CONTENTdm
FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938.
Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia
British Columbia. Legislative Assembly
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PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF LANDS HON. A. W. GRAY, Minister. H. Cathcart, Deputy Minister. E. C. Manning, Chief Forester. REPORT OP THE FOREST BRANCH FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31ST 1938 PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. VICTORIA, B.C.: Printed by Charles F. Banfield, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1939. Victoria, B.C., February 28th, 1939. To His Honour E. W. Hamber, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia. May it please Your Honour : Herewith I beg respectfully to submit the Annual Report of the Forest Branch of the Department of Lands for the year 1938. A. W. GRAY, Minister of Lands. The Hon. A. W. Gray, Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—There is submitted herewith the Annual Report on activities of the Branch during the calendar year 1938. E. C. MANNING, Chief Forester. REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH. Business reviews of the past few years have not uncommonly deplored the late depression, expressed regret over the failure to attain the normal conditions of 1929, and noted with restrained enthusiasm the current improvements. More recently a few well-qualified observers have been suggesting that we deceive ourselves and cloud the prospect by persisting in holding the abnormal inflated conditions of 1929 for ever before us as a standard for comparison and that business conditions during the past three years have, in actual fact, been normal or better than normal. However bank clearings, loadings, laboriously derived indices, and the thousand other indicators may be interpreted by the economists, it is safe to say that it would be a good tonic to accept this latter point of view. Appraised on its own merits, then, the year 1938 in the local world of forestry and forest industry presents a reasonably well-balanced account. Against a disastrous fire season we can enter some important advances in protection organization and technique; against wars, debased exchange, trade treaty negotiations, and other depressive factors, a surprisingly well-sustained export trade under " normal" ocean freight conditions; against a receding and less accessible supply of old-growth fir, a growing market for cedar and hemlock; and against unsatisfactory prices, rather well-filled order files and, perhaps more important still, a growing realization that these unsatisfactory prices are in some considerable measure of our own making. 1929. 1936. 1937. 1938. Average, Ten Years to 1938. (Nearest 1,000—add 000.) 2,940,308 3,526 153 39,489 s.sie.m 801,518 2,823,758 1,325 171 14,269 3,020,773 1,202,994 3,035,553 1,191 155 22,116 3,241,916 1,107,377 2,581,279 1,118 171 16,549 2,779,034 1,192,196 2,302,481 1,565 167 17,245 2,537,414 900,545 Hewn railway-ties, pieces Cords Poles, piles, lin. ft. . Converted total scale, F.B.M. Italics indicate record scales. The Coast logging-year opened under the usual handicap of difficult seasonal weather conditions, aggravated each year by the small, but accumulating, effect of receding timber frontiers. A slight difference in elevation makes a marked difference in snow conditions on the Lower Coast where the bulk of the log production has for some years been concentrated, and as long-established operations work up the valleys and slopes snow has an ever-increasing effect on winter operation. Most of the large camps were closed from January 1st. A few camps opened during that month but after a few days closed down again. Four feet of snow was reported in the Menzies Bay and Alberni districts in February with practically all camps down. Camps were opening up in March, but in spite of prolonged winter inactivity were forced to curtail production in April, due in large measure to a failing demand for cedar and hemlock. In May the logging industry was operating at about 70 per cent, of normal and by June a general close-down was in prospect for July 1st. This pending decision was reconsidered in the interests of maintaining employment, but an unprecedented fire risk accomplished the intended curtailment by enforced closure under the " Forest Act" which stopped all woods activities, from the smallest cordwood operation to the largest camps throughout the Vancouver Forest District, for just short of three weeks from July 21st to August 10th. For the remainder of the year, until the usual holiday shut-down just before Christmas, logging pursued a fairly even course, influenced only by business factors. In the logging world the year 1938 established no peaks and plumbed no new depths. If it was hardly good enough to characterize as " normal," at least there were no disastrous N 6 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. TOTAL. LOG SCALE! Vt *•> 1325 - 1938 111 u. TJ L (0 0 30 en c 0 E 0 o c 30 CD io 0 If) 15 ra -M 1925 56 a? 28 a3 3D 31 3 £ 33 34 35 3 6 37 38 20 PER CENT OF PRINCIPAL SPECIES IN TOTAL ANNUAL CUT Per cent of same Species in total accessible stands. Hemlock—7 Fir 1 .Ced _hle_rn 3r lock Spruce^ I j ce 59 3e 33 36 38 0) (U 4- tri L ID I z M o o! o - • i i j \.x in let i ro n fro a,' ro i -H N <" in < 2 a; a) ^Vt ■- ro £ 10 in I w 1 w" 1 (D +J C E z u CD oo ~- r 0) if) h 1 o 1 ffl |UN i -j in 11 D i 10 \C CO CC \ \ \ \ \ ■ \ \ \ C U \ \ \ J \ \ \ \ \ U * CD DC \ \ \ \ \ \ ) \ \ \ \ \ \ ro / / / 1 1 1 / 1 ) i 7 < / 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i i 3 *■ -1 J / 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 / / i i CD CO Xs N. vx \ \ L < \ V Xv \ \ \ 0 Q. ^ x x v "v v rO 1 1 s\ \ i- y / i \ \ \ cc z 1 \ \ 1 \ \ i o cr 1 \ V I (0 S Q- d \ \ \ \ \ UOJnS \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ s \ \ CO no \ \ m g \ \ \ \ \ V \ \ \ \ \ * \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ CO ro / / i / I I I 1 / / / / 1 \ \ I I ui 5 / / / / i / i i / / 1 \ / /' / / i i 1 i ' I 1 h < / -0 (Oj I 1 1 1 < 0) £ z c i i O (0 O i /tti~ <S) 1 0 J 2 < 1- / J n ft '■&■ f i ro if) 1 V 1 v ffl 01 \ i if, UJ o o i \ i i i c III i i i i "0 1 "D \ I i Q_ i i +J 1 -H ~ 0 \ i \ i \ i i ID ""3 i i C Z3 j c 1 3 CO CM 1 i \ k \ i i I i Q. 1 '■ Vi. i i 1 1 1 a ji i i N O 03 (0 -vj- aj OJ •IaTQ ^saJ- uo!l 1 lu-1 oc" FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 7 breaks in prices, no extreme embarrassment in surplus stocks, and no labour disputes to add discouragement to a somewhat curtailed production. Total log-scale, which is detailed elsewhere in this report, reached a figure of 2,779,033,998 F.B.M., 16.9 per cent, below the record year and 14.2 per cent, below the 1937 total. Of this total scale:— . PerCent. Douglas fir constituted 51 Cedar 15 Hemlock 15 Spruce 5 Other species 14 Indicating a continued serious lack of balance between occurrence and utilization. In the lumber industry the year was remarkable for its recurrent threats of complete disaster and their failure to materialize. On the whole it exemplified remarkably well the old philosopher's homely remark that he had had a lot of trouble in his life but most of it had never happened. The days before the Munich pact gave some indication of what we might expect in the event of actual war. Marking regulations, of short duration, threatened our attenuated trade with the United States and forecast the length to which nuisance restrictions could be extended. The trade-treaty negotiations between Great Britain, the United States, and Canada were fraught with disquieting possibilities of loss of our best market, developed with so much foresight and at so much cost in funds and labour. Apart from the imminent possibility of actual war, the trade treaty was perhaps the outstanding feature of the year. The treaty has been so thoroughly reported and discussed that it hardly seems necessary to enter into any extended comment here. Suffice it to say, in words borrowed from a recent editorial, " So far as probable trade results are concerned, the more we study the details of the agreements, and the comments of those whose produce will be affected, the more we doubt our own competence to pass judgment or to prognosticate. The only thing we feel reasonably sure about is that the outcome will not be so mutually profitable as the optimists hope, nor so dismal as the pessimists fear."* In terms of actual business done, the Eastern Canadian market' fell off between 15 and 20 per cent., Prairie markets failed once more to materialize as predicted, and the United States quota in fir and hemlock was only little more than half filled; but the overseas market, especially in Great Britain, held up remarkably well. Prices were somewhat weak, but opinion is not lacking that this most unfortunate factor can be laid in some measure at our own door. Particularly disquieting in this respect is British comment, of which the following brief extract from a leading British trade journal may be taken as a sample: ". . . At present the price situation is largely controlled by competition, which continues as ever to be very keen between big exporting interests in Vancouver. Buyers in this country (England) have much to be thankful for that the western domestic squabbles enable them to secure some excellent bargains from the Canadian sellers. That the Dominion receives poor value for its exports of softwoods is scarcely open to question. For years past, Douglas fir and hemlock have been sold at uneconomical prices, . . . the results achieved fall far below the figures which ought to be realized. . . ."f Total water-borne export of 1,192,195,672 F.B.M. of lumber for the year, less than 1 per cent, below the record export of 1936, was a remarkable achievement under existing business conditions. In this field the United Kingdom continues to be the brightest spot with largely increased sales wiping out the slight falling-off of the previous year. One of the features of the year in the field of export business was the visit to the Province from August 25th to September 3rd of a party of some thirty-two prominent representatives of the trade in England, Scotland, Ireland, and France. This party, conducted by Mr. W. A. McAdam, Acting Agent-General of the Province in England, and accompanied by Mr. J. C. Berto, Lumber Trade Commissioner to the United Kingdom, were shown as much of the logging and milling industries on the Lower Coast as could be well managed in a few days. This visit, following up a precedent created in the tour of the representatives of the Timber Trade Council of Great Britain in 1936, could hardly fail to have been mutually advantageous. * McLean's Magazine, January 1st, 1939. t " Timber and Plywood," December 10th, 1938. N 8 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Ocean freight rates, which had constituted such a serious stumbling-block during the preceding twelve months, returned to something near a normal level in 1938, with space correspondingly easy to secure. During 1937 rates to the United Kingdom, Japan, China, and Australia increased more than 100 per cent. In December, 1937, they had dropped back 25 per cent, from their high level and by February, 1938, were close to the low of two years previous. A growing public interest in raw log export is being evidenced during the past few years. In logging circles the situation in this regard is commonly well understood, but the case is not so clear to those less intimately interested. Briefly stated, Crown grants prior to March 12th, 1906, did not restrict the export of logs. Export of logs from such lands cannot be controlled without modifying the terms of all Crown grants registered prior to that date, which would involve land and stumpage values, and constitute a major issue of public policy. It is from such lands that the major part of log export is made. It is enacted that " all timber cut on Crown lands, or on lands granted after the twelfth day of March, 1906" ("Forest Act," sec. 90), shall be manufactured within the Province, except that the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may permit export " upon such terms and conditions as he sees fit." The export of raw logs from these classes of lands has been confined to a legitimate relief avenue for disposal of logs cut for a local market which unforeseen events proved could not absorb them. All applications in the Vancouver Forest District for the export of such logs are first reviewed by an Export Advisory Committee, on whose advice the Government acts. This Committee is composed of loggers and millmen, representative of the industry and familiar with market conditions. Their advice to the Government has been invaluable. Breaking down the tables of log exports published annually in this report, it is found that the following quantities have been exported from old Crown grants and under permit from non-export areas:— Raw Log Export. (M. Feet B.M.) Year. Exportable. Permit Export. Total Export. 225,731 153,190 182,787 73,342 157,627 142,232 207,138 193,536 254,597 220,462 16,586 19,729 37,389 92,423 51,314 30,504 28,153 25,926 15,876 39,211 242,317 172,919 220,176 165,765 208 941 1934 - 172,736 235,292 218,829 1937 ■ - 270,472 259,673 1,810,642 357,111 2,167,120 Total log scale for same period, 25,374,142. Total log export, 8.5 per cent, of total scale. Permit export, 16.4 per cent, of total export. Permit export, 1.4 per cent, of total scale. Without venturing any comment on the merits of the case for or against control of log export from old Crown grants, it is evident from the foregoing table that permit export must have been reasonably well-confined to legitimate relief under unforeseen and uncontrollable market conditions. The shingle business and, to a lesser extent, cedar log-sales continue to be dominated by the United States import quota. Export of shingles to the United States for each half year in turn, since 1936, has been limited to 25 per cent, of the American market during the preceding six months. Quotas have been:— Squares. First Half-year. Second Half-year. 1936 1,419,747 1937 1,048,262 892,273 1938 916,246 864,881 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 9 Cedar shingles are gaining favour in overseas markets and we may anticipate an increased overseas trade in the course of time. In the meantime, and for years past, the United States has been the principal outlet for the product of this not inconsiderable branch of the industry. The prevailing quotas have had a crippling effect in British Columbia, reducing the shingle-mills to part time and, in many cases, unprofitable operation, with very doubtful long- term value to our neighbours across the line. British Columbia edge-grain cedar shingles found a place in that market on merit and it can only be retained on merit. It is at least an even chance that the shingle market closed to British Columbia operators will in large measure be lost to wood altogether in favour of competing roofing materials, a mutual loss to the industry on both sides of the line. Under the terms of the recent trade agreements the duty-free quota will be changed to 30 per cent, of the average annual United States consumption for the preceding three years. Shipments beyond this quota may have a duty of 25 cents per square levied on them. The pulp and paper industry, which seemed in early 1937 to have surmounted all its business difficulties and promised to lead the way to final unquestioned recovery, fell again on evil days before the year was out. During 1938 local mills operated on part time or closed down altogether. These two years have achieved independence of the interlocking contract and a somewhat better price, advantages more than offset for the immediate present by reduced demand. Many explanations for sharply curtailed buying have been offered, one of which was that surplus stocks of paper were acquired in 1937 in anticipation of the forewarned increase to $50 per ton in 1938. This being the case, the exhaustion of these stocks and a return to normal buying could be reasonably predicted for September or October. Unfortunately, the normal buying failed to materialize and we must look further afield for our reasons. Minor products, poles, cordwood, railway-ties, mine timbers, and miscellaneous production of ranchers and small camps have, unfortunately, shared in the generally reduced output of the year, and prospects for improvement are not particularly good. Current tie contracts are being let on a reduced scale and the pole market is at. a virtual standstill. