shaped channel 312 feet below the rails—the highest bridge on the Canadian Pacific main line. Rogers Alt. 2555 ^^ Shortly after, a brief but precious glimpse is caught of Mount Tupper, through a gap in the cliff on the right. We are almost 10O0 feet aboye the Beaver, whose upper valley can be seen penetrating the mountains southward for a long distance. Until the end of 1916, the railway crossed the Selkirks through Rogers Pass, following Bear Creek and then bending round to Glacier and back again to the lllecillewaet River in a series of sharp loops. This *P5C^ Connaught Tunnel Glacier 107 was a most spectacular route, affording some magnificent views of Mount M&cdonald, Mount Tupper, and other giant peaks; but it had many disadvantages, amongst which were the enormous track curvature and the necessity of maintaining long stretches of snowsheds. These difficulties were finally overcome by the construction of the Connaught Tunnel, under Mount Macdonald, named in honor of H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught, then Governor-General of Canada. This tunnel is the longest tunnel in America, measuring exactly five miles from portal to portal, and it not only eliminated track curvature to an amount corresponding to seven complete circles, but also lowered the summit attained by the railway by 550 feet, reduced the length of the line by 4% miles and dispensed with four miles of snow-sheds. The tunnel is double tracked, and measures 29 feet from side to side and 21 feet 6% inches from the base of rail to the crown. The method by which it was pierced involved the tunnelling of a pioneer bore paralleling the centre line of the main tunnel—a feature that was new and aroused the interest of tunnel engineers the world over. Rogers Pass was named for Major A. B. Rogers, by whose adventurous energy it was discovered in 1884; and it forms now one of the beautiful excursions from Mount Glacier. Mount Macdonald (9483 feet) towers almost a mile above the railway in almost vertical height. This is the climax of mountain scenery. The railway emerges from the tunnel at Glacier Station 1% miles from the site of the previous station of the same name. Glacier Alt. 8778 Glacier Hotel, however, has not been moved from its old site, and is thus IY2 miles from the present stktion, whence it is reached "by a good automobile road. It is within thirty minutes' walk of the lllecillewaet Glacier, from which, at the left, Sir Donald (10,808 feet) rises a naked and abrupt pyramid, to a height of a mile and a quarter above the railway. This stately monolith was named after the late Sir Donald Smith (Lord Strathcona), one of the promoters of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Farther to the left are sharp peaks Uto (9610 feet), Eagle (9853 feet), Avalanche (9387 feet), and Macdonald second only to Sir Donald. Rogers Pass and the snowy Hermit Range, the most prominent peaks of which are called the Swiss Peaks, are in full view. Again to the left, at the west end of the Hermit Range, on the south side of Bear Creek, comes Cheops (8506 feet)y so named after the Great Pyramid, the tomb of the Pharaoh Shufu (Cheops), who lived about 3,700 B.C., and Glacier House *< 108 Across Canada in the foreground, and far down among the trees, the lllecillewaet glistens across the valley. Somewhat at the left of Cheops the shoulders of Ross Peak (7718 feet) are visible over the wooded slope of the mountain behind the hotel, which is called Abbott (8081 feet). Between Ross and Abbott in the background is an enormous wall of snow. This is the Mount Bonney Glacier. To the right of Ross, between Ross and Cheops, a glimpse is caught of the Cougar Valley, where are the wonderful caves of Nakimu. Turning again to face the great niecillewaet Glacier a V-shaped valley is seen on the right. This is the valley of the Asulkan brook, a gem of mountain beauty, where a series of white cascades foam through vistas of dark spruce and fir, where falls leap from ledges above in clouds of flying spray, and .shining open meadows lead the traveller to listen for the tinkle of the Alpine herd. The peaks going from right to left are: Afton, the sharp apex; the Rampart, an oblong wall; the Dome, a rounded rock; Castor and Pollux, two sharp spires farthest south. To the left of the Asulkan Glacier comes a forested dome, Glacier Crest, the western boundary of the Great lllecillewaet Glacier, which is banked on the other side by the lower slopes of Sir Donald, from whose summit an immense number of glaciers can be seen. Glacier House, which is another Canadian Pacific Hotel, affords a most delightful stopping place for tourists who wish to hunt or explore the surrounding mountains or glaciers. Here in the heart of the Selkirks every comfort and luxury are found, and here many gather annually to spend the summer amidst the wonders of nature. The lllecillewaet Glacier is exactly two miles away ,and its slowly receding forefoot, with immense crevices of abysmal depth cutting across the crystal surface, is only a few hundred feet above the level of Glacier House. To the left of the Great Gkxaer, and 3,000 feet above the hotel, another view is from the trail at the foot of Sir Donald. An easy trail also leads to Marion Lake, where it divides, one going to Observation Point, affording a splendid panorama of Rogers Pass, the other to the Abbott Alp, a beautiful grassy upland. On Mount Abbott is Cascade summer house, directly above the mountain torrent seen tumbling down the green shoulder from Avalanche Peak to the head of the Asulkan Valley, where the ice flow of two main branches of the glacier meet. Good routes have been also mapped by the guides up Eagle and Sir Donald, Mount Sir Donald Le a v ing the Selkirks 109 lllecillewaet Valley the former being an easy climb. This peak is so amed from a large rock figure exactly resembling an eagle which is perched upon the knife-sharp edge of the mountain. It is seen to best advantage from the trail leading to Mount Avalanche. The Asulkan Valley trail branches off from the main glacier trail about a quarter of a mile from the hotel, and crossing the Asulkan brook climbs up the east side of the valley to the forefoot of the Asul- Tcan glacier, distant four miles from the hotel. The summit of the Selkirk Range as crossed by the railway is reached from Glacier by another fine pony trip, and from here the trail to Rogers Amphitheatre may be taken, where is located a hut that may be used a^ a base for exploring and climbing the neighboring peaks and glaciers. From Rogers Pass there is another trail that follows along Bear Creek to Baloo Pass. From here is reached the famous Nakimu Caves (Nakimu being Indian for "grumbling caves"), a series of natural caverns, with beautiful interior marble markings, situated on the lower slopes of Mount Cheops, in the Cougar Valley. The return journey from the Caves to the hotel may be made via a trail and carriage drive that follows the lllecillewaet Rive5r. A glacial stream has been caught and furnishes fountains about the hotel. Game is very abundant throughout these lofty ranges; whose summits are the home of the mountain goat. Continuing the descent from Glacier, and following around the mountain-side, the line touches for a moment on the base of Ross Peak, then confronts Mount Cheops, on the other side of the lllecillewaet as it crosses to the left and shoots down the valley parallel with its former course. Albert Canyon Flat Creek lllecillewaet Albert Canyon Twin Butte Greely Revelstoke Alt. We are now descending the western slopes of the Selkirk Range, and henceforth our course, with the except tion of one or two minor ranges to climb, is uniformly downwards towards the Pacific. The scenery still continues magnificently impressive. The water of the lllecillewaet River, which we follow from Glacier to Revelstoke, is at first pea-green, but that is owing to glacial mud, and it*is not long before it clarifies. Eleven miles 8052 2711 2224 1877 1667 1494 110 Across Cana da west of Glacier is the Lanark silver mine, on the right. - The mill adjoins the track, and the cable on which the ore is conveyed can be seen running up from the mill to the opposite slope where the mine is operated. Albert Canyon is a deep fissure in the solid rock, its walls rising straight up on both sides to wooded crags. The railway runs along the very edge of this gorge. We see the river nearly 150 feet below, boiling angrily in a narrow twenty-foot flume. Twin Butte takes its name from the double summit nearby to the left, now known as Mounts Mackenzie and Tilley. In this district is the home of the woodland or black-faced caribou, the mountain goat, and the grizzly, cinnamon and black bear. Continued on page 111 REVELSTOKE TO NELSON: 184 miles (Rail and Steamer Line) (For Map, see page 121). Revelstoke Arrowhead Halcyon Nakusp Burton Needles Nelson West Robson From Revelstoke a branch runs south to Arrowhead, whence a very delightful trip is made down the Arrow Lakes to West Robson, at which point the rail line from Nelson to Midway is joined. (See page 127). The service down this lake is provided by the excellent and comfortable steamer service of the Canadian Pacific. The Arrow Lakes, lying in a long, deep valley between the eastern slope of the Selkirks and the Gold Range, are formed by the Columbia Valley's broadening out on its way south. The lakes are very beautiful. Although virtually one, they are classified as two, Upoer and Lower, very much the same size and connected by a wide but circuitous channel. The surrounding country has supplied lumber from the forests that clothe its slopes to many a sawmill, while of recent years settlers have come in and made clearings for orchards. The population, however, is still comparatively sparse. The steamer touches at a number of points en route. Halcyon Hot Springs are well and favorably known owing to the curative properties of the waters^ which contain a high percentage of lithium. There is a comfortable Sanatorium hotel here. Nakusp is the distributing centre of the upper lake, which is here about three miles wide. Prettily situated overlooking a crescent-like bay, it offers good bathing, boating and very fair fishing. ■ Prom Nakusp a branch line runs to Sandon and Kaslo (see page lav) • Nakusp is the headquarters of the Arrow Lake lumber industry, the shipping point for vast quantities of lumber, poles, fence posts, and other timber products. Along the lower lake there has been some development in f r u i t-growing, very fine cherries, apples and melons being produced. The steame'r stops at, amongst other points, Edge- wood, Renata and Deer Park. Down the Arrow Lakes Sicamous 111 Hotel Sicamous REVELSTOKE TO VANCOUVER: 379 miles * (For Map, see page 113) Altitudes shown in feet Revelstoke Alt. 1494—Revelstoke, a flourishing city with a population of 4,000, lies in the beautiful Columbia River Valley; surrounded by lofty and picturesque mountains, some clothed with trees and verdure to their very peaks, others crowned with rugged and rocky spires or glistening glaciers. It is the gateway to the Kootenay and Arrow Lake districts, famous as fruit-growing centres, and is surrounded by vast areas of timber. With the completion of the auto scenic road to the top of Mount Revelstoke, added to the beautiful Columbia River driveway extending twenty miles north, and other roads to Arrowhead and the Okanagan Valley, the lover of nature can enjoy the magnificent scenery from a car. Mount Revelstoke is now a Dominion Park Reserve. Revelstoke is in the