@prefix ns0: . @prefix edm: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix dc: . @prefix skos: . ns0:identifierAIP "7b4b062f-aa8b-48b4-adee-4469f3882908"@en ; edm:dataProvider "CONTENTdm"@en ; dcterms:alternative "DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943."@en ; dcterms:isReferencedBy "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=1198198"@en ; dcterms:isPartOf "Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:creator "British Columbia. Legislative Assembly"@en ; dcterms:issued "2016"@en, "[1944]"@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcsessional/items/1.0319044/source.json"@en ; dc:format "application/pdf"@en ; skos:note """ PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1943 PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OP THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. VICTORIA, B.C. : Printed by Chaiu.es P. Banfield, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1943. To His Honour W. C. Woodward, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia. May it please Your Honour: I have the honour to submit for your consideration herewith the Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture for the year 1943. K. C. MacDONALD, Minister of Agriculture. Department of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C., January 3rd, 19Uk- CONTENTS. Page. Department of Agriculture Officers 6 Report of Deputy Minister 7 Report of Statistician 19 Report of Markets Branch • 24 Report of Horticultural Branch 31 Report of Field Crops Branch 53 Report of Provincial Plant Pathologist 59 Report of Provincial Apiarist 64 Report of Provincial Entomologist 66 Report of Chief Veterinary Inspector 72 Report of Live Stock Branch 75 Report of Recorder of Brands 86 Report of Dairy Branch 87 Report of Poultry Branch 90 Report of Women's Institutes 94 Report of Boys' and Girls' Clubs 97 Reports of District Agriculturists— Peace River District 101 Bulkley and Skeena Districts 103 Nechako and Prince George Districts 109 Cariboo and Lillooet Districts 115 Kamloops and Nicola Districts 119 Shuswap, Revelstoke, and Northern Okanagan Districts 124 East Kootenay District 128 Grand Forks and District 132 Lower Mainland District 136 Appendices— No. 1. Gross Value of Agricultural Production 140 No. 2. Movement of Grain Screenings 141 No. 3. Threshermen's Returns 142 No. 4. Estimate of Honey-crop 1 143 No. 5. Summary of T.B. Tests 143 No. 6. Dairy Premises inspected 143 No. 7. Herds inspected and Premises graded 1 144 No. 8. Slaughter-house Licences 144 No. 9. Milk-testers' Licences : 146 No. 10. Cattle and Hide Shipments : 148 No. 11. Boys' and Girls' Clubs, 1943 149 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICERS. Honourable K. C. MacDonald, Minister, J. B. Munro, M.S.A., Deputy Minister. W. H. Robertson, B.S.A., Assistant Deputy Minister and Provincial Horticulturist, Victoria, B.C. Ernest MacGinnis, Markets Commissioner, Victoria, B.C. W. H. Thornborrow, Chief Accountant, Victoria, B.C. George H. Stewart, Statistician, Victoria, B.C. C. P. L. Pearson, Accountant, Victoria, B.C. L. W. Johnson, Clerk, Victoria, B.C. (On military leave.) A. J. Hourston, General Assistant, Victoria, B.C. A. H. Shotbolt, Exhibition Specialist, Victoria, B.C. C. C. Kelley, B.S.A., Soil Survey, Kelowna, B.C. T. Menzies, Clerk, Victoria, B.C. James S. Wells, Clerk, Victoria, B.C. (On military leave.) John E. Porter, Clerk, Victoria, B.C. (On military leave.) Daryl Anderson, Clerk, Victoria, B.C. (On military leave.) E. W. White, B.S.A., District Horticulturist, Victoria, B.C. E. C. Hunt, B.S.A., District Horticulturist, Nelson, B.C. M. S. Middleton, B.S.A., District Horticulturist, Vernon, B.C. G. E. W. Clarke, B.S.A., District Horticulturist, Abbotsford, B.C. J. L. Webster, Field Inspector, Vancouver, B.C. Ben Hoy, B.S.A., District Field Inspector, Kelowna, B.C. R. P. Murray, B.S.A., District Field Inspector, Penticton, B.C. C. B. Twigg, B.S.A., District Field Inspector, Creston, B.C. H. H. Evans, District Field Inspector, Vernon, B.C. C. R. Barlow, District Field Inspector, Salmon Arm, B.C. John Tait, District Field Inspector, Summerland, B.C. W. Baverstock, District Field Inspector, Vernon, B.C. John A. Smith, B.S.A., Field Inspector, Penticton, B.C. (On military leave.) G. L. Foulkes, Secretary, Horticultural Branch, Victoria, B.C. V. TONKS, Secretary, Horticultural Branch, Vernon, B.C. J. W. Eastham, B.Sc.,. Plant Pathologist, Vancouver, B.C. W. R. Foster, M.S.A., Assistant Plant Pathologist, Victoria, B.C. I. J. Ward, B.Sc, Entomologist, Vernon, B.C. A. W. Finlay, Provincial Apiarist, New Westminster, B.C. Cecil Tice, B.S.A., Field Crops Commissioner, Victoria, B.C. S. S. Phillips, B.S.A., Assistant Field Crops Commissioner, Victoria, B.C. Walter Sandall, District Field Inspector, Vancouver, B.C. W. R. Gunn, B.S.A., B.V.Sc, V.Sc, Live Stock Commissioner, Victoria, B.C. HENRY Rive, B.S.A., Dairy Commissioner, Victoria, B.C. F. C. Wasson, M.S.A., Dairy Inspector, Kelowna, B.C. F. Overland, Dairy Inspector, Vancouver, B.C. G. Patchett, Dairy Inspector, Victoria, B.C. G. H. Thornbery, Assistant (Milk Records), Victoria, B.C. Dr. A. Knight, Chief Veterinary Inspector, Victoria, B.C. Dr. M. Sparrow, Provincial Veterinary Inspector, Vancouver, B.C. Dr. J. D. Macdonald, Provincial Veterinary Inspector, Victoria, B.C. Dr. K. H. Thompson, Provincial Veterinary Inspector, Kamloops, B.C. J. R. Terry, Poultry Commissioner, Victoria, B.C. George Pilmer, Brand Recorder, Victoria, B.C. R. Cahilty, Brand Inspector, Kamloops, B.C. G. A. Luyat, B.S.A., District Agriculturist, Kamloops, B.C. G. L. Landon, B.S.A., District Agriculturist, New Westminster, B.C. James Travis, District Agriculturist, Grand Forks, B.C. Shirley G. Preston, M.S.A., District Agriculturist, Smithers, B.C. H. E. Waby, District Agriculturist, Salmon Arm, B.C. T. S. Crack, District Agriculturist, Pouce Coupe, B.C. C. F. Cornwall, District Agriculturist, Williams Lake, B.C. J. E. Manning, District Agriculturist, Prince George, B.C. J. S. Allin, B.S.A., District Agriculturist, Cranbrook, B.C. 6 REPORT of the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. REPORT BY THE DEPUTY MINISTER. J. B. Munro, M.S.A. The Honourable K. C. MacDonald, Minister of Agriculture, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit herewith the report of the Department of Agriculture for the year ended December 31st, 1943. The temporary arrangement by which W. H. Robertson served as Acting Deputy Minister of Agriculture during 1942 was confirmed by Order in Council No. 793, approved on June 3rd, 1943> which named him Assistant Deputy Minister of Agriculture. His help in supervising and directing the many Branches of the Department's activities during 1943 has been much appreciated. NEW LEGISLATION. The second session of the Twentieth Legislature passed an Act to amend the " Animals Act " which more clearly provides for the definition of any area where bulls over 1 year old may be allowed to run at large, and it also makes provision for the constitution of a committee with power to act on behalf of the live-stock owners of the area. In order to encourage the production of flax and the manufacture of linen in British C°lumbia an Act was passed to authorize a loan to the Fraser Valley Flax Co-operative Association. This provides for a loan to the above-mentioned Association of a sum not to exceed $85,000, to be used in the erection and establishment of a scutching-mill, retting-tanks, storage-tanks, and other facilities which will enable the Association to deliver flax fibre to a proposed spinning plant. VICTORIA'S CENTENARY. During the spring of this year the centenary celebrations of the founding of Victoria in March, 1843, were observed. It is now one hundred years since the Hudson's Bay Company established their trading-post at this point on Vancouver Island and undertook the development of farms in the vicinity. These farms were for many years noted for their live stock and field crop production and much of the early agriculture of Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland of the Province owes its origin to the foundations that were laid here. The following paragraphs taken from the British Columbia press indicate the importance of the work done in those early days. This records the words of James Douglas, at that time Chief Factor for the Hudson's Bay Company: " Camosack is a pleasant and convenient site for the establishment within fifty yards of the anchorage, on the border of a large tract of clear land which extend eastward to Point Gonzalo at the southeast extremity of the island, about six miles internally, being the most picturesque and decidedly the most valuable part of the island that we had the good fortune to discover. " More than two-thirds of the section consists of prairie land, and may be converted either to purposes of tillage or pasture, for which I have seen no part of the Indian country better adapted. The rest of which, with the exception of the ponds of water, is covered with valuable oak and pine timber. I observed, generally speaking, but two varieties of soil on the prairies; that of the best land is a dark vegetable R 8 BRITISH COLUMBIA. mould varying from nine to fourteen inches in depth, overlaying a substratum of greyish clayey loam which produces the rankest growth of native plants I have seen in America. The other variety is of inferior value, and to judge from the less vigorous appearance of the vegetation upon it, naturally more unproductive. " Both kinds, however, produce abundance of grass, and several varieties of clover grow on the rich moist bottoms. In two, particularly, we saw several acres of clover growing with a luxuriousness and a compactness more resembling the close sward of a well managed lea than the produce of uncultivated waste. Being pretty well assured of the capabilities of the soil as respects the purposes of agriculture, the climate being also mild and pleasant, we ought to be able to grow every kind of grain raised in England. On this point, however, we cannot confidently speak until we have tried the experiment and tested the climate, as there may exist local influences destructive of the husbandman's hopes, which cannot be discovered by other means." The newspaper further states: " The Hudson's Bay Company had a contract to supply the Russian settlements in Alaska with grain and provisions—this having been done from the farms established at Fort Vancouver—and Finlayson set to work to produce material to carry out this contract. The personnel of the fort, with natives hired to act as laborers, were set to work to till the ground, and, in 1846 there were some 160 acres under cultivation in the vicinity of the fort on which was grown wheat, oats, potatoes, carrots, turnips and other vegetables. Where the stately buildings of Victoria are now reared, where the business streets run, and the banks, and business blocks are standing now, no less than 300 acres were cleared and under cultivation by 1847. The Indians took kindly to the work of clearing and were paid at the same rate as white laborers. The land was rich, producing fine peas and potatoes, and forty bushels of wheat to the acre. " In 1847 two Russian vessels cleared from Victoria harbor carrying 5,000 bushels of wheat and large quantities of beef and mutton. Most of the cargo was produced here, and part was brought from Fort Langley on the Fraser with small boats. Payment was made with bills of exchange on St. Petersburg. Two extensive dairies, each having seventy cows, were established in connection with the fort. The cows during the season yielded about seventy pounds of butter each." FALL FAIRS. This year the Class " A " fall fairs were again cancelled owing to war conditions. The two Class " B " fairs were held at Armstrong and at Chilliwack. In both cases they were outstanding events and served to keep the " show window" of agriculture properly dressed for the display of farm products. In addition there were rural fairs held at many other points. At all of these good displays were featured and with excellent weather prevailing both management and spectators were well satisfied. Outside of the regular agricultural exhibitions there have been held in British Columbia during recent years a number of purely live-stock events. These have been in the nature of feeder sales, at which surplus live stock owned by ranchers has been disposed of to others requiring such animals or to the owners of feeder lots for fall finishing. The Central British Columbia Live Stock Association most successfully conducted its annual feeder sale at Kamloops on October 7th. It was well patronized by both producers and buyers. The Williams Lake feeder sale gave the ranchers of the Cariboo an opportunity to dispose of their surplus stock and permitted buyers of beef on the hoof to purchase at reasonable prices. Ceiling prices were observed at all feeder sales. At Okanagan Falls the first feeder sale of cattle was well attended and gives promise of becoming an annual event. This cattle sale gives an opportunity for the DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 9 ranchers in the South Okanagan and adjacent areas to show and sell their stock at a central point. At Elko in the East Kootenay the annual show and sale of feeder stock was held in improved surroundings. Here the farmers are definitely receiving an advantage and as a result that section of the Province is becoming known for the quality of its live stock. Elko is conveniently situated to be easily reached by the buyers. The Minister of Agriculture attended all of these live-stock fairs and a number of agricultural fairs. His presence at them gave much needed encouragement to cattle owners and producers. MACHINERY QUOTAS. One effect that the war has had on agriculture is seen in the difficulty that farmers are experiencing in purchasing farm machinery. The implements or machines used in agricultural production are not only costly but they are scarce. In an effort to have our quotas for British Columbia increased for the year 1943-44 British Columbia was represented at Regina at the Western Canadian Agricultural Engineering Committee meeting held in March. At that conference the chairman of the Agricultural Production Committee met with H. H. Bloom, Administrator for Farm Machinery, and consulted with the other representatives for the three Western Provinces. The quotas for the four Provinces for the coming twelve months were outlined. British Columbia's quota was increased in those lines of equipment most needed in this Province—namely, spraying-machines, potato diggers and planters, dairy equipment, wood-cutting machinery, small tractors, bee-keepers' supplies, etc. There have since been representations made on behalf of British Columbia farmers in the matter of hay-balers, tractors, cultivators, etc. In October of this year a further meeting was held between the Agricultural Production Committee members, farm machinery representatives, and the Administrator, and further arrangements were made to increase the supplies of farm machines needed. Special representations were also made to the Administrator by the Minister and the Deputy on the occasion of their visit to Ottawa in December. WARTIME PRICES AND TRADE BOARD REGULATIONS. The action of the Wartime Prices and Trade Board has been aimed at keeping Canadian business on an even keel, but farmers feel that they have been somewhat overlooked in such matters of supplies of barbed wire, nails, and ammunition. The ammunition has been partly required as a protection of flocks and herds against the depredations of marauding animals. It has been very difficult to secure permits to buy the ammunition needed for this essential purpose. The barbed wire needed for the protection of crops has been unobtainable in some places and apparently the Wartime Prices and Trade Board are unable to issue permits when the raw material cannot be had. The Steel Controller has greatly assisted in making available nails and it is hoped that this commodity may now be obtained by those improving their farm buildings. The ruling of the Board regarding the sale of honey by producers was protested by producers who have, this year, harvested a very small crop of honey. They had increased their number of colonies of bees during 1943 and it was hoped that they would get fair returns for their investment next year. However, bee-keepers are not yet satisfied with the situation and they are hoping that the Wartime Prices and Trade Board may alter their decisions before the 1944 crop of honey is harvested. The Wartime Prices and Trade Board established minimum prices for seed potatoes above Canada No. 1 table stock as follows: Certified seed potatoes, 1 cent a pound or $20 per ton above Canada No. 1; iy2 cents a pound for Foundation A seed potatoes E 10 BRITISH COLUMBIA. or $30 per ton above Canada No. 1 table stock; and 2 cents a pound for Foundation potatoes or $40 a ton above Canada No. 1 table stock. Foundation and Foundation A seed is in short supply, and while every effort is being made to permit growers and dealers to fill long-standing export orders sufficient seed must be retained in Canada to meet the requirements of growers in this country in 1944. AGRICULTURAL PUBLICATIONS. Within the past twelve months the Publications Branch of the Department of Agriculture has sent 34,000 bulletins and circulars on agricultural subjects to residents of the Province, according to the statement given by Thomas Menzies, Senior Clerk. Bulletins have also been sent to the United States, Great Britain, and as far as New Zealand. Even prisoners of war in Germany have had their wants supplied. Numerous requests have been received from the Forces overseas, indicating that after the termination of the war they intend to settle in our Province. Publications greatly in demand are " Dairy Cattle—Care and Feeding of," " Swine- raising," " Bee Culture," " Poultry-raising," " Poultry Feeding," " Preservation of Food," " Rabbits—Fur-bearing and Market," " Gardening on a City Lot," while quite a number of public schools have requested " Weeds and their Control." Mimeographed stencils to the number of 74,000 were sent out by the Department, in addition to the above-mentioned bulletins and circulars. The following is a list of new publications and revised reprints:— Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture. Climate of British Columbia, 1942. Agricultural Statistics Report, 1942. Seed Production Series No. 10: "Onion-seed Production." Bulletin No. 80: Rabbits—Fur-bearing and Market. Poultry Bulletin No. 26: Poultry-raising, Practical. Dairy Circular No. 24: Mendelism, First Studies in. Fertilizer Recommendations. Horticultural Circular No. 43: Gardening on a City Lot. Circular No. 53: Feeding Farm Live Stock in B.C. Bulletin No. 67: Dairy Cattle, Care and Feeding of. Horticultural Circular No. 42: Top-working of Fruit-trees. Horticultural Circular No. 64: Varieties of Fruit-trees recommended for B.C. Spray Calendar—Field Crop and Garden. Spray Calendar—Fruit. A list of publications may be had upon request to this Branch. FEED-GRAIN TRANSPORTATION. In the report of 1942 a summary of the tonnage of wheat, oats, barley, etc., carried under C.F.A. Tariff 145 was given covering a ten-year period. The number of certificates issued by this Department for 1943 indicates that during the eleven months under review there was carried a total of 81,783 tons of wheat, 28,429 tons of oats, 21,687 tons of barley, 5,650 tons of mill-feeds, 1,269 tons of corn, 1,162 tons of mixed grains, 922 tons of screenings, 241 tons of rye, and 40 tons of flax—a total of 141,183 tons in all. In view of recent regulations announced by the Federal Department of Agriculture it may be well to place on record the existing subsidies contributed by the Dominion Department of Agriculture for the assistance of live-stock feeders in British Columbia. They are assisted by a freight subsidy. This freight subsidy is paid by the Federal Government on car-loads of feed-grains and is on the basis of the actual freight from Edmonton or Calgary to the destination in British Columbia. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 11 Government assistance on feed-grain purchases is given by the payment to the producer on the Prairies of 25 cents a bushel for the grade known as " Manitoba No. 4 Northern " and grades of equal or lower value. This payment was provided November 15th and apparently replaces the former payment of 8 cents per bushel. In Eastern Canada farmers were paid a special bonus for the purchase of feed- grains. The bonus was made on a descending scale and was intended to be sufficient to pay storage charges. It was intended to bring about heavy deliveries of feed- grains in hog producing districts before the close of navigation. As in former years, applications for feed-grain certificates, which entitled the buyer to the reduced freight rate on minimum car-loads from Prairie points to British Columbia coast districts are made by purchasers who send in their grain inspection certificates and freight bills and are given the special feed-grain certificate issued by C.F.A. Tariff 145. This entitles them to the reduced freight rate of $6 per ton on their grain. FARMERS' INSTITUTES. The regular annual meetings of the District Farmers' Institutes were held in 1943. The usual practice of the Minister and the Superintendent of Farmers' Institutes attending each was not possible owing to restrictions in travel and the pressure of other departmental duties. The place and date of each of the ten annual meetings, together with the departmental representative in attendance, and the Advisory Board member elected for the year is shown in the following table:— 'A' 'B'; ■C" •D' ' E ' ,F, 'G- 'H' 'I" •J" Place of Meeting. Nanaimo Telkwa.... Vanderhoof Kamloops New Westminster. Robson Lumby Kersley. .... Cranbrook Baldonnel... Date of Meeting. November 24th June 18th June 22nd-23rd June 12th April 30th May 29th July 7th June 15th May 31st__ July 8th Department Representative attending. Hon. K. C. MacDonald J. B. Munro J. B. Munro J. B. Munro.. ( G. L. Landon... ...-. j G. E. W. Clarke. ( James Travis ^ ) E. C. Hunt f Hon. K. C. MacDonald ... C. F. Cornwall J. B. Munro .. T. S. Crack .._ Advisory Board Member elected. S. Pickles, R.R. 1, Saanichton. C. J. Killer, Telkwa. B. Blackburn, Prince George. Wm. Harrison, Pritchard. D. E. MacKenzie, Box 760, New Westminster. O. B. Appleton, R.R. 1, Nelson. J. Woodburn, Salmon Arm. W. Hogg, Australian. T. Cameron, Cranbrook. T. Jamieson, Pouce Coupe. Eighty-two resolutions relating to agricultural matters which were submitted at these District meetings are now in the hands of the Advisory Board, which will likely meet early in the New Year. The Advisory Board this year met with the Select Standing Committee on Agriculture and presented a number of resolutions for consideration. The report of the Select Standing Committee on Agriculture is as follows :■— " Your Committee authorized by resolution of the Legislative Assembly ' to consider such matters as may be laid before it by a committee representing the Advisory Board of Farmers' Institutes; to consider the report of the Dominion-Provincial Conference on production; to call members of the British Columbia Agricultural Production Committee, the interdepartmental committee on farm labour, and such other Department officials as may be representatives on other agricultural bodies with a view to securing information on matters affecting the agricultural welfare of the Province; to review the report of the Commissioner, Judge Harper, on the operation of marketing boards operating schemes under the " Natural Products (British Columbia) Marketing Act "; and to report its findings to this House ' held four sittings. " At one of these sittings, the Farmers' Advisory Board presented a total of eight resolutions dealing with the following matters:— (a.) Farm Labour. (_.) Bounties on Predatory Animals. R 12 BRITISH COLUMBIA. (c.) Health Insurance. (d.) Japanese Expulsion after the War. (e.) Rehabilitation Schemes. (/.) Farm ' Motor-vehicle Act.' (g.) Farm Machinery and Parts. (/..) Ammunition Shortages and Rationing thereof. " Your Select Standing Committee on Agriculture had the privilege of discussing with the Honourable the Attorney-General sections 3 and 5a of the ' Motor-vehicle Act,' who stated that he would welcome any suggestions and recommendations this Committee would care to make. " Your Selecting Standing Committee on Agriculture was fortunate in having a very satisfactory conference with officials of the Dominion and the Province dealing with the farm labour situation. The delegation was introduced by the Honourable the Minister of Agriculture. Mr. T. B. Pickersgill outlined the work of the Board and explained the various regulations dealing with farm labour. Mrs. Rex Eaton outlined the plan for the mobilization of women in Canada. " Your Select Standing Committee on Agriculture gave some time to the consideration of the Harper Report on Marketing, and your Committee has made several recommendations with regard to it. " Consideration having been given to matters laid before your Committee by the Advisory Board of Farmers' Institutes, the resolution dealing with Health Insurance was adopted, but it was felt that the resolution dealing with the expulsion of the Japanese after the war was not within the jurisdiction of this Committee. " All of which is respectfully submitted." The Farmers' Institutes have carried on very useful work during the present year. They have assisted the Agricultural Production Committee in making known to their members many of the policies relating to farm life that have been annunciated during war-time by the several Boards that are under Federal jurisdiction. The secretaries of practically all of the 214 Farmers' Institutes have been alert and have maintained a close contact with the Department of Agriculture. Some reminiscences of the Advisory Board of Farmers' Institutes and its members, by Wm. J. Bonavia, Secretary, have been submitted and are given herewith:— " Whilst a Farmers' Institute movement in this Province was first discussed in 1895, actually the earliest institutes to be organized were at Richmond and Surrey- Langley in 1897. " It was not until 1899. that the delegates to a convention in Victoria asked the Minister to appoint an ' Advisory Board to consist of two members each from Vancouver Island, the Lower Mainland and the Interior.' Action was, however, delayed, and in 1902 delegates to a convention in Victoria discussed the non-action of the Government in appointing this Board, the delegates going so far as to nominate a Board consisting of Messrs. Mutter and Miller for Vancouver Island, Metcalfe and Paisley for the Lower Mainland, and Raymer and Heard for the Interior. These names were sent to the Government for approval, the Superintendent, the late Jas. R. Anderson, expressing the opinion ' that a mistake was being made in pressing the matter again.' " The proposed Board was not appointed, however, and the matter was not revived for many years, although authority was contained in the statute. It was not until 1916 at one of the largest central institute conventions ever held in Victoria that the question of an Advisory Board was again pressed. The Superintendent, the late W. E. Scott, welcomed the suggestion ' stating that the growth* of institute work had reached a stage when such a Board should be appointed to consult with the Department and carry out suggestions, also to give the Department the benefit of their advice.' * Note.—There were 136 institutes with 8,145 members this year. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 13 " The meeting then nominated six members from their number as follows:— Vancouver Island Alex Hamilton, Pender Island. M. Vick, Nahwitti. Lower Mainland Jas. Bailey, Sardis. R. McBride, Richmond. Interior . J. R. Brown, Vernon. D. D. Munro, Kitsumgallum. " A resolution along these lines was endorsed by the convention and submitted to the Minister, who received same favourably and later made the required appointments. " During the following year (1917) it was soon found that the Board of six members was scarcely representative of the whole Province, and a new scheme was drawn up by the writer, submitted to and approved by the Minister, with the following result:— District ' A '—Vancouver Island and Gulf Islands C. E. Whitney Griffiths, Metchosin. District ' B '—Bella Coola, Bulkley, Skeena, and Nass Valleys H. Silverthorne, Telkwa. District ' C '—Prince George, including district from Endako to McBride J. S. Ross, Fort Fraser. District ' D '—Kamloops, North Thompson and Nicola Valleys, and district be- • tween St. Elmo and Revelstoke W. Harrison, Pritchard. District ' E '—All institutes on the north and south sides of Fraser River to Chilliwack, also Howe Sound.____J. Bailey, Sardis. District ' F '—Grand Forks, Arrow and Slocan Lakes, and Boundary District. C. C. Heaven, Grand Forks. • District ' G'—Okanagan Valley from Mara to Kaleden, also Salmon River Valley L. E. Taylor, Kelowna. District ' H '—Kootenay Lake and River Institutes R. Staples, Creston. District ' I '—South-east Kootenay and Columbia Valley A. B. Smith, Cranbrook. " James Bailey was appointed Chairman of the meeting called in November, 1917, and acted as such until his health failed in 1929. His courteous manner and tactful handling of the meetings of the Advisory Board contributed in no small measure to the happy relations between the institutes and the Department. Of the other original members of the Board, W. Harrison is still to be found representing the Kamloops District, after dropping out in 1937 for three years. " In 1919 M. F. Nourse, of Francois Lake, replaced H. Silverthorne; J. D. Charle- son, of Vanderhoof, J. S. Ross; Harvey Smith, Nakusp, C. C. Heaven; and A. D. Clyde, of Robson, R. Staples. " In 1920 J. Y. Copeman, Walter Paterson, and Geo. Clark, all of Vancouver Island and members of the ' United Farmers of B.C.,' were associated with the Board at their meeting and also in the subsequent efforts to effect an amalgamation of interests between the two bodies that were carried on for some years. " In 1921 A. D. Clyde died, being replaced by 0. B. Appleton, who is still on the Board, while A. B. Smith was replaced by A. Taylor, of Wilmer. " In 1922 the changes on the Board included H. L. Frank, of Terrace, for District ' B '; G. H. Outram for District ' C '; and J. Goldie, Okanagan Centre, succeeded Lionel R 14 • BRITISH COLUMBIA. E. Taylor, who had resigned, for District ' G.' U.F. representatives this year were J. Y. Copeman and E. W. Neel, of Cowichan. " In 1923 R. J. Blackburn (District ' C ') replaced Mr. Outram. On his death in the winter of 1924 his son, R. Blackburn, was elected and is still on the Board; whilst D.- 0. Bricker sat for District ' I' and Mr. M. P. Williams, of Winfield, replaced Mr. Goldie in District ' G.' " The year 1925 showed Dr. R. C. Bamford, of Smithers, replacing H. L. Frank in District ' B,' while A. B. Smith was re-elected for District ' I.' " In 1927 the changes in the Board this year were the election of W. C. Little, who replaced Mr. Frank (District 'B'), and at the second meeting of the Board J. W. Turner (' Happy Turner ') took Mr. Little's place. " In 1928 a new District ' H ' was created in the Lillooet-Cariboo area, where many new institutes had been organized through the energy of C. C. Kelley, then District Agriculturist at Williams Lake. The district formerly named ' H ' was amalgamated with ' F,' West Kootenay. This year also, on October 23rd, the Minister officially designated by notice in the B.C. Gazette the areas covered by district institutes. " Year 1929. There were a good many changes in the Board this year. Jas. Bailey, member for District ' E ' and Chairman of the Board, resigned owing to ill- health, Mr. H. Bose, of Surrey, replacing him; whilst 0. B. Appleton (District ' F') was elected Chairman. " C. E. Whitney Griffiths (District ' A' and Secretary of the Board since its reconstitution in 1917) resigned, his seat for District ' A ' being filled by R. U. Hurford, well-known dairyman of Courtenay, while Wm. J. Bonavia took on the secretaryship. J. M. Yorston, of Australian, also was elected for District ' H.' " There was some agitation this year for the separation of District ' E ' (Lower Mainland) into two areas, north and south of the Fraser River, but without result; and a committee of the Board was also appointed to inquire into a resolution asking for the creation of a new district to be formed by taking away some of the institutes from District ' D ' and adding them to the Shuswap and North Okanagan areas. This new area was not officially created, however, until 1935. " Year 1930. Changes in the Board's personnel this year included E. W. Neel taking Mr. Hurford's seat in District ' A '; C. J. Killer being elected for District ' B '; and A. Wolfenden, of Brisco, replacing A. B. Smith in District ' I.' Mr. Wolfenden, however, had no opportunity of attending as Board member, there being no fall meetings held in 1931 or 1932. " Year 1932. District ' J ' (Peace River) was officially recognized this year, many institutes having been organized recently there. " Year 1934. Dr. W. B. McKechnie, of Armstrong, replaced M. P. Williams in District 'G'; the latter had been a member since 1923, and his well-balanced arguments and knowledge of the sheep industry at Board meetings had contributed much to the discussions. Mr. Williams died the following year. W. A. Day took his seat for District ' J ' and R. C. Biss succeeded Mr. Yorston for District ' H,' while A. B. Smith, re-elected again for District ' I,' became Chairman of the Board. " Year 1936. T. Jamieson, of Pouce Coupe, was Board member for District ' J ' this year, J. McKinnon representing the rearranged District ' G,' now known as ' Shuswap-Okanagan,' while K. Wallace, of District ' F,' attended the Board meeting by special invitation. " Year 1937. This was a year of several changes again; D. E. MacKenzie sat as alternate member for District ' E '; C. H. Helgesen took Mr. Neel's seat for District ' A,' and W. F. Palmer, of Heffley Creek, replaced Mr. W. Harrison for District ' D.' "Year 1938. H. Bose was back again this year; J. W. Miller, of Tappen, represented District 'G'; H. D. Evans, of Duncan, took Mr. Helgesen's place in District ' A,' and W. Hogg, of Australian, sat for District ' H.' This year also R. Blackburn was elected Chairman of the Board. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 15 " Year 1939. There was no Board meeting but, in 1940, H. P. Allberry replaced Mr. Evans (District ' A') ; D. E. MacKenzie now sat for District ' E '; R. Wood, of Armstrong, took Mr. Miller's place (District ' G '), and W. Dicken, of Fernie, replaced A. B. Smith (District 'I'). " In 1941 there was again no meeting of the Board, but in 1942 S. Pickles, of Saanichton, took Mr. Allberry's seat (District ' A ') whilst C. J. Killer was elected Chairman. "Year 1942. There were two Board meetings this year; at the second one J. Woodburn, of Salmon Arm, sat as alternate member for District ' G,' whilst W. Hogg was elected Chairman. " For the year 1943 the reported changes on the Board show J. Woodburn replacing Mr. Wood in District ' G ' and T. Cameron, Cranbrook, taking Mr. Dicken's seat in District ' I.' " DOMINION-PROVINCIAL CONFERENCE. The Dominion-Provincial conference, to arrange agricultural objectives for 1944, was held during December 6th, 7th, 8th at the Chateau Laurier in Ottawa. Delegates from British Columbia included the Minister of Agriculture, the Deputy Minister, and Director of Dominion-Provincial Emergency Farm Labour Service. Farm labour was this year a limiting factor in crop production and it will have an even greater effect during 1944, if the war continues. In the production of meat, dairy products, eggs, vegetables, fruits, etc., it is a question of securing the necessary labour for maximum yields. The objective for 1944 will be shown in a subsequent report, but for purposes of record the 1943 objectives are shown below:— Estimate, 1942. Objective, 1943. Increase for 1943. 98,400 head 50,200 ,, 68,800 „ 5,350,000 lb. 22,371,000 doz. 2,670,000 lb. 73,300 acres 22,900 ,, 400 „ 15,100 „ 69,800 „ 6,400 „ $725,000 1,333,600 lb. 125,950 head 56,200 „ 75,000 „ 6,152,500 1b. 28,858,600 doz. 2,937,000 lb. 82,100 acres 25,400 „ .764 „ 16,800 „ 81,700 „ 7,000 „ $1,000,000 1,600,000 lb. Per Cent. 28 12 9 Butter 15 29 10 Oats .... 12 91 11 Alfalfa 17 10 38 The procedure at the 1943 conference followed closely that of former conferences with Provincial Departments of Agriculture indicating as far as possible to adjust Provincial programmes to the objectives which are reached for Canada as a whole. HOG PRODUCTION. On October 22nd it was announced that negotiations with the British Ministry of Food for the new bacon contract were being based on a considerable reduction in the total quantity of bacon during the next two years and that restrictions on the slaughter of hogs for consumption in Canada would be rescinded. The contract with the British Ministry of Supply will be for a two-year period for not less than 900,000,000 lb. of bacon and ham at $22.50 per hundred. The ceiling prices to the consumer in Canada will not be affected. R 16 BRITISH COLUMBIA. It is pointed out by Ottawa that the 900,000,000 lb. is not a maximum figure and the British Ministry of Food is not restricting Canada to this quantity. It is expected that at least 500,000,000 lb. of bacon will be supplied to Great Britain during the first year of the contract period. It is, therefore, confidently expected that hog marketings will be maintained for the next two years at approximately the 1943 level. While labour and feed difficulties may lead to the curtailment of production in certain areas it can generally be maintained at as high a level as possible, since there need be no fear that production will exceed the requirements. EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. On account of the epidemic of equine encephalomyelitis it was decided five years ago to permit the importation of horses into British Columbia only after a certificate of vaccination of each of the animals had been received. These certificates are issued by veterinarians, or in cases where the horses are vaccinated by private individuals a declaration before a notary or other competent person is required. To date we have issued 990 permits allowing horses, mainly from the Prairie Provinces, to enter. Some of these covered race-horses which have been returned to the place of origin, but most of them are for work animals or for breeding animals and have added to the horse population of British Columbia. To date there has been no serious outbreak of sleeping sickness among the horses of British Columbia and it is believed that the Department of Agriculture, by strictly carrying out the policy of allowing no horses to come into the Province from infected areas except after vaccination and upon a permit being issued, has definitely curbed the spread of this disease. VANCOUVER ISLAND T.B.-FREE AREA. By arrangement with the Federal Health of Animals Branch the Provincial Department of Agriculture has had 11,600 cattle subjected to the tuberculin test for bovine tuberculosis within the Vancouver Island T.B.-free Area. The work was started in late August and to date there have been four reactors uncovered. This indicates a very satisfactory condition among the cattle on the Island with regard to bovine tuberculosis. IMPORTED EGGS. In accordance with the " Eggs Marks Act," chapter 82, R.S.B.C. 1936, and amendments thereto, imported eggs and egg products entering British Columbia by the Pacific Coast ports are examined upon arrival. If found to comply with the regulations as set out in the above Act they are released to the importer, or otherwise held until the requirements have been fulfilled. There were no arrivals of imported eggs or egg products reported at the ports of Vancouver or Victoria during the past ten months, such arrivals at Victoria are supervised and recorded through the courtesy of John Noble, Federal District Inspector at that port, and reported at the end of each calendar month to the Provincial Egg Inspector, Court-house, Vancouver. STAFF CHANGES. It is with regret we report that on November 14th, 1943, Paul Churchill Black, born August 13th, 1865, at Moncton, N.B., formerly Assistant Field Crops Commissioner, passed away at his Victoria residence. We also regret to record the death of Max Ruhmann (on December 6th), who was Provincia] Entomologist, and who was recently superannuated from the Service. Appointments.—February 1st, I. J. Ward, Entomologist; March 1st, A. Copley, Junior Clerk; March 8th, T. Menzies, Senior Clerk; March 1st, G. Patchett, Dairy DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 17 Inspector; April 1st, H. E. Waby, District Agriculturist; May 1st, K. H. Thompson, Veterinary Inspector; April 15th, Mrs. D. E. Johnston, Stenographer; July 1st, J. S. Allin, District Agriculturist; August 1st, Miss D. Leonard, Stenographer; September lst, Miss G. F. Turcotte, Stenographer; October 1st, Miss D. V. Smith, Stenographer; October 1st, J. A. Smith, Field Inspector; November 15th, Miss M. Syrnyk, Stenographer; December 1st, Miss M. Stewart, Stenographer. Resignations.—February 28th, E. C. Chamberlayne, Veterinary Inspector; February 28th, Mrs. A. B. Pinchbeck, Stenographer; February 28th, D. F. Anderson, Junior Clerk; June 9th, Miss E. Carey, Stenographer; June 30th, Miss D. Anderson, Stenographer; July 31st, A. Copley, Junior Clerk; September 30th, Mrs. D. Moore, Stenographer; September 30th, H. E. Waby, District Agriculturist. Superannuated.—March 31st, M. H. Ruhmann, Entomologist. EMERGENCY FARM LABOUR. Owing to the situation brought about as a result of war services depleting farm labour it was found necessary to appoint a director of the Dominion-Provincial Farm Labour Board in March, 1943. William MacGillivray, of Salmon Arm, was delegated to direct this work. He was given leave of absence from the Department of Agriculture on April 1st, 1943, and he spent all of his time on farm labour matters. Associated with Mr. MacGillivray was Ernest MacGinnis, Markets Commissioner, whose services were-loaned to the Dominion-Provincial Farm Labour Board, with his salary being paid from the Department of Agriculture. Mr. MacGinnis has served in the capacity of Farm Labour Secretary for nine months; also S. S. Phillips, Assistant Field Crops Commissioner, was loaned to the Board for a period of three months, during which time he carried on his regular departmental duties and acted as fieldman supervising farm labour on Vancouver Island. SOIL SURVEY. This year the Provincial Department of Agriculture again co-operated with the Federal Experimental Farms Branch in extending the soil survey to the west from the Vanderhoof District. We were assisted in our labours by Dr. D. G. Laird, of the University of British Columbia, who remained in the field for a period of more than three months. During that season a total of approximately 750,000 acres was examined, of which nearly one-half was considered to have agricultural value. A memorandum prepared for the use of the Premier showed an area of approximately 2,500,000 acres as having been soil surveyed during the past four years in the Central British Columbia area, between Prince George and Hazelton. Much of this land is of considerable value for mixed farming purposes, and it has been recommended to the Rehabilitation Committee for use in any agricultural plan that is decided upon for post-war purposes. REPORT OF PLANT INSPECTION SERVICE. The following report for the year 1943 from January 1st to December 31st, inclusive, has been prepared by G. V. Wilby, M.Sc. It covers the work carried on by the Vancouver office of the Plant Inspection Service. This report gives the data relating to imported nursery stock, exported nursery stock, exported plant products, and interprovincial nursery stock from Ontario and points east thereof. There has been a considerable decrease in the importations of nursery stock this last year over the corresponding period.of 1942. There was, however, a slight increase in fruit-trees, ornamental stock, ornamental seedlings, roots, and peach-pits. Although the quantity of nursery stock is less, the total value of the shipments is greater. R 18 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Exports of nursery stock for the past year have decreased in quantity and number of shipments, but some large shipments of vegetable-seeds to Russia and Mexico have caused a considerable increase in the total value. Interprovincial shipments of nursery stock from points east of Manitoba show a very great increase in bulbs for field planting. An increase is also noted in the quantities of ornamental stock, roots, and vegetable stock for propagation. The greater volume of potato-eyes and onion sets is approximately five times that of last year. In spite of these increases, however, the number of shipments and total value show' a marked decrease. Surveys. The pear psylla (Psylla pyricola Forest) survey, started in 1940, was continued during the past year under the auspices of the Dominion of Canada and Provincial Departments of Agriculture, in co-operation with the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine of the United States Department of Agriculture. Funds and equipment were supplied by the United States Government, together with the operators of the sprayers. These sprayings were carried cut, beginning in June and the final spraying being completed in November. By means of trap-boards a check was kept of the occurrences of the pear psylla on sixty-one separate properties. Nine new infestations were found during late August and early September, as follows: Keremeos, 2; Okanagan Falls, 3; Kaleden, 2; Penticton, 2. The practice of regular inspection of grain elevators in New Westminster, Vancouver, and Victoria has shown very satisfactory results. Recent surveys have shown only slight infestations of mites and practically no grain-moths. For the most part the elevators are kept very clean. Items of Interest. In 1943 the limited supplies of imported walnuts and peanuts, which have been inspected in this Province, originated in India. For the most part they were infested with Tribolium beetle, Ephestia and Plodia moths. In all cases these shipments were fumigated and reconditioned. The cars were steamed out before they were released to the transportation companies. Due to lack of transportation facilities, large quantities of sheep pelts, raw wool, and other animal products have had to be held in Vancouver in various warehouses. An outbreak of larder beetles and moths occurred in certain of these shipments. The prompt action of the warehousemen in following instructions from this Department soon brought these insects under control. Isolated outbreaks of spider-beetles occurred again this year in certain storage plants. Infested stock was isolated and suitable control measures were adopted. A re-examination of the warehouses failed to show evidence of live beetles. An infestation of flea-beetles occurring in the Sumas area, reported in November, caused considerable damage to potato stock intended for export. Eighteen shipments of grain to the United Kingdom were inspected as the ships were being loaded. Since most of the ships are new, examinations of the holds has only been necessary in a few instances. This year several large shipments of alfalfa and vegetable seeds have gone to Russia for the Russian War Relief. In this connection a series of lectures was given in March at the Dominion Seed Laboratory to assist Inspectors in gaining knowledge of the technique used in examination of seeds and plants in relation to seed-borne diseases. During the low point in citrus fruit importations from the U.S.A. this fall shipments of oranges and grapefruit were brought in to Vancouver from Mexico. These DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 19 were not crated and were inferior to the American fruit, both in quality and appearance. Shipping News. For the year ended December 31st, 1943, 1,015 deep sea and coastwise vessels docked at Vancouver. Of this number, none brought nursery stock and forty brought plant products as part of their cargo. This represents a drop from the totals of last year. Passengers' baggage imported from the United States included two via Great Northern Railway. One consisted of two ornamental shrubs and the other of 5 lb. of carrot-seed. Both shipments were released after inspection. Imported Nursery Stock. The following table covers the period from January 1st to December 31st, 1943:— Fruit-trees 44,572 Small fruits 234,873 Ornamental trees and shrubs 553 Roses 22 Fruit seedlings 117,590 Ornamental seedlings 300 Plants 837,526 Roots 300,861 Bulbs 32,150 Scions 852 Total 1,569,299 Miscellaneous. Peach-pits (10,283 lb.) or 719,810* Potato-eyes 7 lb. Wild-rice seed 104 lb. Inspections . 344 Containers 1,078 Value $24,746.35 The countries of origin for the importations in 1943 were: Australia, Eire, England, Ireland, -Scotland, and the United States of America. REPORT OF STATISTICIAN. By George H. Stewart, Provincial Statistician. This report contains statistics of the agricultural industries of the Province of British Columbia. These statistics relate to areas of land under crop and under cultivation; production of the various crops; animals, and animal products. The data shown for the years 1941-42 relating to the area of field crops and numbers of farm live stock is based on information returned from farmers and is prepared in co-operation with the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. The total gross value of agricultural production in British Columbia in 1942 exceeded that of any previous year. Estimated at $73,748,235, the 1942 total is $15,245,358 or 26 per cent, above the revised estimate of $58,502,877 for 1941. * Upon instructions from Ottawa, peach-pits in future are to he reported as " so many peach-pits " estimating 70 to the pound. R 20 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Increases are recorded in the revenue from farm animals, poultry and eggs, dairy products, fruits and vegetables, field crops, honey, wool, fur-farming, and seeds. A decrease is shown in the revenue from tobacco. - The total value of imports is placed at $29,768,618, as compared with $22,720,110 in 1941, an increase of $7,048,508 or 31 per cent. Imports from other Provinces are valued at $27,976,058, compared with $21,068,649 in 1941, while imports from foreign points increased from $1,651,461 in 1941 to $1,792,560 in 1942. The total value of exports is placed at $14,380,765, while in 1941 the e'stimated value was $11,648,588. This represents an increase of $2,732,177 or 23.4 per cent. The 1942 values are the highest ever recorded. FRUITS. From a horticultural standpoint the climatic conditions Were most variable. The fall of 1941 was extremely wet. The winter was, on the whole, mild with light snowfall in the Interior sections and less rainfall in the Coast area than is usually experienced at this time of the year. Dry weather and mild conditions generally permitted the early starting of spring work, but growth on the whole was late in comparison with 1941. Unsettled weather with heavy rains was experienced in all districts up to the middle of July. From that date until the end of October there was continuous dry weather. This was very satisfactory for harvesting crops, but in the case of the apple and seed crops undoubtedly caused a general reduction over early estimates of production. During the month of November there was moderate rainfall in the Coast sections with light snowfall in some of the Interior areas. The apple-crop in all sections was smaller than anticipated. In the Okanagan indications were for a heavy crop. At picking-time the crop was much smaller than was forecast by spring and summer estimates. This was due largely to the dry weather conditions which prevailed for the two months previous to harvesting. In the Kootenay sections the crop was also materially reduced by disease as well as by the drought conditions which were general there as well as in other areas. A reduction of approximately 20 per cent, from original estimates is indicated from the amount of fruit picked. The crab-apple crop was considerably larger than in 1941 and prices were higher than those of last year. The crop of pears, plums, prunes, and cherries was lighter than that of the previous year. Harvesting was carried out satisfactorily and the returns for these fruits were better than in 1941. Peaches and apricots were a heavy crop in all sections and of exceptional quality. Market demand for this fruit was good. In the main small-fruit areas of the Fraser Valley the small-fruit industry has been largely in the hands of Japanese growers. Due to war conditions it was found necessary to move these aliens to points away from the Coast. The result was that many plantings of small fruits originally owned by Japanese were either partly or wholly neglected, with resultant loss of crop. These difficulties, together with unsettled weather at harvesting-time, reduced the tonnage below the anticipated crop in all cases. The production of strawberries and loganberries was less, while that of raspberries and blackberries was slightly larger than that of the previous year. Prices generally were higher than in 1941. The total production of all fruits in 1942 amounted to 321,484,000 lb., valued at $12,209,696, as compared with 271,258,000 lb., valued at $8,350,522, in 1941, indicating an increase of 50,226,000 lb. or 18.5 per cent, in volume and $3,859,174 or 46.2 per cent, in value. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 21 The total production of commercial apples for 1942 is estimated at 243,950,000 lb., of a value of $7,637,384, as compared with 188,106,000 lb., value $4,484,187, in 1941. Of the other fruits, the estimated commercial production and value for 1942 are as follows, with corresponding figures for 1941 within brackets: Crab-apples, 6,082,000 lb., $152,326 (4,360,000, $96,812) ; pears, 15,958,000 lb., $809,040 (16,622,000, $571,- 230) ; plums, 2,924,000 lb., $121,206 (5,166,000, $128,341) ; prunes, 6,028,000 lb., $289,439 (10,814,000, $380,758) ; peaches, 19,156,000 lb., $876,286 (13,974,000, $572,- 336) ; apricots, 4,876,000 lb., $226,744 (3,798,000, $153,607) ; cherries, 4,578,000 lb., $525,563 (4,994,000, $424,580) ; strawberries, 7,352,000 lb., $693,089 (13,924,000, $930,099) ; raspberries, 3,998,000 lb., $441,435 (3,532,000, $293,483) ; blackberries, 826,000 lb., $57,955 (778,000, $42,590) ; loganberries, 1,950,000 lb., $154,268 (2,014,000, $112,251) ; bush-fruits, 3,618,000 lb., $205,824 (2,964,000, $145,142). VEGETABLES. On the Coast the season was fairly satisfactory. The mild open winter permitted the early preparation of land. The broccoli-crop matured satisfactorily and no serious damage was done by the freeze in January. Unsettled weather at seeding and planting time, and to some extent throughout the early part of the season, was not conducive to rapid development. Production, however, was on the whole good and exceeded that of any previous year. Increases are recorded in the production of such vegetable-crops as beets, cabbages, carrots, corn, parsnips, spinach, and turnips. In the Interior the onion acreage excelled last year's but tonnage was under expectations. Fall-planted onions produced an excellent crop of large-size uniform onions, but there were more of them than could be marketed through ordinary channels and many were shipped to the evaporator. Spring-seeded onions made excellent growth until the hot weather in August. Thrips became numerous and mildew suddenly stopped growth. Onions at this time were only two-thirds to three-quarters grown and did not develop further. This small size accounts for the reduced yield. Harvesting weather was the best in years, practically no rain falling since the onions were pulled. The cold, wet spring weather retarded growth of tomato plants and the crop was late in starting. From late July to the end of September favourable weather prevailed, but there was not time to make up for the late start. The bulk of the canning-crop was harvested in September and late-picked tomatoes never have the quality of those harvested in August. As was the case last year, the demand for canning was greater than the supply, and though not a satisfactory tomato year it was an improvement over 1941. The lettuce and celery acreage was very little larger than last year and the crops somewhat below the average in quality. Celery blight was general in the principal plantings at Armstrong and Kelowna. Asparagus yields were also below normal, due to unsatisfactory conditions during the cutting period. Greenhouse vegetables such as tomatoes and cucumbers were produced in quantities approximately equal to last year and marketed at higher prices than in 1941. The aggregate of all vegetable-crops for the year 1942 was 84,265 tons, of a value of $4,476,393, as compared with 76,359 tons, of a value of $3,431,554, produced in 1941, indicating an increase of 7,906 tons or 10.3 per cent, in volume and $1,044,839 or 30.4 per cent, in value. The production of field rhubarb is estimated at 1,160 tons, of a value of $56,121, as compared with 1,107 tons, valued at $40,262, in 1941. A decrease of 52 tons is recorded in the quantity of forced rhubarb produced. The 1942 crop amounted to 443 tons, valued at $44,433. R 22 BRITISH COLUMBIA. The quantity of field cucumbers produced in 1942 amounted to 1,333 tons, of a value of $103,761, an increase of 16 tons over the previous year. Production of hothouse cucumbers in 1942 amounted to 306 tons, of a value of $45,236, as compared with 310 tons, value $36,382, in 1941. Field tomatoes produced amounted to 23,564 tons, as against 23,626 tons in 1941, a decrease of 62 tons. The production of hothouse tomatoes in 1942 amounted to 1,944 tons, valued at $531,976, as compared with the 1941 production of 2,087 tons, valued at $456,552. Other vegetables produced in 1942 amounted to 55,515 tons, valued at $2,779,640, as against 47,417 tons, of a value of $2,095,357, in 1941, representing an increase in quantity production of 8,098 tons, or 17.1 per cent. GRAINS, FODDERS, AND ROOTS. The early part of the season was considerably later than in 1941 and cool, wet weather was experienced until the end of June. The fine, warm days of July brought the crops along and at the end of the month field crop prospects were generally excellent. Weather conditions favoured harvesting and the principal crops showed better yields than in 1941. The total area of the principal field crops in British Columbia in 1942 is estimated at 545,300 acres, as compared with 517,600 acres in 1941, an increase of 27,700 acres. Wheat production in 1942 is estimated at 2,579,000 bushels from 90,500 acres, a yield per acre of 28.5 bushels, as compared with 2,120,000 bushels from 84,800 acres or 25 bushels per acre in 1941. Oats yielded 3,819,000 bushels from 73,300 acres, as compared with 3,725,000 bushels from 81,500 acres in 1941; yields per acre of 52.1 bushels and 45.7 bushels respectively. The yield of barley is estimated at 854,000 bushels from 22,900 acres, as compared with 592,000 bushels from 18,000 acres in 1941; the average yields per acre being 37.3 bushels and 32.9 bushels. Rye is estimated to have yielded 45,000 bushels from 2,000 acres, as compared with 101,000 bushels from 4,800 acres in 1941; yields per acre of 22.3 bushels and 21 bushels respectively. The production of mixed grains is estimated at 253,000 bushels from 6,200 acres, or 40.8 bushels per acre, as compared with 176,000 bushels from 4,700 acres, or 37.5 bushels per acre, in 1941. The yields of other grain-crops, in bushels, are as follows, with the 1941 figures within brackets: Peas, 148,000 (127,000) ; beans, 15,000 (24,100); flax-seed, 30,000 (34,000). The production of all grains amounted to 7,743,000 bushels, valued at $4,746,000, as compared with a production of 6,899,100 bushels, valued at $4,061,000, in 1941. The total yield of hay and clover in 1942 amounted to 484,000 tons from 218,000 acres, or 2.22 tons per acre, as compared with 400,000 tons from 193,000 acres, or 2.07 tons per acre in 1941. Alfalfa yielded 221,000 tons from 69,800 acres, or 3.16 tons per acre, as compared with 200,000 tons from 65,700 acres, or 3.05 tons per acre, in 1941. Fodder corn yielded 47,000 tons from 4,400 acres, or 10.65 tons per acre, as compared with 53,000 tons from 4,600 acres, or 11.53 tons per acre, in 1941. Grain-hay is estimated to have yielded 68,000 tons from 30,000 acres, as compared with 71,000 tons from 32,300 acres in 1941; yields per acre of 2.25 tons and 2.19 tons respectively. The production of all fodders amounted to 820,000 tons, valued at $9,396,000, as compared with 724,000 tons, valued at $7,604,000, produced in 1941. The total yield of potatoes in 1942 was 75,500 tons from 15,100 acres, as compared with 74,900 tons from 15,600 acres in 1941; the yields per acre being 5 tons and 4.80 tons respectively. Turnips, mangels, etc., yielded 39,800 tons from 3,900 acres, or 10.20 tons per acre, as compared with 34,650 tons from 3,500 acres, or 9.90 tons per acre, in 1941. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 23 The average prices up to December 31st received by growers at the point of production for the 1942 crops are estimated as follows, with the revised prices for 1941 within brackets: Cents per bushel—wheat, 80 (75); oats, 44 (45); barley, 61 (60); rye, 63 (64) ; peas, 160 (151); beans, 190 (180); flax-seed, 185 (153) ; mixed grains, 52 (50). Dollars per ton—hay and clover, 12 (11) ; alfalfa, 12.25 (11.50) ; fodder corn, 5 (5) ; grain-hay, 9.50 (9) ; potatoes, 45 (28) ; turnips, etc., 15 (12). The aggregate value of all field crops in 1942 is now estimated at $18,137,000, as compared with $14,178,000 in 1941, an increase of $3,959,000. DAIRY PRODUCTS. The season of 1942 shows little increase in annual total production of dairy produce, although the value of all products is sensibly greater. Creamery butter has given more than its ordinary annual increase to evaporated milk, the output of which is accordingly higher. Cheese and ice-cream have gained appreciably, the latter largely owing to service supply. Fluid-milk requirements increased considerably in all parts and much disturbance of ordinary marketing arrangements and of manufactures has been experienced. Much uncertainty as to the future of dairy demands exists with dissatisfaction at the unprecedented shortage of experienced labour and the wages needed by such help as is available. It is felt generally that returns are not commensurate with expenses in the production of milk for the wholesale fluid market or even for manufacturing. The dispersal and sale of dairy herds, concerning which many rumours have been afloat, has not proceeded at any rate calculated to damage the industry. The transfer to the services or to industry of dairy farm owners and workers has necessitated readjustment and the prices paid for cows as beef have caused the slaughter of more dairy animals than is usual. The total value of dairy production in 1942 is placed at $17,662,371, as compared with $16,209,733 in 1941, an increase of $1,452,638 or 8.9 per cent. The butter output of creameries in 1942 was 5,357,027 lb., as compared with 6,062,442 lb. in 1941, a decrease of 705,415 lb. or 11.6 per cent. Factory cheese is estimated at 879,787 lb. in 1942, as compared with the final estimate of 719,528 lb. for the year previous, an increase of 160,259 lb. or 22.2 per cent. The production of evaporated milk reached an all-time high. The output of the condenseries for 1942 was 603,467 cases, valued at $2,413,868, as compared with 581,806 cases, valued at $2,094,502, in 1941. Ice-cream totals were likewise higher than during any previous season. The combined output of ice-cream and ice-cream mix for the year 1942 amounted to 1,412,705 gallons, valued at $1,612,348, as against 1,357,812 gallons, valued at $1,533,621, in 1941. The quantity of fresh milk consumed in 1942 was 23,525,000 gallons, showing an increase over the previous year of 1,660,000 gallons. LIVE STOCK AND POULTRY. The total numbers and values of farm live stock in British Columbia at June 1st, 1942, are estimated as follows, with the corresponding figures for 1941 within brackets: Horses, 62,000, $5,022,000 (62,145, $4,661,000) ; milk cows, 92,500, $7,215,000 (87,623, $5,432,000) ; other cattle, 236,500, $12,061,000 (229,834, $10,113,000) ; total cattle, 329,000, $19,276,000 (317,457, $15,545,000) ; sheep, 125,500, $1,162,000 (123,116, $1,090,000) ; hogs, 82,000, $1,550,000 (78,542, $1,237,000). The total value of all these descriptions of farm live stock in 1942 amounted to $27,010,000, as compared with $22,533,000 in 1941, an increase of $4,477,000 or 19.8 per cent. R 24 BRITISH COLUMBIA. The total numbers and values of farm poultry in 1942 are estimated as follows, with the 1941 figures in brackets: Hens and chickens, 2,968,000, $2,820,000 (2,777,591, $2,222,000) ; turkeys, 53,300, $165,000 (42,103, $116,000) ; geese, 7,000, $16,000 (6,828, $14,000) ; ducks, 18,600, $19,000 (19,610, $20,000). The total value of all farm poultry in 1942 amounted to $3,020,000, as compared with $2,372,000 in 1941, an increase of $648,000 or 27.3 per cent. As compared with 1941 the following increases are recorded in the numbers of farm live stock and poultry: Milk cows, 4,877; other cattle, 6,666; sheep, 2,384; hogs, 3,458; hens and chickens, 190,409; turkeys, 11,197. The average farm values per head of live stock and poultry in 1942 are as follows, with the 1941 values in brackets: Horses, $81 ($75); milk cows, $78 ($62); other cattle, $51 ($44) ; all cattle, $59 ($49) ; sheep, $9.26 ($8.85) ; hogs, $18.90 ($15.75) ; hens and chickens, $0.95 ($0.80) ; turkeys, $3.10 ($2.75) ; geese, $2.30 ($2) ; ducks, $1.04 ($1). The production of farm eggs in 1942 is estimated at 22,376,000 dozens, valued at $6,937,000, as compared with 20,848,000 dozens,, valued at $5,108,000, in 1941; indicating an increase in quantity production of 1,528,000 dozens or 7.3 per cent. MISCELLANEOUS. Honey production in 1942 is estimated at 1,333,600 lb., of a value of $280,100, as compared with 1,169,040 lb., of a value of $210,427, in 1941; an increase of 164,560 lb. or 14 per cent. The quantity of wool produced amounted to 507,000 lb., of a value of $130,000, as compared with the 1941 production of 459,000 lb., valued at $101,000. Seasonal conditions were not at all favourable to the growth and development of the 1942 hop-crop and, as a result, yields were below normal. Hops yielded 1,202,700 lb. from 1,564 acres, as compared with 1,596,400 lb. from 1,506 acres in 1941; yields per acre of 769 lb. and 1,060 lb. respectively. The average value per pound of hops in 1942 is estimated at 55^ cents, as compared with 35 cents in 1941. The yield of tobacco in 1942 is estimated at 373,000 lb. from 360 acres, or 1,036 lb. per acre, as compared with 766,200 lb. from 640 acres, or 1,197 lb. per acre, in 1941. Due to increased planting in 1942 and satisfactory harvesting weather the estimated value of seed production greatly exceeded that of the previous year. The total value of flower, vegetable, and field-crop seed production for the year 1942 amounted to $901,515, as against $615,033 in 1941; an increase of $286,482 or 46.5 per cent. The value of floricultural and ornamental nursery stock, etc., sold during 1942 amounted to $493,468, an increase of $160,974 over the year previous. The revenue derived from fur-farming during the year is placed at $294,000, as compared with a value of $256,000 in 1941, an increase of $38,000 or 14.8 per cent. REPORT OF MARKETS BRANCH. Ernest MacGinnis, Markets Commissioner. Changed conditions in the marketing of agricultural products because of war economy has given the Markets Branch an opportunity to participate in the various activities which connect production to distribution and marketing, Planned production, adequate labour supply, and even distribution of agricultural products may be compared to the three legs of a stool. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 25 Through the Agricultural Production Committee which has given the lead in developing new types of crops, such as fibre flax, and advising with regard to standard production, this Branch has been closely in touch with war-time planning of agricultural crops in this Province. Reference was made in the 1942 report to a survey of farm labour undertaken then by the Committee, and which disclosed an astounding condition—eight men gone from every ten farms. This report was widely quoted and formed the basis for representations which were forerunners to the new Dominion- Provincial Farm Labour set-up operating in 1943. During the year just concluded, farm labour, the third leg of the stool, has been added to the responsibilities of the Branch and much time given to this important phase of food production. Starting in April and continuing throughout the year, your Commissioner has acted as Secretary of the Dominion-Provincial Farm Labour Service in Vancouver and charged with the responsibility of setting up a system of records to take care of the registration and placing of about 10,000 men, women, and boys and girls in harvesting of farm crops throughout the Province. He also assumed the responsibilities of the Director during the absences of Mr. MacGillivray on organization and inspection work, in this way becoming entirely familiar with the problem and methods adopted for its alleviation. It was possible in January to attend the annual meetings of the Dairy Farmers and Canadian Federation of Agriculture in Calgary, and again in August to take a hurried trip as far east as Winnipeg to get first-hand information on the marketing of the fruit and vegetable crop on the Prairie. As in the past, the staff of the Dominion Fruit and Vegetable Inspection Branch has co-operated very fully in supplying the Branch with weekly reports of prices and crop movements in their respective areas. Though the Markets Bulletin in which these were formerly printed is not issued at present, the information thus supplied gives a constant picture of conditions on the Prairies. During the 1942 season Tree Fruits, Limited, merchandised 8,000,000 boxes and crates of apples and stone-fruits, with a value of over $10,000,000, representing 10,320 car-lots. In addition to this splendid showing, the organization marketed on the Prairies for the Interior Vegetable Marketing Board a very heavy tonnage of vegetables, including approximately 10,000 tons of sacked and heavy crates, vegetables, besides lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, celery, beans and peas (50-lb. sacks), bunched vegetables, corn, peppers, eggplant, etc. An interesting breakdown of the proportion of various fruits going out as packed and to canneries has been prepared by Tree Fruits, Limited, covering the years 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1942 and is shown in Table A. R 26 BRITISH COLUMBIA. rt O -oionotO-oiocitD-* ■ _c-t0cooo- . n 5 o a „ p, PS < c_ W M H (0 £ s—' t 1 co -tf P rA o H [Tj H .5 l«5 « p < i-s a S <-> o H p fe (M r/j -tf H OJ -1 rH «. CO J < n-i &, ca < o H s U o !> a !/3 Z w a k4 p < j 7 J o O Iz; H < H O Ch o H No. 2 Second Early. 5 CJ _ 32,841 34,917 1,181 Ci CO CO 00 eo o t- o LO 6ft Jjg ooo IO o to ddd IO IO •* ' 6ft Q z O m£ rH < H d Z GO a ti m M t. M CO CO CO Oi Ci eo eo" O o to" i O © © IO © © i oi -tf _d j LO LO K3 CO 00 CO LO 6ft >h' J d o m rH xa IO 00 "* -tf i-l -tf CO CO Oi rH IO OJ IO C- CO rH "* CO C-] t- to -tf Ci - g -_« o o o o o to iO o o m o O- rH CO -_< CO O C- t- CO "tf -«tf -"tf €>ft "tf IO 6ft d _. CQ cq o m WHCONNCJIMh C.CO lO IN (MOOOOOOO OOO COOCDOOJOLOO OOO t-CJl>* CC t- rH "tf 00 rH _0 Oi LO "tf eo lo oT oJ lo" CO 00 CO oo" CM O Ci o ■«* cq _ g O O 1 o O "* CQ to od : t-^ co eo ! co eft « OOOO O Oi O O O t> 00 CO LO "tf -tf -tf o £-; CO --. eft s a O d iz; OT _ ca EQ IO IO 00 IO IO i-H o. o o t- to Ol OJ IO CO 00 00 t- CO "tf eo gig o o CD -_f ■"* to "tf -tf 6ft ooo woo CO CO O " IO IO IO 1 o ! S i CO* ] "tf O oi "* «ft c o H -tf Ci ft < > a. 3 0) >-3 to tx < t- 0) B a | 02 tA 0) z o c 1 s > o t-i s 9 P 2 >. 2 5 > 3 J_l 0) A u ti a ■t c E- DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 31 REPORT OF THE HORTICULTURAL BRANCH. W. H. Robertson, B.S.A., Provincial Horticulturist. The winter temperatures during the past season in the fruit producing areas of British Columbia were the lowest recorded for a number of years. In some sections the thermometer dropped to 30° below zero, which in many cases was accompanied by strong winds. Snow came early and in the Interior sections remained on the ground later than usual. The spring was, on the whole, cold and wet, with the result that crop development and growth was at least ten days to two weeks later than in 1942. The following table on tree-blossoming dates for the Kelowna District, as submitted by B. Hoy, District Field Inspector, gives an excellent idea of spring conditions as compared with other years:— Apricots.. Cherries— Pears Apples— April 19 April 24 April 28 May 2 April 9 April 19 April 24 May 2 April 1 April 16 April 20 April 25 April 15 April 24 April 28 May 8 April 22 May 1 May 3 May 15 Generally cool weather prevailed throughout the summer in all sections, with resultant delay in the ripening of all crops. The fall, however, was warm, with very little frost, which enabled harvesting to be carried out in a most satisfactory manner. HORTICULTURAL CROPS. Tree-fruits. Due to the low temperatures during the winter period and unfavourable spring conditions, practically all tree-fruit crops were smaller than those of the previous year. The apple-crop was the smallest recorded for a number of years and approximately 30 per cent, below that of 1942. While tree-fruits, such as crab-apples, pears, and plums, were somewhat less than last year, prunes and cherries were a slightly larger crop. Peaches and apricots were two of the tree-fruit crops that showed the biggest reduction of any. The peach-crop in 1942 was 957,825 crates while the estimated production in 1943 was 476,900 crates, a reduction of 50 per cent. The apricot-crop showed a reduction of 70 per cent., as the crop in 1942 was 243,839 crates and the estimated production for 1943 was 69,700 crates. Harvesting conditions for all tree-fruits were exceptionally good. There-was very little rain during the cherry season, with the result that split cherries were at a minimum. The demand for all tree-fruits has been excellent and the prices on the whole most satisfactory. It might be pointed out, while dealing with this section of the report, that tree-fruit production is a long-period business. The stone-fruits, reaching maturity at an earlier age than apples or pears, are not as long-lived in producing years as are these two fruits. There comes a time, however, when all fruit-trees reach the peak of production and, following that, tend to decline. To offset this decline replanting is undertaken. Furthermore, in addition to the age of the trees, there is the question of maintenance of soil fertility and disease and pest control. Indications of a decline in certain districts are noticeable and the fact is extremely well illustrated in the following statement taken from the report of B. Hoy, District Field Inspector for the Kelowna District:— R 32 BRITISH COLUMBIA. " The following figures over the past ten-year period indicate a decided change in the bearing habits of apple orchards throughout the past three years in the Kelowna area. Boxes. 1934 1,466,384 1935 1,444,968 1936 1,247,242 1937 1,646,448 1,446,219 1938 1,618,046] 1939 1,910,316 L 1,771,262 1940 1,785,424 J 1941 976,289] 1942 1,890,038 V 1,316,775 1943 (September estimate) 1,084,000 J " Average production in three-year periods:— 1935-37 __ 1,446,219 1938-40 1,771,262 1941-43 1,316,775 "The above figures indicate that the peak production in the Kelowna District was in 1939 and the three-year average, 1938 to 1940, shows a considerably higher production than any other period. The average production of the three years, 1941 to 1943, is the lowest in ten years. This low production is especially significant because marketing conditions for fresh and processed fruit have been excellent. In many former years when marketing conditions were not so good there were many apples not utilized that do not show in the above records of yield. "Probable causes of decreased production are: (1.) Old trees declining in production owing to lack of growing-space for root and top. Trees 30 to 35 years old and older are generally producing lower yields than ten years ago. (2.) Increase of codling- moth. Codling-moth increases number of drops and windfalls as well as rendering much fruit unfit for market. (3.) Tarnished plant bug appears to be on the increase. " Steps that might be adopted to remedy the situation are: (1.) A planned system of tree removal, thinning out and replanting in old orchards. (2.) Increased fertilization and more extended studies of soils, fertilizers, cover-crops, and minor soil elements. (3.) Continuation and extension of present experimental and research work in the control of codling-moth and tarnished plant bug." Small Fruits. Raspberries are the only one of the major small fruits that show a slight increase in production over that of 1942. There is every indication that the production of this crop will be maintained as cane-growth during the past season has been satisfactory. Some of the new varieties also seem to indicate improvement in yields. Strawberries show a considerable reduction in total quantity produced in 1943 in comparison with the previous year. While the season may be considered as a normal one as far as climatic conditions are concerned, the planting of strawberries has not been maintained during the past two years. Other factors tending to reduce total yield were inexperienced growers, a severe winter, and a cold wet spring. The market was excellent and prices received were the highest since 1920. Loganberries came through the winter in satisfactory condition and the prospects for a large crop appeared promising. Dry weather during the picking season on Vancouver Island and many neglected plantings in the Fraser Valley resulted in a yield considerably below that of 1942. Like all other small fruits the prices were high and the fruit in demand. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 33 An excellent picture of the production of tree and small fruits is contained in the following table, which shows the actual production for 1942 and the estimated production for 1943:— Kind. Year. Production. Kind. Year. Production. Apples • 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 Boxes. 5,808,352 4,201,800 168,958 85,100 379,963 316,700 Crates. 146,195 114,000 354,631 484,100 957,825 476,900 243,839 69,700 228,939 248,400 Strawberries ...: .— Raspberries Blackberries 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 1942 1943 Crates. 408,473 182,200 222,092 256,400 45,869 59,400 Pounds. 1,949,080 1,561,600 95,785 104,900 432,532 Apricots Gooseberries 400,900 177,329 189,400 2,912,558 2,041,600 Vegetables. The production of vegetables in British Columbia has been materially increased during the past year through the Victory Garden effort. In all towns and villages throughout the Province victory gardening was attempted and generally with outstanding success. A conservative estimate of the production of these gardens is shown in the following table:— Estimated 1943 Victory Garden Production in British Columbia Crop. Estimated Acreage. Production and Yield. Quantity processed. 1,040 . 404 284 186 89% 150 321 3251/z 131 Tons. 5,650 1,870 1,775 1,150 784 1,405 752 5501/2 270y2 Quarts. Beets 297,000 114,000 82,750 29,000 Totals - - 2,931 14,207 522,750 The commercial production of vegetables on the whole was smaller than that of the previous year, even though there was an increased demand by the canneries and dehydrators. The shortage of potatoes during the past spring led to the planting of a larger acreage and yields for the most part have been heavy. In the interior of the Province the tomato acreage was smaller than in 1942. The cold spring interfered with the setting of the plants and retarded growth. There was a heavy demand for semi-ripes and for a while it looked as if the canneries would not be able to operate due to lack of crop. A limit, however, was eventually put on shipments to the fresh market. This action, together with favourable ripening weather during September and early October, resulted in a much better pack than had seemed possible earlier in the season. R 34 _ BRITISH COLUMBIA. The onion acreage was smaller than that of 1.942 and the demand exceptionally good. Harvesting conditions were good, with the result that the crop marketed was of excellent quality. In the case of both celery and lettuce there was approximately the same acreage as in the past. The movement of these crops to the market was good and in the case of celery there was very little for storage. The following table gives the estimated acreage in vegetables for 1943 in comparison with that of 1942:— .__,„,« ... .„_,_,.• ... 1942 Estimated 1943 Estimated Kind. Acreage. Acreage. Tomatoes 3,228 2,507 Onions -___ 1,431 1,006 Lettuce 635 631 Celery 412 421 Cucumbers 171 179 Cabbage 578 750 Cantaloupes 224 191 Grapes. With regard to this crop in the Fraser Valley, G. E. W. Clarke, District Horticulturist, reports as follows:— " There have been very few new plantings of grapes during this past couple of years. Present plantings have been making good growth, but cool wet weather during blossoming reduced the set and as a result bunches for the most part were small and scattered. Cool fall weather prolonged the ripening period, reducing the quality of the crop." In the Kelowna District, where the largest plantings of grapes are located, the following report on this crop is submitted by B. Hoy, District Field Inspector:— " The yield this year was, owing to freezing during last winter, lighter than last year. The crop of European grapes was practically nil, except where extensive precautions were taken to protect them during the winter. " Generally commercial growers are becoming less interested in the production of European varieties. To date no good table variety that will ship has been produced and the difference in price offered for the production of wine varieties growers do not consider great enough to compensate for generally smaller yields and higher production costs. European varieties can still be considered in the experimental stage for commercial plantings." Nut Culture. Nut culture in British.Columbia has not up to the present been undertaken on an extensive scale. The principal plantings have been filberts, of which there are approximately 125 acres. Most of these plantings are on Vancouver Island and in the Fraser Valley. With regard to this industry in the Fraser Valley, G. E. W. Clarke, District Horticulturist, reports as follows:— " The growing of nuts is attracting attention from established farmers and prospective settlers. Many are inclined to make plantings with little thought as to the future possibilities or the problems of growing and handling the various nuts. " Walnuts, sweet chestnuts, almonds, and filberts are being planted. The filbert plantings are becoming fairly extensive, plantings varying in size from a part of an acre to several acres. Some of the larger plantings will be in full production in another couple of years and there will then be an appreciable quantity of these nuts available. Production this year, while not heavy, is showing, with the new plantings coming into bearing, an increased production. Some of the filberts are of excellent grade and quality, others are poorly graded and dried and are not so desirable a product. These are problems that will require adjusting as production increases. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 35 " There are several small plantings of hard-shelled and semi-hard-shelled varieties of almonds and at the present time these nuts are finding a ready local demand." Tobacco. The acreage in this crop shows a reduction from that of last year. Production is entirely in the. Sumas District of the Fraser Valley. The 1942 situation is well outlined in the following statement, taken from the report of G. E. W. Clarke:— " Due to weather conditions tobacco-growers were unable to commence operations as early as usual and the weather at transplanting time was not as favourable as could be desired. This situation, coupled with labour problems, resulted in a reduced acreage in the Sumas area. The acreage cropped is approximately 210 acres and yields will average fairly close to 1,100 lb. an acre. The crop of flue-cured Virginia leaf is now being graded and baled and it is expected shipment will be made to the East in December. " In 1942 the tobacco buyers graded, weighed, and purchased the crop at the car loading point and the growers expect to handle the crop this way this year. Prior to 1942 the crop was loaded and shipped East and the growers received payment on the grade and weights as recorded at unloading point." Seed Production. Seed production in the Province has shown a remarkable increase during the past five years. The supervision of this work is carried out by J. L. Webster, of the Horticultural Branch. In order to give some idea of the extent of this section of the horticultural industry, it seems advisable to quote as fully as possible from the annual report . which Mr. Webster recently submitted:— " Seed Yields and Estimates.—A detailed report on yields and value of all kinds of vegetable-seed produced in 1942 was submitted on April 12th, 1943. A complete estimate of 1943 acreage and yields by kinds and varieties was compiled and forwarded to Victoria on November 15th, 1943. "The following is a comparison of the total value of vegetable-seed produced during each of the past five years, together with a final estimate of 1943 production: 1938,$48,420.67; 1939, $72,130.20; 1940, $153,608.90; 1941, $456,255.81; 1942, $565,885; 1943 estimate, $910,000. " Mangel and sugar-beet seed values are not included in the above. These crops have increased very materially in the past four years as follows: Mangel—1939 $1,742.25; 1940, $1,500; 1941, $4,587.50; 1942, $18,490.15; 1943 estimate, $28,OOo' Sugar-beet—1941, $18,098; 1942, $11,200; 1943 estimate, $40,000. " Flower-seed values, after showing a decline in 1940 and 1941 because of the impossibility of exporting to Great Britain, again promise an increase for 1943. The following values illustrate the trend of flower-seed production from 1938 to 1943- 1938, $26,102.21; 1939, $26,071; 1940, $18,062.60; 1941, $12,773.73; 1942, $27,992.50'; 1943 estimate, $65,000. " The increases shown in 1942 and 1943 are due to renewed demand in Canada for British Columbia flower-seeds, together with a new market in the United States for certain items. This latter market came about due to labour shortages in that country. " We fully expected that 1943 might well be the peak year for British Columbia vegetable-seed production. However, judging from the continued demand for seed, contracts already let for next year, and the extensive plans made by growers, we look forward to even greater production in 1944. " Extent of Industry.—The vegetable-seed industry with all its kinds, varieties, and strains is extremely complicated and detailed in comparison to that of field-crop seeds. The demand for the various varieties and strains is constantly changing and R 36 BRITISH COLUMBIA. the number increasing. There are grown in British Columbia, with the exception of a few unimportant items such as celery, endive, kohl rabi, etc., a fairly complete line of kinds and varieties. We have calculated that there are some twenty-eight kinds and over 200 varieties being grown. " There has been again an increase in the number of growers growing vegetable- seeds classed as ' small seeds ' from 250 to well over 300. This does not include those growing peas and beans or sugar-beet seed. An estimate made of the total number of farmers growing all kinds of vegetable and field-root seed for all firms would indicate that there are in the neighbourhood of 500. " Equipment, etc.—Considerable new equipment needed to meet the expansion in seed-growing and to be used for planting, cultivating, harvesting, drying, and cleaning, etc., has been acquired, by farmer-growers and by the local seed firms. " There were at least an additional five combines purchased for vegetable-seed work this year; making a total of more than twenty in use on vegetable-seed crops. " Another eighteen to twenty seed-cleaners were secured by growers and firms. These included three large 42-inch cleaners, two gravity machines, and three beet drapes. The balance were of the smaller 24- to 30-inch screen type. The following British Columbia firms are now well equipped to clean all kinds of vegetable-seed: B.C. Co-operative Seed Association; B.C. Pea Growers, Ltd.; Wm. Rennie Seeds; and B. & K. Milling Company. There are, therefore, now approximately 100 vegetable-seed growers who are able to clean their own seed. This is a tremendous advance from five years ago when only about a dozen growers and firms were sufficiently well equipped to clean their own seed. " Many more root and bulb storages, drying-sheds, seed-barns, etc., have been constructed—representing an investment probably in the neighbourhood of $100,000 or more. All in all, seed-growing in British Columbia seems to be becoming an important and permanent industry. " Storage of Root Vegetables.—Following the successful experiments in storage of beets and carrots in non-ventilated pits in 1940-41 and 1941-42, we can definitely state that the majority of the seed-growers are now using this type of pit for storage in 1943. Practically all beets and mangel stecklings in the hands of some twenty-five growers are being stored in this manner, as well as possibly 50 per cent, of the carrot roots. " Seed-growers, as well as the Experimental Stations at Saanichton and Summer- land, are continuing to co-operate in experimenting with the proper depths of roots and coverage in the various districts. " Owing to the heavy losses of carrots in storage during the winter of 1942-43, a series of experiments in this type of pit are being conducted by various growers in Grand Forks under direction of the Plant Pathological Laboratory, Summerland, and this office working in co-operation with the District Agriculturist in that district. " Future Recommendations.—There are presently more farmers wishing to grow seed than will be required to completely fill all orders and contracts received by the various growers and firms. " However, more investigational and experimental work is needed on a number of problems affecting several of the more important seed-crops. " Much effort will be required on the part of the various Departments of Agriculture and seed contracting firms to maintain the quality of the seed produced. One of the greatest factors toward this end is to be found in the care taken to produce or select the best stock seed obtainable. Stock seed is that used by the farmer-growers to produce their main or marketable seed-crops and no effort should be spared in seeing that this seed is thoroughly proven, is free from disease, and is of the strain or type required by the most discriminating wholesalers and retailers of seed throughout the world." DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 37 FIELD INSPECTION WORK. Greenhouse Survey. During the past season a survey was made in order to ascertain the total area devoted to greenhouse crops in British Columbia. The following figures indicate the standing of this industry in 1943:— District. No. of Growers. No. of Houses. Area in Sq. Ft. 300 200 36 12 896 969 127 28 2,-206,839 2,684,105 280,449 37,589 Totals - 548 2,020 5,208,982 It might be noted at this time that when the first survey of this kind was made in 1923 that there were 120 growers and 1,905,180 square feet of glass. The 1943 figures indicate an increase of 350 per cent, in the number of growers and a 170 per cent, increase in total glass area. Bulb Survey. The major bulb production areas in the Province are on Vancouver Island and in the Fraser Valley, with smaller plantings in the Okanagan and the Kootenays. There has been a marked increase in the bulb acreage since 1939. With an increased demand and the ability of the growers to turn out an excellent product there is every indication that the growth of this industry will continue. The ninth biennial survey was made this year. The following table indicates the growth in acreage since the first survey was made in 1929:— Total Bulb Acreages. Year. No. of Acres. Year. No. of Acres. 1929 1-9% 200 203V2 209% 1937 249 V_ 257% 315V2 1931 " 1939 _ 1941. . 1933 . 1935 - 1943 Note.—Both the greenhouse and bulb surveys were carried out by the officials of the Horticultural Branch in co-operation with officials of the Dominion Plant Pathological Laboratory, Saanichton, and the staff of the Provincial Agricultural Statistics Branch. Fire-blight Inspection. Fire-blight inspection constitutes a part of the yearly programme of the horticultural work in the fruit-growing sections of the Okanagan. The following table indicates the results of the 1943 inspections:— District. Total Acres inspected. Inspected and passed. Not passed. 216 6,268 5,000 2,534 325 211 6,133 4,965 2,507 310 135 35 27 15 Totals 14,343 14,126 217 R 38 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Nursery Stock Inspection. Routine inspection-work is carried out in all nurseries each year at digging-time or previous to shipment of stock. Inspection of stock is also undertaken during the growing season to ascertain the presence of virus troubles. These inspections are made by your Horticultural officials and by officials of the Plant Pathology Branch. The following table indicates the results of matured stock inspections in 1943:— - Number inspected. Number passed. Number condemned. 24,394 18,393 14,819 10,038 31,971 2,605 23,991 18,215 14,666 9,836 31,042 2,598 403 178 153 202 929 7 102,220 100,348 1,872 Twenty-eight inspections made; 1.8 per cent, of inspected stock condemned. Pear Psylla Control. Although reference has been made in the 1942 report to the pear psylla situation, it seems advisable to again bring up the matter. The subject has been fully covered in various memoranda and reports that have been drawn up during the current year. The following brings the whole situation up to date:— Pear psylla control in British Columbia as proposed for 1943 is closely linked with control-work which has been undertaken in the State of Washington by the United States Department of Agriculture authorities since 1939. In 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1942 United States officials in co-operation with British Columbia and Dominion Department of Agriculture officials scouted all pear orchards in British Columbia in fruit areas adjacent to the International Boundary. No psylla was found until the late summer of 1942 when this insect was found in various orchards in the Oliver-Osoyoos District. When pear psylla was found in British Columbia last year our growers were naturally disturbed, having heard of the work that was being done in Washington and believing that unless huge expenditures were made in British Columbia for control that the pear industry was doomed. As soon as possible after the discovery of pear psylla in the Province arrangements were made to have W. A. Ross, Chief of the Fruit Insect Investigations of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, come to British Columbia and look into the situation. Mr. Ross held conferences with growers and Government officials and inspected the work that was being done in Washington. The results of his observations are as follows:— " Recommended Policy.—This policy may be briefly stated as follows: Teach the British Columbia pear-growers how to live with the insect; urge the owners of orchards known to be infested to employ the methods now being used so successfully in the east—a dormant application of 3-per-cent. oil (200 viscosity) and summer applications of 1-per-cent. white oil, nicotine sulphate, and soap when necessary. (Incidentally, if conditions in British Columbia are favourable to the psylla, growers will literally be forced by the insect to spray or to remove their pear-trees.) Commence control investigations immediately, and, if possible, biological studies with the object of better adapting the foregoing spray programme to meet local conditions in British Columbia. In this connection, it appears highly probable that the codling-moth spray schedule could DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 39 be modified and utilized in combating the pear psylla. The above policy is based on the following facts or opinions:— "(1.) That, while the pear psylla is a very destructive insect, it can be controlled as it is being controlled elsewhere at a reasonable cost. "(2.) That nothing short of complete eradication would justify the cost of instituting suppressive measures similar to those being carried on in Washington and Idaho. "(3.) That we are very doubtful about the possibility of exterminating the insect because eradication would involve:— "(a.) Determining exactly the infested area or areas in British Columbia. Knowing the serious limitations of any system of scouting in locating pear psylla in orchards or areas where it is present in trace proportions,' we question if this can be done. At best, all we could do would be to delineate the area or areas in which the insect had been found: "(b.) Locating and destroying all neglected pear-trees, seedling-trees, and water-sprouts, some of which are no doubt hidden away in wooded country: "(c.) Systematic and very frequent spraying (probably every fifteen days) of all commercial orchards, with a view not of controlling the insect, but of completely stamping it out. How could any one tell when eradication had been attained. The most efficient system of scouting would not give this information; only discontinuing the suppressive measures would, and if this were done and the insect had not been completely wiped out, it would flare up again. The pear psylla could be reduced to trace proportions in all orchards by suppressive measures, and it is conceivable that it could be stamped out in some orchards, but because of its habits, its reproductive capacity, and the fallibility of even the most efficient suppressive measures, the eradication of the insect in large areas appears impossible. "(4.) Particularly at a time like this we could not justify the expenditure of large sums of money on a dubious project." From the foregoing it will be seen that satisfactory control measures could be instituted without excessive expense as was being incurred in the State of Washington. The spraying-work for the control of this pest (aside from the demonstration sprays applied by the Dominion and Provincial officials) was carried out by the officials of the United States Department of Agriculture. The general arrangements are outlined in the following memorandum:— " The British Columbia area (Oliver-Osoyoos) in which pear psylla has been found adjoins one of the fruit areas in the State of Washington in which eradication measures have been carried out. It is quite natural, therefore, that the United States Department of Agriculture officials would feel that such eradication measures should be continued in British Columbia. They were advised, however, that no such measures were contemplated either by Provincial or Dominion Departments. " Later in the season of 1942 L. S. McLaine, Dominion Entomologist, discussed this matter with the United States Department of Agriculture officials in Washington, D.C. The Dominion authorities were agreeable to further discussions of possible eradication measures by the United States Department of Agriculture in British Columbia. The matter was referred to this office and a meeting was arranged in Penticton. At this meeting details of possible future work were discussed. "A second meeting was held in Penticton in March, 1943. At this meeting the United States Department of Agriculture intimated that they were prepared to proceed with a spraying programme for pear psylla eradication. In addition they would continue their scouting programme farther north in the Okanagan. R 40 BRITISH COLUMBIA. " The spraying-work would be carried out entirely by United States Department of Agriculture officials, with some assistance being given by our officials in arranging routes, etc. " The scouting programme would be undertaken in co-operation with Dominion and Provincial officials in so far as time and work permitting. " In order that there should be no misunderstanding on the part of the growers it was thought advisable that a series of meetings should be held to acquaint the growers with the situation. Furthermore, that all United States Department of Agriculture operators should be appointed inspectors in British Columbia under the Provincial ' Plant Protection Act.' " While it was suggested that a series of meetings should be held in order to discuss the question with the growers, it was later deemed advisable to secure their agreement in writing. A petition was therefore circulated (which is on file) which was signed by all growers. The result of this year's work on pear psylla control is well outlined in the following report of R. P. Murray, District Field Inspector, Penticton:— "As a result of visual inspection and trap boards placed at Kaleden, Keremeos, Penticton, and Okanagan Falls, it was found that the pear psylla is scattered throughout all these districts. The Division of Plant Quarantine of the United States Department of Agriculture applied three sprays of oil nicotine or soap and nicotine to all pear-trees in the Oliver-Osoyoos area, spraying a total of 40,042 trees, using an average of 200,000 gallons of spray for each application. In addition, 1,456 trees were sprayed at Okanagan Falls, 242 in Kaleden, and 8,388 in Penticton. Only those orchards found to be infested outside the Oliver-Osoyoos area were sprayed. Controls have been satisfactory and only two cases of very minor damage caused by spraying occurred throughout the season. " The American officials in charge were given what help was needed to expedite the work. Every care was taken by those in charge to see that the work was done thoroughly and carefully with no inconvenience to the owners. Out of all the properties sprayed there was only one complaint of minor damage when one of the trucks backed into a low cement curbing. From the officials in charge to the men doing the actual work it was a pleasure to give what assistance was called for to help carry out the project. " Towards the end of the season, traps were used rather than visual inspection. These traps were very satisfactory and made it much easier to cover a much larger area than the old method of scouting. The traps consisted of a small piece of board about 9 by 6 inches painted a daffodil yellow and given a very light coating of tanglefoot with a little high-test gasoline. The specimens were then sent away for identification. About 200 traps were used in this work. No pear psylla has so far been discovered north of the Penticton District although traps and scouting work was carried out as far as Salmon Arm. As reported previously, pear psylla does not appear to be a difficult insect to control in the dry areas of the Okanagan." Bacterial Ring-rot Control. Bacterial ring-rot was first reported in this Province in 1942 in the Salmon Arm District. A complete report on this matter was submitted in the last annual report for this Branch. The steps taken to control this outbreak and the success obtained are outlined in the following statement taken from the report of C. R. Barlow, District Field Inspector:—'■ " This'disease was discovered in August, 1942, on the farm of B. G. Harrington, at Salmon Arm, in the Sequoia variety. As bacterial ring-rot had not been found in any variety other than Sequoia, and as Mr. Harrington was originally the sole grower DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 41 of this variety, it was deemed possible that by taking steps to ensure that no potatoes originating from Mr. Harrington's original stock were planted as seed this year it might be possible to eradicate the disease. It was found that small quantities of seed derived from the original source had become quite widely disseminated, but the owners of this seed were contacted by your Inspector and arrangements made for its safe disposal. Only four growers were found to have grown the Sequoia variety in commercial quantities and the stock from these growers, amounting in all to 19,150 lb. was assembled in an isolated root-house at South Canoe and on March 8th was shipped to Bulmans, Ltd., at Vernon for processing. The sacks in which the potatoes were stored were returned to the root-house by Bulmans, Ltd., and were disinfected by your Inspector before being returned to the growers concerned. The root-house also was disinfected. A careful check-up has been made for any reappearance of the disease during the season and it is gratifying to note that no evidence of its recurrence has been discovered to date." Since the first outbreak, which occurred in Salmon Arm, another outbreak has been reported in the Ladner District of the Fraser Valley. This is being watched closely at the present time and complete eradication is anticipated. In order to take care of this trouble, regulations have been brought into effect under the " Plant Protection Act." These regulations apply to the occurrence of ring-rot in both imported potatoes and stock produced in British Columbia. HORTICULTURAL DEMONSTRATION-WORK. Strawberry-plant Selection. Strawberry-plant selection-work is under the supervision of E. W. White, District Horticulturist, Victoria, who reports as follows:— "As reported in previous years, this work was carried out at the Dominion Experimental Station, Saanichton, in conjunction with E. C. Reid, who left for overseas duty in 1941. E. R. Hall has carried on the work since that time. " The plot that was planted out in 1942 consisted of a composite sample of plants selected from the best strains which were planted in 1941. This plot which was in conjunction with a variety test plot suffered severely from June bug infestation in 1942 and 1943. " However, about 5,000 plants were sold to growers this year for further trial. Another plot of British Sovereign was set out at the Experimental Station this spring. This was replicated five times and an experiment is being carried out using different methods of applying fertilizer—namely, furrow, side, ring, broadcast, and a check-plot. A 6-10-10 fertilizer at the rate of 600 lb. per acre is being used. " Plants from the new plot were propagated and grown in cold frames this summer and these have been potted up and will be carried over in the greenhouse so that further selection-work can be done and the best plants will be used for propagation purposes next spring." Test of V 121 Greenhouse Tomato. The report on this work has been prepared by E. W. White, District Horticulturist, and is herewith submitted:—■ " Following the successful test of V 121 in 1942 as a spring and also a fall crop, and the disappointment which growers experienced with Vetomold due to mould disease, practically all the commercial greenhouses grew a spring crop of V 121 this year. It has proved quite successful and yields have been excellent. The second or fall crop has not done so well and seemed to be very slow in ripening. " V 121 has proved highly resistant to mould disease. While infection may take place it does not develop. It is probable that V 121 will be grown again next year, particularly as a spring crop." R 42 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Ground Spray for Control of Apple-scab. C. R. Barlow, District Field Inspector for Salmon Arm, under whose supervision the work was carried out, reports as follows:— " This is now the third year in which experiments have been carried out using Elgetol as a ground spray in the orchard of Major C. L. Armitage at South Canoe. In this year's work the whole ground in the experimental orchard was given an application of 1 per cent. Elgetol at approximately the ' green tip ' stage of development. Later a portion of the orchard received an application of lime-sulphur (1-40) in the ' pink' stage only and the remainder received the ' pink' spray plus an additional application of lime-sulphur (1-40) at the ' calyx ' stage. " The dates of application were April 20th for the ground spray, May 13th for the ' pink,' and June 2nd for the ' calyx.' The crop was picked on September 20th and the effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated by examining an adequate number of apples from each plot and comparing the results with those obtained from (a) trees which received no spray whatever, and (o) trees which had received the standard spray schedule for the district (' pink,' ' calyx,' and cover of lime-sulphur) as applied by the average grower. The Mcintosh Red variety only was used in making the checks and the results will be found in the following table:— Treatment. Total Apples counted. Group 1. Per Cent. Clean. Group 2. Per Cent. infected. Group 3. Per Cent, infected. Group 4. Per Cent, infected. Ground spray plus pink Ground spray plus pink and calyx Check (a), no sprays Check (6), regular spray schedule, three L.S. sprays 1,113 3,279 755 917 3,221 191 1,614 82 98 25 64 173 196 54 499 663 18 2 66 26 75 Group 1—Free of scab. Group 2—Pinpoint scab infection, confined to the calyx cup. Group 3—Fruit with scab spots up to a total of not more than one-half square inch in the aggregate. Group 4—Culls due to scab. " It is evident from an examination of the results that the use of a ground spray may have a definite place in the scab-control schedule for the Salmon Arm-Sorrento District. This spray followed only by one lime-sulphur application in the ' pink ' stage gave more effective control than the three lime-sulphur sprays as applied by a grower. When followed by both ' pink' and ' calyx' applications, control was almost perfect. Though the season was not a particularly favourable one for the development of scab, as is indicated by the amount of infection on the unsprayed checks, the comparison of the results with those obtained by the regular lime-sulphur schedule suggests a definite recommendation for the use of this spray. One of the principal advantages to be derived from such a procedure would be the elimination of foliage and fruit burning which so frequently follows the application of the later applications of lime-sulphur as at present commonly employed. This experiment has been carried out in collaboration with G. E. Woolliams, Plant Pathologist at the Dominion Experimental Station at Summerland, B.C." Orchard Mulch Experiment. The results of this work are briefly outlined in the following statement submitted by C. R. Barlow, District Field Inspector, Salmon Arm:— " This experiment, the object and details of which are explained in your Inspector's annual report for 1941 and 1942, has been carried on into its third year, and it will be necessary to continue the work for at least another year before definite conclusions can be arrived at. At the present stage it is sufficient to state that yields on the mulched plot have been heavier than those on the clean cultivated plot and that, as is evidenced by terminal growth measurements and foliage colour, vigour of the trees on the mulched plot is also superior to that of the trees under clean cultivation. " Records and data have again been kept relative to terminal growth, yield per tree, quality of fruit, soil moisture and humus, quantity and value of alfalfa used in . mulching, and cost of application. " Your Inspector wishes .to acknowledge the valuable assistance which has been rendered in this work by J. C. Wilcox, Horticulturist at the Summerland Experimental Station, who kindly made the soil-moisture determinations and has also made many valuable suggestions as to procedure." Deblossoming Sprays. This work was carried out in the Vernon District under the supervision of H. H. Evans, District Field Inspector. His report follows:— " This project was instituted as a crop-thinning experiment through application of spray materials which would destroy a percentage of the crop prior to blossom set. Through the excellent co-operation of T. P. Hill, manager of the Coldstream Ranch, a block of fifty-seven Wealthy trees was obtained, free from any restriction as to the materials to be used, injury which might occur, or results obtained. , " Materials used were Elgetol supplied by the Provincial Department of Agriculture and Dinitro Cresol compounds supplied by the Dominion Entomological Branch, Vernon, which also assisted in preparing the compounds of Dinitro Cresol. "A total of twelve plots was sprayed, with the number of trees per plot varying from eight to ten. Applications were made by your assistant and W. Baverstock with the departmental equipment. " Pre-blossom spray was applied May 10th and 11th, when trees were showing general bloom of the first crown bud. Full-blossom spray applied May 20th. Weather cool and windy at both spray periods. One tree in each of the pre-blossom sprayed plots was again sprayed at full blossom. This was thought advisable as a double check on thinning and foliage-injury results, in that the early application gave indications of indifferent results on some plots. " In preparing the spray formula both Elgetol and the Dinitro compounds were reduced to the true percentage of actual active salts in each material, in order to make the dilutions comparable. " Trees checked for foliage-injury, May 31st. " Trees checked for thinning results, July 5th. " Intermediate checks were made to note progress. " Plot 1: Elgetol at 0.2 per Cent. Dilution. Pre-blossom spray: Foliage-injury light. Thinning results poor. Crop still too heavy and bunchy. Full blossom spray: Foliage-injury medium severe. Thinning results very fair, but still too bunchy. Double sprayed tree: Foliage-injury medium severe. Thinning results very good, still too many clusters. " Plot 2: Dinitro Dry 40 per Cent, at 0.1 per Cent. Dilution. Pre-blossom spray: Foliage-injury slight. Thinning results fair. Clusters fairly well singled. Crop still too heavy. •Full blossom spray: Foliage-injury slight to medium. Thinning results very good. Clusters well singled. Double sprayed tree: Foliage-injury medium to severe. Crop very well thinned. Possibly a little too heavy. R 44 BRITISH COLUMBIA. "Plot 3: Dinitrocreselate Sodium Solution at 0.2 per Cent. Dilution. Pre-blossom spray: Foliage-injury medium. Thinning results very fair. Clusters fairly well singled. Crop still too heavy. Full blossom spray: Foliage-injury medium. Thinning results very good. Clusters well singled. Double sprayed tree: Foliage-injury medium to severe. Crop too heavily thinned. " Plot 4: Elgetol at 0.4 per Cent. Dilution. Pre-blossom spray: Foliage-injury medium. Thinning results fair. Clusters still too bunchy. Full blossom spray: Foliage-injury severe. Thinning results very good. Possibly thinned a little too heavily. Double sprayed tree: Foliage-injury very severe, some spur-killing. Crop thinned much too severely. "Plot 5: Dinitro Dry 40 per Cent, at 0.2 per Cent. Dilution. Pre-blossom spray: Foliage-injury medium, slight spur-injury. Thinning results excellent. Clusters well singled and crop nicely thinned. Full blossom spray: Foliage-injury medium to severe. Thinning much too severe. Crop almost cleaned off. Double sprayed tree: Foliage-injury very severe. Spur kill light to medium. Crop almost cleaned off, much too severe. " Plot 6: Dinitrocreselate Sodium Solution at 0.4 per Cent. Pre-blossom spray: Foliage-injury medium. Thinning results very fair. Crop still too bunchy. Full blossom spray: Foliage-injury medium to severe. Clusters well singled. Crop thinned a little too heavily. Double sprayed tree: Foliage-injury very severe. Spur kill light to medium. Crop much too heavily thinned. " Notes.