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. The permanent staff of the Branch has varied from a minimum of about 110 at the time it was organized in 1912 to a maximum of 253 in 1926 and in 1931. It will be noted that with a continuously employed " temporary " personnel of twenty the staff this year is back to the previous high of 253, an increase from a depression low of 193 in 1935. The reduction in staff subsequent to 1931 eliminated positions no longer necessary by reason of reduced business. The increase since 1935 is accounted for in appointments made essential by increasing business, and are in no way directly related to prior eliminations. An inevitable transition from a preponderance of large operations to a preponderance of small operations is in progress in the logging field and will couple increased administrative duties with decreased output and revenue. Two timber-sales, two inspections, two scales, and two accounts will develop where one covered all requirements before; and with the cutting- off of licences and Crown-granted lands which, whatever their attendant disadvantages, produced maximum output with minimum supervision and book-keeping, operators may be expected to turn more and more to Crown timber lands. The effects of this transition are already felt and, coupled with increased responsibility and many new lines of work, what was previously a reasonably adequate staff is no longer able to cope satisfactorily with the load involved. More especially, ranger and technical staffs will have to be increased in the future if the public interest in the forest resource is to be safeguarded and its value enhanced. No change of any importance was effected in the organization of the Branch during the year, but it is proposed, before another year is past, to combine the existing Research and Surveys Divisions of the Victoria office. These two Divisions, growing as circumstances and necessity dictated—Forest Surveys from unrelated cruises following the war years and Research from a technical forester assigned to growth-studies in 1921—have long since assumed responsibility for various lines of highly essential forest-work, many of which can no longer be clearly defined as belonging to one or the other. It is anticipated that an amalgamation will improve supervision and eliminate certain existing duplication of effort. N 10 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Distribution of Force, 1938. Permanent. Temporary. in -a OJ 2 0} CO [ Forest District. fr. a +» tn a ,sse fr, 2 SB *H .rH at oj J* Jh (U QJ UJ +j irt <D c OJ M 5 Jh OS o fe »6, +» rn +> o m o 'E<;'C Ci 13 u M . « ri 8-g .m*E > CO tn-tA QJ^ P.T3 in a 'a 3 T3K> ca fr, Ci . -jp CO til In Ci Ci fr, +J O til «>. .E-2 '53 c j5 a x §s ".1 cn ol M . u u P. g H frl a o «| O Pi P.X3 fi fi' QJ a is bl 3 0J X 0, g »• Is OJ g «s - OJ CO O OJ fi ri =1 V o +jj a OJ fi ri QJ X QJ ■3 u QJ tt B ri PS fi CO e x o u ■*■§ o ri q p, jj.« c'O Org £g 1 QJ Jh O X QJ i n 1 s CO fi O a C 43 Is u & eg fr, o a 1 H X QJ ri QJ "3 +j o ■0 E o<« B«Q 3 P ui a fi-Q 5 B t/3 ri « O •S C o £ 1 t^fu •3 14 S Ph £ R 2 a O O rt 5 Vancouver 2 1 26 3 1 5 17 2* 2 23 .... 4 84 2* 27 31 9 15 82 168 Prince Rupert- 2 1 1 8 6 18 8 9 3 1 21 39 Fort George 2 7 5 14 10 15 1 26 40 5 2 2 1 1 3 1 18 2* 3 1 3 14 9 1 1 6 3* 8 8 30 3* 10* 30 25 62 18* 23 26 26 33 39 3 2 3 52 61 42 82 86 122 Totals- 5 10 3 27 25 2* 4 10 55 2* 10 3* 80 3* 4 10* 233 20* 94 114 12 39 25 284 537 * Permanently employed but not Civil Service appointments and paid from funds other than Salary Vote. Personnel and Enrolment. Forest Development Projects, October, 1937, to April, 1938, and Youth Forestry Training Plan, May to October, 1938. »si Jh bC QJ Jh ■S d OJ JH QjrH |S.S fr, O *> u Ci Pi Ul a 'fr> CJ 6 S ^ fi QJ QJ Jh 3 ° JhhO o 3 CO M o o ^ OS •S33 .5 P fi o 3 T3 C « . to co tn fi 0J O ft cj 3j ri n CO CJ p ft c W 3 o H Forest Development Projects, October. 1937, to April, 1938. 3 2 27 65 75 43 4,005 4,220 Youth Forestry Training Plan, May to October, 1938... 2 4 16 40 48 12 690 812 3 4 27 95 111 43 4,695 4,976 FOREST DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS, 1937-38. In October, 1937, the Forest Development Projects were again undertaken on a scale about twice the size of the 1936-37 programme. Provision was again made to employ during the winter months the single homeless men registered on relief in Vancouver on projects undertaken as a direct benefit to forest protection and development. Again, enrolment of the men for the twenty-five camps was entirely in the hands of the Provincial Relief Office in Vancouver, while the selection and supervision of the projects was undertaken by Forest Service officers. The plan dovetailed nicely with the summer Forest Protection activity, as many Assistant Rangers temporarily employed during the summer assumed supervisory positions with the Forest Development' Projects immediately the protection-work terminated. Apart from certain administrative expenditures, the Dominion Government again contributed 50 per cent, towards the cost of the programme. The experience of the Assistant Rangers in the programme of 1936-37 proved invaluable to them in meeting the increased enrolment in the 1937-38 plan. In a great many cases the camps they had administered the first season were doubled in capacity, which created a corresponding increase in responsibility. Rates of pay for the enrollees were the same as last year—namely, 30 cents an hour for regular labourers and $30 a month and board for flunkies and bullcooks. Straw-bosses were FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 11 paid 35 cents an hour and all hourly men were deducted 75 cents a day for board and lodging. Weekly hours of work were limited to forty-four. The system of deferred pay cheques was abolished and $4 vouchers issued which were negotiable singly at interims of one week at certain post-offices throughout Canada. The maximum number of enrollees in camp at any one time was 1,906, but owing to the rotation system, 4,005 regularly enrolled men passed through the camps and 205,006 man-days of work were accomplished by these men. The work may be divided into four distinct classes:— (1.) Park Development, 47.4 per cent, of total man-days. (2.) Watersheds, 6.4 per cent, of total man-days. (3.) Provincial Forest Reserves, 19.6 per cent, of total man-days. (4.) Forest-protection, 26.6 per cent, of total man-days. Park acres developed included Dean Park, Thetis Lake, Mount Douglas, Englishman River, Little Qualicum, Elk Falls, Capilano Canyon, Stamp Falls, Grouse Mountain, Medicine Bowls, and Cultus Lake. Particular attention was given to the rendering of these areas suitable for the recreationally-minded public. Watershed development is limited in scope because of the rigid medical restrictions placed on camps and workers in those areas; however, in both the Nanaimo and Seymour Creek watersheds fire-guards were constructed and slash-disposal work carried out. The Provincial Forest Reserves that could be conveniently improved through the use of this labour received a favourable amount of attention. Green Timbers Forest Experiment Station, Cowichan Lake Forest Experiment Station, Campbell River Ranger Station, and the Sayward Forest provided the material for a variety of types of work; land-clearing, road- building, snag-falling, erection and repair of permanent buildings, and fire-line construction. The main item in connection with the forest-protection phase was the opening-up of old railroad grades into particularly hazardous areas, making them accessible to truck traffic; and, in conjunction with this, attention was given wherever possible to the elimination of particularly bad snag-hazards. Although the winter season cannot be recognized as the most suitable time of the year to undertake work of this nature, yet the quality of the work done, particularly with reference to park development, shows that a substantial return is being received for the expenditure involved. Not only is the critical unemployed situation arising in Vancouver each winter relieved, but areas are being improved which were heretofore inaccessible for recreational purposes. With improvement these have become immediately popular. Three years ago half a dozen visitors to the Elk Falls Park would have been a red-letter day; but last summer, even in spite of the unfavourable fire season, no less than 2,000 cars visited the park. With this increase in interest displayed so conspicuously, it is apparent that such an interest can be maintained only through adequate provision to maintain the developments carried out during the past two seasons under the Forest Development Projects. Number of projects . 25 Enrolled at one time (maximum) 1,906 Total men enrolled 4,005 Man-days worked (supervisory included) 230,744 YOUTH FORESTRY TRAINING PLAN, 1938. A training-ground for British Columbia's unemployed youth was provided for the fourth successive season, but the summer of 1938 marked only the second consecutive summer that this training was put into effect as an integral part of the Dominion-Provincial Youth Training Projects Agreement, financed jointly by the Dominion and Provincial Departments of Labour and supervised by British Columbia Forest Service officers. Since the inception of the plan in 1935, the applications have increased from 891 in that year to 1,440 in 1938, showing a decided increasing interest in the programme as a training field. Out of the 1,440 applicants, 689 were enrolled in the training course. The Department of Labour was again instrumental in setting standards of enrolment and selecting eligible trainees, who were required to be between the ages of 18 and 25, preferably with some high school education, resident in British Columbia at least since the summer of 1933, and physically fit. Preference was given to applicants whose families were in necessitous circumstances. N 12 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Among the 689 enrolled with the Youth Forestry Training Plan, 91 secured employment during the training period; 55 left to return to school, and 40 quit for no specific reason; 9 left because of injury or sickness, and 24 were discharged. The rate of wages remained unchanged from previous programmes and was set at $1.75 per work-day, with a deduction of 75 cents a day being made for board, lodging, and transportation. Ranger Assistants resident at home were paid $45 a month with expenses when away from Headquarters. In a few cases, $55 a month was paid to Ranger Assistants who were forced to board away from home because of a lack of suitable applicants in the vicinity of the Ranger stations. Total expenditure under the plan was $169,762.13. As the majority of applicants came from the Coast area of the Province, three clearing centres were set up; one at the Green Timbers Forest Experiment Station, one at the University of British Columbia Demonstration Forest, and one at the Cowichan Lake Forest Experiment Station. At these clearing stations successful applicants received their initial training to determine their fitness before being allocated to the various crews throughout the Province. The Aleza Lake Forest Experiment Station also served as a clearing centre for the northern section of British Columbia. At Green Timbers an additional area was cleared and improvements made to permanent buildings. The road into the Cowichan Lake Forest Experiment Station was ditched and gravelled to allow it to hold up under year-round traffic; the foreshore was also cleaned of accumulated debris, a new boat-house float constructed, and clearing of snowbreak undertaken on the North Arm Reserve. Although the University Demonstration Forest only served as a temporary clearing station, the trainees gained valuable experience in forest stand improvement on that area. At Aleza Lake new foundations were built under several of the station buildings and the system of trail communications improved throughout the reserve. All work at the Experiment Stations was supervised by technical forest officers. Aside from the Experiment Stations, thirty-two separate Forest Development and Protection Projects carrying from six to twenty men were undertaken throughout the whole of British Columbia. By the end of the three and a half months training period these field crews had constructed 105% miles of new protection-trail and had reconditioned 69% miles of old trail, built 6% miles of new forest-protection road and reconditioned 28 miles of old road, constructed 5 lookout towers, built 40 bridges, strung 14% miles of telephone-line, placed 150 lineal feet of cribbing, and constructed 21 permanent buildings, ranging from a wood-shed to a 20- by 40-foot log boat-house. These accomplishments for the most part were of a direct benefit to the Forest Protection Service; but the Provincial Game Board, fish and game clubs, and Irrigation Boards were also able to benefit directly by the work accomplished in connection with the Youth Forestry Training Plan. A limited amount of attention was given to certain recreational projects at King George VI. Park, south of Rossland, the Kokanee Glacier Park, and the Silver Tip Falls Park. Each of these crews received, in addition to their practical training, lectures on forest topics given by a special instructor, supervisor, Ranger, foreman, or a member of the Headquarters staff. The training and work in the three larger forest districts was again aided by special field supervisors who proved invaluable in correlating the efforts of the training crews with those of the district offices. The value of Ranger Assistant services to the Rangers was proven beyond a doubt this season. Not only were more Ranger Assistants in demand, but their services during previous summers had been so satisfactory that almost without exception the Rangers requested the same trainees be appointed again this summer. The total number of 115 Ranger Assistants were appointed and the Department of Labour tentatively waived the regulation that no applicant was to be entitled to more than one season's training and allowed more than half this number to take over their Ranger Assistant duties for a second summer. THE MULTIPLE USE OF FOREST AREAS. In the Government report to the Rowell Commission this year it was stated that the total area of the Province was 234,403,000 acres and the tillable area was 4,240,000 acres. This latter constitutes only 2 per cent, of the total area of the Province. It is, therefore, quite obvious that the citizens of British Columbia must largely depend for their economic and social welfare upon the uses to which we put the remaining 98 per cent, of our Province. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 13 The resources of this area may be roughly divided into two classes—" non-renewable " and " renewable." The mines constitute the " non-renewable," and little can be done about them except to avoid waste—each ton of ore removed from the earth means one less ton as an asset of the Province. The " renewable resources " comprise not only the important timber crop, but the closely associated wild-life crops of fish and game. Dependent upon these is the sport of hunting and fishing and the development of the growing tourist trade is closely related. All forms of recreation, such as camping and ski-ing, are further uses of our vast outdoors. Upon the vision and imagination which we display in the perpetuation and development of these commercial and recreational assets will largely depend the prosperity and welfare of the next generation. FOREST SURVEYS. In the first annual report of the Forest Branch, for the year 1912, the then Chief Forester stated that investigations had " gone far enough to show that British Columbia contains not less than one hundred million acres of forest land, and that the total stand of commercial timber is certainly not less than three hundred billion feet, and probably much more." The report continues to point out that use amounted to about one billion and a quarter feet per year and that " at the present rate of cutting, making no allowance at all for annual growth, it would take nearly 250 years to use up merely the mature timber now standing." In 1918 the Dominion Commission of Conservation published its comprehensive " Forests of British Columbia " which embodied the best available information of the day and in which timber stands of the Province were estimated, in round figures, to be 350 billion feet. . Forest management was based on these estimates, sufficient for their day, until a conviction gained strength that they left much to be desired and that more accurate data must be secured if major blunders were to be avoided. Out of this conviction grew by gradual development the Forest Surveys Division of the Branch, now charged with the vital responsibility of maintaining an accurate inventory of our resources, the first revised statement of which was published in " The Forest Resources of British Columbia " in 1937. The inventory constitutes the forester's stock-sheet and is even more essential in forest management than is the stock record in other business endeavour. Coupled with the inventory a second important function of the Division is the defining of productive forest units as required by statute and the preparation of working plans designed to meet the special features of each such unit. These are the Forest Reserves, or Provincial Forests, which have been progressively reported on herein for some years past. In developing field and office work incident to these duties, tried and proved methods have been adapted to British Columbia conditions and some important innovations have been originated. The most recent improvements in methods have been the adoption of aerial photography and the Hollerith punch-card system of recording data, both of which are further dealt with elsewhere in this report. The records of the Division, other than those of a confidential nature, are freely available to the public and increasing use is being made of them each year. Four new Provincial Forests, the Kingcome, Seymour, Upper Arrow, and Lower Arrow were created during the year. Three of these—the Kingcome, Seymour, and Upper Arrow— have already been reported on. There are now forty-three Forest Reserves; seventeen on the Coast and twenty-six in the Interior, totalling 8,910 and 19,257 square miles respectively, and aggregating 28,167 square miles. Lower Arrow Forest.