heart of very fine hunting grounds, and the Alpine climber will find whole worlds to conquer. In winter, Revelstoke is the centre of a large winter-sport carnival. Clanwilliam Alt. 1820 Three Valley 1636 Craigellachie " 1225 Malakwa " 1215 Sicamous " 1158 Leaving Revelstoke, we enter the Gold or Columbia Range. The most conspicuous peak is Mount Begbie, and just across the Columbia we enter the range. Eagle Pass, by which we enter, seems to have been cut purposelv for the railway, so deep cut and direct is it. Four lakes, Summit, Victor, Three Valley and Griffin, occur at short intervals, and in turn force the railway into the mountain sides. At Craigellachie an obelisk alongside the track commemorates the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was here, on November 7th, 1885, that the rails from the east met the rails from the west, and the long-cherished vision of a Canadian transcontinental railway became a reality. From Craigellachie, in an hour we reach Sicamous, on. Shuswap Lake. Sicamous is not only the junction of the main line with the Okanagan Valley branch; it is also a favorite stop-over point for travellers who, having traversed the mountains, wish also to see by daylight the wonderful canyon scenery that Kes between here and Vancouver. To accommodate this traffic, the Canadian Pacific has erected a comfortable hotel on the shore of the lake. Continued on page 114, 112 Across Canada SICAMOUS TO PENTICTON: 155 miles (Rail and Steamer Line) (For Map, see page 121) Sicamous Enderby Armstrong Vernon Okanagan Landing From Sicamous a branch runs south to the Okanagan Lake, connecting with a Canadian Pacific steamer service to Penticton. Enderby is a progressive town in a fertile fruit-growing and mixed farming country, with considerable dairying and also an enormous lumber output. Fishing is good and the big game plentiful. Armstrong (population 1700) is another flourishing town with several industries and a prosperous tributary agricultural country. Armstrong is particularly noted for the production for celery. Vernon (population 3500) is the largest town, the judicial centre, and the central distributing point of the northern Okanagan Valley. It is the location for the central co-operative fruit-selling agency for the entire Valley. Near here is the famous Coldstream Ranch with about 13,000 acres of fruit lands under irrigation. At Okanagan we board a splendid steamer for the rest of the trip. Okanagan Lake Killiney Fintry Okanagan Centre Kelowna Peachland Summerland Penticton The steamer makes a number of calls down the lake at the various landings. The journey takes about six hours. This is one of the most famous fruit-growing regions of Canada. Journeying down the lake, one sees striking examples of "bench land" formation—orchards rising tier by tier in ^hat iook like gigantic steps. On these bench-lands, on the occasional bottom lands, and even on the hilly slopes that descend into the water, grow all kinds of sub-tropical fruit, peaches, apricots, cherries, apples, plums, walnuts, almonds and grapes of superfine quality. Irrigation is practised, the wooden flume that carries the life-giving water being a conspicuous object of the orchard country. The Okanagan Valley is one of the best-known fruit regions of Canada, and fruit from this district has on several occasions taken championship prizes at international shows. From here is shipped a great part of the fruit consumed on the prairies. Kelowna is an important city with a population of over 3500. Tributary to it are some fifty thousand acres of first- class fruit lands, much of which is under cultivation. The city has several fruit and vegetable packing plants. It is a pretty point, with a park with a mile lake frontage. Peachland, Summerland and Naramata are fertile fruit-raising districts, with a certain amount of cattle-raising a few miles back.. At the southern end of the lake is Penticton, Where we join the Kettle Valley Railway (see page 129). 1 11 Indicates Double Track REVELSTOKE TO KAMLOOPS Jf 114 Across Canada Kamloops REVELSTOKE TO VANCOUVER (Continued) Salmon Arm Alt. 1157 Lake Shuswap is a large body of ir- Notch Hill " 1691 regular shape which affords wonderful Squilax 1288 trout-fishing. With its bordering Chase " 1188 slopes it reminds the traveller strongly Shuswap 1153 of Scottish scenery. To avoid the-cir- Ducks 1154 cuitous course around the lake, the railway strikes through the forest over the to pof Notch Hill. Chase is the gateway to an extensive territory for big game hunting, bird-shooting, and fishing. The various waters in the vicinity are plentifully stocked with trout. Salmon Arm (population 2800) is a very prosperous fruit farming community. Kamloops AU. 1159—Pop. 5500, the chief town of the interior country of British jColumbia, is over a hundred years old, having originally been, a Hudson Bay post. Situated at the confluence of the North and South Thompson Ravers, both draining fertile valleys, it is a beautiful city, with a climate that makes it a most desirable resort. Trout fishing and game add to its charm for the tourist and sportsman. The chief industries of the Kamloops district are ranching, mixed farming, gardening, fruitgrowing, mining and lumbering. Much of the valley iand is cultivated under irrigation, and produces large crops. The naining industry is developing rapidly, the principal minerals being gold, copper and iron. There is also extensive operation in the lumbering industry. The city has a hydro-electric power plant at Barriere, forty miles up the North Thompson Valley, and operates its own electric light and water plants, which also furnish power for irrigation. Thompson Canyon Tranquille Cherry Creek Savona Just below Kamloops, the Thompson widens out into Kamloops Lake, a beautiful sheet of water. The railway runs along its south Thompson C a n y o n 115 Hell's Gate, Fraser River Walhachin shore for twenty miles, and, because of the Ashcroft series of mountain spurs projecting into the Spatsum lake, a number of tunnels punctuate this Spence's Bridge twenty miles. At Savona the lake ends, and we enter the series of Thompson River canyons which leads us through marvellous scenery westward to the Fraser. Valuable quicksilver mines are operated in this region. Ashcroft is the outfitting plant for the Highland Valley and the gateway to the Caribou country and the immense fruit areas of the Thompson Valley. It is, incidentally, famous for its potatoes. In addition to fruit-raising, the country around is especially suitable for extensive cattle-raising. Op- posite Spence's Bridge we see a track leading up > country and are much interested to learn that this is none other than the old wagon road to the famous Caribou gold country. Here we cross the mouth of the Nicola River, whose valley to the south is an important grazing and ranching country. I From Spence's Bridge a branch of the Kettle Valley Railway runs south to Brookmere (see page 131). Drynoch From this point on we notice various peculiarities Thompson of the scenery and soon we find ourselves running Gladwin upon a ledge cut out of the bare hills on the ir- Lytton regular south side of the river. Tunnels penetrate Keefers the headlands and lofty bridges span the ravines. The mountains draw together and we wind along their face and gaze upon the boiling flood of Thompson Canyon, hundreds of feet below. At the Jittle trading town of Lytton the canyon widens to admit the Fraser, £he chief river of British Columbia, which comes down from the north between two great lines of mountain peaks, and whose turbid flood soon absorbs the bright green waters of the Thompson. The scenery grows wilder than ever. The great river is forced between vertical walls of black rock, where, re- pe a te dly thrown back upon itself by op- posing cliffs, it madly foams and roars. Six males below Lytton we cross the Fraser by a steel cantilever Yale 116 Across Canada bridge, plunge into a tunnel and emerge at Cisco. Along the way we can see the old Government Road, abandoned now, and often Indians spreading salmon or scooping them out with dip-nets. North Bend North Bend is a desirable stopping place for Spuzzum those who wish to see more of the Fraser Can- Yaie yon than is possible from the train. From Bos- Haig ton Bar, a few miles below, where the principal Hope canyon of the Fraser begins, to Yale, the scenery is startling. Ten miles below North Bend two jutting promontories suddenly compress the river and force it to escape in a roaring cataract through a bottle-necked outlet. This is the famous "Hell's Gate". This section of the railway commands the admiration of all passengers for the way it has overcome apparently insuperable difficulties. The railway follows the canyon, at often a considerable height above the river bank; the track, hewn from the solid rock, not only crosses from side to side in the canyon, but also tunnels through great rock spurs. Ten miles below Spuzzum there is an interesting engineering feat, the four tunnels of the Fraser Canyon, located in rapid succession. Across the river from Hope is the village of the same name, the junction of the Kettle Valley Railway. (See page 131). Ruby Creek Agassiz Harrison Mills Nicoamen Mission Soon the canyon widens out, and broad level fields displace the rude Indian farms. Ruby Creek obtains its name from the garnets found in the neighborhood. Agassiz has a Government Experimental Farm and is also the station for Harrison Hot Springs. There are hot sulphur springs on Harrison Lake, highly regarded for their curative properties. Here we cross the Harrison River just above its confluence with the Fraser. Steamers bound for the Chilliwack district leave this point. This is a trip well worth taking, as the Chilliwack Valley comprises over 55,000 acres of rich ag- ri cultural land and is well known for its dairying. The largest fruit canning com- pany in British Columbia is at Chilliwack; so are the two finest equipped Creameries. White's Creek Bridge, near Spuzzum A few miles beyond Nicoamen, that isolated cone we see is the gigantic Mount Baker, in. the State of Washington. From Mission a subdivision runs to Huntingdon, on the International boundary. Whonnock Haney Hammond Westminster Jct The country through which we are now passing—practically on sea-level—has a rapidly expanding small fruit, industry. The fields, in growing season, present to the traveller a very attractive picture. When we come to the crossing of the Stave River we should look Indicates Double Track KAMLOOPS to VANCOUVER 118 Across Canada back up the Fraser. This is the best way to get a good view of Mount Baker. We traverse Pitt Meadows, cross Pitt River, and reach Westminster Junction, where we leave the Fraser River. From Westminster Junction a branch runs to New Westminster, 8 miles away. This city, with a population of 17,000, is an important one, the headquarters for the sahnoH-canning industry as well as the site of several large sawmills. Steamers ply regularly between here and Victoria. Port Moodv •^>ort Moody, at the head of Burrard Inlet, was R:p 1ft once the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Rail- Hast/nas way. We follow the south shore of the Inlet, na ngs enjoying its picturesque features, pass Hast ings, formerly a watering place, and at last find ourselves in Vancouver. Vancouver—Vancouver (population 175,000), the terminal of the Canadian Pacific transcontinental rail lines and its trans-Pacific steamship routes, is the largest commercial centre in British Columbia. It has