CONTENTdm
Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia
British Columbia. Legislative Assembly
Foldout Map: MILLS AND LOGGING MAP, MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1912 -- p.D57; Foldout Map: PRELIMINARY FOREST MAP PORTION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA -- p.D75; Foldout Map: LOOKOUT SYSTEM OKANAGAN LAKE WATERSHED VERNON FOREST DISTRICT -- p.D97; Foldout Map: FOREST PROTECTION SYSTEM KOOTENAY VALLEY CRANBROOK FOREST DISTRICT -- p.D99; Foldout Map: PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA --p.D101; Foldout Map: PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LANDS DEPARTMENT, WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, DISCHARGE, MEAN VELOCITY, AND AREA CURVES, OF THE SLOCAN RIVER 1913 --p.D177; Foldout Map: PRECIPITATION MAP PORTION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1913 -- p.D201; Foldout Map: REDUCTION OF PORTION OF A PLAN ACCOMPANYING SURVEYOR'S REPORT OF A DISTRICT BOUNDARY SURVEY -- p.D344; Foldout Map: REDUCTION OF SURVEYOR'S SKETCH PLAN ACCOMPANYING EXPLORATORY SURVEY REPORT 1913 --p.D353; Foldout Map: REDUCTION OF PORTION OF A PLAN ACCOMPANYING SURVEYOR'S FIELD NOTES OF A SURVEY OF VALLEY LAND -- p.D433; Foldout Map: LANDS RESERVED FROM SALE OR LEASE, MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1912 -- p.D485; Foldout Map: LOCATION OF SURVEY PARTIES, PORTION OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1913 -- p.D485
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BEPOBT OF THE MINISTEE OF LANDS for the province of BBITISH COLUMBIA FOR the YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER 1913 THE GOVEBNMENr OF THE PROVINCE OF BRUSH COLUIBIfl. PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. VICTORIA, B.C.: Printed by William H. Cullin, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1914. Victoria, B.C., January 15th, 1914. To His Honour Thomas W. Paterson, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia. May it please Your Honour: Herewith I beg respectfully to submit the Annual Report of my Department for the year ending December 31st, 1913. WILLIAM E. BOSS, Minister of Lands. PART I. DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Report of the Deputy Minister of Lauds S Report of Office Statistics 9 Pre-emption Records, etc 10 Crown Grants issued 10 Coal Licences, Leases, etc 11 Land Sales 1.1 Statement of Revenue received 12 Report of the Superintendent of the Pre-emption Branch 13 Reports of Inspectors— Coast District IS Fort George District 22 Hazelton District 25 Nicola, Kamloops, and Similkameen Districts 27 Kootenay District 29 Report on Dry-farming Experimental Work 30 Reports from Government Agents 35 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER OF LANDS. Victoria, B.C., January 15th, 1914. Hon. William B. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sik,—I have the honour to submit the Annual Report of the Department of Lands for the twelve months ending December 31st, 1912. I am pleased to be able to state that satisfactory progress has been made throughout the year in every branch of the Department. The revenue of the 'head office of the Lands Branch for the year was $946,944.23, as against $2,525,497 for the previous year. The figures for 1912, however, included something over $1,000,000 received on account of timber royalties, scaling fees, timber lease and timber licence fees, which have this year been taken to account altogether in the Forest Branch, so that the net falling-off in revenue becomes $600,000, and of this shrinkage about $400,000 represents the decrease in revenue under the 'head of " Land Sales." An examination of the statement of revenue submitted discloses that for the first four months of the year the revenue under all heads was in excess of that for the corresponding months in the previous year, but from the month of May on a marked decrease is shown under each head. This was doubtless due to the financial stringency prevailing, and with respect to the revenue under the head of " Land Sales," in which the greatest shrinkage is shown, it means largely an increase in the amount of areas receivable under this head. Another important reason for the falling-oft' of revenue under the head of " Land Sales " is accounted for in the decision of the Department not to bring on any large sales of townsite property during the period of depression, although it would have been possible to make substantial additions to the revenue in this manner had conditions remained normal throughout the year. It is reasonable to expect, however, that considerable revenue from the sale of townsite property will be secured during the ensuing year, as the completion of tie Grand Trunk Pacific Railway through the northern portion of the Province will create a substantial value in the extensive holdings of the Province in the several townsites through which this road passes. During the year the said railway company proceeded to auction sale with its holdings in the Prince George Townsite, and, despite the depressed condition of finances, made a very satisfactory sale; the lots disposed of at auction averaging about $1,000 each. In this townsite t|he holding of the Province amounts to 1,839 lots, and, under favourable conditions, a substantial advance on the prices realized by the railway company can be confidently expected when the Department proceeds to sale with this property. While the Province has an interest in all of these townsites, in a number of them the Provincial interest is an equal half-interest with the railway company by reason of a special condition imposed at the time of sale, so that it will be readily seen that the .Provincial asset under this head becomes a very important one. During the year highly satisfactory progress was made in the extension of the system of surveys throughout the Province, the net result being the survey of approximately 1,000,000 acres of Crown lands and the running of 400 miles of district boundaries between land districts. To this work, undertaken by the Department, there is to be added the survey by timber licensees of approximately 1,500,000 acres of timber lands, and the survey by land-purchase applicants of some 600,000 acres of land. These figures establish a record in the matter of the survey of vacant Crown lands, and will keep the Department abreast of the demand for lands on the part of settlers, as all of the lands surveyed for the Department are being held in reserve against sale or lease, but open for pre-emption entry. With the completion of the past year's work, a system of survey has been carried practically across the Province following the line of railway- construction. D 8 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The Forest Branch has rounded out a very successful year, bringing the revenues of the Branch close to the $3,000,000 mark, and effecting betterments in every department. Favourable weather, coupled with efficient patrols, kept down fire losses, and energetic supervision resulted in prompt collection of royalties and the curtailment of waste in timber-cutting. The system of timber-sales of isolated stands of timber has been extended, and has rendered possible the utilization of timber which otherwise would have become unsaleable by the discontinuance of adjacent logging operations. Much work was carried on during the year in improving conditions for the efficient handling of the field force, some 1,200 miles of trail having been constructed and 360 miles of field telephone-line installed. Land examination has also received considerable attention by the officials of the Branch, particularly with respect to areas covered by lapsed timber licences and leases, w'hich has made possible the early opening to pre-emption of lands of this nature found to be suitable for settlement. Another work that has been assigned to this Branch is the utilization of the areas suitable for grazing purposes included in timber-holdings, and important advances along this line maybe effected during the coming year when the necessary regulations governing the use of lands for this purpose have been framed. From preliminary investigations made, it is estimated that there are approximately 17,500,000 acres of timbered grazing lands which offer grazing for from five to eight months; 2,000,000 acres of open range with a season of from eight to ten months; and 2,000,000 acres of mountain-range affording grazing for a period of from two to five months. It is anticipated that arrangements could be made to open these lands to grazing privileges early in April. The preliminary work in connection with the establishment of experimental stations for the demonstration of the possibilities for profitable agricultural operations under the system of dry-farming in the Dry Belt and on the higher slopes of the plateaux of the Central and Northern Interior has been undertaken, stations having been established on the commonage south of Quilchena in the Nicola District, and in the vicinity of the 105-Mile House on the Cariboo Road in Northern Lillooet. This work is proceeding under the direct supervision of Professor W. J. Elliott, whose report on this subject is included herewith. It is expected that a convincing demonstration of the merit of this system will be secured during the coming year, and that the same will justify the adoption of this system of agriculture throughout considerable areas heretofore regarded as unfit for such purposes. The creation of the Pre-emption Inspection Branch marked another feature of the Department's activities. This innovation was received with marked satisfaction by those who were honestly trying to comply with the requirements of the Statute, but was resented generally by those who were attempting to hold lands under pre-emption records and utterly disregard the requirements as to residence and improvements. The inauguration of pre-emption inspection is now accepted as a settled condition, however, and even closer supervision may be expected for the future. This Branch as at present constituted consists of a Superintendent and five Inspectors. These Inspectors visited 1,540 pre-emptions, and their reports show the majority of the pre-emptors to be making substantial improvements and endeavouring to make homes for themselves. These Inspections will doubtless encourage the Itona-flde settler and force the delinquent to meet his obligations or make way for the settler who is prepared to do so. As a result of the field-work of the Inspectors, valuable information has been secured for intending settlers, and in many ways this' Branch is assisting in the settlement and development of the Province. Of the pre-emptions inspected, 819 were found to be occupied and in course of improvement, and 660 pre-emptors were notified to conform more closely to the requirements of the " Land Act." A total of 222 pre-emptions were cancelled as the result of inspections made, and the pre-emptions involved were opened for settlement. During the year 1913 the number of pre-emption records issued was close upon 3,900, as compared with 3,655 in 1912 and 2,383 in 1911; the record for the past three years giving a total of close upon 16,000 records issued. These figures may be regarded as satisfactory, and as indicating a willingness on the part of settlers to take up lands more or less in advance of transportation facilities, and with the approaching completion of three transcontinental lines of railway through the Province can be taken as an assurance of very rapid settlement within the next two years. While the greater number of the records issued during 1912 and 1913 have been in the northern portion of the Province most particularly affected by railway-construction, there has been a very considerable settlement on Vancouver Island, as well as on Graham Island. 4 Geo. 5 Report of the Deputy Minister. D 9 For the assistance of such intending settlers several of the pre-emption maps were reissued during the year, with additional information based upon the previous year's surveys, and there was also published a preliminary map of the north-east portion of Graham Island, showing large areas of surveyed lands available for settlement. Various other areas previously held under reserve or rendered available by the lapsing of timber licences or timber leases were also thrown •open for settlement. The Kitimat Valley, which was under reserve since 1899, was opened to settlement in September. These lands were subdivided into holdings of approximately 40 acres, .and a number of settlers entered upon the same following the lifting of the reserve. A map of the surveyed lands of the Kitimat Valley was issued prior to the lifting of the reserve, as well :as a pamphlet describing the lands in the said valley. During the year the reorganization of the Water Rights Branch was completed, and special • offices of the Branch established in the most important centre in each district. The Board of Investigation was likewise reorganized and conducted 2,446 hearings out of the 7,146 claims that have been filed with the Board, and succeeded in definitely settling a number of the cases heard. 'The most important development during the year was the transfer of the administration of water rights in the Railway Belt from the Dominion to the Province. The outcome of this was the establishment of the British Columbia Hydrographic Survey, and co-operation followed between the Dominion and Provincial Governments in hydrographic work. This co-operation permits a body of trained engineers to give their whole time to the basic work of systematic stream-measurement, and renders it possible for the Engineers of the Water Branch to devote greater time to the investigation of water-power sites and conservation possibilities, reference to which is included in the report of the Comptroller, which is included herewith. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, ROBERT A. RENWICK, Deputy Minister of Lands. REPORT OF OFFICE STATISTICS. January 14ths 1914. R. A. Renwick, Esq., Deputy Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sik,—I have the honour to submit herewith tabulated statements covering the volume of work carried out in the Department and the different land agencies in connection with the .administration of the lands in the Province, as follows:— (1.) Statement showing the number of pre-emption records, certificates of improvements, and certificates of purchase issued by the different agencies during the year 1913: (2.) Statement of Crown grants issued for the year 1913, divided into the different classes of such grants issued; also showing the total acreage Crown-granted of pre-emptions, mineral claims, and purchased lands. This statement also shows the number of applications made for Crown grants during the year and the number actually written up: (3.) Statement of coal-prospecting licences, coal leases, and sundry leases issued for the year 1913, showing the money collected in connection therewith and the approximate area thereof: (4.) Statement of the land-sales which have taken place during the year, showing the area of surveyed and unsurveyed lands sold: (5.) Statement showing the revenue received during the year from all sources, giving the amounts received each month: (6.) Comparative statement of the different items covered by the foregoing statements since the year 1901. ' I have, etc., James Mayor. D 10 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 PRE-EMPTION RECORDS, ETC. d o . if sg K ° 1 f „! Soti 315 12 4 279 367 19 144 65 5 523 12 Atlin 2 51 55 14 70 3 55 13 116 44 2 6 7 2 39 100 121 166 127 55 70 3 490 62 167 206 20 13 25 13 160 442 4 581 1 391 109 31 89 24 434 48 41 36 5 Nicola 51 552 6 South Fort George 326 3 Vancouver ; 71 107 16 426 84 558 Total 3,855 962 3,646 CROWN GRANTS ISSUED. Town lots 127 Pre-emptions 731 Purchase 950 Minerals 238 Reverted land 38 Reverted minerals 16 " Schools Act " 3 Miscellaneous : 7 Total 2,110 Total Acreage. Pre-emption 112,870.71 Mineral claims 9,247.46 Purchase surveyed land 92,085.92 Purchase unsurveyed land 175,832.14 Applications for Crown grants 2,007 Crown grants actually written up 2,158 4 Geo. 5 Office Statistics. D 11 REPORT ON COAL LICENCES, LEASES, ETC., 1913. Coal-prospecting Licences. Number Licences issued. Licence Fees. Penalties. Transfer Fees. Area. 1,090 $137,650.00 $2,300.00 81,100.00 697,600 acres. Coal Leases. Number. 207 Fees. Rentals. $1,125.00 $65,315.30 Total. ¥56,440.30 Area. 114,307 acres. Sundry Leases. 48 S250.00 0,031.98 $20,281.98 LAND SALES. Acres. Surveyed land sold 11,572.60 Unsurveyed lands sold 409,689.56 Total lands sold 421,262.16 D 12 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 CO 1—I A f> i—i O « ^> « o H I H ed o (5 ft •1 £ GO CO © C. ~ X © SiM'MOt f HOO'fOCCr-CMHC x © © o i - x i" © © i - co x COCOCOOOi—lr-fCSir:©©^*© C oi to ■/■ -M co -ti i- © © r-i oi yj r ■--*]- ~. ~ i~ co i r CO GO CO i"- I-- X? 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I- OHlCO^Ol © GO i-t CO l"~ CO CO -* © CO i-l X CO ■* © rH LO OS • CO ^a" :«* ■ 8 S 1 • S so ■ .2«§dSc.«s- i fcj m c+^'s c'cl cc t-UOll-OO^Orf 4 Geo. 5 Report of Inspection Branch. D 13 REPORT OF THE INSPECTION BRANCH. December 22nd, 1913. R. A. Renwick, Esq., Deputy Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sie,—I have the honour to submit my report of the operations of the Inspection Branch of the Department during the current year. The Branch was established and placed under my charge in the month of August, 1912, but in view of the changes that were being made in the Department at that time, and from the fact that my services were still required for some time in connection with the general office-work, I was unable to take up the duties of the Branch and devote my whole time to it until early this spring; although inspection-work had been carried on in the Osoyoos and Similkameen Districts during the summer and fall of 1912 by John Hutchison. Still the work was not undertaken in a thorough manner until the past spring, when, under authority of subsection (2) of section 2S of the " Land Act," arrangements were made for the appointment of Inspectors. It was decided that it would take at least six Inspectors to cover the whole Province in an efficient manner. The greatest care was exercised in selecting the most capable men from among the numerous applications which were received, only five being chosen who were considered to meet the requirements necessary to render persons eligible for the position, according to a set of requirements which had been adopted, which, among other things, fix the age limit as over thirty and under forty-five, and requires the applicant to have a general knowledge of conditions existing throughout the Province as well as of land and improvements, so as to be able to estimate their value, etc., and to report thereon. J. W. Smith was the first to be appointed on April 1st, 1913, and was assigned to the- territory lying along the Coast south of the Skeena Land Recording Division, including Vancouver Island and adjacent islands, and covering the Land Districts of New Westminster,. Sayward, and Ranges 1, 2, and part of 3, Coast, as well as those on Vancouver Island. Mr. Smith during the last summer and fall covered practically all the territory, with the exception of the west coast and a portion of the northern end of Vancouver Island, and also some isolated locations lying along the coast of the Mainland and adjacent islands. He made- personal inspection of and reported formally upon 467 claims, as well as several special reports on different matters which arose pertaining to the administration of lands. The inspection of this territory is rather difficult, entailing a great deal of travel by water- on account of the many isolated locations on the various islands, inlets, etc., along the Coast. The coasting steamers are utilized as much as possible, but when these are not available launches and other small craft are used. He was greatly assisted in his work during the summer by being able to accompany members of the Forest Branch on one of their extended cruises along the Coast. During this cruise he was able to inspect a great many scattered pre-emptions at a very reduced cost and a great saving of time. The next appointment made was that of G. Wallace on April 18th, 1913. He has been- assigned to the Land Recording Divisions of Fort George and Cariboo, which include the Cariboo- Land District and portions of the Peace River and Cassiar Land Districts. Mr. Wallace has during the past season covered the greater part of the Fort George Land Division, including portions of the Nechako River Valley, the territory in the vicinity of Chief Lake, Willow River, Mud River Valley, Tonequah, and Eagle Lake, having inspected and reported formally upon 225 claims. He has also made special trips to various parts of the district at the request of the Government Agent for the purpose of examining and reporting upon different matters which have arisen in connection with land administration in that district, including examination and tentative selection of the quarter-interest of the Crown in townsite subdivisions. He is at present engaged in policing the Prince George Townsite and various subdivisions surrounding Fort George in order to prevent squatting upon Government lots. It is not considered that this work will interfere with his duties in connection with the inspection-work, at least during the- winter months when he will be unable to remain in the field. This Inspector was unable to visit the Cariboo District during the past season, being fully occupied with his duties in the Fort George District, but he will be able to put in a considerable part of next season in that, territory. D 14 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 On May 2nd, 1913, C. E. Bailey was appointed Inspector for the Land Recording Divisions of Hazelton and Fort Fraser, which include the territory surrounding the Town of Hazelton, the Skeena River Valley, eastward from the Copper River, Kispiox Valley, Bulkley Valley, Pleasant Valley, Babine, Stuart, Fraser, Francois, and Ootsa Lakes, also part of the Nechako Valley, etc. Mr. Bailey has practically covered the whole of the Hazelton Division, including the Skeena Valley, between Copper River and Hazelton, the Kispiox Valley, Bulkley Valley, Pleasant Valley, etc., having inspected and reported formally upon 347 pre-emptions. This total only includes the claims actually reported upon to the Department. Mr. Bailey's report shows thirteen additional claims inspected for which no report has yet come to hand. He has also made special examinations and reports under instructions from the Government Agent. Furthermore, his services have been utilized on several occasions in connection with the examination of and selection of the Crown's interest in townsite subdivisions in the vicinity of Hazelton and the Bulkley Valley. At present he is engaged policing the Government property in the town- sites of Smithers and South Hazelton in order to prevent squatting thereon. Mr. Bailey was unable to cover any portion of Fraser Lake Division during the present season, being fully occupied in various ways in the Hazelton Division, but he will, if possible, attend to that territory next season. On May 30th, 1913, R. Gillespie was appointed Inspector for the Land Recording Divisions of Osoyoos, Similkameen, Nicola, Yale, and Kamloops. He has during the past season covered practically the whole of the Nicola and Kamloops Districts and portions of Osoyoos and Similkameen, having inspected and made formal report on 236 pre-emptions. It is expected that he will be able to complete inspection of the whole of the territory allotted to him by the end of next season. On June 13th, 1913, W. A. Wilmot was appointed Inspector for the Kootenay District, which includes the Land Recording Divisions of Revelstoke, Nelson, Slocan, Cranbrook, Fernie, and Golden. He has, up to the present, practically completed inspection of the Nelson and Slocan Divisions, also portions of the Cranbrook and Fernie Divisions having inspected and formally reported upon 222 pre-emptions. This total only includes the claims actually reported upon to the Department. Mr. Wilmot's report shows thirty additional claims inspected for which no report has yet come to hand. The coming of winter having prevented him continuing inspection- work, he is at present engaged in the Nelson Agency straightening out the records there, which were found to be in a bad state owing to changes which have taken place in the boundaries of that division. I think he will be able to complete the inspection of the Revelstoke and Golden Divisions as well as the unfinished portions of the Cranbrook and Fernie Divisions next season. I regret that I have been unable up to the present to find a suitable man for the Skeena Division, which includes the Nass River country, the Skeena Valley and tributary valleys as far east as Copper River, also Queen Charlotte Islands and portion of the Coast District and adjacent islands extending from the Alaskan boundary to Millbank Sound. This will be a hard territory to cover and requires a man of experience and local knowledge. I expect to be able to find a suitable man before the coming spring, so that he can commence work early next season. With the appointment of the Skeena Inspector, the whole Province will be covered with the exception of -the Lillooet District and the Stikine and Atlin Divisions. The former, however, can without difficulty be attended to by either the Inspectors for Cariboo, Yale, or New Westminster, or each of them could take a portion of it contiguous to their respective territories. There is hardly any settlement as yet in the Stikine or Atlin Divisions, and under existing circumstances I do not consider we would be warranted in sending an Inspector into either of these localities. If anything special is required there, one of the other Inspectors may be sent to attend to it. The past season's operations in respect to inspection of pre-emptions has been handled to a certain extent as an experiment for the purpose of making a study of the conditions, etc.. and to ascertain whether the work could be carried on in an efficient manner with the number of Inspectors above mentioned. Results have convinced me that it can be done, as, although the men have not been able so far to cover the whole of the territory allotted to them, still it must tie remembered that no previous inspections had been made and the records were in consequence in an unsatisfactory state. A good deal of time was taken up at the beginning in making lists and straightening out records, so as to have the duplicates in the main office correspond 4 Geo. 5 Report of Inspection Branch. D 15 with those in the local offices. This has been accomplished in many of the districts, and the remainder will be attended to when the Inspectors visit the unfinished districts next season. I consider that the work so far carried out has been well done by the Inspectors, and that when the existing conditions, etc., are taken into consideration a very good showing has been made for the time the work has been under way. It is fully expected that by the end of next season the whole of the Province will have been covered, after which the work will not be so difficult to keep in hand, and I think can be easily managed by six Inspectors, as outlined above. The Department as well as the local Commissioners are being furnished with a formal report on every pre-emption in the Province, which sets out the particulars of occupation, the improvements on the claim, and their value. These are being attached to the files belonging to the respective claims, so that it can be seen at a glance what standing any claim is in up to the time of inspection. In cases where the inspection report shows the pre-emptor to be delinquent, he is given sixty days' notice to show cause why his record should not be cancelled, and unless he can produce evidence of good faith towards a compliance with the Statute his record is cancelled and the land made available for other settlers. The Commissioners are, however, in all cases requested to use the discretion vested in them by the Statute and not to be unduly harsh; that instead of cancelling the records of pre-emptors who, although lax in complying with the regulations, appear to be doing their best, they should warn them to live up more closely to such regulations in the future. The following table contains a summary of the pre-emptions inspected and shows their present standing:—■ <D District. w !l So. u •cs a M ■*-> •a o s.s •a <a o Z o £ d 0 00 n3 ft <v a> U+j o cj a 2 >>? o o a ■a .2 a w ra ft a" <5 J. W. Smith. 207 153 54 28 25 1 59 43 16 15 1 106 66 40 2 37 1 77 41 36 20 5 2 Otter 3* 3* 12* 467 303 146 74 68 4 R. Gillespie. 74 52 22 3 19 42 13 29 2 25 2 94 26 41 21 53 5 21 31 5 1 236 127 109 26 80 3 C. E. Bailey. 347 150 197 59 134 4 G. Wallace. 1 225 136 89 20 69 W. A. Wtlmot. 19 19 52 22 30 30 6 114 35 2 47 15 67 20 2 37 6 24 13 2 1 222 103 119 43 69 7 * Not yet dealt with. D 16 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Total pre-emptions inspected 1,497 Total in good standing 819 Total notified 660 Total not dealt with 18 Total cancelled as a result of notification 222 Total confirmed or not yet reported on 420 Total abandoned since Inspection 18 The above table does not include thirteen pre-emptions inspected by Mr. Bailey and thirty by Mr. Wilmot, of which the Department has not received reports. A total number of 1,497 pre-emptions were inspected, of which 819 were found to be in good standing by reason of the occupancy and improvement of the pre-emptor. Some of the balance had no signs of occupancy, and others had improvements but were not at the time of inspection being occupied. All the delinquents were notified, and those who could not show evidence of their oona fides or who failed to respond to the notice had their records cancelled, the total number of such cancellations to date being 222. Of the remainder notified, a large number have simply been warned to do better in the future, and the others have not yet been reported upon. Many of the records that have been cancelled are of long standing, the pre-emptors having abandoned them and the lands had been taken up again by pre-emption or purchase. Consequently these old records should hardly be counted as cancelled, but should be properly treated as abandoned. It is difficult to properly classify them and they have therefore been included in the cancellations. It is possible that some of those not yet reported may be cancelled, but the greater proportion of them will be confirmed. This I consider a healthy showing, more especially as the inspection is a new departure, and that it enabled us to cancel many old records that should have been done away with years ago. Generally speaking, the reports indicate that the majority of the pre-emptors are making substantial improvements and are endeavouring to make homes for themselves and families. Of course, many of these places are not self-supporting and the pre-emptors have to work out. It is for this reason more especially that leniency is shown. There is no doubt but that the results attained in different ways during the past season in connection with the inspection of pre-emptions has proved the wisdom of the adoption of this method of supervision, and as time passes the advantages derived from it will become more and more apparent. Not only should it have a tendency to encourage the oona-fide pre-emptor, and also compel the delinquent to meet his obligations or lose his claim and make it available for some one else, but through it the Department will be able to get reliable information about the 'country for the benefit of intending settlers. I am confident that in many ways it will render great assistance in the settlement and development of the Province. Of course, no measure of such a nature could be inaugurated without affecting some one who is bound to complain of bad treatment, etc. Only a few cases, however, of this kind have arisen, and none of them have proved to be of any importance, having been made by men who have been disregarding the Statute. In no case has any well-founded complaint been made of any injustice to any one as a result of the Inspectors' reports. On the other hand, commendations have been received from different quarters. Before closing the subject of inspection, I might draw attention to the fact that a great deal of good would be done and evasion of the Statute prevented were a special inspection to be made of each claim prior to the granting of certificate of improvement. The Inspectors will be in a better position to attend to this work after a general inspection of the whole Province has been completed, which I expect will be next year, and I do not think they will then have any difficulty in attending to it if it is decided to adopt the system. Appended are separate reports from each of the Inspectors, which illustrate my remarks about obtaining of information for intending settlers. I might also mention that certain of the Inspectors have furnished information from time to time during the season which has been handed over to the Statistician for publication. The supervision of townsites and the selection of the proportion in new subdivisions accruing to the Crown under section 63 of the " Land Act" also came within the jurisdiction of this Branch of the Department. Up to the present time, during the year 1913 selection from twenty-six subdivisions have been made, and the title of the Crown to the lots so selected has been completed. *:^/'-.llfM r »■ Looking south-west across Valley of Little Nass River from Cabin No. T, Yukon Telegraph Line. Government launch, " Leila R.," Prince Rupert District. In all ten launches, over 35 feet long, are used for the administrative work of the Forest Branch. A thriving stand of second-growth cedar and hemlock. Will be merchantable in 25 years. Second growth coming in on old burn. Forest Ranger's Cabin under construction. Such cabins are built when necessary to afford shelter for Forest Officers. 4 Geo. 5 Report of Inspection Branch. D 17 These selections were all made after a personal inspection by some representative of the Department, who either made a tentative selection on the ground or furnished a report which enabled judicious selection to be made at the Department, the object being to obtain our proportionate share in value as well as in number of blocks and lots, and I have every reason to believe that this has been accomplished in all cases. Prince George and Smithers, from which selections have been made, are both townsites belonging to the Grand Trunk Pacific Development Company, which it is alleged are to be divisional points on the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, and are assumed to be two of the most important townsites which have been recently laid out in the Province. Port Edward also, which is located on the coast of the Mainland about nine miles in a south-easterly direction from Prince Rupert, is said to be a townsite of coming importance. The other subdivisions are located at different points thoughout the Province, the importance of which it is hard at this distance to estimate; development alone will prove their value. The Crown's selection in Prince George and Smithers had hardly been completed before it was reported that squatting was taking place on the Government lots on both these townsites. in consequence of which, in order to protect our property and to avoid trouble in the future disposition of the lots, steps were taken to warn every one from trespassing upon Crown property in the said townsites; notices to that effect were posted on the ground and published in the local papers. Representatives of the Department were also stationed in the vicinity with instructions to prevent trespass. The selection from six other subdivisions is now pending awaiting the completion of necessary particulars, among these being an addition to Smithers, Prince Charles Townsite, near the junction of the Nechako and Stuart Rivers, about fifty miles west of Fort George, and McBride Townsite, also belonging to the Grand Trunk Pacific Development Company and located on the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway a short distance west of Tete Jaune Cache. This is also an alleged divisional point, being the first one west of the British Columbia boundary. In this subdivision the Crown is entitled to a half-interest. A great many inquiries are already being received for lots in this townsite. Auction sales of Crown property also coming within the scope of the Inspection Branch, it was my duty during the year to look after sales of lots at Kitsilano, in the City of Vancouver, in Hastings Townsite, and in Point Grey Municipality. All of this property was heavily timbered, and it was considered good policy to clear the same before subdividing and selling it. Accordingly, 9.6 acres in the City of Vancouver at Kitsilano, consisting of Blocks C, D, E, and F, subdivision of Lot 540, Group 1, New Westminster District, were cleared under contract at the rate of $3S0 per acre, the total cost being $3,640; and 59.54 acres in Hastings Townsite, lying within the City of Vancouver at Hastings Heights, for $225 per acre, totalling $11,146.50. Blocks C, D, E, and F were subdivided into 96 lots of 33 feet frontage, and the Hastings property into 12S lots of varying sizes and shapes. An auction sale of these lots, also some odd lots in Hastings Townsite and District Lot 540, was held in Vancouver on May 20th, 1913. AH of the Kitsilano lots were sold except two, realizing the sum of $87,725. The Hastings lots were all sold except one, realizing $147,625. There were four odd lots in District Lot 540. all of which were sold, realizing $8,300, and four odd lots in Hastings Townsite, which realized $7,700. In addition, four lots in Hastings Townsite which had forfeited to the Crown for unpaid taxes were sold for $2,325. The total proceeds of the sale amounted to $253,675. The forfeited lots were paid for in full, and on the other lots a quarter of the sale price was paid down and the balance is payable in 25-per-cent. instalments in one, two, and three years, with 6 per cent, interest. The average cost of clearing Blocks C, D, E, and F was $38 per lot, and the average price of the lots sold is $914 per lot. The clearing of the Hastings lots averaged $87.08 per lot, and the average price realized at the sale is $1,162 per lot. There is no doubt but that the clearing of these lots assisted materially to sell them, and that it was amply justified in the prices realized. The clearing of 122 acres of Government reserve at Point Grey, bounded by English Bay and the Country Club on the north, Alma Road on the east, Tenth Avenue on the south, and Crown Street on the west, was also carried out, with a view of subdividing it into lots and offering the same for public auction. Although this contract was let August 8th, 1912, it was 2 D 18 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 not completed until August 20th, 1913, owing in part to adverse weather conditions during the last winter, and also, I regret to say, to bad management on the part of the contractors. Just as soon as possible after the clearing was completed, a portion of this property consisting of ten hlocks of sixteen lots each along the Alma Road between Point Grey Road and Tenth Avenue were put up for sale art auction. This sale was held at Vancouver on November 3rd, 1913, and realized approximately $240,000 so far as the present returns show. It is impossible at this date to give the exact figures, as the accounts have not yet been closed, it having been found necessary to leave them open until the 31st instant. An auction sale was also held at Nelson on June 16th, 1913, of a parcel of land situated on the east shore of Kootenay Lake at the mouth of Lockhart Creek, about thirty miles from Nelson, which had previously been subdivided into parcels of varying sizes according to the character of the grounds, etc., which it was considered, on account of its favourable situation and many other advantages, would be suitable for summer residences, and which there was every reason to believe would be readily disposed of for this purpose. Some improvements in the way of clearing, making of roadways, etc., were carried out, with a view to giving access to the different parcels and facilitate the use of the same for the purpose intended. The sale, however, did not prove a success, the demand for this class of property having almost entirely died out, owing no doubt to the change which had taken place in the meantime in the conditions in the real estate and other lines of business. Only a few of the parcels were sold, but I have no doubt but that the remainder will be readily disposed of to good advantage when conditions improve. Another matter which has been taken up by this Branch is the collection of arrears of rental on the existing leases of the Crown property for various purposes, except timber and coal. It was found that 153 leases were in arrears, amounting to $25,163.60, at October 1st last, and notices have been sent to all delinquent leaseholders to pay up such arrears upon penalty of forfeiture. The rental on fifty-four of these leases have already been paid, amounting to $6,01S.90, and there is every reason to believe that the greater part of the balance will be paid at an early date. Otherwise the leases will be cancelled. In conclusion, I may state that the Branch has been hampered somewhat in its operations by reason of the office accommodation, which at present is only temporary and does not admit of ready access to the Department files and records with which our duties are closely allied. It is hoped, however, this will be remedied as soon as the increased accommodation of the additions to the buildings are obtainable, when it is expected room will be available for us in the main Department, and the business can then be conducted more expeditiously and to better advantage. I have, etc., H. Cathcaet, Superintendent of Inspection Branch. REPORT OF INSPECTOR OF PRE-EMPTIONS, COAST DISTRICT. December 1st, 1913. H. Cathcart, Esq., Superintendent of Inspection Branch, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report that I left Vancouver on May 7th, 1913, on my initial trip as Inspector of Pre-emptions, and proceeded to Lund, at which place I secured a launch and proceeded along the Coast, taking in all pre-emptions on Malaspina Inlet, the east side of Desolation Channel, Pendrell Sound, and Theodosia Arm. I found that most of these pre-emptions were rough and rocky, with a few acres in patches which could be cultivated. The majority of these are taken up by loggers and fishermen as a home on the Coast. From Lund I inspected several pre-emptions to the east and south, half a mile to two miles back. I found there a better class of pre-emptors; although the country is rough and broken, in places are some good swamp meadows and patches of land which are being ditched and cultivated, and from what I have seen they are able to grow successfully hay, roots, and small fruits. Fruit-trees seem to bear well in this locality. About all of the land in this vicinity, as far as I am aware, which could be brought under cultivation is already taken up. 4 Geo. 5 Report of Pre-emption Inspectors. D 19 From Lund I proceeded to Powell River and inspected a few pre-emptions north of the Sliance Indian Reserve, and I found there a good class of pre-emptors who have some fairly good land, which has been burnt over and partially logged, but is rather heavy clearing on account of the down timber. These pre-emptors could derive a profit from their pre-emptions in time, on account of the close proximity of Powell River, which has a population of 1,500, and is only five miles away. I also inspected several pre-emptions at Pender Harbour and Garden Bay Lake. These are nearly all rocky and broken, and have been taken up in most cases, I should say, as summer resorts, as I am of the opinion that none of these pre-emptions could be farmed to derive a profit. From Pender Harbour I proceeded to Sechelt and inspected the pre-emptions at Half Moon Bay and North West Bay, and also from Sechelt to Gibson's Landing. Most of the pre-emptions inspected at Half Moon Bay are fairly good places, although as yet very little work has been done on them. They have not been taken up very long. The country has been logged in places, and although there is quite a lot of thick bush and scattered timber oil these pre-emptions, they could in time be made into good farms, as the soil is good. There appears to be some country back of these pre-emptions which might be taken up, but it is a hard place to get into and is covered with a heavy windfall of timber. The pre-emptions at North West Bay are mostly taken up by loggers who are working in the logging camps in the vicinity, who have built themselves good homes on their land. These pre-emptions as a rule are very heavy clearing, although the soil is good and mostly all roots and fruit-trees would thrive well here. The country back of this is new to me, and I could not say whether any of it is accessible for pre-emption purposes. Sechelt to Gibson's Landing. From Sechelt to Gibson's Landing you pass through a stretch of country about twelve miles long and from one to three miles in width, the most of which is bench land. Fruit-trees would do exceptionally well in this locality. There are some fairly good pre-emptions spread along this slope, which are well timbered in places with second-growth timber, although a forest fire has passed over a good portion of this country some years ago. Most of these pre-emptions are taken up by foreigners, who are making good headway and getting good results from the soil. In time, when some of the timber limits in this area expire, some fairly good places could be taken up in this locality. Bella Coola to Headwatebs of Atnaeko Rivee. On May 31st I arrived at Bella Coola, and made an inspection from the mouth of the Bella Coola River to the headwaters of the Atnarko River, some sixty-two miles distant in an easterly direction. For the first thirty miles of the Bella Coola River I passed through some splendid areas of agricultural land, which is all taken up by pre-emption and purchase. This would make a splendid farming country, but the class of pre-emptors in this section are mostly fishermen, and only grow enough for themselves. They plant their crops in the spring, go fishing at the canneries in the summer, and live on their pre-emptions in the winter. Land has risen in value throughout the valley on account of the possibility of a railroad operating through it in the near future. There are several areas of river-bottom land, situated about thirty-five miles up the Bella Coola River, which are now held under pulp lease. In my opinion, portions of these limits are worthless as such, but from an agricultural point of view would make splendid places to farm. The clearing is light, and the land, which is nearly all river-bottom, is composed of sandy loam. The upper end of the valley—or, in other words, the Atnarko River—is very narrow, and with the exception of a few patches of agricultural land along the river, which is all taken up by purchase or pre-emption, is slide-rock and barren country which is not fit for cultivation. All kinds of fruit-trees, also roots, timothy, oats, and clover, do exceptionally well throughout this valley. Salmon River Valley. Upon leaving Bella Coola I proceeded by steamer to the Salmon River Valley, Sayward Division, and went up this valley to inspect some pre-emptions. I was very much impressed with the growth I saw in this valley. Timothy does exceptionally well here, also fruit-trees bear well, and roots of various varieties are grown with good results. From what I noticed during D 20 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 my short stay in this valley, I think this part of the country will be a good farming district before long. I also noticed that surveyors were in this valley during my visit, subdividing acreage into 40-acre blocks for pre-emption purposes only. I believe they have quite a rainfall at times in this locality, and I was particularly struck by the lack of good roads throughout the valley. Cobtes Island. On July 26th I started to make an inspection of Cortes Island, and from what I have observed throughout this island, there seems to be a good class of pre-emptors here. About all the good land on this is taken up, with the exception of that which is covered by timber licence. The pre-emptors as a whole have good houses, small patches of cultivated land, and portions of the land slashed. There are several good roads built throughout this island; in fact, most of the pre-emptors are on the roads or have trails a short distance to their pre-emptions. The majority of the agricultural land lies along the road from Manson's Landing and back of Whaletown. Mostly all of the pre-emptions I have inspected along the coast of Nelson Island, Hotham Sound, Vincent Bay, Skookmnchuck, and Okishollow Channel are rough and rocky, with the exception of a few acres of good land. Pitt Lake, New Westminster Distbict. On August 13th I had occasion to make a special trip to the head of Pitt Lake, New Westminster District, to inspect several pre-emptions up Pitt River. The pre-emptors in this vicinity have nearly all river-bottom land, and are able to successfully raise many varieties of roots. They have also fruit-trees planted out which appear to be thriving well. I also noticed that timber limits that have been logged off would make splendid farms, as the soil is sandy loam and some of it is easy clearing in patches. The rainfall, I am informed, is rather heavy on the Pitt River. Vicinity of Kains and Geoegie Lakes, Rtjpebt District. During my trip of inspection to Hardy Bay I had occasion to inspect several pre-emptions in the vicinity of Kains Lake, about twelve miles westerly from Hardy Bay, and I was very much impressed with the areas of open meadow or grass land I had occasion to pass over. This area of land lies six miles east and west of the north side of Kains Lake, and extends from two to two and a half miles northerly towards Georgie Lake, and consists of chains of partly open wet meadows with stretches of rolling land in between. This is all agricultural land, and the growth of timber on it is poor, consisting of red and yellow cedar, also black-pine and hemlock. I am informed by C. P. Brown, a settler of Kains Lake, that this area of land would make a splendid timothy country after it had gone through a process of draining the meadows by ditching, in order to take the sourness from the ground, which is very wet. The altitude of Kains Lake is 1,100 feet. Last winter the snowfall there was 4 feet on the level, and the snow laid on the ground from the first of January until the end of March. The snowfall the year before was only 1 foot and did not stay on the ground over three weeks. July and August of this year was sunshine, with very little rain. The wet months are April, May, June, September, October, and November. There is frost enough at Kains Lake to freeze the lake 6 inches, but they are not troubled with summer frosts in this vicinity. Vicinity of Nahwitte. On this same Hardy Bay trip, while inspecting pre-emptions back of Nahwitte, I passed through about 8,000 acres of land which consisted chiefly of chains of partly open wet meadows, with stretches of rolling land. The growth of timber on this land is poor, being red .and yellow cedar, also black-pine and hemlock. This is somewhat similar to the Kains Lake country, only there is more stone strewn over the grass land in this vicinity. The grass that grows on these open stretches appears to be a sort of bunch-grass and is splendid feed for cattle, and I notice that where the land has been thoroughly drained timothy seems to thrive well. In my estimation, this would be a good dairy country, with a possible market at Prince Rupert. I was informed by S. Hellings, a pre-emptor of this vicinity, who has travelled over this section of the country considerably during the past two years, that there are about 20,000 or 25,000 acres, adjoining and south of this, which is somewhat similar to the land I passed through. 4 Geo. 5 Report of Pre-emption Inspectors. D 21 While passing through the country the pre-emptors informed me that they were in doubt as to what would grow in this country, and are disappointed art getting very little or no returns from potatoes and roots which they have put in, as in all cases on these wet lands they all wither and die before they are half-grown. In my estimation this would be a good field for the Agricultural Department to experiment in, and would suggest that they be advised of the conditions that exist in this part of the country. Along the Pacific Geeat Eastern Railway. On September 28th I started from Newport on a trip of inspection up the Cheakamus River, and I was very much surprised at the small areas of agricultural land I had occasion to pass through; especially from Swift Creek to Upper Stony Creek, which is practically all a rolling, broken, and mountainous country. In fact, it is the pass that the Pacific Great Eastern Railway is constructing its line through to get to Summit Lake. From Daisy Lake to Summit Lake the agricultural land lies in patches in a rolling and broken country. The bottom land that lies between Green Lake and Summit Lake, consisting of about 1,500 acres or thereabouts, is without exception the only agricultural land, in my estimation, that could be farmed to derive a profit in that vicinity. About half of this bottom land is covered during high water on Green Lake, and I am of the opinion that these lands could be reclaimed at a very low cost by blowing out the loose boulders at the north end of Green Lake and lowering the same approximately 5 feet. By doing this it would bring the whole of these flats under cultivation, and at the same time reclaim several areas of land bordering on Green Lake. The altitude of Green Lake is approximately 2,200 feet, and I am informed by C. H. Mitchell, who has spent several years in the vicinity, that they are not troubled with summer frosts on the flats, and that all garden-truck can be successfully grown; also oats, timothy, clover, and small fruits. This land lies between the wet and dry belts. The snow lies on the ground from Christmas until the middle of April, and the extreme depth is from 2 to 4 feet. With the exception of one or two pre-emptions, I believe that all the land pre-empted in the vicinity of Summit and Green Lakes has been taken up purely for the large amount of tie timber which is on this land, as the Pacific Great Eastern Railway is building at present through this section of the country- At the same time the pre-emptions that border on these lakes will undoubtedly become good summer resorts after the completion of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway. The Upper Squamish. Upon my return from my trip up the Cheakamus, I proceeded to make a tour of the Upper Squamish from the north boundary of the Cheakamus Indian Reserve to Madden Ranch, or the Bridge Crossing. This country contains about 2,500 acres of river-bottom land, which is all taken up by purchase and pre-emption. This land is especially suited for mixed farming and is adapted for all roots and small fruits, tomatoes, hops, timothy, wheat, and clover, and fruit- trees do remarkably well. The snow lies on the ground from December till April, the average depth being 3 feet, and the rainfall is similar to that of Vancouver. Occasionally they have a Chinook wind, and they are not troubled with summer frosts in this section of the valley. The land is affected only by extreme high water. The only outlet from the Upper Squamish is by way of Newport, consequently there has been very little clearing and cultivating done on these lands to date. The value of the land, as far as Madden Ranch or the Upper Squamish Bridge, is $75 per acre, which is accounted for by the construction of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway up the Cheakamus River, a branch of the Squamish River. Texada Island. On October 24th I proceeded to Texada Island, where I was very much taken up with the large amount of agricultural land I had occasion to pass through. This area of land lies from Gillis Bay, on the west side of Texada Island, in an easterly and southerly direction, and as nearly as I could surmise the acreage must be in the neighbourhood of 10,000 acres. A good portion of this land has a gentle slope to the west, and the land near the eastern boundary of the agricultural land lies in benches with meadows between. The bench land is gravelly, with clay loam, and I am of the opinion that this would make splendid fruit land, as I have noticed D 22 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 that all fruit-trees that have been planted on the various pre-emptions and Crown lands I had occasion to pass over seem to be thriving very well. I am informed also, by some of the first pre-emptors in this section of the country, that apples, cherries, and plums do exceptionally well, and they also claim that the climate is similar to that of Victoria. There are several large meadows or tracts of open swamp land, from 10 to 50 acres in extent, on this bench land, which has an altitude of from 700 to 1,100 feet. At present some of the pre-emptors are ditching these meadows in order to cultivate them in timothy, oats, clover, roots, and small fruits, which have been grown successfully in the vicinity. The character of the soil is chiefly a clay loam and is well watered by streams and springs. The growth of timber on the land is poor, consisting chiefly of fir, second-growth hemlock, alder, and pine. The rainfall is somewhat similar to Victoria; the prevailing wind is from the southeast, and the snow lies on the ground during the month of January from 6 inches to 12 inches, and at an altitude of 1,100 feet the depth of the snow is from 1 to 2 feet and lies much longer on the ground. The market for the produce from here would most likely be A^ananda, Powell River, adjacent logging camps, and Vancouver. I might state that there is very little or no land left on this part of Texada Island, as most of the land was taken up years ago and Crown-granted, and what land which was of any value has been recently taken up by pre-emptors. The pre-emptors throughout this part of the island seem to be a good class of settlers, and are erecting good dwellings. They are starting to cultivate the land in a workmanlike manner and seem quite contented with their pre-emptions. In the various localities I have visited in the course of my inspections as mentioned in the above, there is very little land available for settlement by pre-emption. I have, etc., Jas. W. Smith, Inspector of Pre-emptions. REPORT OF INSPECTOR OF PRE-EMPTIONS, FORT GEORGE DISTRICT. Fort Geobge, December 4th, 1913. H. Cathcart, Esq., Superintendent, Inspection Branch, Victoria, B.C. Sib,—I have the honour to submit my report on operation of the Inspection Branch during the season of 1913 in Fort George District. The country adjacent to Fort George is a generally level plateau of clay loam and river-silt intersected by the Fraser and Nechako Rivers and their tributaries, which flow through valleys at a depth of about 300 feet below the general level of the country. Both valleys and upland are thickly wooded with spruce and jack-pine, with dense thickets of alder and willow in the creek and river bottoms. With few exceptions, to be hereafter noted, the only open country is such as has been fire-swept, and there is very little natural grazing land. Vicinity of Chief Lake. Taking the country in detail, the first section to be noted is that in the vinicity of Chief Lake, about fifteen miles north-west of Fort George in a direct line and about twenty-two by road and trail. This lake, together with Nukko, Swamp, and a number of smaller ones, is situated on the height of land between the Nechako and Little Salmon Rivers. They are all connected with one another by a network of creeks much obstructed by numerous beaver dams. Large meadows have thus been formed, about 60 acres of which, on the east side of Chief Lake, have been cleared, drained, and brought under cultivation in oats, timothy, and potatoes, with good results, particularly as regards timothy, which, as in every instance where it has been sown in this district, grows most luxuriantly. The settlers in this section, who are amongst the oldest and most progressive in the district, have laboured under great difficulties. The construction of the Chief Lake Wagon-road, which was expected to reach the settlement this year, was stopped owing to the lack of funds, and as the last few miles of the trail which the road follows 4 Geo. 5 Report of Pre-emption Inspectors. D 23 run across a succession of swamps rendered impassable by the continuous wet weather which has prevailed this year, they have been unable to market their crops. In the winter, when the roads are good, there is no means at present of crossing the Nechako, which has to be done to gain access for their produce to the Fort George market. Eastward of McMillan Ceeek. Eastward to McMillan Creek the country is almost unbroken bush land, which is nearly all taken up under pre-emption. There has been very little progress made here, as the clearing of this land is a slow and expensive task when accomplished by the primitive methods which the lack of capital of the average pre-emptor compels him to follow. From the Nechako Ferry the Giscome Wagon-road has been constructed north as far as the Little Salmon River. For the first five miles it follows the valley of McMillan Creek, then rises on to the plateau, crossing for about two miles a section which has been completely denuded of timber by successive forest fires, which have not only destroyed the timber, but burnt off the humus from the ground. Here, on the south-west quarter of Lot 4025, is situated the pre-emption of J. C. Jorgensen, who has been experimenting in various crops and who has furnished me with some of the results obtained. Off two acres planted with fifteen sacks of potatoes he got 120 sacks of very good quality. His oats, owing to the fact that they were sown in newly broken ground, and by reason of the cold, wet weather which prevailed during the growing season, did not ripen well. A neighbour, however, who had ploughed his ground the previous fall, and sowed about the end of May, had a very good crop which would have ripened about the end of September, only having no means of thrashing he cut them green for hay. Cabbage and turnips did well, but corn was frost-killed. Twenty-three apple-trees planted at the end of May have flourished up to now, but it remains to be seen how they will stand the winter. South Side of the Fraser. There is a large tract of land of the same character on the south side of the Fraser, on which, about three miles from Fort George, a total of about 120 acres on five different holdings has been cultivated and put under oats. A. Haggith, who owns 60 acres of this, tells me that this year's crop is the third that he has taken off his land. The first year's crop was about 40 bushels per acre. This year, as the result of continuous cultivation, no fertilizer having been used, the average yield was about 32 bushels. The Tonequah Settlement. About fifty miles up the Fraser from Fort George is what is known as the Tonequah Settlement, which I visited on an inspection trip in the month of August. The pre-emptions here follow both banks of the river from Tonequah Creek to the junction of the North Fork. Immediately along the banks of the river is a belt of heavy spruce timber. Behind this belt for some distance on either side the country is flat and swampy and covered with a dense growth of willow, alder, and smaller spruce. Here and there are beaver meadows which only require draining to make good hay land. Most of the clearing that has been done is in the heavy timber along the river, where there is a good sale for cordwood to the steamers plying thereon. Not much attempt has been made as yet to grow for the market, most of the settlers contenting themselves with growing a few potatoes and other vegetables for their own consumption. Eagle Lake and Willow River. The return journey was made by way of Eagle Lake and Willow River. From the Fraser to the west end of Otter Lake is one almost unbroken muskeg. From about a mile west of Otter Lake the slope of the ground is towards Eagle Lake and the swampy flat narrows gradually towards the valley occupied by the lake. Eagle Creek, a narrow and tortuous stream, drains the waters of Eagle Lake into Willow River. The Grand Trunk Pacific have put in some miles of drainage-ditch through the muskegs above Eagle Lake, with the result that during the spring thaw the flood-waters are crowded into the lake all at once, raising the normal water-level by several feet and submerging many acres of low-lying meadow land around the lake. I under- D 24 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 stand that the Grand Trunk Pacific are at present negotiating with the Dominion Government with a view to excavating a drainage-canal from the lake to the Willow. River to take care of this overflow. If this is done it will drain many acres of good meadow land at the east end of the lake as well as those lands actually traversed by the proposed work. That good results may be obtained once the laud is cleared and cultivated is shown by the enterprise of Geo. McDowell on the south bank of the Fraser about a mile below the Grand Trunk Pacific crossing, and of M. K. Lee on his pre-emption east of Eagle Lake. Both of these men have about 10 acres cleared and under crop with potatoes and various garden truck. The results are excellent, both as regards growth and quality, the potatoes and cabbage being particularly fine. Chilako Valley. Perhaps the finest tract of land in the district is the Chilako (or Mud) River Valley, connected with Fort George by the Fraser Lake Road, which crosses it fifteen miles out. The floor of the valley averages about half a mile in width, and is a rich black loam, well drained, with large areas of natural open meadow. The Chilako Plantation Company on Lots 4211 and 4213 are going in for extensive farming operations. They have built large bunk-houses, barns, and root-houses, and have an extensive area under mixed crops. Other settlers in the valley have also made good progress, and with the completion of the railway and the growth of Prince George as a centre of population, this valley will no doubt develop into a splendid dairying proposition. Taking the district as a whole, the difficulties of transportation, the high cost of supplies of every description, and the slow and primitive methods of working which most of the settlers are compelled to employ have greatly retarded the development of the country. Owing to the lack of grazing land very few can afford to keep any stock, and the cost of hiring horses being almost prohibitive, nearly all the work of clearing and cultivation has to be performed by hand. In the face of these difficulties and the necessity the majority of the pre-emptors are under of working out for a grub-stake, it has not been an easy task to get the pre-emption laws observed in their entirety, but a great improvement in this respect is to be noticed since the establishment of a system of inspection. Previously there is no doubt but that, in the absence of any adequate supervision, many pre-emptions have been Crown-granted on the strength of fraudulent declarations of improvement. In view of this, it was thought well to make it a rule that all pre-emptions should be inspected before the certificate was issued, if inspection had not already been made. When the system was first put into operation several cases of this nature were disclosed, and the consequent cancellation of the records has had a salutary effect in making pre-emptors more careful in their statements. In the carrying-out of the inspection-work it has been the policy in this district to deal as leniently as possible with such as are trying to live up to the requirements of the Act, but who, by reason of poverty or ill-fortune, cannot comply with the strict letter of the law. On the other hand, where there has been reason to believe that the land has been taken up for speculative purposes, especially by professional or business men who, from the nature of their calling, are not in a position to carry out their duties, stricter measures have been taken, and such persons are beginning to realize that these practices will not be countenanced. More Pre-emptions Last Year. The number of pre-emption records issued this year up to the time of writing totals 572, as compared with 554 for 1912. These figures include the re-recording of most of the 213 preemptions cancelled during the year. There is very little land available and suitable for pre-emption left in the vicinity of Fort George. The only considerable area is that portion of the district between Chief Lake and the western boundary and north to the Salmon River. I have not been able to get in there myself as yet, but, according to information received from men who know the country well, it is described as being a rolling, open country with large meadows and light timber. The only means of access at present is a pack-trail from the Nechako, skirting the west side of Murch Lake, and thence running north and west to the Salmon. 4 Geo. 5 . Report of Pre-emption Inspectors. D To summarize, it may be said that outside of a few who are fortunately situated within a short distance of Fort George or on the line of construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific, and thus have a ready market at their doors, with few exceptions, not more has been done than is necessary to qualify for certificate of improvement. Everything seems to point to the likelihood of a large influx of population next spring, which, with the completion of the railway and the consequent cheapening of the necessaries of life, and the introduction of more economical methods of working than are now possible, will mean a rapid development of the resources of the country. I have, etc., G. Wallace, Inspector of Pre-emptions. REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR OF PRE-EMPTIONS, HAZELTON DISTRICT. Smithers, B.C., December 13th, 1913. H. Cathcart, Esq., Superintendent, Inspection Branch, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit my report as Inspector of Pre-emptions in the Hazelton Land District. I arrived in Hazelton on May 1st, and after checking up the list of pre-emptions from the records in the Government Agent's office I started my first tour of inspection on May 15th in the Skeena River Valley, in the area between Hazelton and the Copper River. I found most of the cultivated land in fruit, the soil and climate generally being adapted for this class of farming. Some of the settlers are raising vegetables in a small way for the market. I visited sixty-three pre-emptions, and found about a quarter of the holders diligently engaged in developing their land and fairly satisfied with conditions. The timber, mostly cottonwood and spruce, is fairly heavy, involving much time and labour in clearing. The remainder of the settlers were away working in order to earn sufficient money to further improve their land. Owing to there being no range land, and because of the heavy clearing, this section is not fitted for dairy-farming or raising cattle. From personal observation and numerous inquiries at various points, I am convinced there is practically no land available for settlement in this vicinity. I might mention that there are two bearing orchards, mostly apples, one opposite the mouth of the Copper River, and the other twenty-five miles up the river at Meanskinisht. The fruit will compare favourably with that grown in other parts of the Province. This section is comparatively free from frosts. I next inspected seventy-three pre-emptions in the Kispiox Valley, and travelled over fifty miles in this section. It appears to be more favourable for mixed farming, especially dairying, there being considerable open land. The soil is similar to that of the Skeena section. I found the settlers here were more industrious, and seemed to be taking pains to improve their land. The valley is about six miles wide, and there is more vacant Crown land here—about 20,000 acres—suitable for farming than in any other section of the district. The vacant land, however, consists mostly of timbered bench, the bottom land all having been taken up. Owing to the distance from the railroad the settlers are rather handicapped by transportation for their produce, which consists chiefly of hay and vegetables, the local demand being small. My next journey was to Aldermere. I visited all the pre-emptions along the east side of the Bulkley River between that river and the Babine Range. I visited eighty-two claims, the majority of which I thought might be further improved with profit to the holder. Considerable hay and large quantities of vegetables are grown by those who were among the early settlers. This year an average price of $25 per ton was obtained for hay, and during the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway as much as $70 to $80 per ton was realized. There is considerable range land on the foot-hills and low spurs of the mountains, but owing to its rocky nature it is unfit for any other purpose. I then started for Moricetown, going up the Bulkley River on the west side, and inspected sixty-two pre-emptions. The first twenty miles consists mostly of land acquired by purchase. Higher up the pre-emptions are more numerous. The land is difficult to clear owing to the heavy timber. There are several claims high up in the foot-hills of the Hudson Bay Mountains, D 26 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 from COO to 800 feet, that would seem to hold out little encouragement to develop owing to the high elevation and heavy timber. The soil is on slide-rock and very shallow. There has been little land in this section of the district brought under cultivation owing to the heavy timber. There is no doubt some of the pre-emptors expect to realize on the timber, and consequently are not so keen on clearing. 1 should say that mixed farming ought to pay the best on this side of the river. Going around the south end of the Hudson Bay Mountain, I reached the Copper River Valley, and found no pre-emptors located between the south end of the mountain and the head of the Copper River. The valley here is about two miles wide and generally rocky. The land in the vicinity of the lakes might be used for growing hay, but owing to the higher elevation and heavy timber the bulk of the land is suitable only for range purposes. There is no available agricultural land here. Experiments have been made with vegetables, but owing to severe summer frosts they have failed. The settlers seem to be chiefly engaged in prospecting and trapping. The land east of Aldermere and east of the Bulkley River as far as Morice River is Crown- granted, with the exception of five or six pre-emptions. The settlers are engaged in growing ha5r and vegetables, conditions being more favourable than in other parts of the valley. The land is more easily cleared and of better quality. Some of the oldest and most prosperous settlers who raise the bulk of the farming produce of the district are located here. I should think this part of the valley is suitable for dairying. Going up the Morice River for about eight miles, I found that the valley contained little bottom land, being almost level bench with light poplar, and is easily cleared. The soil is gravelly and of a poor quality. There are eight settlers here, none of whom have done very much work, and, apparently, those on the east side have little desire to farm. A few on the west side seem, however, to have better inducement to develop their claims, having better soil and conditions. I have been told there is at least 10,000 acres of good land still available for settlement twelve miles up from the mouth of the river on the west side. This land is more or less heavily timbered, with some open patches. I then passed through Pleasant Valley. The land here has been nearly all acquired by scrip and purchase. The few pre-emptors here are among the oldest settlers. They raise principally hay on the bottom lands. The higher benches are suitable for vegetables and mixed farming. The land is lightly timbered and is easily cleared. The Buck River Valley is separated from Pleasant Valley by a low pass, the distance being about seven miles by wagon-road. This is a narrow valley with large open patches especially adapted for dairying. There are ten settlers already devoting themselves to this class of farming. There is little bottom land. The rolling benches and hillsides are excellent for grazing purposes. There is a lot of vacant land between these pre-emptions and the west side of Francois Lake which is heavily timbered, and owing to poor soil offers little inducement to intending settlers. Returning to Pleasant Valley, I went up the Bulkley for ten miles. The land here is excellent for farming. Large open patches occur and the remainder is lightly timbered. The few pre-emptors found here raise stock. There is good hay land here. Farm produce is handicapped by summer frosts, which occur more frequently in the upper stretches of the Bulkley Valley. For the next fifteen miles the majority of the pre-emptions I visited on the south side of the river were chiefly held for the tie timber, no improvements whatever having been done on them. Although the land could be cleared and made possible for agriculture, a prospective settler would probably consider the work expensive to undertake. Most of the land on the north side is of poor quality, but lightly timbered, with large open patches, and, in my opinion, is more suitable for grazing than farming purposes. On some claims, however, the soil improves, and the land generally is adapted for mixed farming. Although at present there is not a cow or horse in this vicinity, the settlers hope to eventually raise stock. Outside of the land held by purchase or pre-emption north of the Bulkley and fifteen miles east of the Buck River, there are still available at least forty sections. About one-quarter of this area would produce hay, and the whole of it is good grazing land, probably the best in the valley. The higher elevation and consequently shorter season would seriously interfere with successful agricultural development. 4 Geo. 5 Report of Pre-emption Inspectors. D 27 I covered about 400 miles and inspected 360 pre-emptions during the season. From personal observations and impressions gained in conversation with the settlers, I should say that not more than one-third of them are sincere in their endeavours to cultivate the land. In all probability this is due to the loneliness of the life, not more than eight pre-emptors having their wives with them. During the construction of the railroad there was a ready market for produce, but now that this source of consumption has been removed there is less demand, and tons of hay and potatoes were left on the hands of some of the farmers. These conditions will naturally disappear with the increase of population. I gathered from some of the settlers that they would greatly appreciate some opportunity being offered by the Government to purchase cattle, cows preferably, at cost price. These could be fed on the surplus produce created due to the distance from transportation. This applies more especially to the Kispiox Valley. About two-thirds of the pre-emptors One might class as speculators, whose object, apparently, is to secure their Crown grant by doing only sufficient work to comply with the Act; then either sell their holding or obtain xiossession of another by pre-emption. Detailed reports of the work done by each pre-emptor on his claim have been forwarded from time to time. I have, etc., Chas. E. Bailey, Inspector of Pre-emptions. REPORT OF INSPECTOR OF PRE-EMPTIONS, NICOLA, KAMLOOPS, AND SIMILKAMEEN DISTRICTS. December 20th, 1913. H. Cathcart, Esq., Superintendent, Inspection Branch, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—This country, on account of its not being so heavily timbered as other districts of the Interior, should, and no doubt will, develop more rapidly along the lines to which it is adapted— namely, mixed farming. With the exception of valley along the Nicola River lying between Merritt and Spence's Bridge, this district is commercially unsuited to fruit-culture, though no doubt hardy varieties of apples might be cultivated successfully, also small fruits. But for the production of beef, mutton, pork, chickens, and dairy products it cannot be surpassed. Also bees should do remarkably well, as clover of all kinds can be grown to perfection, white clover being the natural grass of the soil. Wherever irrigated, white clover will grow abundantly, and the whole valley only awaits the greater development of irrigation to prove what a magnificent mixed-farming district it will be. The higher benches where settlers have pre-empted are to a great extent timbered, but open and park-like, with numerous small lakes. Consequently there is more moisture, and those who have land cleared and under cultivation produce remarkably good crops. The aim and object of the dona-fide pre-emptors are to get into mixed farming as soon as possible, but lack of capital with the majority is a great hindrance. In the vicinity of Mamete Lake and also at Aspen Grove several settlers are engaged in sheep-ranching, which, owing to the open timber and the abundance of wild peavine and lupin, also other timber grasses and shrubs, they are having marked success. This branch of ranching should be encouraged in other parts of the district. On the benches near the head of Clapperton Creek some settlers are engaged in dairy- farming and chickens with splendid success. Any lands available for settlement in this district are scattered quarter-sections, with the exception of the vicinity of Loon, Allan, and Penask Lakes. In these vicinities there are considerable jack-pine bench lands, also mountain meadow lands that are well worth investigating by any one wishing to settle in this country. Alfalfa on any of this high jack-pine bench land will, I am confident, do exceptionally well, as the soil is a light loam and well suited to its culture. On the high bench to the north of Eight-mile Creek and west of Clapperton Creek a settler is carrying on experimental work with different clovers, and there one can see alfalfa in its D 28 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 fullest and most perfect development, which proves that when the ground is properly prepared for it one can expect abundant crops. Sanfoin is another clover that is exceptionally suited to the Nicola District, and those who are growing it get three cuttings in the season, an average of 5 to 6 tons per acre. This undoubtedly should become a splendid mixed-farming district. kamloops district. Up the North Thompson and its Tributaries. This district is not so naturally favoured as the Nicola, in that it has very little land free of timber. Clearing, consequently, has to be the settler's first consideration, and, though for the most part very heavy, the land fully repays for the extra labour expended upon it, as it is exceptionally rich, consisting chiefly of red granite loam filled with humus and strong in vegetativeness. Owing to the lack of transportation and the difficulties of road-construction throughout this district, development along farming lines has been greatly handicapped up to the present, but now that the railway is nearing completion and with the capital and force needed for road-construction, one should see a tremendous change for the better in a few years. In the Sullivan Valley and in the vicinity of Louis Creek, being more adjacent to Kamloops, settlement is more advanced, and those engaged in mixed farming are having splendid results. Along the Barriere River and in the vicinity of East and North Barriere Lakes settlement is not very far advanced, as clearing is in most places heavy and expensive, but the soil is a deep red granite loam that will produce abundant crops. The climate is similar to parts of the Okanagan, and where fruit-trees have been planted are doing remarkably well. On East Barriere Lake, the scenery about which is exceptionally beautiful, the lake-frontage is all taken up by settlers. The benches on both sides of the lake, extending back for two or three miles, are still open for pre-emption. The land about North Barriere Lake is rougher and more heavily timbered, but there is a quantity of good land about there still available for settlement. The new bridge under construction across the Thompson River at the Barriere will be a great boon to the settlers on the west side, and no doubt in time a road will be constructed up Peterson Creek, which is the natural outlet for the settlers above Nelson's Flat and Chinook Cove, and as there is a considerable amount of land available for settlement in the vicinity of Bonaparte Lake, the Peterson Creek Road and the Barriere undoubtedly will be the natural outlet. The settlers about Chinook Cove are principally Germans and Austrians, and are carrying on a system of mixed farming on what land they have cleared. Fruit-trees are planted before the stumps are taken out, and crops and vegetables are grown between the trees to feed hogs, chickens, geese, and ducks. As one advances up the Thompson the climate becomes less suited to fruit-culture, but at Chu Chua one can see crab-apples grown to perfection, also other hardy varieties of fruit. On the whole, the district is well suited for hay and mixed farming. From 30 acres of irrigated sandy loam bench land situated at Chu Chua 100 tons of clover and timothy have been taken in one cutting, and produced a second crop almost as heavy. Excellent crops of potatoes and other vegetables also grow in this vicinity. The country surrounding Dunn Lake and also for some distance above Boulder Creek is very rough, and very little of it suitable for cultivation, but to the east of Mosquito Flat and Black Pool there are a number of settlers on what is known as the Big Burn. It has been destroyed by fire. A great quantity of dead cedar is still standing, also a thick growth of willow-brush. The soil is a deep sandy loam with plenty of moisture. The few settlers there are clearing the land and seeding to clover and timothy; oats on a piece of fresh clearing measured 6 feet; also vegetables and small fruits, especially strawberries, do well. There are still a number of good quarter-sections to be taken up on this bench that would be worth investigating by any one wishing to settle. From Nelson's Flat to Little Fort settlement is more advanced, and large crops of hay and oats have been cut from the land and sold to the Northern Construction Company at big prices. Capital to clear the land and make roads for transportation will make the North Thompson a country to be proud of. similkameen district. The settlers in this district are more fortunate, in that they have a milder climate, less snowfall, and more open range, and as soon as a settler is in a position to purchase stock lie 4 Geo. 5 Report of Pre-emption Inspectors. D 29 can find plenty of feed for them on the open ranges. The settlers are realizing more and more each day the possibilities of the higher bench land. Throughout the Similkameen the land is rich and very fertile, and in a great many places no irrigation is required. Abundant crops can be obtained of grain, hay, clovers of all kinds, vegetables of all kinds, and apples cannot be surpassed anywhere in the lower valleys. Although the different varieties, such as Wealthy, Mcintosh Red, Jonathan, Wagner, will come in perhaps a month later than in the lower valleys, the colour and flavour is superior, and also have the advantage in keeping qualities. The Similkameen, like the other districts, is taking on new life since the construction of railways, and when the Kettle Valley line is through, and also the proposed line up the Okanagan from the Boundary to Pentictou, it would be difficult to imagine the change that will take place throughout the Similkameen. The wagon-roads throughout the district on the whole are in excellent condition and worthy of great credit. The settlers on the high benches throughout the district will undoubtedly go more into mixed farming, as splendid crops of clover can be grown, also root-crops, so that fruit, dairying, hogs, and chickens will in time be extensively carried on. The majority of those who have recently taken up pre-emptions are making splendid headway in clearing and cultivating, and a number have nice young orchards and are looking forward to the time when transportation facilities will enable them to get their produce to market. I have, etc., R. Gillespie. Inspector of Pre-emptions. REPORT OF INSPECTOR OF PRE-EMPTIONS, KOOTENAY DISTRICT. Nelson, B.C., December 18th, 1913. H. Cathcart, Esq., Superintendent, Inspection Branch, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have inspected since July, 1913, 252 pre-emptions. In the Fernie District nineteen were inspected, all of which I found in excellent shape. In the Cranbrook District I found twenty-four pre-emptors living on the land and complying with the Act, and thirty-five nonresident. In the Kaslo District sixteen were found in good standing and twenty-seven pre- emptors were non-resident. In the Nelson District forty-three were in good standing and eighty-six non-resident. Two inspections were made in the Revelstoke District, both pre- emptors being non-resident. Considerable confusion arose by the changing of the boundary-lines between the Nelson and Kaslo Districts, and transfers of the pre-emption records not being properly noted on each record. I made several inspections which I afterward found had been Crown-granted or cancelled some years previous. I find the reason in most cases where non-residence is reported is owing to the fact of there being no roads as yet to get supplies into the lands taken, also the distance from schools, which made it impossible to keep their families on the land. Since starting my inspections I find many of those who previously were not living on their pre-emptions have moved on and are fulfilling their duties. Now that they know Inspectors are on the ground from time to time it will have the effect of making better settlers and discourage speculators. There is very little vacant Crown land in the districts I have been over, except the areas covered by the logged-off timber limits, which have not been thrown open yet. I hope during the next season to have all the pre-emption records in East and West Kootenay in fairly good shape. I have, etc., W. A. Wilmot, Inspector of Pre-emptions. D 30 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 REPORT ON EXPERIMENTAL DRY-FARMING OPERATIONS. By Professor W. J. Elliott. December 18th, 1913. Hon. William R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Last fall I had the pleasure of making a report with regard to the lands lying along the Cariboo Trail between Ashcroft and 150-Mile House. In asking me to make that report, you made two statements somewhat as follows:— (1.) Until recently the Government of British Columbia had disposed of large areas of more or less open land in the Province for grazing purposes, as it had been regarded as worthless for any other system of agriculture. (2.) That since your tenure of office most of the open areas still belonging to the Government have been placed upon a reserve list for the benefit of actual settlers, and it was your wish to ascertain whether scientific dry-farming would not bring into use many areas formerly considered useful only for grazing purposes. My report therefore dealt with the conditions as presented in the more or less open areas along the Cariboo Trail, with regard to their suitability for dry-land farming or other agricultural pursuits, and as no definite records could be found giving the annual or average temperature, rainfall, snowfall, etc., the report was necessarily based upon the condition and character of the soil and the character of the vegetation as it appeared in October. After examining these things very carefully, I gave it as my opinion that a great many of the bench lands and more or less rolling areas could be used advantageously for dry-land purposes. By observing conditions along the trail and by inquiring from those who lived in that vicinity, it was learned that the more or less open park-like condition of the lower areas and bench lands between 100-Mile and 150-Mile House is found to a greater or less extent in the Chimney Creek District, the Horsefly District, and to a very considerable extent across the Fraser River in the Chilcotin country, as well as in other districts of the great central and southern portion of British Columbia. It would appear that there are literally hundreds of thousands of acres that have a soil admirably adapted to dry-land farming. These have so many gently rolling slopes that dry-land machinery could be handled very advantageously. In some of these districts I found farmers who were growing crops, but only in one instance did I find a man who seemed to be handling his crops under a definite system of dry-land farming. This was noted in last year's report under the heading " An interview with an up-to- date farmer from Montana." As will be seen by referring to that report, his success was very decided indeed. A point that should perhaps be mentioned at this time is to the effect that, subsequent to the preparation of that report, this .same man sent us a sample of the grain which had been thrashed from the crops grown last year. The oats and barley were excellent, and though the wheat was slightly shrunken, yet it was of very fair quality. However, the fact remains that most of those who were attempting dry-land farming apparently knew nothing whatever about it. In many instances the ground was ploughed in the spring. It was immediately cultivated for a seed-bed; the seed was sown and the crop left to chance. When this was the case, in nine times out of ten the crops were more or less a failure. There were two things that impressed me very strongly in making my first report. These were:— (1.) The soil was of splendid character, and the rains apparently came at such seasons of the year as to do the crops the most good. In fact, with ordbiary care, conditions seemed to be very favourable for the production of first-class crops. (2.) There seemed to be such a lack of knowledge as to how to proceed among those who were trying to farm. Many people have the impression that dry-land farming is farming without moisture at all. This is, of course, erroneous. There is nothing but common-sense in the handling of a farm as a dry-land proposition. It is a system of agriculture that is generally practised where the rainfall is perhaps less than 20 inches per year, and consists in so handling and cultivating the land as to retain a considerable proportion of the rainfall of one year to augment the rainfall of a second year, and thus have a sufficient amount to grow a crop. It is astonishing how many people imagine that by packing the surface of the cultivated field they are taking steps to conserve moisture. It is, of course, perfectly proper to have the 4 Geo. 5 Report on Dry-farming Experimental Work. D 31 subsoil and " root-area " of the soil sufficiently compact for proper capillary action, but the very surface of the soil should always be kept loose, or, as it has been expressed, " covered with a dust-mulch." This is accomplished very nicely with an ordinary light harrow. Probably by inserting the few rules that were given to the men who began the dry-land investigations under the direction of the Minister of Lands I could make the practice of dry-farming quite clear. These rules were:— (1.) If possible, break at least 6 inches deep. (2.) Never leave the field without working down thoroughly with packer, disk, and harrow the land broken during the day. (3.) Pack the furrows as the first operation after breaking, running lengthwise of the furrows. With the furrows lying compactly on the ground, the disks have a much greater cutting effect. (4.) Follow the packer with the disks, running lengthwise of the furrows for the first two operations. (5.) Follow the two strokes of the disk with two strokes of the harrow, also lengthwise of the furrow. (6.) After each and every rain give the cultivated land a stroke with the harrow. (7.) If the breaking has been done in the early summer, a few spears of grass may spring up after sufficient moisture has been conserved and when the heat of summer is on. (8.) If this is so, back-set the land during the latter part of August or first part of September. After the back-setting a single stroke with the harrow may be sufficient to bring the furrows back to very excellent tilth. (9.) Again follow each and every shower with a stroke of the harrow. (10.) In districts where a heavy winter snowfall has to be depended upon for a considerable portion of the moisture it will be found to be beneficial to ridge the land crosswise of the slopes. By this means the melting snow in the spring is caught by the ridges instead of running directly down the slope and off the cultivated field. (11.) In the spring, as soon as the frost is out of the ground a few inches, and if the surface of the ground will admit the team and harrows without " puddling," it will be well to give the area a stroke with the harrows. (12.) If the snow has been heavy and if the surface of the ground is packed, it may be found advisable to disk the land once, so that the seeder may put the seed in to the proper depth. (13.) Press the seeder-levers well down so as to drop the seed deeply into the soil. (14.) Pack after seeding to ensure rapid germination. (15.) Harrow after packing to restore the earth-mulch. (16.) Harrow after each shower until the grain is above ground, and even after the grain is above ground the harrows should be run over the surface (with the teeth slanting well backward) to break up any crust that might have a tendency to form with a heavy rain. (17.) Continue the use of the harrow until the grain is high enough to shelter the land between the drill rows. (18.) If the above points have been followed faithfully the results should be satisfactory. Establishing Two Dry-land Investigation Stations. About June 1st Hon. W. R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands for British Columbia, instructed the writer to proceed with the establishment of two dry-land investigation stations. The land was to be selected, capable men secured, and the necessary equipment of horses and machinery purchased. After carefully examining a number of locations, one point was finally established near 105-Mile House on the Cariboo Trail, and a second on the commonage south of Nicola Lake and a little distance from the Quilchena Post-office. On June 11th and 12th, men, equipment, and horses were selected, and as quickly as these could all be sent to their respective districts work began in earnest. 105-Mile Station. * Rather careful observations of this district appeared in the Annual Report of the Minister of Lands for the year ending December 31st, 1913, so that it will uot be necessary to repeat any portion of that report here. D 32 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 It will be appreciated that, in starting breaking operations at 105-Mile Station as late as the middle of June we had not only lost by evaporation much of the snow-water and early spring rains, but by that date the land had become very hard and baked, so that breaking was very difficult indeed. Quite a number of stones were encountered on the area selected, and these embedded in the sun-baked sod made the work just that much more difficult. Many of these stones, if encountered by the plough earlier in the spring when the ground was somewhat moist, would have given very little trouble, if any; but, as already stated, when embedded in the hard ground had a tendency to throw the plough entirely out of the furrow. I am making a particular point of this matter, because I believe it indicates clearly that all land in these districts should be broken as early in the spring as possible, and particularly is this so of lands where a scattering of small stones is found. Of course, I would not seek to give the impression that most of the open areas have scattered stones to bother the tiller, for that would be incorrect. The facts are that many of the areas have no stones whatever, and if breaking were done at the proper time of the year there would be no difficulty whatever. Another Necessity for Early Breaking. It is necessary for best results to have the land broken sufficiently early so that there is plenty of summer heat for the decomposition of the broken sod. The men were therefore given instructions to continue breaking only so long as they felt that there was ample summer heat for proper decaying purposes. At 105-Mile House there were 45 acres broken and carefully cultivated, as stated above. Of these, 20 acres were back-set and again cultivated, leaving the whole area in a very fine state of tilth. The cultivated land at 105-Mile House is in two portions, approximately 20 acres in the one and 25 in the other. Fence-posts have been cut, ■ peeled, set 20 feet apart, and properly braced round both areas, and the whole is ready for wiring at the first opportunity in the spring. The Apparent Effect of the Summer's Cultivation. Rain records were begun about July 10th, and the rainfall by months in inches is as follows:— July 10 to 31 1.58 inches. Aug. 1 to 31 4.27 „ Sept. 1 to 30 1.08 Oct. 1 to 31 1.34 „ Nov. 1 to 30 1.37 Total 9.64 inches. Of course, these figures cannot be taken as a total for every year, but there is one point that is very significant, and that is that the heaviest rain fell in the month when the crops would be expected to be filling and maturing. Another point worthy of notice is the fact that September had a very light rainfall, only 1.08 inches. This would augur well for harvest stacking and thrashing weather. Particularly would this be true for such crops as barley, where colour is desired. Now, it may well be asked: "What about this rainfall? What became of it? In June, before breaking was even begun, the foreman dug down in the sod to a depth of 3 feet and found the entire depth as dry as could be. In fact, the soil from the bottom of the hole was so dry that it would blow off the shovel. This was tried again in the month of August, when on the cultivated land the moisture was found down to a depth of 3 feet. In fact, at that depth the soil was so moist that it could be rolled up into mud-balls, while on the unbroken sod not 10 yards away the moisture was only found to a depth of 14 inches. After that depth the soil became very dry, powdery, and fluffy again. In the month of September the comparison was again made. On the unbroken ' sod the moisture was practically all gone by evaporation, leaving the soil almost as dry as it was at the time of the first digging; while on the cultivated land a depth of 3 feet failed to show any diminution of the moisture from the August boring. It could still be rolled up into mud-balls, which were quite damp. Cultivation was kept up at intervals on the cultivated land until the 4 Geo. 5 Report on Dry-farming Experimental Work. D 33 middle of October, when all the slopes were ridged crosswise, preparatory to leaving for winter. The significant fact about this is that the land could be worked very successfully up to the middle of October. In fact, the ridging could have been performed up until September 7th. What about Frost? A very promising feature is the fact that no frost appeared until September 5th, and on September 7th a frost came which practically stopped all green growing crops. However, by the end of August it would be expected that all crops.that had been planted in time would be safely out of the way. In fact, from August 10th and from then until the end of month ought to see all crops fully matured, cut, and in the stook. It might be interesting to insert the average maximum and minimum temperature as recorded at this station from August 22nd, when the equipment was received and when the keeping of temperature records was started. Average Maximum. Average Minimum. Aug. 9 to 31 Sept. 1 to 30 Oct. 1 to 31 Nov. 1 to 30 68.9° F. 65.1° F. 52.2° F. 38.9° F. 45.6° F. 39.3° F. 26.2° F. 21.4° F. Open Falls. One feature of this past fall has been the prevalence of soft south-eastern winds, that have quickly melted the few snow-flurries of the latter part of November and December, and have also made the stock-feeding problem one of easy solution so far. In concluding the report for 105-Mile Station, I need only say that the cultivated land is in first-class shape for seeding next spring. Quilchena Station. Perhaps a few words should be said with regard to the selection that was made near Quilchena. The commonage is nearly a square tract of elevated and rolling land, lying almost due south of Nicola Lake and comprising about 16,000 acres. This land is approximately 1,700 feet above Nicola Lake and is about 3,800 feet in elevation. As has been said, the area has quite a heavy roll in places, and yet in others there are quite large sloping stretches which would be admirably adapted to dry-land farming, provided, of course, other conditions were present. Very few of the rolling slopes are sufficient to Interfere with proper cultivation and the use of all kinds of dry-land machinery. A section of land was selected near the centre of the commonage; some 33 acres were broken and as carefully prepared and cultivated as the 105-Mile areas mentioned above. It is quite evident, so far, that the commonage presents a more difficult problem in a dry-land way than is presented at 105-Mile House. The records up to November 30th give this district very little rainfall. However, it must be remembered that record-keeping only began on August 20th. The men report a very heavy rainfall the night they reached the commonage, but as their equipment was not at hand, this, of course, does not appear in the following records:— Rainfall Records at Quilchena. Aug. 20 to 31 0.07 inches. Sept. 1 to 30 0.7jl „ Oct. 1 to 31 1.21 „ Nov. 1 to 30 0.96 „ Total 2.95 inches. This is a low rainfall as compared with the 105-Mile records, but if sufficient moisture were to fall at other seasons of the year there might still be sufficient stored up for the growing of 3 D 34 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 the crop. The above records would indicate, however, very excellent harvest weather. Assuming that the first two-thirds of the month of August would average proportionately with the last one-third of the month, it nevertheless leaves a light rainfall for filling and maturing the crop. This should caution us in two ways:— (1.) We should keep accurate records of the rainfall. (2.) We should seed in proportion to the amount of moisture in the ground at seeding-time. It is only in this way that we could expect to properly mature our crops. Of course, the above figures may change considerably another season, and yet they indicate clearly how closely the conditions should be watched. Temperatures. No frost was experienced up until September 7th, when the thermometer just registered freezing, or 32° Fahr. On September 19th there were 4 degrees of frost, and on the 20th the thermometer again registered 32° Fahr. On November 11th the ground froze up so that no further work was possible. The slopes were all ridged just before the freeze-up, similar to the plan followed at 105-Mile House. In making a comparison of the depth of the moisture in the cultivated as compared with the unbroken sod, it is found that under cultivation the moisture had penetrated from 13 to 15 inches, while on the sod it was not apparent below the 4-inch mark. Temperature Records. The records at Quilchena were begun on August 20th, and the average monthly maximum and minimum totals are here given:— Average Maximum. Average Minimum. Aug. 20 to 31 Sept. 1 to 30 . Oct. 1 to 31 . Nov. 1 to 30 . 89.0° F. 62.0° F. 47.2° F. 38.4° F. 49.4° F. 37.6° F. 30.6° F. 24.5° F. It will be noted that the average maximum temperature for September is comparatively high, and even the average minimum temperature is well above freezing. This would indicate a comparatively warm month that would be splendidly adapted to the drying and proper curing of all crops cut. Buildings. At this station it was necessary to provide winter accommodation for men and horses. Lumber was purchased, and the foreman built, with the assistance of his helper, a lean-to building 20 by 24 feet. The sides are built of rough lumber placed upright, with batten strips. The roof is shingled. This gives ample protection for the four horses, for oat-storage room, and for tools. Walls of lumber were added to the tent, which make very comfortable winter quarters for the men. Fencing, Hay, Oats. A considerable number of posts have been cut by the men, though as yet none of them are set on the fence-lines. It was impossible to get the fencing done, as the men had to build their winter quarters. Sufficient hay and oats have been purchased for the winter and also for the time of the spring work. Most of the hay is drawn and stored in corrals near the buildings for safe-keeping. Domestic Water. Within a few steps of the door of the tent, in one of the small ravines on the commonage, a well was dug to a depth of 6 feet. A splendid spring was found, and this small well, which 4 Geo. 5 Reports from Government Agents. D 35 has been neatly stoned up, provides ample water for three persons and four horses. The water is of very excellent quality, and apparently there is a sufficient quantity to supply many times the present demands. This fact alone is an important one as far as the commonage is concerned, and it might be added that many of the ravines on this tract of land present splendid prospects as far as water is concerned. Snowfall. The success of next spring's operations will depend in a large measure upon the amount of snow that falls this winter, or upon the abundance of the rainfall after the crops are sown next spring. Very conflicting stories were given by people in the district with regard to the snowfall on the commonage. Some said that, as a general rule, there was a very considerable depth of snow on the commonage nearly every winter, while others reported very light snowfalls on the northern portions of the commonage, with greater depth on the southern half. This, of course, cannot be relied upon, and thus authentic snow data can only be given after reliable records are kept for a few years. Conclusions. It is, of course, impossible to predict what the results will be without authentic records to guide us. The matter has been gone into with an entirely open mind, and the actual facts will of necessity have to dictate what the results shall be. However, it may be said that prospects at 105-Mile House are very bright indeed. With regard to Quilchena, the prospects are only fair, but it must be remembered that judgment is being passed with only a part of one year's records. Conditions between now and harvest next summer may change conditions entirely. The above facts, however, have been given as they have actually been recorded from the starting of the work in the middle of June up to November 30th, which gives the last complete month's records. I have, etc., i W. J. Elliott. REPORTS FROM GOVERNMENT AGENTS. Reports regarding conditions of settlement in their various divisions from Government Agents, who act as Land Commissioners, indicate general improvements, and the outlook for the future, especially in those land recording divisions traversed by the new lines of railway now under construction, is that a considerable influx of population may be expected following the completion of the railroads. Fort Fraser Division. J. E. Hooson, Government Agent, Fort Fraser, reports: There are a few exceptional areas, notably in the vicinity of Milne's Landing, Stony Creek, Fraser Lake, and North Francois Lake, where farming on a comparatively large scale is being done, and this year particularly, with most encouraging results. The crops have turned out very well, and although harvesting weather was not all that could be desired, still nearly everything has been garnered in good condition. Oats and potatoes have been the most general products, and owing to a very profitable and extensive market, provided through contiguous railroad-construction, the former has been extensively turned into hay to meet the demand, whilst the latter also finds a ready and profitable market. I understand that what grain has been thrashed is of a most excellent quality. Comparatively few of the pre-emptors have, however, reached the farming stage. I would suggest that the reason is that until now the cost of living has been so great, owing to our remoteness from transportation, that it has deterred many, especially those with families, from coming. I have no doubt that the speedy and assured completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway will encourage a considerable influx of population in the near future. D 36 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Fort George Division. Conditions in the Fort George Division have been dealt with by G. I. Wallace, Pre-emption Inspector, in his report, printed elsewhere. T. W. Heme, Government Agent for the division, reports that the work done by the Pre-emption Inspection Branch has been of great value, and more land will be cleared and under cultivation next year as a result. Lillooet Division. Edgar C. Lunn, Government Agent at Clinton, reports: Pre-empting in the Lillooet Division during the past year has been very keen, the number of pre-emption records issued being far in excess of that for the corresponding period last year. Much interest is being shown in applications for cancellation of records for non-occupation, many pre-emptions having been cancelled and restaked by the informants. In my opinion, there are many pre-emptions still available in the Lillooet District, but as the district has been partly settled for a number of years they are not so easily located as formerly. The greater portion of the district being in the Dry Belt, the question of water-supply for irrigation is a very important one. In many cases the water could be brought on to what would be productive land, but, the initial outlay being heavy, it is sometimes beyond the reach of the average settler. A certain amount of winter feeding is necessary for cattle in the greater part of the district, many parts of which are well suited for dairy-farming, and no doubt with the completion of the railway now under construction many people will turn their attention to this industry. The raising of beef cattle is carried on with good results throughout the upper portion of the district, and at present prices is a very profitable occupation. In that portion of the district known as Spring House Prairie, dry-farming has been carried on to some extent, and the number of settlers taking up this mode of cultivation is increasing. The surveys made and the up-to-date blue-prints supplied have been of the greatest service, both to the general public in locating land, and also to the local office in enabling records to be correctly plotted, and so saving a great amount of future trouble. Applications for pre-emptions have been steadily coming in, and no doubt the number will greatly increase when the spring opens up. Hazelton Division. S. H. Hoskins, Government Agent, Hazelton Division, reports: While there has not been the same activity as last year, the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway having passed through the division, carrying with it the flow of people who seek locations in advance of the completion of the railway, many settlers have come in. With the probable opening of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway to general passenger traffic during the summer of 1914, the advent of numbers of settlers is anticipated, thereby opening much of the division for agriculture. The majority of the pre-emptions located during the year have been staked in the Bulkley Valley, owing, it may be presumed, to this area being close to the main line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railroad, which will afford transportation facilities. The Kispiox Valley has also- received considerable attention. In the Kispiox Valley there is still much good agricultural land open for pre-emptors, but owing to the present lack of roads these fine lands do not appear to be attractive to pre-emptors of the best sort—viz., family men. However, this difficulty will undoubtedly be overcome in the near future, as the Department of Public Works is doing much to open this whole vast district in aid of settlement. The Inspection Branch of your Department, which was an innovation as far as this district was concerned, during the year has performed splendid work, filling a long-felt want. It is impressing upon pre-emptors the conditions upon which they have been permitted to acquire the land, concerning which the majority of them would appear to be wholly ignorant. Many apparently had not grasped the fact that the pre-emption sections of the " Land Act" were- framed with a view of permanently settling the country. One of the results of the work of the Inspection Branch of the Department of Lands during the past year has been the cancellation of several pre-emption records which had undoubtedly been obtained for the purpose of speculation, and thereby valuable lands were again thrown open to the genuine pre-emptor. 4 Geo. 5 Reports from Government Agents. D 37 With the regular yearly inspection of pre-emptions, it will be found that the holders of pre-emption records will be inspired with a new spirit, and will not content themselves with seeing how little can be done on their lands in order to obtain a certificate of improvement, but they will begin to vie with each other as to which will be the first to make his holding self- supporting, as he will feel that a live interest is being taken in his work. Kamloops Division. E. T. W. Pearse, Government Agent, Kamloops Division, reports: While there have not been as many records issued this year as last in this division, settlement seems more likely to be permanent. The class of settlers going into the division are generally of a good and substantial character. A large proportion are Americans. The principal ground for settlement is in the North Thompson River and its tributaries. Lands on the front of this section are practically all taken up, but good locations will be found on the benches and valleys tributary to it and in those parallel to it. Recent surveys have disclosed the fact that a good opening for locations lies in a portion of the Clearwater section, and explorations by settlers show that a considerable quantity of land may still be staked in the Barriere River section, and I have no doubt that good lands will be discovered on many other of the tributaries on the North Thompson River. Pre-emptors show an inclination to improve their claims and apply for Crown grants, which I look upon as a sign of prosperity. Slocan Division. R. J. Stenson, Government Agent, Slocan Division, reports: The conditions relating to settlement in the Slocan Land District have been quite favourable; the settlers generally appear to be pleased with the results of the year and look forward to a prosperous future. The various crops, together with the prices, were up to the average. The district is well provided with schools, transportation facilities (lake and rail), and wagon-roads, the latter furnishing employment to many of the settlers during that part of the season they can spare from their ranches. The inspection of pre-emptions by Inspector Wilmot has brought to light the fact that some pre-emptors have not been living up to the requirements of the Act, and will naturally tend to a more strict compliance in that respect. On Slocan Lake and in the vicinity of Slocan City there are, approximately, 300 settlers; 300 acres have been cleared and 150 acres planted, and six residences erected during the year. Queen's Bay has a population of about sixty, three new arrivals this year; 15 acres have been cleared and 5 planted, and a residence erected. On the Nelson & Slocan Railway, in the vicinity of Perry Siding, the population numbers sixty; of this number twenty arrived this year; 150 acres have been cleared and 80 planted, and thirteen homes built. Crawford Bay Settlement numbers seventy, with five new arrivals; about 50 acres have been cleared and 30 acres planted, and five residences erected. Dean's Haven and Kootenay Bay have a population of about twenty. At Mirror Lake there are forty-five settlers who have formed a company known as " The Mirror Lake Electric Company," now in operation. The Kootenay Ice Company harvest hundreds of tons of ice from above the lake. About 100 acres are planted in orchard. North of Kaslo, on the west side of Kootenay Lake, known as Slmtty's Bench, the improvements in the way of clearing and building have been quite extensive; dairying and stock-raising are carried on in a small way. In the vicinity of Argenta and Fry Creek quite a large area has been cleared and planted. On the Lardeau River dairying and stock-raising business is conducted to a fair extent. In the vicinity of Howser the improvements have been quite noticeable, draining and cultivating and a small area cleared. Nicola Division. W. N. Rolfe, Government Agent, Nicola Division, reports: Although the most suitable lands for agricultural purposes in the vicinity of the principal towns have long since been appropriated by pre-emption or purchase, this being one of the earliest-settled districts of the Province, the number of pre-emptions in the Nicola District shows an increase over the number recorded last year. The class of pre-emptors is better also; there are fewer of the type who seemingly acquire pre-emptions mainly for speculative reasons, and more actual farmers. D 38 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 During the past year nearly all the available land surrounding Loon Lake, near Aspen Grove, has been pre-empted, and a survey party in charge of O. B. N. Wilkie engaged this season in the survey of this locality for the Survey Branch of the Department of Lands, this work being much appreciated by the settlers, and it will tend to facilitate the taking-up of the unoccupied areas. A number of farmers from the United States have of late acquired land near Penask Lake, which is situated at an elevation of some 4,000 feet above sea-level on the divide betweeii Okanagan Lake and the watershed emptying into Nicola Lake. Penask Lake lies some twenty- four miles south-east of Quilchena and twelve miles east of Minnie Lake. It is stated that there is as much as 4,000 acres of meadow land in this vicinity. The soil is a rich black willow loam. One serious drawback, however, is that this section of the country can at present only be reached by a barely passable wagon-road, following the old cattle-trail from Kilroy Ranch. The elevation makes the conditions for cattle-raising more suitable than for mixed farming, but the dense timber outside the meadow lands is a source of danger to stock. This could be partially obviated, however, by judicious burning at the proper season of the year. Game and fish are both plentiful. It is reported on good authority that a variety of winter vegetables can be successfully grown. In order to experiment in this direction, I have made arrangements to secure some seed of the " Gold Coin " potato, which has given excellent results when planted at an elevation of over 3,000 feet. This variety requires but little moisture, swampy land being detrimental to the quality, and, from hearsay, I should judge that they would be very suitable for testing at the Experimental Dry Farm at Quilchena. Inquiries with regard to the Penask Lake country have been coming in from the United States and elsewhere since the middle of the year. Mr. Gillespie, Inspector of Pre-emptions for this district, at my request made a special report while engaged there in his official capacity, with the view of informing intending settlers of the conditions to be found there. For some months past a full description of the route to Penask has been posted on the door of the Government Agent's office at Nicola, and all available information has been gathered and distributed. Settlement along Trout Creek and its vicinity still continues, notwithstanding the elevation. Fireclay has been discovered adjacent to Ten-mile Creek. I am given to understand that hitherto this clay has been imported from Scotland, not having previously been discovered in Canada. Nelson Division. J. Cartmel, Government Agent, Nelson Division, reports: With regard to the outlook for the future from the standpoint of settlement, it would appear that it is very bright, as the favourable climatic conditions of West Kootenay are evidently widely recognized; and once the large tracts at present held under reserve are thrown open and adequate facilities afforded intending settlers to gain access to the more remote sections and market their produce, I think the question of finding people to settle in the district will take care of itself. During the year considerably over a thousand inquiries have been received in regard to land open to pre-emption, etc., the bulk of which are from the Prairie Provinces, and a large proportion of the balance from different parts of the United States. The present settlement is generally on the lands lying along the shores of the various lakes and rivers, and, of course, adjacent to the different railway-lines, wagon-roads, etc. There is a considerable area, more or less remote, however, from present means of transportation, suitable for agriculture. As the roads and trails are constructed to penetrate the more remote tracts, it is safe to say that settlers will take advantage of them to locate in places which, under present conditions, offer no inducement. I consider that a report of this nature would be incomplete without some mention of the Doukhobors. The community Doukbobors, under the leadership of Peter Verigin, are located in the vicinity of Castlegar, Brilliant, and Crescent Valley, and while I have not yet visited these parts, I understand they are making fair progress in clearing and placing their land under cultivation. They number at the present time about 4,000, and, in addition to their activities in the line of agriculture, own and operate two or three sawmills and engage in the wood and coal and similar businesses, and also run a jam-factory in Nelson. 4 Geo. 5 Reports from Government Agents. D 39 The so-called Independent Doukhobors, to the number of about 1,350, are settled in the vicinity of Crescent Valley, Slocan Junction, Thrums, Winlaw, Shoreacres, etc., on land which they have acquired by purchase from private owners, and possibly owing to their independent spirit are more progressive than their " community" brethren. In the vicinity of Crescent Valley over 300 new Doukhobor settlers have taken up their residence in 1913, during which time 100 acres have been cleared and nine new houses built. Only one of these people—who might properly be styled an ultra-independent—so far has applied for naturalization and acquired a pre-emption, but he is possibly the forerunner of many others once they are able to comprehend the requirements and intention of the laws of the Province. Similkameen Division. > J. R. Brown, Government Agent, Similkameen Division, reports: The taking-up of preemptions was about equal to the previous year. The work of the Pre-emption Inspectors has done much good throughout the division, settlers realizing that they must really occupy their pre-emptions. There are numerous inquiries for land in the blocks formerly held by the Columbia and Western Railway Company, but now the property of the Province, and when these lands are opened to the public, no doubt there will be an eager demand for them. Cranbrook Division. A. C. Nelson, Government Agent, Cranbrook Division, reports: As a rule, the settlers are contented in this district and are doing fairly well, particularly those who recognize that this is a country adapted for mixed farming. Fruit-trees are being planted in fair quantity, but the future of this industry in this valley is not yet permanently settled, nor has the choice of the best species to be grown at this elevation yet been determined. Time alone can settle this question. However, the suggestions of the Government Horticulturists are being followed by practical men. Vegetables and cereals are grown with advantage, the area of cultivation increasing every year. There is no doubt, though, that this locality is essentially a mixed- farming district, and, as such, will in the near future become very productive. Inquiries for land in this district during the past year have been fairly numerous, and at present some fifty names are listed for information as to the disposition of the various lapsed timber licences subdivided for settlement by the Government. These applications include many owners of land in Alberta who are very anxious to get to work on the land in this district. On account of the diversities of soil and local climatic conditions farmers of all shades of opinion can be satisfied. Dry-farming is now being prosecuted favourably in several places, while irrigated farms are equally in evidence in others. All those who legitimately work their places seem to be successful without reference to the particular phase of agriculture followed; but stock-growing is not receiving the notice that it is entitled to. The Government have in reserve large tracts of land in this district surrendered by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, and known as Lots 4590, 4591, and 4592, some of which land is excellent, and by judicious survey this could be opened to pre-emptors and a large population could be accommodated there. - Golden Division. H. C. Rayson, Government Agent, Golden Division, reports: The principal settlement has been in the Kootenay River Valley, where there is some very good land, easily cleared, and when brought under cultivation should yield good returns. There are some very large and fairly level flats here, but I believe that the rolling benches will be found to contain the best soil. It is all suited to general mixed farming. I think that all the land will be found to produce good alfalfa and clover. A large percentage will be irrigable, and there is plenty of water at hand. I do not think that the valley, owing to the depth of snow and the shortness of the seasons, will be profitable for exclusive fruit-growing or for all grain, but am quite convinced that it will all be suitable for general mixed farming and for poultry. The other principal settlement for this district is along the lower benches on the west side of the Columbia River and south of Spillimacheen, and the same remarks made with reference to the Kootenay Valley apply to this locality. It is admirably situated for growing hay, and the sloughs and tide-lands make excellent pasture. D 40 Report of the Minister of Lands. . 1914 There is also some very good land on the benches in the No. 3 Creek Valley which can be easily cleared, and will then produce good hay and afford good pasture for cattle, sheep, and horses. There are, too, some very fine areas of land suitable for mixed farming along the Spilli- macheen River and on the benches above the river, and as soon as the timber has been cleared off and the land thrown open for settlement it will be eagerly sought after. There have been a great many inquiries this summer for land and a good many persons have found locations that have suited them. As soon as the Banff-Windermere Road is completed into the valley—which road is now in course of construction—I believe that every available acre will be taken up, and as soon as the country in general is opened up by roads all the land will be quickly settled. The completion of the Kootenay Central Railway, which it is expected will be some time next year, will be of great value to the settlers, as it will give them a far more certain means of getting their supplies into the valley, and at all seasons of the year. I may say that all the land around Golden for about twenty miles is in the Dominion Land Belt, and there has been a great influx of settlers upon these lands since they were thrown open to settlement in the early spring. A great number of the new settlers nave taken up their residence upon their homesteads, and are doing some very good work. Revelstoke Division. Robert Gordon, Government Agent, Revelstoke Division reports: Although much of this district is rough and mountainous, along the sides of the lakes and at the mouths of rivers and streams there are some very good lands, being composed of the earth washed down from the mountain-sides or deposited by the waters of streams during the high waters of the spring and early summer; also bench lands, evidently formed at a time when the waters of the lakes were very much higher than at present, many centuries ago. In the country lying to the north of Revelstoke, and extending a few miles above the mouth of Canoe River on the west side, there are vast stretches of very valuable timber lands, which, except where an occasional fire has devastated a patch on bench or mountain-side, is almost one continuous forest, rising from the waters of the Columbia River at the foot of the Selkirk Range and Gold Range to a height of several thousand feet, and along the sides of the smaller streams flowing into the Columbia, extending back through valleys sometimes thirty or more miles in length, and of a width of from half a mile to two or three miles. These forests in many cases cover lands which, when cleared of timber, will prove to be very rich and productive, but at this time can hardly be properly estimated as to extent. In no instance has any large amount of land in this northern part of the district been cleared and cultivated. In the valley of the Illecillewaet River, which lies east of the Columbia River, there are a few places where the width increases to an extent sufficient to permit of small farms being located, Albert Canyon and Greely Creek being examples, and showing that, where the land can be obtained, it is very fertile, and well repays the farmer for any proper care and cultivation expended on it. The upper stretches of all these mountain-streams, however, rise to such an altitude that the crops are endangered by frost, which may occur during any month of the summer; the same drawback attending the cultivation of the higher benches along the sides of the Arrow Lake and the Columbia River. In the immediate vicinity of Revelstoke there are very fine lands, both on the river-flats and on the lower benches, and these are and have been cultivated to a greater or less extent for the last twenty-five years, some of the farmers making a good return from the products, which include vegetables and grain, and the hardier of the fruits such as apples, plums, cherries, and the small fruits, of which the strawberries are perhaps the most productive. These river-bottom and bench lands extend southward about thirty miles to the mouth of the Columbia River, or rather where it merges into the Upper Arrow Lake; also eastward up Illecillewaet Valley and westward toward the Eagle Pass. Most of these lands are still covered with forest-growth, but the radius of the cultivated area is extending year by year, and under the impetus given to tills industry during the present year by the opening of the Dominion lands 4 Geo. 5 Reports from Government Agents. D 41 in the Railway Belt to settlers it is quite evident that within four or five years the landscape will present a very different aspect, cultivated fields taking the place of what is now virgin forest or " logged-off " land. At Hall's Landing, on the west side of the Columbia River, where the silt-deposit during the high waters of many ages have filled the valley and made areas of the finest land, the fertility is remarkable; but owing to the occasional, though infrequent, flooding caused by spring freshets and' the annual rise of the Columbia, fruit-growing is not engaged in to any great extent, although the few orchards now being cultivated show that the possibilities in that line are by no means small. Vegetables and hay at present form the staple products of this region, a ready sale for which there is always an assurance at top-notch prices. Here, too, the standing timber prevents immediate settlement, the land being held under lease or licence from the Dominion or Provincial Government, as the case may be, by lumbermen and milling companies, and which, owing to the stagnation of the lumber market, is not being cleared of the forest-growth as rapidly as those interested in agriculture would perhaps like to see. On the east side of the Columbia River opposite Hall's Landing the land is being rapidly cleared and cultivated, and it will be but a few years until these bottom lands and lower benches are converted into veritable gardens. From Arrowhead eastward along the North-east Arm of Upper Arrow Lake there is not land of any value until the flats at the mouth of Fish River are reached. It is here that the Town of Oomaplix is situated, this being a mill town where the sawmill of the Forest Mills of British Columbia, Limited, is situated, and where, two miles across the end of the arm, is the Town of Beaton. Here are quite extensive flats, the deposits from Fish River and Salmon River, and which were a few years ago covered with very heavy cedar, now mostly cut down by the lumbermen, but still leaving stumps of huge proportions as an indication of what the soil has produced in other days. Some of this land has been taken up by pre-emptors and is being converted into fine fruit land and produce farms, the lower flats being used for the production of hay. On the southern side of the arm, near the Town of Beaton, fruits of the hardier type and farm-truck grow to perfection, and this locality will in a very few years be one of the best producers in this district. About six miles up the Fish River, beyond the Town of Camborne, are large flats of river- bottom land, which up to the present have not been used for anything but growing hay, and as there is no local market for vegetables, owing to the abandonment, for the time being, of all mining activity in this locality, no attempt has been made to cultivate the soil. These lands, like those at the mouth of the river, were a few years ago well wooded with heavy timber, and there are still many years' cutting of logs before the settler will have free access to the land. From Beaton, following the Trout Lake Road up the Salmon River, there are a number of benches which are composed of good land, and these are freer from the summer frost than the benches of a corresponding height along the Columbia River or Upper Arrow Lake, rising to an elevation of 1,100 feet above the Town of Beaton. Here are some fine lands, but the valley is very narrow, and still plenty of timber; but a few farmers have been there for a number of years, and may be classed as among the prosperous ones. At Trout Lake there is some land covering perhaps five or six square miles, which is almost flat, a great deal of it being still heavily timbered, but, where cultivated, proving very productive. Around the shores of Trout Lake are many mountains, mostly rising steeply from the waters of the lake; but there are a few flats where land has been taken up by pre-emptors, but as yet the showing is not very great, although the land itself is good. Along the shores of Upper Arrow Lake the land is distinctly timber land, very little of it being suitable for farming purposes. However, there are several areas which present good opportunities for the farmer, Galena Bay, Fosthall, and Nakusp being perhaps the largest and best known. At Galena Bay, situated on the east side of Upper Arrow Lake,- about seven miles south of Arrowhead, the land slopes gradually back from the bay for two or three miles, making a large, well-drained tract, which, though only recently cleared of dense timber, has been all taken up either by purchase or pre-emption, and is now waiting the expenditure of capital and labour D 42 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 which will convert it into good productive land. Fruit can be grown here, but owing to the depth of snow in winter great care must be taken of the young trees to prevent breaking as the snow settles down. Vegetables and hay are good crops here, but as yet the cost of shipping retards progress. The lands at the mouth of Fosthall Creek and the benches in the vicinity, although cleared of timber for a number of years, have not been cultivated to any great extent, but have proved most excellent where they have been tried; and there are many thousand acres here which will, under proper management, and with the irrigation so easily afforded by the waters of Fosthall Creek, support a large farming population. At Nakusp, which is the southern limit of the Revelstoke Land District, there are very encouraging results where the land has been under cultivation, the climate here being much warmer, with less snow, than in any of the places previously referred to. Here the timber is still covering much good land, but is being cleared off more quickly than farther north. The more delicate fruits, such as peaches and grapes, may be grown at Nakusp, although apples will be a more general product. The soil is very fertile, and the farmer in this vicinity will be assured of being well repaid for any labour intelligently expended upon it. To the tourist or traveller passing through the Revelstoke District, either by rail or otherwise, the varied beauty of the scenery would undoubtedly first appeal, and, perhaps, rightly so. But to the lumberman and the agriculturist the productive possibilities must also bring conclusions which bespeak a bright future for this, one of the most slowly developing of all the districts in our Province. The timber yet uncut with which the hills and valleys are clothed is of enormous value, increasing year by year. Beneath lies land which, when cleared of the timber, will be a new source of wealth; while the hills, which are unfit for agriculture, will, by the knowledge gained by the Forestry Department, become the ever-producing fields of standing timber from which our lumber requirements will be supplied. Lands in this district have not been much sought after. The land is hard to clear, labour has been scarce and expensive, and stock must be stabled for a longer period than in most other parts of the Province, owing to the depth of snow in winter, and fruit-trees require greater care for the same reason. The mountains and the rivers meet, and scarcely leave standing-room.. But still the population is steadily increasing; nearly all of those who come, stay, and we look to the land to provide not only for our needs, but those of people in other parts not blessed with such a productive soil or so mild a climate. Except in the vicinity of Nakusp, irrigation is not required; good pure water is everywhere running down the hillsides, the timber is plentiful and of good quality, and a healthier climate does not exist. Stikine and Liard Division of Cassiar. H. W. Dodd, Acting Government Agent at Telegraph Creek, reports: This district, although one of the largest in area, extending from the 57th to the 60th parallel and between the 120th and 132nd meridian, is least settled. Under present conditions, with lack of transportation and settlement scattered, prospects are not ideal for agriculture. The few pre-emptions taken have been occupied by those engaged in packing and forwarding supplies to provide winter accommodation and feed for stock, which is wintered from December to April. Experiments made at the Calbreath Ranch, about twelve miles below Telegraph Creek, at elevation of 550 feet above sea-level, show that the average ripening of oats and barley is about once in three years. When it ripens, the crop is full, primed, and heavy, and will always make good feed for stock, even in years when it does not mature. About 35 acres of oats are planted each year, also 90 acres of timothy and alsike clover, which thrives well, although in extreme cold winters the clover freezes out. This has happened three times in the past fifteen years. Potatoes, turnips, and most garden vegetables do well in places along the river. The average snowfall is 3 feet, more towards the Coast. Winter temperature ranges from 15 to 25 degrees below. Summer weather is dry and warm from mid-May to the first week in September. Farther in the Interior, .along the Dease to the Liard River, and in the Klappan and Muddy Valleys, the climate changes, being warmer in summer, with average of about 18 inches of snowfall in winter. Here are immense tracts of rolling country, covered with great growth of pea- vine and bunch-grass, where stock can graze the year round. The Hudson's Bay Company has 4 Geo. 5 Reports from Government Agents. D 43 wintered horses for the past ten years in the Muddy Valley. Sufficient potatoes and other vegetables are grown by traders without difficulty, and what tests have been made with grain show that it will ripen, although the experiments have been on a small scale. The whole of this district offers fine range for stock, and when taken up for this purpose agriculture will doubtless follow. What timber there is in the district is small, mostly spruce and pine. While not comparable with the woods of the south, it meets local requirements. On the Lower Stikine there are large tracts of Cottonwood suitable for the manufacture of pulp. With the completion of the Government wagon-road to the Interior, now well under way, easier and better transportation will afford better inducement to settlers. Atlin Division. ' J. A. Fraser, Government Agent, Atlin Division, reports: Very little change has taken place in this district from the standpoint of the Department of Lands since my last report. There have been few pre-emption records applied for, but the outlook from the agricultural standpoint is more encouraging and hopeful than it has hitherto been. Climatic conditions here encourage the idea that dry-farming may be more successful than any other method, and two at least of those who are giving attention to these matters contemplate making experiments. It has been demonstrated that vegetables grow very successfully, but hitherto they have not been fully matured during the season. The same applies to cereals, but experiments in a small way have encouraged the opinion that fall sowing and planting may overcome climatic conditions and enable the operators to mature crops of both kinds. The summer season is usually rather dry and the rainfall light, and irrigation would appear to be necessary. Summer frosts are a formidable factor to be contended with. It is hoped and expected that if larger areas are broken up for cultivation the summer frosts will to some extent be overcome, and from the success secured in other parts of the country in like latitudes there does not appear to be any good reason why satisfactory results might not be obtained here. It is to be noted from the report submitted by David L. Hall to the Hon. the Minister of Agriculture that rye, oats, and grasses grow luxuriantly, and that experimental operation may succeed in ripening these grains successfully. An experimental farm on a small scale would be useful in this connection. There have been no applications to purchase for purely agricultural purposes and only two have been recorded. In my opinion, the conditions here would justify the granting of larger areas than formerly in pre-emption form, and every reasonable encouragement should be given to those who may attempt experimental farming. I believe that, if such encouragement is given, mixed farming may be successfully prosecuted in this district. A good market prevails for anything that may be so produced, and will remain until transportation rates are very much reduced. I enclose a report by D. L. Hall on agricultural conditions in the basins of Atlin and Tagish Lakes and adjacent valleys. He says: " Agriculture is there carried on as a side-issue, and in every case the work is in the experimental stage. In the past two seasons spring rye has proved a success as a hay-crop, and some few of the plants which were permitted to reach maturity have ripened, good, sound, heavy grain. A small patch of winter rye sown August 24th, 1912, was ready to cut for hay on July 10th, 1913, being then at the average height of 5 feet; a few heads were left and ripened thoroughly. In the case of oats, it is difficult to get them into the ground sufficiently early for them to ripen their seed before the fall rains come. A few volunteer plants ripen every season, and I have no doubt that eventually a hardy type of spring oat, or a very hardy variety of winter oat, could be developed which would ripen here. Potatoes, which up to the last two years have been cut down by frost excepting in the heart of the town, have this season produced a crop, rating from fair to good, in a number of different places, notably on a bench fronting on Spruce Creek; and experience shows that if the ground is drained and cultivated in large areas a number of grains and vegetables will thrive and ripen in the district. There is an unlimited amount of natural pasture, which extends to an elevation of at least 5,000 feet. There are but few natural hay meadows and they are small and rough. The growing of tame grasses on a commercial scale has just been started, and to ensure a regular crop irrigation would seem to be necessary, or at least the conservation of moisture by the methods of dry- farming. More interest is being taken in agriculture every year, and small patches of ground D 44 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 of from % to 10 acres in extent are being broken up, intended in most cases for production of either grass or hay, and it is expected that before long sufficient feed will be raised to supply the home market." Vancouver Division. J. Mahoney, Government Agent, Vancouver Division, which includes the western portion of Group 1, New Westminster District, Sayward District, and Ranges 1, 2, 3, and part of 4, Coast District, reports: The greatest demand for pre-emption land is in close proximity to Vancouver, many intending settlers not caring to go far from a settled district. As the timber lands along the Coast are logged off and surveyed, settlement will increase. Many intending settlers do not care to pre-empt unsurveyed land. During the year several areas of logged-off lands within fifty or sixty miles of Vancouver has been divided into parcels of 40 acres or more and thrown open for settlement. These have been in great demand. On July 22nd, 160 acres situate near Sechelt was divided into pre-emptions of 40 acres and thrown open for settlement. A number of intending settlers waited in line outside the Land Office for over a week in order to be first to file on the land. In all, 150 persons wanted to pre-empt these four parcels of land. Practically the same conditions prevailed when land at Pender Harbour, Howe Sound, and Cortes Island was thrown open. The work of the Pre-emption Inspection Branch has been valuable. It causes the pre-emptor, who knows that the Inspector may visit him at any time, to live on the land and improve it to a greater extent than before. The pre-emptions issued during the year, 444, covered 44,913 acres. New Westminster Division. F. C. Campbell, Government Agent, New Westminster Division, reports: This division, the smallest in the Province, containing only a small portion of land bounded south and east by the Railway Belt, on the north by Lillooet Division, and on the west by the Indian River, has virtually only lands in the valleys of Lillooet and Upper Pitt Rivers, Green Lake and their tributaries, adapted to settlement under present conditions. As these valleys are contiguous to the Coast, most of the available land is now under pre-emption. A considerable portion is held by timber licence, and of this area a certain proportion will, no doubt, be found suitable for agricultural purposes, and when logged-off and thrown open will be eagerly taken up by pre- emptors. PART II. F0EE8T BEANCH. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Report of the Chief Forester— Organization 48 Forest Revenue 50 Importance of the Lumbering Industry 57 Logging Inspection 58 Scaling 60 Timber Sales 62 Railway Permits 63 Products 65 Forest-insect Damage 05 Export 69 Land Examination ^4 Forest Reconnaissance 75 Forest Reserves S3 Grazing , S4 Forest-protection 85 Improvements 99 REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH. December 31st, 1913. Hon. William R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In a year of financial stringency, a forest revenue that breaks all previous records and reaches a total not far short of $3,000,000 displays once more, in a most effective manner, the extreme importance of timber to British Columbia. From year to year this revenue is destined to increase, for it depends not merely upon the mature stand, the harvesting of which has been begun, but also upon the solid fact that forest-growth in many sections of the Province is twice as rapid as the average for the continent. Adequate fire-protection, towards which we are steadily working, will thus ensure perpetual revenue. Since the cutting and manufacture of timber is the greatest of British Columbia's industries, the prosperity of the lumbering business is even more important to the Province than immediate public revenue. That business employs more labour, distributes more money, consumes more supplies, produces more wealth and public revenue than any other Provincial industry, and it is one of the strongest influences promoting the opening-up and settlement of new undeveloped regions. The permanence and growth of this backbone of our commercial existence depend, again, upon adequate fire-prevention, as well as upon the finding of wider markets for its products. Market extension is also the ultimate cure for that stupendous annual waste of material that is due partly to logging, but mostly to the fact that British Columbia cuts each year less than the forests produce. The study of ways in which the sale of our timber products may be pushed more actively in foreign markets is therefore a prime duty of the Provincial Forest Service. Forest-protection in the year covered by this report was notably advanced by the organization of the Province into forest districts, each district being placed in charge of a Forester with a staff of technical assistants and Rangers. This permanent staff has made possible the careful supervision of the force by Forest Guards and patrolmen who are on duty for a portion of the year only, and has thus raised the standard of general efficiency very considerably. The district system has also resulted in a remarkable improvement in logging inspection, royalty collection, land examination, the prevention of trespass, and it is beginning to make itself felt as a helpful agency in settlement, the outside service of the Branch with its knowledge of local conditions supplying a useful field force for land as well as forest business. The investigation of grazing lands carried on by the Branch is a particular example of this co-operative work. Since favourable weather conditions during the summer made it possible, in many districts, to take Rangers and Forest Guards from fire patrol and to assign them to other work, the construction of permanent improvements was pushed forward vigorously, no less than 1,200 miles of trail and 360 miles of telephone-line being completed before winter set in. Another achievement of the year in forest-protection was the effective supervision of railway-construction. In the past the opening-up of districts by a new railway-line has usually resulted in wholesale destruction of the adjoining forests; but By enforcing proper methods of slash-disposal and by maintaining patrol along the rights-of-way the Branch has been able to cope with a fire hazard that has been the despair of every forest service on the continent. Trail-construction, telephone-lines, look-out and patrol stations all combine to increase the radius of each Forest Guard's patrol, and thus enable a comparatively small force to patrol large areas. Moreover, friendly co-operation with lumbermen throughout the Province and the organized assistance of the Government road gangs have added powerfully to the effectiveness of the protective system. Nevertheless, such assistance cannot remove the necessity for further increases in the patrol force on duty in the fire season—increases that only the unusual weather conditions of the past few years have enabled us to avoid hitherto. D 48 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 One of the most striking features of the past twelve months has been the remarkable increase in the volume of business handled by the Forest Branch. The inspection of over 800 logging operations, 400 sawmills, and of the 1,800 miles of active railway-construction—this, in addition to forest-protection, has meant heavy work for the field staff, which, in the early stage of organization, must be devoting constant study as well to improving its methods. Secondly, land examination on a very considerable scale has become one of the main duties of the Branch, areas aggregating no less than 662,280 acres having been made the subject of special reports by field officers during the present year. Examinations of this nature are made for the dual purpose of protecting merchantable forest from alienation and classifying soil-values, so that settlement on unsuitable lands producing results similar to those of the abandoned farm districts of Ontario may not mar the agricultural progress of British Columbia. The general survey of timbered regions which is being made by reconnaissance parties of this Branch is also yielding valuable data concerning agricultural as well as forest lands and supplying a basis for future policy. Co-operation of the Dominion Conservation Commission in this survey has been secured. The future readjustment of the royalty on timber has necessitated close study and investigation during the past year. Following upon the series of public hearings held in September, prolonged conferences with committees representing lumbermen of the Coast, those of the Interior, and licence-holders in general have been held with the object of formulating a definite method of regulating royalty for a period of years ahead. At the time of writing, a committee composed of -auditors representing the lumbermen of the Province and representatives of the Forest Branch is conducting an inquiry at the mills in order to ascertain costs of lumber- manufacture and average selling-prices, so that full material for legislation may be submitted to the Legislative Assembly at the approaching session. As the following report will show, great success in many lines of forest-work has been secured by the Branch in 1913. The vigorous interest in improving working methods which found its expression at the District Foresters' meeting at Victoria at the year's end is evidence that 1914 will see further improvement in forest-protection and forest-administration in British Columbia : ORGANIZATION. The plan of organization for the field administrative and protective force, outlined in niy report for last year, was put into effect on April 1st, 1913, and the season's experience has proven it to be based on sound principles. By It. all the various lines of forest-work in a specified district, the supervision of cutting, of scaling, the collection of royalty, the collection of necessary data for timber-sales, the classification of land, the protection of forests from fire, and the construction of permanent improvements, are carried on under the direction of one man. This plan definitely fixes the responsibilities and duties of each office and eliminates unnecessary travel and duplication of work, and greatly simplifies and concentrates authority and control of the force. The result has been a much better attitude on the part of the subordinate field officers towards the work, and a decided increase in their efficiency. The establishment of permanent headquarters has also been of great assistance and help to the lumbermen, timber- owners, and others who have business relations with the Branch. A secondary result has been a decided increase in the interest and knowledge on the part of the general public in regard to the work and problems of the Branch. This interest and sympathy with the objects and purpose of forest management and protection is welcomed by all the officers of the Branch, since it is only with the support of the public that the work can succeed or advance. The total force during summer, when, on account of the fire-protection work, it is largest, amounted to 440, of whom 35 were in the Victoria office and 405 in the field. The force in the field consisted of 11 District Foresters, 33 Forest Rangers, 27 Forest Assistants and Timber Cruisers, 18 Official Scalers, 13 Clerks and Stenographers, 159 five-months Forest Guards, 65 special short-term Forest Guards, and 62 Railway Patrolmen. The following table gives the number and class of officers by districts:— V. tfj IF i >•* * if-'^ > "A Forester on Survey Triangulation Station, Omineca District; altitude, 7,000 feet. Fire notice on bridge, Seton Creek, Lillooet District. Forest Rangers Cabin. . ■■'i'ilfc :..4lB';-:.':. ' ■-■■■■'"'■'■^Siii?>: '■■ «- '."■SSL ■..:;::"■■: - ; j \%V5ft!t ■: | ;; ■ :' IS & s&^p ff III;- i ?| ■ ■ ■: ..'; " . i Erecting telephone - line from Kelowna to Little White Mountain Look-out Station to give better protection to Okanagan Watershed. Type of telephone used on Look-out Station. Forest fire, north-west of Rose Lake, Bulkley Valley. Fire in heavy slash, Saltspring Island. 4 Geo. 5 Organization. D 49 Distribution of Total Foece. British Columbia Forest Branch, 1913. Cranbrook Fort George Hazelton Island Kamloops Lillooet Nelson Prince Rupert Tete Jaune Vancouver Vernon Victoria Headquarters Totals o Permanent Force. 11 _o;CO 5 is, go feJ8 2 20 27 33 1 i4 18 17 Temporary Force. ft} B 22 18 12 18 9 6 20 7 10 28 9 159 a d 1,|j s .3 o <S s£ & .^ rf g,£CO ■go* w K H 6 36 9 11 45 6 6 30 8 6 40 9 8 31 3 1 14 6 3 37 2 15 7 5 24 13 6 83 2 10 25 65 60 62 440 Note.—A number of temporary employees, as compass-men. field assistants for reconnaissance-men, etc., are not listed above. Adding them, the grand total is over 450. The policy followed in regard to force is to maintain the permanent force required to carry on the necessary administrative work the year around, and on this as a framework to build the bulk of the fire-protection force during the summer. This plan allows the most money and the most men to be used at the time of the year they are most needed. The permanent or winter force forms only about one-third the total summer force. During the summer one-third of the permanent force (the Rangers and launch crews) is employed chiefly in fire-protective work. Altogether in summer nearly 80 per cent, of the total force is employed in fire-protection. The winter force of about 150 was increased to 375 during May by the addition of the regular Guards and Railway Patrolmen. During the period of extra hazard in July and August there were added sixty-five special Guards, making the total then 440. In spite of the large increase in the force employed in 1913 as compared with the one of 1912, it is plain that the present force is inadequate to properly administer and protect from fire an area of 150,000,000 acres, and the force must be further increased. There is an especial need for more officers in the Coast and Northern Districts, which are subject to rapid settlement and development, with consequent increase in timber-sale, land classification, timber inspection and scaling, and, of course, of fire-protection work. The need for a larger force is apparent from a study of the following table, which shows the areas of the forest districts, of the Ranger and of the Guard districts :— Areas of Administrative and Protective Units. Cranbrook Fort George. .. Hazelton Island Kamloops. Lillooet Nelson Prince Rupert. Tete Jaune.... Vancouver Vernon Total and averages 150,100,000 Forest Districts. Area. 7. 36. 2:1. 6. 6. 12. 7. 21. 5. 15. 5, Acres. 560,000 650,000 100,000 390,000 970,000 670,000 950,000 880,000 225,000 770,000 835,000 Ranger Districts. Average Area. Acres. 2,520,000 7,3:10,000 7,700,000 2,130,000 2,325,000 4,223,333 1,987,500 10,940,000 5,225,000 3,942,500 2,915,000 4,545.454 Regular or Five- mo's Guards Dist's. Average Area. Acres. 343,636 2,036,111 1,925,000 355 000 775,000 2,111,666 397,500 3,125,714 522.500 563,214 647,778 943,396 D 50 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The conditions of British Columbia are not, of course, comparable with those of the forest reserves of the Western United States, where settlement and industrial development is further advanced; but it is interesting to note that the average administrative unit there is 1,200,000 acres, a Ranger district 140,000 acres, and an average patrol district 60,000 acres. The need for such an intensive system of administration and protection will not arise in British Columbia for many years, but it is needless to point out that a Ranger cannot possibly attend to the work in a district having an area of several million acres. In the appointment of officers, only citizens of British Columbia are selected for Rangers, Forest Guards, and Field Assistants. Forest Assistants must have technical qualifications, and preference is given to British Columbians, but few have the necessary training, and it has been necessary to go to the graduates of forest schools in Eastern Canada for such officers. With the establishment of a forest school in the Provincial University, however, it will be possible to obtain all the officers required from the citizens of the Province. The policy has been adopted, and will be adhered to, of filling administrative positions by promotion of subordinate officers who have proven their capacity, reliability, and industry. The policy applies also to the appointment of Rangers, men for this position being selected wherever possible from those who have served as Forest Guards. Only by the adoption of such a policy can an efficient and energetic organization be developed. FOREST REVENUE. I Per head of population, the public revenue in British Columbia is the largest in Canada, being no less than three times that of the next highest Province (Manitoba), and over seven times that of Ontario. It amounts to nearly $27 per inhabitant. By far the most important •item in this revenue is the portion derived from the Provincial forests. My last report showed that the Forest Branch collected $2,603,119, and that Crown-grant timber lands contributed another $150,460 during the year ending December 1st, 1912. This is far larger than Ontario's REVENUE HEAD QUEBEC IEJEH BRITISH COLUMBIA 1794 ONTARE forest revenue, which nowadays is under $2,000,000. Quebec, by increasing timber rentals and royalty, has augmented her revenue to some extent, but even so her forests produce little over a $1,500,000 a year. Moreover, further-comparison between the Provinces shows that, though royalty on cut timber yields over two-thirds of the forest revenues of Quebec and Ontario, yet it provides less than one-fifth in the case of British Columbia—a fact partly due to the difference in rental charges, and partly due to the comparatively undeveloped condition of our lumbering industry. For convenience in compiling my annual report the twelve months' period ending December 1st is taken. At the time last year's report was made it was anticipated that (even without the $140,000 in perpetuity licence fees, which had increased the revenue of 1912) the collections for 1913 4 Geo. 5 Forest Revenue. D 51 would show substantial progress, due to the improved organization, larger staff, and increased activity of the Forest Branch. The financial stringency has discounted the expected receipts to some extent, but I am glad to report that, in spite of conditions in the lumbering industry, unparalleled since 1908, the Branch has been able to collect a revenue that breaks all previous records. The following shows the increase for the twelve months ending December 1st:— ROYALTY FROM CUT TIMBER I Total in Trust Deposit Ac't $76,291 60 Special Licences. The reinstatement of certain lapsed licences under the Act of last session brought the total number in existence at September, 1912, to 14,219. Expiries during the fourteen months which have elapsed since then number 191, reducing the effective total to 14,208. It should be noted that the total number of expiries since 1908 amounts to 1,098. A comparatively small number of these licences have been dropped through the cutting-out of timber, the usual reason for abandonment, so far, being more exact knowledge of the ground gained when definite survey has replaced the vague descriptions of the original stakings. It is worthy of note, therefore, that, although the surveys of 1879 licences have been gazetted during the past twelve months, comparatively few have been allowed to expire by their holders. The Act calls for all licences to be surveyed by 1918 at latest. Nearly 14 per cent, of the total number was dealt with this year, the surveys of 7,261 being still to be made. It may be mentioned that the average surveyed licence covers about 600 acres. Change of ownership of licences was registered in 2,035 cases, showing approximately the same amount of business as for the previous year. QUEBEC BRITISH ONTARIO §1173333 COLUMBIA $1339957 $489377 1913 $2,S32,788 1912 2,603,119 Increase of $ 229,669 In the fiscal year ending next March I hope to be able to report a total revenue falling not far short of $3,000,000, partly through investigations now in progress, which are expected to release various sums held in abeyance, and partly through payment of outstanding royalties. An indication of the promptness with which business is followed up in Records Office is given by the reduction of the Trust Deposit Account, which in the past has amounted to over $500,000, to the following small total:— Statutory deposits for timber sales $15,265 11 Licence fees deposited to be taken to account in February 10,572 93 Awaiting executive decision on lease-rental dispute 27,599 98 Held in abevance by survey difficulties . 15,830 90 Current business 7,022 68 D 52 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Royalty. The comparative activity of the lumbering business in the different districts is shown by the diagram on the preceding page. Owing to the financial stringency the prompt collection of royalty has been rendered unusually difficult, and it is, therefore, very gratifying to be able to add that, instead of the heavy decrease that might well have resulted, the Branch, by prompt and systematic work, has actually been able to make a slight increase in its royalty collections over the previous twelve months. In addition, there are some heavy collections already in hand which were taken to account too late for inclusion in the twelve months' statement. Ceown-gkant Timber Lands. In addition to the amounts collected by the Forest Branch, the public revenue derived from forest sources includes the taxation levied on privately owned timber lands which are assessed at the rate of 2 per cent, on valuation. The changes in area and valuation of these lands are shown by the following table:— Year. Area of Private Timber Lands. Average Value per Acre. 1911 1912 1913 Acres. 824,814 S74,715 922,948* $8 72 8 60 9 02 * For total of privately held timber lands, see under " Forest Protection Fund." The extent and value of timber land in the various assessment districts * are shown by the following table:— District. Acreage, 1913. Increase or Decrease in Acreage over 1912. Average Value per Acre. Change in Value per Acre since 1912. 17,341 69,109 44,733 84,199 219,343 29.385 6,041 31,768 4.960 7,428 1S2.373 4,692 77,947 48.59S 95,031 — 247 . — 5,377 + 1,028 +20,446 +34,078 +10,519 + 520 —15,600 No change No change + 4,939 — 127 — 167 No change — 1,780 $13 30 14 88 15 45 11 05 12 54 4 50 3 00 7 S6 1 13 15 03 3 82 3 06 3 85 11 47 6 41 +0.35 +1.64 +2.15 —0.12 —0.36 —0.54 No change. +2.58 No change. No change. +0.05 —1.13 +0.03 +0.04 +0.17 Kettle River Slocan Nelson Vernon Revelstoke Fort Steele Totals 922.94S +48,233 $ 9 02 +0.42 * It should be noted that these are different from the forest districts. 4 Geo. 5 Forest Revenue. D 53 PROVINCIAL FISCAL YEAR 1912-1913 REVENUE EXPENDITURE >'5 Detail oe Foeest Revenue. 12 Months to December 1913. 12 Months to December 1912. $2,115,474 492,649 119,291 25,73S 24,291 18,720 10,385 5,025 21,215 $1,937,194 489,377 79,262 36.S33 25,651 11,440 4,125 19.237 $2,832,788 166,540 $2,603,119 150,460 Totals $2,999,328 $2,753,579 General Expenditure. The Branch began the fiscal year, April, 1913, to March, 1914, with a vote of $149,000 for salaries, $42,000 for expenses, and $77,000 for miscellaneous expenditure, making a total of $268,000. Against this the estimated expenditure of the Branch * for the year ending next March is as follows :— Forest District. General Administration. Cranbrook $ 9,433 Fort George 7,812 Hazelton 8,050 Carried forward ' Apart from forest-protection. 25,295 D 54 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1911 Forest District. General Administration. Brought forward $ 25,295 Island 14,782 Kamloops 7,471 Lillooet 5,103 Nelson 10,627 Prince Rupert 10.127 , Tete Jaune Cache 3,977 Vancouver 54,113 Vernon ' 5,216 Victoria 109,043 Total $245,754 REVENUE FROM OPERATION TETE JAUNE KAMLOOPS— NELSON VERNON PRINCE RUPERT CRANBROOK «FORT GEORGE,HAZELTON,LILLOOET Forest Protection Fund. For the present fiscal year the general statement of the fund may be estimated as follows: Licensees, 8,460,000 acres $126,900 Lessees, 945,000 acres 14,175 Private owners, 1,069,199 acres* 25,038 $166,113 Equal contribution by Government 166,113 1912 refund, G.T.P 9,747 From 1912 S.709 Total $350,682 Salaries and expenses $188,453 Improvements! 88,864 Fires 8,738 Balance 64,627 Total $350,682 * Composed as follows : As assessed on rolls, 922,948 acres ; Esquimau & Nanaimo Land Grant. 200.000 acres ; B.C. Southern Tie Reserves, 543,490 acres ; Timber Permit No. 15, 2,755 acres : total, 1,069,199 acres. t Launches.—As the larger launches on the Coast are engaged partly in general administrative work and partly upon forest-protection, one-quarter of the expense of the big boats and two-thirds of those of the 36-foot boats are charged to the fund. The total cost of building these Coast launches was $31,S00, which was apportioned on the same principle, $14,000 of the amount being included in the total shown above for permanent improvements, and $7,000 under general administration, the balance having been paid in the previous year. 4. Geo. 5 Forest Revenue. D 55 By districts the estimated expenditure of the fund is as follows: Forest District. Salaries and Expenses. Permanent Improvements. Fires. Totals. $ 20,351 25,765 12,052 18,793 16,246 9,729 17,640 5,637 11,916 32,958 14,S02 1,904 $ S,0S4 7,141 1,340 4,900 11,000 502 15,874 6,150 13,167 6,706 14,000 $ 865 1,785 7 938 503 84 1,760 68 1,469 297 962 $ 29,300 34,691 Lillooet 13,999 24.631 27,749 10.315 35.274 5,705 19,535 Vernon 46.422 22,530 General 15,904 $188,453 $88,864 $8,738 $286,055 Records Office. The Records Office is divided into five sections, dealing respectively with Accounts, Status matters, Draughting, Files and Property, and Atlas. In the section of Accounts the prompt dispatch of business and the immediate mailing of receipts for all payments made to the Branch is made the guiding principle. An extremely effective follow-up system ensures persistent attention to accounts in arrears and to matters needing action at a later date, thus preventing any accumulation or neglect of work. The monthly statements of revenue, of any arrears that may be owing to the Branch, and of both administrative and forest-protection expenditure enable the work and policy of the Branch to be closely watched throughout the year. One of the first duties of the Accounts section this year was the preparation and issue of fiscal regulations governing the expenditure of money by the district officers and by individual members of the Branch. By the enforcement of these regulations the audit of accounts by the Victoria office has been greatly simplified. Card systems are used in connection with this audit; each account, whether that of a person, launch, office, permanent improvement, or other project, being analysed, thus revealing at a glance any unusual feature in expenditure, and rendering duplication of payment impossible. A card record is also kept for all persons having Government property in their charge, while another system of cards is maintained -to show the disposition of each separate kind of property. Card systems are also maintained in order to supply information (needed alike by the Forest, Survey, and Land Branches of the Department) concerning the changes in standing or ownership which are taking place from day to day in the standing of timber licences and leases. These various records are kept absolutely up-to-date, and by putting the business of the Branch on an exact footing they have proved most effective in promoting economy in expenditure, in preventing illegal cutting of Crown timber, and in giving the business public prompt service. Suggestions for improvements are constantly being considered, the idea being to apply the most effective principles of the business world to official matters. The establishment of local offices and the appointment of a permanent staff in each of the eleven forest districts of the Province threw upon the Status section of the Victoria office the duty of equipping this force with the records needed for effective field-work, and consequently a very large amount of clerical work had to be completed with as little delay as possible. To begin with,.extracts had to be made from the registers of the Lands Department so as to supply each district office with the date and nature of every alienation of land. Without this information the field force would have been unable to supervise logging operations, check D 56 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 trespass, control the export from the Province of unmanufactured material, and ascertain the correct rates of royalty to be paid in each operation. As there are some ten different classes of timber, and as several of these classes of timber may be mixed together in one logging operation, field officers consequently need the most up-to-date information. The next matter to receive attention was the compiling of a timber-licence record giving full particulars of each licence and of its standing and survey. The original record was made on linen, and the district offices supplied with blue-print copies bound in volumes. As there are over 14,000 licences, this involved the making of no less than 5,000 blue-prints. At the session of the Legislature in 1912 the Act was amended to enable the Branch to introduce a definite system of timber-marks, and to require the owners of the old-fashioned marks to reregister and tie these marks down to definite areas of timber. The whole revenue derived from royalty and timber bonus depends upon the correct marking of logs, which made this matter one of great importance. An investigation into the timber-mark registers, which the Status section then undertook, resulted in the cancellation of some 300 unsuitable or disused marks, only a few old trade-marks which had become well known in the lumbering business being allowed to remain on the registers to meet the convenience of operators. This revision made possible (for the first time) the printing and issue of a correct list of officially registered marks containing full information concerning the land on which each mark is to be used, as well as supplying field officers with the status of all surrounding lands. With this in his pocket, a field officer inspecting a logging operation has in tabloid form the complete land records of the Province to assist him in his work. The list is kept constantly up-to-date by means of supplements, and is frequently reprinted—the type being left standing on account of the intricate printing involved. To show the amount of labour involved in its preparation, I may mention that some fourteen people were engaged for about two months on the first issue of the publication. The considerable number of marks effective at the present moment throws a sidelight on the progress of the logging business of the Province:— On old Crown grants (1-cent tax) 45 marks. On exportable Crown grants, 1887-1906 95 „ On non-exportable Crown grants and pre-emption records, 1906 and later 161 On timber licences 51 On timber leases 30 On Indian reserves and Dominion timber 16 On hand-logger operations 221 Timber-sales 15 The large number of cases in which the field force examine timber on land included in applications to purchase or pre-empt; the examination of over 1,000 expired timber licences and leases; the making of timber-sales; issue of railway permits, hand-logger licences, and timber- marks—all these create a heavy volume of current work for the Status section. Since office delays may cause heavy expense through loss of time by field parties and launch crews, special effort is made to supply quickly the status information on wbich the field examinations are based. The standing of lands referred to in royalty accounts, reports on logging operations, and returns showing statutory timber land obtained by the reconnaissance parties all need careful checking; and, finally, the issue of a weekly bulletin keeps other branches of the Department and the district forest offices informed of the changes taking place from day to day in the standing of licences, leases, hand-logger licences, and timber-marks, and thus prevents trespass and other irregular cutting of Crown timber. The close attention given to this work has had important results, new assets of the Crown in the form of stumpage liable to royalty having been placed on record to the extent of over $500,000 during the past year. Attention is drawn to the excellent effect produced by a visit of the official in charge of the Status section at Victoria to field parties examining lands up-coast, a far more intimate cooperation being thus obtained between office and fieldmen. The supplying of material for field parties has involved heavy work in the Draughting section, which has also to deal with reconnaissance material and the plotting of forest-protection and grazing maps. On the other hand, the installation of an electric tracing-table has enabled FOREST BRANCH MILLS AND LOGGING MAP REPORT 1913 4 Geo. 5 Importance of the Lumbering Industry. D 57 the draughtsmen to trace at about nine times their former speed, and the facilities for blueprinting that will soon be provided in the Survey Branch will still further quicken the output of material required by the fieldmen. One of the most important improvements in the Records Office during the past year has been the establishment of the Forest Atlas. In volumes of convenient size, this contains blueprints of the Province on which all expired licences, leases, and other lands with which the Branch is concerned are shown, as well as the results of every land examination. The locations of timber-sales, railway permits, mill-sites, grazing-areas, and all other lands dealt with in any way by the Branch are also marked out, so that each sheet of the atlas gives at a glance both a summary and an analysis of the Branch's activities. Duplication of field-work is thus avoided; and the cost of land examination is considerably reduced, since before sending a party to any locality on a particular errand all work in that locality can be ascertained by the headquarters office from the atlas, and one examination trip be made to serve where several would otherwise be required. The accumulated results of the past eighteen months have not yet been fully entered, but shortly after the New Year the atlas will have been brought entirely up-to-date. The Files and Property section is concerned first of all with the handling of correspondence. A letter-book record for incoming mail dealing with money matters is maintained, but with this exception an automatic subject filing system is used. This latter saves the labour of indexing, and allows each morning's letters to be received and dealt with in the different offices at once, doing away with the delay caused by the letter-book method. Prompt action usually means economy in forest-work where launch upkeep and other transportation expenses are heavy, and it is very obvious that the saving of office-time between 9 a.m. and 11 a.m. has proved a valuable improvement. For so young an organization the correspondence of the Branch has been large, over 20,000 letters having been received in the year and nearly 30,000 having been sent out; the incoming mail being already two-thirds the size of that of the main Department. For the care of property there is maintained a simple system of transfer receipts, which tie down the responsibility for every article of property to the member of the Branch in whose custody it has been placed. The obtaining of headquarters supplies and their distribution to the districts; the multigraphing of circulars, form letters, and office material; the maintenance of a classified mailing-list and the library of the Branch, with the care of the publicity material (now recognized as the most effective means of preventing forest fires)—these are other matters of current work. Finally, there is the filing and cataloguing of photographs taken by the field staff to show the various forest types found in the Province, or to illustrate lumbering operations, slash conditions, grazing regions, the construction of permanent improvements for forest protection, and the many other phases of forest administration. IMPORTANCE OF THE LUMBERING INDUSTRY. Even to-day, with the sea-going export trade in lumber still in its infancy and the available market for British Columbia timber practically confined to the Prairie Provinces of Canada, the lumbering industry constitutes the commercial backbone of our forest Province. The census returns show that half our industrial capital is invested in the lumbering and wood-working business; that half the pay-roll of the Province is derived from our forests; and that 37 per cent, of our annual production of wealth comes from that same source. In district after district, moreover, logging operations have been the first agency through which agricultural settlement has been achieved. They attract labour to vacant regions of the Province; cause the development of new transportation routes; open up hitherto inaccessible forest-areas, and provide a local market for the produce of the settler Who follows in their wake. Important as is the part played by our lumbering industry to-day, it is obvious, in view of the immense timber resources of the Province, that its development is still upon a comparatively small scale. Outside the Prairie Provinces it has practically no effective markets. Its cargo trade in 1912 was under 52,000,000 feet. The whole shipment to the east of Canada is confined to a few specialties, such as dimension timber and small quantities of high-grade material; and but a thin trickle of business in shingles and high grades has been possible with the United States. Chaotic overproduction has resulted from this shortage of markets, since the quality and quantity and accessibility of our Provincial forests have proved an overwhelming temptation to lumbermen to enlarge their mill capacity beyond current needs. Through a combination of D 58 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 circumstances even the near future may be expected to see a very great improvement in the conditions of the industry. Whatever differences of opinion there may be as to the exact commercial effects of the opening of the Panama Canal, it is beyond dispute that a general broadening of our markets for lumber will result. Sooner or later, moreover, the western freight-rates question must be decided in favour of the West. Panama in itself will attract shipping and make British Columbia more of a distributing centre for Western Canada, a position that will, of course, be immensely strengthened by any equalization of the rail-haul rates east and west. With plenty of shipping requiring outward cargoes, definite encouragement will' be created for the export of lumber to Australia, South America, South Africa, and the Orient, as well as to Atlantic ports, while the removal of tariff restrictions upon lumber from this Province entering the United States should afford further, though, of course, less pronounced, relief of the present congestion of output. In the collection of forest revenue the returns of the Forest Branch show a cut of 1,457,000,000 feet, board measure, for the year 1913, an amount which is nearly equal to the combined output of the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec for the previous year. If the large amount of material used in railway-construction during the year be included, British Columbia's total cut would approach 2,000,000,000 feet. The number of saw and shingle mills exceeds 425. Considerable attention has been devoted by the Government to the encouragement of the pulp and paper industry. As was inevitable, the commercial development of this business and its successful operation in competition with competitors who previously monopolized the existing markets has been attended with considerable difficulty. The mammoth plant at Powell River, however, with Its daily output of 225 tons of paper, is a monument to commercial enterprise and Government policy, the prosperous little town which has come into existence in connection with this plant constituting a new outpost of white settlement on the vast stretch of the Provincial coast-line. The B.C. Sulphite Fibre Company's mill on Howe Sound, with a daily output of 40 tons of the 'highest quality of sulphite fibre produced in Canada, is another landmark of industrial progress. Its product competes successfully with that of the oldest-established European mills. LOGGING INSPECTION. There were 794 logging operations in progress during 1913 on timber lands on which a royalty or tax had been reserved to the Crown. The product of these operations for the calendar year 1913 was, approximately, 1,348,000,000 feet of logs, 82,805 cords of shingle-bolts, 3,030,010 lineal feet of piling, 35,000 mining-props, 15,500 cedar posts, and 5,093,718 lineal feet of cedar poles. The loggers of British Columbia in 1913 established a new record both for number of camps operated and quantity of timber produced. The output would have been much greater had it not been for the depression in lumber-production which seriously affected the output of the camps during the latter six months of the year. In point of number the logging camps of the Province are about equally distributed between the Coast districts, where all operations are conducted by steam and the camps run ten to twelve months in the year (when the demand for logs is good), and the Interior districts, where nearly all logging is done by horses in the fall and winter. The output of the Coast is about four times that of the Interior. The conditions under which logging operations are carried on require careful inspection to safeguard a Government revenue, which in 1913 was about $500,000 from this source alone. This inspection is made by the Forest Rangers and Forest Assistants under the direction of the District Foresters. To protect the public interest and to afford the loggers the facilities which they desire for doing business with the Forest Branch, it has been found necessary to issue instructions that each operation is to be inspected, on an average, every three months during its continuance. Last summer the organization and supervision of fire-protection obliged the patrol staff in the Coast districts to neglect logging inspection, and experience has thus shown that the staff in these districts has never been adequate to deal with the requirements of the public or to give systematic attention to imporant current business. Recommendations for an increase in its numbers are therefore being submitted. The results of this year's logging inspection have shown several certain definite violations of the " Forest Act" which must be guarded against. I wish to emphasize here that the prime object of an inspection of logging operations on the part of forest officers is not to discover 4 Geo. 5 Logging Inspection. D 59 trespass or other illegal action, but is to co-operate with the logger by providing him with any information which he may lack, and thus prevent trespass or error on his part. It is very difficult in some regions for loggers to avoid innocent trespass due to overlap of surveys, absence of clearly marked survey-lines, or existence of duplicate and unofficial surveys. Such innocent trespass will be avoided in future by inspection by the Ranger, who will see that the correct boundary of the operation is clearly marked on the ground. Adjoining many existing logging operations are small fractions or fringes of Crown timber which will never be utilized unless logged in conjunction with the present operation. A valuable feature of regular logging inspection is that it discovers such areas and initiates a sale of what would otherwise be wasted. The revenue from such sales will much more than pay all costs of carrying on the general work of logging inspection. It is estimated that the timber comprised in such fractions in the Coast District amounts to about one-quarter of the timber held under licences. There have been up to the present applications for forty of such fractions. Twenty- five of these have already been cruised and will produce a revenue of $60,000. Another form of innocent trespass arises from ignorance of the law, and results in logging on unsurveyed licences, expired licences, or uncompleted applications to purchase land. The only possible preventive of such operations is the regular inspection by each Ranger of all logging operations on Crown lands in his district. Such inspection, followed by a detailed report to the District Forester, will ensure that no logging operations will be conducted without proper title to the timber. During 1913 there were discovered and dealt with twenty-eight cases of logging on unsurveyed timber licences, four cases of logging on expired timber licences, and two cases of logging on uncompleted applications to purchase. The stopping of these operations was a protection to those loggers who had made legal payment for their timber. There are comparatively few cases of intentional trespass. Nevertheless, as a preventive, it is a routine duty of the Rangers and field officers of the Forest Branch to examine the boundaries of logging operations for trespass. During the past year forty-three cases of trespass were discovered which could be classified as intentional, the revenue resulting from thirty-six of them being $11,302.76. The remaining cases are pending settlement. The legislation under which timber has been disposed of in the past has created ten classes of timber on which the revenue due to the Government varies from nothing in the case of timber on Dominion lands to $2.50 per thousand feet in the case of some timber-sales. Operations carrying different royalty rates frequently have adjoining boundaries, and in such cases the logs are put into the water together and towed to a common market, such as Vancouver. The only available means of ensuring the correct payment of royalty and stumpage on timber from each operation is to make certain that every log is properly marked before it goes into the water; the collection of hundreds of thousands of dollars a year depending on this simple fact. In view of its extreme importance, the Rangers report on log-marking at every inspection of each operation; they also report on the marks on all the booms they examine; the scalers report on each boom scaled; the export patrol reports on each boom exported. In the upshot, it has been necessary to make fifteen seizures for the non-marking of logs, some of which have resulted also in loss of time by tugs engaged in towing booms. The gradual stricter enforcement of this important provision of the " Forest Act" by the Branch has resulted in a great improvement in the care and thoroughness with which operators have marked their logs. A provision of every timber licence is that neither Japanese nor Chinese may be employed in connection with operations on the timber, and this provision has been rigidly enforced, it having been necessary in one case to cancel a licence for continued violation of this provision. In consequence, there are now no Chinese or Japanese engaged in operations on licences. Looking at the matter in a general way, experience shows that perhaps the most important feature of the work of logging inspection is the opportunity which it provides for the establishment of closer relations between the forest officers and the men engaged-in the various forest industries. The effects of this are already apparent in the unexpected co-operation which the Branch is receiving in working towards better slash-disposal and cleaner logging. The greater part of the land now being logged in British Columbia is fit only for the production of timber. Add to this the fact that conditions of soil and climate favour the rapid growth of a new crop on logged-over land, and it is obvious that both reafforestation as well as the protection of the remaining standing timber renders the question of slash-disposal a matter D GO Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 of immediate importance. Study is gradually being made of the best methods of disposing of logging-slash on the different forest types. A campaign for slash-disposal based upon this information is being conducted, and regulations will gradually be established and enforced as part of the routine of logging inspection. It is admitted that clean logging will depend upon the lumber market, for when there is no market for low-grade lumber the logger will feel disposed to leave low-grade logs in the woods. The general study which has been made up to date shows, however, that even under the market conditions which have governed during the past few years a great deal of material has been left to rot which could have been taken out profitably. The truth of this statement is borne out by the varying standards of different loggers. Some of the most successful in British Columbia have made a study of clean logging, and by cutting low stumps, exercising care in falling so as to reduce breakage, carrying log-lengths so as to take the full merchantable length of the tree, clean yarding, and using inferior logs for construction-work and fuel have greatly increased the productivity and profits of their operations. On those operations where such business principles have not yet been adopted there is a tremendous waste of timber and consequent loss to the Government in royalty revenue. It is the aim of the Forest Branch to continue to work steadily towards a reduction of logging-waste by gradually bringing all operators up to the standard of utilization set by the most successful among them. This will become the most important feature of logging inspection. SCALING. By providing that all mills cutting over 500,000 feet per annum must employ a scaler licensed by the Government, tne " Forest Act" made possible the regulation of scaling through the Province. At the beginning of the present year a Board of Examiners was consequently appointed, and a series of examinations were held at the chief centres of the lumbering industry, applicants for scalers' licences being required to pass both practical and written tests, as well as to supply evidence of good character. One hundred and six of these men were successful in obtaining licences. The effect of this system has been most beneficial. The possession of a Government licence gives the scaler a definite feeling of responsibility and a well-defined position; while the Government's revenue from cut timber is protected by the fact that the man who measures it has been tested and found fully qualified, and that negligent or dishonest work would jeopardize the licence through which he earns his living as a scaler. This view of the matter is confirmed by the fact that the three Check Scalers who have been appointed to the permanent staff of the Branch in the Upper Country have found that licensed scalers are doing their work in a fair and just manner. Up to the present the employment of licensed scalers has been practically confined to the Interior of the Province, scaling on the Coast being done by officials of the Forest Branch, except in the case of small mills not easily accessible from Victoria or Vancouver whose cut is insufficient to justify the special assignment of an Official Scaler. Arrangements are made Whereby these mills are allowed to utilize the services of local residents approved of by the Branch as acting-sealers. The extension of the licensing system to the Coast, which is now contemplated, will make it necessary for these acting-sealers to take the examination and obtain licences, thus giving the Branch more effective supervision of their work. In the Interior also the exemption of mills cutting less than 500,000 feet a year from the necessity of employing licensed scalers is unsatisfactory, and the removal of this provision from the Act is recommended. During the past season nearly 150 mills in different parts of the Province were unprovided with licensed scalers, and a considerable amount of persistent work by the Board of Examiners will therefore be necessary in the coming spring on this account. Timber sold by the Branch under the " Forest Act" frequently carries a stumpage price ranging up to $2 per thousand feet in addition to the usual royalty. As much of this timber is logged in the course of operations upon adjoining timber subject to different dues, it has become necessary in many cases to assign officials of the Branch to scale the higher-priced logs before removal from the sale area. These men also supervise the marking of logs and enforce special conditions of each sale concerning such matters as clean cutting, slash-disposal, and fire-prevention. Both this work and the scaling of royalty-paying timber cut during railway- 4 Geo. 5 Scaling. D 01 construction have thrown additional work upon the scaling staff. Developments of this nature will be met as far as possible by utilizing the services of the permanent District Rangers, whose time hitherto has of necessity been chiefly devoted to the organization of forest-protection. As far as the district organization in each locality is concerned, the fusion of all forest-work and its execution by the Ranger staff is the object held in view, the employment of specialists in particular lines being maintained only in so far as special circumstances render this necessary. In the Vancouver, Prince Rupert, and Island Districts, which include the greater portion of the logging business of the Province, the official scale of the Forest Branch is the compulsory basis for all dealing in timber, and a staff of scalers has consequently to be concentrated at sawmilling centres such as Vancouver, Victoria, and New Westminster. In the Interior, however, where the general adoption of a system of bush-scaling is aimed at, this work will naturally form part of the duties of the Forest Rangers. The accuracy of the work of our Official Scalers was frequently tested during the past year, and the results were most gratifying. One series of tests which included eighteen booms showed an aggregate difference between the original and the check scale of only a fraction of 1 per cent. It is by no means easy to arrange for tallying booms through the mill, but in two cases where this was found possible the confirmation of the official scale was further proof of the high level of efficiency shown by the staff. The Branch, however, has been studying how to give still better service to the public. In the Island District the experiment of supplying operators with scale returns showing the scale and deduction for defects for each individual log is on trial. This method has certain advantages, and in particular gives a very thorough check on the important matter of log-marking. On the other hand, it necessitates the employment of a helper for each scaler, and reduces the speed of work by about 37 per cent. The scale returns of the year give the following total:— Feet B.M. West of the Cascades 785,242,084 East of the Cascades 361,868,550 Timber from land Crown-granted prior to April 7th, 18S7 289,931,305* 1,457,041,939 These figures show an all-round increase on those of 1912 and break all previous records for the Province. GRADING. Until the present year no grades for cedar logs had been established in the Province, and. it therefore devolved upon the Branch to place this matter upon an official footing. The grades given below were established after very careful investigation, and have given excellent results.. On a recent occasion an opportunity was offered to the Branch to witness the sawing of one of these booms which had been graded as 48 per cent. No. 1, 48.8 per cent. No. 2, and 3.2 per cent. No. 3. The results were that logs graded as No. 1 yielded 80.5 per cent, clear,, 10.1 per cent, common, and 9.4 per cent, shingles; for logs graded as No. 2 the figures were 48.3, 22.3, and 29.4 per cent.; and for No. 3 logs 23.3 and 76.7 per cent. In the aggregate cedar booms graded under these rules gave 34 per cent. No. 1, 41 per cent. No. 2, and 25 per cent- No. 3; the tax on cedar exported from the Province under section 58 of the " Forest Act" thus averaging $1.54 per thousand feet B.M. Grading Rules for Cedar Logs. No. 1. Logs 12 feet and1 over in length, 20 inches and over in diameter, that will cut out 50 per cent, or over 'of their scaled contents in clear lumber. In cases of split timber above diameter will not be considered. No. 2. Logs 12 feet and over in length, 14 inches and over in diameter, that will cut out merchantable or better, but 'which will not cut to grade No. 1 -lumber. This grade will also admit of a good grade of sbJn,gl«-log. No. 3. Rough logs that are only fit for a low grade of shingles, ship/lap, or dimension timber- Culls. Logs lower in grade than, No. 3 will be classed' as culls. I'ractieally all cut in the Coast districts. D 02 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1911 Grading Rules for Shingle-bolts.* Bolts to be measured1 in the following manner: To be as closely piled as possible, 4 feet high, 8 feet long, and the average number of pieces taken in the piles; the quantity to be obtained by dividing the number of pieces- by the average contained in the piles. If piled loosely, sufficient allowance to be made to make up a cord of closely piled bolts. No. 1. (a.) To be of first-class timber of an average of not more than 30 bolts to the cord, 52 to 54 inches in length, straight, well- made, hearted, and barked. (b.) Seventy per cent, of the bolts to be clear, balance to allow of two small knots in each bolt, 1 inch in diameter. (c.) To be free from rot, shakes, and knot-holes and other defects. No. 2. (a.) To be well made, hearted, and barked, and of an average of not more than 38 bolts to the cord-, 52 to 54 inches in length. (6.) To be free from rot, shakes, and worm-holes. No. 3. (a.) To be hearted and barked, not -more than 40 bolts to the cord, 52 to 54 inches in length. (6.) Twenty:five per cent, to be clear, balance to allow any bolt which has two cuts, with one knot 2 inches in diameter in each cut. (e.) To be free from rot, shakes, and worm-holes; any bolts not up to the standard of the grade to be considered culls. Grading Rules for FiR.f Flooring. Logs suitable for flooring, reasonably straight, not less than 20 feet long, not less than 30 inches in diameter, clear, free from such defects as would impair the value for clear timber. Merchandise. Logs not less than 14 inches in diameter, sound, reasonably straight, free from rotten knots or bunch knots; the grain straight enough to ensure strength. Rough. Logs having visible defects such- as crooks, bad knots, or other defects that would impair the value and lower the grade of lumber below merchandise. Culls. Logs which will not produce 50 per cent, of their contents in saleable lumber shall be classed as culls. Grading Rules for Spruce, Pine, and Hemlock. No. 1. Logs 12 feet and over in length, 30 inches in diameter and over up to 32 feet long, 28 inches if over 32 feet long, reasonably straight, clear, free from such defects as would impair the value of clear lumber. No. 2. Logs not leas than 14 inches in diameter, sound, reasonably straight, free from rotten knots or bunch knots; the grain, straight enough to ensure strength. No. 3. Logs having visible defects such as crooks, bad knots, or other defects that would lower the grade below merchantable or No. 2. ICulle. Logs which will not cut 50 per cent, of their contents in saleable lumber shall be classed as culls. TIMBER SALES. The Order in Council of December, 1907, which placed the forests of the Province under reserve, brought to an end the staking of timber licences. This reserve remained in force until the passage of the " Forest Act" at the beginning of 1912, and it was not until the latter date that provision was made for the selling of Crown timber and authority given to the Department to deal with this matter. At first, when the new procedure was on trial, a somewhat lengthy period of public advertisement was called for by the Act; but in 1913 simpler methods were introduced in order to facilitate sales of timber to small operators. Experience has now shown that additional changes in this direction are desirable, and a further amendment of the Act at the approaching session is recommended. The majority of applications to purchase Crown timber received by the Branch have naturally referred, so far, to fractional areas adjoining existing logging operations. No question of Government policy has been involved in dealing with small quantities of timber so situated, for the existing operation, in most cases, provided the only satisfactory means of removing the timber, and its sale to the operator has been a mere prevention of waste in which the interests of operators and Government have been identical. * As adopted by British Columbia Lumber and Shingle Manufacturers' Association, Vancouver, B.C., 29th January, 1913. t As adopted on August 23rd, 1806, at a joint meeting of representatives from British Columbia Lumber and Shingle Manufacturers' Association, and adopted by the Government. Note.—In all cases the scaler has the right to use his own judgment, for there are defects characteristic of timber in certain localities for which it is impossible to make rigid rules. 4 Geo. 5 Railway Permits. D 03 Apart from routine matters of this description, the general management of the immense forest assets possessed by the Province has been given considerable attention, though market conditions during the past year and the present capacity of the sawmillmg industry have not rendered advisable any heavy selling of stumpage by the Government. On the other hand, the obvious need of clearing the forest from certain lands suitable for agriculture has been the reason for sales such as those of timber upon fruit lands in the Kootenays. The provision of adequate supplies for pulp-mill enterprises has led to others, foreshadowing the increased activity by the Branch in this direction which will follow naturally upon the opening of the Panama Canal and the completion of the new transcontinental railv/ays. The particular problem which is now before the Department is the establishment of a prompt efficient machinery for supplying local needs for lumber and other forest products in the less-developed regions of the Province. The desirability of avoiding the office delays in routine sales of small amounts of timber that correspondence with the Victoria headquarters renders inevitable, and of making the District Foresters responsible for such business, is strongly indicated. The substitution, wherever possible, of small timber-sales for hand-logger licences is another matter requiring attention by the district offices. Such sales would give the more enterprising hand-logger, who is at present forbidden to use steam machinery, opportunity to work up and improve his position; while the Crown would benefit through the cleaner logging precautions against fire and equitable upset prices that would be the conditions upon which the timber was sold. The progress of settlement in so many districts must come through the development of lumbering and the establishment of a pioneer population of lumbermen-settlers encouraged by a wise and stable forest policy will often prove the starting-point of local development. From another point of view, it is evident that the lack of proper facilities for obtaining necessary supplies of timber in any particular region is a direct incentive to fraudulent entry upon timber land and logging trespass. A well-thought-out sales policy in each forest district, combined with the reduction now contemplated in the area patrolled by each Ranger, will do away with violations of the law of this character, and with the many seizures of considerable quantities of illegally cut Crown timber that it has been the unpleasant duty of the Branch to make. The general field-work of the Branch, both in reconnaissance and in the numerous land examinations, which occupy so large a place among its routine duties, is yielding a quantity of valuable data concerning the different forest-areas of the Province. From study of this material the main outlines of a general timber-sale policy are being gradually constructed, though naturally at this early stage of its development the Branch has been obliged to concentrate more particularly on immediate matters, the investigation of the numerous applications received from operators and the cruising and surveying of approved sale projects having thrown a heavy amount of current work upon the field staff. This again has been increased by the labour involved in dealing with such matters as the compilation of volume tables for cruising; with the study of practical ways of securing cleaner logging, and better preparation of the ground for natural reafforestation; and with the determination of areas over which stumpage sales are desirable in order to market fire-killed, overmature, or insect-damaged timber. During the year covered by this report fifty-nine sale projects covering 22,775 acres (with a total estimated stand of 20S,615,251 feet B.M.) have been cruised and advertised at upset prices ranging from $2 per thousand feet downwards. This upset price is in addition to the usual royalties and rentals; while all expenditure incurred by the Government in connection with each sale is refunded by the purchaser. The twelve months' sales represent a total asset of $23S,476, with a further $147,640 under advertisement. In every case the immediate cutting of the timber is an express condition of the sale, and the contract into which each purchaser enters with the Government provides for clean logging to the degree considered practicable for the area in question. RAILWAY PERMITS. In its general encouragement of railroad-building in the Province it has always been the policy of the Government to give, free of charge, all timber from the Crown forests that might be required for construction purposes, and thug the various company charters as well as the " Railway Act" itself provide for such free use. In years gone by this privilege was made use D 64 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1911 of by contractors without the least regard for the safety of the surrounding forest; slash and debris of the most inflammable character were accumulated recklessly in the near neighbourhood of the railway-line, thus forming fire-traps of the most dangerous- description; and the immediate result of construction (instead of being a benefit to forest industries) was usually the ruin of the timber resources of the regions made accessible by the new transportation route. Co-operation, however, with the Dominion Board of Railway Commissioners at length enabled the Province to control the fire-danger along all construction-lines. To achieve a similar result in the adjoining forest-areas from which ties, bridge timbers, and other material were obtained by contractors, the Government has exercised its power of enforcing conditions upon the free use of Crown timber. In the first place, the railway company is required to make application for permission to cut timber on specified areas. These areas are examined by the District Forester concerned; the company binds itself to deal with the slash created by its cuttings at its own expense and in such manner as will meet with the approval of the Forest Branch; and, provided the lands are vacant, a provisional permit is at once issued, subject always to subsequent correction by the Chief Forester. Effective control of the situation is thus obtained without imposing hardship and delay upon contractors and sub-contractors. Special slash-disposal conditions are inserted in each permit, so as to meet the needs of different forest types, and in every case the Branch deals only with the representatives of the railway company itself, who are responsible for the proper fulfilment of the terms on which the timber is granted. It has taken a great deal of persistent and tactful work on the part of officials of the Forest Service to secure observance of these conditions by the hundreds of contractors, sub-contractors, and piece-work men who have been engaged upon the 1,800 miles of railway- construction in this Province, and to make this scattered force realize that definite supervision of the cutting of Crown timber had replaced the old go-as-you-please traditions. The success of the Branch in this direction has been most striking. In almost every case slash and brush has either been piled and burned or else fired broadcast under the direction of forest officials, and the net result of the past two years' work in this direction has thus beeu the successful handling of a fire problem that has long been the despair of most forest services on this continent. During the year ninety permits covering 138,276 acres have been issued, fourteen applications were disallowed, and seventeen are now pending. The following railways were concerned:— No. of Permits. Area. Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Pacific Great Eastern Railway Kettle Valley Railway Canadian Northern Pacific Railway 39 14 90 Acres. 49,923 15,324 7,727 65,302 138,276 The distribution of these permits by forest districts is as follows:— No. of Permits. Area. Volume cut. 27 16 20 14 5 8 Acres. 45,942 42,330 23,742 15,324 7,727 3,211 Feet B.M. 23,088,000 15,200,000 17,020.000 1,600,000 7,650 000 Tete Jaune „ Hazelton „ Lillooet ,, Vernon ,, Fort George „ 24,360,000 • 90 138,276 8S,918,000 '•Tjn.Vi''';v ft?: "• % • /•> " '*: ■ >:I~ ' ^ "if **« -■.» if * » **"'' • ' V ■ Fence-posts made from cedar on right-of-way of C.N.P. Ry., on North Thompson. *' it ' »«i*:3'i;' 'ISS^^S .:^1 Shingle-bolt timber after removal of bolts. I > ■-:.:. ■■"■■ Sir ^an»u >: X The Western Pine Bark-beetle (Deiulroetonus hrevicomis, Lee), greatly enlarged. The larva, or grub, of the Western Pine Bark- beetle, greatly enlarged. e attacked by Bark-br Many pitch-tubes are seen on surface of the bark. 4 Geo. 5 Products. D Go PRODUCTS. It must be admitted that there is less progress in British Columbia in the utilization of waste timber for the manufacture of by-products than elsewhere in Canada. The complete utilization of timber is only possible where stumpage is valuable, labour is cheap, and there is a large buying population which can be reached without excessive freight rates. These conditions do not yet exist in British Columbia; consequently, only a small proportion of the forest can be marketed, and large quantities of timber are left in the woods or sent to the burners because no profitable use can be made of them. Nothing can be accomplished here on a commercial scale approaching the complete utilization effected in Europe and in some parts of Eastern Canada. High freight rates prohibit the shipping of small wooden articles away from the Province; the local population does not create a demand which cannot be more cheaply supplied from elsewhere, and even if a demand did exist for articles which could be manufactured from what is now termed waste, it would be cheaper to buy good logs than to gather up the inferior material now left in the woods or sent to the burners. Clean logging and complete utilization will therefore come slowly in British Columbia. At present the most complete utilization in the Province is in the Crowsnest Division of the Cranbrook District, where green and dead material down to 3 inches in diameter and 3 feet long is taken off for use in mines. Nevertheless, the lumber manufacturers of British Columbia have by producing lumber in odd and even lengths and widths saved a great deal of high-grade lumber, and have set an example in close utilization to all other lumber-producing districts on the continent. Another common form of saving waste is the taking out of cedar for shingle-bolts and posts. The market for these commodities is increasing, and it may be confidently expected that hereafter very little cedar will be lost. On the Coast the pulp-mills use large quantities of hemlock which under market conditions could not be utilized for lumber manufacture and would otherwise be left in the woods to rot. An unsuccessful attempt was made to market hemlock-bark, but the cost of preparing it was found to be too great. The coal-mines of the Prairie and Crowsnest District provide a steady market for material too small to put into lumber. Aside from the instances quoted, logging operators west of the Cascades leave nearly everything in the woods that will not produce a No. 2 or good No. 3 log. Utilization east of the Cascades is much more close, and compares favourably with conditions in Eastern Canada. The chief market for sawmill refuse is found in fuel, which production is an important side-line of every sawmill in or near a centre of population. The market for this in 1913 was (because of the coal shortage) better than ever before, the sale being estimated at 300,000 cords, valued at $900,000. Large quantities of sawmill refuse are also used under burners to produce power; and in addition the manufacture of sawdust briquettes for fuel purposes has been started. These appear very satisfactory and sell for the same price as coal. An outlet for the use of sawmill-waste may be found in the manufacture of sulphite pulp. A 40-ton plant has been erected in connection with a sawmill at Marshfield, Oregon. This plant, if it proves successful, may cause the utilization of similar material in British Columbia. A study of the wood-using industries of the Province is now being made by the Forest Branch. The results will be published in such a manner as to make known the importance of these industries, and to suggest, if possible, new markets for materials now unused. FOREST-INSECT DAMAGE. During the past two years timber-owners have reported to the Forest Branch several instances of destruction of merchantable timber by forest insects. The investigations of the past decade in the Pacific North-western States have shown that there is annually an enormous loss of valuable timber due to forest insects, which in importance is comparable only to the loss by fire. The same investigations have shown that insect depredations can be controlled economically. An arrangement was therefore made with Dr. Gordon Hewett, the Dominion Entomologist, for a co-operative study of the forest insects of British Columbia. Professor J. M. Swaine, one of the leading authorities of the continent, spent the summer in the Province making a preliminary investigation of the insects affecting yellow-pine, Douglas fir, Sitka spruce, lodge-pole pine, and western white-pine. The following is Mr. Swaine's report:— D CG Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 . " The portion of the Province of British Columbia covered in the survey included part of the Kootenays, Okanagan, Similkameen, Lower Coast, and Vancouver Island regions. Several destructive outbreaks of bark-beetle were located and studied, and much practical information was obtained for future control-work with a variety of forest insects. A large collection of forest insects and their work was made which will be of much practical and scientific value. " The greater abundance of destructive species in the Interior is to be explained by the susceptibility of the species of trees occurring there to the attack of destructive pests, rather than by any peculiarity of climatic conditions, for very great variations of soil and climate occur between the Similkameen and the Kootenays. " The bull-pine or western yellow-pine (Pinus ponderosa) is subject to attack throughout its range in British Columbia by three destructive bark-beetles. The western-pine bark-beetle (Dendroctonus orevieomis, Lee.) is the most injurious. The mountain-pine bark-beetle (D. ■monticolce, Hopk.) is almost as serious an enemy to the bull-pine as to the western white-pine from which it derives its name. The reel turpentine bark-beetle (D. valens, Lee.) is abundant in the bark about the base of green pine attacked by the two more destructive species just mentioned. Serious injury by these insects is evident in many places, but the most important and extensive outbreak appears to be that about Princeton. "The trouble is evidenced by the clumps of dead trees, 'red-tops,' which are now becoming numerous throughout the valley and upon the mountain-sides. When examined this summer the clumps of red-tops contained from five or six to about thirty-five trees, and will now be considerably larger. The beetles had then left the dead trees and were to be found in immense numbers cutting their tunnels in the inner bark of the trunks of green, healthy trees surrounding the clumps of red-tops. Of the three species involved in this outbreak the western-pine bark- beetle was apparently the most destructive. "The western-pine bark-beetle (Dendroctonus orevieomis) is a cylindric hard-shelled beetle, from 2/18 to 3/M inch in length, and varies in colour from light brown when recently transformed to nearly black in older specimens. It is clothed with very short, inconspicuous hairs. The young are small, whitish, footless grubs found boring chiefly in the middle layers of the bark. The beetles enter the green bark in pairs and excavate winding tunnels through the inner bark between the bark and the wood. The eggs are deposited in shallow niches along the sides of these tunnels, and the grubs which hatch from the eggs bore irregularly through the middle layers of bark. They either transform to the perfect stage in the fall and remain beneath the bark over winter, or pass the winter as grubs within the bark and complete their transformation in the spring. They pass the pupal stage in the enlarged ends of the larval mines in the middle layers of the bark. After the change to the perfect or beetle stage, the insects emerge during the summer months through round holes cut in the outer bark, and spread the infestation to fresh trees. They never enter the old trees after all the bark is dead. In the bark of these will be found only dead beetles and a few belated in their transformations. "The mountain-pine bark-beetle (Dendroctonus monticolce) is very similar in appearance and habits to the former. It is referred to again in connection with mountain-pine. "The red turpentine bark-beetle (D. valens) is larger, being % inch in length, and reddish brown in colour. It works in the bark of the base and lower part of the trunk. Its tunnels are much wider and the eggs are laid in elongate masses along the tunnel-side. The larva? bore in congress through the inner bark. This species usually prefers dying bark and is, commonly found in fresh stumps. It is sometimes quite injurious and is of some importance in this outbreak. " The pitch which flows from the entrance-holes of all three species forms tubes of gum, ' gum-tubes,' or ' pitch-tubes,' which are clearly visible externally on the bark, and indicate that the tree was attacked while green and sappy; they also serve to distinguish the recently infested trees. More or less reddish boring-dust, ejected from the tunnels by the beetles, is usually to be seen lodged in crevices in the bark of infested trees. The boring of beetles and their larvse through the inner bark cuts off the sap-flow and seriously weakens or, more usually, rapidly kills the tree. Some trees survive attack for several seasons; but when the beetles are very numerous, as.in the Princeton outbreak, the infested trees are usually killed in one season. From 1,500 to 2,000 pairs of beetles were working in the lower 50 feet of each of the trunks of the infested trees examined there this summer. Usually the foliage of the trees attacked 4 Geo. 5 Forest-insect Damage. D 67 become yellowish during the fall and early winter and red by spring. During the following season the beetles emerge and the trees appear as ' red-tops,' losing much of their foliage during the following winter and spring. Many larger wood-borers deposit their eggs in the bark of these trees during the first or second summer and the resulting grubs bore large tunnels through the sap-wood, and later certain species enter the heart-wood; so that by the end of the second season much injury has been caused. In many cases the timber is quite worthless by the third winter. " Control Measures for the Western-pine Bark-beetle. " Outbreaks of injurious bark-beetles in British Columbia can be controlled, if taken in time, by logging operations modified so as to include the trees containing the brood, and employing proper means for destroying the latter. The beetles and grubs pass the winter in the bark of the trunk of trees attacked that season, on which the foliage would still be pale green, yellow, or reddish, with the bark studded with fresli gum-tubes. If over three-fourths of the infested trees can be handled so as to kill the contained brood before they emerge in the early season, the outbreak will be checked; and by similar work upon the relatively few trees attacked the succeeding season, can be brought under complete control. The broods in the bark can be destroyed by whichever of the following methods is best suited to local conditions:— "Floating the Logs.—Where water is available the simplest method is to float the logs as soon as they are cut, or as early in spring as possible. This will kill the greater part of the brood. " Sawing during Winter and burning the Slabs.—Where it can be done profitably, the infested logs may be sawed before winter and the slabs, which will contain the brood, burned before the spring opens. " Barking the Trees.—It is always possible to fell and bark the infested trees during winter and burn the infested bark before the spring opens. The presence of the greater number of grubs in the middle layers of the bark renders burning the bark necessary in the control.of the outbreaks involving the western-pine bark-beetle. Control operations must be completed during the period between November 1st and the following June, but should be finished as early in spring as possible. " When it is not possible to utilize the timber profitably and control measures are found to be necessary to protect valuable holdings against ravages of the beetle, the infested trees may be cut, piled, and burned before spring opens. " This control-work has reference solely to the freshly infested trees, with green, yellowish, or moderately reddish foliage, having the bark filled with the beetles and their grubs. It does not, however, refer to the old red-tops which have been dead for from one and a half to several years, and from which the beetles have emerged. The thick sap-wood of the bull-pine deteriorates rapidly from the action of insects and fungi. The red-tops killed by the bark- beetles should therefore be utilized for lumber as soon as possible, if their value is to be saved. " Hundreds of trees have already been killed in this outbreak, and, unless proper control measures are soon undertaken, the large body of fine timber in the valleys of the Similkameen and Tulameen is threatened with widespread destruction. Similar outbreaks, as yet of lesser importance, are starting in several parts of the bull-pine country, and should receive attention before they spread beyond control. "The western white-pine or mountain-pine (Pinus montieola) is very seriously affected throughout its range in British Columbia by the mountain-pine bark-beetle (Dentroctonus monticolce, Hopk.). An outbreak in the Sugar Lake and Mabel Lake region has been running for about eight years, and a large body of fine timber has been killed by this beetle. Much of this killed timber has since been rendered valueless by the tunnelling of the larger wood-borers of the families Cerambycidas and Buprestidffi. The outbreak has much the appearance of that about Princeton, except that it is less extensive, and this beetle has a stronger tendency to attack isolated trees. " The work of the mountain-pine beetle is quite similar to that of the western-pine bark- beetle. The beetle itself is somewhat larger than the western-pine beetle—4 to 6.5 mm. (5/3, to 14 inch)—and is sparsely clothed with long erect hairs. The beetles enter the green or injured trees in July and excavate an elongated, somewhat straight egg-tunnel upwards from the entrance-holes, between the inner bark and the outer layer of wood. The eggs are laid I) G8 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 along the tunnel-sides in shallow niches, and the grubs which hatch therefrom burrow away from the egg-tunnel through the inner bark. Gum-tubes are formed about the entrance-hole, and frequently reddish boring-dust is extruded. " At the time of the visit there in July the beetles were leaving the red-tops, attacked last season, and entering the bark of green timber in large numbers. Unless control measures are undertaken soon, the white-pine of Sugar Lake will be largely killed. " Control Measures. " The mountain-pine bark-beetle is controlled by the measures recommended for the western- pine bark-beetle. The control-work should be completed during the fall, winter, and early spring months to destroy the hibernating broods. If water is available, the infested logs should be floated before June 1st, or the logs may be sawn and the slabs burned, or the infested trees may be felled and the bark removed within the specified time. It is not so necessary to burn the bark in the control of this species. The grubs are mostly found in the inner bark, and the separation of the bark from the wood is found sufficient to kill a sufficient number of them. " The infested trees may be recognized by the presence of large numbers of fresh gum-tubes upon the bark of the trunk, and frequently by the reddish boring-dust expelled from the tunnels and lodged in cracks in the bark. During the fall and winter the foliage of the infested trees fades to yellowish, and becomes reddish during the late spring and early summer. " The lodge-pole pine (Pinus murrayana) is being killed at Sugar Lake by the mountain-pine bark-beetle. A report was received from the Canadian Pacific Railway forestry officials of extensive destruction of lodge-pole pine by bark-beetles in the Skookumchuck Valley; but I was unable to make a personal investigation. A species very closely allied to the lodge-pole pine bark-beetle (Dendroctonus murrayance, Hopk.) was found entering the bark at the base of healthy Engelmann's spruce in the Creighton Valley. "The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga mueronata) is sometimes killed by the Douglas fir bark- beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugce, Hopk.). This beetle prefers dying bark and is everywhere- abundant in the bark of stumps, felled trunks, and dying trees of Douglas fir and larch. It usually finds sufficient dying bark cuttings to satisfy its demands. It is, however, not infrequently found attacking sound timber, as was the case this summer in the Creighton Valley, where mature Douglas fir was being killed by its ravages. The beetles are somewhat similar in appearance to the Dendroctonus beetles already described, and cut egg-tunnels and larval mines in the inner bark. " When control is advisable, the logs may be floated or sawed during winter and the slabs burned, or the logs cut and barked during winter. Control-work should be carried on during late fall and winter, so that the broods and the bark are destroyed before spring opens. The recently infested trees are to be distinguished by the reddish boring-dust ejected from the tunnels and lodged in cracks in the bark. The foliage becomes red during the winter and spring following the attack. " The Lower Coast and Vancouver Island Regions. " The timber of the Lower Coast and Vancouver Island is not at present suffering from: extensive insect outbreaks; but there are incipent attacks which need to be kept under careful observation. Cedar and yellow cypress are quite generally hollow-hearted and stag-headed. These affections are probably always of a fungous origin. No serious insect injury to these trees was located in this summer's work. In many places the western white-pine (Pinus monti- cola) is being killed by the western white-pine bark-beetle (Dendroctonus monticolce, Hopk.).. It was found killing green timber, particularly at Cowichan Lake and the district about Campbell River. Wherever valuable stands of white-pine are held a watch should be kept for attacks by this destructive beetle. Clumps of red-tops and scattered red and yellow tops, with the bark bearing numerous tubes of gum surmounting vertical tunnels between the bark and the wood, are danger-signals, and should receive prompt attention if the timber is to be saved. The beetle responsible here is that already discussed as the mountain-pine bark-beetle. "The Sitka spruce (Pieea sitchensis) is subject to attack by a destructive bark-beetle of the genus Dendroctonus. Near Menzie's Bay this beetle has bred in fire-injured trees about a burn, and was this summer attacking nearly green timber of a large size. The same species: 4 Geo. 5 Export of Forest Products. D 69 is becoming common in the dying spruce of Stanley Park, Vancouver. It is capable of becoming a serious enemy of Sitka spruce, and dying trees in clumps or as isolated trees, with the bark studded with gum-tubes, and the bark containing the brood and their tunnels, should receive prompt attention. Reports were received of dying spruce from farther up the Coast and on Queen Charlotte Island. " Spruce gall-insects of the genus Chermes are commonly found on spruce, and are often seriously destructive to isolated trees or clumps, particularly in lawns and parks of towns and cities. Stanley Park, in Vancouver, is at present suffering from a serious outbreak of these pests. The minute young of the Chermes are found in the early season sucking the juice in the axils of the leaves of the developing shoots. The irritation from the work of adults and young causes an extra growth of tissues, and the peculiar somewhat core-like galls are produced. The injured twigs usually die and the tree is weakened in proportion to their numbers. "The balsam fir (Abies grand/is) was being killed by bark-beetle of the genera Hylurgops and Eccoptogaster. This injury was noticeable near Alberni, and particularly about Campbell River. " The Douglas fir, which forms the bulk of the timber of the region, is generally in fine condition. Several incipient outbreaks of the Douglas fir bark-beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugce) should be kept under observation; but we know of no considerable body of dying timber. Isolated red-top fir has been killed by this species at Cowichan Lake and Campbell River, and it is everywhere abundant in slash and dying trees. The work of this beetle has already been discussed. " The spruce bud-worm, which was very abundant in many places a few years ago, is now hardly to be noticed. " Ambrosia-beetles of the genera Gnathotrichus and Trypodendron are excessively abundant in dying trees. Their small black tunnels pierce the sap-wood, but rarely penetrate more than 5 inches. The most injurious of the ambrosia-beetle belongs to the genus Platypus of the family Platypodidrc. It is very abundant throughout the Lower Coast and Island districts in freshly cut logs of Douglas fir, hemlock, spruce, and balsam, and drives its tunnels 7 inches and over into the wood. Considerable injury to reproduction was located. The Pissodes beetles or spruce and pine weevils are common in places, destroying the terminal shoots of young growth. In many places the cones of Douglas fir and bull-pine were being destroyed by caterpillars to a serious degree. " Throughout the Okanagan and Similkameen Districts many bull-pines are stag-headed. All such cases examined had been caused by bark-boring caterpillars .destroying the inner bark in patches about the trunk and base of the branches, working downward from the top. These dead tops were covered with resin and were perfectly sound. " The bull-pine often suffers severely from attacks of twig-destroying beetles and caterpillars. In some outbreaks examined over half the branches had been killed on many trees by such work. " This summer's investigation was primarily a survey to determine the extent of forest-insect injuries, and to decide upon proper control measures for the more serious outbreaks. Information was obtained of several extensive bodies of dying timber which could not be visited this season." EXPORT OF FOREST PRODUCTS. The life of the timber industry of British Columbia depends upon the profitable export of forest products from the Province, for the local population uses less than one-fifth of the timber annually produced, and the other four-fifths must be exported. The situation has become more acute during the past year or two owing to the decrease of building operations in the larger towns and cities of the Province, and consequent falling-off in the local demand for lumber. There are two broad divisions of the export timber trade—the one comprising unmanufactured logs, piles, poles, mining-props, cedar posts, and pulp-wood; the other and more important class including all manufactured timber, lumber, sawn dimension timber, railway-ties (hewn and sawn), shingles, and lath. Legislation framed to encourage Provincial industries forbids the exportation of unmanufactured logs from lands held under lease, licence, or timber sale, or from those Crown-granted after March 12th, 1906. From lands Crown-granted between April 2Sth, D 70 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 1887, and March 12th, 1906, timber may be exported upon payment of the royalty of 50 cents per thousand feet. Logs from lands Crown-granted prior to April 28th, 1887, may be exported upon payment of an export tax which is fixed in the " Forest Act," and varies according to the grade and size of the log. Practically all logs which are exported are taken from Vancouver, Victoria, or up-coast points to Puget Sound, none leaving the Province by rail. Illegal export is prevented and the collection of the export tax ensured by maintaining a launch patrol on the towing routes to Puget Sound, a patrol that has been made more effective during the past year by co-operative arrangements with the Dominion Customs authorities, under which export clearances are not granted to tugs with tows or cargoes of unmanufactured timber unless a permit to export has been secured from the Forest Branch. Three seizures were made by the export patrol during 1913, the cause in each case being the unsatisfactory marking of the logs. During 1913, 120 permits to export logs were issued. The total quantity exported was 58,752,078 feet, which compares with previous years as follows:— Feet B.M. 1911 47,000,000 1912 53,2S0,375 1913 58,752,678 The export of logs is governed by the market on Puget Sound for cedar logs, for there are more shingle-mills in Washington than in British Columbia and a smaller supply of cedar logs, particularly of the number two logs used for shingles. The prices of cedar consequently rule higher on Puget Sound than in British Columbia. The exports for 1913 were less than for 1912, because of the slump in the American shingle business during the last quarter of the year and consequent depression of the log market. The quantity of each species exported from British Columbia during 1913 was:— Feet. Cedar 22,678,030 Spruce 1,759,131 Fir 509,149 Pine 391,037 Hemlock 3,369 Total 25,340,716 Species unidentified, 33,411,962 feet (exported at 50 cents per thousand). Owing to the lack of .grading rules for cedar, all cedar was exported as No. 3 grade until July, 1913. The rules were then adopted which are given on pages 61 and 62, and all subsequent exports since that date have been graded and have paid the tax accordingly. The quantity and proportion of each grade exported has been :— Quantity. Per Cent. Feet B.M. Grade No. 1 1,108,087 14 Grade No. 2 2,759,693 36 Grade No. 3 3,829,238 50 The export of smaller unmanufactured products is growing. For instance, there is keen market in the United States, on the Prairie, and in Eastern Canada for cedar poles, and the export of cedar poles for the year amounted to 2,562,942 feet. About 2,000,000 lineal feet were shipped from the Cranbrook and Nelson Forest Districts to the Prairie, the Central States, and Ontario; 500,000 lineal feet were shipped by boat from the tide-water camps to Central and Southern California. The total value of pole shipments was $179,406. Again, the Cranbrook and Nelson Forest Districts constitute the chief source of fence-posts tor the Prairie, and furnish a large proportion of the railway-ties and mining-props used annually in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The production of these timbers has become an important adjunct to the lumber business in these districts and makes possible the complete utilization of all material. The exports of these products from these districts for the year were:— Quantity. Value. Fence-posts 11,190 pieces $ 67,400 Railway-ties 1,128.270 „ 451,308 Mine-props 6,000 cords 36,000 4 Geo. Export of Forest Products. I) 71 The total value of the logs, poles, piles, posts, ties, and props exported from British Columbia in 1913 was $1,321,640.78. One seizure was made for illegal export. In this case a company operating a shingle-mill in Blaine, Washington, established on this side near the boundary-line a plant in which non- exportable logs were cut into shingle lengths, split on a saw, and exported to their shingle-mill in Blaine for manufacture into shingles. A shipment was seized, the case was taken to trial, and judgment was given in favour of the Forest Branch in the first Court. The judgment was appealed and decision has not yet been rendered on the appeal. The most important item in British Columbia's trade is the export of manufactured timber. The Province has been so favourably situated for this trade that it has grown up without any form of Government or public assistance or encouragement. The three chief natural markets are the Canadian Prairie, the United States, and Eastern Canada, and the sea-borne cargo trade. Up to the present the Canadian Prairie has been the most important market, for it has taken three-fifths of the timber-production of British Columbia, and the majority of the sawmills in British Columbia have been built for this trade. An important feature of this market has been that, whereas the other export markets open to British Columbia mills will take only the highest grades, all grades may be shipped to the Prairie. During the past five years there has been keen competition in this direction. The lumber manufacturers of Western Ontario ship 50,000,000 feet per year into Winnipeg; the spruce manufacturers of the North (favoured greatly by freight rates) distribute about 225,000,000 feet annually: and the manufacturers of the Western States (whenever conditions are bad on the home market) unload 140,000,000 to 270,000,000 annually in the Canadian Prairies. The shipments of timber into the Western Provinces from the United States during the first eleven months of 1913 were about 50 per cent, less than during the same period in 1912 (which was the record year), and were not so great as during the same period in 1911. The exact shipments in comparison with 1912 and 1911 are as follows:— Importations from U.S.A. to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Lumber, Laths, and Shingles from January 1st to 'November 1st, 1911; January 1st to November 1st, 1912; and January 1st to November 1st, 1913. 1911. 1912. 1913. C3 Feet B.M. Value. Aver, per M. Feet B.M. Value. Aver, per M. Feet B.M. Value. Aver, per M. Planks, boards, dressed one side etc., not 190,768,000 31,348,000 222,116,000 Pieces. 58,220,000 17,206,000 $ 2,324,994 390,866 * 2,716,860 $ 134,798 32,781 $12.13 12.11 2.31 1.90 207,762,000 49,291,000 $ 2,377,262 645,670 $11.44 13.09 2.11 1.84 9 53 9 381 100,299,000 17,843,000 124,142,000 32,996,000 3,400,300 81,552,760 $14.61 303.971' 17.04 49 Sawn boards, etc., 64 S 1,856,731 $ 78,361 65,153 2.37 1.92 257,053,000 Pieces. 63,720,000 82,887,000 $ 3,022,932 $ 134,624 152,402 48 Shingles 59 $ 2,883,436 $ 3,309,958 $ 2,000,245 39 The decrease in the importations of American lumber as shown above was due to less general buying on the Prairie, and was reflected in British Columbia shipments as well. The lumber industry in British Columbia is so dependent on Prairie purchases that the effect has been most serious, prices having shrunk to an unprofitable level, and mills and logging camps having in many instances closed down for the time being. The depressing effect which the Prairie market has this year produced on the lumber industry in British Columbia emphasizes the necessity for establishing all possible trade outlets in other directions, to give stability to the business upon which more than any other the prosperity of the Province depends. D 72 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Many British Columbia lumber manufacturers believe that the time has come to develop the markets of Eastern Canada and the United States to a greater extent. The great lumber- consuming districts of this continent lie around the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic Coast, and the recent removal of the United States tariff on all lumber places British Columbia manufacturers in a position to compete on free terms with that great market of nearly 100,000.000 people. Up to the present, shipments to Eastern Canada have consisted of a few million feet of Douglas fir annually for large construction timbers, railway-car building, public works, boats, and scows; together with cedar shingles and cedar finish. Similarly, shipments to the United States have consisted of shingles for the Middle West and cedar finish for the New England States. Both in Canada and the United States there are many markets which can, and sooner or later will, be supplied from the United States. Douglas fir dimension timber in large sizes for big construction-works or in medium sizes for general construction will find sale in competition with Southern pine. Our shingles, moreover, can compete everywhere, while Douglas fir flooring and inside finish, cedar siding and clap-boards are on an equality with the best products of the East. The fight for larger markets will be greatly helped if favourable rates are secured through the Panama Canal. It cannot, however, be successful until the products which British Columbia lumbermen are ready to sell be made known in the buying centres of the East. Eastern people are surprised when they visit the Coast and see the beautiful effects produced in house interiors with British Columbia woods. They will buy this timber if it is put before them in the East. The cargo trade of British Columbia has shown no signs of growth during recent years. It constitutes on the average less than 5 per cent, of the lumber trade of the Province, and only three or four mills are engaged in it. The following table shows the comparison between British Columbia and the Western States:— Australia West coast of South America . .. China and Japan Mexico and Central America ... United Kingdom and Continent . Africa Other foreign ports Philippines Hawaii East coast, of U.S.A From Washington, Oregon, Columbia River, and South. 177,556,404 25,788,248 103,813,354 6,683,752 67,174,100 2,710,683 32,118,885 552,492 16,555,058 12,019,659 8,622,430 2,158,700 47,564,301 1,598,522 16,564,301 62,408,942 4,699,000 537,074,775 51,512,056 From British Columbia. In addition to these cargo shipments, British Columbia exported 53,000,000 logs to the State of Washington. The total timber imports of the principal countries of the world are annually about 7,507,360,000 feet B.M. British Columbia supplies but 1% per cent, of this total, though no country is better equipped to be an important factor in the world's timber trade, the annual growth of merchantable material in the Province being several times the annual cut, and large quantities of it being accessible and cheap to log. Though at present the sawmill capacity of the Province could supply double the present trade, this unfavourable condition cannot be expected to continue when the Panama Canal is open and the new transcontinental lines have trebled our facilities for Eastern shipment. There are many timber-holders prepared to invest more money in logging and timber-manufacturing enterprises as soon as the market for their product develops. Finding a market for more timber either in Eastern Canada, the United States, or the overseas countries is a long, slow process. Nevertheless, the increase of the industry and settlement of the Province depends largely upon it, as does any increase in the Government 4 Geo. 5 Export of Forest Products. D 1'i revenue from royalty. Finding a market involves making the commercial timbers of British Columbia known to the purchasers of the world, a matter that is (after fire-protection) the most important work of the Forest Branch, which would naturally work out in conjunction with the lumber manufacturers of the Province the details of a campaign of trade extension such as is necessary. Representations have already been received from lumber manufacturers pointing out that their efforts to establish a trade with Eastern Canada would be greatly assisted if an exhibit of fully manufactured and finished British Columbia timber were established by the Government at some central point. I heartily concur with such a suggestion. No opportunity should be lost for placing exhibits of manufactured British Columbia timber in the lumber-buying centres of the world. The past year has been the first in which the pulp industry has fulfilled its early promise. Two mills have been in operation during the full year, the Powell River having constantly reached its daily capacity of 225 tons of newsprint. It should be noted that a small portion of this suffices to supply the Provincial market, while freight rates prevent the shipment of newsprint to points east of Alberta. A small quantity of newsprint is shipped to be distributed from Calgary and Edmonton, the balance (comprising over 75 per cent, of the output) being marketed in -the North-western States. Newsprint from British Columbia enters the United States free of duty under the clause admitting duty free paper valued at less than 2y2 cents per pound. The other operating pulp-mill of the Province, that of the B.C. Sulphite Fibre Company, on Howe Sound, has operated at capacity during the year, producing daily 40 tons of a very superior grade of fibre. The market for this product is altogether outside of British Columbia. Seventy-five per cent, of the output is sold in Japan; the remainder is sold to paper-mills in the North-western States. The manufacture of pulp products on a large scale in British Columbia depends upon the solution of the problems of labour, transportation, and markets, the prospects for which are satisfactory. As for the prime essentials, this Province possesses natural resources of pulp-wood and water-power which are not equalled by any other Province in "Canada, the water-power on tide-water alone being estimated to be 1,000,000 horse-power, and many billions of feet of pulp-wood being tributary to this. When the trans-Pacific market for pulp products is developed, mills on tide-water in British Columbia will thus have great advantages in seeking trade. This market will sooner or later be essential to the success of the pulp industry in British Columbia, for the section of the Canadian population which under the present basis of fixing freight rates can be supplied by the mills of British Columbia in competition with those of Central and Eastern Canada will be the limited market west of Regina, while the new mills now contemplated or under construction in Alaska and the North-western States will reduce the available market for the British Columbia product hi the Western United States. Fortunately, after the completion of the Panama Canal, the trade routes of the Pacific Ocean will lead direct to the chief pulp- and paper-importing nations of the world. Asia presents a great undeveloped market for pulp and paper—a market demanding special grades produced by special machinery processes, and in time will require heavy shipments of low-grade papers and high-grade sulphite pulp. The Australian and South African newsprint market should also be supplied from British Columbia. The greatest pulp anad paper market of the world is that extending from the Atlantic seaboard of the United States westward to Chicago. There is here at all times a keen demand for high-grade sulphite pulp, which now enters the United States free of duty. It is believed that with the opening of the Panama Canal shipments will become possible to the Eastern United States. The total value of the pulp and paper exported from British Columbia in 1913 was about $3,000,000. This survey of the present situation shows that the expansion of the pulp industry in British Columbia depends upon the same factor as the expansion of the lumber industry—namely, the development and extension of the export market. It is recognized that this work, which is so important to the public from the standpoint of commercial prosperity and to the Government from the standpoint of revenue, should not be left entirely to private individuals. Already in 1913 the production of $3,000,000 worth of pulp and paper has helped in the upbuilding of our commerce. The work incident to the organization of the Forest Branch has prohibited the paying of much attention during the present year to the extension of markets for British Columbia forest products. However, as a result of co-operation between the British Columbia Lumber Manufac- D 74 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 hirers' Association and the Forest Branch, arrangements were made with the Dominion Public Works Department for the insertion of a clause in all contracts specifying that Canadian timber should be used. Again, negotiations with the Bengal and North-western Railway of India have resulted in the calling of tenders from British Columbia for the shipment of 120,000 creosoted Douglas fir railway-ties. Should this trial order prove successful a large business in this direction may be expected. The extension of the export lumber trade of this Coast has been taken up with the Dominion Department of Trade and Commerce, and an official of that Department who has made an investigation of foreign lumber trade will visit the Province to work out with the lumbermen and the officers of the Forest Branch a more progressive policy. LAND EXAMINATION. The experience of older countries and of Eastern Canada has been that settlement on non- agricultural timbered lands is not in the public interest. This experience is embodied in the Statutes of British Columbia when it is provided that land which carries timber in excess of 5,000 feet per acre east of the Cascades or 8,000 feet per acre west of the Cascades is not open for sale or pre-emption, and that all expiring timber licences or leases remain under forest reserve until examined and found valuable for agricultural or other purposes. The organization of the Forest Branch with a permanent force of District Foresters, Rangers, and cruisers who are constantly covering the country in the performance of their fire-protection, logging inspection, and timber-sale duties has largely increased the staff available to the Lands Department for the inspection-work which is so necessary to prevent the alienation of timber land contrary to Statute. Pre-emptions and applications to purchase land in the timbered districts of the Province are thus referred to the Forest Branch for field examination. Whole tracts of land held under reserve are examined by the Forest Branch in order that the character of the land and the quantity of the timber may be ascertained and the reserve maintained on the timbered portions. The policy of land examination is a most important part of land settlement. It protects a permanent source of revenue for the Province by ensuring that no bodies of merchantable timber will be acquired, except by public sale at an upset price which guards the public interest, and at the same time it protects the uninformed bona-fide settler by preventing him from locating in some timbered non-agricultural tract where he could not be successful. This policy of examining land before settlement is now followed by the Dominion Government and the Governments of Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick. The total acreage examined in detail by the Forest Branch in 1913 was 156,416 acres. Of this, 108,437 acres were found to carry less than the statutory limit of merchantable timber and were recommended to be opened for settlement, while 47,979 acres were found to carry timber in excess of the statutory limit. The total quantity of merchantable timber estimated to be on these areas was 368,694,000 feet, on which the stumpage to the Government would be about $217,232. The holding of timber under reserve does not prevent the development of the country, for it is very exceptional for bona-fide settlers to make homes on heavily timbered lands such as those reserved as a result of examination by this Branch. The policy of the Department wherever the land or timber is needed for development purposes is to offer the timber for sale by public tender at a fair valuation. The full value of the timber then goes to the public Treasury, and the land when logged is released for use. Every timber-sale contract in such cases requires that the land be logged off in one, two, or three years, depending on the quantity of the timber. The results of this policy may best be explained by a few examples. An application was received for the purchase at $5 per acre of 173 acres of land for a mill-site on Cracroft Island. Cruising disclosed that the land carried 1,394,000 feet of cedar and 928,000 feet of hemlock and balsam. The land was unsuited for a mill-site, was non-agricultural, and was valuable only for the timber. The application to purchase the land was disallowed and the timber was sold at public auction for $4,506.30. The land still belongs to the Crown. An application was received for the purchase of 320 acres of land in the New Westminster District. Inspection showed that there were on the area 3,500,100 feet of timber, an average of 11,220 feet per acre. The sale of the land was refused, and the timber alone was then sold at public auction for $5,S93.76. The revenue from the land and timber if sold without examination would have been only $2,498.76. REST BRANCH ELIMINARY forest map 151? 13<J> 12*" 123' 122- 121' 118* H7* 116' 115" leted by tbe Bra / 4 Geo. 5 Land Examination. D 75 A pre-emption application was received for 80 acres on the Coast. The land when examined was found to be timbered, chiefly with Douglas fir to the extent of 1,750,000 feet, or 21,900 feet per acre. The pre-emption entry was disallowed; the timber was sold for $2,662.40. The tract is now logged off and will be opened for pre-emption shortly. The above are fair instances of the financial benefits which result to the public from the examination of lands. A total of 14,458 acres of pre-emptions were examined this year, as well as 36,960 acres of land applied for under purchase. The pre-emption entries were found to include 3,97S acres of land carrying timber in excess of the merchantable limit, for which the Government will receive $39,630. The purchase applications were found to include 10,849 acres of land timbered in excess of the statutory limit, aggregating 113,470,000 feet, for which the Government will receive about $56,735. Special examinations have been made of several areas concerning which the Lands Department required information for administrative purposes. The Kitimat Pre-emption Reserve was examined in detail before that land was opened for settlement. An area of 17,571 acres was covered. The whole valley was found to be wooded. A large proportion of the timber, however, was defective, and outside of the existing timber licences there were only 600 acres on which the timber averaged over S,000 feet per acre. The area which was opened for settlement covered 16,911 acres. A tract of 19,220 acres adjoining Shuswap Lake was examined to determine its fitness for settlement. It was found that 88 per cent, of the area was rough and broken and was fitted only for the production of timber. The remaining 12 per cent, of the area, 2,306 acres, was agricultural in character and recommended for settlement. Twenty timber licences covering about 12,000 acres of timber on the shore of Buttle Lake, in Strathcona Park, were offereid for sale to the Government in order that they might be included in the park. The timber on this area was cruised carefully and valued. A tract of 15 acres on Cowichan Lake was also examined which had been offered for sale to the Government for park purposes. Application was received for the remission of royalty on the fire-killed timber on 20,000 acres in the Nelson and Fort Sheppard Railway Land Grant. The tract was examined, and it was recommended that no remission of royalty be made, as it is customary throughout the Province to collect the royalty on any fire-killed timber marketed. A very careful and detailed cruise was made of 1,798 acres of timber land held under lease in the vicinity of Salmo, in order to determine if the quantity of timber yet remaining on the leases, which covered agricultural land, justified the holding of this land under timber lease at the expense of possible settlement. It was found that the logging being done on these leases ranks with the cleanest logging in the Province. Everything is being taken off which will make a shingle-bolt or a fence-post. There is nearly 10,000 feet of this material per acre, most of which was dead and down. At the request of the City of Vancouver a detailed cruise and valuation was made of the privately owned timber on 7,015 acres of the watershed of Seymour Creek, from which the city derives a portion of its water-supply. The object of this cruise, was to determine the quantity and value of the timber in order that the city might have the benefit of unbiased information in concluding arrangements for the purchase of the timber. The cruise showed that there was 191,104,000 feet of timber, of which 14S,775,000 feet were accessible. A careful examination was made of 428,245 acres in the Columbia and Western Land Grant in order to determine for Government purposes the quantity and value of the timber and agricultural land. A total of 662,2S0 acres were thus examined by the Forest Branch during the year. The maps and reports secured, showing in detail all important information regarding the quantity and value of the timber and the land, was made available to the different Government departments for administrative purposes. FOREST RECONNAISSANCE. Until recently the forest exploration of British Columbia depended upon private individuals, and there has not been available any definite information of the forest resources of the Province beyond the knowledge that 11,000,000 acres of merchantable timber has been taken up under grant, lease, or licence, and that a considerable portion of the remainder of the Province is D 76 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 forested. The 11,000,000 acres produce an annual revenue of $3,000,000 and provide one of the main sources of Provincial industry and prosperity. Hence it is important to know what timber wealth is to be expected from the other 239,000,000 acres of the Province. One of the first duties of the Forest Branch has therefore been forest reconnaissance, though the large amount of administrative work devolving upon the staff has prevented this work receiving in full the attention it deserves. This reconnaissance has been carried on by means of special parties sent out by the Forest Branch, Foresters attached to triangulation parties sent out by the Surveyor-General, and extensive work carried on by the District Foresters and the Rangers. First, attention has been given to the examination of land tributary to the new railroads—the Grand Trunk Pacific, the Canadian Northern Pacific, and the Kettle Valley. Second in importance have been the unknown timbered regions of the north —the Nation Lakes, Omineca, Nass, and Bella Coola Valleys. Further work has been done in the more settled districts of the southern portion of the Province—the Okanagan, Columbia, Kootenay, and Kettle River Valleys.- Although the distribution of the work has been governed chiefly by the requirements of the Forest Branch for particular information concerning certain districts, it has so happened that large sample areas have been covered in all the forest regions of the Province. It is possible, therefore, from the results of the areas covered to date, to speak more authoritatively than ever before of the forest resources and forest possibilities of British Columbia. An important feature of the forest-survey work has been the location and examination of bodies of agricultural land, the prompt location and careful description of which is most important. Detailed maps and descriptions of large areas of agricultural land have been forwarded to the Lands Department. Forest reconnaissance covered 5,616,000 acres in 1912, and 12,308,000 acres in 1913. These areas are in addition to those mapped and reported on by District Foresters and Rangers or cruised by land-examination parties. A brief description is given here of the area covered by each survey party. The forest cover on these areas may be taken as indicative of conditions in the surrounding and adjoining regions. In each case an estimate was made of the area burned over during the past seventy- five years. Omineca. About 1,920,000 acres were examined in 1912 surrounding the Nation Lakes, in the Omineca District. The topography Is rolling, intersected by mountain-ranges. The country is well watered with numerous lakes and rivers. The general elevation varies from 2,200 to 2,800 feet above sea-level, mountains reach 7,000 feet, timber-line being about 5,000 feet. Eight hundred thousand acres had been burned over. Only 18,600 acres of the remaining forest carried merchantable timber in excess of 5,000 feet per acre. The total stand on this area was about 130,000,000 feet. The stand in the remaining unburned forest averaged less than 3,000 feet per acre and was not estimated. Reproduction of the forest in the burned areas is excellent. About 350,000 acres has already come up in a satisfactory stand, consisting chiefly of: Jack- pine, 80 per cent.; poplar, 20 per cent.; spruce and balsam are found everywhere scattered thinly; and another 150,000 acres is covered with a lighter stand of similar composition. Cattle-range is limited to the area between Tatla and Babine Lakes and the meadows north of Nation Lakes. It is only open for six months in the year. Bulkley Valley. A strip ten to fifteen miles wide on each side of the Grand Trunk Pacific from Hazelton to Burns Lake was examined in 1912. The area covered was 583,040 acres. This was practically all valley land. The elevation varied from 1,500 to 3,000 feet above sea-level. Two hundred and nine thousand acres had been burned over. Of the remaining forest, 41,154 acres carried timber averaging over 5,000 feet per acre, aggregating a total stand of 300,000,000 feet. The timber in the remaining 330,000 acres of forest averaging less than 5,000 feet per acre was not estimated as merchantable, although some of it will be used because of its proximity to the railroad. The stand consists of spruce, cedar, white fir, and pine in the valley, with hemlock on the higher slopes up to timber-line, which is about 5,000 feet. The old burns are covered with poplar, Cottonwood, and birch. 4 Geo. 5 Forest Reconnaissance. D 77 Summer range for cattle is excellent throughout the valley, but provision must be made for winter feed. Fort George. The reserve, three miles wide, on each side of the Grand Trunk Pacific from the junction of the North and South Forks of the Fraser to the Grand Canyon was examined in 1912. This lies wholly in the Fraser River Valley. The valley here is ten miles wide and is densely wooded. The elevation varies from 1,950 feet at the river-level to 2,400 feet at the outside of the three- mile strip. The land covered by the survey is fairly level and somewhat broken by swamps. The area covered was S7.900 acres. Only 3.200 acres had been burned. The timber in 35,356 acres averaged over 5,000 feet. As in the Bulkley Valley, a large portion of the timber on the remaining area will be utilized, as it averages 3,000 to 5,000 feet per acre and is close to the railroad. In the valley the stand mainly consists of: Spruce, 60 to 80 per cent., and balsam; on the mountains hemlock, cedar, and fir. None of this area lies above timber-line. There is no good range for cattle in this area. Tete Jaune Cache. The three-mile reserve on each side of the Grand Trunk Pacific from the Alberta boundary to the Grand Canyon was examined in 1912. This tract lies wholly in the Upper Fraser Valley. The width of this valley varies from one mile at the eastern end to about ten miles at the western end. The elevation of the land examined varies from 2,025 to 7,000 feet. Six hundred and fifty-six thousand acres were examined. Only 21,476 had been burned. There are here 224.000 acres on which the merchantable timber averages over 5,000 feet per acre; the aggregate stand in this area is 1,870,000,000 feet. In addition, there is, as elsewhere along the Grand Trunk Pacific, a large quantity of merchantable timber on the 410,000 acres of forest which averages less than 5,000 feet per acre. The composition of the stand resembles the last. Timber-line here occurs at about 6,000 feet. There is no range for cattle, though horses can make a living, even in most winters, round Tete Jaune Cache. Clearwater. River. An area of 45,000 acres was reported on during 1912 in the North Thompson Valley at the mouth of the Clearwater River. The valley here is six to eight miles wide. The elevation runs from 1,200 to 2,000 feet, on the average. This district had been heavily burned; 3S.400 acres were fire-swept. Only 5,000 acres remain on which the timber averages over 5,000 feet per acre. This is composed of fir and cedar. The burned area is restocking with fir, cedar, and hemlock. In such places there is limited grazing in the summer months. Adams Rivee. The valleys of Adams River and Louis Creek, together with the country lying east of Adams River to Seymour Creek, were examined in 1912. This country is very broken. The valleys are narrow and the mountains rough and steep. The elevation varies from 1,367 to 7,300 feet, and a large proportion of the country is above 5,500 feet. Forest fires have done great damage in the past; 242,000 acres have been burned over. The area of timber averaging over 5,000 feet per acre is only S,000 acres, on which the stand is 39,000,000 feet. Practically all the area burned over is restocking. The stand consists of fir and cedar at the lower levels, spruce replaces the fir on the hillsides, and hemlock replaces the cedar at the higher levels. Tree- growth ceases at about 6,000 feet. There is good summer grazing, as yet unused, on the mountain pastures above the tree-line. Nicola. That portion of the Nicola country comprised in the watersheds of the Nicola River and its tributaries was surveyed in 1912. The total area covered was 448,000 acres. The country is marked by rolling plateaux, the elevation varying from 2,000 to 6,000 feet. Though this district is in the Dry Belt, only 67,000 acres have been burned over. On the burns there is a good reproduction of lodge-pole pine. The forest is open and park-like; there are only 29,000 acres of timber averaging over 5,000 feet per acre. The total stand in this area is 232,000,000 D 78 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 feet. The stand on the whole forest-area unburned aggregates 672,000,000 feet. It consists of yellow-pine in the drier localities and fir in the moister, with lodge-pole pine thickets at the higher levels; timber ceases at about 6,000 feet altitude. Cattle-range is fair throughout in summer; in winter it is limited to the lower valleys. Okanagan. The watersheds of the Shuswap and headwaters of the Kettle Rivers were examined in 1912 and 1913. The area covered was 987,000 acres. This country is extremely hilly. The southern portion of the region consists of high plateaux lying at an elevation of 4,500 feet. The general elevation of the area covered varies from 1,000 to 5,250 feet. This district lies chiefly in the Dry Belt and has been badly burned, 658,000 acres being burned over. Fortunately there is an excellent reproduction of lodge-pole pine over the whole burned area. The virgin forest is open and park-like; there are only 22,500 acres in which the merchantable stand exceeds 5,000 feet per acre. The total stand on this area is 154,000,000 feet. The stand in the whole forest-area unburned aggregates 154,000,000 feet, and consists of fir, cedar, spruce, and some white-pine. Tree-growth ceases here at about 6,000 feet. Cattle-range is fair in the more open forests, and is possible in the drier localities in winter. Columbia Valley. An examination was made in 1912 of the timber resources of the Columbia Valley south from the Dominion Railway Belt to Vermilion Creek along the line of the Kootenay Central Railroad. The area covered was 56,000 acres. The valley-bottom is very level, the valley being flanked by mountains ten to fifteen miles apart and rising to an elevation of over 8,000 feet: Fires in the past have destroyed the timber on 26,000 acres. The remaining forest is very open, there being only 560 acres of timber averaging over 5,000 feet per acre. The total stand of timber on the area examined is estimated at 35,000,000 feet. It consists of Douglas fir, tamarack, and spruce, with cedar in the wetter places. There is fair cattle-range throughout in summer, but the snowfall is too heavy to allow of it in winter. East Kootenay. The district lying west of the Kootenay River north to Fort Steele was examined in 1912 and 1913. The area covered was 387,000 acres. The greater part of the area covered consisted of broad and rolling river-benches in the valley of the Kootenay River. To the west of the valley the forest rises to the summit of Mount Baker, and other ranges of an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet. About a third of this area, 13S,000 acres, has been burned over. On the burned area there is an excellent reproduction of lodge-pole pine, with a small proportion of yellow- pine. The typical forest of this district is open yellow-pine, a large proportion of which, especially on the rolling benches, does not average over 5,000 feet per acre. There were in the area surveyed 64,000 acres averaging 5,000 feet or more per acre, carrying a total stand of merchantable timber amounting to 400,220,000 feet. The total amount of merchantable timber on the 387,000 acres examined is estimated to be 529,654,000 feet. This is, generaly speaking, a very good cattle country; horses can remain out the whole year, and cattle have only to be fed for two or three months in winter. Salmon River. A portion of the heavily forested valley of the Salmon River in Vancouver Island was cruised in 1912. The area actually covered was 128,000 acres. This valley varies in width from three to fifteen miles. The elevation ranges from a few feet above sea-level to 5,000 feet in the mountains which flank the valley. This valley, in common with the greater part of the forest in Vancouver Island, has escaped fire-damage. On 33.000 acres the timber averages over 8,000 feet per acre, the stand on this area being about 66,000,000 feet. The amount of merchantable timber on the 250,000 acres of the Salmon River watershed is estimated to be 3,000,000,000 feet. The chief forest types here are mixed fir and cedar, hemlock and alder bottom. The most important types by far in this valley are the fir and cedar, which average over large areas over 4 Geo. 5 Forest Reconnaissance. D 70 20.000 feet per acre, consisting of 30 per cent fir, 20 per cent, cedar, and 20 per cent hemlock. This type is overmature, the trees being over 400 years old. Many individuals are among the largest and highest quality in British Columbia, reaching over 6 feet in diameter and 250 feet in height; this type covers the broad rich soil of the valley-bottom and extends on the slope to 2,500 feet in elevation. Above it is the hemlock type, in which hemlock, the most common tree, occurs in mixture with fir and cedar. The trees here are smaller, of a lower merchantable quality, and the average stand per acre varies from 5,000 to 10.000 feet. The alder-bottom type consists of alder 8 to 14 inches in diameter, occurring in dense stands in the thousands of acres of overflow lands in the river-bottom. Though the chief value of the valley at present is the timber which awaits a railroad, the land is excellently adapted for agriculture when cleared. At present there is little or no grazing for cattle. Nass River. The valley of the Nass was" surveyed in 1913 to a distance of 250 miles above the mouth of the river. This survey extended over to the Upper Skeena River and followed the Yukon Telegraph Trail 150 miles down to Hazelton. The area surveyed was 2,812,000 acres. There have been comparatively few fires in this region, 3S4,000 acres having been burned over. The whole of the burned-over area is restocking naturally with spruce, cedar, and hemlock in the lowlands in the south. North of the Cranberry River cedar is absent. At higher levels the young crop consists mainly of balsam and hemlock. Throughout on poor soils jack-pine is appearing. This is one of the most heavily timbered regions which has yet been discovered by the Forest Branch, 824,000 acres averaging over 5,000 feet per acre. The total stand of merchantable timber in this area is 6,593,000,000 feet, practically all of which yet belongs to the Crown. Excepting 764,000 acres of barrens, consisting of areas above timber-line, high rock, snow-fields, and glaciers, the whole country is timbered with pulp-wood of the highest quality. The estimated quantity of merchantable timber in the area examined is 9,354,000,000 feet. The Nass River heads in high mountains and flows for the greater part of its length through a wide rolling plain cut by slate ridges. At forty miles from the mouth it cuts across the Coast Range in a deep narrow valley. The two important forest types of the region are the cedar, spruce, and hemlock type and the hemlock and balsam type. The cedar, spruce, and hemlock type forms the heaviest stands and the most valuable for lumber-production. It characterizes the Nass Valley to a point sixty- five miles above the mouth of the river. It is occasionally found in stands of 40,000 feet per acre. The average stand per acre is 5,000 feet. The chief tree is hemlock, which appears to best advantage on the Tseux watershed, where it reaches a diameter of 38 inches and height of 140 feet. The average dimensions are 24 inches and 100 feet. The other species, cedar and spruce, average 34 inches and 30 inches in diameter respectively. The hemlock and balsam type covers the country above an elevation of 2,000 feet. It is fitted admirably for pulp-wood, but would in places produce 5,000 feet of lumber per acre, and over large areas it will average 300 feet pf lumber per acre, or 25 cord's of pulp-wood. The chief tree in this type is hemlock, which reaches a height of 115 feet and diameter of 32 inches, and averages 90 feet in height and 24 inches in diameter. The average size of the balsam is 26 inches diameter and 100 feet height. The Lower Nass Valley will be suitable for agriculture, chiefly for mixed farming. Hardy cereals and root-crops thrive. There is good summer grazing throughout, but the snowfall prevents any in winter. Cassiar. Large portions of the valleys of the Babine, Driftwood, Omineca, Finlay, and Parsnip Rivers in the Cassiar District were examined in 1913. The area covered was 2,608,100 acres. Fire has destroyed large areas of valuable forest, three-quarters of the territory having been burned over, a total of 720,000 acres of timber having gone up in smoke. The area burned over is reforesting with jack-pine and poplar. Where it has not been burned, and excepting in barrens, this country is very well timbered. There are 465,175 acres of timber averaging over 5.000 feet to the acre, on which the total stand is 2,840,575,000 feet, practically all of which belongs ,to the Crown. The total stand of timber on the 4,075 square miles surveyed is 3,499,275,000 feet. The barrens cover 417,650 acres, and consist chiefly of mountains above timber-line, snow- D 80 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 fields and bare ridges and summits bordering in altitude on timber-line. Timber-line here is at an elevation of 5,000 feet. The country covered by this survey is mountainous, cut by long narrow valleys, in many of which are lakes. The chief forest types are spruce, balsam, and jack-pine. The spruce types occur in the valleys and contain a mixture of spruce, jack-pine, and balsam. The maximum stand per acre is 10,000 feet. The average stand is 3,500 feet. The maximum development of spruce here is: Diameter, 30 inches; height 110 feet. The average size is: Diameter, 15 inches; height, S5 feet. The spruce type gives away at an elevation of 3,500 feet to balsam, which is the chief type on the hills. Occurring in mixture with the balsam are jack-pine and a few spruce. The average stand per acre of this type is 8 cords. The jack- pine type is found chiefly in the numerous rolling plateaux of this region, which lie at an elevation of 2,800 to 3,500 feet, and are marked by sand and gravelly soils. No species are mixed to any extent with the jack-pine. By jack-pine is meant Pinus contorta. No lodge-pole occurs in this region. The average stand per acre is 3,000 feet. The timber in this region will not be developed for many years. It will come into the market with the development of transportation, and should be protected from fire for that reason. There will be but slight local demand for timber in this country, as the agricultural land is limited in area to the natural meadows in the larger valleys and a few areas around Tatla Lake. This land is suited for mixed farming. Bella Coola. The country on each side of the 53rd parallel, from the 124th meridian west to the 126th meridian, including portions of the Bella Coola and Dean valleys, and covering the Tse-tsoutl, Itcha, and Ilgachuz mountain ranges, was examined in 1913. The area examined was 1,728,000 acres. The greater portion of the area is a rolling or almost level volcanic plateau 3,600 feet above sea-level. The mountain-ranges mentioned rise to a height of almost 7,000 feet. The surveyed tract 'embraces the divides between the Dean and Fraser Rivers and the Dean and Blackwater Rivers. The whole country has been very severely burned, less than a third of the forest having escaped fire. The area burned over is estimated at 1,2S0,000 acres. The burned-over area is reproducing naturally in lodge-pole pine. The new forest in 450,000 acres has already reached pole size. The forest is open and lightly timbered; only 640 acres were discovered averaging 5,000 feet per acre. There is estimated to be on the area examined 227,000,000 feet of merchantable timber. There are three important forest types—lodge-pole pine, mountain and spruce with poplar. The lodge-pole pine type is, because of the large area it covers, the most important economically. This type characterizes the extensive plateau of the district arid does not occur below elevation of 2,000 feet in the deeper valleys, or above 6,000 feet on the mountain-slopes. The soil here is sandy, % inch deep, with basalt-rock subsoil. Lodge-pole forms 90 per cent, of the forest; the species in mixture are poplar and spruce. This type forms an open forest averaging 500 feet per acre. Lodge-pole pine here reaches a maximum development of 16 inches diameter and 90 feet height. The average size is 5 inches diameter and 60 feet height. This type will produce a stand valuable chiefly for poles, ties, and pulp-wood. The second type in importance is the spruce and poplar which clothes the deeper valley to an elevation of 2,500 feet, and covers possibly 10 per cent, of the area examined. The maximum stand per acre observed was 6,500 feet; the average stand is 1,500 feet. Spruce reaches a diameter of 10 to 30 inches, and poplar a diameter of 10 to 50 Inches; the average heights are 80 feet and 70 feet respectively. The spruce referred to is the Pieea engelmanni, and the poplar the Populus balsamifera. The proportion in which the species occur is: Spruce, 75 per cent., and poplar, 25 per cent. An unimportant type from the standpoint of merchantable timber-production is the scrubby spruce, balsam, and white-bark pine, occurring on the mountains from an elevation of 5,000 feet to timber-line, which is at an elevation of 6,500 feet. The spruce referred to is Picea mariana, the balsam is Abies lasiocarpa, and the pine is Pinus albieaulis. The proportion in which they occur in this type is: Spruce, 50 per cent.; balsam, 30 per cent.; and pine, 20 per cent. This type affords valuable watershed protection, but produces no timber of possible merchantable importance. It forms 15 per cent, of the forested area. Excepting possible minerals, the timber is the chief natural resource of this country. There is very little agricultural land. There are large areas of range available from three to four Spruce and poplar timber, Driftwood Valley, Omineca District. Meadow on the Ingenika Trail. Valley and lower slopes covered with spruce timber Mixed stand of spruce, pine, and poplar on shore of Qualcho Lake. :fe -■ , -■-'. ■ ■. ., : :' at":r|l,. Be-'-'-^i" rf •^■. ,,,, £»; ■•*& !:»% ;: •--.,- ;';t i, VfcA'. . .. fl5-~V; '" ;•<•-. ---., - ■Ml «*-• tf ...',: .... ■ ■-■ ■■ ■".*.. ■ ■■- :M i. '. .: : . ■', . '.; i , ., ' '.■'■ , ;-■! :>■■'■: . . - ::..; ;.,,. ^- .•• f it -ft Cottonwood and spruce on west side of Tacla Lake. Heavy spruce timber on Young Creek, Tacla Lake. ! 1 , :■: West side of Tacla Lake, showing dense stand of spruce timber. 4 Geo. 5 Forest Reconnaissance. D 81 months of the year. The forest is not so accessible. It compares favourably, however, with large areas of timber now considered valuable for tie and pulp-wood production in Ontario and Quebec. North Thompson. The valley of the North Thompson River on either side of the line of the Canadian Northern Pacific from the Dominion Railway Belt north 147 miles to Thompson Crossing, and including the drainage of the Barriere River, was examined in 1913. The total area covered was 1,000,000 acres. A great proportion of this district is very rough. The main valley of the North Thompson varies in elevation from 1,200 feet at the Railway Belt to 2,500 feet at the Thompson Crossing. The valley is one to three miles wide. The mountains on either side rise to an elevation varying from 4,000 to S.500 feet. The Barriere watershed is a succession of high ridges, between which are narrow valleys and lakes. About one-half of the area examined, 544,000 acres, has been fire-swept. A natural regeneration of young timber, in which spruce is the most common species, covers 512,000 acres of the old burn. About 10 per cent, of the total area, 90,000 acres, is covered with timber averaging over 5,000 feet per acre. The total quantity of merchantable timber on this statutory timber land is 1,000,000,000 feet. There are on this district examined 288,000 acres of barrens, consisting of rocky mountain-slopes, areas above timber-line, which is here 6,000 feet, and old burns not reforested. The remainder of the valley is well timbered, the total stand in the whole region being 1,500,000,000 feet. The three most important forest types of the Interior occur here—the mixed yellow-pine and Douglas fir of the Dry Belt, the cedar and spruce of the Northern Interior wet belt, and the spruce-hemlock of the high altitudes. The yellow-pine and Douglas fir forest is the most important type of the Dry Belt. In the North Thompson Valley it extends to a point 100 miles north of the Railway Belt boundary, and reaches to an elevation of 3,000 feet on the mountain-sides. This forest is open; the maximum stand per acre is 10,000 feet; the average stand is about 4,500 feet per acre. The type is composed of 70 per cent, yellow-pine and 30 per cent. Douglas fir. As the elevation or latitude increases, the proportion of Douglas fir increases. On the drier valley bottoms and slopes the forest becomes almost pure stands of yellow-pine. The maximum development of yellow-pine in this region is 100 feet high and 36 inches diameter. The average size is 90 feet in height and 18 inches diameter. Other species occurring in the type are lodge- pole pine, with occasional spruce and patches of cedar. At the northern limit the yellow-pine and Douglas fir gives way to a forest of cedar and spruce, which is characteristic of a greater precipitation. This type clothes the valley with a dense forest to an elevation of about 4,500 feet, where the cedar is displaced by hemlock. The maximum stand per acre in this forest is 20,000 feet; the average is 10,000 feet. The forest is composed of 60 per cent, cedar and 40 per cent, spruce. Cedar reaches a maximum size of 44 inches diameter and height of 90 feet; the average dimensions are 26 inches diameter and SO feet height. Spruce occurs to a diameter of 28 inches and height of 120 feet; it is usually found about 20 inches diameter and 90 feet height. Other important species found in the mixture are hemlock, with balsam on the flats. The cedar is very faulty on account of butt-rot. This type will produce a very large quantity of rough timber and very little high grade. The spruce and hemlock forest extending from an elevation of about 4,500 feet and timber-line at 6,000 feet is, except for watershed protection, of comparatively little economic importance at present. The chief resource of the region is timber. The narrow valleys afford but little room for agriculture. There is four to eight months' valuable grazing, especially in the pine and fir forests. The timber, however, will, with the completion of the railroad and the expansion of markets, support a flourishing industry. Canoe River. The valley of the Thompson River above Thompson Crossing and the valley of the Canoe River were surveyed in 1913. The area covered was 400.000 acres. The report for this work is not yet received. There were 32,500 acres on which the stand per acre exceeded 5,000 feet per acre, the aggregate being 325,000,000 feet. Aside from this, there was a still greater amount of merchantable timber. 