—The estimates, forest and topographic maps, and preliminary management recommendations were completed for the Lower Arrow Forest this year, following the survey in 1936. This Forest is located in the Nelson Forest District and comprises approximately the drainage areas tributary to the northern half of Lower Arrow Lake. It includes some of the best growing sites in the Southern Interior of British Columbia. In its present condition the Forest could supply a sustained annual yield of 9,800,000 F.B.M. from accessible areas. The output could be increased to 10,800,000 F.B.M. by including the areas considered to be inaccessible at the present time. The annual cut averaged 3,300,000 F.B.M. over the past decade, but when fire losses of mature timber are taken into consideration the average annual depletion totals 5,200,000 F.B.M. The surplus capacity N 14 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. should aid materially in balancing the overcutting and excessive fire depletion in certain portions of the Southern Interior. The Forest was found to contain the following:— Productive Forest Land— Mature timber— Acres. Acres. Accessible 26,920 Inaccessible Immature timber— 1-20 years old 21-40 years old 7,670 11,110 20,450 41-60 years old 31,750 61-80 years old 9,460 81-100 years old 11,710 101-120 years old Not satisfactorily stocked— Logged Logged and burned Burned Deciduous forest 1,910 80 190 19,800 19,700 Non-commercial conifers 22,920 34,590 86,390 62,690 Total sites of productive quality. 183,670 Non-productive Areas— Barren, alpine, and scrub Swamp and water Alpine grazing and wild hay . Total non-productive sites 290,520 4,930 2,070 297,520 Total area of Forest 481,190 Timber values are estimated as follows (over 11 inches, D.B.H.) :— Species. Accessible. Total. Engelmann spruce.. Western red cedar... Western hemlock Silver fir (balsam).. Douglas fir Western white pine- Western larch Western yellow pine.. Lodgepole pine Cottonwood M.B.M. 50,910 46,340 42,710 29,830 23,630 14,260 7,250 1,670 300 90 Totals . 216,990 I M.B.M. 85,780 50,220 48,280 41,260 24,010 14,930 8,490 1,670 870 275,600 In addition, there are 185,000 M.B.M. available as thinnings on 43,940 acres of immature timber. Crown ownership of timber values aggregates 91 and 93 per cent, of the accessible and total volumes respectively. E. & N. Railway Grant.—The forest and topographic maps, estimates, and report have been completed for this area, culminating the survey which was commenced in 1936. The primary objective of the survey was to determine the productive condition of the logged-over FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 15 areas, but it was later extended to obtain a detailed inventory of the forest resources on the Grant. The work on this project was greatly facilitated over portions of the area by the use of vertical air photographs supplied by the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Air Survey Section of this Division. At the time of examination 25.5 per cent, of the areas logged or logged and burned had restocked satisfactorily. Allowing a reasonable period of ten years for natural regeneration to become established, and deducting the areas logged or logged and burned during regeneration period, it was found that 44.4 per cent, of the remainder was satisfactorily stocked. The following table provides a more complete analysis of the conditions of logged-over lands, E. & N. Land Grant:— Period. Condition of Areas, in per Cent. Classification. Satisfactorily stocked. Unsatisfactorily stocked. Total Area Fair. Poor. Nil. Total. Logged and logged-and-burned | areas j Up to December 31st, 1936 Up to December 31st1926 25.5 44.4 7.7 8.1 52.5 43.3 14.3 4.2 74.5 55.6 391.105 208,095 The forest area of the Grant is summarized briefly as follows:— Productive Forest Land— Mature timber— Acres. Accessible 665,440 Inaccessible 5,140 Acres. 670,580 227,800 Immature timber Unsatisfactorily stocked 414,910 Total sites of productive quality 1,313,290 Non-productive and Non-forest Land— Scrub, alpine, and rock : 622,270 Swamp and water 61,880 Clearings, cultivated, villages, etc. : 70,060 Total non-forest sites 754,210 Total area 2,067,500 Land ownership is divided as follows: 2 per cent, vacant Crown land, 48 per cent. E. & N. Railway Company holdings, and 50 per cent, other Crown-grant holdings. Productive forest sites on vacant Crown land involve 4,860 acres of mature timber, 16,460 acres of immature timber, and 16,760 acres of unsatisfactorily stocked areas. The timber values are estimated as follows (over 11 inches D.B.H.) :— Species. Accessible. Douglas fir. Western hemlock Western red cedar Silver fir (balsam) — Western white pine.. Sitka spruce. Yellow cedar (cypress). Totals M.B.M. 12,340,720 3,123,970 1,716,910 550,800 156,940 8,520 2,780 17,900,640 M.B.M. 12,387,150 3,135,360 1,723,920 557,530 158,150 8,520 2,780 17,973,410 Of the total volume 73,860 M.B.M., 8,555,660 M.B.M., and 9,343,890 M.B.M., are owned respectively by the Crown, the E. & N. Railway Company, and other Crown-grant holders. N 16 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Moresby Forest.—This Forest is located in the Prince Rupert Forest District and comprises Moresby Island and adjacent small islands in the Queen Charlotte Islands group. The preliminary management recommendations and estimates for the proposed Moresby Forest have been completed. Forest and topographic maps will be available for distribution in the near future. Vertical air photographs, supplied by the Royal Canadian Air Force and the Air Survey Section of this Division were plotted in detail, thus providing an accurate basis for all mapping. This area is recommended as a Provincial Forest to be managed in conjunction with Graham Island, or the southern portion of Graham Island, as a working circle. Under present conditions the Forest is capable of supplying a sustained annual yield of 100,500 M.B.M. from accessible areas and of a quality acceptable to existing markets. When the inaccessible areas are taken into consideration the output could be increased to 107,000 M.B.M. for continuous production. The Forest is essentially a pulp unit, though high-grade lumber and special products, such as aeroplane stock, are also available. Utilization during the five years prior to the survey averaged 80,000 M.B.M. annually. There.are now three logging operations in the Forest, cutting being chiefly in privately owned timber. Their output for 1937 totalled 105,000 M.B.M. Fire losses are negligible. For the time being improved management practice should be concerned with obtaining natural regeneration on the cut-over areas. The necessity for research-work in this respect, and in other management problems, has been emphasized in the detailed report on this Forest. The Forest was found to contain the following:— Productive Forest Land— Mature timber— Acres. Acres. Accessible 218,060 Inaccessible 20,100 238,160 Immature timber— 1-10 years old 1,430 11-20 years old 3,330 21-40 years old 1,260 41-60 years old 1,310 61-80 years old 870 81 years and over 680 Not satisfactorily stocked— Logged 14,000 Deciduous forest 390 Non-commercial conifers 1,210 8,880 15,600 Total sites of productive quality 262,640 Non-productive Areas— Barren, scrub, and alpine 575,980 Swamp and water 13,270 Total non-productive sites 589,250 Total area of Forest 851,890 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 17 INDEX MAP - Scale-15.78miles = 1 inch. N 18 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Timber values are estimated as follows (over 11 inches D.B.H.) Species. Accessible. Total. M.B.M. 984,290 2,707,900 2,079,880 71,660 M.B.M. 1,085,370 2,852,780 2,219,150 78,080 Totals 5,843,730 6,235,380 Out of a total of 3,110,920 M.B.M. of Crown timber, 2,795,300 M.B.M. are accessible. The alienated timber is chiefly held in timber licences and pulp leases. Skeena River Cruise.—The detailed report and forest-type maps were completed for the cottonwood resources of the lower Skeena River. The area involved lies between Kwinitsa and Terrace. Prior to the field-work vertical air photographs were taken over the area and from these accurate maps were plotted. The volume of cottonwood resources totals 197,400 M.B.M., 75 per cent, of which is held privately, chiefly on timber licences. In the event that a local industry utilizing cottonwood could be developed an annual production of 4,700 M.B.M. could be maintained under a sustained yield management plan. The average annual cut during the past decade has been negligible. Spasmodic attempts have been made, without success, to introduce a cottonwood industry in this area. The cottonwood areas are summarized as follows:— Acres. Acres. Merchantable timber 7,930 Immature timber— 1-20 years old . 350 21-40 years old 1,550 41-60 years old 1,370 Not satisfactorily stocked- Logged Brush 210 1,730 3,270 1,940 Total 13,140 Lower Arrow Lake South and Rossland.—The detailed report and maps of the Lower Arrow Lake South and Rossland Regions were completed. The productive forest capacities of these areas have been greatly reduced following forest fires. Smelter fumes have intensified the problem in the Rossland Region. These factors, combined with the difficulty of providing adequate fire-protection at reasonable cost in a region having an excessive fire- hazard, render the areas of doubtful value for forest reserves. There are, however, certain valuable productive blocks which could be considered in future administrative policies as community Forests. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 19 The detailed summary of the Lower Arrow South Region- is as follows:— Productive Forest Land— Mature timber— Acres. Accessible 9,810 Inaccessible 7,710 Acres. Immature timber— 1-20 years old 13,440 21-40 years old 1,840 17,520 41-60 years old... 61-80 years old... 81-100 years old. 101-120 years old.. Logged selection ... Unsatisfactorily stocked— Logged Logged and burned Burned Deciduous Non-commercial conifers 15,830 4,700 8,030 1,790 3,490 2,280 1,590 56,090 5,130 12,230 49,120 77,320 Total sites of productive quality 1 143,960 Non-productive and Non-forest Land— Scrub, alpine, and barren 192,740 Swamp and water 300 Alpine pastures, cultivated, etc. 2,370 Total non-forest sites 195,410 Total area 339,370 The timber, practically all of which is of Crown ownership, is estimated as follows (over 11 inches D.B.H.) :— Species. Accessible. Total. M.B.M. M.B.M. 17,330 19,130 8,520 10,800 12,540 12,540 3,050 9,070 850 2,200 7,350 11,630 2,860 8,990 13,720 43,490 1,610 7,090 Douglas fir Western larch— Western yellow pine.. Western white pine— Lodgepole pine Western red cedar Western hemlock Engelmann spruce Silver fir (balsam) — Total 67,830 124,940 N 20 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. The detailed summary of the Rossland Region is as follows:- Productive Forest Land— Mature timber— Accessible Inaccessible Immature timber— 1-20 years old—. 21-40 years old—. 41-60 years old—. 61-80 years old— 81-100 years old.. 101-120 years old.. Unsatisfactorily stocked— Logged Acres. 9,600 1,850 19,590 6,320 21,470 1,100 7,990 2,040 3,190 Logged and burned 7,500 Burned 52,130 Deciduous growth 5,770 Non-commercial conifers 2,990 Acres. 11,450 58,510 71,580 Total sites of productive quality Non-productive and Non-forest Land— Scrub, alpine, and barren Cultivated, cleared, etc. Swamp and water Alpine pastures Total non-forest sites 141,540 89,420 2,660 530 110 92,720 Total area 234,260 The timber values are estimated as follows (over 11 inches D.B.H.) :— Species. Accessible. Total. M.B.M. M.B.M. 13,140 19,330 11,500 12,330 9,760 11,630 10,260 10,990 8,550 8,810 3,490 4,610 2,750 2,840 530 610 Engelmann spruce.— Western red cedar..... Western larch _ Western hemlock Western white pine.. Silver fir (balsam)... Douglas fir Lodgepole pine Totals 59,980 71,150 The accessible Crown timber aggregates 45,230 M.B.M. out of a total of 56,400 M.B.M. Alienated timber, all of which is accessible, totals 14,750 M.B.M., 78 per cent, being held under timber licences. Current Projects.—The field survey of the proposed Graham Forest, Queen Charlotte Islands, was completed, and maps, estimates, and preliminary management plans are now being prepared. Resurveys of the Okanagan Forests, Hardwicke, Sonora, and East and West Thurlow Islands were undertaken. Maps, estimates, and detailed management recommendations, involving in particular sustained yield production, are now in the course of preparation. It is anticipated that field-work in the Okanagan Valley will be completed FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 21 during the 1939 season. It is significant to note that each field project was conducted on areas over which vertical air photographs were made available either through the Royal Canadian Air Force or through the operations of the Air Survey Section of this Division. Air Survey Operations.—The year marked a successful continuation of air survey photographic operations inaugurated by the Forest Branch two years ago. Rounding out the skeleton air survey camera equipment acquired last year, chartering of a faster, more powerful aircraft, more experienced and specialized personnel, and a season characterized by an unusual proportion of bright clear weather, all contributed to a record year for area covered. The quality of photographs and the low cost per square mile of this modern method of obtaining complete, accurate, and detailed information of British Columbia's forest lands were notable. A summary of the season's field activities is as follows:— Projects. Area photographed. Number of Photographs. Island Forests, Johnstone Straits.. Prince Rupert pulp-wood areas Kemano, Kitlope, Gamsby, and Kimsquit Rivers Timber Sale, X5201, Hardwicke Island (special low altitude). " Bloedel " fire, Vancouver Island Okanagan Watershed Douglas Forest (control strip) Sq. Miles. 310 2,600 175 15 225 3,700 60 220 3,300 245 100 310 5,105 45 Total, vertical photography.. 7,085 9,325 Grazing reconnaissance, Kamloops District (oblique photography). Total photographs 120 9,445 This work aggregated 119 hours and 39 minutes flying-time with a chartered aircraft especially fitted to accommodate the Forest Branch camera and accessories. An additional 3% hours were used up on non-photographic reconnaissance flights for party chiefs and Rangers working in the districts flown. In addition to these field operations, the Air Survey Section completed the plotting of air photographs over Moresby Island, Graham Island, the E. & N. Land Grant, the Bloedel fire, and the Island Forests. Compilation of the current photographic projects are in process. Improvements and additions to office equipment for plotting air photos have been made. After four years of development, a Forest Service stereoscope has been perfected and produced at low cost. These instruments have been supplied, upon special request, to several private and public agencies in the Province and one to the Surveyor-General of British Honduras. An efficient and highly specialized personnel, whose value to the service increases steadily, is gradually being developed. A growing demand for air photographs from the Forest Branch negatives has been experienced. These have been supplied at cost, as follows:— Source of Demand. Number op Photographs supplied. Verticals. Scenic Obliques. Total. Other Forest Branch Departments (seven items) Other Government Departments (five items) The Logging Industry (four items) Others (twelve items) Totals (twenty-eight items) - 307 311 552 422 464 319 552 501 1,592 244 Requests for advice and information on the application of air photos to various activities continue to be dealt with by correspondence and consultation. Lookout Photography.—A technique has been developed for taking panoramic photographs and for organizing these photographs for effective use on lookout stations as a medium for locating and reporting forest fires. Work in this connection has so far been confined to N 22 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. the Vancouver, Kamloops, and Nelson Forest Districts. A more complete report on this project is provided under Forest Protection. Forest Resources Inventory.