an excellent harbor nearly land-locked and fully sheltered, facing a beautiful range of mountains that are tipped with snow the year around. Two peaks, silhouetted against the sky, and remarkably resembling two couchant lions, are visible from almost any point in the city and harbor, which has been approximately called 'The Lion's Gate." In and around Vancouver are immense lumber and shingle mills. Mining, lumbering, farming, shipbuilding and shipping, with a vast Oriental business, form the reason of the city's phenomenal growth and prosperity. From a forest clearing thirty-five years ago it has become one of the principal cities and most important seaports of the North Pacific Coast. The magnificent Hotel Vancouver, operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway, is the finest hotel of the North Pacific, with 490 guests' bedrooms. Wonderful views of the Strait of Georgia can be obtained from the roof garden of this hotel. Vancouver is most picturesquely situated on Burrard Inlet. Surrounding it are beautiful environs of varied character. All kinds of water sports are available, and are encouraged through a mild climate and extensive bodies of water. There are many bathing beaches parks, boulevards, automobile roads and paved streets. The roads around the city are famous for their excellence, and there are many fine drives, varying from an hour to a day in time. Amongst them may be mentioned Stanley Park — one of the largest natural parks in the world, a primeval forest right within the city limits and containing thousands of Douglas firs and giant cedars of a most amazing size and age. The park is encircled by a perfect road. The "Marine Drive" takes the visitor through the best residential parts of the city, including Shaughnessy Heights and Point Grey, thence to the mouth of the Fraser, River, with its fleets of salmon trawlers, and back along the coast. Capilano Canyon, a gorge of great natural beauty, in North Vancouver, is reached by a recently completed road. The Pacific Highway, including Kingsway, runs through Vancouver, . connecting up with the main American Cana<lian Pacific Empress roads of the Northwest. Steamer to the Orient X Vancouver 119 Vancouver has three good golf courses. Guests of the Hotel Vancouver have special privileges at the Shaughnessy Heights Golf Club. There are numerous fine bathing beaches around Vancouver, the most easily reached of which are Enelish May and Kit- silano—both on street-car line. The scene at English Bay, which lies at one entrance to Stanley Park, on a sunny afternoon, is one of great animation. Burrard Inlet, English / Bay and the North Arm are excellent places also for boating. Vancouver boasts of one of the finest yacht clubs on the Pacific Coast, which extends a hearty welcome to members of recognized yacht clubs. The North Arm is an ideal place for picnics and moonlight excursions. Within easy reach of Vancouver there is wonderful shooting to be had. Grouse, duck, teal, mallard, snipe, pheasants, and partridges are plentiful in season. Lulu Island, Sea Island, the North Shore and Seymour Flats are all within an hour of the hotel. It is extremely doubtful whether there is another city on the Pacific Coast where such a variety of fishing can be obtained. In season, salmon, spring, cohoe and tyee, steelheads, Dolly Varden, rainbow, cut-throat and sea trout are plentiful. Arrangements have been made by the Hotel Vancouver with the Vancouver Fishing Association to obtain daily reports as to the runs, and the services of an experienced fisherman can be obtained by guests of the hotel to conduct them to the various fishing centres^ Fishing tackle, bait and flies are easily obtainable in the city. Vancouver is the port of the trans-Pacific services of the Canadian Pacific Ocean Services, which maintain regular services to Japan, China, Manila and Hong-Kong. This well known "Empress" fleet has its two best ships in the magnificent "Empress of Russia" and "Empress of Asia", to which will shortly be added the still finer "Empress of Canada". A large proportion of the silk trade of the Orient passes through Vancouver, and the Canadian Pacific "Silk Train" is perhaps the most famous freight train in the world. From Vancouver the steamers of the. Canadian-Australian Line ply to Honolulu, Fiji, New Zealand and Australia. Various Canadian Pacific steamer services along the^ British Columbia coast run from Vancouver. For journey to Victoria, A I a s k a , Seattle, etc., see page 132. m m Hotel Vancouver Jf 120 Across Canada Lethbridge CROW'S NEST PASS ROUTE Medicine Hat to Nelson: 466 miles Altitudes shown in feet Medicine Hat Dunmore Bow Island AU. £181 £399 £61£ From Medicine Hat, the Crow's Nest Pass branch runs south of the main line to the rich farming districts of Southern Alberta, the coal mining regions of the Crow's Nest Pass, and the gold, copper and silver lead mines of Southern British Columbia. The completion of this road was notable from an engineering standpoint for the celerity of construction and the skill shown in overcoming numerous serious obstacles. Leaving the main line at Dunmore, the route is almost due west. North of Bow Island is a great natural gas area, from which the city of Calgary and other communities en route are supplied with gas through a pipe line some 170 miles in length. In this field there are wells producing from one and a quarter million to twenty-nine million cubic feet of gas per day. Gas has also been found and is being drilled for at Barnwell, 35 miles farther on, and at Monarch, beyond Lethbridge. Alt. Burdett Grassy Lake Taber Coaldale ous agricultural £568 £644 £663 £8£1 The Canadian Pacific Railway owns an irrigation block of some 120,000 acres in the Lethbridge territory, settled largely with American farmers, who have made it one of the most prosper- fcommunities of Western Canada. Improved farms in this locality have changed hands at $150.00 and upwards per acre. It is a great alfalfa growing district, and the beautiful table-land area around Coaldale will be especiallv noticed. Farmers living outside the irrigation area are bringing about an extension of the canals to cover many thousands more acres, and the* time is not far distant when all this south country that is capable of irrigation will be served by the ditch. Lethbridge Alt. £976—(Population 14,500), is an important commercial city with five parks (one of which faces the station), electric light and power, and splendid buildings. Situated on the Old Man River, it is a C.P.R. divisional and junction point. It is a prosperous wholesale as well as an agricultural centre. The city has seven coal mines within five miles, producing a high grade lignite coal that has a market extending as far east as Winnipeg. Two of these, the Galt Mines, operated by the Canadian Pacific, are right at the city limits. The industries of Lethbridge include flour milling and the manufacture of macaroni, while the wool shipments are larger than those of any other point in Canada. A Dominion Experimental Farm is located here for dry and irrigated farming, experiments. West of Lethbridge there has been completed by the Canadian Pacific Railway one of the most gigantic engineering works in Canada. This is the bridging of the Lethbridge and Old Man Rivers by two immense steel viaducts, one 5325 feet "I I'l Indicates Double Track MEDICINE HAT to VANCOUVER VIA CROW'S NEST PASS and KETTLE VALLEY RAILWAY 122 Across Canada in length with a maximum height above the river of 314 feet, and the other 1900 feet in length, with a height above the river of 145 feet. The cost of these works exceeded two million dollars. Nearly 650 cars were required to transport the steel used in the. construction of these viaducts. LETHBRIDGE TO COTTTTS AND MANYBERRIES: 104 miles (For Map, see page 121). Lethbridge From Lethbridge a branch rnns south to the Interna- Stirling tional Boundary to Coutts, through the irrigated area Warner and Ti fine ranching and stock country. At Stirling Coutts a branch runs from Lethbridge (65' miles), passing Raymond through a very fully developed agricultural country Magrath which was at one time a large producer of sugar beets. Cardston This territory is settled to some extent by the Mormons, who have very large agricultural interests and carry on an extensive cattle raising business. Stirling From Stirling we turn east along the branch that will Foremost eventually connect Lethbridge with Weyburn and the Nemiscam Southern Saskatchewan line (see page 82). South Pakowki 01 Foremost a very heavy producing gas well was Manyberries brought in some years ago, and is now capped awaiting development. There are several large lakes in this territory, the biggest being Pakowki Lake. It is a somewhat irregular country with large "coulees", such as Etzikom Coulee. The country is still in process of settlement, but the towns are building up as business develops. Kipp Alt. 3053—Kipp, at the confluence of the Lethbridge and St. Mary's River, is an old trading point that was the scene of many a conflict between the Indians and the early white traders. From Kipp a line runs north to Calgary, via Carmangay. (See page 90). Monarch Alt. 8097 Monarch, another old trading post, affords Macleod " 3109 on a clear day a view of the Rockies, the square-topped giant to the left, almost fifty miles away, being the "Chief", which lies partly in Canada and partly in the United States. Macleod (population £000), was one of the pioneer settlements of the south and the headquarters for this territory of the famous Royal Northwest Mounted Police (now merged with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police). It is a prosperous town in a big wheat growing territory, and is a coal and lumber distribution point. Irrigation projects are contemplated in the district south of it. From Macleod a branch runs north to Calgary via High River (see page 90). Pincher Alt. 8764 Following up the Old Man River, the rail- Cowl ey " 8834 way passes to the south of the Porcupine Hillcrest 4114 Hills, between which and the Livingstone range of the Rockies there is an ideal farming country.. The Rockies are almost continuously in view, Lethbridge Viaduct C r o w's Nest Pass 123 rising sharp and clear out of the western horizon, while in the intervening country is a panorama of undulating plain. The numerous streams are full of trout, while farther on in the mountains JJie more venturesome sportsman can gratify his ambition amongst the grizzly and black bear, elk, mountain sheep, and mountain goat. Four miles east of Pincher, Pincher Creek is crossed by a long bridge; in a valley to the right is an Indian Industrial School. Near Cowley is Massacre Butte, commemorating a tragic episode of the pioneering days when the settler's life was harassed by hostile Indians. From here to Crow's Nest Lake the railway follows the valley of the Middle Fork, which narrows into deep canyons and again broadens. Mining, Crow's Nest Pass Frank -Alt. 4205 Blairmore 4228 Coleman " 4805 Crow's Nest " 4444 Coal underlies a large portion of this region, and is seen outcropping in many places. Mines are in operation at several points, the Crow's Nest pass district being a very large prodncing one. The mountains rise in great masses on either side, entrance being gained by a narrow defile beside Turtle Mountain. Frank is a coal mining town that was the scene in 1903 of a terrible catastrophe that is still well-remembered—the "Frank Slide", when part of the mountain slid down and wiped out the town. Some of the debris can