—Sodium Laurel sulphate at 1 oz. to 100 gallons was added to all sprays as the wetting agent. "As previously mentioned, both spray periods were windy. Observations showed heaviest spray-injury on windward side of trees. This suggests necessity of applying these sprays under calm weather conditions. " Foliage-injury.—Light: Indicates up to 50 per cent, of leaves injured to greater or less extent. Medium: All foliage more or less injured. Severe: All foliage badly burned and slight defoliation. Very severe: All foliage badly burned. Light to heavy defoliation and some spur-killing. " By July 5th all trees were back in very active growth and by mid-August trees had made excellent growth and appeared quite normal. Even with severe injury to trees at spraying-time, the excellent recovery made indicates no danger of permanent tree damage. Crop left on the trees developed normally by harvest-time without hand- thinning, except on plots where the clusters were not sufficiently broken up. It will be interesting to observe effects of this work on the 1944 crop. " With some improvement of technique in future work there appears good promise of such sprays becoming an active and satisfactory thinning agent of certain apple varieties which are costly to thin and low to medium price in market values." Bee Repellent Sprays. Work with bee repellent sprays in 1943 is a continuation of similar work started in 1942. The following report on the work undertaken during the past season is submitted by H. H. Evans, District Field Inspector:— " In 1943 two orchards were selected (the Hayes orchard at Larkin and the Johnson orchard at Armstrong) in order to ensure absolute isolation of the two materials used. " The work was again conducted in co-operation with W. H. Turnbull, Provincial Apiary Inspector; also the North Okanagan Bee-keepers' Association, through the good services of F. Bettschen, of Vernon, who supplied bee colonies for the test. " Hayes Orchard.—Formula: Arsenate of lead, 4 lb.; commercial creosote, 1 pt.; water, 100 gal; lignum pitch as an emulsifier, S1^ oz. " This block consisted of approximately 3 acres of old neglected trees and several varieties. Delayed calyx and three cover-sprays were applied. Owing to foliage- injury in the first and second sprays the creosote was reduced to V_> pint per 100 gallons on half of the block for the last two cover-sprays. No further burning was observed on either block after the first two applications. " Injury Notes.—Yellow Transparent: Edge-burn of spur-leaves and some yellowing of terminal growth leaves. " Wealthy: Medium foliage and fruit burn general. " Mcintosh: Definite injury to spur-leaves and medium fruit-russeting. " Golden Russet: Slight to medium foliage-burn and fruit-russeting. " Jonathan: Medium foliage-burn and fruit-spotting. " Alexander: Medium foliage and fruit burn. " Transcendent Crab: Very slight foliage-burn. " Pear, unknown: Slight foliage-injury, heavy fruit-burn. " Many clumps of sucker-growth were more or less severely burned, depending on susceptibility. " Johnson Orchard.—Formula: Arsenate of lead, 4 lb.; crude carbolic acid, 2 oz.; water, 100 gal.; lignum pitch, 3V2 oz. " This block consisted of IV2 acres of medium-sized mature trees receiving fair attention. The spray programme was similar to that on the Hayes orchard. " Injury Notes.—Snow: Light to medium foliage spotting and very slight fruit- spot. " Duchess: Very slight spotting on foliage and fruit. " Wealthy, Mcintosh, Crab-apple: No injury to either fruit or foliage. " Materials and Labour Costs. Lead arsenate, 176 lb., $21.12; spreader, 9% lb., $1.40 $22.52 Creosote, 21 pints, $1.78; crude carbolic, 1% pints, 28 cents.. 2.06 Labour and machine, 36 hours @ $2.50 90.00 Total cost $114.58 "Notes.—Comparative cost of the repellent materials per 100 gallons of spray; creosote, 8V2 cents; crude carbolic, 21/4 cents. " Cover-crop in the Hayes orchard consisted of white and red clovers, alfalfa, yellow sweet clover, and grasses. This was never cut during the season. " Cover-crop in the Johnson orchard was alfalfa. This was harvested prior to application of the last cover-spray. " Inspection of apiaries was made by Messrs. Turnbull and Bettschen within twenty-four hours prior to and following each spray. " Bees in the creosote sprayed block were apparently gassed and partially paralysed by fumes for several hours following each spray. This did not occur where carbolic acid was used. " No loss of bees occurred in either block from arsenical poisoning. R 46 BRITISH COLUMBIA. " In 1942 no evidence of burning from the repellent materials was observed. Why burning occurred in 1943 is unexplainable at present. Tree and climatic conditions, also variability of chemicals, may each or all have been contributing factors. In July creosote was procured from another source and one spray of each type of creosote applied to a block of Wealthy trees. The type used in the repellent sprays caused slight bronzing of the foliage but no burn. The second type produced no injury whatever. The set-up in the creosote block was ideal for recording data from the standpoint of poisoning and repellent action. In the carbolic acid block conditions were less ideal and results obtained appear less certain. " The promising possibilities of this work warrant its continuation for at least o"ne more season." Celery B]._ght Control H. H. Evans, District Field Inspector, who was in charge of this work, reports as follows:— "This work was projected in 1943 following a serious outbreak of blight in Armstrong celery fields during 1942. The demonstration was divided between two fields having different moisture and humidity conditions. The Jong Lee field carries a high water-table and high humidity. The Wong Chog field has a lower water-table and lower humidity. " Tests were made on the early and mid-summer crops of yellow and green types of celery, also on the winter crop of late green Utah type celery. " C.I.L. standard copper-lime dust was the control material used. Applications were made with a D. & B. rotary fan duster. Amounts used on plots were at the rate of 30 to 40 lb. of dust per acre. " Early Crop Test.—For this purpose two seedling frames each of the yellow and green types were dusted in the beds, April 12th and 17th. Field planting made April 20th and 21st. Periodic observations were made for appearance of infection to the new growth as field dusting was contingent on its appearance. " No infection appeared either on treated or untreated plants up to harvesting of the crop. This obviated further work on this series. " Late Crop Tests.—On the Wong Chog ranch, May 15th, sufficient seed for one cold bed frame was dusted with Semesan and same seeded on the 18th. " June 16th, two frames of seedlings were dusted on Jong Lee series. At Wong Chog's all seedling beds were dusted. Field planting commenced June 25th. " Field observations were made at intervals and no infections noted until August 17th. Several showers of rain fell in the district between August 6th and 10th and heavy rains August 21st to 23rd. By August 25th infection was general but not severe. Dusting of commercial fields was now becoming general. " Demonstration Plots, % Acre each. " Wong Chog. Plot. Bed dusted. Field dusted. Copper Lime per Acre. Observations. 1 2 June 16 June 16 Aug. 25 Sept. 1 Sept. 8 Sept. 8 30 lb. 401b. September 8th: Old foliage medium infection, new foliage clean. September 28th: Slight infection on new foliage at tbis time. Remarks as for above. June 16 " Jong Lee. Sept. 8 40 lb. September 8th: Old foliage carrying- medium infection. September 28th: Old foliage showing heavy infection. New foliage general light to medium infection. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 47 " Observations.—Dusting of late celery saved any crop loss. Early dusting'is necessary for reasonable control. Number of dustings required may vary with amount of precipitation and humidity conditions of the field. Seed treatment does not appear to help control of blight. Germination was reduced and retarded in the dry dusted seed; no explanation for this can be advanced." Sweet Corn Trials. This project continues several years' work in the testing of varieties and hybrids of sweet corn in the Vernon District and is reported on by H. H. Evans, District Field Inspector:— " The early part of the season was not favourable for corn-crops. Cold soil conditions delayed planting and early growth, also causing loss of seed by rotting. Later development was normal. Cultural practices by the operator were good but hindered somewhat by labour shortage. " Loss was again prevalent on low cobbing varieties from depredations of pheasants. These birds are a distinct menace to corn-crops producing cobs below 30 inches above ground-level. " Plots were %00 acre each; hill planted; spaced 40 by 22 inches apart; twenty- five hills in each plot were checked for records. Quality and rating maximum is 10 points. Records taken August 10th and 20th. " Sweet Corn Comparison Table. Variety. Height. Type, Colour, and Condition. Yield in Cobs per Hill. Ready for Fresh Market. Quality, 10. Rating, 10. Dorinny O.D. 529 4 ft. 10 in. Cob medium low set, medium long; very small core, well filled, 8-rowed; grain 2.9 Aug. 12 9.0 9.5 Dorick O.D. 530 6 ft. 6 in. golden, med. large, deep, sweet, rich, skin slightly tough. Cob med. high set, med. long, large; core med. large, well filled, 10-12 rowed; grain light golden, small, shallow, sweet, rich, tender. 2.6 Aug. 20 8.5 9.0 Dorking O.D. 571 (poor germination) 4 ft. 10 in. Cob med. low set, med. size and length ; med. core, well filled, 12-rowed; grain yellow, small, med. deep, sweet, rich, tender. 1.6 Aug. 23 8.5 9.0 4 ft. 6 in. Cob high set, med. length and size ; core very small, well filled, 8-rowed; grain golden, med. size, deep, rich, sweet, 3.5 Aug. 17 9.5 10.0 tender. Golden Early Market- Spancross 6 ft. 6 in. 7 ft. 6 in. Cob med. high set, long, large; core large, well filled, 12-14 rowed; grain yellow, large, med. deep, med. sweet and richness ; skin slightly tough. Cob high set, long, large; core large, well filled, 12-14 rowed; grain yellow, med. small, shallow, med. sweet; skin 3.3 . 2.1 Aug. 15 Aug. 27 8.0 8.0 9.0 8.5 Topcross Whipples 8 ft. slightly tough. Cob high set, long, large; core large, well filled, 12-14 rowed grain yellow, med. size and depth, med. rich and sweet, tender. 2.1 Sept. 4 8.5 9.0 Topcross Bantam 8 ft. Cob high set, long, large; core med. size, well filled, 10-12 rowed; grain light golden, deep, med. size, rich, sweet, tender. 3.9 Sept. 6 9.5 9.5 " Summary.—Over several years of testing many varieties and hybrid strains of sweet corn, a considerable amount of information on performance and adaptability has been recorded. R 48 BRITISH COLUMBIA. " As indicated by the general high quality and rating, also the extended maturity period of this season, an excellent selection for commercial producers is now available. Saachem, a variety not in this year's series, should be added to the list." Tarnished Plant Bug Control. The work undertaken in past season and herewith reported on was carried out in the Kelowna and Penticton Districts. For the Kelowna District the work is reported on by B. Hoy, District Field Inspector:— " For years this has been one of our major insect pests and no adequate control measures have been available. After discussing control possibilities with members of the staff of the Dominion Entomological Branch it was decided to try and kill this insect while it still remained in the cover-crop. " Preliminary small-scale tests indicated that Pyrocide dust, derris dust, 4-percent. Diesel oil alone and with 1 lb. ' Dinitro Dry' added would kill tarnished bug. " The encouraging results in killing tarnished bug with Pyrocide led us to treat about 2 acres with the power duster in the Wilson orchard in Glenmore. With this treatment sweepings taken before and after spraying indicated about an 80 per cent. kill. " Diesel oil, 4 gallons, and 1 lb. 40-per-cent. dinitrocresol to 100 gallons of water was applied to about 1 acre of alfalfa cover-crop in Keloka orchard. This treatment also gave an excellent kill of both tarnished plant bug and Buffalo tree-hoppers. This spray was applied September 1st. " On November 1st and 2nd three 240-gallon tanks of the Diesel and Dinitro mixture as used at Keloka was applied to the cover-crop in the Wilson orchard at Glenmore. This will be checked for tarnished bug damage in the spring. " While much more work needs to be done to find a satisfactory treatment for tarnished bug, the lines followed this summer seem to hold promise. In all of these experiments the Dominion Entomological Branch furnished the material and the Provincial Department furnished the sprayer and assisted in the application." With regard to tarnished plant bug control in the Penticton District the work as carried out there is outlined as follows by R. P. Murray, District Field Inspector:— " Two trial plots were dusted for the control of tarnished plant bug. Only one application was made and this was applied just as the blossoms were in the full balloon stage. Results do not show anything very conclusive. This might be possibly due to the cool weather that prevailed during the period when the tarnished plant bug is usually active. Why there should be such differences in the two lots dusted is rather hard to explain. One lot had been heavily infected for a number of years which may account for a larger population, where as the other lot is surrounded by wild land that makes an ideal overwintering quarter for tarnished plant bug. From the results listed below neither Rotox nor Pyrocide dust gave very much in the way of control:— " Smith Lot.—Variety, Rochester; dusted, April 22nd: Rotox, 66 per cent, cat- faced ; Pyrocide, 63 per cent, catfaced; check, 69 per cent, catfaced. " Corbett Lot. — Variety, Rochester and Veteran; dusted, April 28th: Rotox, Rochester and Veteran, 1.203 per cent, catf aced; Pyrocide, Rochester 5.56 per cent, catf aced, Veteran, 3.7 per cent, catf aced; check, Rochester, 5.87 per cent, catf aced, Veteran, 0.47 per cent, catfaced. " Further experimental work on tarnished plant bug was started this autumn, the idea being to see if the adults could be controlled before hibernation. Plot 1 consisted of 1 acre of full-grown Bartlett trees with a heavy cover-crop of buckwheat and weeds with a very heavy infestation of tarnished plant bug, 176 being swept up with an ordinary net in a space of about 10 feet square. This plot was sprayed with Diesel oil 41/2 per cent, plus dinitrocresol dry 4 per cent. The cover-crop and weeds only were sprayed using approximately 500 gallons of spray per acre. The plot was swept the next day and only four live tarnished plant bugs were recovered. Plot 2 consisted of approximately 3 acres of Rochester peaches and was dusted with Pyrocide dust at the rate of 100 lb. to the acre. Before the dust was applied 172 adults were captured in a space about 10 feet square and the day following the dusting the plot was again swept and only one adult recovered. This plot had a fairly heavy coverage of weeds and some alfalfa. Since no check will be possible on the controls obtained until next spring no further report on this piece of work is possible. Apparently this method does destroy tremendous numbers of adults, but there is the possibility of severe infestations coming from surrounding lands if the weather is favourable for tarnished plant bug. The spraying and dusting was done October 13th under almost ideal weather conditions." Codling-moth Control. The control of codling-moth is one of the most important problems in the successful production of apples in both the Okanagan and Kootenay fruit-growing areas. Necessary demonstration-work is undertaken in Vernon, Kelowna, Penticton, and other sections. It is impossible in this report to give in detail all the work which has been done during the past season. A brief summary of the work in the Kelowna District, as outlined in the report of B. Hoy, District Field Inspector, gives a general idea of the spraying-work attempted in all sections:— " This was a light-crop year and though cold weather prevailed throughout the first-brood period many orchards were very heavily infested with codling-moth this fall. The cold weather last winter and the late spring had little or no effect in reducing the infestation. Favourable weather for codling-moth during August and September no doubt was a factor in building up the infestation. " Considerable difficulty was experienced in applying first-brood sprays owing to wind, but spraying conditions later in the season were satisfactory. " Materials recommended for codling-moth spraying were the same as in 1942. Radio bulletins dealing with codling-moth control were broadcast over CKOV throughout the spraying season. " At the Hard orchard in East Kelowna further tests were made by the Dominion Entomological Branch in co-operation with this Department. The materials used were nicotine bentonite mixtures with various types of oil. Mississippi bentonite was used in' two plots. Results indicated this new type of bentonite worthy of further trial. If this type of bentonite is successful it should lower the cost of fixed nicotine sprays. It can be mixed in the tank with nicotine sulphate and oil and when sprayed on the fruit leaves a deposit that can be removed with ordinary wipers. " In Keloka orchard further tests were made by this Department in co-operation with the Dominion Entomological Branch. Phenothiazine, Black Leaf 155, and Black Leaf 155 plus added bentonite were tested. The check-plots received standard sprays of arsenate of lead and cryolite. " Ammonium dinitrocresylate, 4 oz. to 100 gallons of spray, and nicotine sulphate, 0.25 pint to 100 gallons of spray, were tested side by side on large plots in Keloka orchard. This material was given to the grower and was added to all the standard sprays of arsenate of lead and cryolite. Both of these materials are considered capable of killing moths. Owing to the light crops no definite results could be recorded. " Fixed nicotine (Dominion Entomological Branch formula) made by Canadian Industries, Limited, was given to two growers in the Glenmore District. This was applied in two second-brood sprays and compared with Cryolite and Black Leaf 155. Both growers report the C.I.L. material at least equal to Cryolite or Black Leaf 155." 4 R 50 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Plum and Cherry Aphis Control. An excellent idea of the work undertaken during the past season is given in the following statement from the report of R. P. Murray, District Field Inspector, Penticton :— " Trials were started this season to control the cherry-aphis and mealy plum-aphis on prunes by the use of dormant oil and nicotine and dormant oil with various forms of dinitrocresol. This work was undertaken to try and find a more effective and cheaper method of controlling these two pests. Four plots of cherries and four plots of Italian prunes were used; all were fully matured trees. Each plot consisted of ten cherries and four Italian prunes. The spraying was done April 5th. The buds had passed the dormant stage and were just beginning to show a green tip. It was intended to have the spray applied earlier, but weather conditions were unfavourable and delayed the work. Although the buds were rather advanced for dormant oil, no spray damage showed in any of the plots. The following procedure was followed:— (1.) Dormant oil, 4 per cent.; nicotine sulphate, 1 pint; water, 100 gallons. (2.) Dormant oil, 2 per cent.; dinitrocresol dry, 1 lb.; water, 100 gallons. (3.) Dormant oil, 2 per cent.; elgetol, 3 lb.; water, 100 gallons. (4.) Dormant oil, 2 per cent.; home-made elgetol, 3 lb.; water, 100 gallons. " Four check-trees were left in the middle of the cherry plots and one Italian prune. Observations were made during the season and the sprayed trees were practically free of aphis during the entire growing period, while the check-trees in the cherry plots showed a light infestation. The one Italian prune had very few aphis, but was badly affected by the prune leaf-spot, whereas the sprayed trees had fine healthy foliage. This may be only a coincidence, but it is intended to repeat this work during the coming season to see if this early spraying will not only control aphis but also if it has an effect on prune leaf-spot. Since all the spray treatments gave good aphis control without injury it is felt that the dormant oil 2 per cent, plus dinitrocresol dry 1% lb. per 100 gallons of water can be safely recommended to growers because it is efficient and the least expensive of any of the spray treatments so far tried." Poison-ivy Control. The work on the control of this weed was carried out by R. P. Murray, District Field Inspector. Mr. Murray's report follows:— " Numerous inquiries have come to the office for the best methods of handling poison-ivy. Ordinary weed-killers have been tried with varying degrees of success. " This season a 50-lb. drum of ammonium sulfamate was obtained to test its effectiveness on poison-ivy. Four trials were made—one at Osoyoos, two at Oliver, and one at Penticton. " In two of the trials, the poison-ivy was well established along wooden flumes that leaked rather badly; in the other two patches the plants were growing in rock- piles. The first two patches were treated in June, using 1 lb. of ammonium sulfamate to 1 gallon of water, applied with a hand-sprayer, using roughly 1 gallon to 100 square feet. It took about three days for the plants to wither and with only one application there has been no sign of regrowth, even where moisture conditions were favourable. The two patches growing in the stone-piles were treated in late July at the same strength as the other two. So far there is no sign of regrowth." Mealy-bug Control. Mealy bugs are commercially important only in the Kootenay Districts. Control- work in the past has been carried out by E. C. Hunt, District Horticulturist, collaborating with the staff of the Dominion Science Service. Mr. Hunt's recommendations and report on this year's work are herewith submitted:— DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 51 " This insect is on the increase. The past two seasons with cool, damp summers have been ideal weather for a heavy build-up of this pest. Growers on the whole were more successful with their control sprays than last year, but a great many did not spray at all for this insect. The sprays used were the Diesel oil 6 per cent, and the dormant oil of 110 viscosity, 4 per cent. Most growers used the Diesel oil as it was somewhat cheaper and the control just as good as the 4-per-cent. 110-viscosity oil. Indications are at this time that a much larger quantity of the Diesel oil will be required next year in this district for the control of this insect. Many growers had to wash and wipe their apples this fall, due to the heavy deposit of sooty fungus on the fruit, after a heavy infestation of the mealy bugs. It is considerably cheaper to use the dormant oil sprays in the control of this insect than to have to wash and wipe the fruit at harvesting-time, especially when help is so short and expensive. Mealy bug parasites sent out from the Dominion Parasite Laboratory, Belleville, Ont., were again liberated in this district. This year they were liberated at Bonnington Falls, South Slocan, Gray Creek, and Queens Bay. Previous liberations were made at Creston, Boswell, Harrop, Longbeach, Willow Point, and Robson." Little Cherry Investigations. A very satisfactory summary of the situation as it stands at the present time is contained in the following report by E. C. Hunt, District Horticulturist:— " Work in connection with the cause of the ' little cherry' trouble is still going on and after another year the investigators are not a great deal nearer to the solution. So far, none of the work done has changed the opinion that the trouble might be a virus. On the whole, the cherry-crop in the infested areas was somewhat improved over other years. In fact a marked improvement in Bings but less in Lamberts. The trouble has not appeared in any new section this past season. Sixty tons of cherries were put up at Harrop this past season in S02 and most of this was from the areas affected with ' little cherry' trouble. A full bearing cherry orchard of about 5 acres was purchased this last year in the Kootenay Bay area for further experimental work in finding a solution to this cherry trouble. The orchard was well fertilized last spring and again this fall and at the present time the trees are looking quite healthy. Budding was carried out in July by the staff of the Dominion Plant Pathological Laboratory at Summerland on a large number of trees and results will be checked next season. This is a test to prove or disprove the trouble is a virus. Further work will be carried on with different tests next year. Your assistant spent considerable time with the men on this work as well as carrying out his own, such as pruning, fertilizing, and cutting the undergrowth around the trees. The young cherry orchard planted at Columbia Gardens has been discarded and further work there will stop. Some young cherry-trees have also been planted in the Willow Point area for testing different root stocks and their effect on the fruit when they reach the bearing age." Cover-crops and Fertilizers. The orchard cover-crop work as carried out in the Vernon District consisted of four plots of 2 acres each of alfalfa, yellow sweet clover, wild white clover, and mixed grasses. The plots were under the supervision of H. H. Evans, District Field Inspector, from whose report the following statement was taken:— " This project, laid down in 1941, is now well established. Reseeding was made of a small portion of the white clover plot in 1943. The yellow sweet clover plot will need reseeding next spring. " The past summer showed a distinct difference in tree appearance of the plots. The wild white clover plot had the best terminal growth and foliage appearance. Alfalfa and yellow sweet clover were next and about equal. The mixed grasses plot R 52 BRITISH COLUMBIA. trees showed definite stunting of growth, small and yellow foliage, with general appearance of low vitality. To overcome this condition the plot was fall fertilized with ammonium sulphate at 20 lb. per tree. Fertilizer was supplied by the Provincial Department of Agriculture and applied by your officials." In the Penticton District R. P. Murray, District Field Inspector, reports as follows on the cover-crop work undertaken in that area:— " Continuing the work of past years cover-crop plots of oats, buckwheat, and sweet clover were seeded May 3rd. This was rather late to seed annual cover-crops in this district, but pressure of other duties prevented getting this done. " In addition to the crops mentioned above a trial seeding of strawberry clover was made. The plot is roughly about % acre in extent. " The oats, buckwheat, and strawberry clover were broadcast, lightly harrowed, and the surface packed with a float. The sweet clover was drilled in with a hand- seeder in rows 18 inches apart. Due to the continued dry weather and no irrigation- water available the sweet clover did not germinate and with the strawberry clover only a partial catch was obtained. This has been left and has been forming quite a few seed-heads, possibly enough to give a reasonable stand next season. The oats and buckwheat did very well. On July 15th the buckwheat and oat plots were sampled, giving a total yield of ll1^ and 7% green tons per acre. Both oats, and buckwheat were in the milk stage when sampled. " This year on the oat and buckwheat plots there were definite signs of tree response with a very much improved physical condition of the soil. As has been reported previously the site of these plots was part of a seepage area where the ground had become very densely packed and almost impervious to irrigation-water, although a drainage system was installed several years ago to take care of seepage conditions." Some fertilizer-work in orchards throughout the Okanagan has been undertaken, particularly in the Kelowna District. The results, however, are so inconclusive that it does not seem advisable to go into detail as to the work which has been carried out. Raspberry Variety Trials. The raspberry trials as carried out in 1943 are a continuation of the work undertaken in the past. In addition to commercial varieties that are at present on the market, and which are being tried out in different sections of the Province, there have also been tried certain seedling introductions from the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. One or two of these give indications of having some commercial value. This work will be continued. Pruning Demonstrations. Pruning demonstrations were undertaken last winter in different parts of the Province. The largest attendance is in the Coast sections. The instructional work given was similar to that provided in the past. The following table indicates briefly the number of demonstrations, etc., for 1943; . No. of No. of District. Demonstrations. Pupils. Islands 11 262 Lower Mainland 3 132 Okanagan 3 13 Total : 17 407 CROP REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS. As in the past, the Horticultural News Letter was issued from the Vernon office under the supervision of M. S. Middleton, District Horticulturist, who reports as follows:— DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 53 " The Horticultural News Letter was issued from the Vernon office during the 1943 season. This was sent out every two weeks from May 15th to September 18th, a total of ten issues. Approximately 285 copies of each issue were sent out. The following crop estimates were compiled and issued with the News Letter:— Small-fruit Estimates, May 29th. Vegetable Acreages, June 12th. Stone-fruit Estimates, June 26th. Tree-fruit Estimates (Apples, Pears, Crabs, Grapes), July 10th. Revised Tree-fruit Estimates, August 21st. " Fruit and vegetable crop production figures, as well as crop estimates, have been compiled from time to time throughout the season. These have been issued as required and also supplied to the Statistics Branch for inclusion in the Agricultural Statistics Report of the Agriculture Department." Horticultural circulars have been revised and reissued and new circulars printed in order to meet the ever-increasing demand for information on horticultural subjects. REPORT OF THE FIELD CROPS BRANCH. C. Tice, B.S.A., Field Crops Commissioner. The extreme winter conditions of 1942-43 were detrimental to many field crops. As a result there was considerable winter-killing in legumes, grasses, and winter wheat. Hay-crops, alsike clover, red clover, and timothy seed production have been considerably reduced due to unfavourable climatic conditions. Grasshoppers were very bad in some districts and were responsible for much loss of crop. Potatoes and other root crops have turned out well, whilst grain was an average crop. The fibre flax crop in the Fraser Valley was spotty, but there were some exceptionally good fields. The following report is made by M. S. Middleton, District Horticulturist, Vernon, regarding field crops and general farm conditions in his district:— " The season has not been a very favourable one for general farm crops. We had excellent harvesting weather but the yields were generally lighter than usual. The hard winter damaged alfalfa stands in many areas and as a consequence this crop was much lighter than usual. The fall grain-crops were also damaged to some extent and the yields were only fair. Spring-sown grain-crops especially on heavy clay land were extremely patchy and generally poor. The demand for hay has been very great and many farmers have sold themselves short, and others who planned to buy locally are being disappointed. As a consequence many are selling off some of their cattle and much unfinished stuff is passing through the stockyards at present. Permanent pasture and after-growth has been the poorest for years. The late fall weather has been moist and mild and stock is still being pastured, which is helping to save the winter feed which is short. The ensilage crops were,also much lighter and less well matured than usual in the valley." SEED PRODUCTION. In co-operation with the Dominion Plant Products Division every effort has been made to stimulate the production of forage and grass seeds. In view of the Federal Government's advice that increased supplies of legume-seeds would be required, this office lost no time in advising district agricultural officials and seed-growers' organizations of the situation. Farmers were advised to save all the legume acreage possible for seed purposes providing it would make good clean seed. R 54 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Due to the winter-killing which took place in several of the legume-crops during the winter of 1942-43, many farmers found themselves forced to cut all the acreage possible for hay purposes instead of saving it for seed. As a result the production of some legume and grass seeds was much lower this year than last. On the other hand, the production of mangel and sugar-beet seed, according to John L. Webster, District Inspector, is much higher than last year. At the time of preparing this report the final figures for field-crop seed production in the Province for the year 1943 are not available. The following table represents the estimated production for 1943 and the full production for 1942:— Estimated Production 1942 for 1943. Production. Lb. Lb. Alfalfa 200,000 63,000 Red clover 120,000 320,000 Alsike clover 115,000 250,000 Timothy 754,000 1,500,000 Sweet clover 100,000 White clover , 2,700 Brome grass 10,000 16,000 Crested wheat-grass _ 2,000 4,000 Kentucky blue-grass 1,000 Creeping red fescue 200 3,000 Reed canary-grass 2,000 Orchard grass 31,000 Mangel 80,000 52,829 Sugar-beet : 400,000 140,000 Field corn 1,500 5,000 SOIL ANALYSIS. A large number of soil samples have been submitted to this office for analysis during the year. The analytical work has been undertaken by S. S. Phillips, Assistant Field Crops Commissioner, by means of the Spurway method of analysis. Of the 288 samples analysed, 237 originated on Vancouver Island and 190 came from in and around the City of Victoria. The enthusiasm displayed in Victory Gardens was no doubt responsible for the large number of samples received from this latter area. It is interesting to note that during the years 1940, 1941, and 1942, 494 samples of soil have been analysed by this office for nitrogen, phosphorus, potash, and calcium content. Of these samples, 74.2 per cent, have shown some degree of acidity, the pH ranging from 5.0 to 7.0; 23.7 per cent, of the samples have been neutral in reaction. FEDERAL FERTILIZER SUBVENTION. It will be recalled that in March, 1942, the Federal Government authorized by Order in Council the payment of a subsidy to farmers on certain fertilizers when used on specified spring-sown feed crops. The amount of the subsidy was calculated on the following basis: 40 cents per unit of nitrogen, 20 cents per unit of available phosphoric acid, and 20 cents per unit of water soluble potash in the ton of fertilizer. In June the same year a new Order in Council was passed extending the policy to December 31st, 1943, but the amount of subsidy was reduced to 30 cents per unit of nitrogen, 15 cents per unit of available phosphoric acid, and 15 cents per unit of water soluble potash in the ton of fertilizer. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 55 Your Commissioner, who handled the administration of the policy in British Columbia for 1942, was therefore required to continue supervision of the work which for convenience has been carried on in the Court-house, Vancouver. However, the bulk of the office work has this year been capably handled by A. McNeill of the Department of Agriculture staff in Vancouver. As it will be early next year before a complete compilation of the records will be possible, it may be stated now that many more claims have been handled this year than last, but the total amount of the subsidy paid will be less. The total number of claims handled in 1942 was 1,692 and the total amount of subsidy paid was $13,415.60, representing 1,729.6 tons of fertilizer. In order to make the policy as widely known as possible and also to ensure a better understanding of its requirements, a special circular was prepared, printed and distributed. LIME. Considerable attention has been given to the matter of lime supplies for farmers. Grant S. Peart, Fertilizers Administrator at Ottawa, and Frank Foulds, his assistant, visited the Province during the year and went into the matter thoroughly. Meetings were attended, at which representatives of the Provincial and Federal Departments of Agriculture and lime manufacturers were present. Your Commissioner has also on several occasions personally interviewed the lime manufacturers and discussed the lime situation with them. The two largest lime plants in the Province are located on Texada Island. Both of these plants have for some time been busy in turning out lime for war purposes. Due to shortage of labour and equipment the production of lime for agricultural purposes has been slowed up considerably. However, the situation has improved very much of late and it is expected that in the very near future increased quantities of lime will be available for agricultural purposes. Last spring the Wartime Prices and Trade Board at Ottawa set a ceiling price of $7.50 per ton on agricultural hydrated lime, f.o.b. scow, Texada Island. Since then nearly 4,000 tons of this type of lime have been manufactured and put on the market, for which the Federal Government is paying the manufacturers a subsidy of $1 per ton. Later on in the year a ceiling price was set on ground limestone. These prices are as follows: $3 per ton in new sacks, f.o.b. scow, Texada Island, and $2.75 per ton in old sacks, f.o.b. scow, Texada Island. Since these prices are below the cost of production a subsidy of 75 cents per ton is to be paid the manufacturers of ground limestone by the Provincial Department of Agriculture. This, however, will be refunded to the Province by the Federal Government. As a further aid to farmers to secure lime at a reasonable price, the Provincial Department of Agriculture is paying a subsidy of $1 per ton to bona-fide farmer purchasers of lime. FIELD CROPS UNION. There were 148 members of the Crops Union this year, distributed as follows:— Members. Vancouver Island 35 Central British Columbia 28 Kootenays 9 Interior . 32 Fraser Valley __, 10 Cariboo 15 Peace River 17 Northern British Columbia _ 2 R 56 BRITISH COLUMBIA. There were twenty-eight distinct tests available to members of the Union as compared with thirty-three the previous year. Your Commissioner is Secretary-Treasurer of the Association. STOCK SEED OF CEREALS AND ROOTS. The following quantities of stock seed of various kinds and varieties of cereals and roots produced at the University of British Columbia were placed by this office during the year:— Lb Marquis wheat 890 Red Bobs wheat 700 Red Wing flax 230 Victory oats 2,604 Eagle oats 1,054 Olli barley 500 Storm rye 600 Kharkov wheat 300 Ridit wheat . 800 Yellow intermediate mangel 24 U.B.C. Bangholm Swede turnip 25 It should be stated that this seed is sold to farmers at a considerably reduced price. HYBRID FIELD CORN TESTS. The tests with hybrid field corn were continued this year on individual farms in the Interior, Cariboo, Fraser Valley, and on Vancouver Island. The seed of these tests was again supplied by Dr. S. E. Clarke, Agrostologist of the Dominion Experimental Farm at Swift Current. Samples have been taken wherever possible and the same have been forwarded to the Swift Current Station for dry-matter test. The following hybrids were under test this year: KE-2, KS-2, KM-2, KY-55, Wisconsin 355, Wisconsin 525, Wisconsin 570, and Wisconsin 279. The various plots were inspected during the growing season and green weights were taken at harvest-time. The complete results of these tests are not available at the time of preparing this report. WEED-CONTROL. Weed-control work receives as much attention as time permits. One Weed Inspector—namely, H. D. Mclvor, of Fort St. John—was appointed for the north side of the Peace River. This official worked under the immediate supervision of Sub-Inspector Mansell of the B.C. Police at Pouce Coupe. Tom Crack, District Agriculturist at Pouce Coupe, handled the situation on the south side of the Peace River. Some demonstration-work in the control of weeds by means of chemicals continues to be undertaken. GRAIN SCREENINGS. As Walter Sandall, District Field Inspector in the Department of Agriculture, Court-house, Vancouver, is the official responsible for issuing permits required in connection with the movement of screenings and also for recording the tonnage of ■ screenings which have been sold, that section of his report pertaining to this matter is quoted herewith. " Up to October 31st, sixteen permits to remove screenings were issued to feed dealers covering various quantities. All permits expire at the end of year of issue. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 57 " During the first ten months of 1943, which ended October 31st, manager's reports showed that approximately 771 tons of screenings, including all grades, have been consumed locally. This quantity is slightly more than for the corresponding period of last year, but is still much below the requirements for this material, which, when available, is normally about 7,000 tons per year. Due to the extremely light movement of grain shipments from British Columbia grain elevators, the supply of screenings has become very limited. " During the first ten months ended October 31st, 426 tons of refuse screenings have been exported by dealers, while 681 tons of refuse screenings and 125 tons mixed feed oats have been shipped direct from British Columbia elevators to the United States. " In an endeavour to control the weed situation which might arise from the use of screenings, occasional visits have been made to co-operative associations and other dealers in stock feeds situated in or near the farming districts of the Fraser Valley to ascertain if any unground screenings are being distributed in the country districts, thereby eliminating the danger of weed contamination from that source. It may be mentioned here that No. 1 and No. 2 feed screenings are the only grade available to dealers or consumers in or near the farming districts. They are also available to the farmer, although it is many years since an individual farmer was known to have purchased unground No. 2 feed screenings. It is questionable if any grade of screenings contain the food value per dollar as compared to other feed-grains. Ground screenings are chiefly used in the manufacture of various feeds; other ground grains, etc., are added which enhances its food value. The manufactured product is subject to inspection by officials of the Dominion Plant Products Division, where it is analysed for weed-seed content, as well as protein, fat and fibre. " Appendix No. 2 will show the quantity of screenings of each grade removed from British Columbia grain elevators each month, ended October 31st, 1943, as compiled from the manager's reports." CAMPBELL RIVER LOGGED-OFF LAND SEEDING. On October 29th, 1943, an inspection was made of the Campbell River logged-off land seeding by L. Todhunter, who, in the spring of 1939 seeded some 2,000 acres of burned-over land to timothy and alsike clover, sweet clover, white Dutch clover, and subterranean clover. The seeding was carried out immediately after the big fire which occurred in the fall of 1938. It was very gratifying to note at the time of this inspection that all the clovers which at the previous inspection had almost entirely disappeared were now growing in abundance, the plants being strong and vigorous. The areas seeded to timothy and alsike are again an excellent stand and there is much evidence of natural reproduction. In most cases the seed-pods were shattered and much new growth was noticed. It was also noted that there is a gradual spread of plants to areas which had not previously been seeded. Cattle are running over parts of the area and are keeping the clover plots well grazed. Deer, which are fairly numerous in the district, are closely grazing the other areas which are seeded to clover. The sweet clover now appears to be making better progress, and although there were very few plants of this year's growth bearing seed it was very evident that from last year's plants much reproduction had taken place, large quantities of young plants being found, which at the time of inspection were from 4 to 6 inches in height and appeared to be very healthy. These plants will no doubt produce a good crop of seed next year. A small area located about a quarter of a mile south of the forest nursery where the soil is a silt loam continues to show an exceptionally good growth of subterranean R 58 BRITISH COLUMBIA. clover, although this area is now becoming infested with willows and alder shrubs. Other areas seeded to this clover are showing equally good results. The white Dutch clover has made a remarkable comeback, areas seeded to this type showing much better growth than at any previous inspection. A plot seeded to white Dutch and where the plants had all disappeared was given dressings in the fall of 1942 of superphosphate, basic slag and 6-10-10 fertilizer. This was applied in small plots at the rate of about 400 lb. per acre, and to a portion of each plot lime was also applied. The results of these tests were very interesting. The superphosphate and lime plot was extremely good, there being much bloom and seed still in evidence. The plants were also spreading by the creeping stems which were developing numerous roots. From the phosphate alone there were also good results. Basic slag and lime was only fair as might also be said of the basic slag alone, although some good patches were noted. The 6-10-10 and lime plots showed fair results, but was quite patchy, as was also the plot to which fertilizer alone was applied. It was, however, noted in this particular plot that a very good stand of native grasses had become established. B.C. FERTILIZER BOARD. Six meetings of the B.C. Fertilizer Board were held and attended by your Commissioner during the year. These meetings discussed various topics pertaining to the fertilizer industry in the Province. Correspondence is received from time to time from the Fertilizer Administrator at Ottawa regarding fertilizer supplies which requires the attention of the Board. In addition to this the Board recommends to the Administrator the fertilizer mixes which will be allowed to be manufactured for sale in the Province. The following is the approved list of fertilizers for manufacture and sale in British Columbia in the fertilizer trade-year ending June 30th, 1944:— 0-14-10 0-24-20 2-12-10 (for tobacco only) 6-30-15 2-16-6 6-18-12 4-12-8 8-24-16 8-10-5 10-12-10 6-7-6 (organic) It should be pointed out that fertilizer is one of the most important materials for the production of essential food products. Although figures are not yet available showing the consumption of fertilizer in British Columbia for 1943, it may be stated that there was a considerable increase in consumption over the previous year, probably 25 per cent. Present indications point to the fact that there will be sufficient fertilizer materials available to meet our requirements in 1944. However, due to the general shortage of potash this material is being supplied on a quota basis. For this reason it has been necessary to reduce the potash content of fertilizer mixes. THRESHERMEN'S REPORTS. In compliance with the requirements of the " Noxious Weeds Act" threshermen are required to file annual statements of the amount of grain threshed for the current year. Special forms are furnished them for this purpose. Appendix No. 3, attached to this report, gives the amount of grain and seed threshed in the various districts of the Province for 1942. It will be some time before the 1943 returns are completed. The statement has been prepared from returns submitted by the various district agricultural officials. MECHANIZED FARMING. It is interesting to note in travelling through the Province the gradual changes taking place on the farm. This is particularly noticeable in the case of farm machinery. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 59 Hand-labour and horses are being replaced with power-driven machines. The shortage of labour during the war has no doubt been largely responsible for this. The large number of small combines in use throughout the Province is very much in evidence at harvest-time and during the past couple of years the pick-up baler seems to have become very popular in some sections of the Province. There are several types of these machines on the market which require from one to several men to operate. Your Commissioner has observed that some of the large ranches which put up several thousand tons of hay a year are solving the labour problem by means of the pick-up baler. Reports received so far indicate that these balers are proving satisfactory. MISCELLANEOUS. During the year this office has received an increased number of inquiries regarding soil and crop problems. This has no doubt been due to the greater interest being shown by those on the land in improving the yield and quality of their products. The Victory Garden movement has also been responsible for a large number of telephone calls and visits from those seeking information on soil and plant problems. In conclusion, your Commissioner wishes to express his appreciation to the University of British Columbia and the Federal Department of Agriculture for their helpful co-operation during the year. REPORT OF PROVINCIAL PLANT PATHOLOGIST. J. W. Eastham, B.Sc, Plant Pathologist. Special delivery tags to the number of 1,326 were issued, as compared with 777 for last year. Of these, 1,007 were divided almost equally between two mail order houses in Winnipeg and consist, so far as returns have been received, of small orders for the home garden of ornamentals, asparagus, rhubarb, strawberries, onion sets, etc. In addition, 90 tags were issued to cover shipments of forced daffodil bulbs from Manitoba to be grown under quarantine until considered fit for planting stock. Fifty tags were issued for greenhouse plants. In addition 107 shipments without tags were inspected at Vancouver, exclusive of potatoes. These were mostly small shipments from nurseries and private persons, but included several consignments of onion sets from Manitoba for the trade. One of these consignments consisted of 107 sacks, another of sixty-seven, and require rather careful inspection for onion smut, which occurs in Manitoba but has not been found so far in British Columbia. Since the passing of the Bacterial Ring-rot Regulations all private shipments of potatoes from the Prairies have been inspected for this disease. Owing probably to the potato shortage last year there have been considerable shipments this fall, of one to six sacks each, to consumers in Vancouver, although our local supplies are now more than adequate. These have been about equally from Alberta and Saskatchewan. No indications of the disease have been found so far. Fortunately most of the shipments have been from points outside the known area of infection. PLANT DISEASES. No new diseases of importance were noted but one or two which have been present for some time occurred in an unusual degree of severity. Bean Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus).—This disease was first noticed in British Columbia in 1935 in the plantings of two Japanese growers at Pitt Meadows. Since R 60 BRITISH COLUMBIA. then an occasional heavily attacked planting has been found on the Lower Mainland, but, on the whole, the bean-crop has not been seriously affected. This year, however, an outbreak of serious economic importance occurred in the Matsqui District, in a number of acreage plantings of Kentucky Wonder beans being grown under contract for the canners. In some fields the yield was reduced 50 per cent., only two pickings being made instead of the usual four. Also, spotting of the pods with rust pustules was frequent, while spores were produced in such quantities that picking was made disagreeable for the pickers. This disease is not usually considered serious in the northern areas of bean cultivation. The Canadian Disease Survey only records an occasional serious infestation, sometimes only of garden proportions. Even in New York State it is stated to be not serious enough to call for any measures of control or the use of resistant varieties, the reason being given that the disease does not " appear before the last of August, and by then the plants are so far matured that little injury is sustained." (Cornell Est. Bull. 58, rev. 1935.) This also appears to have been the case in previous years at Matsqui, the disease having been noticed only at the time of the last picking. This year, however, the whitish aacial stage was plentiful on July 15th and uredinia appeared a few days later. The secial stage is said to be rare and often omitted in the life-cycle, but it was very abundant in this case. Measures of control consist chiefly in the use of resistant varieties. Kentucky Wonder, the most popular variety with the canners in British Columbia, is generally regarded as one of the most susceptible varieties, although certain strains have been found less susceptible than others. In the South, dusting with sulphur, or spraying with wettable sulphur, has been found effective, while copper fungicides are said to have little value, and may even be injurious to the plants. Whether such sulphur sprays would be effective under our rather low temperatures can only be determined by actual test. It is proposed to carry out some tests along both lines, using one of the fields heavily affected this year. The matter of a variety to replace Kentucky Wonder is complicated by the fact that the resistant variety, if such is found, must be acceptable to the canners. Moreover, as the seasonal conditions resulting in an epidemic may not recur in the same district for some time, it may be necessary to continue the test over a period of years. Coryneum Rot of Sweet Cherries.