6 D 82 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Lillooet. Portions of the valleys of the Bonaparte and San Jose Rivers lying west of the 120th meridian and north of the Railway Belt were examined in 1913. The area covered was 3,000,000 acres. The fire-damage has been enormous; 2,400,000 acres, or four-fifths of the area, have been burned over. It is said that until a few years ago the Indians of the region burned the forest every year " to light the salmon up the Fraser River," as well as to improve hunting. There is an excellent reproduction of lodge-pole pine on all old burns. Even those forests of the region which have escaped fire are open, and average less than 5,000 feet per acre; 128,000 acres of timber were located which averaged over 5,000 feet per acre; on this area the stand of merchantable timber was 800,000.000 feet. The total stand of timber in the land covered by the survey is 1,200,000,000 feet. It is estimated that in this same area the loss by fire has been 2,400,000,000. The area under discussion lies in a rolling plateau varying in elevation from 3,500 to 4.000 feet, cut by narrow river-valleys which drop to an elevation of 2,000 feet, and broken on the east by low irregular mountain-ranges which separate the plateau from the North Thompson Valley. There are here three forest types—the yellow-pine, Douglas fir, and lodge-pole pine. The most important type is lodge-pole pine, which covers approximately 80 per cent, of the whole region. Lodge-pole has succeeded in all old burns, and is the prevalent type above an elevation of 3,500 feet. The mature lodge-pole forests average 3,000 feet per acre. Yellow-pine occurs in practically pure open stand on the drier levels and rises to an elevation of 3,500 feet. It reaches its northern limit on the Bonaparte River. The maximum stand per acre is 5,000 feet; the average stand per acre is 2,000 feet. Douglas fir occurs in the valleys and in moist slopes to an elevation of 4,000 feet. It forms a comparatively small proportion of the forest in this region, and occurs pure and sometimes in mixture with yellow-pine and lodge-pole pine. The average stand per acre is 3,000 feet. The average development of Douglas fir here is: Height, 100 feet; diameter, 36 inches. The timbers here up to an elevation of 4,000 feet will be chiefly valuable for the uses of the local population. Above that elevation is of value primarily for watershed protection. The greater portion of the plateau is suitable for such mixed farming as will accompany the use of the valuable and abundant range; the range is available nine months in the year. The best timber is in the agricultural land. All water in the country is needed for irrigation, and the timber must be protected for watershed protection. Similkameen. The territory tributary to the Kettle Valley Railroad west of Okanagan Lake and north of the International Boundary was examined in 1913. The area examined was 700,000 acres. The northern portion of the region consists of a high plateau of about 4,200 feet in elevation, cut by deep valleys. The southern portion runs into the Cascade Range and is very mountainous, reaching an elevation of 7,250 feet. Fires have been particularly destructive in this region, approximately 582,000 acres, or 90 per cent, of the whole area examined, having been burned over. An area of 43,680 acres has been reported as bearing over 5,000 feet per acre, with a total stand of 303,200,000 feet. The grand total of the timber on the country explored is estimated at 569,200,000 feet. There are three important types here—yellow-pine, Douglas fir, and spruce. Yellow-pine occurs in practically pure stand in the valleys to an elevation of 4,000 feet. The forest is very open, averaging 4,500 feet per acre. Douglas fir occurs in the slopes to an average elevation of 6,000 feet. Up to 4,500 feet it occurs in mixture with yellow-pine, and above 5,000 feet in mixture with spruce. The average stand per acre here is 3,000 feet. Spruce in which there is a small mixture of jack-pine occurs above 6,000 feet to timber-line at 7,000 feet. The forest is extremely valuable for protective purposes. Timber is the most important resource in this country. The agricultural land existing on the benches adjoining Okanagan Lake and in the narrow valley-bottoms all requires irrigation. The protective forests in the watersheds is of the greatest importance for the conservation of the stream-flow. There will be produced here large quantities of lumber, the manufacture of which will be one of the most important industries of the region. Timber will always be required in connection with the development of the extensive mining operations of the district. 4 Geo. 5 Forest Reserves. D 83 The forest-survey work already completed has placed the Forest Branch in possession of a large fund of extremely valuable information. To begin with, estimates of the enormous damage caused by forest fires are now possible. The greatest loss, of course, has been east of the Cascade Mountains. Out of 17,924,000 acres examined in detail by forest survey parties, 7,000,000 acres have been burned over, fire having destroyed in this small proportion of the Province within the past two generations 30,000,000,000 feet of timber. Since fire hazards are increasing with development of the country, it needs no argument to point out the importance of protecting the forests remaining. Most fortunately for the future wealth of the Province, the forest is reproducing naturally in the areas burned over, and the proportion of land which is barren or destitute of tree-growth is very small. The natural forest reproduction in the areas which have been burned will be merchantable within two generations, and even though of coarse quality will prove more valuable, owing to the rise in value, than the crop now being logged. In fact, British Columbia is more blessed with a valuable natural regeneration of the forest than any other portion of Western America. Examination has shown that of 7,000,000 acres burned over, approximately 6,100,000 acres are reforesting with merchantable species. The surveys so far have been carried Out in areas where most of the timber is yet unalienated from the Crown, and they have discovered and located nearly 5,000,000 acres of statutory timber land, much of which will be available for timber-sales when made accessible by railroads, and will so produce considerable revenue. The importance of the forest as the chief resource and source of support for the population in British Columbia has been borne out by these examinations. In every district it has been found that the greater portion of the acreage covered is most suitable for the production of timber, and that the most available and most important source of wealth was timber. The exploitation of the timber will in most instances hasten the settlement of the agricultural valleys. A most important result of the survey has been to show that in British Columbia we have measured and valued our timber by an altogether different standard from that current elsewhere in Canada. Close acquaintance with the big timber has caused us to place no value on many millions of acres of timber in the interior of the Province. Actual cruise shows that this timber forms a heavier stand per acre than the mixed spruce forests which now form the main support of the lumbering industry in the other Provinces from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic. Transportation will give this timber its true value in the interior of British Columbia, and if protected from fire it will eventually return a magnificent revenue to the Province. An important duty of the Forest Branch parties has been the location of agricultural land. The boundaries of all tracts examined have been carefully located and the character of the land reported on in as great detail as possible, in order that the information may be placed in the hands of the Lands Department for prompt use in furthering settlement. The protection of the timber from fire and its marketing will be hastened by the extension of settlement. The survey study of the forests of British Columbia, their extent, present timber-producing capacity, and future possibilities is a matter of almost as great importance to the Prairie Provinces of Canada as to British Columbia itself. It is believed that one-half the timber in Canada is in British Columbia. Certainly the population of the Prairies will for generations depend greatly upon the timber resources of this Province. During the past year representations were therefore made to the Dominion Conservation Commission which have resulted in gratifying co-operation between this body and the Forest Branch in completing the general survey of the forests of the Province; the Commission having appointed Dr. H. N. Whitford to assist in the completion of this work. The information secured by the Branch and by private individuals is being made available to the Conservation Commission, and a complete report will be published at the conclusion of the field-work in about two years. FOREST RESERVES. After a fuller consideration of the subject of the creation of forest reserves, it is felt that, considering the undeveloped state of the larger portion of the Province, it is not necessary at the present time to undertake the general establishment of forest reserves, since the protection from alienation of areas bearing a merchantable stand of timber is established by Statute, and D 84 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 can be enforced by field examination of applications to purchase or pre-empt Crown lands in timbered districts. Moreover, the immense amount of administrative and protective work placed on the Forest Branch renders the delimitation of areas which should be included in permanent reserves impracticable at the present time. Every effort, however, is being made to locate and report areas of statutory timber land, so that they' may be fully protected from alienation. This is important also in order to protect purchasers and pre-emptors from incurring difficulty in obtaining title to their lands, since statutory timber lands may be innocently taken up, the locators being ignorant of the amount of timber standing on the land. In accordance with this policy, District Foresters, as well as officers conducting reconnaissance surveys, report promptly any areas discovered which bear statutory stands of timber. GRAZING. The forage-crop which is produced under the forest or in openings in the timber is a most valuable and considerable resource of the Province, which, if managed properly, can be made a permanent source of wealth without detriment to forest-production. While some forage is found in all wooded lands, it can be utilized by domestic stock only where the forage-crop is of a suitable character, where it is accessible and fairly open, and when it is available in large quantities. Where these conditions are not present the forage-crop is of value only for wild game. In British Columbia the areas, in which range, as non-agricultural land bearing forage is generally termed, capable of supporting domestic stock with profit occur, are confined entirely to the region east of the Cascades, and by far the greater proportion of this range lies in the Dry Belt, which is a strip of land 100 miles or less in width paralleling the Cascade range of mountains, and extending eastward along the International Boundary. East and north of this belt the timber becomes too dense to permit of running either cattle or sheep successfully, and then, too, the forage-plants are either lacking in nutrition or are not liked by domestic stock. Complete reports as to the location, area, and character of the range lands capable of being used by domestic stock have not yet been received, but preliminary investigations indicate that there is outside the Railway Belt approximately 17,500,000 acres of timbered land the larger portion of which affords grazing for a season of five to eight months, 2,000,000 acres of open range lands with a season of eight to ten months, and about 2,000,000 acres of high mountain-range land affording grazing for a period of from two to five months. This, of course, does not include the great areas of forage above timber-line known to occur in the northern portion of the Province which constitute the feeding-grounds of the caribou herds. Cattle-ranging has been practised along the boundary, in the Okanagan, Similkameen, Nicola, Thompson, and Lillooet regions for several decades, but only where the conditions have been most favourable, and only a comparatively small portion of the range has been used. Reports by forest officers indicate that the total number of stock which are run on the open range do not at the present time exceed 60,000 head of cattle, 11.000 head of horses, and 7.000 head of sheep, while the number of owners does not reach 200. This range it is estimated will support for an average season of about eight months approximately 1,000,000 head of cattle. The stocking of these grazing lands to their carrying-capacity is one of the big problems before the Province, and one which, if solved, will make British Columbia an exporter instead of an importer of meat. The dominant factor in the development of a permanent range live-stock industry is security in the right to use the range. Owing to the almost entire absence of winter range in the Province and long winters during which stock must be fed, a very considerable investment is required to enter the industry. First, land capable of producing hay must he obtained, cleared, placed under crop; often an irrigation or drainage system must be constructed; fences and buildings erected; horses and machinery purchased; and, lastly, cattle purchased to start the herd. Then, usually several years must elapse before an income is obtained from the sale of beef cattle. As has been explained, so far only where the conditions have been very favourable has use been made of the range for stock-raising, and there has been more than enough range for all. With the opening of the range country by railways, however, there will be a great influx of ■V/- -.« *;, -• Range land, bunch-grass country in Lillooet District. Alpine type ; grazing lands at 6,000 feet altitude on Tom Creek Mountain. Meadow land, capable of producing hay crops, in Lillooet District. V. -*■ Camp in the cattle country. #;=3ffl -' 'I/-'--. . ' .:;./;.v~;:- • ■ ■.J" Bunch-grass range in spruce and fir in Yalakoun Game Reserve on Bridge River ; elevation 4,000 feet. Range country in the Lillooet District. 4 Geo. 5 . Forest-protection. D 85 settlers with stock, and this will lead in a very few years to competition in the use of the range on the part of the stockmen. To prevent all trouble on this score, to secure each stockman in his range rights, and at the same time to protect the timber and forage from damage by overgrazing, a definite system of range control should be adopted. After a careful study of the local conditions and of the system of grazing control in use by the Dominion and United States Governments, it is recommended that the following regulations be put in force. These regulations in effect merely combine the provisions of the " Commonage Act" of 1897 (chapter 31, R.S.) and of the "Crown Lands Pasture Act" of the same year (chapter 130, R.S.). The latter Act provides authority for the promulgation of such regulations by Order in Council. Regulations recommended. 1. Areas in which stock-grazing is to be allowed will be determined by the Minister of Lands, and divided into districts subject to his approval. The Minister of Lands will determine the kind of stock to be grazed in each district. When necessary for the protection ot the water-supply, game, or forest reproduction, or for agricultural purposes, the Minister of Lands may exclude stock from areas determined by him and for such periods as he deems necessary. 2. All persons must secure permits before grazing any stock on public forest lands, except for those animals in actual use by prospectors, campers, aitfd' travellers, saddle, pack, and work animals actually used in caring for stock grazed under permit or in connection with the protection and administration of the forests, and stock owned by bona-fide settlers, not exceeding- a total of ten head of ^cattle or horses and fifty head -of sheep or goats. 3. Permits will be granted only by the Minister of Lands or by such officers of the Forest Branch as may be designated by him, and only for the exclusive use and1 benefit of the owners of the stock, and will be forfeited if sold or transferred in any manner or for any consideration. Permits will be cancelled or refused for intentional false statement of the number of stock owned or run. 4. In the allotment of grazing permits, first consideration will be given to small near-by owners and to other persons living near by who own improved ranches, and whose stock regularly graze upon public forest lands and who are dependent on its use for grazing purposes. Consideration will next be given to larger near-by owners, while the owners of transient stock will receive consideration- last. 5. The forest officers designated by the Minister of Lands to handle grazing matters within the respective grazing districts will set and give public notice of a date on or before which all applications for grazing permits must be presented. 6. Grazing applications must not cover more stock than the applicant desires to graze, and must show the marks aimd1 brands 'of the stock, the locality in which pasturage is desired, and the grazing period. 7. Bona-fide settlers will be allowed to graze free of charge ten head of cattle or horses and fifty head of sheep or goats. For all stock grazed under permit a reasonable fee will be charged. This fee, which may be varied by the Minister of Lands, depending upon the advantages and location of the range and the length of the grazing season, will be per annum not less than 10 cents per head for cattle and horses and 2 cents per head for sheep and goats. 18. All grazing fees will be payable strictly in advance upon receipt by the applicant of notification that his application has been approved. 9. If the forest officer concerned so designates, any grazing' permittee must provide 'means for the counting of his stock to be grazed. 3.0. Each person granted a grazing permit will be required to repair all damage to roads, trails, or fences caused by their presence on the range. i' 11. All persons holding grazing permits will be required to extinguish camp fires started by them or their employees, and to aid in extinguishing forest fires in the grazing district covered in whole or in part by their permit. The whole subject of grazing is such an important and complicated one that it is felt a special pamphlet describing the methods of handling stock on the range and the character and location of the available range in the Province should be put -before the public, and the material for such a treatise is now in preparation and will be issued before March 1st. FOREST PROTECTION. The year 1913 was unusually favourable throughout the Province as a whole during the Are season, May to September, inclusive. Precipitation was both generous and frequent, there being no prolonged dry spells. The spring fire season, which characterized the season of 1912 and caused most of the damage then, did not develop, although provision was made to meet it, should it occur, by the appointment in late April and early May of a large number of the Rangers and Guards. In the forest districts of the Coast (and especially on the northern Coast) the season was exceptionally wet, and the fire-damage was almost negligible. The Interior forest districts D 86 Report op the Minister of Lands. 1914 report also a season in general very helpful in fire-prevention. Vernon, Lillooet, and Kamloops experienced a dry April, and in all the Interior districts there were several rather dangerous, but fortunately short, dry spells during July and August, the exact periods differing with the respective districts. The hazardous conditions thus caused were, however, successfully met by strengthening the force during the critical periods and by taking increased precautions all round. Permits for burning brush and slash were granted throughout almost the entire season. Only in a few cases was it necessary to cancel permits or refuse them, and then only for short periods. The total number of fires reported—57S—is much greater than last year, when only 347 were reported. This is due, however, partly to the fact that reports are more complete and reliable this year on account of improved organization. The large number of fires shows the danger present even in a favourable year, and the necessity of having an organization to control them. There is no question but that many of these fires, had they not been controlled, would have spread slowly or smouldered until favourable weather conditions arrived, when they would develop into devastating fires difficult and expensive to extinguish. Fire-patrol Force. The fire-protection staff for 1913 totalled in midsummer about 320 men, an increase of 50 per cent, over the total of 212 for 1912. The total area under administration is 150,000,000 acres, which is 25,000,000 acres or one-fifth greater than in 1912. The average area per man was about 470,000 acres, a decrease of 20 per cent, under the average area of 591,000 acres in 1912. The men are, of course, not distributed mathematically, but according to local conditions of hazard and communication. The total cost of patrol alone was about $190,000, which is nearly 12 per cent, greater than the total of $170,000 in 1912. This means an average cost per acre of iy± mills or about % cent, as compared to 1% mills or "/, cent in 1912. The season began with a permanent staff of about thirty Rangers. The regular Guards and the Railway Patrolmen were placed on duty mostly in May, and the special Guards were added during the extra-dangerous periods in July and August. The District Wardens of 1912 correspond to the regular Guards of 1913. The average area per Warden in 1912 was about 847,000 acres, and per Guard in 1913 about 943,000 acres; the Increase being due to the enlargement of the area patrolled from 125,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres. These figures represent the average unit patrol division, since the Rangers act in a supervisory capacity, each over several Guards' areas; the Railway Patrolmen cover only the comparatively narrow belt along the railways under construction; and the special Guards are in the nature of extra men employed as assistants to the regular Guards during the most hazardous portions of the summer. Fire-patrol Areas. The following table compares the average patrol areas per man for British Columbia, the United States, and Ontario:— Comparison Patrol Areas, Fire-protection Force. Place. Gross Administrative Area. Total No. Men, Midsummer. Acres per man. British Columbia— 1912 Acres. 125,000,000 150,000,000 187,000,000 186,000,000 11,500,800 212 319 Over 3,100 900 217 591,000 470,219 60,000 1913 United States— 1911 1912 Ontario— Total, 1912 53,000 Note.—-Figures for United States and Ontario taken from their annual reports for the years quoted. 4 Geo. 5 Forest-protection. D 87 The above table shows that the total fire-patrol force in the United States national forests (which have a gross area about 25 per cent, greater) in 1911 was over nine times greater and in Ontario in 1912 nearly three times greater than in British Columbia in 1913. The average patrol area per man in British Columbia in 1913 was nearly eight times greater than in the United States national forests in. 1911, and over nine times greater than on the Ontario forest reserves in 1912. The United States Forest Service contains a much greater proportion of permanent employees than is the case of British Columbia, thus greatly increasing the cost of fire-protection. In 1911 it contained 1,393 Rangers, or more than forty-two times the number in British Columbia in 1913, while for the same years the proportion of regular Guards was about five to one respectively. The average area ,per Ranger in British Columbia in 1913 was 4,545,454 acres, which is nearly thirty-four times greater than the average area per Ranger of 134,242 acres in the United States national forests in 1911. The average area per regular or five-months' Guard in British Columbia in 1913 was 943,396 acres, which is only about four times greater than the average area per regular Guard of about 240,000 acres in the United States national forests in 1911. '■ Forest Expenditure. The following table compares the total and per acre expenditure on the forests of British Columbia, United States national forests, Quebec forest reserves, and Ontario forest reserves:—■ Comparison of Expenditures on Forests. Place. Administration and Protection (including Cost of Patrol, Fire-fighting, and Permanent Improvements). Per Acre. Administration and Protection (excluding Permanent Improvements). Per Acre. Permanent Improvements. Per Acre. British Columbia— 1912 U. S. National Forests— 1911 1912 $348,217 540,986 5,217,826 5,092,100 Cents. 0.00278 0.00364 0.0279 0.0272 $ 348,217 440,444 4,718,668 4,621,275 63,724 94,268 98,500 327,473 74,881 Cents. 0.00278 0.0029 0.0252 0.0247 0.00057 0.00084 0.00088 0.00651 $100,542 499,158 470,825 Cents. 0.00067 0.0027 0.0025 Quebec— 1909 * 1910* 1911 * Ontario— Total, 1912 On six reserves, 1912 + * 112,000,000 acres forest reserves. f 11,500,800 acres. Note.—Figures for United States, Ontario, and Quebec taken from their annual reports for the years quoted. Comparing the 1913 expenditure of British Columbia on administration (excluding permanent improvements), it is seen that (1) in the United States national forests, 1912, the total was over ten times greater; (2) in Quebec, 1911, the total was over four times less, and per acre over three times less; and (3) in Ontario, 1912, the total was one-third less, but for the forest reserves of that Province the per acre expenditure was more than double. Comparing the expenditures on permanent improvements, the total in the United States, 1912, was less than five times that of British Columbia, 1913, while the per acre expenditure was only three times and a half greater than British Columbia. This shows what a relatively large amount of permanent improvement work was done by the British Columbia Forest Service during the past season. I) 88 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Forest Fires, 1913. The following table shows the fires which occurr-red during the past season, classified by districts and causes:— Fires in British Columbia, 1913, classified by Causes and Forest Districts. District. Cranbrook .... Ft. George Hazelton Island Kamloops Lillooet , Nelson Prnice Rupert. Tete Jaune.... Vancouver .... Vernon Totals Per cent ta g o 16 12 8 12 54 13 6 3 7 11 148 25.6 a 2 «g 70 "i "S2 'a i 3 110 19.0 a o q M c £> 29 7 11 10 5 3 9 2 4 9 15 104 18.0 a o &v3 as o «§ D 1 3 EG V *1 0 TJX 3 5 bic c a 1 6 s *■* Is o c 2 £ 2 2 bf £, 5 d '&J MS c rt V 1 ■a 3 AS B gf 1.1 St o| 3 B p o 1 t- 0 . a) P ,Q § TJ <* -Is go d 1 O a 0 a3 || CS it bo . .5 8 gs B 0 P3K £<3 If .S Jg 0 0 s on 0 H 135 35 19 52 96 26 74 5 27 42 67 1 1 1 24 3 5 . 6 8 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 "3 2 2 1 5 3 2 5 9 4 2 2 9 6 15 62 10.7 2 2 9 35 6.1 1 2 10 17 0.3 7 14 2.4 1 1 12 2.1 1 6 10 1.7 1 2 1 34 5.9 9 1.6 1.2 7 1.2 1 0.2 3 0.5 2 0.3 3 0.5 578 100 23.3 6.0 3.3 9.0 16.6 4.5 12.8 0.9 4.7 7.3 11.6 100.0 FOBEST-FIBE DAMAGE. Damage caused by Forest Fires in British Columbia, by Classes and Forest Districts. distbict. Cranbrook .... Fort George... Hazelton Island Kamloops Lillooet Nelson Prince Rupert. Tete Jaune..., Vancouver .... Vernon Totals ... Per cent.. Damage to Standing Timber. Merchantable Timber. QJ S- 0J U -3 [> <^ O 65 8 1,130 479 135 '2,322 15 1,681 42,000 38,000 175,000 35,000 1,250,000 1,870,000 40,000 395,000 100 $ 84 76 175 25 1,260 1,900 50 400 $3,960 21.6 Valuable Second Growth. Acres. 91 508 11 1 670 17 202 $100 '166 100 2 100 5 20 $427 2.3 Other Areas bu rned over (no Damage). Total Area burned over in Province. Damage to other Forms of Property. •S. 11 d -re a ^'" jjjW 0 be m B be 3 «.s 1 rt bs:3 > 0 cr 51-5 a 3 H Acres. 62 131 906 464 158 14 798 2 Acres. 156 70 531 906 1,638 954 293 IB 2,992 830 1,885 $10,974 75 125 $18.25 § 300 270 $100 600 40 180 700 70.00 25 100 210 10.00 70 100 2,535 10,270 $12,084 $98.25 $1,560 $225 24.7 100 65.9 0.5 8.5 1.2 Sh $11,558.00 421.00 118.25 125.00 875.00 67.00 1,500 00 700.00 2,025.00 435.00 530.00 $18,354.25 100 63.0 2.3 0.0 0.7 4.8 0.3 8.2 3.8 11.0 2.3 3.0 100.0 The total damage caused by fire was only $18,354 as against $313,273 in 1912. The damage to standing forest was only $4,387 as against $200,000 last year. Fires covered and damaged to a greater or less extent less than 6,000 acres of merchantable timber and 2,000 acres of valuable second growth; 2,535 acres of slash was also burned, making a total of 10,270 acres, as against over 150,000 last year. The damage to other forms of property totalled only $13,967.25, as against $113,273 last year. Over 60 per cent, of this was due to a single fire in Cranbrook District which destroyed a large quantity of saw-logs on skid-ways. ,lr*>--: 9-1*!;? -*' .»: »!i *;■•; Dangerous slash left along main road, Kamloops District. A good burn along road, Kamloops District. ^..?.J1 - , ■ :■!»< iH^SB&^v 'Alr« Brush-piling on Railway Permit at Mile 59, G.T.P. Ry. -r-rf ft .» iij B «-vf" .fert&LV- V'flF&i '■'• - >--•"•• i-t-iflS^S Burning slash on right-of-way of Kettle Valley Railway. - yqp.' ......*-■ ^«w -vV-" Satisfactory spring burn of logging slash in Fernie District. •;,.«y.. •v"';" > ■ \ .•-■*•'- . - - Slash and logs on the North Thompson. A bad fire-trap. 4 Geo. 5 Forest-protection. D 89 Fire-fighting. Fires in British Columbia, 1913, classified by Area, Cost of Fighting, and Forest Districts. District. Cranbrook Fort George Hazelton Island Kamloops Lillooet Nelson Prince Rupert... Tete Jaune Vancouver Vernon Totals Per cent, of total Total Fires. 135 35 18 52 96 26 74 5 27 42 578 100 23.3 6.0 3.3 9.0 16.6 4.5 12.8 0.9 4.7 7.3 11.6 100.0 Total Area burned over. 156 70 531 906 1,638 954 293 15 2,992 830 1,885 10,270 1.5 0.7 5.2 8.7 16.0 9.3 2.9 0.1 29.1 8.1 18.4 100.0 Number less than j Acres. 118 13 15 72 9 34 3 8 27 299 51.7 Total Fires cost Total Expense Number Number ing Monev to fight fighting Fires. 10 Acres. 10 Acres. No. %■ «. %■ 15 2 12 7.6 865.00 9.7 18 4 24 15.2 1,785.00 20.0 15 4 6 3.8 122.55 1.4 23 14 21 13.3 938.00 10.5 20 4 11 7.0 503.00 5.7 15 2 5 3.1 84.00 0.9 26 14 22 13.9 1,835.56 20.6 3 11 1.9 7.0 68.00 1,469.00 0.8 13 11 16.5 24 10 19 12.0 297.00 3.1 26 14 24 15.2 962.00 10.8 i 200 79 158 109.0 8,929.11 100.0 34.6 13.7 27.3 The above table shows, it is felt, a distinct advance in the effectiveness of the fire-protection work during the past season. The total number of fires this year was 578, as against only 347 in 1912. But the total area burned over this year was only 10,270 acres, as against over 158,000 in 1912. The total expense to the Government for fire-fighting was only $8,930 as against nearly $30,000 last year. Of the 578 fires, 420, or about three out of every four, were extinguished by the regular force without extra expense. To extinguish the remaining 158 cost an average of only $56.50 per fire. About 300 fires, or over half the total, were discovered and extinguished while incipient, and only 79 fires, or less than 14 per cent, attained serious proportions before being extinguished. The Fire Hazard. In 1912 the chief four causes were: (1) Unknown, 149; (2) fires started before season, 39; (3) campers, 38; (4) railway locomotives, 34. Altogether these causes contributed 260, or 75 per cent, of the total 347 fires. In 1913 the chief four causes were, as shown above: (1) Campers, 148; (2) railway locomotives, 110; (3) unknown, 104; (4) railway-construction, 62. Altogether they contributed 424, or nearly 75 per cent, of the total 578 fires. Camp-fires. Camp-fires were responsible for 148, or nearly a quarter of the total fires, which is considerably more than any other single cause. There is no doubt also that a large number of the unknown class are really camp-fires. Much of the camping is associated with the railway- construction now being so actively carried on in every forest district. Especially is this true along the lines of the Canadian Northern Railway and the Grand Trunk Pacific, on the Fraser and North Thompson Rivers, where a constant stream of men is moving all summer. A great many of these men are foreigners, unable to read or speak English, and careless or ignorant, or both, of the great value of the forests, of the tremendous fire hazards which they create, and of the laws of the Province relating to fire-protection. Considered from this standpoint, the number of fires due to campers and railway-construction is really small, and is a tribute to the effectiveness of the patrol maintained by the Rangers and Guards. Theoretically, camp-fires should never cause a forest fire, as it is only through carelessness they are dangerous. Practically, however, they are a very serious source of trouble, causing in 1913 nearly a quarter of all fires—more than any other single factor. The danger from camp- fires is due to the fact that every one who travels in the woods requires fire for heat, light, warmth, and insect-smudges, and consequently they are made in inaccessible regions as well as along the regular routes of travel. This makes the matter of patrol more difficult, makes intensive patrol impossible, and makes it absolutely necessary that ail people who travel through D 90 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1911 the Province may be made to realize their presence in the bush is a constant menace, and that a little carelessness on their part, or poor judgment as to the safety of their camp-fire, may result in the destruction of thousands of dollars' worth of timber and cause the Government heavy and, but for their carelessness, entirely unnecessary expense in putting the fire out. Such carelessness can only be eliminated by education of the public, and next spring an energetic campaign will be inaugurated to bring before every person in the Province his personal obligation to assist the- Government in preventing fires. This campaign will consist of newspaper items, posters, and other methods which will reach and keep present before the public the forest-fire hazard. Something in this line was attempted this season when posters of several kinds were put up throughout the Province, one of them reading as follows :— CAMPERS AND TRAVELLERS. Don't start a Forest Fire. You can make certain that you do not start one by observing the following six rules:— (1.) Be sure your match is out before you throw it away: (2.) 'Krfock out your pipe-ashes or throw away your cigar or cigarette stump where there is nothing to catch fire: (3.) Don't build a camp-fire any larger than is absolutely necessary. Never leave it, even for a short time, without putting it out with water or earth: (4.) Don't build a camp-fire against a tree or log. Build a small one where you can scrape- away the needles, leaves, or grass from all sides of it: (5.) Don't build bonfires. The wind may come up at any time and start a fire which you. cannot control: (6.) If you discover a fire, put it out if possible; if you can't, get word of it to the nearest Forest Ranger or Fire Warden as quickly as you possibly can. Prove that you are a good woodsman by learning these rules and carrying them out in practice.. WM. R. ROSS, Minister of Lands. Another poster, the text of which follows, giving a summary of the general regulations of the " Forest Act," was printed and posted all over the Province in order to apprise the general public of the provisions of the " Forest Act" with respect to forest-fire prevention and. suppression:— FIRE LAW, 1913. During the Close Season, May 1st to Octouer, 1st. Permits.—A permit must be obtained for every clearing fire near any forest or woodland, every open burner, and every fire for industrial purposes. Apply to your District Fire Warden when you need a permit. Camp-fires.—AM inflammable material must be cleared away for 3 feet in every direction from the edge of every camp-fire; and every such fire imust be totally extinguished before the person making it leaves the place. Smoking.—Lighted matches- and burning tobacco, before being thrown away, must be thoroughly extinguished. Brush and Slashings.— (1.) Persons causing any accumulations of inflammable deibris within 200 feet of any public railway must dispose of the same under direction from the District Fire Warden. (2.) Persons clearing rights-of-way for any purpose must dispose of all debris under directions from the District Fire Warden. (3.) The Fire Warden may require debris to be cleared away from around any camp. mine, open burner, or sawmill. (4.) Dangerous accumulations of deibris may be declared a public nuisance. Logging Operations.—See Regulations. •Engines.—Any wood- or coal-burning engine operated near any forest or woodland must be fitted with efficient devices for preventing the escape of fire. Fighting Fire.—Able-bodied citizens must help in fighting forest fires when called upon by a duly authorized officer. Penalty for Violation of the Provincial Forest Fire, Law.—$50 to $300. Penalty for Violation of the Criminal Law.—Up to fourteen years' imprisonment for wilfully setting fire to any forest or woodland; up to seven years for wilfully attempting to do so; up to two years for negligence and recklessness in setting fire -or for violation of the Provincial Fire Law. WM. R. ROSS, Minister of Lands. 4 Geo. 5 Forest-protection. D 91 Logging Operations. While a few fires occurred from logging operations which required the expenditure of money to extinguish, they did practically no damage, being confined to cut-over land. This favourable condition is due almost entirely to the determined and organized efforts of the loggers to eliminate the fire-danger from their camps. Many operators issued instructions to govern their employees, both in the prevention of fires and in their extinguishment in the event of their occurrence. With such co-operation from the loggers in the matter of fire prevention and suppression as was received this year, the fire hazard in logging camps will not be difficult to control. Systematic inspection of the camp by Rangers and Guards will, however, be continued, since such inspections assist the foremen in enforcing their rules. A poster, which is printed below, giving in condensed form the regulations adopted by the Forest Board for the prevention of fires due to logging operations, was posted in all camps:— LOGGING OPERATIONS. Prevention of Forest Fires during the Close Season. Engines.—Every donkey-engine and locomotive must be equipped with an efficient spark-arrester and with devices which will prevent the escape of fire froni ash-pans and fire-boxes. Ashes and Coals.—Ash-pans and fire-boxes must not be emptied while locomotives are in motion. Ashes and coals taken from ash-pans and fire-boxes of locomotives and donkey-engines1 must be immediately extinguished with water, or placed in a safe pit, or on a spot of bare ground. Fire-fighting Tools.—Every donkey-engine and locomotive must be provided with a sufficient supply of water and with a pump capable of forcing water to a height of 25 feet, 150 feet of hose, 6 ten-quart buckets, 6 shovels, 3 axes, 3 mattocks, all in good repair for fire-fighting purposes. Snags.—All dead trees and snags within 20O feet of any donkey-engine at work must be felled. Watchmen.—A watchman must be kept on duty at every donkey-engine under fire during the noon hour and two hours after operations have ceased for the day. Camps.—A sufficient space around all camp buildings must be cleared of brush and other fine combustible materiail. Smoking.—Lighted matches, cigars, cigarettes, and pipejashes must be completely extinguished before being thrown away. Responsibility.—Foremen, engineers, and all men working in the woods, as well as contractors. operators, and owners, are responsible for the carrying-out of these regulations. WM. R. ROSS, Minister of Lands. Lightning. During the past season lightning caused 34, or about 6 per cent, of all fires, as against 6.6 per cent, in 1912. There are certain well-defined lightning zones in the Province, notably in the Interior dry belts, where lightning is frequently not followed by rain. In the Kamloops Forest District there is a broad belt about fifty miles wide extending south-east from Clearwater and Manood Lakes, especially liable to lightning fires. The same conditions hold in the drier portions of Cranbrook, Nelson, Vernon, and Lillooet Districts. While this is perhaps the one cause of fire which is absolutely unavoidable, the danger can be successfully met by an adequate system of look-out stations and patrol, so that the fires may be discovered and suppressed before they become large. A start has already been made in this connection. A number of natural look-out stations have been made easily accessible by trails and connected by telephone with the nearest source of labour and supplies. A large number in addition have been selected and will be improved as rapidly as possible. Smokers. Carelessness on the part of smokers with matches and burning tobacco caused about 2 per cent, of the fires in 1912, and 35, or 6.1 per cent., in 1913. This is a cause which, like camp-fires, can only be removed by educating the public. Suggestions that a law be passed making smoking in the woods punishable by fine have been received, but it is felt that such an Act would be impossible to enforce, and that the educational method should be given a thorough trial before attempting compulsory legislation. D 92 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Violations of the Fire-protective Provisions of the " Forest Act." The enforcement by the Government of the provisions of the " Forest Act" with respect to fire, since they were first incorporated in the Statutes, has resulted in wide and general knowledge, and a growing spirit of co-operation on the part of the public concerning them. As a result, during the past year there were practically no violations and only one prosecution. This was in part due also to the efforts of the forest officers to give prompt service to the public in the matter of issuing burning permits, so that there would be no excuse for violating this particular provision, which has always been the cause for most of the infractions. With an efficient and ample force there should be no excuse for burning without a permit, and the experience of this year shows that if one is provided no trouble from this source will be met with. I am glad to report that no cases of incendiarism were discovered. BURNING PERMITS. A burning permit is written authority from an officer of the Forest Branch to use a fire for land-clearing purposes on a specified place and within a specified number of days. The " Forest Act" provides that permits must be obtained for land-clearing by fire during the close season, May 1st to October 1st. This means all land-clearing and brush-burning for whatever purpose, whether for agriculture, logging-slash, railway or other rights-of-way, public roads, etc. (In order to facilitate brush-burning on public roads, authority was delegated this summer to Road Superintendents to issue permits to Road Foremen.) The following table shows for each forest district and for the whole Province the number of burning permits issued, the area they covered, and the periods for which the individual permits were granted:— Burning Permits issued by Officers of the Forest Branch during 1913 for Clearing. Agric. Land. Logging-slash. Ry. Right-of-way. Public Road. Total. Period. No. Acres. No. Acres. No. Acres. No. Acres. No. Acres. Days. 615 391 463 1,853 348 110 2,740 274 16 3,822 617 900 380 500 3,700 350 580 2,700 500 40 2,911 3,823 83 1,100 34 70 100 1,536 732 461 466 1,931 414 140 2,742 274 101 3,875 789 2,100 1,916 576 9,025 782 890 2,702 500 2,214 4,558 5,840 Av. 10. 3-30; av. 15. 3 12 75 4,325 Up to 30; av. 10. 10-30. 66 66 21 1,000 432 250 Kamloops Av. 14. 3 2 60 2 4-30. 7-15. Prince Rupert 7-30; av. 14. 85 18 98 2,174 874 447 35 19 773 1,320 Up to 30; av. Iff) 55 250 Total 11,255 16,384 157 7,655 458 6,813 55 250 11,925 31,102 94.7 52.7 1.2 24.6 3.7 21.9 0.4 0.8 100 100 Inspection of the above table shows that, of all permits issued, those for farm-clearing comprised nearly 95 per cent, of the total number and over half the total area. Permits for burning logging-slash and for railway right-of-way naturally covered a much larger area per permit than did those for clearing farm land. This is shown by the fact that, while in number these permits included only about 5 per ceut. of the total, in area they covered nearly half the total. Almost one-third of the total number of permits were in Vancouver District for land-clearing, chiefly in the Lower Fraser Valley. Nearly one-sixth of the total were issued in the Island District for land-clearing, chiefly on the Saanich Peninsula. The permit law has a very close relation in British Columbia with many forms of industrial activity. Practically the whole of the Province (or at least such portions of it as will ever be used for man's purposes) is covered with a forest-growth of some kind. Therefore land-clearing is now, and for years to come will be, necessarily and desirably an important activity in the Province. 4 Geo. 5 Forest-protection. D 93 Lancl-clearing is at the best an expensive proposition. Too often there is no market for the wood. In every case there is brush to be disposed of. Fire is the only method of disposal, and weather conditions determine largely the safety, practicability, and success of the use of fire. If too wet it is difficult and costly to burn. If too dry there is serious danger of causing a forest fire by burning brush. But the settler must get his land cleared for crop-production, is anxious to do it as soon as possible, chafes under delay, and sometimes, perhaps, regards with indifference or hostility the forest surrounding him. The law provides that slash caused by right-of-way clearing for railroads must be burned, in order that it may not remain as a hazard to the forest through which the railway passes. But right-of-way clearing is all done by contract, and some contractors, in their efforts to do the work cheaply, neglect measures to safeguard the timber. The temptation, both in the case of those who wish to burn and those who are obliged by law to burn, is to take a chance and do it during dry weather, when burning is easy. This explains the necessity of supervision, by the organization entrusted with the protection of the forests, of brush-burning during the summer. Needless to say, the Forest Branch is only too anxious to handle the permit system so as to assist in every way those who are engaged in development-work in the Province. In the average season there are probably not more than thirty days during which fires are apt to become uncontrollable. If no fires are burning in dangerous places during such weather, then the danger is limited to such fires as may be accidentally set. The permit system thus limits the necessary fires to the safe season, and ensures their extinction, instead of allowing them to smoulder on until conditions are ripe for a general conflagration. Effective fire- protection, consequently, is very largely dependent on the control of land-clearing fires during the hazardous periods of the year. The system of issuing permits must be such as to enable those desiring them to take advantage of weather conditions favourable to burning. It must be'handled by a force sufficiently large to cover the country in reasonable short periods, because permits, as a rule, are issued only after personal inspection of the specified area by the issuing officer. Further, men entrusted with authority to issue permits must be men of experience and sound judgment and familiar with local conditions. Instructions were issued by each District Forester to the Forest Guards regarding the policy to be followed in granting permits. The governing factors are the weather conditions, the surroundings, and the time which must elapse before the Forest Guard can pay a second visit to the place. Permits were in only a few cases granted without personal examination, and then only in places of small risk. Sometimes, for instance, the district office would issue permits to save time for the applicants, but the local Guard would be at once notified, and instructed to inspect the area immediately. In every case the man on the ground has authority to cancel permits when, in his opinion, it is necessary. As is shown in the preceding table, the periods for permits varied from three to thirty days, averaging generally one to two weeks. Long- period permits are granted in the early and late portions of the close season, when the hazard is not especially great. During the dry periods in July and August, however, the period is. shortened to the limit, or refused altogether. At the discretion of the District Foresters, all permits may be summarily cancelled for such time as is necessary during a dry spell. This action was found needful only in a few cases during the past season. The comparative fire hazards of 1913 and 1910—the first a year of very small and the second of very great fire damage—is shown by the fact that in 1913 permits were only exceptionally refused, while in 1910 there were 903 refused, which meant nearly one refused for every four of the 3,901 issued. The policy to be followed in issuing permits for burning logging-slash is governed by the same principles as in agricultural permits, except that greater care is necessary because of the greater area involved, and because the slash is, as a rule, in close proximity to or in the midst of green forest. The great benefits derivable from slash-burning are reduction of fire hazard and, especially on the Coast, the causing of favourable conditions for a good reproduction of Douglas fir (which reproduces best on a mineral soil with plenty of light). On account of its value, the Forest Branch has endeavoured to persuade the logging operators to adopt generally, both in the close season and out of it, this form of fire insurance and forest regeneration, with, on the whole, encouraging results. There is a growing sentiment among the timbermen in favour of the measure, both as a matter of self-interest and as a form of co-operation in forest-protection. T) 94 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 This is shown by the fact that over 7,500 acres of slash was burned over during the permit season, which, added to the area burned over before the season began, gives a total area of somewhere between 10,000 and 15,000 acres. Many operators have expressed their intention of adopting the practice of annual burning of their slash, and it is expected that a much larger area will be burned over next year. Following is an extract from a circular letter which was sent to the lumbermen of the Province in this connection last spring. A second letter of a similar character was sent out at the end of the fire season, urging the timber-owners to undertake full burning:— The Government of the Province of British Columbia, Forest Branch (Lands Department), May 1st, 1913. Dear Sir,—Ii wish to request for the Forest Branch your earnest co-operation in an effort to solve the problem, of the disposal of the slash, resulting from logging operations. Owing to the great density of the timber stands on the Coast and in portions of the Interior of British Columbia, to the conditions surrounding the lumber industry which permit of the removal from the woods of only a very small proportion of the stand1, and1 to the methods of logging, the amount of slash remaining after logging is excessive. Generally, also, the timber remaining after logging is without further value,.and, since the slash effectually prevents the growth of a valuable second crop, slash must be removed first if the land is to be utilized in producing another crop of timber. I need' not point out that by far the greater portion of the land in British, Columbia is, owing to its roughness, and lack of soil, unsuited for agriculture, and the only possible way in which it can be made a steady source of wealth is by the growing of timber. Besides its effect in preventing the production of a second crap of timber, slash is universally recognized' as the most serious of all fire hazards1, and that it is only a question of time before every slash-area will be set on fire. This being the case, the evident thing to do is to burn the slash at such a time and under such, conditions as will, so far as is humanly possible to determine, render it certain that the fire does not spread to .adjoining timber. The " Forest Act " of British Columbia does not raaJft the burning of slash compulsory, although in the States of Oregon and Washington, where the conditions are identical, such laws are in effect. The " Fbrest Act" does, however, empower the Minister of Lands or the Forest Board' to require owners to construct a safe fire-break about any area of slash, and where necessary to protect valuable timber this provision of the Act will be enforced. To be at all1 safe or effective against July or August fires, fire-breaks must consist of a strip 5 to 10 feet 'wide cleared to mineral earth, and a strip 10 to 30 feet wide cleared of brush, inside which, all dead snags, standing within a distance of 100 feet must be felled. As long as the slash remains, however, the danger from fire is still serious, and it is felt that it would be far better to burn the slash itself than to construct such fire-breaks, the cost of which is as much or more than that of slash-burning. A number of loggers in British, Columbia have already adopted the practice of slash-burning their slash every year, either in the spring or in the fall, and I hope that you will decide to apply the plan to your operations and: take up the matter immediately with your superintendent. The present spring is backward, and except in high winds slash-burning may be safely carried on until the first or second week in June. During April no permit to burn is required, and after May 1st permits can be obtained fro'm the local forest officers. While it is impossible to specify the conditions as to weather when burning can be done safely, or the 'methods by which the burning can be most effectively accomplished, these matters being best determined by your superintendent, the following general rules may be of assistance :— (1.) Always construct a trail or a light fire-break around the slashed area before starting fires. This will serve to confine the fire and also permit men to get around the fire quickly. (2.) Be sure and have enough men on hand when you start a fire to control the fire if it threatens to spread beyond the slash. (3.) Never start a fire in the morning unless you feel certain a strong wind will not arise. The best time to start a fire is after 4 o'clock in the afternoon on a calm day; if the weather is warm and the slash, dry, all the better. (4.) If the slash-area is surrounded by timber, start fire first on the leeward side if there is a breeze, or on the uphill, side if on a slope. When the danger of fire spreading beyond the area to be burned is past, set fire on the windward side or at the base of the slope; also whenever possible take advantage of a breeze blowing away from green timber. (5.) Burn over the area as quickly as possible. This can be done by starting fires in a large number of places. i(6.) Keep a watchman ;oni the area burned until all fires are out. Cut down any snags which may be burning. All fires should be completely out before June 15th. Experience has shown that slash can be burned safely at the cost of 5 to,20 cents an acre, and that this expense is fully repaid! by the resulting added safety of the camps, equipment, and surrounding timber. The cost can be materially reduced if the policy of annual burning is definitely adopted, since by a little forethought the superintendent and foreman can arrange to have drag and skid roads serve as fire-breaks. When it is known where the boundary of an area to be burned will lay, it is also a material help to have the trees felled away from the green timber. 4 Geo. 5 Forest-protection. D 95 A secondary but very real benefit of the permit system lies in its educational effect. A great many people become familiar in this way with the Government regulations relating to fire protection, and with the aims and objects of the Government in administering and protecting the forests of the Province. In conclusion, it is gratifying to report that in most of the districts no complaints, and in the balance very few, were received regarding the conduct of the permit system by the Forest Branch. The field officers have met with the heartiest co-operation in the great majority of cases from the settlers, the logging operators, the railway contractors, etc., during the past reason. Referring to table of " Fires in British Columbia, 1913," only two forest fires, or 3/M of 1 per cent, of the total number, were due to burning without permit, and only seventeen permit fires out of the total of nearly 12,000 escaped control and caused forest fires. RAILWAYS. Due to the effective enforcement of the fire-protection provisions of the Board of Railway Commissioners and of the Provincial Railway and Forest Acts, and to the favourable weather .conditions, the fire hazard produced by the construction and operation of the railways in the Province during the past season has been well under control, and for the first time in many .years no serious losses to timber or property have resulted from this source of danger. Dominion Railways. The co-operative agreement between the Forest Branch and the Board of Railway Commissioners of Canada, described in my last report, by which the Branch has charge, outside the Railway Belt, of the local supervision and enforcement of the regulations of the Board and of the orders of the Chief Fire Inspector, has proven most satisfactory. The railway companies which come within the jurisdiction of the Board are the Canadian Pacific Railway; Esquimau & Nanaimo; Kettle Valley Railway; Kootenay Central; Great Northern; Vancouver, Victoria & Eastern; Nelson & Fort Sheppard; Morrissey, Fernie & Michel; and Grank Trunk Pacific. All of these "railways have carried out, in a manner satisfactory to the Board, regulations regarding fire-preventive devices on locomotives, the instruction and organization of the regular employees with respect to fire prevention and suppression, and the orders of the Chief Fire Inspector relative to the employment of special patrolmen in times of danger. The railway officials showed themselves most anxious to do everything in their power to prevent and suppress fires, and the employees carried out their instructions conscientiously. As a result, the engines were, with very few exceptions, kept in prime order, the rights-of-way were placed in much better condition, care was exercised by the sectlonmen and other track employees in the use of fire, and the fifty special patrolmen, by their constant patrol, effectively prevented any fires starting along the right-of-way from getting beyond control. The District Foresters and Forest Rangers, who held appointments as Inspectors under the Board, kept in touch with the situation and assisted materially in keeping the importance of fire-prevention before the railway employees. They were also able, in times when the weather conditions rendered the danger of fires being set very small, to relieve the railways from the necessity for special patrol. To indicate the serious fire hazard which the railways constitute, it is interestiug to note that, despite the exceptionally favourable weather conditions and the great precautions taken to prevent fires, there were during the past season 110 fires caused by railway-locomotives. The effective patrol maintained by the railway companies was able, however, to keep all but a very few of these fires from spreading beyond the right-of-way, and practically no damage resulted. Railways .under construction constitute an even greater source of danger from fire than those under operation, and every effort was made to prevent a recurrence of the disastrous fires resulting from railway-construction last year. Arrangements were perfected with the Grand Trunk Pacific, Kootenay Central, and Kettle Valley Railways, by which the Forest Branch assumed complete control of the fire-protection organization, the expense of maintaining it being paid in whole or in part by the companies. In all, thirty-six special patrolmen were employed to patrol the portions of railway under construction, and, while the danger was great during several short periods and twenty-eight fires started, none assumed dangerous proportions and the damage committed was nominal. D 96 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 This excellent record and that of last year fully justifies the action of the Government in applying to the Board of Railway Commissioners for the adoption of regulations governing fire-prevention by railway companies. I wish to take this opportunity to express my high appreciation of the thorough and effective way in which the regulations are being enforced by the Chief Fire Inspector under the direction of the Board. Provincial Railways. The provisions of the Provincial Railway and Forest Acts with respect to the responsibility of the railway companies for the prevention and suppression of fires caused either by the operation or construction of railways under Provincial charter are, in effect, identical with the regulations adopted by the Board of Railway Commissioners for railways under Dominion charter. The railways under Provincial charter are the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway, the Pacific Great Eastern, and the Eastern British Columbia Railway. These railways are not as yet under operation except on small stretches, and the danger from fire is confined to construction-work. Under the " Forest Act" the responsibility for establishing a fire-protective force along such railways is placed on the Forest Branch, the cost of which, however, is borne by the railway companies. In all, thirty-eight patrolmen were employed by the Forest Branch for this purpose on these railways, and this number rendered possible a satisfactory patrol, so that no serious fires occurred, although thirty-four were reported. Besides patrolling for fire, the patrolmen supervised the clearing of the right-of-way. The District Foresters report that this work was well done, all the brush being piled and burned on the right-of-way, and no trees felled on to the land adjoining the right-of-way. Construction-work will continue next year on all these railways, and patrolmen will be put on duty in the spring as soon as the fire hazard requires it. During the winter the clearing of the right-of-way is attended to by the Rangers. DISTRICT PLANS. The elements which enter into the problem of the protection from fire of immense areas of forest do not differ greatly from those which confront the problem of fire-protection in large cities. First in importance is the reduction of the fire hazard, which includes measures to prevent fires from being started, to confine fires that do start to as small an area as possible, and to minimize the damage which a fire may commit. These objects are attained by carefully drawn building regulations, by laying out the city with due regard to the fire-danger, and by the enforcement of rules with respect to the use of fire, electric wires, etc. Next comes the adoption of measures to extinguish fires which may start. This requires, first, an organization of firemen and the acquisition of means and equipment for fire-fighting, such as a dependable supply of water, hose, and pumping apparatus; and equipment for demolishing buildings, such as axes, dynamite, etc. Since, however, all fires are small at the start and the difficulty of suppression increases with tremendous rapidity, the greatest attention and effort is devoted to the perfection, of means to get at the fire as quickly as possible after it is discovered. This resulted in the development of signal systems (which, however, have been largely superseded by the wide use of telephones) by which fires could be reported at headquarters immediately, no matter where located, and also by the development of rapid means of transportation, automobiles having recently replaced, to a great extent, horses. Time is so important an element, and the measures adopted to reach fires in the quickest possible time are so extreme and are carried out with such precision, that city fire departments are universally recognized as models of efficiency in the attainment of speed. The problem of forest-protection, while subject to many widely different conditions, contains the same elements, and the plans for prevention and suppression of fires in forests must develop along the same lines as those of city fire departments. Each District Forester has had in preparation during the past season definite and detailed plans for the reduction of the fire hazard, the organization of an efficient force of patrolmen and fire-fighters, the distribution at points of vantage of fire-fighting equipment, and the perfection of the system of transportation and communication. The details of these plans will be carried out as rapidly as time and money Boundary Lookout stations Irn^ated I and Irrigablq land Forest land Iri" i tfatioo reBarvoir* lrm£att on canals R ai l ways » ("under construct)on) *-* «-^ Roads i Tp-si IS (buift by Forest Branch) Other* -trails Telephone lines shewing LOOKOUT SYSTEM OKANAGAN LAKEWVTERSHED %iMII VERNON FOREST DISTRICT Scale ISHLB 4 Geo. 5 Fobest-protection. D 97 permit, and another year will see a further decided advance in fire-protection methods. In some districts much has already been done, as will be shown by the reports and maps of the Okanagan Lake watershed and the Kootenay Valley, which follow. REPORT ON FIRE-PROTECTION PLAN FOR OKANAGAN LAKE WATERSHED. By L. R. Anobews, District Forester, Vernon Forest District. Agriculture and fruit-growing are the leading industries in the Okanagan Valley. There are over 40,000 acres under irrigation, and as much again cleared and partly cultivated. In round numbers, from 25,000 to 30,000 people are dependent on the success or failure of the fruit-crops. Fruit-growing has here reached its highest development in the Province. The bearing orchards in the vicinities of Vernon, Kelowna, Peachland, Summerland, Penticton, and the Southern Okanagan represent three-quarters of the total acreage producing fruit for market in British Columbia, and grow 70 per cent, of the fruit produced. Statistics of the past season's output of the Okanagan Valley show shipments of fruit and produce to the value of over $1,000,000, or $30 per head on the population of the valley. As yet, only a beginning has been made, and the best and more easily handled locations developed, it being estimated that less than one-tenth of the lands suitable for agriculture have so far been touched. Agriculture in general and fruit-growing in particular are dependent on irrigation, the rains in spring being hardly sufficient to start the crops. The dry season commences in late June or early July, and the high temperatures soon dry out the moisture in the ground, rendering artificial application of water absolutely necessary. Private and municipal enterprise have invested from $4,000,000 to $5,000,000 in irrigation systems in the valley, and over 100 miles of flume and pipe-line have been built to serve the needs of the area now under cultivation and provide water for 40,000 acres of land. Practically all available flowing water, which can be taken by gravity from the ordinary flow of streams emptying into the Okanagan, has been utilized. At best, only a limited area can be supplied from this source; consequently the problem of the extension and development of irrigation for the large undeveloped tracts is one of very serious moment. Nowhere perhaps has nature provided more freely in the way of numerous streams and advantageous storage-basins for this purpose, but, even so, the most careful conservation and close utilization will have to be practised if water is to be provided for all the irrigable lands. The experience of other countries has shown that the forest cover on mountain watersheds has a most important influence in conserving and maintaining the flow of water. It increases the storage-capacity of the soil, retards the spring thaw, and prevents excessively rapid run-off, and consequently lengthens and extends the period of maximum flow of streams. The importance of establishing and maintaining adequate and efficient fire-protection, therefore, cannot be too greatly emphasized, since destruction of the forest cover would jeopardize an investment of millions of dollars and the means of support of thousands of people. For the formation of a definite policy and plans for fire-protection, a careful study of conditions from a fire-protection point of view had to be made, and plans drawn up to fulfil local requirements. The topographical characteristics of the district naturally determine to a great extent the general plan of fire-protection, measures to be adopted, and the location of necessary improvements, such as trails, telephone-lines, look-out stations, Ranger stations, and tool caches. Two outstanding features are noticeable from a glance at the map: (1) Long narrow valleys, the drainage-basins of the country; and (2) the vast areas intervening, the watersheds, and interior high levels. In the valleys is centred the population of the district. Existing improvements, roads, trails, railroads, steamboat lines, telephone and telegraph communication, are located there, and in this comparatively small proportion of the whole area is found nearly all the economic activity of the district. The remainder and by far the greater area is very poorly supplied with communication facilities, is poorly, if at all, mapped, and is largely inaccessible. It is mostly too high in elevation to support much or varied enterprise, and is therefore uninhabited. These are the timbered watersheds on whose maintenance depend the water-supply for the irrigated land in the valleys. I) 98 Eepoet op the Minister of Lands. 1914 Two sets of conditions are therefore presented. In the first instance is to be noted a zone of considerable fire hazard, in which, while fires are of frequent occurrence, means are present for their immediate control. In the second, a zone in which, while the danger of fires occurring is less, because of lack of population, the damage when fires do occur is much greater. It is ill this latter region, therefore, that fire-protective measures must be concentrated if the watershed cover is to be maintained. Protective measures for the first set have consisted of efforts to increase the efficiency and perfect the organization of the patrol force, systematizing and strengthening it so as to quickly and thoroughly cover the district in the shortest time; enforcement of the fire regulations regarding burning, so that no burning is done except under permit; preventive measures such as cleaning-up of bad slashings, frequent inspection of railway-engines and donkey-engines; and, lastly, in appeals to the general public for greater care in the use of fire. Every possible avenue for the quick reporting of fires was opened up, and means for getting men and supplies quickly to any given locality were carefully worked out in advance. Finally, where present means were lacking, new improvements were instituted for the better handling of the work. Trails were constructed connecting up existing roads to facilitate patrol. Intensive patrol organization is not practicable in the uninhabited and less accessible portions of the area, and the greatest difficulty is often experienced in locating and getting to fires while they are small and easily handled. Fires are not seen till they have reached a considerable size, and there are few transportation facilities for getting to them. Therefore, in instituting protective measures, new improvements were essential for the handling of the work. These have taken two forms: (1) For the detection and location of fires, mountain- peaks with elevation of from 6,000 to 7,000 feet were located as look-out stations to cover the entire district, and, where possible, close enough to provide double look-out patrol for the whole country, and situated to command the reservoirs of the principle irrigation systems; (2) for general patrol and for reaching and fighting fires, a system of main trails and branch trails was planned and constructed. The two look-out stations were established on the east side of the Okanagan, and during the past season were connected to the commercial centres by twenty-four miles of telephone- lines built by the Forest Branch. One is situated on Little White Mountain, thirty-nine miles south-east of Kelowna, on the apex of the watersheds of the S.K.L., K.L.O., and Penticton Municipality irrigation systems, and within a few miles of their reservoirs. The second was established on B.X. Mountain, eighteen miles out of Vernon, on the watershed of the Vernon City, Armstrong City, and Coldstream Municipal domestic-supply systems, and overlooking the White Valley irrigation reservoir and watershed. These points can each be seen one from the other, so that a double patrol of the whole area is effected. The stations are connected by main trails along the divide, fifty miles of which was constructed and joined up this year by the Forest Branch. These main trails were located along the heights of land on the watersheds to be protected, so that the patrolman can overlook the country, and also so that later these trails may be widened to constitute fire-breaks along the divide. In addition, twenty miles of branch trails were constructed and opened up, so that now the heretofore inaccessible regions can be reached for fire-protection. On the west side of the Okanagan two look-out stations are proposed, and will probably be constructed early next summer. One is situated on Kathleen Mountain, on the divide between the Okanagan and the Nicola. It overlooks the reservoirs of the Summerland municipal and Peachland irrigation reservoirs. The second is on Baldy Mountain, at the headwaters of White- man's and Short's Creeks. Seventy-five miles of trail and tree telephone-line will be required to connect these and join them to the main system. Seven patrol divisions were established in the Okanagan Valley at the beginning of the last season, and in each men were put on and patrol routes laid out for the comprehensive covering of the whole in a systematic manner. By the look-out system established, the whole Vernon District is commanded and the work unified by look-out control. Each patrolman is required to report once per day by telephone to the look-out commanding his division at the end of each section of his patrol beat, or as near as facilities permit. Thus a man on a look-out station commanding two or three patrol divisions keeps in touch with the patrols and is aware at any one time of the whereabouts of each Guard. The look-outs in turn report daily to the Ranger headquarters, and a complete system of co-operation is made possible. 4 Geo. 5 Forest-protection. D 99 In case of fire, when smoke is discovered by a look-out it is immediately reported to the District Forest Office at Vernon. The direction and location of the fire from the look-out station is given, the direction and velocity of the wind, and the whereabouts of the Guard in whose district the fire is situated. On a chart map in the district office the position of the fire is checked up, and the Guard immediately notified to proceed to the nearest point to the fire from which connecting trails run to the Interior, and where men and supplies can be gathered. By the time the Guard reaches this point telephone messages have made arrangements in advance for supplies, equipment, and a crew of three to five men. The Guard organizes his crew and proceeds to the fire. If the fire is reported a big one, and the velocity of the wind considerable, a second crew may be organized while the first is still on the way, and held in reserve. Reports from the look-out keep the head office informed as to the progress of the fire, and if in a reasonable time satisfactory control of the fire does not seem to have been effected by the first crew, these reinforcements are forwarded. For increasing the efficiency and speed in collecting men and supplies, information as to the location of crews of Government roadmen, logging operations, and other work going on in the district is carefully collected and tabulated in the district office. Co-operation with storekeepers in the different centres is arranged for also, so that necessary supplies will be kept in stock. During the past season, while the above plans were in the making, opportunities were afforded for testing and predicting its efficiency and for the working-out of details. Actual results in handling twenty-five fires, while very encouraging, served mainly to direct and stimulate further efforts. Co-operation with those vitally interested and with the general public has yet to be worked out and elaborated. On this, in the final analysis, depends ultimate success or failure. I am confident that with the spread and more general application of the importance of fire-protection in this district, efficient protection will be established in the near future. A map showing the conditions in the Okanagan Valley described in this report is transmitted herewith. REPORT ON MOUNT BAKER LOOK-OUT STATION. By J. D. Gilmodr, District Forester, Cranbrook Forest District. A noteworthy feature in the improvements built by the Provincial Forest Branch during 1913 and designed to assist materially in fire-protection in the Cranbrook Forest District is the Baker Mountain Look-out Station, including a telephone-line built to connect it with the remainder of the fire-patrol service. An elevation of 7,100 feet above sea-level is attained on this summit, and an area of 1,859 square miles (1,184,000 acres) is commanded from it. The situation of Baker Mountain is peculiarly favourable for its use as a look-out point. It is a rounded cone-shaped peak of volcanic origin undoubtedly, occupying a striking position detached from any other considerable elevation. It rises from an uneven plain of elevations varying between 2,500 and 3,600 feet above sea-level, which surrounds it for many miles. The main valley is that of the Kootenay River, which flows in the direction, roughly, S. 20° E., and may be seen from Baker Mountain for nearly the whole of the eighty miles of the Kootenay River which lie between Canal Flats and the International Boundary. The view from Baker Mountain includes practically all the valley lying between the Rockies and the Selkirks from Canal Flats to the boundary. This area is drained by the Kootenay River and by the following tributaries: Sheep, Skookumchuck, and Findlay Creeks, St. Mary's River, Perry, Cherry, and Wild Horse Creeks, and Bull River, as well as Gold Creek, the Lower Elk and Moyie Rivers. Within this area there operated in 1913 twenty-three sawmills and three planing-mills, which were separated from the sawmills, in addition to all the logging camps and operations in connection. These mills, when operated simultaneously, have a combined daily capacity (ten hours) of 760,000 feet. The smoke from these plants is easily seen, and the various plants distinguished from each other from the look-out point; and during the dangerous season it was noticed that the air is normally sufficiently clear to enable this to be done. The system is designed to be used in conjunction with the regular or slightly modified patrol force. During the dry months a man with a good knowledge of the country will spend every day on top of the mountain. He will be provided with field-glasses, a good map of the territory I) 100 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 which he can see, and a compass. He has direct communication with the district office of the Forest Branch by telephone, the telephone instrument being on the extreme summit. The lookout proved its usefulness during construction; before telephone communication was completed, the telephone gang while working at an elevation of only 4,500 feet saw a bush fire about eight miles away. By riding three miles to Rampart, the nearest telegraph-office, notice was sent to Cranbrook. The fire was under control that night, and otherwise would not have been reported to the Forest Branch until the succeeding morning, as it occurred in an isolated place. With telephone connection such a notice can be sent much more rapidly and the exact position of the fire more fully described by the look-out man than by telegraph. At the present time the ordinary Forest Guard has to travel—when the weather in favourable—to look after the granting of permits to burn; in dry, dangerous times he must continuously patrol in most dangerous parts of his district on the look-out for fires. A tremendous amount of travel is thus involved, while his chances of discovering fires at the earliest time, and while it may be easily controlled, are small. If news of a fire anywhere in the district could be quickly obtained, means could be taken to handle it to the best advantage. It is confidently expected that the look-out will enable immediate notice of a fire to be received. The look-out man will be familiar with the normal smoke columns within his range of sight, and any abnormal one will be easily detected. The system will have to include the notification of the patrolman of permits issued, else he would report fires which are normal. It is possible to distinguish a very small fire; even a camp-fire might be distinguished at ten miles on a clear day. Any considerable body of smoke can be seen at thirty miles, or even farther in some cases. The look-out system is part of an intensive fire-protective organization; it can, however, be treated as a system to give as good or a little better service than is had at present. It will allow of fewer Forest Guards, and there will be less necessity for the large amount of aimless travel which the ordinary method of fire patrol involves. In dry times a regular round for each Forest Guard will be worked out in order that his whereabouts each day shall be known, so that he can be reached promptly by telephone or telegraph. Another advantage will be in determining the number of extra men required in fire-fighting, with greater accuracy than at present. Extra expense often is incurred through taking more men than are necessary to fight certain fires. The look-out man should be able to gauge the extent of a fire, and thus plans can be made with greater intelligence and efficiency and less cost. From personal observations and experience thus far, I am convinced that the Baker Mountain Look-out Station is a good investment, and the cost is trifling when we consider its value in protecting the timber on such a large area. It is estimated that on the area which can be seeii or controlled from this point there is standing at the present time 4,000,000,000 feet of merchantable timber, worth at least $4,000,000 as raw material, and over $40,000,000 when manufactured. It is confidently expected that the first bad fire season will demonstrate its advantages. PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. The favourable weather conditions during the fire season and the effective and economical manner in which the field force handled the fires which did occur made available for improvement-work a much larger fund than was counted on, and as a result an unexpectedly large amount of improvement-work was completed. In all, nearly 1,200 miles of trail, 360 miles of telephone-line, and ten cabins were constructed. It was not felt to be advisable to incur any considerable liability for improvement-work until the season of great danger from fires had passed, and only a few very important projects were started before the middle of August. By that time it was evident that there was little probability of extensive fires occurring, and the fund set aside for fire-fighting was devoted to improvement-work. Great care was exercised in the selection of projects, so that the money available would be devoted only to those which were essential to efficient fire-protection, and also to avoid taking up projects which might be constructed by private enterprise, or which lay within the province of the Public Works Department. Every effort was made to reduce the cost of projects to the minimum, and the method or standard of construction adopted was made to fit the particular conditions surrounding each, project. FOREST BRANCH PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS (Constructed by B. C. Forest Branch, 1913) REPORT 1913 ' Geographic Br 4 Geo. 5 Permanent Improvements. D 101 In general, trails are built to provide means for patrol, to render easily accessible, in case of fire, merchantable tracts of timber, and to reach look-out stations. The principal object to be gained by the construction of telephone-lines is the improvement in facilities for reporting fires quickly, and to direct the handling of fires. While the telephone- lines are considered purely and simply fire-protective equipment, they are opened to limited user by settlers, miners, logging operators, and the public where such service will not interfere with its use for fire-protection work. In many cases, of course, great assistance in reporting fires is obtained by the installation of telephones in such places. No lines are constructed where it is thought the conditions justify commercial telephone-lines, and only nominal charges for service are made. Cabins are usually erected for the shelter of patrolmen in localities distant from settlement, although occasionally a headquarters cabin for use by Rangers must be built. On the Coast and on the navigable waters of the Interior, water transportation frequently affords the only means for travel, and launches, rowboats, and canoes are provided where established commercial lines of water transportation will not answer the purpose. The Branch now owns and is using three launches 50 feet or more in length, six launches 35 to 40 feet in length, eleven launches under 30 feet in length, and twenty canoes, dug-outs, and rowboats. Outside four small launches which are on Kootenay, Arrow, Mable, and Quesnel Lakes, these launches are all in coastal waters. A number of small launches, canoes, and rowboats are needed and several 36-foot launches, but when these are supplied the Branch will be equipped for a number of years. The following table shows the total amount of improvement-work completed and the number of boats purchased during the year, together with the cost:— Permanent Improvements constructed by the Forest Branch, 1913, classified by -Kind, Number, Amount, and Cost. Kind oi Improvement. Number. Miles. Total Cost. Cost per Mile or Unit. Horse-trails Bridges Telephone-lines Launches, boats, and canoes 69 18 2 12 36 5 10 1,015 168 360 $37,192 75 4,135 09 100 00 22,248 39 33,300 00 1,666 30 1,899 95 $36 64 24 02 50 00 61 80 333 26 190 00 Totals 146 100,542 48 There is attached a map giving the approximate location of the various improvement projects, which are briefly described in the list which follows:— List of Permanent Improvement Projects (Key to Map). Cranbrook District. 1. Elk River Telephone-line, 45 miles completed. 2. Mount Baker Look-out Station and Cabin, 6 miles of trail and 6 miles of telephone-line. 3. Goat Mount Look-out Station and Cabin, 3% miles of trail and 3 miles ot telephone-line. 4. Upper Kootenay River Horse-trail, 43% miles completed. 5. Corn Creek Horse-trail, 14 miles completed. 6. Lodgepole Creek-Flathead River Horse-trail, 42 miles completed. 7. Russell Creek Horse-trail, 14 miles completed. 18. Phillips-Couldrey Creek Horse-trail, 16% miles completed ; to be extended 18% miles. Fort George District. 1. Rowboat with Evinrude Motor for Quesnel Lake. 3. Pilot Mountain Look-out Station and Trail. 1 mile of trail. 7. Bear River Horse-trail, 16 miles completed. S. 'North Fork Fraser River Horse-trail, 5 miles completed. 9. Blackwater River Ranger Station Cabin. 3.0. Canoe Cache, Bednesti Lake. D 102 Report op the Minister of Lands. 1911 11. Cottonwood Stony Lake Horse-trail, 16 miles completed. 13. Portage, BednestiiClucolz Lakes, 2 miles of trail. 14. Willow River Horse-trail, 12 miles completed. 15. Blackwater-Fraser River Horse-trail (rebuilt), 15 miles. 16. Trail to T.L. 504, L. 4223, 3 miles (foot-trail). 17. Beaver Lake to Antoine Lake Horse-trail (repair), 10 miles. 18. Round Mountain Look-out Station and Trail, % mile. Hazelton District. 1. Breckenridge-Coldwater Creek Horse-trail, 9 miles. 2. Kitsumgallum Look-out Station and Foot-trail, 1% miles. 3. Lakelse Lake Look-out Station and Foot-trail, 1% miles. 4. Zymoetz River-Mud Lake Horse-trail, 10 miles. 5. Kitwancool Ranger Station Cabin. 7. Canoe, Ootsa Lake. 5. Copper River Ranger Station Cabin. 9. Bear River Ranger Station Cabin. 10. Terrace-Lakelse Lake Telephone-line, 17 miles. 11. Mud Lake Ranger Station Cabin. 12. Kitsumgallum Lake Boat-house. Island District. 1. Launch, Cowichan Lake. 3. San Juan River Horse-trail, 15% miles completed; to be extended 20 miles. 4. Gordon River-Cowichan Lake Horse-trail, 4% miles. 6. iSarita River Horse-trail, 6% miles. Kamloops District. 1. Big Bend Telephone-line, 62 miles completed; 29 miles paid for by Dominion Forestry Branch; to be extended 85 miles. 2. Humamilt Lake Boat. 4. Vavenby-Barriere Lake Horse-trail, 19% miles completed; to be extended 10 miles. 5. Adams River^North Thompson River Horse-trail, 15 miles. 6. 'North Thompson-Columbia Horse-trail, 18 miles. 7. Lemieux Creek-Mahood Lake Horse-trail, 21 miles completed; to be extended 4 miles. 8. Adams Lake-Seymour Arm Horse-trail, 26 miles. 9. Louis Creek-iBarriere Horse-trail, 3 miles. 10. Mount Olie-Clearwater Horse-trail, 17 miles. 12. Goldstream Ranger Station Cabin. 15. Barriere River-Squam Bay Horse-trail, 4 miles completed ; to be extended 9 miles. 116. Adams Lake^North Barriere Horse-trail, 18 miles completed ; to be extended 12 miles, 18. 13-Mile Ranger Station Cabin. Lillooet District. 1. Anderson-Blackwater Lakes Horse-trail, 12 miles. 2. -Blackwater Lake Canoe. 3. 70-Mile House-Jameson's Place (Loon Lake), 10 miles. Nelson District. 1. Fire Patrol Launch, Kootenay Lake. 2. Fire Patrol Launch, Arrow Lake. 3. Kettle River Telephone-line, 27% miles completed; to be extended 16 miles. 4. Duncan River Telephone-line, 40 miles completed ; to be extended 8 miles. 6. 'Nakusp Boat-house for the Arrow Lake Launch. 7. Davis Creek Foot-trails (two), 9 miles. 5. East Creek Foot-trail, 7% miles. 10. Mosquito Creek-Whatshan Lake Horse-trail, 3 miles completed; to he extended 3 miles. 11. Mosquito Greek Horsejtrail, 6 miles. 12. Wilson Creek Horse-trail, 7 miles completed; to be extended 5 miles. 14. West Fork of Dog Creek Horse-trail, 14 miles completed; to be extended 14 miles. 15. Arrow LakenShield's Station Horse-trail, 4% miles. 16. East side Columbia River Horse-trail, 15 miles. 17. Boulder Creek Horse-trail, 4 miles. Il8. East Fork of North Fork Salmon River Horse-trail, 2 miles. 19. Fruitvale-Nine-mile Creek Horse-trail, 6 miles. 21. Granite Creek Horse-trail, 2% miles. 22. Mount Donaldson Look-out 'Station, cabin built, wire strung, and telephones. 4 Geo. 5 Permanent Improvements. D 103 23. Erie-Second Relief Mine Telephone-line, 14 miles (to be installed next year). Expense shared between Second Relief Mine, Clarkson Estate, and Forest Branch. 24. Peter 'Creek-Bulldog Tunnel Horse-trail, 4 miles. 25. Boulder-Stevens Creek Horse-trail, 5 miles. 27. Poplar-Hope Creek House-trail (repaired), 4 miles. 30. Graham Creek Horse-trail, 7 miles completed ; to be extended 3 miles. 33. Cedar Creek-Christiana Lake Horse-trail, 4 miles. 35. Hall Creek Bridge (repaired) on Duncan River Trail. 37. Stevens Creek Bridge (repaired) on Duncan River Trail. Tete Jaune Cache District. 2. Goat River Ranger Station and Cabins. 3. Beaver River Horse-trail, 14 miles. 5. Cranberry Lake-Log jam (Canoe River) Trail, 25 miles. 10. Cottonwood River Horse-trail, 6% miles. 11. La Salle Creek Horse-trail, 3 miles. Vancouver District. 1-4. Launches for Patrol (6). 5. Heriot Bay Telephone-line. 52 miles. 6. Acteon Sound-Seymour Inlet Foot-trail, 3 miles. 7. Bond Sound-Kingcome Inlet Foot-trail, 4 miles. 9. Estero Basin-Bute Inlet Foot-trail. 2 miles. 10. Forward Harbour-Beaver Creek Foot-trail, 3% miles. 11. Gordon Pasha-Powell Lakes Foot-trail, 15 miles. 12. Gordon Pasha-iSt. Vincent Bay Foot-trail, 4 miles. 13. Indian River-Mamquam River Foot-trail, 48 miles. 14. Jackson Bay-Glendale Cove Foot-trail, 15 miles. 15. Lillooet River-Pemberton Meadows Horse-trail, 30 miles. 18. Port Neville-Call Creek Foot-trail, 5 miles. 19. Rainy Creek-Salmon Arm Foot-trail, 13 miles. 20. Stave-Harrison Lakes Foot-trail, 25 miles completed ; to be extended 0 miles. 22. CampbellJSalmon River Horse-trail, 48 miles completed; to be extended 7 miles. 23. Shoal Bay Ranger Station and Float for (Launches. 25. Miailaspina Inlet-Theodosia River Foot-trail, 21 miles. 26. Chilliwack River Horse-trail. Built in co-operation with Dominion Timber Branch. 27. Hsriot Bay Ranger Station and Float for 'Launches. Vernon District. 1. B.X. Mountain Look-out Station, 18% 'miles of telephone-Jine and 6 miles of trail. 2. White Mountain Look-out Station, 6 miles of telephone-line and trail. 3. Launch with Evinrude Motor for Mabel Lake. 4. Aberdeen-Fish Hawk Horse-trail, 32 miles. 6. Ellis-Penticton Creek Horse-trail, 3% miles completed; to be extended 5 miles. 7. Penticton Dam-K.V. Railway Horse-trail, 12 miles. 5. 'Saunders Ranch-Mabel Lake Horse-trail, 4 miles. 10. Trout to Jack's Creek Horse-trail, 18 miles. 11. White Mountain-Penticton Dam Horse-trail, 4% miles. 13. Whiteman's Lake-Bear Creek Horse-trail, 6 miles completed ; to be extended 30 miles. 14. Sawmill Creek-lLit'tle White Mountain Look-out Station Horse-trail, 6 miles. 15. Hope-Cambie Creek Horse-trail, 5 miles completed; to be extended 10 miles. 16. Cedar Creek-Cambie Creek Horse-trail, 20 miles. 17. Trepannier Creek-Main Trail, 11 miles. 18. Aberdeen Lake-iBelgo Dam Trail, 8 miles. 19. Lavington-B.X. Mountain Look-out Trail, 9 miles. 21. Deep Creek-Main Trail, 9 miles. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, H. R. MacMILLAN, Chief Forester. PART III. WATEE BEAtNTCH. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Report of the Comptroller of Water Rights 107 Report of Chairman of the Board of Investigation Ill Water-power Investigation Progress Report, by A. V. White, Commission of Conservation .. 114 Report of British Columbia Hydrographic Survey, by R. G. Swan 119 Amendments to " Water Act," by H. W. Grunsky 120 Report of the Chief Clerk 131 Report of the Chief Draughtsman 134 Reports of District Engineers— District No. 1, Victoria— Vancouver Island, by F. A. Knewstubb 135 Vancouver Division, by E. A. Jamieson 146 Vancouver Division, by W. C. Smith 14S Lillooet Division, by J. F. Rowlands 153 Quesnel Division, by A. W. Campbell 157 District No. 2, Kamloops, by W. R. Pilsworth 159 District No. 3, Nicola, by P. de Lautour 160 District No. 4, Okanagan, by O. F. D. Norrington 162 District No. 5, Kettle Valley, by C. Varcoe 164 District No. 0, Nelson, by W. J. E. Biker 166 District No. 7, South-east Kootenay, by H. B. Hicks 177 District No. 8, North-east and North-west Kootenay, by O. J. Bergoust ISO Memorandum on Rules, Regulations, and Fees under the " Water Act," by H. W. Grunsky .. 182 Rules, Regulations, and Fees under " Water Act" and Amendments 1SS Report on Meteorological Work, by J. M. Case 196 Precipitation Tables 199 Temperature Tables 203 Appendix No. 1—Forms used under the " Water Act" 204 Appendix No. 2—Headgates 209 Appendix No. 3—Useful Data and Equivalents 213 Appendix No. 4—Permits and Licences 213 Water Permits issued 219 Stream Measurements 234 Delia Lake, Vancouver Island. Brink of Delia Falls, Vancouver Island. Dawson Falls on Myrtle River, Clearwater Valley. Falls between Canim and Mahood Lakes, Lillooet District. REPORT OF THE WATER RIGHTS BRANCH. REPORT OF THE COMPTROLLER OF WATER RIGHTS. December 31st, 1913. lion. William R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit a report of the work of the Water Rights Branch for the year 1913. Accompanying this report and forming a part hereof will be found reports from J. F. Armstrong, Chairman of the Board of Investigation; H. W. Grunsky, an expert in irrigation institutions who has been engaged in an advisory capacity pending the reorganization of the Water Rights Branch; A. V. White, of the Committee on Conservation of Canada; and R. G. Swan, Chief Engineer of the British Columbia Hydrographic Survey. The report of A. V. White is on the progress made in securing information for the forthcoming publication to be entitled " The Water-powers of British Columbia." In the administration of the " Water Act" and general work of the Branch, the recommendations submitted during 1912 and enacted through amendments to the Act in the session of 1913 provided the machinery by which administration became effective. The organization of this administrative machinery was promptly taken up and is slowly but surely being rounded out. The organization up to a point is complete, but there remain important features, the working-out of which will require time if the best results are to be obtained. Districts. At the beginning of the present year of administration the first step taken was the defining of the main water districts and the appointment of Engineers thereto. The mountain divides were followed, but as the season advanced it became obvious the boundaries would have to be governed by transportation facilities. The districts as now determined are as follows:— District No. 1 Victoria. District No. 2 Kamloops. District No. 3 Nicola. District No. 4 Okanagan. District No. 5 Kettle Valley. District No. 6 Nelson. District No. 7 South-East Kootenay. District No. 8 North-East and North-West Kootenay. The District of Victoria is practically the whole of the Province north of the Railway Belt, including Vancouver Island. It was considered inadvisable to have divisions within this district for a time. Later on it will be divided as transportation facilities improve and development increases. In placing Engineers in these districts they were appointed as acting. This was considered advisable, it being important that the men filling these positions should not only have engineering training, but should to a degree be administrators, as many of the discretionary powers formerly vested in the Water Recorders have, under the amendments of 1913 of the " Water Act," now been vested in the Engineers. Sub-offices for the Engineers were opened in the principal city or town of each district. These sub-offices have served to bring the main office into closer touch with the water-user. Order or Work. f A definite order of work was adopted and followed throughout the season in all districts, except in one instance hereinafter referred to. This order was practically the same as that laid down in the " Instructions to Field Parties," issued in 1912, and is as follows:— (1.) Engineering investigation of old records: (2.) Systematic and continuous work in stream-measurement: (3.) A study of the proper duty of water: D 108 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 (4.) The prevention of wasteful use of water: (5.) Policing of streams: (6.) Economic distribution and delivery of water: (7.) Inspecting water systems to determine their efficiency and safety: (S.) Determination of storage possibilities: (9.) The investigation of water-powers. Of this order, the first has taken up by far the major portion of the season. In many sections successful water administration is dependent on the determinations by the Board of Investigation of rights under old records. It was therefore of primary importance that the engineering forces at the command of the Comptroller be so disposed of as to co-operate with the Board to the best advantage. On two occasions it became necessary to place a number of parties in one section that reports might be submitted in time to permit of the Board proceeding in accordance with arranged dates for hearings. To what extent the remaining lines of work were carried out is particularly referred to in the reports from the Acting District Engineers. In some districts Board-work occupied practically all the time. In others the Board-work was completed and a start made on the remaining lines. In every district, however, the Engineer has made special investigations at the instance of the Comptroller, thus enabling the latter to submit promptly decisions on contentious matters that otherwise would have dragged on indefinitely. Reorganization. It may be stated that the organization as regards the District Engineers' offices and general order of work is fairly launched. Results will now depend on the energy, efficiency, initiative, and discretion of the officers in charge. The work of reorganization at the head office has. however, proceeded more slowly. This has been unavoidable because of the great amount of back work to be cleared up, while at the same time the current work could not be neglected. The organization of the districts meant the removal from the Drawing Office of eight men. As several hundreds of water maps had to be made, as well as many hundreds of plats for the Board and general office, the places of these men had to be filled. A high order of work has been insisted on, and it was only after some months that a sufficient number of draughtsmen were secured whose work came up to the standard set. A Drawing Office system was adopted in 1912 that has been adhered to throughout the year. The method of filing, however, necessitates a change if records are to be kept in an accessible form. Any system introduced must be compact and at the same time complete, for the time will come when a large quantity of records and documents will collect. This matter has been receiving careful thought and study, and some action will be taken during the coming year. The general office has been dealt with in the report of the Chief Clerk. It will be noted that a careful study of system has been made. District offices have been organized, and their system of keeping records standardized and made to conform with that established in the head office. The experience of the year shows that the work of complete reorganization will require time. While considerable progress has been made, much remains to be done. Careful study has shown that, of the lines of work undertaken, it will be necessary that two shall be supervised by specially trained experts acting over the whole Province, but in co-operation with the District Engineers, if the best results are to be obtained. These are the study of the duty of water and the administration and investigation of water-powers and waterworks. It was thought at the beginning of the season that the Acting District Engineers could carry out the duty of water tests, but it has been found impossible for them to give this important work the time it merited, and this condition will continue for several years to come. In the circumstances it will be necessary to appoint a special officer for this work. His duty will be to go into the several districts and arrange the tests, and with the co-operation of the District Engineers and public-spirited farmers, note results. An effort was made early in the year to secure the co-operation of the Departments of Agriculture, both Provincial and Dominion, but no arrangements were completed. It is hoped that the coining season will see an active organization at work. In the matter of administration and investigation of water-powers, while the District Engineer will investigate undeveloped power-sites and obtain data relating thereto, as well as 4 Geo. 5 Report of the Comptroller of Water Eights. D 10!) data relating to storage possibilities, the work connected with power-sites under development and powers operating make imperative the appointment of an assistant in charge of water-power investigation. The work of this assistant will for the present include investigation into waterworks installations, quite a number of which are now in operation in unincorporated districts. Inasmuch as the "Water Act" is designed to assist the unincorporated districts with respect to administration affecting waterworks, it is proper that such a system of administration should be developed as will show from year to year the status of waterworks companies. Then, when a district incorporates and it is determined to expropriate, reliable data will be on file that will be of advantage to both the company affected and the municipality. The first steps towards the organization of this important work have been taken. For the present supervision will remain with the Comptroller, but eventually an officer will take charge. Hydrographic and Topographic Surveys. This year has been marked by the establishment of hydrographic work on a new basis. For several years the Dominion Government has carried on hydrographic work in the Railway Belt. During the season of 1912 a start in this work was made by the Water Rights Branch, but :io effort was made to co-operate with the Dominion officials, with the result that there was needless overlapping of results. Before discussing the new arrangement for hydrographic work, a closely related matter must be mentioned. This is the recent handing-over of the administration of water in the Railway Belt from the Dominion to the Province. The importance of this cannot be overestimated. It cleared the way for the Board of Investigation to make determinations, and enabled the administration to cope with the contentions that have been a detriment to development. Inasmuch as Dominion and Provincial waters are dealt with by the Province, it is necessary to systematize the collection of fees, rentals, etc., in order that the amount due the respective parties may be promptly determined and an accounting submitted at the end of each fiscal year. The question of accounting as a whole has been under consideration, as will be noted in the report of the Chief Clerk, and this phase of it will shortly be rounded into a form that is hoped will be satisfactory to the Dominion and equitable to the Province. The outcome of the transfer of water administration to the Province was the establishment of the British Columbia Hydrographic Survey, with headquarters in Vancouver and branches throughout the Province. Co-operation accordingly became possible between the Dominion and Province in hydrographic work. The decision of the Dominion to maintain its staff of hydro- graphers in the Railway Belt even after the transfer of the water administration to the Province was the first step leading up to the new arrangement. Consensus of opinion has been that if this work, which is of basic importance in every use to which water may be put under the Act, was to be most advantageously, economically, and efficiently carried on, it could only be so through co-operation between Dominion and Province. An agreement between officials of the respective Departments was reached which was eventually approved by the Ministers. This provided for co-operation that has placed systematic and continuous stream-gauging on a firm basis. To a great extent this relieves the Engineers of the Water Branch from hydrographic work on the main streams and rivers. They will, however, still continue to give intensive work close attention, especially in the dry belts, where contentions arise or may be anticipated. The immediate value of the arrangement for co-operation lies in the fact that a body of trained Engineers will give their whole time to the basic work of stream-measureuient. This made it possible for the Water Branch Engineers to devote more time to the investigation of water-power sites and conservation possibilities, in respect of which so much remains to be done. This report contains hydrographic diagrams that will to an extent be omitted another year. Because of the lack of data of this kind, it was considered advisable that something be published at once that would bring to the attention of all who might be interested the manner in which the work is done and the results which may be achieved through co-operation in obtaining data. The British Columbia Hydrographic Survey will in due course annually publish complete data. The Province will make use of this data in the preparation of such diagrams as may be necessary in reporting on power possibilities in a way that should give an impetus to development. The time has arrived for accumulating systematic data in topographic surveys. This work must go forward, as the data secured is inseparable from hydrographic data. The Dominion Engineers have practically completed topographic work in the Railway Belt and are now working B 110 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 in various other sections of the Province. It is of primary importance that some order of work be adopted. It is necessary in many instances that watersheds be determined at an early date. The Water Branch lias made a beginning and will carry on the work during the coming season. If the Dominion and Province have to continue in this work, it might be so arranged that one would concentrate in the determination of the main watersheds, the other in the determination of the smaller watersheds within the larger. Too great stress cannot be laid on the importance of both hydrographic and topographic work. In many cases accurate data and maps furnished by disinterested public officials, the accuracy of which is acknowledged through the system employed in its gathering, give an impetus to development that otherwise would be delayed. Such information enables engineer advisors of interested capital to submit preliminary reports on projects promptly. If these are favourable, more thorough surveys will be made of the ground; but without the first method of confirming statements it is impossible for the Province to secure early development of its water resources. It may be added that were the Province to attempt to encourage the development of its land resources without making surveys to determine the location and extent of such lands as a basis for its administration, confusion would result. It is likewise futile for the Province to endeavour to secure the development of its water resources without complete surveys. " Water Act." In the general procedure of dealing with applications for water rights, it became apparent that an impression prevailed that the requirements of the " Water Act" made procedure complicated. The effect was much needless correspondence and frequent delays over small points. Very often the onus of the delays rested with applicants. The result was that in a number of cases where capital was ready to invest, instead of first securing a title, work was pushed ahead on the strength of the application alone. It was an unpleasant task for this office to insist on requirements being complied with in every detail, so to simplify matters for the applicant and at the same time provide that the procedure would be expedited, instead of giving verbal instructions, the necessary forms were handed out clearly explained and in very many instances filled in. In practically every instance, when required, draft forms of petition for approval of undertaking were supplied. All this meant extra time in the early stages of the procedure, but the uniformity brought about as a result meant in reality, and on the whole, valuable time saved. A brief outline was prepared giving each step of the procedure under application for both •commercial and non-commercial purposes. These were supplied to applicants, law firms, and others, wherever it was seen that such information would be of value. This outline of procedure in the appropriation of water and in filing claims before the Board of Investigation, as well as the rules and regulations adopted under the " Water Act," are to be found hereinafter. Of these, particular attention is drawn to the memorandum in explanation of the rules and regulations, which, though not part of the rules and regulations, is included that those interested may more clearly grasp the principles laid down. Special Surveys. A departure was made from the regular order of work on the Capilano, Lynn, and Seymour Creeks, where special water surveys were undertaken. This came about through the work of preparing engineering reports on records for the Board of Investigation, and also because of the number of objections to applications pending. It was obvious that, if the waters of those streams were to be administered in a manner that would be in the interest of the municipalities as a whole, complete knowledge of the watersheds was necessary. In this work the Forest Branch co-operated this year, cruising the Seymour watershed, and next year will complete the work on the other two watersheds. Too great stress cannot be laid on the importance of forest conservation in this instance, as may be noted in particular in the report on the Capilano. It will require another season's work to complete the data, which, briefly summarized, will include the accurate determination of the watersheds, the profiling and contouring of streams, the contouring of all reservoir-sites, a complete cruise of timber showing that which is alienated and that which is still in the Crown in the right of the Province, and the establishment of rain-gauges, permanent weirs, and stream-gauges. Inasmuch as pollution of streams comes under the jurisdiction of the Water Rights Branch, it is inevitable that something be done this coming season to guard against a repetition of what 4 Geo. 5 Board of Investigation. D 111 happened during the season just closed, and referred to in no uncertain tone by the health officers. In fact, it is imperative that some control be exercised over travel in and out of these valleys. The solution to the administration of these sources of domestic water-supply would seem to be in the appointment of a commission, as has been mooted in the Vancouver section from time to time. The work as outlined above, coupled with information on administration by commission now being sought, will tend to make this a possibility at an earlier date than would be possible otherwise, and any regulations formulated should be in line with the principles established in the Water and Health Acts, should take into consideration the extensive rights vested in the Crown, and should have due regard for the vested tights of others, whether in land, minerals, or timber. Investigation op Water-powers by Commission of Conservation. The Water Branch as a whole has been of assistance to the Commission of Conservation in the investigation of water-powers of the Province. With several exceptions, all the field engineers have been of service in this work, while the staff at the head office have assisted in compiling information from files and records. Acknowledgments. Much of the hydrographic and meteorological data herein compiled has only been possible through the co-operation of others. Acknowledgments are due J. B. Challies, the Superintendent of Water-powers Branch, Department of the Interior, Ottawa; E. T. Baynes Reed, Superintendent of the Dominion Observatory, Victoria; G. R. G. Conway, of the British Columbia Electric Railway Company; and Messrs. Ritchie and Agnew and others. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, WILLIAM YOUNG, B.Sc.,M.Can.Soc.C.E., Comptroller of Water Rights. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF INVESTIGATION. By J. F. Armstrong. Victoria, B.C., December 31st, 1913. Hon. William, R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on the work of the Board of Investigation during the year 1913. During the previous year the Board had several meetings, but it had been found that the reports of the Engineers did not cover some points which it was essential to investigate. In the years 1912 and 1913 a good part of the irrigated portion of the Province has been covered liy Engineers' examinations, and the Board has been able to determine the rights of many claimants, as is shown by the statement of its work which is included in this report. Since the separation of the offices of the Comptroller of AVater Rights from that of the Chairman of the Board I have devoted nearly all my time to the work of the Board. Ernest Davis, civil engineer, has been a member of the Board during the whole year, and J. S. T. Alexander, barrister, since July 15th, 1913. Reports by these gentlemen are attached to mine. At the meetings which were held this year nearly all contests to claims which had not been decided previously were heard. In a few cases the parties were not ready and hearings were adjourned. In some other cases the evidence was so contradictory that Engineers will have to make further examinations. It rarely happens that the Board can decide offhand all the points which are involved in the determination of the rights under a record. After the evidence and argument have been heard, each record has to be compared with the prior records on the same I) 112 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 stream and with other records appurtenant to the same land. The Engineers' reports have to be examined and compared with the claims, and the necessity for further works has to be considered. The period of the year during which the water may be used or may be stored has to be set, and consideration has to be given to the delay which should be allowed for filing plans, commencing and completing works, and the putting the water to beneficial use. When these terms and conditions have been settled, a memorandum of the determination is sent to the claimant in order that he may call the attention of the Board to any item which he does not consider correct. If no exception is taken, the Board enters its determination and orders the issue of a licence ill substitution of the former record. In every decision which has been given the Board has been unanimous. The determinations made by the Board have established certain principles which may now be considered as precedents :— (1.) That a record which did not set out clearly the information and terms required by the Act under which it was granted was an imperfect record, and that in such cases the Board would supply the deficient terms and conditions according to the intention of the Act and of the parties to the original record: (2.) That the Board in ordering the issue of licences replacing the former records will make the terms and conditions of such licences as similar as possible to those of a licence granted under the Act now in force: (3.) That the "object" of records granted for agricultural purposes was the irrigation of lands then lawfully occupied or owned by the grantee named in the record, and that a precise description of the lands should have been given in the record. Wheii this has not been done the Board shall determine what lands were intended to be served: (4.) That the non-use of a record for many years is a sufficient ground for its cancellation, but that under the provisions of section 44 of the " Water Act" the Board may grant delay for construction of the works and confirm the record if works are constructed during the delay: (5.) That any person may object to the confirmation of a record if the Board considers that it is in the public interest that he should be heard or that his private interests are injuriously affected: (6.) That if no point of diversion is set out in a record, the intake which has been used under the record will be deemed the point of diversion: (7.) That if no point of diversion is set out in a record and no use has been made of the water, the Board in determining the point of diversion may take into consideration works constructed by later record-holders: (8.) That the Board will not go back of the date of the record in determining the priority thereof: (9.) That the precedence enacted by section 50 of chapter 239, R.S.B.C. 1911, does not affect the priority and precedence established by section 49: (10.) That the Board in determining the quantity of water which may be used for irrigation purposes is not bound by the flow which is set out in the record in miners' inches: (11.) That in establishing the character of the necessary works the Board may require from the prior record-holder more substantial works than it could require from a later record-holder on the same stream. The Board held meetings as follows: Kelowna, April 10th; Cranbrook, April 18th ; Fernie, April 24th; Kelowna, May 2nd; Greenwood, June 10th; Grand Forks, June 12th; Cranbrook, June 10th; Fernie, June 18th; Elko. June 19th; Fort Steele, June 20th; Vancouver, June 29th; Nicola, August 2nd; Keremeos, August 18th ; Princeton, August 20th ; Ashcroft, September ISth; Windermere, September 25th; Invermere, September 26th; Victoria (for Green River), October 9th; Lytton, October 27th; Spence's Bridge, October 29th ; Kamloops, November 1st; Ashcroft, November 17th; Summerland, November 19th; Peachland, November 21st; Penticton, November 24th; Fairview, November 26th ; Kamloops, December 1st. These meetings lasted from one to three days. The claims, objections, Engineers' reports, and water-rights map were open to public inspection at or before each meeting. Argument and evidence was heard on most of the contested claims. 4 Geo. 5 Board of Investigation. D 113 General Statement oe Water Records under Former Act, as on December 10th, 1913. Total number of which the Board have any knowledge 7,260 Total number investigated to December 10th, 1913 2,446 Total number to be investigated 4,814 Of the records investigated, there have been confirmed 1,031 Of the records investigated, there have been cancelled 483 Of the records investigated, the determination not yet concluded 932 2,446 In connection with the 1,031 records confirmed, there have been issued memorandum of the determination 533 Orders for licence for irrigation purposes, diversion only 272 Orders for licence for irrigation purposes, storage only 30 Orders for licence for domestic purposes, diversion only 37 Orders for licence for municipal purposes, diversion only 21 Orders for licence for industrial purposes, diversion only 33 Orders for licence for power purposes, diversion only 2 Orders for licence for the filing of plans 131 In connection with the 483 records which are to be cancelled, orders for cancellation have been issued for 276 At the present rate of progress the Board expects to have the 932 pending determinations complete by March 1st. The Engineers, having concluded the season's surveys, are now completing their reports. When these are received the Board will prepare for resuming hearings in April. . Records. Records investigated. Investigated. Not investigated. Total. Confirmed. Cancelled. Pending. 308 296 328 1 40 28 " 706 708 31 30 129 608 54 997 468 16 578 340 303 257 105 202 52 199 247 229 ■30 129 608 308 350 1,325 469 16 578 380 331 963 105 910 52 199 247 260 174 206 82 1 28 13 291 233 3 79 37 72 12 8 117 136 22 Atlin Cariboo 55 53 Kamloops Lillooei 174 New Westminster Revelstoke Victoria Yale "7 298 339 "6 2,446 4,814 7,260 1,031 483 932 I have, etc., J. F. Armstrong, Chairman, Board of Investigation. D 114 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 WATER-POWER INVESTIGATION PROGRESS REPORT. By' Arthur V. White, M.E. (Engineer in Charge.) (Commission of Conservation, Ottawa.) Ottawa, December 8th, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In response to your recent request that there be furnished for your forthcoming Annual Report a memorandum briefly outlining the work which, co-operatively with your Branch, the Commission of Conservation has been prosecuting in connection with the investigation of the water-power resources of British Columbia, the following statement is respectfully submitted. When the Commission of Conservation commenced to assemble information relating to the natural resources of Canada, it was early recognized that no data existed upon which to base any comprehensive estimate of Canada's water-powers. In 1909 efforts were made to assemble, by means of field investigation and otherwise, data upon which to base a report dealing with water-power resources. It was perceived, however, that it would be impossible to do justice to the water-powers of British Columbia without making more extensive investigation than was required by the Eastern Provinces; and to bestow this extra attention would naturally require special provisions and considerable time. In 1911 a report on " Water-powers of Canada " was issued, setting forth such information as had been assembled, more especially respecting Eastern Canada, and in this report the Commission promised to conduct a special examination in British Columbia. In the summer of 1911 arrangement was made to commence special field reconnaissance investigation. In beginning this work it was concluded best to start to cover, systematically, the territorial area of the Province, and as the area south of the Railway Belt, together with the Railway Belt itself, constituted a stretch of territory which contains the bulk of the population of the Province, and comprises many water-power possibilities which are of more immediate economic importance, it was decided to commence in the Kootenays. The efforts first put forth in Ea"st Kootenay soon brought out the fact that the rate of progress in covering the ground would be much slower than had been anticipated, and also that the proportion of money available from the annual appropriation of the Commission would not permit of operations as extensive as were desired. Commission of Conservation and Department of Lands co-operate. Lpon the commencement of the work, the Premier, Honourable Richard McBride, and Honourable W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands, stated that the objects of the proposed investigation would commend themselves to the Executive of the Province, and assurance was given that, so far as the Provincial Government was able so to do, every possible assistance would be rendered. The Honourable Mr. Ross expressed the belief that, if efforts were made to arouse general appreciation of the importance and value of the Provincial waters, more intelligent co-operation on the part of the surveyors, engineers, fire wardens, game wardens, road superintendents, timber cruisers, and others might be secured in assisting to assemble certain preliminary data respecting water-powers. This opinion was shared by Mr. Dawson, Surveyor-General, and also by the officers of the Commission. It was decided, therefore, to issue forms to surveyors, timber cruisers, and others. The information that has come in on the forms has not amounted to as much as was hoped, but more is expected. It seems clear that the chief reason for this paucity is that most persons whose work requires them to go into the less-travelled portions of the Province usually have more than sufficient to engage their attention upon their own work; and while no doubt willing to assist in other ways, yet the time and opportunity is not easily created in which to render any, so to speak, special outside services. In 1912 the suggestion of the Honourable the Minister of Lands was further acted upon, and a small manual entitled " Instructions Relating to the Gathering of Certain Preliminary Information Respecting Water-powers" was issued. The pamphlet includes a brief statement setting forth some requirements respecting the gathering in the field of certain data appertaining 4 Geo. 5 Water-power Investigation. D 115 to water resources, and is designed to be a guide to persons who may assist upon such work. The pamphlet was printed by the Province and half the edition made available for distribution by the Commission of Conservation. It may be pointed out that in most of the more isolated places where the field parties have been it has been almost impracticable to transport a metering outfit, and yet it was desired that miscellaneous measurements of stream-flow be taken whenever possible. Some special investigations had been made by the United States Geological Survey respecting the measurement of stream-discharge by surface floats, and the data resulting from these investigations had been analysed and compiled by R. H. Bolster, and were permitted to be published in the pamphlet above mentioned by the courtesy of M. O. Leighton, then Chief Hydrographer of the United States Geological Survey. The table of coefficients applicable to surface-float measurements as published has been of considerable service in connection with the reconnaissance work. This useful table is as follows:— The mean surface velocity (feet per second) X the mean cross-sectional area (square feet) X a constant K = the discharge of the stream in cubic feet per second. The constant K varies quite widely under different channel conditions, ranging from a minimum of about 0.70 to a maximum of about 0.90 or more. In general, K can be said to vary inversely as the slope (or velocity), inversely as the roughness, directly as the depth, and indirectly as the width (for narrow streams). Interpolate for conditions not given in the table. Most Probable Values for Coefficient K. Velocity (Feet per Second). Average Depth (Feet). Site of Material on Bottom (Feet). Coefficient. \ or less 1 i 0.80 to 0.85 2 u 2 ii 0.75 to 0.80 5 2 n 2 ,, 0.80 5 1 i 0.75 2 „ 2 n 5 0.75 10 » 2 or less 2 n 1 J or less 1 0.70 0.85 to 0.90 0.85 2 » 5 5 5 0 85 J or less 1 0.85 0.85 5 5 0.80 to 0.85 J or less 1 0.80 to 0.85 10 // 10 a 5 0.80 0.80 15 15 1 • 0.90 2 n 1 0.90 2 i, 15 0.90 5 15 15 i 0.90 5 1 0.90 5 15 3 or more i. 1 0.85 to 0.90 15 15 15 0.90 10 i, 0.85 to 0.90 10 a 0.85 to 0.90 The coefficient close to abutments, or piers, usually lies between 0.90 and 1.00, and is often greater than unity. Similarly, for channels with rectangular sides and a width not greater than about three times the average depth, the coefficient is likely to be higher than 0.90 and sometimes greater than unity. Financial Assistance and other Co-operation. After the experience of 1911 it was discovered that with the funds available from the Commission appropriation it would not be possible to cover the Province as rapidly as desired, and upon learning this fact the Minister of Lands, to expedite the work, arranged for substantial financial assistance. It is interesting to observe that in the United States a considerable amount of the waters investigation is carried on co-operatively between the Federal and State authorities. D 116 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 For example, in the West during the fiscal year 1912 the Water Resources Branch of the United States Geological Survey received for such co-operative work from the State authorities of California $25,000; from Idaho, $12,500; and from Washington, $4,400. All contributing States supplied a total of nearly $114,000, and the co-operation has proved of great mutual benefit. The funds provided by the Minister of Lands enabled additional engineers to be placed in the field, and permitted the dispatching of parties up the mainland coast, beginning just north of Powell River. In 1911 the Waters Branch of the Department of the Interior, Ottawa, under the direction of J. B. Challies, was administering the Railway Belt, and investigation of these waters was being made by a Hydrographic Office that had recently been established at Kamloops. This office, under the charge of P. A. Carson, undertook the work of investigating the water-powers within the Railway Belt and of supplying the hydrographic data for this district. The Department of Public Works, Canada, in 1912 commenced an instrumental survey of the Columbia River around the Big Bend. Through the courtesy both of the Department and the District Engineer directing the survey, F. W. Aylmer, it was arranged that the Commission of Conservation might attach a man to this survey party in order that he might make water-power investigations of the Columbia and its tributaries, using the main survey party as a base for operations. By request, this privilege was placed at the disposal of the engineer who was then in charge of the water-power work for the Province. It is hoped that another opportunity may be made for further examination of this Big Bend country. 'Co-operation in gathering data has also been extended, through the Surveyor-General, by the British Columbia land surveyors; by the Forest Branch; by the Electric Energy Inspection Branch; by the Provincial Seeretary; by the principal power companies operating in the Province ; by practising engineers and others; to all such the Commission is deeply grateful. Some Governing Conditions in British Columbia are Unique. The season during which it is profitable to carry on such reconnaissance water-power investigations as we have been making in British Columbia is comparatively short. One of the chief difficulties encountered is that it is almost impossible for observers to avoid over- recording in their notes the power possibilities of streams observed during high stages. The young engineers are impressed with the quantity of water coming down the rivers and have not the advantage of having perceived the same streams at their low winter stages, nor the knowledge of measurements of the flow of such streams by which to regulate their judgment. In conversing with engineers engaged in performing similar work in the United States, it has been ascertained that they experience similar difficulty, and have therefore endeavoured, as much as possible, to do the work when the streams are neither approaching nor at their flood stages. This fact is mentioned because it helps to show why the time is so limited during which these special investigations may iirofitably be pursued. The conditions affecting powers in this Province are unique, and do not closely correspond to those existent in other portions of Canada. This is especially true of the north mainland coast. One cannot but be impressed with the fact that coastal water-powers in British Columbia, which to the casual observer may appear to be of comparatively small amount, when economically and fully developed as some have and are being developed by companies operating in British Columbia, are nevertheless capable of yielding several-fold the power they would according to any appraisement of streams which would apply to Eastern Canada. The fact that glaciers, melting snow, and heavy rainfall abound, and many storage possibilities, known and unknown, exist, constitute the unique factors, and these contribute to enhance the values of powers. These conditions, on the other hand, require special and very careful engineering investigation and expert handling—a fact which must not be forgotten. Remarks respecting Field-work. One of the objects of the power investigation is to determine the locations of possible power- sites, indicate respectively their possible amounts, and also to give such information publicity. In this way knowledge of the water-power possibilities of British Columbia will be communicated to other parts of Canada and to other countries. jk . l <<ImHI P. '■fcyBN 8 ' K^^H fe*^^^IH j^^ss BJT' it K-Hl Il9 pi % s£.' Hyywtt * *:'" --..- ,,.,-^iWiS,.-- ■ ■HP ■:-:. ..:..". '-■■ ■ 'V:.v' :: ■ .;;:..„! BUS f;^M|NffB^| j&QJHsaO^ ~* r,-t»<iwr' SSW-V.- •- .^z&fifSk***^ -"3 fits S^m^W^- '~(Pi ■■^ihi7 m '; :: ^■wjv ■ -tHBww >*• & m Box Canyon, Canyon Creek. There are numbers of such canyons on coast streams. Lizette Falls, Masset Inlet. Over 400 feet fall in half a mile. Typical of many falls adjacent to tide-water. Brem River, Toba Inlet. Typical of upper portion of many coast streams committed to conservation. o a i,> iSW-v v. VsWt&"-- - 4i- ,*" ,„ *s§i »?* §■1 -*^ •• r4-....... -• \Smfwk : . ■-'... " 4 Geo. 5 Water-power Investigation. D 117 It is desired to present the results of the investigation as much as possible in tabular form, giving at least the name of the stream and the local name (if any) of the fall or rapid; the area of each watershed* ; the height of the respective falls or rapids ; remarks upon the character of the banks, etc.; and an estimate of the possible amount of power. Accompanying this brief statement are some views which serve to exemplify some of the special characteristics of the streams of the Province. The titles of the various photographs are self-explanatory. In general, the Province has already been canvassed from the International Boundary to the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific, and also some territory north of the line. In 1913 the chief field-work was performed on the Coast and in the Northern Interior. The Honourable the Minister of Lands had again made provision for increased financial assistance for 1913; this enabled a 40-foot gasolene-launch to be equipped, and with it a party continued the investigation of the mainland coast, and also a portion of Vancouver Island. This Coast party consisted of C. J. Vick, C. C. Lyall, B. N. Simpson, and C. S. Cowan. Alfred Fuehr was engineer on the launch " Lizette," which travelled 2,500 miles, covering from Powell River to Gardner Canal, and from the north of Vancouver Island to Campbell River. The interior party consisted of G. H. Ferguson, A. J. McPherson, F. G. Bird, and B. Corbould, and it worked from Hazelton as a base. These parties have secured considerable additional information. In reducing the data which has been assembled so as to make it represent the water-power possibilities, it has been the custom of the officers of the Commission not to make any deductions of power possibilities until, one might say, just before the report is ready for publication. This is because it is necessary to secure all, even fragments of reliable hydrographic information. At best such data is quite meagre. Having this fact in mind, it will be intelligible when it is stated that no tables of estimated horse-power have yet been extended for any of the years during which the Commission has been making investigations in British Columbia, and it may yet be a few months before this part of the work is performed, and even then it is going to be a troublesome and more or less unsatisfactory task as compared with what it would be were more hydrographic data available. The report will include subject-matter dealing with the law of the Province as relating to waters, to various procedures under the law, and to other cognate matters. When published, copies of the report will, of course, be available for all the members of the staff of the Water Rights Branch, and for such other purposes as the Minister or Comptroller may require. Relating to the cost of operating the parties for food and travel, it may be interesting to observe that during 1912, in the Cariboo District, the average cost of food per man per day for the Quesnel River investigation was 80 cents; for the Blackwater River District, $1; and for Willow and Bear Rivers, $1.20. A fair average for the food for this work would be about $1 per man per day. Saddle-horses were usually secured for a party for $1.25 to $1.50 per day, and pack-horses from $1 to $1.25 per day. Frequently the man who hired out the horses would accompany same, receiving wages for his services. The Coast party in 1913 for over four months averaged less than 70 cents per man per day. Bench-marks should be careeully established. There are a number of instances where systematic gauge-readings have been taken, but where, owing to the fact that the gauges have not been properly referenced to permanent benchmarks', and where the gauges have been washed out or otherwise disturbed, the records have not had the reliable continuity which is necessary in order best to ensure their serviceability. Certain gauges on the Campbell River may be cited as one such instance. Some of these have been disturbed, and it is doubtful if the new gauges have always replaced the former ones so as to read to the same datum. The party investigating the Coast streams in November, 1913, made some bench-marks, and to them, by levels, respectively referenced the various gauges. The accompanying photographs are given as indicating what might elsewhere be done in this respect. The bench-marks in the rocks were chiselled in. They were whitened for the purpose of photographing. ^oFcoursc, in many instances the areas, especially for the smaller streams, can only be merest approximations. D 118 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1911 Whenever the engineers of the Water Rights Branch can establish good permanent benchmarks, either by a crow's foot neatly cut in the rock, or copper plug sunk in the rock and fastened with cement or otherwise, and carefully note and record the mark, such engineers will be rendering a permanent service.* International Boundary Waters. British Columbia has a large number of streams which cross and some of which recross the boundary, and in connection with the utilization of these waters there may be questions arise which will create problems requiring consideration by the Internationa] Joint Commission. Under the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1910, provision is made that waters flowing across the boundary shall not be polluted on either side to the injury of health or property on the other. The treaty contains provisions governing the erection of obstructions for the making of diversions, whether temporary or permanent, of boundary waters on either side of the line affecting the natural level or flow of boundary waters on the other side of the line; and it also provides that where there has been any interference with or diversion from their natural channel of waters on either side of the boundary resulting in any injury on the other side of the boundary, the injured parties shall have the same rights and be entitled to the same legal remedies as if such injury took place in the country where such diversion or interference occurs. Thus, by way of illustration, the Courts of British Columbia are open to the citizens of the State of Washington, and vice versa. Some of the streams which cross the International Boundary require careful consideration in their possible economic relations. On the United States side there are some power-sites which, if fully developed, might have important economic bearing upon possible developments in British Columbia, either by attracting industries or competitively affecting rates. For example, there is the possible development at Kettle Falls on the Columbia, and also on the same river the proposed development at The Dalles, at which latter site it has been estimated that a minimum of 300,000 24-hour horse-power, at a cost of $6.89 per horse-power per year, may be produced. Again, there is the permit granted in 1913 by the United States Federal Government involving the development of power on the Pend d'Oreille River (or Clark Fork), at location Townships 39 and 40 north, Range 43 east Williamette meridian, Washington, which permit calls for an installation within three years from 1913 of 50,000 horse-power. This power-site for the purposes of the permit is deemed and has been taken to be a 112,000 horse-power. It will be perceived, therefore, that, both with respect to treaty obligations and to economic and other factors, the Province of British Columbia is especially interested in the power and other potentialities of its boundary waters. Investigation of these waters is not being overlooked. The Comptroller of Water Rights has been providing the means by which his District Engineers, in their several districts, are to gather essential physical data.t * There are at present (November, 1913) six gauges on the Campbell River. These have been established and are being recorded by the Campbell River Power Company. Five gauges are placed on the lower river, their relative positions being shown on a plan entitled " Plan of Campbell River Power Co. Hydroelectric Power Scheme (No. 183a)," filed with the Water Rights Branch at Victoria. The sixth gauge is placed near the outlet of Lower Campbell Lake. On November 5th to 7th, 1013, bench-marks were established and the various gauges tied in, by level, by C. J. Vick, of the Commission of Conservation Coast party, as follows :— Gauge. Elevation of B.M. Datum. Remarks. No. 1 6.39 feet 18.50 n 12.00 ii 9.00 „ tS^OO i. 11.00 .. 11.00 ii Zero of gauge. n Crow's foot on top of large boulder below gauge-tender's cabin. Copper nails on cedar-tree in front of gauge-tender's cabin. (See illustration.) No. 2 No. 3 No. 5 Lake Gauge... Crow's foot on rock-face behind gauge. (See illustration.) Crow's foot on rook-face on south side of river. Visible from near gauge. Crow's foot on rock-face on falls side of gully below gauge. Copper nails on face cut in near-by cedar-tree. Crow's foot on rock-face near outlet of Irene Pool. Crow's foot on large rock adjacent to gauge. (See illustration.) tAdditional B.M. in case one on rock-face is covered at high water. t The Boundary Waters Treaty is reproduced as Appendix 1 of the Water-powers of Canada (Commission of Conservation. Ottawa, 1913). The Commission maintains offices for the Canadian Section at Ottawa, and tor the United States Section at Washington, D.C. Each office is in charge of a permanent Secretary. 1 Geo. 5 British Columbia Hydrographic Survey. D 119 In concluding this brief survey of the work as above outlined, the Commission of Conservation desired to express its deep appreciation of the assistance which the Government of British Columbia has extended through the Honourable the Minister of Bands, William R. Ross; and also to state that the hearty co-operation early extended by the then Acting Comptroller of Water Rights, J. F. Armstrong, and during 1913 by the Comptroller, William Young, and the members of his staff, has been of very great assistance. This co-operative aid which has been so generously extended by the Province to the work of the Commission is indeed most highly esteemed. I have, etc., Arthur V. White, Engineer in Charge. BRITISH COLUMBIA HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY. By R. G. Swan. December 11th, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following brief report of the work done by the British Columbia Hydrographic Survey :— As the agreement entered into by the Province of British Columbia and the Dominion of Canada, whereby the British Columbia Railway Belt Hydrographic Survey extended their work throughout the Province, did not take effect till the end of September, the amount of work accomplished this fall outside of the Railway Belt has not been very extensive. With the moving of the head office from Kamloops to Vancouver, it was decided to divide the territory to be covered into three divisions, with a Division Engineer in charge of each. Mr. Cline was stationed in Vancouver in charge of the Coast District; Mr. Dann was stationed in Kamloops in charge of the Kamloops District; and Mr. Richardson at Nelson in charge of the Kootenay Boundary District. In the Coast District the first work done outside the Railway Belt was on Bridge River. There is a good power-site on this river, and a gauge had already been established by the Provincial engineers on the highway-bridge above the canyon. The streams from which Vancouver and North Vancouver get their water-supply have never been regularly gauged. This fall, however, gauges were installed on Seymour, Lynn, and Capilano Creeks and meter measurements made. These stations are located just above the water-supply intakes, and daily gauge-readings are being taken by the men employed by the cities to look after the intakes. In Pemberton Meadows surveys are being made in connection with a drainage project through which the Lillooet River flows, and, as it is necessary to provide for the control of this river, a gauging-station was established on the highway-bridge and the first of a series of meter measurements made. There are good sites for power-development on Green River and Cheakamus River, and stations were established on both. On Green River a station was put in at the falls and another at the lake. On Cheakamus River the gauge was put in on the highway-bridge near the mouth of the stream. As the season was so far advanced in Mr. Dann's district, it was practically impossible for him to establish any new gauging-station. However, Mr. Dann was able to cover most of the territory in his district and get in touch with the Provincial engineers, and has made himself quite familiar with most of the hydrographic work that has been started by them, in order that he will be able to take hold of this work in the spring. Measurements were made this fall on Bear Creek, Powers Creek, Mission Creek, Inkameep Creek, Twenty-mile Creek, and the Tulameen River. An attempt was made to gauge the main Similkameen River, but had to be given up owing to the ice conditions. D 120 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 A large number of the rivers in this district are important, and there are minor irrigation streams of which a very thorough study will have to toe made, whether by members of this staff or your own is a matter to be decided by yourself. Previous to the time that Mr. Richardson was transferred to Nelson he had made several trips through the Nelson District, and in May of this year, in co-operation with Mr. Biker, the Provincial District Engineer, established metering-stations on the following rivers: The Columbia River at Trail; the Pend d'Oreille River nine miles above mouth; and the Kootenay River at Glade. The station on the Columbia was established on the highway-bridge, where an excellent metering section was available. On the Pend d'Oreille River your Department had already established a cable-station, and here a gauge was put in and the same section used. On the Kootenay River the Doukhobors had installed a cable for a ferry, and here a cable-car was used and a very suitable metering section obtained. Local residents were employed as gauge-readers and a continuous record of observations has been kept from June 1st of this year. The following stations were established by Mr. Richardson this fall after he was transferred to Nelson:— The Elk River near Elko; the station was established on the traffic-bridge about 150 yards above the head of a canyon which affords excellent power possibilities. The Kootenay River at Wardner; the station established here is also on the traffic-bridge. The Bull River at Cranbrook; the metering section here is from a railroad-bridge and the gauge-rod is on a traffic-bridge. Daily gauge-readings are being systematically recorded on the above streams, and this winter after they are frozen over Mr. Richardson hopes to take ice measurements in order to obtain low-water records. The expectation is that other streams throughout the Province on which data is required will be investigated as the need arises, and that stations established by the Provincial engineers of the Water Rights Branch will be gradually taken over. I have, etc., R. G. Swan, Chief Engineer. RECENT AMENDMENTS TO THE "WATER ACT.': By H. W. Grunsky'. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In response to your suggestion, I have made some notes on the recent amendments to the " Water Act," and I believe that any one who reads them carefully will see the necessity for these amendments, and will agree, further, that the " Water Act" as amended is a very strong and healthy piece of legislation, which will be appreciated better by the people of the Province with every year that passes. The framers of the 1909 Act are to be credited with embodying therein some splendid principles of conservation. Many of these had already been expressed in the " Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897," but were not, in that Act, accompanied by provisions which afforded the machinery for making them effective in actual administration. In the Act of 1909 for the first time the problem of dealing in a wholesale manner with the unsatisfactory records of former times was met. The aim was to wipe the slate clear of previous mistakes and to make a fresh start in water administration. A Board was created, known as the " Board of Investigation," for the purpose of determining and defining clearly the ownership and extent of all former grants respecting the use of the waters in the Province. The procedure respecting the granting of new rights was also revised with a view to guarding the public interest more closely. 4 Geo. 5 . Amendments to " Water Act." D 121 Placing water administration on a satisfactory basis was, however, a large order, and it is not surprising that experience in administering the 1909 Act should indicate that some of its provisions were unworkable, that others were defective, and that there were important omissions. Laws governing the use of water in the arid regions of the West, where irrigation and mining are largely practised, are of comparatively modern origin and are peculiar to those regions. There was little in the Statutes of the Eastern Provinces or in the law of the Mother-country that could be drawn upon. Therefore, British Columbia, like each of the Western States, has had to evolve, in the last fifty or sixty years, a system of water legislation and administration suited to her own conditions. In the following summary only the more important changes incorporated in the amendments of 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913 are given. Posting oe Notices made easier. In order that the Department may keep in touch with the applicant and the proposed use to be made by him of the water, information involving the careful answering of many questions must be obtained at some stage in the consideration of the application. Prior to 1909 the local officials in whose hands the administration of the waters was placed failed to secure this information with sufficient particularity, and it was natural that the framers of the 1909 Act should describe with great care in the Act itself just what information was to be required of an applicant. However, in insisting that greatly detailed information be given in the initial notices which applicants are required to post on the ground and to publish in a newspaper, the framers of the Act cast an unnecessary burden on applicants. The amendments since 1909 have removed this difficulty by permitting much of the information originally required in the initial notices to be given in the application itself, which is filed at a later stage, or in other forms. Under the 1909 Act, the applicant for an irrigation, power, or mining right had at least eleven questions to answer in his initial notice of application; if he wished a storage right, he had six more; and if the applicant happened to be a company, there were four more, making a total in this case of twenty-two. All the answers to these questions had to be not only posted, but published in a local newspaper and, in some instances, also, in the Gazette. (1909, c. 48, s. 56.) This made the cost of advertising unnecessarily high. In every case the applicant was required to state in his notice the " character of the proposed works." If the application was for mining or power purposes, the exact point where the water was to be returned to the natural channel was to be given in the posted and published notices, as well as the difference in altitude between the point of diversion and the point of return. If the application was for storage, the applicant was required to give the " area of the reservoir site or sites at each foot in depth above the outlet." If the application was to lower the level of any standing body of water, the applicant was required to give " the nature and character in detail of the works proposed to be constructed to provide for the discharge and penning-back of the water." (1909, s. 53 x—3).) Thus an accurate survey was almost a necessity before an intending applicant could post or publish his notices. Under the Act as amended, the information required in the initial notice is of the simplest nature, being in any case covered by not more than eight easily answered questions. The remaining information which the Department needs is called for at a later time. This makes it possible for the applicant to get his notices on the ground without loss of time, and greatly reduces his advertising expenses. The information required is, however, sufficient to put residents and owners in the locality affected on their guard, and to bring out any possible objections to the granting or even to the entertaining of the particular application. The points required to be stated under the Act as amended in a notice for a licence to take and use water for any purpose are as follows, the questions for storage being correspondingly simple: (1.) The name and address of the applicant: (2.) The Water Recorder's office in which the application will be filed: (3.) The name or a clear description of the stream from which the water will be diverted: (4.) The quantity of water in acre-feet per annum, cubic feet per second, gallons per day, or miners' inches applied for: (5.) The point of diversion: (6.) The purpose or purposes for which the water will be used: D 122 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 (7.) The premises where the water will be used, or the territory within which the water or the power generated from the water will be sold, bartered, or exchanged: (8.) The date when the notice was posted on the ground. (1912, c. 49, s. 27 (54) ; 1913, c. 82, s. 30.) Under the 1909 Act, the notices which were posted had to be on forms supplied by the Water Recorder (s. 53). This might work a hardship in some cases where parties who wished to post notices were far out of reach of any office and without a supply of forms. The Act as amended requires merely that the notices shall contain the essentials above enumerated. (1912, c. 49, s. 27.) The application, however, which may be made out and filed at the convenience of the applicant, must be on forms which are supplied by the Department and which may be secured from any of the local Water Recorders. (1912, c. 49, s. 27 (60).) While the initial notices are thus greatly simplified in the amendments, there is no abatement in the matter of getting explicit information from applicants. This information, however, is called for at a later stage, and applicants are in every case informed by letter as to each step which must be taken by them. They are also furnished with forms and form letters which reduce the burden of answering correspondence to a minimum, and they are at all times free to call upon resident Water Recorders or Engineers of water districts for any reasonable assistance in carrying their applications forward. Publication or Notices, Procedure clarified. Under the 1909 Act. applicants were required to " insert a copy of the notice in some newspaper published in the water district and the immediate vicinity" (s. 56). This provision was found both ambiguous and defective. In the section immediately preceding it reference is made to the point of diversion, place of use, and the district through which the water flows, so it is not clear just what " immediate locality " was intended. In the next place, there might not be any newspaper published in the immediate locality of any of the points named; and, lastly, no time of publication was mentioned. The amendments correct these defects by using the term " local newspaper," and defining it in the interpretation section of the Act as a newspaper published in the water district in which the stream is situated, and if there is no newspaper so published, then a newspaper published in the Province and circulating in the district. The advertisement must, under the Act as amended, be published forthwith after the posting of the notices, and must appear once a week for four weeks in the local newspaper, and if the application is for commercial purposes, then also in two issues of the Gazette. The 1909 Act required advertisement in a newspaper without exception by all applicants for licences to divert water. This often worked an unnecessary hardship on intending users of a very small quantity of water. The amendments have gone part way, at least, in removing this difficulty. The Act as amended permits the local Water Recorder, when the application is for domestic purposes for 500 gallons per day or less, or for mining purposes for 8 cubic feet per second or less, if he is satisfied that all parties interested have been notified, to authorize the applicant to dispense with the advertising. (1913, c. 82, s. 40.) Purposes clearly defined. Under the 1909 Act, licences were to be issued with due regard for the purpose for which the water was to be used. Seven different purposes were enumerated. Licences for any miscellaneous purpose, not included under the heads " domestic, municipal, irrigation, mining, or clearing streams for driving logs," were to be classed under the heads of " steam " or " power." This resulted in a rather awkward grouping under these two heads which has been avoided in the amendments. The fourth and fifth definitions under the 1909 Act (s. 49) were as follows:— " Fourth.—Steam, which shall mean and include water required for the production of steam for working railways, steam-factories, and all other purposes save the production of electricity. " Fifth.—Power, which shall include the use of water for any other purpose excepting mining." The use of the word " steam " to denote one of the purposes has been dropped and the term " industrial" substituted, and under this latter term are grouped all miscellaneous purposes. The wording in the Act as amended is as follows:— 4 Geo. 5 Amendments to " Water Act." D 123 " Fourth.—Industrial purposes, which means and shall include water required for the production of steam and all other purposes save domestic, municipal, irrigation, the production of power for Sale, barter, or exchange, and mining." (1911, c. 59, s. 11.) Two purposes, hardly covered in the 1909 Act—namely, " lowering the level of any standing body of water for the purpose only of reducing the same," and the " utilization of mineral waters or the waters of springs "—have been added to the seven purposes enumerated in the original Act. (1912, c. 49, s. 26.) A definition of the term "mineral water" has been added in the interpretation section of the Act, as follows:— " Mineral water " means and shall include water so impregnated with foreign ingredient as to give it medicinal properties or a peculiar operation on the physical economy, or water of such temperature as to give it a commercial value in respect thereof." (1912, c. 49, s. 3.) Relative Priority of Newly Acquired Rights. The provision in the 1909 Act respecting the relative precedence given to applications and licences read as follows:— " After the passing of this Act, all applications for water . . . shall have precedence according to the time of filing under this Act, and the licences and the privileges thereby granted shall have precedence and priority according to their date." (1909, c. 48, s. 48.) This wording left a doubt as to whether " the time of filing " referred to the date of filing the copy of the notice (which is the first paper filed by the applicant) or to the application itself, which is usually filed anywhere from a few weeks to several months later. One applicant might be deterred by unavoidable causes from placing on file the more complete data which his application called for, yet he should be given the benefit of the date when he filed his notice of application. This would make it impossible for other applicants who gave their first notices later, but who happened to be more fortunate in accumulating the data necessary to complete their applications, to slip in with an earlier priority. The provision above quoted also failed to make it plain that the Commissioner had the authority to antedate the licences so as to preserve the priority of the applications. The correct principle is the one enunciated in the Act as amended, namely, that applications for water— " Shall have precedence according to the time of the filing in the office of the Water Recorder for the district of a copy of the notices posted on the ground, and the licences and the privileges thereby granted shall have precedence and priority according to the date of the said filing of the said notice, unless the contrary is stated in the licence." (1913, c. 82, s. 26.) Procedure on Applications. Under the 1909 Act, the applicant himself fixed the time when his application was to be brought before the local Water Commissioner (s. 53 (fc)). On the day named by him in his posted notice (a copy of which was to be published, but, as already pointed out, no time for the publication of which was mentioned) the applicant was to appear before the Commissioner either in person or by counsel and proceed with his application (s. 57). The Commissioner had power to adjouru the hearing from time to time (s. 58), was to hear all parties affected who attended the hearing, and was to make such order as in the circumstances of the case seemed just to him (s. 59). While the duty of issuing licences for the taking and using of water was not specifically given to the local Water Commissioners, the inference from the Act is that it rested with those officials to perform this function, and such was the practice under the Act. The issuing of storage licences and licences to replace old records on the directions of the Board was plainly made their duty (ss. 52, 30). The above procedure did not afford the public the opportunity it should have for keeping in touch with the issuance of licences. Under the Act as amended, the application must be filed within ten days after the first appearance of the notice in the local newspaper, and twenty days further are to be allowed for the filing of written objections. (1912, c. 49, ss. 27, 59, 63.) The consideration of the application, the hearing of objections, and the granting of licences rests with the Comptroller of Water Rights, unless that official decides that the local Water Recorder or some person appointed by the Minister shall act as his substitute.' (1912, c. 49, ss. 27, 63.) If the Comptroller considers the objections of sufficient importance to warrant an inquiry, he T> 124 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 sets a day for a hearing on the application and objections. All data of a general nature which are required in connection with the application (but not detailed plans) are to be filed within fifty days after the first publication of the notice in the newspaper. (1912, c. 49, ss. 27, 61.) In brief, the Act as amended provides that the public shall receive ample notice; that the application shall be on file and open to inspection by the public concurrently with the publication of the notices; that objections may be filed at any time by interested parties; that duplicate copies of all papers are to be filed with the Comptroller who will hear important contests; and that applicants need not appear in person unless objections are filed which are considered material by the Comptroller. Administration centralized. This transfer of the consideration of applications and the consequent issuing of licences from the various local points to one responsible administrative head marked one of the greatest advances ever made in British Columbia water legislation. Acts have been made and unmade in the past, always with the best of intentions and embodying splendid principles; but as long as their administration was permitted to rest in local officials who were not technically trained men, and who had their hands full of routine duties and could devote little time to special investigations, just so long would it continue to be possible for promoters to tie up the water resources of the Province and render legislation ineffective. The systematizing of the manner of keeping office records was also made possible by centralizing the administration. To those familiar with the method in which such records were formerly kept, which will be referred to more particularly under another heading, this item will appeal as one of no small importance. District Engineers. However important was the step taken in 1912, it was not complete, as it left the Comptroller to face investigations in every part of the Province almost single-handed. This deficiency was supplied in the amendments of 1913, which made possible the appointment of Engineers in various districts in the Province who should assist the Comptroller in making all kinds of special water investigations. (1913, c. 82, s. 2.) Such Engineers were appointed by the Minister of Lands pursuant to the authority granted. Henceforth, if it is desired that a dam, flume, pipe-line, or other waterworks structure be inspected with a view to determining its efficiency or safety, there will be a man on the ground capable of inspecting it. If a dispute arises among water-users, he will be on hand to act as referee, and will be competent to measure and divide properly the flow of water. The Comptroller and the Board will be enabled to get accurate and direct information respecting such matters as stream-flow, the nature of the soil with respect to its moisture requirements, the acreage of land under cultivation, the crops grown, and other points necessary for intelligent water adjudications. The District Engineers will also be available for collecting data relating to water- powers or to storage possibilities. Under the 1909 Act, the duties and powers above enumerated were either given to local Water Commissioners, who, in most instances, acted also as Government Agents in charge of land matters, or they were left to be carried out by persons specially appointed from time to time by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, or by Department officials (ss. 17, 18, 19, 204). These provisions did not work, and the whole matter of local investigations went generally by default. A few months of trial of the new system, with a capable administrator at its head, combined with the more efficient work which the Board has been able to accomplish since it could turn over the collection of its field data to an organized staff of Engineers, has brought forth many expressions of approval, and has gone far towards bringing the administration of the waters into good repute throughout the Province. Storage Rights. Prior to 1908, grants of storage privileges were usually made in the same record as grants for using water, and no procedure was afforded by which a storage right might be acquired independently. In fact, it was customary, prior to 1909, to combine in one application or record a number of purposes, such as " domestic, irrigation, and milling." Sometimes storage was 4 Geo. 5 Amendments to " Water Act." D 125 mentioned and sometimes not. The 1909 Act provided that no licence should issue for more than one purpose (s. 60). This was an excellent provision. It simplified the book-keeping end of the water business and was in keeping with the doctrine of appurtenancy, since it made it possible to determine more readily whether the applicant had put the water to the use originally intended. It is not clear, however, why the idea of a separate licence for each purpose should not have been carried to storage licences. The 1909 Act provided that, subject to obligations imposed by the Act,— " The rights and powers herein conferred shall, when mentioned in the licence, include the right or power to store water and to lower lakes and other standing bodies of water below their normal level." (1909, c. 48, s. 70.) It was claimed by some water-users that under the above language, if a dam was mentioned in their licence or in the application pursuant to which their licence was granted, storage rights were thereby acquired. Such a condition was not very conducive to a satisfactory administration of storage rights. The section referred to was altered in 1911 with the aim of meeting the above objection (1911, c. 59, s. 17), but the whole section has now been superseded by the proviso to section 53 of the Act as amended, this being the section which deals with the acquirement of licences for the nine different purposes enumerated in the Act. The proviso is as follows:— " And provided further that any licensee or applicant for a licence to take and use water may apply for one or more licences to store or pen back during such periods of the year as the said licences shall specify sufficient unrecorded water to supply the flow or quantity which the licensee or applicant is or may be authorized to take and use." (1913, c. 82, s. 29.) The definition of the term " licence " in the interpretation section of the Act has also been enlarged so as to include licences to store or pen back water. (1912, c. 49, s. 53.) The 1909 Act made storage licences secondary to licences to take and use water. This may be deduced from section 52 of the Act, which follows sections dealing with licences to use water for the seven purposes already named. It is as follows:— " Except as to the licences to be acquired in manner hereinbefore provided, any municipality, company, or person may acquire from the Water Commissioner of the district a licence permitting such municipality, company, or person to divert any unrecorded water and store the same in manner hereinafter provided, and with the rights and privileges hereinafter conferred and subject to the obligations hereinafter imposed." (1909, c. 48, s. 52.) The spirit of the above section has been preserved in the amendments, and it is thought more clearly expressed, for the lay-reader at least. It is found in the proviso to section 53 referred to above. Approval of Undertakings. The term " undertaking " has been given a special significance in the " Water Act." It has been found advisable in practice to submit for approval to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council any general scheme for a proposed development by a company or municipality for commercial or municipal purposes, while the Comptroller passes on the plans of works submitted and other questions relating more directly to the issue of a permit and a licence. The term is defined in the amending Act of 1912. Every licence for municipal or power purposes—in other words, all licences whereunder water or power is to be sold, bartered, or exchanged—and every licence to a company for industrial purposes when the quantity of water applied for exceeds 10 cubic feet per second is required to have its undertaking approved. (1912, c. 49, s. 27, subsec. 75.) To secure this approval advertisement is required and an opportunity is given for objections to be heard. (1912, c. 49, s. 27, subsecs. 89 to 99.) In the 1909 Act the approval of the undertaking came after the issue of the licence. (1909, c. 48, s. 83.) This forced the Comptroller to give the application independent consideration, notwithstanding the Council might later disapprove the undertaking and thus render the Comptroller's approval and the time expended by him futile. As the Act now stands the applicant may get the approval of his undertaking before indulging in expensive surveys. Under the Act as amended, the approval of the undertaking is to be granted by the Minister (1913, c. 82, s. 2) instead of by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, as formerly. There is an D 126 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 appeal in this matter from the decision of the Minister to that of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. (1913, c. 82, s. 57.) This change relieves the Executive Council from the consideration of matters which are in their nature departmental, and expedites the transacting of business by applicants. Similarly, an application for a final licence for clearing streams for driving logs (ss. 153-197) and an application by a municipality to expropriate under section 119 of the Act are to be made to the Minister instead of, as formerly, to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. Change of Point of Diversion. The 1909 Act made no provision under which a Water Commissioner might authorize a change in the point of diversion adopted by a water-user, although this was permitted under the " Water Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897," and was no doubt merely an oversight on the part of the framers of the later Act. This omission was corrected by the amendments. Section 81 of the Act as amended gives the Comptroller of Water Rights power to grant a change of diversion and of change of route on the giving by the applicant of such notices and the complying with such terms as the Comptroller may designate. Regulation of Rates. By-laws of companies having the right to sell, barter, or exchange water or water-power, which fix tolls, rentals, or charges to be made, levied, or collected by such companies, must, by the original Act, be submitted to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council for approval within thirty days after their passage. The amendmeuts require, in addition, that proposed rate schedules be published in the British Columbia Gazette, and that opportunity be given to any interested person to appear before the Lieutenant-Governor in Council and enter objections. (1911, c. 59, s. 24.) Charges imposed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council upon power companies for the use of their water privileges were, under the 1909 Act, required to be based on the power produced or the quantity of water used (s. 311). This took no account of the capacity of the site, and did not permit the Executive Council the freedom which it should have in imposing charges. The amended section reads as follows:— " The rents, royalties, tolls, and charges reserved and fixed as aforesaid may be founded on the power produced or producible, the area of land to be served, the benefits derived, the quantity of water used, or the value of the privileges granted, as may be deemed expedient. (1913, c. 82, s. 89.) Organization and Procedure of Board. The Board of Investigation was, under the 1909 Act, to consist of the Chief Water Commissioner and such two or more persons as the Lieutenant-Governor in Council might from time to time appoint, and a majority of the Board was to constitute a quorum. This latter provisiou was amended in 1911 so as to permit of two members forming a quorum and holding hearings, the idea being that, in case more members were added to the Board for the purpose of expediting the work, hearings might be held in more than one part of the Province at one time. Another amendment provided that the Chairman should be appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council like any other member, but he need not necessarily be the Chief Water Commissioner, or rather the Comptroller, as the chief administrator of the Water Rights Branch is now called. Under the 1909 Act, the Board was to give three months' notice of an intended adjudication on any stream (s. 22). In practice many small streams, unnamed and unknown to the Board, were encountered in every locality visited. Often there were but one or two records on such streams. In order to enable the Board to complete the work in any one section at one sitting, and to effect a saving in both time and money, the Act was amended so as to permit of summary hearings by consent of and upon notice to all affected parties. (1911, c. 59, s. 7; 1912, c. 49, s. 13.) The jurisdiction of the Board is somewhat enlarged, and more complete and effective ajudi- cations rendered possible in the addition of section 30a to the Act by the 1913 amendments. (1913, c. 82, s. 20.) This permits'the Board, when holding sittings in any locality, to review licences issued since 1909 as well as records of a prior date. The amendment was made neces- 4 Geo. 5 Amendments to " Water Act." D 127 sary by the fact that many imperfect licences were issued even after the 1909 Act went into effect, especially during the time when the local Water Commissioners had the authority to issue them. The Submitting of Claims. If satisfactory adjudications are to be held, it is absolutely essential that claims be filed with the Board by every record-holder, or person claiming under a record, prior to the day of the hearing. One of the most important points to be settled by the Board in every case is as to the lands to which the record properly applies. The water legislation of British Columbia has from very early times made the water right appurtenant to the land upon which the water was used, or was to be used. Most of the old records failed to set out clearly the land upon which the water was to be used. Many of them simply stated " for use on my pre-emption," or words equivalent. If the Board is to direct that these indefinitely worded records be replaced by definitely worded licences, it must first of all ascertain on what land the water set out in the record was intended to be used. Every assistance possible should be given the Board to do this. Under the 1909 Act, claimants were required to set out merely " the title to the land held." This left the question of the ownership or occupancy of the land at the time that the records were made an open one, and threw upon the Board and its assistants the burden of searching through the files of the Land Department to find the particular pre-emption records which might support the respective water records. The difficulty of such a search was enhanced by the recording of rights in numberless occasions on " unnamed streams," by the frequent duplication of names of streams, such as " Deer Creek " and " Clear Creek," even in the same neighbourhood, by abandoning of pre-emptions, and by other causes of a similar nature. It is only right that the claimants themselves should furnish the evidence to show that the land upon which they claim the right to use the water is the same as that for which the records were made. Therefore the amendments require claimants to set out not only their present title to the land to which the records are appurtenant, but also the title of the land held by the grantee of the record at the time when the record was made, and the date of the pre-emption record or permission to purchase from the Crown. (1912, c. 49, s. 17.) The 1909 Act required the claimant in making out his claim before the Board to set out the area of the land held by him, and also the area of the irrigable land held, as well as any maps or plans "in his possession" relating to the claim presented (s. 27). In practice these provisions were found insufficient for the same reasons, that a statement of present title was found insufficient. The Act as amended requires :— "A description of the particular land to which it is claimed the record is appurtenant; a sketch showing the position of the point of diversion and the dams, ditches, and flumes to the claimant's land." (1912, c. 49, s. 17.) The description and sketch (which may be a rough pencil sketch) taken together will enable the Engineer whose duty it is to report to the Board upon the claims to locate the land of the claimant in 'any particular case without loss of time. It will also enable the Board to know precisely to what land, in the opinion of the claimant, the record is appurtenant. Provision for Cancellation of Records perfected. Two sections in the 1909 Act dealt with the cancellation of records. One of these (s. 33) dealt with holders of records who had been "served with notice " by the Board and who failed to appear. The other (s. 34) dealt with claimants appearing before the Board and failing to establish their claims. This left the Board without sufficient authority to cancel unclaimed records. The first of these forfeiture clauses has been amended so as to include " any holder of a record neglecting to present a statement of claim to the Board." Thus the Board is given authority to cancel records, for which, after due advertisement and endeavour to serve notice, no claim is presented. The notice required to be given to record-holders under the 1909 Act was to be " personal notice," but in the event of inability or serious inconvenience to give personal notice, the notice might be " by letter addressed to the last-known residence of the person intended to be served by advertisement in some local newspaper " (s. 21). The amendments have dropped the require- D 128 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 ment of personal notice and substituted notice by registered letter to the last-known residence of the record-holder, retaining the advertisement feature. This saves expense and expedites the work of the Board. (1912, c. 49, s. 13.) Issuing Licences in substitution of Records. Under the 1909 Act, if the Board deemed that a record-holder who had constructed no works was entitled to a licence in substitution of his record, it was obliged to give him one year in which to commence such works as it thought fit to order. (1909, c. 48, s. 43.) Under the amendments the time granted is left to the discretion of the Board; in some instances more than one year may be granted, and in other instances less, according to the merits of the particular case. (1912, c. 49, s. 24.) Under the 1909 Act, if works were not commenced and completed within the time fixed by the Board, the conditional licence already granted was to become null and void without further notice to the licensee, and was to be cancelled in the record of licences. (1909, c. 48, s. 44.) In drafting this section, the case where works were partially constructed was apparently overlooked. It would, in most casees, be unjust to the licensee who had completed the greater part of his works, and had applied to a beneficial use some of the water to which he was entitled, to have his licence cancelled. The amendments to this section give the licensee such time as may be set by the Board (usually sixty days after the date set for the completion) in which to file proof of completion of his works and beneficial use of the water. If he has made beneficial use of part of the water applied for, he is granted a final licence for such part. (1912, e. 49, s. 25; 1913, c. 82, s. 23.) If he fails to file proof as required, the licence conditionally granted in lieu of the record is cancelled and the works constructed thereunder become forfeited, just as, under section 33 of the 1909 Act, works became forfeited in case any record-holder appearing before the Board failed to establish his claim. Numbering Licences issued to replace Records. The 1909 Act required (s. 29 (c and g-2)) that the Board in determining the relative priorities of the respective claimants should establish and number them in their order, and further required that the licences issued in place of records be properly numbered in the order of the priorities as established. This provision was found unworkable. The principal difficulty encountered by the Board, tending to prevent complete and prompt hearings at one sitting, was the failure of water-users and land-owners to present their claims. For some reason or other they did not seem to take the advertising and the notices of the Board seriously. Many got the idea that the notices could not possibly apply to themselves. Others were absentees that were not reached by the advertising. As development-work in many cases had not been started by the record-holders, it was impossible to get a complete list of the claimants by an investigation on the ground. It was also useless to look to the records for guidance in this respect; these in most cases failed to give adequate descriptions (and often none at all) of the lands to which they were appurtenant or of the streams from which the water was to be taken, and. the grantees named therein were, in many cases, parties long since deceased or unknown. The amendments have dropped the numbering feature, and the practice now is to distinguish the relative priorities according to the dates of the records as determined by the Board. Prescriptive Rights. In 1913, for the first time in the course of water legislation in the Province, the necessity of permitting certain rights in waters to be acquired by length of use only is recognized. This occurs in the addition of a new section (21a) to the Act in the amendments of that year. (1913, c. 82, s. 13.) The section permits of a prescriptive right only in cases where there was originally a record which has been lost, or where, there being such a record, the water has been used uninterruptedly for a different purpose from that stated in the record, the time of use in either case being twenty years. Irrigation Companies. While the 1909 Act contained parts dealing specially with the privileges of municipalities, power companies, and companies or individuals engaged in the clearing of streams for logging 4 Geo. 5 Amendments to " Water Act." D 129 purposes, there was no provision which recognized the existence of irrigation companies or the necessity for their creation. Yet even in 1909 the importance of irrigation to the Province was beginning to be felt, and since that time the necessity for dealing especially in the Act with this vital subject has come to be recognized on all sides. There are to-day upwards of fifty irrigation companies operating in the Province, not to mention the large number of smaller irrigation systems. There are no provisions in the " Water Act" outlining their privileges or defining their obligations, except those miscellaneous ones which deal generally with all licensees. Thus it has been left to the companies themselves to work out a plan of operation that would not conflict with the general provisions of the Act. The principle that the water right becomes appurtenant to the land for which the licence is issued and upon which the water is used has become thoroughly established in British Columbia, and is in keeping with the best ideas on the subject. This means that, except by special Act, no person or company can get such an ownership in waters as will permit him or it to deliver them here or there at will. There are two ways in which irrigation companies may enter the field so as to harmonize with the above principle; the one is the formation of companies which are strictly carrying concerns, separate and apart from the land company, which carrying companies will be subject to public regulation; the other is the organization of companies which will sell a share in the distribution system with each parcel of land sold, payable in instalments over a term of years, and at a sufficiently liberal profit to the companies to make it an inducement to them to enter the field. Under the latter plan, the purchasers of land will themselves eventually own and operate the irrigation system. In an article which I contributed to the Annual Report of this Branch for 1912 this subject was more fully discussed.* An endeavour was made to show that it would be unwise to encourage the further formation of carrying companies such as existed in the Province and as owned and operated irrigation systems entirely independently from the ownership of the land. It was recommended that the other type of company, which should sell the land and water system together to the settlers on fairly long-term payments, should be encouraged. In line with the above suggestion, a new part entitled "Irrigation Companies" (Part Xa.) was added to the " Water Act" by the amendments of 1913. The aim of this part is to provide for the creation of one type of irrigation company, at least, that will be approved by the Government, that will be in harmony with the principles of existing legislation, and under which an opportunity may be afforded to capital to receive ample profit from its investment in this field of enterprise. Irrespective of this new part, additional provisions are still needed in the Act for defining the powers, privileges, and obligations of those irrigation companies which already exist, and for regulatiag agreements made and tolls charged by them. Irrigation Communities. The Act as amended provides for co-operation in the building and management of irrigation- ditches by neighbouring water-users. The associations provided for are called " irrigation communities." In a memorandum by Mr. Armstrong, the author of the amendments referred to, these communities are thus described:— " Section 63 of the ' Water Act' as passed in 1909 provided that licensees might join together in constructing the works for carrying the water to their lands, and the amendments of 1911 authorized the mingling of the waters so carried. This was a move toward co-operation in the use of water, and a further step was taken in 1913 by adding several subsections, all of the foregoing being now embraced in section 85 of the Act as amended. These amendments enable parties using a system of works to form a partnership (called an 'irrigation community') to maintain and, if necessary, to construct the main works, to appoint a manager, and to levy assessments for the expense incurred. This method of organization entails but little expense and is sufficient when all interested join in the partnership. Similar provisions for mining purposes have been in the Statutes of the Province for many years. (See Part VII. of the ' Gold Mining Regulations, 1867.') " It has been suggested that where the majority of the water-users under an unorganized system are in favour of forming an irrigation community they should be allowed to levy assessments on all who use the joint works, even if such users have not joined the partnership. It is * Copies of this report may he had on application to Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B.C. 9 D 130 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 claimed that these recalcitrants are enjoying the fruit of their neighbours' labours without contributing to the cost. It is also suggested that the liability of each partner should be limited to an amount proportioned to his interest in the partnership. It has also been asked that licensees who divert water for domestic purposes be authorized to form a waterworks community. These different suggestions are worthy of consideration." Beneficial Use. Under the 1909 Act, licences once issued were to become null and void, and were to be cancelled if works were not commenced and completed within the time set by the local Water Commissioner, or within extensions granted by him, or, in the case of applications which had to go before the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, within the time as fixed or extended by the Council (ss. 80, 96). Thus, under the 1909 Act, the construction of works was practically the standard which governed the issuance of water patents, as the final licences might well be called. The construction of works, however, is not the most satisfactory standard when the public interest is considered. The main purpose of the legislation embodied in the " Water Act" is the conservation of a great natural resource. Enlightened opinion tells us that conservation of this resource is best secured by the encouragement of its economic and beneficial use. There should be no tying-up of water privileges over a long period of time without use. The public is interested in seeing every cubic foot of water in the streams of the Province put to the highest and best use in the shortest possible time. If, then, this is the aim of our legislation, why not make beneficial use itself the test before a final grant of water privilege is made? This is exactly what has been done in the amendments of 1913. Instead of giving an applicant a grant of the amount of water which his works will carry, the amendments require that he shall, within the time given him, file proof that he has put a certain flow or quantity of water to a beneficial use. If he is an applicant for water for irrigation purposes, he must show that the acreage, soil, etc., which he holds calls for the quantity of water which is granted, and that he has actually cleared his land and applied the water before he is granted his final licence. In the meantime he operates under a conditional licence which gives him every privilege afterward definitely acquired under the final licence, except that it is not an absolute grant. (1913, c. 82, ss. 23, 46.) Ample time is, of course, given him to clear his land and put the water to a beneficial use. Licences for clearing streams for driving logs are limited to a period of twenty years, with the option of the licensee to renew at the end of the period with the consent of the Minister. (1913, c. 82, s. 64.) The authority to review and fix tolls which such licensees are permitted to collect from others is transferred from the County Court Judge to the Board of Investigation. (1913, c. 82, ss. 66-70.) Form of Act improved. Here and there alterations have been made in the 1909 Act to improve its form. An instance of this is in the amendment of section 32, which originally read as follows:— " Without restricting the generality of the foregoing sections, the Board shall hear and determine all rights and claims submitted to them for adjudication upon their merits, notwithstanding any error or defect in form or substance, and shall determine them in a just manner according to their own judgment." (1909. c. 48. s. 32.) By the amendment of 1912 this was made to read as follows:— ." Without restricting the scope of the foregoing sections, the Board shall hear and determine upon their merits all rights aud claims submitted to them." (1912, c. 49, s. 20.) Another instance of an amendment for the sake of form and clearness is that to section 51 of the 1909 Act, which read :— " Whenever application is made for the use of water on any particular hereditaments, no licence shall issue unless the applicant holds the land in fee or otherwise from the Crown, whether in right of the Province or the Dominion, according to law." (1909, c. 48, s. 51.) The language substituted for the above in the amendment of 1912 was as follows:— " An owner of land may acquire one or more licences to take and use water on any one or more hereditaments for domestic, irrigation, industrial, or mining purposes, or any of them." (1912, c. 49, s. 27.) 4 Geo. 5 Report of the Chief Clerk. D 131 A number of other amendments to water legislation have been enacted since 1909, but it is thought that all the more important changes have been referred to. ' i I have, etc., H. W. Grunsky. REPORT OF CHIEF CLERK. December 31st, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit herewith my report of the administration of the Water Rights Branch for the year in so far as it is affected by the general office. Redefinition of Water Recording Districts. One of the most important steps undertaken was the redefinition of the Province into water districts, notice of which appeared in the British Columbia Gazette on July 31st last, page 6476, creating the new districts as from September 1st, 1913. Nine new districts were established and Recorders appointed. In Appendix No. 4 of this report will be found a complete description of each district, together with a list of Recorders. Up to the date of this redefinition the districts were in most cases defined according to the existing land recording districts, which were found to be inconvenient, as no attention was paid to watersheds in defining them. All the present districts will be found to include one or more watersheds. The advantage of this can readily be seen when it is considered that any right granted within a watershed or drainage-basin may affect in some degree every other right in that watershed or drainage-basin. The redefinition entailed a large amount of clerical work, as all rights granted since the passage of the new Act in 1909 were checked to ascertain in what district they came under the redefinition. No effort was made to check the old rights or transfer them; but as soon as the Board of Investigation adjudicates on an old right and the new licence or order is issued, it is sent to the proper district. All licences which had to be transferred were copied in this office, and the copy sent to the proper office. The office from which the licence was issued was then notified as to which licences had been transferred. The transfer was made in this manner to leave the duplicate licence in the office from which it was issued. In the case of the transfer of permits which had been issued, it was first ascertained in which district each one now came and the various Recorders were instructed as to what office to send them to. The transfer of all licences and permits has now been satisfactorily completed. Collection of Rentals. Up to the present season the collection of rentals on water rights had never been undertaken in a systematic manner, each Recorder keeping a register of payments made to him in any manner he saw fit. The result was that no two officers kept the same records, and it has beeu found that in some cases no register of any sort was kept, payments merely being brought to account and noted on the face of the record. A uniform system is now being inaugurated in the following manner: Loose-leaf registers are prepared in duplicate for each district. The sheets for all rights acquired since 1909 are prepared from information obtained from the Recorders and Treasury returns, and brought up to date. A register and one set of these sheets has been supplied to each local office, and when a new right is issued the rental sheet is prepared and sent with it to the local Recorder, who places it on file, the duplicate sheet being placed on the register for that district in this office. Rental sheets in connection with old records are being prepared as rapidly as possible and forwarded to the local office. The Recorders are required to make a monthly return of collections to this office, from which our duplicate register is kept posted. D 132 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 In addition to the rental registers, a register of record fees is now kept in which all amounts received are entered monthly under the various purposes for which licences are granted, and each district credited with the amounts received from it. From the above registers can be obtained the amount of revenue for any purpose under the Act, from any district, for any time, and in addition we can keep in close touch with the fees on any record, and if they get behind take the' necessary steps for their collection. All persons in arrears for rentals will in a short time be notified, and receive a statement of the amount due. The following statement shows the amount collected as record fees and annual rentals on rights issued since March 12th, 1909 (the date of the passage of the new Act), and June 1st, 1913. During this period 978 licences and 160 permits were issued, bringing in a total revenue of $121,291.90. Of this amount, $36,820.90 is paid as annual rental on the 1,138 licences and permits. There are over 7,000 old records before the Board of Investigation. When these are adjudicated on and become revenue-bearing, as most of them will, our revenue from rentals alone will be increased about seven times. This does not take into account the large amount received each year for record fees. As will be seen from the statement for the four years ending June 1st, 1913, a large annual revenue, which is increasing each year, is received from this source. Record Fees and Rentals paid on Water Rights issued since March 12th, 1909, to June 1st in each Year. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Record Fees. Rentals. Record Fees. Rentals. Record Fees. Rentals. Record Fees. Rentals. Domestic $ 250.00 200.00 510.00 1,283.00 860.00 740.00 $ 2.00 9.00 16.92 128.33 20.85 37.00 $ 890.00 370.00 9,055.00 704.00 26,758.00 4,144.00 $ 2.51 82.80 669.93 176.28 6,432.96 305.56 $ 910.00 460.00 6,394.00 3,399.00 3,631.00 2,998.00 40.00 $ 14.40 104.97 1,361.34 1,433.76 9,427.46 675.15 $ 480.00 230.00 2,910-00 2,415.00 13,810.00 1,990,00 40.00 $ 7.00 102.05 1,439.90 1,588.53 12,033.77 747.35 Power Mineral waters 1.00 $3,843.00 $214.18 341,921.00 $7,670.04 $16,832.00 $13,017.08 $21,875.00 $15,919.60 Total record fees and rentals of 1910 Total record fees and rentals of 1911 Total record fees and rentals of 1912 Total record fees and rentals of 1913 4,057 18 49,591 04 29,849 08 37,794 60 Total revenue, making the sum of $121,291 90 Rights issued. I have included in my report this year a complete list in tabulated form of rights issued for the use of water since the passage of the " Water Act Amendment Act, 191.3," by which the procedure now followed of first issuing a permit to survey was brought into force. It is felt that the list will be of great use to the public, as many inquiries are received regarding rights issued. The list will be found in Appendix No. 4 of this report. Accounts. Each District or Field Engineer is furnished with a cash advance, the amount of which varies according to the locality in which he is working and the size of his party. At the end of each week the Engineer makes a report to the head office on a form supplied for that purpose. One side of this form is a daily summary of his movements, and the other a daily record of expenses incurred. To it are attached vouchers for moneys expended during that week. If the Engineer has received any bills for supplies which are too large to be paid out of his advance, he certifies the correctness of them and attaches them to his weekly return. On receipt of these 4 Geo. 5 Report of the Chief Clerk. D 133 vouchers they are checked and passed to the Treasury for payment. The cheque for these amounts paid by the Engineer is made in his name, and those for certified accounts made direct to the merchant or person rendering the account. In this manner the Engineer's expense advance is always kept at the same amount. The vouchers are entered in a specially drafted ledger, which shows after each entry the total amount expended from each item in the current vote, the total amount expended by each party, and a segregation of each party's expenses under the following heads: Salaries, provisions and hotel expenses, transport and camp equipment. Filing and Office Equipment. A constant effort is made to improve the filing system throughout the Branch, including the offices of the District Engineers, of which there are at present seven, and the Water Recorders' offices, of which there are thirty in addition to the head office. Careful attention is being paid to the standardization of forms and a uniform system of filing and procedure. Details of a system of filing for the District Engineers' offices, by which each office will file all documents and plans in a manner similar to that followed in this office, have just been completed. Each office will receive exactly the same equipment of cases and indexes, and will be kept in such a manner that in the case of a transfer of Engineers there should be no difficulty in taking up the work and carrying it on. All stationery supplies and forms will be kept in stock at the head office and supplied to the outside offices as required. Procedure on Applications. The question of the practice followed in administering the " Water Act" is one that seems to have caused a good deal of confusion among applicants for various rights. It is not feasible to give a complete course of procedure in the limited space available in a report of this nature. I have, therefore, had prepared a very brief outline of the procedure followed in the determination of old rights and the acquirement of new rights, which will be found in Appendix No. 4 of this report. Petitions to Lieutenant-Governor in Council or Minister of Lands. The procedure to be followed in filing petitions is set out very fully in the rules and regulations, which are included in this report. A petition for the approval of the undertaking of a company should contain the following information in addition to that called for by the rules above mentioned:— (1.) Particulars of the permit or licence on which it is based: (2.) A description of the territory over which powers are sought: (3.) A clause stating in which water district or districts the duplicate petition is filed, and in what newspapers the notice is being published: (4.) Proposed date of commencement of works: (5.) Proposed date of completion of works: (6.) Amount of capital of the company and amount subscribed and actually paid up: (7.) Estimate of cost of works, and any pertinent information. Attached to the petition as exhibits should be— (1.) Copy of original water application: (2.) Plan showing point of diversion and territory over which it is desired to operate: (3.) Copy of the notice of filing of the petition. Miscellaneous Applications and Inquiries. Many other applications are received requiring special procedure, such as— For fixing quantity to which a riparian owner is entitled, under section 66: For change of point of diversion, under section 81: For apportionment of a record, under section 82: For right-of-way over Crown lands, under section 221: For approval of security before entering on private lands, under section 225: For an interim licence, under section 253: For renewal of a licence, under section 255: D 134 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 For amendment of a licence, under section 319. Special directions are sent for each case. Circulars and form letters have been prepared for the applications which occur most frequently. Staff. The staff of the Water Rights Branch is as follows:— Comptroller of Water Rights 1 Board of Investigation 2 Legal adviser 1 General office staff 24 Office Engineers 2 Draughtsmen 11 District Engineers 8 Engineers 5 Assistant Engineers 6 / Total 60 The above represents the staff as it stands at present. During the summer months, when the surveys are in progress, a number of rodmen, levelmen, and axemen are employed by the day, each party in the field consisting of an Engineer and from one to three rodmen and axemen, and in some cases an Assistant Engineer. The number of extra men thus engaged was about forty. During the last twelve months two stenographers, two juniors, and five clerks have been added to the general office staff. In addition to the above, there are thirty Government officials who act as Water Recorders for the various water districts, forty-two rain-gauge observers, and thirty-four stream-gauge observers. I have, etc., Chas. A. Pope, Chief Cleric. REPORT OF THE CHIEF DRAUGHTSMAN. December 2nd, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The great increase in the amount of work that has had to be carried out by this office is briefly shown by the enlargement of the staff from three men last January to ten at the present date. Of this number, two, who are thoroughly trained civil engineers, give their entire time to dealing, under the requirements of the " Water Act," with the engineering features of applications, permits, and approval of plans; checking these as to Crown and private lands, roads, etc., affected; and submitting reports as to constructional details when necessary. Another of the staff is in charge of the compilation of the information relative to discharge measurements of all streams reported on, the calculation of drainage-areas, run-offs, etc., and compilation of data regarding rainfall. The main work of the year has been the preparation of a series of standard water-rights maps, on a scale of 20 chains to an inch, chiefly for the use of the Board of Investigation. Two hundred and twenty-eight of these have been drawn in fifteen of the new water districts, each showing about thirty-five square miles, making a total of approximately 8,000 square miles covered. For each sitting of the Board the white prints of the streams and lands under investigation have had to be worked up, giving all the information as to irrigable and irrigated areas, intakes, ditches, etc., shown in the engineers' reports. Tabulated lists of the water records to be adjudicated accompanied the maps, offering to both the Board and public all necessary information in condensed and handy form. White prints were made of thirty-four of these lists, of the same standard size as the maps. . fc»j; y _*^«lft<< id | .£ iijyf|^B 1 "V ■ . % ■ ■ -.:■■■' If fl 1 1 1 - - " ■T ■ . ■ ||: ',../;*'.- i ■ : > ' ■ 1 • f' '; \ : ' \ .'■ " \ \ r-'v * ■■"■■: -' JtK •■ ■ ; i u \ \ I V 4%*""* f -: ■ *t. i ';? 1 '.Ij fc. Delia Falls, height 1,500 feet, Vancouver Island. Great Central Lake, Vancouver Island. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 135 The preparation of plans for enclosure with the orders of the Board of Investigation has formed during the last three months a considerable percentage of the regular office-work, and 250 of these have been drawn to date. Besides the general routine, thirty-four maps showing the new water recording districts were worked up for the various Departmental and Water Recording offices. In concluding, it gives me pleasure to remark that in the numerous periods of pressure this past season the hearty co-operation of the staff has enabled this office on every occasion to have the necessary plans and information ready when needed. I have, etc., E. G. Marriott, AssocM.Inst.CE., A.M.Can.Soc.C.E., Chief Draughtsman. DISTRICT No. 1, VICTORIA. i , Vancouver Island Division. December 31st, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on Vancouver Island Division of Water District No. 1. Vancouver Island is approximately 285 miles long, has an average width of 55 miles, and an area of about 15,000 square miles. Its general topographic features are stretches of coastal plain with a mountainous interior, the mountains being arranged in two main groups—that in the south dominated by Mount Arrowsmith (5,600 feet), while the larger area in the north contains several peaks which reach an altitude of over 7,000 feet. Connecting these two groups is the Beaufort Range. Resources and Industries. Agriculture.—The coastal belts are, generally speaking, extremely fertile, and there are extensive areas in a high state of cultivation. Timber.—This is perhaps of all the natural resources most in evidence. Except where cleared or where small areas of open meadow occur, the southern part of the Island is covered with a magnificent stand of timber, in which the giant Douglas fir predominates, cedar and hemlock taking its place on the lower and higher ground. On the west coast spruce is the principal forest-growth. Logging operations on a large scale are proceeding at several points. Mining and Minerals.—The extensive coalfields of Vancouver Island have been worked for over half a century. In addition to the well-known and developed areas in the Ladysmith, Nanaimo, and Comox Districts, coal has been found and worked in the Alberni, Quatsino, and Suquash Districts. Placer gold has been found on a number of the Island streams. There are large deposits of copper and gold-copper ore, and during the past year a British syndicate has acquired large copper interests in the Big Interior region. The Island contains extensive bodies of magnetite and other ores of iron awaiting development ; marble of excellent quality is quarried at Nootka; sandstone and granite for building purposes is obtained at various points; and two large Portland-cement factories are in operation on the Saanich Inlet. Fisheries.—Although not strictly germane to this report, the fisheries of the west coast of the Island are playing an important part in the industrial development of that district. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. Owing to its position in the path of the warm Pacific winds, Vancouver Island as a whole enjoys an exceptionally mild climate, that of Victoria especially being justly famous; heavy snows are unknown, frosts are slight, infrequent, and of short duration. Spring opens early, while excessive heat is unknown. D 136 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Some parts of the Island have a heavier precipitation with snow at the higher altitudes, but severe winter cold or extreme summer heat is unknown. The altitude varies up to 7,000 feet, most of the cultivable lands lying below 1,000 feet. Tables of precipitation and temperature will be found in the Appendix. Transportation Facilities. The Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway, owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, is in operation from Victoria to Port Alberni, with a branch to Cowichan Lake; and the line north as far as Courtenay is rapidly approaching completion. The Canadian Northern Pacific have the whole of their line from Victoria to Alberni under construction and northward extensions proposed, with a considerable mileage graded. They also have under construction a line from Victoria to Patricia Bay, on Saanich Peninsula, to connect with their ferry service to the Mainland. The British Columbia Electric Railway, in addition to their Victoria system, have recently opened an interurban electric railway to Deep Bay. The Island has an excellent system of public highways along the south and east coasts to Sooke, Alberni, Comox, and Campbell River, while extensions to Strathcona Park are under construction. Excellent steamer services are maintained between Victoria and other Island centres with the Mainland cities, and there is a weekly steamer service from Victoria to Alberni and other west coast points. Such deep inlets as the Alberni Canal, Nootka and Quatsino Sounds facilitate transportation by water. General Hydrological Conditions. As the meteorological tables show, a large proportion of the precipitation occurs as rain during the fall and winter months, with some snow in December or January, which latter, especially on the lower slopes, melts early in the year. The topography of the elevated portions of the Island, the main gathering-grounds of the streams, is abrupt and rugged, the rocks being largely of hard, impervious character, and the soil cover in these regions scanty. Such conditions tend to a rapid run-off with high flood-discharges, offset very inadequately by the dense forest- growth which exists wherever such vegetation can take root. It follows, therefore, that where no balancing agencies exist the streams will be " flashy," subject to high maximum periods of short duration, and falling very low during prolonged dry seasons. Fortunately, however, the grouping of the mountains tends to the formation of lakes and swamp-areas, and on a large number of the Island streams there exist sites which may be more or less cheaply developed as reservoirs. It may also be noted that the glaciers or snow-fields of the Northern Interior mountains have a valuable balancing effect, and streams flowing therefrom have usually two high-water seasons —that due to the fall rains, and another from the melting glaciers in summer. The hydrograph of Stamp River illustrates this condition. Such streams are much more capable of flood-water conservation than streams having only one high-water season. Utilization of Stream-water. Irrigation is not practised to any extent on Vancouver Island; the principal uses for stream- waters are domestic and municipal supplies, power for general hydro-electric enterprises, and industrial development in connection with mining, lumbering, or pulp industries. These facts have been borne in mind in the above discussion of conditions and in the establishmet of gauge- stations ; but the choice of the latter was also limited by the possibilities for obtaining gauge- readings. Where practicable, the stations were established at the outlets of lakes where storage development could be effected, the control-gauge being fixed in the lake, thus serving to indicate the range of lake elevation in addition to discharge. The past year, though not one of exceptionally heavy precipitation, was unusual, in that a good deal of rain fell during the summer months. The tendency of this was to equalize flow throughout the year, giving higher minimum discharges, more favourable storage conditions, but probably a less total yield than at normal seasons. Hydrographs and mass curves of Stamp River, Sproat River, and Little Qualicum River are shown on the diagrams accompanying this report. In submitting these, it is realized that they 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 137 are for less than one year, and that it is necessary to have data over a longer period before close estimates can be made for power purposes. The mass curves have their origin at a low- water season, and no draft line has been shown. However, it is believed that they will serve to indicate the importance of storage and the necessity of preserving suitable sites for that purpose. In future it is intended to start the data with the climatic year at the beginning of November. Power Markets. The British Columbia Electric Railway already have developed at Goldstream and Jordan River for Victoria and vicinity, and with the rapid growth of this area corresponding hydroelectric development will doubtless be required. The growth of Nanaimo, Ladysmith, Alberni, ■Cumberland, and Courtenay will necessitate the use of further development of water-powers in their districts. In addition, coal and metal mining, lumber, pulp, and various other industries for which the raw materials exist in such abundance will require the development of many of the Island powers within a few years. Order of Work. Up to the present season no systematic work has been done in connection with the water resources of the Island. Some gauging-stations were established and meterings made in 1911, but no regular observations were taken. Commencing on January 27th of the current year, 'several new gauging-stations in addition to those existing were established, and a number of miscellaneous meterings taken. At seven of these stations continuous gauge-readings have been ■obtained since and the stations partly rated by meterings, although pressure of other work and heavy rains at unexpected times have prevented meterings at extreme stages. As, however, it is contemplated that in the case of all the streams so dealt with, storage to some extent would form a part of any development, it appeared more important to get some estimate of the total flow for the period than to determine the absolute minimum. Gaugings are being continued throughout the winter season. On completing the first circuit of meterings, pressing Board-work in the Okanagan prevented further work on the Island until the end of June, when the first work taken up on the Island was the investigation of sources of municipal supply for Courtenay. Three sources were investigated, a report on which, with map, was submitted, and copies supplied to the interested parties. The remainder of the season was devoted to the investigation of water-powers and stream- gauging ; while in Comox District it was thought desirable to ascertain power possibilities on streams in that locality as undermentioned. Puntleclge River.—The Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir), Limited, have developed the upper part of this stream. There remains a stretch from their power-house to Courtenay, as shown in Table No. 1. This could be developed by means of a dam half a mile below the tail bay and carrying a pipe or flume to Courtenay. This would be rather an expensive development, but a dam on the lower reaches would flood a large area of bottom land. Broivn's River.—This was investigated for water-supply purposes, the line being carried farther to obtain some idea of power available. As the discharge, however, probably falls low in dry summers, it is of doubtful value. Streams feeding Comox Lake, Cruikshank River, and Trout Creek were reconnoitred for about seven and three miles respectively, but do not offer any very tempting possibilities. The Alberni District, on account of its rapid development, was next dealt with. The possibilities as investigated are tabulated in Table No. 2. Nahmint River.—This flows from the Clayoquot divide, a region of abundant rainfall, into Alberni Canal. A fairly economical development could be effected by means of a dam at upper end of canyon to increase head and give balancing pondage; this would enable a flume or pipe-line to be carried along the bench at north side of canyon to a power-house at the bottom. Another small development could be effected farther up-stream. Nahmint Lake (area 1,350 acres) would form an excellent storage-basin, the shores being generally high and rocky, with the exception of the upper end; high rock bluffs stand on each side of the outlet, affording an excellent dam-site. Discharge data is meagre, so an estimate has been made by comparison with Sproat River, which has a parallel, adjoining, and similar watershed. The drainage-area is, however, a somewhat uncertain factor. D 138 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 SPROAT RIVER AT OOTLZT OF SftfOAT XAH£ HYDROGRAPH FOR PERVOD MARCH /ST TO DECEMBER 3/SI- To accompany report of FW KNEWSTUBB. u |/y- Z 9 O \ 6 Mean Mentfi/y Fain fa// of /2years records. Mean Ment/>/y Fa/n/a// fer /9/3, {December not ara//a£/ej. Va/i/es f/ren are means a/ A/6ern/ ana" C/ayeifo'e/' ra/n s/af/gns. tZZ3—i I JAN. FEB. ( MONTHLY MEAN RAINFALL MAR. \APR. I MAY \ Jt/N. \ JUL"] AUG. | SER \ OCT I NOK l DEC. , :yW&%.'»'«L MONTHLY I I I 'A\y///d(/////ty MEAN D/SCHARGES. I I i 1 1 I 1 I LEGEND. I k- ! . ! ! LEGEND. Dra/nage area /s esF/mafea' Frsm I pt/6//shea' maps ana" /'s apprejc/'/naFe en/y. £>/scf>ar?e s6seriraf/ons /'na'/cate Aeaf/er \ prec/p//af/e>n than is recora'ea' afi WZZKLY MEAN DISCHAJFLGES. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 139 SPROAT LAKE FOR PER/OD MARCH /2F TO DECEMBER 3/ST *9t3 75 accompany report of FW- KneWSTLIBB. Area oi Sproof /_aAe by p/ani meter from pi/6/is/>ea/ maps is //,300 acres. Mean Outf/ow /or /0 months enc/mf Dec. 3/$^ /S>/3 /s /350C.FS. To/a/ Outf/ow tor year ene/mf /~e6. 28 p?" Z9/4- is expected to exceed fn/s. No draft //ne sAown. Measurements to 6e /a/ten to upper s/de of //he of mass curve. WEEKS. s> § S3. § 8 900,000 EL A PS ED T/ME. D 140 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 STAMP RIVER AT OUTLET OF GF1EAT CE/VT/1AL LAXE HYDROGRAPH FOR PERIOD MARCH /*!■ TO DECEMBER 3/5T 1913 To accompany report of F. W. KnCWSTUBB. 18- z O CO 15- IZ Mean Montt/y Rain fa// oi /2years records. Mean MontMy Fainia// ior /9/3,Y~DecemAe, not arai/aA/ej. ' Va/ues yiren are means of A/Aerni and C/ay oauot rain stations. JAN., FESjMAR. APR., MAY JUN. ' JUL. AUG. , SEP OCT , A/OK \DEC % K s v. -J > *o<r ' Q ^3500- Ul LEGEA/D. I Drainage area is estimated from pub/ished maps and is approximate on/y. 3000- <j2500-\ Ld | CO t- r ■2000- bj ' &/5W-+ < -O/OOO-I S00 y ooo \\\ WEEKLY MEAN D/SCHARGES. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 141 GREAT CENTRAL LAKE jWA6S £jJAGnAJVJ Of OVTJTLOW FOR PER/OD MARCH /§T TO DECEMBER 3/$7" I9t3 73 accompany report of F.W.KNEWSTUBB. MOTES, / ^ Area oi Great Centra/ L d/ce Ay p/an/mefer from puA/isned maps is /3,900 acres. Mean Outf/ow for /0 months ending Dec. 3/ ^1 /S/3 is /6/0c.FS. To fa/ Ouff/ow for year ending f~eA. 28 ™' /D/-4- is expected to exceed tfiis. No draff fine sAown. Measurements to he taken to upper side of fine of mass curve^ WEEKS 1,000,000 ft I 8 100,000 o-oo ELAPSED T/ME D 142 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 LITTLE QUALICUM RIVER AT OUTLET OF CA//JEFJOFJ LAHE HYDROGRAPH FOR PER/OD MARCH /?!■ TO DECEMBER 3/?T *9t3 To accompany report of F.IV. K.NEWSTUBB. cW2" -UJ ? 000_ " Mean MontA/y Fain fa// of /c'years records. "Mean MontA/y Fain fat/ for /9/3, ADecemAer_ not ar-ai/aA/e). Vafues y-/ren are means of AfAerni and _ t/anaimo rain stations. + I JAn\ FEB. O; | MONTHLY MEAN RA/NFALL. MAR.| APR[. MAY JUN. JUL. \ . OCT | NOV. SZOCS.F. MONTHLY \ MEAN D/SCHARGES. I | I I I + I T + LEGEND. 1- Drainage area is estimated From ' . px/A/isAed maps and is approximate on/y. DEC. WEEKLY MEAN D/SCHARGES. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 143 CAMERON LAKE. M43C DJAGXAjj-J Of OUTFLOW FOR PERIOD MARCH f*T- TO DECEMBER 3/ZF 1913 73 accompany report of F.W. K.NEWSTUBB. V/f, i Area ot^ffameron L\afe hy p/animeter from puA/ished maps is t/50 acres. Mean Outflow for /0 months ending Dec 3/2T /9/3 is 270C.FS. Tofa/ Outf/ow for year endiny feA. 2Q — • Z9/-4- is expected to exceed ffis. No draft /ine. sAonrn. Measurements to Ae fa/en /b upper side of /ine of mass curve. WEEKS. ELAPSED T/ME. D 144 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Sproat River.—This also drains from the Clayoquot divide. Discharge data was obtained over a period of ten months. (See hydrograph and mass curve.) Upper Stamp River.—Great Central Lake to Ash River mouth. Possibilities on this stretch are shown. An alternative method of developing is by tunnel under the low divide south of the- lagoon, thence by flumes and pipes to the shore of Sproat Lake, from whence the water could be- again utilized in a development at Sproat Falls. (See hydrograph and mass curve.) Stamp Falls.—The available power at these falls is the subject of an application by the Ritchie-Agnew Power Company. The stream here has the combined flow of the Stamp and Ash. Rivers. Ash River.—Only that portion from Dixon Lake to Stamp River was investigated. Discharge data is obtained by taking the difference between flow at mouth of Great Central Lake- and measurements furnished by the Ritchie-Agnew Power Company. Streams feeding Great Central Lake.—There are several powers here which might be turned, to advantage in connection with lumber, pulp, or mining industries. Little mort than a reconnaissance could be made this season, and they would probably be worth further investigation.. The discharges were measured when Great Central Lake was at a comparatively low stage and falling fairly fast, indicating a low stage in its feeders, though still lower stages doubtless occur. Drinlcivater Creek is the largest stream dealt with; it has its principal source in Delia Lake, a glacier carved-rock basin at an approximate elevation of 3,600 feet, lying between and supplied, by the glaciers on the slopes of Big Interior Mountain and the Nine Peaks. The stream on issuing from the lake drops immediately over a cliff 1,580 feet high, forming the beautiful Delia Falls. These falls are included in the table given, though in their case scenic beauty may well be preferred to developed energy. Further details of Drinkwater Creek are given in Table No. 3. The stream, being largely glacier-fed, has, no doubt, a well-maintained summer flow, but will fall low in January and February. View Lake and Creek.—These lakes, though only three-quarters of a mile from Great Central Lake (lying to the north) near the west end, are 745 feet above it. A line was run over this distance, and, while forming a cheap line for development, would necessitate a short tunnel, deep cut, or siphoning over the low divide, which is 26 feet above the surface of View Lake; development could, of course, take the longer line along the outlet creek. McBride Creek.—This drains from the Nine Peaks, but was only examined for two miles; it does not present any very attractive features for power purposes, although the lake could be- utilized for storage in connection with a small plant. Little Qualicum River.—The elevation of Cameron Lake is about 620 feet, and as it is only six to seven miles from the sea it should offer good power possibilities if the lake could be- utilized for storage; but this, with the road in its present location, would result in part of the- latter being submerged. No actual survey of this stream was made. Table No. 1.—Water-powers in the Comox District. Stream, Falls, or Rapids. Head and how measured. Distance and how measured. Volume and how obtained. H. P. available (80 % of Total) at Date of Gauging-. Remarks on Conditions affecting- Development. Puntledge River— Upper Falls and Rapids Brown River— 350; from filed plan 58; Engr.'s level. 300; stadia transit 50; aneroid Developed by Can. Collieries. Dam-site half a mile below7 power-house. Flat meadows farther down. Stream flashy ; no storage-sites found. Suitable for small local industry power development. Suitable for small local industry power development. 2 m.; stadia transit 14,500 ft.; stadia tr. 7 miles, estimated. 3 miles, estimated. 1,000 c.f.s., as granted Slc.f.s; 2/7/13 5,000 2,200 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 145 Table No. 2.—Water-powers in the Alberni District. Stream, Falls, or Rapids. Nahmint River—■ Canyon two miles from mouth Rapids above, including 12' drop near lake Sproat River— Falls Rapids below Upper Stamp River- Fall Rapids Alternative development, Great Central to Sproat Lake Further development at Sproat Falls Stamp Falls & Rapids (below mouth of Ash Riv.) Ash River— Dixon L. to Stamp R.. Falls Rapids Somass River, Head and how determined. 88; Engr.'s level 160; stadia trans.'1 -Engr.'s level 9 1 6 V Engr.'s level 14.5 J 170 ; stadia trans . 110' ; from Ritchie- Agnew Co.'s information 67 ; stadia trans.* 6; stadia trans.* 4 ; stadia trans.* 303 ; tadia trans.* 130; stadia trans.* 0; Engr.'s level. Distance and how measured. 1,900 ft.; stadia. 4£ miles; stadia. 2,500 ft.; chain . 7,500 ft.; chain . 18,000 ft.; stadia. Discharge Data. c.f.s. run-off per sq. mile ; four-fifths of measured run-off per sq. mile on Sproat R. Mean flow for 10 months 1,350 c.f.s... Mean flow for 10 months 1,010 cf.s... As above, 1,610 c.f.s... As above, 1,610 c.f.s... 3 miles .. 3£ miles . Based on difference of flowbetw'n Stamp R. above & below mouth of Ash R. & assumi'g storage in Dixon L.. Combined flow, Sproat, Stanrp, & Ash Rivers H.P. from Data (80% of Total). 24,700 8,400 . •J Remarks on Conditions affecting Development, Storage, etc. Box canyon ; East wall 40 to 50 feet high ; west side much higher ; E. side best for dev'l- ment; good dam-site head of canyon. Narrow valley with strip of bottom land 400 to 600 ft. ; side-hills 20 to 30 degrees covered with fir, hemlock, and cedar. Left or North bank sloping rock al ong falls; timbered flats and slopes along rapids ; but on Indian reserve. Sproat Lake, 17 square miles area. Good site for dam at outlet, 40 to 50 feet high. Some vertical cliff along south bank. Sloping timbered banks on both sides ; some rock. Good site for dam at outlet of lake, 25 to 30 feet high. Area of Great Central Lake, 21 sq. miles. Involves tunnel to unite canal or flume andpipe-line remainder of distance. Water could be reutilized over Sproat Falls. Proposed development by dam across canyon. Power based on 60% load factor. Banks slopi n g and timbered with fir, hemlock, and cedar. Dixon, Ash, MacLaughlin, Elsie, and Deep Lakes on streams above. Site of old paper-mifl dam now disused. Right bank high, left bank low. * Elevations by stadia subject to revision by level. Table No. 3.—Water-powers on Streams feeding Great Central Lake. Name of Stream and Falls. Drinkwater Creek- Delia Falls Upper Canyon to Upper Canyon Bridge Upper Canyon Bridge to head of Lower Canyon Lower Canyon Rapids below Drinkwater Falls McBride Creek- Rapids View Lakes— Line from west end to Great Central Lake . Alternative line along Creek Head and how determined. 1,580 ft.; by trian- gulation 560 ft.; by aneroid* 220 ft.; by aneroid* 390 ft.; by aneroid* 500 ft.; by aneroid* 90 ft.; stadia tram* 100 ft; by aneroid* 745 ft.; stadia tran* 740 ft.; stadia tran* Distance and how determined. Ii m.; est. by time Is m,; est. by time £ m.; est. by time. 5 m.; est. by time. 2,000 ft.; stadia tr. 2 m.; sc. from map | mile ; by stadia . If m,; sc. from map Discharge and Date. 7.0C c.f.s .; 27/10/13.... 54 c ,f.s.; 28/10/13 108 108 c.f.s. c.f.s. ; 28/10/13 .... ; 28/10/13 .... 108 150 100 cf.s. estim.; 1/11/13 1 22e.f.s.,beingamean 1 flow of 6 c.f.s. on j" 3.75 square miles, J assuming storage. Estimated H.P.(80u/0 at Date of Metering. 1,700 2,150 3,800 4,900 1,200 Remarks on Conditions affecting Development. Delia Lake, 60 acres area, at head of falls; good dam-site outlet of lake. Some mine- shafts might be affected. 54 c.f.s. is half-metering at lower end of sec. (arbitrary). Part canyon, part gravel-bed. Banks admit of fairly easy pipe or flume construction. Banks admit of fairly easy pipe or flume construction. Banks admit of fairly easy pipe or flume construction. Lake at head of this stretch, 84 acres area ; good danvsite at outlet. {Combined area of lakes, 390 acres, from maps. This line is over low divide 26 feet above View Lakes from outlet of east lake (a little lower than west lake). Data from aneroid and stadia subject to revision by more precise methods. 10 D 146 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Completed Wokks. During the year a well-equipped and modern installation has been put in operation by the Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir), Limited, on the Puntledge River. Its ultimate capacity is 24,000 horse-power, with wheels for 12,000 horse-power installed. The Vancouver Island Power Company have made extensive additions to their Jordan River plant, bringing the total development up to 25,000 horse-power. The City of Port Alberni opened its works for municipal supply from China Creek. Works were completed for municipal supplies to Alberni City, Sooke Harbour, and Sidney. There still remain several matters in the Alberni District to which it would be well to give some time, especially power and storage possibilities on the Upper Ash River and Beaver Creek. Then operations should be extended to the east coast streams, such as the two Qnalicum Rivers, Englishman's, Xanaimo, and Cowichan Rivers, after which power possibilities farther north should, in view of increasing settlement, be dealt with. I have, etc., F. W. Knewstubb, Assoc.M.Inst.C.B. DISTRICT No. 1, VICTORIA. Vancouver Division. December 12th, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit my report on the Capilano River and watershed, and on the power possibilities of the Coquihalla River near Hope. The Capilano River is a rapid mountain-stream about 2Qy2 miles in length, and fed by many small tributaries and springs. The source or headwaters of the main stream are at an elevation of about 1,000 feet above sea-level. It rises almost due north of the westerly end of Burrard Inlet, and flows in a southerly direction to its mouth, where it empties into the salt- waters at a point known as the First Narrows, the entrance to this inlet. This stream has several important branches, chief amongst these being the creek known as Sister's Creek, about 4.5 miles long, which has its source at an elevation of approximately 5,000 feet, and the East Fork of the Capilano, about 5.5 miles long, whose source is at an elevation of approximately 2,700 feet. This East Fork has two large feeders—one from the easterly slope about 1.1 miles long, and one from the westerly slope about three miles in length. The stream from the easterly slope of its watershed has a source in two small lakes of about 135 and 25 acres respectively, at an elevation of approximately 2,900 and 1,900 feet. The larger lake was tied in and made a part of the survey of the Lynn Creek and watershed which was made by W. C. Smith, of this Department, of which mention is made in his report. These lakes are fed from melting snows and seepage from the surrounding mountains, but their value as reservoirs is small, entailing as it would the cost of large dams to impound any volume of water; the surrounding watershed area is small, and the only value as reservoirs would be, in the event of an unusually dry season, that their waters could be drawn off, and they could be allowed to regain their volume in time. The stream from the westerly slope of this East Fork watershed has a source at about 2,750 feet above sea-level, and is derived from the melting snows and springs. Near the headwaters of the main stream another fork is found, having a source similar to that of the others, at an elevation of approximately 2,950 feet. For the whole distance from the mouth to the source of the main stream small springs and creeks are contributing to the flow, but only the largest of these were investigated. This river has a watershed area of approximately fifty-five square miles, and for the most part is heavily tim'-ered and has a very heavy growth of underbrush on the lower slopes. The soil of the watershed is of a sand and gravel formation, with a very great amount of boulders in the sub-surface. In places where the sub-surface has been exposed, nothing but small and huge boulders are to be seen. Mm Sisters Creek, tributary to Capilano River. Bridge over canyon, Coquihalla River. Head of canyon on Coquihalla River. ji. ! ' 1: Ml.- -. * ':-."■ ' ■ ^ : hIss. ^M ci:3''i:5|:i"'f: jfMwifj : AhKI ^HH Down-stream view from summit of 80-foot fall on creek tributary to Seymour River. Up-stream view on Seymour River, below junction of East Fork. ■J ■ ■'■ ' . -• v.- .;■-' - *«*■: Close view of timber near summit of Seymour River Watershed. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 147 The slopes around the watershed are very steep, and with the character of the formation a very rapid run-off is apparent. The soil cannot retain the waters from a few hours' rain, much less from the melting snows. An evidence of the rapidity of the run-off was experienced during the survey when there had been a heavy rainfall for several hours. The result was a freshet with an increase of from less than 100 c.f.s. discharge to over 2,000 c.f.s. inside ten hours, and much trouble was encountered by the City of Vancouver's Waterworks Department at their intake, which is located some 6.5 miles from the mouth of the river. The annual precipitation over this watershed is approximately 120 inches, causing a mean annual run-off of about 30,000,000 cubic feet per day. The importance of retaining the timber on this watershed for all time cannot be too forcibly emphasized. It is absolutely necessary in order to regulate the run-off of the waters. The growth is very dense, and considering the nature of the soil a great amount of moisture is retained; but were this timber removed, one can readily see that this greatest aid to the retention of the waters would be lost, with disastrous results on the regularity of flow from this stream. The timber causes the loose, porous soil and sub-soil, such as it is, to be bound together, thus aiding the retaining-powers. In many places there are signs of freshet streams where the sub-surface is seen to be nothing but a mass of boulders, and at the sides of these courses can be seen the shallow depth of surface soil, bound as it were into a mat by the roots of the timber, which, if allowed to become cleared off, would soon cause the formation in many places to be washed down, leaving nothing but boulders. In the upper elevations, also, the timber saves the snow from melting too rapidly and running off, often causing freshets. There are no feasible reservoir-sites on this stream. At several places near the headwaters there are large flats, but the volume of any reservoir thus obtained would not warrant the expense of the dam. There is a small lake situated about half a mile above the junction of the East Fork with the main stream, but its value as a reservoir is negligible. The grade of the main river is high, some SO feet to the mile, at an average, and much greater in places. With the existing side-slopes of the stream it is impossible to obtain a feasible reservoir. Power Possibilities op the Coquihalla River, Hope. In view of the fact that there were several applications pending on this stream for the development of electrical power, instructions were received to make a first-hand investigation into the power possibilities of the Coquihalla River. The survey of this river was undertaken in June of this year, and a thorough investigation was made from its confluence with the Fraser River to and through the proposed power-sites of the various applicants. The Coquihalla River rises about eighteen miles due east of Spuzzum, on the Fraser River, and flows in a south-westerly direction to within a short distance of the mouth, where it turns and flows north to its confluence with the Fraser River just east of Hope. This stream derives its source of waters from numerous streams and springs, as well as by waters from the melting snows. Among the tributaries are Unknown Creek, Carry Creek, Boston Bar Creek, Lander Creek, Dewdney Creek, Pierre Creek, Anderson Creek, and the Nicoluin River. The waters from the last-named stream empty into the Coquihalla at a point just above the Natural Bridge, which is about 4.6 miles from the mouth. To make use of these waters for power-development on the Coquihalla River a dam would have to be located some distance up this stream, and a tunnel driven through the dividing mountain to cause a discharge of its waters at a point above the upper box canyon; the upper entrance to this canyon is the point at which a dam should be located. The position of this dam on the Coquihalla would be approximately 5.3 miles from the mouth of the river. The watershed of this stream comprises an area of between 320 and 350 square miles, for the most part heavily timbered, having a pronounced growth of underbrush. The area of the watershed above the location of the best dam-site would be between 255 and 285 square miles. The mountains are steep, thus allowing a rapid run-off for freshet waters and those from the melting snows. There is a probability of there being a source of supply from glaciers; but not having made an investigation to the headwaters, I am unable to state more definitely. The discharge of this river shows a maximum of 3,370 c.f.s., with a minimum of 335 c.f.s. It must be remembered that these figures include the discharge of the Nicoluin River. The position of its confluence with the Coquihalla is stated above. D 148 Keport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 This stream is of comparatively short length, in all about thirty-three to thirty-five miles. It falls 3,400 feet in the 33% miles between Summit Lake and Hope. This fall is nearly all made up by rapids. There is one fall located about half a mile above the Natural Bridge, below the dam-site, where a straight drop of from 15 to 20 feet is made, caused, from all appearances, by a rock-slide from the south-east side of the canyon. From the mouth of the river to about the lower entrance to the first box canyon there are flats and benches sloping back to the mountains. From the mouth up the stream on the right- hand side to about two miles is located flat country, with only a slight elevation above the water. There are three distinct box canyons, 'the lower entrances of these being located at approximately 3.9, 4.3, and 4.8 miles from the mouth. These have perpendicular walls, in places from 100 to 250 feet in height, and often overhanging the water. The rock throughout is of a granite nature and solid. Above the dam-site the valley opens up somewhat, and from the character of the soil it appears to have been at one time the bottom of a lake. There are two feasible power-sites on this stream. The first one is located about 4.7 miles from the mouth of the river, and at this point about 6,100 horse-power could be produced by driving a tunnel of about 2,600 feet in length and creating a working-head of approximately 225 feet. The second power-site is situated about four miles up from the mouth of the river, and considering the same dam-site, this would require a tunnel of approximately 3,900 feet in length, giving an available head of approximately 315 feet. Here, under favourable conditions, about 8,600 horse-power could be produced. These two locations are on small flats above the river-level. The first one is accessible by means of a good trail which rises over a summit of about 1,100 feet elevation. The second would require the building of a road for a distance of about a mile and a half, but the grade would be very much lighter, although the cost of such road would be fairly high. There is a good trail to within a distance of one mile of the location of the dam-site. The rock formation at this site is of a solid granite nature. The available head considered for these two sites was made by assuming the construction of a dam such as would raise the water-level 60 feet. In doing this, about 3,000 acre-feet of water would be impounded and a surface area of approximately 140 acres would be submerged. Any obstruction in this stream, as in all streams, would require a fish-ladder in the construction, as there are large quantities of the best of fish in the river. No reservoir could be made of any extent without the installation of a large and costly dam; thus the available power has to be figured from the minimum discharge of the river. In considering the power possibilities of this stream, the fact that there have been several surveys for railways down this valley must not be lost sight of. In the event of a dam being built at the point specified, and which is the only site, the located lines of the Kettle Valley Railway and those of the Vancouver, Victoria & Eastern Railway would be submerged for a distance of about a mile and a half. The site of these possible power-developments is some ninety miles from Vancouver and about four miles from the Town of Hope. Any developments at this point would find a market up the Fraser River Valley among the small towns. Another possible market for power will be the various railways in the immediate vicinity. The country is rapidly opening up, and there should be a considerable amount of electrical energy consumed in mining operations and other developments. I have, etc., E. A. Jamieson. DISTRICT No. 1, VICTORIA. Vancouver Division. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on the work accomplished in and around the City of Vancouver during the season of 1913. Pursuant to your instructions, the investigations of old records were taken up at the beginning of the season and reports on the contentious ones Unnamed lake on Lynn Creek Watershed, showing outlet. Snow scene on Seymour Watershed, June, 1913. Snow scene on Seymour Watershed, July, 1913. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 149 submitted, that the Board might this year make such determinations as would be necessary for the present. Records of lesser importance were left over, that the hydrographic and topographical surveys might be undertaken of the Seymour River, Lynn Creek, Capilano River, and Furry Creek to obtain information as to water-supply and storage possibilities and ascertain timber conditions on the several watersheds. Actual field-work was commenced on July 19th and concluded on November loth. The streams surveyed were: Seymour River, Lynn Creek, Capilano River, and Furry Creek, along with their important tributaries. Since the closing of the field-work, the office-work necessary for the production of the accompanying map of the whole district has been in progress, and it is found to be impossible to prepare the final topographical map at a large scale before this report is required. A larger map is at present being prepared at a scale of one-half mile to the inch, on which it is purposed to show the traverse lines, the main physical features, all surveyed lots, timber limits, and blocks of mineral claims. 'The general nature of all field-work was stadia traverse lines run up the various streams and their main tributaries, elevations being carried by levels and vertical angles. The work on small tributaries was accomplished by compass and aneroid. Mountain-peaks and general topographic features were noted and located by triangulating from the main traverse lines. The datum used for all elevations was zero at mean high tide (Vancouver City datum). At the commencement of the season precipitation stations were established at the waterworks intakes situated on Seymour, Lynn, and Capilano, as authentic rainfall information was not available. The total area of the four watersheds is about 175 square miles, made up as follows:— Seymour Creek 76 square miles. Capilano River 60 „ Lynn Creek 17 „ Furry Creek 22 The areas given on the first three are above waterworks intakes in each instance. The watershed of Furry Creek includes four square miles drained by its South Fork. This particular report applies to Seymour, Lynn, and Furry Creeks; the Capilano River is dealt with in detail in another report. Seymour River. The Seymour River is without doubt the most important stream to be considered in connection with the water-supply for a Greater Vancouver of the future. It is a swift mountain-stream of excellent, clear, pure water, and affords storage possibilities which, developed, would assure Greater Vancouver an almost unlimited supply of water for long periods of exceptional drought. The traverse on the Seymour began at a point situated about eight miles up-stream from the City of Vancouver's intake, the city's engineers having run lines that far to locate a 677-foot contour line around the proposed storage reservoir. The accompanying map and photographs illustrate the whole Seymour basin, giving a good general knowledge of storage possibilities, timber, precipitous mountains, snow-fields which remain at the higher altitudes throughout the summer, and many other features. The drainage-area is about seventy-six square miles, over 95 per cent, of which is precipitous mountains with peaks reaching 6,000 feet above sea-level. On the higher altitudes and as low as 3,000 feet above sea-level snow lies in large quantities throughout the whole year. This snow melting in the driest and hottest summer weather assures considerable flow in the river at all times. The main stream has its source in a lake of about 100 acres called Summit Lake or Loch Lomond, situated about twenty-six miles from the mouth of the stream at the Second Narrows on Burrard Inlet. This lake is at an elevation of slightly over 3,300 feet above sea-level, and is hemmed in on the east and west by very high mountains which retain large quantities of snow throughout the summer. Water reaches this lake in very small streams from all sides, which drain an area of approximately 1,000 acres. The divide between the Seymour and the Staamus Rivers is about 300 feet north of the lake. It is very marshy and reaches an elevation of only about 10 feet above high-water mark on the lake. From Loch Lomond to Newport on the Staamus River Trail is a distance of about twelve miles. D 150 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The river has, in addition to a great number of small creeks emptying into it, several very important tributaries which are briefly indicated below. Streams emptying below the Seymour intake, situated about seven miles above the mouth, are not considered, as they have no bearing for the present on the main water-supply. Tributaries oe the Seymour. (1.) Stony Creek, which rises in a lake of the same name, flows into the Seymour from the west at a point about thirteen miles from the sea at an elevation of 650 feet above sea-level. It is a very steep stream rising in a lake of about 35 acres at an elevation of nearly 2,800 feet above sea-level. The drainage-area of this lake is approximately 400 acres. About 180 feet from the lake the water drops over a sheer precipice about 700 feet high. Storage could be accomplished on this lake by drilling through from the face of this cliff to tap the lake far below its normal surface, or constructing a dam on bed-rock at the outlet of the lake. (2.) An unnamed creek flows into the main stream from the west at a point about eighteen miles from the sea at an elevation of about 810 feet. A short distance above this junction the main stream rises very rapidly, the first step of the rise being on a falls about 60 feet high. (3.) The Seymour East Fork enters the main stream about twenty miles from the sea at an elevation of 1,040 feet. This is a very important tributary draining a large area of well- timbered land. The source is in a meadow at an elevation of 3,000 feet (aneroid). Great masses of snow were found at this summit at the end of August. (4.) An unnamed creek enters the main stream from the west at a point about 21% miles from the sea at an elevation of 1,307 feet. This tributary also drains a large well-wooded area. (5.) The Seymour West Fork flows into the main stream at a point about twenty-three miles from the sea at an elevation of 1,700 feet. It is a large tributary about three miles long rising at an elevation of 2,800 feet, and draining a large mountainous area of well-timbered land. As a basis for classifying the relative importance of the tributaries, assuming the total discharge of the river at the Seymour intake to be 100 c.f.s., which amount is approximately the ordinary summer flow, the following discharges are reasonably representative for the various tributaries:— Unnamed creek 12 cubic feet per second. Unnamed creek on west 8 „ East Fork 18 Unnamed creek on west 15 „ West Fork 12 Main stream above West Fork 10 „ Other small tributaries 25 „ Total 1Q0 Timber. As indicated in the accompanying photographs, practically the whole catchment-area is well covered with timber and a heavy growth of berry-bushes. Fire has not as yet touched the forest on the watershed above the city's intake. The quantities arrived at by the Forest Branch in their cruise of alienated timber are given in brief below :— (1.) Timber on Lots 864, 856, 1441, 1444, 1445, 1446, 1441, 1450, 1451, 1597, 1598, 2625, and Timber Licences 8072, 8073, and 8074. Species. Douglas fir Red cedar Hemlock Balsam fir Spruce Yellow cedar Dead cedar Total Total. Accessible. 9,724,600 8,676,880 44,804,590 34,494,640 34,476,600 28,589,330 24,346,400 18,345 290 2,879,500 2,415,210 4,034,400 2,484,570 3,734,000 3,734,080 124,000,090 98,740,000 s li o "w- i n g WATERSHEDS available for GREATER VANCOUVER WATER SUPPLY Map on large scale. on Tile at the. Water Rights Br, 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 131 (2.) On Timber Licences Nos. 8075, 8076, 8077, 8078, and 8079. Douglas fir... Red cedar Yellow cedar. Hemlock Balsam fir ... Pine Dead cedar. .. Species. Total. Total. Accessible. 10,589,000 29,724,525 670,540 20,345,505 2,836,760 800,800 2,137,600 6,715,600 23,311,920 417,760 15,261,285 2,809,060 390,000 2,137,600 67,104,730 51,043,225 Surface Soil. In the bottom lands, aggregating in all about 3 to 4 per cent, of the total catchment-area, the soil is a deep black loam slightly mixed with sand and fine gravel. Large gravel-bars are numerous on the lower twenty miles of the stream. On the medium mountain-slopes the soil is a brown loam mixed with gravel. As the more precipitous regions are reached the soil becomes lighter and bed-rock is exposed in many places. Many of the mountain-faces have broken down into great rock-slides. A portion of, perhaps, the largest rock-slide is shown in an accompanying photograph. The bottom lands are well covered with huckleberry-bushes, devil's-club, skunk-cabbage, and large ferns. On the higher benches and moderate mountain-slopes the forest floor is practically clean in patches, while the majority of the area is almost impassable with bushes, vines, ferns, mountain-willow, maple, alder, etc., and fallen trees. The lower summits are usually covered with thick huckleberry-bushes, a variety of heather, small juniper-trees, a species of stunted pine (Pinus albicaulis), small yew-trees, etc. The higher peaks are covered with snow, bare rock being exposed where snow cannot lodge. The preservation of the forest-growth to the watershed is necessary for several well-known reasons, some of the more important being: (1) That the tall trees retard very materially the spring melting of the snow; (2) that the forest and ground vegetation maintains a normally low temperature in summer, preventing excessive evaporation and keeping the ground well saturated with water; and (3) that the forest-growth prevents erosion and quick run-off on steep slopes. Where timber is removed the soil is very quickly washed off, leaving bare mountain-sides off which the precipitation rushes almost as it falls, causing sudden dangerous floods laden with great quantities of sand, gravel, and organic matter, rendering the water unsatisfactory for domestic purposes. Moreover, aside from the flood dangers and turbulent water, perhaps the most serious result is the quick dissipation of the run-off. Precipitation. No really authentic figures can be given concerning precipitation, as the rain-gauges were only established this year. Rain-gauge readings taken at the Seymour intake thus far are given below:— August 2.0 inches. September 8.2 „ October 13.4 „ These amounts are no doubt above the average for these usually dry months, and give no foundation for an estimate of the annual rainfall. The low-water stage occurs in the middle and late summer, the melting snow assisting the flow until quite late in the year. The water also recedes in the cold weather, while precipitation takes place as snow. The snow is retained on the side-hills and bottoms by the tall trees until quite late in the year (about middle of June). As stated above, snow remains at high altitudes and in sheltered places throughout the year. It is of interest to note the precipitation recorded at Coquitlam Lake, situated about ten miles east of the Seymour Creek. The average annual fall there over a period of ten years was D 152 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914' 155.38 inches. The minimum is in July and August and the maximum in November. This data tends to show that if 100 inches is assumed as the precipitation on the Seymour, such is probably well below the actual amount. As the stream has no natural storage places except the lakes at the summits, the freshet water flows down the stream in a wild uncontrolled torrent which does considerable damage to the banks and allows a great deal of the run-off to take place in a very short time. Ordinary freshets take place in the spring when the winter snow is melting and spring rains are falling, and in the fall after a quantity of snow has fallen and sudden warm weather and heavy rains cause the river to rise very rapidly. The fall freshet is usually the greater. Evaporation over the watershed is very slight on account of a comparatively low temperature. The thick growth of forest and brush affords the ground-moisture excellent protection. Lynn Creek. As indicated on the accompanying map, the Lynn Creek watershed lies between the lower portions of the Seymour and Capilano watersheds. In a general way the preceding descriptive remarks in reference to the Seymour work and catchment-area apply to the Lynn Creek, with practically no variation. A few special remarks alone, then, will be sufficient in the case of the Lynn Creek. Lynn Creek is a swift mountain-stream of pure clear water draining an area of about seventeen square miles of high, steep mountainous country. It has three important tributaries given below in order of importance. The Lynn East Fork drains an area of about four and a half square miles bounded by high range of snow-bearing bald mountains about 5,000 feet high. Lynn Lake, situated at an elevation of 2,550 feet above sea-level, has an area of four acres, and is surrounded by a flat meadow comprising about 20 acres of tough grass saturated with snow-log. Below the lake the stream drops over 500 feet per mile for two miles and a half, where it joins the West Fork at an elevation of 1,185 feet. The East Fork traverse was continued over the divide to two lakes—one of 137 acres at an elevation of 2,960 feet, and another of 27 acres at an elevation of 1,800 feet. These lakes are included in the report on the Capilano River, as they are tributary to that stream. The Lynn West Branch rises in a basin 1,900 feet above sea-level, encircled by a bald precipitous ridge rising about 1,000 feet above the basin. It flows eastward about a mile and a half, where it joins the East Fork. An unnamed creek rises in an unnamed lake, which has an area of 17 acres and is 3,300 feet above sea-level. The catchment-area of the lake is about 150 acres, and is encircled by a ridge rising about 1,000 feet above the lake. The creek drops very rapidly, joining the main creek two miles east of the lake at an elevation of 940 feet. Timber. The timber of this watershed is very similar to that of the Seymour, and a considerable area has also been alienated. The situation is similar but on a smaller scale to that on the Seymour. Furry Creek. Physical characteristics, etc., are very similar to the Seymour watershed, so only a very brief discussion is necessary. The Furry Creek work was undertaken for two reasons, namely: (1) To investigate its merits as a source of power in relation and to a dispute over power proposals; and (2) to ascertain the relation of the South Fork to the Capilano River. Furry Creek is of especial interest in considering future extensions necessary to provide Greater Vancouver with water, as the two lakes, Marion and Phyllis, situated at the headwaters of the South Fork, may form a very large storage reservoir, water from which could be conveyed to the Capilano River, thereby greatly increasing the available water-supply during the dry season. The two lakes are at an elevation of 1,535 feet above sea-level. Marion Lake is the larger, having an area of 18 acres, while Phyllis Lake has an area of 15 acres. A comparatively inexpensive dam could probably be made to flood about 60 acres or more. The divide separating the lakes from the Capilano is very hard to define on account of the extremely thick brush. Loch Lomond, or Summit Lake, headwaters oJ Seymour River. , , ..: . .« : . ^V; :: :. ::: ;; ;: ": ^ : : :: : ^|y^|l|^ff?f .■AHHrikiJ. ■ ^t'j" ^'-#." V'/i;.'' V. ■>i''l;=; vf' '^r- ..::,.,,;,; ) ,; ■ % . ■ x if :,;■■ I ..; ■:. : ■:, „ «sp ^L5 • ■** ** 2 "'* ■ ■ \' ■■'■'' W""'^WJI^frf^ti-. ■■ ■ .: • ■■••..■•'■.■■ , '';;^S|| 31 -.«ai Sl3*:Sste':^S3^Ss;'¥li|B(lilHlllII!i ftll^^^'^WB^p. • ^ _ H^^^fe : ■' :■ IIIUPHIIIIII^MI Unnamed lake, tributary to Lynn Creek, showing snowfleld. 4 ESSH i J i" Marion Lake, head of South Fork of Furry Creek. Unnamed lake, tributary to Lynn Creek. View northward from peak above unnamed lake on Lynn Creek. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 153 However, it was located as nearly as possible and a post planted. The divide is a gradual slope reaching an elevation of about 1,600 feet above the sea, or about 65 feet above the lakes. The catchment-area of the two lakes is about 500 acres. Conclusion. In summing up the work on the watersheds referred to herein, it is of interest to note their importance in respect of the water-supply requirements of Greater Vancouver. It will be necessary that another season be spent to definitely clear up some points. Contours of the various reservoir-sites will be necessary, also permanent weirs and gauging-stations, in order that some definite conclusion may be formed to what extent the flow of the several creeks might be regulated. I have, etc., W. C. Smith, B.A.Sc. DISTRICT No. 1, VICTORIA. Lillooet Division. December 12th, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—This being the first occasion on which an engineer from the Branch has visited the Lillooet Division, much of the information submitted is of a preliminary character, and the report will naturally lack the more definite views that can be given on sections of the Dry Belt that are better known. However, it is hoped that the report will assist in directing future work to those portions of the division which may reasonably be expected to make early progress, and where the water-supply will be of more vital importance. A general description of the territory investigated, which is shown shaded on the accompanying map, is of interest. The country on the west bank of the Eraser River between Texas Creek and Lillooet, a distance of about twelve miles, is very broken, the foot of the steep mountains lying from a half to one mile from the river-bank. There are many excellent benches which could be brought under irrigation, but at the present time only a small area is being cultivated. The creeks on this section are Texas, Island Bar, Riley, and Cayoosh, together discharging more than sufficient wat jr to irrigate the whole of the available land subject to them. Each of these creeks maintain a good flow throughout the irrigating period, chiefly snow-water from the high range of mountains behind. Little is known of their drainage-areas. The benches between the north boundary of the Railway Belt and Pavilion, on the east bank of the Fraser River, are similar in character, but the absence of creeks on this side results in the amount of irrigated land being small; several thousand acres of good land lying unproductive, with no easy irrigation possibilities in sight. The principal creeks on this section are Cinquefoil, Fountain, Eleven-mile, Fourteen-mile, and Pavilion, none of which can command any large area until storage-works are constructed to hold back the spring discharge. The benches on this section lie at an elevation of from 800 to 1,400 feet above sea-level. The annual precipitation is low and the climate one of the best in the Interior. The snowfall on the lowlands is light, generally only a few inches, but the high mountains in the collecting- area are snow-covered throughout the year. Land open and not difficult to prepare for Cultivation. The land is open and presents but little difficulty in its preparation for cultivation. The clearing in the valleys of Fountain and Pavilion Creeks is not heavy, being for the most part poplar and willow. The slopes of the Fountain collecting-area are fairly well wooded, and the creek sustains its flow well for such a low watershed. The other creeks flow from higher altitudes and have their high-water later in the year, when the snow melts; if the summer is wet, their discharge fluctuates throughout the season. D 154 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Part of Lillooet Division of District No. 1. Area investigated during year shown by single hatching. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 155 In the matter of soil, the benches on the Eraser banks in the vicinity of Lillooet are similar throughout, the surface soil being a sandy loam, mixed in parts with gravel, and the subsoil gravel, loose in character, the whole being well suited for orchards and at a favourable elevation. The finest of fruits and general crops are grown. Between 105-Mile House and Williams Lake. The country between the 105-Mile House and Williams Lake is of a different character, and owing to climatic conditions its crops and water duties are in contrast to the sections above described. This section is an open valley consisting of easy slopes and flat bottom lands, averaging from one to three miles wide, extending from thirty to forty miles long and looking promising for future development. The majority of the mountain creeks draining into Lac La Hache and San Jose River have easy storage in their courses, whilst Lac La Hache, which is some twelve miles long and varying from a half to one mile wide, with an excellent dam-site at its outlet, would store sufficient water to warrant the construction of a canal on either side of the valley of the San Jose River, commanding some 15,000 acres, a high percentage of which would prove good arable land. Practically no clearing on Arable Land. There is practically no clearing to do on the arable land, but the watersheds are well covered with poplar, jack-pine, and small fir. The waiter is held back by this vegetation to some extent, although the altitude of the summit is low and the spring thaw sudden. The elevations between 105-Mile House and Williams Lake range between 2,700 and 1,800 feet above sea-level, and the climate is more severe than at lillooet during the winter, the possibility of summer frosts limiting the crops to the hardier kinds. The mean annual precipitation is estimated to be about 16 inches, and dry-farming is being successfully practised in the neighbourhood. The wild growth in the valley of the San Jose River is chiefly willow scrub and brush which can be easily cleared. The range feed is excellent, bunch-grass, peavine, etc., being abundant, whilst broad swamp meadow land is found on all the creeks throughout the section. The soil is a rich brown loam of great depth, varying on the sloping benches near the foot-hills to a lighter colour mixed with stones, and to a black loam in the timber. In occasional denuded localities the subsoil is of a gravelly nature. As the season has been almost entirely devoted to surveys and preparation of plans showing ditches, irrigated and irrigable areas for the Board of Investigation, the various headings in the schedule of work for the season could not be followed, and consequently much of the useful data there called for remains to be still obtained. During the last few weeks in the field actual surveying was suspended owing to the pressing need for preliminary reports and sketches showing what use was being made of the water under each record. As the division covers such a wide area, no systematic stream-gauging could be attempted without impeding the progress of "Board-work," and only such readings were made as could be conveniently taken en route; these will prove useful, however, as a basis for estimating the possibilities of the streams covered. Practically no power is being developed on any of the creeks visited this year, although most of them have small possibilities, Cayoosh Creek being capable of from 2,000 to 5,000 horsepower. There is, however, no demand for power at the present time. In the area covered, 162 records have been investigated and a plan and report on each submitted; in addition, there are many unused rights which have lapsed for various reasons. Survey was made of 5,600 acres of irrigable land, of which 3,310 acres are irrigated; while 5,200 acres, of which 2,450 are irrigated, have been preliminarily investigated. This will enable the Board of Investigation to hold a sitting on all records in the drainage- basin of the San Jose River, and on all streams flowing into the Fraser River on the west bank from Texas Creek to Five-mile or Dickey Creek, north of Lillooet, and on the east bank from the north boundary of the Railway Belt to Pavilion Creek; also on Dog Creek and Canoe Creek farther north. Regarding temperature, precipitation, and altitude, very little information is available, and a lack of interest in the matter is evident throughout the district, several requests made to settlers to take rain-gauges having been refused. The past season has been a phenomenal one for rain, and some difficulty was experienced in harvesting the crops. D 156 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Storage Possibilities at Lac La Hache. Special attention is drawn to the possibility of developing the valley of the San Jose River, as previously mentioned, by storing the flood-waters in Lac La Hache, and a little preliminary work at a small cost might be done to ascertain the feasibility of the scheme. A large portion of the territory remains still untouched; of this, the Chilcotin, Big Bar, and Bridge River should receive early attention next year, as requests have been made in each vicinity for a settlement of differences. Owing to difficulties of travel in so large an area, it appears that the district must ultimately be administered in two distinct sections. Loss through Seepage is enormous. The water from the creeks between the Railway Belt and Pavilion is utilized to a considerable extent. The smaller creeks are now practically absorbed under existing conditions; the larger creeks have been hitherto neglected owing to greater expense in constructing the necessary works. The loss through seepage in the open ditches is enormous; were wood pipes or flumes used to a greater extent, it is estimated that three times the quantity of land could be irrigated from the smaller creeks. Some of the ditches seven and eight miles long do not deliver more than 20 per cent, of the water diverted from the creeks. As an instance, the following figures are of interest: One irrigator diverts 3.3 c.f.s., and the ditch delivers 0.77 c.f.s. at the ranch two miles away. To irrigate 180 acres in another Instance, 6.3 c.f.s. are diverted; while in a third case 6.7 are diverted to irrigate 140 acres. Much money has been misspent on unsuitable works, and many portions of bad ditches will have to be entirely replaced. Co-operation in the construction of works is most desirable, particularly amongst those that have recently been granted permits, to avoid unnecessary duplicating of ditches and rights-of-way. Principal Crop is Hay and Grain. From 105-Mile House to Williams Lake the principal crop is hay and grain, the latter on the lower lands requiriug but little irrigation. Most of the ranches go in entirely for stock, and mixed farming is the exception. Alfalfa has grown successfully where tried, and potatoes generally are a safe crop. In a few years this is certain to become a dairying centre, but at the present time butter, eggs, bacon, etc., are imported for local consumption. Possibly the abnormal prices obtainable for hay and grain may exempt the farmers from much criticism. Cattle are marketable at good prices and are wintered chiefly on swamp-hay, which is an inexpensive feed. With the completion of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, now under construction, the market prices of farm products will in a year or two assume their normal value, and the labour difficulty will be solved, so that mixed farming will follow as a matter of course. In this section also the seepage losses in ditches are high, although the soil is more suitable for earth ditches than the lands bounding the Fraser. It will probably be several years before this division will be thickly settled and the difficulties that have been experienced in other parts of the Dry Belt can be anticipated. In this interval, however, much information regarding discharges of streams, etc., can be gathered, and the delay in settlement of disputes will be avoided when the time arrives. In conclusion, I would like to mention that the party was well received everywhere, and all assistance possible was given by the ranchers to facilitate our work. I have, etc., J. F. Rowlands. Darn and headgate, west end of Paul Lake. .. . : i s Experimental pumping plant on Harper Ranch, South Thompson River. ...•„... y?#%^2*\W- mzsmmm Dam at end of Paul Lake. View from the lake. ii • -JjMJMlMflur iV "" " ' %,-J«1 * : ■■■■:;;;, .;■■..-'.: ■>:■'"-.■ ■ .' v.:..-.. . :,.' . ./ '....',>■ '' : . •■ '■'■.■■■■■■■'.„■ ." ■ . " -^ .' '■ Fraser River "Valley, Lillooet. Fraser River bench land, Lillooet. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 1, Victoria. D 157 DISTRICT No. 1, VICTORIA. Quesnel Division. > Barkerville, November Sth, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I submit herewith a brief report on the work done this season in the district north of the 150-Mile House, comprising, roughly, the Quesnel and Barkerville Water Districts. Work was not commenced until August 25th, with one party, consisting of myself and one assistant. The most pressing part of our work was the investigation of old water records, a great number of which had been issued in this district. On account of the rough country and the long winter in the Barkerville District, which make travelling very slow and expensive between the early part of October and the latter part of June, most of our work this season was done in this neighbourhood, the agricultural portions of the country being left for examination in winter and spring. Therefore the following remarks apply only to the country near Barkerville, including most of the eastern, part of the Barkerville Water District, but excluding the Bear Lake and Stony Lake Districts. This section of the country is rough and hilly, and lies at a considerably higher elevation than the surrounding locality. It consists of narrow valleys running in all directions, and steep hills (many of which attain the dignity of mountains, having a height above the valleys of from 500 to 2,500 feet), and contains little or no agricultural land, except a few small hay meadows. The country is well covered with a growth of small timber, mainly spruce, balsam, and pine, and on many of the burned-over or cleared hillsides there is also a mixture of small poplar. Some of the valleys contain sufficient black-pine and spruce for local requirements, but there is. practically no merchantable timber. Some of the spruce might ultimately be of use for pulp and paper, but there are much larger areas more conveniently situated outside this district— on the Willow and Swamp Rivers, for instance. On most of the steep hillsides there is a thick growth of moss which retains a large quantity of moisture throughout the year. In spite of the steepness of these slopes they drain very slowly, and this must have a considerable effect in equalizing the run-off. In the immediate vicinity of Barkerville no agricultural development of any extent has ever taken place. There are a few small hay meadows and some vegetable gardens, but very little irrigation. The elevation of the valleys runs from about 3,000 to about 4,000 feet above sea-level, while the highest mountains rise to about 6,800 feet. The average annual precipitation at Barkerville, as given by the Dominion Meteorological Station, is about 35 inches. At Quesnel, about sixty miles farther west, and in approximately the same latitude, the annual precipitation averages about 13 inches. At Barkerville, however,, almost half of the total annual precipitation falls in the form of snow (155 inches). Being so near to the source of all streams in the district, there are no large drainage-areas to equalize the flow, and hence the spring freshets are rather severe, and the summer flow of the different streams is quite small. Within a radius of approximately six miles from Meridian Mountain rise streams flowing into the Cottonwood, Willow, and Bear Rivers, and into the North Fork of the Quesnel River, all ultimately reaching the Fraser. The highest temperature recorded here is about 93 degrees, and the lowest about —46 degrees, the mean annual temperature being about 36 degrees. The cold is not so severe as might be supposed, for, in addition to the lack of humidity in the air, the deep valleys are well sheltered. The thick covering of snow does not allow the frost to penetrate to any depth in the earth. All the larger streams run throughout the winter, which helps to equalize the run-off by allowing a large amount of absorption by the soil. The average snowfall is about 13 feet, but during the last winter it reached a total of almost 23 feet. There are no glaciers, and only a few small patches of snow on the sheltered sides of the higher mountains remain unmelted throughout the year. By far the most Important use to which the streams of this district are put is hydraulic mining. There are many difficulties to contend with in this work—the short open season as D 158 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 compared with more southerly countries, thfe scarcity of water due to most of the mines being located so close to the sources of the streams, and the lack of cheap and rapid transportation being the most important. In spite of these disadvantages, the amount of gold shipped out last season is estimated by the Gold Commissioner at about 8200,000. When it is considered that at present all the supplies and heavy machinery required must be hauled by wagon-road 270 miles from the railway at Ashcroft, some idea may be formed of the probable revival of mining activity on the completion of the Pacific and Great Eastern Railway. Several mines in the district are now shut down, owing largely to the heavy transportation charges, and many other claims have never been worked except in a desultory way, for the same reason. It may very well be that the future gold-production of the Cariboo will rival in amount, if not in spectacular character, the wonderfully rich returns of Williams Creek and the adjacent territory in the early days. The largest group of claims under one management here has a system of ditches aggregating thirty-five miles in length, with several reservoirs in connection. In the case of these large and well-managed companies I do not anticipate any very great improvement in the economical use of water. The value of any hydraulic claim depends directly on the amount of water available to work it, and oil the length of time during which it can be used; hence any company with sufficient capital to take advantage of expert engineering advice will certainly do their utmost to prevent waste of water. At the same time, of course, the temporary nature of an hydraulic mine does not justify the construction of works of a permanent character, which are also, by their nature, the more economical. On many of the smaller claims held by individuals the water could be used with much less waste, but in most of these cases the expenditure required for reservoirs, etc., to accomplish this would be beyond the means of the owner. Under present conditions many of these claims just succeed in paying expenses and a very small profit. If, with the event of better transportation facilities, they can show a reasonably good balance-sheet, outside capital can be interested, and more elaborate and economical systems of ditches and other works constructed. During the coming season I hope to obtain a reliable series of measurements on the various streams used, and also to determine, as far as possible, the duty of water in this class of work. Owing to the late date at which work was started and the small party available, no survey- work of any extent was attempted this season. Some 396 old records wTere'brought from Victoria to be investigated here. About 100 of these records have been reported on, and enough information and data have been obtained to report on about as many more. No comprehensive surveys have ever been made in the district, and the difficulty of locating the various claims has been largely responsible for any delay in reporting. Most of the old water records were granted in such a form as to make it very difficult to exactly determine just what property the record was appurtenant to. This has necessitated a large amount of clerical work which was not anticipated. Another great difficulty has been that during the late summer and autumn there were no people living on or near many of the properties which had to be investigated. As explained before, no stream-measurements have yet been undertaken. During the winter, however, a series of measurements will be started on several streams which may very soon be of considerable value for the production of power. Some of these streams or rivers are difficult of access during the winter, but the value of low-water measurements is sufficient, I think, to justify any extra time taken. Except for the Barkerville District, which I have described above, and that country lying to the north and east of Quesnel Forks, most of that immense area from the 150-Mile House to Fort George offers great inducements to the farmer, more particularly some parts of it. Some of this country will ultimately be cultivated by the modern dry-farming methods, but some of it will probably require irrigation. I have, etc., A. W. Campbell. WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, LANDS DEPT, B. C. REPORT 1913 Compiled by Geographic Branch, surveyor Generals Office. o District Headquarters. Area investigated during year. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 2, Kamloops. D 159 DISTRICT No. 2, KAMLOOPS. Wm. Young, Esq., Kamloops, November 21st, 1913. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit my report on the hydrographic work of the past season on streams running into the North Thompson River. The party in the field consisted of four men—viz., the engineer, an assistant, a rodman, and axeman. All measurements of land were made with stadia, this method being considered more accurate in a broken and mountainous country, also more expeditious and economical. The work has been carried out on lines varying from those of the years 1911-12, when attention was chiefly directed to streams and watersheds. All efforts this season have been concentrated on water records and the lands appurtenant thereto, metering and gauging of streams being left entirely to the British Columbia Hydrographic Survey. The area included in this season's work extends from Sullivan Creek on the north to South Thompson River on the south, being bounded on the west by the North Thompson River and on the east by the 120th degree of west longitude, and includes within these bounds Sullivan Creek, Hefferly Creek and Lake, and Paul Creek and Lake, and ail lands appurtenant to the water records on these waters, and includes an area of 186 square miles. These creeks, like all others in this mountainous country, run through deep and generally narrow gorges, the hills rising on either side of the valleys to an elevation of from 3,000 to 5,000 feet; the valleys and benches containing the irrigable and irrigated lands. The hills are covered with a fine growth of Aland pine, and the margins of the streams are usually fringed with a thick growth of cottonwood and willows. In common with many other streams in the Dry Belt, these creeks are subject to sudden and great fluctuations, ranging from raging torrents in the spring to gentle rills in the autumn. During the last five years a perceptible decrease in the discharge of these creeks has been observed in this district, the cause not having been determined. The soil of this district varies from a light, sandy loam on the upland benches to a rich dark loam on the bottom lands. Both soils are capable of producing fine crops of oats, wheat, alfalfa, hay, potatoes, and most kinds of vegetables, together with apples, berries, and currants; the one thing needful being a sensible application of water. Speaking generally, the duty of water should be about 1 c.f.s. per 100 acres, of course varying in places as the soil varies. In addition to the bottom lands and the benches immediately adjacent, there are considerable areas of higher bench lands bordering these creeks which are in part covered with a fine growth of bunch-grass, affording good pasture for cattle and horses, and, when cultivated, capable of producing good crops of hay and oats if water is available. Such timber as these benches carry consists of fir and pine, but as growth is scanty and there is little or no undergrowth the cost of clearing is light. As was stated above, the principal part of the season's work was the investigation of records and survey of lands appurtenant thereto. Thirty-five records have been investigated, and accurate instrumental surveys have been made of the appurtenant lands, amounting to 10,460 acres, excluding irrigable bench lands mentioned above, which would add approximately 4,300 acres to the irrigable total. In addition to this, 164 records have been superficially investigated (many of them accurately surveyed) for the Board of Investigation. These records cover a wide area, taking in, as they do, Campbell and Peterson Creeks and their tributaries and a considerable area in the valley of the South Thompson River. In the following table will be found the chief figures of the season's work, together with details of the streams controlling the area dealt with:— Creeks. Length in Miles. Irrigated Land appurtenant to Records. Irrigable Land appurtenant to Records. Approximate Irrigable Benches. Drainage Area. 8 9 14 Acres. 160 J,379 3,920 Acres. 320 1,279 1,264 Acres. 1,000 1,500 .., 1,800 Sq. Miles. 13.5 Hefferly Paul 41.4 68.5 D 160 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 It is probable that two of these streams—namely, Hefferly and Paul Creeks—might be used for power purposes, as they have their source in good-sized lakes. Hefferly Lake, the source of Hefferly Creek, has an area of 450 acres. No estimate has been made of its contents. The maximum discharge from Hefferly Creek occurred in May, 1912, and was 108 c.f.s., and the minimum in August of the same year was 6.3 c.f.s. Paul Lake, from which Paul Creek flows, has an area of 700 acres. Lack of facilities has prevented soundings being taken, but there is no doubt a fine reservoir could be made of this lake. The maximum discharge of Paul Creek occurred in the months of May and June and was 64 c.f.s., and the minimum was in September, 9.1 c.f.s. In addition to the work in the area especially mentioned, some 164 water records have been investigated, a portion receiving superficial attention, a good many being accurately surveyed. This additional work was specially undertaken to enable the Board of Investigation to cope with the large number of records needing urgent attention. It will be of interest to note that the Western Canada Ranching Company are erecting an experimental pumping plant to take water from the South Thompson River. The plant consists of a semi-Diesel 40-horse-power oil-engine to drive a 7-inch centrifugal pump that will deliver water through a 10-foot pipe to a system of galvanized-iron flumes. The capacity of the plant is 160 cubic feet per minute at a total head of 90 feet. It is proposed to irrigate 200 acres. Results will be followed and referred to again. The general physical characteristics of the district were dealt with in my report of 1912. The past year has been unusually wet for the Dry Belt, with a consequent ease in the annual demand for irrigation-water. The country generally has benefited by the seasonable rain. I have, etc., W. R. PiLswoRTH, M.C.S.C.E. DISTRICT No. 3, NICOLA. Nicola, November 14th, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on the work carried out during the past season in the Nicola District. This district extends from the International Boundary on the south to the Thompson and Fraser watershed on the north, and from the Okanagan and Similkameen watersheds on the east to Spence's Bridge, Harrison Lake, and Chilliwack River watersheds on the west; within its area it includes the Nicola and part of the Fraser Rivers, with their tributary creeks, and Nicola and Nahatlatch Lakes; a general description of the whole area being published in the Annual Report of 1912. Preparation of material for sittings of the Board of Investigation has occupied a good deal of time. Surveys for this purpose were commenced in May at the mouth of the Upper Nicola River, the stream being made the line of primary traverse, subsidiary lines being run up the tributaries as convenient, all irrigated lands and their ditches being included. Many of the water records appurtenant to these surveyed lands date back some thirty or forty years, land originally held by many small holders now being absorbed into a few large holdings. This absorption, combined with the destruction of corner posts, has created difficulty in defining the actual areas to which many of the records belong; as a consequence, it was found necessary to treat the whole work as one survey. Maps showing the results of the field-work are now nearly completed. For a good many years desultory attention has been given to Clapperton Creek, the general opinion of the neighbourhood being that it would serve as a source of supply for some thousands, of acres in the Nicola Valley. In order to arrive at some idea of the capacity of this creek for storage purposes, the headwaters were explored during July, and four lakes—Bobs Lake, Lost Lake, Sussex Lake, and Surrey Lake—were traversed and contoured; in addition to these, a. large swamp at the junction of Clarke's Creek with Clapperton Creek was also investigated. WATER RIGHTS BRANCH. LANDS DEPT.,B. C. REPORT 1913 Compiled by Geographic Branch, Surveyor General's Office. ^^ District Headquarters. IPJIPIIIlfi Area investigated during year. 4 Geo. District No. 3, Nicola. I) 161 Of these lakes, Bobs Lake offers the best site for a storage-dam. This lake is on Clarke's Creek at an elevation of 5,085 feet above sea-level. The outlet is narrow, with high banks; a dam 24 feet high and approximately 230 feet long would store 2,450 acre-feet of water; probable cost about $12,000. As an alternative or adjunct to Bobs Lake, a dam could be built at Surrey Lake on Clapperton Creek one mile and a 'half above the junction with Clarke's Creek; it would be 10 feet high, 335 feet long, and would store 1,350 acre-feet. The two lakes together would impound 3,800 acre-feet. Assuming 2 acre-feet to 1 acre of land irrigated, this quantity should irrigate 1,900 acres during the months of June, July, and August, assuming that 80 per cent, of the stored water reached the land, and that irrigation previous to June would be by ordinary flow. The swamp at the junction of Clapperton and Clarke's Creek is useless for storing water in any quantity. Beyond those lakes contoured are two or three others which time did not permit of investigation ; they might be of use in a minor capacity. The lower portion of Clapperton Creek also received special attention, a meter-station being established one mile from the mouth and a Cippoletti weir built exactly one mile farther up. thus seepage and underground flow between the two stations could be detected. This loss during August ranged from a maximum of 0.97 second-feet or 25 per cent, as on August 12th to an actual gain of 0.03 second-feet on the 26th. All ditches leading out of Clapperton Creek had Cippoletti weirs built in at two points near the intake and at the boundary-line of the appurtenant land; in this way seepage loss in these ditches was ascertained, and the following table shows how heavy the loss was in many instances:— Clapperton Creek—Flow in Irrigation-pitches. Results of Tests to ascertain Seepage Losses, Season 1913. Month. Maximum Flow. C.F.S. 3.25 7.06 4.7 3.18 3.57 8.3 6.5 6.29 3.36 4.20 1.84 7.78 3.15 1.49 1.84 1.39 Seepage Loss. Minimum Flow. Seepage Loss. Total. Name of Ditch-owner. Per Cent. 52.0 11 .0 20 0 54.9 12.7 54.9 40.0 C.F.S. 2.75 4.76 3 9 2.43 2.0 2.1 4.8 1.81 0.34 0.49 0.9 0.98 1.74 0.2 0.27 0.68 Per Cent. 73.0 38.8 17.0 62.0 75.0 45.0 88.0 75.0 Acre-feet. 107.0 60.0 80.0 55.6 158.6 273.0 306.0 274.0 153.1 104.0 97.2 197.7 146.7 48.4 44.7 64.0 R. L. Clark. M. Winny. W. I). S. Rorison, upper ditch. R. L. Clark. M. Winny. W. D. S. Rorison, upper ditch. July R. L. Clark. M. Winny. W. 1). S. Rorison, upper ditch. R. L. Clark. M. Winny. VV. I). 8. Rorison, upper ditch. // lower » Mav •. 301.0 39.0 25.0 6.4 July . 371.4 Mav . 4,428.0 1,513.0 670.0 223.5 Clapperton Creek. 6,834.5 Note.—The figures connected with Mr. Korison's ditch cannot be regarded as reliable. During the period of observation this ditch was constantly cut by Indians at convenient places, and the results have necessarily to be accepted with a good deal of reserve. 11 D 162 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Many were quite incredulous as to loss by seepage in poor ditches. The Cippoletti weirs, however, clearly demonstrated the serious losses being sustained and emphasized the necessity for rendering ditches watertight. Douglas Lake, on the Upper Nicola, was triangulated from the main traverse of the valley which touched the north-western shore. There is very little logging in the Nicola Valley. Spieus or Petit Creek is used for log- driving, and there is a sawmill at the mouth with a capacity of 40,000 or 50,000 feet per day. No hydrographic work was attempted in this locality. As regards the proper duty of water, all farmers approached were found ready and willing to set aside land and give the necessary assistance in carrying out tests. Owing to Board-work and the other duties, it was found impossible to take up the investigation of water-powers this year. While there are no very large water-powers in the district, there are a number of small sites that will be of local importance. Investigation of these will be taken up next season. On completion of the field-work above Quilchena, the valley from Nicola to Merritt was contoured to a point 15 feet above the level of Nicola Lake. The Nicola River was profiled from the lake to a point where the Coldwater joins it. The Coldwater was then profiled from the Nicola River to such an elevation as would show where a diversion-point could be established to best serve the bench between Nicola and Merritt to the south of Nicola River. The object of this survey was to gather data to compile maps that would be of service to any one interested in the irrigation of the land on both sides of the river between Nicola and Merritt. It will also enable the Department to arrive at some conclusion as to the possibilities of pumping from Nicola Lake aud to serve the land lying at or near the lake-level. In order to obtain data as to the precipitation in the district, rain-gauges were distributed to observers at Aspen Grove, Quilchena, Mamete Lake, Mill Creek, and Lauder Creek, and it is anticipated that the records thus obtained will eventually prove of great value. I have, etc., P. DE LaTJTOUR, District Engineer. DISTRICT No. 4, OKANAGAN. Penticton, December 17th, 1913. Win. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on the work done by the Water Rights Branch in the Okanagan Valley during the past season. W. R. C. Morris, Engineer in the Vernon locality, reports that his work has consisted almost entirely in investigating and reporting on water records for the use of the Board of Investigation, which held a final sitting at Kelowna on April 10th and May 2nd to complete the adjudication on the 300-odd records in that vicinity, and at Vernon on August 15th, when 114 water records were adjudicated on. Eighty-five water records have been investigated and reported on in the Lumby Precinct, at which place the Board of Investigation intend to hold a final sitting at an early date to hear claims to these records. In addition to this Board-work, various disputes over water have been inquired into and settled, aud a visit has been made to the southern part of the Aberdeen Mountain Reserve to ascertain the character of the country at the headwaters of the various creeks in that district. My season's wTork uutil the end of September has been confined to making surveys in con- uection with the water records on Bear, McDougal, and Powers Creeks, situated in the vicinity of Westbank, west side of Okanagan Lake. The work consisted in carefully surveying all land under irrigation, traversing ditches and flumes to their intakes, and defining the amount of irrigable land under the present point of diversion; in all, some seventy records were treated in this way. WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, LANDS DEPT., B. C. REPORT 19 13 Compiled by Geographic Sranch, Surveyor General's Office. ' District Headquarters. o Area investigated duriag year. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 4, Okanagan. D 163 At the end of September I received instructions that the Board of Investigation would hold sittings towards the end of November at the following places: Peachland, Summerland, Pen- ticton, and Fairview; and that a preliminary investigation and report was to be made on every record in these precincts. These reports called for the following information : The amount of land the holder of the record had at the present under irrigation, the amount of land in addition that he could irrigate under his present point of diversion, the location of that point of diversion, a description of his irrigation-works, and sundry other items of information, all being such as would help the Board of Investigation to form an opinion as to the beneficial use to which the record was at the present time being put, and likely to be put to in rhe near future. I found in a great many cases no claim had been made by the record-holder for a licence to replace the old record as called for in the " Water Act." This necessitated getting into communication with the present holder of the land to which the record was appurtenant. Six engineers were detailed to assist in this preliminary work. I may mention that over 570 water records were investigated and reported on between October 1st and the middle of November. In addition to this Board of Investigation work, a report and survey was made on an application for storage on Shoot Lake, situated near Naramata, also inquiries made into various small water disputes. Owing to the great number of records that have required investigation, it has not been possible to carry out the order of work as laid down by you at the commencement of the season, such as seepage, tests, experiments on the duty of water, etc. With regard to creek-measurements, it has only been possible to establish two gauging- stations—one on Powers Creek, the other on Bear Creek. These stations have been handed over to the Division Engineer, British Columbia Hydrographic Survey, in accordance with your instructions. As a result of your instructions at the time of your visit to the valley in September, a careful study is now being made as to the best policy to pursue in making surveys for the purpose of investigating storage possibilities. The work will require the services of a number of parties, if even a portion of the district in this respect is to be taken care of. The fact that this work has been decided upon has been received with great appreciation by those who are interested in the general welfare of the valley. It is of exceptional importance because of the fact that the majority of the creeks already have their natural irrigation period flow over-recorded, and storage must be resorted to if thousands of acres of rich lauds at present without water are to be brought under cultivation. I would like to bring to your attention, also, the necessity for preservation of timber from destruction by fire on the watersheds of the Okanagan Valley. I am, however, given to understand that the Forest Branch have already taken strenuous steps to protect such timber. The past season has been an unusual one, opening, as it did, with a late spring and with rainfall rather above the average; consequently there has not been such a scarcity of water during the late irrigation season as has been usual. Throughout the valley crops have been good. Scientific irrigation is in a great measure responsible for this; it is apparent that every effort must be made not only to protect the present water-supply, but to find means of providing irrigation-water for the land that will be brought under cultivation in the near future. In conclusion, I would like to mention that the opening of a sub-office of the Water Rights Branch and the appointment of a resident Acting District Engineer has met with approval on all sides. I have, etc., O. F. D. Nobbington, District Engineer. D 1(54 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 DISTRICT No. 5. KETTLE VALLEY. Grajto Forks, November 17th, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The predominating feature of the season's work in the Grand Forks Water District has been the investigation of water records, or what is frequently termed " Board-work." Arriving at Grand Forks on April 7th. 1913, the task of investigating or completing the investigations of approximately seventy records by the end of May was taken up. The information and plans necessary were completed within the stipulated time. During June the Board of Investigation sat at Greenwood and Grand Forks, adjudicating on about ISO records. As far as can be ascertained, the findings of the Board were satisfactory to the various claimants. Additional Information on some of the records was required by the Board and attended to as soon as circumstances permitted. A determined effort was made to complete the balance of the Board-work during the current year. This work included the whole of the Upper Kettle River Valley from about five miles west of Midway and a part of the North Fork. Wherever water was in use a survey was made in the usual manner, and sufficient information is at hand to complete the whole of the work, excepting, perhaps, in a few instances, wherein the data could be better ascertained after the requirements of the Board were knowu. A large percentage of the records iu the outlying districts was found to be unused. Recognizing the importance of systematic and continuous work in stream-measurements, gauges were installed aud observers appointed as soon as possible on the following streams: The West Fork of the Kettle River at Westbridge; the main Kettle River at Nicholson Bridge, near Rock Creek; Boundary Creek at Greenwood; the main Kettle River at the Great Northern Bridge near Grand Forks; and the North Fork of the Kettle River, about ten miles north of Grand Forks. The latter site was abandoned, being unsuitable during low water. The press of Board-work rendered it impossible to start metering until the latter part of June; from that time meterings were taken periodically. Later iu the year, gauges were established at Midway and Carson, on the main Kettle River, and at Christina Lake. Hydrographic data of this district will be found under the heading " Stream Measurements." During the season iu only two places was waste or improper diversion of water detected. The attention of the parties concerned being drawn to the fact, the practice was immediately discontinued. Owing, perhaps, to a wet June and a fair supply of water there was no necessity for policing. An investigation of the water system of Greenwood City for the purpose of determining its efficiency and safety was made during June, and a full report as to its condition was filed in the Head Office at Victoria. No work has been attempted during the past season along the lines of storage possibilities, but notes have been taken of promising sites, and the investigation of them at a future date will probably furnish some valuable information. No streams of sufficient size for log-driving were investigated beyond those already annually used. The subject is one well worthy of attention, lumbering forming an important part in the development of this district. The total drive on the Kettle River and its tributaries during 1913 was over 20,000.000 feet. The study of the duty of water is perhaps the most important phase in connection with irrigation. With the view of making a beginning in this important subject, an attempt was made to determine the quantity of water used during the irrigation season on two plots of land. The results, although not very far-reaching, will be of some assistance in the future. The experiments demonstrated the futility of attempting to obtain authentic and reliable figures with the aid of the rancher alone, and shows the necessity of a strict technical supervision. Every credit must be given to Messrs. Collins and Dixon for their assistance, and although the figures obtained are not what they might be, due allowance must be made for the fact that iu both cases the work was done at a considerable sacrifice of time during their busiest season of the year. WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, LANDS DEPT, B. C. REPORT 1913 Scale lHll IZ75miles to I inch Compiled by Geographic Branch, Surveyor Generals Office. \J District Headquarters. Area investigated during year. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 5, Kettle Valley. I) 1C5 The following is a chart for use with an 18-inch Cippoletti weir, designed to assist these men in determining the quantity of water, in acre-inches, used during a period of ten hours. By using this chart calculations are greatly simplified. Acre-inches during an irrigation period of ten hours. O I 2 3 A 5 B T 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 IS I7 IS 19 1 J ' ' * o . . , , . . ! Ill ■*5 3 B T IE 13 14 15 IS IT Acre-Inches during an irrigation period of ten hours. The first test was made on a part of what is known as the Covert Estate near Grand Forks, consisting of 7% acres of orchard land planted to prunes. The soil and subsoil are both of a loose and gravelly nature, which, compared with the rest of the fruit land in the valley, would make a fair test for the maximum quantity of water required for irrigation purposes. The measurements were taken from a weir-box directly connected with the pipe system. The second test was made on the property of H. W. Collins, formerly owned by the Hon. Martin Burrell, Dominion Minister of Agriculture. The experimental plot consisted of 30 acres of fully bearing orchard. Owing to the press of work a close examination of the soil was impossible, but it might be described as a silt loam of fairly uniform texture, the subsoil being mostly of a clayey nature. The measuring-device consisted of a box 10% x 3% x 2 feet with an 18-inch Cippoletti weir on the end. A small gauge graduated in inches and eighths was placed at a distance of about 5 feet from the weir. The water-supply was from McConnell Creek, being delivered to the box by an 8-inch pipe-line. The results of the tests are tabulated below. No. of Irrigations. Beginning. Ending. Acreage irrigated. Ace- inches per Acre. Owner. Date. Time. Date. Time. 1 . June 6 July 29 Aug. 26 12 noon 10 a.m. 9.30 a.m. June 10 Aug. 2 n 31 9.30 a.m. 5 30 p.m. 4 p.m. 7.5 7.5 7.5 8.90 9.68 10.82 Part of Covert Estate. 2. 3 Total a n 29.40 July 31 1 p.m. Aug. 28 30.0 4 6.00 Part of Burrell Ranch. The above figures cannot be taken as absolute, but are a fair indication not of the water needed, but of the water actually used. In the Annual Report for 1912 some particulars were given of the power plants then in operation in this district. During 1913 two undeveloped power-sites were roughly investigated, one on the West Fork of the Kettle River about ten miles north of Westbridge, aud the other on the main Kettle River about six miles north of Canyon City. D 166 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The site on the West Fork is in a rocky canyon, and is made up of a direct fall of about 7.5 feet, with an additional fall of 22.5 feet due to the rapids. The rapids extend over a distance of about 1,000 feet. Taking a minimum flow of 50 c.f.s. (one-half of the lowest metering at Westbridge) and a possible head of 35 feet, some 150 to 160 horse-power could be developed. The site on the main Kettle River is a canyon; the direct fall is about 10.4 feet. By damming, and fluming for a distance of 1,500 feet, a 'head of 30 feet could be obtained. This, with a minimum flow of 110 c.f.s. (one-half of the lowest metering at Nicholson Bridge after deducting the discharge of the West Fork), would develop about 300 horse-power. There are other possibilities for small power-sites in the district, but owing to the pressure of other work it has been impossible to investigate them. A report on the work in this district would not be complete without mentioning the establishment of meteorological stations. The stations are situated at Christina Lake, Lynch Creek, Grand Forks, Phoenix, and Carml. With the addition of other instruments, these stations will eventually supply much necessary information. I have, etc., Clifford Varcoe, Acting District Engineer. DISTRICT No. 6, NELSON. Nelson, December, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir.—I have the honour to submit a report on Water District No. 6, more particularly described,as the West Kootenay and Lower Columbia Valleys, defined on the east by the divide or summit between East and West Kootenay, on the west by the divide between Columbia and Kettle Rivers, extending south to the International Boundary, and on the north by an imaginary line forming the Lardeau Mining Division just south of the Railway Belt. The major portion of the year has been spent in establishing stations for the collection of hydrographic data on the principal rivers within the district. The field party consisted of three men, with such extra temporary help as occasion required. There are four large rivers within the area covered by this report, three of which have this year exceeded a flow of 120,000 second-feet, and one—namely, the Columbia—flowing as high as 450,000 second-feet, at the International Boundary, equalling in flow for 1913 the Fraser River at Hope. Metering-stations have been established at the following places: Columbia River—No. 1, highway-bridge at Trail; No. 2, C.P.R. bridge at Castlegar, about half a mile above the confluence of the Kootenay River. Pend d'Oreille River—Cable-station at Nine-mile, adjoining Mr. Lang's ranch. Kootenay River—Cable-station at Glade, about a mile and a half below the confluence of the Slocan River. Salmon River—Highway-bridge about 250 feet above the mouth. Slocan River—Highway-bridge at Crescent Valley. Having in mind the relative positions of the stations and the means at our disposal for transportation, it was decided to take meterings at fortnightly intervals. However, from experience of the rivers, as exhibited in the hydrographs, more meterings will be necessary in the latter part of May and early June, and less during the months of September, October, November, and December, when it is seen from the daily gauge heights that the rivers fluctuate very little in the months named. Succeeding meterings in 1914 and 1915 may be selected and taken at such gauge heights or intervals to establish points on the curves between those taken in 1913. Therefore, by the end of March, 1914, sufficient data will have been obtained to complete a station rating curve, from which, with the addition of daily gauge heights, the discharge at any period is available. 1 WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, LANDS DEPT..B. C. REPORT 19 13 Compiled by Geographic Branch, Surveyor General's Office. = West Kootenay Power & Liaht Cos Transmission Line 60,000 Volts. o District Headquarters. Area investigated during year. i Geo. 5 District No. 6, Nelson. D 107 General Physical Characteristics. Three huge valleys parallel each other north and south through the district, in which are located three lake-chain systems; that is, large lakes connected by rivers discharging into main channels, which in turn convey their accumulated waters to the ocean. These are known by the following names, beginning on the easterly side:— First: The Kootenay, Trout, and Duncan Lakes, with an area of 125,000 acres, drained by the Kootenay River. The main lake is seventy-two miles in length and from one to five miles in width, forming one of the largest bodies of inland water in the Province. Second: The Slocan and Little Slocan Lakes, with an area of 10,000 acres, drained by the Slocan River, which empties into the Kootenay River about nine miles from its mouth. Slocan Lake is twenty miles long and has an average width of one mile. Third: The Upper and Lower Arrow Lakes, with an area of 102,000 acres, drained by the Columbia River. All the three main lake systems are navigable and used extensively as a medium for transportation. It is necessary to state that this report is preliminary to more complete studies in the near future by the British Columbia Hydrographic Survey in the area under consideration; therefore the charts and figures contained therein have been assembled in standard form, and such of it as is basic will be available for them in the final studies. Water-powers. It is reasonable to assume that more hydraulic power to the square mile exists in this district than in any other portion of the Province, and as its industries develop, its water-power must receive increased attention. Apart from the large rivers, there are quite a number of industrial power-sites capable of developing from 300 to 1,000 horse-power each, and it is hoped within the near future to investigate these sites in a preliminary manner and give the data in tabular form. Many good sites exist on the main rivers; each in itself would form the subject of a special report. The chief feature of importance under water-power development is the " uniformity of stream-flow"; such factors as rainfall, run-off, small evaporation, forest-covered areas, etc., play their respective parts, but above all in point of value stands the possibility of lake storage, which has a balancing effect, tending to equalize the yearly flow. The lakes in this area already act as natural " balancing bays," and it is given as an opinion that much more could be done to improve the low-water flow. It is only necessary to study the hydrographs and areas of the lakes to obtain the possible effect of artificial controlling-dams. The following is quoted as an example of what is possible of attainment by controlling Kootenay Lake, which has an area (according to the best maps) of 112,000 acres. The lowest estimated flow of the river is 6,000 second-feet, but the average for the winter months is approximately 9,000; a storage of 6 feet would just double the winter flow for four months. The above is a condition which need only be resorted to when the demand for power is greater than the present possible development. A gratifying feature of the flow charts obtained during the year is the fact that, owing to the geographical position of the metering-stations on the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, the discharges check each other in a remarkably close manner; that is to say, the Columbia at Castlegar plus the Kootenay at Glade represent the discharge obtained on the Columbia at Trail, also the flow of the Columbia at Trail plus the Pend d'Oreille gives the regimen of the river at the International Boundary. As previously stated, this report is only preliminary, for the reason that it is too soon to make any final conclusions on the real hydrographic features of the district on the data collected to date, but the time will soon arrive when such can be done on a very accurate basis, and the full benefits derived from natural facilities may be forecasted and exploited for the public good. * The estimated monthly discharge and run-off tables are given below for the year, but should be taken with reserve, siuce a small percentage of them have been computed from approximations. ]) 168 Eeport the Minister of Lands. 1914 Monthly Discharge of Columbia River in Trail District. (Drainage Area, 58,700 Square Miles.) Month. Discharge in Second-feet. RCN-OFF. Rainfall. Maximum Minimum. Mean Per Square Mile. Dep. in In. on Drainage Area. Per Cent. of Rainfall. Total in Acre-feet Inches. 5.06 5.39 1.63 2. IS 50,500 181,800 319,800 231,800 154,000 101,200 04,800 40,800 24,000 56,400 191,200 150,600 150,600 66,200 41,300 25,000 40,250 109,100 255,500 191,100 152,300 88,700 53,050 32,900 0.68 1.86 4.35 3.25 2.59 1.51 0.90 0.56 0.75 2.15 4.86 3.75 2.96 1.68 1.04 0 62 17.83 0.91 1.56 2.85 July, 2.39 3.22 3.55 2.64 4.34 35.72 Rainfall in Columbia Watershed. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. 2.10 June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Nelson 1.60 0.80 1.42 1.16 3.42 2.44 2.35 3.17 2.10 3.51 3.15 Needles 0.27 0.77 1.09 2.34 3.65 1.40 2.60 2.16 3.00 3.87 Nakusp 4.81 1.85 2.00 0.55 1.68 2.53 1.55 2.35 2.89 2.31 2.76 3.12 Revelstoke 7.57 2.91 1 29 0.88 2.26 1.73 3.05 4.60 3.26 '3.85 5.42 8.15 Glacier 10.10 5.25 8.05 2.2U 1.36 2.52 4.06 6.77 8.32 5.31 10.95 13 65 Golden 4.00 0.00 o.uo 0.03 0.40 2.51 2.05 1.83 3.25 1.30 2.75 1.78 1.28 0.35 0.85 0.44 0.79 1 57 2.24 2.04 1.78 0 61 1.12 0.50 11.43 15.28 6.35 10.92 1.56 17.93 16.79 22.54 24.83 18.48 30. S7 30.35 5.39 1.63 2.18 0.91 2 85 2.39 3.22 3.55 2.64 4.34 5.06 Monthly Discharge of Columbia River in Castlegar District. (Drainage Area, 38.800 Square Miles.) January, February, March, April, M ay, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, The year... Discharge in Second-feet. Maximum Minimum. 12,900 9,000 7,150 23,100 90,500 162,000 124,600 90,500 69,500 40,800 23,400 14,700 10,900 6,900 6,700 6,500 23 600 100,000 95,200 64,800 42,300 24,600 15,720 12,900 11,900 7,950 ' 6,925 14,800 67,050 131,000 109,900 77,650 55,900 32,700 19,560 13,800 Per Square Mile. 0.30 0.20 0.17 0.38 1.44 3.37 2.83 2.00 1.44 0.84 0 50 0.35 Dep. in In. on Drainage Area. 0.35 0.22 0.19 0.42 1.66 3.76 3.26 2.31 1.61 0 97 0.56 0.40 16.73 Per Cent. of Rainfall. Total in Acre-feet. Inches. 1.77 2.31 0.86 1 47 2.42 2.39 3.36 3.61 2.73 4.48 4.53 5.55 35.48 Rainfall in Columbia Watershed. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec 0.27 1.85 2 91 5.25 0 00 0.35 0 77 2 00 1.29 8.05 , 0.90 0.S5 1.09 0.55 0.88 2.20 0.03 0.44 2.34 1.68 2.25 . 1.36 0.40 0.79 3.65 2.53 1.73 2.52 2.51 1.57 1.40 1.55 3.05 4.06 2.05 2.24 14.35 2.00 2.36 4.60 6.77 1.83 2.04 2.16 2.89 3.26 8.32 3 25 1.78 3.00 2.31 3.85 ' 5.31 1.30 0.61 3.87 2.75 5.42 10.95 2.75 1.12 Nakusp Revelstoke Glacier 4.SI 7.57 10.10 4.00 1.28 3.12 8.15 13.65 1 78 Wilmer 0.50 Totals 27.76 10.63 13.86 5.19 8 82 14.51 20.19 21.66 16.38 26.80 27.20 Average 5.55 1.77 2.31 0.86 1.47 2.42 2.39 3.36 3.61 2.73 4.48 4.53 View of Vernon, looking cast. Behind the town is the bench south of B. X. Creek, irrigated from that creek and also by the Grey Canal. -:; ■ :■■-.- ^: ■,■■■ ■■■■\k:l ■■■■?v'.-.--. ;--y-.-^fi<.,g illfli^lS^i ■Sit Coldstream Estate Nurseries, showing type of land In Coldstream Valley. The Grey Canal is at the loot of the high land. Pend d'Oreille River. Salmon River. Metering Station on Pend d'Oreille River. Making a " stream measurement.' 4 Geo. 5 District No. 0, Nelson. D 160 Monthly Discharge of Pend d'Oreille River at Waneta. (Drainage Area, 26,615 Square Miles.) Discharge in Second-fekt. Run-off. Rainfall. Maximum Minimum. Mean. Per Square Mile. Dep. in In. on Drainage Area. Per Cent. of Rainfall. Total in Acre-feet. Inches. 10,100 9,300 9,500 32,900 76,600 121,000 91,000 31,200 14,600 8,800 8,160 12,100 8,000 7,000 8,200 9,300 34,000 86,700 33,200 15,000 8,800 7,900 9,500 8,800 7,900 8,400 8,160 8,850 21,100 55,300 103,850 62,100 23,100 11,700 8,350 8,830 10,500 0.32 0.31 0.33 0.79 2.08 3.90 2.33 0.87 0.44 0.32 0.33 0.39 0.37 0.32 0.38 0.88 2.40 4.35 2.69 1.00 0.49 0.37 0.38 0 45 1.21 0.34 1.09 1.05 1.56 4.19 July, ,. 1.12 0.84 0.72 1 13 1 43 1 03 121,000 27,519 1.03 14.08 15.71 Rainfall in I'end d'Oreille Watershed, 1912. Kalispell Missoula Butte Deer Lake . Hamilton .. Philipsburg Sandpoint . Totals . Average 2.69 3.06 0.32 0.83 0.52 0.45 0.63 8.50 1.21 Feb. 0.33 0.19 0.14 0.43 0.44 0.50 2.03 0.34 1.73 1.18 0.64 0.68 0.45 1.00 1.95 7.63 1.09 April. 0.86 1.46 1.41 1.03 1.09 0.50 1.01 7.30 1.05 0.92 1.44 1.57 1.18 1.12 1.66 3.02 10.91 29.31 1.56 4.19 3.21 2.39 8.86 3.41 2.73 4.95 3.76 July. 0.38 1.03 1.69 1.11 0.59 21.11 0.95 Aug. 0.61 1.52 1.09 0.73 0,61 0.48 5.04 0.84 Sept. 0.31 0.74 0.54 0.58 0,33 0.45 2.11 5.06 0.72 0.41 1.36 0.25 1.18 0.63 1.28 2.81 7.92 1.13 Nov. Dec. 0.83 0.69 0.93 0.23 0.43 0.68 0.69 0.65 1.22 0.31 0.98 0.27 5.06 4.39 10.04 7.22 1.43 1.03 Monthly Discharge of Kootenay River near Glade. (Drainage Area, 19,500 Square Miles.) Discharge in Second-feet. Run-off. Rainfall. Maximum Minimum. Mean. Per Square Mile. Dep. in In. on Drainage Area. Per Cent. of Rainfall. Total in Acre-feet. Inches. 3.67 1.71 2.76 1.71 1.57 154,000 109,800 54,800 33,600 22,500 16,900 92,500 55,500 33,000 23,500 17,700 15,100 127,500 82,650 43,900 28,550 20,100 16,000 6.54 4.24 2.25 1.46 1.03 0.82 7.30 4.89 2.59 1.53 1.19 0.91 2.54 1.68 2.19 2.25 2.08 3.09 2.31 27.56 D 170 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 sssxaSRSS 233S tO Jt/3??A/\ ?($%£?£> ~33BK_ ooai- 3»» 3 —B&-JBZ $DO~*3 4 Geo. 5 District No. C, Nelson. D 171 irj 4 s i ^ £ £ • ^ <§ a a i -,—_---,,& , L E jr1'1 1 1 * 5 S -■"" 4- g ■II % j——— vs f ^ ^ . '■ 4 1 ; N~_ ^ , s i 1- \ * • Ml i H—Hj8 \ L§ K" ' 1& ', 0 T-T-- x xgg-g: * 8 I51" <■ X X J CSV IT T n ' ■:■ I SSS88SS8S88SSSS ., i 111" 11 *« 1 « « ! 8 ■ •§ ■§ ■€ ■i lii >c> fc* C7l ^ *^ ^ «1 o o <a ^ C> NN <2> Ift K> e> N Ci IN (Cl <0> ^ 11 w (N o» N k>> w IN rx KS "O «n <0\ <* >n -SSI "=S ^v "V. ^ 03 »p» 1^ rs Ps, «Cs Cs ,^- ■J3 N ** *l \»- <> ts. IN. Ov o* ^ ^ | V,\ Tj|"^j Vi *» ^> »r\ ^ *o ^ es tial 4>! cj C\* 4> ^ CS *Ct cn •* ^ % to ^ -s. •*•» ^ CStjC^ Cvt its ^* (Xj. ^* Q|"0;iri 'O Tl W rs,j^i b| ^V ^1V (OllfV O. rs, S-ftKs r» «Q "O volte* t -N. Ot <5) % v' * ^ Tt "O (\;Ch "N, T) iT> ^icT» •& 1 ""si ^ N. X * 65 1 ■ft * \». s» 4 ; 3 «■* * ¥t S I ^ * ^ % ^ N KS »i« vcij r<[os!o;| S? ^ Note.—Meterings 4 to 11 inclusive are for 1913 instead of 1912. D 172 Eeport of the Minister op Lands. 1914 3 cyww*wW ww0*10^ *' ** "* W N — o <na3N <0 m •+ ro w o i V ".' ■?«. »f»/ r 3trn t>3 1 \ % 2 1 V) t- jgQ 4 £ -c § i a 2 *-. s ? ro c ^ ,?5 * o »:? >~ *- # ? s - = \ ■f~r >?-: J--5. « s \ ^) >r. + \ f$ ^N 1 S N * ( c» | 1 s 1 ■*< 9 \ \ \ \ \ Is lOio OI ^ \jj ^£> ^ 5 *> aS \ S! v g -I J i 1 C - Q I - 1 Jv i c > i 1 I 3 \ Vs" * 5 f J £ )« r h 1 1\ •PS w? 0s ISvfl ^ to it 5| i3 3 5 r 0 1 i F^ ^J s Ns )x^ ^J N i 1 4 «v w i*i 1m J* i»S ( c > 4 Geo. 5 District No. (i, Nelson. D 17i! ■a s ^1 | 8 | § § 1 1 | | 8 40.000 EQOOO 0 fc~l / f- I . j.:::: "" ' ,d _„z (0 = -8 E:::: ::: ::.': J i>i£ c f4" -■ * " " z .-"' -f1 5 ». E , *—*"* , £ rfi * * > - r l j 3=9 j 3 o j + «» f I f i Si ^3 J i- f f m »! j 4* I o o g o c s s s 5. K 'C w iS 1 -J US i R d 3 <* w I 3 o Q 0 • o CD o <0 <0 <0 0 5 N 5 If) V) <* 5f 0) «0 s 8 a 3 N" 8 5 4 3 3 "0 1 w a n « Ol - ty to M- ■o S CI <5 % ? <0 <3 <0 If) 1 V <n *f kj ~1 V> 2 5: i o v. k I 0 0 •<: tin b •to ■Ki ■8 I n" ?j3nr>5) D 174 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 c c w 0 vj f j - 2?Sj 1 < 1 Q 3 &nx >£> > f\l 1 < i M O ^ i>_ ?> ?r~ 5oX ) - < *V + ^> \ <b r~-~- ^w jjl \ 0 ^8 8 \ V ^ > ---. -^ n IS \ o O \ & v *J ^* ♦ o u 8 \ vS\ 19 a \ -r <? o 8 \ ¥ . >\ P 8 • V ~ ff 10 % § N i> O \» !\ s, tea | A C « | y\ 8 1 o\ 1 « ( 0 f t t \ - $ - \ c -{ i d 5 8 O tf if ii i h p « g 2 1 1 i 1 I a v\ * 8 c\ 1 « - 1 o \ o 8 *\ V ■« 4 ^ I g u w s s V •S y ^N v. « N. § •5 1 t**i « ' fY# 3H : t&n o^ q V "• 'j K) c n «: r- I « 1 > p t c J 0 a r U ) u ■> i r * 1 0 J c 4 Geo. 5 District No. C, Nelson. D 175 CM 2 (J I s § £* 1 I 1 1 •0 3; 13 3935 3a ill 1 S ? H °' Oy^l/llg- IWfllUT IQ i * s.n K ^ 5 "" II 2* 50 I) 17G Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Rainfall in Kootenay Watershed. Nelson Crawford Bay Kaslo Houser Ferguson . .. Creston Cranbrook .. Elko Totals .. Average 4.60 4.60 4.13 4.10 4.28 2.38 2.60 0.80 2 41 0.65 1.08 8.06 0.42 U 04 0.21 13.67 1.42 3.76 1.11 0.19 11.30 1.48 2.20 0.62 22. OS April. May. June. 1.16 2.10 3.42 1.32 0.80 0.78 1.24 0.81 2.48 1.76 0.90 2.10 6 70 3.20 4.65 0.33 1.49 2.01 0.48 0.95 0.86 0.72 2.28 4.05 13.71 12.53 20.35 1.71 1.57 2.51 July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dee. 2.44 2.35 3.17 2.10 3 51 3.15 0.60 2.19 2.56 1.71 3.41 3.77 2.20 1.94 3.33 2.97 5.00 1.78 1.54 2.81 3.02 1.93 2.54 1.80 2.28 2.97 3.00 3.25 1.97 4.92 1.02 1.14 1.32 1.18 3.71 2.02 1.26 2.24 0.81 0.98 2.02 0.14 2.11 1.93 0.78 2.56 2.57 0.94 13.45 17.57 17.99 2.25 16.68 24.73 18.52 1.68 2.19 2.08 3 09 2.31 Monthly Discharge of Slocan Riveb. (Drainage Area, 1,200 Square Miles.) Month. Discharge ix Second-fei Run-off. Rainfall. Maximum Minimum Mean. Per Square Mile. 0.58 0.57 0.81 2.04 8.71 14.28 6.58 3.01 2.78 1.76 1.36 0.73 Dep. in In. on Drainage Area. Per Cent. of Rainfall. Total in Acre-feet. Inches. 780 850 630 4,230 16,160 22,000 10,500 4,140 3,900 2.350 1,700 950 530 430 280 350 3,360 10,000 4,230 2,600 2,350 1,600 1,350 700 655 640 910 2,290 9,760 16,000 7,370 3,370 3,120 1,975 1,525 825 0.67 0.59 ' 0.93 2.28 10.04 15.93 7.59 3.47 3.10 2.03 1.52 0.84 48.99 4.41 2.71 3.79 2.40 May, .. 2.01 3.33 July, .. 1.86 2.46 2.85 2.91 3.40 3.12 35.25 Rainfall in Slocan Watershed. Kaslo Needles.. Nakusp... Ferguson.. Totals... Average. 4.81 4.28 0.65 0.27 1.85 8.06 1.11 0.77 2.00 1.30 10.83 15.18 2.71 April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. 1.24 1.09 0.55 6.70 9.58 0.81 2.34 1.68 3.20 2.48 3.65 2.53 4.65 2.20 1.40 1.55 2.28 1.94 2.60 2.35 2.97 3.33 2.16 2.89 3.00 2.97 3.10 2.31 3.25 5.00 3.87 2.76 1.97 8.03 13.31 7.43 9.86 11.38 11.63 13.59 2.40 2.01 3.33 1.86 2.46 2.85 2.91 3.40 Dec. 1.78 2.65 3.12 4.92 12.47 Note.—When comparing the above figures, particularly depth in inches on rainfall area to rainfall. It must be remembered that the river was higher in 1013 than it has been for eighteen years. Much snow falling in 1911-12 came away in 1013. Attention is called to the fact that this district has almost inexhaustible natural resources in regard to timber, mining, agriculture, water-power, etc.. and to those seeking information for cheap industrial power it might be of public interest for it to be known that your district office and information is at their disposal in this respect. Investigation of Old Recoeds. In addition to the hydrographic work, much work has been done under the above heading; 200 records have been investigated in the following precincts: New Denver, Sandon, Silverton, Slocan City, Little Slocan, Slocan Junction, Procter, and Crawford Bay. Pkltf.M5. PiaH/fSl Pkov/nce: or- 3f?/y/s/-f Coj-Umbifi LandsZ)erKtrpnEnt.y%£r Rights Branch D/scwrxE. ME/W)kLOCi~/)jYj)fi/?Eii Q/ams -F5&N1 gFtAe YMM- '1911 • Table oi* MeteringS 10 mff 3.002] p-aa a'ajl sx 49\ *-ez\ sTjf] 235S\ ~)S-/6\ Z'STl 23791 ?:9#\ 2-gf 26 OO] ~p-92\ g^qg] 2706] 32 3-54] /04OO\ /./■< \25-24\ Q<?»?\/p-68\24-2 7QQ2\ p-4 /?•/. 4- 7821 6-03\/0-2&t 53fl3| 4-/<f\ 6-4V\ 25-70. S-/6\ V-OOl V- ■& M Cro$$ Section at Ca&k Sfation mmmiks from mouth * * * * * ■ South Bank a , 1 , a 1 a ■ a ■ 1 , a 1 a 1 a 1 a 1 8 1 a 1 a , a 1 a 1 a 1 a c. ^Jkritim-fS/Z7» ntf&*ed&> If.S.Geolofical Stinty fast J& /8/ MfoTK/thno!$oux/ary,yfane&zJ3.C. i-J&d-Qigih Ito T Disbharfe \ bi I Oihic Second Ykh city in /"€(•,' ne.' second 5—5—8—f A 'ea in J fuake fist. 3 1 WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, LANDS DEPT., B. C. REPORT 19 13 Compiled by Geographic Branch, Surveyor General's Office. District Headquarters. o Area inveatieated during year. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 7, South-east Kootenay. D 177 Through the courtesy of the Chief Forester, I was able to borrow the patrol launch when the fire season closed, but for 1914 it is really necessary for this Department to own a launch if the work is to he done in an economical manner. Miscellaneous stream-measurements will be found under " Stream Measurements." I have, etc., W. J. E. Biker, District Engineer. » DISTRICT No. 7, SOUTH-EAST KOOTENAY. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to present my annual report of the South-East Kootenay Water District. This district is bounded on the north by the Skookumchuck River and Sheep Creek watershed; on the west by the Selkirk Mountains, which divide the East and West Kootenay; on the south by the International Boundary ; and on the east by the Province of Alberta. The Rocky Mountains in British Columbia form the east watershed. The natural resources of the district comprise many thousand acres of rich tillable soil, great quantities of merchantable timber, rich deposits of minerals, immense coalfields, and many water-powers undeveloped in the mountain-streams. The Kootenay watershed is well timbered, the timber-line being at an average height of about 6,000 feet. Tamarack and pine preponderate, with a small percentage of fir being scattered throughout the entire district, and occasionally small patches of merchantable cedar. In traversing the country one frequently finds considerable areas where the trees are scattered, with very little or no underbrush, some of the country being a natural prairie. Again, strips, quite densely covered with an underbrush are encountered, which generally consist of small pine, willow, and birch. These are usually found along the stream-beds and at the base of the mountain-slopes. It has been demonstrated beyond doubt that fruit and vegetables can be profitably grown, and the young trees from one to five years old throughout the district will in due time become paying producers. Any one wishing to see this would do well to visit the Hamilton Bros, and F. H. Worthington places at Cranbrook, the old orchard at Wasa, the old Galbraith home at Fort Steele, and W. S. Mills at Gateway. Under ordinary conditions 2 tons of hay per acre are grown; timothy and alfalfa do well. Oats are grown to perfection when properly cultivated. Frosty nights with bright warm days and sometimes rain or a little snow is the usual fall weather, the temperature dropping at night to 10 or 20 degrees below freezing. It has been known to drop 30 below zero, accompanied by 12 or 16 inches of snow before the end of November; this is very exceptional. The steady winter weather begins during December, continuing through January and February, the temperature ranging from the freezing-point to zero, and occasionally, for a few days at a time, going as low as 20 or 25 degrees below zero. In the month of March all snow and ice will disappear from the lower flats and valleys, and by April 1st the country takes on the appearance of spring. Generally the rainfall is scattered through the months of April, May, June, September, and October; July and August are the dry and warm months. The elevation together with the dryness of the atmosphere make the climate most invigorating. The altitude of the lower valleys and benches will vary from 2,450 to 3,100 feet. The adjacent mountain-ranges vary in height from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. The district is traversed from south-east to north-west by the Crowsnest Pass branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, leaving the main line at Calgary and by way of Fernie, Cranbrook, Nelson, and the Kootenay Lakes, meeting the main line again at Revelstoke. The Kootenay Valley will be traversed from north to south by the Kootenay Central Railway, a branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway now under construction. It connects the Crowsnest branch near Wardner with the main line at Golden. This branch is building south from the main line near Elko, and will eventually cross the International Boundary into the United States. Other branch lines are surveyed and will uo doubt eventually be built. The; 12 D 178 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Great Northern Railway crosses the boundary from the United States at Gateway, continuing to the coal-mines at Fernie and Michel and connecting with the main lines in the United States. The district is traversed by many miles of graded highways, some of the rougher mountain- roads being constructed at a great expense, and even the very old roads that have been used continuously, with very little, if any, repairs, are particularly good, owing to the natural advantages afforded by the climate and soil. Utilization of Stream-waters. • The two main watersheds of the district are referred to hereinafter; the streams are taken in order commencing at the International Boundary on the eastern watershed, and in the western watershed commencing at the Skookumchuck River southerly to the boundary. The streams of the eastern watershed are: Phillips Creek; Elk River; Fairy, Rock, Big Sand, and Little Sand Creeks; Bull River and Little Bull River; Maus, Wild Horse, Four-mile, Six-mile, Lewis, Wolf, and Sheep Creeks. Many of these were referred to in the report of 1912. Those dealt with this year are given as follows:— Phillips Creek is a small stream, a part of its headwaters coming from the State of Montana, United States of America. During the months of July and August about all the water in the stream is used for irrigation. Beginning at a point where the creek leaves the mountains, in a distance of about 1,500 feet there is an available head of 410 feet, which would develop at least 745 horse-power with the minimum flow of the creek. Fairy Creek, a small tributary to Elk River, supplies the Municipality of Fernie with water for domestic purposes. Rock Creek flows into the Kootenay River north of Baynes Lake. Part of the Baynes Lake Estate is being irrigated from this stream. There is sufficient water available to irrigate a considerable acreage. Big Sand Creek flows into the Kootenay River about six miles south of Jaffray. Where the creek is confined to the mountains it is possible to develop small powers. There is an old concrete dam about two miles up-stream from the Canadian Pacific Railway that stores water in the natural reservoir-site, and which was used at one time to generate power to operate a sawmill, which plant is now dismantled. A metering about one mile up-stream from the Canadian Pacific Railway, July 3rd, 1913, gave 307 cubic feet per second. Little Sana Creek flows into Big Sand Creek about two miles from Jaffray; a great deal of water is appropriated, but very little is used for irrigation. June 28th, metered at Jaffray, 113 cubic feet per second. Six-mile Creek is a small stream six miles north of Fort Steele and flows into the Kootenay River. The water is used for irrigation. The streams of the western watershed are: Skookumchuck, Tata, and Cherry Creeks; St. Mary's and Josephs Rivers; Perry, Mark, Matthews, Cassamayook, Ha Ha, Chipka, Gold, and Linklater Creeks; Moyie River; Bark, Shanty, Sunday, Bridge, Glencairn, Nigger, and Palmer's Bar Creeks. Many of these were also referred to in the report of 1912. The following are dealt with this year:— Skookumchuck Creek has a minimum discharge of probably 60 or 70 cubic feet per second. In June and July a maximum discharge of 1,200 or 1,500 cubic feet per second is probable. None of the water is used for irrigation, but considerable is appropriated and will eventually water large areas in the vicinity. Tata Creek is a very small stream flowing into the Kootenay River near Wasa. All of the water is appropriated and used for irrigation. Mark Creek flows into the St. Mary's River at Marysville. The discharge will vary from 8 to 10 cubic feet per second during January and February, and to 4S0 cubic feet during May and June. None of the water is used for irrigation. At a point about seven miles up-stream from its confluence with the St. Mary's, the Fort Steele Mining and Smelting Company have a concrete dam which diverts the water into a 32-inch wood-stave pipe 4,000 feet in length, giving an 186-foot head. The power is used to drive an air-compressor and generator which supplies the Sullivan mine with air and electricity. Careful measurements show that the quantity of water necessary to operate their plant is 20.5 Natural prairie on Cherry Creek, South-east Kootenay. Gauging Station, Skookumchuck River. Phillips Creek, near International Boundary. mi Em ... . mJI ^"j;?:.- ::■ i':%;iff- ' . '*'>£'''" ' 1- • i|% "SB ■i^y'"t§i.' .•■''^::'-W: .: UPPP^ppv *' •%%'••>'£?.' "H BJBBk/ rig jPt^H ■aftfiiwB^i ■ y^^V.jJtel iCttf' ■ fr ' nifvl Findlay Creek Canyon, Columbia Valley. Measurement being taken in irrigation-ditch at Windermere, Columbia Valley. Looking west across Windermere Lake towards Invcrmere, Columbia Valley. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 7, South-east Kootenay. D 179 cubic feet per second. The fact that the minimum flow is 8 or 10 cubic feet per second has made it necessary for the company to plan an extension to their pipe up the creek to a point that will give them an effective head of something more than 400 feet. Considerable power could be developed at the first falls at Marysville. Matthews Creek flows into the St. Mary's River at a point about six miles up-stream from Mark Creek. The Crowsnest Pass Lumber Company constructed a flume about seven miles in length to convey ties and lumber from Matthews Creek to Marysville, where the material could be shipped by railway. It is planned now to extend this flume about three miles and use the water for irrigating land belonging to Peter Lund on the St. Mary's benches. At present none of the water is used for irrigation. The creek-bed falls very rapidly and offers power possibilities. August 10th, 1912, 37 cubic feet per second was flowing in the creek; the maximum and minimum would probably be very near to the Mark Creek discharge. Ha Ha Creek is a small stream that sinks near Wardner; all the water is appropriated for irrigation. Chipka Creek is a small stream emptying into the Kootenay four miles below Wardner. The water is appropriated for irrigation. Gold Creek is a tributary of the Kootenay River. It is possible to irrigate a large area from this stream. Linklater Creek flows into the Kootenay River at Gateway. A number of tracts of land are irrigated, and a great area could be covered from this stream. Glencairn Creek, a small stream, supplies the Town of Moyie for domestic purposes. ~Nigger Creek, a tributary of the Moyie River, at one time furnished water for placer-mining purposes. Palmer's Bar Creek, a small tributary of the Moyie River, is used extensively by the Wattsburg Lumber Company. Systematic stream-measurement on practically all the above streams has been established. This work, with the assistance of the British Columbia Hydrographic Survey, will be carried on throughout the coming year. At the same time the storage possibilities on as many streams as possible will be carefully investigated, so that the data secured will enable a determination of how far the flow of the streams may be regulated. During the season the discharge from thirty-two streams was determined, either by meter or weir measurement. By the end of the coming season hydrographs for many of the streams will be completed. Discharge data will be found under " Stream Measurements." Rain-gauges have been established at Gateway, Elko, Fort Steele, Kingsgate, and Cranbrook. The early part of the season was taken up with Board-work. Some 320 records had been reported on during 1911 and 1912, and of these the Board heard 250 claims during April and June of this year. This season fifty-five records were reported on. The outlook is that the work of reporting on the remaining records will be disposed of early in the coming year. In addition to attending Board meetings and submitting reports on records, numerous trips to investigate complaints were made. Well-drilling at Baynes for the Government subdivisions was commenced this summer. The drilling operations were hampered and finally given up owing to inefficiency of the drilling- machine in such ground. One well, finally dug by hand, supplied a quantity of good water at 50 feet, thus demonstrating that a water-supply is available at a moderate depth. With the disposal of Board-work, the outlook for the coining ^ear is that at an early date the order of work laid down in the instructions at the beginning of this season will be taken up and vigorously prosecuted. I have, etc., H. B. Hicks, District Engineer. D 180 Keport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 DISTRICT No. 8, NORTH-EAST AND NORTH-WEST KOOTENAY. Revelstoke, December 19th, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on the work done in the North Kootenay District for the past season. This district comprises what is known as the Revelstoke, Golden, and Windermere Water Districts, including the watershed of the Kootenay River above Canal Flats, as well as the Columbia River watershed from its source to the northern end of the Arrow Lakes, a distance of 300 miles along the Columbia River. About 14,000 square miles is the total area, 2,000 of which lies in the Kootenay watershed. The Railway Belt occupies a strip of about 4,700 square miles across this district. As the Kootenay Valley has but recently been opened for settlement, there is very little agricultural development as yet. No hydrographic work was done in that section. With the completion of the Banff-Windermere Road across this valley, and the Kootenay Central Railway in the Columbia Valley, considerable progress is to be expected in its agricultural development. Columbia River drains a valley about nine miles wide for about sixty miles from its source, thence narrowing down to an average of about two miles, continuing thus to its confluence with Arrow Lake. The timber, which is scattering, with light growth of underbrush in the upper part of this valley, becomes heavier and brush more dense in its lower part. From Windermere to Golden the soil, too, becomes heavier, and less irrigation is found necessary. In fact, in the greater part of the Railway Belt below Golden no irrigation is required, as the rainfall is considerably greater than at the source of the river. At the north end of the Arrow Lakes irrigation is needed in most years, and while development is very slight as yet, enough has been made to show it well fitted for fruit and general farming. From the above it will be readily understood that the district covered in this report is in a very undeveloped state; but the recent activities in railway-construction and the opening-up of two large irrigation companies promise well for the increased importance of this country as an agricultural district. Settlers have been flocking in to take up land in the Railway Belt, too, as fast as it is opened for homestead entry. In this connection it might be well to call attention to the nucleus of towns situated at the north end of Windermere Lake. Windermere, Athalmer, Invermere, and Wilmer are all showing signs of progress in anticipation of the coming of the Kootenay Central Railway. Out of a total of 3,000 acres which are irrigated in the Columbia Valley, 2,000 are within a radius of ten miles of Athalmer. At an exhibition of products held at Athalmer in September a large variety of vegetables and fruits were shown as grown in the valley, and brought attention to the great possibilities of the soil in this valley. In mineral wealth, too, the district is well supplied, though as yet it has lain untouched except for some exploration-work, and only awaits the coming of cheap transportation to revive mining activity. Logging operations have been carried on quite extensively in the valley, the Toby, Horse Thief, and Spillimacheen tapping a great area of good timber. The vicinity of Golden and north end of Arrow Lakes, tod1, have been logged for quite a number of years. The area between Golden and Revelstoke around the Big Bend is relatively untouched as yet, though considerable timber has been taken off. In taking up the work for the season, attention was first directed to the investigation of old water records, some 426 being recorded in the district under discussion. Of these, about seventy had been reported on in previous seasons, and 265 were reported on during this season. Of the ninety-one water records remaining, the greater part has evidently lapsed, as they are principally concerned with mining claims the titles for which have lapsed or been abandoned. The eighty-one licences issued since 1909 have been investigated at the same time water records were being reported on in their vicinities. Summarizing, it may be stated that, with the addition of perhaps a few weeks in looking into the active records still undone, the whole district will be ready for the Board of Investigation to adjudicate. WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, LANDS DEPT.,B. C. REPORT 19 I : Compiled by Geographic Branch, Surveyor General's Offici \J District Headquarters. Area investigated during year. 4 Geo. 5 District No. 8, North-east & North-west Kootenay. D 181 Streams were gauged and recorders engaged to keep records of flow during the season. With the continuance of these readings over a period of years, accurate data will be at hand for the Comptroller to determine the amount of unrecorded water in each of these streams. Attention was directed to the streams used for irrigation in the territory in which records were being examined. These streams are: Washout Creek, North Vermilion Creek, South Vermilion, Sinclair, Stoddart, Shuswap, Morigeau, Cold Spring, Marion, Dutch, and Findlay. Besides this, miscellaneous measurements were made on all other small recorded streams at such times as other work was being done in their neighbourhood. No storage-sites have been examined. Power-development in the district consists of but one instance, i.e., Municipality of Revelstoke, at which locality a concrete dam is built in Illecillewaet River and water conveyed to the plant in 6-foot stave pipe. The present plant is in duplicate on a 450-k.w. capacity basis, 75 feet of head being utilized. In available power-sites of a small nature the district is well supplied, as all the streams have considerable drop. Mention is here made of Spillimacheen River, where through a canyon about nine-tenths of a mile long the drop is 192 feet, which on a basis of low-water flow of 250 cubic feet per second would furnish 4,400 horse-power. This could be considerably increased by a storage-dam at upper end of canyon during the summer months from May to October. 3500 0 <5ca/.r orM/LGs 1 254567 89 10 // & ^%. % y r 1 f° ^y &200 B, ,c <§ -V 5 § V 8 & 1 § B fi <|L Q B > §: ■?? & zp/oo V^ ^> •s c* i (3 «5 DIUU <J =>< §■ § cs o % 3 r« s jj <3 £ / § ■Oi sS' Cfc "^ » 8 is « R "} ^2900 I , .S Wa tfd fuiDFar.r Ponm r 2900^ "5 c or $* k ! S S a S%i rj n/IDLAY CDZEK. § a 5' s? *< &2800 Sj p 28002 ^ T? . Distinct 'vebtoke B.C. Dec/913 O.J.&erqousr s ■^ 'C 5 fc -J <u pt fc § S? >s Hag uix cngr § ^2700 s f 07/Y)\A a & d/UU^A Cj r 5 P "M > £ •? ! I*. Z600 J~ 4-567 dCflLE OrMlLC-3 8 10 On No. 2 Creek there are several stretches of very rapid fall, one of 285 feet in half a mile, and another of 135 feet in about 500 feet, with possibility of increasing this to 220 feet by dam in a gorge. The minimum development would be 1,000 horse-power, which could be considerably increased. Findlay Creek offers an exceptional opportunity for small powers of 2,000 horse-power or under, as a glance at the profile will show. The flow on October 24th was 294 cubic feet per second, the total power on this date being 18,700. The flow would probably dwindle down to 100 cubic feet per second in extreme low water, giving a minimum power of 6,400 horse-power. The drainage-area of about 355 square miles includes a great group of glaciers in the Selkirks. The other creeks on the west side of the Columbia River all have similar power-sites available, D 182 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 as the character of their creek-beds and drainage-areas is very similar to that of the Findlay Creek. As the mining, logging, and irrigation development of this district progresses these water-powers will be of increasing importance to such industries. A start was made in duty of water investigation by placing weirs in a few ditches around Windermere, but as the press of work investigating water records prevented a continuous series of experiments through the summer, the information gained is insufficient to base conclusions upon as yet. Credit is due Messrs. Jones and Morrey, of Windermere, for their assistance in keeping the records on these measurements. More detailed examinations will be possible during the coming season. The Dominion Experimental Farm at Invermere will be in a position to co-operate with our efforts in this regard, as will several more farmers with whom I have spoken. In the later part of the season rain-gauges were established at Spillamacheen, Edgewater, near Invermere, and Canal Flats. Surveys were commenced on April 24th by two parties and continued until about September 20th, after which the work was carried on by the one party until November 24th, when camp was shut down. A sitting of the Board of Investigation was held at Windermere on September 25th, at which claims of some 296 water records were considered. I have, etc., O. J. Bergotjst, District Engineer. MEMORANDUM ON RULES, REGULATIONS, AND FEES UNDER THE "WATER ACT." By H. W. Grunsky. In the draft of the proposed " Water-power Fees and Regulations " which- accompany this memorandum, a study has been made and considerable help derived from the following existing laws and regulations: " The Use Book " of the United States Forest Service; Regulations of the United States Department of the Interior; Water-power Regulations adopted under the Dominion Lands Act by the Governor-General in Council; the Laws governing the Hydro-Electric Commission of Ontario, and the forms of leases used in that Province; the Public Utilities Act of the Province of Quebec; the Public Utilities Laws of Wisconsin; the Water Laws of Oregon; and numerous other sources. Letters and helpful suggestions have been received from the following persons: Hon. Adam Beck, Chairman of the Hydro-Electric Commission of Ontario; Hon. Jules Allard, Minister of Lands, Quebec; J. B. Challies, Superintendent of Water-powers, Department of the Interior, Ottawa; A. V. White, Engineer, Conservation Commission, Ottawa; Dr. Samuel Fortier, Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Washington, D.C.; O. C. Merrill, Chief Engineer of the United States Forest Service, San Francisco, Cal.; M. O. Leighton, Chief Hydrographer, United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.; Hon. Walter L. Fisher, formerly Secretary of the United States Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.; Luther Conrad, Jr., Commissioner, Bureau of Corporations, Washington, D.C.; Hon. Joseph N. Teal, Chairman of the Oregon Conservation Commission, Portland, Oregon; Dr. C. R. van Hise, President of the University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; Cyrus C. Babb, Chairman of the Water-storage Commission, Augusta, Maine; and many others. The preliminary draft of the proposed regulations was discussed in a joint conference of the engineering staff of the Water Rights Branch and the Board of Investigation, William Young, the Comptroller of Water Rights, acting as Chairman. Many helpful suggestions were made at this conference and the draft amended to conform with the same. The whole thought underlying these regulations is to lend every possible encouragement to legitimate development and to discourage speculative promotion. Many of the ideas incorporated are in practical operation in the Province of Ontario, the Dominion Water-power Branch, the United States Forest Service, and the United States Department of Interior. By way of preface, it may be stated that British Columbia has a very complete Act governing the use of stream-waters and the acquisition of rights therein. The Comptroller of Water 4 Geo. 5 Memorandum on Bules, Kegulations, and Fees. D 183 Rights is the administrator in chief of the Water Rights Branch, whose duty it is to guard the granting of new rights in waters, as well as to supervise matters of an engineering and administrative nature. The Board of Investigation is a body with quasi-judicial functions, acting as a part of the Water Rights Branch, its purpose being to adjudicate upon and define precisely the limits of old rights to the use of stream-waters. In the following pages the various clauses of the proposed regulations have been discussed under the same headings as those used in the accompanying draft. Recoro Fee. In localities where the custom has been to charge merely a nominal fee of a few dollars for the registering of an application, the fee here adopted may seem unnecessarily high. To British Columbians, however, where the record fee under the tariff in force during the past few years has, for ordinary heads, averaged considerably higher than that in the proposed regulations, it is well known that such fee has not deterred investors from coming in and securing an option on all the more valuable sites in the settled portion of the Province. The distinction between the proposed fee and the one now in vogue does not concern so much the size of the fee as the principle upon which the amount is calculated. This is faulty in the present tariff, where the applicant is charged according to the volume alone, no account being taken of the height through which the water falls. The record fee in the proposed regulations is based upon the capacity of the site as measured in net horse-power capable of being produced at 70 per cent, efficiency. To illustrate the above distinction, a few examples may be cited to show how the record or application fee calculated according to the existing fee bill would be varied if the standard now- proposed were applied. It is understood, of course, that companies already operating are not affected by this feature since they have already obtained their rights, but the data necessary for the calculation is, in their case, at hand, and the cases are more or less typical. A company operating on the Kootenay River whose record fee under the existing fee bill would be $5,140 would, under the proposed tariff, pay $3,397; the head in this case is 66 feet and the flow of water 4,500 cubic feet per second. The same company has another development on the same stream where the head is only 34 feet, and in this instance it would have paid $2,000 under the existing fee bill and $1,202 under the proposed tariff. On the other hand, a company operating on Powell River, where the head is 147 feet and the flow of water 2,427 cubic feet per second, would have had its record fee increased from $3,027 to $3,852 by the proposed regulations. In still another case on the Campbell River where the head is unusually high (347 feet) the fee would have been raised from $3,000 to something over $8,000. In a pending application for a water-power privilege on the Fraser River where the volume applied for is very large but the head comparatively low, the fee would be reduced from approximately $50,000 under the old tariff to approximately $17,000 under the new ; but in another pending application where the head is 1,000 feet and the flow of water applied for 1,500 cubic feet per second, and where 125,000 net horse-power may be developed, the record fee would be raised from $2,100 to approximately something over $13,000. It is only right that the record fee as well as all rental fees should be based on the value of the privilege; the nearest approximation to this value which it is practical to make at this time without going into refinements is the capacity of the site expressed in horse-power. Two objects are accomplished in requiring the payment of a substantial sum as a record or application fee. In the first place, while an application is not necessarily regarded as giving the applicant an exclusive privilege, it virtually has the effect of doing this. It gives one party the right-of-way, so to speak, and no one else will care to file for the same site on the mere chance that the prior applicant will drop out of the race. The recording of an application has the practical effect of tying up a site for a considerable period of time. This period may be an important one, for other bona-fide investors, may, by reason of the pending application, be driven to seek other fields of investment. It therefore behoves the Government, as an earnest of good faith on the part of the applicant, to demand this initial record fee. If he cannot risk the price of this fee upon the privilege to be acquired, he is not the man whom the Province is looking for to take the site and develop it. The second reason for the record or application fee is that the Government is thereby- enabled to make an investigation through its engineering staff of the facts surrounding the B 184 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 application. It is of the highest importance that the administration may have first-hand information concerning every power-site for which there is an application, no matter how far distant from railroad centres it may be located. In this way only can the facts set forth in the application be checked. The fee established in the present regulations is calculated to cover these initial investigations on the part of the Government. The Bono. The bond required by clause 58 of the proposed regulations is an essential part of the general scheme to prevent the water-powers from falling into the hands of non-intending investors, thereby securing development, and at the same time letting the licensee off with lower rental charges during the early years of the construction and operation periods. The bona-fide investor who intends to develop a privilege cannot bring any valid argument against the requirement of this bond; this will therefore be in a way the test of good faith on the part of the applicant. The minimum bond required by the proposed regulations is fixed by the same standard as the record fee—namely, the net horse-power capable of being produced at the site. This, as has been previously stated, is the nearest approximation to the actual value of the privilege which it is practical to reach at this stage in the negotiations. By having the minimum amount of the bond automatically fixed by the regulations the administration is relieved from any possible embarrassment in being pressed to let a privilege go with an inadequate bond. That the amount of the bond required is not excessive will be seen when it is considered upon the horse-power basis. This may vary from something over 50 cents per horse-power on sites which are capable of developing in the neighbourhood of 100,000 horse-power or more to $2.50 per horse-power on sites which are capable of developing less than 1,000 horse-power. When it is remembered that the gross receipts from the sale of power for a single year will probably run, on an average, anywhere from $30 to $50 on each horse-power produced, and that once the plant is in full operation its net earnings each year will be many times the face of this bond, the rule seems to be well in keeping with the value of the asset whose development is intended to be secured thereby. Rental Fees, Survey-construction Period. It will be noticed that all payments made on account of rental during this period are rebated to the licensee in the form of credits upon the rental account in the operation period. The only condition is that the applicant shall prosecute the survey and construction work with due diligence. The Province in this way protects the applicant whose purpose is for bona-fide development and discourages the speculator. There is no desire to handicap the efforts of the licensee in the early years of the construction and operation periods. On the other hand, every possible means of making it unpleasant for the hold-up man must be adopted. The solution of this problem is found in the present tariff by making the fees a little heavy before operation is commenced; but the moment the wheels of the plant begin to turn there is a breathing spell for the licensee. All payments previously made by him on account of rental during the survey-construction period are credited again to him on the rental charge for power produced in the operation period; it may thus happen that he will run his plant several years without further payments. Particularly is this true inasmuch as his output of power will probably be low in the first few years of operation. This means, of course, that the earning- capacity of the plant will be correspondingly low, and it is no more than right that rental fees should approximately follow earning-capacity. This will be discussed further under the next heading. Another feature in favour of this arrangement is that every applicant for a power privilege will be eager to commence to operate his works at the earliest day possible, no matter on how small scale, in order to avail himself of the advantage of the provision already outlined. Rental Fee, Operation Period. An effort has been made to base the rental fee in the operation period as nearly as might be practicable on the earning-capacity of the privilege. This earning-capacity of any power privilege is affected by two factors: First, the amount of station output; and, second, the net 4 Geo. 5 Memorandum on Rules, Regulations, and Fees. D 185 earnings which it is possible to make from each unit of output. Clause 63 of the proposed regulations deals with the first of these factors; clauses 64 to 66 deal with the second factor. Other bases which might have been adopted upon which to establish the fee during the operation period are: (1) A charge on the actual output measured in horse-power (this fee is frequently graduated so that it becomes less per horse-power as the output increases) ; (2) a charge on the capacity of the site or of the plant (this fee is also frequently graduated, increasing from a very light fee per horse-power in the first year of operation to a maximum at about the tenth year, after which it remains fixed) ; and (3) a per centum tax on the gross receipts of the company or individual operating under the licence. Comparison with Actual Output Basis. The proposed tariff is thought to be preferable to (1), a charge on actual horse-power output, although in principle the two methods are very closely akin to each other. There are several objections to making actual output of electrical or other form of energy the basis. In the first place, the Province is dealing in water, or one might say the capability of the water to produce power at the site. It is not interested in the particular misfortune of any licensee who happens to have procured improper machinery or to have installed it imperfectly. It is only interested in seeing that good use is made of the privilege. By establishing a certain percentage of efficiency and figuring on that basis (percentage here adopted, 70 per cent, is quite liberal) it makes it incumbent upon the licensee to get the maximum product out of his plant; if he can better the given percentage, it is his gain; if he falls below it, it is his loss. Again, the method herein advocated is preferable to that of a charge upon actual output, because, if a licensee owning a plant is either not operating it at all or only to a very limited extent, it is left to the Comptroller to judge whether, under the conditions of each case, such limited operation or failure to operate is reasonable. The aim of the Province being to secure the fullest possible degree of utilization of the waters of its streams, it would, in some cases, be manifestly unfair to permit the licensee who holds a privilege without development or with only slight development to escape with either a small rental fee or none at all. This is a serious objection to making actual usage the test in all cases. If, however, the Comptroller is satisfied that the utilization of the stream-flow is as much as could be expected under the circumstances, he may take it as the basis of the computation. It is to be noted, by reference to clause 63 of the proposed regulations, that the only variable factor used in determining the rental fee in question is the flow of water with which the licensee is to be charged. This is no more than right, since the commodity in which the Province is dealing is water. It is very important, therefore, that every effort should be bent on collecting all available data concerning either the actual quantity of water utilized, or an amount which would represent a reasonable use of the privilege; and in this connection it will be of great value to know the average daily-load factor of the power system and the period of year during which the works are or may be operated. It will also be desirable to get the co-operation of the licensee in securing records of stream-flow and other data. Clause 73 is designed to take care of this point. A final reason for preferring the basis adopted to that of a charge upon actual output or even actual use of water is that in many of the plants operating in the Province at the present time there may be no measuring-devices installed, therefore no present means of measuring actual flow. In such cases a rough approximation by the Comptroller will probably satisfy all parties. If, however, there is any question as to the correctness of the Comptroller's estimate, the licensee will very likely see the wisdom of installing such measuring-devices and keeping such records as may be acceptable to the Comptroller. Comparison with Capacity-of-the-site Basis. The proposed tariff is thought preferable to (2), a charge upon the capacity of the site or of the plant, because it tends to encourage the development of very large sites far in advance of the time when there is a demand for all the power that can be procured. Suppose there is a site capable of developing 200,000 horse-power, but only a present demand for 20,000 horse-power; it is to the interests of the Province to encourage development of the site at the earliest day possible. Yet a company may shrink from the undertaking if it must pay a fee upon the 200,000 horse-power from the start. D 186 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 This objection is partly overcome by making the charge on capacity of the site a graduated one, so that for any site it does not reach its maximum until a period of years has elapsed. However, conditions are very different at different sites, and the same rule that would work a hardship in one case would be more than fair in another. It is thought, therefore, that the method herein adopted, which is based on reasonable output and which will in most cases very closely follow actual output, is preferable to the above. The fee charged will thus at least approximately accord with the earning-capacity of the plant. Comparison with Gross-receipts Method. One difficulty that any rental tariff based on a fixed charge per horse-power on all water- powers alike fails to meet is the difference in the value of a horse-power in the different localities in the Province. Nearly every form of taxation on property is based on valuation. It is apparent that the value of a horse-power in one part of the Province may vary greatly from that in another. To meet this difficulty it has been proposed by the advocates of the gross-receipts method to charge, in lieu of all other forms of taxation, a rental fee in the shape of a fixed percentage of the gross receipts" of the licensee operating a water-power privilege. Where no power is sold, the value of the amount of power used is appraised and a per centum charge made upon this valuation. It is claimed that the net income per unit of power would be the true basis upon which to charge the licensee, but that since this is difficult of ascertainment, and since gross receipts are easily determined, the latter may be taken as giving the nearest approximation to net income which it is practical to make. Appraisal of Water-power Plants. In answer to the above, it may be said, first, if we must appraise the value of the output of some of the plants, why not appraise them all? Secondly, in making said appraisal it is not so much the profit that the licensee actually makes that we are after, nor even the profit which he might make under the best possible business management, but rather the profit which he is enabled to make toy virtue of his occupancy of the site—that is, above what he could make if engaged in a similar enterprise without the aid of the natural resource. This additional profit of the licensee is what economists call the " economic rent" of the site. It is due to the advantage which the licensee derives from the work done by a peculiarly efficient natural force. No attempt has been made in the proposed regulations to charge the licensee with the whole of this increment. It is no more than right, however, that in establishing rental fees it should be considered, and that the fees should be more or less roughly proportioned to the special advantage derived by each licensee. The proposed regulations permit of the charge per unit of power, taking into account to a certain extent the difference in the value of a horse-power of output, in different localities. For fear of entering upon too great a refinement, it is provided for the classification of the horsepower plants of the Province into not less than two nor more than five classes, according to the franchise value of a horse-power of output at each site. The franchise value of a horse-power of output is defined in clause 66 as the difference in the cost of producing and transmitting to the same market a horse-power produced by the water-power under consideration and one produced by the use of any kind of fuel. This clause also gives the method to be used in arriving at this difference. A great deal is said and written nowadays about the necessity of making rentals on water- powers merely nominal and administering them in such a way that the consumer of the power will get the benefit. This argument seems to me to be overdone. In nine cases out of ten, I believe the rental charges, whether they be 25 or 50 cents more or less per horse-power, will not affect the price at which the power is sold. Whether the latter is $25 or $60 per horse-power will depend more on other factors, such as the state of the competitive power market, and especially upon the cost of producing power from fuel. In the report of the Commissioner of Corporations on " Water-power Development in the United States " for 1912, it is shown that it is not likely that the power demand of any important market can be entirely supplied by water-power. It follows that in practice the market price of the power developed from the flowing water will nearly always be fixed by the price of power developed from fuel. It may be urged by some that regulation by the Province of rates for the sale of power will assure to the consumer a price for his power not greater than the cost of production of the 4 Geo. 5 Memorandum on Rules, Regulations, and Fees. D 187 power privilege, and that in this way the benefit wihich the licensee derives from a low rental fee will be transferred to the consumer. While I strongly believe in the regulation of rates, it seems plain to me that the millennium will have to be a whole lot nearer than it is at the present day before a system of rate regulation is devised which will get down to such fine points as to turn over to the consumer the above-mentioned benefit. Granting, however, that the system of rate regulation is effective, we would have in many markets the anomalous situation that the particular individuals who were fortunate enough to be the customers of a specially well situated water-power plant would get their power at a price far below that of neighbours in the same market who received their supply from water-power plants not so favourably situated or from plants operated by fuel. The scheme of the proposed regulations has the advantage not only of distributing the burden among the power licensees in proportion as they are capable of paying the same, but also of producing a more equitable distribution of the benefits. It is admitted that the inhabitants of the particular locality nearest to a power-site will or should always reap the major part of the advantage to be derived from its existence. Ou the other hand, there seems to be no good reason why all the people of the Province should not derive a small share of the benefit in the shape of revenue from each and every water-power in the Province. The proposed tariff is a compromise between these two ideas. It therefore depends to a certain extent upon the principle that all the waters in the Province are public property. This principle has been enunciated time and again in British Columbia and in the Western States, and has of late years been spreading to the Eastern Provinces and States. Insuring Development up to Demand. A provision requiring development of the water-power in keeping with the public demand is a natural complement to basing tariff upon either actual output or reasonable station output, and should, in my opinion, be added either to the regulations or the " Water Act" itself. Suppose a licensee refuses to develop the amount of power which can be developed under his licence and for which there is a public demand. This demand might be reported upon by the Comptroller or the Board of Investigation. The Minister could take into consideration such report, and bring the matter up before the Executive Council with his recommendation upon it. If the Executive Council saw fit to order the additional power to be developed, the licensee should be notified and given from two to five years in which to comply with the order, but if he still refused or neglected to develop the power called for by the order his licence should be cancelled. A similar clause to this is embodied in the regulations of the Department of the Interior of the Dominion Government, and in the Province of Ontario every lease now made for a power privilege contains a clause somewhat along the same lines. It may be noted, in passing, that the licensee of a power privilege is in a peculiar position of trust, inasmuch as he holds what is some day hound to be a natural monopoly. He should not be able to place himself in a position where he can make it more so by refusing to develop the amount of power for which there is a public demand. It is not considered that a case will ever arise where the Executive Council will direct a licence to be cancelled, but there must be some way of bringing a licensee to terms as a final resource. Just as there should be some provision for securing development up to the amount applied for by the licensee, so there should be a way of securing for the Province the utmost development of which any site is capable, irrespective of the amount applied for. It is very likely that the licensee in constructing the first works at any site has not been governed by any broad grounds of future public necessity. He has probably considered only his own immediate ends, and may have selected the particular spot for a dam where he could develop power for the least immediate outlay. Yet thereby he may have spoiled a good site. It is clear that a situation should not be permitted to arise where a valuable site could be thus held in perpetuity and yet not developed to its utmost extent. The two cases above considered differ in this respect: In the former case the licensee has refused to fulfil the obligations into which he entered at the time of taking his licence; in the latter case the licensee has done everything that his licence called for, and may be putting out the maximum amount of power of which his plant is capable. The Government was a party to the selection of the site and the building of works according to a particular plan. Therefore D 188 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 in the latter case the licensee is entitled to compensation and a liberal bonus for his works, and, furthermore, he should be given the first option to acquire a licence to operate such enlarged or additional works as may be necessary. Conclusion. It will be of great advantage to the Province, even in this comparatively early period of its development, to adopt a tariff which is based on correct economic principles. The fees can be made as light as may be desired under the method herein advocated as well as under any other method. It is believed that both the licensee and the public will be better satisfied with the administration of a tariff along these lines than with that of one that is based on inequitable principles. Respectfully yours, H. W. Grunsky. RULES, REGULATIONS,, AND FEES UNDER THE "WATER ACT," BRITISH COLUMBIA iSeiptember 3rd,, 1913. 1. His Honour the Lieutenant-sGovernor in Council has been pleased to direct the publication of the following- rules, regulations, and fees under the " Water Act" in accordance with Order in Council Xo. , approved the day of , 1913, which, specifies' that the same take the place, of all former rules, regulation?, and fees made in respect of the " Water Act," the " Water Act, 1909," or any former Act. Interpretation. 2. In the construction of these regulations, including this clause, if not inconsistent with the context, the following ternis shall have the respective meanings herein assigned to theim:— " Act" means the " Water Act" of British Columbia and any Act passed by way of amendment or consolidation thereof or in substitution therefor: " Permit" means the permit to make surveys granted to an applicant for a licence under the Act: " Survey-construction period " means that time during the pendency of an application for a final licence which occurs between the date of the permit and the date when beneficial use of the water under the conditional licence is first made: " Operation period " 'means the time during the continuance of the licence after the date when beneficial use is first made as aforesaid!: " Due notice " means notice by registered letter of the address' given in the application or of any amendments of the said address on file in the office of the Water Right? Branch. Any other words used in these regulations which have an interpretation given them by section 2 of the Act shall have the same meaning' in these regulations. of Rules. 3. These rules, regulation*, and fees shall be dlivkJed into seven parts', relating to the following subjects :— Part. I.—Petitions to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council or the Minister—Procedure and1 Fees: II.—Expropriation by Municipalities : III.—The Use and Occupation of Crown Lands: IV.—Fees for the Use of Water for Domestic, Irrigation, and other Purposes: V.1—Fees for the Use of Water in the Development of Power: VI.—Headgates;. Structures, and the Measurement of Water: VII.—Filing of Plans, Office Procedure, and Fees. Part I.—Petitions to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council or the Minister—Procedure and Fees. 4. This part deals with procedure and fees on petitions and certificates under sections 89, 93, 97, 119, 120, 153, 154, 161, 170, 179, 284, 285, 288a, 288b, 312, and 329 of the Act. 5. Petitions shall he intituled in the matter of the " Water Act," andl the record;, licence, or application in respect of which action is requesled. 6. Where no procedure is specified in the Act, 'petitions shall be filed1 in duplicate, one copy with the Comptroller and one copy with the Water Recorder of each district affected by the works or the undertaking. 7. The names of the parties upon whom the Act requires notice to be served shall be entered by the .petitioner at the foot of the petition, S. The name and' place of publication of the newspaper in which notices of the petition are to be published (when publication is required by the Act) shall be entered, by the petitioner at the foot of the petition. 4 Geo. 5 Rules, Regulations, and Fees. D 189 9. The Comptroller may) direct that the petition be served on other parties, or be advertised; for a longer period: or in additional newspapers, or that additional information be furnished. 10. Unless otherwise specified in the Act, publication of any matter respecting a petition to the Lieutenant-Governor in Council or the Minister shall consist of advertisement in a local newspaper once a week for four consecutive weeks and; in two issues of the British Columbia Gazette. 11. An objection to the petition 'may be filed in the office of the Comptroller and may be dn the form of a letter addressed to the Minister or Comptroller. 12. On the filing of an objection the Co'mptt'oiler shall forward a copy thereof to the petitioner, and, shall cause other copies to toe filed; in the same offices where the petition is required; to he filed. The petitioner may give notice to the Comptroller that he requires further particulars from the objector, and the Comptroller may order the objector to file the information desired within such time as he may consider sufficient. 13. In the event of an objection being filed1, the Minister or the Chairman of the Board, as the case may be,, shall notify, the 'Comptroller in writing of the date when, and, the place where the petition is to be heard;. 14. The Comptroller shall notify the petitioner and the objector (if any) of the said date and place forthwith on receipt of the notice mentioned in the last preceding clause. 15. The Comptroller shall present at the said hearing any additional material on file in his office and, his report (if any) relating to the inquiry. 16. Notice of the amendment of any petition shall be given by advertisement, as required1 in clause 10: Provided, if the amendment is1 not a material one and if a written order to that effect be obtained, from the Minister and filed in the office of the Comptroller, and; upon due notice to every person who has entered an objection and to any other persons* who may, in the opinion of the Comptroller, be interested, the said: advertisement may be dispensed with. 17. Any plans which are to be submitted in pursuance of the petition shall be signed toy the engineers or officials reporting thereon. 18. When the petition affects highways1,, bridges, Provincial public works, or other matters not coming within, the scope of the Lands Department, the petitioner shall submit the petition and copies of any plans to the proper department, and shall submit to the Comptroller satisfactory proof of having done so. 19. The1 Comptroller shall cause copies of all certificates or orders, issued; or made respectively by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council or the Minister which affect administration under the " Water Act" to toe recorded; in the office of the Water Recorder of each district affected by the works or the undertaking, and shall transmit the said; certificates or orders to the parties entitled, thereto on payment of all fees then due. 20. The above clauses shall not apply to appeals the procedure, of which is provided toy section 322 of the Act. 21. The following fees shall be payable in, respect of certificates and petitions:'— Petition under section 89 (approval of undertaking) $ 25 00 Certificate under section 93 (approval of undertaking) 100 00 Petition and; certificate under section 95 (amending certificate) 25 00 Petition under section 97 (extension of time) 25 00 Petition under section 120 (expropriation by municipality) 5 00 Petition under sections 158, 154 (clearing streams for logging) 25 00 Petition under section 161 (same, application for final licence)—No fee. Petition tinder section 170 (extension of time) - 10' 00 Petition under section 179 (assignment under Part XI.) 10 00 Petition or order under sections 2S4, 285 (transfer of municipality or power undertaking) 10 00 Submission of schedule of tolls by company under section 312—No fee. Petition under section 329 (information by injured' party)—No fee. All other petitions, charge in the discretion of the Minister. Part II.—Expropriation by Municipalities. 22. This part deals with the expropriation of water licences by municipalities under section 119 of the " Water Act." 23. The municipality shall serve the holder of the licence or licences it is proposed, to expropriate, or if the land to which a licence is appurtenant is used by other than the owner, then both holder and user, with a thirty clear days1' notice of such intended expropriation. 24. Such notice shall state clearly the amount or amounts of compensation, 'proposed to be given. 25. Before the expiration of the said thirty clear days' notice the licence-holder, or the licence- holder and user, shall determine whether or not he or they will accept the compensation mentioned in the said notice, and notify the municipality accordingly. 26. Failure to give such notification shall operate as refusal to accept the compensation offered. 27. In the event of one (either holder or user) accepting the proposed compensation in respect of his interest in the licence audi the other refusing, then the same proceedings may be had and taken in respect of the interest of the party refusing to accept the proposed compensation as may be had, and taken if the proposed compensation had been refused by either the holder or both holder and user. D 190 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 28. If the holder of a licence is absent from the Province, or after diligent inquiry and search cannot be found, a petition may be presented, to the Minister for leave to give notice of expropriation by advertising in a newspaper of the district in which the water right is situated, or in the absence of such newspaper, in the one near thereto, and in the British Columbia Gazette for thirty clear days. 29. If the holder or holder and user of a licence shall accept the proposed compensation, the municipality may, after payment or tender of the amount, take and use the water rights under the licence expropriated,, and secure a substituted licence therefor, having, the priority of the licence expropriated. 30. If the holder or holder and user of a licence shall not accept the proposed, compensation, then the amount of compensation shall toe ascertained toy arbitration under the " Arbitration Act." 31. If the notice has been given by publication under Rule 2S, then the Minister may appoint an arbitrator or arbitrators to decide the amount or amounts of compensation which shall be given. 32. If the arbitrator or arbitrators shall award to the holder and, user, or either of them, a larger sum. than that offered by the municipality, then the cost of the arbitration shall toe borne by the municipality; but if the award shall be equal to or less than the amount or amounts offered by the municipality, then the costs of the arbitration shall be borne and paid by the party or parties refusing to accept the offered compensation. 33. Upon payment or tender by the municipality of the amount or amounts of the award' to' the holder or holder and user, the municipality may take and use the water rights under the licence expropriated, and secure a substituted licence therefor. 34. The procedure for expropriation of a water record issued under any former Act shall be similar to the above procedure for expropriation of a licence, and a licence may issue for the record expropriated having the priority of the record expropriated. Part IIL—The Use and Occupation op Crown Lands. 35. This part deals with the conditions upon which a licensee, a record-holder, or an applicant for a licence under the " Water Act " shall take possession of, use, or occupy any Crown lands, or fell timber thereon,, for rightshof-way and other purposes. 36. The said licensee, record-holder, or applicant shall satisfy the Minister that he is, the holder of a valid water record or water licence or permit and has obtained, the approval of the works in connection therewith. 37. He shall satisfy the Minister that the right-of-way over such Crown lands is necessary for the construction or maintenance of the works for the diversion and carriage of the water ■mentioned! in the said licence, record, or permit. 38. He shall have expressly agreed that no Chinese or Japanese shall be employed on the construction of the said works'. 39. He shall have agreed to pay to the Crown in the right of the Province for the use of the said, right-of-way the sum of 25 cents per acre per annum, and shall have agreed to pay to the Crown in the right of the Province for such timber as he may cut or carry away from the said right-of-way the sum. of $2 per 1,000 feet, board measure. 40. The Minister shall have published at the expense of the said' licensee, record-holder, or applicant in two issues of the British Columbia Gazette a notice to the effect that the said licensee, record-holder, or applicant has full and free liberty to enter upon the right-of-way described in the said, notice for the purpose of laying d'own and constructing works upon, over, or under the said right-of-way for the diversion and carriage of the water mentioned in the said water licence, record, or permit. 41. The said licensee, record-holder, or applicant may thereupon exercise the rights mentioned in the said notice, subject to due compliance with the conditions above set out. until the said licence, record, or permit is abandoned, cancelled, or otherwise avoided, and that on such, abandonment, cancellation, or avoidance all the said works, if on Crown lands, shall toe forfeited, to the Crown, and. if not on Crown lands, shall become forfeited to and become the property of the owner of the land upon which the works are situate. Part IV.—Fees for the Use of Water for Domestic, Irrigation, and other Purposes. 42. This part of these rules and regulations deals with fees for the use of water for domestic, irrigation, industrial, mining,, and other purposes where the production of power is not involved. Fees affecting the use of water in the development of power are dealt with in Part V. 43. A record, fee shall toe payable within fifty days from the first publication in a local newspaper of the notice of intention to apply for a licence. (This date is fixed toy section, 61 of the Act.) 44. The record fee shall be computed at the following rates':— For irrigation, 5 cents per acre-foot per year applied for: For plaeer-fmining in open sluices, $1 per cubic foot per second applied for: For hydraulic mining, $10 per cubic foot per second applied for: For mineral or spring water for sale, barter, or exchange, 50 cents per -500 gallons per day applied for: For storage on the amount applied for. as follows:— Each acre-foot up to 1.000, $0,002: Each additional acre-foot, $0.001: 4 Geo. 5 Rules, Regulations, and Fees. D 191 For clearing streams' for driving logs, the fee paid on the filing of the petition, $25, shall constitute the record fee, and a licence fee of $100 shall be further payable as provided in section ISO of the Act: For all other uses, except where power is produced, 50 cents per 5,000 gallons per day applied for: Provided that, if the quantity applied for is reduced in the permit, the record fee shall be reduced according to the quantity specified in the permit, and any excess payment .made by the applicant above the latter amount may, at the discretion of the Comptroller, either toe refunded to the applicant or applied on the next subsequent payment falling due under the application, and that the minimum fee in any case shall be $1. Bond. 45. At the time of granting a permit the Comptroller shall require every company whose application involves the sale, barter, or exchange of water and every " irrigation company" to execute a good and' sufficient bond:, guaranteeing the performance in good faith, and to, the satisfaction of the Comptroller and the Minister, of the things required to be done toy it under the terms of the Act during the survey-construction period. The amount of this bond for the companies named shall be not less than twenty times the amount of the record fee; for other applicants under this part the nature and amount, of the bond shall be fixed in the discretion of the Comptroller. Annual Rental Fees, Survey-construction Period. 46. An annual rental fee shall be paid during the survey-construction period equal in amount to the record fee as finally determined: under clause 44. 47. The first payment of fees to apply on rental during the survey-construction period, known as the permit-payment, shall be payable on the day when the permit is issued, and shall cover the rental for a year from the said date. The second, rental payment shall be payable on or before the first day of June in the first full calendar year of the said period, and shall cover the part of the said calendar year not covered by the first payment. Subsequent rental payments shall be payable on or before the first day of June of each year thereafter, ,and shall cover the fee for the 'Calendar year respectively in which they are made. 48. All payments made on account of rental during the survey-construction period (but not the record fee) may, if in the opinion of the Comptroller the survey and construction work has been prosecuted with due diligence, toe credited to the 'licensee for the cancellation of charges as they become due in the operation period. 49. If any part of the amounts due for fees as set forth in clauses 46 and 47 hereof shall, after due notice has been given toe in arrears for sixty days, then and thereupon— (a.) If the applicant hold's under a permit, the Comptroller may cancel the said permit; or ,(6.) If the applicant holds under a conditional licence, the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may, on the recommendation of the Minister, direct the Comptroller to cancel the said conditional licence. Annual Rental Fees, Operation Period. 50. An annual rental fee shall be paid during the operation period according to the quantity of water used by the licensee as estimated by the Comptroller from all data available for the. calendar year preceding that in which, the fee is paid, at the following rates:— For irrigation, 2 cents per acre-foot of water used: For hydraulic mining, $1 per year for a flow of one cubic foot per second: For mineral or spring water for sale, barter, or exchange, such royalty as the Minister may impose: For storage, as follows :— Each acre-foot up to 1,000, $0.002: Each additional acre-foot, $0.001: For clearing stream's for driving logs, $25 on each licence. (This is fixed by the Act; see section 180) : For all other uses, except where power is developed, 50 cents a year for a flow of 5,000 gallons a day: Provided that the minimum1 fee in any case shall be 50 cents, and that the holder of a record for a placer-mining claim shall not be charged for water that is being used in, open, sluices only, and that for water which is being lifted from streams by pumping systems one-half of the regular rate may be charged. 51. Until measuring devices are installed and accurate measurements kept to the satisfaction of the Engineer of the water district and of the 'Comptroller, as hereinafter provided, the Comptroller may estimate the quantity of water used, taking into consideration, where the purpose is irrigation, the number of acres irrigated and an average duty of water for the locality in which the land is situated: where the purpose is municipal, the number of inhabitants' supplied, 60 gallons per day per inhabitaint being declared a fair estimate for this purpose; and where the purpose is other than the above, such other factors as may, in the opinion of the 'Comptroller, best enable him to estimate the quantity of water used. 52. The first payment of fees to apply on rental during the operation period shall be payable on the first day of June in the first full calendar year of the said period, and shall cover the rental for the said calendar year and for such part of the preceding calendar year as falls within the said period. Subsequent rental payments shall be payable annually thereafter, and shall each cover the fee for the calendar year respectively in which they are made. D 192 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 53. If any of the amounts due for the said fees shall, after 'due notice ha® been given, be in arrears for more than one year, then and thereupon the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may, on the recommendation' of the Minister, direct the Comptroller to cancel the conditional or final licence, as the case may be. Part V.—Fees fob the Use of Water in the Development of Power. 54. This part of these regulations deal with, fees for the use of water in the development of power. Record Fee and Bond. 55. A record fee shall be payable within fifty days fromi the first publication in a local newspaper of the notice of intention to apply for a licence. (This date is fixed toy section 61 of the Act.) 06. The eaid record fee shall be based upon the net amount of energy, expressed in horse-power, which can be (Developed at, the site from the amount of the flow of water applied, for. For the purpose of 'this tariff, the said horse-power 'shall be determined as the continued product of the following factors:— :(a.) The amount of the flaw of the water applied for expressed in cubic feet per second: (6.) The average available static head in feet. (Unless surveys have established the said head, the Comptroller shall make an estimate of the same from such data as are available, and this estimate shall toe used hereunder; provided that after surveys have established; the said head the record fee shall be readjusted in accordance therewith, and any excess, or deficiency of the payment made on account thereof shall toe deducted from or added: to the next subsequent payment falling due under the application/) : (c.) The factor 0.0S (which represents the horsepower produced by one cubic foot of water falling through one foot in one second at 70 per cent, efficiency). 57. The 'amount of the said record fee per horse-power shall toe as follows :— Each horse-power up to 1,000 $0 50 Each additional horse-power up to 5,000 25 ■Each additional horse-power above 5,000 10 58. At the time of the granting of a permit the Comptroller shall require the execution by the applicant of a good and' sufficient bond, guaranteeing the performance in good1 faith, and1 to the satisfaction of the Comptroller and the Minister, of the tilings required: to be done by him under the terms of the permit and of the Act during the survey-construction period. The amount of this bond shall be not less than five times the amount of the record fee. Survey-construction Period. 59. An annual rental fee shall be paid during the survey-construction period,, its amount to be based on the same principle and computed in the same manner as the record fee (clauses 5'6 and 57, above) : Provided that where the requisite data contained,1 in the application is varied in the permit the computation shall be based1 on the latter. 60. The first payment of fees' to apply on rental during the survey-eonsitruction period, known a,s the penmit-payment, shall be payable on the day when the permit is issued, and shall cover the rental for a year from the said date. The second rental payment shall be payable on or before, the first dlay of June in the first full calendar year of the said' period, and shall cover the part of the said calendar year not covered' by the first payment. Subsequent rental payments shall be payable on or before the first day of June of each year thereafter, and shall cover the fee for the calendar year respectively in which 'they1 are made. 61. AH payments ,made on account of rental during the survey-construction period: (but not the record' fee) may, if in the opinion of the Comptroller the survey and1 construction work has been, prosecuted with due diligence, be credited to the licensee for the cance'llationi of charges as they become due in the operation period. .'62. If any plart of the amounts due for fees as set forth in clauses 6 and 7 hereof shall, after due notice has been, given, be in arrears for sixty days, then and thereupon1— (a.) If the applicant is holding under a permit, the Comptroller may cancel the said permit; or (6.) If the applicant is holding under a conditional 'licence, the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may, on the recommendation of the Minister, direct the Comptroller to cancel the said conditional licence. Operation Period. 63. The amount of the annual rental fee shall, during the 'Operation period, toe based on the reasonable station output for the year, which shall be the Comptroller's estimate of the net amount of energy,, expressed in horse-power, available for transmission and utilization during the year by a reasonable and diligent use of the privilege. The said estimate shall be based on all data available for the preceding calendar year, and! shall be the continued product of the following factors, as derived from the said data:— t(a.) The average flow of water in cubic feet per second which it is estimated was or would have- been utilized under a reasonable use of the privilege granted. In fixing the said flow, the Comptroller may make use of all data in the possession of the licensee showing the actual quantity of water used! for beneficial purposes during the year; and. (1.) If he considers the said use as determined from the said data a reasonable one under all the circumstances, the quantity so used may be taken as the basis of the charge ; or 4 Geo. 5 Rules, Regulations, and Pees. D 193 (2.) He may fix the quantity at such percentage of the average flow estimated to have 'been available at the intake as in his opinion: represents a reasonable use of the privilege. In estimating this average available flow at the intake, the effect produced' toy storage in any and all existing storage-works at or above the site shall be taken into account. In fixing a reasonable percentage of this flow, the 'Comptroller shall consider the average daily-load factor iCtC the power plant for the period of the year during which the works are operated, and any other facts relevant to the inquiry : (6.) The average effective head in feet: i(c.) The factor 0.08 ('which represents the horse-power produced by one cubic foot of water falling through one foot in one second at 70 per cent, efficiency). 64. The amount olf the said.annual rental fee per horse-power shall be fixed by the Board as hereinafter directed1: (Provided that in no case shall the said fee be less than 25 cents nor more than $1 per horse-power per annum. '65. The Board snail, at least once every five years, appraise the franchise value of a horse-power of station' output at each water-power plant operating under a licence in the Province, and shall, upon the basis of the said appraisal, classify the said1 plants into not less than two or more than five groups, and shall,, withlin the limits prescribed by clause 64 hereof, fix the said: annual rental fee per horsepower for the plants: in each group, and, payments shall be made in accordance therewith : Provided that until the first appraisal of the output of any, plant and, its classification hereunder are completed, the Board! may, within the limits prescribed in the said clause 64, set an arbitrary rental fee per horse-power on the 'Station output oif the said plant, and payment shall be made by the licensee in accordance therewith; tout any excess or deficiency in. such payment over or under the fee as later determined from the said appraisal and! classification shall, pro tanto, be deducted! from or added to the next subsequent payment due from the said licensee after the said appraisal and classification are completed. 66. In appraising the franchise value of a horse-power of station output the Board shall eons/idler the natural advantages of the site for the production and) 'marketing of power in. comparison, with that of fuel- or other water-power plants in the Province, and shall compare the cost of producing and marketing power by the use of the water-power pliant under consideration 'with that of producing and marketing power by the use of fuel- or other water-power plants. To this end account shall be taken in either case of— (o.) Interest on the fixed charges, which shall include the cost of an entire plant and works: (0.) Maintenance audi depreciation: (e.) Labour and administration at the works : (d.) Loss caused by irregularity of stream-flow and! necessity of supplementinig the water-power by steam or other form of power: ,(e.) Cost of fuel: ,(/.) Length of primary transmission1: (a.) The market for power : (ft.) Any other factors relevant to the inquiry. 07. The first payment of fees to apply on rental during the operation period shall be payable on the first day of June in the first full calendar year of the said period, and shall cover the rental for the said calendar year, and for such part of the preceding calendar year as falls within the said! period'. Subsequent rental payments shall be payable annually thereafter, and shall each cover the fee for the calendar year respectively in which they are mide. 63. If any of the amounts due for the said fees shall, after due notice has been given, be in arrears for more than one year, then and thereupon the Lieutenant-G'overn,or in Council may, on the recommendation of the Minister,, direct the Comptroller to cancel the conditional or final licence, as the case may be. i Part VI.—Headgates, Structures, and the Measurement of Water. ,69. Every licensee diverting water into any ditch,, canal, pipe-line, numi?, or other conduit shall construct and maintain to the satisfaction of the Engineer of the water district and of the Connptroller— (o.) A substantial headlgate at the point where the water is diverted, of such construction that it can be locked and kept closed at the direction of the 'Engineer of the water district: (5.) Suitable flumes, weirs, or other measuring-devices' at such points as .may be necessary for the purpose of assisting the Engineer of the water district in determining the amount of water that is diverted from the stream or taken from the said ditch or canal by the various users. If any such licensee refuses or neglects to commence the construction of such headgates, flumes. weirs, or other measuring-devices withlin ten days after notice to do so by the Engineer of the water district or the Comptroller, or to prosecute the said construction diligently or to 'maintain' the same satisfactorily, the said Engineer or Comptroller may— i(c), Construct or cause to be constructed and maintained such headgates. flumes, wears, or other diversion or measuring-devices as may in his opinion be necessary; and all costs and charges in connection therewith shall toe paid by the licensee, and if not so paid shall toe a charge on the land to which the water licence or licences are appurtenant, and may, in addition to all other remedies, be recovered by action' in any Cburt of competent jurisdiction; or (<?.) Close or direct to be closed the said ditch or oanali to the passage of the water, and the same shall not be opened or any water diverted until the requirements of the said Engineer or Comptroller, as the case may be are, complied with ; anid if the said! licensee further refuses IS D 194 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 to comply with the said requirements, the Comptroller may recommend1 to the Minister the cancellation of the licence as provided in subclause (7<) of clause (6) of section 2S9a of the Act. 70. Every licensee storing or penning back water in a reservoir located across or upon the toed of a natural stream shall construct and .maintain rating-flumes, weirs, or other measuring-devices, according to plans approved by the Comptroller, at a point on the stream not exceeding 600 feet below the lower end! of such reservoir and at a point on each and every stream' or source of supply discharging into such reservoir (the points of location to be likewise subject to the approval of the Comptroller) for the purpose of assisting the Comptroller or the Engineer of the water district in determining the amount of water stored in such reservoir, and the amount of water to which other licensees who have a right to divert water from the same stream are entitled. Ilf any licensee storing or penning back water as aforesaid neglects or refuses to commence the construction of the said rating-flumes,, weirs, or other measuring-devices within ten dlays after notice to do so by the 'Engineer of the water district or the Coimptroller. or to prosecute the said construction diligently or to maintain the same satisfactorily, the 'Comptroller or the Engineer of the water district may— (a.) Construct or cause to be constructed or maintained the said rating-fluimes, weirs, or other measuring-devices ; and all costs and charges in connection therewith shall be paid by the licensee, and if not so paid' shall be a charge upon the land to -which: the water licence or licences are appurtenant, and may, in addition to all other remedies, be recovered by action in any Court of competent jurisdiction; or (6.) Open the sluice-gate or outlet of the said reservoir and permit' such quantity of stored water to How down the stream for the use of other licensees as he may deem' proper until the said licensee constructs or maintains the said rating-flumes, weirs, or other measuring- devices ; and if the licensee further refuses to comply with, the said requirements, the Comptroller imay recommend to the Minister the cancellation' of the licence as provided1 in subclause {h) of clause (6) of section 2S9a of the Act. 71. Proper provision shall toe made by every licensee to the satisfaction of the Comptroller— (a.) For the passage of logs and timber down the stream or other waterway affected by the works: (6.) For the erection and maintenance by the licensee of a durable and efficient fishway in the stream or other waterway affected? by the works: 72. For the purpose of ascertaining the quantity of water used or of power developed or capable of being developed from, the amount of water granted under any licence, or for the collection of other data for the purpose of carrying out these regulations, the Coimptroller, the Board, or any engineer appointed by. the Minister for that purpose shall have free access to all parts of the works, and to all books, plans, or records in connection therewith, and may -make measurements, take observations,, and do such other things as they 'may consider necessary or expedient for such purpose. 73. Every permittee or licensee for municipal or power purposes shall install and maintain, in good operation, condition, at such places and in such manner as shall be approved1 by the Comptroller, accurate meters, measuring-weirs, gauges, or other devices approved by the Comptroller and adequate for the determination of the amount df water use'd or electric energy generated! (if any) in the operation of the works ; and of the flow of the stream or streams from- which the water is diverted or is to be diverted!; and of the amounts of water held in and' drawn from storage; to keep accurate and sufficient recordte of the foregoing determinations to the satisfaction of the Comptroller; and to'make a return prior to the first day of March of each year, under oath, of such of the records of measurement's for the year ending on December 31st preceding, made by or in the possession of the permittee, as may be required by the Comptroller. Part VII.—Filing of Plans, Office Procedure, and Fees. 74. An application under which the development of 100 horse-power or less is contemplated, or the irrigation of 640 acres of land or less, or the use of water for any other purpose in an amount of 100,000 gallons per day or less shall be accompanied by a map of the project in duplicate, showing— (a.) The ownership of all lands likely to be affected by the project: (6.) The proposed point or points of diversion of the water: (c.) The proposed location of ditches, flumes, conduits, and dams: (d.) If a power project, the proposed location of the power-house and the point of return of the water: (e.) The proposed location of each reservoir-site (if any) : (/.) If map is not to scale, distance and bearings must be given from some natural or permanent monument that can be easily found and recognized. The maps shall be 8 x 13, IS x 24, or 21 x 30 inches in size. 75. The permit under any application embraced in the last preceding clause shall be accompanied by a statement from the Comptroller showing what detail plans are required to be filed. A field examination by the District Engineer shall be made only when necessary in the judgment of the Comptroller. 76. An application under which the development of more than 100 horse-power is contemplated, or the irrigation of more than 640 acres of land, or the use of water for any other purpose in an amount of more than 100,000 gallons per day shall be accompanied by a map on tracing-linen, with two sets of print copies. The map shall show— (a.) The ownership of all lands likely to be affected by the project: 4 Geo. 5 Rules, Regulations, and Fees. D 195 (6.) The proposed point or points of diversion: (c.) The proposed location of ditches, flumes, conduits, and dams: (d.) If a power project, the proposed location of the power-house and the point of return of the water: (e.) The proposed location of each reservoir-site (if any). Maps shall not be larger than 30 x 42 inches and not smaller than 8 x IS inches. Separate sheets shall be used whenever the whole survey cannot be shown upon a single sheet. 77. Within the time set out in the permit, the applicant under any application embraced in the last preceding clause shall file plans and specifications in such detail as will permit of the works being constructed in accordance therewith. Except in special cases, such as profiles, etc., the plans shall be 8 x 13, IS x 24, 21 x 30, or 30 x 42 inches in size, and shall consist as follows:— (a.) A general drawing showing the location of the dams, reservoirs, conduits, power-house, and other projected works: (6.) Detail drawings: i (c.) Specifications: (d.) Statements in detail of all data on which the design is based, including stream-measurements, rainfall, stream-flow, evaporation records, drainage-areas1, and any other pertinent information. 78. The general and detail drawings mentioned in the last preceding clause shall include, together with such requirements as the Comptroller -may specify, the following •,,— (a.) A contour map of each reservoir-site, dam, and dam-site on a scale of not more than 400 feet to the inch, with a contour interval of not more than 10 feet. The contour map for each reservoir-site shall show the high-water flow-line, and. in case the reservoir is to be used in whole or in part for diversion purposes, the flow-line fixed, by the estimated average effective head; and also a table of areas and capacities for each flow-line and each contour-line: (6.) A cross-section of each dam-site along the centre line of the proposed dam,, with a graphical log properly located, thereon of each boring, test-pit, or other exploration, and a brief statement of the character and dip of underlying material: (c.) Plans, elevations, and cross-sections of the dams, showing spillways, sluiceways, or sluice- pipes, and other outlet works; and also a statement of the column of the dam, the character of the materials used,, and the type of construction: (d.) A contour map and profile of the entire water-conduit location on a scale of not more than 400 feet to the inch, with contour interval of not more than 10 feet. The contours shall cover either an area of 100 feet in width on each side of the centre line of the water-conduit or a difference in elevation of at least 25 feet above and below the grade- line of the conduit. This map shall show the transit-line of the survey and the centre line of the proposed final location of the water-conduit, including curves between tangents. This map shall also show what sections of the water-conduit will be in flume, ditch, tunnel, pipe, etc., and the grade of each section: (e.) Plans, elevations, and cross-sections of each type of water-conduit, showing material, dimensions, grades, flow-line, and capacity and plans and elevations of intake-works and fore-bays: (/.) A contour map on a scale of not more than 50 feet to the inch, with a contour interval of not more than 5 feet, showing the proposed location of the power-house, other buildings, etc., shall be filed for each power-house site that will toe a part of the power project or Tu-ojects applied for. This map shall also, state the proposed type and estimated number and rated capacity of the water-wheels and generators to be used. Office Fees. 79. The following fees' shall be chargeable for clerical work:— Certified copies, of any record or document, per folio of 100 words $ 25 Blue-prints, 5 cents per square foot, with minimum charge of 25 Inspection of search of any record, licence, or other document 25 Apportionment of a licence :— If apportioned into five parts or lei's 5 00 For each additional part 50 Change of point of diversion 1 00 Renewal of record or licence under section 255—quarter of record fee. Transfer of a licence under section 285 10 00 D 196 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 REPORT ON METEOROLOGICAL WORK By J. M. Case. December 1st, 1913. Wm. Young, Esq., Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—1 have the honour to present a report on meteorological work in the Province for the twelve months ending September 30th, 1913. As stated elsewhere, a commencement was made in 1911 in the systematic investigation of the conditions governing the flow and movement of the surface waters in the Province. This work had not proceeded far before it became apparent that a careful record of the precipitation of both rain and snow was an essential portion of such an investigation; and accordingly, in January, it was determined to add this to the other lines now being followed. For this purpose a number of rain-gauges were ordered, and some forty-eight have been distributed throughout the Province. These gauges are in all respects similar to those used by the Dominion Meteorological Service, and the registers follow the lines of those used therein; thus the results obtained are of the same standard and are interchangeable. In addition to the study of precipitation, a small number of thermometers have been issued to observers, and a hygrometrical station has also been established at the Government Dry Farm at Quilchena. It is thought that the records thus obtained, amplified by those tabulated by the Dominion service, will after a few years elucidate a good many of the problems which now perplex users of water, and may eventually permit a species of forecast to be made as to the resources of water for the ensuing season. This branch of investigation was commenced too late for the results to be of any use during the past season. Precipitation in the Dry Belts. In order to afford some graphic information of variations in precipitation, the accompanying diagram is inserted. The upper part deals with Kamloops, Penticton, Salmon Arm, and Vernon; the lower with Cranbrook, Golden, Nelson, and Victoria. The various curves represent the mean depth of precipitation over a period of several years. In the upper part of the diagram is shown how the comparatively large amount of precipitation received by Salmon Arm in the form of snow is curiously balanced by the dry spring, both Vernon and Penticton receiving more rain in May, and Vernon more in June; yet, in spite of this drought, irrigation, necessary at Vernon and Penticton, is not needed at Salmon Arm. The precipitation, then, of November, December, and January, in the form of snow, supplied sufficient moisture to the ground at Salmon Arm. The increased precipitation at Penticton during the month of February is marked, and is rendered more interesting when compared with Kamloops, which has less precipitation than in January; the same diagram is to be noted in the month of June, when the precipitation of Penticton is decreasing and Kamloops increasing, the relative position of the two places again changing in August. The precipitation at Vernon also presents interesting features. Whereas Salmon Arm receives most moisture in the winter, June is the wettest month at Vernon, followed by November; then also Penticton receives most moisture in August, May and February being also wet months. As Vernon is at the north of Okanagan Lake and Penticton at the south, this divergence is most striking. In the lower part of the diagram the positions of the stations cover a wide area, but they are all situated in the more arid portions of the Province. Victoria has been introduced as irrigation is not practised there, and, as shown, the rainfall during June, July, and August is extremely low; in fact, it has less precipitation during these important months than any of the Dry Belt stations delineated; and although the precipitation in November is high, yet, owing to the mild climate, this is in the form of rain, and consequently is not conserved as would be the case if it were snow. 4 Geo. 5 Report on Meteorological Work:. D 197 Nelson shows, after Victoria, the highest rainfall, and this in June reaches a mean fall of 2.S5 inches, against 0.7 at Victoria; yet, despite this fall aided by the winter snow, irrigation is generally admitted to be necessary. Viewing the year as a whole, there is a striking similarity between the curves for Nelson and Golden, although the precipitation at the latter place is considerably less than Nelson receives. Both curves fluctuate during the winter, both drop during the spring, and the upward tendency of the early summer is shown in both; in the month of September only is there any divergence, where the precipitation at Nelson commences to increase, whereas at Golden it. grows less. Cranbrook has the lowest mean precipitation of the four stations, and exhibits the most equable, neither experiencing the heavy winter precipitation nor summer drought of Victoria. The greatest fall occurs in January, after which there is a general decrease until October, when the lowest fall is registered and the precipitation again commences to climb up. Cranbrook, like Nelson and Golden, experiences more rain in June than March or April, but the variation is much less, and the need for some irrigation is generally conceded. From the diagram it is evident that reliable statistics on evaporation at the various stations are needed. It can only be the humid air which obviates the need of irrigation at Victoria, as it is presumably the lack of this moisture in the air which necessitates the practice of irrigation at Nelson. The need for accurate observations of evaporation was mentioned at the Irrigation Congress sitting at Kelowna in 1912, and the lack of humidity records was also deplored. In conjunction with the study of the duty of water, it will be necessary to closely investigate evaporation, humid and wind factors, and the results of these investigations will probably go some way to solving the curious discrepancies shown in the diagrams. To a certain extent the variations in the monthly precipitation of adjacent localities is probably caused by physical features; the influence these may exert can only be ascertained by experiment and observation. It should be noted that the periods over which the observations extend cannot be termed satisfactory. The longest is only twelve years, the shortest five, and until the records of future years have been added too much reliance should not be placed on these " mean " or " average " readings. Precipitation on the Higher Altitudes of the Coast District. The accompanying diagrams are of interest, emphasizing the inordinate precipitation between the months of September and January, the peak of the curves being reached in November, during which month all Coast stations, regardless of altitude, generally receive their maximum amount. The reason for this well-defined wet period is not definitely established, but it would appear to be caused by a monsoon influence; the cooling of the land in the autumn while the sea preserves its temperature causes a prevailing south-westerly wind, which, laden with moisture, precipitates its burden on the Coast ranges. At and after the winter solstice, the direction of the wind gradually reverses as the land becomes heated, as summer approaches, and there is a steady flow of air from the land back to the colder ocean, the result being the remarkable decrease in precipitation during April, May, and June, reaching the lowest point during July, from whence an upward tendency is apparent. It is of passing interest to note that the station at Lake Coquitlam received 8.25 inches of rain in 24 hours on November 28th, 1909, and 4.07 inches in 24 hours on November 29th, 1909; these, it is thought, constitute a record for the district. The curves on the diagrams of the stations at Jones and Lillooet Lakes commence in April instead of October. These stations have only recently been established, and in order to sacrifice no readings the commencing month of observations was adhered to in plotting the curves. I have, etc., J. Monckton Case, Assoc.Mem.Can.Soc.C.E. D 198 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Provincial Rainfall Stations and Observers. Observer. 'Station. Armstrong, J. T Keremeos. Adamson, A. D Merritt (Aspen Grove). Anderson, J. B Sullivan. Belgo-Oanadian Co Kelowna. Beach, Mr Christina Lake. Bridge River Power Co Bridge River. B.C. Fruitlands, Ltd Kamloops. Bishop, F Lillooet (Moha). Beadle, Lieut., S.W., R.N Nicola (Quilchena). Bond, R. M Nicola (Mill Creek). Bostock, Neville S Police Coupee. Columbia Valley Orchards Sinclair. Coe, Percy C Kingsgate. Dryden, Wm. ,C Peachland. Dodd, T. W Thrums. Driver, Geo Telkwa. Elliott, Wm 105-Mile House (Cariboo Road). Fraser, J Spillimacheen. French, Wm Wolf Creek. Garde, T. W Oowickan. Granger, Mr Canal Flats. Hirtz, R Elko. Johnstone, Jas. S Invermere. Johnson, G. W Lynch Creek. Kinghorn, J. R 'Notch Hill. Loewen, C. J Coutlee. Municipality 'North Vancouver (Lynn Creek). Municipality Vancouver (Seymour Intake). Mair, Chas Fort Steele. Naish, Major T. E Penticton. Noble, W. D Nass River (Mill Harbour). Okanagan Trust Co Naramata. Ross, Malcolm A Soda Creek. South Kelowna Ld. Co Kelowna. Semlen. C. A Cache Creek. Stanfield, G Phoenix. Smith, US. G Carmi. Smith, A. II Gateway. Thompson, R. 'S Campbell River. Thomas, Lee Nicola. White, Dr. M Chinook Cove. Winch, R. V Lytton. 4 Geo. 5 Precipitation Tables. D 199 PRECIPITATION, 1912-13. Agassiz Alberni Alkali Lake Armstrong Ashcroft Babine Lake Barkerville Bear Creek Beaver Lake Bella Coola Buntzen Lake Canoe Point, Annis ... Chilcotin Chilliwack Clayoqnot Clo-oose Coquitlam Coquitlam (Lake) Cowichan Cranbrook Crawford Bay Creston Denman Island Elko Enderby Ferguson Fort George Fort St. James Glacier Golden Coldstream Lake Grand Forks Greenwood Hedley Hedley (Nickel Plate) . Holberg Hope Hornsby Island Howser Jones Lake Jordan River Kamloops Kaslo Keremeos Ladner Ladysmith Lillooet Lake Little Qualicum Lumby Monte Creek Nass Harbour Nakusp Nanaimo Nanoose Bay Needles Nelson New Westminster Nicola North Nicomen Okanagan Mission Pemberton Meadows. . Pemberton Hatchery.. Penticton Prince Rupert Princeton Quatsino Quesnel Revelstoke Rock Creek Rossland Salmon Arm Saltspring Island Shawnigan Lake Sooke Harbour Stave River Steveston Summerland Swanson Bay Tappen Terrace Tranquille Vancouver Vananda Vavenby .... Vernon'. Victoria Wilmer Wycliffe 7.27 6 98 1.07 1.78 0.74 0.15 3.21 8.70 1.91 5.04 11.40 1.67 1.13 6.70 13.79 9.61 5.77 13.61 3.39 1.14 1.71 1.18 4.23 2.56 1.39 4.28 1.43 0.75 5.31 0 73 4.22 0.75 0.76 0.83 1.65 17.88 6.58 3.31 1.93 7.58 4.91 0 66 2.97 0.67 4.15 8.77 2.61 1.36 0.85 11.70 2.31 2.50 2.49 2.80 6.00 1.12 6.94 0.91 3.48 3.36 1,00 12 41 1.20 13.55 1 31 4.96 1.02 3.07 1.48 4.36 3 88 3.10 7.66 4.17 1.33 16.22 0.18 4.61 1.20 2.33 0.79 1.91 13.82 13.54 0.60 3.35 0.50 0.70 2.35 21.79 5.26 8 36 19.08 2.33 0.42 10.81 18.85 17.03 11.48 29.28 6.86 1.16 3.41 3.71 10.72 2.57 1.96 8.06 1.50 0.80 10.95 2.10 11.45 1.90 1.70 0.55 0.90 24.55 10.19 11.66 2.54 12.83 9.77 0.82 5.00 0.58 5.46 19.02 7.84 1.50 1.11 12.58 2.75 8.71 7.17 3.40 8.32 1.20 13.19 1-47 7.92 5.49 1.02 13.52 0.91 14.78 0.97 5.98 1.12 3 54 2.41 7.21 8.30 6.87 13.57 6.25 1.15 27.22 7.36 0 14 9.21 1.37 5 04 0.95 2.26 Dec. 10.09 12.67 0.12 2 IS 0.37 0.70 6.01 18.78 5.32 6.90 19.04 1 49 0.40 7.05 21.36 8.04 11.32 26.69 7.29 0.14 3.77 2.02 9.00 0.94 2.45 11.30 1.10 3.81 13.65 1.78 12.07 1.42 0.82 0.77 3.30 19.08 3.87 7.19 1.80 11.92 13.68 0.54 1.78 0.62 4.80 14.89 5.80 1.75 0.55 11.75 3.12 5.89 4.55 3.15 8.50 0.52 8.50 0.56 5.14 4.08 0.49 16.21 1.55 14.02 0.50 8.15 0.98 2.68 2.11 7.23 7.86 11.24 10.05 5.43 0.55 29.60 6.98 SL80' 1.20 5.84 0.50 2.35 13.22 6.96 0.68 3.25 0.40 2.26 7.60 16.70 6.12 6.68 17.39 4.91 0,70 10,65 13.97 9,66 10,64 15.88 5.48 2,60 4,60 2.38 5.34 2.72 4.15 6.70 3.43 2.59 10.10 4.00 10.16 2.89 0.98 1.38 3.75 13.22 9.79 7.09 4.10 12.67 10.92 1.10 4,13 0.98 2.27 11.69 4.77 3.11 1.23 6.95 4.81 5.58 2.18 4.60 8.84 0.78 8.80 1.70 4.70 3,20 0,67 11.33 2.13 14.09 2.20 7.57 1.83 4.09 3.85 5.70 7.74 S.81 8.28 5.37 1.06 22.07 4.10 3.66 0.69 9.62 2.45 4.54 1.28 Feb. 5.12 2.69 0.14 1.67 0.47 1 55 1.60 9.80 2.30 2.73 8.89 1.20 1.40 6.46 9.70 5.97 6.78 10.14 1.55 0.04 2.41 0.42 2.49 0.21 1.38 3.20 2.78 0.72 5.25 0.00 3.42 0.13 0.05 0.40 0.60 5.88 3.50 2.42 1.08 6.76 4.90 1.01 0.65 0.27 1.80 9.59 2.81 1.05 0.60 3.58 1.85 1.77 1.27 0.27 0.80 5.39 1 46 7.19 1.15 1.94 2.07 0.42 5.73 0.45 5.31 1.03 2.91 0.30 0.26 1.13 1.91 1.85 3.29 8.25 2.42 0.50 10.22 0.92 1.26 1.45 4.28 1.02 1,91 0.35 1.40 7.66 3.53 0.37 0.42 0.00 1.65 4.15 9.17 2.23 3.67 9.28 0.67 0.75 7.40 8.43 4.90 8.09 13.04 2.04 2 20 3.76 1.48 1.64 0.62 0.69 4.65 4.48 1.01 8.05 0.90 4.93 0.72 0.33 0.99 0.65 5.84 4.76 2.20 0.19 7.27 4.99 0,17 1.11 0.13 2.70 12.83 1.80 0.53 0.02 8.62 2.00 2.99 1.32 0.77 1.42 6.28 0.15 7.69 0.26 1.05 0.77 0.28 14.11 0.18 4,26 1.18 1.29 0.37 2.17 0.60 2.42 2.67 3.17 8.93 2.85 0.20 18.02 0.75 3.14 5.37 0.34 2.00 0.86 4.27 Apr. 4.72 4.50 0.10 0.35 0 11 1.90 1.85 3.51 0.74 2.69 5.28 0.44 0.21 2.48 11.28 4.59 3.61 7.56 1.00 0.48 1.32 0.33 2.12 0,72 0.05 2.28 2.80 0.83 2.20 0.03 1.92 0.28 0.45 0.63 1.50 10.77 1.88 1.90 1.76 3.36 2.38 0.22 1.24 0 53 1.58 6.47 1.46 0.69 0.17 5.77 0.55 No 1.96 1.09 1.16 3.12 0.15 3.88 0.13 1.37 1.15 0.34 8.86 0.32 7.44 0.31 0.88 0.69 0.71 0.38 1.32 1.09 1.28 4.52 1.89 0.35 20.27 0.36 2.01 2.53 2.28 0.44 0.67 0.62 0.44 1.43 May. 2.51 0.84 1.33 0.41 3.13 3.57 0.74 4.37 7.31 1.55 0.68 3.19 5.78 5.35 4.73 9.58 1 84 0 95 0.80 1.49 0.90 2.28 1.40 2.97 1.92 1.47 1.36 0.40 1.90 2.21 2.59 1.18 1.11 11.22 2,80 1.20 0.90 5.24 3.06 0.60 0.81 1.60 3.30 7.14 1.76 1.63 0.68 2.16 1.68 recor 1 13 2.34 2.10 5.03 0.77 3.57 1.91 1.58 1.19 2.21 6.75 0.75 11.80 1.36 2.25 1.69 3.32 1.39 2.29 1.68 1.49 6.13 3.46 1.63 12.74 1.09 1.81 4.33 1.58 0.59 1.56 0.80 0.79 0.66 June, July. Aug. Sept, 7.33 3.89 4.17 4.59 0.50 No ret 1.99 3.79 1.30 3.31 6.37 3.92 2.59 3.82 6.16 6.00 5.62 7.57 1.52 0.86 0.78 2.01 2 10 4.05 3.73 3.00 2.40 1.27 2.52 2.51 2.24 3.39 2.91 2.29 3.51 4.61 2.75 2.15 2.10 4.48 3.74 2.60 2.48 2.23 2.57 1.84 6.99 2.73 3.48 2.85 2.65 2.53 d. 2.56 3.65 3.42 4.84 2 02 4.25 2.38 0.97 2.67 3.82 3.56 2.01 9.82 1.55 1.73 3.60 4.15 3.16 1.67 2.08 2.15 5.46 2.89 4.60 3.95 3.20 1.89 3.81 3.73 1.56 4.17 1.05 1.57 Sta 3.71 2.00 1.80 1.77 0.73 urns. 2.15 2.21 0 89 0,71 3.48 2.03 2.03 2.63 3.25 3.46 1.66 3.62 0.81 1.26 0.60 1.82 1.58 2.11 1.18 3.25 1.02 3.25 4.06 2.05 0.97 0.92 1.25 0.37 0.41 5.16 2.59 1 39 1.54 7.03 1.92 0.96 2.20 0.20 1.66 0.77 3.54 1.52 1.71 2.23 5.99 1.55 1.31 1.34 1.40 2.44 1.68 0.85 3 52 0.55 1.35 1.66 0.54 7.73 0.38 2.67 3.47 3.05 0.37 1.29 1.92 1.33 0.92 0.86 3.22 1.36 0.36 Sta 1.95 1.72 0.81 2.02 1.98 1.67 1.26 0.45 2.24 tion c 2.71 1.62 2.53 1.62 Clos'd 5 54 0.66 0.72 1 77 2.44 1.27 3.32 2.24 2.09 1.67 3.92 3.15 0.90 2.24 2.19 1.14 0.98 1.93 1.97 1.97 1.88 1.87 6.77 1.83 0.88 0.71 1.29 0.83 1.21 5.16 1.91 0.79 2.81 2.98 0.44 0.80 1.94 1.28 0.25 0.83 3.42 0.85 1.11 1.06 4.47 2.35 0.51 1.16 2.60 2.35 0.76 1.49 2.75 1.27 1.50 8.15 1.17 5.08 1.08 5.78 3.65 4.60 0.81 0.71 1.45 1.09 1.02 0.45 3.63 0.51 0.83 tion c 1.49 1 60 0.77 0 85 1.69 2.15 0.86 0.84 2.04 losed. 6.43 0.90 down 1.20 5.98 7.79 1.91 8.11 6.25 2.18 0.79 6.35 9.90 7.77 4.09 8.14 1.93 0.81 2.56 1.32 3.93 0.78 1.35 4.92 3.50 2.51 8.32 3.25 3.22 1.18 1.54 0.32 0.45 6.77 4.51 3.02 10.11 5.27 0.48 3.33 0 26 1.90 2.86 6.18 2.61 1.30 0.18 11.67 2.89 2.18 2.85 2.16 3.17 3.09 0.73 8.50 0.28 4.69 6\38 13.74 0.52 10.69 1.51 3.26 1.21 1.19 1.31 2.08 1.98 3.11 5.81 2.47 0.26 losed. 1.86 5.23 0.07 3.89 3.84 1.74 1.33 1.95 1.78 Total. 89.41 .67.32 12.42 23.19 4.23 10.50 45.46 106.47 29.44 54.34 116.21 23.66 14.42 69.68 124.56 84.05 77.71 148.26 34.61 13.88 27.91 19.30 45.09 21.49 21.70 56.58 28.22 20.88 78.64 19.58 67.38 16.50 14.67 10.54 19.04 123.37 67.39 45.81 23.77 92.23 65.98 9.96 27.64 9.25 32.43 6.30 110.53 35.96 19.22 11.53 87.89 28.39 31.44 29.98 14.28 30.81 61.85 11.24 78.68 12.52 35.69 28.79 12.34 119.03 11.48 107.21 19.04 46.63 13.99 27.18 21.19 38.61 41.07 45.82 84.50 39.07 12.82 160.31 15.72 36.66 4.11 59.32 15.10 8.15 17 43 27.37 13.58 14.28 7.45 5.61 1.13 1.93 0.42 1.31 3.79 8.87 2.45 4.52 9.68 1.97 1.20 5.80 10.38 7.00 6.47 12.35 2.88 1.16 2.32 1.61 3.76 1.76 1.81 4,71 2.35 1.74 6.54 1.63 4.78 1.37 1.22 0.88 1.58 11.21 4.78 3.82 1.98 7.68 5.50 0.83 2.30 0.77 2.70 0.52 9.21 2.99 1.60 0.96 7.32 2.36 2.62 2.49 1.19 2.56 5.15 0.93 6.56 1.04 2.97 2.38 1.03 9.92 0.95 8.93 1.58 3.88 1.16 2.26 1.76 3.22 3.42 3.82 7.04 3.25 1.07 17.81 1.75 3,33 0,69 4.94 2.52 1.36 1.45 2.28 1 13 2.04 D 200 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 OCT NOV DEC JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUS. SEP g /iam/oops iz v«a« , Penf/cfen s ». . Sa/monArm & do. , Vernon 10 co. , THE MEAN PREC/P/TATION Kamloops, Pent/cton, Salmon Arm, Vernon, AND Cranbrook, Golden, Nelson, V/ctor/a. OCT NOV DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR MAY JUN. JUL, AUS. SEP § PRECIPITATION MAP ue* us- *§ mmmEMiE cd^ilujmbmv. 4 Geo. 5 Precipitation Tables. D 201 APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUS. SEP OCT NOV DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. | 20" :Yt & LI LLOO ET LAKE. :p A*. 18 15* 9 6 3 Maximum « ■'/' 1) linimun 1 9// - /9/ 3 ; 1 1 > .■ ." 1 I • J 1 j 1 / ' s sc • * .-•"' ;'' / • / 1 1 \ \ \ > \ v\ \ V 1* / / / 1 \ \ \ / / / *>^. ^ *■■ • > \ / DJA GXAS/J S $MQWJjy£ MAX. MEAN & M/N. PPEC/P/TA T/ON AT is" L/L LOOB. r z AKE & u 'OA/ES La/\ 'E 15' JONa \\S L, AKE. •' !^ Maximum • • \\ * • \i .' •' . /- 110-191 j * \ \\ 6 3" %. ... _. .•' s N \ \ \ \ ^ \ '"••. *, s .•' \ 1 > \ \ v^ / / \ s t 1 1 / '^* -» — « • > ' <• APR MAY JUN. JUL. AUS. S iP. (X ;T. NOV DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. ^ D 202 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 OCT NOV DEC JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUS SEP g 55* • ■\ • * / •• LAKE COtLU/TLAM #.< 50 Uao linimum 1 ^ \ / ". A •" \ •» • • • I30i-I9l3 .' 13 ■• •. to V '. 15* io" s" IMX) .'■" ' * * » < / t 1 U- — * — - — — t \ \ J i- — .' » — "• -^r N -•'—7 MAX. MEAN & M/N. PPEC/P/TA T/ON AT Z/4/C£ COfL(//TLAM & Z.y4/rr Bl/NTZE/V LAKE BUNTZEN Maximum Mean ——**——> Minimum — — — OCT NOV DEC. JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUS. SEP g 4 Geo. 5 Temperature Tables. D 20:; MEAN TEMPERATURE. (In Degrees and Tenths of a Degree Fahkenheit.) 1912. 1913. Station. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. 47.8 47.0 42.4 41.2 39.5 34.7 28.8 31.0 34.8 37.0 19.8 14.1 11.8 14.7 31.3 37.0 16.0 33.5 40.1 36.0 36.9 13.2 21.6 18.2 40.3 38.3 29.9 33.2 18.6 11.3 20.9 34.6 22.4 39.2 42.5 39.4 39.6 26.7 30.2 29.6 51.3 44.4 44.6 50.2 31.1 35.3 34.4 43.2 46.6 37.3 49.0 46.7 44.6 47.6 43.S 44.0 44.4 52.2 52.0 59.8 41.0 58.3 53.7 59.2 64.9 51.8 62,5 62.2 62.3 72.9 52.2 64.5 61.5 60.8 station 49.4 56.6 52.1 59.8 64.2 55.1 63.9 60.2 .59.4 63.9 61.6 62.3 62.9 66.1 65.3 64.5 59.7 62.2 54.9 60.3 66.8 62.S 66.8' 52.5 60 1 64.5 64.2 60.3 56.5 55.7 52.9 44.6 37.5 39.6 33.2 44.2 36.9 24.6 29.1 26.7 37.5 29.8 21.2 20.8 21.1 34.2 14.8 —1.06 2.8 8.6 21.5 37.7 8.8 27.1 37.1 32.7 33.2 13 7 21.6 19.5 Atlin 43.8 46.7 41.8 49.5 52.8 44.8 53.7 52.0 49.5 53.3 51.5 53.1 52.3 54.4 52 3 54.3 46.2 50.9 40.4 49.9 54.2 51.0 54.4 53.8 39.9 48.8 54.3 52.1 60 0 45.3 57.0 50 2 56.5 51.4 56.8 58.8 52.5 58.8 55.8 54.3 58.6 58.7 61.4 59.7 61.8 62.5 65.0 56.9 57.0 51.8 58,7 62.0 59.9 61.3 61.3 47.5 54.7 59.1 62.2 58.3 47.2 63.7 57.7 63.2 51.9 59.4 63.8 55.2 63.4 60.5 57.5 62.7 61.2 63.0 62.3 66.2 64.3 64.1 57.5 61.9 59.3 60.3 65.5 61.8 63 4 66.S 51.3 58.6 63.4 64.4 58.9 43.7 52.7 55.2 Chilcotin (Big Creek) 35.6 46.9 49.6 48.1 47.4 37.5 41.6 40.8 26.5 42.0 44.8 42.7 43.6 32.5 36.2 35.6 20.3 38.4 41.4 37.1 39.5 23.7 30.2 38.8 46.4 55.8 54.9 54.1 55.7 51.9 53.0 53.4 Duck Lake (Yale) .. 55 4 Elko (Tobacco Plains) 42.4 42 9 37.6 36.3 35.7 29.9 30.0 29.3 22.3 .18.3 15.9 4.2 18.3 16.5 12.4 28.8 30.6 22.4 45.4 47.1 38.6 44.1 33.6 41.3 47.0 44.6 46.6 47.6 31.9 43.2 46.8 42.4 41.4 43.5 49.4 42.0 50.2 40.3 56 4 54.0 50,6 53 6 33.7 37.8 44.1 39.8 27.2 29.9 34.3 17.4 20.5 25.4 22,4 11.7 8.1 15.6 16.4 11.7 12.1 16 5 15.4 16.1 21.3 15.4 38.5 29.9 18.0 16.0 39.6 16.9 20.6 23.3 35.8 18.9 23.6 32.4 30.4 39.5 33.0 21.6 38.7 34.8 28.6 24.6 43.3 32.2 29.2 34.8 40.5 44.0 48.3 55 9 52.9 54 6 42.7 30.6 47.6 43.4 42.7 42.8 49.9 45.6 40.2 45,8 50.5 36.5 24.8 42.8 37.6 36.4 34.9 43.0 37.7 34.0 37.7 44.9 28.3 23.0 39.4 34.0 29.6 26.7 39.8 29.9 29.2 30.3 41.7 18.2 13.8 33.6 22.8 14.1 9.7 34.8 14.3 21.6 20.4 34.9 56.6 Hedley (Nickel Plate) 45.1 56.4 53.3 61.2 67.4 60.2 67.7 62.7 61.9 55.9 66.8 62.1 64.2 61.7 63.6 64.0 66.9 61.0 64 8 64.9 65.5 62.8 61.9 64.2 56.2 61.6 58.1 59.8 63.4 59.8 61.2 63.6 64.0 61.4 62.2 68.8 64.6 60,8 56.9 64.2 60.8 68.3 60.3 67.8 62.0 62.6 65.4 64.7 61.4 63.9 61.6 64.1 64.3 63.9 61.3 65.5 64.4 66.0 62.5 60.4 64.7 58.0 62.6 58.3 61.6 63.5 69.5 62.6 64.8 64.6 65.4 65.0 61.6 65.8 61.2 55 2 55.3 66.3 58.4 61.6 58.9 55 6 57.6 52.5 62.4 58.6 54.5 45.9 40.0 39.4 35,1 39.5 38.9 26.8 29.2 39.1 37.2 34.5 32.9 39.2 30.7 39.4 32.S 34.8 34.0 32.9 40.8 48.7 42.7 46.6 54.5 51.5 50.6 56.6 40.4 46.3 47.0 34.8 43.1 42.3 29.7 39.8 3S.6 18.9 35.0 34.1 19.2 37.4 36.1 25.5 23.2 34.7 20.7 34.6 18.6 23.9 27.0 23.0 51 2 56.1 44.8 46.2 46.1 48.0 43.4 49.3 46.2 48.0 44.7 44.5 50.8 53.5 54.2 53.3 51.1 54.6 55.1 54.6 51.7 52.9 63.8 48.6 51.0 49.5 51.1 50.6 48.9 50.3 64.2 53.5 52.1 51.2 50.6 53.7 52.1 45.8 42.2 54.8 47.3 57.0 49.8 57.0 59.3 60.8 59.4 59.8 61.7 61.8 58.2 58.5 61.0 56.0 57.9 54.7 59.7 61.6 65.0 57.4 60 0 59.9 57 .'6 52.0 55.4 61.0 57.7 55.7 53.2 62 5 56.1 63.9 56.7 54.2 52.2 42.5 47.7 41.6 47.8 42,9 44.7 43.5 43.3 36.3 42.3 35.1 43.1 36.5 39.5 38.0 35.6 30.2 37.4 28.3 39.4 30.9 34,0 30.8 27.5 20.9 30.5 12.1 29.6 19.1 22.6 19.8 14.6 54.9 57.1 53.5 58 0 53.9 56.8 61.3 53.7 48.2 •41.1 32.2 43.1 31.9 34.5 38.8 23.1 40.1 22.9 29.3 29.2 11.4 33.7 8 0 16.9 14.7 19.3 16.0 13.8 32.8 37.5 16.1 38.7 15.6 19.0 20.4 19.9 16.8 15.5 36.4 37.4 30.4 40 8 24 4 29.3 27.2 29.7 30.4 29.0 38.5 42.9 43.4 43.9 42.0 44.2 47 2 41.8 45.8 45.8 46.1 45.2 45.9 47.6 46.6 37.2 46.0 40.2 49.8 42.0 53.3 51.9 46.7 40.9 41.0 52.9 49.0 53.4 50.6 38.6 43.0 43.2 47.1 32.9 36.3 36.4 42.6 26.5 29.6 28.8 38 7 53.5 54.3 54.5 54.9 55.2 46.9 46.8 46.2 42.9 36.8 43.3 46.3 43.4 42.7 43.1 33.0 28.1 36.3 39.5 39.2 37.5 39.2 30.4 22.0 28.8 37.0 34.1 28.8 32.0 16.0 3.1 18.5 28.0 19.8 17.3 15.3 35.4 32.5 37.5 30 8 30.4 26.0 11.5 21.0 34.1 22.2 29.1 16.2 38.9 35.8 39.3 37.4 39.0 28.0 20 8 32.2 34.9 34.5 32.5 33.0 38.4 39.7 54.9 56.1 52.9 Stewart 48.9 46.9 55.9 65.8 60.8 67.0- 53.8 62.9 60.7 64.5 61.8 62.4 61.3 67.3 63.5 66.5 55.3 62.8 63.1 65.4 62.6 61.8 61.2 55.5 31.4 38.9 43.3 43.8 32.5 40.4 39.3 54.6 57.4 47.4 48.0 41,3 48.3 44.3 46.4 48.4 45.2 41.8 45.5 53.8 62.4 53.5 53.7 51.3 49.1 50.2 59.2 59.5 60.5 59.1 60.4 59.4 55.5 62.8 Victoria 42.6 48.6 36.0 45.2 28.8 41.3 15.3 36.0 15.4 38.4 28.7 41.4 29.5 23.5 55.2 56.6 53.5 37.9 29.5 19.4 9.2 14.9 50.6 1) 204 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 APPENDIX No. 1. FORMS USED UNDER THE " WATER ACT." Water Notice. (Section 51,.) APPEICATION for a Licence to take an,* use Water will be inradte under the " Water Act " of British Columbia, as1 follows:— 1. The name of the applicant is John A. Smith. 2. The address of the applicant is Smithville P.O., B.C. 3. The name of the stream isi Smith Creek. The stream has, its source in a swamp two miles north-east of Lot 1913, flows in a south-west direction, and, emptiest into, Jones River about 100 yards west from south-east corner of Lot 276. 4. The water is to be diverted from the stream on the west side, about 1,1,00 feet north and 150 feet east from south-east corner of Lot 1913. 5. The purpose for which the water will he used is irrigation. 0. The land on which the water ig to be used is described as follows: Lot 191),, Land District. 7. The quantity of water applied for is as follows : 21,0 acre-feet per annum. 8. This notice was posted! on the ground on the 23rd day of June, 1912. 9. A copy of this notice and, an application pursuant thereto and to the requirements of the " Water Act" will be filedl in the office of the Water Recorder at Smithville. Objections may be filed, with the said Water Recorder, or with the Comptroller of Water Rights, Parliament Buildings, Victoria. B.C. JOHN A. SMITH (Applicant). By (Agent). Form 101, W.R.B. Water Notice. (Section 55.) APPLICATION for a Licence to store or pen back Water will be made under the " Water Act" of British Coluimibia, as follows ?— 1. The name of the applicant is Alfred L. Robinson. 2. The address of the applicant is Smithville P.O., B.C. 3. The name of the stream is Robinson Creek. The stream hasi its source in hills about one mile north-west of Lot 1913. flows in a southeast direction, and empties into Smith Creek about 250 feet east from the east boundary of Lot 1913. 4. The water is to he diverted from the stream on the icest side, or is to be penned back about 500 feet south-east from north-ivest corner of Lot 1913. 5. The quantity of water to be stored is 170. (>. The reservoir site is located on Lot 191.3. 7. The purpose for which the water will be used, is irrigation. S. The land on which the water is to be used is described as follows: Lot 1913, Group 1, Land District. 0. This notice was posted on the ground on the 12th day of April, 1912. 10. A copy of this notice and an application pursuant thereto and to the requirements of the " Water Act" will be filed in the office of the Water Recorder at Smithville. Objections may be filed with the said: Water Recorder, or with the Comptroller of Water Rights, Parliament Building®, Victoria, B.C. ALFRED L. ROBINSON (Applicant). By (Agent). Form 102, W.R.B. Water Notice. (Sections 51,, 55. 56.) APPLICATION for a Licence to take and use and to store or pen back Water will be made under the "Water, Act" of British Columbia, asi follows:,— 1. The name of the applicant is Jones River Power Company, Limited. 2. The address of the applicant is Smithville, B.C. 3. The name of the stream, is, Jones River. The sitneam has its source in Jones mountains, flows, in a south-west direction, and empties into Brown Lake about three-quarters of a mile from Brownsby. 4. The water is to be dliverted from the stream on the south side, about 600 feet west from north-cast corner of Lot 561,. 5. The purpose for which the water will be used is power. 0. The land on which the water is to be used, is described! as follows: Poioer-house on Lot 565. It is intended to sell power within a radius of ten miles of the power-house. 