still be seen. The present town is situated some distance from the old one. Blairmore also is a prosperous mining community (pop. 1800). Looking to the north-west, the first view of Crow's Nest Mountain (9138 feet) is obtained. This circular monolith, its base deeply tinted in purple and green, its crown capped in a dazzling mass of snow and ice, dominates the entire region.' Various reasons have been advanced for the origin of the name "Crow's Nest", but the soundest is apparently that it commemorates a massacre of the Crow Indians by the Blackfeet Indians in the latter part of last century, on the spot now covered by the Frank Slide* Ten miles westward is Crowsnest Lake (altitude 4890 feet), a beautiful sheet of (vater often called the birthplace of the prairie winds, although the frequent calmness of the lake rather belies that description. Leaving this lake, the line f Q 1 1 o ws the Crow's Nest Mountain J 124 Across Canada shore of another, Island Lake (altitude 4409 feet), of remarkable clearness. Immediately to the west is the summit of the Rockies and the boundary between Alberta and British Columbia. Crow's Nest Station is the end of the Alberta District of the railway and the beginning of the British Columbia District. Michel Alt. 3851 After passing Summit Lake the railway Natal " 3775 descends the valley of Michel Creek, and Fernie " 8306 threads its way along the steep side of the mountain. Then comes the "Loop", where the line makes some amazing turns and twists, doubling back to within a stone's throw of itself at c lower level. Three miles are covered to make this distance of less than 200 feet. As the train swings off to the west again, huge rugged mountains appear on either side, and coal outcroppings also. Michel is the junction of Michel Creek with the Elk River, which we follow to Fernie. Fernie (population 4000) is a thriving mining town with an output of about a million tons. It has some seven hundred coke ovens in operation. The town is the wholesale distributing and outfitting centre for a large district and one of the more important points on the splendid government highway from Alberta to the international boundary. Elko AU.8082 The line passes through thickly tim- Caithness " 2847 bered woods, fir, tamarac, and cedar Colvalli " 2652 growing in large quantities. After passing Morrisey Creek, we cross the Elk River on its way to join the Kootenay River. The Elk River Canyon, extending several miles and witnessing a 600 foot water drop, is wild and beautiful. Tobacco Plains, to the south, is a fertile country which is attracting settlement. From Caithness a short branch extends to Waldo (10 miles), Colvalli is the junction point for the Lake Windermere branch to Golden, on the main line (see page 104). Wardner Alt. 2484 At Wardner the line crosses the Koot- Cran brook " 8018 enay River by a magnificent truss bridge with a swing span to allow of the passage of river steamers plying on the Kootenay. The river, which is here nearly 800 feet wide, flows south into Idaho, but returns to pour its flood into Kootenay Lake. For a while we follow its west bank, past Sand Creek Range, the Steeples, Mount Fisher and Saunders Peak. Cranbrook (population 4000) is charmingly situated in a hill-girt valley, surrounded by a dense forest growth, and overlooked by the white tipped peak of Baker. It is the centre of trade for the mining interests of the locality as well as for the rapidly growing ranching industry. In the lateral valleys are fine agricultural lands that are rapidly attracting settlers. Cranbrook is the principal lumber manufacturing point of East Kootenay. From Cranbrook a branch runs to Marysville and Kimberley (19 miles). At Kimberley is the Sullivan Mine, said to be the greatest known deposit of silver-lead-zinc in the world, with $350,000,000 worth of ore blocked out. At Wycliffe is one of the largest lumbering enterprises in interior British Columbia. An Architectural Bridge, Spokane 1 Kootenay Lake 125 Moyie Alt. 8045 Leaving Cranbrook, we take a winding Yahk " 2817 course along Moyie Lake, a beautiful sheet of water ten miles long. The town is situated at the southern end, near which are the St. Eugene group of mines. Extensive deposits of galena, silver and lead ore are located here. Next the railway penetrates a thickly wooded, heavily timbered country. From Yahk a short branch runs south to Kingsgate, on the international boundary between British Columbia and the State of Idaho. From the latter point the system of the Spokane International Railway runs to Spokane, a distance of 151 miles. The route is along the picturesque Moyie River, the Kootenay River, and the Pend Oreille River, through the beautifully located towns of Bonner's Ferry and Sand Point. This is an important lumbering mining, dairying and fruitgrowing district. Spokane (population 125,000) is the metropolis of the eastern part of the' State of Washington, and affords access to points in the United States in all directions. A through service is maintained between Spokane and Calgary. Erickson Alt. 210s Creston " 1988 Sirdar " 1802 Kootenay Landing " 1768 Now the downward course towards Kootenay Lake is commenced, the railway following Kid Creek. Near here are great iron deposits and large tracts of timber. After crossing the gorge of the Goat River Canyon, through which the river flows in a raging torrent 165 feet below the railway bridge, the fruit district of the Creston Valley is entered. This is a famous strawberry and apple-producing region, orchards having already been planted capable of producing 500 cars annually. An important undertaking at Creston is the Kootenay Flats reclamation project, which involves the reclaiming of some 77,000 acres of rich delta land in British Columbia and Idaho from the flood waters of the Kootenay River. Plans for the carrying out of the scheme are now engaging the attention of the governments concerned. A few miles further is Kootenay Landing, where we take a comfortable Canadian Pacific steamer for Nelson. Kootenay Lake is a beautiful lake between two separate ranges of the Selkirks, and runs about seventy miles almost due north and south. On either side the mountains, dipping sometimes steeply into the water, at other times affording shelter to little ledges of fertile land, afford most magnificent scenery. The steamer trip occupies about four hours, with calls at a number of small settlements en route. About one-third way up the steamer turns round into the West Arm, a narrow sheet of water running in a south-westerly direction, passes Procter, a popular summer resort, also connected with Nelson by rail, and soon after reaches Nelson. Nelson Alt. 1781—Nelson, with a population of 8000, and charmingly situated on a commanding eminence overlooking the West- Arm, is the commercial centre 0 f the Kootenay district and practically of the entire S o uthern British Columbia region. At the Jonvergence of lake and rail systems, it is an attrac- Nelson 126 Across Canada tive city in which life passes very pleasantly. The people of Nelson say, in fact, that God practised first on Switerland before making British Columbia, and compare the location of their city to Lucerne. Nelson is the centre of the "Boundary" mining district; immediately behind it is a wonderful mountain in which is located the famous "Silver King" mine from which over ten million dollars of treasure have oeen taken. Nelson has several sawmills that supply the prairies, and is the market place for a very large fruit region. In the neighborhood are hot springs, glaciers, great cataracts, and fishing lodges; wtihin easy reach is excellent trout-fishing. Through Journey to Vancouver continued on page 127. NELSON TO KASLO: 54 miles Nelson Procter Ainsworth Kaslo Kaslo From Nelson a Canadian Pacific steamer service runs daily (except Sunday) up Kootenay Lake to the prosperous mining and fruit-farming district of Kaslo. Leaving Nelson in the afternoon the route is back along the West Arm of the Lake to Procter, and then north. The lake affords magnificent scenery — on one hand soft and rounded landscapes, on the other det p canyons, snowcapped and timber- covered mountains, and glaciers. On the west side of the lake are the Selkirks, the highest peak of which, Mount Loki, is near Kaslo, and on the east side is the Purcell Range. Ainsworth is a mining camp, the oldest in West Kootenay. Across the lake lies the famous Blue Bell mine. It is an interesting sight to see the crushed ore being floated down the lake to the smelter, most of it in this district being sent to Trail. Kaslo, as the central point of the north end of the lake, is the chief distributing point and residential centre for the surrounding mining districts. It is a charming spot that is rapidly coming to the front as a holiday resort for prairie people. Good boating, swimming and fishing are to be obtained. A fairly large amount of fruit is raised around Kaslo, the Kaslo cherries being celebrated. KASLO TO NAKUSP: 66 miles Kaslo From Kaslo a branch line runs to Nakusp, on Arrow Sandon Lake (see page 110). Striking through the deeply- Rosebery eroded gorge of the Kaslo River, the line brings the Nakusp traveller to Sandon, on a spur line from Parapet. Sandon is one of the most celebrated mining camps in British Columbia, as well as one of the steepest. All this country is a great silver-lead territory. From Sandon the railway runs to Rosebery, on the northern shore of Slocan Lake (see page 127), and thence over a . fairly considerable grade to Nakusp. Kaslo From Kaslo an extension of the steamer servies runs up Lardeau the Lake to Lardeau, (19 miles), near the northern end, Gerrard on a weekly service. From Lardeau there is a rail ser vice (33 miles) to Gerrard, at the south end of Trout Lake, Westward from Nelson 127 NELSON TO ROSEBERY: 65 miles Nelson From South Socan a branch runs up to Slocan City, at South Slocan the lower end of beautiful Slocan Lake, a smaller Slocan City brother of Kootenay Lake. From here a Canadian Silverton Pacific steamer can be taken up the lake to Rosebery. New Denver Silverton is a mining camp with a large silver-lead Rosebery output. New Denver is more of a residential town, facing a glacier of considerable size and with charming orchard flowers and gardens. At Rosebery the railway line from Kaslo to Nakusp is joined (see page 126). NELSON TO MIDWAY: 126 miles (For Map, see page 121) Altitudes in Italics Nelson Bonnington South Slocan Brilliant Castlegar Alt. 1769 1658 1637 1478 1418 The southern transcontinental route continues westward from Nelson, the recently completed Kettle Valley Railway being the last link, so that a through service is now operated between Nelson and Vancouver over the C. P. R. lines as far as Midway and thence by the K. V. R. This .route is a very picturesque one through the Boundary and Okanagan districts, some of the richest and most magnificent of British Columbia. Leaving Nelson, the railway, for about 26 miles, parallels the Kootenay River. Some four miles along, the river is crossed, and at Upper Bonnington and Bonnington there is a splendid view of theSe awe-inspiring water-falls. At South Slocan is situated "The Pool", one of the most celebrated fishing- grounds in Canada, and the home of a particularly sporting variety of rainbow trout. From South Slocan a branch runs up to Slocan Lake (see above). From here on the orchard country is passed, in full view from the train. At Brilliant is a very interesting settlement of Doukhobors, an intensely religious Russian sect who live