—The twig-blight of stone-fruits due to Coryneum Beijerinckii is not uncommon, especially on peaches, both at the Coast and in the West Kootenay. Spotting of apricot fruit has also been found in the latter area, but this crop is of no commercial importance there. This year quite a serious rot of ripening cherries occurred in several orchards at Boswell. Bing and Centennial were the chief varieties affected, the heaviest infection reaching 25 per cent. The rot is a firm one, the fruit gradually drying up. Spore production was copious on the infected fruit. In America this disease, as it affects the cherry-crop, does not seem to have attracted much attention. It is possible that sanitary measures, including the destruction of rotted fruits, and pruning out and burning of blighted twigs, may be all that is necessary for control. What spray programme is necessary or desirable to supplement these measures will have to be determined experimentally. Possibly the new organic spray material " fermate" may prove satisfactory as a fruit protectant. It seems to have given encouraging results as a pre-harvest spray in protecting cherries against brown rot and grey mould. " Little Cherry " Disease in the Kootenays.—Last year, no evidence was found of this disease outside of the West Arm of the Kootenay Lake and slightly east of Nelson. However, as reported in the annual report for 1942, after the return of Mr. Foster and myself, suspected trees were reported from Gray Creek, Boswell, and Creston. This DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 61 year an inspection was made when the Lamberts were ripe, in conjunction with E. C. Hunt. The trees at Gray Creek, which bore rather small fruit last year, were bearing normal fruit this year. Mr. Twigg also reported that the suspected tree at Creston bore normal fruit this year. However, several orchards at Boswell showed what seemed to be clear evidence of the disease. The outbreak of the disease here is not easy to account for unless by the introduction of infected nursery stock from the West Arm, of which no evidence was found. The previously known area of infestation being along the West Arm, and the nearest point across the lake, as well as the ferry terminus, being at Gray Creek, it seemed natural to suppose that if the disease spread across the lake it would appear at Gray Creek rather than at Boswell, 10 miles or so farther on. However, if, as is almost certain, infected insects are the agents of transmission, these might be carried by the wind or on the cars, and escape in a more or less haphazard manner. The project, mentioned in the 1942 report, of using an isolated cherry orchard at Kootenay Bay for research purposes was satisfactorily arranged. The Provincial Government has leased this orchard for a term of years and the Plant Pathologists of the Dominion Laboratory at Summerland have put in a large number of buds from trees known to be suffering from " little cherry " and from wild cherries (Prunus emarginata) growing in the infected area. This should provide a final answer to the two questions which have to be disposed of before any control campaign can be undertaken, namely: (1) Whether or not the disease is transmissible—i.e., is a virus; (2) whether or not the native cherries, which are so abundant in the Kootenay Lake area and which show no symptoms, are nevertheless infected and " carriers " of the disease. Canker of Cultivated Blueberry Bushes.—There are a few commercial plantings of cultivated blueberries on Lulu Island and in these a canker disease of the twigs and branches has been observed for some years past. Usually it is only a minor trouble but in individual bushes, where one or more of the main branches are attacked low down, the injury may be severe. Fruit-bodies do not appear to be freely produced, but' this year cankers bearing fruit-bodies, submitted to I. L. Conners, of the Division of Botany at Ottawa, were identified by him as those of Godronia Cassandrss Peck (Fusicoccum putrifaciens Shear) an organism which is the cause of one of the most important storage-rots of Cranberry fruits. The Plant Disease Reporter (U.S. Dept. Agriculture), Vol. 26: No. 22, records it as occurring on various native species of Vaccinium in Alaska and the Pacific North-west, but not on the Eastern species from which most of our cultivated plants originated. The Canadian Plant Disease Survey No. 11, 1931, however, reports severe injury to cultivated high-bush blueberries of eastern origin in a small planting in Quebec Province, resulting in the death of fifteen plants in a total of fifty. NURSERY INSPECTION. The inspection of commercial nurseries on Vancouver Island and in the Fraser Valley for virus diseases of stone-fruits was postponed until near the end of June on account of the backward season. No plants were found with virus symptoms and the standard of health was good. Evidence of the shortage of skilled labour was noticeable, especially in the large numbers of " misses " in budded stock. FALSE CHINCH BUG. (Nysius ericse.) In the absence, through illness, of the Provincial Entomologist, some inquiries and observations were made on an infestation of great numbers of a small hemipterous insect along the West Arm. Specimens sent to W. Downes, of the Dominion Division of Entomology, were identified as above. R 62 BRITISH COLUMBIA. A wide range of plants was attacked, potatoes, especially the medium early kinds, suffering rather severely. Some plots of the variety Warba in particular looked as if hit by a late frost. The tips of the shoots withered up and the leaflets rolled up into tubes in each of which would be up to fifty of the insects. Raspberry fruit also suffered, the berries sometimes being smothered in bugs. Such berries showed shrivelled and discoloured when packed. Amongst garden flowers stocks showed much deformation and other injury to the blooms. Large numbers of the insects were found attacking Swede turnips at the level of the ground and appeared to cause a corky layer to develop which later cracked, opening up the flesh. These insects are very small, less than a quarter of an inch in length and in the adult stage extremely active, not only running with great rapidity but taking flight on very slight disturbance. At the date of first observation (July 28th) only winged adults were found. The insect is apparently a native one which only occasionally becomes numerous enough to do serious injury. Mr. Downes writes that an injurious outbreak was reported by the late R. C. Treherne in 1918, but he has not heard of one since. The injury this year was chiefly along the West Arm and extending up the lake to Kaslo. Inquiries were also sent in to Mr. Downes from Trail. At Creston specimens of the insects could be found only by searching and there was no evidence of injury. In the Columbia Valley between Fairmont and Canal Flats some fields of Netted Gem potatoes being grown for certification showed occasional rolled leaflets containing the insects but injury was negligible. Considering the past history of the pest, it is quite likely that it may not be of any consequence again for some years; such at least is to be hoped as control measures are difficult. A small-scale test of dusting with derris is said to have had little effect owing to the activity of the insects. Possibly derris and nicotine dusts if used in very early morning or on a dull day when the insects are sluggish, or if applied early in the season before they acquire wings, would be satisfactory. It is not likely, however, that when the leaves have rolled up as in the case of potatoes, and the insects are hidden inside, that either sprays or dusts will be very effective. VICTORY GARDENS. Several addresses were given on diseases and pests to newly organized garden clubs and some of the co-operative plots provided under city auspices were visited. Throughout the growing and harvest season a constant stream of inquiries by telephone and personal calls at the office were dealt with. However, the troubles were all such as might be expected and no new pests or diseases were brought to light. MEDICINAL PLANTS. There is little to report in reference to medicinal plants. A few inquiries were received from prospective purchasers of native drug plants in the East and they were given the names of such collectors as are known to us. Armica seems in much demand and brings several times the pre-war price, the flower heads being used. Our large- headed A. cordifolia is abundant in many parts of the Interior and one collector at least is organizing sub-collectors through the schools, etc., with the aid of a coloured chart. An interesting observation was made at a ranch between Canal Flats and Fairmont, where Caraway (Carum Carui) was found well established and growing freely along irrigation-ditches. The farmer had been mowing it in the belief it might be poison hemlock. It was pointed out to him that there was a good market for the seed of this at the present time and from the way it was growing it might be a useful side-line. MISCELLANEOUS. Considerable time was spent in conjunction with R. Glendenning, of the Dominion Entomological Division, and G. E. W. Clarke, District Horticulturist, in drawing up DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 63 estimates of insecticide and fungicide requirements for 1943 for the Lower Mainland for the Dominion Pesticides Requirements Committee. No new weeds were found or reported, but specimens of Loisels' mustard (Sisymbrium Loeselii) were found at Athalmer in the Columbia Valley. Previously this plant was only known to occur in a small area just east of Kamloops. A short address was given to the Waldo Stock-breeders' Association on plants poisonous to stock and illustrated by specimens gathered in the vicinity. From the discussion which followed it would seem that cases of poisoning are more numerous than might be supposed from the cases that are reported. With the renewed appointment of a District Agriculturist at Cranbrook more information may be forthcoming. A series of herbarium specimens was exchanged with the Provincial Museum and a number of plants new to, or rare in, British Columbia contributed to the National herbarium at Ottawa. REPORT OF ASSISTANT PLANT PATHOLOGIST. The Assistant Plant Pathologist, W. R. Foster, reports as follows: Requests for information in 1943 showed a considerable increase, not only in respect to Victory Gardens, but also for vegetable-seed crops and orchards. Twenty-one lectures and addresses were given during the year and ten articles given to the Press. On Vancouver Island the losses due to disease were greater in potatoes than in any other crop. Possibly this was mainly due to lack of an adequate supply of certified seed potatoes. Leaf-roll and mosaic were responsible for the greatest damage. Club- root of crucifers continues to spread to more gardens, mainly through the purchase of infected young plants. As a consequence of the cool wet spring, damping-off caused a good deal of loss. Later in the season, blossom-end rot of tomatoes was common. Bacterial Ring-rot of Potatoes (Corynebacterium sepedonicum).—This was found for the first time in potatoes grown on Vancouver Island. A shipment from Manitoba was disposed of to an army camp at Esquimalt because inspection showed the presence of a few tubers infected with the disease. Although the officers in charge were notified of the presence of the disease in the shipment, owing to the shortage of other seed some tubers were planted in the army garden. When the disease appeared, however, the Assistant Plant Pathologist was notified and an attempt was made to eradicate it. Vegetable-seed Crops on Vancouver Island. Cauliflower.-^-This seed crop was attacked by many diseases, but losses in most cases were slight to moderate owing to the care taken by the growers. The following injuries and diseases were observed:— (1.) Frost: Losses of seedlings and young plants were considerable during the cold spell in January. The greatest number killed were in greenhouses insufficiently heated. Young plants in well-built cold frames, covered to protect them from sunlight, survived, in one case, —6° F. and in a number of cases 7° F. About 40 per cent, of plants out of doors survived 25 degrees of frost. (2.) Drought: A nearly complete failure to set seed was observed at one grower's. (3.) Excess moisture: Damage was observed in low spots in a number of fields. (4.) Blindness: Cause undetermined. About 1 to 2 per cent, of young plants in nearly all seed-beds or in the field were found to be blind. One grower had about 40 per cent, of blind plants. Whiptail was suspected but the Ph of the soil was 6.9, considerably higher than the average for the soils of the district, and plants not blind did not exhibit any other symptoms of whiptail. (5.) Bolting: One grower, whose plants had a severe check, lost them all. Another, whose plants began to bolt, was successful in preventing it in the remainder by prompt application of water and fertilizer. R 64 BRITISH COLUMBIA. (6.) Wirestem (Rhizoctonia solani) was observed in nearly all seed-beds. (7.) Downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) was general, but losses were slight, except in one or two cases, in which they were moderate. (8.) Rot due to Botrytis cinerea: Observed in all fields, but loss slight. (9.) Club-root (Plasmodiophora brassicss) : Found in a few plants belonging to one seed-grower. (10.) Alternaria blight: Found in nearly all fields, but losses slight. This disease has been severe in some fields in other years. (11.) Wilt (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) : Found in five out of ten fields examined. This disease appears to be increasing in importance and, more than any other, is forcing growers to practise rotation. (12.) Soft-rot (Erwinis carotovora) was observed in all fields and caused slight to moderate damage. The loss in one field was about 7 per cent. This disease makes considerable demands on the grower's time. When the curd is well formed each head should be examined every day or two, the diseased portion cut out, and copper-lime dust applied. Leeks.—Rot due to Botrytis cinerea caused moderate losses in one large field. Onions.—Downy mildew (Peronospora Schleideniana) caused severe damage in crops grown for seed. Spinach.—Downy mildew (Peronospora spinacise) was general, and caused slight to moderate damage. Lettuce.—Downy mildew (Bremia lactucx) was general, and caused moderate to severe damage in one crop. Greenhouse Tomatoes. Vetomold 121 has replaced all other greenhouse varieties at the Coast to the extent of 90 per cent. It has proved very satisfactory as to both quality and yield for the main crop, but unsatisfactory for the fall crop. It proved resistant to leaf-mould (Cladosporium fulvum). Wilt (Verticilliurn albo-atrum) appeared to cause much less damage this year than usual, which may have been due to later planting on account of the fuel shortage last winter. Blotchy ripening, a physiological trouble due chiefly to potash deficiency, caused moderate losses in one greenhouse. An adjoining grower secured almost complete prevention by very heavy application of sulphate of potash (1,200 lb. per acre) and an abundance of water during the early growing period. Mosaic (Virus) is generally present to the extent of 100 per cent, in Chinese greenhouses by the end of the season. Nearly all the white growers, owing to better methods of handling, remain practically free. REPORT OF PROVINCIAL APIARIST. A. W. Finlay, Provincial Apiarist. Bees were fairly well provided with stores of honey when packed in the fall of 1942, and came through the winter in good condition with less than average winter loss. Continuous cool weather the following spring and early summer was prevalent throughout the Lower Mainland and Coast Districts. . The earlier nectar sources from willow, dandelion, and maples were barely sufficient to keep up brood-rearing, and with the advent of warmer weather in June many colonies were strong in bees though depleted in stores, which resulted in considerable swarming troubles at the beginning of the clover flow. A return of cool weather in the latter part of June was another set-back DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 65 to bees and many of the new swarms dwindled or starved at this time. These conditions accounted for the uneven appearance of the final crop. The season of 1943, although showing an estimated production of over 625 tons, may be reckoned, on the whole, as being one of our poor years for bee-keeping. The average production of surplus honey per colony was much below normal. In the Coast Districts and Lower Mainland the crop varied from very poor to good. The irrigated districts of the Interior, or Dry Belt, suffered a good deal from the winter-killing of clover and alfalfa plants, and in the orchard districts of the Okanagan and Kootenays the heavy mortality in field bees caused by spray poisoning reduced the honey-crop in many instances by 50 per cent. An outstanding development of the bee-keeping industry this season was the great increase of new bee-keepers. A total of 1,202 new registrations was recorded this year, an increase of about 25 per cent. This unusual increase undoubtedly helped in the total honey production of the Province and under normal conditions would probably have produced a record crop. Package bees, with which nearly all new bee-keepers start, arrived very late, due to cool weather in the South and the consequent difficulty in getting queens mated for them. Many packages did not arrive until June, too late to be of value this season, while those which arrived in April gave a good account of themselves. A new bee-keeping district is rapidly developing in the vicinity of Prince George. About 200 new bee-keepers have been established there, with the able assistance of the local District Agriculturist, who procured package bees and supplies for them on a co-operative basis. They produced a fair crop this season with better prospects for the future. REPELLENT TESTS. The Horticultural Branch of the Department of Agriculture again carried out experiments with the use of creosote and carbolic, mixed with the usual arsenical sprays for codling-moth on fruit-trees, as a repellent to honey-bees. This work, begun last season, was extended to two isolated orchard plots this year under more favourable conditions affecting cover-crops, etc. Attached is the report in detail of Apiary Inspector W. H. Turnbull, who supervised the tests. The summary of his report indicates that the use of these repellents was very encouraging. There was no loss of bees in colonies established in the test orchards, but considerable burning of foliage resulted from the first of four sprays, applied at intervals during the season. In the opinion of the District Field Inspector for the Horticultural Branch, much further work will be necessary in making these tests before a complete formula can be worked out that can be safely recommended for general use by orchardists. Beekeepers in the orchard country are very much encouraged by the results so far obtained by the tests conducted by the Department. FIELD-WORK. Apiary inspection began with a number of apiaries examined in March. Early field-work was intermittent, according to weather conditions, and was principally confined to checking over colonies in apiaries previously found diseased and where there was the possibility of latent cases developing. A number of emergency calls were also attended to and inspection certificates given for selling or moving bees. Systematic inspection began in April and was continued throughout the season until the end of September, after which a number of return visits were made to all apiaries where disease had been treated and a further check-up made. Acknowledgment for the able assistance given iii the work of apiary inspection is hereby accorded to J. Travis, District Agriculturist, Grand Forks; C. B. Twigg, Dis- 5 R 66 BRITISH COLUMBIA. trict Horticultural Inspector, Creston; E. C. Hunt, District Horticulturist, Nelson; and also to J. E. Manning, District Agriculturist, Prince George, for his co-operative work in assisting the bee-keepers in his district. A greater number of field-days than usual were held by various branches of the British Columbia Honey Producers' Association this season. These were attended, wherever possible, by the local Apiary Inspector, for the purpose of demonstrating proper hive manipulation and instruction in the detection and diagnosis of brood diseases, etc. The meetings were well attended and the educational work of the Inspectors very much appreciated, especially by the great number of new bee-keepers this season. Following is a summary of the field-work of the Apiary Inspectors in the various districts where honey production is a major interest:—■ District. Examined. Disease Inspector. Apiaries. Colonies. A.F.B. Lower Fraser Valley 477 53 262 237 621 13 1,782 184 1,144 701 5,232 35 68 J. Gillespie 3 8 V. E. Thorgeirson W H Turnbull 61 141 3 Totals 1,663 9,078 284 OFFICE-WORK. There were 1,202 applications for registration of new bee-keepers received and 204 cancellations recorded for 1943. Correspondence included the receipt of 3,318 letters and 3,480 were sent out. Fifty-seven samples of diseased comb and smears of dead larva, were sent in for bacterial diagnosis. Thirty-three proved American foul- brood, five European foul-brood, and nineteen sterile. Reports on same with instructions for treatment, as required, were sent out. Supervision of Inspectors' accounts, departmental reports, and telephone calls were routine office-work. The greater part of the increased correspondence was due to Wartime Prices and Trade Board regulations concerning the issuance of permits to bee-keepers for purchase of sugar for feeding bees. It was also necessary to provide the Wartime Prices and Trade Board with a list of our registration of bee-keepers, also a monthly report on new registrations as they came in. Work has proceeded, as opportunity allowed, in changing the registration list on the ledgers to the card-index system, which is expected to be completed shortly. A total of 2,635 permits for purchase of sugar was forwarded to bee-keepers on application and duplicates of same returned to the Sugar Administrator at Montreal. Estimates of the honey-crop by districts, including the production of .beeswax, will be found in Appendix No. 4. REPORT OF PROVINCIAL ENTOMOLOGIST. I. J. Ward, B.Sc, Entomologist. The Entomological staff during the past year consisted of I. J. Ward, Entomologist, and Miss C. Bigland, Laboratory Assistant. Mr. Ward was appointed to the position of Provincial Entomologist on February 1st, 1943, following the retirement of the late M. H. Ruhmann on December 31st, 1942. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 67 Mr. Ward had previously been employed by the Dominion Division of Entomology, Field Crops Insect Investigations, and had been stationed both at Vernon, B.C., and Kamloops, B.C. GENERAL INSECT ACTIVITY, 1943. Insect activity during the year was very pronounced with certain pests being more prevalent than at any time during the past eighteen years. This was particularly the case with insects hibernating in the soil. A heavy covering of snow in most parts of the Interior during the winter months prevented low soil temperatures and undoubtedly minimized winter mortality of insects. With a few species the increase in population over the previous year was almost unbelievable. Field Crops Insect Pests. Colorado Potato-beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). (a.) East Kootenay District.—There was a marked increase in intensity of the potato-beetle throughout the entire East Kootenay District. A few new spot infestations, mainly in the Upper Columbia Valley, enlarged the area of infestation over the previous year. Cranbrook continued to be the centre of heavy infestation. The new infestations occurred in the Windermere, Wilmer, and Athalmer Districts, and one beetle was taken at Horse Creek, about 20 miles south of Golden. Rather serious infestations occurred in the Windermere, Wilmer, and Athalmer Districts as early as 1927, but thorough control measures over a period of years eradicated the pest. At this time a spot infestation was located at Parsons, 23 miles south of Golden. Thorough control measures were adopted and eradication of the pest was effected the same year. The increased intensity of the potato-beetle infestation in 1943 may be attributed to two factors: (1) Continued wet weather during 1942 washed poisoned dust from the potato plants and a large number of the insects were able to complete development and hibernate for the winter; (2) a heavy covering of snow during the winter months protected the hibernating adults in the soil from low temperatures. Control Measures during 1943.—Control measures were generally more effective than during the previous year. Growers were threatened with severe damage to potato-crops and undertook more thorough dusting. After June the weather remained clear and poisoned dust applied to plants was not washed off by heavy rains. Rotox agricultural derris dust and some Pyrocide 7% dust were used at Cranbrook for early control of the beetles. The derris dust was found to be particularly effective. Heavily infested commercial acreages were dusted soon after beetles emerged from hibernation. This contact insecticide provided excellent control, preventing considerable egg-laying and reducing the danger of beetle migration. The use of agricultural derris was considered very worth while in supplementing existing control recommendations. The following recommendations may be made:—■ (1.) Use agricultural derris dust at the rate of 20-25 lb. per acre to control emerging beetles in the spring before heavy egg-laying occurs. (2.) Dust plants thoroughly with calcium arsenate 1 to 6 dust as soon as egg- hatching is observed. This dust remains effective as long as it is on the plant and will kill the rapidly feeding larva, emerging from eggs over a considerable period of time. If heavy rain washes poisoned dust from the plants another application is required. Usually at least two applications of the calcium arsenate dust are required to protect the plants through the growing season. Note.—The beetle stage of the Colorado potato-beetle does not feed to any great extent and the calcium arsenate dust is therefore not very effective in controlling it. The use of the two dusts provides a very effective combination for the destruction of adults and larva.. R 68 , BRITISH COLUMBIA. The increased potato-beetle infestation in the East Kootenay District should not cause undue alarm. Fluctuations in population are bound to occur from time to time, according to the presence or absence of factors effecting natural control. Since 1927, when organized annual control was undertaken by the British Columbia Department of Agriculture, there has been a general improvement in the potato- beetle situation in the East Kootenays. The amount of poisoned dust required annually for control measures provides the best illustration of this. Calcium Arsenate 1—6 Dust used. 32,965 25,545 22,352 15,260 8,320 8,820 9,700 4,000 4,138 7,103 Year. 1927 l- 1928 1929- ____ - 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 __ 1942 *1943 : * Add a total of 870 lb. of Rotox and Pyrocide 7% dusts. Recommendations.—A supervisor to take complete charge of potato-beetle investigations in the East Kootenay District is essential. The area is large and requires the full-time services of a supervisor to scout potato acreages and direct control operations during the months of June, July, and August. An effort should be made to improve control in the Upper Columbia Valley and the Creston to Gray Creek area. These areas represent a potential threat to a further spread of the beetle in British Columbia. (6.) .Boundary Area (Grand Forks, Greenwood, Midway, and Rock Creek).—For several years prior to 1942 a few small infestations occurred in the Grand Forks District. The late M. H. Ruhmann took charge of control measures and was apparently successful in eradicating the pest. No sign of an infestation was observed at Grand Forks during 1942 although a spot infestation was located on the Fenwick-Wilson farm at Rock Creek. This represented the most westward advance of the potato-beetle in Canada. This small infestation was dusted thoroughly on several occasions in an attempt to eradicate it. No infestation occurred on the Fenwick-Wilson farm during 1943, although a total of thirteen infestations was located from Grand Forks to Rock Creek. These were as follows: Grand Forks, 8; Greenwood, 2; Midway, 2; and Rock Creek, 1. No definite explanation can be given for these infestations. It does seem highly probable, however, that a small infestation went undetected the previous year at Grand Forks. The other spot infestations west of Grand Forks apparently originated from flight of the beetle or through mechanical transmission. J. S. Travis, District Agriculturist, Grand Forks, supervised control operations and all infestations were dusted. Control efforts during 1944 will have to be aimed at eradication of the pest to eliminate the threat of a general outbreak in the Boundary area. (c.) South Okanagan Valley.—Potato-beetle infestations were located in the South Okanagan Valley for the first time during 1943, indicating a continued westward advance in British Columbia. Seven infestations were found south of the townsite of Osoyoos and three were located at Okanagan Falls. These infestations were located during very thorough scouting of potato acreages by R. P. Murray, District Field Inspector, Penticton. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 69 It seems highly probable that the infestations originated from Okanogan County, Washington, U.S.A. All but one infestation were adjacent to the main highway, suggesting transmission by mechanical means. All infestations were heavily dusted and beetles were picked from the infested plants. Areas of infestation were rechecked on several occasions. During late summer no sign of the pest was observed. This does not indicate that it was eradicated, but shows that control measures were thorough. The presence of this pest in the Okanagan Valley represents a serious threat to larger potato-growing areas in British Columbia as natural barriers have been crossed in its westward advance in the Province. Every effort will be made to make growers in the South Okanagan realize the importance of attempting to eradicate this pest. Thorough dusting of all potato acreages in the districts where infestations were found during 1943 will be carried out in 1944. The control programme outlined is sufficiently complete to determine whether it is possible to eradicate the pest completely from a district or not. The Okanagan Valley infestation represents the extreme western limits of the potato-beetle infestation in Canada to-day. Grasshoppers.—Grasshoppers were present in outbreak numbers in practically all parts of the Interior Dry Belt during the year. The increase in population over the previous year was little short of phenomenal. Practically all of the eggs deposited during the summer and fall of 1942 must have hatched. There must have been almost a total absence of natural controlling agencies. From general observations it was impossible to predict an outbreak of such proportions. The main outbreak species in all areas was Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus, known locally as the red-legged grasshopper. It is probably the most destructive species we have. Although it usually starts its activities on open range-land, the drying-up of native grasses often forces this species to seek succulent green feed in agricultural areas. All organized control zones were in operation during the year and a limited amount of private control was undertaken. In some areas range grasses were heavily damaged. Damage to hay-crops, truck-crops, and seed-crops was severe in some areas but not generally widespread. Unusually late hatching of grasshoppers prevented widespread severe damage to all types of crops. In most areas crops were well advanced before grasshoppers moved from dry range-land to seek green, succulent food. Local migrations took place without warning to growers and in some instances small garden-crops were lost before control measures could be adopted. Growers in the East Kootenay District reported grasshoppers more numerous than at any time during the past thirty years. Damage was generally confined to small gardens and late hay-crops. In the Boundary area range grasses, grain-crops, and some truck and seed crops were damaged. In the Okanagan Valley damage was confined to range grasses, truck-crops, seed- crops, and slight orchard damage. In Kamloops and Cariboo areas, range grasses were heavily eaten down. It is interesting to note that in the Nicola area, where continuous control measures have been carried out in an effort to prevent serious grasshopper infestations, no commercial damage to range grasses or hay-crops resulted. Grasshoppers were present in above normal numbers, but did not reach outbreak proportions. Grasshopper Forecast, 1944-—Grasshoppers hatched at least a month later than usual during 1943 and this suggests a shorter egg-laying period. To offset this, fall weather remained clear and warm, permitting continued egg-laying in most areas. R 70 BRITISH COLUMBIA. In some areas there were indications that the maximum number of eggs were not deposited, but this does not supply sufficient proof that grasshoppers will not be numerous in 1944. The same population as was present this year would constitute a very serious outbreak should hatching of eggs occur in early June. Barring an unforeseen abundance of parasites and weather conditions unfavourable for grasshopper development, there is every indication that a serious outbreak threatens for 1944. Many districts are preparing to undertake control measures should crops be threatened. This Department is assisting by publication of control pamphlets and with articles for the radio and press. Grasshopper-control may possibly be one of the main entomological projects for 1944. Cutworms.—The black army cutworm (Agrotis fennica) was present in outbreak proportions in some alfalfa fields at Vernon, Armstrong, Enderby, Salmon Arm, and parts of the North Thompson Valley in mid-May. Salmon Arm appeared to be the centre of heaviest infestation. Injury was mainly confined to alfalfa-crops, although adjacent fields of asparagus, grain, and peas were attacked. Limited control measures were adopted. The life-cycle of this insect was short and crop-damage was not extensive. As far as is known this species has never before reached outbreak proportions in British Columbia. The variegated cutworm (Lycophotia margaritosa) severely injured a cabbage- crop at Lavington, but the outbreak was very local in nature. Cutworms in general caused little damage to crops in the Province. Onion-maggot (Hylemyia antiqua).—Injury to crops throughout the Interior averaged light to moderate, although in isolated cases the damage was heavy. Very few growers adopted control measures. The recommended control by using corrosive sublimate or calomel is too costly at the present time. Many growers rely on heavy seeding and the subsequent thinning out of infested plants to provide some measure of control. Onion-thrips (Thrips tabaci).—Thrips were reported numerous on the onion-seed heads in the Grand Forks District, but no damage resulted. No thrip-injury of economic importance to onions has been observed in the Interior during the past two years. Cabbage-maggot (Hylemyia brassicse).—Damage to crops in the Okanagan Valley was extremely patchy and generally confined to early plantings. In Vernon, where a large acreage was grown, several growers adopted control measures using the recommended corrosive sublimate or calomel solution. The dusting of holes at planting-out time with agricultural derris dust seemed to give satisfactory control, but more detailed research along this line is required. A substitute for mercury salts to control root- maggots is badly needed. Cabbage-worm (Pieris rapse).—This pest was general throughout the Interior but did less damage than during 1942. Some control with derris dust was undertaken. Flea-beetles.—Flea-beetles appear to be increasing yearly in the Interior and a considerable amount of control is required to prevent crop loss. Throughout the Okanagan and Kootenay areas cruciferous plants are heavily attacked. Agricultural derris dust is used extensively and provides effective control. Reports were received from the Fraser Valley of damage to potato tubers caused by larva, of the potato flea-beetle. White Grubs or June Beetles.—Reports of white grub damage to crops were received from Chase and Windermere. Both infestations were in newly broken sod land planted to truck-crops. Some damage to crops is caused yearly by this pest, but as yet there is no satisfactory insecticide for its control. Control depends mainly on planting crops that are not severely damaged by this pest. Wireworms.—Wireworms occur throughout the Province, but are generally limited to small areas. In some parts of the Grand Forks District damage to seed-crops and truck-crops is often severe. Some measure of control is obtained by using bait-traps, but generally it is advisable to plant crops that are not readily attacked. department of agriculture, 1943. r 71 Orchard Pests. Orchard insect investigations are dealt with very thoroughly by the staff of the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Vernon, with Dr. J. Marshall in charge, and by Provincial Horticultural officers in the Okanagan Valley. Close contact was maintained with these officers during the year to gain a knowledge of research being carried out. Assistance was given whenever possible. The report on orchard pests is dealt with fully by the Provincial Horticulturist. Assistance was given to members of the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in their pear psylla (psylla pyricola) control campaign carried out in the South Okanagan. Greenhouse Pests. Greenhouse Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum).—This insect is often found in greenhouses and is difficult to control by means of sprays. At the end of April a shipment of whitefly parasites was obtained from the Dominion Parasite Laboratory, Belleville, Ontario, for liberation in an infested greenhouse in Vernon. The parasite provided rapid and complete control. Slugs.—Slugs in greenhouses in Vernon were effectively controlled by using a commercial bait having metaldehyde as the active ingredient. Household Insects. Cockroaches.—During the year assistance was given with the control of cockroaches in five business premises. The continued use of powdered sodium fluoride provided effective control in all cases. Earwigs.—A few reports of earwigs entering homes in Vernon were reported during the year. All homes were close to a creek that provided suitable moisture conditions for this insect. The British Columbia interior is generally too dry for earwigs and no general outbreak is likely to occur. Box Elder Bug (Leptocoris trivittatus).—Although these bugs often feed destructively on foliage, flowers, and twigs of box elder and ash trees, they are generally more important as a nuisance during fall when they swarm into dwellings. A fairly severe infestation occurred in Vernon and district for several years and caused annoyance to many householders. The outbreak is now subsiding in the Vernon District. Wasps.—Wasps were extremely numerous this year. Although not generally considered as household insects, they caused annoyance to many householders by building nests in dwellings and adjacent buildings. They were particularly bad in orchards in the Okanagan Valley, making it particularly difficult for those engaged in thinning or picking fruit. In some districts extensive robbing of beehives occurred and some damage was caused due to their habits of feeding on ripe fruit. Ants.—Very few reports were received of ants being a nuisance in dwellings this season. Stored Product Pests.—Numerous infestations of small quantities of foodstuffs occur each year. Mites, weevils, and meal-worms cause the most damage. Practically all foodstuffs are free of infestations when received from the manufacturer. A long period of storage of foods in stores or in homes often results in insect attack. Special Investigations. Onion-maggot (Hylemyia antiqua).—A limited amount of research towards control of the onion-maggot by use of poisoned bait was carried out during May in Vernon. Trays 12 inches wide by 18 inches long and 1 inch deep were used. These were filled with sawdust and a screen mesh was placed on top to prevent animals from getting at the poisoned solution. R 72 BRITISH COLUMBIA. An arsenical solution, with onion-powder as an attrahent, was used to moisten the sawdust in the trays. Flies were able to drink readily from the wet sawdust. It was necessary to add moisture daily due to heavy evaporation. In all, eighteen trays were placed in a 1-acre field. Flies were observed drinking from the trays and forty-two dead flies were counted at one time on the eighteen trays. This would indicate that many died from drinking the poison as only a very small percentage would be likely to die on the trays. Very few onions were infested and a crop close to 20 tons to the acre was harvested. This field was in an area where onion-maggot has caused moderately heavy damage previously. Although no definite conclusions can be reached from this very limited experiment, indications suggest that further investigations along this line are warranted. The use of caged plots would provide more definite information in this type of an experiment. Cabbage-maggot (Hylemyia brassicse).—In an attempt to simplify the existing recommendations for the control of the cabbage-maggot, agricultural derris dust, dusted into holes at planting-out time was tried. This appeared to provide satisfactory protection against root-maggot infestations. As the infestation was very patchy this year, no definite conclusion can be reached however. More detailed work is required. General Control of Insects affecting Truck-crops. Considerable assistance concerning control recommendations was given to A. Lantz, Field Supervisor, of Bulman's, Ltd., Vernon, B.C. This company had contracted for a large tonnage of vegetables to be dehydrated. Cabbage-crops were threatened with severe damage by flea-beetles and cabbage-worms. Mr. Lantz took charge of control operations and it is interesting to note that of 2,800 tons of cabbage delivered to Bulman's, Ltd., less than 1 ton was wormy. All crops contracted for were protected from economic loss due to insect activity. Publications. The circular " The Colorado Potato-beetle," Field Crops Series No. 1, was completed during the spring in time for distribution to growers prior to potato-beetle activity. Brief articles for the radio and press were prepared, urging growers to undertake effective control of the potato-beetle when it was noted that an increased infestation was prevalent during the year.. An article dealing with grasshopper-control was prepared to supplement Horticultural Circular No. 63, "Grasshopper-control." Further information was supplied to land-owners by means of the radio and the press. Work was carried out in connection with the revision of Horticultural Circular No. 72, " Pests of Cultivated Plants." It is considered advisable to divide this circular into a series of pamphlets to facilitate revision and reprinting as new control recommendations are available. REPORT OF CHIEF VETERINARY INSPECTOR. A. Knight, VS., Chief Veterinarian. Considerable ground has been covered by your Inspectors during the past year. As a whole they have found the cattle in good condition and comparatively free from any serious contagious diseases. Pasturage conditions have been good and the cattle that appear as evidence at various sales appear to be in splendid condition. The hay- DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 73 crop was very light but grain-crops appeared to be quite up to average conditions. Therefore the cattle should not suffer to any great extent during the winter from lack of feed. The following diseases have been dealt with:— HEMORRHAGIC SEPTIC/EMIA. This disease was encountered in the following districts: Trail, Salmon Arm, Wardner, Heffley Creek, and Williams Lake. In the first-mentioned districts the disease manifested itself in the pectoral form, while at Williams Lake the intestinal form was noted. In all cases the owners were advised to vaccinate early, have animals changed to a different pasture, especially where cattle have access to swampy land or dead sloughs, and to bury in lime or burn the carcasses of animals dying of this disease. This disease under Coast conditions does not appear to cause severe losses as usually only a few animals in a herd are affected at one time. In the Interior it is liable to cause severe losses among the larger range herds. BLACKLEG. Only two cases of this disease were noticed this year, one at Vernon and the other at Grand Forks. The carcasses of the dead animals were disposed of as under the regulations governing this disease. COCCIDIOSIS. In the outbreak at Salmon Arm where three animals were affected two died. Treatment was advised for the remainder of the herd and no further trouble was reported. ACTINOMYCOSIS. Very few cases of this disease were noticed this year among cattle. A few cases occurred among range cattle and two cases in a dairy herd on the Coast. The latter two cases were in the early stage and treatment was advised with satisfactory results. In advanced cases destruction of the animals was recommended. INTERNAL PARASITES OF SHEEP. Considerable economic loss occurs to sheepmen through sheep harbouring parasites. Demonstrations in the administration of anthelmentics to sheep as a curative measure have been carried out by your Inspectors. Farmers are now carrying out this work with beneficial results. ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. No cases reported this year of encephalomyelitis. INFLUENZA. There was an outbreak of horse influenza during the summer near Trail and a few horses died. One case was also seen at Kaslo. Advice as to precaution and treatment was prescribed. The Kaslo horse in due time recovered, but this disease, if not taken in hand at once, or if the animals receive poor treatment, hard work, and neglect, is likely to cause death. It is also very infectious in most cases and will cause considerable trouble. NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES AMONG PIGS. Pronounced nutritional deficiency was noticed among some 2,600 pigs examined in the Cariboo District. In one herd of some 800 pigs several losses had occurred, mainly R 74 BRITISH COLUMBIA. among the new born and pigs up to 4 months of age. A number of animals up to 6 to 8 months were also noticed to exhibit abnormal physical conditions. On post-mortem and physical examination of some of the pigs all evidence pointed to lack of Vitamin A as the main factor in causing the trouble, although there was some evidence of lack of Vitamins B and D. The same condition existed on a ranch at Soda Creek where some 900 hogs are kept. Pigs on both places were fed a half grain ration in a dry lot with little or no animal protein or green fodder. Some cod-liver oil was fed but was of a cheap or inferior grade and not thoroughly mixed with the grain ration. To rectify matters skimmed milk, green feed (alfalfa), and a good grade of cod- liver oil was advised. This was carried out with apparently satisfactory results as the pigs showed considerable improvement when examined in two weeks' and a month's time. Although the dams appeared to be in good condition themselves at the time of farrowing, apparently they were not receiving the essential nutritional ingredients necessary in the young before birth and also failure to provide the essential material in their milk after farrowing, with the result the pigs were born weak with consequent loss by death a few days or a few weeks after they were born. It is quite essential for the men attempting to raise hogs to supply all the bodily requirements through the feed by allowing a greater range of feed material. BOVINE CONTAGIOUS ABORTION. Symptoms of this disease were noticed in several places, but as mineral and vitamin deficiencies often produce similar symptoms positive identification of the disease without a blood test is practically impossible. Only when animals are receiving all bodily essentials through their feed can one with any assurance identify the disease by a physical examination. Stockmen throughout the Province are keenly interested in calfhood vaccination as a preventive measure of this disease. BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS. As shown in Appendix No. 5, 4,723 cattle were subjected to the tuberculin test. Eleven reactors were found. Of these, six reactors were found in one herd where the disease existed previously. On these particular premises the poultry flock was badly infected; therefore, it is possible that the cattle were subjected to infection with avian form. The owner was advised to dispose of his poultry flock and not bring poultry on the premises for some months. Also to thoroughly cleanse and disinfect the chicken-house and plough out the yards. This particular herd of cattle will be retested during December. DAIRY INSPECTION. . Considerable time of your veterinary staff was spent on dairy inspection, especially in the vicinity of the town and cities of the Province. A number of the premises have a tendency to show a decline in their condition, the owners complaining that with shortage of help they cannot keep their premises as they would like. However, as a whole, premises are in good condition, especially in the higher grades. During the year 2,769 premises were inspected and graded and 53,191 dairy cattle were inspected. A summary of the districts visited, giving the number of premises graded and the number of cattle inspected on the dairy farms, together with the number of the various grades, will be found in Appendices Nos. 6 and 7. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 75 REPORT OF LIVE STOCK BRANCH. W. R. Gunn, B.S.A., B.V.Sc, Live Stock Commissioner. A shortage of experienced labour, a general demand for more agricultural products, and a very unusual year, beginning with a cold, late spring followed by a backward summer, resulted in a general decrease in crop production and a slight reduction in flocks and herds. HORSES. The production of horses in the Province may be said to be at a standstill. Horse markets were not keen. Again, labour shortage encouraged the use of as much power equipment as possible. The great danger to the industry from this lack of interest is the possibility that the best of our good sound breeding stock will be sacrificed, which will mean in future years, when horses are in demand, that a start will have to be made with inferior and unsound stock. If it were possible to in any way salvage the good clean foundation stock for future use it would be a very worth-while effort. As it is to-day we see good quality, sound, well-bred stock being sacrificed even for slaughter while our ranges continue to be infested with useless, light-weight cayuse type horses. All attempts to correct this situation are defeated because those interested have no authority over certain people. Classification of stallions under our " Horse-breeders' Registration and Lien Act" shows the following enrolments of stallions: "A," 21; "B,"ll; "C,"9; "D,"6; "E," 4; "F," 1. " A " and " B " classes include our two top groups of registered stallions found sound and free from hereditary diseases and fit for premium under the Federal- Provincial Premium Policy. In Class " C " is included all registered horses showing slight unsoundness not felt to be hereditary in nature by the Inspectors, blemished horses and those individuals lacking somewhat in type, character, and size. Class " D " includes all grade stallions. These must be up to size and must be sound. Classes " E " and " F " are interim classifications for pure-bred and grade stallions respectively. A small beginning is being made in the way of inspection of mares for mating to top stallions. It is hoped that this work can be extended in the future. It requires a good deal of field-work in order to get it properly started. BEEF CATTLE. The beef cattle industry had a very good year in marketings and prices obtained. Feed conditions on the whole were not up to average. Grasshoppers, especially the red-legged species, were quite plentiful and damaged the ranges considerably. Feed supplies for winter are light and some cattlemen expect to have thin cattle if the winter is hard or long. The summarized reports of sales held in British Columbia throughout 1943 are as follows:— Provincial Bull Sale and Fat Stock Show, Kamloops, March 23rd, 1943. In 1943, 431 head of cattle were sold compared to 451 head in 1942. 1942, grand total $50,148.11 1943, grand total 58,642.22 The above is for the commercial cattle sold. Breeding stock sold at the same sale included the following:— R 76 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Breeding Stock sold. Animals. No. of Head. Average Price per Head. • Total. 95 9 6 32 $437.73 146.11 275.00 262.66 $41,585.00 1,315.00 1,650.00 8,405.00 142 $52,955.00 Total breeding cattle Total commercial cattle $52,955.00 58,642.22 Grand total $111,597.22 Southern Interior Stockmen's Association First Annual Feeder Sale, Okanagan Falls, September 30th, 1943. Animals. No. of Head. Average Price per Head. Total. Cattle - i 862 S70.83 1 S61.057.79 32 10 283.00 2,590.00 Totals _ —_ : 904 j $63,930.79 Average Price Animal. per Cwt. Cows $6.20 Market bulls 6.98 Heifers 8.87 Two-year-old steers 9.92 Yearling steers 8.57 Calves 10.20 Breeding Hereford yearling bulls 272.50 Breeding Hereford females 205.00 Central British Columbia Live-stock Association Sale, Kamloops, October 7th, 1943. Animals. No, of Head. Sold for. 1,467 823 $86,354.49 6,216.63 Totals 2,290 $92,571.12 Animal. Lambs Average Price per Cwt. :_ $9.75 Market bulls 6.80 Cows 6.03 Calves 8.81 Heifers 8.56 Two-year-old steers 8.90 Yearling steers 8.94 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 77 Cariboo Stockmen's Association Feeder Fat Stock Show and Bull Sale, Williams Lake, October 14th, 1943. Animals. No. of Head. Sold for. 2,411 95 $209,702.86 Bulls 27,045.00 Totals 2,506 $236,747.86 Breakdown of Cattle. Two-year-old steers _ Head. 1,284 Yearling steers 193 Calves 103 Cows 307 Two-year-old heifers 163 Heiferettes 47 Yearling heifers 292 Miscellaneous stock 22 It is thought that this is the largest sale of commercial cattle in Canada for the year 1943. Top prices at the sale were as follows:— No. of Head. Description. Average Weight. Sold by. Purchased by. Amount paid. 25 1,185 280 1,099 627 1,185 1,183 1,079 1,207 1,160 1,106 666 1,115 $11.00 28 Mixed ownership Alkali Lake Ranch Pacific Meat Co. - 11.00 25 11.00 42 R. C. Cotton • 11.00 25 Chilco Ranch 11.00 5 Burns & Co Burns & Co 10.85 5 Mel. Moon Chilco Ranch 10.80 5 10.80 5 10.80 40 Gang Ranch Alkali Lake Ranch Burns & Co C. S. Ford 10.70 25 10.65 29 10.40 Several lots of cattle of mixed ownership coming from the smaller ranches of the district brought similar prices, indicating general improvement in the cattle of the district over the last number of years. Waldo Stock-breeders' Association Second Annual Sale, Elko, October 23rd, 1943. Animals. No. of Head. Average Price per Head. Total. 975 233 $53.04 6.22 $51,713.11 Sheep 1,386.14 Totals 1,198 $53,099.25 Animals. Average Price per Cwt. Top Price per Cwt. $4.20 5.15 6.71 8.22 9.30 $6.70 7.60 10.60 11.50 R 78 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Christmas Fat Stock Show and Sale, Kamloops, December 1st and 2nd, 1943. Animals. No. of Head. Sold for. Cattle - 400 12 $51,374.82 162.01 Totals 412 $51,536.83 This sale was exempted from the ceiling price under arrangements with the Wartime Prices and Trade Board. All animals were culled by a special committee. The following summary of the different sales held in British Columbia over the last number of years is worth including as a permanent record. Williams Lake Bull and Feeder Sale. Year. No. of Bulls. Value. No. of Feeders. Value. Total. 1938 :... 45 57 71 93 60 95 $5,600.00 10,260.00 12,772.00 19,860.00 20,125.00 27,045.00 f 800 odd 1 ( 531 fat steers j 1,229 1,800 2,190 1,892 2,411 $68,650.00 104,594.00 140,605.00 142,216.00 209,702.86 1939 - 1940... . 1941 1942 - — _ $76,824.00 117,366.00 160,465.00 162,341.00 236,747.86 1943 - — . - Central British Columbia Live-stock Association Sale at Kamloops. Year. No. of Cattle. Value. No. of Sheep. Value. Total. 1941 ... 