7. The quantity of water applied1 for is as follows: 200 c.f.s. 8. The quantity of water to be stored! is 9,000 acre-feet. 4 Geo. 5 Appendix No. 1. D 205 0. The reservoir site is located one mile cast of intake. 10. This notice was posted! on the ground on the 17th dlay of May, 1912. 11. A copy of this notice and! an application pursuant thereto andi to the requirements of the " Water Act" will be filed in the office of the Water Recorder at Smithville. Objections' maybe filed with the said! Water Recorder, or with the Coimptroller of Water Rights,, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B.C. JONES RIVER POWER CO., LTD. (Applicant). By; ARTHUR J. CLERK (Agent). Form 103, W.R.B. NOTE FOR INFORMATION OF APPLICANT ONLY. (This note need not be posted or published.) The " Water Act " requires that the applicant for a licence to lake and use or to store or pen back water, or to lower the level of any standing body, of water, shall, at conspicuous points in the neighbourhood of the point of diversion and of the proposed place1 of user, post notices of his intention to apply1 for such licence. While: it is not necessary to use the printed form, it is essential that all the particulars called! for in the attached! form 'be given in each case. Forthwith after posting the notices, a notice to the same effect shall be filed! in the office of the Water Reooirdler for the water district in which the proposed point of diversion is situate, and shall be published once a week for four weeks in a newspaper published in the said water district, and. if there is no newspaper so published, then in a newspaper published in the Province and circulating in the said district. If the proposed point of diversion and any part of the proposed, canals or works lie in separate districts, the Act requires1 that notices be posited and published! in each of such districts. If the application is for more than ten thousand gallons per dlay for dbmestic purposes,, or for the irrigation of more than one hundred and sixty acres of land1, or for more than four cubic feet per second for industrial purposes, or for more than ten cubic feet per second for mining purposes,, a notice shall also be published! for two weeks in the British. Columbia Gazette. Applications must be filed in duplicate in the office of the said Water Recorder within ten days after the first appearance of the notice in a local newspaper. Applications must be on printed forms which will be supplied by any Water Recordler, and must be accompanied by a sketch in duplicate showing approximately! the location of the stream, the works, for the diversion, carriage, and, (or) storage of the water and the lands crossed or affected thereby,. The notice to take and use and the notice to store or pen back water may be combined into one if desired:. Forms for either of the above notices or for the two combined into one may be secured from any Water Recorder, or the particulars required! to be set out in any case may be learned by referring to the " Water Act." Respectfully, WILLIAM YOUNG, Comptroller of Water Rights. Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B.C. " Water Act " and Amendments. (Sections 59, 60.) Application under Part V. of the said Act to be filed in duplicate with the Water Recorder within ten days after the first publication of the Water Notice in a local newspaper. 1. The name and residence of the applicant. Please give full name, initials are not sufficient. John A. Smith. 2. A clear description of the stream, with its name (if any) ; state the direction in which it flows and where it sinks or empties. Attach a sketch in duplicate showing approximately the course of the stream, the location of the proposed dams, ditches, flumes, pipes, or other conduits. Smith Creek, flowing south-west into Jones River near south-east corner of Lot 276. 3. The quantity of water applied for expressed in acre-feet per annum, cubic feet per second, gallons per day, or miners' inches, as you prefer. 21,0 acre-feet per annum. 4. The point of diversion, stating the distance from some surveyed line or some known point. For example: About SCO feet up-stream from the south line of Section 25, Township 19. 1,1,00 feet north and 150 feet cast of south-east corner of Lot 1913. 5. The dams, ditches, flumes, pipes, or other works for diverting, carrying, or storing the water. Log-dam headgate, 60 feet flume and 1,500 feet of ditch. D 206 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 6. The purpose for which the water will be used—Domestic, municipal, irrigation, industrial, sale of power, mining, lowering a body of water, utilizing mineral water, or the sale of water from a spring (as the case may be). Irrigation. 7a. If the purpose is domestic', irrigation, industrial, mining, or the lowering of a body of water, the lot or section number or other accurate description of the land or mine where it is intended to use or lower the water. Lot 1911,, Land District. 7b. If it is intended to sell the water or the power to be generated from the water, a description of the territory, within which the water or the power will be sold. 8. A general description of the land which will be affected by the construction of the dams, ditches, flumes, or other conduits, giving the lot numbers or the owners' names, if known. Lot 1913; owner, Crown lands. A. L. Robinson; and vacant 9. The length and breadth or area of the right- of-way required over Dominion or Provincial Crown lands which will be affected by the said works, so far as known. 160 feet long, 10 feet wide. 10. The length and breadth or area of the right- of-way required over private lands not owned by the Applicant which will be affected by the said works, so far as known. About 1,1,00 feet long, 10 feet icide. 11. The date of the filing in the Water Recorder's Office of the notices on the ground. 24th June, 1912. 12. The date of the first publication of the notice in a local newspaper, and the name of the newspaper and the place where it is published. Smithville Sentinel, 25th June, 1912. 13. The address to which notices to the applicant may be mailed. Smithville P.O., B.C. If the application includes an application for licence to store or pen back water, add :— 14. A description of each reservoir site. 15. An estimate of the area of each reservoir when full. 16. The probable length and height of each dam. (Signature.) JOHN A. SMITH. W.R.B., Form 62. "Water Act" and Amending Acts. Permit No. 717. WHEREAS John A. Smith, of Smithville, B.C. (hereinafter called "the applicant"), has made an application for a licence under Part V. of the " Water Act," and has furnished to the undersigned the information required by the said Part V.: 1. There is hereby granted to the said applicant permission to make the surveys necessary for the construction of works for:— (A.) The diversion from Smith Creek, a tributary of Jones River, of the quantity of water, not to exceed ISO acre-feet per annum, necessary for the irrigation of the land described in the next subclause. The point of diversion is described as 1,1,00 feet north and 150 feet east from the south-east corner of Lot 1913: (B.J The carriage of the said water from the said point of diversion to Lot 1911,, Land District, for use there only for irrigation purposes: (C.) This permit and any licence issued thereunder will be subject to adjustment as to quantity after a hydrographic survey of the stream has been made and to any rights as determined by the Board of Investigation with a priority dating on or before the 2J,th day of June, 1912. 2. The said application for a licence and the licence which may be issued thereunder shall have precedence from the HJ,ih day of •June, 1912. 3. The said surveys Shall be made and the plans of the works required for the diversion, storage, and carriage of the said water and for the transmission of the said power shall be submitted to the undersigned before the 31st March, 1913. 4 Geo. 5 Appendix No. 1. D 207 4. The application to the Minister of Lands for the approval of the undertaking is not required. 5. If the said surveys are not made or the said plans are not submitted within the time fixed by this permit or extended by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, the rights of the applicant shall cease, and this permit shall become null and void without any further notice, demand, or proceeding. 6. The annual fee, until lawfully altered, shall be $1.00, and shall be payable on or before the 1st day of June, in advance. 7. This permit is issued pursuant to the provisions of the " Water Act" and its amendments, and is subject to all the obligations and limitations conferred and imposed by the said Act. Comptroller of Water Rights. Permit No. 717—Irrigation Purposes. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Conditional Water Licence. (For Domestic, Industrial, Mining, or other Purposes.) (Section 74.) WHEREAS Henry W. Grant, whose post-office address is Brownsby P.O., B.C., as owner or lawful occupant of the hereditaments hereinafter specified, has applied for a licence, under the " Water Act," to take and (or) use water, and has taken all the preliminary steps required under the said Act of such applicant prior to the issue of a conditional licence, and is entitled to the issue of the said conditional licence: Now, therefore, I, Comptroller of Water Rights of the Province of British Columbia, in conformity with the said Act, do issue this conditional licence for the taking and (or) using water, and declare the terms and conditions respecting the right applied for to be as follows:— (a.) The source of the water-supply is Grant Creek, a tributary of Wood Creek. (6.) The point of diversion from the stream is located as shown in the exhibit marked "A" which is hereto attached and hereby made a part hereof, the original of which is attached to the counterfoil of this conditional licence on file in the office of the Comptroller of Water Rights, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, (c.) The date from which this licence shall take precedence is 9th April, 1912. (d.) The purpose for which the water is to be used is domestic, (e.) The maximum quantity of water which may be used is 750 gallons per day ; cubic feet per second. (f.) The period of the year during which the water may be used is the 1st January to the 31st December, (g.) The area and description of the hereditaments upon which the water may be used are Lot 121,7, and are more particularly shown in the said exhibit marked " A." (h.) The other terms and conditions respecting the use of the water are:— That works for the diversion and the carriage of the water as set forth in the exhibit marked " B," which is hereto attached and hereby made a part hereof, shall be constructed in a workmanlike manner and to the satisfaction of the Comptroller of Water Rights. (i.) (1.) The said construction shall be commenced on or before the 30th day of April, 1913. (2.) The said construction shall be prosecuted with due diligence and to the satisfaction of the Comptroller of Water Rights, and shall be completed on or before the 31st day of December, 1911,. (j.) Subject to the provisions of the " Water Act," proof of the completion of the said works and the beneficial use of the water under this conditional licence shall be filed in the office of the said Comptroller within sixty days after the date mentioned in the last preceding clause. (k.) The owner or lawful occupant of the hereditaments in respect whereof this licence is issued is the licensee hereunder, subject to the provisions of the " Water Act." Made and entered this 11th day of February, 1913. WILLIAM YOUNG, Comptroller of Water Rights. INFORMATION FOR LICENSEES. Under the "Water Act" the holder of a conditional licence is not entitled to a final licence in ■substitution for his conditional licence unless and until he has filed with the Comptroller of Water Rights the proof required of the completion of the works and of the putting of the water to the beneficial use intended. It is, however, provided that if within the time allotted proof is filed that a part only of the water applied for has been put to the beneficial use intended, the holder shall ,be entitled to a final licence in respect of such quantity of water as shall have been so put to a beneficial use. Therefore, if licensees have within the time allotted put a part only of the water applied for to the beneficial use intended, it is very essential that they should, nevertheless, file proof .as to such part within the time required in clause (j) of the above licence. I) 208 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Where proof is not filed as required in clause (j) of the above licence, the " Water Act " requires that " the Comptroller of Water Rights shall, without further notice, demand, or proceeding, declare the said conditional licence forfeited and the entry of such conditional licence cancelled ; and the works constructed under such conditional licence, if upon Crown lands, shall become forfeited to the Crown, and if not upon Crown lands, shall become forfeited to and become the property of the owner of the land upon which the works are situate. Before the time fixed for the completion of the works as aforesaid, an application to extend the time may be made to the Comptroller, but the Comptroller shall not entertain the application nor have any power to extend the time unless the applicant shall satisfy the Comptroller, upon oath, that the applicant has begun and diligently continued the work in good faith, and has been prevented by causes beyond his control from completing the works so ordered to be constructed as aforesaid." Upon the filing of proof as required in clause (j) of the above licence, and upon it appearing to the Comptroller of Water Rights that the terms of the " Water Act," amending Acts, the rules and regulations adopted thereunder, and the orders of the Comptroller relating to the said light have been complied with, and upon the surrender for cancellation of this conditional licence, the Comptroller will issue a final licence in substitution thereof. The licensee in respect of the privileges granted in the above licence is entitled to all the rights, powers, and privileges and is subject to all the obligations and limitations conferred and imposed by the " Water Act," amending Acts, and the rules and regulations made thereunder. The water is to be used without waste, the use being restricted to the purpose and to the terms above specified. This licence shall be deemed appurtenant to the hereditaments described in clause (g) hereof, and shall pass with any demise, devise, conveyance, alienation, or transfer of the said hereditaments. An annual fee shall be payable under this licence in accordance with fee schedule and regulations relating thereto adopted from time to time by His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor in Council under the " Water Act." Number Form 1002, W.R.B. (Conditional Licence—Domestic, Industrial, Mining). 4 Geo. 5 Appendix No. 2. D 209 APPENDIX No. 2. IRRIGATION HEADGATES. Farmer's Headgate. The farmer's small headgate shown in Fig. 1 will deliver up to 4 second-feet in the ditch below under favourable conditions of grade and size, assuming the gate-box can be kept full of water. It will be noticed that the two inner planks of the front wings extend 1 inch beyond the inner face of the side-walls, thus forming front guides. The extension of the two planks in the front cut-off wall above the floor-boards by an inch makes a tighter gate; the gate fits down behind them. Design for Fanners Headgate. Capacity to about -4 eft. per sec. Designed and drafted Py Fred C Scobey, irrigation Eng] Fig. 1. If possible, the stem of the gate should be hardwood and the holes bored therein staggered as shown; %-inch holes would take a %-inch pin, which could have an iron ring at one end and a small slot to receive the tongue of a thin padlock at the other. Dimensions of lumber are suited to a structure of the size indicated; a considerable increase in size would need other dimensions and a rearrangement of struts and braces. 14 D 210 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The depth of the wing and front walls must be determined by the nature of the soil; one of sand would require a greater depth than those shown. Whatever depth be decided on, the dirt excavated must be well puddled round the walls, thoroughly tamped down with a rammer, previously having been worked to the consistency of stiff mortar. If the dirt be replaced in a dry state, carelessly shovelled in, there is every likelihood of a washout. Small Lateral Headgate. The small Lateral Headgate shown in Fig 2 is 3 feet high and 3 feet wide, with a capacity of about 15 second-feet under favourable conditions. Design for Capacity to about 15 c ft. per sec. Designed and drafted by Fred C Sccbey Irrigation tny. Fig. 2. Should it be preferred, angle-iron can be used instead of a T-iron as a stem; it costs less. The gate is raised by means of a short crowbar inserted in the notches and used as a lever. The same care should be taken to carefully install this type of gate as the farmer's small headgate; if necessary the vertical planks of the wing-wall can be driven down with a wooden mallet, and cut to length after. Timber should be notched and fitted as shown in the drawings; whilst this entails slightly more labour at the time, it adds a great deal to the strength and stiffness of the structures. Bills of material for both types of gates are appended; the lateral type has quantities for three sizes. 4 Geo. 5 Appendix No. 2. D 211 Farmer's Headgate. Capacity up to about 4 Second-feet (depending on Grade and Condition or the Ditch below the Gate). Bill of Lumber. Use. Pieces. Dimensions. 2' x 12" x 5' 2' x 12" x 5' 2" x 12" x 4' 2" x 12" x 2' 3' 2" x 10" x 2' 3" 2" x 4" x 5' 10' o x 4" x 5' 10" 3" x 4" x 4' 2" x 4" x 2' 3" x 4" x 2' 8" 2" x 4" x 2' 8" 2" x 4" x 1' 11" 2" x 12" x 2' 6" 2" x 6" x 3' 2" x 4" x 3' 8" %" x 6" 2" x 4" x 5' 1" x 12" x 23% 1" x 10" x 2' Feet, B.M. Side boards .... Floor Front wings Front cut-off wall Cap ....'.'....'.'... ■Joist Gate-posts, Cap for gatie-postsi Sill Cap Posts Loiwer wings .... Cut-off sill Cap Bolts ■Gate-stem Gate-hoards 40 20 32 5 4 4 6 8 1 3 2 3 10 3 Totail feet, B.M. 155 Two ■bolts %" x 5", with wash ens for each end, Headgate for Small Lateral. Capacity up to about 15 Second-feet (depending on Grade and Condition of the Lateral below Gate). (As per rians in Drawing. Bottom, 3 feet wide; sides, 3 feet high.) Bill of Lumber. Use. ,Side boards Floor Front wln.g,s Front cut-off wall ■Joist Sill Posts Cap (front wings) Lower wings Lower cutnoff wall Joist -Polsts Gap Front guides Rear guides 'Foot-plank Gate-boards Pieces. Dimensions. 12" 12" 12" 12" 4" 4" 4" 4" 4" 12" 12" 5' 2' x 9' x 4' x 3' 4" x 3' x 9' x 5' x 2' x T x 2' 11 y2" x 7' x 2' 10" x 3' 2" x 3' 8" x 2' 11%" x 2' 11%" S" x 2' 10" 6%" x 2' 10" 6" x 2' 10" Total feat, B.M... 4" 4" 4" 10" 10" 12" Feet, B.M. 36 60 12 6 4 4 6 9 40 12 5 5 7 4 6 10 3 6 4 4 3 318 T-iron—One piece 4" x 4" Bolts—Seven %" x 4%", x %" x 3' 2", bored as per detail vith! washers for each end. D 212 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Headgate for Small Lateral. Capacity up to about 20 Second-feet (depending on Grade and Condition of Lateral below Gate). (As per Plans in Drawing, except 4 feet wide instead of 3 feet wide.) Use. Side boards Floor Front wings Front cut-off wall . Joist Sill Posts Cap (front wings) Lower wings Lower cut-off wall . Joist Posts Cap (lower wings) Front guid'eis Rear guides Foot-plank Gate-boardls (front) (back) Pieces. Dimensions. ' x 6' ' x 6' ' x 5' ' x 2' x 10' x 5' x 4' 4 x 3' x 10' x 5' x 2' 11%" x 8' x 2' 10" s 3' 2" x 4' 8" x 3' 11%" x 3' 11%" x 2' 10" 10%" x 2' 10" 6" x 2' 10" Total feet, B.M. Feet, B.M. (& 4S 60 16 7 5 5 6 10 40 16 6 5 8 4 6 13 4 8 5 5 3 352 T-inon—One piece 4" x 4" x %" x 3' 2", bored, as per detail. Bolts—Seven %" x 4%", with washers for each end. Headgate for Lateral. Capacity up to about 28 Second-feet (depending on Grade and Condition of Lateral below Gate). (As per Plans in Drawing, except 4 feet wide and 4 feet high instead of 3 feet wide and 3 feet high. Cut-off and wing walls 1 foot deeper.) Use. Pieces. Dimensions. 2" x 12" x 6' 2" x 12" x 6' 2" x 12" x 7' 2" x 1.2" x 3' 2" x 4" x lO7 3" x 4" x 5' 3" x 4" x 4' 4" 3" x 4" x 4' 3" x 4" x 10' 2" x 12" x 7' 2" x 12" x 3' 3" x 3" x 8' 3" x 3" x 3' 11%" 3" x 4" x 8' 2" x 4'' x 3' 10" 3" x 4" x 4' 2" 3" x 10" x 4' 8" 1" x 10" x 3' 11%' 1" x 12" x 3' 11%' 1" x 10" x 3' 10" 1" x 10%" x 3' 10' 2" x 6" x 3' 10" Feet, B.M. Side boards Floor Front wings Front cut-off wall . Jloist Sill Posts Cap (front wingi?) Lower wings Lower cut-off wall . Joist Posts Cap (lower wings) Front guides Rear guidles Foot-plank Gate-board© (front) „ (back) 96 48 S4 24 7 5 5 8 10 56 24 6 7 8 5 S 13 4 12 7 7 4 Total feet, B.M. 44S T-iron—One piece 4" x 4" x %" x 4' 2", bored as per detail (for additional foot). Bolts—Seven %" x 4%", with, washers for each end. 4 Geo. 5 Appendix No. 3. D 213 APPENDIX No. 3. USEFUL WATER DATA. Duty of Water. One second-foot is generally considered sufficient to irrigate 120 acres of land. One second-foot flowing 120 days equals 240 acre-feet. One second-foot flowing 120 days on 120 acres would cover it—240 divided by 120 equals 2 feet in depth. If applied on 100 acres it would cover it—240 divided by 100 equals 2.4 feet in depth. Three to four acre-feet capacity in the reservoir is usually considered necessary to irrigate 1 acre of land in addition to overcoming all seepage and evaporation losses. From 1 to 3 acre-feet on the land, depending upon the kind of crop, and the rainfall in the particular locality, is usually considered sufficient. One acre-foot on the land, if properly distributed, is equal to 12 inches of rainfall. From 3 to 5 acre-inches is applied for each irrigation, depending upon the kind of crop and the method employed in irrigating. From 1 to 3 second-feet is usually considered a good irrigation head. Irrigators should combine and use water by rotation in large heads. One-half inch per acre continuous flow is equivalent to 1 inch per acre used every other day or week, or 1% inches per acre used every third day or third week, rotating with others. Water Units. The cubic foot per second is the standard for measuring rate of flow. It is abbreviated second-foot or sec.-ft. The miners' inch is a very indefinite unit, and its use should be discontinued. One sec.-ft. equals 35.7 miners' inches. The acre-foot is the standard unit of volume. One acre-foot equals 43,560 cubic feet; equals % sec.-ft. flowing 24 hours; equals 1 acre covered 12 inches deep or 12 acre-inches. One cubic foot equals 6.25 gallons and weights 62.5 pounds. The unit of work is the foot-pound, or the amount of work to overcome a weight of 1 pound falling 1 foot. Power equals rate of work, equals work divided by time. One horse-power equals 550 foot-pounds per second. One horse-power equals 1 cubic foot of water falling 8.8 feet in one second. To calculate horse-power (theoretical), multiply water in second-feet by vertical fall in feet, and divide by 8.8. To calculate net horse-power on wheels of 80 per cent, efficiency, multiply water in second- feet by fall in feet, and divide by 11. One and one-third horse-power equals about 1 kilowatt. APPENDIX No. 4. PERMITS AND LICENCES. Determination of Old Rights. 1. The Board gives notice by advertisement of an investigation into the claims to the waters of a certain stream, and of the necessity of all claimants and owners filing statements of claim. (Sees. 22, 29.) 2. Statements of claim are received at the Water Rights Branch, and surveys relating to all known rights and to the flow of the stream proceed under the direction of the Comptroller. (Sees. 19, 19a, 21.) 3. The Board sets a definite time and place of hearing and notifies all known claimants by registered letter. ('Sec. 24.) D 214 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 4. Claims and records respecting the waters of the particular stream are segregated and tabulated; water-rights maps are prepared embracing the results of surveys and showing the extent of individual rights. Stream-flow data is compiled. (Sec. 19.) 5. Maps, claims, and all data relating to the inquiry are opened to public inspection at some local point (generally one day prior to the date of hearing), according to the notice previously mailed to claimants. (Sec. 16.) 6. Objections, to claims may be filed with the Board at any time before the hearing by any interested party. (Sees. 16, 30 («).) 7. The hearing of the Board occurs at the time and place set. The Board makes determinations respecting all uncontested claims and takes evidence respecting all contested claims if contestants are ready; otherwise it adjourns the hearing of such claims to a future date for further evidence. (Sees. 25-30, 32, 33.) 8. A memorandum of the determination of the Board is mailed to each claimant. If not satisfactory, the claimant may correspond with the Board. (Sees. 16, 30.) 9. Orders of determination are made by the Board. These orders fall into three general classes, as follows:— (1.) Where no development has taken place under the record. In this case the order is sent to the record-holder direct, and calls for him to prepare and file plans in a limited time, after which the Board will give further directions. (Sees. 30, 44.) (2.) Where partial development has taken place under the record. In this case the order directs the Comptroller to issue a conditional licence in which a time is to be stated (as determined by the Board) within which works must be completed and water beneficially applied, and further directs the Comptroller to issue a final licence as soon as the owner files proof of the completion of his works, beneficial use of the water, and compliance otherwise with terms of the conditional licence. Orders of this class are placed on file in the office of the local Water Recorder, to be delivered to the owners on payment of any overdue rental fees. (Sees. 30, 44.) (3.) Where development under the record has been completed. In this case the order directs the Comptroller to issue a final licence, stating the quantity of water to which owner is entitled and the other terms and conditions (as determined by the Board) respecting the right of the claimant. Orders of this class are also placed on file with the local Water Recorder, to be delivered to the owner on payment of any overdue rental fees. (Sec. 30.) 10. Appeals (if any) are made to the Court of Appeal. (iSec. 42.) 11. The Comptroller issues conditional or final licences in conformity with orders of determination. (-Sec. 31.) 12. Final licences may be secured by holders of conditional licences as soon as they file proof of the construction of works, of the beneficial use of the water, and of compliance otherwise with the conditions named, all of which must be within the time limit set out in the conditional licence, or, if the applicant has been prevented by causes beyond his control from completing his works, then within such extensions of the said time as may be granted by the Board. 13. The Board may order an inspection and a report of progress on the works ordered to be constructed, and may supervise the use of the water up to the time that the final licence is issued. (Sec. 30 (e-f).) 14. After the issue of the final licence the licensee is in all respects on the same basis as a licensee receiving his licence after application under the 1909 Act, and clauses 16 and 17 of the next heading apply. Acquirement of New Rights. 1. 'Notices of the intended use of water are posted near the proposed point of diversion and place of user. (Sees. 54, 55.) 2. Copies of notice are filed in the office of the local Water Recorder and published in local newspaper, and, in certain cases, also in the Gazette. (Sec. 57.) (The licence, if afterward acquired,will take priority from the date of filing copy of notice.) 3. 'Applications accompanied by a sketch must be filed in duplicate in office of the local Water Recorder within ten days after the first appearance of the notice in the newspaper. (Sec. 59.) The Water Recorder endorses the application, with the date of its receipt, and sends one copy thereof and of the notice to the Comptroller. (Sec. 62.) 4. The Comptroller acknowledges the receipt of the application, and states what further information is required of the applicant and what record fee must be paid. (Sees. 60-62.) 5. The applicant supplies further information required (if any), files proof of posting notices, and remits the record fee called for by Comptroller; all within fifty days from the first publication of the notice in the newspaper. (,Sec. 61.) 6. Objections to the application may be filed in the office of the Comptroller or of the local Water Recorder within thirty days after the first publication of the notice in the local newspaper. If filed with the Water Recorder, he is to send copies thereof forthwith to the Comptroller. (Sec. 63.) 7. If no objections are filed, or if filed and considered unimportant, the Comptroller issues a permit to make surveys, fixing a time limit in which the applicant is to file plans. (Sec. 64.) If important objections are filed, the Comptroller may hold a preliminary hearing before granting the permit, or he may instruct the local Water Recorder to hold such hearing. (iSec. 62.) 4 Geo. 5 Appendix No. 4. D 215 8. The applicant makes surveys and files an application for approval of plans with the Comptroller and the Water Recorder for the district or districts affected. (Sees. 69, 70.) Statement of details required will be found below. 9. The applicant serves notice of the application and the filing of plans on each person whose land is affected by the works; and if a commercial licence is applied for, publishes notice in Gazette and newspaper. (See. 71.) i |: 10. Objections may be filed with Comptroller. (Sec. 72.) 11. The Comptroller refers the matter to the Engineer of the water district, who checks the plans of the applicant, or makes independent plans and reports back. The Comptroller also submits a plan of the right-of-way over Crown lands (if any) to the Surveyor-General. (Sec. 73.) 12. The Comptroller hears the application and objections, if any. (Sec. 73.) 13. If the application and plans are approved, the Comptroller issues conditional licence embodying perfected plans, setting a time for the commencement of works, a time for their completion, a time for the beneficial use of the water, and naming other conditions affecting the application. (Sec. 74.) (In case the application is for municipal or power purposes or for industrial purposes for over 10 cubic feet per second, the undertaking must be approved by the Minister before a licence is issued.) (Sec. 75.) 14. The Comptroller may from time to time, during the pendency of conditional licence, require the Engineer of the water district to inspect and report progress on the works. (Sees. S4, 289, 2S9a, 290.) 15. Parties may secure final licences as soon as they file proof of the completion of their works, of beneficial use of the water, and of compliance otherwise with the terms of the conoitional licence; all of which must be within the time limit set out in the said licence. (Sec. 74.) 16. The Maintenance of the works and the use of water under the licence must be in conformity with the orders of the Minister, Comptroller, and Engineer of the water district, and with the " Water Act" and rules and regulations thereunder. (Sees. 84, 288 (a-g), 289, 2S9a, 290, 325.) 17. Licences are subject to the payment of annual fees. (Sees. 308-311, 325.) The Filing of Plans and Applications for Approval. ■In the permits to survey, which are granted under section 64 by the Comptroller of Water Rights, and in the permissions to file plans in respect of a water record under which no works have been constructed, which are issued by the Board of Investigation, a date is set before which the plans of the proposed works must be filed, together with an application for the approval of same, in accordance with sections 70 and 71 of the " Water Act." If the permit-holder does not file the plans within the time set, nor obtains an extension of the time under section 67, then the permit automatically becomes void. An approval of plans in connection with the water licences issued between March, 1909, and February, 1912. should have been acquired forthwith after the issue of the licence. The local Water Recorder had the power to grant the approval where the licence granted the use of 4 c.f.s. or less; over that amount the Chief Water Commissioner granted the approval. In cases where this approval was not obtained, the licensees are being requested to comply with sections 70 and 71 of the "Water Act" before the expiration of three years from the issuance of the licence, when the licence becomes void if beneficial use of the right granted has not been made. (Sec. 255.) On the receipt of the plans, specifications, and applications for approval by the Comptroller, any objections which have been lodged against the scheme are considered, and if necessary a hearing is held after due notice to the interested parties. The plans, specifications, and other documents are then examined to ensure that they comply with the following requirements:— (1.) All notices have been served or published as required: (2.) Are in accordance with the permit to survey or water licence: (3.) Are constructionally sound : (4.) Do not affect land the owners of which have not been served with notice of the applicant's intention, and so given the opportunity to file an objection: (5.) Do not affect public works. When the application for approval filed by the holder of a permit is in order, a conditional licence is prepared and issued. This licence states,— (1.) Name and address of licensee: (2.) Address of licensee : (3.) Source of supply: (4.) The stream to which the source of supply is tributary: (5.) Date of precedence: (6.) Purpose: (7.) Maximum quantity which may be diverted : (8.) Period of year during which the water may be diverted: (9.) Area and description of dominant land: (10.) The date before which the construction of the works shall be commenced: (11.) The date by which the works shall be completed: (12.) The file numbers of all plans, specifications, or other documents which are approved. The point of diversion of the water and the dominant land are shown on a small plot and attached to the licence, and a brief description of the works is also attached as an exhibit. If the works will occupy 'Crown lands, an application for right-of-way must be filed before the construction is commenced. Within sixty days of the date specified for the completion of the works, proof must be filed that the water has been put to a beneficial use and that the works have been constructed in accordance with the approved plans. A final licence is then issued. D 216 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 When an applicant already holds a licence issued between March, 1900, and February, 1912, in respect of the plans filed, an approval of plans is issued which follows the same lines as the conditional licence. Right-of-way over Crown Lands. When the proposed works cross or otherwise affect Crown lands, after having obtained the approval of plans the applicant is required to make an application for right-of-way over Crown lands, which must be granted before the works may be constructed thereon. Redefinition of Water Recording Districts. (Notice is hereby given that all former descriptions of water districts are annulled as from the 1st of September next, and that under the provisions of section 7 of the " Water Act" the Province of British Columbia be divided into the following water districts as from the 1st of September next:— The Alberni Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Alberni and the Clayoquot Mining Divisions. The Ashcroft Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within the watersheds of streams flowing into the Fraser River, Thompson River, and Skagit River, except: such of the said lands as are included in the 'New Westminster Water District; such of the said lands as are situate in the watersheds of streams flowing into the Fraser River above the northern limit of the Railway Belt; such of the said lands as are situate in the watershed of the Nicola River; such of the said lands as are situate in the watersheds of streams flowing into the Thompson River above the mouth of Deadman's Creek. The Atlin Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Atlin Mining Division. The Barkerville Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within the following boundaries : Commencing at a point on the east bank of the Fraser River on the height of land between the watershed of the Cottonwood River and the watersheds of streams flowing into the Fraser River above the mouth of the said Cottonwood River; thence to and following the height of land between the watershed of the Cottonwood River and the watershed of the Willow River; thence to and following the heights of land between the watersheds of streams which flow into the Willow River below the mouth of Stoney Creek, and the watersheds of the streams which flow into the Willow River at or above the mouth of Stoney 'Creek; thence to and following the heights of land between the watershed of streams flowing into Bear River below the mouth of Indian Point River and streams flowing into Bear River at or above the mouth of Indian Point River; thence to and following the height of land between the watershed of Bear River and the watershed of the -South Fork of Fraser River; thence to and following the height of land between the watershed of Quesnel River and the watersheds of Bear River, Willow River, and Cottonwood River; thence to and following the height of land between the watershed of Cottonwood River and the watersheds of streams flowing into the Fraser River below the mouth of the said Cottonwood River; thence following the Fraser River up-stream to the point of commencement. The Cranbrook Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Cranbrook Land Recording Division. The Fairview Water District shall comprise all the lands within the watershed of the Okanagan River situate south of the southern boundary of the A^ernon Water District. The Fernie Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Fernie Land Recording Division. The Fort Fraser Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within the watershed of the Nechako River, except such of the said lands as are included in the Fort George Water District, and except the lands situate within the watershed of Tacla Lake. The Fort George Water District shall comprise all the lands within the following boundaries: Commencing at a point on the east bank of Fraser River on the height of land between the watershed of Cottonwood River and the watersheds of streams flowing into Fraser River above the mouth of the said Cottonwood River; thence along the northern boundary of the Barkerville Water District to the height of land between the watershed of the South Fork of Fraser River and the watershed of Quesnel River; thence along said last-mentioned height of land to and along the height of land between the watershed of Thompson River and the watershed of the South Fork of Fraser River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Thompson River and the watershed of Canoe River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Canoe River and the watershed of streams flowing into the Columbia River below the mouth of the said Canoe River; thence across Canoe River to and along the height of land between the watershed of Wood River and the watershed of streams flowing into Canoe River above the mouth of the said Wood River to the eastern boundary of the Province; thence north-westerly along the eastern boundary of the Province to and along the height of land between the watershed of Fraser River and the watershed of Peace River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of the Parsnip River and the watershed of streams flowing into the Peace River below the mouth of Parsnip River; thence across Parsnip River to and along the height of land between the watershed of Parsnip River and the watershed of Finlay River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Parsnip River and the watershed of Stuart River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Stuart River and the watershed of streams emptying into the Nechako below the mouth of the said Stuart River; thence across Nechako River to and along the height of land between the watershed of streams flowing into the said Nechako River above the mouth of Stuart River and the watershed of streams flowing into the said 'Nechako River below the mouth of Stuart River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of the Chilako River and the watershed of Blackwater River; thence to and along the 4 Geo. 5 Appendix No. 4. D 217 height of land between the watershed of the Blackwater River and the watershed of streams flowing into the Fraser River from the west above the mouth of the said Blackwater River; thence to and along the east bank of the Fraser River to the point of commencement. The Golden Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Golden Mining Division, except such of the said lands as are included in the Fort George Water District. The Grand Forks Water District shall comprise all lands situate within the watershed of the Kettle River. The Hazelton Water District shall include all lands situate in the watershed of Tacla Lake, all lands situate in the watershed of Finlay River, a tributary of Peace River, and such lands within the watershed of Skeena River as are not included in the Prince Rupert Water District. The Kamloops Water District shall comprise all the lands situate in the watershed of the Thompson River, except such of the said lands as are included in the Ashcroft, (Nicola, and Vernon Water Districts. The Kaslo Water District shall comprise all lands in the Ainsworth and the Trout Lake Mining Divisions. The Liard Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Liard Mining Division. The Lillooet Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within that part of the watershed ,of the Fraser River described as being the watersheds of streams flowing into the Fraser River above the northern limits of the Railway Belt and below the north boundaries of Lots 712 and 4731, Group 1, Cariboo District. The Nanaimo Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within the following described boundaries: Commencing at a point on the east coast of Vancouver Island on the height of land between the watershed of the Campbell River and the watershed of streams flowing into Johnstone Straits to the north of the said Campbell River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of streams flowing to the west coast of Vancouver Island and the watershed of streams flowing to the east coast of Vancouver Island; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Cowichan River and the watershed of Nanaimo River; thence to and along the height .of land between the watershed of the Chemainus River and the watersheds of streams flowing into the Satellite Channel to the north of the said Chemainus River; thence across Satellite Channel through Houston Pass, Portier Pass, the Straits of Georgia, the channel between Texada and Jedidiah Islands, Sabine Channel, Stevens Passage, and Johnstone Strait to the point of commencement. The 'Nelson Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Nelson, Trail Creek, and Arrow Lake Mining Divisions. The New Denver Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Slocan and the Slocan City Mining Divisions. The New Westminster Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within the following ■described boundaries: Commencing at a point where the International Boundary intersects the height ,of land between the watershed of the Skagit River and the watershed of the Ohilliwack River; thence along the international Boundary to the centre of the Straits of Georgia; thence to Garry Point, Lulu Island ; thence along the shore of Lulu Island to the south-west corner of Lot 757; thence along the west boundary of Lot 757; thence across the North Arm of Fraser River to the south corner of the City of New Westminster ; thence along the south-west and north-west boundaries of New Westminster •City to and along the western boundary of Railway Belt to the north-east corner of Lot 31; thence along Burrard Inlet to the north-west corner of Lot 191; thence to the height of land between the watersheds of streams flowing into Burrard Inlet north of the said corner and the watershed of streams flowing into Burrard Inlet south of the said corner; thence to and along the height of land between the watersheds of the streams flowing into Burrard Inlet and the watershed of the Coquitlam River; thence to and along the height of land between the watersheds of Howe Sound, Jervis Inlet, and Toba Inlet and the watersheds of the Upper Pitt River and Lillooet River; thence to and along the height ■of land between the watershed of Lillooet River and the watersheds of all streams flowing into the Fraser River above the mouth of Ruby Creek; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Ruby Creek and the watershed of the streams flowing into the Fraser River above the mouth of the said Ruby Creek; thence across Fraser River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Silver Creek and the watershed of the streams flowing into the Fraser River below the mouth of the said Silver Creek; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Chilliwack River and the watershed of the Skagit River to the point of commencement. The Nicola Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within the watershed of the 'Nicola River. The Peace River Water District shall comprise all lands in the Peace River Mining Division and all lands in that part of Omineca Mining Division not included in other water districts. The Prince Rupert Water District shall comprise all lands in the Skeena, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and the Portland Canal Mining Divisions. The Princeton Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within the watershed of the Similkameen River. The Quesnel Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within that part of the watershed •of Fraser River lying between the Fort Fraser, Fort George, and Barkerville Water Districts on the north and the Lillooet Water District on the south. The Revelstoke Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Lardeau and the Revelstoke Mining Divisions, except such of the said lands as are included in the Fort George Water District. The Stikine Water District shall comprise all the lands in the Stikine Mining Division. D 218 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The Vancouver Water District shall comprise all the lands situate within the following described boundaries: Commencing at the centre of the Straits of Georgia at the International Boundary ; thence along the western boundaries of the 'New Westminster, Lillooet, and Quesnel Water Districts and the southern boundaries of the Fort Fraser and Prince Rupert Water Districts to Millbank Sound ; thence through Millbank Sound, Hecate Strait, Queen Charlotte Sound, New Channel, George Pass, the channel between Hanson and Harbledown Islands, Johnstone Strait to and along the height of land between the watershed of the Salmon River, Vancouver Island, and the watershed of the streams flowing into Johnstone Strait to the north of the said Salmon River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of streams flowing into Johnstone Strait and the watershed of streams flowing to the west coast of Vancouver Island; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of the Campbell River and the watersheds of streams flowing into Johnstone Straits to the north of the said Campbell River; thence through Stevens Passage, Sabine Channel, the channel between Texada and Jedidiah Island, and through the Straits of Georgia to the point of commencement. The Vernon Water District shall comprise all the lands in the watersheds of Okanagan Lake and the South Thompson River situate within the following boundaries: Commencing on the west shore of Okanagan Lake on the height of land between the watershed of Trout Creek and the watersheds of streams flowing into Okanagan Lake south of the mouth of the said Trout Creek ; thence along said height of land to and along the height of land between the watersheds of streams flowing into Okanagan Lake and the watersheds of the Similkameen, Nicola, and Salmon River; thence to and along the height of land forming the western boundary of the watershed of Shuswap River, Mara Lake, and Sicamous Narrows ; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Eagle River and the watersheds of Sicamous Narrows, Mara Lake and Shuswap River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Shuswap River and the watershed of Columbia River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of Shuswap River and the watershed of Kettle River; thence to and along the height of land between the watershed of the Kettle River and the watershed of Okanagan Lake; thence to and along the height of land between the watersheds of streams flowing into Okanagan Lake above Squally Point and the watersheds of streams flowing into Okanagan Lake below the said Squally Point; thence across Okanagan Lake to the point of commencement. The Victoria Water District shall comprise all the lands not included in any other water district. The Windermere Water District shall comprise all lands in the Windermere Mining Division. Water Recording District. Recording Office. Recorder. Atlin John Kirkup. Harold P. Christie. Chas. W. Grain. IN. A. Wallinger. Jas. R. Brown. H. C. Rayson. S. R. Almond. Stephen H. Hoskins. E. T. W. Pearse. Henry AV. Dodd. Fred C. Campbell. Fort St. John Angus Mclnnes. S. F. Fletcher. W N Rolfe John H. McMullin. Hugh Hunter. A. P. Holley. Revelstoke G F Stalker Chas. A. Pope. 4 Geo. 5 Water Permits issued. D 219 H 05 O EH "A En <J << p k « : e g H Eh h M *J g P Q P m m m Eh .2 A - W r-' a 5 o '3g« !.s*- A ai'H M*.a D9 f»S cj (J pj O O U GQCGfe --•tE-S ° P . lO s w_^ ■ a .-$**& +J o o SSz cc m - OO . _ j5 CM CM og" .-§•* <a ~ c — Sal?. si a -.-^■^ ■# a ac Re 3 6! s £02 . & - SzP3 « ;»■* .-"M^ aZ i—;pss - o — c . . Hh-1 pqo2 ic Ph 0) a, J. 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D 223 ;RP JP ■".Sri rH r=< > lSamQ\ a o o §p£fa CO S rH *H SO*.*"'- a 32 u *_\7T ct 01 . • d . i ■2o2§" P -W 5 oi° , -R- m • ° i J Ojq .rh i S"tf .rn'c °p ■-H COO SQ R B« R i w « w ,4 A.a i- j.p °* rt ►>■ til O O© a o o © o oc3-t_ QQ EC fa; tP fa fafa fa O Cl "^ rHOl ©" ftfa rH^ CO CO w H.S5 > ©m ^^Q ^o j in '~fa ©' to O "H ^ o *-£ r-i o O fa o fa" o o o mOmOII S^--J!2ii2 CrH a; 02 y . s5sv a o fa fa ^ O O "' <4_l ^ O 71 ,'" vrt* C-l q >io - '■M ■ VP i-H c-BP-gr« 02 J 3 +J Or— ->. > ; .2 cm co ~ fa w hQ . jj o cvT S a 5W R,q S prR o o —, T T rr G ccc; Rio - * a a « < •rH^rH OOOC rH .tl -rS® . . - ■C5 "Otic .l-fltoc O o C5 sp ■*-> 05 co t~ t: .of -HH^i**®5 oiw^hh ■ „-Q . , . Kci^coO oooc **m°ZZ,2ZZZZ HDS-SPJPSrlp Pu PhP J. 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S = aiSS'q "* ™ -QJ rt- O ** f~i, (1) CB O. a £o2-soo o&.s ocjocMd <^ OHJ3r-. 60220-60°. ^tO^Og Jo At^.O o t, ^ a po£p r< Z Z «8 =8 =a ^"o5ah !O02 PSo5 oPo2 pptt a in WO o°.a> Z P2 •a P H O 'Ss a a M W -J «8 o=g o=a oM O^O J00 a a a § a §3 5S ^P 2— a 33 a 2j — 5 a p a a « 5 0*0 60'3 to-a O O O r, i a w -j 21 : co a a ^ •- r> "Pi aP PgP oi a.Pl a . a Soifii O-r rr — En aS a.S«S ap HP« S fcP 01 = a2£o <J Hi ^ rt <p no; M-<3 -p p p +j bn^ o ^ rc,p;'n jofa tj a or1 ^ K k£K3 ej a pn c,j fa • O cot? M ^ •^» mt- rH Hrl 4 Geo. 5 Water Permits issued. D 225 4) • CO o w a *-i §9HS Sc? 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"BP P •" • t. b 2Sa S d a+j 4j b.e a 01 POP P 0CL-00 laicio ON ON ON ^ t* faM a, fa O 03 -M fe S-o, g 0 t-l : U 03 ■-r 0 03 . M O-P fa S 3rW y .fh to ^^: a uiej P So C <-a.fa CO© co^m ©t- t- L-1- t- Ol Ol 01 CMOICM D 226 Report of the Minister op Lands. 1914 3 ■a.s O khP •-nm QrH JO . 00 Qfl Q to to CO p p o a a o 00 >> HH O 2 2 m O O Q ■-'-'■ 1-"© 3© tOGO «3*a! J +J -H Q +J ci 300 o^l -Ifafa l^fa Q ^l Q OU- M^Mcooi g Ohio PS M to« OO Lo^Ofa •a -<w Pfr o fa £T Qfa Ur M 0: o3 rt^fa B.s*S PsHHrH CO o*- . . .pi ~P ^^ -A<oom 2 O fr. a rH O O pp .A O to a i°6n • 01 0*3 .230 H3bHZrH ,- B SAe *■, - -Og © fl t>l 'QlflO /) CO CO fa 3 S5rf -J+J-rP-r-^ U M C D . 5-h 000 OQ 000 fa— CO 0» tofa t4 £8 o o S £ ■* dd 2 2 co far-^fa- fa faM D O o ■ rn-rn a o „ ^fa"o>no3«© fa01 00 .O© rf( >.C0 l£ © + to O 15-HH-'- r. 03 to * 03 in m '^ al-Or-ONrH-HHr oi 2 2 "O _a fc- ^ P g^" a-goo . . O - - a -n CO +h rH -C S£r£! am» = ■n CO CO -f a n .P "' HJOCOO^'d -POoo -, 00 a o ..a c: K 00 0 < flE? 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P 01 CrH .a^a rHP B-S —* CO <fa O Ofa co-* in ©t- 00 0 0© CMCM CM CMCM •a P „rlS B 01 ;n ^pR h H fa <1? lOCOrH OOH CO CO CO a P H>S Ir: Z ■ A ■ to ■ d 01 ci ? ■ a-n n SH-n 0 a ab 01P t- . . E a Sh ajrfl ■oo. ga 3 o Sca'C r^^faO co co co co Tt< m © 00 CM CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO fa frH <W +-> .5 o rj,a e" f»'60 . .oa° a a M *- 5 0 0 « ta&ai ©rHCM© CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 4 Geo. 5 Water Permits issued. D 227 «H *'<rH : O *£> O < fa M 'ft ft ft o ^ CO CO^r R.fc sa'Q a a R p5 ga O H QJ hi 02|02a rn hh s,~o +Pco aPg, p" 02 PrH .W 2 -HH t^P .a ." a ° , K^aaoa" ;«o »re a .a^s ■ -gPrH dZ-H-gnJ p 02 P»2 rH O, O ;l .©M -MC0M to SSff r-iO+J gsdR|R a a CO QJ ^PiP^P HH +J P O a o a a Pd"d ^a ^bH^PnaW ft+j E- ,R EH.2C Pn a d a.Pr e :JR Z a oi a j o .da PPMrH^PH 05p' p pRp'Rp;R 02 05 Z pR 02 r?r-S R'go" Z o=o r . OOO* 6 oi «1 H dO+J h o P p •- - a. 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Creek . ot 152, I Yale rH, OB rPO aa ,„ • a a O^r a a -, a a ^a c a a co-A a,a.Sc a aH l-rH <! p»P*o O 02 M _^r^ Q-H a o o o ftCJ O OO jjr; a a a o o ^ M o,a ao ppp O O © H Eh o o a n a Eh a o a l2 HH rH OC CO a a DO fa R fa a o CO P G> o> c +J* 03 03 a 17, P V O ' [> a 1- r^ fa -- • ~ o SI R Q a OH3 2 a E & fit) ^H &>, aS a o Pp a a a a ftf a '^ to cj a hh a a'a H h P02 in a o a n a •OO^r EH K P Ba o a aa HO & R ti a d n 60 2 a u S. m+h .aS 0&£i rH d a " ■O-j a ^PB H C5 PM aR gfa O t-00 "*■■* COCO C5"# -HHin coco CO © rH OI CO m m m © © © © © CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ©©rH t- I- 00 CO CO cococo 00©O ©o© CO'oH'* D 228 Kepoet op the Minister of Lands. 1914 o I Q H P 02 02 rH 02 B 0 d iae CO d fl R o ...a 00P OH .SooS ;Rm - c ^* HH a rO dfe ^co WCN o . .a rSS g,d oEh a a H © O B^B a h>? 02 aEH WS - j^r-Sl 3 a 1- r- E CON'5 .a a a a a .J'pH.a +^PH+^ o o p p - If n 2*h® .■ H aoN .> P -™ a ooO COCO W«2 a l. -02 a ^Z r3p te 60EH 53 ,oPT CM -gfa© fa£ r-H CO O© . 03,^ Pp.'CO *& 06 ■*J© a h-»n o Ol 53 . © < rn . fa 3 .6.' „ OJ ^ CO fey; PC0 O ^"""M ~o wm" a oM -< "©rH a'd „EH ■a] - - fl J& « tf p "pi rH LO" a : .-a . 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A a o k.rH,w(4K L- to toto to ^ toto fa a 03 4-rf^ p o o a 03 t-ot-w t-ot-w t-ot-w t-ot-w and co" .© to-^ Et Sis js 0 <rH tr- o c O A A A A yr. m m n. a _ fa fafl fa rfcJltjfl &© bfi en bo mi U Sh u wz rH rH f- «* r"s >. >i 0-, !> c c c a Th . to& rs to - Bfa^ . a a p a p 0 a ftftfta-^c-jft r- ■ a ftft ft aasas^s-Eza as a -)jRa< o o O O H o o o o c o O ft ft OOOOO Ofa O OO O fa^^l OI CO r-t ^ ^ „ ^ rH - OS * *• - - o - H ■H CO rH O I- CO mo t- rH-H. I-XG0 OlrHrHOt OICM OIOI rH OlrH Aug. Nov Sept Aug Apr] C to 11 a 1" to a fas Sn-fa-*-3 S ftft k2 oi o rSSJGG to to 03 o3 -a *3 a3 rH -^ p 13 - .. _ , 0 " "BO -a *~ " " • ft 33 03 bfl M b* © © © © 01 ©O o ©O O Ol 10 © ©o©o © OC © © o©o© © © OG © © ©'©"©'©" © © o'c © © IO^CO-h-i OI GO H*gr X ■* i- m © m O mo o m ^ "^ ** M . 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TJ H-pHH-P fafai_;fafa d d 6 © o ooo°o o o o * ® O O o o o fafafafaPH ■l-4. S^h a K« t^fa •Sk) p p ■*. a p SSBSS co to to co a3 o O ; b £t£££ca o T) 232 Eeport of the Minister op Lands. 1914 Q m p CO m i—i m Eh Ah o p A P ft A P fef O P .S3 A +j oj 8rc ga ■°oS o'P a a °+h a go d P a^s«s o ho .5 -a t- arc 3 ^rH -0 a ■O^g Zo-xS a g h a a o o to :gH-ga jo _ ^H P •-' a> ( o w o fa fa fe fa, .fl TO * ft^ ©4J w g o a 2, pS 9 6 ej hSih-; oa3,^rafa Qrid <^fa^ o- WSrlSO ^ a°aa «dS£?c| dggbgH rH O j, O „ O COM rj IH " I- ° a O co .; rt"H- a^ a . pBHSHa; o o a a c P £ W O ? o t Is §1 a? g"Hd , ,j a boo a 5 go g a jh go ■h^H'h^ 3- a re p r.t|S - o B.A ,S 3?„a- 2 |h o a c 3.2 a d h a t^ gat §'S a 9 ** A in T] 'HH >;■*- . b iis ° M a O a o b F-B„ ,53 fj: I IS ft fl1 S 3 o op 3j5af ■ o© O com "*- afa t, a o -1 "S.S rt-H r-i CO a o "5+* a 3 a E r, j? t"M d rHgOt. P O ojiJ a-ja . ; ff'oS. a^. ar. 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D Ph X it- 10 xo m a a a O 0 COL- a rH, •fa" O tr rH fa a a a a^j H ft ^H x a-HH "coin "to CO CO +J rH H-» +j 4H OOO O 0 XJCO CM £-* 0 a m S3 O r< TT X CO A a fa PPfl ooo ooo flflfl ft H 'rH o o iz; ° ° rH fa fl© a to« fa a "3 fa 1 a fa i p p a *c3 0 m 0 m 0 .a5.aa.a ^rH^rHS of © ■-3H T-H © bo g a a a p 9 p rH C3 c3 03 uoo„a ,... d e SMH c a oo<jQ d cj-^h COCO g-g M r.) .D .("> O 0 rSH OOO +-> fa a co a to a to 'A X/l rH & o -a m m m a rH a t*g mi p.a£.s aadCdcd 3|S3|5a5 fe O c3 £3 a p CC O 0 15 n .odd llPl a to.S fa p fa t»A a** toa co a to a 03 P 0 P 0 o3 B ~ j£-_1 pX fa ^ O O O O ftfe ftfe ft * a ^ a ^ 13 r5 O fa fa ^a1 p d ft O ft COr—I1-< a fa C3 O O CD -* to CO CO O p P c3 ^Pfe O O to CO CO o. -+J oi c3flO W o a a ^rS O > '-- "a a 5 * OM 1 O tJD+J be a m a "a 5 la ^jgd ■/. a - - t 0 +j 0 0 ft 0 g M 03 a- S a MOOrH fa fafafa fafafa H I? 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' o+jCi 'S a a fa h 0^ n+j.oiio u- to W c^°o 03 a 0 ■z -J ■"a Sdo.'^ OH- ft ehn ncl nrir of fa 1 H0SOS < ^ 03 rQ rP X3 pi ra 3d P^! ew a - .,M a e'5'a •B agas C 3 SrSrSftl aa) flfa O ^ t. OOO On! OMrHHP CISC oi-hhX coca rH CNC^ D 234 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 171 B "A H % a P m t M H o/3 rW ft 03 a CD fa 'S9ITH •bg ■■BO.iy agBUTBaa <; 02 cr fa o' tH O P 1-1 to p -a V2 o H-h fa o o be as 3 M o rr a p oS 2l fc Hiig CC T3 fe fa O fl! ft P be o TO O rt ft a w o o a « 2 j,hO +.OH G-'"fa OI OI -HH r-i X CC !-. C" CO COLO - © © O O © rH OI OI X r ; fa X © o"i © m' m © fa ft © © ir o"i © HF rH X 01 X lOt-H X X t- © O 1- 10 fa ©■ © © © r-i X i- io © C1 CO © C1 X i-jooi^xocxi-^^oi-c'I-i-o [-©cc — i-Xi-i-r-ccxi-faci©©m HlOL-rloiOQOH^lOH mm© H-CTiatOCIHOCCC^r. Oil— ©©r-r-X r-i OI IO fa rH r CM CC' rH rH rH OI CC' CO rH -hh oi co •* © o ; , ; ; . . ; . ; \ o-i oi co cm fa m © ocoomco© X fa x x o © TH CO CO "fa © rH OI © © fa CM fa X CC CO I- © © CO fa fa -fa m "* t- x o \a>io © m © m o fa © id L-©CO© CCiS fl fcefa +: > to f-j ft >■ a£ta"£.fa > ua tifa to to to da £ ft jL -, o a o o o o a p, a 2 3 a a; o o ooaoooooo^ ft/a a a a o w ° ° &^OO^^ra!<^h!r,>aOr5wfa^Or<rHr?QrHrt^3rtr,^7jO^Q ?be"afa to d fl & a c a o iunc go. yon Can B.M fa^ § ft o rH rrjr , QJ +J ■?fa &.TH a a a u a ■ a ft o'° ft o <$ 0>_] £ a b/fa ft ft Sta t wa t De t Up bove Refe T- ««* fa X X ©r- -f. O © m x ** ds « rH O IO I- CO O r-irHrHX * ii * « * fa* HCOCO a © CO I—©CI I— © rH OMOrtHCI o r-irHX X© COl- m X © © I- CO © © t-H CI HHrl H CM • CDfl -fl . - e§ia-§2 o3 o +-) o3 +j c3 o ^fl co 7; to £ ts a a faj-P ficj a O^t^H ^M to £ ^d£^p:0 & -5^fa'l£fad « © * * * - -0) 1_ T-\ c ©"©"©"oicf©" o r-i Ol CO OI rH r to +J +j to fa *H, O CJ o O O K fl fcc ZOC^Ort ■ ■M • ■ ■ o »<-> g>* OJ ft p-ft WS - -cK fs ft to fa a oJS fa o toe aa= o3-a a j; rC { oft -j p < PR PC 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 235 a a o * a to C 5 +J ap a a^ ■ H & CD g« S* <y to ** O o O fl -°5 p-^ o gj •§+■ w o to~ 03 a o nSH O r^W V2 mil ear o Lake. eterec from O 0 3 fc o.g a> -4-1+j rH* far^ r§ 3 -aH •m • O 05 •t- ■ OI rH fa ft mi- mfa ©COCOr- X'H fa COt- mo © l- cc e I-CM rH t-c rH L- fa OI r- rHCM fa rHtS rH CO ,-x- ft ft o OI ■>:- ft OI X cc© fa L- rH I- ■CC© T—( XI- • ©l- CO OOIO r- OIX L- rHC cm ©rHrHr HrHCM Ol H mif :©© ©OI CO X I- 0 :©x l- faTt "rH CO rH L-©C ;xx i-i 1-1 -Olr-H 1-1 0> E£ fl O 0 a fefe pg - = pl> So P a: -£ "r':;- - a a, a a a 57 OU,«<rJi at t-A ja^jj> a a a 0 POOr5 a II o d S " " HH M K °z do gig fa r-,.a ■M . ac $ fa 03 £ - « be oj £fl o w m^a ft r_ ft^M o "B a^ to* 2 I oil '_l O^"1 rH a aSQ-S e heo^ :rcai'a-0'o!P a a a f.. a g c> co § a a co P ^ ii H'ci *■%£< a a a a "in • -t-5 d W}p "Pi! rH n rid O g O^ ffi ^o ° o mfa©fa©fa©co CO CM©L-XrHm©rH COfafa"oifa©facM©X 00 fa fa fa m CM m ic OI - CO © *© cc oi © CM CO fa L- rH L-rH CM fa © CO fa 10'L— X »0 rH X OI rH 10't-H OI X © XC0 ©CM © I-LOIO L— ©lOfa OOOMCCIO xr-t-mfa m-t i-x ©o co 1-©rH01 r-im xm 1-0ioccm mm. faofarHcofax-mxco co m m © ©■ cc 10 © rH © cc fa o fa cm co © b- o fa th l- go t- © © m 1- © rH m x oo t- x fa© fa©'xm rH CC CM 01 rH rH rH rH rH CM CO rH co m x cm co x rH rH m io t t-10 m © L- OI © t- xxxoi fa co 01 ©' m fa . . . . OI rH©C0CO CO rH COX IDlHfaOG o t- in C0©Ot-CM©t-©C0 1a 10 fa t-1- © m co co rH fa CO CO CM rH fa lO IO fa Iffl t— rH fa 10 m x m co a CMr-U-L-COOlrHCCi-0 Cj jft fl ^fa j. Mb rHfa©*©'©*rH CO CO °° H N CO .a--.:":i«;!i!j?|a lOCftSO b-«S H L- 00IC H rHrHO^rHO^ rH S S eta a c d ad „ p B — u o a o 3 a a a co o <u a'cj ~ E= c 3 3 JoO«« r,r^OSpPS3<iar1^^KO<5Pp5paQPOSPQPr3riig'-=^^OSOZ;Pg tPiaoc* «<MrH ^"o,^ a a 5?o a a£; .£5 « - C a ^'S o s t. o no .a -a 5 D 236 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 s o to I 05 A H K P 02 ■5) rfl H IS &H 02 CO fa ft o3 a o fa ■sailJM •bg ■^a.iy eS'BlII'BJQ « H in d* fa o* SQ o bfi o rH P ►B fa CJ CO 5 o ft of o fa 1? d r-i flj+j bee fa 3 be o rS« OJ fa ■ge fa o o 39 fo e, W rH QJ © ■P 5 Oj O ter fa ft a> rP ft d So o "p fa d o3 P a 03 o rH t» <H O O a p A o©coi-mcoom©fa oifa©"©"farHrHfa©L- Ol OI X rH fa © 10 rH t- X © fa © © IO IO fa © fa L— © fa CM o m OI rH CM CO CO CM rH OI LO fa ©o COt-H XX xo CO ©' d d ^ "ft '**■ P fa* ^J"^ fa' to d oj 0 k ftja ^ - a aro c o PfaS^Sr^fa^CcO^fa <a o a 5 3 flifl ? a'P oM A «8 ^ £1 a^ .fl £ I) Q) Oj; ii to a . H o a e ^ooi too3 'fa - rH --h+j o a .. tu bo to , O £ Tj ' ™Ofl GO m fa to "v • M+JHP 0) . ■ c3 o be .©fl4-< Pc? S fl o a to o a o> v a o rft rH d a? p d to d OJ o S, fl ., qSh-i a5 -*--? £3 t» "« 1 = a fcow cr r a d © ft a Si [B'rH fl© Wto «J o <J 3 fa mi-om ©o L- O rH L- m fa m co © © fa x- 01 ©■ HOP cot- C0Ofa©CM rH©rHrn CM T-HOfafarH © © m fa ; fa fa cm fa OIC0X • cm o m • mx ; oi oi fa ; ! oi oi ; co m i- fa ©o t-CMO LO fa t- rH m O CO CM oi coco mo co o © fa cm m coco©m rH rHrH CCfaCM rM f£ W ^ o O-^ OJ a a .2 a w^aM HfeMfe . o ;|o ;so SaS 5«g Pfe ,«fe" Mfi OcrjOiq © co w S o c\f ^t* oo'oo" CO CC't-'rH'N iP rH rH(M rt rH M rH rH CO rH CM OJjO OJ c &E.O oJ fl A H-: a Ji b-t. OhgbC o d rr CI CO . rHrH - OOCTJ hrtO So II £ d oB M ■£« « o$ = j| 5 ■ac PP O m S H fe 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 237 EH Z ■A a rHrH P O a o OS earn; p p O P A I g 91 nH P B n P> a -H* p -J H a o CO rH I- CO (M I- CO ocirHi-cac-ioi CO C> 00 CO GO rH O mo a a aP fe«8 a wis -"anro 3 3 oa o a Htj^OJOZP A a o cqos \*\ fafS <3 o ■ © • •© © m • ■ ■ ©faOlt-©C0 faoifao'©"©" . . . . . . . 'faoifaco'fafafacodiooico . . . co fa fa oi co»o a Uk a m a,a5 5 a . g d d«&£.g gCro; ' o-apic ;afa CM©©COOfafarH©©rHCOXLOmfa©©©©Xmfa©©©©rHt-0©01©fa©©©t-©X©m© 0l©L-C0X©mfa©OOIl-OOC0©rH0ll-©faCM©©XrH©C0OI©X©lOl-©'0|-^fat-rHI.-©X COrH C0mC0rHrHr-iX©rHm0imm©01Xm01faOL-C0C0C0©rH©rHfaL-l-OrH©OCMmXX© rHrH Of rH oTrHrHrH CM t^t^ COrH C0'©*m~rH fa X©© oioifa COX r-i CO t- IO CM L— © © © © fa oiccoifacofa © © © © fa © rH fa fa oi fa CO LO* fa ©CO mL- ©CM cm fa x © co © m ' ' ' ' ' ' * '© " © x © © © m © ©cMfa©fa©o ' 'm cM©©mx©rH th cm cm © co fa co ' * ' 'fa fam©m©OL- OW O d O'O do CO CM .rH .rH •O 'O '© 'O • 'r^-bo.'ft bpri'^ofa 6 >■ 6 ^ ij&to d ^"rtii"^ bai^n ©fa^ cJ6o^ ^'i^bJDto afa^dfl b'& B-a^ft^aaBoaooortpoOoa^o^aaPotjoooaj^a^aoSa^^^a ^r,c/j.^3r,^<c7iOfa&G3H;Kr<Q3l72^ ft to O-rH tofa ftfl faO D 238 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 o A fa \% a « p w < m 51 P. •02 oi a n ■satiK •bS *B3.iy SStlUE'BJQ 6 W C fa VJ b 6JJ 03 O Q fa fa o o bDfl Sg fa o3 a fa ft o •flj W fa w fl t3 o fe fa fl O "9 n c3 Q a s3 m Hi r< IP p 25 S a oj :aoa .o a 'Ob d d cj a OIOJOfafa©CMt- ■ -XCO © fa © co cm oi m oi ; ; oi oi ©i— oimfai-CMco©cox© oi oi fa oi t- id oi fa fa fa oi fa m fa x oi m © fa co x CM m © © CO CM © t- © L- © ZD o fafafaCOOfafarHoifaOCO fa L-© © © co t- oi © o © o oi o © fa © © © oi fa m fa cm o © © m fa fa t- © © © © © t- oi fa taowio© eoioo&so XXXXmOfaCOCOrHOfaOIX OaOr-n^X rHX©lO© ©©i-ox-t-oi ©-^©moooco ©©X©©©fa IOM ©^W © X CO CM CO OJ © X fa X; X CO I- CM m © © fa X ©O L- fa CO fa ©»G rH © «•* rH m m CO fa CO O L-m O ©_ O^fa fa"©'CO* fa" CM" fa" fa" fa" CM" fa" fa" Ol" Of fa" CO'CO* fa'rH CO" fa" CO" CO* fa rHfafa H CO fa fa fa CM OI m©©t-fa co co" oi oi co fat-mfa©©© ' . ©oxcofa i- © l- t-1- m x , ' ' , . . L- fa I- X CM famoifaCMcoco ...mmcocom Or*5 -^o ooo ■o "e 5 of o*x'o'co"ia*x'o" Hfa OI OlrHfarHOI 01©"rHOC0" faOIOJ fa &e qh-» r* d to d to d a a a a,> -* > a © 53 "S b a 3 ^ afa > d >:■ c i2 ftfa do £j *G b a 3 &0a fa 3ouoooco^o3^ooo5cjSpc333r;0oMpSoy5o*fl<33oy '*"' bafa'^ftfa da" 03 _™ -H a-,., d 0 fafa 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 239 -a fa faj-B ft a d a o oj A\% C0fa©©XfaXfafaC5 i- io" o m" oi oi oi fa fa o oimt- fat-fax©fa co © © fa oi fa fa ©' © © © m© fa©fafaoifa©oit-m©t-cox©faooio©xio fafa©ofaOit-mcooifarHfafaoimocofaXfaCMoioifaomco ©'©fafafafa© ©'©'©©'© do'faoifafafa ©©©'©'©'©"©co oi Xfaoi©iocofafaxoiOO©©©m©i-©©oco©©fa©©©©©o©mcocot-coi-xfaxm©©©oi©faLOOico©x©©©©©©© ©©faco©m©fa©fax©oio©)- oo©rHOcocMoxo©©©©©©m©©©oit-© c:©m»o mOiOrpiofaioxomo- oo© ©m© t-io © m cm oi cm mi- ©_ on-o^o fa co_x© t-^t--© o fa co ia Mm © © © © o i- t--m fa o t-_© o mcs io i-h oj fa t- l- co o o io x x cc © fa co x © fa"fa"faX'Yom"o'co"o'o'i-©~©"x*©"ofx"i-"^ fa:0 01©t-faCOfat-fafa©mcOOIfafafa©©COL- COOCMXt-faCOOIfa fa CM I- © CM X I- LO CO fa CM fa CO X © © ^Ol fafafafa rHfa fa fafa COOM © © m t- © ©' fafafafa faOICMfafa © fa I— CO © © © ©" o oi fa co to fa fa COCOCMfaCM ©©©© OCOOOOIOO ©©oo. ''mo©©xco© .©xmoi \ \ ;xx©fafaxx • fa"o"©*t-" of Of fa"©*©* fa" 1-" ©©©mm iO' © o m io m © .©OfaXt- ' "fafalOl-OIOIfa ©ot-xm coco©©mfam :gSg • .3o = ■6«« °'fd ooo o .=8 CO CM -coco 5a.dgc 3&a oc.dggg' S<ISrr,>-J<!l»O!5OSr5r503aiS .-i>-S>>-S; h t, ^•ai'btrjr' OJ c jC t *5 bfi«^GHrr QA tt''-1 tj f 5a 33 a £5 o SIS a a 33 gga a * "3 3 gs o S § a*£~33 a&5ogo a ad 3 3<iSrr,rr)<iroO^PPS«r,r,OSO«ra<rrOr,r,rl)MOKQrr,ba<lSr3rr,<joBOA^ rH D 240 ' Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 ntake. mouth. bridge. mouth, ement. ment. a if a o (2! a M >, d t. a) d a 3 .2 ccr a s t scharge e from an discharge per highway re miles fron iding mcasui dge measure 0 1 a n os a arja 3 a Co, .C^* a 3 -"I % O S P bfH ■saiiH -fog aSB'ui-Bja • CM d a* fa d o 1 OS CNrH 'HOHWOHC1HOOOHHH P rB EH Z o a S TO . P CO rH rjH CO CS O O 00 rH CO rH rH IO rH rH CO t- CO O C ^ OOLOOOOLrC^ODt-ia'aOOOpC^rr-aGrHcOcaOC^CDOrHOI-O rH 2 P S d P OO rH riT^ rHrH rH O CI l~ ON OO COr- OO tO CC O rH OO r^ LOO rH 00 OJ CO 00 rH 0OCO (M ^ CO P OS O00 rHrH ON COCO O l- CO LO CM T^WCN rH CO OC CO IO LO L- r^ O ON rH ON t-'cO* rH 7-^ H^HHrH CNpPrH 1-rH s H r^r^ •<H» CO ONIOOCOOOOO© IO 00 IO o O 1 P •of A +h 5S * O '. IrHrHr- CO CO fa OI fa OJ CM Tl CMCM fa 05 EH o in A H 3 H Ph P OS Area of Section. Sq. Feet. P « ■scj P P O P • -rHrHIO - ON OO 00 ' 'COOOOO' ONC-^Lo'cOOOrHOOrHO' '' rnrhOlrHrHlOCOCOC rH CO rH OJ. CM OC CO CO .''.'. '. *©v c ©fa © OI fa ........ .0 A jj H a 1 ■ -oioq ' ' CO CO ©' CO ON © © © LO IC LO L" 1ft CO t- 2 a fe rH OS Hj P H CD oiaaoorioirio HHrlHHr . '. '. " Io Olfa fa fa ............. ,r- EH 02 ft o ft . ■ • o . . . B ft d Si o P P K Smith line . Milne & Mil Keys Smith mith Ine . A £ -a a -a vi a to P r* . . o an mu n « K P3 Born' 92 Cline C. G Cline Chish H. J. Cline K. II C. G C. G. Cline K. II -H CO rHCN HON COrHCNrHCN (fl H tf rH.rHrH.rH.rH...........rH„.rH.rH.--H-H...........H.rH CO 'COCO -CO 'CO -"rrrrrrr. .^ . .,jj .£j - - -rr, -(Jj ........... .,-£ .£j P rH rHrH rHrH r-t H rH H H rHrH , p G ©rHrH rHcOl—COCOrHI—OCO ON ON t- CO rH rHrHrHCNrH rH rH rH ON ON ON rH oo"p>'"£>-' > ci a.a jj'S -T-ci'of'c-J>' u oi?PP oj ,& ce'S, >' > oj e^ai^'S S?oi}>x%J> J^-P a' Sgogooa3c>aaa333c7aoa33ojoa = 3gooa da a aigrScToO'HSoio o HiCHK0aZr?pr7pHa<Sr,rr,<1a!OZOrr.r?OOCr?^a!a!5flr?feS^ 0 ft ft a to to d o fa c2j -U OJ JH ■•• 00 OJ a A o o <H S> a .ir o o ca t< a a a a O ^ P P a ."3 - -.a ,3 a Fras Gille Gold Sout Nort 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 241 a .a gag a"a d<a ed (SPri iofe 55 is LOrHOOt-rHLOO©t-rHOO©COCO CMCKCOt-PONCo'coPcOON'rJHPoCJ IrlOrHOrHLOTHCOONt- P CO ON O rH CO CO O LO CO O© ©rHrHrHrHrH©CN0qcDOrH p CO P P CI CO rjji CO CO ON ON ON COCOCNrH© LO LrCN©'ir:©'©CNCNrHCN©©©rHCNCNrH©©CCrHrHOL0l010C0©H>O©©©rHCNC0©rH©CML~CCC/0t^ rH CM© 00 trLOOOt-LO ON rH 00 CO' CO OO LO CO' OI CO © CO OC CO ^ ON CO CO -H CO COO I- "H LO 00rH rH t- CO CM t-O © rH CO rH IC CO CC'CO CO COON CO © rH rH rH O ON rHCMrHrHrH ON rH rH ON CM O © rH ON © I-CO 00 © t-rH © 00 t-rH rH ON rH COCOrHCOOO ©O CO ©CM CM CO ©CC © L-IO rn rH p P rH CO'P ONGNpP COOOCJCMOMrHrHONCOCOOrHCOLO © t- t- © © rHrHrHt-LO CMrHCOON© . .. rf © to CO © © rH © CO © © rH rH t- CNONrHCNrH © LO t- © LO COCO©©rHOoOCOb-LOCOCO©CO rH rH COCO. .ONONrHCNrHrH rH CM CM LO OO l~ rH o d d d d "°y d a<< a OP O d d d^J dM CM CO CM -CO r© ©rHt-OrH rf33aOOagoaGd33aoaoad33ojadco.a;_,33gcjoa, S^<JoOrS^Or:PS<l3^1-ori;o«C^Pgr,-^003<;«Hor,-HosO^C'- ■5 3^ Mo J !>' a no d .O rr r-00 r. r, "H-r i 3 £■ u o o o s o a a.-? QcS a a s a a ; r, OS O 2 Z p rs JS Ho OS g n) <3 n r, <; OS O !S Q ha fa a a P I +-> o a p . „H-> O . ftte to , O -rH > FH # ■-h d) :Pa. :;:::; ;rj \o ft a app d 16 D 242 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 o I 05 B r? H a H M P 05 < « H OS •S3HK -DS •139IY aSunlBJCI a dq a b a H hh oj o a a iSg ^dd S3g ,_, ofa a 3 a a ' d d -wPd J, „OjOHJ a .2 53 !h a V} ci ^ <o d > S a £ a o A • ftl fafaCMfa©Ot-©fa fa O © 10 ©■ © fa CO CO © CO CO rH fa © IO. CO © CO © X © fa fa fa ■CO CM © fa X © IP CO faOlfa fafa©©0O©©©00'fafa lolox coco'fa X © fa CO © CO L- X lO CO O fa fa fa CO LO <N ©i C$ Oj rH IO © 00 ffi © 50 COCO CO «5 ^* OS ■* fa CO CM © t~ fa fa CO CO OI © © © © © fa fa fa ^ iO CO rt C3 W rH N b-CD CO I- © L-T. CM © CO © fa CM fa O I- CM O I-'fa fa L- © X CO © © fa LO CO t~ I- L- O CO fa COXLOOICOXiO'CCX©faO|CCOICM©faO©©L-fa© fa CM fa"CO*fa*fa'fa* fa'co'fa C-*LO*CO*Ol"farH* io© CMCM l-L-fa faCMCO 'L-©fa A fa td a^ » b© a w a fa oWc3 do ~ jci3 Ma+i toto'ddaflb'^^afa*' fci ©fa > v to 6 be to th to d £?|J l5 b. b r3saoooaaoao"B,ar-;-jaoooooa;r-ioLZ3 b. b pr-jaoooa-ooaoaood- !3 <! 3 r, Hs^CX O £ H, ^CX. H^ £ h--^ .a d A 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 243 o a fa a Efa ?C OJ ft brB a P o q Sfl B d+3 p a. 0 o Sfa^ d d •COfaOlfafa©fafaOt-©©©X ; © CO CO fa 01 CO CM fa fa oi fa OI fa OI O © CO O CO fa I- fa L- © © 10 Ol © © IO CM t- OI LO X IO CM • fa CM © LO © CO LO_ © IO © © fa CO © fa © CO b-© fa O X I— CO©fa-fa \ fa fa fa fa oi fa fa fa co fa fa co cm" co co fa oi fa fa oi co fa no x © oi- © fa X fa OJ O LO ©iQ©L-ioxcq©b-fa\oio©coofat-©i-fa©fa©©fa©©t-©coojfa©cdx\ooioifa OIOlOfa'OOtOOL-LOOCOlfafaOI.-10'OI © ©©faOfaLOi.O © CM if. XOX fa XX CO CI fa O fa fa >~ fa' XOl © fa fa CM It fa©© ©fa JO ©fa fa fa fa fa b- fa © fa fa CO Ol LOOlOICOfaOIOOCOOIfafaCOCMCOfa fa faCOfa fafaOIC0CMCMfaCMOIOI©fafalOOIC0©t-t-faC0 CM fa CM Ol IO © 10 CM CO CM fa CO o © © © CO IO IO IO © © IO X IO fa t- © o © X fa O LO t- CO Ol © lO b- CM CO fa fa fa X X © fafaoifacofacccM'faofao'fa© ; * ; \ ; \ ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; oi fa © © © t- IO 10 © © X © CO Ol © © © fc- lO © CO LO X CM © Ol © © fa fa fa © ' " . . © CO b- IO © r- co t' co co co fa co fa co fa co fa- co ; © © IO LO CO • ■• " * * ' ° ■ ' • ■ • a* §3 ! do dw K. G. Chisholn H. J. E. Keys K. H. Smith C. G. Cline . r-> a ^r 'm r= 1913 1911 1912 1911 1912 25, 1913 15, „ 16, „ .- 0 l-aHHt-t-COt-HHt-r-Otr rHCNrH rH rH rH r^ -IO H 01 afa d^aa->^^_iaDJ->^r>da-ob--,k faT^ « K _ fa r*. -. r.i rd " fa -, „, « hi Id E f"). t i b.ba'Q.-iJ rj ao-Hrfa-KfeSiq-e i b Tt b a is ti' aP r\ a Q+J ^_J0JQ,r^^j—■L,rTJr^.-caCO_;"jU,— — r.^ . w ■,- -.- rL 00. -*r " 0J.r- - . QM H7 H H—,00 .C-r- ir r- ^ ■- _, w rr zcr cr- '_ — a a a = 3 go a ad g go a o a gg d ad gg 3 J, oj o a teg -r-u 3 -u o a 3 a a ad 3 3 3 J7 a g a a nd s p 3 go o a MOflS^roZQOarrJtO^fiZQrlfegrHgH^^^oSOZaS^OSM Cd 03 D 244 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 -o- 1 075 EH A H P. H « PI B 02 r^ ed a ta •souk •6S ■U9.I V QSBTlJtiJQ 6 w fa P 6 O o Oj a Q d» P 01 D " a p d*P P ft o CH ■ •73 CO & P fl in 'O to a a! 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'. '. ;*a fl " ■ ■ c £ ■ .A •rH . . ft cq a O 6 ofa & -O I 6 G d O "go Cm CM 00'rH'Px"!'-1-- CNrHOM CNrH OICOrH OrPmr-*^Cjrc0'tOofflM rHrHc-'.^lr^ rH rH CO ON '3 b b i-ir- ci b a is M b a M aa §gg 3 a ~- - - r§i^aP;^i?c:tiS^S^>.^gjS 3 3d 3 0 a p j, 3_0-_, o 3 3 off aapa 3 So. n a» 3 3 3 3 « 3 3 3 " 3 a^ 3 3a eg-, a 3300^^333 = 033 <raH5r,r,r^gr-r,rI;^ro,r<rarol-5<^.O^r^r,o«C»3<;gl-sr,ro<Oro,i-j PP P (A B os 0 P D 246 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 03 00 •1 o I VI EH A K \n m « p < Ch H m •saim -bg •Bajy a dq £ P IOIO COCMONOOOtrOMCOt-lOlOrH OOOOMHHOOOCO ©©©©©©©©©OO© ;©©o©ooo© .©©©©©© © • rH©©0M ;©'©'©'©' ©© lOCOOrHrH© CNC0rHC0O0rHLO,0-CO©rHrHrH©LO©CM©C0Ot-t-rH t-\ ©' CO t- CO rH t- t- t— IO CO rH I- LO CO CO' Lo" LO CC CO © © rH rjH © © th' p CO CO* © P ©' p CO H P CM CN r^' CO © LO' CN* CN H p CM (P ©LQrH LrL~COrH©CO©©X©^ ©COX-HO'O X©-X'©©0 rH rH ©rp rH©CO0NrHrHrH © rH © Ol L-rHlQrHOOrHrHrHrH ©©fa©0© ©COXL-©©- ... CO CM • . - -CO© " '. '. '. ' ' '. '. . . . . oi oi oi fa fa oi ; ; \ \ ! '. '. "i-'h !!.!".! ©©©©fafa©©©© fa CC © Ol © © fa© faL- ©XOOfafaCOfaCOfa fa lo ©' fa1 a* id fa co oi oi Looqqfa©© ©qq gc fa fa oi id oi © x i— l— o-a-a jde O dta .i= w' ° d -o d d . o cO rH ON 55 - -o rH rH rHOMrr o< '©©© '00 © CO ir IC"CC OC'co'OO 00 © rHCMCM HHrl CM ■ ■ r w^ais^s—-oo,alb'^a —oi"'fcia—b*j'*r . - A £ 3 3 3 aa O a c.« = = 3 a Q,= 3 3 3 5T a o ff d u o a a 3 s 3 3 3 g ffa a 3 3 3 3 S3 3 Q H]»0<i3rr,rr,-<MOZQ^S3Sr^O<4,Srr^-qmOZ»!SOZ<,8r*^ ^aPa bo- *irj > oj'3 Jjhhhj; n r-, ago aagsoorojoac,dddg„ftd: -H — >*> JH , . ^ ... ^,'r ~ r rr rr r-l — r. . w J oP>ftt ■HT^ o fa o 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 247 o-dg ddg J OJ >i Hr OJ >. . +H *H _ +H r, aw ■gjs'a © a d a O to to © 3S 2 H - C a si aw , a ■s s° ft.-So a-a © S*h a-* dio g a O CM * ' MO JC H§.fl r- ^O -h -Wfa ^ o - o" as I "2 OrH +J «J OJ ' CA.0 2" t 5 ?B eSoij aj-20-gg^ Ifpslp d oo 6j« ag^-a a £ ^ Is Bao Bfa rH O fafa fa©© CO O CO O IO IO IO IO CM cOfafaOiocMOfafa ©©©b^xoifafa© t-CMfaO©C0XC0fa oqaocrtqoo ©dodo©©©'© fa,-, iofa 01©01©©©X010© q©©q©fa©©o© <6d'SSS<6d:So<S \o x IO co q © © © odd© © fa LO O X IO © © X CO fa©C0l>fafafa©t- fa CO CC^O fa L^ M CO CO CO CM* fa CO 1.Q fa CO X fa 00 fa © oi fa ^ CO faXfa fal-faCMOlCMOlfa fa fa CMfa fafa CMCO fa CMfa Ol IO IO X; fa b- fa Ol fa LO X CO 09 fa 01b- CM © CO X CM t- O © 01 CO © fa fa © © CO © fa © d © oi © lo © © cot-©©© O CM fa CM CO © fa fa CM fa fafafafa©©01©© Ol X fa © LO © © © fa fa © X■ © CM coccx ©o© . . . . * . , fa fa fa fa fa fa fa i©o©©coxqco HCOOldrHfaOoifa lo fa x t- io fa © X L- fa fa fa fa d ■©©©©© ' oi co fa fa © ■ © b- © lo io © © lo © " fa fa © X* fa fa b- fa CO* •qqxqqiq to ] t~ oi fa* id lo fa* oi a B 5 a cc ° Q d 6 d Cline E. M II. J. OT3—i fa ft to rbdfa ^[^^ aW g'P p'td CM rH ^©^©COt"©0^00 co'co© ;• aiSM>-g.S feWrK+rg bai^.P baaisis^t-bis%£• itH 3 aiC -h OHo.d .-. 0-00 - ci 3-- ~ 0-0- dCC3--.©dd©PoC~3COQ JoaaffSd-pg^Ea'Sgag-SaggPo r5rrjh-5<aj<«rroSO<Srol-s<<0BCr=r-l-5l-5r cir-.^gP-ti'o^bar^ioa.bcir-^^ b a«333as&aa§335333^53*333ffaggggdddaagp a HlSr^irsrirrj^oa-^arirrj-^rirHjrS-^SSr^SrrjrriHja g a a D 248 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 ■o a h 1 2 * d . rid ft a o fa o> •£ £+-5 o a rc! M f" J^ M d o *0 to> .2 - - - -.3 a - - a 2 3 ™ 3 S J■■■■«§"g| i g§ §c S A% £ 3 0# . 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EH EC co ft Qj p m-3 r> H « z o m P ri H W fa fa r" K" fa l-H O to" )fa o Ol fa CM fa CM fa CM 05 " ■ " •..,»•...•... ,^ ...... -^ .-^ - - - .--, •••.».....,. ,^ ,. -^ - - .. - „ ,. - H fa fafafafa fa fa g EH co co~©*'fa*cs< 'a © ©"co*"©" fa" co"©" of fa" x'co id" fa" ih fa" x t- lo x co"©"fa fl Ol fa CM tH CO fa ^cMCOfafa CM'McM'-IOIOlfaCM | 3 m <M o -y 15 ■os £ O a § 6 ° . 5 [2* d d o a: fa fl o o o 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 249 2 a ••H C 3g.2 . j cd ag ;oo-S,2? spa aS-a S SHL.r •2 gS a I la p+j o g o £ Bfa"3±3 c Mgaa»i rtg5l|4 aoa teOjoi ZRPgEH §"H oj d gsga o g-a s"© a iS 3 O P * "a a u 1 P »3 ©fa © t- fa © IO b- © © fa © © © iq hhoo ©ddc>Ti©©od b- CO oi to Ol LOOI©r-<© • • ■ X • . -fafa • ■ to ■ -LOOl ■ b-LOfa ■faOlfafa • * • ©© faOl ■ • .©©©CMCMfa '. '. '. '. " ;©©"©©© ! I ! ; ; ;©d . ; ; ;©d ; ;fa©d© ; ; ; ; '. ; © © fa © d © cooot- fa t^©b-q©ioiOfaio©iofafaCMc^©iOcob-ioL-LOioqiqiqiqb-fat-©xco© on>©CMcqoitoofa x l-ib co ci fa oi © id d © fa © id oo* oi d co © so ©fadxL-dfadoco© oi ©co*fa©cot-xcoofao'fafa'fafacocM*faxidcocMxfacii—idx©x© fa fa fa fa r-f CM ©C0 03COXCMfafa Ofa©C0fafafaOlClfa©Ofa fa CMfa fai-1 ©©©©©o OfafaOfafa© © fc-; © © r-iddd XfaX ©fa© Ol fa Ol CM fa fa fa tq x fa fa © ci fa fa fa d o fa fa oi fa oifa'oioioi q fa co q cm x © fa CO fa fa* CM* Ol' fa ©fa©01 ifafaxd faCOOlOl fat-CM oifa oi fafa X fa fa CO fa LO X* faOlt-faCOOlOl CMfaOOOOlO CO CM fa CO CM CM CM IO Ol © © © © © fa X* CO © © © O LO fax" co* id fa iq © © fa t- LO LO fa* © t> id fa* id co* COLO© faCOfa a p OS OO OM 3 OPh" C^ogo o'K do fa fa CM ^£3 rHOIOit'©rH ©© rHrH rrTtJ-ONp©"©"©*' rH©"L rHCN CMrH rHrH rHCOrH©©LO© iSis citioi3>ici'Sba£? 33333333 a. a p p rcHrjrH^nJ Hjl-stlrtiriil-oHrjrH 3 3 3 HtJ -a A o c4 P D 250 Eeport of the Minister op Lands. 1914 Cj o I oH EH A « P VI m M EH as M p a o fa ■sailJM ■DS •^8jy aS^UTB-TQ « s to o* p 02 o bD fa fa CJ P 1? m o tk o> W ofa MrB a ta a P O y fa rH QJ, © XfA € +J -a o E> fe fll a gj bu o as o cS fi a oi o X/l o o a ccj k H Z P H ■A P SQ P O ■A z o -/I p 3 © w Throe miles from mouth. Mean discharge. In Walhachin flume. In Walhachin flume. Mean discharge. Above Criss Creek. Mean discharge. Three miles from mouth. Different section. Mean discharge. Half a mile above mouth. New measuring section. l- © rH © CC fa aooccofaOo ■ ' '. '. '. '. '■ '. '. '. ' '. " '. '. '. '. ' '. ©' o" © © ©' © " t-lOfafafalOCOb-t- • • • ■ O © © © LO CO CO CM CM ; ; ; ;©©'©'©fa©©'©'©' ; ; ; ; ; ; ; © COfaCOOfaOCCfaOlfafa COfaOl fa©l--iaiOCM©XCO©fa01©©©b-b-©OX©X ©C0IC01C0©CMt^L0 0H-l--X©rHOX©©rH©CMfa©fafa©©faC0fafa©©©C0Lai'afafafafafaCMI>>OIO ©CM fa CMCM fa CM CI CI Ol CI LO X rH © fa r-i CO©© CO r-r-i fa CO fa CM XCOfa CMOlfa Ol CM fa b- CMlO CM * a 00 © CO faX ia ©Ofa OOlCOOQOlfiO CMb-LO ■ *faC0CO)O • ■ • * LOCO ©COX© ©IO fa fata© b- rH rH L- © lO fa fa © ©" " ' fa fa ©' o ; * ; * co' co' co oi fa ©' ; ; ; ; ; * ©' © fa oi fa fa ' " \ " ' ; " " ; © ci fa © © ©' © IO LO © © © ■ • x o> fa oi • • ■ • x b- © fa oi ia iq fa cm co x »a © © fa ca cm x © fa © ; ; co" co co co' ' " ' ' oi fa ia ci ©" ©' ' ' " ' ' fa fa © fa l- co* \ io co" fa lo co" co' ©" © CO Ol . . ; , , ,L-»H*Crl '..".! fa fa • • CM X X © • • ■ ■ 'HO LO b- © LO © © IO 10 IO LO © © CO CO ' * CO* LO* LO* CO ' ' ' " © © fa fa LO* fa ' ' ' " ifl CO OS © X fa " ' ' ' * CO b- O O X CO fa CO CM CM . . [ , , ''jf.COCOWTHH )...,, rH ."".!".. 'rHCOCM a a z c c Cline & Smith .... B. Corbould K. G. Chisholrn Cline & Chisholrn . . . K. G. Chisholrn .'.'.'. C. G. Cline E. M. Dann H. J. E. Keys M. J. E. Keys fa ^ CO fa Ol r1 Ol CM fa * ^ . .fa .. .-H • ;; * - . ; - i " ; * <; J ' « -rt .H . . ,fi ...fa . . . ^H O ~ " OT o * " "'O "O ~ " "Ci " " "Ci " " " 'Ci ••*•»*••.■•. rt w" rH fafafafaT-i oroo'fa" co ©*fa"fa" f^f co L-rH lo © fa'fa'of fa*o*"o" ©^o mmx lo « T-HCM iHCO-sj f.iOli-Hfafa OlfafaCMCM CO rH CM r-iT-i fa^elfar^^^'^'S baj-"?;"!^ ba^fa^aii'^nfa a to^bbbo^-i"SJ"*>a^t*tiS t'^a g3^ Bv^pP^^^^B^^^^B^^p^^o^^^^^^^B^^ a aBoB,^« a aao f- 0. > c cc £ c a fa Edwards Creek Greenstone Creel 1 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 251 05 fl T3 aJ-rJci O'O a a o p a © - * a a +£ a a 3 * o a >* fa • uA o 1«R 3 _ a .-■ •s O O 'O fa ^ r- ofl a> H r-^M ecf "'H'gg .§>>.g +HI , -rH a PQ M «~2 j/; a I ■gggg^S siojjioi r. tagadp.^og hz £ 8 CO w a Si oio© ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; .©©©©©o .©©©©©000©©©©0©©©© © O X t- fa b- fa © © CM LO IO fa fa b- CO fa b- CO X © fafa©©©faLOiO_fafaCMIOlOfab-t-©C0©lOfa C0©t-CM©t-Olb-LOfaCO faidoix*o*fa'o"coiox'o©"oio"b-x'fa©fat-fa"cM©'©'o©faoiLo"fao"o"o fa LO © fa CM CM © CM CM fa © IO CM © Ol CI IO CI CC' CO Ol Ol fa fa fa Ol CO t- fa CM CM fa fa fa fa CM fa t- © fa CO CO fa CM fa Ol CMt-©LOt-©falO ©COt-©OllOlC©T-lfaX©01CMXfa©faX ©faXXLOfa ■OlCOCMXXCOb-Xb- r^OXX©©OCMfafa©COL-OfafaCOCIfa ■ • LO CO L~- © CM CO ;cifafa©oicofafafa ' " " '. " 'oi©©©fafa©iroco*fafafafafafafafafafa \ \ \ \ \ | \ \ | ; ) \ \ ' [ \ ; fa fa fa fa ci ci ■Xfa ©CMCOOfa© l- r- CM fa fa fa © 00 X b- CM fa CO fa CO © LO CO fa1 fa fa fa1 ^t1 fa ;o"g - ^s •oS iim fed OP COl-OOONCJOoo'rHONTHOiriHrHOOrrOOLOrHrjjirJH ONrH o^HCN ON rH rH ON rH 00 rH ON D 252 Eeport op the Minister of Lands. 1914 8 o O OS H Z ?-, K Ph P VI ■<*i OS ■sai'lK -Bs g « 5 p a d r a r^. ^Jo« p SIS : -a 2 M .as p p A a K o _Z rf ON CO ON OOOOCOrfHHt- IO COCO rt< CO O LO © CO r- . . -HHrjHrrHrHrHOOOOOCOOCCOOrHrHrHOO • ■ LO, rjH CO rH rr O O ' • ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; d d d d © d o d © © d © o d © d ©' d o o ; ; d d d d d d d ! ; rfU- OOrH LrOC/jOOl^OOOCNOOCOOOH^LOfCCNOO^JoaOOOCOOqr^COLOrHOCC^O d LO P 00 -*' CO ON rjji p p p P ON lO LO d © CO 00 rfi LO* r)i ON 00 CC\rH P 00 © 00 CO P P p -rjH rh' od 100 IO* OO p P rji rr' OO rp 00 rHOO OOrHrHONrH ONrHrH 0NO-|rr OCOCirfH -i P ©" O © O CO © d © d rp P p O P •CNOI .©©' Ol CO 0-1 CO © OO CO GO ON Ol t- t- LO rH rH 00 Ol LO' LO 00 LO* P Ci LO* CO CO M P P CO LO © 00 GO oo'io' COOOOrHrHCOrHlOOOODOOt-CNONONON 10 0 Pd ©LO oood d g d d H d ©o dm :«3 ogO a.r ' a fr d| CO faCM *rHfa *oo © © .jr CM X O fa t- fa fa ©. fa I- fa fa aC rnCMCM fa CO fa fa'-'W fa rH farHOO^ i Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 253 &£ H H . , , (H '_■_, nlO a L- o r-A- , a Ph c a£ ft rt faj !> o OJ 3*3 a a »l ^sj a . a^oN 0 Sv a 05 +j a a a, a HP M w3 Or M SI? a -aja a a M.2»'S Ad S aSgg 5 o " a saa '- a a IHBS a«M rO&og „*J«) £ ' ^ w o 0> O UM >fl o o rjfaHM (u ~, oi *h a SO S'S'OH. «flS 03 . oj A to B fa, ■ h o^ rHK Bod o a1^ &a » o ^-J rH'— 5S S B a S So °1 ]£UA is*! d££ © CO IO CM X O ■ fa CM © LO fa fa ;©'©'©'© ©* o" © © IO rH t- • CC' IO Ol fa © ; © © 6 ©■ © xoco© faCMiqO©faCMXXCCCMOXCOOCM©OICO©CCfaCOCOCO CO CO fa © COb-faOCOfaCMfaOOlfaO© fa b^O* CM* fa fa LOO fa CO* b-lOLOOCJJfa'ldco'cMOfafax'lo'cOOx'LC'CdOlCCMOXCO fa fafa fa lOCMfafaOClCOiOCOOlfaLOfaCMfafafalO X fa b- X Ol X b- fa Ol I- CO HCM fa©©faOO©©©0© IO LO CM © 0©faX fa oi © © rH X CC t-H CC © OI © © tO IO' o CI Oi CO CC* CO rH ClXlOCOCOOCOCOCOt-Ofa faCMOfafafa'oicOfaCMCOCO oi lo © facooi LOCMfafafaOfaCOOIb- CO © fa X X fa OIt-C0©CM©©XCMCMfa© fa" fa CM © fa CO* IO LO fa IO fa fa* lOIO'lO io'io'lc IO C0CMCOfaX©©b-b-CO COfaCMOlCMCOCMCMCMOl IO IO LO IO LO fa Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol Q ffl '.'.'.'. '.a cl> 3 a rH 0 _o rrc, © B U a • og ■a ao oo O A w ^.© si oW fa1 fa fa CM CI CM CM Ol fa rH O 0"1 ,_|fafafafafafafaCOCOfa'-l fa co*cc oo co" fa fa* fa XIO*© IO © CM © t- fafaOlcMCM fafafa CO CM 3,3.333.333.33 ** bh b a $ "* ^ bh bh ti £ £& bj& fc § fc^S £ (5 § >? >? &o £ g^ $ g%> £ §& aaaaaaaaaaBB^aaB^^aa^ 3 a 3 ^ a a 3?3g,g a a a b a a a 5 a a 5 s 0 CO t-7 C^O-' IO O fa ^ CM CM CM CM p^acscj-jjj-j-agajao D 254 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 to I V2 irl A H % H « P as -A K Hi H H 2 P S 6 IS P a o oa p a o W on a S"9 «< fa a o fa?bfl 83 o — ntifl 'O'O a.s o - -5*00 13 . fe la IS d Bfl C5^ fa ftp Cfl CUfl o S^a* oo!:„ . fc W W fl =h r. a 2 o a u a a «o ari'S i-Hr-- fa £££ o +-> £*»£< . wifa1- fl ft rH aaa H- fl ■— d-B o> a s> a-g! a ^ a a J"Sr«3 Crf-H r* St br?" Sg 13 >H S & ~ a aaQ gro it si goa is „ > fe a-" a a o.SS'g.gS - coja ° «EH ONOlrfHCOCCOONtrrHOrrrfrr^H •©©©©COrHHOrfl©©©©© ;©'©©'© d © © ©' d © odd © 000©COI.--OOOOGOrfr|H©ON « lO © 0O X CO CN^O r* © r* ^ lO t- rH^ iq rH^ ON ON © r* io CO t- LO_ P P CO r|i p OO CO LO P P ON LO ON GO I- -rf ON Ol' H P P © GO © O CO Ol p p © P P © LO* P © P CO rjji © LO l- ON lOrH CO © rH CO rH CO CO © © I- © © ©_ ddPoNosPPP 0010 'OO ON GOOD P©'P rHrH©rH©©rHrH©© © OO OO H OO 01 © r" co'co'cooddco'oo'oo © © LO LO 10 LO t- rf l- CO rr © LO CO CO © © GO P P © nji p P CO OO © © io © © iq io o © iq OO L- © ci CO d d CO LOIO©©©©©©© H ON © P ON OO LO 00 rfi L- ON ON © rt d a & a gaa Ma gan -HO . ,aB'P . ri© S»-;d Wd Ka'd .CO 'CO '© oh^a^ -~-a^Si'-£-"^A> co ^'oo^^-sataa '<oj?io»bcSi« 3oTaB.agg393a;ojoagaa*ag3g3:-.cs3gr.sg'g-o -<Gt'0<Sr,r,r-H5<;.72Cr5Proi«dr3r2Sro."<r,r<OBS<rT-t!arTr,<i ba£?M rl|33 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 255 Fl A-r * n< d h fa Zw © bug rB o B ro=tr ia C tr to o n ^B 7) o CJ tji d id >. ^o ft r. o t».rO a "3 fa a a a aw 3 00 a a » 0 a .2 OS sit c ft B o o O fa fa -'• ft k3 — ft OJ a a !»J0 OH s £ CJ fl a a © ■0 a 0 K r— r u fa a . oa U S o r - -.fa a3 S fa C3 ■ > o r 3 M+ j| O O o . g^gdr-afa ■^ a. - fl fa fl -42 3-0.8*3 a o o is » aaifl =m o ©©©©©lOfafa©©© fa © fa CO fa X LO ©'©'©" © © fa ©' ©©OC0CM©©©© t- CO CO CO © CO X CO rH © O fa t- X> © t- 00 IO ^Ofa CO © © CO IO CO fa r L- CO © LO" © O © © CO X b- fa LO X © © © ©' fa X* LO CO fa fa fa CO X fa CO b- X © CM* © CM fa* CO L- O X* »o' fa O X © X Ol X t-1-* CM I- O* b^ fa CO L IOXLOi.O OlCl CM fa CO CM b-b- fa ©CO CM fa LO CO CM rH CO Cl CdO-CO OJ I-X JO CM fa fa fa © X 10 LO fa CO CO CO CO faCOCMCM COCM © CM ©X fa oifa fa b- © © © CO o t- © CM © T X faX©©©CMfaCM O © IO X Ol b- X © iddfacocooioifa oi © oi • ■ • * ■ ■ © LO* fa ' ' *. ' ' x CO LO ... .CMfafa OO© L-LOCO* 6 O fa ffl •A dgagfa -S • a • OoHGM c a a a Q 03 Q "eg .3 Ofj P d "CO " -CO ' r coo ON rH ON ..rH . .rH .^ . -c: - 'Co 'co ' CO CO ©"© CO CO CO ON 55 3^ 3 3 3 S3 3 a 3 § §93 3 Jo S* Eg = Jo §o= § g 3?S °| &| g a aQ** 3 3 3 a a 3.* H , SSrs^r^r^HjoGrrjHljOSr^rrjr^HHJloOSO^Sl-srrj^io/iOr^OSrs a a oJaP'S _? a ~ SJaP b ■J - a a co a a a ro D 256 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 o 02 EH m « P 02 3 <1 H M £H 02 M as a « ■S9IJK &S *^9av aSBniBJd „ EQ a1 fa U 3 fl Q © fa o o fa «2 fa 5 g fl o £ fa O fl a fcJC -a n 0) d Q a s OJ o o a c3 r< -B "S M a a r*i a O a o fl) rt £ «p » © B M rM d o d 5 a ft o AZ. a a ■-, a S * r,£ .2 a CMb- rHC0©©COb- fafa©©©© ©OOOOO fa fa CO IO © fa ■HCCrtOH O© ;©d©©fa©'©© .©©©©©o b-fafafa00b-©©00OlO© ©lOt-b-t-LO X© © © © © CO CM CO lO X' IO- IO O 'CO IO LO fa fa 00 fa fa O CO IO CC O O © CM fa © b- fa l> fa CM © © © © X CO LO © CO X LO X ©"cM"ddd©©fa©©©fafa'b^t-faX"fa©'x'x"c6co"b-COfa©'fa©fa'faxLOO0*faC^ fa CM © fa b- CM fa fa fa fa CM CMCM COCOX fa CO Ol CMfa fa fa©©©fafafaCOCMCMfafafafa©©fa© fa fa © © fa fa CI fa ©I-CM XOCOlOOO^CMfaplOOlCMCOCMb^fa© ©©'©'©ococMOco'xo^co'x'faco'ioco' fa faCMfaCOfa t-faOfaXCMfab- ©'©co'oicofao'co fafa CMCOCO ©©t-X©©©LOO©©©LOLOCOXIOLO Xfa©faC0'0O'fa©C0'xi^XXfa©*LOc6ld fafa rH rH CM fa CO rH rH fa LO© LO LO LO CO CO IO © X X fads' faOl .. .-fafa - '00 00 CO LO b- © b- O O* X*"fa farHOfaCMl0©OC0© CMfa CMfaOMOOfaCM faCOfa fa ^aBo^ogg^aaaa^ 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 257 XJ2 II ■a" p ■g go. rS B X) -H - a ^ag"3 ® to „ a a.« 'rH * .5 o a o<a 3 O c : : c"?a C--H a +3 £i> > bio a £ ft <5 t. .3 a oj' a»aj aP oj4-* ralgS an £ -a a 2» a „ - no a CS B fe 3a 3 S— a,a « g-u £ oj" ° P «?«.£ B p a Si? ■o a a •a H 3 8Q .5" "S a g.2 OG ft H o« a oi a S* •o a .5 3d c* o fcfi rt a a ™ £ ° d ■B F>.2S fl"B IS a II a bn O.H O fa ft fs. faOOlfafafaCOCOfa •rHOO©COlOfafa© ;©©©'©dfa©d©' ©rH©rHfaCM© • © © CO b- © © © ;©©©'©©©© ;©©©©©©©© IO LO © Ol © CO b-Ot-Ot-OOOM fa l- fa CO CD XO©CMfafa©C0XC0C0©10fa r^ Ol CO b- X © © CM X © !>; fa t- CM © X CO © O © © fa IO rH fa © IO fa X CO X IO IO fa © 10 © OC© O* fa" ©" Ol' O CO fa" CM* fa CO fa fa © fa* fa L-* IO CM I~" fa O 00 fa" Ol' CM X* IO © © © fa fa © © CM" CO© © fa © © CO CO O © O CO x" CM* CO X* O0^ X* fa © © © fa I- fa© fafaCOr-iCO fa fa CMLOfafaOOCMfafafa ©X©©©©©C0fa 00©CM©Xl-©Ol- fa fa fa' fa CO fa fa CO CO HOCOOCOOO x©x>o I- io © © JO Or-i©©© • CM©Ofa©©©I.Ob- '©©faoidi-fafa© •fa©©©X 00 O Ol L- fa fa O 1- fa faCOfaCOCOIOCMfa© ©o CO fa b- CO IO CO © © © © © faCOCOOCMOfa'lo'co" cocoio t-oooot-t- MB A H a a a A CO h'« p dpi d .SO a if §s OOP a a 2 A a a MP'S . © UOfa -© ' ' "© '©o *© '© IO IO o-faX fa IO b- t- Ol fa Zj ^ fa fa fa rH Ol d-fa"^-HJd-^r-ft^r-,r-H0|Cr,^^ = --H(H3^^ ^ftfaft^a^^^^a^to^a^^alfar 1. ni fa TT ri.CS^7jrllSlS„_r!':^'_lFH faT" r iro5r,r^rli^ho5^rHr,h-r^a}r^gr,r3<rr;^rg^^^r^^^^^rrr^^^^(_5^m ^ S02O<1S rrjHs<J ^^ rr,rr,HJ g rars<02 OZ H 17 a 2 D 258 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 o O I 02 A a 02 < 02 d a o fa •seiJH 't>S ■"B8.1Y 9SBUTB.1Q d 3 cc o 02 d d p fli 5 ■d . a p a o « fa.'S fa w a P gS fc 5 s <? S 4 5 a £ P •B a d fcJ3 o a3 t*» W CD d Q a" d ft QO %4 O o a d 25 air. =;gs ?ro- o a «3 liiJoS r-Ccr a c a a H o a a,a ojINi tr d a a t* g.5P§ o wO B r„ d c a.S-S « a o d fa a ,a oo 3 a 3 5 d d d » 2 two fa a a te a Si a £a ■o h b d R° fli 02 fl 3-13 a i a ° CjA to bu d d 3SS fa o o fl 4H> a- B » -, O OrC hN-h O O© ■ago *§ ' a d o o "o **1 o "*J Cfa r-. £0 ;©©©©fa© oo •faX ;©© fa rH fa © t- b- • © © fa CM © © ;©©©©'©© ©fa©CO>OLOXfafa©XCMfafa©fa©fa©fat-CO©©©faTHCOfafa01©CM©XC ■faCMCMCOOOOOCOX© 'faddocofafafafaox ©©CM • coco© '©Ofa © X fa © iO_ fa ©fado" • OlfaO '©©L-* ■ CM CO CMI CO i.O t- © ' oi CM CO* fa" LO LO CO - CM © b- fa O ' fa X O LO fa LO lO © © IO fa" co" fa co* oi •IO© 'coco ■ ©©© '©fax* • © © © © LO LO IO ' CO L-" fa ifa L-* l> b- • LO © © © © ' co io d id *o" . b- © © LO ' lo* oo co* id . a . . o a|2 £c3g OOP d :|3§ 'o^c . a . ;S.S °" od 31 ^ft o go yd • oa a • aO a 'A a 0=8Q . a ■ OQS u p CN lo- CN © CO CO CO CN o< -* m":o" >• c i?-* >»£? si s» >• a a I? -*"S SffiJ ► "C Jj S if Aj Jj Jj 2 £>£? bit! £ m'C b § bit! J § £ bitLt? ti^j 2 5 3 3 a 5 a s£lS 3 3 3s ft* Jo o e.a g -. a a a a 333 3 o.a a & = 3 3 57a 3 a 3 03 Bag r5bhr;<r1<lr5r:bbr:^<^ry;0^r;^r:r3<:C3r;r;hr)^^S^H:r:r)Hl;/jOr:r:HJKr:<1JOlo 00 0 0 0 - 0 0 3 a P 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 259 h in A a"C1 .2 a a is-a£ . bu 281 a a-r a— r. "Sh, ci a.a.r, a crjj " C4J h a . a'a a a £ 'S S a u o h a a a- bu uon5 -rj a a a oo a^ § j_«J boo g Jail UI ZJ O i ™ o--i fe a fcr' 3 o B d 3 ,rr-! 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IScola S» 2S- ft gSdd.Sd i-©fa fa ©CM CMfa oifa'fa© L-©r OfaO X I- CO X © CO Ol Ol © © © © d © ©' ©fa © CO l- X 10 IO X IO Olfa©©OICMXC0fa © © © © ©' fa ©' © ©' co iq q fa co © © oco © b- © © © © © © CM © fa fa I- CM O LO fa IO CM X CO © IO b- Ol © Ol fa CO © © © CM © © X I- fa LO- LO O b- CO O © O fa O O CO rH CO i.O X O CM i.O I- tH CO' LO fa fa fa O Ol CM fa CI X I- Ol fa fa X b- fa ■©■ O © © CI fa CC © CM I- fa Ol © © 00 CO fa©,X XO^COfa ©to, fa fa fa X CO fa CM © OOl© CO LO CO CM CM © CO CO L- co fa* fa* fa* fa* CI* fa fa* fa* CO* fa* CO CM ©©fafafaOlOlCC©© XfaO qo m ©d© LO X © © © © © © LO ©b-C0©fa©CMfaOl oi fa fa oi fa" © fa co' ci b-©t-CM©fafab-faCl OI©X©©X©COOl- fa fa fa CM fa Ol CO CO ©CM CO b-*fa© t-CMfa fafaOb-XXOOt- faiOfaOlfalOOO© CM fafafa CO ©COCMfa iq© ©d fa a d o a Ui o •aSfl .2a=Oa "") S a PSsKrO oh'|p doom COGN 'orpoocoiJ'osaoo .HrHrHCNGN ON ON CC' COt- ON rH CCL0~rjrQC0tp00"o''O rHONON ON ONrH 'Sr^!>.^.>)fj>.3^ci>-gobbi>.>''r!>"aibi^bibi^a>.bit!bit!A !s bbiSJS? a.555£5£333a33 3aa-aggos3 3^3gao?3o-ojaaagg aPPPPPP 3 3 ^JoO 3 3 ^,2,2 »"w 3 3 a ra to in ~ 3 a a oo'3 co" a ^ £ P a a 3 3 o a O aa 333 ^raSSSgSr,r,^3r,r,rrSS0BSHH-^a^^aHoH0^Gi05H;K 3 O 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. 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P > a« ba-S-a-bca^ aaP 5 3 a aP a aPP? a 0 o a^o co^-z^ricocococo a ™ 33aaa3aa Of5oKOr5»ogro)r,<jai0^020«,-:r5tZ)Orol-:Oi-5 I § i Z P C 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 267 pS d QJ <t! o ft ■Saj a£ *f1 d a £ o ft "ft a a o a o fl ft o rd o > Ofl to " u to a »3 d -J C3 13 rS ts a 1^3 03 K a to HHJ 3 ^^^ a a .3 a EhJ5 k#a\ 3 a o r-O.oo, ij a Oa , 3* oj Wg a. oSagi r3g.§ o C+-1 ,2^S H falTH B SrH^3 cj IS o J fa ft ft n qj oj I a .9 j a Co J arna . C0,b > c3»h ■ o a a :-a.a„ ;Sl05 a »£ 0 g bj g o m a^ g© 2 ..■—A s S|^.Sa SP go s p P K P P H O P Hj a o 'cNOOOOOOOOIOOOOrHOOO I . ; ; ; ; IhcOOOOCCCCOKHOOOOOO COrHCOrijI OCrHOrHlOCCOCNCN rf< OOrHCOCNCCt-OOOOrHLOCOO © TP W O OO O 00 •*•*(» Cft H Ij-Cj01©CjOC»1O 00 » CIO b* t-O O O GOO OOO CO COGOCOl-b- COO ON ON rf rr Cf CO LO 01. 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' ' ...'... ** ft ■ d fa d fa W)rB CB CJ oh Ed t-XOOOfaCM Ol fa .fa -fa -© -© CO ©CM ©,4 CO CO* CM fa fa CM (^ fa fa £•>* > t>'> t>'diHJcJflflr^'ft ba£?to"S4j> orbB^-btobrbarbto1B,+j > J^a j-j-fi bBrbtopViiV £ a a a to >> a & a -b to£+]" 9 o o o o o o p a) ^ o b a* So O vooajaSp a 0 j* a a a o « w o a. 3 « b &rt s P p 0 „ © ^ p p fl ^ ^ p ^ s s p K w £&££££ fafafa r,faS«;S^^<^ lO ; ; D 268 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 o ! 02 & A a % tf P w < % < & Ph ft oa 0* M oS a o tf •sanK •Bg •TSMV 83EUI-BJQ 0) S CG rp fc d ci! U a d H p © a GO P a O ro fcXrB 4r d'ai OrH P ft O •^06 Ca a- 05 fli T3 it! t= P ft" 0 Oi d to 0 •0 d d fa a d 0 OQ 0 0 a d rH BrQ d d o hs-O-ft SS'R o TJ B S IK © a a = a 0 a 3 o£a. CO CO ,-"©.S h5S u t> a S^ a 73 a ££ d fa ^ "3 to^, d a .£. fa£! cj p p o H a S a©©° d ^ o> fa £ ;©©©©©©©© ; . ; ; ; ; ; ;oifafafafafa©oix©Locooifafafa ■ t- LO CM Icocifa xx CO©t-faC0fafafafa© CMLOCMlOfa©t-XX© 10" fa cm" co 00" 10' oi fa co1 oi 10 © 00 © © © cm © cm © b-10 o fa 1010 01 fa x lo i~ © fa 10 © co cd fa cm' cm' oi d 06 cm" CM LO t faCM l~fal0faOO©t--fa01©L-faL0O©faL0 0lfaOI0C0fafafafaCM 00 CMfa © © CM CO Ol fa^CO X© © IO LO LO IO CM CM XX^CO fa ©X b-IO fa" 10*lO*CMfa* fa" CO'fa* CM* fa* fa* CMLOl-fa©IO LO ©©fa IO fa CO© CM XX • fafaq©©oioio cicocifacoxxcMfaq ', fa co oi d © © fa co " ' " * ' * \ " ' ' ' ' .' 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B o -C - fl CI n; O O « a o to a fa ui a d rB n H< rC ei) fa ... ft o a a, H ^ EC a 5 -I o U ft - K o CO ft O a Mh a> XH r< o" a oj h0 a ol P aii, ■a a - 1) ofl . a to o a; sip d a sbPh i ftti . fa ^ faCO © fa CO LO b- © © © fa fa fa © ;©©©©©©0©faCO©©©©00 ,©fa©©©©©CM©©© faXb-©Ofafafa © © X b- b- fa © LO CM fa 10 fa © b-LO b- © © IO CM IO ©■ O b-10 © © LO © fa © X fa COOOOOICO O©L0t-OC0faCMO©©L0C0fafa0l0lO©fafafaC0faXL0faCMOlfaX©L--L0'01fat- ©L0X©L0fafa©CMfa©C0fa©©lOCMOl©©©XX© CMCMfa LOrHXfafa XCCfa COCO LO CHr-i fab-fa © © fa ©fa X IO fafa 1.0 CM faCM COCOCMlOOlfa '©©faCMfa©©© ufaooofa© ; ; ; , , ; , ; ; ; ifafacocMfafaLooi b-LO ! o x co co fa fa .COfaCMfa CO © CM CM © © LO b- © ci x ci oi oi id fa CMfa fa b- X © b- fa CO b- • © LO © O O © fa m B • fl o O ' 'rrj . o CJ • • d a? d d • -fl CO ft fl ft fli o ' "SfaO = j U :fa OP4 S ■fa • •'si R Ofa *4 m o0& d do ft d <^l ,_, CM ,_, Ol ,_, CM ^ . .fa „....- fa fa „ „ „ •Ci ' -03 - - - " -© '© - " *C0 * " - -Ci *■ O © - - * H H fa H fa fa 1""1 fa fafa©CM©c0fa:O fafai ©b- Ol Ol fa fa Ol csj fa fa o Ol faCMO fafa faCM fafa . ©O - aSr?a5bJ3M4jrj33r;-&jjl-14j£oja S&« 3 3 3 3 a a 3 3 3 ^ „h-jO»„ OC<r3r^r^r^rHO^ro,r^roG/oOo/jOrHrrHoPrO(<:rrr,hr)< * °5 3 3 a ETa o a a a g-gg 3 ag ca 33 3 go* 33 3 a a gg-g 3 ag a Ba g r'Ol-orrJ<ror1o;5.£^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^rg^^^^^^^^^,(_s D 270 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 o 02 ft A a r5 PI p 02 < K Pr EH Vo J3 d a o fa •S9IIH •Bg "B9JY 9g-GUI^Ja cu s 0Q fa fe d Ol o ft d fa CO w fa ? GO a P a o 3 to-B 4H ,3 <« te ° s fe "".CG © fli +H O o o i% fa ft o, d to o ■a d d fa a d o Xfl o o a d l<S laai a a o a d os B d O GJ n o B 5 gsj fa erf CO 'fl E0 BOfa 3 o t, S S a a t ., a ft o© a d ■pa 53 9 rB t> ti is a o Bh, winter ed durin February. winter ed durin Decembt is charge irtia exis and ean « «>o fa h a 11 a>* aoi a afl B aoo-a a SN z?5 ■°fa* cj Bfa *-< "«h fl*.a "z; CO ©CMX©t-CO CM_©Ofai0XCM©O ddddoido'd© ;o©oooo©©o©©fa©o© fa X © CO X b- fa CD fa faX IO 0.t-CM©CMt-X©Ol01©XLOfaLOfafa©t-fal~-XX01©©IOOCO©t"-X ci ci X'OOXOCMOICO© CO X LO. 1- fa fa Ol O CO b- b- LO. fa O IO LO fa fa IO fa CO fa CO CO CM Ol © fa CM CM © © LO fa © lO IO' O IO- X CO X X © LO TIiH fafaCMfa b-faCMfa H CD CM fa b- IO CO fa ©fafafa CM01fafafa©©CMfa© i- m o io o lo © o fafaXfafarHCOfafa faco'fadddfa'oi© CO fa CM O lO t- © fa fa X CI © IO CO CO fa X lO fa CO fa fafa ©©©©©©©©©fa ' " " ' * " ■©iO©OI©©LOCMLO CO CO 00 CO CC JO Ol CO CM CM ! . . * . . '. ', ' . . ! . . . 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Oij oj r r^ . 3 3 3 M M a J?pHc-uo-o s3333aa saasaSa l-s Irs hs << -ij o 3 rs 32 rs rs :a o ooi 3-; g fa o< t>,o ro OJ 3 a a a O ,H o a oj^ ■ oi uiga m s^s 3ti J5 b fl'l W H— Qj ©fa©000 ;o©©fai.oj.--cofafafafa© • CO fa © CM fa CO CM CM iddddfadd© CMb-fa©©faCOb-©XIOCOfaCOC0fafa© 0©b-b-COO©©©©000©©©IO'0©00©©I010©fadx©©CMoidxfaCMfadoifaCOOifa L—©©XL-XiC ©OOO-L-X OlXOX© CO IC X © fa fa © © fa fa fa fa fa fa I- fa fa © CO IO fa © CM Ol I- IO rH LO ©fa L- X O CO © CD Ol fa fa fa CO* CD* CO* fa" fa* fa* CM* O* fa* IO* CM* CM* fa* fa fa* XiO©iO©fa IO O©©©OfafaOC0X • o fa © © © co © io ©o©©©q©iocMio ; fa co fa © oil- fa co* \ \ \ \ ' ' ' ' ' " \ 'fadddfa©©©!-!© ©©©©©©©■© CM © X I- O © © fa fa X © O LO b- fa b- . © b- LO X b- © CO LO b- LO 'cocodfaL-fafaoiidoi ■CMfafafaLOCOCOfa OllO©C0lOlOIO© ■ fa © X X LO I- fa fa' ■ CM Ol fa Ol CC CM CM CM © CM © LO © © LO, CO © CM © t-* CO* L-" © X X fa CD LO .A. ft d fl a a -BrU fa o fa CS« d cifc 8 8 8 fa * '© fa CI *© 8 - = = .fa •© fa CI '© r-v io'i CM -00 CM © ©"CO tfalO* CMfafa d a~ to o-tojjfl ^ O t^fa .fa ; ." &sib »«--«£ CM*" 00* CO CO CM © rH IO CO © CMCMCMCMCMfafaCMfafa aa gg g-3S-a gg &j S-3« a a ^ »|J g gr&|&&& § £ § ^ § g'f a,| § 1f <1Sror,<;ffi<OP,r5HoroCfiOc£03<!3r-3r^rtlo£OGrQ33333rslr^ r* 03 <J P H O «j <| M P 0 p rH «) r« i-hO© do:'© o a o a a (j) <Z2 <,:/}"*.«, W ft^: ft >0«0 esl a ca- O ft o - CQCQU", ■a o o ooo O ft ft ftuo D 272 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 o I w ft A a a « P < a ra <! H ft 02 M CC a o « 'salIjW ■l)S N38IV SSBUIBJa o a GC © P X o & a Ph fl s 3. ft GO o P o o to-a a to a P t-H ri fa ft o fli *a o r* p ft fli a d to o *3 fa o" d Q a d Ol «4-H O O a d < P • ' -r =r ... O • a -0*1 Is a-in ' a h a a a jo p O m £-- r-l '3 ? GO • r feoip ' -<cH-:<! Sr^S'-SOtir •5^ a a far,® ft B ft > ofa d * ■ft Cu v to r-.ta ■-ap^ rr .„ CO 3^ O r-.a r>«8_ f Or mpo Can ke. ,o,g <&P aa jSgcSg 3 3 pp ,S2« , £r= ^HO . a° o 2-a -h ao a "ICQ «■* 15 is IO CM X fa© fab-XCMOXOlO Ob- © © ©■© CO b-© COX ©COb- © © >>© t*-.© >.© t~ ©fa©fa"©fa©© m ~ h! b &> fafafaco fa Q Q Q co Ofafa©© fa Ol © CMt-X©^ © CO © r*»0 IO' LO © CO r*»© r»-C0 >.© ft fa© fa ft ft ,-( ft P 0 fi Q OO >.Ol0 1-C0rH * Q ©O ©IO ©© ©CM d© d© COLO IO CM ©CM ©©©o ©faCM©0 oixoqoi © fa L- ©" CO CMCM fa ©XIO ©COl-CM ©COCO fa" Ob- ©t cm © © fa \ © ' fa ©©©©© © © lo © © q -fa cm" fa cm' © d © X © Ol © fa© '© *©© ' fa © fa ©fa©fa© '©OOO© faOfa ©fa *©©© "©© ©fa ;©o to a to n o-fa fa- tox? to to 3s BooCJpBsBB alaltofl a a^a tototofci^^a-ftfafa a. to to 4J "pi fa fa a. fa > a 3 ooB-raaaco aaaaor-jr-jooooB aoocjooc^Oga rMg o £ p w Ufl to B'-S is • .. oj 9CV -J^Uo co C-Sgife So asgKma o o 53m Sbpp grra £.M a £aO ~ "—J « H v> . w ft 1 fi 8" !,AAU-°>„ r^ 5 r^, a Sc« ■c*S,li ° g oa§ - 'Ugg^gggP & * si ^Oo«|55| in iS a to ftH-H»-1-tHo_flft a> fl ft a> dooJotrfato'S Ai o Oft v gjv^ 2 & 3 d u u uo fiflfi CfafaK CD O a j* biag o o § KHrci '~Pa o. a a « a a a a oX dj ^ ftfaO g *!0«Ul >,S a ft « o ■ oi K * far,, ,■ a o cj ;^&o ■i UA tt o s g.£ ; Pgb« a^P lag XflTJ2>- 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 27a EH Z P ro Eh « P o ■a ,0. P § a S-p ■3 a-H «»'. ■a£p £2fa ftflO Br) A < X b- © LO © X CM CO I- CO CO "^ fa fa X fa X oo X © fa CM © X L- X fa Ol a o &0 a ft o <H Q fa 6 CO © fa © X CM >. >. a a I-b i-a o o --i o O U to ft £ d £ 0) o e. fa +J •rH o a ^ O a^ a cu a o sp a ft —i o a B ■J . o 1 j tofa ' n« o o o flU g CD o o ft (rH a d fcfi a <H r2 d ii-B d - p. 1* d "3*5 o IS, <H ■M P OJ mi a+> - £j 00 rO a a t; Off o a bo bf.ro o a r- O SO uja 6S?fd.: • H P 0 ' r. -g bjW ' mm ioM'; bjj , ^bbooS c°ri a *r .qO O -a a *^AM a +r£Sc Pco O ft^wfa COOl a%a to ft to •S8P oo a > o«o 8§EH ag «a3" i® co a .3.3 a a fr a r2S a.a P<i OOOOOOO lOCOOvlOONOO CC OO CO o P O P : rH O ON ON rH 110 rH rH CN OO L- IO lO CO CO 00 Ol CO rH rH rH rH CO CO GO Q > - - .fa d Q * ifa fa fa O E3 fa o o © - " •© - - - cioi* d 9 d d B -H BfaW.^ f,Q jj "ft >* 'Si-?! ©*C1* a 3 to a -a "; ft b a fa- to n ba aaBa^'^B^ aa_5 bb — fa<3ft3fa<H^r^^fa-<fal< io"x" »o CMCM fa "ft "ft r»- A fl "3 "ft to ^<S^faS<^<: CO © * ' co~©*tfa =^<M CO fa ^ d d 'ft p'- - - 'Ci - fa CM CC CM* CM ^bctfa i d a j-- cj j s S «2 o u a o fa IS D 274 Eeport op the Minister of Lands. 1914 w. EH Ah e HH rro H « D 05 <J H Ph EH 02 •S3I!H 'OS '133JY 3 05 or p » d a &o 2 P bfl.3 3 be a "co 55 p p H rS o p M is a a CO o fl c n: a a *a a o C fl < below C. Woods's ditch. Cippoletti weir 3 feet wide. At crossing main S.K.L. Co.'s ditch. © CM © iq fa ' fa CM ft O \% d P4 "^ fa © © fa fa X* fa fa ►» CJ B o g J* a a ft "". If P a +. % % a I » c EL" (3 a d . M a a o a r>> B dQ d cu "ft a _,- O ft a s o -. 1 aHm +j—+j SS 3 S 3 -' 3 ■ 5 p 0 ^ a 3 a 3 3 30.3,2 a 3-.oo3 ti S ■« J3 CO ii " r-.rH 0O,Hjj^Hr JJ4 o LM, cy'; S«°,g-g3. fa - fafl ft1-a ft OJrrJ o^faO o o o ,, , fl--= c ft +->Hft4-> d dfl1 d - .C OO OC ft dfl i; d p ' > b""^ © DQ T3 °" .-ft flCC OX: d O n-j o1- 3-M , 3 OH a a _■ J= B <IO a|l° P^3 B , co a c. a£ a a °u a1" "3.5 h ©OfalO >;Ofa >. OfaOfa >-„©©© t-.fafafaO©Oio >.c ft ft -co ftl— © ft fa ft a a PrH rHC Q o o B « B 89 2 M o Bo) ft O 5h C^P dn'd ridri 3 oj 3 oj 0 It O (H bljlH bCr, 01 3 a 3 OrrC -is -fa O 2 b O O to ft ft=ft ..oj a fafa >d fa ofa ©fa© ©o© Olfa ©fa© faOfaO '© © *o © © " • © o © o ©OlO "^ CM COX CO* b- HO faOfaOr-iCMfaOfa Hfa ^fafa^rHfa^Hfafafa IO 'OOcoOOOOO© © fa fa CM*© OCX X ^OMCMrH fafa rH 3>cS is t^i^a>£t^taBhtao^Bt^ab^ apP°33a3aaGj333coS33p3a333a3a raSS^rr,r-,£rT,0Q<a!l-Sr3rr^rTjl-3r-,3r?W<r^SS'r,;g 3 O 3 Mid ■ i4 • • -Jir ejj ■ • -A& -A U ,M . .M . . . a oj co Oja. a ooAv^AlHA ^OJmi! GoirwOJ . . 0 ** U W.H %ru, f\ o«o.1'gaaoa a£g a^, ?S a tj SaaaUUDo OPjm O a a go aoj a ojOoK aP'iP aO^-^o aa ? ^ t. a i^K DOtjlH* 0.a^P,„,:r o a a a a p rt ojO s^a a oPoa. OOoHfl* uSmgua«$ai<S^B'5a gat, S aa UoB. ;»* osragooPaggs £^ ■? % S S S » a a a cu-u g u 3 g a a a oauSkrio e-aoo n .2 ?« g s ^ bc-5 a a a 3 r Bca-3 cj-o-a o o.S 55 a^ ao^"0 3 « jjffl^-roHHHHk^Otf ooao^ooSSwi'd tVS o P « a-a-g o. o « a a a a a 3^ S S.2 a Ojojo aiajo.9 «'A P OPEPr^WWBSSSS^OOOPPPKot'KoCGirHEHH 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 275 EH Z H S a ■A P a p p Z P Q Z H P o fl d CJ ft "o ft a o ft O rS^Jg fa ni^H 5°a£ io fc 2 a aH •^ a h o S g00| -So air 3 O *r a a .-as 3 a oo a .or fe aO ~£s 43 a o O d ft a.1'-' * ■SSpS3 r- nc 3 a a a g §<H — ,3 3 H 0 a V M a O 1(5 ■a 3 a o o n £•> ©^ 07 ■43 d o fa ft r— O O fa COT O — Ofl "fat"a B.O Sfl sa O© I- b-OfaOfaOCOlOOL-COCMXOOOO©©fa©©COfaCO COX XCMCM©OfafaX'HHXOIlOlOXC0OC0©© 0©CM©©CC©t-X010fa©fa©fair:XXfa01COOO© CMfa fal-CCCMfafafa©^Olfa©©"c0CM"cM'idc0fa fa COOlfafaL-Ol" fa fa" fafafa ©'©CM* fafa©'©*©"©'CI ©'©'©" 1~ © •XX :©"© fa fa 00 1- Ol ■ ■fa ■ • - fafa © . . . . '.'.'.'.'.'. .'© " !©' ! ; ■©'©' ©'!'.' Ul ' ■ ' a • • • ■a be • ■ ■ ■ • ■ bn a-iH co a sqO r-'jSMti 0 33C Z5 rj nj dq a co a O0/0O >' oj iS bijQ 4J bfi bij"tl +J > oj Oa33oja333;aoa ZC^.rj,0'*.<rl.OZ.'A bi-S^j jj ^ b." u >. urg ,j ro^tcOajCKPfT^ajOOOZOiToiiioO oO 0 o Measured by floats in ditches. At south line of I.R. No. 10 Measured by floats in ditch. ai H Z P rO P M P 03 E rO H O P © ©©fa IO fa CO CO CM* CC © © X O GC s 05 P O H Z <J P P a 0 7. © • CO • • • ©■ ■ • ; x ; ; CfJ -r M P 0 a p p z p p P P . o • • ' © ' " ; cm . ; 0. J. Bergoust M. C. Erotberton . . . June 29, 1912 Sept. 27, „ Aug. 6, „ July 23, ,, Arcot or Thirty-two mile Creek D 276 Report op the Minister op Lands. 1914 s o w EH A a < M TO d a o ■S3HH -fig •B3JV dSv-mvici 0) a m c P CO be t/s o « p oa « 0? a GO a P >y o r0 O-ft +j a fcjo rK« Ofa P ^ o fa -^CG 02 A o o £ fa ■fl a bJl O ■a a o' d Q a d ft xn o o d z / ■S .a .S a a' oo oi a oo a -a a o oacaoa a5c0 J a 3 a , ° o °r ca goa^ a 2 aa I ■ ° 3 a o a a>- ca o pSts S •Sj&oO? .fl 0JjSv t3 rBiarBc,aa,B o oj t-j oj .a o ft d) .■ooS\ !™ CG fa, O o a c ,^ " ■ — — etH hot S <D O 0J w" o o o , ^~ Ofl ft J §'3'H d B • 5 '£ fl! -*H Ui ] BO © b 21 n o i" o fa v SfcrgC-"-. Hja SB, - o a .5 a: .Sao I Z iooii i 3 fc: 3 fe : a " i a ^ I ,xl -ro o'A i a oj a o S . M B> (. _, k oa a a a a r. ■- - ;; jr; M c. r- t. r- ; _a £ a ,a £ a po S 00 00 Id M S a a o "£« a co flf § ^ .^ SwoS" oCS 0> A. u SI 3 Or ?« o. a . a o r- 1 B-S 3 . O O B o Qj o ■ j.MftbrMfti>*Hfl! ' £ B-Q ej a S B « n ?• CO — r- ^ oH ^ fa. £5g£§S'3£;3 ©©©©o o X CO IO IQ © ©_ © fa© © io io" fa © fiK -«« 39 a 3 5 O O 01 os « : : :u Sa-ojJ-g^ a£|go| a o 3 j— a +j a s s CrH a a OH™ ■-. +^ 0" a oSS J OOPP z z o rr ^ OS GG OS ,w 0J ft 0 OJ ft 0 ^a u 0 "S 0 0 0 0 t» u C ■ ) a a 0 0 to 0 C 0 m xn m m 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 277 73 > 3 o fa O Oh dqa !flfa ©•a « o aa-ft -a fa c flfa _■ a r P fe+: [S c; faO .'a,B *a m Ooo • ai o. ft fa ba "rH ft fl ft fl •a a a o a o o-ft B d d _, a fa ■° o o^3 o^- r*5 (5"^" r?A -rH fc- IO J © ■ Ol fa I— oi fa fa z © © -Jl or\ © ■ IO © : 'fa P Ol ;oi a z S3 M . oj B P o n d rr\\ d 33 <jrr, S 3 uS„S oP-|p ■O oj a M P to oo a a ■ooo 0) o "A co MM u be ■°S •a-S t-.A fa m r . r^S s Jjro ?s dg zg ©©OI©©©©OfafaO©©©© InTHOOOOOCfMKHCOCOO ClfalO©©0©fa©fal-fa©10L-fa© >OCOX ©X© far-' C XOOXC1CI ©Xfafar-r-;cifaccfa©cCfaCifa©facJ fa [-i.-.o©© i-©o ofa©io© CCCC'fa CiOl-ri fafafa [-fa OI©©fafafaC0©l-O LOCO fa CO 00 iiHCo^CoSPr-p^cjO © d gr-aooOorogflBooOO hb^MOr5QfSbh^ffiC^^Shr:<wOr<Gghh^mO!5fl O fl ^ Q t>» E « Pd ■O o §a S to O . B ^rrj 11% SM 81 d£„ b_ £ ft ■5-3 ^i £,§ct"J^S ccna Ena S-oS ^oH-o^oa- ft u O o <-r-5 A fa] l*"J © IO ©CO fa IO X C01O IO LO 10 0 CM 10 © t-io © L- © ©Ol CO CO LO faCO CM fa COfa fafafa coco CO fa o o ft d i> ■a o SB u CM fa - o - fa ©© faCO CM Ol Ol >*>» m b> 3 a b jjj B B i-sfas ^ S h rM o r>> ■a 1 o _ « 5 o d " ■a a a o o a o3 tt P d D 278 Eeport op the Minister op Lands. 1914 © TO H Ah m rH fC-H M P TO < TO -B8.IY 3 OS GO P <? d a as 2 P oca 3_bC a "aj Og "lOS te P Z P rO P M P OS H O PS Hi a o OS a *. a — ,—. ou Soy S ag So 2 30£!'a a a 3 AS Oi o a ft OJ ti r= ft ts d a r" j , a o M ft o is ad ftV a. fa ft m u O CJ fl 'in a« c; .a .3 HZ OJ £ fa ^ H3 d a ° c, .B^ fa t-j o ft ■2 ft ES'cj Bo fe dfa ft r* ft d ffi._ SaO is afa fafa «£,_. a, d oj _o.B. rCfBrB l"1 ftO o o OiS ft ft ft fa fl fli a a a oj o o .3 3 SIS-? •ooo to fafa l*M ^3 rr a fa a o o fa y> *r 3 ■£ a -PS o a a2 ci; U o /I far j ■a-a Cfa S aS o ^ "Vr- -*-> fa ss s fa o a fa^B.^ d^B.^ -a {"-bis afofl . OQ M r-H O B :gfl T fa Hft £ s s CO fa © © fa CM b-lOfa©CMfaOI fa IO © CM 00 CM © fa CO © © © X fa ©'©'oooo'fa © fa fa ©fad© CM© fafa CC © © CO CM tO ©cofa CO'fafa ©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©©© CO CO IO L' oo©o OO CO© OfaXiO lOfa fa CM • fa CM fa CM CMCM ©©*©'©' ©O ©©©©©©© © ©©©©©© CMCMOfaO COCOCOfaCO ©©"do© .COCOfa .©fa© .COfafa r-CM fafa ©o fa CM fafa ©o * "o01© *© cl'ty fa fa x co x © 0 fa © lO fa fa I- b-lO b-io fc- 01 fafafafafa CMfaCM Ol fa M Q4J r-OQ fa M n.*! t> iir fa t> +J r-y > oaoooo^ oaouoofa ooyfao O^aOrnQM O-^OQOtSOm CAOmA fa w a a. a+j > « ©fa > m a ©fa ■* w & 035757^0 oorrooao-oooB 0<;«3Q2M02;Q^OrH^a:aOf<ftrt ■ o a o o r- c > fid 3 &H o c ft V o : :0 a ,2 rj H 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 279 Measured at Wolverton's Ranch, high water. 24-inch Cippoletti weir at mouth of canyon. Ditto. Measured at Maida's Ranch, high water. o©o © CMXCM LO iOb-iO© oi dodo fa fa Ol faX fafa ©d fa © X fa fa Ol a c o ft 0! > • Oi • o o 5 May 14, „ Aug. 20, ,. Sept. 9, „ Sept. 23, „ May 29, „ OJ p U t* >B o o fl M Oj oi ft O tree a c a c ft U 'P a a ft ~ a CO a ■ a a H'o Ofl fl £ d d a a >- M M M d fa .m d *a f-, o ia •■ga QQ d d bo o Ui d d te fa o to „ „ "3 d ai o to .. "3 S a d u a d Eh a d o o fa> o < o 3 © . . . *© X X CO IO © © b- X fa b- CO' © fa fa © IO x©io t-00 fa CO © CO Ol • •COOlrHCOfaCOX©faXLOCO © X CO CO© .•-©©CO C| ' ' © d © © fa CO Ol CI fa © © © " ! '. \ '. ;©fa-* fa CI fafa 0l©0©0©©©©© CO faXrHXfa © © © fa fa © I - CO X CO © © X © fa CO fa b- O' fa CO LO © IO fa fa b- X © © CO Ol oooooooioeocoooooooocoooaoocccco OiOiO©-.-l©iO '.ICitCOi-OCCOCCi-OOOQOCCClCCO loodfa ©l-OOOX ©O ©'©O i-no X CO CC IO fa © OlOC.COfa ©CMfa IO QOfa©VMO*rHL^:dfai-fa."©l^ IQ fa' X © fa fa fa IO. CO' © I- IO CO fa fa fa fa fa CO IO X O fa LO fa O fa © LO fafa fafa fa >- Ol CM fa Ol CM L- O © fa LO fa CO r IO IO IO IO fa © IO fa © LO Ol x x o oi ioid © © fa fa d fa fa fa faCl CI Ol CO fa I- CO IO fa X © IO © © IO © I ~"ft © Q-- CC X: © fa CO fa CO CI CM OJ. fa H 10 CO IO b- b- fa LO © b- CM fa IO 00 fa l- o*©co*cit-" Ol Ol fa © © CO © © Ol I- © fa fa fa CO ICC © t- fa fa CO © ©©©©COfaOOXfa© -b-b-l-OI-O© 5 CO CO CO CO'CO CO Ol •B ftfa d -ft fl o ofa 53 H-rj dP SoSS co'A 0. co . -pSggvS: dpp'd M a ,p p . ,o rs . 6 .as o p =8 ■ ft . o IS "£• : : : ' : :g - " d Eh farB O u5S b-©Cftb- b- IO CO*"© © ■CO oi fa Ol fa fa Ol fa CM CM - © XlOfafafa^fafafa £*3Sa3aSo«S'33g'So^ SrOr^r^rohrjrTjtB^rarrjro^GOOrSro Bba > eri rj" 6 a is- bi aP »' J Jj jj <! > >■ fc ■£ "£?; 3 3 a og o a a£ 33 3 ca ooo«j2i;5wi2"?S: roroffir5r,pg-<gr,r,ri;GBO«5OSr3O&r0r3a2<ir-.r a ™ ,.' a ? 3 lr r~. 3 iKsHjHhj D 2S0 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 -3 -a .A U-. a a r. oo ." O S 0 ^ ._ 3 mile Deli an- 5th, 3.33a 0 O tat,H wi wa 01 0 "fl g-aSBd M 0 r5P 3 bo« OJjB O f-j T 9 fl w oj a .„ a .s ,. 0. a 0 .„ GO lr a a o P4 CO aaaB = 0 ■S'-|'C 81H 0, | ^ . SS^ ^a . 0 « "5 - 'S£g rf SP^ tt a 0 d ,.io ^ 0 -a % 01 g (ft „'„ * " "^-g ^ ^'a d 9 oj ^ci fa'ft-a 0 .fl^Brn < P Ai Ch _ o c 1. 5 ci . . . . § o SB EH Z w rr3 H Ph P p ft p o^flfl d 0 d g M 3 M d r a „, a<w f £5 BJ <: 3 a a o,a ag O to Cl^ O p a a X ftft ft£* do d a ■ at, -a Wtz 2 "j. a _ be c> 9- d a B _ fl £ . a 0 d a 0 d "? B3 C4 £ d r< "S9IIH 'bS aSeutijjQ H P5 P rr, P B3 GO p irO rt H K 10 C5 P d w IO 00 rH O 00 H © s 32 GO O11OLOC0IO 00 oi P O O K . © CM* IO fa" IO Cl" fa fa rft P ou o o H o ft r^ GO O d P o On Q _ GO © CO b- w P CM LO © C Ol X CM C 0 P o TJ1 H OOOOOO O faCMfa C LOCO fa C © fa CO © © CM* © CO © lOfa©Ob-faCM©©©0©©fa o rft CO O O KO o z _ fa fa CO X fa © Ol fa fa © L- Ol lO I- CO O rH 00 I- O CO CO IO fa I- X CO fa IO CM L~ X CO © I- CO fa U a r.0100 00 01 Ph CO IO GO IO 00 rH rH p SB H CJ I ©©X © fa 01 5 P fafa© LO O r^ K r. Ofa P o CO CI fa fa O CO CJ o red ©©© 0 © 0 © d cm" co" l- fa fa oi . o 1 m o Eft p ■ M [ s w m | Ci H 'OH M P 0 A B a z P ra drj o 0) [ft 2! P p o c 0 P r* 1- XOI-XCOOIO ] ' \ \ " ' M "3 b- t© CO ©Ol-fa . p P fa fafaOICOOIOICM . *<02 O1 O M c 3. H M 02 O C «tj H A H o Z, •j-j o ^ H c *rt Q X faOX©©©© O c 3 < t> Eft P P P O s P P O VI P A. o ►B P. d P a GO GO GO <• n P H a a Ui to ia w _ M O <ri p d fl d P H C5 <j Z, a f5 O O O r^ fl M A 0 - a 0 a* a : = - ~'£ H Q d - - " - Ai c3 A] oV\ O « 0 a U & Q Hi Ol fa 0. fa 01 f* H fa> « - r- too- * * " * © " " C © - © rO fa r- fa O 3 P .. - „ H d Q ^J CO©© X O © © X H P P O o M H O P JE? bo aP >• 3 3 ff-o O r,<!a30Z o CJ B3 P o p M M bC > a a a * » M a -ft -H > O 0) L_ 09 Oi fb-5 O fa CM cMfaC^l .000^ ^ fa.'d"tfl . t+5 - fa fl p a fl fC'^-fa a p a Xr sp ©fa u ajpaaaa0 ^^ a a "^ 0 « O fftr-,1— rjrjnOObhs^a.O a ^ d 0) rH ijr c M ft a 0 X > rH W > > o o S a r-3 30 " " * * a o 0 "S O ±4 i>l ft O ft -tj 5 £ d 5 a> a h & A O 0 0 0 § 0 a5 oj Si ^ ft £ a _ d ° c3 d tJ >> fH O 0 fl! O d o C2 U (-) M H "H W ca 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 281 o o a,", ft© r 6s? 'I* H° •HZ o Z Ol t. A a 00 4r flbl '-S3 a J co 30 ""b > a .2 BrMfl, -fa %m. * d Hl'ftfH SiS^S w O ^00 log A p fc •£?B o' ©* lOX ' "faCOL-OlXb-COOlfafa ' • ■ O X b- CM CO fa LO t- O IO © LO" IO CO fa fa fa CO CO fa ■ " © fa fa" Ci X X CO fa fa ' 000©©©©©0©©©©©©Ol0010t-fa©©faOt-0©0000 01-X CM oo©OOOt-faX©XCMfaC0 fa'fa©C©lO© 0©OOC ~--^Z: OX© OO OOOOO fa CO fa IO© CO i-©fa fa ©Oil- X O CO Ol CO fa O fa © fa IO IO CM CO k: OfaOlfaOOlXfaXX© CQfa ©IC ©© IO fa b- CM © © O © t- © L- fa CMfafafa ©fa©10faCOl-0©©faCOCOL-XfafaO©lOfa©falOL0 10CMfaLO©L-CMfa © b- fa CM fa fa COlOCOCOfa I.O X 10'OH-CM CO IO fa lO X CM* © b- faOlOXfalOOt Ol © © IO IO CO X CO I- © O © CO X © o 01 CM 01 C1 Ol fa fa ©' © © io' fa CO CO oi CM© IO L-©CM oico co ©©©©©© © © © Ol-fa -XO'O© L-CO O fa fa CM LO L-- Ol IO Ol fa*CO*IO*X* CM* 10*0 b-' ©* ©fa fa01fa©*CMO©O©©i0>©faX© CM © fa fa CO r-' X OI O © CO X fa O © fa CI X © L- lO LO fa fa ©©©©©©©©© OOfafawfafaOlfa L-fab-X©OXXb- B 3 • «o p 0 'fa IO fa" cm' c^'-fa ©"fa* CO* ©'fa'fa" oi" fa ,_| jv, CM CM CM fa CMfa - f co o - o* kT .rfa rd"t_T,-*'fa r „ fa-"~ s_fa r* w a a m fl fa en j-^fa a 3ofj g+j aaBo^ooooa^f-jao^oo^jr-ja^a Bo^aaBo^ J O^O^r<3hri^KO^'Mhh^bb<ICCOhrS<!ajO LB O fl EH tc 1 en a "En A -fe D 282 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 I ID EH A rH <i r-1 « D 02 Hi H ra Hf, B Ph tH 03 M ft d a o j^ •S3 UK ■bS ■B3JEY aSeutu-iQ d IS X t. p d M BU CJ ft d P p oi OQ ^ P o o MrB -ft o o| p p -H O -3 05 © X d -a _ £ p ft fl a d M o •O d G a d o 03 O o a a r< t-fa©fal0OfaXC0C0©O X I- CO Ol Ol fa LO CM L- © fa CO fafa fa fa fafa -fa Qir* Jfl^fa ►=*■ fa > fa fafa' OoBo^^O^BOOO O^kJhO'JO^OOO o ft a o-a S a a3 o a WO Vjux ^M.^"'a-Gj-t-'o ■SSSoggagflS A o m a E oc— 2 OrH o o o a o a g oi? a OOOSH^GOGOCSrH as * s C a A? ui A p-3 <rW CM OlOfaCMX fa co co* fa d © CO 01 © fa © b- © © © IO t- X LO fa CM fa © L0C0fac0faX©fafaC0©©©faXOl0fa©XOCMl0©10©©©©© © fa X CO IO I- CO X © © fa CO10 fa I- © fa IO b-1- © O fa I- © © © © © © Xb-LOCMfaOlX©faC0©©©b-fafafa©©XlO CM fa X I- fafab-XCN fa*fa" fa fafa" fa Ol fa o"X*X* IO © LO Ol IO © © X IO IO © © fafafa©COfafaCO©X©© faCMoifafaoioioioifafafa IO I- IO © © fa fa©©01© © x" io' io" lo* ■ eo X b- "©XXl0C0-Ol©X©XrHfa . a co cm x © io io io so fa fa x CM LO © IO IO LO © o fa on- x fa © b- © © CM fa © ©m fafa CM*faOl" IO IO O X © LO IO b-b-©fa COCOI- fafaCMO! faCOCO •fl .M ■ o „s « a p u c a CM CO nOl faX©©©C0fab-©C0fa©" fa CM CM CM fa Ol CO faCM t-'O fa X fa fa X O^T.'fl "SiOk-Pl Of- 'Oo. "^ fafa "0>-" ^jJ « * _ O O K. ^ Gi&S&ti 3 aiS%\pai:-33coA> a3%%.A ^a a a aiSS 333<ua333 oj^ 3 3 3 3a a O 333ojaOaco33333 r-S H < GO G rrj rr, rrj GO »r-, l-0l-srrjl-5GOGOrCrrjl-srrGOOr^Oprol-sr,Hl-0 > 5 oi 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 283 OOI CTj n fa a OC B _ ft ,_. 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'Xb-LOfa©t-l01OLOC0Cl b- X " ' fa fa fa fa fa ' ' © O O © © X X X X X X <Mfa '...'.. " . . ' EC K> p Ol to Ol io a a a od J CCA A be A ba CO 3 U3 2 S - : - ;£K HQ -SSM SrS drid rid StaaS'Ss "S •gigaS-aa £ .-h O—-r- Ofa O rv to ai EB fa Fl fa ft _ fa fa p|p<k<: fli ©"t- ©*fa*b- ©'x"0l"©*Ol X* CO* ©"fa" ©"fa1 COfaCM fa CO Ol fa Ol Ol CM CM fa fa cm ©"co co'x"© of©" fa"Lo'©*co' CMfa CMfa fafaCMCO fa ft „? a fa M Q, „ ft _.- ; ..: w -?fa a a r3 « i-1 B-fa a a -a vz^ aaaa^A-aaa s ^ s 0<h ft O O-a -a s" a o r >-* U- r—. D 284 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 02 ft A TA \t K £H d a o « "S3IIH bS "B3.1V eSBuiBJci oi (^ CQ fa P d ou o M d o s o ft m o p CJ u S3 MB a bo o oS p fa d ft o p cfa 02 ai fa -a o te P ft M o 13 d I d P a d o xn A, o a d ^1 o a £2 go 5 a i £a I biX N o <H © fccB d o o s t 3 .r .a , a " oi ^ . la rH grj j°oi'2fla laid* c.?P ■ CrrP^ ,, H^H N ft CM _ <_ Ccitjjt .fli f CI OK j Sol H B o-B oi *g * § I a br t. '-as' fcgoSfcn Ris a .d| ^.rS.' fa'0 <y Bfl -a d +j Eft C0©fafa©CM© d oi io* fa" fa oi" fa faXC0©CMO fa fa © oi fa d ©b-OlXfa©fafaCMOO©OfaOOOfaOO©OOfaiO©©©0©fab-0©©©0©©©X©©fa©fa©© b- fa rH fa Ci © © © b- fa O O I- CO CO CO fa Ol fa b- X CO 0t CO © © fa CM fa © fa fa X Ol CM fa ] t CM I- © L- I- © CO fa CO © LO L- fa © ©fa faOfafaXOC0©X'©OC0CMfaL0©CMi0M>CM©t-©©OCMfaX©i-HC0r-ifafaCMC0CM COCOfa fa* fa" fa fa* CM* IO CM* fa" CO* fa CO' CO* CO* fa* CO* fa* CM" fa" fa* fa CM* COCMCOiOfaCMCMfa fa©©fa©C0b-fa fa" b- b- © ©' id co co 1OXXC0 © CM fa X © L- td fa fa co* oi fa ©iO©CMt-XfaCOfafa xxcoi--©cm© a io io Ol fa fa CO iO' © © CO CO © © CO X IO Ol Ol Ol © CM © X CM I- © © b- fa fa fa CO CM fa fa 1010©CO©CO©0©© Ci CM O O lO' O L- © © L— fafaCMfa fafa Qfl fa© fa OJ <p fa'cj [_ • B da Or A bnA oo a 3 a 3 <J a d A d CO OO r^rf GO rfi Oi GO GO .4 rH Ol o\| Oi rH Oi ON CO Ci IO IO Oi OO >■■>>■% Jj U i*0 C '4J ,. 0J O (H) .. o.o?flr»oua&ac aBB"< a aiS s 3 3 oo a7j a " g 33P ; GOGOar,r,-HGOOPr5r,r,r;r,r,Co6<;3r,H-<GOO^^r?^^^dr5 — -....._ -~P f» 3 is bh %\a" > a iS bo bi<j t»' p1 biaP" ' A ^ 333aja333333a0333oja03333a033oa , rH Or r. — ^^nrrr — ,—rl^'/r .mAO. , rl>O0*r.lmn 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 285 a •- wa. rr t! 3 O -, oaoc^j ^rOg^, A2> •» "aa'aS J a bu to -a a oa — S co & a a* £ i. .a .a £ o d o £■3 "h ego: SrJ a ^ a° IO 'B „ H^rB B d O © © t- © © CO b- d ci fa id fa ci r-i d fa © fa © IO fa O fa © X Ol X X X © Ol Ol o © X I' X X fa o fa x" © id co" co © fa io- co no fa © © io © X CO CO L0fa©10C0O'fa©falOfaL0L0 ©o©ofaOb-oix©©©©©oo©©©©id©CM©CMco©co©io©cMidfafaXfafaOCMcdddfa©faddo'©idi>fafa©ioco©oifa fa©XfaXIOfa© faOliO CO ~. 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'. . . . . © b- X I- X X © * ©©■©© LO cifadxdfa ' ; ■ ; ; * ; ; * ■ ; * ■ ; ■ * * fafaoicofa t-oi COfafaCOfafa ; , fa fa CO lO IO LO CO QUI? c'fli d_ p d P •Z m *- a EfaPd Bg-5fao©Bg3flB.o0rt fl"flfl3a _^a fl BcTwo*p_fl Bo^a^a _ £,3 aa ~ 0 « £ P a _ a_; « a a a oTa a b T> 28G Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 o I w H 'A a Ph « p VI -4 « EH OT d a o « •S3IUM •bS •loajy 9S^UlLi.TCI d s BU E_ p' a BU u bt o s fa a QQ 5 ■9 d) BU o ■fa P fa o r-, o-ft fcCnB a m OJ .ST* P ft-1 a o B -ft o o Oi d- ft o «30U p a1 BU aJ "a -fa £ p o ai D. d 60 o aj a d d P a d o ft W <IH O O a d £ p i § "B fa o o ©■ P » ■ft M —' b.+j mga oj bca d Co GO OSSfi bO cS a a Oh a ssa o ^ N ft , tfl O O tn "? ofl d.a fa O O O 50 ■St-a! d^3.„ as* '"Or, sal p fa © fa fa CM fa © © 1.0 © fa © fa fa fa* fa fa CO X IO IO Ol fa Clfafa©©©©fab-©©fa©OfaCl©©faC0C0©OOOO©©©©©l0faO©©©©©©X©OC0iO©01 L-OXCOOXiO a CO CI© faX©© X fa fa CO CM 01 cm fa >o lOfa 10 IO © IO CO CM fa Ol X I-i-i CO 10 I-fa 1-fa CI CO Ol CM fa fa © © CO L- fa fa fa CO CI © X LO OI fa b- fa b- © IO X © CO b- LO Ol fa X © b- LO b- CO 05fa CO© b-QO HOICOOlCO CMCMCM fafaCOfaOIr fa IO CO Ol fa fa IO © © © © Ol CM ■ IO IO i- © © LO fa Ol i © fa" fa CM* fa © © © IO t-K5©b-©©l-iO • >q fa i- © io fa io io oi " © ; " ; | ; ; " ; ; ; ; ; ; ; p cm oi oi ci fa 3 ©' © fa IO © © CO fa © fa © 1.0 © CO i- b- CO fafaOlfa 01Q10©00© -i © X Ol I- © CO fa LO © IO © CO ©XOCOfaOX© ©©I-fat-OX CO fa © LO © IO fa fa CO «@ O-hCJ o.—<rr -1. ffl irj drj KbO oo oj • o a Hroi a g a S-a-a a a 5J 0S.O3 IS ™ prGO'd p**ia a o a ■ a • & ' GO . =3 J £.2 a.2S Ofa o— o ;i5p --aPE^ . . at • ■ P<< fl^fcj CJ Or-i 2r,'P -i-_ © i_ cc ,-h t- © © .re 3 fa COfafa ^C ■S.P & § £?r5i?SS fc £ a ij m\S,J j"i? > *£, > b .. ., en -_..„ab._, a a.° a ° 3 a o a a a = 3 3 3 3_a a < 7 o a , ?is a a S „aP !>■'barbie GOOSHr^r-ir^GoiGOrSrO^^-T.GOdrO^Gr^jO-^g - - - ^jg^ ^ ^ ^qJH ~ ~ - -^ g g - ~ ^ a^ 3 375 a 3 aa a gjGjj aa a a g-3 3 g,oo H3 A 'a 4 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 287 d£ o 03fa 3° d a .2 ° O O fa <■* S wj e a! <fa V fl a -_ iq co oi © b- id cd fa CM O © lO CO Ol fa fa b- - LO CM Ol b- © © O © O © O X fa © © © O O fa © © CO L- © CO fa CM t- CO X' 01 X © CO fa X © fa J Cil-H lO b- © b- © IO Ol IO 0-1 © IO © fa b- Ol CO X CO fa fa -Ol CO fa CO CO CM fa © fa CM fa f* L- CM HO CM ©fab- CO fa ©fa LO X O © © L- fa fa^ OI_b- fa ■ fa 33 33 ofolrHfafa" OlrHfa* ©©CMOIOICM© ©faX©01©00 t- L- I- Ol Ol © Ol CM fa cd co cd co' oi oi oi 0 LO LO © CO b- X CM 10 CM O I- CM COfaCOCOfa OI©XOXfa©fa © fa b- fa fa Ol fa CO crl © IO fa fa CC Ol oi 00 © © SO © CO oi©"© iq iq iq ©©©'©COCOCMLO IO © © © b- ©LO© fa O Ui Ui fafa fa m a a to ft a Pco-rriPP dPodiH a o 03 t3 9 - to ■3 a.. ^P cP P< a:«hh o Ofa" Sn' d ft w •S3 'Ofa Uft BUM 1 a a a * Ofa ft • ft " y . o d _ P£u faj fl^BU <a Oh lo'x" 3 CO fa" o* co'x" fa CMfaCMOlCM * * ft g & § §£'a 3 J5 i i £ s a £?£?£?SS & g a 3 co o « 3330333 ojP 33333a coS 3 Zi < XHZ ir3 Hs (-a Ha GO rrji-s-^tJQHrrjr^rriHarri OQOiSrs rjbl] 3 3 r - H<GOO<2prr't2«rrrHr^<]GOr5 Pf, a a ; :::::::::::::::::::::::::: :z « .:■':::::::::::.. : :::::::: \a a A . a a n a oj a aa u fr J© M ° ° a ., oj 3S 3 a Poos O a j ao co ■3 _ qS? a a rO bf 3 3 cjj co a a.3 O rH CHEfa ft a -S "I ° a a b X? rcsta ; 3 a-: rB-B o o a a faS fe © XX fa IO © I- fa fa Ol fa IO fa fa fa © Ol r ©fa©LO©CMfa©X©CMCM©10far COOcddfaOCdfadfafafa'fadr B-fa to a [S o O fcO r-l p'o "a pc -co P flrB A a fl+j Bfa fefl=j O o M M £o o bo -B 3 gj . -M^flq ' Tr. S -4 d flHO Pd CMCO CMCO ^fafa .. - rjflfa os© " ©o ©IO. OOIOJIO CO CO .-.-i ©Ci". CO rH© IO© CO CM fa fa fa fa CM CM cm CM fa CO fa CM MMT. , . > M Mo M Mfa |> £j bJJfl? M faflfaooaaoBBoo^a^a <<WAA< <m<<OAr-i^ir^<i rW rM r?'flj ^ fl 5gcja53^o" - "ft 'a B M o.A ftC ft -* K f-i -fa .B fa ac.ri^S'sa p'o'g d r>.a; B q « c aj-fl 3 ft ft o o ft a- -a .a o d KaOUUhEhCOW JhaJ B" cc Wflj a c5 > 6 i-hP ,fa fa fafafl. D 288 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 I m EH Ah « VI «<1 rrl .r. «a -<! m Ph EH ii a a o w •soiih •ds •Bo.ry SSTJUIBJa d HI cc rr P a be CC CJ d P A Ol a o ft xn o P flj o 3 brA 3 be °tt p c-5 r o p •i o <XJ1 c CO A -fa" -d o p o aJ a d M o « >) d d G A d o CO fl, o o A d £ A ZJ CD a a fl ft O B > o Bfa -a a ft^ ba at a © ? M B O b«- aA dfa EHSh Q Ph c-t X Ol x O io »o a>OCM©CM co©x©©©x • O fa to fa CM © O LO IO CM © © . ©©©fa© LOLO IO . -COfa • • " ' COO ' ; .fad . ; • ■ IO • ■ ' 'cot- " ! .fafa " . . .fl '. • fl . o . fl x> r£ O fa Bfa 3 ■^ B fa 3 w o ui a bb ag B ? 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P^P Hrip a'?M o-j 3 . ft Pro df4s£ a^l S3 OlA pr a pop a a fa CO faCO faCOfa CO faCO fa CO fa fafa fafa - ~ fa .. -o ©o oo© - -© ©o "© " " " © " fa fa fafa fafafa 1-1 fafa fa fa CM CM CM ftflPa "Egg o 3 o o a a C0<|C0 CCn^Hotj fa ftfa ft cw fa ft =JJ o-J OxCoH Oco<^<! o o coco ,y_d A- 0) O ft tl- oo a <3 B ft OOri* 3 a d ft CJ a 3 a f a 3 O ^.Pa CJ a a 5 }>A %-%-S od dap ppo - co oi ; 5 3 i SrSf a a^; a a i-ooo Ooi-h tJ » aro o">B U O O 3 csa» D 294 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 a* d a o p ■s_UW &S •"eoay 9SBUIBJQ t_ i*i 02 fa P o A. o M d Ci fli o 0 fl ft co" O ■fa p w Oi fa o o ■OH o o M3 3 M o 1 fajtS P V! H Z w dfa _,_; P H ■H -j & P CO VI ■*l >H S fa fa fa o p s H ft o .3 ft d M p fl fa to d ft a d a. CO O o a d 1 4 i A) fjj d„ O ft £i 3 oSH ft ft a O Oftn .oo £* to a ft d +. r- o P Ma; G o "S ft 3 §M ft » oO o b a (3 =° ". fl fl O o fa filSS w fa fa m —• Ol oioM o 1 CO H SS H rO H p p <r H fa ©COfa © L-X© fa faO© a O M H5 0 IO O LO L- CO C0CMO1 p. © ©©© CO p O P SS -J p a CJ 71 1 ss 71 <; « a o rH S3 n. P Q « W o o OflJ p op M SH Ho -iS-8 i> d& a EH CO fa CO' r> .-fafa c © 'O© fa fafa go a 10 xxoi fa faCM Ol M MftM B <; <!»<; M • v o O • ft * _l a G S a i c72 N COiOCOb-©©OXIOCOO©0©00©0©0©0©© CO001-©fa© C © ©fab-©©iO 10 O © !0©©©lOC0© CM ©_© © © ©a© fa LO X fa fa fa rH CC fa CO Xfa fa b- W00 IO ©"co" x' ai-'odx ©' © x' fa* x" x' x"x" P io' co'cM'co'fa oc «*©" fafa fa ©10 CM fa CM LO© ©CM fa fa CM©C0©©©©b-CMCMC0© © fa IO I- © © © CO © X X L- © oi io co ©_ t- fa © ©__ l- cq ia Ol CO* Ol CM* CM* CM* © O* 3 fa CO* CM* Ak fa B P > a* ja i: 2 a a ■£"? m k. > H>! OZhrHgribr:b^a-<bf 3 3 B a/o O o oi © fa © ^a fa © CO IO it! a a a a a ' OOOOO l- X CM CO b- © CO fa 10* ^ °. fa fa© mmCOCZ O . o fi ft s £w o „0 a ft S o fl Bfa «;,_, o o-.-- fa d OPPPtC PART IV. SURVEY BRANCH. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Report of the 'Surveyor-General 297 Report of the Chief Draughtsman 309 Report of the Geographic Branch 314 'Survey Reports— 1. British Columbia-Alberta Boundary, by iA. O. Wheeler 317 2. Lillooet-Kamloops Boundary, by W. S. Drewry 322 3. 124th Meridian and near Nazko River, by W. G. McElhanney 328 4. 53rd Parallel, by R. P. Bishop 333 5. 55th Parallel, by A. H. Holland 337 6. Kamloops-Yale Boundary, by O. B. N. Wilkie 339 7. Strathcona Park Boundaries, by W. J. H. Holmes 341 8. Groundhog District, by T. H. Taylor 346 9. Groundhog District, by D. O. Wing 349 10. Omineca District, by F. C. Swannell 351 11. -Nechako Valley, by F. Butterfield 356 12. Bulkley Valley Townships, by H. C. Black 358 13. Lakelse Valley, by L. S. Cokely 360 Vancouver Island— 14. Clayoquot and Nootka Districts, by H. N. Clague 364 15. Ucluelet Peninsula, by P. E. Leach 36S 16. Salmon River Valley, by E. H. Ferris 371 17. Township 24, Rupert District, by F. G. Aldous 373 18. Townships 9, 20, and 21, Rupert District, by J. F. Templeton 378 19. Cape 'Scott Vicinity, Rupert District, by H. H. Browne 380 Coast— 20. Texada Island, by H. Idsardi 384 21. Malaspina Inlet and Sechelt Peninsula, by W. P. TJnwin 386 22. Banks, Prescott, and Porcher Islands and Kumeolon Inlet, by R. L. Horie . . 3'89 23. Calvert Island, by A. Wright 391 24. 'Nass River Pre-emption Reserve, by K. C. C Taylor 393 25. Nass River, by A. E. Wright 397 Graham Island— 26. Townships 7, 11, and 14, by F. Nash 399 27. Township 7, by F. D. Rice 401 28. West of Naden Harbour, by J. C. A. Long 404 29. Between Masset Inlet and Naden Harbour, by J. C. A. Long 405 30. Kumdis Island, Masset Inlet, and West of Lawn Hill, by C. de B. Green .. . 406 31. North-west of Graham Island, by R. D. Gillespie 407 32. Princeton Vicinity, by P. W. Gregory 408 33. Anarchist Mountain, by A. M. Johnson 409 34. Kettle River, West Fork, by ,0. M. Shaw 411 35. Okanagan Valley, East of Vernon, by H. C. Verrall 415 36. Township 41, Osoyoos, by F. H. Latimer 418 37. North-east Kootenay, by James and J. C Brady 419 South Fork of Fraser River— 3S. Between Goat River and Catfish Creek, by D. B. Morkill 423 39. Dore River to Clearwater River, by J. A. Walker 427 40. Nation Lakes, by J. M. Milligan 438 41. Francois and Ootsa Lakes Vicinity, by V. Schjelderup 437 42. Eagle Lake Vicinity, by D. McDougall 441 43. Canoe River Valley, by H. D. Allan 443 44. Clearwater Valley, by R. H. Lee 446 45. Clearwater Valley, by F. C. Green 449 46. Badger Creek, Lemieux Creek, and East Barriere Lake, by E. P. Heywood 451 47. Deadman River and Tributaries, by J. E. Ross 453 48. Celista Creek and Adams Lake, by F. J. Dawson 455 49. Lillooet District, by G. M. Downton 458 50. Northern Lillooet Townships, by F. Tupper 467 51. 100-Mile House Vicinity, Cariboo Road, by C. J. Biggins 470 52. Cariboo District, Vicinity of 52nd Parallel, by H. F. Garden 473 53. West of Fraser River, South of Chilcotin Plateau, by A. F. Cotton 475 54. West of Fraser River, between 52nd Parallel and Quesnel, by R. W. Haggen . .. 476 55. Beaver Valley, Cariboo, by C. W. Murray 482 REPORT OF THE SURVEYOR-GENERAL. December 31st, 1913. Hon. William B. Ross, K.G., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on the work of the Surveys Branch for the year 1913 :— The progress made in the surveying of the Province may be justly considered satisfactory, as the amount of work accomplished exceeds that done in any former year: 1,000,000 acres of Crown lands have been surveyed by the Government, the greater part of which has been subdivided into lots varying from 160 to 40 acres in extent; 400 miles of district boundaries have been run, explorations have been carried out in Cassiar and Peace River Districts, and, in conjunction with the Governments of the Dominion and the Province of Alberta, a commencement has been made on the survey of the easterly boundary of the Province. Seventy-five surveyors have been in the employ of the Government for varying periods during the year, and of these, fifty-five have had work allotted to them which has taken some months to complete. While, in the past years, Government surveys have been confined to the vicinity of the new transcontinental railways, this year such surveys have been made in all parts of the Province. The map attached hereto shows the localities reported on by surveyors and indicates the distribution of survey parties. In the matter of private surveys, the outstanding feature of the year is the quantity of timber lands surveyed. It is probable that when all returns are received it will ibe found that 1,500,000 acres of land held under special timber licence have been surveyed, which equals the combined area surveyed in 1911 and 1912, and amounts to, practically, 30 per cent, of the timber land held under licence and unsurveyed at the beginning of the year. On the other hand, the area of land surveyed privately is under 600,000 acres, or only about 50 per cent, of that surveyed in the preceding year, the shrinkage being due to the decrease in the area of unsurveyed land held under application to purchase. The full effect of the reorganization and increase in the number of office staff made in 1911 is now being felt. There were no arrears of current work to be dealt with at the beginning of the year, and it has been possible, without delaying current business, to make substantial progress in the improvement of departmental reference maps and in other matters of equal importance which, in the immediate past, could not have been done without interfering too seriously with the more pressing routine work of the office. The publication by the Geographic Sub-Branch of pre-emptors' maps, covering, as they do, a great portion of the entire area of the Province, and which are now being reissued early in each year, would be an impossibility if the general office could not furnish compiled information from which to prepare such maps. The geographic section of the Surveys Branch was created during 1912, and has therefore just completed the first calendar year of its existence. While no comparison with former years can be made, the activity of the Branch is shown by the fact that during the year thirteen new maps have been published and nine old maps have been revised and republished. In the report of the Chief Geographer, attached to this report, will be found a detailed statement of the work of the section. Office Accommodation. Since the reorganization of the Branch in 1911, the office space at its disposal has been so inadequate as to hamper efficiency. The average floor-space per man during the past year has been 50 square feet, and when it is considered that the majority of the staff work on large draughting-tables the congestion can be imagined. This condition is, happily, nearly at an end, as in the new wing, now almost ready for occupation, ample accommodation is being provided. Among the notable improvements which the larger quarters will permit of will be sufficient counter-room for the convenience of the public requiring to examine plans and records on file in this Department. Instead of a counter 12 feet in length and situated in a dark passage, there will be a well-lighted counter 40 feet in length in the present draughting-room. D 298 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 In anticipation of the increased demand which better facilities will create, a convenient index of all reports and information bearing on the various sections of the Province is being prepared for public use. Possibly, the greatest advantage of the enlarged accommodation will be the assembling of the entire staff under one roof. The geographic section have in the past occupied an annex some distance from the main building, and, as the relationship of the work of the two divisions is very intimate, this has resulted in great inconvenience to both. An old custom revived last year is again followed, and attached hereto will be found reports of the majority of the surveyors employed by the Government during the year. They are published in the form in which they are received, with practically no editing, and are simply an expression of opinion by the surveyors on the localities in which they have been surveying. The reports are almost invariably accompanied by maps which add very materially to their utility, and, while it is impossible to publish these, it may be noted that they are kept in this office for public reference, and that a copy is supplied to the office of the land recording district in which each locality reported on is situated.* Before describing the field-work carried out during the year, it is proposed to give a short description and some statistics of the work of the office staff, as it is only in connection with the work of the office that an idea can be conveyed as to the volume and varied nature of surveys and kindred matters w7hich are administered by the Branch. A detailed description of the office-work, the organization of the staff, etc., will be found in the report of the Chief Draughtsman, and it is proposed, therefore, to refer only to those features which illustrate the character and quantity of work dealt with, and to do so, as far as possible, by tabular statements giving comparative figures for this and former years. The checking and plotting of surveyors' notes of surveys prior to the acceptance of surveys constitutes the principal duty of the office staff. The following table shows for the past seven years the areas of land surveyed and dealt with under the various Statutes governing the alienation of Crown lands, mining rights, etc.:— Pre-emptions. Purchases. Mineral Claims. Timber Limits. Coal Licences. Leases. B.C. Govt. Surveys. Totals. Acres. Acres. Acre s. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. 1907.... 50,460 162,218 10,017 83,016 20,367 4,387 113,968 444,433 1908.... 66,788 147,980 14,607 167,925 9,821 2,580 97,072 506,773 1909 71,316 145,325 10,744 426,121 8,310 15,239 512,373 1,189,428 1910.... 79,273 455,356 12,499 509,201 43,363 5,864 302,536 1,407,912 1911.... 89,485 1,352,809 21,325 686,909 120,938 6,500 948,644 3,226,610 1912.... 99,461 1,011,934 16,645 804,730 99,236 8,560 826,362 2,866,997 1913.... 55,202 508,062 18,043 1,181,355 72,719 4,740 1,014,366 2,854,487 The above figures may be said to represent the areas surveyed each year. As, however, the Annual Report is completed on December 31st, by which date only a proportion of surveyors' notes of field-work for the year have been received, they are only approximately correct. The figures given for the year 1911, which exceed those of 1912, are exceptional, in that they include the arrears of work from 1910, dealt with after the reorganization of the office staff, which took place during the first-mentioned year; otherwise the figures given for each year, while never exact, represent fairly the amount of survey-work done. It wrill be noted that there is a large decrease in the area of pre-emptions surveyed privately. This is accounted for by the activity of the Government during the past year in the survey of lands held by pre-emptors. From preliminary returns received from Government surveyors, it is known that, approximately, 89,000 acres were so surveyed, which makes a total area of lands held under pre-emption record surveyed last year of 144,000 acres, which is beyond question the greatest area of pre-empted land ever surveyed in one year. * Explanatory Note.—The Annual Report of last year explained at length the system adopted in the survey of the Province, and it is not proposed to refer again to this subject, beyond describing what is meant by the terms " Government surveys " and " private surveys " which necessarily appear frequently in this report. Government surveys are made at the cost of the Government and under special instructions Issued by this Branch ; the subdivision of Crown lands for settlement and the survey of land under preemption record constitutes the bulk of such surveys. Private surveys are made at the instance and cost of private applicants for Crown lands or privileges. All timber held under special licence and mineral claims, practically all land under application to purchase and coal-prospecting licences, as well as a proportion of that under pre-emption record, are so surveyed. 4 Geo. 5 Report of the Surveyor-General. D 299 The area surveyed of land under application to purchase is only half of that for last year. This is accounted for by the fact that for some years past land has not been open to purchase over a large section of the Province, and that comparatively little has been applied for in recent years. The sharp decrease in the area surveyed shows conclusively that the survey of land being taken by purchase is approaching completion. The area of mineral claims surveyed is well above the average. The increased area of timber surveyed is the outstanding feature of the year. Already the field-notes of the survey of 1.200,000 acres have been accepted, and it is estimated, as stated above, that when all surveyors' returns are received and dealt with the total area surveyed will prove to be not less than 1,500,000 acres. The table shows that the area surveyed, both in 1911 and 1912, exceeds that of any previous year, and that the combined area for the two years only equals the estimated area for this year. The importance of the figures for the year is increased wffien it is borne in mind that power recently conferred on this Branch to order the survey of timber has resulted in surveys being made in many localities when such were found to be necessary in the interests of owners of adjacent rights or where Government surveys were contemplated. The area of surveyed coal licences and leases in general is about the average. The area of land surveyed by the Government shows a gratifying increase, and is practically double that done in 1909. This increase is the more striking when it is borne in mind that the surveys of 1909 represent the survey, under contract, of large tracts of comparatively open land in the interior of the Province along the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, while the expenditure of this year represents survey of land in all parts of the Province, including the most difficult and inaccessible sections, as well as the definition of district boundaries, etc., described later in this report. As before stated, the office commenced the year without an accumulation of arrears to contend with, and it is gratifying to be able to report that during the entire year the routine work has been kept up to date. The following table conveys a good idea of the volume of such work, and the figures for the preceding year are given for the purpose of comparison:— Field-notes plotted Applications dealt with New reference maps made Reference maps renewed Crown-grant tracings, in duplicate Agents' tracings Field-notes copied Plans traced Blue-prints made Letters received 7,950 6,770 5,900 6,813 15 17 18 16 2,397 2,020 7,950 6,770 700 577 437 1,257 4,500 15,347 10,000 12,719 The work of the staff, in addition to the routine work illustrated by the above table, included the direction of Government surveys and the supervision of private surveys. In the case of the former, surveyors are given definite instructions as to what is to be done before they leave for the field, and these are supplemented as the work proceeds. The surveyor reports progress as the opportunity occurs, and applies for further instructions where he encounters unexpected complications. Speaking in a general way, the notes of a Government survey are easily dealt with, as they represent work done under instructions or the adjustment of a difficulty made by a surveyor having the confidence of the Department and representing it on the ground. In the case of private surveys the practice is altogether different. The surveyor represents his employer in the definition, by survey, of rights acquired under the provisions of various Statutes, and sends in to the Department the notes of the survey of what he considers the latter is entitled to. The work of the staff consists in seeing that the provisions of the Statutes are adhered to and frequently in the adjusting of disputes between surveyors representing conflicting interests, the latter very often involving the issuing of instructions for the correction of one or more of the surveys already made. D 300 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The following table shows the unsurveyed area to which more or less defined rights have been obtained by the public, and gives an idea of the extent of the duties of the staff in connection with private surveys. Figures for conditions at the end of last year are given for comparison:— 1912. 1913. Estimated Area. 1912. 1913. 2,128 2,800 2,202 70 8,600 1,097 1,745 1,510 95 6,000 Acres. 1,300,000 310,000 1,400,000 5,450,000 Acres. 658,000 179,000 900,000 3,840,000 15,800 10,445 8,460,000 5.577,000 Note.—The figures for the year 1912 do not correspond with those published in the report of last year, these having been found to be in error. The figures in the above table for pre-emption records must not he confused with the total area covered by such records, as those covering surveyed land, which are increasing rapidly, are not included. The decrease in the area of unsurveyed records during the year is accounted for by the activity of the Department in the survey of pre-emptions, and, to an extent, by cancellations of such records for non-occupation. No figures are available of the number of unsurveyed mineral claims in good standing; they, however, constitute undefined rights, which the Branch is called upon to protect against encroachment and which will be eventually defined by private survey. The following table gives an estimate of the total surveyed area in the Province. These figures include surveyed areas within the lands transferred to the Dominion Government in 1884 in connection with the construction of the Canadian Pacific and Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railways. They must be taken as approximate only:— Area of land surveyed // timber surveyed ,, coal lands surveyed .... /, mineral claims surveyed In Area under Provincial jurisdiction. 16,635,000 4,182,000 In Railway Belts, Dom. Govt. & E. & N. 2,967,659 1,581,863 Acres. 19,602,659 5,763,863 546,000 387,167 26,299,689 The report of the Chief Geographer, attached hereto, gives full details of the work of the Sub-Branch, and it is therefore only necessary to refer briefly to the maps published while referring to the policy adopted in connection with the preparation and issue of maps. Pke-emptobs' Maps. Any maps of a growing Province such as this are of little value a few years after the date of issue, and the larger the scale and the greater the detail shown, the shorter is the useful life of the map. Thus a map of the section of the Province showing surveyed lands up to the end of a certain year is of little use a year later should the surveyed area be increased materially, while a map of the Province showing only physical features, railways, towns, etc., may serve a useful purpose for a considerable period. The aibove principle governs the policy of the Branch in regard to the publication of maps. In the central portion of the Province north of the Railway Belt now being intersected by three railways under construction, land is being pre-empted rapidly 4 Geo. 5 Eeport of the Surveyor-General. D 301 and extensive surveys are carried out each year. This year 75,000 square miles of this section was covered by a series of eight maps known as " pre-emptors' maps," the name originating from the fact that Crown lands open for pre-emption are specially coloured, while early in the coming year a new iset of eleven maps covering the same area and 25,000 square miles of new country will be published. These maps are compiled in the general office and the drafts are turned over to the Geographic Sub-Branch to retrace and publish. They show all surveyed lands, and, as originally issued three years ago, were rough and unfinished; they are, however, being much improved from year to year in appearance, in accuracy, and in the amount of the general detail shown. They are freely distributed to the public and may be had at any Government office throughout the Province, and are considered to have served their purpose in assisting pre-emptors to find vacant land ,by the time the next issue appears. Degree Sheet Maps. In that portion of the interior of the Province lying south of the Canadian Pacific Railway conditions are more permanent and another style of map is adopted; these are known as degree sheet maps, the area covered being one degree in latitude and one degree in longitude. • The information available in regard to this part of the Province being sufficient to warrant these maps being carefully compiled, they are intended to be of more permanent service. They show all surveys and give much information in regard to physical features. When two maps—now in the hands of the publishers—are issued, the entire Kootenay District south of the Railway Belt will be covered with these maps. The above maps may be considered as being the joint production of the two divisions of the staff, as, while the growing improvement in appearance in the maps is due to the Geographic Sub-Branch, the rapidity with which they are produced is due to the satisfactory conditions of compilation in the departmental reference maps which enable the general staff to supply material as fast as it is required. Geographic Maps. The geographic maps, as distinguished from the land maps of the Province, are entirely the work of the Geographic Sub-Branch. Prior to the reorganization of the Branch, the preparation of maps for lithographing was undertaken toy the general staff. During recent years, however, it was found to be impossible to devote time to this work, and the lithographed maps issued by the Department became, in many cases, so old as to be of little use. These are gradually being replaced by new maps. As it will take some years to complete this work, all old maps have been brought up to date nnd are being republished from time to time, and are only retired when the area they cover is included in one of the new issues. Wall-map. During the past year a new wall-map of the entire Province on a scale of approximately, 18 miles to 1 inch, or a , was issued. This map, which replaced a map drawn in this 1,12 5,00(?J ill i office eighteen years ago, was described in the report of last year, when it was stated to be in the hands of the publishers. The map, as published, fulfilled the high hopes then entertained in regard to it, and has met with a most flattering reception on the part of the public. It is a matter worthy of comment that this and all maps issued by the Branch are published in this Province, and that the workmanship and finish equal that which could be obtained elsewhere. All maps are reproduced by the photo-lithographic process, and the latest productions compare favourably with any maps produced in Canada, although elsewhere more expensive processes are usually employed. Administrative Series. A series of ten maps is being prepared, each of which will show the division of the Province for a different administrative purpose, such as land registration, mining recording, etc. Of these, five have been published and the balance are practically ready for the lithographers. Sectional or District Maps. The old sectional maps of the Province above referred to es being published from time to time are being replaced by two series of maps, one on a scale of 8 miles to 1 inch, which will J) 302 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 cover a large area and give all available geographic information, and another on a scale of 4 miles to 1 inch, covering only one-quarter of the area, but on a scale which will permit of land surveys being shown. During the coining year the first of the first-mentioned series will be published. It will cover all of Kootenay and the major portion of Kamloops, Osoyoos, and Similkameen Districts. One of the latter series is already published and another is approaching completion. The first covers the southern half of Vancouver Island, while the second can best be described by stating that the City of Vancouver will be shown at the south-west corner of the map and the City of Kamloops at the north-east. By the end of the year the entire southern portion of the Province will be covered by new maps and five of the obsolete series will have been retired. In addition to the above, a new map of the northern portion of Vancouver Island and one of Cariboo and Lillooet Districts are urgently needed. It is to be feared, however, that it will be impossible to prepare these during the coming year. While the primary formation of the Sub-Branch was to prepare geographic maps, only a portion of the time of the staff can be devoted to this work, the balance being taken up with land maps and miscellaneous work detailed in the report of the Chief Geographer. The matter of the naming of geographic features throughout the Province is receiving serious 'attention, and the work in this connection is possibly more important than might appear at first sight. As an example, in the survey of new sections of the Province a land surveyor will frequently name a lake or river. This name will be used in correspondence, will appear on the departmental reference maps, and finally appear on the lithograph maps published by this Department. Subsequently it will be discovered that the lake or river was already named by an early explorer, and the Geographic Board of Canada will, as is their statutory right, adopt another name to that in use in this Department. This will necessitate changing the name on departmental maps, and will in the future frequently occasion great confusion in tracing information through the old files of this Department. The geographic section are submitting names for approval to the Geographic Board, and are thus obviating the difficulties in regard to new names which are constantly occurring in connection with names in the older portions of the Province. The collection of general geographic information with a view to the publication of a gazetteer of the Province is also receiving attention. It is gratifying to note that other departments of the Government service are, to an increasing extent, availing themselves of the services of the geographic section when preparing maps for publication. This, in effect, will lead to the standardization of Government publications. Field-work. The Branch has no permanent field force. Each spring a number of surveyors are selected to make Government surveys, and instructions as to such work are issued, care being taken to allot to each the class of work for which he is best fitted. Such surveyors are allowed to employ either one or two assistants, whose names must be submitted for approval. In the majority of cases such assistants are pupils serving under articles and who have had previous field experience. Except in the case of the appointment of two assistants, the surveyors are given a free hand in the organization of their parties. As a rule, survey parties take to the field before the end of May, or at the earliest date when the grass is sufficiently grown to permit of a pack- train making forced marches, and return during the month of November. A survey party in the Central Interior will consist of fifteen to twenty men, and will comprise two surveying gangs as well as packers and trail-makers, and such a party will frequently be out of mail communication during the entire season; while, on the Coast, a party may consist of five or six men only and may be in weekly communication with this office. The difference in the character of the work to be done in the various sections of the Province will toe referred to later. Fifty-five surveyors were employed for the season, and, in addition, twenty surveyors were employed for shorter periods on minor surveys throughout the Province. The Annual Report of the Branch is completed at the end of the calendar year, by which date a proportion only of the final returns of field-work have been received, and accurate details were instructed to send in a preliminary estimate of work done, and from these estimates the following table has been compiled. These figures are not exact, but are approximately correct:— 4 Geo. 5 Eeport of the Surveyor-General. 