strictly on communistic lines. The settlement numbers about five thousand, and the excellent physical condition of their lands show them to be an intelligent agricultural people. The picturesque dress of the women working in the fields always attracts attention. At Castlegar the Columbia River is passed by a steel bridge. From Castlegar a branch leads south to Trail (20 miles) and Rossland (32 miles). These points are located in the heart of the copper-gold belt of British Columbia. At Trail are the great smelting and refining works of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, which is the largest in Canada. This smelter treats gold, silver, lead, zinc and copper ores, and turns out these metals in a refined state ready for the market. At Rossland the mines have reached a high state of development, workings being down 3000 feet, and one company has 25 miles of underground electric railway. From Castlegar the line follows the Columbia River, and at West Robson connection ib made with the Arrow Lake steamers to Arrowhead and Revelstoke \see page 110). From West Robson the line climbs at 2.2 per cent grade, in full view of the Columbia River for 23 miles, Trail Smelter West Robson Tunnel Farron Cascade Grand Forks Alt. 1414 3240 3985 1587 128 Across Canada to Bull Dog Tunnel. There is scarcely any more beautiful fifty miles of travelling in North America than this section through which we are passing. Through Bull Dog Tunnel the line passes under the summit west of Columbia River, but when we emerge at the west portal the character of the landscape is en- M W^^^^^^S^T^S^L tirely changed, the line following a narrow gorge with towering mountains on each side. West of the summit west of Columbia River there is a compete absence of undergrowth and bushes, and many beautiful speci- ments of mountain wild flowers will be seen. The summit of this range is at Farron. Approaching Cascade the line runs in sight of Christina Lake, a beautiful and placid expanse of water that affords excellent bass fishing and is the site of m|any summer homes. At Cascade we are so close to the United States boundary that it is actually within sight. The falls of the Kettle River, just west of the station, are the source of much electric power development. At Gilpin the orchard district of the Kettle Valley, which extends some distance beyond Grand Forks, is entered. Grand Forks (population 2000) is the business centre of the region; it is a well-built and modern town on the bank of the Kettle River, with large copper smelting, lumbering and fruit-growing interests. Arrow Lakes Steamer Eholt Alt. 3096 Greenwood " £464 Midway " 1914 West of Grand Forks the line follows the north fork of the Kettle River, steadily ascending to Eholt. The surrounding scenery is magnificent; towering mountains alternate with charming vistas of small lakes, ranches, and the river. Far below the north fork branch of the Kettle Valley Railway follows the river windings to the timber and mining districts at Lynch Creek. From Eholt a branch extends to the various mines at Phoenix and its vicinity, pro- p e r t i e s, which, though not working at present, have in the past yielded enormous profits. West of Eholt the line passes Greenwood, another prosperous min- i n g town. The entire district is highly mineralized with gold, silver and copper, many different mines and aerial tramways being in view. From Greenwood Boundary Creek is followed to Midway, which is the connecting point with the Kettle Valley Railway system. Through the Boundary Country Kettle Valley Route 129 Midway AU. 1914 Rock Creek " 1994 Westbridge " 2070 Carmi " 2192 McCulloch " 4144 Chute Lake " 3911 THE KETTLE VALLEY RAILWAY MIDWAY TO HOPE: 296 miles (For Map, see page 121) (Altitudes shown in feet) The Kettle Valley Railway is the connecting link in the southern route between the prairies and the Pacific Coast. The interesting and varied characteristics and resources of the country traversed claim the attention of the traveller, whether sportsman in search of hunting grounds, fisherman longing for the haunts of the speckled trout, sturdy miner, weary business man, hardy woodsman, fruit grower, or artistic temperament who delights in the marvellous scenic attractions of the Kettle Valley line. The "Coast Kootenay Limited" operates as a through train from Nelson to Vancouver. Leaving Midway, the valley of the Kettle River is followed to its source, passing through rich agricultural districts where fruit and grain is extensively grown. At Carmi is considerable development in gold and silver mining. From here is a gradual ascent to the summit at McCulloch station. Within a mile and a half of this point are seven lakes, all of them abounding with trout. Bear hunting is good in this vicinity, also goat hunting in season. Descending the west slope of the mountains, the Kelowna Valley is soon seen in the distance, a panorama beautiful beyond comparison, the orchard tracts reaching from the shores of the Okanagan Lake to the foothills of the mountains, the blossoms of fruit- trees mingling with the verdant green of the mountain side. A very interesting section of this part of the line is the Canyon Creek Loops, which present some novel engineering feats and some magnificent scenery. Through the rugged rock walls at the entrance to the canyon is seen a glimpse of the fertile valley below. Passing on along the shores of Chute Lake, and dewn the mountain side, a view of the Okanagan Valley, "The California of Canada," sud- d e n 1 y bursts into sight, the placid Okanagan Lake with Lake Skaha to the south, and between them Penticton. Bordering the lake beautiful homes surrounded by orchards reach to the mountain background. Penticton (population 4000), with its mild even climate, never excessively hot or cold, beckons one to forget care and become a child again among its fruits and flowers. Just across the street from the station is the Incola Hotel, operated by the Kettle Valley Railway, a finely appointed hostelry. The dining room has in store a Incola Hotel, Penticton Adra Alt. 3208 Glen Fir " 2592 Penticton " 1132 In the Okanagan Valley pleasant surprise—eggs, butter, cream, vegetables and fruit fresh daily from the railway's experimental farm. Facing the hotel and just across the Lake Shore Drive is the bathing beach, a most delightful fresh water beach, where bathing may be enjoyed from early spring until late autumn. The beach of pure sand slopes gradually out for several hundred feet. The Aquatic Club building is adjacent, and its privileges are available to visitors. Excellent motor roads radiate in all directions, and drives may be taken along the Lake Shore Drive to Summer- land and Peachland, among the orchards, where in proper season luscious peaches, pears, apricots, apples and grapes may be gathered. To the south, around Lake Skaha, a magnificent view of the surrounding country is obtained, on past Swan Lake to the international boundary, or to the westward over a mountain pass to the Similkameen Valley, the roads over the mountains being almost the equal of a city boulevard. Near at hand from the Incola Hotel is a nine-hole golf course. Fishing for silverside trout is good in both the Okanagan and Skaha Lakes nearly all the year around, and mountain trout are found in abundance in any of the numerous streams flowing into the lake. In a two hours' journey by train up the east side of the lake, those who are fond of deer hunting will find splendid sport in proper season. Penticton is the southern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway steamers on Okanagan Lake. (See page 112). A delightful trip up the lake and return the same day may be taken on the palatial steamers "Okanagan" or "Sicamous". West Summerland Alt. 1729 Leaving Penticton, some ten Kirton " 2999 miles westward we suddenly Osprey Lake 3606 skirt the edge of the West Sum- Jura .. " 3065 merland valley, one of the most Princeton 2111 prolific fruit districts of Canada. The entrance to this valley is seemingly guarded by "The Giants Head," a rock projection of gigantic proportions. We follow up Trout Creek through a picturesque canyon, the summit being reached at Osprey Lake, where the fisherman will find his pursuit well repaid. Following along a timbered belt for some fifteen miles and past a fertile agricultural district near Jura, the descent is made to Kettle Valley Ro ute 131 Princeton, a thriving little city at the Tulameen and Similka- meen Valleys. Extensive coal fields are operated here. Fourteen miles to the south is the famous Copper Mountain mining district, to which a branch line runs from Princeton. Coalmont Alt. 2574 Passing on along the Tulameen River Tulameen " 2941 we reach Coalmont, at the junction of Brookmere " 3220 Granite Creek, which was the scene of Brodie " 3022 much activity in placer mining in the earlier days. In this locality are deposits in more or less degree of. almost every known mineral.. After leaving Tulameen the train swings around Otter Lake, one of the most beautiful of British Columbia's many inland bodies of water. This lake also abounds with fish. From here we pass on through the Otter Valley, a rich agricultural district where meadows and fields form a pleasant contrast to the mountain background. Passing another summit at Brookmere, we descend to the Coldwater River at Brodie. Prom Brodie a branch line of the Kettle Valley Railway, 65 miles in length, runs to Spence's Bridge, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway.' (See page 115). The route is through a prosperous agricultural and mining district. Prom this branch another, 7 miles long, runs from Merritt to Nicola. Coquihalla Alt. 8652 Portia ; " 1917 Jessica " 1807 Hope I 150 Vancouver Leaving Brodie the ascent is made gradually to the Coquihalla Pass through the Cascade Mountains. Here is located Coquihalla Lake, another gem of the mountains, its water teeming with trout. The trail here begins a more abrupt descent. Following the Coquihalla River down the west slope of the Cascades, the scene changes to one of rugged grandeur; vegetation disappears, and the solid rock crags and peaks stand out in prominence as if defying the hand of man. But, typifying the supremacy of technical skill, the roadbed, as it follows down the gorge, is hewn out of solid rock. Here on a shelf on the mountain side, or there piercing a jutting promontory with a tunnel, it pursues its onward way. As we near Portia station, the character of the country again changes, the mountain peaks are higher, ihe tops tipned with snow and the sides covered with forests. Coming on down to Othello station, we 'reach the crowning achievement of scenic attraction. Just beyond this station are located five tunnels in suoh perfect alignment that a view is obtained directly through all five of them at once. At the portal of each tunnel the walls rise sheer for hundreds of feet, while the gap to the next tunnel is bridged by a steel span, Underneath, the Coquihalla River, now a raging torrent, zigzags its way between each of the tunnels. Hope, the western terminus of the Kettle Valley Railway, is reached in four miles. The train crosses the Fraser River on a half million dollar steel bridge and joins the Canadian Pacific Railway, on which it travels to Vancouver. See page 116, Quintette Tunnels, Coquihalla Canyon 132 Across Canada BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST SERVICES In connection with its rail service, the Canadian Pacific operates an extensive steamship service on the'Pacific Coast. The vessels