—The Hollerith punch-card system for recording and sorting details of forest estimates was introduced into the forest resources inventory this year. A detailed code permits the recording of miscellaneous data, provided by the forest atlas, which can be readily summarized mechanically. The new system of keeping forest resources records is proving to be efficient and will provide the means for obtaining greater detail in analyzing forest statistics than has heretofore been practical. The electrical equipment necessary to carry out this work has been made available through the co-operation of the Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Department of Trade and Industries. The Vancouver Forest District atlas and inventory is being revised and the statistical data summarized on punch-cards, 125 watersheds having been completed out of a total of 183. Upon completing the Vancouver District it is proposed to continue this system of tabulation for the Prince Rupert Forest District. Reconnaissance-work and assistance to Forest Rangers in forest-cover mapping were confined to nine ranger districts, three in the Vancouver and six in the Nelson Forest Districts. This work involved, primarily, a general revision of major forest-type boundaries, classifying immature timber by age-classes, and defining commercial deciduous stands from non-commercial forests. Field reconnaissance was hampered to a certain extent by smoke from forest fires. An examination and brief report of the White and Lussier River watersheds, covering 400 square miles, was completed. The forest-growth on this area is principally immature timber of older age-classes approaching commercial sizes suitable for minor products. The mature timber present is not considered accessible at the present time. The recreational value of these watersheds is emphasized in the report, exceptional scenic attractions being available. RESEARCH. For some years it has been necessary to restrict activities in the Research Division to the maintenance of the more important studies already in progress. Somewhat more generous provision for this work this year, however, permitted a start on the study of outstanding problems which have been demanding attention for some time. This applies particularly to soil classification in connection with silvicultural investigations which have been long in hand. Growth and Yield. A two-man field crew carried out the periodic remeasurement of thirty-one permanent plots, established to study the growth and mortality of both uncut and cut-over spruce-balsam stands in the Northern Interior. An additional party of three men spent two months gathering information on the growth of red alder. During the course of the alder study, data were collected on fifty-five temporary yield plots, and stem analyses were made on 115 felled trees. These measurements, together with the information previously gathered from a series of permanent plots, form the basis for volume and yield tables for the species. The volume tables are presented herewith:— FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 23 Volume Table for Red Alder (Alnus rubra). Volume in Board-feet based on 8-foot Logs to a Top Diameter of 8 Inches. Stump-height, 1 Foot. Data collected Fraser Valley and Squamish, 1938. Basis: 110 trees. Aggregate deviation =0.09 per cent. low. Average deviations +9.0 per cent. Frustum form factor method used. D.B.H. Total Height in Feet. (Inches.) 60, 66. 70. 75. 80. 85. j 90. 95. IM. 105. 110. 8 12 36 59 83 15 17 20 45 75 107 136 168 200 241 280 23 48 81 115 146 183 216 259 300 336 385 430 25 51 86 124 157 198 232 276 319 359 410 460 28 54 91 132 167 212 248 292 338 382 435 490 550 31 57 97 34 60 102 148 157 199 257 296 348 9 39 65 91 117 42 70 99 126 10 11 140 178 227 264 312 358 406 460 518 12 105 188 210 13 139 168 153 184 223 261 290 335 242 280 272 14 312 15 330 377 429 485 548 367 16 397 453 510 576 416 17 . ... 313 360 477 18 ... 535 19 372 402 606 20 Volume Table for Red Alder (Alnus rubra). Volume in Cubic Feet based on 8-foot Logs to a Top Diameter of U Inches. Contents inside Bark, excluding 1-foot Stump. D.B.H. (Inches.) Total Height in Feet. 60. 65. 70. 75. 80. 85. 90. 95. 100. 106. 110. 8 8.5 10.7 13.2 16.0 9.6 10.2 11.0 13.9 17.4 20.2 24.6 29.0 33.0 38.2 44.1 50.0 55.5 61.2 11.8 14.7 18.6 22.0 26.1 31.5 35.2 41.0 47.5 53.6 59.5 66.0 12.5 16.0 19.5 23.3 28.0 32.6 37.8 43.8 50.0 56.4 63.2 69.7 13.1 16.9 20.2 24.8 29.2 34.0 40.0 45.3 52.2 59.0 66.0 72.8 79.0 14.0 17.8 21.5 18.5 23.0 27.1 33.1 39.5 46.0 52.8 9 12.0 14.6 17.8 20.9 13.1 16.0 19.2 23.0 27.0 31.0 35.3 42.0 46.5 10 11 26.0 30.8 36.0 42.2 47.5 55.5 62.7 70.0 76.5 12 19.0 32.2 38.0 44.0 50.2 58.4 66.0 73.6 80.0 13 22.5 25.8 30.0 25.0 28.8 14 15 32.7 16 38.0 43.0 60.5 68.3 76.0 82.8 63.2 17 70.5 18 . 19 52.4 57.0 63.5 68.6 76.0 77.5 86.0 20 67.8 74.2 79.0 72.2 77.5 84.0 76.0 82.1 88.0 84.0 91.0 98.0 88.2 96.0 104.0 92.0 99.0 108.0 95.0 21 86.0 92.0 103.0 22 112.0 Data collected Fraser Valley and Squamish, 1938. Basis: 117 trees. Aggregate deviations+0.8 per cent. Average deviation = ±4.4 per cent. Alinement chart method used (2). N 24 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Reforestation. (a.) Nursery Technique.—The first Forest Branch nursery was located on Shelbourne Street, Victoria, and it was there in 1928 that the initial seed-beds were sown. Ten years have now passed, and with their passing it is interesting to note some of the changes in nursery technique which have been inaugurated with a view to producing sturdy planting stock at a low cost. Where the first seed-beds were 4 by 12 feet and shaded by rigid shade frames in 6-foot sections, the beds are now 4 by 50 feet and shaded by snow-fencing which can be rolled up in one bundle, thus greatly facilitating the operation of covering and uncovering the beds during the early life of the seedlings. The cost of weeding young seedlings, a tedious and expensive task, has been substantially reduced by the use of a high- pressure torch whose extremely hot flame on being quickly passed over the surface of the soil kills the first crop of annual weeds without injuring the young shoots which are almost ready to push through the ground. Another costly operation is that of lifting, root-pruning, and transplanting one-year seedlings and, to avoid this expense, many North America forest nurseries root-prune the stock as it stands in the bed by means of a stationary blade drawn through the soil about 4 inches below the surface. At Green Timbers there has been developed a root-pruner which is unique in that it features an oscillating blade. Pruning with this machine results in the trees having essentially the same root system as is obtained by transplanting, and at the same time effects quite a reduction in the cost of production. By substituting for the oscillating blade a stationary one set at a slight angle to the horizontal, the pruner is used for lifting, thereby obviating the laborious task of using a spade for getting the trees out of the ground preparatory to shipment to a planting-site. (6.) Planting and Nursery Development.—Planting operations were conducted at Great Central Lake, Sayward Forest, Elk Falls Park, and Green Timbers, with an aggregate of 150,325 trees being planted on 161.4 acres. This brings the total to date for number of trees and acres planted to 1,003,400 and 1,322 respectively. On August 9th the Hon. the Minister announced that as soon as the necessary facilities could be established it would be the policy of the Department to plant up to 10,000 acres of cut-over land per year on Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland. Our experience has been that a spacing of 6 by 6 feet will produce satisfactorily stocked plantations, and that it requires about 1,000 trees per acre when this interval is used. Therefore the programme will necessitate an annual production of about 10,000,000 trees. With this in view it is planned to increase the capacity of the Green Timbers nursery to 6,000,000 per year and to establish immediately a nursery on the Quinsam River, about 1 mile east of the village of Campbell- ton, Vancouver Island, to produce the remaining 4,000,000. Forest Development crews are now clearing an additional 4 acres of land at Green Timbers, and are preparing the Quinsam Nursery for sowing to cover-crop next spring. Should no unforeseen delays occur, it is anticipated that the goal of an annual production of 10,000,000 trees will be reached in 1942. (c.) Seed Collections.—The current crop of cones on Douglas fir, western hemlock, and western red cedar was better than average over the south-eastern portion of Vancouver Island and in the Lower Fraser Valley. In the Interior portions of the Province the crop of Douglas fir and white spruce cones was poor, while on the Queen Charlotte Islands the Sitka spruce crop was very poor to nil. In planning a large sustained programme of planting, one point to be kept in mind is the periodicity of seed-crops and the necessity of always keeping in reserve at least one year's seed requirements. Our cone collections this year were the largest we have ever made, and will yield sufficient seed to maintain the increased nursery production programme for two years. The details of the collections are as follows:— Species. No. of Bushels of Cones collected. No. of Cones per Bushel. Yield of Seed per Bushel of Cones. Quantity of Clean Seed. 4,207 10 900 to 1,600 Lb. 0.45 1.00 1.00 Lb. 1,893 10 61,800 48 Total 4,265 1,966 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 25 (d.) Pathology.—The tree diseases which occur in areas of abundant natural regeneration and kill a large number of young plants may have little or no effect on the final stand, since a high proportion of the trees must necessarily die as the age of the stand increases. On the other hand, these same diseases may have a much more serious effect on the final stand in plantations and, in addition, the damage to seedlings in a nursery may be extensive. During the past summer, Dr. M. L. Wilson, of Edinburgh University, an expert on Douglas-fir diseases, spent several weeks inspecting the Green Timbers Nursery and the plantations at that point and at Campbell River. In his report Dr. Wilson states that " no serious and widespread fungal diseases were found," although evidence was found of die-back and canker on Douglas fir, honey fungus attacking small groups of Douglas fir, and black leaf-spot on western red cedar. Only a very few trees have been killed in any case. No fungal disease was found among the seedlings in the nursery, nor was any found on Sitka spruce, yellow pine, Scot's pine, and hemlock, in the plantations. Silvicultural Studies.—Current re-examinations were carried out on ten plots already established to study the rate of natural regeneration on cut-over land, seed-tree survival, seedling survival, seasonal height-growth in young stands, root-rot disease in young Douglas- fir stands, and the practicality of artificial regeneration by means of seed-spotting. The factors upon which forest-management practice is based includes an intimate knowledge of the phenomena of seed-production, seed-dissemination, the survival of disseminated seed, germination, and, finally, seedling survival. As regards Douglas fir, our own work, together with that of the Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station, at Portland, has done much to point the way toward perfecting a management technique; however, many phases need elucidating. With this in mind, two new studies were undertaken to further investigate the fruiting habits of Douglas fir and the effect on reproduction of broadcast burning clear-cut areas in the Douglas-fir region. The fruiting habits of forest trees are, on the whole, very imperfectly known, mainly due to the technical difficulties involved in making such studies. For some years there has been under way at Cowichan Lake a study whose objective is to develop a method of estimating the size, quality, and periodicity of cone-crops for our principal commercial species in stands or on scattered trees left after logging. Supplementing and expanding this study is the one undertaken this year, whereby groups of trees have been placed under observation in nine fully-stocked stands of varying ages and on three cut-over areas where seed-trees have been left. It is anticipated that the results will relate size of cone-crops to the age-class of stands or scattered seed-trees, to the crown class of trees, to the quantity of seed released per unit area, and, possibly, to factors of site and climate. The quality of the seed produced will be determined on the basis of germination tests of samples caught in seed-traps. As the data from these studies are compiled, the results will be of value in estimating the collection of seed for artificial reforestation, in quantities for one or more year's requirements, and also as a basis for the development of silvicultural systems of natural regeneration. The problem of securing natural regeneration on cut-over land has been attacked from many angles, and numerous theories have been brought forward in explanation. Some of the theories appear to be contrary to casual observation, but one must always bear in mind that there is no universal rule applicable to every set of conditions, and due consideration must be given to the changing combinations of factors which occur between one locality and another. The problem of the effect of slash-burning on natural reproduction is an example of this conflict of opinion, and we find that one school of thought favours burning as a means of promoting regeneration while a second group is equally convinced that burning is a detriment. In both cases factual proof is brought forward, but in nearly every instance an analysis reveals that the areas under comparison are not homogenous with respect to either slope, aspect, soil conditions, vegetative cover, or seed-supply, and areal differences between any one of these factors tend to invalidate conclusions one might draw. Thus, during the past summer, with a view to furthering the knowledge on the comparative effects of logging with burning, and clear-cutting without slash-burning, careful selection was made of a homogenous site in the Alberni District. Following logging, half the area was slash-burned and the remainder left unburned. Study of this area will yield valuable information concerning the effect which broadcast burning of slash has on natural regeneration; soil-texture, structure, and composition; and the character of the vegetation. However, most of our broadcast burning is done because of the necessity of reducing the fire-hazard. Soils.—The nature of the soil and parent material determines not only the kind but, to a great extent, the distribution of vegetation. Water and nutrients for the tree are provided by the soil, so that there is scarcely a physiological process which is not controlled by it nor a silvical characteristic not dependent upon it. Rate of growth, yield, longevity, form, quality of wood, tolerance, and rate of reproduction are all influenced and may be modified in one way or another by the soil. Soil-studies are therefore an integral part of a programme of silvicultural research, and a soil survey is basic to the initiation of such work. During the past summer Dr. D. G. Laird, of the University of British Columbia, conducted an intensive survey of the Cowichan Lake Experimental Forest. Analyses were made of the principal soil-types and a map was drawn to show the boundaries of the types as determined by texture. It was found that, in general, the most favourable soil for forest-growth in the area under examination was a deep one of more than 40 inches to the " C " horizon, having a humic layer, at least reasonably thick, underlaid by a red gravelly sandy loam to a depth of 18 inches or thereabouts and lying upon a brown horizon to " C." Such soils, including a brown type, appear to be more adequately provided with moisture than the fawns. Co-operation.—An amendment to the United States Revenue Act, effective July 1st, 1938, gave white spruce (Picea canadensis) lumber a substantial tariff preference over the same product cut from Engelmann spruce (Picea Engelmanni). Naturally this differential was of vital concern to the operators along the Canadian National Railway between Prince George and McBride, and it was essential that they have accurate information regarding the proportion of the stands occupied by white spruce. The Northern Interior Lumbermen's Association therefore requested the Forest Branch to co-operate with them in conducting an intensive dendrological study to secure this data. Six areas were examined between Giscome and Urling. A total of 975.5 chains of strip were run in five areas and 295 acres were sampled at random. In all, 2,189 trees were examined, of which 2,167 were identified as Picea canadenis and 22 as Picea Engelmanni. The conclusions arrived at were as follows: — (a.) Both white and Engelmann spruce occur in the forests of the Upper Fraser River Valley. (b.) Of these two species, the white spruce vastly preponderates, (c.) Because of the strong numerical preponderance of white spruce in the forests of the Upper Fraser Valley, the stands may be considered as a pure white spruce-balsam forest-type, and the designation of locally-produced spruce lumber as " white spruce " is justified and well within the limits of reason. Improvements.