303 Area surveyed. Acres. Pre-emptions in good standing 89,000 Applications to purchase 74,000 Coal licences 28,000 Timber held under special licence 40,000 Resurveyed 40,000 Crowm lands for pre-emption 1 „2q ooo Reserve for University purposes f Total 1,000.000 Some idea of the amount of work involved in the above may be grasped when it is pointed out that 7,342 miles of line have been run toy surveyors during the year, and that practically all of this was through timbered country; while 395 miles was on district boundaries. It is to be regretted that statistics are not available as to the length of pack-trails built. In the case of boundary surveys, this would exceed very materially the length of line run, as great detours are necessarily required to avoid mountains, swamps, or lakes over which the boundary-line passes; while in the case of ordinary land surveys the proportion of trail built to length of line run would only be a small fraction, the aggregate would be large. It is interesting to note that surveyors' trails are frequently the only means of access to the new sections of the Province. Attached to this report will be found the reports of fifty-five surveyors employed during the season. They are intended to be an expression of opinion on the characteristics and possibilities of the localities in which the surveyor was employed, and the instructions issued for their preparation requested that any technical matter in regard to surveys be omitted. The demand for surveyors' reports, published last year, is such as to warrant the assumption that the information contained in such is of service to the putolic. The report of last year described the general policy adopted in the survey of the Province and the nature of the work being done, and, speaking generally, the description will apply to the work of this year. This year, however, greater efforts have been made to survey land held under pre-emption record, it having been found that where a number of pre-emptors are located in the same vicinity on unsurveyed land, the land cannot be surveyed in a systematic manner without working a hardship on some pre-emptors by depriving them of the improvements made by them in good faith on land to which they considered they were entitled. Applications for pre-emption records have been carefully watched, and where a number of such were received from a given locality a surveyor was sent to survey land applied for and adjacent land suitable for settlement. The delineation by survey of the eastern boundary of the Province is the only wrork done this year which is not a direct development of that of last year, and in describing the work of the year it would appear to be fitting that this should be given precedence. The Boundary between Alberta and British Columbia. The boundary follows the summit of the Rocky Mountains northerly from the International Boundary to the Intersection of the 120th meridian, and thence along this meridian to the northeast corner of the Province at the intersection of the 60th parallel. It might be thought that the summit of the Rocky Mountains was a sufficiently well-marked boundary to satisfy all requirements, but this has been found not to be the case, as already the question of the actual boundary in some of the passes has been a subject of discussion between the Governments interested, and, as any questions of this nature which arise could only be satisfactorily settled by the appointment of a Commission, involving considerable expense and loss of time, it has beeii mutually decided to define the boundary by survey before serious complications occur. The question was brought to the attention of the Surveyor-General of Dominion Lands, with the result that during the year a Commission of three surveyors has been appointed representing respectively the Governments of the Dominion, the Province of Alberta, and the Province of British Columbia. Orders, in Council have been passed by the three Governments under which it is arranged that the work of the Commission shall be carried on under the direction of the Surveyor-General of Dominion Lands, and that each Government shall contribute equally to the cost of the survey, which in the first instance will be borne by the Dominion Treasury. The report of A. O. Wheeler, B.C.L.S., the Commissioner for British Columbia, is attached to this report and gives an account of the method adopted and the work accomplished this year. D 304 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Assistance rendered by the Chief Astronomer of Canada. This Department is once more indebted to the Chief Astronomer for the establishment of the geodetic positions where such information is of the maximum service in connection with Provincial survey. Two observing parties were in the Province last summer, and the following table shows the stations occupied and their geodetic position:— Latitude. Longitude. 56° 32' 48.3" 54° 58' 56.56" 48° 49' 52.29" 52° 23' 33.2" 52° 58' 52" 53° 55' 28" 8 hours 8 ,, 8 „ 8 n 7 n 8 „ 33 minutes 29 20 26 58 11 32 seconds. 10.31 „ 33.75 Bella Coola 59.3 02 06.8 „ This work was done at no cost to the Department, except in the case of the establishment near the 6th Cabin on the Telegraph Trail, where transportation by pack-train from Hazelton, on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, was provided. There being no general survey of the Province, the value of these positions is very great. They are used in determining the exact location of district boundaries when these follow lines of latitude or longitude, and in the orientation of maps. That at the 6th Cabin has been connected with the base-lines run in the Groundhog basin. It is interesting to note that the Telegraph Trail referred to was built in 1865 in the construction actually under way of a telegraph-line from America to Europe via Behring Straits, which was abandoned on the successful completion of the Atlantic cable. After the discovery of gold in Klondike the line was completed as far as Dawson. The use to which the telegraph-line has been put—namely, the establishment of a geodetic position in connection with the survey of extensive coal-areas in the wilds of northern British Columbia— was probably not contemplated by the original promoters. Survey op District Boundaries. Satisfactory progress has been made with the survey of district boundaries. The following surveyors have been employed on this class of work: W. S. Drewry has completed the Lillooet- Kamloops boundary; T. A. McElhanney has completed the Coast-Cariboo boundary; R. P. Bishop has extended the boundary between Ranges 3 and 4 to the foot-hills of the Cascade Mountains; A. H. Holland has commenced the survey of the boundary between Coast and Cassiar Districts; O. B. N. Wilkie has completed the Yale-Kamloops boundary; and W. H. J. Holmes has commenced the survey of the west boundary of Strathcona Park. District boundary-lines are invariably wide-cut sky-lines, the surveyor taking every possible care to secure correct alignment, the chainage being checked by a small party in charge of his assistant, which also establishes monuments at every mile. These monuments are wooden posts in mounds at each mile, with the addition of a bar of 114-inch angle-iron every third mile. The form of angle-iron used here as well as in all Government surveys has been adopted owing to the ease with which it can be nested and packed on a horse. The difficulty of transportation prevents the use of concrete, which would be preferable, but it will be possible to replace any or all monuments as the country develops and means of access improve. The wide-cut swath through the timber can easily be identified for many years, and for all present purposes the lines are sufficiently marked. It is not proposed to describe the boundaries in detail, but to refer only to that which follows the 124th meridian. This meridian, which divides the Province on the map into convenient districts for administrative purposes, has been adopted as the boundary between the Coast and Cassiar Land Districts on the west and Lillooet and Cariboo on the east, the Land Registry Districts of Victoria and Prince Rupert on the west and Yale on the east, etc. Prior to last year no attempt was made to define this line on the ground, and as the proposed route of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway crossed it the necessity for definition was becoming urgent. The result of this and last year's work is that an unbroken straight line 245 miles in length has been run from the Cascade Mountains to the south-easterly corner of Cassiar 4 Geo. 5 Eeport of the Surveyor-General. D 305 District, a point well to the north of all settlement or survey iu that section of the Province. The establishment of the actual corner of Cassiar was particularly pleasing to the officers of the Department, as late in the autumn the party was reported in difficult country and hampered by a heavy fall of snow and still nine miles from their goal. Among the illustrations in this report will be seen the post planted at the north end of the line cut along the 124th meridian and marking the north-east corner of Coast and south-east corner of Cassiar Districts, planted on October ISth in latitude 56 degrees north at an elevation of about 5,000 feet above sea-level. Illustrating this report is also a reproduction of a portion of a plan accompanying field-notes of a boundary survey, and which shows the character of the information and topography of the adjacent country which is obtained in connection with such surveys. A trigonometric profile of the line accompanies the original plan, but is not reproduced. Briefly, it may bo said that, in the spring of 1912, the beginning of the first surveying year after the reorganization of the Branch, the necessity for a framework on which to tie the areas already surveyed and those which of necessity would be surveyed in the immediate future was apparent. The running of the district boundaries was undertaken as the quickest way of getting such a framework, and at the same time marking lines which were or were soon to be absolutely necessary for administrative purposes. Groundhog Coal-areas. The Groundhog basin is situated between the headwaters of the Stikine, Skeena, Nass, and Peace Rivers, and is at present difficult of access, the trail crossing over Groundhog Pass at an elevation of 5,700 feet above sea-level. xVs, however, extensive areas had been taken up under the provisions of the " Coal and Petroleum Act," it was decided to lay down governing lines before insisting on the definition, by private survey, of the areas held under licence. Last year a meridian was run through the area, and this year two parties, in charge of T. H. Taylor and D. O. Wing, were employed in running base-lines off this meridian. Their reports containing a description of the country and the difficulty of access are attached to this report. A connection was made this year with a geodetic position determined by the staff of the Chief Astronomer of the Dominion at the request of this Branch in the vicinity of the 6th Cabin on the Telegraph Trail. The working season was this year very short owing to the difficulty encountered by the parties in getting to the ground. It is proposed next year to adopt a method never before tried in this Province. The force will be reduced to one party and will go in with dog-trains in the late winter, taking sufficient provisions to last till June, when pack-trains will bring in fresh supplies. The party will return on snow-shoes in the early winter. As affording an example of the different conditions under which surveys are- carried on in British Columbia, it may be said that, while the weather in 1912 was good, this year in the Groundhog basin it rained heavily for sixty-seven days in three months, while a surveyor working in the Northern Interior reports one wet day and a few showers during the six months' season. Perhaps a more striking example is the fact that two parties on Queen Charlotte Islands remained in the field all winter and never saw snow. Explorations. While many surveys made in the outlying parts of the Province are to an extent, exploration surveys, only two can be strictly classed as such; that in charge of F. C. Swannell in Cassiar and that in charge of G. B. Milligan in Peace River District. The former continued his exploration of last year and extended a rough triangulation over a large tract of country to the north of existing surveys. The advantage of such exploration in advance of regular surveys is obvious, as the information gained in regard to the physical conditions of the district enables the question of further survey to be intelligently dealt with. Mr. Swannell's report is appended. During the past two years, approximately 13,000 square miles of south-eastern Cassiar and Cariboo Districts have been explored. A reproduction of a surveyor's plan of a portion of this exploration accompanies this report and shows the character of the information gathered. G. B. Milligan, B.C.L.S., accompanied by a representative of the Department of Agriculture, left this spring to spend two years in the Peace River District. This district comprises all that portion of the Province lying east of the Rocky Mountains, and includes 3,500,000 acres transferred in 1884 to the Dominion Government. This latter is situated along the Peace River and occupies the only portion of the district at present accessible. While during the past few years 20 D 306 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 some 500,000 acres of Provincial lands have been surveyed, principally to the south and west of the Dominion block, where it is known that there is no great extent of flat land between the boundary of the block and the Rocky Mountains, the vast territory within the Province lying north of the block is practically unknown. It is hoped that the exploration of the past summer, which will be continued during the winter and the following summer, will result in definite information being available for the next Annual Report. Correction Surveys. It is sometimes found, particularly in the case of only partially completed townships, that surveys made in the earlier days of the survey of the Province were not executed with the precision which is now required, and where such conditions are known to exist a surveyor is sent on the ground to investigate and make corrections where found necessary. F. Butterfield, B. C Black, L. S. Cokely, J. F. Templeton, and G. J. Jackson were employed in such work, and the report on the districts surveyed by the four former will be found at the end of this report. The results of such surveys being still under adjustment, all reference to the surveys themselves is purposely omitted. It may toe pointed out that all the above surveys are in no sense a survey of land as currently understood, and that they are responsible for only a very small proportion of the actual acreage surveyed during the year. Those remaining to be described, and which greatly outnumber the former, may be fairly classed as the survey of land in occupation or in advance of occupation, and a general description would appear to be all that is required. As, however, the class of work done varies in each section of the Province owing to the great difference in the physical conditions, the surveys can best be explained by considering together those made in each district. The extreme north need not be mentioned, as the work of exploration and that in the Groundhog includes all the operations of the year. Surveys west of the Cascade Mountains. Surveyors working in the Coast region have to contend with the dense growth of vegetation and the great size to which the timber grows, which renders progress slow and the work expensive. The area which can be surveyed for settlement in any one locality is usually small owing to the mountainous nature of the country, and, further, the large proportion of this section held under special timber licence precludes the survey for settlement of much land which might otherwise be available. On the other hand, the demand for land for pre-emption is large, the advantage of mild climate and easy access to the markets of the large Coast cities apparently outweighing in the mind of the settler the heavy cost of clearing land. Leaving the surveys on Queen Charlotte Islands aside for the moment, the year's operations in this section have consisted in the subdivision of expired timber limits and of limited areas of vacant Crown lands the subdivision in the majority of cases being into blocks of 40 acres. The following is a brief description of the work done: II. H. Browne, H. N. Clague, F. E. Leach, E. H. Ferris, F. G. Aldous, II. H. Roberts, and J. F. Templeton were employed on Vancouver Island; H. Idsardi on Texada Island; and W. P. Unwin in New Westminster District. As an experiment a gasolene-launch was purchased for Mr. Unwin's use, and the results have been so satisfactory as to point to the advisability of other parties being similarly equipped during the coming season. R. L. Horie on Banks Island and adjacent islands and Alleyne Wright on Calvert Island were engaged on similar work. W. H. J. Holmes, as already stated, was employed in the definition of the boundary of Strathcona Park. In connection with this work a sad fatality occurred. W. F. DeVoe, B.C.L.S., while returning with the party, after completing his season's work on the boundary, was drowned through the upsetting of his canoe in crossing the Upper Campbell River. Mr. DeVoe was born in New Brunswick, and having served his apprenticeship with Mr. Holmes was admitted to practise as a surveyor in the spring of this year. J. R. Graham resubdivided into 40-acre blocks the entire Kitimat Reserve, surveyed originally into larger tracts. K. C. C. Taylor subdivided into 160-acre blocks the Nass River Reserve. The two latter surveys are situated in the vicinity of the western terminus of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, but as the climatic conditions are coastal they are included in this division. The surveys on Queen Charlotte Islands differ from those elsewhere in the Coast section, in that there is an extensive area of level land to work upon. A large portion of this area is held under coal and timber licence, and as the confliction between the owners of unsurveyed rights 4 Geo. 5 Eeport of the Surveyor-General. D 307 was becoming serious, in addition to making it difficult for a pre-emptor to determine what was vacant Crown land, the survey of Graham Island, the largest of Queen Charlotte Islands, was undertaken, together with the adjustment of all interests by assigning to the pre-emptor, coal and timber owner, the lot or legal subdivision of a lot as surveyed which most nearly conformed to the land staked by him. It is gratifying to report that matters are so far adjusted that it was possible to issue recently a pre-emptors' map showing surveyed land open for settlement covering the north-eastern portion of the island. Five surveyors were employed on the island, viz.: J. C. A. Long, F. D. Rice, F. Nash, C. de B. Green, and R. D. Gillespie, the two former having remained in the field all last winter. The reports of the majority of the surveyors employed in the Coast section are attached to this report. Surveys in the Southern Interior. The characteristics of the Interior of the Province differ entirely from those of the Coast, and the work of surveyors varies accordingly. The parties employed on the Coast are usually smaller and depend on water communication for the transportation of supplies to the vicinity of the work, and packing on the backs of men from the beach to the camp; while in the Interior the parties are larger and have attached to them more or less extensive pack-trains. The country is less heavily timbered and the areas to be surveyed are usually of considerable extent, as against the small but difficult areas of the Coast section. The Dominion Railway Belt—twenty miles on either side of the Canadian Pacific Railway, transferred to the Dominion Government in 1884—divides the vast Interior regions into convenient sections for the purpose of describing surveying operations. The section lying south of the belt comprises the more or less settled districts of Kootenay and what, before the recent subdivisions, was known as Yale District. Little surveying has been done by the Government ■ in the past in this section; the amount of private surveying has, however, been very great, and the physical features of the country are well known. In the western section the following surveyors have been employed in the survey of land under pre-emption record and adjacent Crown lands: P. W. Gregory, S. M. Johnson, and C. M. Shaw in Similkameen District; F. H. Latimer and H. C. Verrall in Osoyoos; and O. B. N. Wilkie, as already stated, on the boundary between Yale and Kamloops Districts. In the easterly section, J. C. and J. Brady completed the survey of all vacant land in the valleys of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers between the work of last year and the south boundary of the Dominion Railway Belt, while T. T. McVittie completed the subdivision of expired timber licences in South-east Kootenay. Surveys in Central Interior. The region north of the Railway Belt and extending from the summit of the Rocky Mountains on the east to that of the Cascade Range on the west has for the past five years practically monopolized the attention of the public, and possibly over 80 per cent, of all land surveys, both Government and private, has been in this section. Five years ago the only means of access to this vast territory was by the Cariboo Road, built in 1861 in the days of the Cariboo gold-rush, and the water route by the Skeena River. To-day it is traversed by the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Pacific Railways, which are rapidly approaching completion, and by that of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, under active construction. To-day some 7,000,000 acres are surveyed, while five years ago surveys consisted of a comparatively few cattle-ranches scattered over the entire area. The area of this region is 100,000 square miles, and includes an endless variety of country varying from open plains covered with sage-brush in South-west Lillooet to the rugged and heavily timbered mountain-ranges in North-east Kootenay and includes the comparatively level bush-covered area abounding on large lakes adjacent to the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. A general description is impossible in this report tout from the reports of the surveyors attached and the pictures with which it is illustrated some idea of the character of the various sections can be derived. The exploration of the northern portion and the work in Groundhog basin has been described, and, excluding the surveyors so employed, twenty-one survey parties have been in the field in this vast region during the past year, including four of the six employed on boundary surveys already mentioned. D 308 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Surveys in this section, unlike those in the Coast section, usually cover a large extent of country, and in the majority of cases are in country where the growth of timber is light. Only one, however, of the fifty-five surveyors employed this year worked in open country throughout the season. Practically all surveys made in this section are made in advance of settlement; four only of those mentioned below were sent out specially to survey localities in wdiich pre-emptors were found to be taking up land. While this is the case, a great number of pre-emptors wTere on land included in areas surveyed by the Government, and, consequently, had their homestead surveyed, as is indicated by the fact that one surveyor reports the survey of eighty-five pre-emptions within the area surveyed by him. The following is a list of the surveyors employed in the Central Interior of the Province. For convenience in reference, this is divided in accordance with the sections in which their work was located:— Along the Line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.—D. B. Morkill and J. A. Walker have completed surveys in the valley of the South Fork of the Fraser River, and this work closes the last gap in a continuous survey along the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway from the Yellowhead Pass to Prince Rupert, all of which has been done within the last five years, as above referred to. Incorporated with this report is a reproduction of a portion of a surveyor's plan of the survey of this valley, and, while it is only of local interest, it serves to illustrate the class of work and nature of returns made by surveyors employed in mountain valleys throughout the Province. Adjacent to Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.—J. M. Milligan, in the vicinity of Nation Lakes, Cassiar District; F. P. Burden, near Eagle Lake, Cariboo District; and V. Schjelderup, south of Francois Lake, Coast District. Adjacent to Canadian Northern Pacific Railway.—H. D. Allan, in Canoe River Valley, Cariboo District; E. P. Heywood, Lemieux Creek, Kamloops District; R. H. Lee, in Clearwater River Valley, Kamloops District; J. E. Ross, in the vicinity of Criss Creek, Kamloops District; and F. J. Dawson, Celesta Creek, Kamloops District. Adjacent to Line of Pacific Great Eastern Railway.—G. H. Downton, southern part of Lillooet District; F. Tupper, Northern Lillooet, probably immediately west of the railway as it will be constructed; C. J. Higgins, Northern Lillooet and adjoining Tupper's work on the east; H. T. Garden, Southern Cariboo, and adjoining Higgin's work on the south; F. Cotton, Northern Lillooet, to the west of Fraser River; R. W. Haggen, Cariboo District, valley of the Fraser River; and C. W. Murray, Cariboo District, in Beaver River Valley. As already stated, many surveyors were employed on minor surveys throughout the Province; these consisted in the complete resurvey of one townsite, the survey of town lots for sale by public auction, inspections, subdivisions of isolated timber limits on the lapsing of the licence under whfch they were held, and the survey of school-sites and other Government property. In the aggregate, twenty surveyors have been employed for varying periods in this w-ork. PrivoVie Surveys. It is estimated that private surveys, excluding that of timber lands, made during the year will amount to 050,000 acres, or only two-thirds of that done by the Government. No records are available as to the respective areas covered by the two classes of survey during former years; they have been ascertained for the past seven, and are set out in the table on page 298 of this report. From this table it will be seen that in 1909 the conditions are similar this year, while in all other years the area surveyed privately greatly exceeded that surveyed by the Government, and it is probable that 1909 is the only year since 1SS4—the year of the transfer of railway lands to the Federal authorities—in which this occurred. In view of the falling-off of applications to purchase land and the adoption of the policy of surveying lands held under pre-emption record, it is probable that in the future private surveying of land will rapidly decrease, and that never again will the area so surveyed equal that done by the Government. The adoption of stricter methods in regard to granting extensions of time for survey of private rights deserves notice, as the effect on the efficient administration of surveys throughout the Province is most marked. Extensions are still frequently granted, but on the condition that, by the failure to survey a prior right, such survey, when made, must respect a survey 4 Geo. 5 Eeport of the Chief Draughtsman. D 309 already made, even if it be that of a right subsequently acquired. The application of this principle to timber held under special licence has led to the rapid survey during the past year of unsurveyed timber lands. Timber surveys are not included in the above comparison, as they define only the limits over which the holder of a special licence claims the right to cut timber, and should disappear when the timber included in same has been removed. No title to the land passes with the licence, and the surveys are therefore of a temporary character only. I have the honour to be, ; ; Sir, Your obedient servant, G. II. DAWSON, Surveyor-General. REPORT OF THE CHIEF DRAUGHTSMAN. December 31st, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on the work of this office during the calendar year of 1913 :— The work has been carried on, generally, along the lines of the reorganization effected during 1912. Comparatively few changes have taken place in the personnel of the staff, there being only five resignations and nine appointments; the increase in the staff, therefore, numbering four. Three of the men who resigned had recently obtained commissions as British Columbia land surveyors and left to engage in field-work in charge of survey parties; one junior left to accompany a survey party, and one stenographer left on account of ill-health. The appointees were three articled pupils who had served their articles and appointed to replace the three qualified surveyors who resigned; four juniors, one stenographer, and one draughtsman. The total number on the staff at the close of the year is forty-eight, this figure being exclusive of the staff employed by the Mapping Sub-Branch. At the beginning of the fiscal year on April 1st last, it was found necessary to bring the staff under the provisions of the " Civil Service Act," it having been temporarily removed from same in 1911 for purposes of reorganization. As stated above, no important changes have been made in the organization during the year, the arrangements made last year having been found to best suit existing conditions. It is hoped, however, that when the new wing, now nearing completion, becomes available for occupation, it will be possible to readjust the work in such a manner as will considerably increase the efficiency of the staff. In order to cover the various details of the work done, a short description of the duties of the various divisions of the staff is necessary. A certain amount of repetition of last year's report is therefore unavoidable. First Division. The First Division deals with the receiving, plotting, and gazetting of field-notes, the issuing of instructions to surveyors, and attending to correspondence with surveyors, Government Agents, etc. During the year 4,750 field-books, containing notes for 7,378 lots, have been received, 6,770 lots have been plotted and gazetted, and tracings prepared and forwarded to the various Government Agents. The following table gives an analysis of the acreages of gazetted surveys for the year:— D 310 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Acres. Pre-emption 55,202.66 Purchase 508,061.82 Mineral claims 18,042.59 Timber 1,181,354.68 Coal 72,719.64 Lease 4,740.68 British Columbia Government 1,014,366.22 Total 2,854,488.29 A comparison of these figures with those for 1912 shows increases in all the items, with the exception of pre-emptions, purchases, coal licences, and leases. In explanation of the decrease in the acreage of pre-emption surveys, it is necessary to state that only surveys made at the instance of and paid for privately by the pre-emptor are classed under this heading. The decrease is no doubt due to the fact that the Government survey parties have been so distributed that, even with the largely increasing numbers of pre-emptions applied for, fewer pre-emptors have found it necessary to employ a surveyor themselves. The large decrease in the purchase acreage is accounted for by the increase in price of Government land since 1911 and the placing of reserves against purchase of the greater portion of the accessible areas in the Province. Coal-licence acreages would probably show an increase instead of a decrease were it not for the fact that the Government has undertaken to survey large areas held under such licences on Queen Charlotte Islands. The more remarkable cases in increase are in the acreages for timber licences and Government surveys. The increasing activity in timber surveys may probably be attributed to various causes, including the following: (1.) Definite instructions as to timber surveys as approved by Orders in Council dated June 14th, 1912. (2.) Legislation requiring all licences to be surveyed by 1918. (3.) The desire on the part of licensees to obtain definite information as to their holdings. (4.) The practice of the Department of notifying licensees to survey within a certain time when it becomes necessary to obtain definite information in order to deal with adjoining land. In this connection it is noted from the official records in this office that, up to the end of the year, field-notes for the survey of 7,378 licences have been received, 2,103 having been received during 1913. Assuming the number of licences in good standing to be 14,100 and that about 500 licences have been surveyed during the past few months, for which no field-notes have been received, there remain to be surveyed only about 6,000 licences. With regard to the increase in the acreage of Government surveys, it may be stated that this is the result of the attempt on the part of the Department to survey ahead of settlement, and, where this is impossible, to survey in the districts where pre-emptions have been applied for. Considerable care is required in dealing with Government surveys in so far as it is necessary to allot all existing applications to their corresponding parcels of the survey, the Department registers being adjusted and the Government Agents notified accordingly. A large amount of work is done in this Division in connection with the issuing of instructions to surveyors and attending to correspondence with Government surveyors in the field. In many cases it is necessary to prepare a large amount of information to accompany the surveyor's instructions, such as copies of field-notes, sketches of previous surveys, pre-emption records, descriptions of other applications, and, in many cases, sketches showing the proposed methods of subdivision. In the majority of cases the surveyor finds conditions on the ground which necessitate his communicating wdth the office for further information or instructions. An idea of the amount of work involved in this connection may be obtained when it is considered that during the year instructions were issued to seventy-five surveyors, of whom about fifty were employed throughout the whole season and received supplementary instructions from time to time. In the administration of surveys it is often found necessary that certain timber licences should be surveyed, as, for instance, a pre-emption or application to purchase may be located in the vicinity of a timber licence of prior date and the applicant is unable to have a survey made without a proper definition on the ground of the licence, or possibly the Government may contemplate a more or less extensive survey in the vicinity of unsurveyed timber licences. In such cases it is the practice of the office to notify the timber-holder to have his holdings surveyed, the time allowed varying with local conditions and the urgency of the survey. This work is 4 Geo. 5 Eeport of the Chief Draughtsman. D 311 attended to in the First Division. During the year notifications were issued for the survey of 607 licences and extensions granted for varying periods on 515 licences. Applicants to purchase unsurveyed Crown lands are allowed six months in which to complete the survey of such lands from the date on which the application is allowed by the Lands Department. For various reasons it is frequently found by the applicants that they are unable to comply with this condition, and consequently apply for extensions of time in which to complete the survey. If satisfactory explanations for the delay are furnished and there is no apparent urgency for the survey, adequate extensions are granted, as provided for in section 41 of the " Land Act," and the applicant notified accordingly. If, however, a second extension is applied for, or if it is considered important that the survey should be made without delay, extensions are granted only with a proviso that should any surveys be made of adjoining lands the applicant will not be allowed to subsequently disturb such survey, or, in other words, all rights of priority are forfeited. During the year 777 full extensions and 222 conditional extensions have been granted. In connection with the administration of railway right-of-way lands, it may be stated that during the year the schedules commenced last year have been completed. These schedules give necessary data regarding parcels crossed by located lines of railway and their standing with respect to the railway's rights to the lands required for right-of-way purposes. During the year location plans have been received for 550 miles and plotted on the departmental reference maps in order that the railway companies' rights may be taken into consideration in dealing with lands crossed by proposed lines. Plans for 185 miles of lines have been filed which show ties to the land boundaries, prepared and signed by land surveyors. These plans are used for eliminating right-of-way areas from Crown lands and subsequently for Crown-granting the available portions of the right-of-way to the railway companies. All the above matters are dealt with by the First Division, together with a considerable amount of general correspondence. Second Division. The Second Division deals with all applications for Crown lands by reporting as to whether the lands applied for are available or not, and plotting same on departmental reference maps. In all, 1,285 applications to purchase and 4,048 applications for pre-emption records have been reported on during 1913. For 1912 these figures were 2,000 and 3,900 respectively, showing a decrease in purchases and an increase in pre-emptions. In some respects the work of this Division is being simplified owing to the fact that quite a large proportion of the applications for pre-emption records are for surveyed lands, the clearing of which is a comparatively easy matter. On the other hand, however, the clearing of applications for unsurveyed lands is gradually getting more complicated as the alienations increase. Cancellations of pre-emptions are also noted on the maps in this Division; in all, 1,755 cancellations have been noted during the year. This Division consists of three draughtsmen. Third Division. The Third Division deals with the preparation of departmental reference maps, the clearing of Crown-grant applications, and the wants of persons applying for information at the public counter. The problems encountered in connection with reference maps are rather perplexing. The total area of the Province is about 372,640 square miles, of which about 25,100 square miles are included in the Dominion Railway Belt, the Peace River Block, and the Esquimau and Nanaimo Railway Land Grant. Of the remaining 347,540 square miles, about 220,000 square miles are covered by departmental reference maps, being about 64 per cent, of the total area under Provincial administration. The area mapped at present comprises seventy-nine maps. This number will be considerably increased as the outlying districts are developed and some of the present maps reduced to a more convenient size. There are still a few maps on the scale of two miles to one inch which are being reproduced on a scale of one mile to an inch, which will still further increase the number of maps. The various details shown and the methods of compilation were described in the report of 1912, and no important changes have been made in this respect. Some idea of the magnitude of the work represented by this set of maps may be obtained on considering that a compilation of any one of the maps containing an average amount of information requires the undivided attention of one draughtsman for six weeks. In other words, it would take one mail at least ten years to compile all the maps now in existence. D 312 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 As they constitute the only comprehensive compilation of surveys and alienations, and owing to their constant change, it is necessary that the maps be in such form that they may be reproduced at any time. The only feasible method found so far is to produce the map on tracing-linen and to reproduce by blue-printing. It is in this feature that the difficulty of the problem is encountered. Owing to their use for reference, amending, and blue-printing purposes, the linen wears out in the course of about a year and it is necessary to prepare a new copy. In most cases a new compilation of the maps should be made in order to ensure accuracy, but owing to the lack of accommodation and the pressure of other work, it is found impracticable to do so consistently, and in the majority of cases a retracing of the original worn-out tracing is resorted to and compilations are made only in the more urgent cases. During the year sixteen maps covering 34,0S6 square miles have been retraced, and seventeen maps covering 56,906 square miles have been recompiled. About 14,000 square miles have been recompiled, but the tracings are not yet completed. The majority of the retracements are made by the members of the Geographic Sub-branch. The necessary clearances on 2,020 Crown-grant applications have been attended to in the Third Division. Other work dealt with includes clearances on 1,090 applications for coal licences, 207 applications for coal leases, 200 applications for hand-loggers' licences, and 190 timber sales or permits. Another important duty of this Division is the supplying of information applied for in person at the public counter. This work has been carried out under rather unsatisfactory conditions, the space available and counter accommodation being absolutely inadequate. This condition will, however, be remedied shortly, as provision has been made for about 40 feet of counter to be built in the present main draughting-room after the new quarters are available for occupation. It is hoped that, with this additional equipment, it will be possible to give such attention to the public as will leave no grounds for complaint. Fourth Division. The Fourth Division attends to the requests for information requiring the preparation of blue-prints or copies of records such as field-notes, plants, etc. A small charge is made for information of this nature. The revenue for the year derived from this source was $4,074.10, as compared with $4,875.97 in 1912. The decrease is partly accounted for by the reduction in price of .blue-prints made in the latter part of 1912. In further explanation of this decrease, it may be stated that by the statistics for gazetted surveys there has been a decrease in the private pre-emption and purchase surveys, and a considerable portion of the revenue was formerly- obtained from surveyors employed on surveys of this nature. During the year 1,044 letters have been dealt with, 541 of these being requests for blue-prints of departmental reference maps, and the remainder for copies of field-notes, plans, etc. Copies of 577 sets of field-notes and 1,257 tracings were prepared in this connection. In the past year 1,893 tracings in duplicate for attaching to Crown grants and 253 tracings to attach to leases of coal land, foreshore, etc., were prepared in this Division. The blue-printing equipment is practically the same as that described in the report for 1912, it having been found adequate when in proper state of repair. Considerable trouble was, however, experienced with the new printing-machine on account of the electrical apparatus becoming out of order. There were certain periods throughout the year, therefore, when it was impossible to meet all the demands for blue-prints promptly. The machine has, however, again been put in working-order and the work is being kept thoroughly up to date. The following is a statement of the number of prints made during the year:— Counter orders 1,750 Mail orders 9S9 Government Agents 1,440 Works Department 2,077 Forest Branch 3,993 Water Branch 1,436 Departmental 2,462 Sundry (estimated) 1,200 Total 15,347 4 Geo. 5 Eeport of the Chief Draughtsman. D 313 It may be of interest to state here that 483 rolls or 24,150 yards of blue-print paper were used during the year. This would represent one blue-print a little over fourteen miles long. In addition to the four divisions, the staff includes an accountant and a filing clerk, with a junior assistant. The work of the accountant has increased manyfold with the increase of the number of surveyors employed during the year. Each item of expenditure of every surveyor is checked before vouchers are submitted to the Treasury Department for payment. As the books are posted for the fiscal year, which ends on March 31st, it is possible to give only an approximation of the total amount of accounts checked during the calendar year as $61S,000. The past year is the first for which accurate figures can be given as to the volume of correspondence dealt with, a separate filing system having been commenced in August, 1912. The records show 12,719 letters received and 14,100 letters written, including interdepartmental memoranda. General. A considerable amount of work of various descriptions of which no actual record has been kept has been done for the various branches of the Lands and other departments. One draughtsman has been detailed to devote all his time to preparing information for the Forest and Water Branches. A commencement has also been made at systematic digest and tabulation of information and reports concerning various sections of the country. For this purpose the Province has been divided into sections containing one degree of latitude and one degree of longitude, corresponding to the areas covered by the maps of the " degree sheet" series. All possible information concerning each of these areas is searched for and tabulated for reference. With this work completed and kept up to date, it will be possible to place at the disposal of any one, with a minimum amount of time and trouble, all available information, maps, etc., concerning any particular section of the country. In conclusion, the following summary is submitted as representing, in concise form, the work of the office for the year:— Number of field-books received 4,750 „ lots surveyed 7,378 lots gazetted and tracings forwarded to Government Agents 6,770 „ miles for which railway location plans received 550 „ miles for which railway right-of-way plans received 185 „ applications to purchase cleared 1,285 „ applications for pre-emptions cleared 4,048 „ cancellations of pre-emptions 1,755 „ reference maps compiled 17 reference maps retraced 15 „ Crown-grant applications cleared 2,020 „ letters asking for information dealt with 503 „ letters asking for blue-prints dealt with 541 Total number of letters received by Branch 12,719 „ „ Crown-grant and lease tracings made in duplicate 2,146 „ „ blue-prints made 15,347 Total revenue $4,074.10 I have, etc., J. E. Umbach, Chief Draughtsman. D 314 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 REPORT OF THE GEOGRAPHIC BRANCH. January 1st, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the report of the Geographic Branch for the twelve months ending December 31st, 1913. The number of the staff remains the same—viz., six draughtsmen, one clerk, and two juniors. In the report of last year an outline was given of the scheme of mapping, describing the various series which is was proposed to produce. Progress along the lines stated therein has been made during the past year. Pre-emptors' Series. A large amount of the work of the Branch was directed to the preparation, compilation, and publication of maps for the use of the land-seeker, or pre-emptor. Of the standard size, 42 by 2S inches, scale 3 miles to 1 inch, four new sheets were compiled and published, viz.: Bulkley Valley Sheet, Chilcotin Sheet. Lillooet Sheet, and Lac La Hache Sheet. The standard pre-emptors' maps of 1912 were brought up to date and republished with the added information, the sheets being as follows: Fort George Sheet, Nechako Sheet, Stuart Lake Sheet, and Peace River Sheet. In addition to the above, a new pre-emptors' map of the north-east portion of Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Islands, on the scale of 2 miles to 1 inch, was published. The pre-emptors' series of maps now covers an area of 75,600 square miles, or 4S,404,4SO acres, and, with the exception of the Coast Range and South Fork of the Fraser River sections, shows the land adjacent to the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway throughout British Columbia, and the series also extends over the territory through which the Pacific Great Eastern Railway will pass, from Newport, ou Howe Sound, to Fort George. Geographic Maps. The new four-sheet map of the Province, on the scale of 17.75 miles to 1 inch, the compilation of which was remarked upon in the 1912 report, was photo-lithographically reproduced and published during the early part of 1913. The printing of this map, owing to the number of colours and the detail involved, required a period of over four months to complete. District and Division Series. For administration purposes various districts and divisions of the Province have been created in past years, of which the following is a list: Land districts, land recording divisions, land registry districts, counties, mining divisions, assessment districts, electoral divisions, water districts, and forest districts. These districts or divisions do not follow any comprehensive scheme, but have been made to suit each separate requirement; consequently there is no little confusion in the complication of boundaries and the confusion of names. In former years, when a map showing a particular district system was required, the district or division boundaries had to be drawn on a map by hand—a somewhat costly proceeding. In order to publish a map series of the various districts and divisions, a one-sheet map of the Province, on the scale of 30 miles to 1 inch, was obtained by a photo-reduction of the new four- sheet map of British Columbia from 17.75 miles to 1 inch and lithographically reproduced, so that the divisions could be printed separately, at a minimum expense. Of this series the following have been printed: Land districts, land recording divisions, mining districts, land registry districts, and assessment districts. During the early portion of 1914 it is expected that several of the other maps of this one- sheet series will be ready for publication. Degree Sheet Maps. Four new sheets of this series were compiled, and of these the first two mentioned in the following list have been published, the remaining two, now being prepared for printing, will be published early in 1914. 4 Geo. 5 Eeport of the Geographic Branch. D 315 Sheets compiled: Duncan River Sheet, Upper Elk River Sheet, Windermere Sheet, Arrowhead Sheet. The Fernie Sheet, compiled in 1912, was drawn for photo-lithographic reproduction and published early in the past year. The two degree sheet maps now in preparation, with those mentioned and already published, will cover all of Kootenay District, with the exception of the portion of this district lying to the north of the southerly boundary of the " Dominion Railway Belt," and will provide practically all the data for the publication of an up-to-date general map of Kootenay at a very moderate outlay of time during the course of 1914. With regard to extending the " degree sheet series," it is hoped that the survey returns of the past season will allow of the compilation and publication of several sheets in Yale District, as the district is practically without reliable land maps and is attracting considerable public interest, with many requirements for map information. The last published land map of this district was issued many years ago and is entirely out of date by about ten years, and is also out of print. Land Maps. One of the most valuable maps produced by this Branch is the new map of the southern portion of Vancouver Island, which was compiled and drawn fot reproduction during the past year. This map, on the scale of 4 miles to 1 inch, shows Vancouver Island as far north as the southern portion of Strathcona Park, and includes the City of Vancouver within the eastern border, and contains the cities of Victoria, Nanaimo, Alberni, Ladysmith, etc. The next map of the " land series " to be published will be the New Westminster Sheet, which will cover west to east from Vancouver about 150 miles, and will outline the country between Vancouver, Kamloops, and Princeton. This map is now in the course of compilation and will probably be published in the latter half of 1914. Miscellaneous Maps. Under this heading are the following maps prepared and published for reports and bulletins, those maps prepared for other departments of the Government, and the reissue of a few of our early map publications :— (1.) Map of British Columbia on scale of 120 miles to 1 inch, showing Location of Surveys. Report, 1912. Prepared and printed. (2.) Hydrographic map, "Elk River Canyon." Printed, Water Rights Branch. (3.) Plan of Kelowna. Printed, Water Rights Branch. (4.) Copies prepared for design and arrangement of map of British Columbia, showing Mining Divisions, to be reduced from 30 miles to 1 inch to publishing scale of 50 miles to 1 inch. Mines Department. (5.) Map of British Columbia on scale of 30 miles to 1 inch, showing Mining Divisions. Mines Department. (6.) Lockhart Beach Subdivision Plan. Prepared and printed, Lands Department. (7.) Map of Kitimat Land Area. Prepared and printed, Lands Department. (8.) Cranbrook Subdivision Plan. Prepared and printed, Lands Department. (9.) Baynes Lake Subdivision Plan. Prepared and printed, Lands Department. (10.) Map of British Columbia, showing Assessment Districts, 30 miles to 1 inch. Prepared and printed, Assessor's office. The following is a list of the early maps reissued in 1913:— Northern Interior (new) Scale, 17.75 miles to 1 inch. South-western Portion of British Columbia (reprint) „ 12 „ „ Yale District (reprint) „ 8 „ „ East and North Kootenay (reprint) „ 8 „ „ Editions of nearly all the published maps were printed for the Bureau of Information, Department of Agriculture, total number of copies being 54,500. The Geographic Branch, in addition to the compilation and publication of maps, is gradually making copies on tracing-cloth of all the old " official maps," containing the records of early surveys, which through the lapse of time are rapidly becoming illegible. From these tracings blue-prints are made which, when mounted on cotton, are filed in place of the original manuscripts for public reference, and the original manuscripts and tracings are specially secured D 316 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 against general usage, so that they may be preserved for as long a time as possible. Two draughtsmen are'constantly engaged in the preparing of the tracings referred to, besides devoting time to the retracing, etc., of the departmental reference maps which have become torn and unreadable. Official maps retraced 40 Departmental reference maps retraced 14 Special inquiry wras made to the British Museum and other institutions with regard to the preservation of the old manuscript official maps of the Province, and the method of remounting on stiff paperboard has been adopted. The number of manuscripts remounted, etc., by the Printing Bureau was twenty-eight. With regard to establishing permanent geographical record of the various features, such as rivers, lakes, mountains, etc., of the Province, considerable attention was given to the classifying and indexing of the information obtained. One valuable addition in this work is an index of cards giving the lot location and description of all the post-offices in British Columbia, which cards are filled in by the postmasters throughout the Province. This index is almost completed, and as changes or additional post-offices are created in the district in future, we will receive notification and description from the Inspector of the districts. It has been a matter of confusion in the naming of the geographical features of the Province that the same names appear so frequently. Thus we have on the maps published by this Department six Bear Lakes, seven Salmon Rivers, nine Beaver Creeks, and fourteen Boulder Creeks, etc., while on the official maps and reference maps the following appear very frequently: Camp, Campbell, Canoe, Canyon, Canon, Cascade, Cedar, China, Coal, Copper, Crescent, Deep, Deer, Duck, Eagle, False, Fish, French, Goat, Gold, Long, etc. When a name is duplicated, it is advisable to select the most important application to retain the name and to rename the other features. In the renaming and naming unnamed geographical features, application is made to a reliable resident of the district to supply a list of names of men who have been identified with the early days or development of the district, and selection is made from the names obtained. In order to render the naming of the geographical features permanent and properly establish the naming that is in use on our Government records, special name-cards—comprising our index gazetteer—are submitted to the Geographic Board of Canada, who have the vested authority of permanently establishing the geographic nomenclature throughout Canada. Cards submitted to date number 300. When our geographic records have reached sufficient proportion, it will be possible to publish a reliable gazetteer, of the Province. To supply the requirement for up-to-date map information throughout the main Government offices in the " Buildings," eight map-racks are standardized into two sizes, so that the map-rollers are interchangeable. To fill these racks various combinations of our maps were arranged to fit the sizes of the rollers. The number of rollers prepared and mounted was sixty. During the year the printed maps in stock were carefully indexed and arranged and record kept of the distribution. Our distribution list now numbers 500 and as each new map is published a supply of copies according to requirement is immediately sent to each Government Agent. The total number of maps sent out from January 1st to December 31st, 1913, was 58,980. This number does not include maps printed for the other departments of the Government. The total number of letters sent out from the Geographic Branch during 1913 was 1,286. I have, etc., G. G. Aitken, Chief Geographer. 4 Geo. British Columbia-Alberta Boundary. D 317 APPENDIX. Map Year No. of Issue. 1 1895 2 1896 3 1897 i 1897 5 1898 a 1902 7 1903 8 1907 9 1907 11 1911 12 1911 13 1911 15 1911 18 1912 19 1912 20 1912 22 1912 23 1912 24 1912 25 1912 26 1912 27 1912 1912 28 29 1912 30 1912 33 1912 34 1913 34a 1913 34d 1913 34f 1913 34g 1913 35 1913 36 1913 3" 1913 38 1913 39 1913 40 1913 41 1913 41a 1913 42 1913 43 1913 44 1913 45 1913 46 1013 47 1913 48 1913 49 1913 Title of Map. Scale. Vancouver Island, West Coast, Portion of ; G'layoquot District Kootenay District, West, Portion of Kootenay District, West Division, and Part of Lillooet, Yale, etc., .Mining; Recording Divisions Osoyoos District, Portion of Kootenay District, East, Triangulation Survey of British Columbia Electoral Redistribution of British Columbia, in two sheets Bulkley River, Range 5, Coast District, Crown Lands Northern Interior (A. G. Morice) Kootenay District, East and West, showing Mining Divisions Pre-emptors' Map, Valleys of Nechako and Stuart Rivers (Sheet 1) Pre-emptors' Map, Valleys of Blackwater and Nazco Rivers {Sheet 2) Pre-einptors' Map, Erancois and Ootsa Lakes (Sheet 4) British Columbia, South-west Portion of (second issue) British Columbia. In four sheets. Showing roads, trails, railway systems, etc. New Westminster District and Vancouver Island, Portions of Northern Interior Pre-emptors' Map, Eort George (Sheet 1) Pre-emptors' Map, Nechako River Sheet 2) Pre-emptors' Map, Stuart .Lake (Sheet 3) Pre-emptors' Map, Peace River (Sheet 5) Rupert and Coast Districts, Portions of Sheet Maps of the Province :— Rossland Sheet Nelson Sheet Cranbrook Sheet Yale District and Portion of Adjacent Districts British Columbia. In one sheet; Showing Land Districts it Land and Land Recording Districts ii Counties and Land Registry Districts 11 Assessment Districts ii Mining Divisions Pre-emptors' Map, Fort George (Sheet 1) Pre-emptors' Map, Nechako River (Sheet 2) Pre-emptors' Map, Stuart Lake (Sheet 3) Pre-emptors' Map, Bulkley Valley .(Sheet 4) Pre-emptors' Map, Peace River (Sheet 5) Pre-emptors' Map, Chilcotin .. .(Sheet 6) Pre-emptors, Map, Lillooet (Sheet 7) Pre-emptors' Map, Lac La Hache (Sheet 8) Sheet Maps of the Province :— Fernie Sheet Windermere Sheet Duncan River Sheet Arrowhead Sheet Vancouver Island, Southern Upper Elk River Sheet Sayward District, Sketch-map of Pre-emptors' Map, North-east Portion of Graham Island | m. to 1 hi. 1 m. to 1 in. S m. to 1 in. 2i m. to 1 in. 0,000 ft. to 1 in. 20 m. to 1 in. 10 m. to 1 in. 8 m. to 1 in. 12 m. to 1 in. 18 m. to 1 in. 3 m. to 1 in. 17.75 m. to 1 in. 3 m. to 1 in. 3 m. to 1 in, 3 m. to 1 in, 3jj m. to 1 in. 3 m. to 1 in. 2 m. to 1 in. 2 m. to 1 in. 2 m. to 1 in. 8 m.. to 1 in. 30 m. 30 m. 30 m. 30 m. 30 m. 3 m. 3 m. 3 m. 3 m. 4 m. 3 m. 3 m. 3* m. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. to 1 in. 2 m. to 1 in. 2 m. to 1 in. 2 m. to 1 in. 2 m. to 1 in. 4 m. to 1 in. 2 m. to 1 in. 3 m. to 1 in. 2 m. to 1 in. Per Copy. 10 10 25 Free. 25 1 00 25 25 Free. Free. Free. Free. 25 10 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 Free. Free- Free. Free. Free. Free. Free. Free. 10 10 10 10 25 10 10 Free. Per Dozen. 50 50 50 50 50 50 5 00 50 50 2 00 2 00 10 00 2 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00* 2 00 2 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 1 00 2 00 i 66" BOUNDARY SURVEY BETWEEN THE PROVINCES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AND ADBERTA. By Arthur O. Wheeler. December 12th, 1913. G. H. Daivson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Of late years the influx of settlement into the Province of British Columbia and the rapid development of its vast natural resources have brought to the front the necessity for the delimitation of the boundary-line between this Province and the Province of Alberta. . . . At the present time the title to the lands of Alberta is vested in the Federal Government; also the administration of a tract of land, extending for twenty miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway through the Province of British Columbia, known as the " Railway Belt," had been ceded to the Federal Government, and so the three Governments became parties to the delimitation of the boundary in question. J. N. Wallace, D.L.S., was appointed representative of the Dominion Government; R. W. Cautley, A.D.S., of the Province of Alberta; and the writer, of the Province of British.Columbia. On June 9th the three representatives met at Banfe and drew up a memorandum suggesting a D 318 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 method for the survey and a programme of operation, which memorandum was duly submitted to you for your approval. Under date of June ISth instructions for the commencement of the survey were received from the Surveyor-General of Dominion Lands, acting on behalf of yourself, the Director of Surveys of Alberta, and the Department of the Interior. Instructions. The instructions received set forth the following premises:— (1.) That the Interprovincial Boundary between the International Boundary and the 120th degree of longitude, which is the part of the boundary to be surveyed, is the line dividing the waters flowing into the Pacific Ocean from those flowing elsewhere. This line may cross several times the meridian of 120 degrees longitude. Should this prove to be the case, the boundary shall follow the watershed-line from the International Boundary to the most northerly crossing of the meridian, and thence follow the meridian to the 60th degree of longitude. (2.) Places may be found where the water of a stream, of a glacier, or of a lake divides and flows on one side towards the Pacific Ocean, and on the other side towards the Arctic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. The stream, from the point where it separates in two directions, shall be followed up to that one of its sources which more nearly divides the basin of the stream into two parts of equal area. (3.) Should any place be found where water originally flowing to one side has been artificially diverted to the other side, the boundary shall be defined as if the stream had never been diverted and were still flowing in its original channel. (4.) Where the watershed-line is sharp and well defined it shall be adopted, but where the land is flat or rolling and where there might be some doubt as to its position, it shall be defined by a series of straight lines running given distances on stated bearings in the general direction of the sinuous line of the watershed, and monuments shall be established at the points of deflection. (5.) The portions of the boundary requiring first attention are: (a) The Crowsnest Pass, owing to the proximity of mining properties; (6) the Vermilion Pass, owing to the construction of the motor-road from Banff to Windermere; (c) the Howse Pass, owing to the proximity of timber claims; (d) the Kicking Horse Pass, Simpson Pass, and White Man Pass, owing to their lying within or adjacent to populated areas; (e) the Athabaska Pass, which may possibly become a railway route; (/) the South Kootenay, the North Kootenay, North Fork, and Kananaskis Passes; (g) the Moose Pass, which may become of importance as a feasible route to the north via the Smoky River; and (h) the Robson Pass, which is part of the boundary of Mount Robson Park and is one of the most striking scenic centres of the mountain regions. (6.) The monuments shall be concrete pyramids 2 feet high upon a concrete foundation of suitable depth. On opposite faces of the pyramid shall be brass plates with suitable inscriptions. (7.) Monuments shall be erected: (a) At the lowest point of the summit of each pass; (6) on one or both sides of, and as near as may be convenient to, any line of railway crossing the summit thereof; and (c) at such other points in the various passes as may appear suitable in such a way that no two adjacent monuments shall be more than half a mile apart, and that every monument shall be visible from the next one. (8.) The survey of the boundary across each pass shall be connected by a traverse with some monument of the Dominion lands system of survey and with some monument of the British Columbia surveys, provided such monuments are to be found within fifteen miles of the pass. (0.) A photograph of each monument looking in the direction of the boundary shall be attached to the field-notes as a further means of identification. (10.) A topographical survey shall be made extending a few miles on each side of the boundary. (11.) A. O. Wheeler shall be in charge of the topographical portion of the survey and the ■establishment of survey monuments on the peaks adjacent to the passes. (12.) R. W. Oautley shall be in charge of the surveying party required to take levels and make the preliminary survey of the boundary in the various passes, and the erection of permanent boundary monuments therein. (13.) J. N. Wallace shall visit each pass at such times as may be necessary to enable him to satisfy himself as to the correctness of the work. (14, 15.) Refer to composition of parties and rates of pay. 4 Geo. 5 British Columbia-Alberta Boundary. D 3J1) Method of Subvet. In the passes the first step was to blaze out the line of the watershed as well as could be done by the eye; next, in doubtful places, the position of the divide-line was established by cross-sections with the level and a preliminary instrumental traverse to obtain the accurate position of the watershed-line. The data was then plotted, and the three representatives met .and went over the ground and the plot of the trial lines and agreed upon the points where monuments should be built. The series of straight lines defining the boundary in the general direction of the sinuous line of the watershed have been laid down so as to coincide as nearly as possible therewith, and have been placed so that the " give and take " from each Province may be equalized in the best manner possible. Lines through the bush have been cut out to give a 6-foot wide sky-line, a width that is considerably greater along the line at the ground. Trees bordering it have been blazed on three sides in the usual manner. For topographical work the method of photography was employed, and by this means the ■country from five to ten miles surrounding each pass surveyed. Rock cairns were built at each camera station, and the line of monuments across each pass used as a base to locate those in view by taking angular readings upon them. From such cairns other cairns were located until the whole area involved was covered by a network of triangles furnishing a system of control for the survey. The altitude of the passes where not already established by accurate levelling, as in the •case of railways crossing over them, has been derived from angles of elevation or depression on or from the primary triangulation stations of the Railway Belt survey by the Dominion ■Government. Passes surveyed. Work was commenced at the Kicking Horse Pass near Stephen, on the Canadian Pacific Railway. On completion it was taken up at the Vermilion Pass, eight miles south of Mount Castle Station on the same railway. The next move was to Simpson Pass, and when that was •finished Mr. Cautley moved his party to Crowsnest Pass. Kicking Horse Pass. The Kicking Horse Pass is the summit of the Rocky Mountains over which lies the main transcontinental route of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was decided to commence work here ■owing to its easy access and the generally open mountain-sides that enclose it, much of the timber Iiaving been killed by fire. Eight concrete monuments and six brass bolts with cairns over them were erected to mark the boundary. Seven camera stations on adjacent peaks were occupied. The surveyed line between monuments, approximately the line of the watershed, measured 2.18 miles. The altitude of the pass is 5,320 feet. It is a spectacular spot. High mountain forms, snow-clad and cloud-capped, are all around and many fine glaciers are in view. A stream from the base of Mount Niblock, originally flowing wholly in Alberta, has been diverted by the railway company near the track, so that half flows ■east to the Arctic Ocean and half west to the Pacific, thus giving a graphic illustration of the Great Divide. Vermilion Pass. The Vermilion Pass is important owing to the fact that over it lies the motor-road now heing constructed between Banff and Windermere. Four concrete monuments and seven brass bolts with cairns were erected here. Five camera stations were occupied on surrounding peaks. The portion of the boundary measured between monuments is 2.38 miles. The altitude of the pass deduced from primary triangulation stations is 5,376 feet. A tie was made with the land- surveys system of the Dominion by means of a triangulation from two of the points at which monuments were set. The line of the watershed is not nearly so tortuous as in the case of the Kicking Horse Pass, but is more densely timbered. The motor-road on the south side of the pass is located down the valley of Vermilion River. When finished, it will be a splendid piece of work and will provide a scenic thoroughfare through extremely wild and fascinating mountain scenery. Close D 320 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914- (16.) The returns of the survey shall be made in triplicate, one copy being for the Government of British Columbia, one for the Government of Alberta, and one for the Dominion Government. (17.) Any question not provided for in these instructions, whether it relates to the definition of the boundary or to any other matter, shall be decided by the three representatives. If after thorough discussion the divergence of views is such that there is no hope of reaching a unanimous conclusion, the question shall be referred to the respective Governments for decision. The above instructions were rigidly followed, with two exceptions, viz.: (1.) It was found Impracticable, owing to the configuration of the ground, to place monuments at points where in all cases they would be intervisible, although the position was always selected with such object in view. (2.) In one case in the Vermilion Pass the distance between monuments exceeded the requisite 40 chains. Here it was distinctly an object that they should be visible from one to the other and the exception was unanimously concurred in. In every case the monuments were placed upon the line of the watershed as nearly as it was possible to define the same, and no monument was placed without the unanimous concurrence of the three representatives. Monuments. The monuments erected in the passes are composed of concrete pyramids covered on the- outside by a sheeting of galvanized iron. The pyramid is 2 feet in height, tapering from 1 foot square at the base to 7 inches square at the top, where it converges to a point. They were constructed as follows: A number of galvanized-iron moulds were made and a wooden form into which the moulds fitted exactly. A short distance from the top an iron bar soldered to two sides of the mould supported a sharp-pointed pin which just protruded above the apex of the mould. It was placed in the wooden form and concrete filled in. When set. the mould and concrete filling were firmly cemented on the centre of a concrete base 2 feet square, rising 10 inches to 1 foot above the ground and extending down into it from 2 to 3, or more, feet, according to the requirements to keep it safe from the action of frost. Brass plates with the name of the Province and the number of the monument were soldered on the respective faces, and all the pyramid except the brass plates given a coat of paint. At completion it stands approximately 3 feet above the ground, and the name-plates face the centre of the angles of deflection of the straight lines marking the boundary. The pin-point is at the intersection of the lines.. The monuments are very suitable for setting a transit over, and provide the additional advantage of being able to locate their position after erection instead of the necessity of setting a monument accurately at a point previously located—a somewhat difficult operation. Such monuments were not constructed above timber-line in the lower passes, although in the> survey of the Simpson Pass, of which the lowest point lies at an elevation of 0,900 feet, several' were built above that point. To carry on this part of the work it was necessary to pack cement, gravel, sand, and water- by means of pack-ponies. One drawback has been the difficulty in some places of finding suitable- gravel and sand for the concrete, and that feature has necessitated the packing of these con>- modities a considerable distance over very difficult ground. So far the difficulties have been overcome, and if the monuments prove to be of a permanent nature—that is, withstand" the- action of frost—and I see no reason why they should not, it is worth the while. At points above timber-line where concrete monuments could not be built and' on peaks of the divide adjacent to the passes, holes have been drilled in the rock and solid" brass bolts firmly cemented in them. Above the bolts stone cairns, 5 to 7 feet in height, according to the material available for construction, have been built. It has been the rule to carry the survey of a pass; the full distance between the mountain-peaks enclosing it. Brass bolts were stamped" by means of steel dies similarly to the name-plates on the monuments, with the addition ofa " + " omthe- upper surface to indicate the point of location. The method of identifying monuments has been to place even numbers om the north or west sides of a pass, according to its general trend, and uneven numbers on the south and' east, with a letter to designate the pass, thus: At the Kicking Horse Pass, monuments 2 A, 4 A. 6 A, etc., are on the north side, and monuments 1 A, 3 A, 5 A, etc.. on the south side; at the Vermilion Pass, monuments 2B, 4B, 6 B, etc., are on the west side, and monuments.3.B, 5 B, 7:B, etc., on, the east side. View from summit of Pope's Peak (10,200 ft.), showing Mt. Lefroy (11,220 ft.) on the Interprovincial Boundary. Simpson Pass, 0,900 feet, British Columbia-Alberta Boundary. Bench lands, Fraser River, Lillooet District. '•« ~- ^^. ':/-4$: - i .J.y • ; #1 y:^" : >^ """H*"" * ;;._^.*' ■ ■ .* ■" ~—-r .Jfc ,- '•v. *s.„: a .r*-o» " - ^-i ,;'..i-;;;':->;:;::-:":" :9c ' r* 4. l*Wf .* - ■ ■'■.' ■ :■'.■■'■'.■■■ ■ ' «*W . • & ^* ! ■ ■*. « ■ V J %m% ^'* *il£' r&" ■1 • '" ' "'■■ ' i *t W-*m- ~!' '■'m H"-'-: " . '*.. ^■vpZ^3^ |*j '. .:■*-- \ -I SS ■MR 'mm': 5il^S Chileotin River, looking east. 4 Geo. 5 British Columbia-Alberta Boundary. D 321 by the pass are the great masses of Storm Mountain, 10,330 feet, and Mount Ball, 10,825 feet, over both of which lies the line of the Great Divide. Westerly, the watershed-line between the Vermilion and Kicking Horse Passes lies over some of the highest peaks of the main range, viz.: The Ten Peaks rising to 11,225 feet in Mount Deltaform; Mount Hungabee, 11,335 feet; Mount Lefroy, 11,220 feet; and Mount Victoria, 11,335 feet. In the midst of this magnificent grouping of snow-clad giants are wide snow-fields, tumbling ice-falls, and beautiful lakes, to which access will be given by means of the many tributary valleys joining that of the Vermilion River. There is little doubt it will become one of the most popular scenic routes in existence. Trout are found here in the streams forming the headwaters of the Vermilion and in several mountain tarns on the Alberta side. Simpson Pass. The Simpson Pass is reached from Banff by a good driving-road for two miles and a half and then by pony-trail along the Bow River and up Healy Creek to the summit of the range a total distance of about fifteen miles. The trail leads over the pass and down the valley of a stream tributary to the Simpson River to connect with a pony-trail leading down that stream to its junction with the Vermilion River, where the trail will join the Banff-Windermere Road. The divide-line here is very tortuous, and fourteen monuments and two brass bolts with cairns were required to mark it. The topographical work covered the pass and vicinity, and was extended westward to the Mount Ball group, where it joined that done at Vermilion Pass. Fifteen camera stations were occupied on high peaks in the vicinity. The distance between monuments from end to end measures 3.07 miles. The altitude of the pass is 6,912 feet. The pass is the centre of one of the most beautiful park-like alpine areas to be seen. Open grass lands (alps) are dotted with groves of spruce and larch, midst which numerous small lakes of wonderful blue and green are scattered. In spring and early summer it is a veritable garden of alpine bloom, and the wide stretches of meadow blaze with a glory of colour. All around are snow-clad peaks. There is no doubt that this section will be a most popular resort as a recreation-ground, and will attract crowds from all over the world when proper access in the way of roads and trails has been given. It can be directly featured from Banff on the Alberta side, and from the Banff-Windermere Road on the British Columbia side. It is, moreover, on the direct line of travel from Banff to Mount Assiniboine, which massif is now one of the supreme attractions of the Canadian Rockies. Game is here abundant, and guardians on both sides of the boundary patrol the respective Provincial districts. A copper and gold claim near the centre of the pass is now being worked by a prospector named Bill Peyto. The prospect has a good showing of rich ore. Mount Assiniboine. The work of the topographical section was completed at Simpson Pass on September 16th. On or about September 21st Mr. Cautley moved his party to the Crowsnest Pass and commenced work there. It was now too late in the season to take up topographical work in the Crowsnest, so the survey was continued eastward along the main divide with the intention of reaching Mount Assiniboine. It was desired to locate the position of this magnificent peak, known as the Matterhorn of the Canadian Rockies, and to ascertain whether it was a peak of the Great Divide. It was known, moreover, that two other passes across the main range lay between the Simpson and the White Man Passes, and it was desired to investigate them and ascertain their position and importance as routes of travel, so the topographical survey was continued eastward along the divide and up the valley of the Simpson River to Mount Assiniboine, and that peak definitely located in position and altitude for the first time. This is a wonderfully beautiful section of alpine country and will be a joint centre of attraction from both Provinces. Snow-storms now set in, and high winds and drifting snow made further topographical surveying impossible, so on October 2nd the field-work of the section was closed. Crowsnest Pass. On ,or about September 21st R. W. Cautley completed the work of his section at Simpson Pass and moved his party to Crowsnest Pass. On October 16th the other two representatives visited his camp and went over the preliminary work done, to decide where monuments should be pla'ced. He had traced the line of the divide for about five miles. The points for monuments 21 D 322 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 were decided upon and the lines connecting them cut out. It was now too late to build concrete monuments owing to heavy frost every night, and as snow was lying on the higher parts of the pass and the weather was broken by frequent snowfalls, he closed his field-work for the season about the end of the month. The Crowsnest Pass is a somewhat complex proposition owing to its great width and the mining interests involved, and it will require a considerable amount of work next season before the boundary across it can be permanently marked, as the distance from the limestone peaks on the one side to the limestone peaks on the other must be nearly fifteen miles, all of which lies within the Crowsnest coal-area. The pass is crossed by the southern extension of the-Canadian Pacific Railway, and the conditions are very similar to those on the northern or main line. The rapidly extending coalmining industry on both sides of the boundary has created a large number of minor industries, and small towns and villages are coming into existence. Similarly, also, to conditions along the northern road, the scenic attractions, which lie for the most part on the British Columbia side, are very great, and yearly many people will be drawn by them for recreation purposes. At the present time a large amount of money is spent in British Columbia and Alberta by people who come to visit the mountain, lake, and island districts, and to spend their holidays in recreation amidst these wonderfully attractive works of nature. This amount will be increased enormously in the near future, when better travel facilities and cheaper rates prevail, and would be still more quickly increased if the development of natural resources such as these were more •directly under Government management, as is the case in New Zealand, and so produce a more direct revenue. That the Governments are alive to the possibilities is shown by the setting-aside of large reservations for such purposes, as, for instance, Strathcona Park on Vancouver Island, Mount Robson Park on the Mainland, the Yoho and Glacier Parks in the Railway Belt, and the Rocky Mountains and Jasper Parks in Alberta. Indeed, if it were for no other purpose, the topographical maps that will be available as the result of the past season's surveys of the Inter- provincial Boundary will prove of much value as a means of spreading information abroad that will ultimately lead to a very substantial source of revenue. I have, etc., Arthur O. Wheeler, F.R.G.S., B.C.L.S. BOUNDARY BETWEEN LILLOOET AND KAMLOOPS LAND DISTRICTS. By W. S. Deewry. G It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. November 25th, 1013. Sir,—I have the honour to report completion of survey of the boundary between Lillooet and Kamloops Land Districts in accordance with your instructions. This boundary is a meridian lying in longitude 120° 33' 38.44" W., and extends south from approximately the 52nd parallel of latitude to the northern boundary of the Dominion Railway Belt. Its survey had been commenced by A. J. Campbell, B.C.L.S., in 1912, and continued to the 9-mile post in the valley of Bridge Creek, between Canim and Mahood Lakes. This starting-point was reached from 100-Mile House on the Cariboo Road by way of Canim Lake, down which supplies were taken on a launch. Only one other transportation route was known to cross the line to be run, so additional supplies for three months were freighted in over North Bonaparte Road to Lac Des Roches, from which point they were reached at the end of the wagon-road by the Kamloops Trail. The valley between the two lakes above mentioned is some 2,500 feet above sea, about a mile wide and five miles long; Mahood being nearly 500 feet lower than Canim Lake. Part of the land is excellent, and part rather stony; that near the end of Canim Lake affording excellent pasturage, particularly about the mouth of Red Creek. About one mile east of Canim Lake, Bridge Creek drops about 75 feet in a fine fall which offers easy development of power. 4 Geo. 5 Lillooet-Kam loops Boundary. D 32£ Red Creek Valley. Commencing at the 9-mile post, which stands in the southerly limit of the valley, the line was carried over a mountain rising some 2,000 feet in a mile and a quarter, after which the Red Creek Valley was crossed. This creek drains a considerable basin containing several thousand acres of good land at an elevation of from 3,200 to 5,000 feet above sea. The mountain meadows afford luxuriant pasture from the middle of June to the middle of September, and sometimes later; but no important areas of grazing land were observed in the lower valley, it being covered with a growth of poplar, jack-pine, and spruce, with many alder swales. Along the creek considerable land is flooded by beaver-dams, which condition is common to the bottom lands along the streams of the eastern portion of Lillooet. From an elevation of 3,400 feet above sea at the second crossing of Red Creek, the line then ascends the north slope of a high ridge until an altitude of 5,867 feet is reached near the 22-mile post. The upper northerly slope of this ridge contains a fine stand of long, clear spruce of from 10 to IS inches diameter. The ridge culminates in a peak of 6,900 feet altitude, immediately at the base of which the line passes. This peak was named " Windy Mountain " by the men, as during the week we were camped near it the winds blew incessantly and often violently. The peak is easy of access and would afford a commanding look-out station for the forest service. View from the Peak. The view from this coign of vantage is magnificent. To the north are spread the basins of Red Creek and Canim Lake, with the high snow-capped mountains along Quesnel Lake and the Clearwater as a background. To the east lie the rugged multi-coloured mountain masses dividing the Bridge Creek basin from the valley of the North Thompson River. To the south are visible the backs of spurs of these mountain masses extending westerly and sloping down to the interior plateau. To the west is the great basin of Bridge Creek, some 600 square miles in area, containing innumerable lakes set like inlays of polished silver in broad valleys rimmed by fir-crowned hills; a great silent country waiting the advent of road and rail to bear the population whose footsteps are even now approaching it. Park-like Mountain Meadows. Immediately below the peak are spread park-like mountain meadows of rare beauty, containing ponds and springs of clear water, and, at the time, thickly carpeted with rich green vegetation studded with abundant varieties of wild flowers. It had been hoped that the outlook from this ridge would realize surmises that the country beyond was more regular in profile than that heretofore encountered; but a single look annihilated hope, and made it clear that from start to finish the line would pass high up along the westerly flanks of the mountains, across jutting spurs and intervening valleys, making a cyclopean saw-like profile, the tooth-like ridges rising from 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the valleys. Lac Des Roches. This condition obtained until Lac Des Roches (locally known as Long Lake) was reached at 36 miles. It is a lake of beautifully clear water some six miles long and a mile wide lying on the divide; its waters flowing to the North Thompson through Nekalliston Creek, by which route the lake was probably first approached; since at its easterly end along the trail the ground is covered with boulders from hand-size to that of a house—hence the old name " Lac Des Roches." About the westerly end of the lake, at an altitude of 3,900 feet above sea, there is a fine park-like country extending westerly to the Bridge Creek and North Bonaparte basins. It affords abundant pasturage and is reported as producing wheat, oats, barley, and rye, as well as garden produce common to the latitude. At McDonald's ranch on the north side of the lake, about two miles from its west end, there was a fine garden, and also one of the most extensive and luxuriant fields of timothy seen in any part of the north country. The district boundary crosses Lac Des Roches about two miles from its easterly end, which fact, and the steep ridges from 1,000 to 1,700 feet above it along the south shore, necessitated a considerable detour with our trail. In passing, it may be stated that throughout the whole season it was found that trail-cutting to permit transportation of camp equipage and some 2 tons of supplies occupied nearly as much time as the actual running of the boundary-line. D 324 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The problem of continuing the boundary across the lake and some three miles beyond without moving camp was solved by building a ferry-raft 30 feet long by 6 wide, propelled by sweeps. It was found that a speed of three miles an hour could be made with it, so that the lake ceased to be an obstacle to line-running. Machete Lake. Moving around the east end of Lac Des Roches, and south some five miles from it, camp was established on the north shore of Machete Lake (locally known as Bear Lake), from which the line was picked up and extended to the lake, which lies at almost the same level as Lac Des Roches—viz., 3,8S0 feet above sea. Machete Lake contains brown, peaty water, which, however, appeared to be quite wholesome; its discharge, joined with that from Bonaparte Lake lying to the south, forming the principal part of South Bonaparte River. The southerly slope of the ridge bounding this valley on the north is covered with large firs from 2 to 4 feet in diameter; but the valley Itself is clothed in open poplar and black-pine forest, possibly some seventy-five years old. A strip of fairly level black-loam land about half a mile wide extends along the north side of the lake, widening rapidly to the west into the main basin of the South Bonaparte. The same tactics as those adopted at Lac Des Roches were used in extending the line south of Machete Lake; and a trail detour was made around its west end to the head of Brown Creek, from which Bonaparte Lake was reached through a pass considerably lower than the boundary- line summit. Immediately along the boundary-line to the south the mountains rise steeply from the lake to an altitude of 5,418 feet, from which, after crossing an intervening ridge, an easy descent is made into Brown Creek Valley, 4,820 feet above sea. From this point the line passes through mossy flats of large spruce with knolls covered by lodge-pole pine, and rises to 5,050 feet, from which it gradually descends to Bonaparte Lake, 3,990 feet above sea, and 56% miles from the north-east corner of Lillooet District. Bonaparte Lake. Bonaparte Lake is a sheet of clear sparkling water some ten miles long, with an extreme breadth of about one mile and a half. It is the finest natural storage-basin encountered, its shores being mostly sand and gravel, with some boulders formed principally from granite, the decomposed feldspar giving it a singularly clean appearance. In many places the hills rise boldly from the water, with jutting rock-spurs pushing Into the lake. Taking it altogether, it is an extremely beautiful lake and well worthy of preservation to the people as part of a recreation-ground, the scenic, boating, fishing, and hunting requirements being of the highest order. The procedure previously followed at lakes was adopted here; but as the raft timbers had to be dragged from the forest about a quarter of a mile, their transportation required the full strength of the party, since the sticks were 33 feet long and from 12 to 16 inches in diameter. It now being September, the lake was frequently wind-swept, causing a considerable sea, so four sweeps were placed on the raft, which was used not only as a ferry, but also in making a triangulation survey of the lake. It proved to be a safe but wet craft in heavy weather, the waves sometimes sweeping knee-deep over it. Exploration of the surrounding country revealed but little tillable land about the lake, the flat at the west end being very stony. Northern Limit of Dry Belt. Here it may be remarked that from Bridge Creek Valley to the height of land north of Bonaparte Lake the vegetation indicated a large annual precipitation; but the change in crossing the divide was very noticeable, it apparently marking the northerly limit of what Is known as the "Dry Belt" in the Thompson Valley. At this altitude the precipitation is, of course, very much greater than in the lower valleys along the main stream, the open mountain-sides being covered with luxuriant bunch-grass, lupin, vetch, and other vegetation. But judging by the signs these pastures lie under too much snow to be available in winter. The valley of a creek flowing from the south-east into the east end of Bonaparte Lake forms a pass in which lie several small lakes and quite an area of good summer pasture. A 4 Geo. 5 Lillooet-Kamloops Boundary. D well-beaten trail was found there leading from the direction of the North Thompson, but seemingly had been used as a hunting-trail, no trace of human occupation being observed. The line having been produced nearly three miles south of the lakes, it was decided to make a trail detour around its west end, and, as the mountains rising from the lake were found to be covered with windfall, the trail was carried along their southerly flanks, until camp was finally located between two lakes on the head of Deadman Creek, some four miles and a half south of Bonaparte Lake. No route avoiding the windfall was discovered; so eight days were spent in hewing a way through it and a forest of black-pine, some twenty-five or thirty years old, which has grown up among the fallen timber, and masks it. The lower courses of timber resting on the ground are greatly decayed, but the upper tiers of spruce and pine are sound and of bone-like hardness. This considerable area of windfall extending south from Bonaparte Lake Is a distinct menace to that region, because should a fire become well started in it, from natural or other causes, it would be almost impossible to control, and both forest and soil would be destroyed, leaving but a stony desert on which nothing would grow for many years to come. From Bonaparte Lake the line crosses a summit 4,935 feet above the sea, and then traverses a shallow basin lying at an average elevation of about 4,750 feet, the lowest point reached being the North Fork of Deadman Creek, at a height of 4,500 feet. The line rises again to 5,020 feet on the divide between the South Fork of Deadman and Criss Creeks, the latter being crossed at an elevation of 4,675 feet. From Criss Creek the line gradually ascends to Its termination at 65 miles 50.58 chains from the north-east corner of Lillooet and 5,310 feet above the sea. Upon entering this region south of Bonaparte Lake it was observed that the boundary is apparently on top of the mountain mass, occasional rounded peaks rising only a few hundred feet higher. It appeared as if some herculean force had poured the contents of a huge crucible until the ancient eroded valleys had been nearly filled, leaving a few peaks standing like islands in the flood. And, in fact, this may possibly have happened, for the floor of the country is lava, while the peaks noted are granite. Forty Lakes seen from One Peak. - This lava floor is lacustrine, forty lakes being visible from one peak, the greater number finding outlet through Deadman Creek, the remainder apparently feeding streams flowing to the North Thompson or South Bonaparte Rivers. Through the slow centuries soil has accumulated, so that the tract is wooded with black-pine and poplar, with some spruce; but there are many open hillsides and glades where luxuriant bunch-grass and lupin grow. Red-top grass, vetch, and other succulent growths are found in abundance, except in the thickets, so that there is an area of some 100 square miles of well-watered summer pasture which is available until the end of October, and possibly later. Value of Country explored. The land traversed by the boundary-line between Lillooet and Kamloops Districts is not suited to cultivation, being mountainous, and lying as it does at an average elevation of more than 4,000 feet above sea. But immediately to the west, touching it at several points, are the great Bridge Creek and Bonaparte basins, containing a very considerable area of valley lands at a much lower elevation, where It is believed all the common grasses, grains, and vegetables could be grown, several settlers having confirmed the belief. This being the case, these contiguous mountain areas have a value as summer pasture; for, as has been called to your attention in previous reports, this whole well-watered region is primarily a first-class dairying and grazing country- Grain and root crops would probably require to be fed to stock on the ground; but since this appears to be more and more recognized as a remunerative method in agriculture, the possibility of growing crops enhances the value of both valley and mountain lands, because the latter would pasture the stock herds in summer, leaving to the valley lands the sustaining of dairy herds and the production of food-crops for winter use. At present this country is accessible by the North Bonaparte Road from 70-Mile House on the Cariboo Road, and an alleged road from Savona, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, which by branches joins the former road near Lac Des Roches, and at a point about midway between it and 70-Mile House. There are also roads from 100-Mile House to Canim Lake, Buffalo Lake, and Horse Lake, from which latter place the old Kamloops Trail traverses the country to Lac Des Roches. All these roads are as yet extremely rough and only light loads may be taken over them. The trail made in running the district boundary-line opens up a great stretch of country hitherto unexplored; but, while it may be of very great service in forest-fire protection work, it is too high up and rugged to afford much assistance to persons seeking agricultural lands. If a survey of the lands lying in the Bridge Creek and Bonaparte basins is undertaken and attention given to trail-location, that whole country would be comparatively easy of access to prospective settlers. Timber. Having been informed that a representative of the Forestry Branch was to examine the forest-growth, no notes were taken for the purpose of report, as it would have been supererogatory. It may, however, be remarked that no timber of much commercial importance was encountered, its chief value appearing to be as a forest covering for the earth at the sources of Bonaparte River and Bridge Creek. Fish, Game, and Fur-bearing Animals. With the exception of Red Creek, the various streams and lakes visited are mostly well stocked with rainbow trout, which take the fly readily. At Bonaparte Lake one of these trout, measuring 27 inches in length, with a girth of 15% Inches, was taken on a fly-rod and small spoon bait. Large fish up to about 3 feet in length, probably great lake trout, were observed jumping in Canim, Lac Des Roches, Machete, and Bonaparte Lakes; but none were caught owing to lack of facilities. Several of the smaller lakes, with shallower, warmer water, appeared to be infested by squaw-fish of no value. A number of what are locally named " red-fish " were killed in the large creek flowing into the east end of Machete Lake. These are not similar to the red-fish of the Kootenays, being quite different in structure, but appear to be identical with a fish caught in Lac La Hache and heretofore thought to be peculiar to it. These fish have characteristics of both trout and salmon, and as far as could be learned have not yet been identified by science. They seem to appear only in spawning season, become red in colour, and are quite unfit for food a short time after appearance. Mule-deer appeared to be fairly plentiful in nearly all localities, particularly so from Lac Des Roches south. Caribou-tracks were seen in the spruce-swamps north of Bonaparte Lake. Fresh moose-tracks were observed at several points south of Bonaparte Lake in the neighbourhood of the great windfall mentioned above. Bears did not appear to be numerous except in the first fifteen miles south of Bridge Creek. Although one or two were usually seen each day, only one was killed, the hides being of no value in summer. The tracks of silver-tip bears were noted about Machete Lake, but none of the animals were encountered. Coyotes are numerous, but wolves were seldom heard, and lynx and cougar appeared to be few in number. Marten were noticed in only a few localities and did not seem to be plentiful, as was also the case with mink and fisher. Beaver have multiplied greatly, while numbers of musk-rats were observed in every stream, beaver-pond, and lake. Willow-grouse and spruce-partridge (fool-hen) were numerous throughout, but no prairie- chicken were observed. Very few wild duck or geese were seen in the higher areas of the mountains, although conditions seemed favourable to their presence. The explanation finding most favour was that the mountain ponds and lakes are closed by ice much earlier and for a longer period than those in the low valleys; consequently the birds follow these troughs in their migrations. Correlation of Things. In this and previous reports it has been noted that many years ago tremendous fires had swept away the ancient forest, and that more recent ones had devasted large tracts. Complaints of lessening and variable stream-flow have been prevalent in areas watered by streams heading in this great interior plateau and adjoining mountains. A study of the question upon the ground has led to the conclusion that diminished stream- flow in summer is probably to a large extent the natural result of wide-spread destruction of the forest covering of the earth, exposing winter snows and saturated earth to the direct rays of the sun. 4 Geo. 5 Lillooet-Kamloops Boundary. D 327 Much of the country has partially reforested itself, and the stream-discharges should become more regular were they not interfered with by the beaver. This animal, driven by natural increase and consequent limitation of food-supply, travels along the streams until he finds a situation offering opportunity for creating a pond of water adjacent to a supply of food-trees. He then builds ,a dam, often displaying considerable constructive skill and engineering ability. Having created a pond, he then builds a house of sticks and mud in it, having an entrance at such depth below the water-surface as to preclude closing by ice in the winter, the living- chamber being above water-level. Consequently It will be seen that his care is to maintain the pond-surface at as nearly a constant level as possible in order to keep his domicile entrance open and his living-room above water. In the spring of the year, or when freshet water is coming down, the beaver opens spillways in his dam, which are closed as the freshet-flow subsides, thus preserving the water- level of the pond. Now, very often the place chosen for a pond is a natural storage-basin, and his dam is placed at the neck or discharge-point. When the dam is built and the pond filled, a certain quantity of water has been stored, and such an amount remains stored. But thereafter no considerable quantity of freshet water is stored in that basin, for it is run off as it comes by the improved spillways in the dam, quickly finding its way to the sea. It was very noticeable that most of the lakes encountered appeared to be at high-water mark at all times, the only exception being Canim Lake, which as far as known is not dammed back by beavers. In light of the above, it seems possible that many stream-vagaries complained of by irrigating agriculturists may arise from the work of the beaver, the effect sometimes being felt at very long distances from its point of origin. Also, as stated, the pond-site chosen is frequently a natural storage-basin having a bottom of meadow land on which certain grasses grow luxuriantly in the shallower portions of the pond even after it is flooded. If a beaver-dam is opened through the day the beaver repairs damage at night, unless a constant watch Is kept; so that many meadows on which hay could ordinarily be made are too wet and are left in undisturbed possession of the beaver. The advantage of making wild hay on these natural meadows seems to play an important part in attracting settlement to a country such as that under discussion. In common with many, a feeling in favour of conservation of the beaver has been entertained ; but opportunity for observation of his work and study of his methods have led to the conclusion that his immunity from capture is not compatible with successful human occupation of such country as the eastern portion of Lillooet. Survey Methods and Results. The district boundary whose location has been described is a " sky " line cut from 10 to 30 feet wide through the forest, so that any one crossing it can hardly fail to note the fact, and should in future eliminate the recording of land entries in wrong districts with consequent confusion in title. It will also serve as a base from which subdivision surveys for settlement may be extended in orderly manner. It is marked by posts placed one mile apart, no allowance for elevation above sea being made. At every third mile a post of 1-inch angle-iron is planted, a wooden post being placed slightly to the north to assist in finding it should the iron post become hidden by grass or brush. The mileage from the north-east corner of Lillooet, which is approximately on the 52nd parallel of latitude, is marked on both wooden and iron posts, the letter " L" being inscribed on the former on the side towards Lillooet, and "K" on the side facing Kamloops. Cairns were built about nearly all posts, and bearing trees marked and noted where possible. Large posts were placed at the trail-crossings near Lac Des Roches, Machete Lake, and Bonaparte Lake, and were marked " Lillooet" and " Kamloops " on the respective sides to inform travellers as to their being a boundary between districts. The line was twice measured by using a 6-chain Lucas tape and a Lallue tape 400 feet long, all measurements being made on the slope and reduced to level distance by means of angles of elevation or depressions read to single minutes with a 4-inch Berger transit. It is thought that the error in any one mile does not exceed one link. A profile of the line was deduced from angles read in chaining, and served as a check on general pressure variations when noting altitudes with aneroid barometers. The line was produced with a 5-inch Berger transit cut to D 328 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 thirty seconds and read by estimation to fifteen seconds, the plate bubbles having a division value of thirty seconds and the telescope-level ten seconds. The azimuth of the line was checked by numerous time observations on Polaris; sideral time, being obtained either from meridian transit of the sun, or preferably from a star culmination near the time of azimuth observation. A series of six pointings (three pairs) usually gave results falling within a range of. fifteen seconds. The line was produced carefully, so that at its southerly end it was possible to sight back along the cut of the line over the ridges about forty-four miles to Windy Mountain, the highest point reached. Connection was made in Criss Creek Valley with Dominion land surveys of the Railway Belt, thus closing a traverse of about 300 miles. The closing errors in latitude and departure are small, and would be further reduced by taking into account differences of elevation above sea. The agreement is no doubt largely due to balancing of errors incidental to survey, but shows that no serious mistake has been made by any of the various surveyors taking part iu the work. In addition to the survey above described, 1,400 acres of land were subdivided into lots and Bonaparte Lake was surveyed by triangulation and 12.5 miles of tie-line run. I have, etc., W. S. Drewry, B.C.L.S. 124th MERIDIAN AND NEAR THE NAZKO RIVER. By T. A. McElhanney. December 12th, 1913. G. II. Daioson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report of surveys of certain lands iu the vicinity of Nazko River and of the 124th meridian as far as the 55th parallel of latitude. Three motor-cars took twelve men and about 700 lb. of dunnage and equipment to Hance- ville from Ashcroft in two days. Two days were spent in getting supplies ready and moving, by wagon, to Alexis Creek Post-office by the Chilcotin Road. About three miles west of Alexis Creek Post-office the road to the Nazko River turns off the Chilcotin Road. The land surveyed lies about two miles west of Canyon Lake, which is on the wagon-road from Alexis Creek to the Nazko River. A new wagon-road from Quesnel to the Nazko River also gives access to it. The sections surveyed are drained by a small creek which flows into the Clisbako River, a short distance south of the confluence of the latter with the Nazko. They are ill a large flat almost surrounded by low hills. The timber on them is, in general, jack-pine and poplar. It is interspersed with small meadows, muskegs, and lakes. The grass on the meadows is of excellent quality and generally red-top. Mr. MacFarland, who has a pre-emption there, and has lived there for three years, reports that a great deal of the land which is now muskeg may by draining and burning be made to produce good hay, and that there seems to be a tendency for these muskegs to get drier, as it is possible to cut hay in places which could not be cut three years ago. The general altitude is about 3,500 feet above sea-level, and the frosts probably too severe for raising grain or vegetables. It is, however, admirably situated for raising stock. The meadow land is limited and in small scattered patches. A fire has run over the country recently and cleaned up a great deal of the windfall. Over this burned area a heavy growth of flreweed is found. The soil appears to be rich, and it is probable that most of the land could be made to produce grass. The timber is of no value. Rainfall during the summer is very light. I surveyed 3,520 acres here. Trail from Nazko River to 124th Meridian. We left for the 124th meridian on June 9th, travelling by pack-train down the Nazko and Blackwater Rivers till we struck a trail leading by Pelican Lake to the Chilako River. All this is good pack-trail, and the portion on the Nazko and Blackwater is a passable wagon-road. Good feed for pack-horses was found throughout the district. On June 15th we reached the last W'vm jlllr II:- South-east corner of Cassiar District at north end of line run on 124th meridian. View near south end of line run on 124th meridian, showing Cascade Mountains which prevented continuation of survey. 4 Geo. 5 124th Meridian and near Nazko Eiver. D 329 camp of 1912, near Mile 43 north of the 53rd parallel of latitude, and the cache left there, containing camp equipment and the provisions left over at the end of the season of 1912, was found in good condition. Country South of Sinkut Lake Survey. We started work from Mile-post 43 north of the 53rd parallel of latitude on June 17th. Five miles of line brought us to the summit of the range separating the Nechako and Mud River drainages. Leading up to this divide is a gently undulating area, generally covered with jack-pine; scattered through it are small creeks, along which small meadows are found. The. summit of this ridge, which terminates in Sinkut Mountain at the north, is at the 124th meridian about 4,280 feet in elevation. The north side of the range is drained by Sinkut Creek. It is heavily timbered with spruce and balsam, reaching a diameter of as much as 30 inches. The soil is in general good, and there is evidence of considerable rainfall in the thick alder and red willow which is found on the northern exposure. Two good waterfalls of about 40 and 50 feet were found in Sinkut Creek. An approximate determination of the delivery of the stream was made on July 7th. The results at this time would probably show a quantity in excess of the average delivery. The two falls are less than a quarter of a mile apart and could easily be used for small power purposes. Combined they are capable of delivering about 800 horse-power. They are in the west branch of the Sinkut Creek, about a quarter of a mile south of the confluence of the east and west branches, and about eight miles south of Sinkut Lake. Surveyed Land South of Sinkut Lake. A fire has run over this land recently and destroyed a great deal of valuable spruce and balsam timber. In the vicinity of our line are large patches of good spruce killed by fire, but still standing and sound, and if worked soon would make good timber. The greater portion of this land is still open for pre-emption. The land south-west of Sinkut Lake is being settled rapidly, and the settlers are raising good crops of oats and barley. The natural meadow land is being sowed with timothy, which does well. Garden produce can be grown in most places, but in some places with uncertainty on account of summer frosts. Increased area of cultivation will in all probability tend to adjust this. The soil is generally of good quality and now produces a heavy growth of peavine and fireweed. Between Sinkut Lake and Nechako River. The land crossed between Sinkut Lake and Nechako River was consistently good throughout. It is generally of low elevation, the highest point crossed 'being about 2,500 feet above sea-level, or approximately 400 feet above the Nechako River. There is very little land here open for pre-emption, as most of it has been already taken. In the vicinity of Stony Creek and Nulki Lake large fields of oats were seen, which were later reported to have produced as high as 75 bushels to the acre. At the present time, when the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Is in course of construction, a ready market is found for all farm produce. The prices are very high, and though the cost of production is high on account of scarcity of labour and high freight rates on all farm implements brought in, yet the profits are good. Some grain-growers found it advisable to cut grain before it had fully ripened and market it as oat-hay instead of thrashing it for the grain, as there was a great demand for hay there on railroad-construction. The completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway will tend to adjust the prices received for farm produce, and also decrease the cost of the necessary equipment for starting to cultivate land, which will probably result in a larger number of settlers with limited means entering on the lands. Increased settlement will make the establishing of schools possible. Nechako River. The land in the immediate vicinity of the Nechako River and for three or four miles north of the river is largely taken up and settled. Nearly all kinds of grain and farm produce are produced, and the whole country is rapidly assuming the appearance of a solid and prosperous agricultural community. Substantial buildings have been erected, and in places whole farms cleared. The land is easily cleared. Not only land open for pre-emption, but also purchase D 330 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 land is being taken up, cleared, and worked profitably. Good roads have been built and more are under construction, following the section-lines and replacing the old irregular trails. A ferry crosses the Nechako River about one mile east of the crossing of the 124th meridian. This is locally known as Milne's Landing. Wagon-roads branch from here in all directions, to Fort George, to Stony Creek, to the Fort Fraser-Quesnel Road, to Fort St. James, and several new roads lead east and north to newly settled districts. Ridge between Nechako and Stuart. No new land suitable for general agricultural purposes was found in the Nechako basin north of the present surveyed land between the Nechako and Stuart Rivers. An undulating plateau of an average elevation of 2,900 feet separates the Stuart and Nechako drainages. Small creeks run irregularly through it, and numerous small meadows are found up to 100- acres in extent. Summer frosts make general agriculture in there impossible, but the increasing demand for hay for winter feeding of stock on settled land in the Nechako has led many settlers to visit these meadows recently, and in all probability the larger of these will be staked for pre-emption where wagon-roads are easily built. An old trail leading off the present Fort St. James Wagon-road runs over this ridge to the Stuart River, crossing the river about two miles east of the 124th meridian. We used this trail for about nine miles in moving camp. It apparently had been used very little for some time, and we found it necessary to do considerable work on it before using it. Timber on Stuart River. Very little merchantable timber was found on the plateau. A fire had run through here recently and had burned a great deal of windfalls without doing much harm. The greater portion of the land is apparently unsuited for producing large timber, and a systematic burning of the windfalls would probably result in converting it into good range land, as fireweed and grass were found growing abundantly on the burned areas. On the northern exposure of the Stuart drainage there is some splendid fir, spruce, and balsam timber. Some of this is held under timber licence. This is the best fir timber seen on the meridian, some of it running as high as 36 inches, and clean and sound. Agricultural Land on Stuart Riveb. The bottom land on the south side of the Stuart River does not run far back from the river, and it is frequently broken by deep gulches and inlets from the river. The soil, however, is particularly rich and the undergrowth heavy. Land between Stuart and Necoslie Rivers. The Necoslie River is a small, sluggish ptream flowing in a north-westerly direction into the east end of the Stuart Lake, very close to the outlet from the same lake into the Stuart River. The land lying between these two rivers, running almost parallel, but in opposite directions and about four miles apart, is surveyed. The divide between the two drainages is very low, and is covered'by small spruce and jack-pine interspersed with small poplar. Close to both rivers poplar predominates. Trails following in a more or less general way the banks of the rivers give access to Fort St. James. There is a great deal of open land covered with thick grass and peavine. The soil is particularly rich and suited for agriculture. This is good stock country, and in this vicinity we found the best horse-feed of the season. TEMPER.ioTURES IN STUART BASIN. By means of a maximum and minimum thermometer, temperatures were read. We were in this district in the early part of August and, camped in open land, we recorded some temperatures considerably below freezing-point. Later in the season an interesting comparison was made with temperatures recorded by A. C. Murray, Hudson's Bay Factor at Fort St. James, who keeps Government meteorological records. It was found on the same date at Fort St. James, which is only about twelve miles distant, that no low temperature was recorded; in fact, they had only one frost during the summer. It is difficult to account for these local variations, but the fact remains that they do exist independent of altitude and latitude, and should be taken into account by the prospective settler. 4 Geo. 5 124th Meridian and near Nazko Eiver. D 331 Several persons were seen by members of my party looking for pre-emptions in this vicinity, and I believe quite a number have located this year. Practically all the land suitable for agriculture in this district is surveyed. Between Necoslie River and McLeod Trail. The land adjoining the Necoslie River to the north for about five miles is waste. It consists of broken rocky hills of limestone formation. No heavy timber has grown on these hills, and in places they have been burned practically bare by recent fires. At Mile 28 north of the 54th parallel of latitude and about five miles south of the trail running from Fort St. James to Fort McLeod, the line crosses the summit of a range 3,580 feet high, which rises to the east to a height of 4,200 feet. This proved a convenient observation- point in getting a general idea of the surrounding country, and was of assistance in mapping small lakes some distance from our line. They could be mapped by depression angles much more quickly than by traverse, as the country in the vicinity of these lakes was almost impassable on account of windfalls. The ridge is thickly timbered, though the timber is not heavy. Spruce, balsam, and jack- pine are found, the latter predominating. The trees rarely exceed 20 inches in diameter, but are tall and clean and well suited for poles or railway-ties. This ridge was at one time much more heavily timbered, evidence of which is found in the semi-decayed trees found. Very large fir has at one time grown on this ridge and a few scattered trees of fine quality are found. The green timber growing on the ridge is comparatively young. Forest-protection over this area is advisable, as it is bounded on both the north and south sides by windfalls. From the top of the hill the timbered area appeared to extend for a considerable distance east and south-east over an undulating country. Vicinity of Fort McLeod Trail. A flying camp was made east of Carrier Lake to explore the country in the vicinity of the Salmon River, Carrier Lake, and Great Beaver Lake. The divide between the Salmon River and Carrier Lake is low, about 2,600 feet above sea-level. The land is rolling and covered with jack- pine and small poplar. In the vicinity of Great Beaver and Carrier Lake there is a considerable extent of good land, unsurveyed, and also good spruce timber. The largest poplar and cotton- wood of the season were found here. North of Fort McLeod Trail Surveys. For twenty miles north of the surveys in the vicinity of the Fort McLeod and Manson Creek Trails the country is broken and irregular. It is made up of jack-pine ridges and valleys dotted with small lakes, spruce, muskegs, and meadows. Occasional small patches of good spruce are found. The soil in general seems to be very good, and on nearly all the jack-pine ridges a thick growth of alder and willow is found growing to the summit of the ridges. This is generally found among windfalls, which makes it very difficult country to travel through. Access may be had to it by two trails running in a north-easterly direction from the Manson Creek Trail across the 124th meridian. Both these trails leave the Manson Creek Trail between its crossing of the Tsilcoh River and the crossing of Poison Creek. The most southerly bears generally east and keeps to the south of Lookout Mountain. It is an Indian pack-trail which is used a great deal as a hunting-trail, and was found in good condition as a foot-trail. I used it to bring in supplies for the work farther north, and also in coming out by Fort St. James at the end of the season. Very little work was necessary to make it a good horse-trail, as it runs generally through small poplar and jack-pine country, and is a hard, dry trail as far as we used it. It crosses our line about 47% miles north of the 54th parallel of latitude. The second trail crosses the southern shoulder of Lookout Mountain, shown on Mr. Swannell's topographic map, and Intersects the 124th meridian about 7 chains north of Mile- post 56. This has been an old horse-trail to Robinson Creek, evidently built by white men for mining and prospecting purposes. It has been well cut out and good culverts built over the small creeks which it crosses. It is now in bad repair with windfalls, decayed timber in bridges, and second growth, and we did not find it advisable to use it, as it would necessitate a great amount of work. It also is used as a hunting-trail by Indians, but horses cannot be taken over it now in its present state of repair. D 332 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 North of Lookout Mountain Trail. From this trail to the end of our work at the 55th parallel of latitude the country is heavily timbered. Spruce and balsam predominate. These are large in diameter, up to 36 inches, and generally clean for a considerable distance from the ground. A large burn from the west crosses our line about Mile-posts 61 and 64, running about one mile east of the meridian and stopping in a well-defined line. Observed from the top of a 4,600-foot hill, this timber seemed to cover the hills and valleys to the east as far as could be seen, though it is probable that in the lower altitudes, in the vicinity of the Salmon River, a larger percentage of the timber is jack-pine than is the case in the vicinity of the line. A branch of the Salmon River runs close to our line, its feeders crossing in places. Where this runs through the burned area a thick growth of long, coarse grass was found. This was also found in patches high up on the hills, covered by the burn. While in this district snow covered the ground from October 3rd to 18th, and the horses had to live on the tops of this grass. We found that it must contain a large amount of nourishment, as the horses improved on it even under bad weather conditions. Ripe raspberries were found in October. The season is evidently very late in the spring, and they do not ripen to maturity until very late in the summer. The flavour of these was found very much inferior to that of berries where the season is earlier and the sunshine more abundant. From the dense growth of red willow and underbrush there is evidently a heavy precipitation of rain during the summer. Fires. No fires were encountered throughout the season, which made observation particularly good when it was not cloudy. The air was found exceptionally clear, so clear that the pole-star was observed with ease several times at noon. Fires have at different times destroyed valuable timber east of the Manson Creek Trail, and also south of the Fort McLeod Trail. Altitudes. We reached the greatest altitude of the season just one mile south of the 55th parallel. This was 4,965 feet. It proved a splendid point to observe the general nature of the surrounding country, particularly to the west and south. It was possible to see back over our whole season's work, and to pick up with a telescope sky-lines cut over the ridges for over forty miles. It is probable that this ridge is the divide between the Arctic and Pacific drainages. This cannot be stated with certainty, as the heavy fall of loose snow made the exploratory work to determine this, with certainty, impossible. There is another ridge about three miles ahead, but it did not seem to be a continuous ridge and is possibly only a spur from this main one. 55th Parallel. The monument marking the intersection of the 124th meridian of longitude and the 55th parallel of latitude, also the boundary of the Cassiar, Cariboo, and Range 5 of the Coast Districts, was set on October 18th. This was rendered very difficult on account of about ten days' almost continuous snowfall. It was impossible to get our camp within five miles of the end of the line on account of lack of horse-feed, windfalls, and snow. This made it necessary to walk about ten miles over a ridge more than 1,000 feet higher than camp to get to work and hack to camp again before dark. We started back on October 19th, travelling by our own trail until we struck a cross-trail near Mile 47 leading to the Manson Creek Trail. I had intended coming out by Quesnel, but on getting to Fort St. James I got in communication by telephone with Fort Fraser, and learned that the steel on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway had been laid to Rose Lake, about eighty miles west of Fort Fraser, and easy connection could be made with the end of the steel by stage to Burns Lake, and by gasolene-launch across Burns and Decker Lakes. I therefore decided to come out via the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Game. There is very little large game in the country we crossed with the meridian. A few black bear were seen. Very few deer or moose tracks were found. Nearly all the streams are dammed 4 Geo. 5 53rd Parallel. D 333 by beaver, which are numerous. The country is evidently hunted systematically by Stuart Lake Indians, each of whom has his own hunting grounds and trails leading to these. On several of the small lakes canoes were found for use in trapping. Access to Northern Country'. Access to the country north of Fort St. James is comparatively easy on account of numerous trails. The Manson Creek Trail is in bad need of repair. Supplies are readily obtainable at Fort St. James. The cost of these will be materially decreased on completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. A wagon-road from Fort Fraser to Fort St. James and a bridge across the Stuart River, in place of the crude ferry in use there now, would be of great help to that country. I have, etc., T. A. McElhanney, B.C.L.S. THE 53rd PARALLEL OF LATITUDE. By R. P. Bishop. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The 53rd parallel of latitude forms the boundary between Ranges 3 and 4, Coast District. In 1912 it was run westerly from the 124th meridian for fifty-seven miles. This year the line was continued to Mile-post 93, under the foot-hills of the Coast range of mountains, beyond which point it was not considered that its prolongation would serve any useful purpose. Ties were made by traverse or triangulation to all surveyed lots within thirty miles, and the trails and topographical features of the country mapped as opportunity permitted. The expedition was accompanied by a representative of the Forest Branch of the Department of Lands, whose co-operation was of great assistance. On the completion of the base and ties the party was employed in surveying land in the neighbourhood. Methods employed. On the parallel itself the same methods were employed as last year, the line being run in a series of six-mile chords by a 5-inch Berger transit, wooden posts marked with the mileage being established every mile and iron pins every three miles. Distances were measured by a 5-chain tape and checked independently by a 300-foot tape. A series of triangles was carried north to Eutsuk Lake to connect a block of thirty-eight lots which were being surveyed by Messrs. Green Brothers and Burden. This is connected with the Tetachuck Lake block of 157 lots. The surveys in the neighbourhood of Abuntlet Lake had already been tied to a prominent landmark known as Anahim Peak by V. Schjelderup, so the location of the peak established the position of some 100 lots. Triangulation was kept up in order to furnish governing points for topographic purposes and for the approximate location of the more scattered lots. This triangulation was of a distinctly irregular character, as, generally speaking, the stations were shot up from the line as opportunity offered, and in many cases the vertical angles of the stations were not read, but calculated from the bearings of the rays taken from the line. Furthermore, the base angles of the triangles had to be calculated, as the stations on the line were seldom mutually visible on account of the deflections in the parallel. When calculated, positions of points were referred by co-ordinates to the chord of the parallel opposite which the point was situated. The positions of stations on which no signals were erected were not calculated, but plotted with considerable care from reference meridians drawn through the centre of the chords, the angles on to the stations being laid off by the method of chords with beam compasses. Wherever any three of the main stations were visible the position of any point desired could be fixed by the three-point method of interpolation. Topographical detail was located by plane- table or paced traverse. General Physical Characteristics of the Country. From Mile 57 the line continues at a considerable elevation over the higher portion of the great plateau which lies inside the Coast Range, the southern edge of the Nechako basin never D 334 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 being at a very great distance. At Mile 60 it leaves the watershed of the Blackwater near the source of the Ulgako, its western branch, and as far as Mile 74 lies within the country drained by the Entiako, a tributary of the Upper Nechako. Thence it enters the basin of the Dean, whose waters flow direct to the Coast, returning to the Nechako-Fraser basin, inside the foot- liills at the base of the principal peaks of the Coast Range. The lowest point reached since the commencement of the line is just north of Sigutlat Lake, at an elevation of approximately 2,600 feet. Geological Conditions. As far as the Qualcho Valley the country is covered with the basalt overflow of the Tertiary period, outcroppings of the older rocks appearing at intervals, noticeably north of Eliguk Lake. This overflow is considered by geologists to have issued mainly from three ranges, the Itcha, the Ilgachuz, and the Tsi-tsutl, which parallel the line about twenty miles to the south. The basalt capping ceases to the west of Qualcho Lake and the Coast granites are met just west of Sigutlat Lake, the line of contact being marked by some deep ravines. This line of contact between the Coast granites and the rocks of the interior is described by geologists as being a zone of probable mineralization. For some distance north of the parallel it appears to have been very little examined, although a certain amount of desultory prospecting took place in the spring, apparently without any definite results. Plateau above 3,000-foot Contour. The greater portion of the plateau is above the 3,000-foot contour line, and apparently too high for anything but grazing purposes. The soil on the plateau is mainly glacial drift or boulder-clay, which is very stony in all the higher parts, where it is generally timbered with lodge-pole pine. Almost the whole tract bears evidence of having been burnt over at one time or another, the stony nature of the soil rendering it liable to dry out rapidly in the hot weather, and subject in consequence to disastrous fires. In the depressions, which usually carry hay meadows, the soil varies from sand to silt. Meadows. The best meadows noticed lie in the valley of the Dean River and have been largely alienated. These meadows yield excellent hay, and two or three Indians who at present have the run of them are doing well with cattle and horses. Range. The chief drawback of the country is the lack of range. Some very good mountain grazing is available high on the slopes of the Ilgachuz and Tsi-tsutl Mountains, but only for a limited time in the summer. It has been frequently asserted that if timber on the boulder-clay is burnt over, grass will appear that will afford good grazing. This may be true where the soil is fairly deep, but on the more stony parts the effect of a fierce fire appears to be to destroy any humus in the soil and to render it barren. Having in mind, however, the immense and increasing importance of the cattle industry, it would appear worth while to experiment with the sowing of the hardier kinds of grasses, with a view to ascertaining how much of this drift soil may be ultimately used for grazing purposes. Tsi-tsutl Mountains. The Tsi-tsutl Mountains, lying to the south of the line between the Dean River and the Coast Range, are of volcanic origin, and owe their name to the peculiar red colour of the rocks on the peaks. They are sometimes referred to locally as the Rainbow or Painted Mountains. Viewed from the north, they resemble in many points the Itcha and Ilgachuz Ranges to the east, the centres of the groups having been worn down by erosion into groups of castellated pinnacles and peaks, flanked on either side by the remains of the original slope. Anahim Peak. Between the Tsi-tsutl and Ilgachuz, and a few miles to the west of the Dean River, stands the great landmark of the district, Anahim Peak, called Beeee by the Indians. This remarkable hill is also of volcanic origin, and is noted for the fact that the glass-like mineral obsidian is 4 Geo. 5 53rd Parallel. D 335 found in considerable quantities on it. Prior to the advent of the white man the Indians from far and near were in the habit of repairing here for supplies of this mineral for the manufacture of arrow-heads and cutting-instruments. On the extreme summit of the hill is a small cairn which appears to be of superstitious origin; according to the Indians each person who climbs the peak having to add a stone to the cairn to propitiate the spirits of the place. The cairn was visible through the large telescope for some twenty-five miles, and was of great use as a monument for triangulation purposes, evoking a fervent wish on the part of the topographer that other spirits requiring shrines of this sort would take up their abode on all peaks suitable for triangulation. Trails. The older Indians say that horses were not used before the time of the Canadian Pacific Railway survey in 1877, and that prior to that time back-packing was their only mode of transport by land. The horse-trails have apparently been cut out since that date. Two Indian brothers named Capoose and Caboose, who are located at Abuntlet Lake and on the Dean River, deserve particular credit for the amount of trail and sleigh-road they have cut. The whole district is traversed by quite a network of trails, good, bad, and indifferent, converging on the Indian village of Ulgatcho. The chief of these Is the main trail from Bella Coola to the Ootsa Lake country, which was the principal means of access to the latter district until the construction of part of the Grand Trunk Railway to the north. Between Ulgatcho and Bella Coola one travels by the winter or summer trails, according to season. The former heads due south from Ulgatcho to the Dean River, following up the east bank to the crossing at the mouth of Abuntlet Lake, thence south past the west shore of Anahim Lake to connect with the trail from Chilcotin to Bella Coola. This is practically the old Palmer Trail and is now traversed by a telegraph-line. The summer or mountain trail from Ulgatcho to Bella Coola heads south-westerly from the village, crossing the Dean River at eight miles, and skirting the northerly and westerly flanks of the Tsi-tsutl Range, drops into the Bella Coola Valley at the new Government bridge at Canoe Crossing, some twenty-four miles from Bella Coola. I understand this trail to be generally open during the months of July, August, and September each year, though a branch of it known as the " Burnt Bridge Trail" is open for about a month later in the year. This branch deflects to the east of the main summit north of Canoe Crossing and descends into the Bella Coola Valley at Burnt Bridge, some miles above the main trail. Apparently Sir xilexander Mackenzie travelled down the route traversed by the present summer trail on his way to the Pacific in 1793. The chart attached to his narrative makes it quite clear that he struck the Pacific at Bella Coola, which he calls " Rascall's Village." The other main trails lead into Ulgatcho from Cluskus Lakes and Quesnel to the east and Kimsquit to the west. The former follows close to the line of the 53rd parallel and is in a good state of preservation, being constantly used by the Indians of the district. The Kimsquit Trail heads westerly from Ulgatcho to the western extremity of Qualcho Lake, and down Qualcho Creek to the head of Sigutlat Lake, skirting its north and west shores as far as the south end, and thence westerly up a small valley to its head. From this point there are two routes to the Dean River, one being a partially completed trail heading to the south-west which is not yet feasible for pack-animals, and the other a way over the mountains to the Sagunthat River at its junction with the Dean. This latter can be used only during the summer months when the snow is off the hills and the Sagunthat River is fordable. At the close of the season in the middle of October It was intended to move the party out this way, and preparations were made to that end, but an advance party sent down the trail to reconnoitre reported it impracticable for a large party at that time of the year, so the idea had to be given up. The trail was found to be in a good state from Ulgatcho to within about three miles of Sigutlat, where it was badly encumbered with windfall, which had to be sawn out. Game. Lesser game, such as grouse, fool-hen, and rabbits, is plentiful. The larger game are caribou and deer, and mountain-goat in the Coast Range. Moose are appearing in considerable numbers around Sigutlat aud Nahlouza Lakes, having, according to the Indians, made their first appearance two years ago. Possibly they have been driven from their retreats in the north by the ■construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. The caribou appear to be dwindling rapidly D 336 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 in numbers, as the Indians depend largely on them for a livelihood, and in some cases are liable to kill more than they need. Their haunts are on the foot-hills of the Coast Range and all the higher ranges of hills. They furnish the Indians with meat, leather, and sinews for moccassins, babiche for snow-shoes, and hair-pads for packing. The fur-bearing animals are black and grizzly bear, beaver, marten, lynx, ermine, mink, and otter, and are fairly abundant, forming the Indians' chief source of revenue. Rabbits increase periodically and die off about every seven years, as in other parts of the north, thus materially affecting the supply of fur- bearing animals which live on them. Indian tradition asserts that a thunderstorm denotes the arrival of a batch of rabbits from the " Saghalie Tyee." Details along Line. Some good meadows with fair depth of soil occur west of Mile 63. At Mile 69 the line strikes a small knoll, which appears from description to be the Sinter Knoll shown in the Geological Survey Map. At Mile 70 the line intersects the east boundary of the Ulgatcho Indian Reserve, about two miles north of Ulgatcho Lake, where the village is situated. The trail to Ootsa Lake runs north through the centre of the reserve. The country is here very rocky and broken and almost entirely burnt over. The reserve contains some 4,500 acres, which are all classified as third-class land. The Indians cut most of their hay on meadows on Crown land. About Mile 74 the line rises over a prominent burnt knoll to the south of Qualcho Lake, and here passes into the drainage-basin of the Dean River. From here onward the pine is heavier and less frequently burnt, and becomes mingled with the tree known on the Coast as balsam. Around Qualcho Lake and Valley aspenrpoplar grows in some abundance, and the valley is far more attractive in appearance than any district seen since the beginning of the line. The soil is sand and silt covered with willow bottom, and there is some good meadow land. Elevation is about 2,700 feet, and snowfall pretty heavy, though varying remarkably in different spots as to depth. In the Sigutlat Valley patches of extremely heavy cottonwood were encountered through which the line made remarkably slow progress, even with the aid of a crosscut saw. The climate is here much milder than in the Qualcho Valley, and the Indians say that potatoes have been grown. The soil is mainly silt and is covered with cottonwood, pine, and spruce, with high-bush cranberry and other undergrowth. Some meadows occur wihich are rather badly flooded by beaver-dams. These valleys are somewhat remote from transport, and it is not probable that they" will be cultivated in the near future, although some trappers have taken up pre-emptions on Qualclio Creek. The valleys are on the main line of the one of the original Canadian Pacific Railway's surveys connecting Kimsquit with the Yellowhead Pass, and as charters for the Kimsquit route have been recently issued, it was considered advisable to survey out any land which might be eventually required for settlement. West of the valley commence the foot-hills of the Coast Range. The expedition climbed these in order to triangulate on the Eutsuk Lake. A party had been previously sent to the lake to fix stations on the shore-line and adjoining hills. A trail was taken past the 93rd post to the highest of the foot-hills, called by the Indians " Watoot " on account of the quantity of muskeg found there. Mountain white-pine is found on the summits, alternating with bare patches where a certain amount of mossy grass gives feed for caribou and moose, but is not of good enough quality for grazing purposes, as it is on the slopes of the Itohas. Whether this is due to the different elements in the soil or the excessive snowfall I am unable to say. A considerable amount of new country was sketched here and the divides located. Indians. There are about eighteen houses and a Roman Catholic church at Ulgatcho. The population I believe to number about seventy, but it is difficult to estimate this, as they are never in residence all together, and often the village is deserted. They are visited by a priest of the Oblate Fathers once a year, and during the rest of the time their spiritual needs are attended to by the Chief and Snndayman, who impose fines on the wayward. The priests long ago abolished potlatches and totem-poles and introduced an Indian alphabet. The result is a great eagerness to learn to read and write English and an inclination to petition the Government for a school. There was a good deal of influenza in the spring, and they soon used up all the camp - - ■:■''" ' A'*J <* :3. t'*'*%r:h _?: . ■■ ?