engaged are nearly all "Princess" boats, of beautiful appearance and handsomely equipped. The routes comprise: A double daily service between Vancouver, Victoria and Seattle, a beautiful trip across the Strait of Georgia and down Puget Sound. Both day and night steamers are operated, some of which proceed direct from Vancouver to either Victoria or Seattle, and some making the triangular voyage between the three cities. A day steamer between Vancouver and Nanaimo, on Vancouver Island (see page 140), making two round trips daily during the summer months and one round trip daily (except Sunday) during the remainder of the year. The Gulf Islands route. On certain days of the week (see current time table), a steamer leaves Victoria in the morning and makes a circuit of the islands in the Gulf of Georgia, returning the same evening. On other days of the week services run from Vancouver and Nanaimo. Vancouver to Powell River, Union Bay and Comox, twice weekly. Victoria, to Vancouver, Nanaimo, Union Bay and Comox, weekly. Vancouver to Prince Rupert, via Powell River, Campbell River, Alert Bay and Ocean Falls, weekly. Victoria and the West Coast of Vancouver Island. The steamer sails three times a month for Quatsino and Port Alice, at the extreme northern end of Vancouver Island, making numerous calls. The West Coast is deeply indented by inlets, with mountainous and heavily wooded scenery, and glimpses of logging camps, canneries, whales, and sea-lions. Vancouver to Alaska (see page 136). VANCOUVER TO VICTORIA: 83 miles and SEATTLE: 164 miles Viotoria From Vancouver to Victoria' is, a pleasant sail of about four hours across the Strait of Juan de Fuca. There is a double daily service on tins trip, one by day that makes the triangular route to Seattle, the other by night that goes direct. Victoria (poptt- lation 60,000), charmingly situated at the southern end of Vancouver Island, overlooking the Straits of Juan de Fuca across the blue waters to the snow-capped Olympic Moun- cains on the main- land, is the Garden City of Canada. Its delightfully mild climate makes it a favorite resort for both summer and winter. It is the provincial capital of British Columbia, and Vancouver 00*1 frp^V^i ^rtW*^<^« r^sjxs? SEATTLE r«w f gfjSwF 5770 Indicates Double Track BRITISH COLUMBIA COAST SERVICE 134 Across Canada owing to the characteristic beauty of its residential district has often been called "A bi£ of England on the shores of the Pacific." It is distinctively a home city, with fine roads and beautiful gardens, although its enterprising business district, composed of imposing stores and tall office buildings, speak of a rich commerce drawn from the fishing, lumber and agricultural industries of Vancouver Island. Victoria's beauty lies in its residential districts, its boulevards, parks, public buildings, numerous bathing beaches, and semi-tropical foliage. The' famous strawberry growing districts of Gordon Head and Keatings are close to Victoria. The Empress Hotel, last in the chain of Canadian Pacific hotels, overlooks the inner harbor, within a stone's throw of the Parliament Buildings. Beacon Hill Park, one of the city's public parks, containing 300 acres laid out as recreation grounds and pleasure gardens, is fifteen minutes' walk from hotel and included in tally-ho trip and in all sight-seeing trips in the city. Magnificent views can be obtained from Beacon Hill across the Straits and of Olympic Mountains. Victoria is the seat of the British Columbia Provincial Government. The Parliament Building is a handsome structure, overlooking the inner harbor Adjoining it is the Provincial Museum, very complete and interesting, and containing a large assortment of specimens of natural history, native woods, Indian curios and prehistoric instruments. The Provincial Library, in "Princess Charlotte" the Provincial Buildings, is one of the finest in existence. Its historical prints, documents, and other works are of great value .and interest. Golf can be enjoyed every day of the year at Victoria. Two 18-hole courses and one 9-hole course, which are very convenient, are open to visitors. Saanich Mountain Observatory, reached by splendid auto road or interurban car, was selected as observatory site, owing to Vancouver Island's equable climate. The new telescope, which has a 72-inch reflector, has just been installed and is the largest in the world. The observatory, in addition to being of interest itself, commands from its site one of the finest views on the Pacific Coast. The fishing and shooting in the vicinity of Victoria is of the best—trout, salmon, pheasant, grouse, cougar, bear, deer and moose being the prizes of the sportsman. Trout are to be had at many places, and salmon fly-fishing, also, as well as salmon trolling. There is excellent bird shooting and big game hunting on the Island. Considering the size of Vancouver Island, there are possibly more good motor trips radiating from Victoria than any other place in America. The motor roads are excellent, the drives North to Campbell River, Port Alberni, Sproat and Great Central Lakes being among the most spectacular in the world. Among the most popular trips are: Victoria, Marine Drive and Mount Douglas Park, 25 miles; Little Saanich Mountain Observatory and Brentwood, 33 miles; tour of Saanich Peninsula, 45 V B.C. Coast Steam ships 135 &vM Victoria—Empress Hotel on left, Parliament Buildings in centre miles; the famous Malahat Drive to Shawnigan and Duncan, Island Highway, 41 miles; Nanaimo, via Parksville to Cameron Lake, 40 miles, over Alberni Summit, 57 miles; the Grand Island Highway Tour—Victoria, Duncan, Nanaimo, Cameron Lake, Port Alberni, Qualicum and Campbell River, and the entire Georgian Circuit International Tour, the greatest and most complete scenic tour on the Continent. Seattle—Seattle, largest city in the State of Washington, and one of the most important on the Pacific Coast, is reached by Canadian Pacific steamer from both Vancouver and Victoria, with a direct night service from the former and a day service (the completion of the triangular route already mentioned) from the latter. Seattle is a beautiful and progressive city, with a rapidly increasing population. Situated on the east side of Puget Sound, up the slopes of the hills that front the latter, it has a fine harbor accessible to the largest vessels afloat. Lake Washington, a body of fresh water about twenty miles long and three miles wide, bounds the city on the east, and is now connected with the Sound by the Lake Washington Canal, a very notable feat of engineering that has a great and important bearing upon Seattle's future. The down-town business section of Seattle has many large buildings, including the L. C. Smith Building, the highest in America outside of the Woolworth Building in New York. Seattle has a very pleasing residential section, especially in the vicinity of the University of Washington, and many beautiful parks and summer resorts. A large" number of enjoyable trips can be made from Seattle, by train, steamer arid motor, such as to Bellingham, Everett, Tacoma, and Mount Rainier. Lake Washington Boulevard, Seattle, with Mount Rainier in distance. 136 Across Canada Vancouver Station and Harbor TO ALASKA (For map, see page 188.) From Victoria and Vancouver a regular Canadian Pacific steamship service is maintained to Alaska by the two splendid steamers, the "Princess Alice" and the "Princess Mary". This thousand-mile, four-day trip on salt water is an entertaining one that introduces the traveller to rugged, fiord-like scenery of a type unknown elsewhere in Canada. The passage is a sheltered one between the mainland and the long fringe of islands that lie off the British Columbia and Alaska coasts. Victoria Leaving Victoria at night and Vancouver the fol- Vancouver lowing night, the traveller has a very delightful Alert Bay sail out of Burrard Inlet through the First Narrows and across English Bay. Should the time of year be—as it ought, to be enjoyed to the utmost—the summer, this beginning of the trip to the Land of the Midnight Sun is most enjoyable, for in July and August it is light until nearly ten o'clock. Along about breakfast time the steamer enters the famous Seymour Narrows, one of the swiftest passageways on this coast. About noon Alert Bay is reached. This quaint Indian village is full of interest to the tourist, and the steamer stops long enough to allow passengers to see the sights. It has a mission settlement, a good hospital, and a cannery. Every house has its totem pole, some of which rise to a height of fifty feet. Here, in fact, may be seen the most complete collection of totem poles to be found anywhere on the whole Pacific Coast. Queen Charlotte Sound is reached at early evening, and if the heavens are clear, a sunset of rare beauty will be viewed, This three-hour ride across the Sound is all the open water that is experienced upon the entire trip. Whales and porpoises are frequently seen. To the northwest the dim outlines of the Queen Charlotte Islands may be seen. Totem Poles, Alert Bay Soon Rivers Inlet is passed, with its many canneries and fleets of fishing boats. Farther on are Namu, with more canneries, and Bella Bella, on Campbell Island, where an Indian village and an interesting mission are situated. Through Lama Passage the vessel finds its way out into Milbank Sound, where Queen Charlotte Sound Milbank Sound Swanson Bay Skeena River To Alaska 137 the channel is very wide, and the islands quite distant. During the night the ship passes through Finlayson Channel and early next morning a stop is made at Swanson Bay, a tree-bound place, in the heart of which is situated an immense mill for the manufacture of lumber and sulphite pulp. Out into the channel the "Princess" steamer again finds its way, and for most of a day plows steadily northward without stopping. Granville Channel, Douglas Channel and then Lowe Inlet, with its settlement lying close to the foot of a mountain, is reached. Late afternoon brings the vessel to the mouth of the Skeena River, where a large fleet of salmon boats are usually encountered. The Skeena is at present navigable for 180 miles, and powerfully built stern-wheel boats leave every few days for the interior. Prince Rupert Up the river about three miles is Port Essing- Ketchikan ton. It is not a very long run from Port Es- sington to Prince Rupert, the terminus of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Port Simpson is passed soon after leaving Prince Rupert. This town is historic in its interests, it being the first of the northern settlements established by the Hudson's Bay Company. The old post used by the company is still there, though in active times it was enclosed in a stockade fortress with guns in the bastions. After Port Simpson the liner passes Cape Fox just as it emerges from Chatham Sound. This Cape is the extreme southeastern point of Alaska. Dixon Entrance is now passed and again the islands stand at a distance. Soon the boat proceeds up Revilla Gigedo Channel, and from there into the almost landlocked Tongas Narrows. After that, Ketchikan, the port of entry, is soon reached and the traveller steps on to Alaskan territory for the first time. This is a busy town, as it is the outlet for an extensive copper mining district and has an assay office. The "Princess" liners always stop here to allow the passengers to look over the town. The Indian women, with their woven baskets, are among the odd sights to be seen. Splendid specimens of basket weaving may be obtained here. After leaving