—The location of forest-development crews at the experiment stations has further enhanced their value through the maintenance of existing roads and trails, the construction of new trails, replacement of a boat-house float, cleaning up of foreshore, and stand- improvement work. In addition, these crews constructed 275 seed-traps for use in research studies, collected 80 bushels of cones, repainted two buildings, and completed numerous small jobs of miscellaneous improvements. FOREST BRANCH LIBRARY. 1936. 1937. 1938. Totals. 149 1,703 426 19 301 75 118 406 87 286 2,409 688 Total - — - 3,283 54 54 12,000 54 3,277 64 16,227 FOREST BRANCH REPORT j 1938 N 27 oJ <]co fflC«Cl»OrHl00100.t— CMlO"rHlOrHrHC0^"-tfCMlOt?- t-lOHQOJ^IONONOOM^ffiH CO CO w t -d" to -tf to *" ci IO ^" ^ N Ci 05 t- H 'Jt1 ffl IO N CO CO CM G> >iCM O D- t- IO CM -tf rH rH ^* cS 1-1 CO I-H oc H tOiOfflt--tfrH-*-tfooo-*fio.-HtoDo ! CO CO CM CO i-H ! ffl ta (OOrflOOWHt-iMCOOO^t-Htt ! IO CO CO t- ■* CM 0 CO VMQ^HtOtDHOt-lOt-NMf ! ffl CO CO CM rH OS H t- Ol CO © H H H t(h" H CO IO N IO IO ! CO* CO* CM *"# "W "# *w to tH 0 r-l t- iH ' ' H i-H OWNWtr-i'lOHCOMt-iWOlOOOllOlCffiWM ! H OHCi3COt-«HCOM'CJXO'*t-[-Nt"MCBNH 1* r- CO Tf'ttOUfflCQOt-Oit-'l'CRt-NIO 00 00 ffl © rH . ! CM co CO IO* O l> O 00 O) N tr" Ol N M 00 tf CS rH rH k> ia rH "rt CO -tf -^ o rH O rH <£> rH MNOOMMMMt-MifflCOffiHOH if (D N IO ^ f Ol •g ■to ift-N^NC-MOOMNNMniOl CM «# rH CO CM ffl CM cr. T?OCOI>-rHCMrHC«cirHCOrHCOfflffl t- t- CM CO CQ a o» Ifl (D (C M* M «D H H gi ffi O* W 00 W* CM M CO CQ tO ZB IG rH O rH rH tO rH CM f]Mt-NONQIOM C0fflO^^CMlOffl©O100t-00 cr. fflOlHCOCC'fllOHH CO IO C- ,H (fi N ■* t- ffl IOO t- CO ■>fC-CJJNgQ0COTiHQ H IO CO N N -4 CO OO CO "*CM 04 en a>* w ■* H cc io" CO*' M N 6" *■# r$ "■$* tp rH rH CO M oi "* IO CM <b 1.0 A rH -tf CO § Ht-OOOOllOtOHW It-lOCCOE-lOOOWOlOlO ,"tf IO -tf ^«3NWI>ftl>M« ! to t- rH "# Ol "tf ffl CO cc M HOSOHNtONrft* l^^i^COOl rH CO ! ■tf Cl CO N H 00 (? IO IO 00 ! CO -tf CM -tf CM Ci CM O CO IO N CM ! rH ta tH rH -tf CO I—i ■^^r- MON-BC-MMfCO !©t-Cl O MM H -tf 0 CO CO MOTtffilOt-HHN | CO t- ffl -tf rH CM O IO CO §. H t-MffllflfflONCBlO ! CO "* ffl •"i t-H CO CO § en CO* i-T CO* ©" O* rH CO Cl ! i-H CM* rH ffl CM* iH Oq CO ffl t- rH CM ! t-H ffl rH r-l CM ' ' ' ffl M H « HOIHNNIOIO^M O Ol ffl Ol O O ^ ffl ffl ffl cp W lOt-Hj'J'COHfflMICO -tf © "tf t- "■* CM -tf CM 0 B CO o lOQHWOMffllOffl CM O fc- iH i-t tH rH CO § io ca* © oo" ia* a* CO* CM* rH* ffl CM iO ffl © t> ■tf & rH rH • ' -tf iJ H 2 M01t"#NfflOOffl Ht-CTlWfflNW^CBNCO 01 CO OC-lOlOlOlflNt-M MNt-QMffl^lOHOH CM OO IO CO OO CO CO i-1 M IO IO IO ^ H M N H 1* CO tH o CA O N H W 00 H M t- t- CM -tf ffl n iH lO IO CO 00 H O ffl rH CM ' to | <! fflffllO^OCOfflHTl'eOHHQ IO ffl t-Hi>IMt-COMTfi01(MCOCOIO Cl <=■ CO ffl-tft-CMCOfflfflNfflrHt-CMlO CO Oi M ffl" H in" 6* CO* t-* Cl CM* CO i CO CM* CO IO IO CD H IO rH ! t- i-H rH CM .... fc- MC)C)CON-*Cl'*t- t- Ol ->* -tf : -tf CO CM ffllOTflNHQCO'dlN -tftO-'tfCO^aiOOCMlO -# © CM "tf CT. r-l co to ffl t- -tf ie o> iH CO CM CO CM Ol IO rH -•tf" IO* •* O* *tf ^ O) ffl H IO rH ta <±> i ■V rH CO ' CO tt e M ■s 4J> B p HJ CO s •« ja a o g9 c CJ c O 0 +- c a £ cc! e si '■§ d el X 1 ■8 ■o .9 hh to CJ P oi o 13 OS S o S ^ :s « •3 ■ t< « a 1 3 S -p 5 c 1 G I ■ ! 4 ca BO 3 3 1 t fr ■4- I < X c i 6 a fri s e f i- 1 I Si "5 •V a £ -t-> +. . "2 r £ C P u M 9 c « ■= co -S H »- <? cj .2 „ "2 5 .S 1 S™ g err .s 1 i « i ti; £ An p ty 0 ■a a 3 ll X [J S ft 1 1 ( * "* PC * e i # 1 I] * 1 * 1 f i T3 c cd a w 5 S c 9 F_ a • § ' Ci 1 rt 1 fe 0 > 2 a. N 28 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. THE FOREST INDUSTRIES. Estimated Value of Production, including Loading and Freight within the Province. Product. 1932. 1934. 1935. 1937. 1938. Ten-year Average, 1929-38. Lumber Pulp and paper.— Shingles Boxes Doors Piles, poles, and mine- props— Cordwood, fence-posts, and lagging — Ties, railway $13,349,000 11,156,000 2,805,000 1,100,000 $15,457,000 10,852,000 4,500,000 1,313,000 Additional value contributed by the wood-using industry Laths and other miscellaneous products Logs exported Pulp-wood exported 772,000 1,576,000 502,000 1,014,000 1,125,000 1,730,000 28,000 450,000 1,850,000 250,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 2,228,000 55,000 $20,377,000 12,373,000 4,375,000 1,632,000 487,000 1,335,000 485,000 1,320,000 1,100,000 1,931,000 46,000 $24,094,000 12,414,000 8,750,000 1,720,000 1,693,000 810,000 1,453,000 764,000 1,300,000 1,100,000 2,820',000 23,000 $36,160,000 14,950,000 7,800,000 1,629,000 2,718,000 1,434,000 1,489,000 623,000 1,350,000 1,200,000 2,646,000 11,000 $40,638,000 17,214,000 6,875,000 2,122,000 2,971,000 2,346,000 1,459,000 560,000 1,500,000 1,400,000 3,782,000 5,000 $36,296,000 11,066,000 6,875,000 1,964,000 1,353,000 1,615,000 1,455,000 560,000 1,400,000 1,300,000 3,238,000 $28,602,200 13,445,300 5,716,200 1,751,900 873,500 2,059,300 1,535,200 815,700 1,492,100 1,362,500 2,736,100 30,300 Totals- 5,157,000 $39,155,000 $45,461,000 $56,941,000 $72,010,000 $80,872,000 $67,122,000 $60,420,300 Paper (in Tons). Product. 1932. 1933. 1934. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. Ten-year Average, 1929-38. Newsprint... _ Other papers . 205,050 24,051 237,107 23,492 267,406 26,777 262,123 33,287 276,710 41,443 264.136 53,026 179,639 39,348 233,567 29,907 In addition to 203,610 tons of pulp manufactured into paper in the Province, 45,000 tons were shipped out of the Province during the year. Total Amount of Timber scaled in British Columbia during the Years 1937-38 (in F.B.M.). Forest District. 1937. 1938. Loss. 2,693,167,199 157,637,888 2,304,440,326 112,341,760 388,726,873 45,296,128 Prince Rupert , Totals, Coast 2,850,805,087 2,416,782,086 434,023,001 21,391,790 66,058,332 147,820,267 155,840,164 18,603,310 64,608,831 137,319,569 141,720,202 2,788,480 1,449,501 10,500,698 14,119,962 391,110,553 362,251,912 28,858,641 3,241,915,640 2,779,033,998 462,881,642 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. 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CT 00 CN CO CO CO to ffl IO T* cr cr CO "* Tf IO CO c ffl © fc- CO to IO © Oi V if tr- CM Tf £ cj pi ffl Tf r- © © fc- © CO t- cc Tf CM IO ffl CM 0C -* 00 © © © fc- CO Tt tr to er LO Tf* CM* Ti CM tr- fc- © Tf" oo" co" a CN oi* t> cc" Tf CM >- LO t- C- 00 00 tr- OC 00 © 00 Tf Tf CO C- CO © CO to 0 c c © c^ © ffl 00 CM © tO CM CM fc- © t- C£ cr eo Tt © t- ffl CM rH © Oi Tf c c CT CO t- © ffl t- 00 CO t- t£ LC c^ CM T} ffl .v cu c 00 'E 1 1 CO a_ S * U t— OC tr- ffl IO T* CC CN T-H © ri l> aj > oc CO CO CO CO CO C" CT cr CO e«* d •? © © © © © c C © cr 7. 1 Q ■P* H- ri rH rH r-t t- ** »- fr, © a> en m ty a a rf B til til ti_ B til e CJ fr. u 0, C cj B C P ri ri ri ri a "b 7 'ri •p G ■£ o fe o c CJ r "o o o o c H BH H Eh fc- c c fc- o C CJ o cu a C5 6 B i> u c ■—! C BBC ■fill ri fc, l o ri cj > P. p. fe H fc HH O B a a E -5 * -2 u A CO s 10 H C FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. 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CM* © ; Tf LO LO CM © © IO Tf ffl © t- © Tf fflrH Tf CM © LO © © CM ffl LOC-CM Tf (M rH CO CO © CO CO Tf CO O CM 00 LOCO 00 © COlO©THCMLOCOt-lOCO©TfCO©T-HTHrHfc-©00t-©fflt-COlO00TflOfflC CCTfrHrHlj3tr-.-HL0l0Olr--*l0^rH«TfrHCM©THrHCMfflrHCC©C0Tf00lJ ©©rHt-T-HOOCOLOfflMCO©fc-fflCMCO©W©CMCOT-HLOCO©>HCOrHrHTfC Tfffl©lOTfCOt-LO©©©COLO©OOCMt-lOO ■^<© ©rH ©©rH ©© OOCOrH tr-iN ©co fc-co ffl© fc-ffl tr- © IO Tf rH CM r CM CO IO CO t-H CO tr- CO CM © IO r LO © r ffl CO COfflffl Tf rHCOrH Tf ©CO IO 00 t-rH©Tf co t- ffl cm rH LO © LO © © CO 00 CO CM ffl CO CO rH CM ffl LO o oo t- T-H CO © CM 00© CO rH CO ffl CO© ffl "- pHg^gm ,■ S o u • fea S-afc: 4i J H | J I J 1 *! I Hi 1 *+H HJ -JrH HJ t»iH 4JJ<+, HJ '"JH HJ * *H +J ■ ' r-i CO C^r3 UJ fl'*HF3 CO cS"rf CO tH^lrljO C^'^W C^' SI M «"S M Bf M Sf M 9V £« oV jspj £ S^fesa StCPhs S*fea safes Safes safe: N 32 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Logging Inspection. Operations. Forest District. Timber- sales. Hand- loggers' Licences. Leases, Licences, Crown Grants, and Pre-emptions. Totals. No. of Inspections. 664 391 463 760 396 1 22 752 105 193 432 322 1,417 518 656 1,192 718 3,569 1,825 1,180 Kamloops Nelson 2,396 1,858 , Totals, 1938 2,674 23 1,804 4,501 10,828 Totals, 1937 - ~ - 2,404 46 1,932 4,382 11,507 Totals, 1936 2,354 35 1,883 4,272 11,138 Totals, 1935.„ 2,074 59 1,660 3,793 10,081 Totals, 1934 1,603 87 1,546 3,236 9,486 Totals, 1933 1,237 67 1,425 2,729 8,121 Totals, 1932 1,124 37 1,316 2,477 7,273 Totals, 1931 . _ :... 1,562 92 1,675 3,329 8,969 Totals, 1930 1,932 100 1,862 3,894 8,859 Ten-year average, 1929-38 1,887 65 1,710 3,662 9,577 Trespasses. to OJ rt O ■n O 6 u OJ > o Ori. in y CJJ g £< Quantity cut. bo .5 "3 to V . m a CH fr, O 3 . N £3 Forest District. a M OJ QJ fe cu OJ fe 1$ OJ B 3 CO M O o CO rt E ■P • W til rC fH OH B a o S < 58 15 26 29 21 383 70 103 206 54 3,416,890 444,890 189,520 172,000 85,730 7,000 142,875 4,890 34,360 14,050 975 1,279 390 230 140 115 800 270 4 0 1 3 2 $5,825.48 1,512.38 4,040 3,490 1,225.40 585.40 Nelson Totals, 1938 149 816 4,309,030 203,195 3,014 1,185 7,530 10 $9,653.86 Totals, 1937 156 1,147 8,239,813 143,860 1,607 2,132 35,017 7 $17,439.52 Totals, 1936 153 501 2,067,130 75,272 1,632 2,452 13 $5,243.00 Totals, 1935... 121 555 3,043,486 50,965 1,283 14,078 3 $6,077.58 Totals, 1934 101 720 3,270,608 30,555 1,385 4,825 6 $5,401.05 Totals, 1933 70 155 1,578,108 41,689 1,413 3,807 2 $2,727.81 Totals, 1932..... 95 368 767,896 35,484 2,140 9,265 14 $3,490.84 Totals, 1931. - 84 397 1,579,465 118,704 1,048 12,425 2 $5,633.68 Totals, 1930 96 1,000 969,351 165,729 1,457 9,612 4 $7,534.01 Ten-year average, 1929-38 112 602 2,680,919 95,445 1,555 6,569 7 $6,863.24 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 33 PRE-EMPTION INSPECTION. Pre-emption records examined by districts are:— Vancouver Prince Rupert 180 Fort George Kamloops Nelson Total Average, Ten Yrs. 1938. 1929-38. 264 325 180 227 495 639 712 712 165 184 1,816 2,087 Areas examined for Miscellaneous Purposes of the " Land Act," 1938. Forest District. Applications for Hay and Grazing Leases. Applications for Pre-emption Records. Application to Purchase. Miscellaneous. Vancouver No. 1 11 50 1 Acres. 80 1,141 13,731 37 No. 11 10 12 32 2 Acres. 488 1,480 1,714 3,916 10 No. 24 4 6 28 17 Acres. 2,138 191 303 1,808 1,566 No. 62 20 8 53 13 Acres. 1,548 906 757 Kamloops 4,488 1,644 Totals- 63 14,989 67 7,608 79 6,006 146 9,343 Classification of Areas examined in 1938. Forest District. Total Area. Agricultural Land. Non-agricultural Land. Merchantable Timber Land. Estimated Timber on Merchantable Timber Land. Vancouver — — Acres. 4,174 2,657 3,915 23,943 3,257 Acres. 1,512 1,434 1,863 5,282 1,712 Acres. 2,662 1,223 2,052 18,661 1,545 Acres. 807 18 119 40 M.B.M. 3.003 113 1,316 Kamloops 210 37,946 11,803 26,143 984 4,642 N 34 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Areas cruised for Timber-sales. Forest District. Number cruised. Acreage. Saw- timber (M.B.M.). Poles and Piles (Lineal Ft.). Shingle-bolts and Railway-ties Cordwood (No.). (Cords). Car Stakes and Posts (No.). 473 228 196 416 173 71,343 40,578 31,674 132,860 48,948 262,704 34,128 44,673 63,378 77,797 644,333 750,450 721,291 2,789,496 824,196 66,395 1,976 21,186 26,132 10,640 6,400 237,525 217,751 261,936 80,628 15,700 Nelson 154,200 Totals, 1938- - 1,486 325,403 482,680 5,747,765 126,329 804,240 169,900 Totals, 1937 1,471 278,386 633,216 9,658,000 140,820 753,408 160,450 Totals, 1936 1,415 252,036 464,402 8,535,045 148,606 1,083,746 63,200 Totals, 1935 1,319 238,952 398,884 5,674,908 114,753 1,164,454 74,700 Totals, 1934 1,331 223,391 356,264 2,856,619 80,101 1,235,766 73,766 Totals, 1933 942 169,831 186,418 1,620,112 95,233 549,976 174,861 Totals, 1932 875 144,769 202,421 1,759,905 68,414 488,655 69,900 Totals, 1931 818 145,214 297,825 2,629,054 62,680 664,413 142,400 Totals, 1930- 943 197,066 626,261 10,345,822 26,431 731,640 620,100 Ten-year average, 1929-38 1 1.165 1 218.992 404,897 6,187,083 88,099 878,141 173,502 Timber-sales awarded by Districts, 1938. Forest District. No. of Sales. Acreage. Sawn Timber (F.B.M.) Poles and Piles (Lin. Ft.). No. of Posts. No. of Cords. i\t~ tt No. of No. of -ir Tip- Xmas iles- Trees. Estimated Revenue. 449 218 171 437 226 73,001 42,735 27,909 81,150 49,629 226,439,000 60,432,000 26,664,000 46,038,000 56,174,000 580,168 676,150 999,430 2,884,093 794,645 67,839 1,878 9,030 29,256 12,850 11,200 181,655 136,982 226,856 90,698 $663,330.54 140,450.26 29,100 150,506 112,300 81,244.32 Kamloops Nelson 66,793 30,272 181,091.12 137,769.13 Totals, 1938 1,501 274,424 415,747,000 5,934,486 291,906 120,853 647,391 97,065 $1,203,885.37 Totals, 1937 1,449 278,988 450,798,000 9,864,973 363,950 122,143 644,223 $1,271,475.20 Totals, 1936 1,443 252,624 358,804,000 8,332,542 235,600 122,979 823,181 $1,082,793.87 Totals, 1935 1,357 231,958 260,831,000 5,408,377 308,825 101,966 1,200,582 $762,427.04 Totals, 1934 1,324 219,969 250,629,000 2,721,540 316,910 67,902 894,970 $705,038.99 Totals, 1933 948 190,794 145,696,000 2,490,244 295,906 76,777 432,513 $450,559.16 Totals, 1932 836 134,868 181,470,000 1,746,616 1 ■ 161,600 j 54,154 423,676 $450,528.10 Ten-year average, 1929-38 1,154 211,041 317,306,000 5,809,086 1 292.021 75.100 767,285 $914,888.60 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 35 Average Sale Price for Species. Figures for 1938. Figures for 1937. Ten-year Average, 1929-38. Board-feet. Price per M. Board-feet. Price per M. Board-feet. Price per M. 154,698,000 58,274,000 57,770,000 69,193,000 19,988,000 6,608,000 20,709,000 22,041,000 6,466,000 $1.46 1.17 1.32 .72 .70 2.05 1.48 .86 .82 174,804,000 61,853,000 68,518,000 78,607,00(0 25,963,000 7,644,000 17,313,000 9,350,000 6,746,000 $1.31 1.16 1.16 .70 .70 1.95 1.59 .77 .85 973,014,000 352,885,000 661,314,000 494,659,000 149,924,000 71,164,000' 150,793,000 66,776,000 70,555,000 $1.28 1.23 1.36 Hemlock .75 .78 White pine— — —- 1.89 1.39 .96 Other species - — .86 Totals 415,747,000 $1.21 450,798,000 $1.13 2,991,085,000 $1.19 Timber cut from Timber-sales during 1938. District. Feet B.M. Lineal Feet. Cords. Ties. Posts. Xmas Trees. 175,394,920 41,499,145 37,147,712 41,925,821 39,013,856 1,176,828 1,256,793 577,555 4,159,540 1,039,895 35,143 1,576 5,515 8,544 6,562 7,733 153,120 158,216 241,555 88,022 844 33,390 12,814 56,001 72,197 58,354 Totals, 1938 - .-. 334,981,454 8,223,100 57,340 648,646 175,306 58,354 384,628,267 8,603,582 49,981 724,483 197,859 Totals, 1936 286,001,433 5,241,658 62,763 813,764 154,630 Totals, 1935 - 193,788,636 3,540,576 38,438 851,342 149,959 Totals, 1934 _ 199,895,549 1,694,470 36,209 60(3,266 84,312 Totals, 1933 122,275,912 1,337,497 35,841 212,824 164,586 Totals, 1932 165,666,929 1,583,955 30,647 258,284 79,885 240,744,750 5,584,827 36,856 757,103 193,287 N 36 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Saw and Shingle Mills of the Province. Operating. Shut Down. Sawmills. Shingle-mills. Sawmills. Shingle-mills. Forest District. d Estimated Daily Capacity, M.B.M. d ft ■g ■»sa cj H - £ Cl til l*s til CO _C BflS d 55 Estimated Daily Capacity, M.B.M. d JZ, oj y - *■ rt co eVS S t,« +JT--.K co rt j- Vancouver 191 43 50 112 85 8,656 530 690 1,058 1,225 73 4 4 7 7,992 79 33 80 43 17 15 37 14 612 154 148 187 305 15 3 1 183 112 20 Totals, 1938... . 481 12,159 88 8,184 126 1,406 19 315 Totals, 1937 434 11,042 80 9,124 131 1,685 16 402 Totals, 1936 410 11,401 86 8,859 122 1,699 10 316 Totals, 1935 384 9,822 93 8,492 96 1,962 16 1,231 Totals, 1934 349 9,152 82 7,311 129 2,999 13 1,228 Totals, 1933 295 8,715 78 7,325 134 3,632 22 1,652 Totals, 1932 293 7,641 45 6,813 139 4,621 13 1,470 Totals, 1931 334 10,167 46 7,470 158 4,109 19 1,871 Totals, 1930 301 11,020 43 7,164 141 3,204 17 1,695 363 10,302 69 7,862 127 2,751 16 1,190 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 37 Export of Logs (in F.B.M.). Species. Grade No. 1. Grade No. 2. Grade No. 3. Ungraded. Totals. Fir 3,50(6,679 797,166 82,525 67,275,10(1 23,260,499 7,974,523 127,367 36,885,040 22,635,419 13,936,507 1,193,687 107,666,820 Cedar ... 46,693,084 21,993,555 1,321,054 74,753,044 5,709,214 887,676 96,000 163,000 389,635 74,753,044 5,709,214 887,676 96,000 163,000 389,635 Totals, 1938 4,386,370 98,637,490 74,650,653 81,998,569 259,673,082 Totals, 1937-- 4,924,298 114,991,217 66,611,218 83,947,361 270,474,094 Totals, 1936 4,028,567 107,007,342 49,061,362 58,731,564 218,828,835 Totals, 1935 8,766,098 129,029,692 56,979,194 40,516,782 235,291,766 Totals, 1934 .... 