680 1,075 1,467 $38,707.00 67,578.00 86,354.49 628 393 823 $4,989.00 3,271.00 6,216.63 $43,696.00 70,849.00 92,571.12 1942 ... 1943 Waldo Stock-breeders' Sale at Elko. Year. No. of Cattle. Value. No. of Sheep. Value. Total. 1942 438 975 $28,315.00 51,713.11 514 223 $2,951.00 1,386.14 $31,266.00 53,099.25 1943 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 79 Kamloops Bull Sale. Year. Bulls. Value. Fat Stock. Value. Totals. Animals. Value. 1928- 64 85 113 64 56 55 64 55 56 68 76 69 79 72 110 133 $15,227 22,505 22,220 11,363 7,835 6,065 11,065 10,085 - 8,235 11,935 11,970 13,345 17,800 19,100 32,235 51,640 136 203 148 95 117 259 278 360 453 364 334 387 367 414 453 431 $14,395 18,381 17,071 12,250 16,780 9,832 17,014 22,414 23,015 29,157 24,655 29,590 27,000 40,992 50,148 58,642 200 288 261 159 173 314 342 415 509 432 410 456 446 486 563 564 $29,622 40,886 39,291 1929 _ 1930 _ 1931 23,613 1932 24,615 15,897 1933 _ 1934 28,079 1935 32,499 1936 31,250 41,112 35,625 42,935 44,725 60,092 82,383 110,282 1937 1938 1939 1940.. _ 1941 1942 1943 Kamloops Winter Fat Stock Show. Year. No. of Cattle. Value. No. of Lambs. Value. No. of Swine. Value. Total. 1939 1940... 1941 1942 314 301 341 241 400 $30,433 28,411 33,875 29,838 51,374 293 778 801 25 12 $2,813 6,931 7,740 293 162 176 131 79 $3,235 1,998 2,043 $36,481 37,341 43,659 30,131 1943 51,536 The following prices obtain for the year 1943 for beef cattle on the Calgary market:— Date. Cows. Heifees. Steers Good. Choice. Good. Heavy Choice. Light Choice. Good. May 13 $9.50 9.50 9.50 9.50 10.00 10.00 9.50 9.50 9.25 8.75 9.00 $11.75 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.75 12.00 11.75 11.75 11.50 11.00 11.00 9.00 10.75 10.75 10.75 10.50 10.25 10.50 10.25 10.50 10.75 10.75 10.50 11.25 $11.00 10.75 10.75 10.75 11.00 10.75 11.25 11.25 11.00 11.00 $12.25 12.00 12.00 12.25 12.25 12.00 12.35 12.50 12.50 12.50 11.75 11.50 11.50 ' 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.50 11.50 11.50 11.65 $11.25 11.00 11.00 11.25 11.25 11.00 11.25 11.00 11.50 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 10.75 10.25 10.25 10.25 10.75 10.75 11.50 11.50 $10.50 May 20 10.00 May 27 10.00 June 3 10.50 10.50 10.00 July 15 11.75 July 22 12.00 July 29 12.00 August 5 August 26 11.75 8.50 10.25 10.25 10.25 10.00 9.25 10.00 9.75 10.00 10.25 10.25 10.00 10.50 10.00 8.25' 8.25 8.25 8.50 8.25 8.00 7.25 7.25 8.00 8.00 7.50 8.00 10.00 10.00 September 23 10.00 10.00 9.75 9.50 October 21 9.50 October 28 9.50 10.00 10.00 10.75 10.75 R 80 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Generally speaking, prices at Vancouver held in line with the beef prices as listed above. No regular reports are received from this market. Prices for cattle at Vancouver, generally speaking, is Calgary price plus freight. Cattle and other live stock are generally bought at country points on this basis. The general tendency to market larger numbers of commercial cattle through organized district sales reached a new high this year with the establishment of a sale at Okanagan Falls. The sale was held under the auspices of the Southern Interior Stockmen's Association. This association is a central organization made up of representation from all local associations. Your Commissioner, for years, has given encouragement to this method of centralized effort. It simplifies the work for every one and it admits of more easily carrying on educational work dealing with cattlemen's problems. Lastly, it encourages the spirit of co-operation amongst cattlemen, which is going to be an absolute necessity in the future if the industry is going to withstand the shock of post-war readjustment. Coming out of their first year's experience the Southern Interior Stockmen's Association has learned where some minor changes can profitably be made. These will include a change in date to suit market opportunities and the addition of certain equipment so as to classify cattle more easily. The layout of this sale is perhaps the best to be found in the Province. The arrangement of the yards, pens, chutes, etc., includes the ideas of all interested groups within the Association and within the Department. The Association is very appreciative of the assistance received from the Department and the financial support given by the Minister of Agriculture. The Okanagan Falls sale, if carefully handled, should have a great future and could develop into a marketing centre for the entire Southern Interior and Boundary Country. It should also be able to develop one of the best bull sales in the Province. If the international market opens up after the war Okanagan Falls should attract United States buyers for high-class commercial cattle as well as for quality bulls. The Williams Lake sale made a record in entries for the Dominion. The condition of the market was not particularly favourable at the time of the sale but prices were quite good. The demand for plainer cattle, especially cows, and for cattle to supply unrationed meats rather overemphasized this class of cattle in comparison to the choicer kinds. The heavy marketing of these plain cattle, especially cows, will help to improve the quality of the breeding cattle left on the ranges. The Central British Columbia sale included too large a percentage of the plainer type of cattle not carrying flesh enough to go for slaughter, except for canners and cutters, and with not enough breeding and general quality to make good feeders or breeding stock. These cattle, of course, are better off the farms and ranches, but the question is whether they will be replaced by anything better as foundation stock. Here is where further field service could be utilized to good advantage. The Kamloops Fat Stock Show held December 2nd and 3rd suffered somewhat in the general finish of the cattle presented. Shortage of labour on the ranches, along with poorer feed conditions, were responsible for this situation. The strong support given the sale in contributions from ranchers is evidence, however, of the fact that cattlemen generally are in support of this sale and show as a regular annual feature. The Elko sale, which was their second attempt, might be said to be quite successful. This year's sale will have added greatly to the experience of the executive and should enable them to improve their future attempts. The sale was called rather too late in the season to secure the best prices, with most markets and feed lots filled. Cattle were slipping in flesh. The weather was uncertain and besides affecting the cattle it also discouraged the attendance at the sale. Improvements can now be made DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 81 by providing more yards and the present pens could be enlarged to advantage so as to provide space for feed-racks and water-troughs. With these few changes this sale should become one of the central features in the marketing of live stock from the Kootenay and Columbia Valleys. Your Commissioner feels that by giving close attention to this enterprise we will get established in this valley a large cattle and lamb finishing business. This will supplement other farming activities. It will utilize much otherwise wasted feed. It will improve the land and it can furnish excellent facilities for the finishing of cattle from the near-by Kootenay and Columbia Valleys ranges, cattle which otherwise would have to go to market as feeders or plain killers. The whole effort calls for some further direction for a few years, but if it succeeds it will justify the years of effort put into it by your Commissioner. The addition to the staff of a District Agriculturist located at Cranbrook should greatly facilitate the work and ensure its success. A very fine herd of sixty head of quality Hereford breeding cattle was established in the Creston Valley this year with an outstanding sire at the head. Our pure-bred sire policy under the Farmers' Institutes continues to be one of the most practical and useful efforts of the Department. Other problems facing the beef cattle industry will be dealt with under the heading " Nutrition and Animal Health." DAIRY CATTLE. This branch of the live-stock industry had another difficult year. Dairying is a business which calls for regular and close attention to many details. - It is a business which requires a lot of experienced labour. With the loss of this type of labour it naturally follows that the industry must suffer proportionally. A scarcity of basic feed supplies further encourages the reduction in herds in whole or in part. One very encouraging side to the picture is the response on the part of the dairymen to our campaign against " brucellosis." This will be reported in detail under the head " Brucellosis Control." SHEEP. The sheep industry had quite a successful year. The following are the prices for lamb for the year in the Calgary market:— January 7th, $12.75; January 14th, $12.75; January 21st, $12.75; January 28th, $12.75; February 4th, $12.75; February 11th, $12.75; February 18th, $12.75; February 25th, $12.75; March 4th, $13; March 11th, $13.25; March 18th, $13.25; March 25th, $13.25; April 1st, $13.50; April 8th, $13.50; April 15th, $13.50; April 22nd, $13.50; April 29th, $13.50; May 6th, $13.50; May 13th, $13.50; May 20th, $13.50; May 27th, $13.50; June 3rd, $13.50; June 10th, $13; June 17th, $13; June 24th, $13; July 1st, $14.50; July 8th, $14.50; July 15th, $14.75; July 22nd, $14.50; July 29th, $12.50; August 5th, $12.50; August 26th, $10; September 2nd, $10.25; September 9th, $10; September 16th, $10.25; September 23rd, $10.25; September 30th, $10.50; October 7th, $10.75; October 14th, $10.50; October 21st, $10; October 28th, $10; November 4th, $10.25; November 11th, $10.25; November 18th, $10.25; December 2nd, $10.50. No regular reports are received from the Vancouver market but, generally, prices are in line with the-Calgary market, which usually means Calgary prices plus freight. The National Sheep Policy resulted in some extension of the industry, but until the sheep-killing dog and predators are brought more under control, the breeding of sheep will not gain the position it should hold in the Province. 6 R 82 BRITISH COLUMBIA. The following is a summary of live stock killed by dogs:— Year. Sheep. Compensation. Poultry. Compensation. Goats. Compensation. 1940 191 109 74 111 $1,659.25 988.50 828.00 1,156.25 531 203 306 489 $396.14 440.16 243.48 484.77 2 3 $17.00 1941 1942 1943 50.00 SWINE. • About the only districts where swine-raising has made any substantial gains has been in the sections of the Province where coarse grains are raised regularly in reasonable quantity. This means the Peace River Block, and could include some other sections if time could be found to develop these areas. There were 21,459 hogs shipped from that area up to the end of November, with perhaps another 2,000 head to go during December. These have been shipped from Dawson Creek. In addition, there has been about three car-loads of stock going monthly from Tupper Creek. This would be largely swine. This is an increase of 20 per cent, over last year's shipments. Mr. Crack further reports that a shipment of nineteen head of registered boars recently came into the Peace River Block. The production of swine in most other parts of the Province is rather unsteady. The price of pork as set is scarcely enough to make swine-raising particularly attractive to our farmers with the price of feed at its present level. The present uncertainty over the bacon contract with Britain is resulting in fewer sows being bred. In Central British Columbia, where a lot of work has been put on swine improvement in the past years, farmers are cutting down. Better money can be made in public and war work and crops have not been so good this year, with the result that farmers are going out. It will likely mean the same old story of going out at the wrong time. When prices go up again or when the business seems more attractive, we will be asked by the same farmers to secure breeding stock for them again. A nice start has been made in the Rock Creek-Midway country with a foundation of choice breeding. A short crop this year held up further extension of this programme. A shipment of choice breeding swine—thirty head in all, including a boar—was selected by your Commissioner in the Okanagan for a Vancouver Island order. NUTRITION AND ANIMAL HEALTH. The control of animal disease, if it is to be successful, must be approached from several angles. Individual animals and species of animals vary in their susceptibility to disease—and that extends to include susceptibility to internal and external parasites as well as to specific infections such as come from micro-organisms. This field of disease control work has not been explored in animal breeding in this country to any extent because other commercial interests overshadow. Again, there has not been any serious educational work done along this line since we have not progressed sufficiently in other approaches to disease control to perhaps, at this time, consider the part that natural immunity and vigour plays in the whole picture of disease control. The second factor and one of immense importance in the field of disease control is that of nutrition. We have travelled far in the last decade in our appreciation of the part that such accessory elements as minerals and vitamins play in the proper feeding of animals—both man and the lower animals. While there is much knowledge available and while people generally are aware of these facts it is unfortunate that this scientific knowledge is not being put to practical use more generally. Moving about this Province as extensively as I do, looking into DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 83 the many problems of the live-stock man, making surveys of live stock in areas, I am forced to the conclusion that much has to be done in the way of acquainting stockmen generally with the need for correcting these fundamental errors. After this it means developing real interest in the subject, and, lastly, making it possible for stockmen to secure materials for correcting these deficiencies at a price in line with the returns they are obtaining for their products. The third approach to the final battle against disease is that of actual control of the specific disease. That means control of the spread of the disease and actual treatment and stamping out of these diseases where this is possible. Some diseases, such as tuberculosis, admit of eradication by testing and removal of reactors. Other diseases can' be held under control by means of specific protective precautions—such as preventive vaccination. Into the general picture comes the place that quarantine measures take. That always seems necessary in order to prevent the movement of affected animals, with the resultant extension of the disease area. Hampering all this is man—I mean those individuals who wish to carry on a buying and selling business—traders who see the dollar and who are not interested in the general picture. Still further modifying the whole scene is the effect that errors of management have on the individual animal. It is impossible to educate all persons responsible for the handling of live stock in the way they should manage their herds and flocks. The rank and file of our stockmen are impossible to reach by meetings, literature, or letter. Again, the business of live-stock production up to the present has not given enough in the way of returns to enable stockmen to employ labour to undertake much of this work. Your Commissioner has endeavoured to so direct the work in the field as to accomplish the most possible with the facilities available. Only by keeping closely in touch with the situation—by personal, regular visits into the field—is it possible to keep acquainted with the situation. I will deal briefly with some of the most important diseases and nutritional conditions affecting the industry:— . Hemorrhagic Septicemia.—Perhaps this could be more properly called " shipping fever." More and more is this disease making its appearance in the Province. Since it is a condition closely associated with the movement of live stock, it may be stated that as cattle and other stock are moved about, especially during difficult weather, more and more is the disease certain to appear. To-day it may be. said to be almost universally distributed throughout the country. With this in mind, your Commissioner is endeavouring to acquaint stockmen generally with the proper method of control, which means preventive vaccination. Some good work is being done along the line of this policy by Dr. K. H. Thompson, Veterinary Inspector. He personally dealt with breaks at Trail, Salmon Arm, Wardner, and Heffley Creek. Your Commissioner is convinced that a more intensive campaign against this disease is a necessity. The yearly losses run into thousands of dollars. Coccidiosis.—The work done by your Commissioner on the development of a treatment for this disease is giving such satisfactory results that I can best express it by putting it into the words of one big rancher: " It was one of my greatest problems and constituted my heaviest loss. To-day I do not fear the disease at all. I follow out your general management programme and treat any cases with your ' saline antishock ' treatment and in almost every instance a complete recovery is secured quite promptly." It just now remains to get the stockmen educated to recognize the disease and use the treatment. R 84 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Mineral and Vitamin Deficiencies.—The publicity which vitamins and their uses receive daily through press and radio has at least acquainted the public with what they are, but there has been no general attempt made to employ them in live-stock feeding generally, except perhaps in the feeding of poultry. Stockmen are yet not aware of the fact that the good results which they secure from the feeding of ready-mixed feed largely comes as a result of the fortification they receive by the addition of minerals and vitamins. Again, your Commissioner is convinced that the whole subject can be summed up by saying that a study of the " soil and the season " must be our guide in the intelligent feeding of our live stock in any particular district. Personal observation definitely points to the soil generally being either deficient or unbalanced in its mineral content; which, of course, means deficient feeds. We have felt in the past that lack of three elements—namely, calcium, phosphorus, and iodine—about covered the field. In places this might be due to a deficiency of one or all of these elements; in other places it was largely due to a lack of balance. Observation over the last number of years has, however, caused me to doubt this theory as a complete answer. We have been satisfied for several years that other minerals in trace amounts have also been needed by the animal for satisfactory growth and development. These might include those such as iron, copper, cobalt, manganese, etc. It is my personal opinion that there are other trace elements which have a very definite place in the proper feeding of live stock. Observations are now being made on the place of a wide variety of trace elements in the rations of live stock. The season of year and the latitude plays a very important part in the proper feeding of live stock. In our northern latitude we have long periods when sunlight is deficient and live stock must receive feeds fortified by the addition of Vitamins A and D. This can be added in the form of certain fish-oils or irradiated yeast products. These deficiencies become more evident where poorly cured hay is used. The place that sugars and balanced proteins, especially some animal protein, play in the proper nutrition of live stock needs more consideration. Equine Encephalomyelitis.—It is a pleasure to announce that this disease did not appear to any extent in the Province this year. This definitely can be attributed to two things: Firstly, a better coverage with vaccination in the danger zones; and, secondly, to a season which did not favour its development. The season was cool and dry, which does not provide ideal conditions for its development. Despite this, however, the disease broke in the North Kamloops area at the Indian School. This area is known to be a reservoir for a quite virulent strain of the disease. Vaccination was not carried on to any extent in this area this year. This was the first year since the disease appeared that the school farm did not vaccinate. It is reasonable to say that in one or more of these infected areas some year a serious epizootic in horses and possibly an epidemic in humans may appear. The year 1943 being an off-season for equine encephalomyelitis we may expect less interest in vaccination in 1944 and the possibility of a serious outbreak. Caseous Lymphadenitis.—Progress is being made in the eradication of this disease in sheep. Some of the owners of flocks under quarantine feel that, while the control does not hinder them to any extent, it is an irritation to them and they would like to see it removed. It is unfortunate that certain persons not responsible in any way in this matter have seen fit to appear in an advisory capacity. Some of the suggestions offered lacked the element of practicability. There still continues to be one or two centres where the disease seems to be established and where quarantine will perhaps have to be maintained. Some of these sheepmen should take more seriously the suggestions offered in Circular No. 33, prepared by your Commissioner for their benefit. The disease DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 85 is almost entirely spread by wound inoculation, chiefly at shearing-time, and while due respect is given to those research-workers who argue that the mouth offers a very important avenue of spread, I can only present in contradiction the very extensive piece of work done by the special committee appointed by the New South Wales Department of Agriculture. Blackleg.—This disease is finding its way into more and more districts of the Province. Once established it can not be eradicated. Educational work is being carried on by your Commissioner with the help of the field service. Dr. Thompson was particularly helpful this year in assisting, as was Mr. Travis and Mr. Middleton, of this Department, and Mr. R. Norris, Secretary of the Rock Creek Farmers' Institute. A break appeared in the Vernon area, another in the North Fork District, and several smaller breaks in widely distributed parts of the Province. Johne'.s Disease.—This disease was uncovered during 1942 to some considerable extent in the central part of Vancouver Island. It had been suspected there some years before but no organized effort was made to deal with the problem. Tests were made of certain herds, reactors removed and slaughtered, and laboratory checks made which verified the results of the test. Your Commissioner made the tests with Johnin supplied by the Dominion Department of Agriculture, Animals' Diseases Research Institute, on the request of the Dominion Health of Animals Division. The laboratory checks were made by Dr. E. A. Bruce, Saanichton, of the staff of the Research Institute. Our thanks goes to those who assisted. Further tests will be made, it is hoped, in an effort to finally clean up this disease. Satisfactory progress has been made to this end to date. Actinobacillosis in Cattle.—This disease is making its appearance in almost alarming numbers in widely distributed points in the Province. The control-work undertaken to date is so very preliminary that little can be said. Here again we have to acknowledge with thanks the help of Dr. E. A. Bruce. Calculi in Range Steers was not reported to any extent this year. Evidently conditions were not favourable to its development. As previously reported by your Commissioner, the absence of Vitamin A seems to play a very important part in the development of these calculi. That was our first observation, which was subsequently reported by workers. It is my further observation that there are other factors which play a part in the formation of these urinary calculi, such as possibly certain minerals in particular combination. Further observation is being made and later reports may have something more to add. Calfhood Vaccination against Brucellosis.—This work, as previously reported, is conducted by the British Columbia Department of Agriculture. Vaccine is released from a central depot to veterinary practitioners at the request of farmers to vaccinate calves between the ages of four and eight months. While individual applications still come in to the Department, more and more farmers are joining up with local associations. This plan makes for an all around economy and is very efficient. To secure a proper picture of the manner in which this policy is being accepted, a glance at a tabulated report of progress will serve:— Our year begins on July 31st— No. of Calves vaccinated. First year : 3,098 Second year 5,778 Total for two years 8,876 July 31st, 1943, to December 14th, 1943 2,739 Total calves vaccinated from July 31st, 1941, to December 14th, 1943 11,615 R 86 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Some additional work requires to be done in the near future coming out of our past experiences. Warble-fly and Tick Control.—Warble-fly control-work continues to extend to more parts of the Province, and we can look towards the day when the entire Province will be under control. In this programme, being entirely a voluntary effort on the part of the cattlemen with the material furnished free by the Department, there is a danger in later years, when the infestation with warbles becomes light and cattle cease to be gadded by heel- flies, that stockmen may not wish to continue energetically to treat so as to get the last warble. Then, again, in the range country it may be hard to persuade ranchers to make late applications so as to eradicate any of the late warbles which may be present. The work of warble-fly eradication began in the Okanagan Valley, but, due to a number of unforeseen conditions, it has not been so thoroughly carried out, although a lot of good work has been done and the warbles greatly reduced. The farmers of the Deep Creek Valley are proud of the fact that they had the first clean area in America and take every precaution to keep it clean. Stockmen in districts where the wood tick, Dermacentor andersonii, is prevalent report that in herds being treated for warbles the tick is considerably less. Of course, when it was possible to use full-strength derris on cattle before putting them out on these badly infested ranges, very little trouble was encountered and no losses reported. Derris is now being controlled by the Wartime Prices and Trade Board and it is impossible to do more than make a few trials. When this product is again available in quantity it is expected that it will be used quite extensively. Some better control may be developed at any time, but up to the present, despite arguments to the contrary, our experience in the field still continues to be that this is the best and most practical control we have. REPORT OF RECORDER OF BRANDS. George Pilmer, Recorder of Brands. Shipments of beef cattle inspected during 1943 amounted to 56,181 head, an increase of 8,600 over the previous year. Of this increase the Cariboo District accounted for around 1,500; Kamloops-Nicola District, 2,500; Okanagan-Similkameen, 1,700; South-east British Columbia, 2,100; and Central British Columbia, 1,300; while the Peace River District showed a drop of 400 head. Cattle auction sales account largely for the increases in Kamloops, Okanagan, and South-east British Columbia Districts. Shortage of hay, owing to bad weather and scarcity of efficient help, caused many ranchers to unload their stock early in order to avoid wintering more stock than they could safely carry. Shipments to Prairie and Eastern Provinces were around 4,500 head, being about 20 per cent, over 1942. No shipments were made to the United States. The number of hides shipped was 20,399, being just 500 less than the previous year. A detailed report is given in Appendix No. 10. INSPECTION SERVICE. Owing to a number of Provincial Police joining the armed forces and inability to secure new men, four detachments were closed—at Bridge River, Hedley, Yahk, and Wardner. Brand inspection work was carried on by the Police, however, at fifty-one shipping points as follows: Quesnel, Alexis Creek, Bella Coola, Clinton, Bridge River, Lillooet, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 87 Lytton, Spences Bridge, Ashcroft, Blue River, Chase, Salmon Arm, Enderby, Armstrong, Vernon, Lumby, Revelstoke, Nakusp, Kelowna, Penticton, West Summerland, Princeton, Keremeos, Oliver, Greenwood, Grand Forks, Rossland, Trail, Fruitvale, Castlegar, Salmo, Nelson, Kaslo, New Denver, Creston, Cranbrook, Kimberley, Fernie, Natal, Invermere, Golden, Smithers, Hazelton, Terrace, Burns Lake, Vanderhoof, Prince George, McBride, Red Pass, Pouce Coupe, and Fort St. John. Brand inspection work is done by Deputy Inspectors at thirteen shipping points; full-time Inspectors being stationed at Kamloops and Williams Lake, and part-time Inspectors at Soda Creek, Lac la Hache, 100-Mile House, Pavilion, Nicola, Kitwanga, Telkwa, Houston, Forestdale, Endako, and Dawson Creek. Inability of the Police to handle the work at Dawson Creek required the appointment of a part-time Inspector there, and D. L. Fenton was appointed. A new appointment was also made at Kitwanga in the person of Joseph A. Sampare. As usual, we have been much indebted to the Provincial Police for a great amount of brand inspection work and for the checking of licensees, etc., and, in addition, they have also assisted the Department materially on the checking of importation of horses from the Prairie Provinces under permit. Range-riding.—The Clinton Ranchers' Association carried on their previous good work this year, but had some difficulty in finding a suitable man. They finally secured J. A. Bishop, but had to pay considerably more than in the previous years. As usual, the Department assisted in this work by making a grant from the Horned Cattle Purchases Fund. PROSECUTIONS, ETC. The following cases were prosecuted and convictions secured:— Driving Stock without Inspection.—Three, at Nelson (two) and Salmon Arm. Shipping Stock without Inspection.—Three, at Burns Lake and Trail (two). Branding unlawfully.—One, at Ashcroft. Dealing in Stock without a Licence.—One case was prosecuted at Kamloops, but dismissed. Another case was investigated at Nelson and licence secured. Investigations were made by the Police into complaints of missing cattle in several districts, movements of horses and cattle, non-payment of licence fees, etc. LICENCES. The number of licences issued during 1943 was as follows: Slaughter-hOuse, forty- seven ; stock-dealers, seventy-nine; hide-dealers, sixty-four; horse-slaughterers, seventeen ; beef-peddlers, eleven. A complete list of the licensees appears in Appendix No. 8. REPORT OF DAIRY BRANCH. By Henry Rive, B.S.A., Dairy Commissioner. Rather extreme conditions were experienced during the previous winter. Dairy feeds were fortunately on hand in good quantities in most districts, but the severe temperatures that prevailed caused much winter-killing of dairy crops, with disastrous results later on. Fall-sown crops for green feed and the silo yielded fairly only, as did roots. All grass mixtures.for hay or pasture were adversely affected, so that an actual shortage of the former is to be anticipated before spring. With the rains, pastures revived and held well into fall. , R 88 BRITISH COLUMBIA. DAIRY-FACTORIES. Twenty-five butter-factories, two cheese-factories, two condenseries, one milk- powder plant, and two casein plants have been in operation. Nine other firms are interested solely in the production of ice-cream for the wholesale market. All dairy plants have been called on regularly by the Dairy Inspectors of this branch. Methods in use, equipment, storage, and sanitation have been reported on. Grading and testing practices in respect to milk and cream purchased from producers have been investigated, checked, and suggestions for improvement offered. CREAMERIES. The total of creamery butter manufactured will be somewhat below that of the previous year. Demands of the fluid-milk trade and of the condenseries have curtailed supplies for churning and little increase can be looked for till the present situation finds amendment. Early in the year a subsidy of 10 cents per pound butter-fat was paid by the Agricultural Food Board. This was later reduced to 8 cents, which price will prevail for the rest of this year, when a 10-cent payment will be resumed. CHEESE. Two cheese-factories have been in operation during the season. One is at Armstrong the other at Edgewood. The Federal bonus for cheese manufactured has been continued throughout Canada and has been shared by these factories. There exists good opportunity for development of the cheese-making industry in British Columbia and it is to be regretted that more interest has not been taken in the institution of factories in areas new to the project. CONDENSED PRODUCTS. Most condensed products have suffered considerable decrease. Evaporated milk only has nearly maintained its output of recent years. § Little casein has been turned out. ICE-CREAM. In spite of restrictions, ice-cream products have shown increase for the year. The output of districts and firms is not regular, being subject very largely to the demands of the services. It is, of course, due to the increase in population through war-time movements that the output has gone up. DAIRY HERD IMPROVEMENT. The work of herd improvement of dairy cattle has continued under most adverse conditions for several years past. The most severe hindrance has been the lack of suitable supervisors to replace several who have left, for one reason or another, since the war started. There remain eleven associations operating fourteen routes, which by itself would indicate little change during the past year. To keep these routes alive, however, it has been necessary to extend the thirty-day interval between tests to forty days, permitting three supervisors to care for four routes. In this way, the dearth of supervisors has been temporarily overcome. About 350 herds containing approximately 7,000 cows have been on test during the year. The average yield recorded for all milking periods completed in 1942 was 8,224 lb. milk and 361 lb. butter-fat, with an average test of 4.39 per cent. More assistance for the work is required by this Branch. A fieldman devoting seven or eight months of the year to scrutiny of the Supervisors' labours and to the DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 89 expansion of the service and the remaining months to annual compilations in the office is greatly needed. The " Twelfth List of Dairy Sires " is being completed and issued with much difficulty, owing to lack of the necessary help to the Assistant in Charge, in spite of his continued devotion to his work. This Dairy Herd Improvement project as a departmental activity has now been in continuous existence for thirty years, being taken by the Province from the Dominion Department of Agriculture in the fall of 1913. Much good has been accomplished in the improvement of the milking qualities of dairy cattle and there exists much useful material in the form of records of daughters, dams, and granddams to serve for guidance in future breeding operations. The opportunity now exists of greatly accelerating the rate of progress by the control of sales of pure-bred dairy cattle. A measure to require, after suitable notice, that all pure-bred dairy herds, selling to the dairy-farm public, should be on test at all times in some record of repute is urgently required if this Province desires to take advantage of the start already accomplished and the information to hand. LICENCES ISSUED. During the year, seven applicants for testers' licences were examined. Sixty testers' licences were issued and thirty-nine combined testers' and graders' with one single grader's licence. To fifty-seven persons, firms, companies, or associations creamery or dairy licences were issued. (See Appendix No. 9.) MEETINGS. Meetings were attended and taken part in by members of this branch at Kelowna (three), Armstrong (two), Lumby, Salmon Arm, West Quesnel, Vanderhoof, Matsqui (two), Sumas, Chilliwack (two), Richmond, Langley (two), Victoria. PUBLICATIONS. Dairy Circulars No.-48 (stencil) and No. 49 (stencil), the " Twelfth List of Dairy Sires " and the " Fourth Annual List of Long-distance Production Records," constitute the publications of the year. STAFF. On March 1st an addition was made to the staff of this Branch by the appointment as Provincial Dairy Inspector of George Patchett. Mr. Patchett has had many years practical work in butter-making, cheese-making, and the handling of market milk supplies, besides spending several terms at the O.A.C., Guelph, Ontario. He should be of great service to the industry here, having had a long term of dairy factory supervision in British Columbia. He joins F. C. Wasson and F. Overland, Provincial Dairy Inspectors and Instructors, in the duties of factory and dairy plant inspection, with checking of grading and testing work carried on in connection with supplies from producers. All have displayed interest in and devotion to their allotted duties during the year. OFFICE. The usual volume of inquiries and returns has been dealt with. Much time is given monthly to the assembling of statistical matter in co-operation with the Federal Bureau. The two stenographer-clerks have carried out their duties efficiently. GENERAL. Less creamery butter is again expected to be manufactured owing to the demands of the fluid trade as well as to those of the condenseries. R 90 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Bonus claim forms for 8 cents per pound creamery butter allowed to producers have been certified in this office for the Agricultural Food Board. The dairy industry in British Columbia, as everywhere else in Canada, is in a disturbed unsettled state owing to continued demands from unusual quarters. Much readjustment in the disposal of supplies of milk from the producer will eventually become necessary. The text of the " Creameries and Dairies Act " has been revised in accordance with present-day requirements and is suggested as an amendment if considered desirable. REPORT OF POULTRY BRANCH. J. R. Terry, Poultry Commissioner. The New Year was ushered in by unprecedentedly cold weather all over the Province. The Coast and Gulf Islands were visited by bitter cold winds and below zero temperatures, which lasted for nearly three weeks. Coming immediately after a very mild fall and early winter the results were disastrous; comb and feet freezings, accompanied by heavy mortality from the same cause, almost complete cessation of laying, and poor fertility with resultant low hatches. In many cases it was not until early March had been ushered in before hatching results improved. Many layers hatched the previous February and March, already moulting in November, were again thrown into another feather-shedding. The Leghorn breed suffered the most. Freak weather prevailed in the month of March, it being one of the driest and warmest on record. Forest fires were quite frequently reported. The weather for the rest of the year has been very favourable for poultry keeping and production. The usual shipments to the North have been forwarded, but less exports to the United States were the rule. The market for eggs has been brisk throughout the year, and the Province has again sent forward its quota to the British Isles, almost wholly in dehydrated form. Egg prices for the past ten years are herewith supplied for comparison. Prices are those paid to the producer:— 1934 Cents. 15 1939 __.. __ Cents 23 1935 16 21 24 1940 22 1936 1941 28 1937 1942 _._ 32 1938 :__ 25 1943 (11 months) 34 BREEDING OPERATIONS. As obtained last year, many thousands of hatching-eggs were again shipped by independent breeders to the Prairie hatcheries. These shipments were limited by the fact that shippers were compelled by both Dominion and Provincial regulations to belong to the Provincial Flock-approval Plan, which meant that all breeding stock used had to be blood-tested for pullorum disease. The biggest increase in hatching operations on record occurred this year. In some cases the hatcheries operated for nearly ten months instead of the usual seven or eight months. Orders for chicks, both day-old and started chicks, poured in from all points throughout the spring and summer. One hatchery reported close to the million mark in hatchings. The boom in New Hampshire fowls showed no signs of abating. The demand was so great that many beginners, some with very limited experience, entered the baby DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 91 chick market, with results not always profitable to either buyer or seller. Although still numerically superior, the White Leghorn breed has not seemed to keep up to the heavy-weight birds during the year. Barred Rocks, Rhode Island Reds, and Light Sussex have also increased in. numbers. Crosses of these fowls with the New Hampshire and Leghorns have been again very popular. The sex-linking qualities of Barred Rocks and Light Sussex females mated to New Hampshire males has again been taken advantage of. TABLE-POULTRY PRODUCTION. The ranks of those breeding table-fowls for meat production primarily have been again increased, even at a greater rate than took place last year. Many beginners starting absolutely " from scratch," as far as experience is concerned, have handled as many as 1,500 chicks monthly for the best part of the year.. Although many losses have been sustained both from vermin depredations and mortality, owing to favourable prices very few have failed to make a profit on investment. It is to be hoped that the experiences of those who were caught in the slump of 1921-22 will not be repeated. Owing to the insatiable demand for poultry meats, many chickens were killed as 2-lb. broilers rather than being kept the usual fourteen or fifteen weeks and sold as roasters, weighing on the average 4 to 5% lb. each. Possibly due to the difficulty in getting sufficient Dark Cornish Indian Game males for crossing purposes, very few breeders utilized this cross with Rocks or Sussex for the highest quality table-poultry. This Branch has consistently advocated the use of some Game blood for top crossing for the production of high-class meat for the table. A rather unusual cross-was used by a well-known breeder this past season. The results were worth recording. He secured a cross-bred cockerel from White Leghorn male and Cornish Game hen. The bird was about 8 lb. in weight and practically all white in plumage. He was mated with nearly a score of cross-bred hens from a New Hampshire male and White Wyandotte hens. Starting hatching-eggs from this cross, the breeder sold all the progeny, both sexes at 2% lb. weight, which was generally reached in eight weeks. Fertility was excellent and over 600 chicks we're marketed successfully. Owing to war demands for certain concentrates, most mashes sold have been slightly wider in nutritive ratio than in the past. Corn and corn-meal have been practically unobtainable and fish-meal and beef-scraps have been difficult to obtain in some districts. Comparing conditions and prices with the same period of World War I., the writer is of the opinion that the market for eggs and meat is more profitable at this time. DEPARTMENTAL WORK. Poultry displays at fall fairs were again judged by the Branch. After an absence of ten years, the writer adjudicated at the Okanagan Fall Exhibition, and wishes to testify to the excellence of the exhibits, which compared very favourably with past shows. It was noted that the juvenile members (Boys' and Girls' Poultry Club) displayed nearly 90 per cent, of the exhibits. All the birds were well conditioned, matured, and shown in tip-top form. As in the past few years, exhibits at fall fairs were mainly composed of popular utility breeds, which is to be commended. During 1916-19 a boom took place in geese, but for some reason this past four years has not seen a similar condition. Only a few choice specimens of geese were shown this year. Records have been broken in regard to quantity of incoming and outgoing mails. Inquiries dealing with all phases of the industry, but predominatingly regarding disease troubles, were received. Many requests for visits were complied with whenever possible. R 92 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Printed and stencilled circulars and bulletins were in great demand, and the following were revised and reissued: "Poultry-houses" (bulletin), "Poultry-farming for Intending Settlers" (stencil circular), "Poultry-feeding" (bulletin), "Plans for Dutch Oven " (stencilled circular), " Plans for Lamp-brooder " and " Plans for Stable- lantern Brooder," both stencilled circulars, were published and appeared to fill a long- felt want, especially as it has been difficult and almost impossible to purchase factory- made brooders during the past two years. Stencilled circular " Plans for Breeding-saddles for Turkeys " was also distributed. Owing to the difficulty householders found early in the season in trying to get supplies of water-glass for egg preservation, a circular " Lime-water for Egg Preservation " was also prepared and stencilled. Through news items and radio notices, many copies were asked for. Breeders' Directories: Lists of members of the Provincial Flock-approval Plan, Vancouver Rabbit Breeders' Association, British Columbia Bantam Breeders' Association, and Turkey and Geese Breeders were stencilled and issued. Poultry papers and agricultural journals were supplied' with poultry articles as requested. Again the Canadian Farm Broadcast, under the supervision of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, was supplied with short notes and items of interest. BOYS' AND GIRLS' POULTRY CLUBS. Most of the clubs were again organized by either District Agriculturists, Farmers' Institutes, Women's Institutes, Poultry Associations, or school teachers. CJubs were started in all parts of the Province, with the Mission clubs still operating as the oldest continuously run clubs, having been first organized in 1916. The districts in which the majority of the clubs were held were as follows, the numerals after each place denoting number of clubs organized: Prince George, 15; Fraser Valley, 15; Mission, 10; Okanagan, 9; Vancouver Island, 5; Grand Forks, 3; and Revelstoke, 2; total, 59. Most of the members in each district exhibited some of their flocks at their local fairs during the fall, as in the past. Judging contests also took place in some of the club areas. POULTRY ASSOCIATIONS. The British Columbia Poultry Association, which has been running- since 1910, has decided to wind up, owing to lack of funds to operate. Organized originally for the encouragement of poultry-farming by holding annual shows, and the organizing of local associations wherever possible throughout the Province, it had at one time thirty-two locals affiliated. It also had the honour of sponsoring and assisting in the running of the first egg-laying contest on the American continent. This event continued for thirteen years and was the means of bringing fowls from Australia, New Zealand, the British Isles, and the United States in competition. Most of the imported birds, after winning a majority of the prizes, were sold to Provincial purchasers for improvement of local flocks. The Pacific Poultry Breeders' Protective Association again reports excellent progress. As mentioned previously, this organization is concerned with looking after the interests of its members, most of whom are commercial poultry-breeders. Poultry shows were again held by the Ladysmith, Kamloops, Vancouver, and Victoria associations, affiliated with the Provincial Association, which body presented diplomas to member winners at shows and also at several fall fairs. DISEASES. Owing to the great increase in the number of breeders starting up, it has been a very busy period for this Division with regard to disease incidence. Daily through- DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 93 out the year, reports and complaints were received as to the presence of disease in flocks throughout the Province. Early in the season, whilst not a disease, a lot of trouble was experienced with frost-bites—combs, wattles, and, in some instances, legs were affected. This occasioned a great deal of loss, especially in the colder parts of the Province. Many of the lighter breeds, Leghorns particularly, were the greatest sufferers. Quite a few birds died or were killed owing to wattle-freezing. This form of frost-bite is more dangerous than comb-freezing, as it causes the throat to swell and oftentimes chokes the birds. In the case of large-combed birds, such as Leghorns, the obvious remedy is to dub the birds before the winter frosts set in. The Division has issued a circular fully explaining the operation of dubbing male birds, which has been in considerable demand. Practically all of the larger breeders and hatcheries dub all their Leghorn males before they are sold or placed in the breeding-pens. Experiments in Quebec show that dubbed males are more active sexually than those not dubbed. Many post-mortems were made by this Division and many more could have been made if the breeders sending in dead fowls had prepared the carcasses properly. As it happened, a big majority of the specimens received were too far " gone " for accurate diagnosis. In such cases breeders are given instructions for proper shipping of dead birds for post-mortem. This Division wishes to record the co-operation and help of Dr. E. A. Bruce, V.S., of the Dominion Farm Laboratory at Saanichton. Paralysis, particularly among early-maturing pullets, has been rife throughout the Province. Lameness in the early fall months, particularly where there has been a lack of greenstuffs, was reported, and in many post-mortems worm parasites were found to be the cause of this symptom. Many breeders appear to be ignorant of the importance of green feeding, especially to young stock, or, as in many cases investigated, are too dilatory to provide such succulence. It is immediately noted in the State of Washington that apparently every commercial breeder has a kale patch for provision of this important feedstuff. It was recommended in our last report that sulphur drugs had been successfully tried out as a specific for paralysis in most of its forms. Differences of opinion have now to be reported on the matter. In some experiments conducted no benefits were derived. Coccidiosis, or " bloody diarrhoea," was apparently not so prevalent, due possibly to the dry season throughout the growing period. It is noted that in wet seasons this disease is very troublesome. Also the fact that many breeders now operated wire-floor sun-parlours for the first eight or ten weeks of the chick's life would help to prevent coccidia infection. Colds and roup cases were again investigated. Wet and draughty shelters, damp litter, and indifferent feeding systems are the most fruitful causes of this trouble. Again the Division's advice, " clean out and clean up " is offered. Attention is again called to the necessity of frequent culling of fowls for disease detection. Particularly is this necessary in connection with heavy-laying fowls, many of which may be suffering from vent disease, principally vent canker. There is grave danger of entire infection of a breeding-pen where any hen suffers with this disease. Male birds become infected and pass on the disease to the rest of the flock. In some flocks culled, this Division has found as many as 10 per cent, of the females suffering with this disease. Night culling, providing the breeder has a sensitive nose, will easily and quickly solve this problem. Leukaemia again took toll of the flocks in various parts. The main symptoms: Enlarged liver, both internal and external tumours, and, in some instances, an enlarged spleen. Considering the value of even a healthy bird, it is still puzzling to hear R 94 BRITISH COLUMBIA. breeders ask quite seriously as to the chances of purchasing remedies for this and other diseases. Killing and burning of all diseased fowls is the only safe rule to follow. The sapient remark of a well-known breeder, " You cannot purchase vitality in a drug-store," is worth remembering. Worm infestation was reported from widely separated parts. A good home-made remedy is as follows: To a cup of lard add two tablespoonfuls of spirits of turpentine, and dry off the mixture with powdered sulphur. Make ordinary-sized pills, and give one to suspected birds overnight. It is best to isolate the fowls to be treated so that manure may be watched next day for evidence of worms or eggs. A feed of bread and milk in which has been dissolved one-half teaspoonful of epsom salts per three birds is also effective. Where wormy fowls are too emaciated for treatment, killing and burning is always the safest plan. Never bury sick fowls that have died or been killed. Although the turkey-crop has been heavy this year, there have been fewer complaints of the appearance of enterohepatitis. Last year's recommendation of a dose of worm purges, at least in the fall, is still good advice. WATER-FOWL. For laying qualities the Khaki-Campbell variety and also White Pekins have again, proved most profitable. Duck-breeders mixing their own mashes have again found it difficult to obtain sufficient animal concentrates, principally fish-meals or beef-scraps. Corn and corn-meal have also been missed. Barley-meal has been substituted, but this lacks the oil or fat found in corn products. There has been little increase in ducks. Geese production has been about on the same scale as last year, with Toulouse and Embden breeds the most popular. The demand for both duck and geese feathers was again good. TURKEYS. With a little higher ceiling price for high-class fowls, the production has been substantially increased. Producers have found difficulty in getting high protein feeds, so vital to young poults for the first ten weeks, and also corn products have been missed. Small and damaged potatoes, boiled with barley, have been utilized by many breeders for finishing off the birds. These two feed products are excellent for the production of white flesh. A demand has sprung up for white turkey feathers. The finer, softer ones are used in making up high-class ladies' coatees and other boudoir clothing. RABBITS. There has been a considerable increase in the production of rabbits, principally for meat purposes. There has also been a good demand for wool rabbits, principally Angoras. The wool is utilized by the Air Force authorities for padding of airmen's clothing. REPORT OF WOMEN'S INSTITUTES. Mrs. V. S. McLachlan, Superintendent. The Women's Institutes continue their manifold war activities. Reports from 136 Institutes (with a total membership of 3,454 women) for last year show the following figures:— Jam made for the Red Cross by the Institutes (lb.) 2,998 Fruit canned in syrup for the Red Cross by the Institutes (cans) . 