Ketchikan, the ship finds its way into Clarence Strait passing en route Prince of Wales Island on the left, and Etolin and Zarembo islands on the right. Wrangel The steamer usually arrives at Wrangel Narrows Taku Glacier in the evening, but owing to the twilights in the summer months in these latitudes, daylight is always at hand to show the way. The passage through Wrangel Narrows is one of the most interesting of the entire trip. The channel is tortuous and very narrow. Half-speed is ordered and the vessel glides unharmed past jutting rocks which lie close to the mirrored surface of the waters. Wonderful shadows are on every side. At the very end of the Narrows, a mammoth mountain confronts the ship. A sharp turn to the right, and the ship slides into a wide channel called Frederick Sound. Here one obtains the first glimpse of the glaciers. The Baird and the Patterson are the two most important glaciers in this district. Stephen's Passage is now entered. The Sum- dum glacier can be easily seen whil e going through this passage. At the head of Stephen's Pas- gage is Taku Bay, Juneau 138 Across Canada Skagway from which the wonderful Foster glacier may be seen. This monster is over one hundred miles long and extends over that distance to Atlin Lake in the Yukon Territory. It is nearly a mile wide on Taku Bay. To the left on Foster glacier lies Windom glacier. All about the ship are ice floes and bergs of every description, from tiny cakes to large icebergs whose colors are nothing short of wonderful. The steamship usually makes a call at Taku Harbor to view the glacier, either on the north or southbound trip during the touring season. Juneau Shortly after entering Gastineau Channel, a Lynn Canal sight of Treadwell, the famous gold mining place, is obtained. Here are located the largest quartz mills in the world, there being 900 stamps in operation day and night. Near Treadwell is Douglas Island, the residential district for the mining town. Across the channel from Douglas is Juneau, the capital of Alaska, which nestles importantly under the shelter of its mammoth mountain and takes life easy. It is an up-to-date place, having the capitol buildings. Ample time is given to inspect the town. The ship's course rounds towards the narrow waters of the Lynn Canal after leaving Juneau and an all-day journey in a straight-away northern direction is taken. Famous glaciers come into view from time to time, the most noted of which is the Davidson, which in the last few years nas become inactive. . Late afternoon brings the now deserted town of Dyea into sight,- and the only bend in the entire canal brings Skagway, the head port of navigation, into view. The White Pass & Yukon Railroad has its southern terminus at this place. Skagway Skagway is surrounded by monstrous snow-capped Dawson mountains which seem ready to drop over and cover up the town. As a tourist resort it offers an endless program of attractions. Side trips in every direction are possible, while fishing of all kinds, and glacier insr>ecting and plenty of mountain climbing, are special things in which the tourist may indulge. The steamers reriiain long enough at Skagway to allow passengers to make the round trip to the summit of the White Pass by the White Pass & Yukon Railroad. Over this railway route —a trip through wonderful gorges and along the Over the White Pass and Yukon Route Vancouver Island 139 The Midnight Sun, Yukon River brink of deep canyons, we reach White Horse, on the Yukon River. Here steamers operated by the same company carry the traveller to the f a m ^.u s gold - mining town of Dawson, in the Yukon Territory. From Dawson other steamers descend the Yukon River, and the Arctic Circle can actually be crossed in the utmost comfort. From Carcross, on the way to White Horse, a steamer service takes one to the enchanting Lake Atlin. ESQUIMALT AND NANAIIVIO RAILWAY: 198 miles The Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, a subsidiary company of the Canadian Pacific, serves the rich agricultural, lumbering and mining regions along the east coast of Vancouver Island. It runs north from Victoria to Courtenay, with branches to Lake Cowichan and Port Alberni, and takes the traveller through magnificent, rugged scenery. For the sportsman this is a most attractive country, f6r it embraces within its territory .some famous salmon-fishing waters, such as Cowichan River and Campbell River. Victoria—Victoria will be found fully describea on page 132. Leaving the station here, we pass Esquimalt, well- known for its dockyard. Colwood—A small farming suburb of Victoria, comprising Langford Plains, on which are located the famous and picturesque Colwood Golf Links. Malahat—the line gradually rises from Langford Plains to Malahat, which is the summit of the railway crossing the Malahat Range, and from which there is a prolonged view of Todd Inlet and the Saanich Arm. The Malahat Drive (in view from the railway) crosses this mountain, and affords a delightful trip from Vancouver, giving one of the finest views in British Columbia, that of the Straits of Juan de Fuca, dotted with is- lands, and over the well cultivated Saanich district, with Mount Baker rising majestically some hundred mil e s east. Beacon HiU Park, Victoria J f 140 Across Canada Shawnigan Lake—A beautiful sheet of fresh water, with excellent fishing. Strathcona Lodge, privately operated, from which a splendid view of the Lake is obtained, affords first class accommodation. Cobble Hill —The centre of a thriving agricultural district. Duncan—Population 1500. This is the centre of a flourishing agricultural and small farming district, largely populated by retired English people, with country homes, many of the residents supplementing their income by small farming. A branch of the railway to the famous Cowichan Lakes leaves the main line one mile north of Duncan, on which line there are several sawmills, with logging operations on the lake, thirty to fifty car loads of logs per day being hauled to the East Coast of the Island for manufacture into lumber, etc. Chemainus—One of the largest sawmills in British Columbia operates at this point, the property of the Victoria Lumber and Manufacturing Company, Limited, the capacity of the mill being over 200,000 feet per day. Ladysmith—Population, 3300. Located on Oyster Bay. Principally a mining town, and headquarters for the Extension Mines, twelve miles distant, which are reached by the Canadian Collieries' coal railway. Cassidy —Site of the Granby coal mine, property of the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting & Power Co., Ltd., output from 600 to 1000 tons per day. South Wellington—Location of the old South Wellington coal mine, property of the Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir) Limited, with an output from 600 to 1000 tons per diem. Nanaimo—Population 12,000. Distant 41 miles by water from Vancouver, B.C. A flourishing commercial and mining city, beautifully situated; headquarters of the Western Fuel .Company's extensive coal mines, and of agricultural and herring fishing interests. The largest city on Vancouver Island outside of Victoria. The line rises from_ here to Wellington, a semi-terminal of the railway, from which point the railway drops to Nanoose Bay, where a beautiful view of the Gulf of Georgia is obtained, and on which bay several sawmills are located. Parksville Junction —The centre of a substantial agricultural district. The line to Port Alberni and the West Coast of Vancouver Island, forty miles distant, deviates from Parksville Junction. Union Bay — Shipping port for the Canadian Collieries Comox mines, which ard located some 12 miles distant at Cum- berlandf and have an output of from 2500 to 3500 tons Malahat Drive, Vancouver Island ESQUIMALT & NANAIMO RAILWAY 142 Across Canada Loading Logs of coal per day. Cumberland is a thriving town of some 1200 inhabitants. Junction with the Canadian Collieries' railway at Royston, forming a means of transportation from Cumberland. Courtenay—Population, 1000. The present northern terminus of the railway, and the most northerly large town on Vancouver Island, in which the agricultural business of the famous Comox Valley centres, this valley being the largest farming and most productive and promising on Vancouver Island. A large Returned ; Soldier Settle- ■ ment has been ; established a t . Merville. There are very extensive timber interests adjacent to and through this valley, making it an attractive location for future settlers, as the timber is removed and land cleared up for settlement. Cameron Lake Chalet—Snugly located at the southern end of the Lake. Excellent fishing at the proper season of the year, and a delightful resort for tourists in limited numbers, Cameron Lake Chalet being owned by the Company, and operated privately. A trail to the timber line of Mount Arrowsmith makes a delightful day or two's outing for mountain climbers. From Cameron Lake the line skirts the foothills of Mount Arrowsmith (6000 feet high), of which a magmncent view can be had as the train passes along the high cliffs on Cameron Lake. . Arrowsmith—Elevation, 1277 feet. Summit of the Beaufort Range. From Arrowsmith the line skirts the west side of the Beaufort Range, from which many glimpses of the Alberni Canal, Great Central Lake and Sproat Lake can be had in the distance. Port Alberni—Elevation, 17 feet. A thriving city, with a great future as a lumber manufacturing, fishing and shipping port. One of th e 1arge s t areas of standing timber on Vancouver Island is tributary to the Alberni Canal. There are several fish packing industries located at Port Alberni and down the Canal to the outlet alt Barclay Sound, and the canal also affords splendid sport for both salmon and "tyee" fishing in season. Cameron Lake Chalet Across Canada 143 INDEX TO PRINCIPAL STATIONS, WESTERN CANADA Agassiz, B.C 116 Albert Canyon, B.C.109 Alderson, Alta 73 Alert Bay, B.C. 132, 186 Alexander, Man 68 Alexandria, Minn... 78 Arborg, Man 64 Arcola, Sask 88 Armstrong, B.C. ..112 Arrowhead, B.C.... 110 Arrowsmith, B.C... 142 Ashcroft, B.C 115 Asquith, Sask 84 Assiniboia, Sask 71 Baicarres, Sask..... 68 Balgonie, Sask 69 Banff. Alta 94 Bankhead, Alta 92 Bassano, Alta...72. 74 Beavermouth, B.C.. 105 Blggar, Sask 84 Binscarth, Man 83 Birtle, Man 83 Blairmore, Alta.... 123 Boissevain, Man 88 Bow Island, Alta..320 Brandon, Man. 66, 68, 83, 84 Bredenbury, Sask...84 Brickburn, Alta.... ° 91 Brilliant, B. C .127 Broadview, Sask..* 68 Brodie, B.C ] .131 Brookmere, B.C...'. 131 Brooks, Alta 74 Brooten, Minn...78 80 Bull Biver, B.C.... 105 Bulyea, Sask...68. 70 Burlington, Wis 77 Calgary, Alta..76,89, „ 90, 91 Cameron Lake B. C 142 Campbell River,B.cll32 Camp Hughes, Man..65 Camrose, Alta 85 Canmore, Alta 92 Carberry, Man 65 Cardston, Alta 122 Carlyle, Sask 88 Carman, Man 87 Carmangay, Alta.90,122 Cartwrlght, Man 88 Castlegar", B. C 127 Castle Mountain, Alta 96 Castor, Alta 90 Chase, B.C 114 Chemainus, B.C.... 140 Chicago, IU Chippewa Falls,Wis. 77 Claresholm, Alta.... 90 Coaldale, Alta 120 Cochrane, Alta 91 Coleman, Alta 123 Colonsay, Sask,. 70, 84 Colvalli, B.C.. 105, 124 Comox, B.C 132 Coquihalla, B.C... 131 CoronaUon, Alta 90 Courtenay, B.C 142 Cowley, Alta 122 Craigellachie. B.C..Ill Cranbrook,B.C105, 124 Creston, B.C 12E Crowfoot, Alta 7! Crow's Nest, B.C...123 Crystal City, Man..88 Daysland, Alta 85 Dawson, Yukon.... 