10,489,155 89,831,736 43,416.151 28,998,709 172,735,751 Totals, 1933 16,941,207 119,089,573 59,215,094 13,694,960 208,940,834 Totals, 1932 18,572,020 87,223,114 44,380,166 15,589,383 165,764,683 Totals, 1931 - - 12,886,187 106,331,594 51,909,961 49,048,420 220,176,162 Totals, 1930 11,571,481 86,502,990 40,147,841 34,696,715 172,919,027 Ten-year average, 1929-38 - 10,558,053 107,265,733 54,637,435 43,720,058 216,181,279 N 38 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Shipments of Poles, Piling, Mine-props, Fence-posts, Railway-ties, etc. Forest District. Quantity exported. Approximate Value, F.O.B. Where marketed. United States. Canada. Vancouver— Poles - 3,836,009 25,406 54 75 6 31 1,121,366 102,326 25,976 312,679 208 130,456 23,330 17 6,237,760 954 12,040 305,162 345 1,023,805 29,670 6,324 168,533 5,043 $383,600 3,048 645 375 110 315 97,993 53,321 5,218 25,014 1,248 60,110 1,866 102 623,740 8,106 662 152,581 1,380 102,381 1,780 50,592 84,267 40,344 3,836,009 25,406 54 75 6 31 682,365 Piling Prince Rupert— 439,001 .. . No. 102,326 No. 25,976 Fort George— Poles lineal ft. 177,585 135,094 208 No. 130,456 23,330 17 Kamloops— 5,327,760 909,640 954 lineal ft. No. 12,040 305,162 345 Nelson— 966,460 57 345 Piles 29,670 848 5,476 No. 168,533 5,043 Total value, 1938 _. $1,698,798 Total value. 1937 $2,610,116 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 39 UMBER-MARKING. Timber-marks issued for the Years 1936 , 1937, AND 1938. 1936. 1937. 1938. Old Crown grants 267 85 102 285 73 298 86 129 282 69 258 103 124 272 59 Crown grants, 1887-1906 Crown grants, 1906-1914 Section 57, " Forest Act " . Stumnaee reservations Pre-emptions under sections 28 and 29,' Timber berths Land Act" 5 17 3 9 9 Indian reserves 13 18 1,443 1,451 11 4 5 1 6 1,501 3 6 Timber-sales __.. Hand-loggers _. Special marks Pulp leases 2 1 Pulp licences 2 1 1 Totals . 2,310 2,352 264 339 ch, 1938. 2,342 321 Transfers and chane-es of marks Draughting Office, Forest Bran Number of Tracings made. Blue-prints Month. Timber- Timber- Examination Miscel Reference sales. marks. Sketches. laneous. January 25 96 27 31 179 7 February 38 106 13 42 199 7 35 17 124 103 35 29 20 36 214 185 4 April - 21 May 23 118 32 26 199 2 June 30 85 30 25 170 4 20 74 25 49 168 7 August —- 17 63 12 20 112 7 September... 19 46 28 11 104 11 13 11 79 57 52 31 15 32 159 131 15 November 32 December - .— Totals.... 20 72 26 9 127 9 268 1,023 340 316. 1,947 126 N 40 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Crown-granted Timber Lands. Year. Area of Private Timber Lands (Acres). Average Value per Acre. 1921 845,111 10.33 1922 887,980 11.99 1923 883,344 11.62 1924 654,668 15.22 1925 .._ __ 654,016 40.61 1926 ■ 688,372 39.77 1927 . —. 690,438 39.01 1928 671,131 38.62 1929- . 644,011 38.41 1930 629,156 44.74 1931- 602,086 43.77 1932 .... 552,007 43.73 1933 567,731 41.18 1934 ...... 557,481 37.25 1935 535,918 37.13 1936 515,924 36.61 1937 743,109 23.32 1938_„ 754,348 23.05 The extent and value of timber land in the various assessment districts are shown by the following table:— Assessment District. Acreage, 1938. Increase or Decrease in Acreage over 1937. Average Value per Acre. Change in Value per Acre since 1937. 77,788 129,617 93,298 39,741 328 9,488 2,595 90,023 3,330 629 12,397 22,578 37,345 199,212 1,474 34,505 — 759 — 366 + 3,258 — 1 * — 1,225 * + 6,844 * + 629 * + 114 * JU * -f 2,745 45.39 28.64 38.03 5.05 14.99 5.71 7.91 36.67 6.10 6.03 18.63 17.35 13.91 2.16 48.07 39.47 — .75 — 1.70 — 2.42 — .44 * — 1.S2 Kettle River — .01 + .27 * + 5.03 + .08 — .03 * Prince Rupert - - — * Vancouver— ..... * +13.33 754,348 +11,239 23.05 * No change. FINANCE. From the standpoint of revenue collected, the year 1938 leaves little room for criticism. Even though the log-scale dropped 15 per cent, below that of 1937 it showed a comfortable margin of 10 per cent, above the average of recent years; and income shows favourable comparisons from all angles, totalling 2 per cent, more than in 1937 and 15 per cent, more than the average for the past ten years, in spite of lowered scale. In sources of cut and sources of income, which are closely related, there is no apparent tendency to major changes. Old Crown grants appear to be producing a little larger proportion of the cut than formerly and later Crown grants a little less. Leases and licences maintain a fairly constant proportion of about 40 per cent, and the production from timber-sales shows a modest tendency to increase. An anticipated reduction in income from rentals is indicated in a drop from about 34 per cent, of the total income to about 27 per cent.; stumpage maintains a very even 15 per cent.; and royalties show a slight upward trend in relation to the total. As licences and leases are no longer granted, this source of income (principally rentals in the accompanying tables) must of necessity fail in the course of time. The increase during 1938 is directly attributable to the forewarned repeal of section 44 of the " Forest Act." This section provided for the reinstatement of licences long in arrears, and some hundreds of licences were so reinstated during the few months before it was withdrawn, resulting in largely increased rental revenue. Million Feet B.M. and per Cent, of Totals. Log-scale Source. Annual Average, 1924-28. Annual Average, 1934-38. 1938. From Crown grants— Old Crown grants (prior to 1887, no royalty) Late Crown grants (after 1887, pay royalty) From Crown lands— Per Cent. 29 819 15 420 33 920 11 306 12 363 Per Cent. 33 905 8 212 45 1,265 13 348 1 51 Per Cei 36 7 40 15 2 t. 1,001 202 1,113 Timber-sales (pay stumpage, royalty, and rentals).. 414 49 Total log-scale— — 100 2,828 100 2,781 100 2,779 Revenue— 48 $1,712 16 556 34 1,207 Thousand Dollars.) 58 $1,649 15 413 24 678 55 16 27 $1,710 535 738 Total forest revenue. 100 $3,548 100 $2,831 100 $3,089 Collections as compared with charges continue in a satisfactory state. Some of the chief sources of income cannot be considered as charged; as for example, in the case of licence and lease rentals. If paid they constitute revenue. If they are not paid the licence or lease lapses, but there is no outstanding account against the holder. The chief revenue-producing item, royalty, on the other hand, constitutes a definite charge. Under this item collections for the year exceeded the total of accounts issued, and collections over a ten-year period ended 1938 totalled 99.1 per cent, of charges. Stumpage collections exceeded the year's charges and over a ten-year period have totalled 99.3 per cent, of the sums charged. In both these items, royalty and stumpage, the 0.9 per cent, and 0.7 per cent, not collected include a normal unpaid balance in outstanding current accounts. One new account, the Range Improvement Fund, has been added to the published statements this year, and the statement of one other account, the Scaling Fund, has been radically changed. The Range Improvement Fund is made up of a statutory contribution each year of one- third of the grazing-permit fees collected during the previous year. It is expended on the ranges building drift-fences, fencing mud-holes, improving watering-places, and on any work of common value to the permittees calculated to give commensurate returns in improved grazing conditions. In this first published statement the fund is carried back to its inception in 1920. The statements of the Scaling Fund previously published have struck a balance between amounts charged and expenditure. Collections on this account have been excellent, totalling 98.5 per cent, of amounts charged since the fund was established in 1920, and in the 1.5 per cent, remaining are included normal outstanding current accounts which will be collected in due course. Nevertheless, a system of balancing expenditures against charges involves an accumulating total of accounts not collectable which must give an increasingly erroneous picture of the standing of the fund. In the following pages the cash is carried forward from 1920, when the fund was established, and cash balances will be shown hereafter. Amounts charged will be found if required in the table of " Amounts Charged " (formerly " Revenue from Logging Operations"), published in this report each year. 4 N 42 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. 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N 43 FOREST REVENUE. Fiscal Year 1937-38. Timber-licence rentals $549,033.51 Timber-licence transfer fees 820.00 Timber-licence penalty fees 29,543.00 Hand-loggers' licence fees 825.00 Timber-lease rentals 62,636.41 Timber-lease penalty fees and interest 85.47 Timber-sale rentals 28,096.52 Timber-sale stumpage 559,225.51 Timber-sale cruising . 9,080.03 Timber-sale advertising 1,572.20 Timber royalty „ 1,880,591.91 Timber tax 64,245.91 Scaling fees (not Scaling Fund) 235.99 Scaling expenses (not Scaling Fund) 93.99 Trespass penalties 19,261.87 Scalers' examination fees 535.00 Exchange 177.01 Seizure expenses 537.60 General miscellaneous 2,406.71 Timber-berth rentals, bonus, and fees 24,034.30 Interest on timber-berth rentals 312.39 Transfer fees on timber berths 91.03 Grazing fees and interest 24,083.69 Taxation, Crown-grant timber lands Total revenue from forest resources 3,257,525.05 269,285.54 3,526,810.59 Ten-year Average. $644,661.00 1,579.00 30,551.00 1,292.00 68,165.00 807.00 23,080.00 422,786.00 7,315.00 1,112.00 1,373,688.00 97,092.00 638.00 97.00 6,977.00 201.00 258.00 991.00 3,234.00 21,684.00 202.00 67.00 14,390.00 $2,720,867.00 349,439.00 $3,070,306.00 FOREST EXPENDITURE, FISCAL YEAR 1937-38. Forest District. Salaries. Temporary Assistance. Expenses. Total. $58,581.18 23,354.22 21,171.18 41,310.70 30,577.81 69,245.11 $296.83 $50,099.86 12,393.94 5,287.54 17,506.58 10,893.93 12,666.68 $108,977.87 35,748.16 26,458.72 58,817.28 390.00 125.35 41,861.74 82,037.14 $244,240.20 $812.18 $108,848.53 $353,900.91 50,000.00 4 000 00 4,963.29 13,331.22 12,700.35 4,811.28 400,000.00 51 574.29 $895,281.34 * Contributions to special funds detailed elsewhere. N 44 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. CO CO OS p w tt K ■< w o M EH != O a LO -c( «* 09 T* to c ec K H O CT CT CO CC eO O Tf CO IO c CO Tf Ol rH CO (i CO ri U3 O rH OJ C£ ■J o" o CT OS « (j; K M f t- © CM C£ CO CT CD o OS t- l> IO rH CM cr CT IO rH CD 5 H t-T c- eo" io Tf oi" IO Cf o CO a> oi" eo" ■dl 00 H <M CD ** 04 O CS 00 CO CD (C HH N H CO t- ic o CO OJ ■^f o rH CM OJ o CM rH OJ 6ft eft eft «y= eft 6ft eft eft eft Rentals, Cruising, dvertising, d Transfer Fees. to cs to Tf ta o Ci OJ Tf H CO t> IO t- IO N H ii m g ci 'J eo CD OS CO IC CO CO CO 00 Tf o CO Tf" co o' ia ^ d to co IO o fr ">* CM -* Tf IO M IO Tp CO "* tH^ Tf \c o o t- Tf t> CO Ci CO t- "f oo" eo Tf eo o co" CM eo" CO t> eft CO* OJ o CO eft eft eft « r «ft 6ft eft eft «8 rH rH O t- rH o OJ ^ co H rH Tf Tf a) tt p. t- O rH 00 Ci eo OS T 00 CM CO Tf C) M CO d ■* CO CO e cd id CD fr O IO CM IO to o o cr CO o CM CO o 00 C- IO t- CM rH t- U CO CO CO o Tf S 00 O eo IO rH CO OI * r^T t- eo o CM 3 ■^ via o cd eo IO o CO rH CO CM +J CN rH IO ^ CO CM CM oj Tf cc eft eft eft « «ft eft «ft eft eft- CO rH Tf CO c CO CM rH co bo .6 m" Ci ta >* IO V OJ CO CS CM CO -jf rH CO IO to IO cd oi CD lO oo a tr CO c CM CO CS IO p *rt cj rH CO io CO t- T* IO OJ IO c- g £fe IO IO ■ o CT -«f OS Ol IO a o rH OJ el CM CS CO t- o S g tH rH i-H 6ft eft «ft iH eft (fl- eft s' eft 6ft cm eo CO ■rf CO t- Tf Tf i-l 3 boS OJ fc- CS CS DC ■^ lO CO Tf rH < CO rH OS rH c ■^ CD o CO t> u OS CM rH GO CC CO t- CD CS ra cj ft 00 Ci tH CO Tf CO u w. Tf lO CO CO CO IO o" t/] ri CM CM CM CN OJ CM H 6ft 6ft eft « eft eft eft- eft- 6ft bo . .2 $ ^£ CJ HH io t- i CO IO c- t- CS co co "«f g a cm : Cl eo c: 00 CO eo t- m h ! rH cd t- ed o id CO* Tf C- ! CM CM C eo CO o CM IO *■* CM C^ CM rH OJ Ol IO S » CO eft eft efl- «y= eft eft eft eft eft 5 a « 3 5J m H i CJ Tf © o o o Tf t- t- CO eo Tf CD O CM IO CS © t-H t- © oc c- CO CS CO IO o O a x g © w «5 i> ici rH OS c cd ed oi CD CO t-h eo cm eo IO t- oc IO © IO OJ 6ft w Cft eft- rH Cfl ft eft eft 6ft eft «ft CJ L, [fl " • CJ CC P. Ci © o eo o IO Tf cc O eo co lO rH io io eo O CO t- T OS t- cs t- a CO i> H H UJ CO t-^ cc eo" rH fr cd d oo h Tf n co CO CO ■*! IO Ci to ■*# CO CO cr CM CM eo t- eft eft 6ft «/ eft 6ft Cft eft- 6ft O CO t- CO N to rH C-- o CO CO co b- -w eo t- Ci Ci eo o> CO t- IO CO t- o CO cs1 ed Tf Tf ed oi cd ir o OJ cd CO CD "3 c CJ tO CO CC "f rH Tf CS <= ■^ 00 CO CO OS M IO "* N tO CO CM CN CT eo CO CS OS C- rH r-l tH CO Tt VO t- CM CO CD irt eft eft eft W «ft Cft eft eft eft- tH t> o t- t- IO CO CC t- IO Tf Tf co cs to to eo cv] "* t- o IO CO *f o 00 t> t> CO o CO cd Tj Tf CS c-^ o id M O IO CD ■* H OS t- OJ OJ IO IO OS eo eo eo eo rH eo -<f c t- Tf CO eo CT H t-O CS CM o Tf cc 00 00 OS* CM »-H CM t- CO D* CO Tf CO CO » 6ft c& « eft eft eft eft- 6ft H IO H f OS eo rH CN Tf IO OS co t- o io o eo co to CO c 00 rH T* lO tA t~ os cd oi io t^ © Tj t^ CS id cd TjJ 00 iO O tr- eo CO Tjl iC Cs CO o CO CO t- io io cm eo Tf r> T IO IO CO CM CM o W CD OS IO rH IO CO to* o CD CM o C-" CO rH OS IO CO Oi Tf o t- CO CS Tf o CS Ol IO CS cc IO 00 CT eo ,_" T— rH eft 6ft rH 6ft eft 6ft M Sft eft €ft OC CO cs CM CT '"I a* ti cj E oc c- cc IO Tt DC CM > er eo cr co c>- CC CO nj r* Ci 4 CT cs a CS CT CT CT . rH rH r- - « * -1 s fr a ? h IT tfi CO B til tii til tii s i« 8 » fl +1 * CCi cfl cfl cfl ' +j +j +j +j c; 1 go* g g £ £ o o o o a H H H H H CSS g ^ d Ji O Ji V > Cl jfc k IZ FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 45 SCALING FUND. Fiscal Year. Scaling Fee per M. Collections. Expenditure. Balance. 1920-21 1921-22... 5c. (1-4-20) 10c. (1-6-20) $94,104.64 122,320.02 123,011.53 125,315.72 125,182.71 139,586.67 130,797.95 135,477.44 139,980.62 134,480.55 118,993.68 100,537.57 80,177.96 104,180.89 111,824.68 151,351.08 159,791.42 $102,351.10 89,837.94 122,963.11 141,386.29 153,550.57 146,958.97 140,289.37 139,242.26 147,601.87 142,359.06 128,359.26 110.417.94 78,691.02 92,428.15 101,008.69 120,307.65 131,363.54 Dr. $8,246.46 Cr. 24,235.62 1922-23- 6c. (1-4-22) Cr. 24,284.04 1923-24... Cr. 8,213.47 1924-25... Dr. 20,154.39 1925-26- Dr. 27,526.69 1926-27- Dr. 37,018.11 1927-28... Dr. 40,782.93 1928-29. Dr. 48,404.18 1929-30 Dr. 56,282.69 1930-31 Dr. 65,648.27 1931-32 - Dr. 75,528.64 1932-33 Dr. 74,041.70 1933-34 Dr. 62,288.96 1934-35 _ Dr. 51,472.97 1935-36 - 1936-37 _ 5c. (1-1-37) Dr. 20,429.54 Cr. 7,998.34 Balance. April 1st. 1937 $7,9 38.34 36.12 Collections, fiscal year 1937-38 (fe 3, 5c. M.) 149,6 Expenditures, fiscal year 1937—38 $157,6 152,1 34.46 36.87 Balance, March 31st, 1938 (credit) , $5,5 77.59 Balance. Anril 1st. 1938 $5,5 77.59 14.45 Collections, 9 months, April-December, 1938 (fee, 5c. M.) Exnenditures .___ 117,5- $123,1 117,8 22.04 71.36 Balance, December 31st, 1938 (crec it) $5,2 )0.68 FOREST RESERVE ACCOUNT. Balance brought forward, April 1st, 1937 $14,101.49 Amount received from Treasury, April 1st, 1937 67,669.16 $81,770.65 Expenditures, fiscal year 1937-38 ,. 51,574.29 Balance (credit), March 31st, 1938 $30,196.36 Amount received from Treasury, April 1st, 1938, (under subsection (2), section 32) 74,907.62 $105,103.98 Moneys received under subsection (4), section 32.. Expenditures, 9 months to December 31st, 1938. 55,051.53 Balance (credit), December 31st, 1938. $50,052.45 N 46 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. GRAZING RANGE IMPROVEMENT FUND. Fiscal Year. Government Contribution (% of Collections) . Other Receipts. Total Receipts. Expenditure. Balance. 1920-21 - $3,398.00 $3,398.00 $3,398.00 1921-22 ,'' - 5,314.89 5,314.89 $5,564.72 3,148.17 1922-23 — 3,602.38 3,602.38 1,582.04 5,168.51 1923-24 2,949.00 $61.51 3,010.51 7,231.35 946.67 1924-25. _ 4,910.94 } 5,000.00 \ ' 4,407.80 22,79 9,933.73 9,292.64 1,588.86 1925-26 459.35 4,867.15 5,872.31 583.70 1926-27 4,679.82 } 5,000.00 \ 4,923.72 9,679.82 6,149.89 4,113.63 1927-28 4,923.72 7,892.19 6,041.91 1,145.16 1928-29 4,904.08 4,904.08 7.33 1929-30' 4,187.18 ] 2,500.00 \ 4,578.64 ] 2,500.00 f 6,687.18 3,907.74 67.20 1930-31. 9.00 7,087.64 6,047.64 3,826.77 1931-32. 221.50 4,221.60 4,500.44 3,547.83 4,000.00 and balance 1932-33 5,211.64 36.35 5,250.99 2,445.62 6,353.20 1933-34 5,004.43 8.50 6,012.93 2,145.34 9,220.79 1934-35 3,324.17 6.50 3,330.67 1,202.78 11,348.68 1935-36 3,818.10 23.75 3,841.85 1,651.58 13,638.95 1936-37. 