1,689 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 95 Quilts and wool-filled comforters for Britain 2,351 Articles knitted or sewn for the Red Cross, British Bundles, etc. 37,915 Funds raised by the Institutes for War Services, Red Cross, etc. $4,107.90 Donations to Canadian Women's Institute special funds for a mobile canteen and bombed people $838.25 Parcels sent to men and women in the Forces 1,522 Purchase of Victory Bonds and war savings $2,842 In the making of wool-filled comforters, Pavilion is outstanding. For the last three years this Institute has sent two comforters a month to British Bundles, all of them filled with real wool and beautifully made. War Savings Stamps were universally used as prizes for Institute Flower-shows, Victory Garden competitions, etc., and there has been a steady demand for the special War Savings Stamp booklets issued by the Federated Women's Institutes of Canada. PRODUCTION. In spite of a poor fruit-year Institutes maintained their donations of fruit for Britain this year. Reports are incomplete as yet, but Rutland and Osoyoos report making over 2,000 lb. of jam each. Winfield contributed 200 lb. of honey for the same purpose. Victory Gardens took a prominent place in all Institute programmes, both for adults and the children. Nakusp organized two classes' in each of their schools, one for children under 10 and the other for children up to 15 years of age. They report a good number of entries and successful results. Twelve Institutes report holding flower-shows, and McBride gave $80 towards the funds of the local Agricultural Association for their fair. In addition to the Department's book prizes the Institutes gave War Savings Stamps as prizes. The Women's Institutes supported the Emergency Farm Labour Service; and the Provincial President, Mrs. Gummow, visited some of the camps for the young workers and gave an interesting account of her visit over CBR. MARKETING. Mrs. Gummow is still an active member of the Regional Committee of the Wartime Prices and Trade Board. Last spring she tried hard to procure a larger sugar ration for canning by country-women. The Branch recently has been asked to supply the names of 100 women scattered throughout the Province who will report on rural opinions and practices regarding rationing for the guidance of the future work of the Wartime Prices and Trade Board at Ottawa. WOMEN'S INSTITUTE BROADCASTS. ' ' Last spring the Provincial Board, in co-operation with this Branch, organized a series of ten broadcasts on matters of interest to Women's Institute members. Some of the talks were broadcast over CBR and others from Kelowna and Trail. These were such a success and so popular with the Institutes, that CBR has consented to repeat and extend the programme, and the Provincial Board is now working on another ten- week series, most of which will be broadcast over CBR. VISITS TO INSTITUTES. In June I visited the Okanagan to attend the District Conferences at Penticton and Salmon Arm, and then went up to Clearwater to attend a small but enthusiastic meeting held by the six Institutes in that area. Every Institute sent at least four and R 96 BRITISH COLUMBIA. some sent their entire membership to the meeting. Here I met the members of the newly formed Star Lake Institute, which promises well. In July I visited Institutes in the Kootenays and Arrow Lakes Districts, where the distances made it impossible for them to hold conferences. Good work is being done, though in some places the population has been so greatly reduced that there are hardly enough women left to form a quorum at a meeting. The fact that labour shortage is obliging women to help more with the field-work adds to their difficulties, but the members are doing their best to keep their Institutes going. On my return from the Kootenays I received word that H.R.H. Princess Alice wished to visit a Women's Institute in the Bulkley Valley, so hasty arrangements were made for her to visit Prince George. I was instructed to meet her there and visit the Bulkley Valley Institutes on my way home. Owing to the unexpected visit to Canada of Mr. Winston Churchill, Princess Alice had to postpone her visit to this Province. However, I was able to help the women in Prince George to perfect their arrangements for entertaining her, and afterwards visited Institutes as arranged. Many of these had never been visited and seemed glad to see me. Since my tour new Institutes have been organized at Smithers and Telkwa. H.R.H. Princess Alice visited Prince George in August and was received by members from all the near-by Institutes. Every member was presented'to her, and afterwards she invited Mrs. Moffatt, President of Prince George Women's Institute, to drive with her to the tea arranged in her honour by the General Officer Commanding the District. On her return to Ottawa she sent a letter expressing her appreciation of the valuable work which is being done by the Institutes in this Province. Her address at Prince George was stencilled and sent to all Institutes in the Province; in it Her Royal Highness said: " No Government can do anything well without the whole-hearted collaboration of every individual citizen, and the Women's Institutes have it in their power to render an immense service to the community at the conclusion of the war. It is a duty which you must undertake as Canadian citizens." The Peace River District Conference was held at Doe River and, as usual, appears to have been the great annual outing for the whole district, Institutes recording 100-per-cent. attendance of their members. A meeting of the Provincial Board was held in Victoria in October, every member attending. Two full days of meetings were spent chiefly in making plans for the Biennial Convention which it is hoped to hold in Vancouver in May or June next. The Board also authorized the investment of another $200 in Victory Bonds for the Othoa Scott Trust Fund, and a donation of $225 to the Solarium from the interest on the $6,800 invested for- the Fund. The Institutes are making a special drive to reach their objective of $10,000 for this Fund this year. GENERAL OFFICE-WORK. . Five new Institutes have been organized during the year—Glenwood and Telkwa in the Bulkley Valley, Star Lake in the Salmon Arm District, and Rosedale and Sunny- side in the South Fraser District; and the Whonnock and Ruskin Institute in the North Fraser District has managed to find enough members to resume its activities. Four Institutes have gone into abeyance until people return to their homes—Parkland, Quadra Island, Upper Clearwater, and Ymir. There are now 181 Institutes in the Province with a total membership of 3,804 women, as at June 30th last. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 97 REPORTS OF BOYS' AND GIRLS' CLUB WORK. S. S. Phillips, B.S.A., Secretary. The development of Boys' and Girls' Club work has continued satisfactorily throughout the Province in 1943. It is very encouraging to note that, although the organizers and those developing club work in the various districts were hard pressed for time to devote to this work, more clubs were organized this year than in 1942 and the swine projects increased more than 100 per cent. Club exhibits were featured at the Armstrong and Chilliwack Exhibitions and Kamloops Fat Stock Sale, as well as many of the smaller fairs. The following shows the number of clubs organized under department supervision in 1943:— Number of Clubs. Membership. 1942. 1943. 1942. 1943. 10 38 6 1 59 18 2 3 11 33 16 1 73 15 6 94 402 49 8 513 177 20 53 115 312 136 9 674 Potato — 137 Alfalfa _ 68 Totals 139 155 1,316 1,451 PROVINCIAL ELIMINATION CONTESTS. Elimination contests were held this year at Chilliwack and Armstrong Exhibitions. In the district eliminations at Chilliwack, September 15th, contests were conducted in dairy, swine, and potato projects. Dairy Contest.—This contest was won by Violet Paton and James Thatcher. The contestants' names and scores are as follows:— Contestant's Name. Individual Score. Violet Paton 548 James Thatcher 476 Pat Thompson 420 Vera Schalz 410 Allan Moffard 377 Swine Contest.—This contest was conducted partly in Chilliwack and the carcass judging was done at packing plants in Vancouver. Don McPhee and Ernie Oldham won the contest. Contestant's Name. Individual Score. Peter Ewart 438 Ernie Oldham 538 Don McPhee 496 Potato Contest.—This contest was won by Hugh Davis and Frances Lidster. As no teams entered from the Interior of the Province, this became the final contest. The team was coached by Sid Gray, of Milner. Contestant's Name. Individual Score. Frances Lidster 490.5 Hugh Davis 499.0 R 98 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Contestant's Name. Joyce Maddocks Arthur Maddocks ___. Jim Ordog Blanche Peterson ___. Ronald Tarves Margaret McLelan _ Jake Harder Bob Cartnell Individual Score. 489.0 468.5 . 453.5 . 394.5 ._ 410.0 . 280.0 ._ 327.0 406.0 potato team. liliiiiB Left to right: Hugh Davis, Frances Lidster, and Sid Gray (coach). Final Elimination Contests, Armstrong, September 21st, 1943. Dairy Contest.—The Pure-bred Dairy Cattle Club from Langley, Violet Paton and James Thatcher, won this contest. The team was coached by Tom Berry, of Langley. Contestant's Name. Team Score. James Thatcher and Violet Paton, Langley Pure-bred Dairy Club 975 John Olson and Bert Marshall, Armstrong Pure-bred Dairy Club 947 Peter Buff and Jack Pain, Prince George Dairy Club 888 Beef Contest.—This contest was won by Uncha Valley Beef team, Alvin Wiley and Terrance Lougheed. Coached by Shirley Preston, of Smithers. Contestant's Name. Team Score. Laura Donchi and Bernard Donchi, Kamloops North Beef Club 618 Alvin J. Wiley and Terrance Lougheed, Uncha Valley Beef Club- 664 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 99 Swine Contest.—This contest was won by the Chilliwack team coached by Fred Bryant, of Chilliwack, Don McPhee and Ernie Oldham. Contestant's Name. Team Score. Don McPhee and Ernie Oldham, Chilliwack Swine Club 855 Ross Phillips and Gordon Fowler, Armstrong Swine Club 791 dairy team. Left to right: James Thatcher, Tom Berry (coach), and Violet Paton. NATIONAL JUDGING CONTEST, TORONTO, NOVEMBER 22nd AND 23rd, 1943. British Columbia sent four teams to compete in this contest—dairy, beef, swine, and potatoes. All our teams showed up well in these competitions. The potato team —Francis Lidster and Hugh Davis—took second place with a team score of 1,099 out of a possible 1,200, only 17 points behind the winning team. The dairy team—Violet Paton and James Thatcher—took third place with a team score of 809 points. The swine team—Ernest Oldham and Don McPhee—took fifth place with a team score of 890. Our beef team—Alvin Wiley and Terrance Lougheed—came fourth in the beef contest but Alvin Wiley, who was the outstanding contestant in the Provincial elimination contest at Armstrong, took ill with influenza and was unable to complete the judging contests. It is interesting to note that this is the first time that Central British Columbia has sent a team to compete in the National Contest at Toronto. R 100 BRITISH COLUMBIA. The results show that all of our contestants had been well coached and were well informed in matters pertaining to their projects and they stood well up-in the strong competition by teams from the other Provinces. The oral examinations were held as usual in the Royal York Hotel, Toronto, and through the co-operation of Dr. Christie, President of Guelph, Ontario, Agricultural College, all the judging classes were held at Guelph. Two new features were added to the programme this year. During the contest club members were interviewed by members of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Frances Lidster, of Langley, and Terrance Lougheed, of Uncha Valley, represented British Columbia. This transcription was released over the C.B.C. during the Farm Broadcast, December 6th. swine team. Left to right: Don McPhee and Ernie Oldham. Addresses of Club Members. One club member from each Province was required to give a five-minute address after the club banquet, Monday, November 22nd. Hugh Davis, of Langley, told the meeting how junior potato clubs have helped develop potato production in British Columbia. This talk was instructive and well delivered as were those by representatives from the other Provinces. This feature caused a great deal of favourable comment and will probably be continued in the future. Appended to this report is a tabulated list showing all the clubs organized in the Province. The development of this work although not spectacular has been steady and the influence of organized clubs in the production programme of our agricultural DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 101 districts is of considerable productive as well as educational value. Our records show that practically all the clubs organized were carried through to a successful conclusion. In this regard we have been fortunate in having the assistance of a considerable number of able club organizers, many of them ex-club members. Representative of the University of British Columbia, the Dominion and Provincial Departments of Agriculture have contributed generously to the work. The Vancouver Exhibition, co-operating with the Chilliwack Agricultural Association and the Armstrong Exhibition Association, have done much to assist the development of the work. BEEF TEAM. BEEF TEAM. jT w MS Pilifii If Alvin Wiley. ::''::^'-W^0&-SMi?%^ Terrance Lougheed. REPORTS OF DISTRICT AGRICULTURISTS. PEACE RIVER DISTRICT. T. S. Crack, District Agriculturist. After a very damp, cold, and long winter, the spring was late. The commencement of seeding did not start until the end of April and was not general until the middle of May, which was about ten days later than usual. There was plenty of rain up to June 20th with showers all through the remaining summer, making an ideal summer for grain-growing. A little frost in some areas affecting the gardens was reported July 20th, but very little damage done. In some districts where the land is low the oats were frozen before cutting, owing to the late harvest. The wheat averaged 30 bushels per acre, average grade No. 2; oats averaged 60 bushels per acre and graded 2 C.W.; barley averaged 40 bushels per acre and graded 2 C.W. A larger acreage of flax was sown this year, averaging 12 bushels per acre, which is of very good quality. The alfalfa and altaswede clover was very badly winter-killed. It turned out better than originally anticipated, but the frost in the fall killed what seed was set. It is difficult to say just what seed will be in the district, but am afraid very little for spring seeding. R 102 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Live Stock. The following are the number of live stock shipped from Dawson Creek by the Dawson Creek Co-operative Shipping Association up to November 30th, which represents approximately 75 per cent, of stock shipped, the remaining 25 per cent, has been shipped by private buyers:— Hogs 21,459 Beef cattle 928 Sheep : 546 Veal calves 50 Baby beef 200 It is estimated that approximately 2,000 hogs and 100 head of cattle will be shipped during December. There has also been an average of three cars per month shipped from Tupper Creek. Swine. Several of the Swine Improvement Associations have been revised under the Dominion-Provincial Brood Sow Policy. Recently nineteen registered boars were brought in, some for new associations and some for reorganized. An increased number of about 20 per cent, more hogs were shipped to Edmonton from this district than in 1942. Sheep. I am sorry to have to report that several sheepmen have had to dispose of their flocks owing to losses due to the wolves and coyotes. These animals have been worse this year than ever before and have done a considerable amount of damage. Only five rams were brought in under the Dominion Ram Policy. Cattle. Three Live-stock Improvement Associations were organized and three registered bulls shipped in last spring through the Dominion Live-stock Improvement Policy. A few more farmers have been buying females from registered herds. Dr. Thompson, Veterinary Surgeon from Kamloops, visited the district around the middle of September for the purpose of testing cattle for T.B. This proved to be a poor time of the year for this work as all farmers were busy harvesting; consequently, very few cattle were tested. All live stock throughout the district are in a healthy condition. Warble-fly Control. The sixth year of this treatment was not so well organized as in previous years, owing to the shortage of help and lack of transportation for men going around the district. I have not yet received a complete list of reports, but a lot of cattle were tested and several verbal reports are that very few warbles were found. Fall Fairs and Flower-show. These were all discontinued until after the war when, it is hoped, they can be reorganized and get more interest in the organizations. It was thought better to discontinue them while still in good standing rather than let them drop out altogether. They should all be easy to start up again when desired. Boys' and Girls' Clubs. One Beef Calf Club and one Potato Club were organized last spring and carried through to completion. Both these clubs were very successful, much interest being shown by the competitors. Two Alfalfa Clubs were organized, which have every appearance at the present time of being successful. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 103 Field Crops. The following quantities of stock seed was shipped into the district from the University of British Columbia: 800 lb. of Red Bobs wheat, 1,800 lb. of Victory oats, and 200 lb. of flax. There was also a large quantity of registered grain brought in and sown last spring. Farm Labour. It was a hard problem to get sufficient help for spring work and it had every appearance of being the same for harvest and threshing this fall, but on August 10th a meeting of all interested farmers was called and an Agricultural Production Committee organized. A list of men needed by farmers was kept in this office and men requiring work were sent here by the Selective Service, Dawson Creek. By this means we were able to place men where required and got by without any great hardship on any one. Bees. A large number of 3-lb. packages of bees were brought into the district last spring but reports show they did not do very well, owing, no doubt, to the lateness of the spring and the cold weather during the honey-flow. Most bee-keepers are trying to keep their bees over the winter. Threshers' Reports. There are 109 threshing-machines and sixteen combines in this district. Up to date have only received fifty-four reports. The following are the returns to date:— Bushels. Spring wheat 355,333 Oats 614,529 Barley 116,408 Flax 12,820 Rye 300 Lb. Sweet clover 12,946 Brome-grass 2,000 General. There was a considerable shortage of potatoes last spring. Several of the merchants had a few car-loads shipped in in April. Egg prices were better during the summer than ever before. Up to the end of November no snow had fallen and the weather has been exceptionally mild. Farmers throughout the district are in a prosperous condition. Live stock are going into the winter in good shape with plenty of feed on hand to carry them through. Summer-fallow has been well worked during the summer. General agricultural production has increased over previous years. BULKLEY AND SKEENA DISTRICTS. S. G. Preston, M.Sc, District Agriculturist. The growing season of 1943 has been an extraordinary mixture of good and bad growing conditions with indifferent weather for haying and harvest. The ultimate results show a poor yield of hay and seed crops, fair yields of cereal crops with probable low germination, and fair garden and root crops. Eventually threshing was completed and a late spell of fine weather enabled the farmers to get much of the fall R 104 BRITISH COLUMBIA. cultivation completed. The cattlemen have disposed of some quantities of breeding and young stock for reason of the hay shortage. Live Stock. Beef.—An improved quality is noted in beef stock marketed this year. The work of the past few years is beginning to show results from the use of better grade bulls. Not only have a few better quality bulls been purchased from outside, but there is a more intelligent exchange of sires than previously. During the past year there have been shipped in from Kamloops, Armstrong, and the Coast two Hereford bulls, one Shorthorn, and three Red Polls. In addition, the Dominion Experimental Sub-station at Smithers has in the past three years placed eleven fine dual purpose bulls of their own breeding. The amount of stock shipped out of this district during the past twelve months shows an increase in beef production in the district. Further, toward an improvement in class of beef stock produced in this district, the animal sale at Kamloops has offered an outlet for the poor quality types for which there was formerly no market and thus removed them from this district as potential breeding stock. It is hoped eventually to conduct some work on finishing of beef cattle for sale during the winter. Due to the indifferent supplies of feeds available this year, it did not appear an appropriate time to initiate this work. Dairy.—Returns from the creameries indicate there has been a general falling-off of butter-fat production. This can be attributed to shortage of help and relatively higher price of beef. Some increase is shown in the whole-milk sales but this has been more than counterbalanced by the lower amounts sent to the creameries. In addition, by the use of the dual purpose Shorthorn and Red Poll bulls, the producers are able to market their young stock as beef, rather than producing butter-fat if they are short of help. Sheep.—The sheep situation remains practically stationary. No great expansion can be expected as long as the danger from wolves, coyotes, and bears continues. The Oxfords and Hampshires are the favourite breed. Two " McClughan " Oxford rams have been brought in this fall and several Hampshires from the Dominion Experimental Station at Prince George. Good Suffolk rams to meet the requirements were traded or obtained locally. Swine.—The production of hogs is rather unsteady. At present it is on the increase, but should there be a further increase in feed costs without a relative raise in pork prices, a slump in production can be expected. Some twenty sows were brought into the Bulkley Valley in the spring under the Dominion-Provincial Brood Sow Policy. These have turned out to be an exceptionally fine lot and the litters were better than average. Shipments of hogs from Central British Columbia during the past two years are not indicative of an increase or decrease in hog production. Local consumption of pork has greatly increased due to military and construction activities at Prince Rupert, Terrace, Smithers, Vanderhoof, and Prince George. On the whole, there is evidence of a steady, though not great, increase in production for the past three years. Horses.—A survey has been made this year of the stallions in the district. The results show: Percherons, six (three registered); Belgians, eight (two registered); Clydesdales, five (two registered) ; and Morgan, one (grade). Horses are in demand, but not excessively so. It is found that tractors, while not necessarily more economical of operation, take less man-power and are becoming increasingly popular. Diseases and Pests of Live Stock.—This district is relatively free of either diseases or insect pests affecting live stock. There are occasional reports of swamp fever, hemorrhagic septicaemia, etc., but as there is no resident veterinarian these cases DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 105 cannot be authenticated. A few cases of photosensitization were observed this year on light coloured Shorthorns from the Francois and Ootsa Lakes Districts. The chief insect pest is the warble, which is widespread, but never in very great numbers. Some 25 lb. of derris mixture was distributed to thirty-five farmers this year. Reports are difficult to obtain, but on the average it is found that distribution is fairly even between young and mature stock, except in the dairy herds, in cases where the young animals are kept around home during the summer. Averages show four or five warbles on mature animals, the same on young range stock and thirty to forty on young dairy stock kept at home during the summer. Field Crops. Practically all thresher returns are in to date. Thus the report (Table 1) will need little, if any, revision. Three or four new threshing-machines have been brought into the district, making a present total of thirty-eight. As previously mentioned, yields of hay and timothy seed were low this season, but cereal crops fair. Reduced yields on perennial crops was due to heavy winter-killing and low rainfall in May and June (Table 4). Grain-crops were generally late this year and were caught by September frosts. This hastened maturity but resulted in considerable shrinkage of the grain and no doubt has adversely affected germination. Efforts were begun this month to locate sufficient supplies of seed-grain for next spring. Much of the loss of legume-crops through winter-killing will be made up by next year through new seedings, natural reseeding, and some recovery of stands subject to winter-injury. Farmers were advised to reseed and make new plantings as heavy winter-killing is unusual. Farmers of this district are convinced that locally grown legume-seed gives them more complete and hardier stands. It is quite possible this is correct. Over a period of years the less hardy types will be eliminated, and especially after the severe condition of the 1942-43 winter, this should be particularly true. The newly named variety of alfalfa " Ferax " was introduced a few years ago under its identification number. The grower threshed a few pounds of seed this year after taking off a crop of hay. Considerable interest was shown in sugar-beet production and there were numerous applications for the circular on extraction of syrup. The crop was very light, however, as a result of a cool growing season and shortage of moisture. Several of the Field Crops Union plots were inspected. The Grimn and Ladak alfalfa made a notable showing for the first year. Peas and flax were planted rather late and were more or less of a failure, but indications are that, normally, if seeded on higher ground, good results could be obtained from both. A trial with boron and fertilizers is being conducted on a 1942 seeding of alfalfa in the Uncha Valley. The boron was applied this fall. The fall rye was not inspected, but if seeded sufficiently early and not pastured too heavily this fall, there is little to fear from the results of this seeding. A trip was made by plane from Fort St. James in company with members of the Prince George Forest Service and the District Agriculturist to the scene of the 1942 forage seeding of the burned-over area north of the Stuart River Settlement. This was a most interesting and instructive trip and, in addition to information on the feasibility of such seedings by plane, a comparison of several grasses and legumes was observed. To date the timothy and alsike-clover plots are outstanding. (Of unusual interest was an albino red clover plant in full bloom.) The use of commercial fertilizers is becoming increasingly popular. Numerous inquiries are received regarding their use and application. A car-load shipment is to be brought in during the winter. Assistance has been given in selecting those types considered most suitable to local conditions. R 106 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Poultry. Production of eggs is down this fall. While it is evident that chicks were obtained later than usual and thus will not start laying much before Christmas, this does not account for the late start of the year-old hens. Many of the farmers are already putting in their orders for baby chicks for next spring. The favourite breeds are New Hampshires, Leghorns, and Barred Rocks. Some are practising crossing and obtaining outstanding results. The turkey " crop " is about normal, so with a remunerative price in view the turkey-raisers are confident of a good return from their efforts, despite some losses through coyotes. It has been possible to give advice on poultry-house construction in a number of instances. Professor E. A. Lloyd, of the University of British Columbia Poultry Department, was able to make useful suggestions in solving the ventilation problem during cold weather. TT Horticulture. Gardens.—In most cases town and country gardens were a reasonable success. Insect pests were almost wholly absent this season. The growing season could not be considered first-class but nevertheless all staple vegetables did well but would have yielded heavier with more rainfall. Lack of rainfall reduced potato yields also, but the quality was very good. Wire- worms were evident in a number of cases and more than the ordinary occurrence of blackleg was noted. Strawberries were pretty well winter-killed from Terrace to, and including, the Bulkley Valley. The light coloured Alaska's survived, however. Yields of raspberries and currants were fair in the Bulkley Valley and excellent from Hazelton to Terrace. Many of the raspberries show some degree of raspberry mosaic. The experimental apple-tree plantings are inspected when possible. A few more each year are coming into bearing, although there is a percentage of loss each season through rabbits and mice. A few more people are now purchasing their own fruit- trees and we have sufficient data on hand to suggest the hardier varieties. Seed Production (Vegetable).—Some effort is being made to produce vegetable- seeds, notably among the Dutch settlers at Houston. Some 25 acres of spinach were inspected this year for certification, besides small lots of swede turnip, cabbage, and radishes. The spinach is mostly harvested by pulling. This gives a fine weed free sample and off types can be eliminated. Assistance was given to the Dominion Seed Branch and Seed Potato Certification Division in seed inspection of oats, barley, spinach, and other vegetable seed crops and the second inspection for potato certification. Markets. Live Stock.—Local markets have paid during the past year, dressed weights, 15 cents to 21 cents per pound for beef, 16% cents to 21 cents for pork, and 21 cents to 27 cents for lamb. During the peak prices for lambs in the summer, the general price was 25 cents by the retail butcher to the producer as the consumer would not buy lamb at the higher figures. On the outside markets late summer and November shipments have brought up to $11.50 for steers and $13 for lambs (live weight). During the fall sales peak the high prices were around $10.50 and $11 per hundredweight respectively. The Central British Columbia Live-stock Association sale at Kamloops brought for two-year steers, $5.75 to $10.10 per hundredweight, average $8.90; for yearling steers, $6.75 to $9.10, average $8.94; for cows, $4.35 to $8.20, average $6.03; for heifers, $5.70 to $10.10, average $8.56; for calves, $6.50 to $11.10, average $8.81; for bulls, $6.60 to $7, average $6.80. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 107 Poultry.—Turkey for Christmas trade sold a year ago from 35 cents to 38 cents per pound; roasting chickens from 30 cents to 35 cents. During the summer the producers have obtained 25 cents to 30 cents on old hens and 35 cents to 40 cents on fryers and roasters. It is expected that young turkeys this month will sell close to the market price (producer to retailer, ungraded, at 36 cents per pound). Dairy Products.—Butter-fat prices have followed the Dominion schedule. Whole milk for local consumption is 14 cents per quart at Smithers, 15 cents at Prince Rupert. Whole milk, wholesale price, to Prince Rupert is 90 cents per pound. Butter- fat f.o.b. Prince Rupert (see Table 3). Field Crops Products.—The retailers have been paying the producer $30 to $33 per ton for feed-grain, raised recently to $35. Hay (No. 1 timothy) sold f.o.b. railway shipping-point, $23 per ton early in the fall, was raised to $25, then $27 per ton, and recently some hay has moved at a price of approximately $29.50. The ceiling price of hay has not been enforced in this district to date, and as there is practically no surplus left, there may be no need of such. Timothy seed prices have risen steadily and now offers in excess of 10 cents per pound are being made. To date, approximately 160 tons have been marketed at prices ranging from 8% cents to 10 cents per pound. An advance of 2 cents per pound has been offered over the harvest price of 21 cents. Junior Clubs. Five Boys' and Girls' Clubs were in operation this season, consisting of two alfalfa clubs, one beef club, one dairy club, and one swine club. A second beef calf club organized had to be disbanded for lack of membership. Two members of the Uncha Valley Beef Calf Club took first place at the Provincial Elimination Contests at Armstrong in their class. The team proceeded to Toronto for the National Competitions. Ill-health of one member, while at Toronto, left the team with a particularly low mark. Miscellaneous. Assistance was given in judging at the Prince George Fair, the Fort Fraser Fair, and the Quick Women's Institute Fair at Round Lake. Classes which I judged were field crops, field roots, vegetables, and dairy products, preserved fruits and meats. Considerable care was given to exhibiting field crops and vegetables this year, but the quality and number of exhibits were below par. Gardens and crops had not matured sufficiently to make possible the selection of first-class exhibits. As for the past two years all the help possible has been given to the Central British Columbia Live-stock Association sale at Kamloops on October 7th. The sale was generally successful this year, but it was very difficult to get the large number of stock contributed graded, weighed, and checked prior to the sale. The buyers demanded reweighings on those lots not checked, and in the end a shrinkage of 2% per cent, resulted. It would appear that the stock should arrive in Kamloops twelve hours earlier than usual and that part of the management should be on hand at Kamloops at least two days before the arrival of the stock. A good deal of time has been devoted to applications for postponement from military service and the farm labour problem. Excellent co-operation has been provided at all times by the Provincial Police in the matter of applications for postponement. This matter, as well as farm labour, was discussed in detail at the convention of District Agriculturists at Victoria and Vancouver a year ago, and with the Honourable the Minister of Agriculture at Prince George this fall. The convention of District Agriculturists held at Victoria and Vancouver was the means of securing much information of value in our extension work, and the personal contact with the other officials of the Department of Agriculture gave added incentive to the work to be carried out. R 108 BRITISH COLUMBIA. As a final item, the proposed packing plant to operate at Prince George is worthy of mention. A recent communication from Mr. Manning indicates that the plant is still under construction and cannot possibly be in operation before the new year. One would hesitate to conjecture as to the sources of live stock to keep a plant in operation. Particularly does it seem unlikely that supplies can be obtained locally during the next six months as practically all surplus beef, pork, and lambs have now been marketed elsewhere. Thus the only possible source is Alberta, which does not appear practical with ample packing-house facilities already existent in that centre. Table 1.—Crop Estimates, 1943. . Estimated Yields. Spring wheat (bu.) 9,569 Fall wheat (bu.) 453 Oats (bu.) 44,463 Barley (bu.) 12,967 Peas (bu.) 530 Rye (bu.) 30 Alfalfa (lb.) 1,000 Red clover (lb.) 2,000 Timothy seed (lb.) Clover-timothy mixtures (lb.) Meadow-fescue (lb.) Creeping red fescue (lb.) Spinach (lb.) 558,512 38,631 1,200 200 4,000 Table 2.—Live-stock Shipments (Car-loads) 11 Months, inclusive, November, 1943. Shipping-point. Vancouver. Edmonton. Kamloops. Cattle. Sheep. Cattle. Sheep. Cattle. Sheep. 17 2 2 1 1 . 2 1 2 1 1 8 2 _.. 1 9 2 4 1 5 1 2 Topley Knockholt — Barrett - — 1 Telkwa — ' Smithers— 1 Terrace 26 4 10 23 Totals: Cattle, 59 car-loads; sheep, 8 car-loads. Table 3.—Dairy Products. The following table summarizes the approximate amount of butter-fat marketed through creameries:— Interior creameries Nechako creamery .. Totals Lb. 74,040 3,000 77,040 Whole-milk trade to Prince Rupert and Terrace 20,020 Totals Net Value. $31,175.11 14,494.48 97,060 $45,669.59 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 109 Table 4.—Precipitation Records as supplied by Smithers Experimental Sub-station. Month. 1943. I 1942. 1941. 1 1.13 0.63 1.68 1.91 1.36 0.62 0.94 0.79 3.14 2.37 1.32 1.21 0.93 1.86 0.63 1.15 2.21 1.10 0.87 2.47 1.64 Totals 8.27 | 11.62 10.07 13.99 1 16.19 16.8 NECHAKO AND PRINCE GEORGE. James E. Manning, B.S.A., District Agriculturist. The earlier months of the year were cold ones, and it was the fourth week in April before any serious work was done on the land in any part of this district. Total precipitation for the year was normal, but the rainfall came in some instances when it could not be fully appreciated. Two cold snaps in February were separated by two thaws, and it was during this month that the fall grain-crops, the alsike-clover fields, and the hay-fields generally received the set-backs from which they did not recover. By the end of May most of the grain-crops were in, and by this date the winter damage to fall grains, clover-fields, and some alfalfa-fields was clearly seen. Many such fields were ploughed up and other crops planted. The Dominion programme of crop and live-stock requirements was passed on to the farmers of the district at every opportunity, and it can be positively stated that they responded to the call in a splendid manner. No ground was permitted to lie idle that could produce crops, and more live stock was raised than in any other year. Poor harvest weather in some parts of the district in August meant the eventual loss of considerable alsike-clover seed, but the majority of the crops were harvested in good condition and without much trouble, thanks to considerable help coming from military sources. Before all the alsike-seed was harvested four seed-houses had their representatives in the field to buy the crop, and by the end of October practically all the crop had been sold and sent out of the district. The usual small quantities are being held by the grower to supply local orders next spring. Larger acreages of vegetables were planted than ever before, and most of the crop has already been sold to the military camps located along this railway-line. The quality of all these vegetables has been excellent and very little or no damage from pests has been reported. The third annual sale of live stock by the Central British Columbia Live-stock Association was held in October and was well patronized by the whole of Central British Columbia growers. The unexpected closing of the Vanderhoof creamery at the beginning of the year was a blow to the dairy industry generally and to the immediate district especially. Although April and May were cool months, the season can be considered a normal one until the middle of July, when followed a wet period which continued until the end of August. The end of August was wetter than normal, and this interfered with the harvests all over the districts, and resulted in the loss of most of the already depleted alsike-clover seed-crop in Pineview and some at Vanderhoof. Three and one-half inches of rain fell in August. The February thaws, followed as they were by very cold periods, left the fields covered with an ice cap, and this is believed to have resulted in the winter-killing of much of the fall-sown grains, and alsike-clover crop. R 110 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Field Crops. Most of the land that suffered from winter-killing was resown to coarse grains, but at Vanderhoof some of the farmers were fortunate in finding another crop to sow, and good seed being supplied for the crop. In April, S. Thompson, of the Canadian Canners, visited Vanderhoof, looking for suitable acreage on which to sow canning peas. With the assistance of this office, farmers were found who agreed to sow 105 acres to Early Surprise peas and to ripen the crop. Seed was supplied them at 8 cents per pound, and the crop, subject to germination tests, would be bought by the sponsors on the basis of 5% cents per pound, No. 1 seed, f.o.b. Vanderhoof. The total seed shipped out will be close to 60,000 lb., which is a little more than one-half of the estimate made in July when podding was well advanced. The crop will be repeated at Vanderhoof next year, but with smaller acreage, and the same firm hopes to find enough farmers in the Prince George District to grow acreage sufficient to produce a minimum car-load of seed. The coarse-grain crops yielded well in spite of some frost at Vanderhoof in August. Some of these crops will be for sale, but it can be reported with assurance that more grain will be fed this year to hogs than has been fed in previous years, leaving less for sale outside the district. The Vanderhoof farmers and others in the Prince George District still consider the Free Freight Assistance Policy reacts against them, and are trying to get some measure of assistance that will place them on the same basis as the prairie farmer as growers of grain. The alsike-clover seed-crop will be from one-third to one-half of the 1942 crop, when the largest tonnage the district has produced was safely harvested and sold at good prices. First-class yields were obtained at Salmon Valley, Reid Lake, and parts of Vanderhoof. Fair yields at Woodpecker and Strathnaver, with little or none in the Pineview District owing to winter-killing, followed by wet harvest weather in August and September. At the time of writing this report there is still considerable acreage to be threshed at Vanderhoof, and as some of this is still in the fields we can expect that all of it will not be threshed until in the spring. The twenty threshermen's reports already in the office show 68,000 lb. of alsike-seed and 43,400 lb. of timothy and alsike mixtures threshed. It is estimated that another 30,000 lb. of pure seed and mixtures might yet be forthcoming when the complete returns are in, which would place the total crop at approximately 145,000 lb. The price at which the crop was sold was from 20 to 23 cents for No. 1 seed at shipping-point, an increase from 1 to 2 cents per pound over last year's crop. There are fifty threshing-machine operators in District C, three of these men using both combine and the ordinary threshing-machine. Summarizing the machines, there are nine combines and forty-four threshing-machines. There are four seed-cleaning machines in the district, which are located at McBride, Woodpecker, Pineview, and Vanderhoof. All these machines are used in the spring to clean the seed-grain to be sown, but only the Woodpecker machine is likely to handle any of the alsike and timothy seed produced this year. Most of this district's seed was bought on the farm under an arrangement whereby the cleaning would be done at the purchaser's own plant; consequently, there-were few, if any, "export certificates " issued to local farmers. Vegetables. The vegetable-crop will be the largest yet produced in the district. Largely in response to the call for greater production, larger acreages of potatoes, cabbage, carrots, and turnips were planted, and the resulting crops have been very good. The market for most of these will be the army camps, the bulk of the remainder going to construction camps. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 111 Fibre Flax. One small plot of fibre flax was sown in the Salmon Valley area, and a sample of the fibre as well as the seed was sent to the Field Crops Commissioner, who reports the quality of the sample was surprisingly good. The plants were over 3 feet long. Live Stock. More live stock was shipped to outside markets than in any previous year, partly from necessity owing to shortage of roughage and partly in response to the call for greater production. The following table will show the amount of stock shipped out and the points from which the shipments were made:—■ Shipping-point. Destination. No. of Cattle. No. of Sheep. No. of Hogs. Kamloops " _ Kamloops _ Kamloops Kamloops Kamloops.__ Kamloops. Kamloops Kamloops.. .._ __ 12 33 29 28 136 58 64 38 73 55 66 59 685 111 150 77 131 94 26 52 33 153 783 Kidd - 41 6 Edmonton . Edmonton . 1,925 1,021 47 Carloads: Kamloops, 18; Vancouver, 50; Edmonton, 12; and Prince Rupert, 1. Total, 81 car-loads. Via C.N.R., 75 cars, and via P.G.E., 6 cars. Shipments for 1942: 28 car-loads of cattle and 3 car-loads of sheep. Undoubtedly, the trend is towards producing stock of the beef type. Among the shipments that went to market were many animals of dairy type, indicating a falling- off of interest in dairying. Vanderhoof and Prince George areas especially were heavy shippers of this latter type of animal, and it is anticipated that there will be a greater shortage of fluid milk and cream for butter next spring than exists at present. A distinct shortage in these commodities is already to be noted. Some of the better beef herds in the district are supplying selected young bulls for breeding purposes to other farmers. Some of these are registered, and the breeds in demand are Angus, Shorthorn, and Hereford. Hogs. There are more hogs being produced in the district than ever before, although the table of shipments would not indicate this. When the call went out for more hogs last spring the Farmers' Institutes and some other organizations got together and made plans to increase production of this class of live stock. The Prince George Board of Trade drew up a scheme, with the help of this office, whereby the farmers in the immediate district would enter one or more brood sows and their litters in competition with one another. Substantial prizes were R 112 BRITISH COLUMBIA. offered, based on the number of and the quality of the litters. Seemingly, there were insufficient brood sows in the area, the competition languished, and the scheme dropped. In the Vanderhoof area there are at least four men who have herds of pigs well in excess of 100, and there are as many farmers in or near Prince George whose herds number from fifty to seventy-five head. The tremendous increase in the district's population during the past eighteen months has increased the demand for all kinds of meat, and so the majority of the hogs raised have been sold to local butchers or direct to construction and logging camps. With the large increase in hog production as noted above, we can expect to see car-load shipments of hogs going to outside markets again in the near future. Central British Columbia Live-stock Association Sale. The third sale of this organization was held at Kamloops in October. District C patronized the sale to the same extent as in previous years by shipping about 40 per cent, of the stock shipped from Central British Columbia. Central British Columbia Packing Company. This company is building a small packing plant on the Fraser River, about 3 miles south of Prince George. From information given by the plant's promoter from time to time we expected to see the business operating long before this, but at the time of writing, it is not operating. The building is roughly 85 feet square, and the plans suggest the plant will operate as an abattoir only, at least for some time. The capacity of the plant's cooling and chilling system is for eighty beef carcasses, and the promoter considers they will butcher cattle for three or four days a week and hogs one day per week. This plant will be reported upon as it develops. Warble-ply Control. The Pineview farmers treated their cattle for the sixth year in succession. Two hundred and fifty head were treated and reports show an average of one warble found per head treated. At McBride the second annual treatment was carried out and nine warbles per head was the average found. It is hoped that the area covered in this district will be enlarged another year, as it is obvious that warbles are to be found in altogether too large numbers. Horticulture. In years past, the Department has supplied a considerable quantity of fruit-trees to the farmers, and these were distributed over all parts of the district. A fairly close check on these trees discloses that the following varieties are doing well:— At Fort Fraser— Apples: Duchess, Blush Calville, Yellow Transparent, Greening, Haralson. (All these are bearing a good quality of fruit.) Crabs: Osman, Olga, Dolga, Rescue. (All bear fruit, some of them heavily.) Plums: Aparta. (Bearing well.) Cherries: Tom Thumb and Assineboine. (Hardy and bearing.) At Woodpecker— Crabs: Hyslop, Robin, Florence. (All bearing well and hardy.) Apples (large): Duchess, Blush Calville, Haralson. (All producing well.) Plum: Oppata. (Bearing well.) Pears: Not doing well. Most of the trees having been winter-killed. The above varieties are recommended as likely to do well in all parts of this district. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 113 Small fruits, such as raspberries, currants, and strawberries, are grown by most farmers, and some fruit is being sold in commercial quantities. All of the currants need to be sprayed regularly, as they are becoming affected with maggot. Gardens.—Victory Gardens were planted everywhere, both in town and country, and the gardens were very good. Most of the schools had garden competitions, and at least 75 per cent, of the projects were successfully terminated. In the Prince George and Woodpecker Districts the District Agriculturist, at the request of various organizations, twice inspected seventy-five children's gardens and selected the winning plots. The sponsors for these competitions were School Boards, Parent-Teacher Associations, and Women's Institutes. __ Bees. The district has been interested in bee-keeping for a number of years, primarily as a means of improving the alsike-clover seed-crop, but of late the interest was stimulated in the expectation of a resulting honey-crop. Under the auspices of the District Farmers' Institute, this office supervised the bringing-in of over 200 3-lb. packages of bees from Petaluma, California. At the same time T. Tobiasen, of the Experimental Station staff, assembled a co-operative order for bee equipment which totalled something over $1,100. Both bees and equipment were distributed from Dunster, in the eastern end of the district, to as far west as Fraser Lake. These bulk shipments assured the bee-keepers their supplies at a time when all supplies were scarce. The honey-crop was a failure, and an average of 20 lb. per colony was not exceeded. Individual hives produced well over 100 lb., but many hives produced nothing at all. Honey was produced by the bees in July and August, but in many cases, when the hives were examined in early September, it was found that the bees had been feeding off the supers. Many new bee-keepers lost their interest at once, and there were some cheap bees for sale by the end of September. A good many of the older bee-keepers are attempting to winter their colonies, and from the present mild weather we can expect they will have some success.* An organization, known as " District C Bee-keepers' Association " has been formed, and it is expected that it will take care of all orders for bees and equipment in the future. Already orders for bees are being received by this office, but the inquirers have been directed to the new Association. This office will give every assistance to the Association, but does not intend to take charge of an order for bees or equipment. Boys' and Girls' Clubs. A particular effort was made this year to increase the number of Boys' and Girls' Clubs to the limit of what the district could stand. Now that the work is almost completed it is in order to .say that possibly the programme was a little too ambitious, in view of the fact that so many extra things had to be attended to during the year. A total of twenty clubs was in operation, with a membership of 175, summarized as follows: Alfalfa, 2; swine, 2; calf, 3; poultry, 13. Vanderhoof District— Poultry, 4; swine, 1; alfalfa, 1; membership 53 Woodpecker-Hixon— Baby-chick, 2; swine, 1; calf, 1; membership 38 Beaverley— Calf, 1; membership 7 Salmon Valley and Pineview— , Poultry, 3; calf, 1; alfalfa, 1; membership 46 Ferndale and Giscome— . Poultry 3; membership 31 Total 175 R 114 BRITISH COLUMBIA. The difficulty this year was to find time to properly supervise and inspect the clubs, as they were widely scattered. The organizers were busy men, and so unable to give as much time as they normally would have wished. In the end every club was inspected at least twice, and some more frequently. Total prizes distributed this year amounted to $362. Weeds. The destruction of Canada Thistle and other noxious weeds was carried out on a fairly large scale by the Nechako Farmers' Institute at Vanderhoof. The Institute purchased several drums of Atlacide and sold it to members at cost. The two pumps belonging to the Department were loaned and the District Agriculturist assisted. Assistance was also given to the Fort Fraser Institute who undertook to control the infestation of Canada Thistle on a farm at Fraser Lake. The materials and some of the labour costs in this special case were supplied by the owner who resides in Victoria. It is pleasing to report that the Canadian National Railway co-operated with this office in destroying weeds on the right-of-way. This summer they sent a special weed- killing unit through the entire district, which sprayed the main line and most of the sidings as well. It is expected that the village of Fort St. James will undertake to control the growth of Canada Thistle, which is at present infesting the settlement. Cattle-lick. A large cattle-lick was discovered near Fraser Lake, and the circumstances reported to the Field Crops Commissioner. In September, at his request, a survey of the area was made and samples of the earth taken, which were sent in with a plan of the ground. Soldier Labour. This district did not obtain any soldier help through the Emergency Farm Labour Service. As there were soldiers available in this area, the Director of the Service agreed that we make whatever arrangements would satisfy our conditions and circumstances. After a series of interviews with Headquarters, a plan was formulated that allowed farmers to get soldiers for periods of four days, and as many as they needed. The farmer received an order from this office, which asked that a certain number of men be permitted to accompany the farmer, who would supply transportation both ways and pay each man $2.50 per day and board. The soldier also received his regular pay. The farmer frequently asked for an extension of leave for his men, and invariably it was granted. It was a wonderful service and it meant that the crops were saved when otherwise they might not have been. Not only was the grain harvest handled, but soldiers were available when the root-crop was being dug. The quality of the labour supplied was of the best, and all farmers have stated their complete satisfaction with the arrangements. Inspection of Seed Plots near Vanderhoof. In June, 1942, approximately 40 acres of burned-over land was seeded to various grasses and clovers by members of the Forest Branch at Prince George and the District Agriculturist. At the end of August of this year an opportunity was given to inspect the results of the seeding. S. G. Preston, of the Smithers office, and the writer went in by plane with representatives of the Forest Branch and made the inspection the same day. Timothy, alsike clover, red clover, reed and meadow fescue, wild rye, orchard, and brome were planted, and it was found that good germination had taken place in all varieties other than the brome-grass, which was almost a complete failure. A complete report on the findings has gone to the Field Crops Commissioner. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 115 CARIBOO AND LILLOOET. C. F. Cornwall, District Agriculturist. The season of 1943 has not been favourable in so far as weather is concerned. The spring was cold and drawn out and followed a long and hard winter. Growth was very backward and it was late in the spring before it really got started. At the end of May vegetation was at least three weeks behind normal. During June there were several good rains, the weather warmed up, and growth was rapid from there on. The weather remained unsettled during the summer, with the resultant difficulty of harvesting crops. A killing frost was experienced on September 1st. The fall has been beautiful and extended till late November. This has been a direct benefit in many respects. Field Crops. Reports from outside would indicate that this district was one of the few to be favoured with normal crop production, and, while in some instances they were light, for the most part average crops were harvested. Haying operations commenced the end of June and continued on into October. A good deal of hay was spoiled during harvesting due to continual stormy weather. However, in spite of this and the shortage of labour, most ranches succeeded in getting all their tame hay up. Wild and swamp hay in many instances had to be left standing due to the fact that the land did not dry out sufficiently to get the hay off. Any live stock that it will be necessary to sell over and above the annual turn off will be for fear of a repetition of last winter, and also for fear of a shortage due to depletion of hay reserves from previous years. Hay-crops, owing to the late season and further delayed by the wet weather and shortage of labour, were late in being harvested, with the result that there is a good deal of poor quality hay and a product that will have lost an appreciable percentage of its nutritional value, as much of it was overripe before cutting, and, again, much was spoiled by continuous rain after harvesting had commenced. It is only reasonable to believe that this hay will be lacking in Vitamins A and D and should be fed with a supplement, if live stock are not to be predisposed to disease. Some winter-killing was suffered last winter in alfalfa, particularly in the area north of Williams Lake. On some farms, 25 to 50 per cent, was killed. Grain-crops on the whole were average to former years, but were late and uneven in ripening. Vegetable-crops were lighter in yield and not up to the usual quality of former years. Most growers estimated about a 50-per-cent. potato-crop, with a large percentage of undersized tubers. The cold, late season was no doubt responsible for this. Corn.