138 Deloraine, Man 88 Didsbury, Alta 89 Dominion City, Man.64 Drlnkwater, Sask.... 82 Duiican, B.C 140 Dunmore, Alta..72,120 Eau Claire, Wis 7' Edmonton, Alta..86, 90 Eikhorn, Man 68 Elko, B.C 124 Elm Creek, Man 87 Emerald, B.C 102 Emerson, Man...64, 7f Empress, Alta 72 Enderly, BC 112 Erskine, Alta 90 Esterhazy, Sask 68 Estevan, Sask... 68, 81 Euston, Sask .^0 Exshaw, Alta Fairmont, N.D 80 Fernie, B.C 124 Fessenden, ■ N.D 80 Field, B.C 101 Fillmore, Sask. 8f Fond du Lac, Wis... 77 Francis, Sask 8? Frank, Alta 123 Gerrard, B.C 12f Gimli, Man 64 Glacier, B.C 107 Gladstone, Man 8" Gleichen, Alta 7f Glenboro, Man 87 Glenwood, Minn. 78. 80 Golden, B.C 104 Govan, Sask 68 Goveniock, Sask 71 Grand Forks, B.C.. 127 Grand Prairie, Alta.8f Great Divide, B.C. 100 Greenwood, B. C... 12? Grenfell, Sask 69 Gretna; Man 88 Griswold, Man 68 Gull Lake, Sask 72 Haig, B.C 116 Hamiota, Man 65 Haney, B.C 113 Hardisty, Alta 85 Hartney, Man 66 Herbert, Sask 71 High Biver, Alta 90.122 Holdfast, Sask 70 Hope, B.C.... 116, 13 Huntingdon, B.C... 116 lllecillewaet, B.C... 109 Imperial, Sask. 70 Indian Head, Sask..69 Innisfall, Alta 8£ Irricana, Alta 75 Juneau, Alaska ...138 Kamloops, B.C 114 Kananaskis, Alta.. .192 Kaslo, B.C 110, 126 Kelowna, B.C 112 Kenmare, N.D 81 Kerrobert, Sask..71, 89 Ketchikan, Alaska. 137 Killarney, Man 88 Kipp, Alta 90, 122 Kirkella, Man 68 Kisbey, Sask. 88 Kootenay Ldg., B.C.125 Lacombe, Alta 89 Ladysmith, B. C... 140 Lake Louise, Alta...98 Lake Windermere, B.C 104 Langdon, Alta 75 Lanigan, Sask.68,70,84 Lardeau, B.C 126 La Riviere, Man 88 Leader, Sask Leanchoil, B.C 102 Leduc, Alta 85 Lemberg, Sask 68 Lethbridge, Alta. 90, 120, 122 Lochearn, Alta 89 Lorraine, Alta 90 Lumsden B'ch, Sask. 70 Lyleton, Man 88 Lytton, B.C 115 MacGregor, Man..... 65 Macklin, Sask..71, 85 Macleod, Alta..90, 122 Magrath, Alta 122 Manltou, Man 88 Manor, Sask 88 Maple Creek, Sask..72 Marshfleld, Wis 77 Marysville, B.C 124 McAuley, Man 68 McLennan, Alta 86 Medicine Hat, Alta 73, 120 Melita, Man 68 Merritt, B.C 131 Meyronne, Sask 71 Michel, B.C 12_ Midway, B.C.128. 129 Milestone, Sask 82 Milwaukee, Wis. Miniota, Man...66, 83 Minneapolis, Minn 64, 77, 78 Minnedosa, Man... 65, 66, 83 Minot, N.D 81 Mission, B.C 116 Mocse Jaw, Sask.. ....70, 71, 82, 84 Moosomin, Sask 68 Morden, Man 88 Morris, Man 88 Morse, Sask 71 Mowbray, Man 88 Nakusp, B.C.. 110, 126 Nanaimo, B.C. 132, 140 Nanton, Alta 90 Napinka, Man..68, 88 Neenah, Wis 77 Neepawa, Man 83 Nelson, B.C ..110, 125, 126, 127 Neudorf, Sask 68 New Denver, B.C.. 127 New Westminster, B.C 118 Nokomis, Sask 68 North Bend, B.C... 116 North Portal, Sask..81 Oak Lake, Man 68 Ocean Falls, B.C...132 Ogden, Alta 76 Okanagan Ldg.,B.C112 Okotoks, Alta 90 Olds, Alta 89 Oshkpsh, Wis 77 Otterburne, Man 64 Outlook, Sask 71 Oxbow, Sask 68 Palliser, B.C 104 Parksville Jc, B.C 140 Pasqua, Sask...70, 82 Peace Biver, Alta... 86 Peachland, B.C...112 Penticton, B.C 112, 129 Perdue, Sask 84 Pierson, Man 68 Pilot Mound, Man.. .88 Plum Coulee, Man..88 Ponoka, Alta 90 Portage la Prairie, Man ,..65 Portal, N.D 81 Port Alice, B.C.... 132 Port Alberni, B.C.142 Port Moody, B.C... 118 Powell Biver, B.C. 132 Prince Bupert,B.C137 Provost, Alta 85 Qu'AppeUe, Sask... 69 Rapid City," Man. ..65 Raymond, Alta 122 Redcliff, Alta 73 Red Deer, Alta 89 Regina, Sask..69,84,88 Reston Man 69, 87 Revelstoke, B.C 109, 110, HI IUverton, Men 641 Rockhaven, Sask....85 Rosebery, B.C. 126, 127 Rosetown, Sask.... 71 Rossland, B.C 127 Rouleau, Sask 82 RusseU, Man 83 St. Boniface, Man..61 St. Paul, Minn 64, 77, 78 Salmon Arm, B.C.114 Saltcoats, Sask. 84 Sandon, B.C... 110, 126 Saskatoon, Sask. 68, 70, 84 Seattle, Wash 135 Sedgewick, Alta 85 Selkirk, Man 64 Shaunavon, Sask.... 71 Shawnigan, B.C 140 Shoal Lake, Man...83 Sicamous, B.C 111. 112, 130 Skagway, Alaska... 138 Slocan Cty, B.C.... 127 Souris, Man... 66, 87 Spence's Bridge, B.C 115, 131 Spillimacheen, B.C.104 Spokane, Wash 125 Spuzzum, B.C 116 Starbuck, Man 87 Stavely, Alta 90 . StetHer, Alta 90 Steven's Point, Wis. 77 Stirling, Alta 122 Stonewall. Man 64 Stoughton, Sask..71, 88 Strasbourg, Sask... 68 Strathcona, Alta ... 85 Strathmore, Alta 75 Summerland, B.C.112 Sutherland, Sask... 84 Swift Current, Sask.72 Sylvan Lake, Alta..89 Taber, Alta 120 Thief River Falls, Minn TS Trail, B.C 127 rreherne. Man 87 Union Bay, B.C...132 Unity, Sask 85 Valley City, N.D...80 Vancouver, B. C... 118, 131, 136 Varcoe, Man... 65, 83 Vernon, B.C 112 Victoria, B.C 132, 136, 139 Virden, Man 68 Waldo. B.C 124 Wapella, Sask 68 Warner, Alta. 122 Waukesha, Wis 77 Westminster, Jct., B.C '16 West Robson, B.C. 110, 127 Wetaskiwin, Alta.85, 90 Weyburn, Sask..71, 82 Whytewold, Man... 64 Wilcox, Sask 82 WilMe, Sask 84 Windygates, Man... 88 WinHer, Man 88 Winnipeg, Man. 63, 64 65, 78, 83, 37, 88 Winnipeg Beach, Man 6* Wolfe, Sask 84 Wolseley, Sask...69, 87 Wynyard, Sask 84 Tale, B.C H« Yellow Grass, Sask..8! Yorkton, Sask 8* Young, Sask. 70 CANADIAN] ^[PACIFIC STEAMSHIPS f LIMITED PASSENGER AND FREIGHT DIRECT SAILINGS Montreal and Quebec Via the World-famed St. Lawrence Route —two days on sheltered waters—to - Liverpool, Glasgow, Southampton, Havre, and Antwerp DIRECT SERVICE TO ITALY Canadian Pacific—Combined Service— Navigazione Generate Italiana NAPLES — GENOA — TRIESTE From St. John, N. B., in Winter. (Additional Freight Services to London and Avonmouth.) CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY TRAFFIC AGENTS W. G. ANNABLE, A«»t. Passenger Traffic Manager, (Ocean Traffic), Montreal. CANADIAN] .iiJ PACIFIC STEAMSHIPS LIMITED TRANS-PACIFIC LINES Vancouver to Yokohama, Kobe, Moji, Nagasaki, Manila, Hong Kong, etc. (Additional Freight Services to Singapore, etc.) QUICKEST TIME ACROSS THE PACIFIC §1 10 Days to Japan 14 Days to China 17 Days to Manila CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY TRAFFIC AGENTS WILLIAM BALLANTYNE, General Passenger Agent, (Ocean Traffic), Montreal, Quebec. BUREAU OF CANADIAN INFORMATION The Canadian Pacific Railway has established a Bureau of Canadian information as a branch ofits Department of Colonization and Development, with the object of disseminating reliable and up-to-date information as to agricultural and industrial openings in all parts of Canada. WESTERN C4NADA FARM LANDS The Company has yet for sa]e several million acres of choice farm lands in Western Canada, at low prices and on long terms of payment. In certain districts lands will be sold without settlement restrictions, but the Company is prepared to grant special concessions to those who will settle upon and develop their farms. IRRIGATED FARM LANDS In its irrigation districts in Alberta, the Company has irrigated lands for sale a reasonable prices and on terms extending over twenty years. Under certain conditions loans for improvements will be granted purchasers of irrigated lands in amounts up to two thousand dollars, to be repaid with land instalments. EASTERN CANADA FARM LANDS Lists of selected improved farms, available for settlement in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime Provinces, with the names and addresses of their owners, may be obtained on application at any office of the Department. INDUSTRIAL INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH Investigations, looking to the utilization of undeveloped natural resources and waste products and new industrial processes, are being carried on by the Research Section of the Department. Inquiries as to promising fields for investigation in this connection are invited. INDUSTRIAL OPENINGS Reliable information as to sites for new industries in all parts of Canada, and of special business openings in the growing towns and cities along the lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway in both Eastern and Western Canada, will be gladly furnished on request. CANADIAN INTELLIGENCE SERVICE Well equipped Canadian reference libraries have been established by the Department at Montreal, New York, Chicago, and London, England. These libraries contain the fullest information on all matters relating to Canada and her undeveloped resources, and are kept supplied with the latest information pertaining to new developments through the medium of a news service organized through the cooperation of the other departments of the Company's service. The information on hand in these libraries is available without charge to those interested, and inquiries addressed to any office of the Department will receive prompt attention. DEPARTMENT OP COLONIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT, CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY MONTREAL:—C.P.R. Bureau of Canadian Information; H.PTimmerman, Industrial Commissioner, Windsor St. Station. CALGARY:—M. E. Thornton, Supt. of U.S. Agencies, Dept. of Natural Resources Bldg. CHICAGO:—C.P.R. Bureau of Canadian Information, 165 East Ontario Street. E G. WHITE, Superintendent, MONTREAL, Que. WINNIPEG:—J. F. Sweeting, Industrial Agent, C.P.R Depot. NEW YORK:—C.P.R. Bureau of Canadian Information,Madison Avenue and 44tfi St. LONDON:—A. E. Moore, Manager, 62-65 Charing Cross. J. S. DENNIS, Chief Commissioner, MONTREAL, Que. PRINTED IN CANADA, au —~" ^ ■ "~— ———— CANADIAN PACIFIC HOTELS Name of Hotel,, Plan, Alti (0 6 o Distance from Station tude Season 0 Recreations and Transfer Charge. 6 2 St. Andrews, N. B. The Algonquin— A 150 June 20- 219 Golf, Bathing, Boat- 1 mile—50 cents. Sept. 30 ing. Yachting (Passamaquoddy Bay, St. Croix River). McAdam, N. B. McAdam Hotel— A 445 All year 15 Hunting in Season. At Station. Quebec, Que. Chateau Frontenac— E 300 All year 324 Scenic and Historical 1 mile—50 cents. interest. Golf, Motoring (Plains of Abraham, St. Anne de Beaupre). Montrea], Que. Place Viger Hotel— E 57 All year 114 Historical and Scenic At Place Viger interest. Mt. Royal Station. 1}£ miles from and St. Lawrence Windsor Station— River. 50 cents. Winnipeg, Man. The Royal Alexandra—E 760 All year 389 Golf, Motoring, cen At Station. tre of Canadian West (Site of old Fort Garry). Calgary, Alta. Hotel J^lliser— E 3425 All year 298 Golf, Motoring, Fish At Station. ing (Trout). Banff, Alta. Banff Springs Hotel— E 4625 May 15- 280 Mountain.drives and 1J^ miles—50 cents. Sept. 30 climbs, Golf, Bathing, Fishing (Trout), Boating, Riding (Rocky Mountains Park). Lake Louise, Alta. _ Chateau Lake Louise— E 5670 June, 1- 265 Boating, Mountain 3J4 miles—50 cents. Sept. 30 climbs, Pony trails. Narrow Gauge Railway. Fishing (Trout), Riding. Emerald Lake (near Field), B. C. Emerald Lake Chalet— A 4066 July 1- 16 Boating, Fishing 7 miles—$1.00. Sept. 15 (Trout), Pony trails to Yoho Valley, Takakkaw Falls, Riding. Glacier, B. C. Glacier House— A 4086 July 1- 86 Pony trails, Climbs, iy& miles—50 cents. Sept. 15 Exploring Glaciers, Riding. Sicamous, B. C. Hotel Sicamous— A 1146 All year 61 Boating, Fishing At Station. (Trout) (Sicamous Lake). Penticton, B. C. Hotel Incola— A All year 62 Boating Okanagan Near Steamer Wharf. Lake,Fishing (Lake Trout). Cameron Lake, B.C. Cameron Lake Chalet—A May 1- Fishing (Trout), Boat- . Vancouver Island. Sept. 30 ing, Splendid forests (Salmon fish- 1 ing adjacent). Vancouver, B. C. Hotel Vancouver— E 100 All year 488 Gajf, Motoring, Fish-. , M mile1—25 cents. Victoria, B. C. ing, Steamboat excursions. Empress Hotel— E 200 yards.—25 cents Sea -eve! All year 27'8 Solf, Motoring, Yachting, Sea and stream fishing. A—American Plan. E—European Plan. ANDREW ALLERTON, General Superintendent, Canadian Pacific Hotels, Montreal. m TRANSCANADA TRANSATLANTIC irRANSRAcft<l -75:,, 5
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Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. The Chung Collection. CC-TX-213-3-2
Across Canada : Western Lines, west bound
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