4,356.36 110.00 4,466.36 4,669.73 13,335.68 1937-38 4,811.28 255.00 5,066.28 8,069.07 10,332.79 $93,382.43 $1,217.25 $94,599.68 $84,266.89 $10,332.79 April 1st, 1938— Balance (credit) Collections, April 1st to December 31st, 1938. Expenditure, April 1st to December 31st, 1938.. Balance (credit), December 31st, 1938 $10,332.79 7,518.07 $17,850.86 3,150.35 $14,700.51 STANDING OF FOREST PROTECTION FUND, DECEMBER 31st, 1938. Balance (deficit), April 1st, 1937 $181,936.97 Expenditure 464,899.18 Collections, tax $145,331.44 Collections, miscellaneous 38,911.93 Government contribution 400,000.00 $646,836.15 Balance (deficit), March 31st, 1938.. $584,243.37 $62,592.78 Balance (deficit), April 1st, 1938 $62,592.78 Expenditure, 9 months, April-December, 1938 753,225.79 Collections, tax Collections, miscellaneous Government contributions $150,635.90 6,813.08 330,000.00 $815,818.57 487,448.98 Balance (deficit), December 31st, 1938. $328,369.59 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 47 Estimated and Known Costs of Forest Protection to other Agencies, 1938. Expenditures. Forest District. Tools and Equipment. Improvements. Patrol. Fire- fighting. Total. $61,908.00 50.00 $600.00 $63,478.00 $377,019.00 1,291.00 1,538.00' 10k772.00 10,802.00 $503,005.00 1,341.00 1,538.00 906.00 12,325.00 11,678.00 2,199.00 25,326.00 Totals- Totals, 1937 $75,189.00 79,531.00 $600.00 4,245.00 $65,677.00 64,796.00 $401,422.00 24,474.00 $542,888.00 173,046.00 Expenditure for Twelve Months ended March 31st, 1938. Districts. Patrols and Fire Prevention. Tools and Equipment. Fires. Improvements. Total. $104,786.04 21,521.03 22,630.18 57,110.79 64,121.40 54,256.68* $19,216.26 3,623.91 12,815.64 21,608.83 26,927.22 16,667.76 $5,695.95 2,501.25 2,097.13 2,906.23 16,155.31 $5,959.08 607.26 583.62 2,350.03 1,767.58 $135,657.33 28,253.45 38,126.57 Kamloops— Nelson Victoria 83,975.88 107,961.51 70,924.44 Totals - $324,426.12 $100,859.62 $28,355.87 $11,257.57 $464,899.18 * This includes purchase and maintenance of trucks, tractors, etc., for use by Forest Development Projects, and a total of $30,474.91 for rent of same was refunded to Forest Protection Fund. FOREST PROTECTION. Mention has been made in former reports of the cyclical behaviour of fire weather wherein the fluctuations from good to bad fire-years and back again were noted. The change is usually not so sudden as between 1937—one of the most favourable seasons on record— and 1938, one of the worst. The prediction of 1937: that before long we must expect change from a series of good years, was borne out emphatically in 1938. The number of fires jumped from 1,193 in 1937 to 2,412 in 1938; damage rose from $155,000 to $2,231,000; and costs of fighting fires went from $28,000 to $500,000. The reasons for this were plain in the weather records. In the Vancouver District, the hardest hit of all, practically no rain fell from early May until September 6th, during which time high drying winds and low fuel moisture prevailed for considerable periods. In this district the fire season developed from May 18th. A stretch of hot dry weather was responsible for forty-eight fires in the ensuing week. This hazardous condition was only broken by short periods of favourable weather and culminated in an extremely serious situation, beginning July 13th with no let-up until August 8th. In this twenty-seven-day period 178 fires occurred, many of major proportions; examples being Sechelt, 5,500 acres; Lund, 4,500 acres; Pender Harbour, 3,700 acres; Mission, 2,900 acres; and Powell River, 2,600 acres. During this period many fires which had originated earlier escaped control, the most serious being the fire at Campbell River, which started July 7th and ultimately covered nearly 75,000 acres and on which over $250,000 was expended by the various agencies. Hazardous weather again occurred during the last ten days of August, when two major fires occurred; one at Cowichan Lake of 3,600 acres and another at Lund of 3,400 acres. This period was followed by favourable weather until September 14th, when a three-day hazard was responsible for twelve fires, including a 3,500-acre fire at Port Alberni, following which the fire season ended. Elsewhere in the Province similar conditions occurred; while notably in the Nelson District over one hundred lightning fires were set on September 1st. In the northern part of the Province early spring hazard was not alleviated to any great extent during mid-summer and N 48 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. large, uncontrolled fires burned until late in the fall in the Peace and Findlay River regions —fires that did damage unknown because of their remote location and lack of staff to report. The protection staff of 263 in 1938, including the permanent force of Rangers, is not yet up to the standard of 1931 of 322 men, even then considered inadequate. Those areas more difficult of access at present—but the future source of much of our forest wealth—must be given adequate protection if this Province is to continue to make full use of the productive capacity of all its forest land. The only answer to lack of sufficient staff is to endeavour to increase the efficiency of the existing force. This has been done through better equipment, improved methods, and closer contact between supervisory and field officers. Co-operation has been maintained with other forest services, notably that of the United States, with the object of sharing ideas on all lines of forest-protection. Prevention of forest fires, the first line of defence, has two main lines of approach: First, the prevention of fires escaping from legitimate industrial and private use; and, second, the prevention of accidental fires from unnecessary, careless, or illegal use. The industrial use of fire in engines, waste destroyers, and in clearing land is controlled, through the " Forest Act," by power to refuse permits to operate unless all requirements are met. An increase in inspection efficiency was made in 1938 and regulations more carefully enforced. As a result fires from these sources were very considerably less than in the last bad fire year. The only avenue of approach to the prevention of careless fires is through public and private contact. Our educational work continued in 1938 and several new avenues were tried, notably sound moving-picture trailers in theatres and short broadcast announcements over practically all radio circuits. Several new motion pictures were made and have been shown extensively throughout the Province; newspaper and magazine space was used through advertisements and articles. Many firms carried a forest-protection message on letters and accounts; merchandise labels likewise bore a slogan; several large department stores were assisted in decorating a window with suitable material; upwards of 100,000 staffers were distributed through photo-finishing studios; and, finally, 19,000 people—children and adults —at over 190 meetings were reached through talks, some accompanied by motion pictures. In spite of all preventive efforts fires continue to occur, and when hazard conditions become acute it is necessary to take drastic steps to prevent them. Under the authority of the " Forest Act " certain areas of particularly high hazard are closed each fire season to travel without permit. This enables the forest officers to control such travel when the situation eases and to stop it entirely when the hazard is acute. In 1938 the following closures were effective:— Area. Dates. Alouette April 25th Great Central June 16th Campbell River June 25th Gordon Pasha Lakes July 21st Nanaimo Area July 22nd Theodosia River July 22nd Jordan River July 22nd - Lifted Sept. 8th. Alexander Creek June 10th Moyie River June 10th Sheep Creek i July 6th Copper Mountain August 3rd Lifted Sept. 12th. The results of these closures have been generally effective and it is felt many fires have thereby been prevented in most hazardous times and places. The restrictions were generally accepted by the public as necessary and with little complaint. A primary objective in protection is to secure, with the least delay, reports of fires starting. In British Columbia there have been established fifty lookout points on which men are constantly on the watch for fires during hazardous weather. These points have been chosen to cover areas of high hazard not seen by any other agency capable of reporting fires. The number is still very inadequate, but every effort to increase their efficiency is being made. Notably, a new method of locating fires by panoramic photographs has been developed and FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 49 twenty-five lookouts were equipped for their use in 1938. This project should be brought to completion in 1939. • Prior to the development of reliable radio sets it was necessary to connect lookout stations and headquarters by telephone-line. Even the cheapest form of construction cost about $150 per mile, with few stations requiring less than 5 miles of line. Reliable two-way radio has now been developed which can be bought for less than the cost of 2 miles of line. By its use the cost of establishing lookouts has been reduced materially and temporary lookout points may now be manned at a reasonable cost. The sets are portable and have also been used to great advantage by patrolmen and especially on large fires. Established at the fire camp or right on the line they enable the officers on the job to keep in touch with headquarters for the movement of men and supplies as dictated by the situation, without the delay formerly caused through having to send out foot-messengers. Forty such sets were bought in 1938. The Youth Forestry Training Plan was continued in co-operation with the Department of Labour and the Dominion Government. This plan, reported on more fully elsewhere, has become a highly important and valuable aid in the protection of British Columbia's forest wealth, and through the training given the young men by forest officers is continuing to develop individuals who qualify as forest officers and a large body of citizens aware of and trained to the needs of forest protection. The continuation of this scheme is highly important to the protection of British Columbia's multiple-use forests. The large-scale logging operations in the Lower Coast region creates each year upwards of 40,000 acres of cut-over land. One immediate result of these operations is the creation of slash (brush and debris) which becomes highly inflammable in the fire season and a very definite hazard. On January 1st, 1938, section 113a of the "Forest Act" came into force, designed to make obligatory the disposal of slash considered a hazard by the Forest Service, and setting penalties for non-disposal. This had been found necessary because of the failure of existing legislation to accomplish the desired purpose. During the year two special experienced officers were attached to the Vancouver Forest District to assist and advise operators in the disposal of their slash. They handled some of the large and difficult cases and advised with the regular field staff who continued to deal with the others. The result of this increased emphasis on hazard-reduction was a total area burned under control of approximately 50,000 acres, which included a large acreage of slash more than a year old. Compared with 27,000 acres burned in 1927 and a ten-year average to 1927 of 8,000 acres, the results are most encouraging. With the continued co-operation of the logging industry slash-hazards should never again get beyond a current basis. Research was continued into the behaviour of fires under varying conditions, the effect of weather on fire occurrence and action, the forecasting of fire weather, the proper location of lookouts and testing the efficiency of lookout-men. Progress has been made along these lines and will be continued in 1939. Savings made during the favourable years before 1938 made possible a reduction in the Forest Protection Fund deficit from $345,813.82 on April 1st, 1933, to $62,592.78 on April 1st, 1938. At the same time the organization was built up towards what it was in 1931 and considerable sums were expended on badly-needed equipment and improvements. The year 1938, however, was so severe that the Forest Protection Fund provided was not nearly adequate to the drain for fire-fighting. Despite rigid economy and neglect of inaccessible fires, the net result of the fire season was an increase in the Fund deficit to $328,369.59, as at December 31st, 1938. This will be reduced by the end of the fiscal year, March 31st, 1939, by further Government contributions of $70,000. The total cost of fire-fighting of approximately $500,000 was responsible for this condition. Over the past twenty years it is found that 51 per cent, of the costs, 51 per cent, of the area burned, and 47 per cent, of the total damage occurred in the five worst years. Although the other years showed some costs and damage they were kept well within an allowable maximum. It is quite apparent, therefore, that a forest-protection organization, to be effective, must be developed to cope with the bad years. This means closer control of fire-hazards through existing legislation, broader educational and public relations work, greatly increased numbers and efficiency of lookouts and other field staff, and adequate research and supervisory force. Forest protection is the most complicated and exacting of all forest activities. It calls for the keenest, most alert, and best-trained personnel, without whom this great asset of the N 50 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Province may be ruined. The burden, at present, is too heavy for the staff to handle with full efficiency and secure the time so necessary for planning, training, and development. The size of the problem is indicated in the detailed statistics of the fire season given in the following tables:— Fire Occurrences by Months, 1938. Forest District. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Total. Vancouver. — 5 7* 10 35t 7 74 36 92 99 28 154 24 58 165 66 195 30 55 185 122 126 26 60 145 175 108 27 59 73 161 2 1 1 1 664 151 334 703 560 Totals 64 329 467 587 532 428 5 2,412 Ten-year average, 1929-38 79 221 233 462 516 197 16 1,717 * One in February. t One in March. Number and Causes of Fires in Province. 1938. Forest District. to 6 to Rl oi tc , c >, •9 rt ££ • 3 53C cj x. .2 > ° r- a e 1 i? 2 e ■O & EJJ eS e ?! S CJJ 'u m CJ to w e e o rt So rtg to CJ 3 el o e i a ■rt — O BQ . cj -£.£ cj gfeg a it sts 3«J irt +j '— CC CJ O ■a £ 3 S o J3 a S ™ oj ■8 s tC T3 CJ 6 CJ CJ o 5 c e e n og| u c OJ O 3 C >5o a sM UO J. rl u «o to CQw-g K §3 S- 0 H PhEhCl. Vancouver - 86 131 25 215 37 59 65 39 7 664 27.53 18 45 7 37 18 1 9 16 151 6.26 94 79 6 25 75 2 7 14 6 26 334 13.84 227 126 9 129 33 1 6 18 139 15 703 29.15 278 61 25 118 17 1 3 15 38 4 660 23.22 Totals _ 703 442 72 524 180 4 77 121 238 51 2,412 100.00 29.15 18.33 2.99 21.73 7.46 0.16 3.15 5.01 9.86 2.16 100.00 Ten-year average, 1929-38.. 460 313 133 330 137 16 45 130 121 27 1,717 Damage to Property other than Forests, 1938. Forest District. Forest Products in Process of Manufacture. Buildings. Railway and Logging Equipment. Miscellaneous. Total. Per Cent. of Total. Vancouver.— $409,358.00 81.00 396.00 3,966.00 972.00 $85,476.00 470.00 $145,854.00 $19,111.00 250.00 406.00 4,606.00 1,310.00 $659,799.00 801.00 802.00 11,388.00 2,376.00 97.75 OS .12 Kamloops Nelson 2,795.00 70.00 21.00 24.00 1.69 .36 Totals $414,773.00 | $88,811.00 $145,899.00 $25,683.00 $675,166.00 | 100.00 Ten-year average, 1929-38 . $101,707.00 | $45,313.00 $66,851.00 $14,270.00 $288,042.00 | 1 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 51 00 OT 03 3 o O Q Z H z HH CJ I-H 05 o fa o a o Oh |h CO a l-H fa I-H tn g fe a ta O IO tO O (M rH •sjBuoa W CC IO t- to M H IO H f o ~ a* -tf rH rH rH <M rH ■aouiAOJtj Ul S3JIJ tO r-1 ta *Q -tf © 3ut^q3u ui :,uads a co co to to tejox jo -}uao J3j \a rH rH o * # IO Ci rH rH -rp ia -* CM ^5h •sju[[oa CM CO Ci Ol 00 CO H CO O CJ rH Ci CO CO 02 OJ H ri CO CO rH CM " CM •ooo'on IO j j | 1 U3 o CO ■I3AO 0.SOQ © ■ooo'ors IO ! 1 -<tf CO CM 01 © to IO w <n ooo's* is<>o t- '000'9$ "<tf CO CO O C- OJ E o% 000'T$ isoo lO 00 CM CM 'OOO'IS °» 001$ *s°0 CO Ci rH CO CD O CM CO to to CM 00 © t- o r-H '001$ CO t- C- CM CO H 00 OJ "■* rH 00 © "* CO UBtTJ. SS9[ 0.SOQ CM i-H CM CO o CO H «* s H W 0 o CO OJ CM CO CO CM tb:lox jo -^uao jo<i t- cm to -^ to CO us ■T,oii}sig ui ssji^ tO 00 rH tr- tO t> tD CM O CO 1 I Fiox jo -lUBO J9J -tf t- IO i-H O to ■<# ■■* IO t- I i O CM rH OJ "■# GJ to ■joquinjs[ CO t- IO lO OJ -tf r-t CO CO o CO IO 00 O 00 O) to CO H w •aouiAoaj ui saai^ fc- ? . [B^ox jo -^UBO jaj ■"# CM CO t- CD tO IB-jox jo ^U3Q -ra<i IO CM "* CO CJ CO IO IO ■«# CM ! 1—1 tH Ci CO ^V to o CM r-l CO rH O CO 00 to -tf CO •xbx "JM SuiABd o.ou rH OJ r-t tO rH t- OJ O CO to IO SpUBrj UO p3T.BUlSl.lO O -tf ■xbx -.IM SuiA-Bd CO CM CO t- OJ yf fc" CM SpUBT PUB pUB^ UAVOJO rH (M "* ■* -tf o 3.UBOBA UO pa^BUlSiaO CM o rH -tf i-t ** CO O (J. © •S3jij( jb^ox tO rH CO t- IO •*< o tr- CM o " 00 CO OS CM Ci rH 1 00 a > S3 frl £ t 0} 1 1 CJ a, ■B fr, fl Ci rl frl til H Ph H > ci o c o JUo RoStB E0 > P- f- M % X ft 5 0 rH CO -tf rl fl ft ■*-- 0) rt ti T3 -2 cl ft 0 0 0 jt-l *« J3 fl Sn til rt o o a # P N 52 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Number and Causes of Forest Fires for the Last Ten Years. Causes. 1938. 1937. 1936. 1935. 1934. 1933. 1932. 1931. 1930. 1929. Total. Lightning Campers 703 442 72 524 180 4 77 121 238 51 263 269 74 242 107 14 55 20 124 25 524 256 81 321 78 6 29 74 152 26 173 217 65 289 127 11 45 72 97 15 320 312 103 415 117 10 41 65 188 19 285 234 77 197 77 7 32 65 90 18 336 230 156 197 108 18 17 127 64 13 457 470 295 435 243 44 57 355 96 48 892 344 149 294 171 29 39 262 68 23 638 358 267 9 387 167 22 65 139 100 36 4,609 3,132 1,339 Railways under construction .... 9 3,301 Brush-burning (not railway- 1,375 Road and power- and telephone 165 457 Incendiarism Miscellaneous (known causes). Unknown causes..... — 1,300 1,217 274 Totals 2,412 1,193 1,547 1,111 1,590 1,082 1,266 2,518 2,271 2,188 17,178 Fires classified by Size and Damage, 1938. Total Fires. Under Vi Acre. Vi to 10 Acres. Over 10 Acres in Extent. Damage. HH HI r-t r») ^ —I oi 03 . ia H-S HT E-iQ H| HO h| HO © o t. ,;G C-r 4i0 °2 ■hS° °2 o tfr o o e c ut Si £ e c c e e C fl e c e c e c r. 1 O vi J- ^ O OJ . CJ St £ O ai a O ta . CJ J3 s -t O OJ CJ O OJ , CJ Jh OJ rS e CJ o CJ.h" U CJ > £ rt-ftt Z 0HrTH B-fa is hhUh dtft. rZ 0-fa ftrfa fn eS O 664 151 334 703 560 27.53 6.26 13.85 29.14 23.22 256 70 123 263 343 38.56 46.36 36.83 37.41 61.25 24.27 6.63 11.66 24.93 32.51 266 43 115 209 152 40.06 28.48 34.43 29.73 27.14 33.88 5.48 14.65 26.63 19.36 142 38 96 231 65 21.38 25.16 28.74 32.86 11.61 24.83 6.64 16.79 40.38 11.36 576 130 286 592 511 47 15 27 73 31 41 6 22 38 18 Totals 2,412|100.00 1,0551 100.00 785 1100.00 572 100.00 2,094 193| 125 100.00[ 43.741 32.551 ...