—Only one test plot of Hybrid corn was planted this year. The varieties were planted late, and due to the cold season and early frost, no test for dry-matter content was made. Fertilizers. In the Quesnel District great interest has been shown and successful experiments have been made with commercial fertilizers. In many cases the use of fertilizer has become a regular farm practice and it is encouraging to see the increasing interest. The practice of sowing fall rye in the spring as a cover-crop for the finishing of beef cattle in the fall was proven very beneficial, and the cattle turned off were comparable to grain-fed stock and have brought equally good prices. A 35-acre plot of crested wheat-grass in the Dog Creek District has proven capable of carrying more live stock per acre than the native bunch grass. Advice is being given to live-stock owners to supplement their range feed by reseeding with this grass. R 116 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Live Stock. The beef industry has had a very successful year, prices have been good, and the market has been active throughout the year. Many cattle moved to market this year before they were justly finished, partly due to the wet summer and the range feed did not harden off until fall. Beef cattle on the whole are steadily improving in quality and finish, and much credit goes to the Department of Agriculture for their educational programmes in improved breeding, improved nutritional standards, and educating producers in the treatment and control of disease. The total number of cattle marketed from this district for the year 1943 will be a little in excess of 18,000 head. This compares with 17,551 head in 1942, 20,318 head in 1941, and 14,528 head in 1940. The annual feeder and bull sale conducted by the Cariboo Live-stock and Fair Association in conjunction with the Cariboo Cattlemen's Association was again a great success. Some 2,451 head of cattle were sold through the sale ring by auction for a total of $209,702.86. Average price for steers was $10,095 per 100 lb.; heifers, $8.99 per 100 lb.; cows, $6.19 per 100 lb. Ninety-five bulls were sold for a total of $27,030. Top priced Hereford bull brought $575, and the average price for Herefords was $293.35. Top price for Shorthorns was $320 and the average price $209.50. Five registered heifers were also sold, the highest price being $190 and the average price $176. The following table shows the average prices and weights of different kinds of cattle for each month of the year. It is interesting from a point of view of profitable marketing, as well as comparative value:— Steers. Month. Average Price per Head. Average Weight per Head. Average Price per 100 Lb. January..: :.... March April May July August September October November Average for year, excluding December.. $104.05 113.00 93.62 133.74 122.69 112.13 102.52 97.20 104.17 $101.76 Lb. 1,041 1,005 770 1,137 1,083 1,011 1,005 974 1,025 994 $10.00 11.26 12.16 11.75 11.325 11.09 10.20 9.98 10.16 $10.24 Heifers. $95.68 99.60 90.405 78.74 66.31 78.69 Lb. 814 924 855 801 765 856 $11.75 9 83 $75.27 804 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 117 Cows. Month. Average Price per Head. Average Weight per Head. Average Price per 100 Lb. January ... $59.21 100.08 93.42 94.36 78.57 68.58 61.07 49.45 Lb. 990 1,251 1,080 1,082 1,034 1,100 1,079 1,007 $5.98 8.00 May .'. 8.65 •Ti.lv 8.72 7.60 6.235 October . . . .. 5.66 4.91 $62.79 1,057 $5.94 Note.—Above fijures, which were computed from books of the Cariboo Cattlemen's Association, are not audited. Diseases. A few small outbreaks of disease have been recorded, and assistance by the Department has been given in each case. Actinobacillosis has been the most serious in its persistence. Fortunately, it is confined to only one area. Nine head of infected animals were shipped to Vancouver for slaughter and examination by Dr. Bruce, Animal Pathologist. Dr. Bruce and Dr. Gunn, Live Stock Commissioner, are working for a more effective control of this disease than the one now prescribed. Ccccidiosis.—Some forty to fifty head brought in from the Anahim Lake District were sold as feeders and stockers to local ranchers. Of this bunch, 80 per cent, showed symptoms of coccidiosis. The outbreak, no doubt, was due to the long drive and" the frozen grass consumed en route. All responded to treatment, with the exception of three fatalities. Necrotic Stomatitis.—Ten or twelve cases reported and investigated in the Lone Butte and North Bonaparte area. All recovered with only two fatalities. Swine. The production of hogs for the most part in this district is carried on in small numbers, and are sold to one of the three large producers in the Soda Creek area upon reaching the 100-lb. class. Over 5,000 hogs will go to market from the district this year. Serious complications in disease and nutrition broke out during the latter part of the summer and a call for assistance was met by the Department of Agriculture, when competent men were sent in for investigation. A plan of treatment and control was laid down and has proven to be effective, and the trouble has subsided. Sheep. The area east of the Cariboo Road is more favourable to the production of sheep than cattle, but the producers are, unfortunately, confronted with high losses by predatory animals, and this fact alone discourages any interest in increasing their flocks. The fencing of cultivated pastures is the only solution, and at present materials are difficult and expensive to obtain. Dairying. It is the general consensus of opinion among farmers that it does not pay to ship cream to the creameries when taking into consideration the price of beef as against that of butter-fat. Many farmers ship cream only during the months they are able to R 118 BRITISH COLUMBIA. pasture their cows, and assert that it does not pay them to feed their cows with butter-fat at 42 cents a pound. The Williams Lake creamery reports shipments of cream have fallen off considerably since October as compared with 1942. Their approximate total production from January 1st to November 30th is 43,000 lb. Poultry. Prices for both eggs and dressed poultry have been very encouraging to producers, with the result that more care and interest is being given to this part of the farm-work. In the Quesnel and Kersley Districts, poultry plays an important part of the farm programme. However, other parts of the district are also taking advantage of the profitable prices of to-day. Warble-fly. The control programme against warbles was carried out quite extensively, particularly along the Cariboo Road, where about 95 per cent, of the ranchers co-operated in the work. Organization is progressing to bring outlying parts of the district into this control programme. Marketing. With the exception of one or two individuals who prefer to make their own transactions, all live stock from this district are marketed through the agency of the Cariboo Cattlemen's Association. The agency is kept well posted on current prices and market activity. It is competent in the grading of stock and is, therefore, better able to deal with the buyer than the producer who, in many cases, does not have the opportunity to be as well informed. The members of the Association are well pleased with their progress and much credit goes to these men who lead the way in British Columbia in organizing the producers of live stock. The producers of British Columbia have purchased the stockyards at Vancouver to assure an outlet for live stock on the open market, should packer prices become unfavourable at any time. Live stock sold through the agency this year will be well in excess of $1,000,000, an increase of some $200,000 over 1942. Organizing of live-stock producers in outlying districts is a project now under way. The lack of organization amongst sheepmen is evidenced in their failure to market at opportune times. Grasshopper-control. A heavy infestation of grasshoppers was suffered throughout the whole district this year. The hopper was not the usual Comnula pellucida and Melanoplus mexicanus species commonly known on the range lands, but was a species that has been known here for many years but never in numbers of threatening proportions. He is the femur-rubrum species, known as the " red-legged hopper." Considerable damage was done to crops in certain parts of the district and many ranges suffered severely. The South Riske Creek Control Committee's expenditures amounted to $278.16 and the Clinton Committee's expenses were $267.50. In both areas, more control-work should and could have been done, but lack of efficient labour to carry on terminated the work for this season. The fear is expressed by E. R. Buckell, Dominion Entomologist, that next year we may expect to see an infestation on a larger scale than experienced this year. Both the above control committees are making preparations for next year's operations. Two other districts—Empire Valley and Kersley—intend to apply to the Lieutenant-Governor for the constitution of a control area. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 119 Labour. The Williams Lake War Agricultural Production Committee, under the direction and in conjunction with the Dominion-Provincial Emergency Farm Labour Service, brought in sixty-five labourers to help with the harvesting of crops. The situation in this district at the beginning of the summer appeared very drastic, and stockmen visualized wholesale reductions in their herds for fear of there being insufficient hay for winter feeding. The effect of this outside labour being sent in was twofold in results. Firstly, the men themselves accomplished a considerable amount of harvesting, and, secondly, the moral effect on Indian labourers was in itself a tremendous contribution to the situation. This Indian labour was holding out for $7 and $8 a day wages, and when men from the Coast were sent 150 miles into the Chilcotin the Indian came down to earth. Agricultural Production. The plea made by the Minister of Agriculture last spring for the farmers to maintain production has not gone unheeded. Despite the difficulties and obstacles encountered in securing the necessities of production this has been accomplished, and from among the commodities that were so essential to our war effort there are two from this district that were actually increased—namely, beef and bacon. KAMLOOPS AND NICOLA. G. A. Luyat, B.S.A., District Agriculturist. There is a definite increase in the number of beef cattle kept on the ranches and farms of the districts of Kamloops, Nicola, and Ashcroft, in spite of the fact that some operators had to sell off heavier this fall because of hay shortages. The number of cattle shipped from the following points up to the end of October is shown below. 1943. 1942. Kamloops 6,383* 4,894* (end of October) Nicola 5,601 5,765 (end of October) Ashcroft 2,302 3,415 (to end of year) * These figures represent cattle originating in the district and not including cattle shipped in from other districts for purposes of marketing them by auction. A further 1,111 head were shipped from Kamloops during November and approximately another 1,000 from the Nicola-Merritt District. Prices throughout the year have been as follows:— Month. Steers. Heifers. Cows. Heifers. Cows. January .. February March April May $10.00 Early June (grain-fed) — Late June and early July July 15th (first grass steers) August September October (early) October (late) 12.00 11.50 11.50 11.00 10.50 10.00 $11.00 11.00 11.00 10.50 9.75 9.25 $10.00 10.00 10.00 8.75 7.25 7.00 (Jan.) $8.75 8.25 11.75 9.00 9.75 9.10 9.10 9.10 10.00 9.00 8.50 8.50 8.50 $7.00 8.00 8.50 9.00 7.50 7.00 7.25 7.25 R 120 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Throughout November prices advanced one-half cent over all classes of cattle. Feeder cattle during September and October sold at $8.50 to $9.50, depending on the quality. With a much prolonged feeding period during the winter and early spring of 1943, hay reserves built up over a period of easy winters were depleted completely. Hay- crops as a result of a cold backward spring yielded only approximately 50 to 75 per cent, of a normal crop. Labour conditions were acute but were compensated somewhat by an excellent harvesting season. Market cattle came off the ranges in good shape, particularly so in consideration of the scarcity of grass in evidence everywhere but in the Nicola, where grasshoppers did little damage. Winter ranges are still Bare of snow providing feed which will compensate the short hay-supply. There was an increase in the number of cattle put on feed during the winter of 1942-43. Approximately 1,700 head went into the feed-lots of the Nicola, Kamloops, and Ashcroft Districts, the length of the feeding periods varying from a warmed-up condition to a long period extending into May grass. Approximately 100 car-loads of coarse grains were brought in under the Federal Freight Assistance Policy during the year. As a light feed of grain will winter cattle much cheaper and more efficiently under present conditions, some grain will be fed out this winter as a maintenance ration to replace hay, which cannot be purchased. Some cattle were lost last winter and spring from a weakened condition as a result of the severe winter, when a light daily feed of grain would have saved them and paid the operators handsome dividends. Many cattlemen are now adopting as a general policy the feeding of grains to wintering calves and find that losses on the feed-lot from disease and other winter troubles are curtailed and, as well, more pounds of beef can be put on 2-year-old steers at marketing time as a result. There was a slight increase in the calf-crop over last year, with an average of about 80 per cent. Again there has been much activity in the exchange of pure-bred breeding stock. Quite a number of Hereford breeders from here attended the Alberta breeding cattle sales and bought back their share of bulls and females to add to the quality of the Hereford pure-bred industry. Several high-priced bulls were purchased at the Calgary bull sale by commercial breeders of this district. The twenty-fifth Provincial Bull Sale was another very successful event. The long-standing highest price of $1,200 paid for a Shorthorn bull in 1921 was broken this year by a Hereford contributed from Carstairs, Alberta, selling for $1,725 to the Western Canadian Ranching Co. Average. Hish. Prize. Contributor. Purchaser. $13.68 13.68 14.12 16.96 437.73 275.00 262.66 $15.00 17.60 30.00 40.00 1,725.00 340.00 500.00 First Champ. Res. Gr. Grand Second First Champ. O.K. Invest. Safeway. Spencer's. Safeway. Western Canadian Ranch. D. Stewart. Boys' and girls' bulls Ninety-five Hereford bulls Francis Bros. R. Ballhorn ... R. Taylor The Fifth Provincial Christmas Fat Stock Show and Sale, held on December 1st and 2nd, which spotlights the Boys' and Girls activities in beef clubs, was again highly successful both as to prices received and the quality of cattle exhibited. A total of sixty-two calves was shown by members of the North Thompson, Kamloops South, Westwold, and Armstrong Beef Calf Clubs and including a few non-club members from outlying communities. Average. High. Prize. Contributor. Purchaser. $14.20 13.36 15.01 14.44 15.73 $15.50 16.70 50.00 34.00 20.00 Champ. Champ. Gr. Ch. Res. Ch. Champ. Douglas Lake Frolek Ranch Earlscourt Farms Lee Taylor The third annual Central British Columbia Feeder Sale was held on October 7th with a total of 1,473 head of cattle and 823 lambs sold. Taking into consideration the scarcity of hay on the ranches where cattle are generally fed, a very fair number of these cattle were sold as feeders. Most of the cows offered went east to Alberta. A new sale was started at Okanagan Falls by the Southern Interior Stockmen's Association, the date of which was September 30th. The bulk of the cattle offered at this sale were in good condition and showed good breeding and therefore went to the "packers for slaughter. Quite a number of smaller operators took the opportunity to unload some of their cull material through the medium of this sale. At the time of the fall sales, the prices slackened and this was reflected in the prices received at these events. This condition was rather odd in view of the great demand for beef by the consuming public, but packing firms were finding that because of the shortage of labour on the killing floors cattle were piling up on them, and this was aggravated more by the fact that larger numbers of cattle were being disposed of owing to the lack of winter feed. The following Beef Calf Clubs and Lamb Club and their membership and supervisors were organized during the spring of 1943:— Name of Club. Members. Supervisor. North Thompson Beef Calf Club 18 T. P. Wilson. South Kamloops Beef Calf Club 11 Warner Philip. Westwold Beef Calf Club 10 Charles Turner. Westwold Lamb Club 7 Charles Turner. Twenty calves were supplied in May of this year by the Diamond " S " Ranch, Dog Creek, operated by David Spencer, Ltd., to the juniors of the Kamloops District clubs as feeders for the 1943 Christmas Fat Stock Show. This ranch is to be commended for the support they are giving junior activities throughout the Interior. At the time of the Christmas sale this year this ranch again supplied fifteen calves to the Kamloops clubs to be fed for next year's sale. Fifteen calves were purchased outright by the juniors of the Kamloops area. A new club is being formed in the community north of Barriere and its leadership is being taken by W. Watt, Barriere. There are thirteen prospective members for /this new organization, who already have their calves. There is also a possibility of a club being formed in the Princeton area under the leadership of Robert Taylor. A total of 11,640 head of beef cattle with some dairy cattle was treated for warbles in the spring of this year under the supervision of Dr. W. R. Gunn, Live Stock Commissioner. This figure does not include the cattle treated experimentally by the Animal Insect Division of the Dominion Entomological Branch. Alan Mail, formerly head of this division, experimented with a power sprayer on some 250 head at E. M. Hall's, Barnhartvale, the same number of head at Guichon Ranches, Quilchena, Hat Creek Ranch, and the 100-Mile Ranch. Treatment in the Nicola and Ashcroft were 80 to 90 per cent, effective. That at the 100-Mile House was less efficient because of mechanical reasons. More work is being done in this line. A power sprayer with two nozzles and good handling equipment can handle about 250 head in one and one-half hours. An automatic currying device equipped with brushes and a small reservoir containing medicated oil is now being advertised widely in the United States. If practical, this would save labour and should destroy a bigger percentage of grubs by cattle helping themselves daily to the treatment and catching the grubs at the right time. Sheep and Wool. There has been a very slight decrease in the amount of wool produced in this district because of the fleeces not being up to par in weight; 219,523 lb. were shipped from Kamloops and district. Lambing started towards the end of March, with results not so good as last year owing to inclement weather. Ewes and lambs moved to the hills in early July, being later this year because of the presence of snow on the sheep ranges. The sheep population seems to maintain itself at a fairly constant level, although this year a number of smaller operators have gone out of the sheep business, primarily because of the labour shortage, with other factors affecting the industry as well. There is a shortage of winter feed and also there is the coyote and bear menace. The former seems to be building up despite the high prices paid for its pelts. Three car-loads of white-faced breeding ewes were brought in from the Prairies this fall. No rams were brought in. There were 92 rams sold at the Provincial Ram Sale in Kamloops on October 2nd with an average of $43.72. Breed averages are as follows: Thirty-three Suffolks, $60.68; thirty-nine Hampshires, $36.79; eight Southdowns, $31.87; seven Rambouil- lets, $28.93; one Cheviot, $25; two Lincolns, $25; one Dorset Horn, $27.50; three Suffolk ewes, $48.83. New ranges are slowly being opened up and tried. One case of lupin poisoning occurred when over sixty head of ewes died on the trail to summer range. The ranges opened up later and it happened that the lupin were in pod at the time of trailing the sheep. Swine Production. There is a definite increase in the hog output of this district as reported by the marketings during the year. Towards the close of the year with hog production costs up and no further price advances, there was some dissatisfaction amongst the producers, which may threaten production for 1944. The movement of grain in from the Prairies under the Federal Freight Assistance Policy has greatly stimulated better management and feeding of hogs. The percentage of premium hogs is steadily improving. Rail-grading of hogs has encouraged economical swine production and to-day, unlike a few years ago, growers are producing on a scientific basis, feeding hog protein concentrates with a view to marketing hogs at six months of age. Two bred Yorkshire gilts were brought in in August from Toronto. These gilts are outstanding in type and several young boars have been sold from the litters. Quite a number of boars were moved during the year. There has been some trouble with gastric enteritis in baby pigs in some quarters and efforts are being made to change the grounds. Dairying Industry. The shortage of help has caused the dairy industry much worry; however, there has been an increase in butter-fat produced in the district. Pastures were slow in getting started in the spring but were good by early summer and remained so until late fall. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 123 Horses. There was more activity in heavy horses this year because of the lumbering industry. But, even with this demand, horses are hard to move generally. The Kamloops horse-breeding station was again operated this year with two stallions standing for service. A third stallion was inspected but did not pass the test. There is a fair demand for riding-horses. Poultry. More and more poultry-keeping is becoming a scientific endeavour, although there still remains the small neglected poultry side-line of the stock ranches and farms more for home consumption than for the market. The Federal Freight Assistance Policy has helped the poultryman considerably. The lowest price of the year paid the producer for eggs was 30 to 33 cents per dozen, while the high was 44 cents in November. Turkeys brought 37 cents to the producer, with the supply not being too plentiful. The Kamloops Poultry and Pet Association held their annual show on December 7th and 8th with more entries than usual on display. Quite a number of birds were sent from Coast exhibitors. Field Crops. The hay yields were about 75 per cent, of that of 1942 because of the cold, backward spring. Alfalfa stands were killed out completely in some localities while in other places killing appeared spotted. There is a growing belief that alfalfa is not killed by frost but rather from drought. Indications are that if stands are well irrigated in the late fall killing does not occur. Harvesting conditions were good for both first and second crops. The first cutting was not made until the middle of June. Hay, because of the shortage, sold at $30 to $35 per ton. Grain-crops were not nearly up to normal in yield. The all-average was about 10 bushels per acre for dry farming. Some shrivelling of kernels took place in the spring wheat, reducing the yield somewhat. Grasshoppers took this year's, fall planted wheat as soon as it appeared and in some places took the second seeding. Good quality wheat sold readily at $35 per ton f.o.b. on the car for distilling purposes. The potato yields were not up to par. The acreage was up about 30 per cent, over that planted in 1942. Corn and silage crops suffered at the beginning of the season but recovered during the summer, yielding a good quality silage. Roots, particularly Swedes, did well because of the long, open fall. Seed-crops. The alfalfa-seed stands of the Lillooet-Lytton Districts were badly riddled with the red-legged species of grasshopper. Some stands were cut by 50 per cent, as a result of the damage. Some stands which were untouched by grasshoppers were reported as yielding only 100 lb. of marketable seed to the acre. At the time of writing figures were not available on the final returns per acre and the total-threshed. Grasshopper-control. ' Five committee meetings of the Nicola Grasshopper-control area were held during the season and with the concluding annual meeting on October 30th. Expenditures were as follows:— 1943. 1942. Gross expenditure $4,869.95 $1,945.28 Total assessable $3,998.14 $645.28 Expenditures were up considerably, but not without good effects. The grasshopper infestation increased tremendously everywhere in the Interior, and the Nicola, although comparatively free as seen by the 1942 expenditures, showed a proportionate increase. R 124 BRITISH COLUMBIA. But this increase did not result in any damage to the range or crops. The committee sought to exterminate as far as possible the natural increase as a protection for the future. There was a predominance of the red-legged species which is much more difficult to handle than the roadside type. All other parts of the Interior were badly infested with the same species. In many areas where an outbreak is not a common occurrence, mechanical bait-spreaders would enable communities to control hoppers very effectively. SHUSWAP, REVELSTOKE, AND NORTHERN OKANAGAN. H. E. Waby, District.Agriculturist. Farm commodities have reached a higher level in prices than for a number of years, but the profits to the farmers were reduced considerably owing to adverse labour conditions, hay-baling charges, hauling charges, etc., and whilst the Farm Labour Board helped to meet the labour shortage considerably the type of farm labour available added considerably to the cost of handling and shipping. Climatic Conditions. The winter of 1942-43 was unusual and in some respects abnormal. Sub-zero weather occurred, commencing about the middle of January and continuing until about January 25th. Heavy snowfall during this period also caused considerable hardship, delaying shipments of hay and live stock from a number of farms, thus causing a strong demand for feed, and a shortage was in evidence for some time during the months of January and February. Strong north winds accompanied the low temperatures of January, which was unusual for this district. Sub-zero weather was also recorded for the month of March, but owing to the early and heavy winter snowfall most of the spring thaw, went into the soil and little or no run-off occurred. The spring of 1943 was one of the most backward and unfavourable for many years. Farm operations were retarded owing to land being too wet and cold. During the months of April and May temperatures were unusually low, light frosts and high drying winds were quite frequent, which resulted in poor germination and slow backward growth. No satisfactory growth was noticeable until the middle of June and most crops showed the effects of one of our most unusually poor growing seasons. Late seeded crops in some instances showed more promise. Hay, Grain, and Root Crops. Owing to the unusually poor growing conditions, first-cut alfalfa was unusually light, especially in older seedings. Generally speaking, however, most farmers were able to save their crop in good condition owing to unusually good haying weather. It was quite noticeable that although fair weather conditions occurred after the first cut of alfalfa, the second cutting was unusually light, and altogether it has proved one of the poorest hay-crop years this district has experienced for some time. Good grain-crops, however, were more general, although early sown crops were not so good. Pea acreage has been much reduced in the Salmon Arm District, but crops were up to average and prices appear to be satisfactory. Most root-crop yields were up to average, except potatoes, which were slightly lower than usual; prices are good and most crops moving out satisfactorily. Owing to the long, open fall all crops have been harvested and hauling to market was not delayed by bad weather conditions. Live-stock Data. In the early months of the year butter-fat shipments had increased over 1942 some 23,000 lb. to the Salmon Arm creamery, 562,000 lb. of butter so far being recorded DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 125 for this year. Unfortunately, however, this increase has been adversely affected by the sale of quite a number of cows for shipment to Calgary and cream shipments have dropped 4,000 to 7,000 lb. butter-fat in the last two months. This sharp drop is attributed to feed shortage compelling farmers to sell cows that would otherwise be carried. Pasture conditions were also exceptionally poor and the increase in butter-fat in the early part of the season must, therefore, be attributed to an added interest by farmers in dairying and retaining of more dairy cows, owing, of course, to improved prices over former years. Mineral mixtures and concentrates are now freely used and a reduction in sterility and milk fever, etc., is noticeable. Beef Cattle.—Whilst Salmon Arm is not noticeably a beef-growing district, a few breeders are in evidence and good prices have been obtained for all types of beef animals. In the North Okanagan, however, quite a number of beef animals are raised, with Hereford and Shorthorns predominating. Quite noticeable are the exceptionally good junior beef calf clubs at the Interior Provincial Exhibition. No complaints are now heard of buyers purchasing beef cattle at too low levels and breeders generally seem well satisfied with present and future prospects. Here again, however, the feed shortage has had a bad effect, as too many cattle are being liquidated and a serious glut on the market occurred during November. At the time of writing, however, the situation seems to be easing somewhat. Disease conditions appear to be below normal. Two calls were received in the Salmon Arm District in which cattle had died suddenly. Unfortunately^ the first deaths that were reported had been buried before being reported, three cattle died. When the second case occurred the owner was instructed to leave the animal unburied until contact could be made with the Provincial Veterniarian. Dr. Thompson was called at Penticton and he promptly arrived to inspect the carcass and pronounced it hsemorrhagic septicemia. All farmers have been advised to inoculate. One report of sudden death and sickness was also received from the Notch Hill District. Dr. Thompson was asked .to call but, at the time of writing, information had not been received as to the nature of the disease. .Swine.—Steady production of swine in all districts covered is to be noted; quality has improved and a very substantial revenue is flowing into the districts of Salmon Arm, Enderby, Armstrong, and Vernon. A number of good boars are constantly being purchased and we are of the opinion that most breeding operations are being carried on a sound basis. Whilst hog prices continue good, the recent sharp increase in feed prices will necessitate careful handling and sound management if production is to be kept up to past high levels. We should like, however, to add a word of warning; quite frequent returns to shippers have shown T.B. readings. The writer was instructed to investigate some of the reported cases, and following up our visits to breeders and discussions with large buyers, veterinarians, etc., it would seem that there may be opportunity for improvement in this matter by breeders having in mind that hogs need warm quarters in which to sleep and lots of warm, dry bedding. Far too many hogs are allowed to sleep on cold, bare ground which is often wet. Horses.—Owing to labour shortage more tractors are being used and there does not seem to be very bright prospects for any warranted increase in horse-breeding, although a fair demand has been in evidence this fall for bush-work. Several car-lots of horses were brought into Salmon Arm and Armstrong from the Prairie Provinces and for the most part were sold at fair prices. N,o cases of sleeping sickness in horses have been reported this year. Poultry.—Poultry has had a reasonably good season, both for eggs and dressed fowl; feed prices were such that sound practice in the poultry yards assured reasonable returns. The situation does not look quite so bright for the coming season as the recent, sharp increase in feed prices will necessitate careful handling and sound practice R 126 BRITISH COLUMBIA. to insure good returns. Quite a number of calls for advice were received and numerous troubles, such as worm infestation, nutritional and breeding problems were corrected. Calls were also received from a number of turkey-breeders and some blackhead was found in several flocks; advice given and good results obtained in most cases. A very successful winter poultry-show was held at Kamloops on December 7th and 8th and credit is due for the interest shown, and especially the good classes of utility fowl, with good prizes allotted for same. Blood-testing in this district has increased sharply and birds tested for 1943 have about doubled those of previous years. Nearly all flocks tested are farm flocks and the sale of hatching-eggs has added considerably to the revenue from farm poultry. Flocks are widely scattered and in some instances an increase in numbers of birds would make for more profitable production. About 50 per cent, of flocks tested were free from reactors, mostly flocks that had tested in previous years. Considerable improvement in condition of birds and buildings was noted over former years and good results were expressed by a number of owners. One more approved hatchery has been added in Salmon Arm. One lot of turkeys were tested,' and flocks were inspected from Silver Creek, Salmon Arm, Enderby, Armstrong, Vernon, Lumby, Sugar Lake, Okanagan Landing, and Kelowna. Apiary Inspection and Demonstration. A demonstration hive was established at Mount Cartier, in the Revelstoke District, and several visits were made to this district by the Provincial Bee Inspector, and a keen interest is shown in the above district in the work being done. Mr. Turnbull accompanied the writer in visits to the local bee-keepers and gave a lot of necessary information which, in some instances, was much needed. It is hoped that this district can, with such advice and assistance, be readily made self-supporting in honey. Rodent-control. Pocket-gophers are receiving especial attention in this district and upwards of 1,000 lb. of poison-bait was sold, at cost, from the mixing-sheds in Kamloops. Many farmers expressed satisfaction at results obtained. Several farmers are still worried over the menace of Columbia ground-squirrel and find Cyanogas hard to obtain but, generally speaking, previous years' work on this pest has proven so effective that most districts are fairly free. _ _ Insect Pests. Grasshoppers were quite bad in several districts for the first time and control methods were advised with information given on supplies of poison-bait. Cutworms appeared to be below normal in most districts. Several infestations of what would appear to be an unusual occurrence of the black army worm, never before seen in this district, were found; in one instance cleaning off 5 acres of alfalfa. An immediate call was made for entomological advice and this pest will be closely watched next year. One or two calls were received from the Revelstoke District of serious blight conditions on spruce hedges, and this was also turned in to the proper officials. Rust conditions on grain were very bad in this same district; in some instances leaving little grain to harvest. An effort is being made to see if winter wheat would not be more advantageous to grow. _ __ ' Fertilizers and Test Plots. Quite an increase is noted in the intelligent use of commercial fertilizers; upwards of 155 tons being sold by the Salmon Arm Farmers' Exchange, an increase of 75 tons over 1942. The Grindrod Farmers' Institute also has supplied to its members a considerable increase over former years, about 80 tons being sold consisting largely of 0-15-0 and 0-38-0, with the balance made up of a complete 4-10-10 and 2-16-6. This Institute also supplied to its members seeds to the value of $800, and $350 worth of salt. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 127 Two tests were carried on with fertilizers and gypsum and both tests were made with the co-operation of the Salmon Arm Farmers' Exchange and the Gypsum, Lime & Alabastine Company of Canada, through its management at Vancouver and Falkland. Both the above-named firms supplied the material for the tests. The fertilizer plots were composed of: Plot 1, tankage; Plot 2, sulphate of ammonia; Plot 3, ammonium phosphate and sulphate of potash of equal proportions; Plot 4, check. Plot 3 gave considerably better results but the dry season did not, however, lend itself to conclusive results from use of fertilizer. The gypsum results, however, gave an exceptional surprise in that results were not only in two instances very noticeable but that these results were obtained in so short- a time in such an unusually dry and abnormal season and one of short fodder-crops generally. One test was on alfalfa sod, one on clover with a barley nurse-crop, one on barley alone, and one on fodder corn. All were broadcast late in May and well worked into the soil at the rate of 2 and 4 tons per acre. The alfalfa test gave surprising results. The second crop was cut the first week of August and gave a good crop, with the check-plot not being worth cutting. The difference, however, was arrived at by cutting both plot and check. The test-plot cut nearly thirty coils of good quality hay and the check only five coils. Clover and barley plots also gave exceptional results in that on the gypsum plot the clover had grown to at least twice the height of the check-plot with very pronounced broad leaves and healthy colour. In the straight barley test a noticeable difference was seen in the colour, growth, and lack of drying in the stem; kernels of grain when threshed were larger and had a more plump appearance. The fodder-corn plot did not show any noticeable difference. About 35 tons of the gypsum has already been purchased by this district for a fall application and one test will be carried out with an addition of 2-18-0. These plots will be watched closely by the surrounding community in the next year's growing season. The rebate offered by the Honourable Minister of Agriculture of $1 per ton on gypsum should encourage the use of this product, as we feel there are a number of districts that should benefit from its use. It is noted that a test is being carried on on one farm in this district with Austrian winter peas and, if possible, to be followed with buckwheat; the idea being to determine the value of same as a cleaning-crop and following, after available seed is acquired, a green crop will be grown of winter peas and ploughed in in the spring and a crop grown the same year; thus the land can be ploughed and cultivated three times in the twelve months and no loss of cropping land—a very important consideration to most small farms. Number of Entries for the Poultry, Swine, and Calf Clubs, 1943.- Poultry. No. Clubs. No. Members. Armstrong 9 89 Vernon 5 44 Salmon Arm 2 • 17 Larch Hill 2 16 Canoe : 2 17 Grindrod 2 16 Deep Creek 1 8 Gleneden 1 10 Mount Cartier 1 8 Twelve-mile South (Revelstoke) 1 8 Totals 26 233 R 128 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Armstrong Dairy Calf. 7 61 Salmon Arm 2 14 Totals 9 75 Armstrong Sivine. 3 21 Salmon Arm 1 10 Totals 4 31 EAST KOOTENAY. J. S. Allin, B.S.A., District Agriculturist. Climatic conditions adversely affected agricultural production to a very large extent this year. The late wet spring, dry summer, and early autumn frosts were responsible for a marked decrease in yield in practically all crops, although the condition of grass on the range was fairly good, and cattle made good gains up until the end of July. Conditions during the summer months, however, were such that the range was soon depleted and, in general, the cattle coming off the range in October were only in fair shape. Field Crops. Hay.—Yields of hay-crops this year were markedly reduced due, firstly, to adverse weather conditions last winter and this spring. Some winter-killing occurred and a very poor start was made in the spring. Secondly, bad weather during the haying season meant considerable damage to the hay-crop in many localities; and thirdly, large numbers of both deer and grasshoppers reduced the hay-crop. Seed Production.—In several instances, interest in seed production is increasing. In localities where a farmer is particularly well situated and adapted to this type of farming, the enterprise is being encouraged. For the most part, alfalfa, white Dutch clover, and barley were grown for seed production purposes this year. The grain production from dry-farming areas was this year below normal. It is expected that a greater acreage will next year be devoted to the production of seed, of various crops. Roots.—It is apparent that root crops, such as mangels, turnips, swedes, carrots, and potatoes, can be very successfully grown in this district. This past year there was a greater acreage planted to potatoes, and very good field inspection reports have been received. Unfortunately, the yield of potatoes this year was much below a normal yield, many crops yielding only 2 to 4 tons per acre. This is true of the Wardner, Jaffray, and Newgate Districts. The Columbia Lake-Windermere District produced a heavier yield, but even the yield from these areas was below normal, averaging approximately 6 to 8 tons per acre. The production of a high-grade seed potato continues to be a very successful operation in this district. A large demand for seed potatoes from these areas, particularly Columbia Lake and Windermere Districts, continues to exist and, in fact, seems to be increasing. Poor weather conditions adversely affected the tubers this year in that considerable off-type and rhizoctonia was noted. It is believed, however, that this situation will be improved under more favourable weather conditions, and it is expected a greater acreage will be planted to potatoes next year. General.—In this district, more attention possibly should be paid to hay and pasture crops and root crops. It is intended to conduct experiments with different DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 129 grasses and legumes for hay and pasture purposes, and also experiments with fertilizers, etc., with a view to increasing the yield of these crops, which in turn will enable a farmer or rancher to increase his herd of cattle. It is also intended that range improvement experiments be conducted, the range in many areas of the district being greatly run down. Some further studies regarding suitable varieties of various crops are indicated. The need is felt for the operation of one or two illustration stations since at present none exists in the district. This, together with trials carried on under the Field Crops Union, should prove of value to the farmers and ranchers of the district. Entomology. Colorado Potato-beetle.—Increased infestation of the Colorado potato-beetle was experienced this year. This is particularly true of the Jaffray and Cranbrook Districts, where considerable damage was done. Potato-beetle poison-dust (calcium arsenate) was distributed to the areas most heavily infested until the existing supply was exhausted. Districts in which the Colorado potato-beetle was in evidence during previous years—namely, Camp Lister, Newgate, and Fort Steele—were relatively free this year. A fairly heavy infestation might be expected in certain localities next year, and preparations for controlling such an outbreak are now being made. Warble-flies and Ticks.—These two pests continue to give trouble in areas, particularly east of Cranbrook, and more specifically in the district surrounding Waldo and Newgate. It is intended to carry on a warble-fly control programme next year, and the co-operation of stock-breeders in two areas at least is assured. Grasshoppers.—A plague of grasshoppers of considerable size extended throughout most of the district this past year. Much damage was done to practically all crops, extending even to the horticultural field. No control-work was carried on, but preparations should be made to combat an expected increase of grasshoppers next year. At the present time, two centres (Windermere and Cranbrook) are discussing the possibilities of. organizing grasshopper-control zones. Junior Clubs. The South Country Boys' and Girls' Beef Calf Club continued to operate this past year, and is the only one in the district so organized. A successful competition and sale was held on October 23rd at the time of the feeder stock sale at Elko. This office intends to pursue this line of activity to a greater extent next year, and in this connection the co-operation of the Department of Education is much appreciated. It is felt that a great deal can be accomplished through the medium of these junior club activities in educating not only the boys and girls, but also the adult farmers and ranchers, and it is hoped that these clubs will form the nucleus for reorganizing fall Farmers' Institutes. As many Farmers' Institute meetings as possible have been attended, some proving to be very worth-while meetings, while other Institutes appear to be functioning with difficulty. It is felt that the Farmers' Institutes could prove to be much more valuable to the farmers and ranchers than they are at present, and a memorandum is being prepared outlining suggestions for improvement along this line. Preparations are now being made to conduct a series of educational evenings for the farmers of the Creston Valley. This will include talks by various officers of the Provincial Department of Agriculture, motion pictures, and general discussion on the different phases of agriculture. The programme has been drawn up and will be conducted through the united efforts of the representatives of the Departments of Agriculture and Education. It is hoped by all concerned that this concrete evidence of the co-operation of the two Departments will be continued and enlarged, proving of mutual benefit to education and agriculture. 9 R 130 BRITISH COLUMBIA. Live Stock. Sheep.—Sheep production seems to be increasing generally throughout the district; the area from Edgewater to Golden constitutes one of the more progressive areas in this field of agriculture. Several flocks of sheep are being built up and improved upon in the country between Yahk and Creston, and sheep production in the Fernie District is enlarging. The predominating breeds are Suffolk and Hampshire, with some Dorset-horn, Southdown, and Oxford. Greater attention is being paid to improving the flocks through breeding and good rams are in demand. Predatory animals, notably coyotes, have been responsible for many sheep-breeders being forced out of this line of production. This is particularly true of the Windermere District. Swine.—Swine production has increased in general throughout the district, although at the present time with the high price of feed, and the lack of marketing facilities and a secure hog market for the future, many farmers feel that they can not expand their enterprise, and, in fact, some feel that a reduction in hog production will result. Assistance has been given in exchanging and purchasing good type boars, and improvement in the type of hogs now being kept is noted. Dairy Cattle.—Little time has been found to be able to adequately study this line of production. It is noted, however, that dairy cows are in great demand and good animals are hard to locate. The dairy industry from Edgewater to Golden and surrounding district continues to be a major source of income, and it is reported that the year's make of butter at the Golden creamery will total approximately 70,000 lb. Dairy herds of Ayrshires and Jerseys are continually being improved and some fine stock is to be noted in that district. The dairy industry surrounding Cranbrook would seem to demand attention and certain improvements should be made during the coming year. At present, a start is being made to organize the dairy producers with the formation of a Dairymen's Association. This will include dairymen of Cranbrook and Kimberley, and every attempt should be made to ensure that the Association continue active, following attention to immediate problems requiring solution. Beef Cattle.—There is a steady improvement to be noted in quantity and quality of beef cattle produced in this district. The improvement of the grade of cattle is being accomplished in several ways. Stockmen are paying much more attention to the selection of good herd sires and are continually weeding out the undesirable individuals. Very valuable assistance has been given the farmers by the Department in the purchase of registered sires, and it is to be hoped that this assistance will continue and even be enlarged. The annual cattle sale at Elko has done much to improve the type of stock by means of supplying the farmers with knowledge concerning the weights, prices, and other selling characteristics of the various classes of cattle. This sale has been a very valuable help in educating the stock-breeders and providing them with an insight into the kind of stock which more nearly meets market requirements. The beef industry in the East Kootenays should continue to improve if guided along proper lines. It is felt that this district is primarily a feeder-stock producing area, and the production of high-grade butcher beef seems to be impractical in this area. The cattle generally are improving, especially as regards uniformity, and considering the type of animal from which the present herds have developed, a great improvement has been made in developing a better type of beef animal. It seems unfortunate that good type beef animals of high-grade, with years of breeding behind them, could not be introduced and distributed through the district. Assistance has been given the ranchers and farmers through this office in purchasing or exchanging good beef type bulls, and it is believed that attention to this item, together with systematic culling and forage improvements, will do much to further improve the beef industry in this district. It is hoped that the amendment to the "Animals Act " dealing with the organization of Bull-control areas will do much to improve the type of animal running on the range in those areas. Three centres at the DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 131 present time have this matter under consideration, which in itself shows a willingness on the part of the stock-breeders to co-operate with themselves and with the Department. These centres are Fernie (Hereford), Baynes Lake-Waldo (Aberdeen Angus), and Windermere (Hereford). Cattle Sales.—The second annual sale of feeder stock was held this year at Elko on October 23rd. The sale showed a marked increase over the one held last year, as evidenced by the number of head entered and the gross receipts. There were 438 head of cattle entered in the sale last year, selling for $28,315.45, as against 975 head, grossing $51,713.11, this year, with the top price of the sale going for a car-lot of Aberdeen Angus calves which sold at $11.50. Buyers were present representing interests from Vancouver on the west and Montreal on the east, and it is particularly interesting to note that some of the stock was purchased and will be fed by farmers of the Creston Valley. A memorandum outlining suggested improvements for the sale has been prepared, which among other things includes the fact that the Stock-breeders' Association sponsoring the sale should in future be prepared to pay for the services of competent officials, including a sales manager-secretary. Although the average price per head realized this year was lower than that of last year, two factors must be considered in accounting for this fact: (1) At the time of the sale, market conditions were not favourable; (2) too many low-grade animals were entered in the sale. It should be noted here, however, that good grade stock brought good returns and some provision should be made in the future for limiting the numbers of low-grade stock entered in the sale. Considering, however, the above two factors, the sale was generally recognized as being successful, and certainly every effort should be made to continue and improve such a valuable method of marketing. Feeder Cattle.—The East Kootenay District is primarily a producer of feeder stock rather than finished butcher stock. There is, however, adjacent to this area the Creston Valley, where quantities of grain, forage-crops, and various by-products or commonly wasted materials are produced and available for live-stock feeding purposes. Five car-loads of cattle were shipped into the Creston District this year and the finishing of feeder stock in that area is being conducted. As this first experiment proves successful, it is believed that increasing numbers of feeders will be handled with mutual benefit to the farmers of Creston Valley and ranchers of East Kootenay. An available market such as this will enable the stock-breeders of the East Kootenay to more nearly approach a cow and calf basis, and in doing so will be able to increase the size of and improve the breeding herd. General.—Predatory animals continue to take a relatively high toll of farm animals. Coyotes particularly do considerable damage in flocks of sheep and poultry. The district has been comparatively free of live-stock diseases. No cases of encephalomyelitis have been reported this year. Worms in sheep and hogs require some attention. There seems to be a general trend towards increased protection against blackleg and haemorrhagic septicemia, but considerably more attention should be paid to feeding methods and particularly to conditions resulting from mineral deficiencies. Marketing. The marketing of agricultural products from the East Kootenay District remains as a major problem. It is believed that further organization on the part of the farmers themselves, together with Government assistance, will do much to ease this problem. Improved transportation facilities and lower transportation costs are factors to be considered. The proximity of markets in Alberta and the United States make these natural outlets for produce from this district. There is a general feeling among farmers of this district that improved methods of production and plans to increase production are defeated unless steps are taken to similarly improve the marketing of R 132 BRITISH COLUMBIA. such produce. In this connection there seems to be a growing tendency for farmers to inquire into co-operative buying and selling, controlled marketing, etc., but there needs to be assistance given to ensure success in this line of endeavour. GRAND FORKS AND DISTRICT. J. Travis, District Agriculturist. The winter of 1942-43 was generally severe in contrast to the previous winter. Snow fell early in November and at intervals throughout the entire winter. Below zero temperatures were a common occurrence from January 15th. The months of February and March continued cold and wintry. April month ushered in a decided and more favourable change in the weather, but, nevertheless, the spring season was retarded with below normal growing conditions. Throughout the summer months growers had to depend largely on irrigation moisture, there being"little or no rainfall during this period. Ideal harvesting and threshing conditions obtained throughout the entire fall period. Agricultural Production and Crop Acreages. The call sent forth to the farmers of British Columbia by the Minister of Agriculture for a greater agricultural production during the present year met with an immediate favourable response throughout this area, where maximum production of essential farm commodities was attempted. Some apprehension was felt in connection with the farm labour situation, but confidence was restored under the direction of the Dominion Provincial Emergency Farm Labour Services, when the British Columbia Government took the necessary measures to set up and put into operation an administration to function in conjunction with the National Selective Service. Acreages of principal crops in the Grand Forks District were as follows: Alfalfa, 395% acres; potatoes, early, 129% acres; potatoes, late, 156% acres; cereal grains, 273% acres; carrots, 82 acres; onions, 32 acres; corn, field, 31% acres; hay, 279 acres. Car-lot shipments of potatoes and sundry vegetables as at the end of November amounted to: Potatoes, early, 43; potatoes, late, 63; onions, 33; carrots, 15; asparagus, 10 tons. Producer price per ton delivered at packing-house averaged: Potatoes, $29.60; onions, $50; beet and turnip, $34; parsnip, $45; asparagus, 11 cents per pound. A bumper crop of good quality carrots was harvested, permitting a surplus of 500 tons to go forward to Vernon for dehydration purposes. Seed Production. Vegetable-seed production continues to hold the spotlight throughout the immediate district of Grand Forks. Onion, carrot, and radish seed still represent the greater volume, while smaller acreages are occupied with diversified crops, including a few annual flower-seeds. Contract prices hold steady with an upward trend. Growers are in a position to fulfil or exceed their contracts, with the possible exception of carrot-seed, which is short on delivery due to losses of stecklings attacked by root-rot in storage. The following acreage for the year 1943 was distributed among ninety-nine growers producing registered, certified, and commercial grades of seed:— Average Yield per Acre. Crop. No. of Acres. Lb. Onion 232 700 Carrot 240% 250 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 133 Average Yield per Acre. Crop. No. of Acres. Lb. Radish 188 600 Lettuce 89% 250 Beans 34 200 Beet 19 1,600 Parsnips 6 1,600 Marrow and squash : 5 400 Tomato 2 150 Miscellaneous 3 Total 818% Each successive year shows more enterprise on the part of the growers in providing for the safe threshing and protection of seed-crops. Several additional threshers are owned and operated by groups of individuals, and more power fanning-mills are being purchased. Storage-sheds for drying and housing the harvested crop are located on each farm. By the end of November the third car-load of vegetable-seed had been shipped to headquarters of the Growers' Association in Vancouver. Canning Industry. Several attempts by interested parties were made to enlist growers in the production of beans and various crops in place of tomatoes, which latter crop has not been entirely successful during past seasons. However, prices for truck-crops to be marketed through the regular channels were sufficiently attractive, with the result that the local cannery did not operate. Throughout the past year fieldmen representing the canning industry have visited the district and investigated the possibility of introducing other kinds of crops in addition to tomatoes. It is expected that the local cannery will resume operations in 1944. Plant Diseases. Despite the fact that more attention was paid to seasonal spraying of fruit-trees than previously, apple-scab was again responsible for a great deal of damage. The trees had not sufficiently recovered from the wide-spread attacks of scab and injury sustained last year, and consequently were carrying only a light crop. Several operators of a few of the larger orchards were inclined to attribute the cause to some other source, such as damage from sulphur fumes. Complying with grower requests for field inspection these orchards were visited during the season on more than one occasion by plant pathologists. Vegetable-seed crops were frequently checked over by Plant Pathologists and Field Inspectors on the watch for suspected diseases associated with these crops. During the storage period severe losses were encountered in connection with carrot stecklings, which were attacked by black-rot (Alternaria Nadicina). This disease is assuming serious proportions and much study is being devoted to same in an endeavour to establish methods of prevention and cure. There are evidences that seed treatment and proper storage will prove important factors in this connection. Onion-bulbs were well cured during the fall of 1942 and planting stock survived winter storage in excellent shape. During the growing season downy mildew made its appearance in most of the onion-seed fields (and in some cases bulb crops), causing much alarm. There was little appreciable damage to ultimate yields of seed during harvest which could be traced to mildew. R 134 BRITISH COLUMBIA. A small acreage planted to tomatoes for seed production was attacked by late blight. This outbreak was controlled by spraying with a Bordeaux mixture. During the month of June several commercial asparagus-beds were placed under observation to determine the cause of rotting or wilting in the crowns. Pathologists were of the opinion that boron deficiency might prove to be the cause, and the fields in question received an application of commercial boron when the season's cut was taken off at the end of June. Insect Pests. Visitation of insect pests in quantity and kind was the heaviest in many years. Throughout the entire season not one district escaped infestation. Grasshoppers were particularly bad and the damage done to crops of all descriptions was serious. Many vegetable-gardens were eaten down until nothing remained. Commercial garden truck also suffered from these pests which encroached on all sides from surrounding dried-up pasture. Even plantings of fall wheat were eaten down in September. Throughout the Midway District, where control is organized, much work was done under the direction of the local committee. This committee endeavoured to extend some assistance in the way of supplying material, when available, to applicants from adjacent territory. There is a movement on foot towards the formation of control zones throughout the Rock Creek and Bridesville Districts, where grasshoppers were especially numerous this year. Colorado Potato-Beetle.—Spot infestations were found in many places during the normal season of activity for this insect. Outbreaks were particularly numerous in the vicinity of Grand Forks, especially in private gardens. Whenever located or reported the area was visited, plants dusted, material and descriptive bulletins supplied. Two departmental dust-guns were made available, while the Grand Forks Growers' Exchange co-operated with this office in locating outbreaks and supplying additional equipment. Other outbreaks occurred at Midway and Rock Creek, and these were similarly dealt with. A complete record of names and localities has been added to the office files, a copy of which has been forwarded to the Provincial Entomologist. Damage from onion-maggot, onion-thrip, and wireworm cut the onion-crop down somewhat. Another insect, blister-beetle, attacked vegetable-gardens in great numbers, doing much damage. Pear Psylla.—United States Department of Agriculture officials, in co-operation with representatives of the Dominion and Provincial Plants Protection Division, conducted their annual inspection of pear orchards in close proximity to the United States border. _, _ Field Crops. Preparations for seeding of field crops were delayed during spring owing to unfavourable weather and soil condition. Throughout the principal grain-growing districts around Rock Creek and Kettle Valley field-work was only just commencing on April 12th. Thresher reports indicate scant harvest, while some machines remained idle. Consequently feed-grain is scarce, in direct contrast to the problem facing the farmers last year of securing a market for surplus grain, especially wheat. To further aggravate the feed situation, only a light crop of hay was harvested. In order to conserve winter feed, both range and domestic cattle were carefully culled over and shipped to market. During the season an effort was made to encourage growers to conduct some experimental work with linseed, flax, and soy-bean crops, as suggested by the Provincial Field Crops Commissioner. A late season and adverse local conditions hampered this project. Live Stock. Live stock came through one of the most severe winters in years in good shape and there was sufficient feed carried over to meet requirements of a delayed spring. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 135 There is a definite tendency towards improvement of all classes of live stock. More attention is being devoted to the purchase of pure-bred sires, and here again the Farmers' Institutes, under the departmental policy of assisting purchasers, were active in taking advantage of the assistance available. Several good Hereford bulls were secured in this manner. It was unfortunate that, as the season advanced, all districts dependent on rainfall were subjected to severe drought, which prevailed throughout the entire period. Consequently, culling of the older stock commenced early in the season in order to conserve feed. During the month of August a few cars of mixed cattle were marketed. Shipments of cattle from the Grand Forks District totalled some thirteen carloads. From the Kettle Valley District over 800 head and one car-load of sheep were shipped out. Nearly all of these cattle went to Vancouver. A few head of stocker- heifer calves were sold to the Nelson District. Some dressed beef was hauled to Trail and Oliver Districts (approximately fifty head all told). The foregoing shipments represent a big increase in the slaughter of cattle, caused largely by a short crop of winter feed. Cattle which might have gone into feed-lots were side-tracked into the slaughter pens on account of the increased cost of grain. The Southern Interior Stockmen's Associations' feeder sale at Okanagan Falls on September 30th attracted the attention of stockmen from the Grand Forks and Boundary Districts. This first annual sale turned out to be a highly successful event. Elmer Hall, Westbridge, contributed ten head of Registered Herefords. Some 904 head, including thirty-two lambs, were auctioned off at satisfactory prices; the grand total bordering on $64,000. Live-stock Diseases. Vaccination of horses against sleeping sickness was again practised by those horsemen who prefer to insure their animals in this manner. This habit is gradually being transmitted from farmer to farmer, who are largely influenced by means of live-stock circulars in addition to public addresses given by the Provincial Live Stock Commissioner and his officials. An outbreak of blackleg in cattle throughout the North Fork District, which might have developed to serious proportions, was arrested by the prompt action of the settlers in that neighbourhood, who enlisted the services of the District Agriculturist. Quantities of vaccine were purchased and co-operative action was organized. Losses from this disease were confined to a minimum. Approximately 300 head of young stock were vaccinated over the above district. A campaign against warble-fly was launched in February. Members of the Grand Forks Farmers' Institute took the initiative, with R. H. Macintosh, resident Inspector, Department of Lands, co-operating on behalf of the Doukhobor settlements. Approximately 836 head of cattle throughout the Grand Forks District were treated with warble-wash; 50 lb. of wash material being distributed; 7,087 warbles were counted, or an average of eight per head. Control measures were also introduced throughout the Rock Creek District under the auspices of the Rock Creek Farmers' Institute; 41 lb. of material was distributed in order to provide at least one treatment before the cattle were turned out on the range. Victory Gardens. Acting in co-operation with a committee appointed from members of the Grand Forks schools staffs two Victory Garden Clubs, composed of students selected from the higher and lower grades, were organized. A total membership of twenty-four was enrolled. These clubs were sponsored by the Grand Forks Gyro Club, which donated a substantial sum of prize money. Periodical judging visits were conducted throughout the season, when members of the above school committee assisted. This R 136 BRITISH COLUMBIA. project proved highly successful and keen interest was exhibited by the contestants and the community at large. LOWER MAINLAND. G. L. Landon, B.S.A., District Agriculturist. The winter of 1942-43 was mild until the January snowstorm which blocked roads and piled up snowdrifts all over the Lower Mainland and delayed shipments of milk, etc., for a week or more. This was followed by a late, cold spring with considerable rainfall all summer. A fine spell of weather was experienced in the fall, which enabled farmers to harvest good crops. The cold wet spring delayed seeding of many crops and affected the yields of others. The hay-crop generally was light but cannery-crops of peas and beans were very heavy, the pea-crop probably being the heaviest on record. Pasture conditions were good all year. The acreage in oats is declining, owing partly to the freight policy of the Dominion Government in paying $6 per ton on feed-grain imported into the Province from Alberta. It is no longer economical to grow cereals in the Fraser Valley. The acute labour shortage in 1942 was felt in 1943 but was remedied to a considerable degree by the Emergency Farm Labour Service of the Dominion and Provincial Governments, organized under the direction of Hon. Dr. K. C. MacDonald. Live-stock Conditions. Market conditions continue good for milk, eggs, hogs, beef, and mutton, etc., but production of some of these commodities is falling off. The ratio of cost of feed to market prices for milk and eggs continues good but not so good as in 1942. Pork production probably dropped slightly, although prices for weanling pigs were very high during the early part of the year. Prices for swine club pigs were as high as $9 each. Economic factors do not favour any great increase in bog production in the Fraser Valley. A great increase was shown in the junior swine clubs as will be shown in the report on club activities. The demand for dairy cows continues good, with prices remaining very high, due primarily to the demand from the United States. Sales of dairy cattle continued during the year, although not as extensively as in 1942. Interest continues good in both light-horse and heavy-horse production. The market was weak for Prairie imported horses during most of the year. Bangs-free Areas. The areas organized in 1942 were extended during 1943 and new districts formed. Excellent progress is being made in vaccination of calves in all parts of the Fraser Valley, the secretaries in most cases being supervisors of the cow-testing associations. Incidentally, no group of men in the Fraser Valley are doing more effective agricultural work than the supervisors. As a result of the vaccination programme, Fraser Valley dairymen will be in a position to take advantage of the post-war demand for good dairy stock. Field-crop Conditions. Field crops, particularly hay, were affected by the late, cold spring and the wet summer weather. Yields were better than expected of silage-corn, cannery corn, and other crops. The potato-crop acreage was heavy and the yield very high in many districts. Some world records were experienced in Richmond and other municipalities. Late blight and flea-beetle damage was heavy in the Chilliwack and Upper Valley areas, but not extensive in the Lower Valley areas. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 137 About 1,000 acres of fibre flax were grown by members of the Fraser Valley Fibre Flax Growers' Co-operative Association. A modern plant was constructed near White Rock to handle the retting and scutching processes. Several more pullers were purchased and modern machinery installed at the plant. Indications are that a permanent industry has been established which will prove a valuable addition to Fraser Valley agriculture. Yields of seed in the various crops is estimated as follows for 1943: Fibre flax, 1,000 acres; oil flax, 50 acres; red-clover seed, 850 acres (175,000 lb.). Warble-fly Control. , Warble-fly control was extended to include the entire Fraser Valley during 1943, the first time every municipality and other areas were included. A separate report has been forwarded giving details of the project. The warble-wash was prepared at approximately twenty-five centres for distribution. About 50,000 head of cattle were treated again this year, as nearly as can be estimated. The gasoline and tire restrictions have interfered considerably in the distribution of the warble-wash. The labour shortage has also been a factor, as it is now very difficult to get farmers to work on committees and to cover their districts. First treatment was applied on February 25th and the second treatment on March 27th. Third treatments were given in some areas. Reports received indicate that the early emerging warbles have been cleaned up but the late warbles are increasing. This is a difficult problem to solve, since farmers cannot be organized into committees to distribute the material after the spring work starts. Some feasible means will have to be developed to control the late April and May warbles. The following table shows the data secured from districts under control, bearing in mind the difficulty in securing reports under present conditions. District. No. of Herds. No. of Stock. Estimated No. of Warbles. 21 14 45 89 8 59 61 53 137 55 169 549 430 509 722 312 1,326 2,188 588 1,012 514 2,877 328 290 764 711 11,027 1,382 Junior Club Work. Junior club projects in the Fraser Valley had a most successful year, the best since club work commenced in fact. There was an increase in all projects except the grain clubs, which dropped out this year. The most interesting feature was the increase in swine clubs from two to seven and the increase in poultry clubs. The greatest increase in poultry clubs was shown in Surrey Municipality where the junior club committee of the Lower Fraser Valley Fair Board made real progress. This committee staged a junior poultry show in December with over 200 entries and a very fine display of nice quality birds, one of the best poultry shows for several years. A second very successful conference on junior club work was held at Mission in March, at which the organizers, Fair Board officials, and Department officials reviewed the work and made plans for 1943. 10 R 138 BRITISH COLUMBIA. The following table gives the statistical data on junior clubs for the past four years:— Year. Swine Clubs. Calf Clubs. Poultry Clubs. Potato Clubs. Grain Clubs. Total. 1940 . 1 2 2 7 17 21 23 25 20 19 15 24 .8 8 5 6 2 2 2 48 1941 52 1942.. 1943 - . 47 62 All the local fairs held at Agassiz, Mission, Abbotsford, Langley, and Surrey featured junior club work and those at Abbotsford and Surrey cancelled their regular fairs to hold entirely junior club fairs. Very fine exhibits of calves, swine, poultry, and potatoes were made by the club members at these fairs. For the second year in succession the Vancouver Exhibition Association staged the junior club fair at Chilliwack Exhibition in co-operation with the Chilliwack Agricultural Association. This was bigger and better than ever, with several hundred club members from the Fraser Valley and Washington State competing. Approximately 150 calves were shown in the junior section and about fifty pigs. There was also a large entry of potatoes in the junior potato club section and a fair entry of poultry in the poultry section. The Ayrshire and Holstein sections were judged under the Danish, or group, system this year, also the showmanship competitions. With such large entries this was considered much the fairer method. The Holstein, Guernsey, and Ayrshire Associations assisted financially in staging the fine exhibit and are doing much to further junior club work in the Province. The British Columbia Swine Breeders' Association is this year contributing a sum of money to club members who keep one gilt and raise a litter or more next year. This has already created much interest in swine club work in the Province. Great credit is due the Vancouver Exhibition Association for their support and interest in junior club work. Their budget this year provided $2,000 for the junior club fair. President John Dunsmuir and his board of directors are enthusiastic supporters of club work. Judging Classes and Competitions. In every district where clubs are organized judging classes were held during the year in spite of travel restrictions and labour shortage. Every credit is due the local organizers and organizations for carrying-on under difficult conditions. Interesting field-days were held during the year with record attendances, as follows:— University of British Columbia, in May 160 British Columbia Swine Breeders' Association, in June 100 Agassiz Experimental Farm, in June 90 Swift Canadian plant and Colony Farm field-day at Sapperton and Colony Farm 150 In addition local competitions were held at Cloverdale, Sumas, and other points. The following table gives the data in the junior fair section at Chilliwack:—• Competition. Stock-judging Poultry-judging Showmanship Swine-carcass judging Halter-making No. of Competitors. _-__ 55 ._.__ 12 _____ 90 _____ 45 42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 139 National Competitions. Four boys and two girls from the Fraser Valley represented British Columbia this year at Toronto. The Chilliwack swine team of Don McPhee and Ernest Oldham placed fifth in the swine project. The Langley dairy team of Violet Paton and James Thatcher placed third in their project. The Langley potato team of Frances Lidster and Hugh Davis placed second in their project. They had a very good trip and gave their impressions to a large crowd at Langley on December 3rd. Coaches of these various teams were Tom Berry, John Farquhar, and Chris Hagel- stein of the dairy team; Fred Bryant and Arthur Renney of the swine team; and Sid Gray of the potato team. I would like to record my appreciation of the assistance given by the following in junior club work: H. S. Ford, Harold Steeves, R. C. Trimble, and T. G. Stewart, of the Dominion Live Stock Branch; H. S. MacLeod and his staff, of the Dominion Plant Production Division; Dean F. M. Clement and his staff at the University of British Columbia; T. A. Leach, Ralph Cudmore, Arthur Laing, and others in industrial work. British Columbia Lime Committee. The Lime Committee is now composed of Dr. D. G. Laird, Cecil Tapp, and myself. Several meetings were held during the year and more applications were received than in 1942. The lime situation is still not good, although a considerable quantity of Cheam Lake marl is being marketed to Fraser Valley farmers. The calcium content of this product is somewhat variable. Separate reports are submitted by the Lime Committee at the close of each fiscal year. Crop Tests. Variety tests of hybrid corn were made at Pitt Meadows, Sullivan, and Columbia Valley and samples sent to Mr. Tice. The results have been tabulated. In addition, there were several crop tests under the supervision of the British Columbia Field Crops Union. _, __ Poultry Programme. Blood-testing and approval of poultry flocks has become one of the major projects of the Department of Agriculture, and this year the increase has been tremendous. Three inspectors are working in the Fraser Valley and J. R. Terry and H. E. Waby are testing the flocks on Vancouver Island and the Okanagan respectively. In addition, flocks were done at Prince George and Grand Forks. The following table gives the statistical data on this work from 1935 to 1943:— Year. No. of Flocks approved. No. of Birds Blood-tested. Percentage of Reactors to Pullorum. 1935 117 127 143 149 194 194 244 331 450 42,074 77,493 93,008 92,178 115,543 121,954 158,867 197,127 325,000 6 09 1937 3 47 1938 1939 1 84 1940 2 65 1941 1942 The enormous increase in the number of birds to be blood-tested this year has imposed a great strain on the University laboratory and on the Department to get them done early enough for the hatching season. Difficulties have been experienced in shipping in the blood samples by public conveyance and returning the empty tubes, etc. It would appear that nearly every hatchery in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba has contracted for eggs in British Columbia this year, and it was found necessary to cancel applications in several outlying areas. The blood-testing programme has involved a great deal of extra wOrk in the New Westminster office. R 140 BRITISH .COLUMBIA. APPENDICES. APPENDIX No. 1. Gross Value of Agricultural Production in British Columbia, Years 1941-42. Description. 1941. 1942. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Horses _..No. Cattle and calves - - „ Sheep and lambs — „ Hogs „ Total live stock Poultry „-- lb. Eggs „- doz. Total poultry and eggs Butter (creamery) lb. Butter (dairy) _ — „ Cheese (factory) — ,, Milk (as fresh) gals. Milk (evaporated) cases Ice-cream _ gals. Ice-cream mix „ Miscellaneous (cottage and farm cheese, chocolate milk, whole-milk powder, skim-milk powder, condensed buttermilk, casein, buttermilk, etc.) — — lb. fat Total dairy products Apples - lb. Other tree-fruits - „ Small fruits _. — „ Vegetables tons Total fruits and vegetables Grains - bu. Hay and clover tons Other fodders „ Potatoes _ „ Turnips, etc — ,, Total field crops Honey - lb. Beeswax - „ Wool „ Hops _ „ Tobacco „ Goat's milk _ gals. Rabbits No. Field, flower, and vegetable seeds lb. Floricultural and ornamental nursery stock, etc. No. Fur-farming „ - Total miscellaneous _ GRAND TOTALS _ _ .... 20,848,000 6,062,442 2,750,000 719,528 21,865,000 581,806 1,240,410 117,402 192,466,000 55,580,000 23,212,000 76,359 6,899,100 400,000 324,000 74,900 34,650 1,169,040 17,535 459,000 1,596,400 766,200 380,000 154,000 4,239,000 400,000 2,473,000 7,266,000 1,468,000 5,108,000 22,376,000 6,576,000 2,085,068 687,500 148,892 7,652,750 2,094,502 1,411,343 122,278 2,007,400 5,357,027 2,557,500 879,787 23,525,000 603,467 1,306,274 106,431 16,209,733 4,580,999 2,245,958 1,523,565 3,431,554 250,032,000 53,708,000 17,744,000 84,265 11,782,076 4,061,000 4,400,000 3,204,000 2,097,000 416,000 7,743,000 484,000 336,000 75,500 39,800 14,178,000 210,427 7,014 101,000 558,900 140,200 190,000 80,000 615,033 332,494 256,000 1,333,600 20,000 507,000 1,202,700 373,000 400,000 2,491,068 58,502,877 235,000 5,321,000 386,000 3,382,000 9,324,000 1,869,000 6,937,000 8,806,000 1,896,075 716,100 179,730 8,704,250 2,413,868 1,497,743 114,605 2,140,000 17,662,371 7,789,710 2,867,415 1,552,571 4,476,393 16,686,089 4,746,000 5,808,000 3,588,000 3,398,000 597,000 18,137,000 280,100 9,600 130,000 664,492 74,600 200,000 85,000 901,515 493,468 294,000 3,132,775 73,748,235 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 141 APPENDIX No. 2. Summary of Movement of Grain Screenings, January 1st to October 31st, inclusive. Consumed in British Columbia. Export direct from Elevator. Total per Month. Month. No. 1 Feed. No. 2 Feed. Uncleaned. Refuse. All Grades. All Grades. Tons. Lb. Tons. Lb. Tons. Lb. Tons. Lb. Tons. Lb. Tons. Lb. January. 40 62 180 ISO 210 31 1,830 264 220 February 1 1,590 18 75 38 1,770 128 1,560 March 41 41 April _ 36 420 30 5 1,000 67 840 139 260 2 800 2 80 June - 120 151 1,100 271 1,100 30 30 August 2 800 2 800 30 34 1,600 September.— 97 60 97 60 October— 43 34 770 10 90 266 850 443 1,620 R 142 BRITISH COLUMBIA. OO 03 H BJ S3 P H W X « r—1 Q Ol a 2: Pi M s Oh 1 3 £ n CO © 1 !M CO tO rA CO CO 00 rH 00 CO CJ 1 CO © rH CO 00 © c-a CO Ph ! rH rH (N rH ©* 1-1 1-1 i. IO f t- Tf © i CO to o t- o 1 ■> © rH cr io CO O N 00 r- © c- CO © . © © IT co oo rH -tf -a ir C- CD © CO CD 3 <=■ CO -^- (M O -tf CO C c rH 00 CO t- CN Sh ti PQ cr *"* -tf rH © © Tj c- CO rH rH CO t- I-H CO rH (N r- rH O ^H Tf CO PQ lo c tH t- rH IN CC CN tJ< CN LO *# rA CO 1-1 oJ U AJ a! r-1 ta eo oo t- 1 o ec © 00 © T)> 00 . « CO -tf -tf rH 00 r- © © e- © IN © 3 « a tc CO rH ir rH Ci CO © © pq r- c- CO © c~ cc rH IO rH IN >o ££ rH N rH IO LO co ta t- IO N W W CC © IO CO LO © »+j 5 t- tc ki Tf -^ «. t- a © 00 LO © N fl ri Ci- o o* co in o ■* © M rH © rH CO co Is 3 to -* oc c- t- -tf © r- o- © Tf t- a o PQ (m «* ca © rH W rH ta LO 1-1 »"t LO 1-1 rH •h J o bo _. to imber reshin achine or mbine u rH r- IO IO t- t- tf CC CO Tf IN Tf 00 CO CO CM . -fi -Q __ 5 £ o p p.) J 3 x > tj oj e= c rt t>_ c ^ aa> : _" m 7h rt s ta 0) J3 J <9 tA 3 <^ 55 q H <. > 0. ct W c 03 £ P a a a c > .o •+J BQ P 5 h ■_ t. rA „ ra : o "ci QJ .u ti > Li CD BE r E a A A- < c o 1 Oi to h_ S. 0) _ & « s ° II|| g 1 S o g .£ rt ra o o t-i > a ti - p C Oi Oi Q O rC T rt > Eh « CJ ra CD fo Ki CQ > M W CQ Ph Q « > O Ph DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 143 APPENDIX No. 4. ESTIMATE OF HONEY-CROP, 1943. District. Apiaries. Hives. Honey-crop. Average per Colony. 760 576 936 456 816 300 180 3,240 2,980 7,780 3,280 5,880 1,980 1,000 Lb. 129,600 95,360 427,900 82,000 411,600 69,300 60,000 Lb. 40 32 55 25 70 Kootenays 35 60 Totals 4,024 26,140 1,275,760 48.8 Increase in registrations, approximately 20 per cent. Value of honey-crop, 19431 __. _-. Value of beeswax, 1943 average, five colonies. Total _ $197,742.80 9,185.48 $206,928.28 APPENDIX No. 5. T.B. Tests, 1943. District. No. of Premises. No. of Cattle. Reactors, Interior— 12 46 35 227 14 12 1 ■ 428 601 761 1,928 113 194 43 2 1 6 34 299 2 11 50 28 188 33 118 Totals 453 4,723 11 Total herds T.B.-tested Total cattle T.B.-tested Total reactors 453 4,723 11 APPENDIX No. 6. Dairy Premises inspected and graded. Total premises 2,769 Total cattle inspected 53,191 Total Grade A 391 Total Grade B . 2,119 Total Grade C 152 Total ungraded premises 107 R 144 BRITISH COLUMBIA. APPENDIX No. 7. Number op Herds inspected and Premises graded under " Milk Act," 1943. No. of Premises. No. of Cattle. Grade of Premises. Ungraded. District. a. B. C. Lower Fraser Valley— Delta 657 162 10 58 531 143 281 105 55 225 14,845 3,974 198 1,258 7,893 3,439 4,983 2,449 1,516 3,656 33 22 10 17 30 11 16 3 19 568 139 55 487 111 249 74 50 193 56 1 3 27 2 21 15 2 13 Kent ~ Langley — — Mission — — Surrey Totals .— 2.227 44,211 161 1,926 140 43 142 2 5 9 27 Vancouver Island— Alberni Cowichan 13 30 27 37 63 19 81 357 686 614 855 1,186 376 1,600 10 12 20 37 33 12 65 3 18 5 30 7 16 2 Nanaimo Sooke and Metchosin Totals 270 5,674 189 79 2 Interior— 18 8 10 30 97 319 79 191 744 1,285 3 6 24 13 6 7 19 52 5 2 5 21 Totals 163 2,618 33 97 | . 33 19 162 4 | ..__. 15 34 299 5 7 | 3 18 13 85 1 1 11 APPENDIX No. 8. Slaughter-house Licences. Cariboo District.—A. C. Christensen & Son, Bella Coola; M. Nygaard, Bella Coola; C. Allertson, Hagensborg; O. Fardol, Quesnel; L. L. Hill, Quesnel; Spencer Realties, Ltd., Pavilion. Kamloops-Nicola District.—C. Stephens, Kamloops; E. Butterworth, Kamloops; A. Cameron, Ashcroft; Parrottino & Rizzo, Merritt; Armstrong's Department Store, Ltd., Merritt; Quichon Ranch, Ltd., Quilchena. Okanagan District.—Salmon Arm Meat & Produce Co., Salmon Arm; Burns & Co., Ltd., Salmon Arm; S. S. Johnston, Salmon Arm; E. Carlson, Armstrong; C. Horrox, Armstrong; Burns & Co., Vernon; Jas. Good, Vernon; L. G. Edwards, Vernon; Fred Gaven, Vernon; J. O. Harper, Nakusp; Mrs. Bailey & Fraitzl, Nakusp; D. K. Gordon, Ltd., Kelowna; John Powick, Kelowna; H. Braham, Kelowna; M. W. Marshall, Kelowna; L. D. Hitchner, West- bank; G. S. Madill, Penticton; J. R. Campbell, Summerland; T. W. Marriott, Okanagan Falls; W. White & Son, Oliver. Siviilkameen-Boundary District.—Burns & Co., Ltd., Grand Forks; C. A. Pennoyer, Gran'd Forks; S. Talarico, Grand Forks; Greenwood Meat Market, Greenwood. South-east British Columbia District.—J. A. Wright, Rossland; P. Muzzin, Trail; E. Pratt, Thrums; Burns & Co., Creston; Burns & Co., Cranbrook; Mrs. L. Walkley, Cranbrook. Golden-Invermere District.—Burns & Co., Ltd., Invermere; P. H. Hansen, Edgewater. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 145 APPENDIX No. ^—Continued. Slaughter-house Licences—Continued. Northern British Columbia District.—G. Little, Terrace; N. Kelly, Tschesinkut Lake; G. R. Hawker, Vanderhoof. Peace River District.—E. F. Cuthill, Fort St. John. Hide-dealers' Licences. Cariboo District.—A. Gosman, Williams Lake; A. C. Christensen & Son, Bella Coola; Alexis Creek Trading Co., Hanceville; C. Lundgren, Quesnel; Paul Krestenuk, Ltd., Quesnel; Spencer Realties, Ltd., Pavilion. Kamloops-Nicola District.—C. Stephens, Kamloops; Salmon Arm Meat & Produce Co., Ltd., Kamloops; G. Dillabough, Kamloops; F. W. Scott, Kamloops; F. D. Schofield, Kamloops; L. N. Agar, Westwold; H. W. Weightman, Chase; C. N. Rebagliati, Lytton; G. A. Rebagliati, Lytton. Okanagan, etc., District.—Salmon Arm Meat & Produce Co., Ltd., Salmon Arm; Burns & Co., Ltd., Salmon Arm; S. S. Johnston, Salmon Arm; E. Carlson, Armstrong; Mrs. A. Sauder, Vernon; W. P. Huebner, Vernon; Richard Gaven, Vernon; McClounie's Cash Stores, Ltd., Falkland; V. Camozzi, Revelstoke; J. 0. Harper, Nakusp; M. W. Marshall, Kelowna; J. Powick, Kelowna; G. S. Madill, Penticton; A. E. Hickson, Summerland; G. E. White, Oliver; E. Johnston, Oliver. Similkame en-Boundary District.—W. A. Woodford, Princeton; C. S. Overton, Keremeos; W. Hochsteiner, Osoyoos; C. G. McMynn, Midway; Burns & Co., Ltd., Grand Forks; H. M. Brinkman, Grand Forks; S. Talarico, Grand Forks. South-east British Columbia District.—J. P. Morgan, Nelson; Union Packing Co., Ltd., Nelson; Ivan O'Neil, Creston; C. Gay, Creston; F. Biddlecombe, Natal. Golden-Invermere District.—J. Weltman, Parson; J. A. Seward, Golden; J. E. Gareb, Golden. Northern British Columbia District.—Watson's Store, Ltd., Smithers; C. P. Bussinger, Telkwa; W. Bickle, Grassy Plains; G. R. Hawker, Vanderhoof. Peace River District.—H. M. Starns, Dawson Creek; G. Dudley, Dawson Creek; H. Soifer, Dawson Creek. Coast District.—Bissinger & Co. and two agents (M. Gilmore and M. Miner), Vancouver; Burns & Co., Ltd., Vancouver; J. Leckie & Co., Ltd., Vancouver; P. Paris, Vancouver; A. Shepherd, New Westminster; N. Adirim, Nanaimo; Mouat Bros., Ltd., Ganges; H. W. Hubbard, Victoria. Outside British Columbia.—S. Cochrane, Edmonton; J. E. Love & Son, and one agent (P. R. Milne), Calgary; Halford Hide & Fur Co., Edmonton; A. Wyman & Co., Edmonton; Bissinger & Co. with two agents (C. Beeman and R. Walton), Spokane, Wash., U.S.A. Stock-dealers' Licences. Cariboo District.—J. Zirnhelt & Son, 150-Mile House; J. A. Blatchford, Alexis Creek; C. R. Wolfe, Lillooet; Spencer Realties, Ltd., Pavilion. Kamloops District.—S. E. Alexander, Kamloops; Geo. C. Hay, Kamloops; Jas. A. Smith, Kamloops; E. Butterworth, Kamloops; T. Campbell, Kamloops; F. D. Schofield, Kamloops; G. A. Davidson, Kamloops; Macdonald Livestock, Ltd., Kamloops; W. F. McLeod, Bestwick; A. Cameron, Ashcroft; C. N. Rebagliati, Lytton. Okanagan, etc., District.—Salmon Arm Meat & Produce Co., Ltd., Salmon Arm; S. S. Johnston, Salmon Arm; G. P. Jackson, Salmon Arm; Wm. Hopkins, Salmon Arm; F. J. Murray, Armstrong; J. Blackburn, Armstrong; Fred Gaven, Vernon; R. Buerge, Nakusp; A. Tibi, Burton; J. W. Hughes, Kelowna; J. Powick, Kelowna; M. W. Marshall, Kelowna; L. D. Hitchner, Westbank; G. E. White, Oliver. Similkameen-Boundary District.—F. H. Richter, Keremeos; W. Hochsteiner, Osoyoos; R. Jackson, Midway; M. N. Barisoff, Grand Forks; H. M. Brinkman, Grand Forks'; John Harasimoff, Grand Forks; C. A. Pennoyer, Grand Forks. South-east British Columbia District.—G. 0. Guise, Rossland; J. A. Wright, Rossland; T. G. Chutskoff, Perry Siding; F. F. Hlookoff, Castlegar; W. Rebalkin, Thrums; F. N. Davidoff, Thrums; R. O'Neil, Wynndel; Ivan O'Neil, Creston. R 146 BRITISH COLUMBIA. APPENDIX No. 8—Continued. Stock-dealers' Licences—Continued. Golden-Invermere District.—J. Weltman, Parson. Northern British Columbia District.—Watson's Store, Ltd., Smithers; H. Eaton, Francois Lake; W. Bickle, Grassy Plains; G. R. Hawker, Vanderhoof; George Streigler, Vanderhoof; B. W. Boyer, Prince George; J. R. Burwell, Prince George. Peace River District.—A. F. Clark, Dawson Creek; G. Dudley, Da,wson Creek. Coast District.—American Live Stock Exporters, Ltd., Vancouver; E. Atkinson, Vancouver; Baird & Co., Ltd., Vancouver; C. B. Dew, Aldergrove; N. Meltzer, Vancouver; Max Merin, Vancouver; C. Nemetz, Vancouver; L. Turcott, Burnaby; H. Estrin, Vancouver; G. Williamson, Cloverdale; A. R. Gosling, Abbotsford. Outside British Columbia.—M. Connell, Cayley, Alta.; J. D. Enns, Lethbridge, Alta. Jas. Fowlie, Calgary, Alta.; J. S. Holstine, Lethbridge, Alta.; S. W. Oxford, Amisk, Alta. L. Reiber, Edmonton, Alta.; L. Rosenbaum, Calgary, Alta.; 0. R. Halvor, Wrentham, Alta. R. Ireland, Edmonton, Alta.; J. Doran, Loyalist, Alta.; A. Wende, Alta.; P. Lanyon, Alta. R. Eales, Calgary, Alta.; J. S. Ross, Richdale, Alta.; Kerr & Bell, Calgary, Alta. Horse-slaughterers' Licences. Cariboo District.—W. H. Edmunds, Macalister. Kamloops District.—Jimeva Farms, Ltd., Kamloops; Mrs. M. Beauchamp, Kamloops. Okanagan, etc., District.—G. B. Farina, Salmon Arm; D. Fuller, Salmon Arm; G. T. Turner, Salmon Arm; H. W. Mclntyre, Lumby; K. Jansen, Brouse; N. T. Alpsen, Nakusp; C. L. Bird, Nakusp; Gold Medal Foxes, Ltd., Kelowna. Similkameen-Boundary District.—Olson & Gustafson, Bankeir. South-east British Columbia District.—Harold Avis, Perry Siding; P. M. Wiltse, Creston. Northern British Columbia District.—H. A. Hagberg, Fort St. James; R. F. Hargreaves, Mount Robson. Beef-peddlers' Licences. Cariboo District.—Spencer Realties, Ltd., Pavilion. Kamloops-District.—S. E. Alexander, Kamloops. Okanagan, etc., District.—S. S. Johnston, Salmon Arm; F. G. Mobley, Tappen; D. E. Cameron, Armstrong; M. Morrison, Edgewood; Mrs. Bailey & Fraitzl, Nakusp; T. W. Marriott, Okanagan Falls. Similkameen-Boundary District.—C. A. Pennoyer, Grand Forks. South-east British Columbia District.—F. Eremenko, Castlegar. Golden-Invermere District.—P. H. Hansen, Edgewater. Northern British Columbia District.—G. Little, Terrace. APPENDIX No. 9. Milk-testers' Licences issued during 1943. Ardley, Ernest S., Box 100, Mission; Atkinson, G. W., 3473 Franklin Street, Vancouver; Atkinson, L. A., 425 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver; Barone, Adam, Box 351, Prince George; Bayly, Mrs. S., R.R. 1, Cumberland; Bloch, Verna Marie, 4276 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver; Brown, Geo. W., Whiteside Street, Sevenoaks P.O.; Campbell, Douglas G., Salmon Arm; Canavor, Leslie, 4301 Hastings Street East, Vancouver; Chevalley, Frank, R.R. 1, Sardis; Chevalley, Paul, F.V.M.P.A., Abbotsford; Clare, Robt. R., 405 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver; Clegg, Robt., 2125 Argyle Avenue., Hollyburn; Colwell, C, Box 605, Courtenay; Cranswick, P., 1002 Hastings Street West, Vancouver; Crawford, Wm., 612 Kingsway, Vancouver; Dinsmore, D. R., 195 Twentieth Avenue West, Vancouver; Drake, S. Stewart, 441 Sixth Street, New Westminster; Fawcett, Geo., 2632 Burdick Avenue, Victoria; Gibbs, J. A., 930 North Park Street, Victoria; Hardy, Miss Lorna, Suite 104, 1851 Haro Street, Vancouver; Hilton, C, 666 Sixteenth Avenue East, Vancouver; Holmes, C, 2305 Maple Avenue, New Westminster; Hurstfield, F., Williams Lake; Jokanovich, Robt., DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 147 APPENDIX No. 9—Continued. Milk-testers' Licences issued during 1943—Continued. 442 Salisbury Drive, Vancouver; Jones, Mrs. Mary J., Box 466, Penticton; Kendall, W. G., c/o F.V.M.P.A., Vancouver; Laker, D. H., 176 Fifty-second Avenue East, Vancouver; Marcy, Ella S., c/o F.V.M.P.A., Sardis; Martin, Geo. R., 405 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver; McLeary, Sam, Box 186, Cranbrook; Millard, Robt. P., 5505 Culloden Street, Vancouver; Miller, Alfred, Prince George; Miller, Ronald C, 22 Twenty-second Avenue West, Vancouver; Mullen, Jos., Armstrong; Murray, Hazel A., 208 Maple Avenue, Chilliwack; Nash, Sydney C, Armstrong; Norton, F. H. A., 1015 Yates Street, Victoria; Okulitch, V. J., Abbotsford; Orr, J. B., R.R. 1, Sardis; Otter, H. J., 4201 Albert Street, Vancouver; Peterson, Martin, Telkwa; Pheiffer, Lillian M., 753 Cardero Street, Vancouver; Purves, A. N., Box 832, Kelowna; Robinson, John, 2607 Blenheim Avenue, New Westminster; Rochon, E., 3437 Kingsway, Vancouver; Rose, Mrs. Agnes J., Vanderhoof; Ross, Mrs. Rose, Nelson; Seller, G. A., 4994 Ross Street, Vancouver; Slang, Lloyd, 1126 Pandora Avenue, Victoria; Slater, Alfred,'Edgewood; Smith, L. E., 3633 Jersey Avenue, New Westminster; Thompson, Douglas E., 2296 Cornwall Street, Vancouver; Turner, L. H., 666 Sixteenth Avenue East, Vancouver; Valentin, H. B. M., Box 533, Prince Rupert; Washington, F. J., 425 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver; Wells, Bruce, Abbotsford; West, Chas. H., c/o Avalon Dairy, Wales Road and Forty-third Avenue, Vancouver; Wood, Geo. Roger, Room 1, 2448 Cambie Street, Vancouver; Wood, R. K., 545 Cornwall Street, Victoria. Combined Milk-testers' and Cream-graders' Licences issued during 1943. Akerman, J. E., Ganges; Antilla, Lawrence E., Box 10, Vernon; Arndt, Gus, Box 324, Kelowna; Aven, John, Courtenay; Batey, H. S., 1015 Yates Street, Victoria; Cameron, W. C, Enderby; Clarke, Everard, Box 10, Vernon; Drake, A. W., Ganges; Dungate, W., Prince Rupert; Evenson, A. H., c/o Palm Dairies, Kamloops; Freer, Scott, Box 67, Vernon; Grahame, F. A. W., Box 67, Vernon; Hargreaves, J. A. D., 1132 Hastings Street East, Vancouver; Harkness, Wm., Box 463, Ocean Falls; Haslam, W., 130 Robins Street, Nanaimo; Holmes, Jas., 396 Twentieth Avenue West, Vancouver; Hoskins, Alf. C, Box 365, Chilliwack; Innes, A. E., 325 Railway Street, Vancouver; James, D. A., 4579 Blenheim Street, Vancouver; Johnston, Wm. G., 415 Latimer Street, Nelson; Leavitt, Harvard B., 280 King George Terrace, Victoria; Livingston, J. B., 3396 Kingsway, Vancouver; MacKerricher, W. R., 325 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver; McAllister, C. W., c/o I.X.L. Dairy, Free Press Block, Nanaimo; McArthur, R. W., 8860 Hudson Street, Vancouver; Moore, Jas. K., Quesnel; Morse, A. O., 2685 Pandora Street, Vancouver; Muraro, W., Box 366, Nelson; Patchett, Geo., R.M.D. 2, Duncan; Patten, L. W., Box 115, Vernon; Pyvis, Roy T., Box 152, Chilliwack: Rochon, J., 441 Sixth Street, New Westminster; Rolph, E. N., 613 Carbonate Street, Nelson: Skelley, E., Creston; Skelton, R. J., Salmon Arm; Sorensen, Walter, 1714 Fifty-ninth Avenue West, Vancouver; Strachan, Jos., 325 Railway Street, Vancouver; Thomson. F. D . Box 19, Quesnel; Wise, Harold, 1031 Comox Street, Vancouver. Creamery and Dairy Licences issued during 1943. Acme Dairy, Limited, 126 Hastings Street West, Vancouver; Arctic Ice Cream & Dairy Co., Ltd., 1166 Hornby Street, Vancouver; Arlada Cheese Factory (Alfred Slater), Edge- wood; Armstrong Cheese Co-operative Association, Armstrong; Associated Dairies, Ltd., 405 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver; Avalon Dairy (J. Crowley), 5805 Wales Road, Vancouver; Balmoral Farm Dairy (W. Young), 4301 Hastings Street East, Vancouver; Borden Co., Ltd., The, R.R. 1, Sardis; Borland Ice Cream Co., Ltd., 1520 Sixth Avenue West, Vancouver; Cariboo Farmers' Co-op. Association, Johnston Avenue, Quesnel; Central Creameries (B.C.), Ltd., 325 Railway Street, Vancouver; Columbia Valley Co-op. Creamery Association, Box 25, Golden; Comox Creamery Association, Box 460, Courtenay; Cowichan Creamery Association, Box 130, Duncan; Creamland Crescent Dairy, Ltd., 1335 Howe Street, Vancouver; Creamland Ice Cream, Ltd., 1335 Howe Street, Vancouver; Creston Co-operative Creamery Association, Creston; Crystal Dairy, Ltd., 1803 Commercial Drive, Vancouver; Drake's Dairy, Ltd., 441 Sixth Street, New Westminster; Empress Dairies, Ltd., 1002 Hastings Street West, Vancouver; Frasea Farms', Ltd., Eburne; Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association, 425 Eighth Avenue West, Vancouver; Fraser Valley Milk Producers' R 148 BRITISH COLUMBIA. APPENDIX No. 9—Continued. Creamery and Dairy Licences issued during 1943—Continued. Association, Sardis; Fraser Valley Milk Producers' Association, Abbotsford; Gibson's Dairy Produce, Ltd., 7 Hastings Street West, Vancouver; Glenburn Dairy (C. A. Haslam), 3695 Hastings Street East, Vancouver; Guernsey Breeders' Dairy, Ltd., 2405 Broadway West, Vancouver; Hazelwood Creamery Co., Ltd., 351-355 Keefer Street, Vancouver; Interior Creameries (Alf. Miller), Prince George; Interior Creameries (Alf. Miller), Telkwa; Interior Creameries (Alf. Miller), Williams Lake; Island Farms, Ltd., 608 Broughton Street, Victoria; Jersey Farms, Ltd., 2256 Broadway West, Vancouver; Kelowna Creamery, Ltd., Pendozi Street, Kelowna; Maypole Creameries, Limited, 1001 Pender Street West, Vancouver; Meadowvale Creameries, Ltd., 8860 Hudson Street, Vancouver; Melrose Dairies Co-operative Association, 3396 Kingsway, Vancouver; Mission Farm Products, Limited, Mission; Nanaimo Creamery Association, 625 Pine Street, Nanaimo; National Dairies, Ltd., 1132 Hastings Street East, Vancouver; Northwestern Creamery, Ltd., 1015 Yates Street, Victoria; Okanagan Valley Co-op. Creamery Association, Vernon; Okanagan Valley Co-op. Creamery Association, Enderby; Palm Dairies, Ltd., Kamloops; Palm Dairies, Ltd., 685 Baker Street, Nelson; Palm Dairies, Ltd., 1060 Cambie Street, Vancouver; Palm Dairies, Ltd., 930 North Park Street, Victoria; Perfection Products, Limited, 243 Monteith Street, Vernon; Peter's Ice Cream Co., 3205 Broadway West, Vancouver; Richmond Milk Producers', Ltd., 1508-1512 Hastings Street East, Vancouver; Royal Dairy, Ltd., 707 View Street, Victoria; Salmon Arm Co-operative Creamery Association, Salmon Arm; Salt Spring Island Creamery Co., Ltd., Ganges; Turner's Dairy, Ltd., 666 Sixteenth Avenue East, Vancouver; Twigg Island Dairy, Ltd., 612 Kingsway, Vancouver; Valentin Dairy (H. B. M. Valentin), Box 533, Prince Rupert; Valley Dairies (John Mitchell), Penticton. Cream Graders' Licence issued during 1943. Colwell, C, Box 605, Courtenay. APPENDIX No. 10. Cattle and Hide Shipments, 1943. Cariboo— Williams Lake Lac la Hache, Soda Creek, Quesnel 2,099 Clinton, Lone Butte, 100-Mile House, Lillooet, Pa vilion Bella Coola Kamloops, Nicola, etc- Kamloops, Chase Nicola Ashcroft, Lytton 2,864 Salmon Arm Cattle. Hides. 11,956 258 2,099 432 5,074 571 114 19,129 1,375 10,136 1,643 7,444 678 2,864 159 628 1,146 21,072 3,626 Okanagan— Vernon, Lumby 866 2,105 Armstrong, Enderby __._ 1,963 647 Kelowna 743 1,418 Penticton 916 517 „. .„ 4,488 4,687 Similkameen— Princeton, etc. 886 629 Oliver 945 681 1,831 1,310 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 149 APPENDIX No. 10—Continued. Cattle and Hide Shipments, 1943—Continued. South-east British Columbia— Grand Forks, Greenwood __ Nelson, Creston, etc. Cranbrook, Fernie Invermere, Golden, etc. Central British Columbia— Prince George, Vanderhoof, etc. 1,748 Smithers, Telkwa, etc. ■_ Burns Lake ' Peace River— Pouce Coupe, Fort St. John, Dawson Creek Cattle. Hides. 1,638 780 378 3,319 1,408 1,320 721 1,021 4,145 6,440 1,748 961 806 548 1,130 19 3,684 1,528 1,832 1,433 Totals compared. District. 1943. 1942. 1941. Cattle. Hides. Cattle. Hides. Cattle. Hides. 19,129 21,072 6,319 4,145 5,516 1,375 3,626 5,997 6,440 2,961 17,551 18,629 4,608 1,996 4,796 1,566 3,947 6,277 6,536 2,573 20,318 16,047 4,362 2,539 4,357 2,477 4,293 6,631 6,556 2,552 Central British Columbia and Peace River 56,181 20,399 47,580 20,899 47,623 22,509 APPENDIX No. 11. Boys' and Girls' Clubs, 1943. Alfalfa Clubs. Name of Club. Organizer. Secretary. Membership. Paul Teichman, Beaverley Marjorie Holtslander, Groundbirch Leonard George, Telkwa Glen W. Wiley, Southbank 10 Groundbirch — Omineca Uncha Valley , * __ M. A. Linsley, Groundbirch A. J. Clotworthy, Telkwa R. W. Wiley, Southbank N. E. Williams, Vanderhoof. 15 11 12 10 Willow Valley _ - Cecil Scott, Sunset Prairie 10 Beef Calf Clubs. Armstrong _ Armstrong — — — Cobble Hill- - Danskin __ Groundbirch ... — — Kamloops South —_ - Lower North Thompson _ Uncha Valley —. Westwold —- Woodpecker-Hixon.. South country William Parker, Armstrong Hilliard McCallam, Armstrong Andrew Motherwell, Cobble Hill — B. Durban, Grassy Plains _„ Mrs. May Wetherill, Groundbirch.. Warner Philip, Brigade Lake— Tom Wilson, Heffley Creek E. W. Stevens, Southbank Charles Turner, Westwold. _ Charles Semerad, Hixon Allaster Munro, Newgate Gus Leduc, Armstrong _ Cato Loveng, Grassy Plains _ Helen Linsley, Groundbirch _ Verna Shannon, Knutsford... Bernard Donchi, Vinsulla „_ Alvin J. Wiley, Southbank .... Janice McLeod, Westwold Ina Sahlstrand, Hixon _. Marion Earl, Newgate 11 7 4 7 12 12 21 7 11 10 13 R 150 BRITISH COLUMBIA. APPENDIX No. 11—Continued. Boys' and Girls' Clubs, 1943—Continued. Dairy Calf Clubs. Name of Club. Organizer. Secretary. Membership. Agassiz — . Agassiz-Harrison _ Norman MacKenzie, Box 51, Agassiz W. G. Harris, Agassiz 14 Eva Chandler, Agassiz Johnny Olson, Armstrong 10 11 Armstrong Armstrong - Ben Thornton, Armstrong- L. A. Johnston, Armstrong L. A. Johnston, Armstrong L. C. Brydon, R.R. 1, Armstrong— Roy Oulton, Smithers ... John Peers, R.R. 3, Sardis T. E. Law, R.R. 2, Chilliwack Andrew T. Motherwell, Cobble Hill Thos. S. Isbister, Denman Island ... Archie Stevenson, R.R. 2, Chilliwack John Farquhar, R.R. 1, Langley Prairie T. K. Berry, Langley Prairie. C. E. Hagelstein, Langley Prairie __ R. B. Whitson, Matsqui ..__ R. B. Whitson, R.R. 1, Matsqui R. B. Whitson, R.R. 1, Matsqui T. Girard, Mission 7 Gordon Fowler, Armstrong. Stanley Fowler, Armstrong — Bert Marshal, Armstrong _ Mabel Oliarny, Smithers — Vera Vanderveen, R.R. 2, Sardis.— 8 9 9 Bulkley Valley _ 8 Chilliwack __._ __ 12 14 Cobble Hill 10 Audrey Millard, Denman Island Freda Hayton, R.R. 2, Chilliwack .. Diana Bond, R.R. 1, Coghlan Gordon Berry, Langley _ June Hagelstein, Langley Prairie __. 8 7 Langley Langley Langley 14 12 11 9 Matsqui Matsqui Keith Smith, R.R. 1, Matsqui Peter Dempster, Matsqui 6 3 7 8 Richmond _ Angus L. Hay, Vancouver . G. G. Grimes, Steveston . Fred H. Bryant, R.R. 1, Chilliwack S. Zingle, Prince George J. A. McCurdy, Salmon Arm William Hay, Vancouver .__ Patricia James, R.R. 2, Eburne ____ Elizabeth Lewis, R.R. 2, Chilliwack 12 14 Rosedale __ __ 8 9 7 7 0. N. Wells, Sardis 7 Pat Reid, R.R. 2, Abbotsford __ D. S. Heelas, Abbotsford Guy Marcy, R.R. 2, Abbotsford 11 16 Pat Reid, R.R. 2, Abbotsford John Farquhar, Cloverdale _ W. Kienzle, Prince George __ Daphne Layton, R.R. 2, Abbotsford 11 6 7 Potato Clubs. Armstrong _.__ Armstrong Armstrong Armstrong „ Armstrong Big Eddy —_ Chilliwack District Grindrod -. Groundbirch Langley ... Mission District Mission District Richmond._ Surrey Frank Marshall, Armstrong Frank Marshall, Armstrong Frank Marshall, Armstrong—. Frank Marshall, Armstrong Frank Marshall, Armstrongs A. S. Parker, Revelstoke - Arthur Renney, Chilliwack M. A. Dangel, Grindrod. ___. Mrs. May Wetherill, Groundbirch Sid Gray, R.R. 1, Milner _ G. A. Jones, Mission City _ G. A. Jones, Mission City Jack Maddocks, Steveston A. J. Christmas, Cloverdale __ __ Muriel Parker, Box 322, Revelstoke Hellmuth Stobbe, R.R. 1, Sardis ___. M. G. Dangel, Grindrod _. Thomas Harris, Groundbirch Hugh Davis, Milner Blanche Peterson, R.R. 1, Mission City Ella Johnson, Mission City Evelyn Wright, R.R. 1, Steveston ... William Markin, R.R. 1, Cloverdale 7 10" 9 7 7 12 11 8 7 13 9 10 11 Poultry Clubs. Canoe-Shuswap Cedar Valley. Cedar Valley _ Chilliwack District _ Chilliwack District _ Cloverdale County Line Ferndale and Hatzic. Ferndale School Miss Eva F. Ireland, Prince George G. A. Jones, Mission City ..„. G. A. Jones, Mission City Arthur Renney, Chilliwack Arthur Renney, Chilliwack G. J. Wallinger, Cloverdale C. W. Lawson, R.R. 2, Langley Prairie G. A. Jones, Box 280, Mission City Mrs. L. E. Speight _.._ Margrette Lund, Canoe Edwin Ulmer, R.R. 1, Mission City Virginia Cromer, Hatzic Jack Logan, Chilliwack Ernie Bailey, R.R. 1, Chilliwack ..... Lome Lacey, R.R. 3, Cloverdale ____ Niomi McCormick, Mission City — Emily Zilkie, Prince George 13 9 13 DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE, 1943. R 151 APPENDIX No. 11—Continued. Boys' and Girls' Clubs, 1943—Continued. Poultry Clubs—Continued. Name of Club. Organizer. Secretary. Membership. G. A. Jones, Mission City _ H. Bradley, R.R. 3, New Westminster H. Bradley, R.R. 3, New West Irma Albright, R.R. 1, Mission City Muriel Campbell, R.R. 3, New Westminster Cora-May Wilson, R.R. 3, New Westminster June McKee, Giscome 8 Fleetwood 9 15 Giscome and District minster Miss J. M. Walker, Giscome.. Miss J. M. Walker, Giscome Miss J. M. Walker, Giscome Mrs. J. H. Honey, Salmon Arm 8 8 Giscome and District Gleneden _._ Viola Tereschuk, Giscome .. Evelyn Kuusisto, Gleneden, Salmon Arm Kathleen Curran, Grand Forks 7 10 13 R. K. Bradley, Grand Forks 8 Mrs. M. Nelson, Enderby _ _. Mrs. M. Nelson, Enderby G. A. Jones, Mission City G. A. Jones, Mission City W. B. Allison, R.R. 2, Cloverdale .... Rev. C. McDiarmid, Ladysmith Rev. C. McDiarmid, Ladysmith Rev. C. McDiarmid, Ladysmith Rev. C. McDiarmid, Ladysmith C. W. Lawson, R.R. 2, Langley Prairie C. W. Lawson, R.R. 2, Langley Prairie C. W. Lawson, R.R. 2, Langley Prairie C. W. Lawson, R.R. 2, Langley Prairie Mrs. Amy G. Enoch, R.R. 1, Enderby Mrs. Amy G. Enoch, R.R. 1, Enderby Grace McMurray, R.R. 1, Enderby. J. S. Reid, Matsqui G. A. Jones, Mission City — G. A. Jones, Mission City— Jean Halksworth, Grindrod Bill Kohut, Grindrod Joyce Ulmer, R.R. 1, Mission City- Ernest Thompson, R.R. 1, Mission City Ronald Kitzel, R.R. 2, Cloverdale .... Audrey Thompson, Cedar Wylda Hoggan, Cassidy _ — Billy Ashwell, R.R. 1, Ladysmith .... Olive Wright, R.R. 1, Ladysmith... 8 7 Hatzic and Mission 00 oc Hazelmere ___ Ladysmith Ladysmith _ Ladysmith Ladysmith.— ._ 13 8 8 8 8~ 11 Langley 7 10 9 Larch Hill Geordie Hudson, Salmon Arm Kay Loring, Salmon Arm Warren M. Wales, Salmon Arm Gordon Borg, Matsqui Ella Slack, Hatzic Rodney Brausseau, Mission City ... Blanche Peterson, R.R. 1, Mission City 8 Larch Hill .... The Little Red Hen Matsqui Poultry 8 8 10 8 8 7 8 Murrayville C. W. Lawson, R.R. 2, Langley Prairie James Ramsay, All Bay, Sidney S. Zingle, Prince George 9 10 Pineview and District Joan Kempster, Prince George Bert Pitman, Myncaster ... __._ Barbe Blackburn, Salmon Arm Mervyn Horsley, Salmon Arm _ Lorraine Caron, Salmon Valley Erica Bowyer, Salmon Valley Rudy Makton, Surrey Centre. Kenny Millar, Revelstoke Shirley Andros, Vanderhoof Pat Haggerty, Vanderhoof Michael Eva, Vanderhoof Juanita Mitchell, Vanderhoof Shirley Andros, Vanderhoof D. Pearse, Vernon. _. 10 10 9 8 A. Beauregard, Salmon Valley 9 8 Surrey Centre John Bowles, Cloverdale 12 8 Vanderhoof .— Vanderhoof Ellesby._ Miss N. C. Olds, Vanderhoof N. E. Williams, Vanderhoof N. E. Williams, Vanderhoof Miss N. C. Olds, Vanderhoof .- Miss N. C. Olds, Vanderhoof W. R. Pepper, Vernon W. R. Pepper, Vernon _■_ W. R. Pepper, Vernon W. R. Pepper, Vernon. W. R. Pepper, Vernon F. J. Welland, Haney___ C. Semerad, Hixon C. Semerad, Hixon : S. G. Ash, R.R. 1, Cloverdale 9 14 10 Vanderhoof 10 9 Vernon 9 8 8 Vernon Vernon -._ __ A. Fraser, Vernon M. Torpochak, Vernon 12 7 10 Woodpecker-Hixon. Woodpecker-Hixon 10 Beatrice Morgan, Strathnaver Beverley Woodward, R.R. 1, Cloverdale Norah Husband, Armstrong Michael Smaha, Armstrong Alta Johnson, Armstrong Hazel Olson, Armstrongs . Willard Bieber, Armstrong - Clarence Hendricks, Armstrong .... Harry Klim, Armstrong Mary Hawryluk, Armstrong. Robert Wallace, Armstrong _„ 9 10 C. E. Clay, Armstrong C. E. Clay, Armstrong C. E. Clay, Armstrong C. E. Clay, Armstrong ____ C. E. Clay, Armstrong— 10 Armstrong _ Armstrong _ — Armstrong 9 8 9 10 10 C. E. Clay, Armstrong C. E. Clay, Armstrong C. E. Clay, Armstrong ___ 14 9 Armstrong— 10 R 152 BRITISH COLUMBIA. APPENDIX No. 11—Continued. Boys' and Girls' Clubs, 1943—Continued. Swine Clubs. Name of Club. Organizer. Secretary. Membership. Agassiz Armstrong. Armstrong Armstrong Bulkley Valley.. C hilli wack Chilliwack Coombs Coombs Langley Mission District North Saanich Richmond Salmon Arm West- Van derh oof Woodpecker-Hixon- R. B. Briskham, Agassiz C. E. Clay, Armstrong C. E. Clay, Armstrong. C. E. Clay, Armstrong Ray Oulton, Smithers Fred H. Bryant, Chilliwack _ Arthur Renney, Chilliwack... James Campbell, Coombs James Campbell, Coombs _—. Clifford Freeman, Milner G. A. Jones, Mission City James Ramsay, Sidney... G. G. Grimes, Steveston — J. A. McCurdy, Salmon Arm.. N. E. Williams, Vanderhoof .. C. Semerad, Hixon. __. Vernon Briskham, Agassiz _ Mabel Oliarny, Smithers Bobby Nickolson, Chilliwaek- Ernest Oldham, Chilliwack — Margaret Ordog, Mission City Billy Dignan, Sidney— Patricia James, R.R. 2, Eburne.. Mervyn Horsley, Salmon Arm .... W. H. Williams, Vanderhoof Ivan Richet, Red Rock 7 7 7 7 11 13 5 9 4 14 10 10 9 VICTORIA, B.C. : Printed by Charles F. Banfield, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1943. 1,805-1243-7229"""@en ; edm:hasType "Legislative proceedings"@en ; dcterms:identifier "J110.L5 S7"@en, "1944_V02_06_R1_R152"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0319044"@en ; dcterms:language "English"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "Victoria, BC : Government Printer"@en ; dcterms:rights "Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:source "Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:title "PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1943"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; dcterms:description ""@en .