| 23.71| | 86.81 8.001 5.19 Ten-year average, 1929-38. 1,717 734 588| 395 1,537 357 64 Causes, Cost, and Damage, 1938. Causes. No. Per Cent. Cost. Per Cent. Damage. Per Cent. Lightning 703 442 72 524 180 4 77 121 238 51 29.15 18.33 2.99 21.73 7.46 0.16 3.15 5.01 9.86 2.16 $91,906.77 68,999.67 6,240.28 58,225.95 5,504.05 18.76 14.07 1.27 11.90 1.13 $262,447.06 268,743.94 42,566.44 124,945.77 30,880.92 20.00 1,122,241.21 199,856.32 32,918.91 146,394.43 11.76 12.04 1.91 5.60 1.39 170,492.46 59,173.91 17,921.15 11,449.20 34.83 12.07 3.64 2.33 50.30 8.96 1.48 6.56 Unknown causes.. 2,412 100.00 $489,913.44 100.00 [$2,231,015.00 1 100.00 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 53 ■UAi.Ejpil^IAV S9SBQ ! ! ! i i 1 •Sutpuatf sasBQ ! ! ! ! i ■passiuisip sas-BQ CO 1 CM | | IO •aoua-iua.g «* CM ta CM CM IO pauadsng © ■JOBQ Ul j rH io © -tf aoua^uss paAjag ^ -*j © © © © © © © fl O © © © © © © fl © io' © IO © © ■*? $ IO CM IO C- IO IO IO E ■^ © eo E <*3 eo- (1$ «• fe 6 t- rH CM CO CM lO CM i? *H CM 1-1 •;uuuac[ © "^ oj to to IO ^noifliA*. Suiujng rH CO <«"^aV isajo.j ., 00 eo OS JO SSI uoiioag 1-1 ! | | ] H JO UOpUSABJ^UOQ (<-ioy lsajOjj „ Xfl jo 611 «onoa.g iiii 2 to jo uopu^ABa^uog (1'^oy ^sajo^; M ■St jogn uoi^oag « : co I ! : i i « H JO UOl^uaAEJ^UO^ 1 ,,-q.oy -T.sa.iOji M jo 9xx uopoag 1 i '• "* 1 -tf E JO UOI^UaABJ^UO^ 03 O <('-PV ^saaoji jo ^01 uoiioag "(III -tf fe Xfl % o JO UOt^UaABJ^UOQ (/^V ^sajOjj M jo oot ttopoag j ! CM rH CM iO rH JO UOl^UaABJ^UOQ D o ,,'hPV ^sajojj g jo 66 uoiioag iiii ■^ O JO UOJ^UaABJ'JUOQ Ph ■ptBI -*-<? -tf rH CO rH IO UOI^BUUIOJUJ CM rH rH to -T> tt "C « CO 0 s OJ CM -r> CJ co CJ OJ bo a E t j3 > ri 5 9 <U fl c frl rn bt) CJ fl C ti o CJ H > cd o a fl .9 o „ O Ci rn o fl U tj W rH O S J t 1 - rt C o ea « > Ph fe M fc N 54 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Damage caused by Forest Fires, 1938, Part I. Merchantable Timber. Immature Timber. Not satisfactorily STOCKED. Non-commercial Cover. Forest District. a CJ tH ■»£ OJrfl CJ .2 cj OS QJ CJ !> CO cj CJ) s 0 S rl n ™ cj o Zrl . a CJ H «qtd fcS 4J> d • CJ CJ Jh CC CJ td 5 o jj •a S a ■s -d CJ m • ! ° 3 jJrfl ■a CJ a rt e m CJ cj! CC s CC a •a CJ c Jh 3 St a CJ Fh < 6 a i 0 Vancouver Prince Rupert Fort George Kamloop s Acres. 24,689 4,308 6,930 45,903 10,555 M. Ft. B.M. 531,183 39,925 110,555 325,417 40,461 M. Ft. B.M. 395,722 173 953 2,947 732 $ 427,774 6,308 42,686 312,617 30,004 Acres. 35,169 4,403 21,235 37,853 15,270 $ 289,494 10,147 81,919 93,177 47,328 Acres. 35,071 170 327 4,714 758 Acres. 50,479 61 9,335 14,651 1.988 Acres. 3,276 11,713 18,151 65,475 15,414 $ 44,413 5,972 13,647 34,751 9,022 Acres. 35,022 8,888 24,470 74,926 19,386 $ 16,139 4,444 12,228 27,748 9,469 Totals 92,385 1,047,541 400,527 819,389 113,930 522,065 41,040| 76,514 114,029 107,805 162,692 70,023 Per cent— 12.97 100.00| 38.23 52.66 16.05 33.56 5.75| 10.75 16.02 6.93 22.84 4.50 79,285 1 415.1781 84.485 400,140 108,515 347,811 DAMAGE CAUSED BY FOREST FlRES, 1938, PART II. Grazing or Pasture Land. Non-productive Sites. Grand Totals. Forest District. t3 a fl Ih fl a a U < CJ tj) I s CC Q ■a CJ s u a cc CJ Jh < cj B CC s cC a Area. Quantity. Damage. Vancouver Prince Rupert Acres. 2,223 768 2,117 35,654 116 $ 112 38 106 1,759 6 Acres. 15,860 5,965 8,290 19,637 20,598 $ 7,921 2,983 4,140 9,804 9,698 Acres. 201,789 36,276 90,855 298,813 84,085 Per Cent. 28.34 5.10 12.77 41.98 11.81 M. Ft. B.M. 531,183 39,925 110,555 325,417 40,461 Per Cent. 50.70 3.82 10.56 31.06 3.86 $ 785,853 29,892 154,726 479,851 106,527 Per Cent. 60.51 1.92 9.94 Kamloops Nelson . _ 30.85 6.78 Tntnln 40,878 2,021 70,350 34,546 711,818 100.00 1,047,541 100.00 1,655,849 100.00 5.74 0.13 9.88 2.22 100.00 | 100.00 Ten-year average, 1929-38 24,892 1,306 512,040 415,178 830,944 FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 55 K <t B fc B Ei fH W a og B OS hJ to B PS 5 l* a a a CO p y B 3 < Q fe o fc o s o O 00 <N t- CT: 04 ^ ct; OQ rn b lO t- "■* t- CO © rf © OJ* OJ rH *~i e> © CM © CO CJ rH *■* CO CO CM iO IO 1-1 » eft 00 © CJ 00 OS t- CM © t- © -tf CM OJ CM rH CJ CM eft «fr €ft 00 © CO OJ CN fc- fr t- rH CO O CJ © IO CO fc" © OJ CM © CO "* © CO " eft- eft eft 00 rH IO © rH C- t- © 00 O 00 CM -* -tf fc- 04 OJ CM <* CO rH ** 6ft CO rH eft © t- t- C- TjJH © -tf © CJ IO © CO OJ w CM CM C0 Ci IO M< t- -tf Ci 10 eft eft LO 6ft © "■# CO CM 00 OO cm © \a OJ 09 © ■<* CO fc- rH CO © IO © CM © -tf to CO rH CO rH eft eft rjl CO fc- fc- "* eo lO o t- 00 CO © OC t- co o CJ © 00 rH CO rH eft eft Ol eft eo CJ cj -^ eo rH fc- rH •^H to IH CC CO CO r-l io CO CJ •d« 00 rH CJ rH © CN 00 CM 6ft eft CO -tf CO OJ CM © rH C- 0C © cc to IO CC CM © © t- rH ^ CJ rH «ft ""! eft eft eo 1Q -# © ** © CN io eo cc eo © a IO rH IO CO rH fift rH eft LO eft H t- OJ © IO -tt CM "^ t£ 00 ■* CO to t- © IO tc © IO t- ■*# IO t£ CM r-t eft 04 flft bo s i § fr TJ r fn 0 s E | o PQ +j G D a -tJ CQ J 13 tH 0) r* 3 E c 03 £ Jh "~ CJ x U* a o H- 3 i e 3 5 e s 3 s 33 PC St =3 o c CO +J +■ a cat 0 & 3 ca k fl cfl c E- < < P c CO CO Ci 2 & B fn a fc rH fc a P PQ 0 10 H "* CO 0 CM '^itmaj :|.no d " rt CO © CO -q^i-w. ^as saji^ 2 © 0 IO CO i •[oj^uoo O rt hh CO rH CQ © t- padBOsa saji^ fc © H 0C 0 "* 3 U3A0 33 co 10 -tf © t- h tf ■* Mi c IO 00 0 CO CM pau_mq Bajy 3 fc- co ta co" cm" Cl 0 "* o ■% CO CM 0 CO CJ CO © CM fc- ■* . t- ■>* lO lO rf 00 c~ CM •panssi s^iuuaj 0 co oj fc- eo 10 «# O CJ CO C Ol « rH . . 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L^as sajj^ 7n c M 13 © ■rf eo •J 'lo^uoo £ rH N rH fc- CO IO padBosa sajij fe c cj" CO Cs t- C £ 04 CO rH © IO CM © g paumq Bojty W © CM IO* CO CM <J rH CO CM •4 rH 04 3 3 L- ee CO fc- 0* ■panssi s^iuijaj; 0 © CO ©^ C4 IO ^ CM rH rH rH* oc ■^ OT„ c OJ Ci B 11 tj « 0 > gE u B bo + rt CO S >t CM e 3 H On CU fl Fh CO B5 1 .5 t S -2 O EH Q t r c p - p •i r> 41» i 2 N 56 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. GRAZING. There was a fairly late spring in 1938 which depleted available hay-supplies and resulted in many herds going on the range in poor condition. As the summer progressed it developed into drought conditions that interfered materially with the growth of forage on the important open ranges and even cut short the growth in the higher, timbered summer-grazing areas. This condition was ameliorated by heavy rains in August, which had the immediate effect of stimulating forage-growth and thereby improved the condition of the stock. As the cattle were put into the feeding season they were generally in good shape. Although there are, in places, considerable areas of summer range still available, it cannot be used economically without the corresponding spring and fall range. The latter is practically all being used and has been for some years. This unbalanced condition, with other factors, has led to the ranchers crowding too many cattle on the spring and fall grazing- grounds; while lack of sufficient winter feed has forced them to turn out too early. Overgrazing has been the result, with much destruction of valuable forage species, impoverishment of the soil and the remaining forage, with, ultimately, a poorer grade of stock produced at greater cost. Range-management attempts to alter these conditions by prescribing turn-out dates and numbers according to the forage condition on each particular range; by planning rotations so that an ample amount of rest and seeding-time is given each range; by building drift-fences to protect the range from harmful grazing, and by developing trails and watering-places so that unused ranges may be utilized. There are several million acres of Crown range in the Interior of the Province and more than 700 permittees using them. The proper management of these vast areas, involving the plans of so many individuals, is a problem of no small magnitude. It requires a knowledge of the location and capacity of the range, of the growth-habits and feed values of the forage plants, of the prevalence of harmful weeds, and of the seasonal handling of stock. We are gradually building up a fund of information in the form of maps, reports, and tabulations showing the location and capacities of the various ranges. This is accomplished largely through the work of the Forester in charge of grazing at Kamloops and two assistants who covered an area of approximately 171,000 acres in 1938. Of this area 23,000 acres were sheep range not previously used. The balance was cattle and sheep range that has been used for some years but never before mapped. Mapping of the range would be of little use without some knowledge of the forage value and growth-habits of the plants on it. Grazing officials are experienced botanists or agricultural graduates who have devoted considerable time to the study of range-forage. They also have the benefit of the research-work being done by the Dominion Range Experiment Station at Kamloops, which is concentrating on the practical aspects of the range and live-stock management on typical British Columbia range-lands. As definite knowledge is developed it will be applied to Crown ranges. In the early summer of 1938 two grazing assistants from Kamloops were afforded the opportunity, at the invitation of the United States Forest Service, of attending an instructional course in intensive range reconnaissance of two weeks' duration. This course took a group of young men and gave them thorough instruction in the survey methods used, the botany of the range-forage, the estimating of carrying capacity, and the mapping and reporting of the results. Conducted by recognized experts and at no cost to the Province save travelling expenses to and from Montana, the results will undoubtedly be of value in the improvement of range management. The appreciation of the Department has been expressed to the United States Forest Service for their courtesy in this matter. Our policy of co-operation with live-stock associations, especially those recognized under the " Grazing Act," was continued actively during 1938. The associations are encouraged and officially recognized for the purpose of getting a consensus of opinion on range conditions, range-management from the stockmen's view-point, and any matters of general interest or conflict on the Crown range. As a general rule such associations are of great value to the administrative officers and give their co-operation generously. During 1938 one new association was formed and twenty-three meetings held with twenty-six associations. Co-operation with the Game Commission has continued on an active and mutually satisfactory basis. Three contentious cases involving the grazing of sheep on high mountain areas were decided on the ground by members of both organizations. FOREST BRANCH REPORT, 1938. N 57 The grazing of live stock undoubtedly has some effect on wild life, the relative amount being the subject of much contrary opinion. The recreational values of forest lands are increasingly recognized and must be balanced against the values derived through the production of live stock. We confidently expect that any differences of opinion that may arise between the stockmen and the sportsmen will be settled on a co-operative basis as were the cases mentioned above. Beetle-killed pine on summer ranges continues to give trouble. For the past twenty years pine beetles have devastated great areas of lodgepole pine forests in the interior of the Province and as time goes on the dead trees fall in greater and greater numbers. The resulting tangle makes an impenetrable barrier to stock and actually covers up great areas of excellent forage. This epidemic infestation is still spreading and will continue to reduce the available summer range. Various remedies have been suggested, among them being fire and clearing. Fire results in devastation and ruin of the soil where it is hot enough to remove the dead timber, while clearing on any large scale is too expensive. The most satisfactory solution found has been the cutting of trails through the deadfall areas. These trails allow the stock to get in and out to feed and water and are ameliorating, somewhat, the damage done. Market Conditions. Prices for range beef remained fair during 1938, although the foreign shipments were not up to those of 1937. For various reasons American buyers were not in the Canadian market as strongly as the year before, but the British market took three times as many beef animals. With a lowering of the United States tariff on certain classes of beef by Vk-cent per pound, there appears to be a little better outlook in that market for 1939. Prices throughout 1938 have ranged from 5 cents to 7% cents per pound live weight for No. 1 steers, with ordinary bringing only 3% to 4 cents. Good cows brought 3% to 4 cents, spays and heifers 4 to 5 cents, and poor quality animals as low as 2% cents per pound. Good-quality beef comes from well-managed ranges and properly run feed-yards. The difference is in the amount of intelligent work put on the range and animals. The Forest Service has followed the policy of encouragement and assisting ranchers in range-management and the Range Improvement Fund is used for that purpose. The range-sheep industry in British Columbia is of considerable importance and value, making use of large areas of early, low range and, in summer, the high, sub-alpine meadows and ridges. Quality in lambs and wool count no less than with beef and returns are in accordance therewith. During 1938 lamb-prices were fair to good, around 6% cents a pound on the average but running to 8 or 9 cents for better grades. Wool was turned in to the co-operative association with an advance of 5 cents per pound and will probably net another 5 to 7 cents on final sale. Although these prices would show no great profits, they enable the careful rancher to stay solvent. _ , _ ' _ Live Stock on Crown Ranges. During 1938 there were 738 individual grazing-permits issued. A comparison with the numbers of live stock permitted on Crown ranges during the past five years follows:— Year. Cattle and Horses. Sheep. 1934 69,960 36,569 1935 60,864 36,902 1936 77,137 46,084 1937 77,451 42,185 1938 . 75,022 37,060 Range Improvements. The Range Improvement Fund, made up of one-third of all grazing fees collected, is used to build such improvements on Crown ranges as will improve the forage in quantity and quality. This involves drift-fences to protect the range; trails to open up new areas; water development to make range usable; mud-hole fencing to make possible the use of range without loss; and experimental work. During 1938 the sum of $3,234.17 was expended to build or improve 11% miles of drift- fence; 92 miles of stock trails and driveways; 4 bridges; 1 cattle-guard; 1 bull-pasture; and fence 7 mud-holes. One hundred and forty wild horses were removed from the range. N 58 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. PERSONNEL DIRECTORY, 1939. Victoria Office. E. C. Manning Chief Forester. C. D. Orchard Assistant Chief Forester. G. P. Melrose Forester—Protection—Grazing. E. E. Gregg Assistant Forester. R. G. McKee Assistant Forester. J. H. Blake Mechanical Superintendent. E. B. Prowd Forester—Management. S. E. Marling Assistant Forester. F. S. McKinnon Forester—Economics. H. J. Hodgins Assistant Forester. K. C. McCannel Assistant Forester—Parks and Recreation. S. W. Barclay Royalty Inspector. H. H. Smith Chief Accountant. W. L. Thomas Chief Draughtsman. Districts. Vancouver. C. J. Haddon District Forester. C. C. Ternan Assistant District Forester. W. Byers Supervisor of Scalers. M. Gormley Assistant Forester. W. S. Hepher Assistant Forester. D. B. Taylor Assistant Forester. J. G. MacDonald Fire Inspector. A. H. Waddington Fire Inspector. Prince Rupert. R. C. St. Clair District Forester. L. S. Hope Assistant District Forester. J. E. Mathieson Fire Inspector. Prince George. R. D. Greggor District Forester. L. F. Swannell Assistant District Forester. Kamloops. A. E. Parlow District Forester. T. A. Clarke Assistant District Forester. C. W. Walker Assistant Forester. C. L. Armstrong Assistant Forester. J. A. Pedley Fire Inspector. E. A. Charlesworth Supervisor of Scalers. Nelson. R. E. Allen District Forester. E. W. Bassett Assistant District Forester. R. R. Douglas Assistant Forester. W. Holmgren Fire Inspector. victoria, B.C.: Printed by Charles F. Banfibld, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1939. 1,325-539-9518
Legislative proceedings
J110.L5 S7
English
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Victoria, BC : Government Printer
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Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia
PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. HON. A. W. GRAY, Minister. H. CATHCART, Deputy Minister. E. C. MANNING, Chief Forester. REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31ST 1938
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