■ *■ ■-'■„■■■■ ■ •■'• -- ■ Monument erected on the British Columbia- Alberta Boundary. Cairn covering brass bolt on a peak of the Interprovincial Boundary. Mineral-claim surveying. ■ ..'■' ' J / Mile-post on Boundary. Base-line cut through timber. Looking north from the middle of Township 53, Lillooet. 4 Geo. 5 55th Parallel. D 337 quinine and a quart of castor-oil. The Indians appear to have been decimated some years ago by small-pox, and some tribes have completely disappeared at Eutsuk Lake and Qualcho. They earn a living by hunting, trapping, packing, and working in canneries on the Coast. The annual supply of salmon is procured from Salmon House and Tonaybunkut Lake, and there are plenty of trout in most of the lakes and creeks. The caribou must soon fail them as a means of sustenance, and they will have to depend more on their horses and possibly cattle, for which large quantities of hay must be cut, as there is little range. As there are practically no meadows on the reserve, they are forced to cut hay outside it. Should these outside meadows become taken from them they will be unable to earn a living. I have, etc., R. P. Bishop, F.R.G.S., B.C.L.S. THE 55th PARALLEL. By A. H. Holland. December 11th, 1913. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Acting under instructions to survey the 55th parallel, the boundary between the districts of Coast Range 5 and Cassiar, I proceeded with pack-train from Hazelton, and on May 15th reached the Road-house and Telegraph Cabin, thirty-one miles east, ready to start work from the cement monument erected there three weeks previously by F. A. McDiarmid, D.L.S., who spent some time taking observations to determine the latitude (54° 58' 56.56") and the longitude (8 hours, 29 min., 1.0.31 sec), the 55th parallel being 97.516 chains north. The weather was stormy and cloudy. For two days observations of any kind were impossible, but on May 25th six sights on the setting sun were taken between clouds, and the following morning seven more readings were taken to check the azimuth before starting work. On May 29th the first mile-post was established on the 55th parallel, 131 miles west of the 124th meridian, at an elevation of 1,990 feet, and camp was moved four miles on the Cronin Trail to be near the work. As there was little or no feed in the mountains, however, the pack- train had to be sent back to the valley of the Bulkley. From this time to June 10th the line was continued eastward, gradually getting higher and farther into the range which parallels the Bulkley Valley till an elevation of 3,600 feet above sea-level was reached and we came into the snow, which lay deeper and longer than usual this season. From 1 to 2 feet of wet snow lay in the timber and the trail was impassable for the pack-train, forcing us to return and carry the line westward toward the Kitsequekla Range. The grade of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway was crossed on June 11th, and immediately a steady climb was commenced for twelve miles to the summit of the range at an elevation of 5,S00 feet above sea-level, following the narrow gorge of John Brown Creek, which at this season was a mountain-torrent, too swift to ford. For ten miles from the Bulkley the work followed thickly timbered hillsides, the first two miles only having merchantable timber, the area of which was estimated as about 1,500 acres, carrying from 10,000 to 15,000 feet per acre of spruce, hemlock, and balsam. The basin (elevation 4,100 feet) at timber-line on the east side of the Kitsequekla Range was reached on July 19th. During the whole of this five weeks rain had fallen during some part of each day, and more than a third of the time was spent cutting a pack-trail, on which side-hills and rock-slides were graded and four bridges built. The sides of the valley are steep, with little or no bottom, and in no part was there any horse-feed, so that for the whole time the pack-horses had to be kept on the Bulkley and driven up and back every time the camp moved, necessitating a careful watch on the horses each time they were under pack, as after a hard trip without feed they would attempt to browse on anything green, and as there was considerable growth of poison- weed through the valley on the rock-slides we were lucky in having only one horse poisoned. A liberal dose of bacon-grease administered immediately saved that one. 2i2 D 338 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 On July 23rd the summit of the range, 1,700 feet above the timber-line, wTas crossed with the horses and camp, the trail crossing two heavy snow-drifts, one of which was so hard and steep that we had to dig out to keep the horses from sliding a couple of hundred feet to the gulch below. The western slope of the range is steep and rocky, and it was here that we had most difficulty with the horses, as the ground fell 1,S00 feet to timber-line in half a mile, and was so steep and rocky that grading a trail was impossible. Each horse had to be led separately, while men with shovels and picks were stationed in two places where mud and rock slides started as soon as the horses touched them. This Is the only place on all the trail we built this season that w7ill not be permanent, and even this will be used, no doubt, by prospectors having only one or two horses to look after, who will be working through this range of conglomerate in their search for mineral. From this camp a trail was made for three miles through a heavy windfall and connected with the old Kitsequekla to Moricetown Trail, which runs along Kitsequekla Lake Creek at an elevation of 1,200 feet, and which this season was being used to reach a coal camp situate south towards the Copper River by the locators who came in from Skeena Crossing on the new wagon- road constructed this year by the Department of Public Works for the benefit of the settlers near the Skeena River, and for the handling of machinery and ore from the mines on Rocher Deboule Mountain, which is the northern extremity of the range crossed by the line. The valley at this point is less than a mile in width, and the ground immediately starts to rise to an elevation of 2,900 feet on the line over the broken rocky country which extends westerly from here. The main Kitsequekla River was reached on August 6th and a pack-trail built to it. On reaching the river it was found to run in a rocky gorge 300 feet below, and though a place was found to get horses down it was impossible to get them across, as the river is very swift, from 2 to 4 feet deep, and full of large boulders. Though this stream was crossed with the survey by means of a large tree felled across, any idea of continuing farther westward this season was abandoned, as it would have necessitated a new trail for horses being built in from the Skeena River, a distance of twelve miles, to the timber-line above the work, where the only possible feed for horses could be found in this country, as the lower slopes of the mountains are covered with thick scrub growth of balsam and hemlock. On August 17th, having made some connection surveys at Kitsequekla Lake, and cut out the old Indian trail easterly to Bulkley River on the way, work was resumed on the line running east where it had been abandoned in the snow in June, the top of the timbered ridge being crossed at an elevation of 4,600 feet. About a mile to the north of this, on the summit, and at about the same elevation, the Cronin Trail runs about three miles over an open and grassy plateau with scattered clumps of timber, where it would be possible to graze a considerable number of cattle from June to October. From the summit both the trail and the line drop gradually 900 feet to the level of a large swamp-hay meadow, which the trail skirts for some miles and then turns south-easterly, while the line gradually rises again to the summit of the Babine Range, which it crosses at an elevation of 6,100 feet, and two miles to the south are a group of four glaciers rising at least 1,000 feet higher. This range is heavily mineralized; one group. " Cronin's," has been proved in ore bodies and values, and during the present season some further silver-lead claims have been located, on which there is a splendid surface showing, and which no doubt will be worked now that the railroad is within twenty miles. The easterly side of the range is too steep to chain and had to be triangulated, the party making its way down as 'best it could over the rocks, which for three days were covered by the first permanent snow of the season. The parallel from here to Babine Lake runs through a rolling timbered country, crossing Chapman Creek about two miles above Chapman Lake at an elevation of 2,650 feet, and rising from there through rolling country, windfalls and brule to the higher ground bordering the lake, the elevation of which is 2,400 feet. Supplies had been brought in on October 1st to carry the* work on to the 20th, but the heavy frosts and snow of October soon destroyed what horse-feed there was in the swamp meadows, and on October 14th it was seen that if we were to get out by means of the horses we must start at once, so a raft was made to Babine Lake, and a triangulation connection made to the surveys near the old Hudson's Bay Company's Post in order to complete the season's work. 4 Geo. 5 Kamloops-Yale Boundary. D 339 On October 15th a cache of all extra supplies and tents was made and the return trip was started, but on the second day the horses were in such poor condition that we were forced to lay over at a meadow where there was a little green feed above the snow. Even though the one extra day brought a further 5 inches of snow, we were in luck to have rested the horses, for the next portion of the trail had been very muddy in the fall, and now, with from 24 to 30 inches of wet snow, was almost impassable, and seven men were kept out in front ploughing through snow and mud for eight hours to bring the horses through thirteen miles to our next camp, where we found the meadow buried 2 feet in wet snow and no feed in the timber. The next morning the horses were given all they could eat of rice, sugar, rolled oats, and bread from the cook-tent. The stove and all extra weight was abandoned in order to bring the load down so that it could be packed on nine horses, leaving the other six with only their pack- saddles, it being five miles to the last summit and four miles farther to get out of the deep snow. The party was again put out in front to break trail, and at 4 o'clock horses and men were below snow-line and within four miles of the wagon-road, so packs were taken off and covered by a tent and the horses turned out to feed, while the men went on six miles farther to a road-house, where we stayed two days before bringing in blankets, instruments, etc. I have, etc., A. H. Holland, B.C.L.S. VICINITY OF KAMLOOPS-YALE BOUNDARY NEAR ONE-MILE CREEK, PRINCETON; LOON LAKE, ASPEN GROVE, AND COMMONAGES AT MERRITT AND QUILCHENA. Br O. B. N. Wilkie. December 26th, 1913. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Having received instructions to continue the survey of the boundary-line between Kamloops and Yale Districts, I proceeded to the head of One-mile Creek, south of Aspen Grove, at which point I finished last year. From this place I started to resurvey the commonages near Merritt and Quilchena. After completing the survey of the commonages, I laid out a parcel of land containing 640 acres from the Quilchena Commonage, where the Government had started an Experimental Dry Farm. At the beginning of August I proceeded to One-mile Creek and continued the work on the Kamloops-Yale boundary, completing the line as far as Princeton early in October. From Princeton I left by way of One-mile Creek, surveying isolated pre-emptions along the creek, and arrived at Loon Lake, east from Aspen Grove, where many pre-emptions have been taken up within the past year and on which a great many improvements have already been made. After completing the survey of about 5,000 acres at Loon Lake, I proceeded to Lower Nicola to retrace some of the old surveys in Township 90. The country in general covered by the season's work lies to the south and east from Merritt, in Nicola Valley. Merritt is reached by a branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway from Spence's Bridge, a distance of forty miles. The distance between Merritt and Princeton, via Tulameen, Coalmont, and Aspen Grove, by wagon-road is seventy miles, Princeton, on the Great Northern Railway, being the principal town in the Similkameen District. The Great Northern Railway is also under construction via Coalmont, Tulameen, Summit City, through the Coquhalla to Vancouver. The distance between Merritt and Princeton will be shortened by about fifteen miles when the road from Aspen Grove to Princeton by way of One-mile Creek is completed. The gap of eight miles remaining is intended to be finished next season. Along the route the land is good and farming is carried on successfully, vegetables of all kinds being grown, as well as grain. Cattle-raising is the principal occupation. The country generally is from 2,000 to 3,500 feet above sea-level, and consists of undulating land, with poplar and willow bottoms and considerable open pasture. The timber consists of pine, alder, cottonwood, hemlock, spruce, and fir, the pine attaining 3 to 4 feet in diameter and is used for lumber. In addition to the farming and lumbering, minerals such as iron, copper, gypsum, coal, gold, and silver are to be found. At Merritt the coal-mines have been developed on a large scale, and I am informed the mines employ about 700 men, the pay-roll amounting to 850,000 or $60,000 D 340 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 per month. The coal Is bituminous and is of a good coking quality, and with the completion of the railways now under construction will find a large market to the south, as well as on the Coast. The various mines are developed to be capable of producing over 2,000 tons per day, the present output being 1.200 tons, which is disposed of chiefly to railways, although some goes to Vancouver. Gypsum of good quality is to be found near Merritt, and copper and iron more particularly at Aspen Grove, which, with railway transportation, will no doubt prove very valuable. Good clay suitable for making bricks is obtained near Merritt. Merritt. Merritt, with a population of 1,500, is the principal town in the Nicola Valley, and is situate at the junction of the Nicola and Coldwater Rivers, on the branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway from Spence's Bridge to Nicola, and is at present about ten hours' run from Vancouver. The completion of the Kettle Valley Railway through southern British Columbia will shorten the time to the Coast considerably. The Government Agent's office is at Nicola, six miles distant, and can be reached either by rail or good road. Merritt is a busy town, owning its own water and electric-light plant, and containing two banks, a hospital, and stores of all descriptions. The hotel accommodation is very good. A great deal of farming is also carried on in the vicinity, the land mostly requiring irrigation. From Merritt good roads are built whereby one can drive to almost any point in the Province east of the Cascade Mountains. The climate is dry and very little snow in winter. About six miles from Merritt a large tract of land has been set aside for common pasture, thus enabling the small landholder to utilize his land for growing feed and general farming; the stock in the meantime roaming at will over some 16,000 acres of splendid pasture. Merritt Commonage, Lot 614. This is a large tract of land set aside for common pasture, beginning six miles from town, and consists of rolling pasture, well watered by small creeks and lakes and interspersed with clumps of poplar and willow bottoms, and on the higher portions some pine and fir. The poplar and willow bottoms are first-class land. The main road from Merritt to the south passes through this land, and also the road from Nicola. The general elevation of this commonage lies between ,2,500 and 3,500 feet above sea-level. There is another large parcel of land set out about twenty-five miles east from Merritt known as the Quilchena Commonage. This is also well watered by small lakes, and contains a good deal of very promising land ranging in elevation from 3,000 to 4,500 feet above sea-level, the bulk being about 3,500 feet. From this the Government has set apart a tract of land containing 640 acres for the purpose of experimenting as to the adaptability for dry-farming. Mr. Lee, who was in charge of the farm, had a considerable portion ploughed and expected to have some results by next year. The road from Nicola to Minnie Lake passes through this lot. This commonage is tributary to the Nicola, Douglas Lake, and Minnie Lake sections of the country. Loon Lake. Loon Lake is located about twenty-five miles in a south-easterly direction from Merritt, and is accessible by a good wagon-road which leaves the Merritt-Princeton Road at a point fifteen miles from Merritt. The land is fairly level in places, but generally might be described as undulating. The general elevation is about 3,600 feet above sea-level, and rises in parts to over 4,000 feet. There are some twenty-five settlers located there, the land taken up usually having some natural hay meadows which is cut for winter feed. During the summer and fall the .stock graze the adjacent country where pasture is found. This section is timbered grassy land, with hay meadows and willow bottoms interspersed. The land varies from rich loam to gravelly clay. The timber is pine, poplar, and spruce, and is small. About five miles east of Loon Lake there is a natural meadow which contains nearly 200 acres. Although most of this land has only ■been pre-empted within the past year, a great many permanent improvements have been made in the way of good houses, clearing and fencing. Pot Hole Creek and tributaries drain this section and furnishes splendid water all the year. Pre-emptors away from the creeks use wells. The copper properties are located about three or four miles away, and the Kettle Valley Railway Company have a location-line near by, the construction of which is expected to start shortly. Strathcona Park Boundaries. D 341 Aspen Grove. In this section, which lies between twenty and thirty miles along the Princeton Road from Merritt, are located some large holdings, the largest being the Hastings Ranch of about 37,000 acres, owned by Messrs. Fraser & Betterton; the Duke of Portland Estate of 18,000 acres; and the Dominion Western Lands, 18,000 acres. Also several ranches ranging from 1,000 to 2,50<J acres. These ranches are principally used for stock-raising, but at the same time considerable quantities of hay and oats are grown. Garden products have been grown in small quantities, but only for home use. One-mile Creek. The valley of One-mile Creek extends from Princeton to a point about thirty-five miles southerly from Merritt. It has a good wagon-road from Princeton for a distance of twenty-two miles. A road has been surveyed from Aspen Grove to connect with this road, and has been constructed save for a distance of eight miles, which is expected to be finished next year. The land along the valley is good and has a width of half a mile in places. Some settlers have been located in the valley for over twenty years, and they grow grain, hay, vegetables, poultry, and stock, and find a ready market in Princeton. The sides of the valley are thickly covered with small timber and are steep for nearly half a mile, where the land assumes a gentle undulation, composed of grassy timbered land interspersed with poplars, willows, and some meadows. The general elevation of the valley is between 2,000 and 2,500 feet, the plateaux being about 3,500 feet. Considerable land has been taken up on these plateaux, principally with a view to cattle-raising. The land in the valley varies, clay loam, gravelly clay being predominant. I have, etc., O. B. N. Wilkie, B.C.L.S. SURVEY OF BOUNDARIES OF STRATHCONA PARK. By W. H. J. Holmes. December 13th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—With reference to the survey or delineation upon the ground of the boundaries of Strathcona Park, I have the honour to submit the following report:— Strathcona Park is a tract of land lying in the very centre of Vancouver Island, and having an area of about S00 square miles. It is almost triangular in shape, with one of the most prominent peaks of the Island Range—viz., Crown Mountain—lying within its boundaries at the northern apex. An absolute reserve has been created over this area, establishing a national park and game reserve; it being extremely mountainous in character, unexcelled from a scenic standpoint, and in all ways particularly adapted to the purpose. It contains very limited areas of land that might be suitable for settlement. The objects of a survey of this character are to define the boundary-line upon the ground, so that prospectors for minerals, land-seekers, timber cruisers, and surveyors of mineral claims and other private interests may know their location when there is danger of their unknowingly trespassing upon ground to which no rights can be obtained. The line with its monuments also furnishes a base to which adjacent surveys may be tied, with a view to keeping these surveys in a systematic relative shape, as well as furnishing data which is essential for the making of correct maps of the country. Topographical information is also gathered which is of very great assistance to the Geographical Branch of the Lands Department. The work this year included only the extreme northern portion of the park area, I having commenced the survey at the north-east corner, being the north-west corner of the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway Belt on the 50th parallel of latitude. Access to this northern area may best be obtained by proceeding to Campbell River from Victoria or Vancouver by either Union Steamship Company or Canadian Pacific Railway Com- D 342 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 pany steamship. These steamers call at Campbell River three or four times a week. At Campbell River there is a very comfortable hotel, post and telegraph offices, and a large general store providing all kinds of clothing and food-supplies. Wagons for transportation of stores may be obtained locally. A wagon-road, at present a very poor one, runs from Campbell River in a westerly direction about seven miles to Mclvor Lake, and thence around this lake for another two miles to Forbes Landing at the east end of Lower Campbell Lake; thence it continues as a horse-trail via Gooseneck Lake along Upper Campbell Lake and Upper Campbell River to Buttle Lake, within the park limits. Along this trail a first-class road is at present under construction, which it is expected will be completed in about two years, giving easy access to Buttle Lake for those on pleasure bent. Forbes Landing is a stopping-place owned by James Forbes. He has a very comfortable hotel completed this year, and two gasolene-launches and several canoes and boats for hire. Near the junction of the Elk River and Upper Campbell River a branch of the trail crosses the latter and follows up the valley of the Elk, westerly, across the park area, emerging therefrom near Summit Lake, which empties into the East Fork of the Gold River. About a mile and a quarter west of Summit Lake a man pack-trail branches off and follows the East Fork of the Gold River northward for a distance of about four miles. The horse-trail up Elk River is in very poor shape, being in places impassable for horses in the wet spring and fall seasons. About six miles up the Elk Valley from the Campbell River crossing a stream flows in from the north called the North Fork of Elk River; this valley of the North Fork runs almost due north, and emerges into a tributary of the Salmon River. Its highest altitude is 1,655 feet. During the month of June we constructed about nine miles of horse-trail up this valley as far as Myra Lake for the purpose of getting in outfit and supplies for the work on the north boundary of the park, which crosses east and west about three-quarters of a mile north of Myra Lake. Crown Mountain, although its peak cannot be seen from this valley, lies close on the west side, about three miles up the trail from the main Elk River, so that those desirous of making an ascent should leave the trail at this point. It will take two days or at least a day and a half to get up and back, so that provisions and sufficient blankets to keep warm through a night spent on the edge of perpetual snow must be carried. From a sportsman's or a tourist's point of view, the country through which the trail passes is particularly attractive. Up to the point where the trail crosses the ford near the mouth of the North Fork of the Elk River the country is somewhat unvarying in aspect, the trail passing for the most part along the flats of the valleys. In these valleys the soil is a rich black loam with a subsoil of sand, producing a heavy growth of timber, red cedar, hemlock, and fir predominating, the average height being from 150 to 300 feet, and size 3 to 5 feet in diameter. Balsam, alder, and dogwood are also common. The underbrush, consisting of huckleberry and salal, is close in places where the large trees are scattered, and scanty where the grwwth of the heavy timber is close. Valley- of the North Fork of Elk River. The North Fork of the Elk River is a swift-flowing mountain-torrent; the valley is only 200 to 300 yards wide, the mountains rising abruptly on each side, and is intersected by numerous small streams almost dry in the summer, but which become small torrents during the rainy season. At all times the distant view is somewhat restricted by the prevailing heavy growth of timber, but the surrounding snow-capped mountains can frequently be seen between the trees as one ascends the valley. Continuing northward, one passes Little Elk Lake and Elk Lake, whose waters are remarkable for the striking blue-green colour effect, which is of peculiar intensity when viewed from a little way up the mountain-side. About a mile farther north we reach the summit of the rise at an altitude of 1,655 feet, the summit marking the watershed between the Elk River to the south and the Salmon River to the north. Ascending gradually to the north, we follow the valley of a small stream flowing through Bertha, Myra, and Jessie Lakes, into a fork of the Salmon. After passing through a quarter of a mile of heavy timber to the north of Myra Lake, the valley opens out and forms a somewhat extensive meadow 20 chains in length, entirely free from trees. The soil is marshy in character, composed of the usual black loam, carrying a thick growth of swamp-grass. The north boundary of the park crosses the valley 17 chains north of the meadow, Mile-post 3 being planted within a few yards of the stream draining the meadow to the 4 Geo. 5 Strathcona Park Boundaries. D 343 northward. In this neighbourhood the trees are much the same as already described, except that the yellow cedar takes the place of the red cedar, whose growth appears to be more confined to the lower altitudes. Headwaters of the Salmon River. The headwaters of the Salmon River are divided into three principal branches, which we may call, respectively, the East, Middle, and West Forks. There is also a small tributary flowing north from Myra and Jessie Lakes, and crossing the north boundary of the park at three miles from the north-east corner. The East Fork, which takes its wrater from the snow-fields on the north slope of Crown Mountain, is, at the boundary-line, a swift-running mountain-torrent about 70 feet wide and 1 foot deep, running between stones and boulders. The valley is very narrow and contains no agricultural land at or south of the boundary-line, the mountains rising precipitously on both sides from the water's edge to an altitude of 3,000 to 5,000 feet. North of the boundary-line the mountains quickly fall away and the valley widens, containing stretches of splendid agricultural land which increase in width as you go down the valley. The mountain-sides up to an altitude of 4,000 feet are heavily timbered; red and yellow cedars to 60 inches diameter, fir, hemlock, and balsam to 30 inches and larger, being the prevailing type of trees found in this region. The Middle Fork is the main river, and takes its rise in a large basin bounded by Crown Mountain on the east and Mounts Judson and Heber on the west. It flows in a north-easterly direction, crossing the north boundary of the park at five miles and a half from the north-east corner. At the crossing of the park boundary this stream is about 100 feet wide and 2 to 3 feet deep, and very swift. In places it widens out to 200 feet. Like that of the East Fork, the valley is very narrow, being almost a box canyon at the boundary-line, and very difficult to climb down in to and out of. In places the valley widens and small patches of agricultural land are to be found; these increase in size and frequency as one travels northward down-stream. The timber is similar to that on the East Fork, is very heavy and healthy. The West Fork takes its rise near the north-west corner of the park on the north side of Sawtooth Mountain, and flows north-easterly until it joins the Middle Fork. A magnificent view of the whole valley of the Salmon River is obtained from a point on the north boundary of the park where it crosses the ridge west of the Middle Fork. Fifteen miles away to the north-west we see Victoria Peak (altitude 7,484 feet), silhouetted against the sky like the surviving tower of an ancient citadel. To the north and north-east, thirty miles away, we see Johnstone Strait, studded with its many islands, and, beyond, the snow-capped mountains of the Coast Range on the Mainland. In the foreground and apparently beneath our feet we view the valley of the Salmon River and its tributaries. The mountains have fallen away and been replaced by low-lying rolling hills which appear to not exceed 1,500 feet above sea-level. We do not see the river, it being hidden by the heavy timber which lies like a dark- green wavy carpet over the whole. The valley has been practically untouched by fire. Looking at this country as I have described it, I would judge that many thousands of acres of splendid agricultural land will here be available after removal of the timber. The Forest Branch of the Department is constructing a horse-trail across into the Salmon River Valley from a point on Campbell River about two miles above Lower Campbell Lake. The Gold Riveb. The source of the main branch of the Gold River is Chetwood Lake, a small body of water about half a mile long, lying just outside the north boundary of the park and near the northwest corner, and at the summit of a valley cutting diagonally across the corner of the park. Its altitude is 1,660 feet. North-easterly the valley drains into the West Fork of Salmon River, and south-westerly from Chetwood Lake it drains into Eena Lake just outside the west boundary of the park, thence into Gold Lake. From Gold Lake the river runs westerly for about three miles, then turns and runs due south, picking up the waters of Blind River, Muchalat River, and many other smaller tributaries on the way, and empties into Muchalat Arm, Nootka Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver Island. The valley at Chetwood Lake averages 200 to 300 yards in width, beyond which the mountains rise precipitously, and contain limited areas of good agricultural land. Towards Eena Lake and westerly towards Gold Lake the valley widens out to about half a mile, containing many small lakes and beaver meadows. The soil is gravel and sand. Summer frosts are unlikely, and it is probable that the snow has gone by the middle of May. D 344 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Good timber grows on the sides of the valley, balsam to 24 inches, hemlock to 30 inches, and red cedar to 36 inches, some jack-pine to 18 inches, and yellow cedar to 10 inches. Fir-trees are very scarce low down, but are common at the higher altitudes. A few were seen having a diameter of 36 inches. The small growth consists principally of huckleberry-brush, devil's-club, and skunk-cabbage. Bank beaver are very numerous, and signs of game plentiful, black bear being frequently seen. I am unable to say anything about the valley below Gold Lake, not having been through, but looking west from Mount Judson, on the west boundary, the country is all very mountainous. The East Fork of the Gold takes its rise on the south-western slopes of Mount Judson, on the west boundary of the park, about five miles south of the north-west corner. It flows southerly at a distance of about a mile from and outside of the west boundary, and near Mile-post 11 connects with the stream which flows westerly from Summit Lake, Elk River Valley. It then runs south-westerly into the main Gold River. The East Fork is a swift-running mountain- stream, and there is no width to the valley, the mountains rising abruptly on both sides to 4,000 and 5,000 feet altitude. Principal Mountains. Within the boundaries of this northern section of the park the one principal outstanding feature is Crown Mountain, its altitude being 6,080 feet, or approximately 5,000 feet above the level of the valleys. A climb by any one to the summit of this peak will be repaid by the magnificent panoramic view obtained, as well as by the exciting adventures which are certain to be encountered en route. Mount Judson and Mount Heber, on the west boundary of the park, and four and seven miles respectively south of the north-west corner, are also worthy of note. One of the most interesting peaks in the whole park is what has been named Elkhorn, situated some miles south of the main east and west valley of the Elk, outside the particular area which I have been attempting to describe. Its altitude is probably over 7,000 feet, and I have yet to hear of it having been climbed. Game. Signs of elk were seen in the valley of the North Fork of Elk River, but more numerously at the headwaters of the Salmon and Gold Rivers. Deer are plentiful and the black bear is very frequently seen. Panther are not often seen except if systematically hunted, but they are evidently numerous, and there are some wolves. Last year, when camped at Mclvor Lake, I was awakened several nights by the howling of a number of wolves across the water. Of the fur-bearing animals, the beaver is very plentiful in most of the valleys, and particularly at the headwaters of the Gold River. There are also otter and marten. Of feathered game, the grouse is everywhere, the blue grouse being found on the hillsides and timbered ridges, and the willow grouse in the valleys. Duck of all varieties and geese abound during the migratory seasons, and a few remain during the summer to breed. The loon, or Great Northern diver, is much in evidence at all times. Trout, principally of the cut-throat variety, abound in all lakes and streams without exception. Climate. During the season of 1913 the rainfall was exceptionally heavy in the country covered by the boundary survey party. In the early part of May there was a considerable fall of rain, causing partial floods in the lower valleys, and seriously interfering with the getting-in of supplies over the trails. At the end of May, old snow was found to a depth of 2 to 3 feet along the valley of the North Fork of Elk River at an altitude of 900 feet, but this was unusual, the middle of May generally seeing the valleys quite clear of snow. From June 8th to July 15th there was continuous rain, and opportunities for obtaining solar observations were few, the sun being seldom seen. Except for a few light showers in August, the weather was, during this month, fine, and the sky beautifully clear. On the west boundary north of Mount Judson snow-fields and slides were found as low as 2,700 feet altitude during the latter part of August. In the early part of September there was heavy rain; the weather being generally wet throughout this month, causing the rivers to rise considerably and nearly cutting off the party 4 Geo. 5 Strathcona Park Boundaries. D 345 from our source of supplies. Towards the end of September fresh snow fell down to about 3,000 feet altitude. It is to be noted, however, that this year was an unusually wet one, July, August, and September being nearly always fine months. Neighbouring Industries. The principal active industries in this part of Vancouver Island are the fishing and lumbering or logging, a salmon-cannery being located opposite the mouth of Campbell River at Quathiaski Cove, as also many others at different points in Johnstone Strait; and extensive logging operations are carried on at Campbell River and at Menzies Bay with the use of logging-railways. I would judge that this part of the Island has been but very little prospected for minerals, due probably to its inaccessibility, 'but iron bodies have been discovered on the west side of Upper Campbell Lake and on the east side of Upper Quinsam Lake. Copper prospects have been located on the eastern slope of Mount Evelyn near the 50th parallel and west of Campbell River, as also on the mountain west of Upper Campbell Lake and in the neighbourhood of Upper Quinsam Lake. Extensive coal-beds are known to exist in the low-lying lands of the Quinsam and Campbell River Valleys, and these have been proved by the carrying-out of extensive boring operations. The streams that I have mentioned—viz., the Salmon River to the north, the Gold River to the west, and particularly Campbell River on the east, with its falls of 140 feet high—are capable of providing power, Which will be a very important factor in the future development of this part of the Island. Agriculture is carried on to a limited extent along the east coast, but has not advanced into the interior because of the greater value of the standing timber. Very large areas of first- class farming land will be available in the lower valleys of the Salmon, the Campbell, and the Quinsam Rivers after removal of the forests. The Boundary-line. The line is established by the planting of posts at every even mile where the ground is accessible; also on all ridges and in all valleys. These posts are nearly all of cedar, yellow or red, 6 to 8 inches square and about 5 feet high, with a cairn of stones built about, except in a few cases, where loose rock could not be obtained for the purpose. On the side of the posts facing into the park are scribed deeply with a cutting-tool the words " Strathcona Park—■ North (or West) Boundary"; and on the side of the post facing along the line are marked the number of miles and chains from the corner faced. The line between posts is well blazed and cannot be missed where the ground is accessible, except where crossing snowflelds and other open stretches. Filed in the office of the Surveyor-General will be found the field-notes of the work, describing all procedure in detail, and including a statement of the theoretical relationship between the north boundary-line run upon the ground and the actual parallel of latitude. The west boundary is a true meridian line. Accompanying the field-notes will be found a plan illustrating the work and showing all triangulations, as also a plan on a scale of 2 inches to the mile showing all the topographical features within the area surveyed and outside the boundary for a distance of from three to four miles, with contours at 500-foot vertical intervals. I regret to add that the season came to a sad ending with the death of W. F. de Voe, B.C.L.S., through the capsizing of a canoe on the Campbell River on October 12th. Mr. de Voe had been associated with me in business for over five years, was highly esteemed, and his loss will be deeply felt by all who knew him. I have, etc., W. H. J. Holmes, B.C.L.S. D 346 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 GROUNDHOG DISTRICT. By T. H. Tailor. November 24th, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The term " Groundhog" is applied in a general way to a considerable stretch of country in the Cassiar District, embracing the coal-bearing lands lying to the north of the Groundhog Mountain, which mountain is situated about 100 miles nearly due north of Hazelton. The route generally adopted at present is that by way of Hazelton, which town I reached with my party on May 29th. Here my pack-train, which had been brought in from winter quarters at Francois Lake, was awaiting me. Our main supplies had been packed into the Groundhog by dog-teams in March, so that it was necessary for us to carry, besides our equipment, little more than sufficient provisions to meet our needs on the trail. The first thirty miles of the journey is covered on a good wagon-road running northerly up the Kispiox Valley, and which joins the Yukon Telegraph Trail at the 1st Cabin. Cabins occupied by the operators and linemen are built at about twenty-mile intervals. Near the 2nd Cabin the trail crosses to the Skeena at the Big Flat, where there is excellent feed for pack- trains during the summer months. Continuing along the west bank of the Skeena, it crosses Poison Mountain (3,300 feet elevation) between the 3rd and 4th Cabins, and leaving the river, which takes a sharp turn to the east near the 4th Cabin, runs north over Babiche Hill as far as the Blackwater, 115 miles from Hazelton. Here our trail leaves the Telegraph Line and continues in a northerly direction over the Groundhog Pass (5,700 feet elevation) down to the valley of the Skeena, meeting the river at its junction with Courrier Creek, on the McEvoy Flats, near the B.C. Anthracite Coal Company's mines. The spring this year was very backward, and in consequence we were delayed at various points until the snow had melted sufficiently to permit of our crossing the summits. Fortunately, just before crossing the Groundhog Pass, we were favoured with several sharp frosty days, during which a hard solid crust had been formed on the snow, extending for about three miles, and which enabled us to cross without mishap on the last day of June. The trail was found to be in much better condition than last year, although the exceptionally high water in the creeks gave us some trouble when crossing the horses. Were it not for the three summits on the trail, the Groundhog could be entered a month earlier. On Poison Mountain, as well as on Babiche Hill, there is a considerable length of trail, with poor drainage, upon which the snow melts very slowly. The Groundhog Pass, although 2,500 feet higher, can generally be crossed by pack-train a few days after the other two summits are open. Even under the most favourable conditions the trail is rarely open at these points before June 25th. The country can also be entered by way of Telegraph Creek, which is reached by steamboat during the summer months, up the Stikine River from Wrangell, Alaska. A horse-trail connects from here into the Groundhog, a distance of about 120 miles. There are no summits to cross on this route and the trail is reported to be a good one. Shortest Route via Stewart. Another route is by way of Stewart, up the Bear River, along the Nass to the bridge on the Telegraph Trail between 6th and 7th Cabins; thence up the East Fork of the Nass and crossing to the Skeena by way of Panorama or Anthony Creeks. A good trail was cut this summer between Anthony Creek and the bridge, and I understand the greater part has been cut from Stewart towards the bridge. It is intended to complete this trail next summer. This last route, besides terminating at tide-water, possesses the additional advantage of being only about ninety miles in length, thus saving a distance of sixty miles over the present route via Hazelton. During the months of February and March the Skeena is utilized for freighting purposes by dog-teams on the ice from Hazelton. Much of the freight for the Groundhog mines is transported in this way. From the McEvoy Flats the zero point of the meridian, where, in 1912 as well as this year, we commenced operations, is reached by trail along the south bank of the Skeena River, a distance of eight miles. 4 Geo. 5 Groundhog District. D 347 My work this season consisted of: (1) The extension of township outlines by running base-lines and meridians; and (2) the connection of the system by means of a traverse to the geodetic point established on the Telegraph Line at 6th Cabin by F. A. McDermott, D.L.S., of the Astronomical Branch of the Department of the Interior. Physical Characteristics. The country is of a mountainous nature and is drained by the headwaters of some of the main rivers of the Province. The Skeena and the Nass flow in a south-easterly direction, the Stikine flows towards the north, and the Finlay flows towards the east. The valleys, which support a fairly thick growth of small timber, lie at an elevation of nearly 4,000 feet, while the ridges average about 2,500 feet higher, with occasional peaks rising to an elevation of about 8,000 feet above sea-level. Almost any part of the country can be reached by pack-train, as numerous trails have been cut through the timber by the coal companies operating in the vicinity. The main or Kinkas Fork of the Skeena divides with the Stikine at an elevation of about 4,200 feet, and maintains a south-easterly course throughout the Groundhog country, a distance of about forty miles. It is about 2 chains wide, with a steady fall of about 40 feet to the mile, and can be easily crossed by horses at regular fords except during high water. The valley is about two miles wide and is covered, for the greater part, with a growth of small timber, which extends up to an elevation of about 5,000 feet. The timber in this district can hardly be considered of any merchantable value at the present time, on account of its small size and pool- quality, most of it being a scrubby second-growth balsam rarely exceeding 12 inches in diameter. It is, however, admirably suited for mining purposes, and much of it could be used in railroad- work; thus it should prove of considerable assistance in the development of the country. Spruce and balsam of a better quality, averaging about IS inches in diameter, are found at the lower end of the valley in the vicinity of the Kluatantan River. Large stretches of timber on the north slope of the Skeena have been destroyed by fire. For agricultural purposes this area cannot be recommended, as the climate is unsuitable, 10 degrees of frost being not infrequent in the middle of summer. There are, however, some fine meadows scattered amongst the timber, while above timber-line the hills are, for the most part, covered with a growth of rich grass, which, although affording excellent pasturage for pack-trains, is hardly thick enough to be of much value for ranching purposes or hay-cutting. Climate. This area does not enjoy a very equable climate, mainly, no doubt, on account of its elevation. During July the minimum thermometer recorded temperatures below freezing on six nights, and during August on sixteen nights. The lowest temperatures in these months were 22 degrees and 20 respectively, while the highest were 77 and S3 degrees in the shade. The average minimum temperature during July, August, and September was 35, 35, and 32 degrees respectively, and the average maximum 64, 63, and 56 degrees. Although no figures are available, the total precipitation in this area is considerable. During the above three months rain fell on sixty-seven days, and there were only twenty days of sunshine. This, however, was said to be an exceptionally wet season; such weather conditions were not very favourable for taking astronomical observations or photographs. On the night of August 31st 2 inches of snow fell at the lowest point of the valley (3,500 feet elevation). After this date falls of snow and sleet were of frequent occurrence. On September 5th, at an elevation of 6,000 feet, there was a permanent covering of snow about 8 inches in depth. At the B.C. Anthracite camp the snowfall last winter was said to be about 8 feet packed, and the thermometer stood at 40 degrees below zero for a few days. It is not safe for pack-trains leaving the country by way of the Groundhog Pass to stay in later than the middle of September. Coax Lands. Judging from the strata, the whole of the country covered by our operations is uudoubtedly a coal-bearing formation. Many exposures of sandstone, conglomerate, and shale were seen, containing numerous examples of fossil flora, clearly indicating the presence of coal-measures. Although there are many surface indications, it is very difficult to form any idea of the extent D 348 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 or nature of the coal itself, as the exposures of seams are rare. One seam about 9 feet in thickness, of apparently first-class coal, was seen exposed on the right bank of Mosquito Creek, in the south-west corner of Section 4, Township 45. The B.C. Anthracite Coal Company have a permanent camp near the mouth of Trail Creek. They have several tunnels driven into the coal, and this year did considerable work on them. Frank Jackson, manager for the Groundhog Basin Anthracite Company, has established a fine camp on the Skeena just below its junction with the Kluatantan River, where he is doing development-work. A number of tunnels were driven some two or three years ago at the mouth of Beirnes Creek, but these were not worked this summer, and in most places the roof has collapsed. A couple of disused tunnels were also seen on Anthracite Creek about a mile from its mouth. Most of the streams have numerous falls and rapids, and there are many points on them where power might be produced at small cost. Game. Caribou are plentiful in most parts. Some bear were seen, both grizzly and black, while moose are found in small numbers, mainly in the Nass Valley. Many varieties of the smaller fur-bearing animals are trapped during the winter. The existence of large colonies of the industrious beaver is shown by the number of dams fringing the creeks. The ground-hog, a species of marmot, from which the district derives its name, is very plentiful. Ptarmigan are found in large numbers in the hills; willow-grouse, blue grouse, and fool-hens are also fairly numerous. The development of this country is greatly hampered by the lack of transportation facilities, as the tedious journey by pack-train or dog-team brings the cost of freighting into these parts up to 20 cents a pound. Description of Lines. Commencing at the zero point, which is situated at an elevation of 3,600 feet in a stretch of burned timber, on the Skeena about a quarter of a mile south of the river, the main meridian was produced south, crossing the valley obliquely, over fairly flat, lightly timbered country. At a mile and a quarter the line crosses Anthracite Creek just to the right of coal-seams, upon which some prospecting-work has been done. From here the line ascends, at about a 10-degree slope, through a stretch of timber suitable for mining purposes, until the 2-mile post is reached at an elevation of 4,300 feet, where the line leaves the timber and, after passing through about half a mile of short scrubby balsam-brush, climbs the mountain side over rock- slides and conglomerate cliffs to an elevation of about 6,000 feet at the 3-mile post. It then continues across open rolling country, with grass-covered slopes, to the 6-mile post; i.e., the south-east corner of Township 26, which is situated just above timber-line, on a long steep slope leading down to Courrier Creek. The meridian was produced another mile in order to tie on to the north-west corner of Lot 992. The greater part of this mile runs through thick timber of spruce and balsam, averaging 12 inches in diameter. No. 1 base-line was next run, west from the south-east corner of Township 26, over open rolling country having a southern aspect, for the most part grass-covered, but broken here and there with cliffs and shale-slides showing evidence of coal. An arm of Courrier Creek was crossed near the 2-mile post, and another just beyond the 5-mile post. These valleys were each covered with a fairly thick growth of stunted balsams. At Anthony Creek the line passes for about two miles through a park-like country, of a rolling, picturesque character, and containing some fine meadows. For the last mile the baseline climbs the mountain-side and terminates at an elevation of 5,300 feet. A convenient point was found 39 chains from the end, where the traverse to connect to the astronomical station at the 6th Cabin was commenced. This was run for about four miles, well down on the Nass slope, our object being to reach a point at sufficiently low elevation to be clear of snow, and from which the traverse could be continued at the end of the season on our way out. Our attention was next given to No. 2 base-line, which was reached by way of Beirnes Creek. Running west from the main meridian, this base-line crosses a series of three ridges, each 6.000 feet in elevation, and enters the timber on the Skeena slope near the 4-mile post. The river is here flanked for about half a mile on each side by long stretches of swampy willow meadows. Running east from the main meridian, No. 2 base-line passes through scattered timber for the first two miles, after which the timber becomes thick, averaging 12 inches in diameter, and 4 Geo. 5 Groundhog District. D 349 remains for the next five miles and a half. The Kluatantan Fork of the Skeena, known locally as the Moss River, is crossed just before the 5-mile post is reached. It is here a shallow stream about 2 chains wide flowing in a south-easterly direction. Kluayas Lake (3,500 feet), about two miles in length and of an average width of about half a mile, is next crossed. It is fed by numerous small creeks, the largest being Kluayas River from the north and Camp Creek from the east, and overflows at its south end by means of a short stream into the Kluatantan. There are numerous stretches of good grass land along the west shores of Kluayas Lake, and the evergreen timber is relieved by clumps of poplar. The line was run twelve miles east, i.e., as far as the south-east corner of Township 44, which point is situated in broken country, having a steep descent to Black Creek, or the West Fork of the Pebble River, at an elevation of 5,000 feet, or about 1,000 feet above the valley. The Upper Nass Valley. Work on the traverse was resumed on September 14th. It was run along the left bank of the east branch of the Nass as far as the bridge on the Telegraph Line, a distance of about sixteen miles; thence along the Telegraph Line twelve miles to the 6th Cabin. Anthony Creek, although only about six miles in length, falls 1,600 feet, so that at its junction with the Nass the valley is 2,600 feet above sea-level. This no doubt accounts for its climate being so much milder than that In the Skeena Valley. The river is here unfordable, about 3 chains in width, and drains a valley which below Anthony Creek is about three miles wide. The valley is thickly timbered with spruce and balsam, many of which are over 2 feet in diameter. The trail which had been cut this summer from Anthony Creek down to the bridge lightened our labours considerably, as the work of moving a pack-train through the thick timber of the valley is a very arduous undertaking. Below the bridge the Telegraph Trail gradually leaves the river, until at the 6th Cabin it is about two miles away. Just about this point the Nass receives the Blackwater River, and then takes a sharp bend and flows almost due south. The strip of land between the Telegraph Line and the river contains several meadows, the soil of which is a rich black loam, supporting a dense growth of grass, with willows and alder. Turnips and other vegetables are grown successfully at the bridge, although the area of land suitable for this purpose is rather limited. At convenient stations, at about four-mile intervals along the traverse, posts were planted. Above Anthony Creek a rough exploration of the Nass was made. Its course continues north-west for about ten miles, when it receives the waters of three branches, one heading over in the west towards the Iskut River, another heading towards the Klappan, and the east branch coming from the Skeena River divide. Between the forks and Anthony Creek the valley contains a number of large marshy meadows and is about ten miles in width. The traverse was completed on October 7th, the return journey commenced the next day, and Hazelton reached on the 19th. I have, etc., T. H. Taylob, B.C.L.S. GROUNDHOG DISTRICT. By D. O. Wing. December 13th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I joined T. II. Taylor at Hazelton and we proceeded together up the Telegraph Trail to Blackwater, a distance of 115 miles. Here we turned north-easterly on the Groundhog Trail to the B.C. Anthracite Mining Camp, in Groundhog, a distance of about forty miles, and thence up the Skeena River ten miles to the zero point on the main (128°) meridian. We had numerous delays on the trip owing to the snow on the summits to be crossed, especially on Groundhog summit, where we encountered 3 feet of snow for a distance of four miles. D 350 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 We arrived at the zero point of the main meridian on July 4th. Here we left Mr. Taylor, crossed the Skeena River, passed over Goat summit, and struck the Moss River Trail to Barney Creek; then followed the valleys close to the main meridian to Mile-post 30, the commencement of our work, arriving there July 8th. We found plenty of good feed for the horses in the valleys north of the Skeena River. Starting from Mile-post 30, we ran the fourth base-line west for twenty-four miles to within three miles of the Little Klappan River. The fourth base crosses a series of rocky ridges running north and south, varying in height from 1,000 to 3,000 feet above the valleys. Commencing at an elevation of 5,150 feet, the baseline passes over a rough broken country with some scrub balsam, but mostly open rock of sandstone, shale, and conglomerate, with occasional patches of caribou-moss reaching an elevation of 7,500 feet at Mile 4. Here there is a drop due west to Buckinghorse Creek, a tributary of the Stikine at an elevation of 4,700 feet. Buckinghorse Valley is about half a mile wide, with a good growth of hay. There is also some good balsam and spruce to the west and north. From Mile 0 the line passes over rough country, with numerous glaciers on the top of ridges, to Mile 12 in the valley of the main fork of the Stikine River. This valley is half a mile wide and thickly wooded with balsam and spruce. From Mile 12 to Mile 18 the line crosses a rocky formation of sandstone and shale with loose conglomerate, the only vegetation being buck-brush and caribou- moss. The elevation at Mile 17 is 8,900 feet and drops to 7,000 feet at Mile 18. From Mile IS to Mile 24 the line crosses three glaciers, the largest being one mile long, reaching an elevation of 8,900 feet at Mile 23% and 8,400 at Mile 24. The Little Klappan River can be seen from Mile- post 24, about a mile and a half south, running N. 75° W. and turning north about three miles west of Mile-post 24. Although the country over which the fourth base passes is mostly barren and rocky, plenty of good feed for horses can be obtained in the small valleys within several miles of the line. Fossils of shells and float-coal were frequently found by members of my party. Our next work wras the third base, commencing at Mile 18 on the main meridian. We ran two miles east and ten miles west. At six miles west we crossed the Kluayerz River, a tributary of the Stikine flowing north-westerly. The Kluayerz Valley is about two miles wide, running in a north-westerly direction, with a width of one mile of open meadow land. There is a good growth of balsam and spruce on the mountain-sides adjoining the Kluayerz Valley. We were forced to stop work at Mile 10 owing to the fresh fall of snow in the mountains. We then ran four miles of the west boundary of Township 06. As snow had fallen steadily for a week, I decided to stop work for the season, leaving for Hazelton on September 10th. On our return trip we found the trail very much improved, especially that portion between Groundhog and the 5th Cabin. Climatic Conditions. The weather during July and August was very favourable, with the exception of several snow-storms at the higher elevations. Mail Service. There is a Government post-office at the B.C. Anthracite Camp in the Groundhog. During the summer we received three mails and had one taken out. Any mail we received was due to private parties. Grazing. Horses and cattle can find excellent grazing during July, August, and September in the numerous small valleys, but owing to the great depth of snow could not profitably be wintered in Groundhog. Timber. There is a good growth of balsam and spruce in the Stikine and Kluayerz Valleys, otherwise the timber is stunted and dead. I think, however, sufficient timber could be obtained at a reasonable cost for mine-working. Game. There are plenty of caribou, goat, grizzly bear, wolverine, marten, and ptarmigan. Moose and fox are scarce. 4 Geo. 5 Omineca District. D 351 Coal Development. During the past season three companies were carrying on development-work and claimed good results. The quality of the coal, determined from samples picked up by the writer, is excellent anthracite. Access. Pack-horses cannot reach Groundhog before the end of June, and must leave the Groundhog by middle of September. Earlier or later trips are very risky owing to the heavy fall of snow on the summit of Groundhog Mountain. The trail was in good shape when we came out in September. Supplies can be taken from Hazelton to Groundhog by dog-team in the winter at a cost of 20 cents per pound, which is about the equivalent cost per pound by pack-horse in summer. I have, etc., D. O. Wing, B.C.L.S. EXPLORATORY SURVEY IN OMINECA DISTRICT. By F. C. Swannell. December 13th, 1013. G. It. Daioson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sib,—I have the honour to submit herewith general report on the country explored by me during the season of 1913. Roughly speaking, the area covered is that region which, since about 1870, has been known as the Omineca District. It is bounded on the south by the Nation Lakes and River, and on the north by latitude 56° 30', the eastern limit being the great Inter- montane Valley traversed by the Finlay and Parsnip Rivers; while the similar great depression occupied by Connelly Lake, Driftwood River, and North Tacla Lake is its western boundary. The whole area is exceedingly mountainous, the only large areas of level country being in the two great valleys before mentioned in the drainage-basin of the Nation River, and, to a lesser extent, on the Omineca and its branches. Outfitting at Fort St. James, on Stuart Lake, we proceeded to Tacla Lake by way of the Tatchl River, Tremblay Lake, and Middle River. The agricultural lands passed through en route to North Tacla Lake are outside the scope of this report, having been previously examined and to a considerable extent surveyed. Nobtii Tacla Lake. North Tacla Lake is about sixty miles long, averaging a mile and a half in width. The lower part has practically no level country surrounding it. The shores of the North-west Arm in particular rise steeply from the water, on the north-east rising abruptly to the high bare ridges of the Tacla Range. The west shore follows a steep, heavily timbered hill-range, beyond which, towards Babine, lies a large area of fairly flat country dotted with numerous lakes. Most of this area is, however, too heavily timbered to be available for agriculture. At the head of the arm are some twelve sections of fair land containing small lakes and meadows. Three sections of this is excellent bottom land dotted with willow clumps or lightly timbered with poplar. From here an Indian trail connects with the Manson Creek Trail ten miles from the West Landing. The main arm of the lake fills a " V " valley between the parallel mountain-ranges to within a few miles of the West Landing, there being no level country except a sandy flat at the Narrows; from the West Landing to Bulkley House a strip of flat country twelve miles wide lies between the lake and the Firepan Mountains. Most of the land adjacent to the lake is burnt over, but the soil is generally poor, being sandy or stony. Next the mountains there is a heavy stand of timber, mainly spruce, pine, and balsam. The mountains to the east, lie some six or eight miles back, and the intervening country is fair, as a whole. Many meadows up to 50 acres in extent exist. D 352 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 East Landing to Manson. The main trail from the East Landing to Manson was cruised, but no good land at all was found, with the exception of large meadows on the summit between Tom Creek and Tacla, and along the head of Kwanika Creek. The altitude of these summit meadows—about 3,900 feet- precludes their use for anything except summer grazing or raising hay. Old Fall River. A side-trip was also made across the Old Fall River Trail to Old Hogem, on the Omineca River. The trail was in bad shape, having been seldom used since the seventies. We took our pack-train as far as Diver Lake, where we encountered five miles of windfall. The rest of the trip was made on foot, as it would have taken five days to cut a horse-trail through. There are small areas of good land and one large meadow on the Tacla slope, while the lower part of Fall River traverses good bottom land, now largely flooded by beaver-dams backing up the small streams feeding Fall River. Deiftwood Valley. n The Driftwood Valley averages two miles and a half in width. Good land is found along the river, which is exceedingly tortuous. There is considerable open meadow, but as a rule the bottoms are thickly covered with willows and spruce. Some 25,000 acres are available for agricultural purposes here. Entry is made into this section of country by pack-train from Hazelton to the West Landing, a distance of ninety miles; or by water from Stuart Lake. A passable trail follows the east shore of Tacla Lake from the East Landing up, and thence up the Driftwood Valley. The river itself is very swift and crooked, and from twenty miles up a series a riffles and boulder-strewn rapids occur. Connelly or, as it is generally called, Bear Lake is twelve miles long and lies in the same valley as the Driftwood, down which valley it originally drained. The actual portage between the Skeena and Fraser waters is only 200 yards. There is no agricultural land on Connelly Lake. The mountains to the west are densely timbered to about 4,500 feet, while the highest peaks of this glacier-bearing range would run to 7,500 feet. To the east the mountains form a long unbroken escarpment and appear to be of a typical coal-measure formation. Omineca River. Leaving the Driftwood at Mile 25 from the site of Bulkley House, we crossed over to the Omineca by the Ingenika Trail. This trail was originally a Sikanni foot-trail over which horses were taken during the Ingenika excitement. It crosses. numerous muskegs and early in the season is almost impassable for pack-horses. At the summit are very large meadows affording excellent feed. It was observed during the season that large high-altitude meadows characterize all Omineca passes. The Omineca River at the junction of the Ingenika and Police Trails is 60 feet wide and 15 inches deep at low water. In flood its width would average 120 feet, with a depth of 6 feet. Above the trail-crossing it loses volume very rapidly. The valley is narrow but very beautiful, being diversified by numerous small meadows and small patches of good bottom land in the river-loops. On the slope of the high serrated range to the west is a huge glacier covering three square miles. At the " Big Kettle," seven miles above the ford, the Police Trail leaves the river and crosses the mountain-range to Connelly Lake. The Omineca Valley for sixteen miles below the Ingenika Trail ford, at which point the Police Trail turns off for Fort Graharne, is of the same type as above, areas of bottom land and meadow being numerous. The river itself, however, becomes swifter and is doubled in volume by the confluence of the North Fork. The Police Trail. The Police Trail from the Omineca to Too-tizzi Lake runs north-east, following a pass through a broken range of extremely rugged glacier-bearing mountains, whose summits are over 7,000 feet in altitude. The trail so called is execrable, the pass (4,000 feet) being choked with huge boulders alternating with patches of muskeg—all the detritus of the slowly receding glaciers. At the head of Too-tizzi Lake is a small area of meadow and bottom, but along the lake there is no land. The Big Kettle, Omineca District. Anahim Peak, Chilcotin. Crown Mountain, Vancouver Island, from the north. 4 Geo. 5 Omineca District. D 353 The Stranger River. At Mile 248 from Fort St. John the Stranger River is crossed, the river being here 100 feet wide and 7 feet deep. Augmented four miles down by the small river draining Too-tizzi Lake, it forms the main branch of the Omineca, into which it empties sixteen miles from the mouth of the latter. Excepting for a short reach of slack water at the trail-crossing, the Stranger River is very swift, averaging five miles per hour. There are numerous rapids but only one canyon, this being a mile from the mouth. The stream often splits into several channels and is full of very dangerous drift-piles. We sent our horses down the trail "light," and ran our outfit down twenty-five miles on a raft, but this mode of transport proved to be very hazardous. To the south the country rises gradually in benches mostly burnt nearly clean. The land, excepting for a narrow strip of river-bottom is, however, largely sandy to gravelly. The Police Trail leaves the river at a point twenty-four miles from Fort Grahame. Here the river turns abruptly southward and the valley narrows, its easterly limit being a high rounded range dividing it from the Finlay Valley. Here and there are patches of good bottom land and some large benches, but no compact area of good land as far as the canyon. We had to cut trail most of the way down, the old foot-trail being in many places hard to trace and impassable for horses. There are no meadows and in the fall feed is both poor and hard to find. Before proceeding down the Stranger a trip was made over to Fort Grahame for supplies. Here we built a canoe and divided the party, my assistant, Mr. Copley, taking the pack-train back and cutting trail down the Stranger River. With one of my party I took the bulk of the supplies down the Finlay and up the Omineca to meet Mr. Copley. Finlay and Parsnip Valley's. The Finlay and Parsnip Valleys contain by far the largest area of undeveloped agricultural land in the Northern Interior. Between the mouth of the Ingenika on the north and the confluence of the Nation River with the Parsnip on the south, I would conservatively estimate the good land at 500,000 acres. The Finlay Valley varies from six to eight miles in breadth, the country being flat and the soil good right up to the mountain-ranges paralleling the valley on both sides. The soil is black loam in the river-bottoms and sandy or clayey loam back of the first bench. Originally the valley was heavily timbered, spruce predominating. Large areas have, however, been burnt over and reforested with pine, poplar, willow, and some birch. At Collins House a large tract of almost open bottom land was observed. The river, which averages 250 yards in width, is continually changing its channel; in many cases there are several channels and long sloughs, once main channels, which run for miles. At high-water the erosion is very rapid, as evidenced by the large drift-piles which are a characteristic feature of this river; one in particular, over half a mile long, being noted. For fifteen miles above the mouth of the Ospika the current is very slack; elsewhere it would average three miles per hour. From the mouth to Deserters' Canyon there are no rapids, and navigation by light-draught river-steamer would be easy at all stages of the water. To the west, along the Lower Parsnip and as far up the Finlay as the Omineca, the Wolverine Mountains lie over fifteen miles back, the intervening country being fiat, mostly lightly timbered with jack-pine. There are very few meadows or lakes in this area. Settlement at Finlay' Junction. At Finlay Junction two stores were started this year and over a dozen pre-emptors have acquired holdings. A most important settlement will, I am certain, soon centre here owing to its strategic position at the junction of the three great rivers, the Peace, Parsnip, and Finlay. At present the settlers are handicapped by having to bring in their supplies by way of Giscome Portage from Fort George. The placing of a steamboat on the Upper Peace would, I am convinced, result in this section settling up very rapidly. A trail, or, better, a wagon-road, to Manson Creek would provide an immediate market for the first settlers, as at present all supplies for the placer mines are packed in from Hazelton at the almost prohibitive price of 15 cents per pound. Germansen Landing to Old Hogem. The Omineca River, the largest feeder of the Finlay, is very swift for the first thirty-five miles. The river-bed is wide and full of bars and drift-piles. The Black Canyon, a typical box 23 SURVEYS BRANCH REPORT ISI3 D 354 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 canyon with vertical walls in places 150 feet sheer, is impassable at high water for canoes. It is formed by the river cutting through a gneiss ridge some six miles from the Finlay. From ten miles below Germanseii Landing up to Old Hogem the river is good except for an occasional riffle. Here the valley is wide and flat and the soil excellent, numerous meadow-like expanses occurring. Placer-mining. The old placer-workings at Manson, Germansen, Vital, and Tom Creeks were visited. At present placer-mining is being done on Manson and Germansen Creeks and some quartz-mining near the Fall River. Some forty white men all told were working in this section, and a well- equipped prospecting party of five men was encountered on the Stranger River. Much ground known to be auriferous will remain unworked until transportation facilities are improved. At present it is very difficult to get supplies or machinery in from outside, every pound having to come in by pack-horse or toboggan. In spite of this handicap, several hydraulic plants and two sawmills have been installed, although the latter have not been worked for some years. Easy communication with the Peace River, or a wagon-road joining the one now building from Tacla Lake to Silver Creek, would increase the mining activity in this region tenfold. Machinery could be brought to either of these points of entry by light-draught steamboats. Leaving Manson in October, we returned to Fort St. James by the old pack-trail first used in 1871. The total distance is 103 miles, and the trail in most places excellent in spite of long disuse. Between Mile 15 from Manson and Twelve-mile Creek, draining into the Nation River, a large area of fine grazing country is found, the meadows being numerous and large. The general elevation (3,000 to 3,500 feet), however, precludes the possibility of using this land for any other than stock- or hay-raising purposes. Million Acres of Agricultural Land. In recapitulation of the agricultural areas reported on, I estimate the Omineca District contains rather over 1,000,000 acres of good agricultural land, apportioned as follows:— Finlay and Parsnip Valleys 600,000 Omineca Valley 80,000 Stranger River Valley 40,000 Ooslinka River Valley 20,000 Driftwood River Valley 25,000 North Tacla Lake 25,000 Nation Lakes and tributary country 250,000 Climate. The climate does not vary much over this area. The winter is reported severe, but the weather is generally bright and bracing. Very hot weather is seldom met with in summer. An average of temperatures taken morning, noon, and night during the months of June, July, and August was 56° Fahr., the highest recorded temperature being 92 degrees. The rainfall would be about 35 inches per annum. No farming has been done as yet beyond a little vegetable- gardening at Fort Grahame and McLeod, and this year at Finlay Junction. At Grahame good potatoes as well as other vegetables and raspberries and gooseberries have been grown over a considerable period of years. Potatoes were grown by a Chinaman on Germansen Creek this year, and were retailed by him at Manson Creek for 20 cents a pound. An entire absence of the dreaded summer frost until late in September is one very favourable sign. This fact was specially noticed by us in the past two seasons, and all prospectors we met verified our experience in this regard as regards the large river-valleys of an average altitude of 2,200 feet. The fertility of the soil is vouched for by a luxuriant growth, especially noticeable in the sub-irrigated cottonwood river-bottoms. Great Future for Finlay-Parsnip Valley. I have no hesitation in predicting a great future for the great Finlay-Parsnip Valley. Agricultural development will result in an impetus to the mining industry. Up to now prospecting has been almost entirely confined to search for placer gold. Leads of copper-ores and 4 Geo. 5 Omineca District. D 355 galena have been discovered close to Manson Creek, and would be worked were the transportation facilities into the country bettered. A salt spring and lick was discovered fourteen miles from Bulkley House, on the Driftwood Trail. The " Big Kettle." The "Big Kettle," at Mile 308% (from Fort St. John) on the Police Trail, was examined and photographed. It is situated close to the Omineca River on a large creek. The " Kettle " itself is at the top of a conical mound about 25 feet in diameter at the base and 15 feet high, and is a vent or fumarole of 6 feet in diameter and perfectly cylindrical, filled to within 5 feet of the rim with a soft red earth resembling haematite. Many small birds, mice, several bushy- tailed rats, and a large owl were found dead in the bottom. We had previously been told by Sikanni Indians, who stand much in awe of this place, that birds flying overhead are mysteriously killed in mid-air. Shortly after our arrival the fumarole emitted strong puffs of sulphurous gas, which, however, lay heaviest in the bottom of the vent. It quickly stupefied our dog and compelled us to clamber hastily out of the fumarole to avoid suffocation. I am unable to account for the presence of so many dead birds in the bottom of the fumarole, other than by accepting the Indians' statement as correct; as it seems probable that, at times, the emission of gas may be very much stronger and less intermittent than during the period of observation by me. About an acre around the " Kettle " is built up of a spring-deposited rock resembling travertine. Many mineralized springs seep out, forming stagnant pools and oozy patches of reddish and yellow mud. Accessibility. The Omineca District is now entered by pack-trail from Hazelton. From Fort Babine to Manson much of the trail is very stony, with numerous steep pitches, and was very muddy, there being more rain than usual this year. A wagon-road is being built from Tacla Lake to Silver Creek by Mr. Bodine, about ten miles having been slashed and cleared this year. It is reported that a small gasolene-steamer will be put on between Fort George and Tacla next season. During the old mining days supplies were brought in largely from Quesnel to Stuart Lake, and thence by trail to Manson Creek. This trail has not been kept in repair of late years. It is, however, splendidly located, dry, and the feed good, the only steep grade being at Lookout Mountain. A wagon-road could economically be built following this route. No trails enter the Manson Creek region from the east, excepting the Moody Trail from Fort Grahame. This crossed the Omineca below the Black Canyon and crosses the summit of the Wolverine Mountains at an altitude of about 5,500 feet. It is a very poor trail, with much soft ground, fallen timber, and very steep grades over the mountain. A trail having its ultimate object the Parsnip River runs down Manson Creek to a short distance below the Lower Lake. The cutting of this trail through to the Parsnip is very advisable. I am informed by Mr. Steele, the Mining Recorder, that the country between the end of the trail and the Parsnip is good. The settlers at Finlay Junction get their supplies from Fort George by way of Giscome Portage and Fort McLeod, but, in my opinion, a better way would be by the Peace River. A steamer now runs to Hudson Hope, below the Rocky Mountain Canyon. A small steamer above plying on the Upper Peace and Finlay would pay, especially if a wagon- road were built in to Manson Creek. Accompanying this report a sketch-map is submitted showing the agricultural areas. In addition to those areas described in detail, lands reported on last year are also marked. The map covers an area of 22,000 square miles, in which there are about 1,300,000 acres of good land, the greater part of the balance consisting of mountains, while a large area is covered by the numerous large lakes. I have not included in the estimate of the agricultural lands the large areas of mountain meadow' and grassy plateaux so characteristic of the Omineca Mountain. Much of these high-altitude lands will be of value upon the opening-up by settlement of the valley lands below. I have, etc., F. C. Swannell, B.C.L.S. D 356 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 THE NECHAKO VALLEY. By' F. Butterfield. December 10th, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—A vast territory, which in a very short time will command considerable notice from people of all callings, is an area whose boundaries it is almost impossible to define, once vaguely known as New Caledonia, and more recently just as vaguely called the Northern Interior. Roughly, it lies between 53 and 56 degrees north latitude and between the Rocky and Coast Mountain Ranges on the east and west. This territory is well drained with rivers which for the most part have their sources in the lakes of which the country abounds. Amongst the principal rivers are the Fraser, draining the south-eastern portion and flowing, roughly, north-westerly and then southerly; the Nechako, a tributary of the Fraser, flowing northerly and easterly and uniting with the Fraser at the Town of Fort George; the Stuart River, flowing southerly, draining North Tatla, Tremblay, and Stuart Lakes, and tributing to the Nechako some eighteen miles below Milne's Landing or Chilko; and the Skeena, with its tributaries, the Bulkley and Babine, draining the more northerly portion of the Northern Interior and carrying its waters northerly, southerly, and eventually westerly to the Pacific Ocean. The country is mostly mountainous, but the valleys are wide and fertile. The summer is rather short but warm, and the winter fairly long and cold. The merchantable timber existent is mostly fir, spruce, and pine (jack and black), though large areas are covered only by small soft poplar, and large natural meadows may be found gro.wing swamp-grass or peavine, etc., according to altitude. Perhaps one of the most important portions to be of the Northern Interior lies between 53° 30' and 54° 30' north latitude, and is drained by the Nechako, the Fraser, and the Stuart Rivers. It is only to be expected that an area like this, with its waterways and mountain- ranges and with a climate such as has been described, should have a fair share of game, birds, fish, and fur-bearing animals. For many years the Indians have hunted, trapped, and fished to provide themselves with food, and yet, as far as it is possible to learn, game, fur, and fish are to-day just as plentiful as ever, apart from elk, which, according to an Indian description, at one time roamed through that country north-west of Stuart Lake. It will be a difficult matter to exterminate game by hunting, however zealous the hunters may be, in snch a vast area. Large quantities of ducks, geese, and other water-fowl visit the neighbouring waters each fall, whilst deer, moose, and caribou may be found on the mountain-slopes and foot-hills. Moose and caribou are moving south. This fact is perhaps due to the intermittent blasting on the railway right-of-way and the general approach of a greater civilization. Until about two years ago this country had seen comparatively little change in the past century. From the earliest days of the North-west and Hudson's Bay Company the canoe for fifty years provided easiest and cheapest means of transport. The canoe has to a great extent given way for pack-horses and wagons, and now these in their turn are shortly to be discarded for railways and river-steamers. Pack-trails which for many years proved adequate for freighting purposes were the natural outcome of the gold-rush. A few years ago one going to Stuart Lake from Ashcroft would have to depend on pack- horses, and would find it necessary to swim them at all the river-crossings, where good bridges and ferries now do service for numerous wagons, buggies, and motor-cars. About ten years ago some settlers, who probably were credited by their friends with having taken leave of their senses, made their lands their homes and patiently awaited the opening-up of the country. These people grew vegetables, grain, etc., for their own use, but not until recently have they had any market for their superfluous produce. One can readily understand no fair test of the productive values of the soil was ever made before the marketing days, but recent results have far surpassed the expectations of the most optimistic. Burns Lake to Chilko. The portion of the country more particularly under notice during the past season from Burns Lake to Chilko along the right-of-way of the new railway provides a good example. Here the building of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, shortly to be completed, has revolu- 4 Geo. 5 Nechako Valley. D 357 tionized matters. Where a year ago wild grass grew in abundance unmolested by any one, farmers are cutting to supply the ready market of the construction camps, their freighters, and livery-stables. New towns are springing up with marvellous rapidity and the future looks bright to all. Good Prices paid for Produce. The growing of vegetables appeals to many, whilst others devote their energies to hay and oats. Vegetables are particularly lucrative, potatoes being easily sold at 4 cents per pound, and other scarcer vegetables realizing an average of 9 cents. Cabbages have been grown which had an average weight of 12 lb. Demand controls value, with result that hay is worth $120 per ton and oats bring 12 cents per pound. Transportation. Last fall Messrs. Foley, Welch & Stuart, contractors, improved the Nechako for transportation by blasting out some of the rocks, so that this year they were able to run river-steamers to Camp 303, a little above Milne's Landing, where from time to time they unloaded, at a moderate cost, quantities of hay for distribution. Hay brought in from Lower Nechako River and Fraser River was in demand after all available local hay had been sold at a higher price. Gasolene-launches have followed river-steamers, and several now freight and ply for hire on the Fraser and Nechako and on the principal lakes of the district. Freight charges are being gradually reduced by keen competition, and the cost of living, still high, is gradually descending to a more natural level. P. Burns & Co. are now driving hundreds of cattle along the line to provide for camps and townspeople alike. This beef is being sold at the price of 20 cents per pound. The whistle of the miniature construction locomotives and the drone of the steam-shovels, most of them working night and day, lend a general air of progress. The past season has perhaps been a little too wet, but in spite of the fact the agriculturists, usually not easily satisfied, one and all declare themselves well pleased with the year's results. At one time it appeared as though the year's labours would count for nothing when thousands of dollars' worth of oats lay on the ground and the weather continued wet. Luckily, however, the farmers profited by a change of weather and very little loss was sustained. Building Materials. Fort Fraser is attempting to supply the demand for lumber. A small mill has been operating for some time, and another larger one is about to be erected. The available timber is limited and of poor quality, but the residents of the district are glad to obtain any material whieh will provide them with a home in the least possible time. Other building material is being manufactured here also in the shape of bricks, whilst lime for cement-making is obtainable at Port St. James. Many stores have been built and furnished along the valleys and construction-line, and the new Government office at Fort Fraser is very convenient for land-seekers and residents alike. A new ferry across the Nechako above the Nautley has been built in place of the ancient one which used to do service below the Nautley. A new bridge has been built across the Nautley where previously it was usual to ford horses, sometimes with considerable difficulty. Community at Endako. West of Fraser Lake at Endako, a number of stores and road-houses are clustered around the railway camps in expectation of a divisional point and town in due time, and are drawing business for ten miles in either direction in the meantime. From here west the roads are in frightful condition, but it is indeed wonderful that wheels can go over them at all when the amount of traffic which has been put over them is considered, and the fact of the road not having any previous preparation. The westerly route of travel to the Nechako Valley from the coast is quickest and more comfortable. By steamboat to Prince Rupert and train to Decker Lake in three days and a half, one is carried to the end of steel, from which point two stages per week cover the remaining journey to Fort Fraser in two days and a half. D 358 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The day is not far off when the Nechako and Fraser Valleys, like the rest of northern British Columbia, will necessarily stop growing oats except for home use. Competition with the Prairies will kill the markets which have been theirs for one year. About that time it is expected they will arrive at a steadier basis, and dairy-farmers and stock-raisers with their butter and stall-fed cattle will, with the help of the new transportation facilities, be able to sell at a reasonable profit for Coast consumption. It is believed by many that no combination of soil and climate exists which will lead to cheaper raising of stock for the dairy or butcher. I have, etc., F. Butterfield, B.C.Tj.S, TOWNSHIPS IN BULKLEY VALLEY. By H. C. Black. December 8th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I left Prince Rupert by train on the morning of May 7th, reaching New Hazelton, at that time the passenger terminus, that evening. Since then the terminus has been moved to about Mile 300, at the head of the Bulkley Valley. From New Hazelton, taking a team for the baggage, we walked to Maclure Lake (about fifty miles). As the road no longer went in our direction, we had to take to our pack-boards for a mile or so to our first camp, which was on Section 7, Township 3. Running about north and south and starting near the south boundary of this section is a well-defined ridge with a steep slope to the west. To the east and south-east for about three miles the country is rolling, then drops to a fair-sized stream flowiug southerly through the eastern tier of sections. The southern portions of Sections 7 and 8 and the land to the south is open poplar and willow, with a light black soil on a stony clay subsoil. From Sections 4 and 8 easterly the land is timbered with spruce, balsam, and pine, with a stony clay soil. Sections 1 and 12 appear to be chiefly covered with small jack-pine, and the soil is very stony. There are several small lakes in this township, some of which might be used for storing water. There was ice on these lakes till the latter part of May. There was also some snow in the timber, but it disappeared with the ice. Before going north I went to Section 20, Township 7. There is a good road leading there, which turns off the main road near Round Lake. The road, as far as I went along it, ran through small poplar. From here I moved to Section 20, Township 3, and worked easterly. The steep slope, which starts in Section 7, enters Section 20 and then turns easterly. At the foot of this hill is the South Fork of Canyon Creek, flowing north-westerly. This creek will supply plenty of water for all the land along it, but being mountain-fed it rises and falls rapidly. The country to the west and south-east of the small lake on Section 20 is covered with windfalls, apparently the result of the big fire which swept this valley during the Yukon rush of 1S9S. The lake is in a spruce-swamp which follows the creek easterly on either one side or the other. Section 29 and the westerly part of Section 28 are covered with jack-pine and are stony. The easterly part of Section 28, Section 27, and the northerly part of Section 23 have a mixture of spruce and open poplar on them, with light black soil. Water would have to be obtained from the main creek, as the smaller ones probably dry up in summer. In this township we came across signs of black bear and deer, and snowshoe rabbits were plentiful in the south-west. We next moved to Section 12, Township 7, taking a team from Maclure Lake along the main road as far as Deep Creek, some twelve miles south of Aldermere. From there we found a road which took us to our destination. This road, for the most part, runs through poplar with a good growth of peavine to well up the hillside. From here we moved to Township 9. The unsurveyed portions of this township are steep and unsuitable for agricultural purposes. Still by means of a team, we moved to Lots 713, etc. The main road on leaving Township 9 follows the top of a ridge to the east of these lots. On Lot 727 there is a prominent knob of rock, being the high point of these lots. From this point northerly the land drops steeply to 4 Geo. 5 Bulkley Valley Townships, D 359 the west. To the east the slope is easy to Fish Creek, which flows in a north-westerly direction and then rises to the road. On the westerly side of the stream the land is covered with windfalls, all these lots having been overrun by fire, with a second growth of jack-pine and willow and a stony soil. On the easterly side there are no windfalls to speak of and but little standing timber. The soil between Fish Creek and the road ranges from a light soil to clay, but is stony in places. On Lot 728 and south along the river the fire has been recent and there is no underbrush. This land is fairly level bench land from 130 to. 200 feet above, the river. The soil is a stony clay and there is no water on the bench. To the west of the river- the unsurveyed land is also bench land, but is stony and more broken up. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway crosses the Bulkley River on Lot 742, with a station on Lot 712 (about two miles easterly from the river) and another on Lot 716. Branches from the main road are close to both these places. From here we crossed the river by boat, and, as there is no road on the west side of the river, we moved camp on our backs along the railway to Township 8. There is little good land left unsurveyed on this township. The westerly portion is steep and rocky and the southerly part, though not steep, is dry and stony. Having completed these surveys, I commenced the traverse to connect the Bulkley Valley surveys to those at the headwaters of the Copper River. I started the traverse a mile south of Seymour Lake, between Telkwa and Smithers, and followed the trail, which for the first five miles passes through burnt country with a light second growth of willow. The soil is very stony and unsuitable for agricultural purposes. For the next five miles the country is timbered with pine, with some spruce and balsam. There are patches of alder along the small creeks, some of which run the year round. Towards the end of the trail there is some open poplar, but the soil for the most part is stony. From Dennis Lake to McDonell Lake the trail follows the dry ground for the most part along the edge of the river-flats, which consist of willow or spruce swamps. To the north the ground rises rapidly and becomes rocky. To the south of the Copper River the ground also rises rapidly and becomes rocky. Along McDonell Lake and for a mile or so west the trail keeps well up the hillside in open poplar and grass, with the usual light black soil. The lower slopes are timbered with spruce. The Moricetown Trail leaves the Copper River at Pass Creek and for the first two miles climbs the hill away from the creek, then drops down again and for about two miles follows the creek to Groundhog basin, which appears to be a good country for caribou. The land through which the trail runs is unsuitable for agricultural purposes. From Groundhog basin the trail climbs a low summit to the Kitsequekla Valley. The south end of this part of the trail is steep for about three miles and runs through spruce and pine. From there to Parrott (formerly Trout) Creek the land flattens off and the timber changes to hemlock and poplar. With regard to the season's climate, there was said to have been rather more than the usual amount of rain, which is always light in Bulkley Valley. The following are the results of night readings with a minimum thermometer:— May 12th to 31st, S readings, 25 to 34 degrees; average, 28 degrees. June 1st to 18th, 12 „ 25 to 40 „ „ 32 June 18th to 30th, 6 „ 37 to 52 „ „ 43 July 1st to 31st, 14 „ 2S to 42 „ „ 34 Aug. 1st to 31st, 11 „ 28 to 42 „ „ , 33 The weather was cool all the season except for a week in July, when it rose to 85 or 90 degrees in the shade. I have, etc., H. C. Black, B.C.L.S. D 360 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 LAKELSE VALLEY. By L. S. Cokely. December 10th, 1913. G. II. Daivson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The Lakelse Valley is situated in the northern portion of the Province, and lies within the Coast Range, which separates the moist coast from the dry interior. The Lakelse River, from which the valley derives its name, is a tributary of the Skeena, and joins that river about seventy-five miles from its mouth. The completion of the western portion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway has rendered the northern interior of the Province much more accessible. The railway, with Prince Rupert as its western terminus, ascends the entire length of the Skeena, and the river-steamers which previously offered means of travel on the picturesque river have been abandoned. Ascending the Skeena, the valley becomes narrow, lying between precipitous mountains, with very little arable land and no settlement. This formation extends to about eighty-five or ninety miles from Prince Rupert, where the main Coast Range is left behind and the fertile Lakelse and Kitsumgallum Valleys are approached. Lying between the same parallel ranges are three valleys—the Kitimat, the Lakelse, and the Kitsumgallum. The Kitimat extends from the sea northward about thirty miles, where a low divide of some 700 or S00 feet separates it from the Lakelse Valley. It is a valley seven or eight miles wide, with good land and fairly heavy timber. The Lakelse Aralley is about twenty miles long and from five to ten miles wide. It extends from the Kitimat north-westerly to the Skeena, which separates it from the Kitsumgallum Valley. There is no central drainage system in the valley, but the southern portion drains into Lakelse Lake, the source of the Lakelse River, and the western portion into the Lakelse River, and the northern portion into the Skeena direct. Lakelse Lake. One of the most interesting features of the valley is Lakelse Lake, a beautiful body of clear water covering about six square miles. The scenery is beautiful, and, as the mountains are some distance back from the water, one has more the feeling of freedom than in the case of the typical mountain lake where the mountains rise direct from the water's edge. With the growth of Prince Rupert, Lakelse Lake will become a holiday resort for the future population of that city, as it is situated at a convenient distance, and is unexcelled for boating and fishing as well as bathing. An added attraction is the hot springs about three-quarters of a mile from the lake. These springs are nine in number, but only one is of any size. It is circular and about 100 feet across and 20 feet deep; the water is boiling hot. Analysis indicates lithia in moderate quantities and an absence of sulphur. The water is used for domestic purposes in the hotel established there. The springs have the reputation of giving relief for rheumatism, but up to very recently no suitable accommodation has been available for any person who desired to test them. A small hotel is running now at the hot springs, and very good accommodation can be secured. But the springs are in an undesirable place, being surrounded by swampy ground; the lake-shore just to the west is the better place for a resort, as the ground is high and dry and there is a good beach. The water could be easily piped from the springs. I understand that it is the intention of the owners to erect a modern hotel at this point. Settlement. Practically all the vacant land of any value in the whole valley has been pre-empted. A majority of the pre-emptors have completed their duties and left the district, so now the valley is dotted with the abandoned cabins. The whole population does not exceed thirty or forty. The land was taken up at the time the Pacific Northern and Omineca Railway was projected through from the Kitimat Arm to the Skeena—some six or seven years ago. The company which owned the charter for this line spent a large sum establishing construction camps along the line, and clearing most of the north half and grading several miles near the Skeena. Later the construction was abandoned. The right-of-way is now reverting to its original condition. 4 Geo. 5 Lakelse Valley. D 361 This summer a post-office was established at Lakelse Lake, with a weekly service from Terrace. The post-office is at the north end of the lake, and the hotel is on the east side about five miles down. At the date of writing a telephone-line is being established between Terrace and the hotel by the Provincial Government. Salmon-hatchery. Down the Lakelse River about a mile from the lake the Dominion Government have a fish- hatchery in operation; it has been established eight years and is operated nine months each .year. Several million salmon-eggs are annually hatched there. The buildings and equipment are all modern. A dam costing $5,000 across a tributary of the river ensures an abundant supply of fresh clear water, which is absolutely necessary for hatching salmon. There are two small Indian reserves in the valley, one being on the Skeena and unoccupied, the other being on the Lakelse River opposite the hatchery. Two or three families reside on this one, and they are retained by the Federal Government to aid at the hatchery. It is said that about fifty years ago the Indians in the valley numbered over a thousand, and it is apparently quite true, for all over the valley we found evidence of their occupation. Accessibility. This locality is of easy access. From Victoria and Vancouver to Prince Rupert there are five boats a week. From Prince Rupert there are two trains a week over the Grand Trunk Pacific, which are run in connection with the steamships of this Company. The road-bed is very well ballasted and the trains run at a good speed. The first town after leaving Prince Rupert is Terrace, opposite the Lakelse Valley. This is a town which has been founded since the coming of the railway, and is a progressive little village having a good hotel, three general stores, school, church, and gaol. A Provincial constable is stationed at this point. The Yukon Telegraph (Dominion Government) have an office here, from which point a branch line runs to Stewart, and there is also a local telephone service. A healthy growth is to be anticipated in Terrace, as it has a large agricultural area tributary to it in both the Lakelse and Kitsumgallum Valleys. The Kitsumgallum Valley is being settled in advance of the Lakelse, doubtless because it is on the same side of the Skeena as the railway. To reach the Lakelse Valley from Terrace it is necessary to cross the Skeena, and the facilities for crossing at that point this year were extremely poor. Two years ago the Public Works Department put a bridge across a small slough of the river to an island, and a current ferry was established across the main river. In July of this year the water rose to an almost unknown height and swept the bridge away. As soon as possible a makeshift ferry was established to replace the bridge, when owing to the swift turbulent water the main ferry became submerged and the cable snapped, letting the ferry drift down the river. After that we could only cross at this point by Indian canoes until late in the summer, when both ferries were again in operation. In October one of the ferrymen had the misfortune to fall overboard, and although an excellent swimmer was unable to save his life, it being rare for a person to come out alive if he gets in the river. Throughout the whole length of the Skeena there are no traffic-bridges. Below Terrace the river is too wide to be bridged at a reasonable cost, but a mile or so above Terrace, at the Little Canyon, exists an ideal site for a bridge. The river is swift and narrow here, and bedrock is at the surface on either side; a steel bridge could cross the main channel with a single span. A wagon-road has been constructed from the ferry to the east side of Lakelse Lake, a distance of eleven or twelve miles from Terrace. Another road has been started which will reach the west side of the lake; it is completed about six miles out from the ferry. A third? road goes up the Skeena four miles to Copper City, a small place consisting of a store, post- office, and a closed hotel. There is also a passenger-ferry at that point. Another road goes down the south side of the Skeena to near the mouth of the Lakelse River, where a ferry has also been established. The Pacific Northern and Omineca Railway Company, to facilitate their operations, constructed a road from Kitimat right through to Copper City, a distance of over fifty miles. This was a winter or sleigh road, and a large part of it in the Upper Kitimat Valley was impassable D 362 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 for a wagon, as it went through muskeg swamps. With the abandonment of the railway the road has fallen into disuse, so that at present, especially in the Kitimat Valley, it is almost impossible to locate it at all. The Public Works Department have located a trail through to Kitimat, which will be constructed next year, and later will be widened into a wagon-road. Numerous frails, over which a pack-horse can be taken, have been constructed throughout the valley, and these are so located—generally along survey-lines—that they can be converted into wagon-roads at a reasonable expense. During the wet weather the roads are almost impassable, as the mud is very bad in places, depending on the nature of the soil. There is very little traffic on the roads, as in the valley there is no natural hay land and horse-feed is expensive; in fact, the valley could boast of but two horses this season. Timber. The entire valley is timbered, there being no open country whatever. While the timber there is not as large as is seen on the Coast, yet the southern portion of the valley is heavily timbered. . The best timber lies to the east of Lakelse Lake, where the timber would go as high as 40,000 feet per acre and be of good quality, being up to 6 feet in diameter. This section is quite level and not difficult to log. The best of the timber is included in limits located six years ago. West of the lake, between the lake and the river, the timber is heavy, with hemlock and cedar predominating. But as the surface there is, for the most part, composed of rocky ridges, the timber is of poor quality, very little being free from knots, shakes, and rot. While portions would average perhaps 12,000 feet per acre, yet the merchantable timber would not exceed half that. In fact, I would not consider the locality worth logging at the present price of lumber, except near the river, where limits already exist. As timber becomes more valuable it might pay to cut it. Logging operations could be carried on around the lake, and the logs driven down the Lakelse to the Skeena, which would be the natural location for a mill, where access would be had to the Grand Trunk Pacific. With a mill at that point the merchantable timber could be secured at a moderate expense. The timber on the northern portion of the valley is inferior and limited; extensive areas have been burned over, and a considerable area is covered with jack-pine. At no point is there a dearth of wood for the needs of settlers. So far the timber has remained untouched, there being no local demand for lumber. A mill is in operation at Terrace, and is kept going to its capacity all the time. No fir is to be seen in the district; the timber consists of cedar, spruce, hemlock, balsam, and jack-pine, with a small percentage of birch, cottonwood, and alder. Soil. East of the lake the soil is a rich black loam and very fertile. For the most part it is high and dry, but a small portion would require draining, as it is a type of muskeg. The heavy timber on this section would render the cost of clearing high; it would average upwards of $300 per acre. South of the lake the ground is low and mostly muskeg. It is very doubtful whether this could be rendered suitable for cultivation. At present it is all held by timber licences. West of the lake the ground is broken, and many rocky ridges make it unfit for cultivation, the ridges rising from 200 to 500 feet above the lake. In this country lie Harmon and Hai Lakes, two small lakes 450 feet above Lakelse Lake. A bench or plateau extends from two or three miles north of the lake to the Skeena River. This bench is at an altitude of 750 to 800 feet, or 500 feet above the lake, and the same above the Skeena. On parts of this the soil is gravel and of doubtful fertility; it might be suitable for fruit, provided the moisture does not dry out on account of the character of the soil. Other portions of this bench have good soil and will grow anything adapted to the latitude. Clearing would average from $100 to $200 per acre in this section. As there are no summer frosts, all small fruits and vegetables grow to perfection; potatoes are very good and give a good yield. Every settler has his little strawberry-patch. The valley is especially adapted to fruit, and local apples compare favourably to those grown elsewhere. It is difficult to tell just what can be raised, as very little of the land has been cultivated, it having been the aim of the pre-emptor to secure the land at the least exertion. 4 Geo. 5 Lakelse Valley. D 363 This is not at all a ranching country, as there is an entire absence of natural feed. On account of the high expense of clearing the land, grain could not be grown with profit, and hay grown there could not compete in the open market with that shipped in from the Interior. Fruit and vegetables are adapted to the local conditions, and beyond doubt with the land cleared dairying would pay. Markets. The prime requisite to the development of an agricultural community is an adequate market, and at present there is only a limited local market for all the produce of the valley. Prince Rupert is the only outside point to which shipment may be made with profit with the present facilities and freight rates, and as Prince Rupert is but a small city at present its requirements are not large. Under the most favourable arrangements competition in the southern wholesale districts would not be feasible, as owing to the high latitude all produce is about three weeks later than in the southern portion of the Province. This would affect the sale of all produce except potatoes. Until new markets are opened by the operation of mines or other industries, I would not recommend the valley to one who contemplated farming. As stated before, dairying would be profitable, as there is always a market available. Minerals. The country has no great mineral wealth. There are a few copper and silver claims located in the mountains north-east of the lake. One set is being worked to some extent. A good pack- trail has been constructed up to the property, and I understand the ore makes a good showing. It is situated above the timber-line at an altitude of about 4,000 feet. Up the Copper River, just east of the Lakelse Valley, are several bodies of iron-ore which return good values. Other than these there are no prospects in that locality. Game. ■ There is very little .game. A few goats and a few caribou are found on the higher mountains ; plenty of black bear and very few grizzly. There are no deer at all. There is excellent fishing in both the Lakelse Lake and the Lakelse River, which is also called the Trout River. Wildfowl, geese, and ducks are quite plentiful in the marshy area at the south end of the lake. Fur-bearing animals are not numerous, a few beaver, marten, and musk-rats being found along the smaller streams. The small streams tributary to Lakelse Lake are the spawning-grounds of the salmon, which come up the Lakelse River in countless numbers. Climate. Beyond doubt we experienced a much wetter season than usual this year. During the six months and a half I was in the valley I do not believe we had three weeks without heavy rain; the worst month being September, when we had rain on twenty-six days and fair weather on four days. According to the settlers, the climate is between the wet coast climate and that of the dry interior. It Is much drier than at Prince Rupert. As the altitude of the valley is low, Lakelse Lake being only 250 feet above the sea, there are no summer frosts. I arrived there the latter part of May, and we had no frost after that date until after October 1st. At the date I left, December 1st, we had had no cold weather, and not more than 10 or 15 degrees of frost. During the latter part of October and November we had a few light falls of snow, and winter appeared to set in about the time we were leaving, as we were able to move out on sleighs. According to reports, the summers are usually quite hot, with a large proportion of clear, cloudless days, and there is generally a wind during the summer from the south-west, and during the winter from the north-east. During the winter for short periods the mercury may drop below zero, but the winters are not cold as they are farther east. Usually the first snow which remains falls in December, and soon after the Skeena freezes over. During the winter the snow lies to a depth of from 3 to 6 feet, and the sleighing is good. By April 1st the snow is gone from the exposed areas, and by May 1st is gone entirely from the lower altitudes. Mosquitoes and flies are not bad. We were troubled to a small extent for about six weeks with mosquitoes, and we had a few black-flies with us all the season. I have, etc., Leboy S. Cokely, B.C.L.S. D 364 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 CLAYOQUOT AND NOOTKA DISTRICTS. By H. N. Clague. December 2nd, 1913. <?. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Clayoquot and Nootka Districts are situate on the west coast of Vancouver Island, a section of the Province which is, as yet, only in the initial stage of its development. This coast differs from the more settled east coast of Vancouver Island in that it is far more broken and rugged. It is indented with numerous harbours, bays, and inlets teeming with myriads of fish; its rocks and sands contain gold, iron, silver, copper, coal, and various other minerals. The timber wealth of this coast is known the world over, but its exploitation has, as yet, hardly begun. In addition to these enormously valuable natural resources, there are large areas of country which, when brought into a state of cultivation, will yield agricultural produce to the value of many millions of dollars per annum. Its climate is more moist than most other portions of the Province of British Columbia, but Is eminently suitable to the growth of many forms of garden and field produce, and to the climate is due the vast forests of rich timber which lie along the western shores. Vargas Island. Most of my work in this district was confined to Vargas Island, in Clayoquot Sound. Vargas is an island of about 7,400 acres in area, lying Immediately north of and about one mile west of the post-office of Clayoquot. The shore-lines on the north and south sides of the island are for the most part rough and rugged. The west may be said to consist of nearly one continuous beach. There are also good beaches on the east side. These beaches are of a fine clean sand and are comparable with those of any pleasure resort on the Pacific Coast. No more enjoyable sport can be imagined than surf-riding at any one of these delightful stretches of clean sand, free from rocks. The south and west sides of the island are exposed for almost the whole of their length to the full force of the Pacific Ocean. Blundell Island affords some shelter for a part of the coast, but for the most part it is very open and unprotected. There are numerous good landings for small boats, except in bad weather, when it is almost impossible to make a landing on the south and west sides. Land for Settlement. There is very little land open for settlement on the island, as most of it is already taken up by settlers. The country is for the most part broken, especially on the north-east of the island. The centre portion contains some large areas of muskeg country. Several of these areas contain some hundreds of acres. Soil. The soil in these muskegs is a mixture of peat with black and clay loam. No doubt they could be brought under cultivation with suitable drainage. This should prove worth while in many instances, for the soil is rich and will grow almost anything. Speaking generally, the soil of the island is of a gravelly nature. This applies particularly to the higher ledges and benches. There is quite a little light and sandy loam, with usually a surface covering of peat soil of varying depths. In the middle east of the island there is some red-clay loam, and practically the whole of the subsoil is gravel. Agriculture. The island is very suitable for mixed farming on a small scale. Most kinds of small fruits, such as raspberries, currants, gooseberries, and strawberries, grow well. It is eminently suited to the growth of vegetables. Some of the settlers have good gardens and evidently meet with success in this line. One of the settlers, P. A. Hodelague, has apples, plums, and pear trees planted, but they have not yet reached maturity. Considering the heavy rainfall, the island and district is not suitable as a whole for the growth of large fruits. 4 Geo. 5 Clayoquot and Nootka Districts. D 365 Cost of Clearing. The cost of clearing land will vary greatly, and will run as high as $500 per acre in some parts. The muskeg lands will cost in the neighbourhood of $100 to $150 to clear. It may be said that the average cost of clearing land on the island will be about $300 per acre. Timber, The timber is chiefly cedar and hemlock of a scrubby nature. Towards the north-east corner, however, there are a few good patches of excellent cedar and hemlock. Along the shore spruce is found, but not in any large quantities. The muskegs, where not open, are covered with a growth of small cedar and bull-pine. Roads and Trails. There is a good trail across the centre of the island. During the past season a wagon-road has been constructed from the east side of the island, following the trail, and it is expected that it will be completed during the coming year. A wharf is shortly to be constructed on the island by the Dominion Government, but the site has not yet been definitely decided upon. It is very likely that the Dominion Government telegraph-line, now in course of construction from Clayoquot to the north end of Vancouver Island, will touch at Vargas Island. Floees Island. During my stay on Clayoquot Sound I paid several visits to Flores Island. This is an island of some 34,000 acres in area. It lies about six miles north and six miles and a half west of the postrofnce of Clayoquot. My personal knowledge is confined to the south-east corner of the island. The shore for the most part on the south and west sides of the island is quite exposed to the open sea, and consequently it is nearly impossible to make a landing on these sides except in the calmest weather. Land for Settlement. The country is of a similar nature to that of Vargas Island, as far as the area open for settlement is concerned. This area is confined practically to the west side of the island, and I am given to understand that there is a considerable area of land on this side which is suitable for settlement for agricultural purposes. My information is from reliable sources and may be taken as accurate. Much of the land is of a swampy nature, with a covering growth of small cedar and pine. A large amount of this land could be drained and brought under cultivation without very much expense. Other Features. There is a trail from the head of Matilda Creek for some four or five miles along the south of the island, but it is not in good condition. At Ahoussat, near the south-east corner of the island, there is a store belonging to W. T. Dawley. The C.P.R. steamship " Princess Maquinna " calls at Ahoussat twice a month with mail and supplies. Climate of Clay'oquot District. The climate of the whole district is mild. The Japanese current and the moisture-laden winds from the Pacific Ocean exercise a moderating influence on the climate and ensure a copious rainfall. The rainfall amounts to about 90 inches. As the district becomes more settled and the timber is cut, the rainfall will no doubt decrease appreciably. This has been the experience of many similar districts in this Province. There is very little snowfall—usually not more than a few inches, and even this does not lie for more than a few days on the ground, except In the hills. There is no excessive heat in the summer. The heat of the sun is tempered by the cooling breezes from the ocean. The nights are always cool. The rainy months are November December, January, April, and parts of May and June. The early part of February and the month of March are usually dry and not too cold. Spring, summer, and fall may be said to last from'the middle of February to the end of October. D 366 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Points of Supply. Clayoquot (on Stubbs Island) and Tofino (on the mainland of Vancouver Island) are the chief points of supply for the neighbourhood. These two places ara only about three-quarters of a mile apart. At Clayoquot there is a good store and a first-class hotel with ample accommodation, both owned by W. T. Dawley. At Tofino there is also a well-stocked store owned by James Sloan. There is also a good boarding-house, a social hall, a church, and a school. These stores carry an excellent selection of goods, and the prices will compare favourably with those obtaining either in Victoria or Vancouver. At both Clayoquot and Tofino there are wharves. Each has a post-office, and there is connection with Alberni by telegraph. There is a telephone- line between the two places. At Tofino Is a doctor of medicine. Roads. A road is under construction by the Provincial Government from Tofino to Ucluelet. For some distance this road is in use, but beyond the end of construction-work there is a good trail between the two points. When completed, this road will connect with the proposed highway from Alberni to Ucluelet. Eventually, when the construction-work is at an end, this road from Alberni to Tofino will open up for tourists one of the most magnificent scenic drives on Vancouver Island, and it should prove of immense benefit to the district. Tbanspobtation. Tofino and Clayoquot can be reached by steamer direct from Victoria, or by train from Alberni and thence by the C.P.R. steamer " Princess Maquinna." This steamship, which is new on the run this season, is of steel and built especially for this west coast service. The accommodation for passengers is excellent and the boat has ample freight capacity. She makes four trips a month from Victoria during the greater part of the year. In the winter her schedule is three trips a month. The " Princess Maquinna " carries mail for all points oil the west coast. There are numerous good launches to be had for hire, both at Tofino and Clayoquot, at reasonable rates. Mining. There are two active mines in the district. The output of both is chiefly copper. One is the Kallappa, on the east side of Disappointment Inlet, and the other the Ptarmigan, on Bear River. The latter was recently taken over by a large English syndicate who intend to develop the property on a big scale. This mine already employs a considerable number of men, and both are looked upon as likely to mean much for the district from the mining point of view within the next few years. There is a large sawmill at Mosquito Harbour, but for some time it has been closed down. There is no doubt but that in the near future it will be in active operation again, as there is in the neighbourhood a vast amount of uncut timber which will be manufactured either at this mill or at others which will be erected locally. On Tofino Inlet there is a cannery which is in active operation for many months in the year, and which gives employment to a number of people. Game. The lakes and streams, of which there are many, afford good fishing, chiefly salmon and trout. The sea fishing is excellent. Salmon, halibut, and cod are found in abundance. The Dominion Government has established a salmon-hatchery on Kennedy Lake. This is found to be of great benefit to the industry. Birds are very plentiful, especially ducks and geese. Kennedy Lake Is the chief resort of these species. There are also willow-grouse and snipe in fair numbers. Deer are fairly numerous, and bear and cougar are to be found on the mainland of Vancouver Island. There are also a few small fur-bearing animals, such as mink and marten. NOOTKA DISTRICT. My work in this district was confined to the southern part of Nootka Island, on Nootka Sound. This island is the largest on the west coast-of Vancouver Island; it covers an area of about 127,000 acres. Nootka is a name that figures prominently in every history of the northwestern section of the Pacific littoral. It was the first point on the North American coast to 4 Geo. 5 Clayoquot and Nootka Districts. D 367 be colonized by Great Britain. The Sound was discovered by Captain Cook in the month of March, 177S. He gave the bay the name of Nootka Sound. It was next visited by Captain Meares in May, 1788. Captain Meares was given a piece of land, now called Friendly Cove, at the southern extremity of Nootka Island, by the natives in exchange for ten sheets of copper and sundry other small articles. He it was who named the island Nootka. Captain Meares erected a large building to serve as workshop, stock-house, and dwelling. Here it was that he raised for the first time on the west coast of North America the flag of Britain. This was the ■earliest recorded attempt at settlement on this coast by white men south of the Russian settlements, several hundred miles to the north. Coast Characteristics. In many places the island stretches to within a few chains of the mainland of Vancouver Island. The shore-line from Friendly Cove westward for about six miles is rough and rugged, with the exception of two good beaches. Thence to a point within about five miles from Ferrer Point it is almost one continuous beach. This is as far as my personal knowledge goes of the shore-line in this direction. The beaches on the south of the island are chiefly of gravel, while on the west side they are of a fine clean sand. The south and west are open to the wide expanse of the ocean, and therefore there are very few safe landings. Land for Settlement. Most of the land suitable for settlement will be found on the south and west sides of the island. At the present moment much of the land on the island is held under timber licences, but as a number of these have expired recently, and it is likely that a considerable further number of them will expire in the near future, when these areas will be thrown open for pre-emption, as a large proportion of it is suitable for settlement. For about five miles west of Friendly Cove the country is much broken, but there is a large area which could be brought under cultivation profitably. Near the south-west corner of the island is a considerable area of more or less swampy land, which, where necessary, could be drained without a great deal of expense. Soil. The soil in the south-east corner of the island, apart from the ridges, which are of gravel, is of a mixture of clay and gravel. In parts there is much peat soil of varying depth, and in some places clay loam and light loam. The south-west corner has a soil which is sandy or light loam, with a subsoil of gravel. The soil of the swampy country is of a mixture of peat and loam. The island might be made suitable for mixed farming or cattle-raising on a small scale. With regard to the suitability for small fruits and vegetables, the conditions are similar to those on Vargas Island. Timber. The timber is cedar and hemlock of a scrubby nature. Along the sea-shore spruce is to be found, but as a rule it is not of good quality. Any good timber is held under licence. The swampy country is covered with a small growth of cedar and bull-pine. The cost of clearing is similar to that on Vargas Island. Climate. The rainfall is somewhat less than 90 inches, but in other particulars the same climatic conditions prevail as on Vargas and Flores Islands. Roads and Trails. From Friendly Cove westward there is a good trail for about seven miles. A wagon-road from Friendly Cove along the south coast of the island is likely to be constructed within the next few months. This will be of great advantage to the settlers, as at present all supplies have to be landed by means of a small boat, as there is as yet no wharf at Friendly Cove. In the majority of cases this necessitates the supplies being back-packed over the trails to each Individual pre-emption. D 368 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 General Information. A wharf is shortly to be constructed at Friendly Cove by the Dominion Government. A Dominion Government telegraph-line is now in course of construction northward from Clayoquot, and it is expected to be complete next year. This will bring Nootka into communication with Alberni by telegraph, and the line will ultimately be continued to the north end of Vancouver Island. W. T. Dawley has a good store at Friendly Cove, with post-office in conjunction situated on the Indian Reserve. The C.P.R. steamer " Princess Maquinna " calls twice a month at Friendly Cove with mail and supplies. Industries. There is a large marble-quarry on the east side of the island. This quarry has a valuable plant, but for some time it has not been working. The marble is of excellent quality, and when in full swing will give employment to many people. There is any amount of valuable timber in the district, which will no doubt be cut and manufactured in the neighbourhood. At the southern end of the district there is much coal land staked. There has been but little prospecting for other minerals. No doubt valuable discoveries will be made when the whole of the country is thoroughly and systematically prospected. Game. There are numerous small lakes on the island which afford excellent fishing. Salmon,, halibut, and cod are found in any quantities in the harbours and inlets round the coast. Deer, bear, and panther are found, while birds are also to be had in fair numbers. Mink and marten are occasionally found, but fur-bearing animals of this class are not numerous. Railroad Prospects. The Canadian Northern Pacific Railway have been busy locating their line from the interior- of Vancouver Island down the Muchalat Arm to Clayoquot Sound. It is fully expected that one of their western ports will be located on the Sound. Excellent harbours are found between the south of Nootka Island and Vancouver Island. There is every indication that Nootka Island and Sound has excellent prospects for the future. I have, etc., H. N. Claque, B.C.L.S. UCLUELET PENINSULA, CLAYOQUOT. By Frank E. Leach. November 2Sth, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The country covered by my season's work lies between Kennedy Lake on the north- and Long Bay and Wreck Bay on the south-west. A number of pre-emptions were also surveyed on Ship Channel and at Toquart Harbour. The country to the south of Kennedy Lake is generally level and lies at an altitude of about 100 feet above the sea. There is a small but rugged series of ridges bordering on Kennedy Lake, and several isolated cones between the lake and the ocean, but they do not reach a greater elevation than about 300 feet above the surrounding country. There are considerable areas of swampy land covered with a growth of pine timber and brush which could be drained, as everywhere there are streams with sufficient fall to carry off the surface water if they are cleared of the fallen timber and other obstructions to their flow. Kennedy Lake is a large body of fresh water with an elevation of about 12 feet above high tide. It is fed by the Elk and Clayoquot Rivers and empties into Tofino Inlet by the Kennedy River. The shores are mountainous except on the southerly side, where there are some fine sand beaches and level land, but practically the whole borders of the lake are covered by timber licences. The Dominion Government maintains a salmon-hatchery on Clayoquot Arm, the- 4 Geo. 5 Ucluelet Peninsula. D 369 employees of which are the only permanent inhabitants of the water-front of the lake. The Clayoquot Sound Canning Company operate a salmon-cannery on the salt-water near the mouth of Kennedy River. Wreck Bay and Long Bay, on the ocean side, are shallow indentations of the Pacific, affording landing-places only in fine summer weather. The former is noted for its placer gold, formerly worked with success, but now abandoned. Long Bay is a beautiful stretch of dry, clean sand, equal to any of the famous Atlantic beaches for purposes of surf-bathing. The water during the summer is warm enough to be pleasant, and the writer has no doubt that this fine beach will eventually be developed into a flourishing summer resort. Means of Access. Kennedy Lake may be reached either from Clayoquot Sound or from Ucluelet. The route from Clayoquot Sound is by boat through Browning Passage and Tofino Inlet and then up the Kennedy River. There are rapids to be surmounted on the Kennedy River, but the Government has made a trail and cleared many of the rocks out of the channel, so that small boats may be lined up them without any great difficulty. The distance from Tofino or Clayoquot to the Kennedy River is about fifteen miles. From Ucluelet a trail six miles and a half long leads to Kennedy Lake. This trail is a good one for men, and could be easily improved to be passable for pack-horses. It is practically level for the whole distance. A wagon-road is under construction from the head of Ucluelet Arm to Long Bay and is at present opened up for about four miles. It is not completed as yet, but the writer was able to have his camp supplies hauled over it by wagon this summer, a distance of three miles and a half. From the wagon-road trails can be taken northerly to the land surveyed. These trails follow survey lines and are not well cut out beyond the present limit of settlement. Ucluelet and Clayoquot Sound are reached by the new and commodious passenger-steamer " Princess Maquinna," commanded by Captain Gilliam, sailing from Victoria four times a month during the summer season and three times a month in the winter. Passengers who are not good sailors may go to Port Alberni by train and take the steamer there, thus avoiding the rough waters near Cape Beale. The launch " Tofino" also makes regular trips with passengers and mail between Ucluelet and Alberni. Freight-boats make calls at these ports at irregular intervals, carrying, besides other cargo, gasolene and explosives. There are post-offices, telegraph-stations, and stores at Ucluelet, Tofino, and Clayoquot, and large stocks are carried of all ordinary commodities. The distance from Ucluelet to Port Alberni is about fifty miles, and to Victoria about 115 miles. Any produce over local consumption is usually shipped to either of these places, where there is a ready market. Industries. There are large halibut banks off Long Bay and in Barkley Sound, the catch being handled by a fish company with cold-storage plant at Uchucklesit. Local fishermen are paid 2 cents a pound for halibut and are supplied with fresh bait. Herring come into these waters in very great numbers, and plants have been established at Ucluelet and Toquart to prepare the fish for the Oriental market. At present the only means of preservation used is rough salting, and it is to be hoped that in the future better means will be adopted for the development of this important industry. Sea-lions are numerous all along the coast, and are blamed for doing much damage to the spring salmon, herring, and other fish. At Toquart Harbour are extensive beds of the small native oysters, but as yet no steps have been taken to exploit them. While small, these oysters are succulent and of good flavour. Some of the eastern oysters transplanted to this place have matured and grown to a good size. At Sechart is a large and well-equipped whaling-station operating several whaling-steamers throughout the season. The whales are harpooned at sea and towed to the station, where the carcasses are dealt with. All the parts are used, including the bone. After the oil has been expressed from the blubber the remainder is made up into fertilizer. The flesh is very palatable, but is unlikely to become a popular substitute for beef. A sawmill at Ucluelet is now being remodelled and will be in a position to supply the local demand for lumber. 24 D 370 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 A number of mineral claims are held in the district, though but little work has been done. The Kallappa group, on Meares Island, employs about twenty-five men and is making regular shipments of ore. A wagon-road is being constructed up Bear River for the purpose of opening up the Ptarmigan group, stated to contain vast deposits of copper-ore. Ch.vracter of Soil. The soil throughout the district is a sandy loam, generally overlying a hard-pan. It is admirably adapted for the culture of all ordinary vegetable-crops, such as potatoes, cabbage, cauliflower, peas, parsnips, etc. Throughout the summer we were able to use local vegetables and found them of excellent quality. The ground requires assiduous cultivation, as the warm moist climate promotes an exuberant growth of weeds. On the sea-shore can be obtained an abundance of natural fertilizer in the seaweed and kelp washed up on the beach, while herring and starfish taken from the salt-water and dog-salmon from the creeks are used for the same purpose. Conspicuous success has attended the culture of fine flowers and shrubs such as rhododendrons and roses, while strawberries and other small fruits give good returns. A number of the settlers have gone in for chicken-raising, and all the birds seem to be thriving and giving a satisfactory number of eggs. Timber and Land-clearing. The growth of timber is very heavy, consisting principally of hemlock, balsam, and cedar. Near the ocean-front there is usually a fringe of fine spruce. In the swamp area there are scattered jack-pine and white-pine. Throughout the whole district the brush is exceedingly- thick, many places being practically impassable until a passage is cut through with a brush- hook or machete. Salal, blueberry, and huckleberry are thickest in the dryed portion, while crab-apple and salmon-berry form an infpenetrable and thorny jungle in the swampy districts. The trees have wide-spreading roots rarely penetrating any great depth into the ground; windfalls also are numerous and often of great size; when of cedar they are frequently used for making shakes. Clearing land is a difficult and expensive operation. The writer has been unable to obtain any exact figures as to the cost, but $300 an acre is a usual estimate. Climate. The climate is stated to be the most equable in Canada, the lowest temperature registered in the Government records being 14.5 degrees in 1907, the highest 90.5 degrees in 190S. The mean annual temperature is 48.8 degrees. The only records available are those of the Dominion Meteorological Service for Clayoquot, but these may be taken as fairly representative of the weather conditions over the whole district covered by this report. Snowfall is light, averaging about 15 inches of total fall. The rainfall is great, the average yearly precipitation being 120.5 inches, occurring principally during the winter months. The following table gives the average monthly precipitation to the end of 1912 :— Inches. Inches. January 14.59 July 2.01 February 12.96 August 3.54 March 10.79 September 7.06 April 8.37 October 13.75 May 6.73 November 20.13 June 4.19 December 16.46 Total for year, 120.53 inches. Summer frosts are practically unknown and sea fogs are of rare occurrence. The summer season is delightful, and no more inviting spots can be found than along the west coast, but during the heavy rains of the winter little outside work can be done. Game. The waters along the coast abound in wildfowl, ducks, geese, and brant being very plentiful. Black bear are numerous and are trapped or shot along the streams when they are feeding on the salmon. Deer are very scarce and difficult to approach on account of the dense brush. Elk 4 Geo. 5 Salmon Biver Valley. D. 371 are said to be fairly plentiful in the mountainous country north of Kennedy Lake. Fur-bearing animals are well represented and consist of otter, marten, mink, and racoon. The pelts are inferior to those obtained in the colder portions of the Province, but bring fair prices. During the proper season good catches may be made trolling for salmon, and certain of the lakes and streams are well filled with trout. I have, etc., F. E. Leach, B.C.L.S. SALMON RIVER VALLEY, VANCOUVER ISLAND. By E. H. Ferris. December 11th, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on my season's work in the Salmon River Valley, Sayward District, Vancouver Island:— The land to be surveyed formed two timber leases comprising parts of Sections 16 and 21, Township 3, and parts of Sections 4, 5, and 8, Township 3, and Sections 33, 34, and 35, Township 6, Sayward District, which had been held by the Hastings Sawmill Company and relinquished by them last year. There are in all approximately 2,400 acres, forming 60 subdivisions of 40 acres each, and in my opinion at least 48 will make highly desirable pre-emptions, capable, when cleared of stumps and standing timber, of becoming good and profitable farms. Eight I have classified as timbered land, carrying as they do over 8,000 feet, board measure, to the acre. The Salmon River Valley has a population of between eighty and a hundred, a school, store, post-office, and a stopping-house, the postal address being " Sayward, B.C." In this locality surveyed by me the valley varies in width from one to two miles and a half and lies between high mountains, some of which rise to over 4,000 feet above sea-level. Along the mountain slopes, the ground is very rocky, but on the flats and benches the land is of a sandy and peaty loam with a few gravel-banks. The soil varies in depth up to about 3 feet, with gravel subsoil, and in a few places clay loam with clay subsoil. Near the river-banks the land is in places swampy in the spring, but dries up in the height of summer. These swampy places could, I am of opinion, be easily drained and cultivated. Accessibility. The Salmon River is reached by steamship. The Union Steamship Company's steamer leaves Vancouver on Friday night, arriving at the mouth of Salmon River on Saturday afternoon. The postmaster, with his gasolene-launch, meets the steamer and carries mails, passengers, and freight four miles up-stream' to the post-office, where there is a general store carrying a good assortment of merchandise. Belmour's stopping-house is a short distance from the post-office, where horses may be hired for a trip up the valley. At the time when these surveys were being made, arrangements were in progress to have the mails delivered twice a week, which will greatly facilitate the marketing of produce. The Dominion Government are about to establish a long-distance telephone system on the river. Roads in the Valley. A wagon-road is at present under construction from the Salmon River wharf up the north side of the river to the post-office, in the vicinity of which the Department of Public Works intend next year to construct a bridge connecting with the existing wagon-road up the south side of the river. This existing road at present runs a distance of only two miles, but it has been planned to extend it up to about the centre of Section 34, Township 6, using the old logging-road which runs that far, over which the settlers haul their produce and supplies on sleighs. The removal of the ties on this logging-railroad would convert it into a first-class wagon-road, as D 372 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 it is well ballasted. There are three substantial bridges which were built by the Hastings Sawmill Company, and acquired from them by the Department of Public Works. From the centre of Section 34, Township 6, a good pack-trail runs south for several miles, and during this season the Government was extending this to Duncan Bay and Campbell River, thirty-five miles and forty-five miles respectively. The principal reason for this extension is to facilitate the guarding of the vast and valuable timber in the district, but the settlers in the valley anticipate it to be only the beginning of a wagon-road from Salmon River to connect with the Island Highway at Campbell River. Climate. The climate of this valley is, generally speaking, mild, there being no summer frosts. In the winter the snow starts seldom before Christmas, and rarely lasts more than a few weeks at a time; winter breaks up early, but the spring season is long, encroaching on the summer months. This appears to be no drawback, however, as during the summer months the growth is phenomenal. The surrounding mountains appear to collect the heat during the day and radiate it at night. This, combined with the heavy dews which obtain there, probably accounts for the splendid growth of hay, clover, oats, etc., that I saw. I was unable to obtain an estimate of the annual precipitation, but the settlers with whom I conversed state that heavy rains are always expected in early spring and November. Water. The district is well watered by the Salmon and White Rivers and numerous small creeks running into them. Combined with the natural rainfall and heavy dews at night, this renders irrigation quite unnecessary. The Salmon River flows from the south, and in the vicinity of the land surveyed has an average width of about 200 feet, with only a few riffles up to about twenty miles from the mouth. Settlers use the river as their chief mode of transport, as, with the possible exception of a couple of weeks in September, all the riffles can be easily passed with a loaded canoe. The White River joins the Salmon River in the centre of Section 4, Township 3, and has an average width of about 200 feet where it flows through the land subdivided. This is a shallow river and is not navigable by canoe. In very wet seasons the Salmon River rises to a considerable height, flooding portions of the low-lying lands. These freshets usually come in November or December and subside on the change of tide. They appear to do more good than harm, as there is deposited a coating of fine river-silt over the flooded area. During the past eighteen years there have been only four of these freshets, the last one being four years ago. It is thought that, with the clearing of the land of timber, the chances of these freshets will be greatly lessened. Crops. As regards the crops, the variety I saw in this valley consisted of clover, timothy, rye, oats, potatoes, and vegetables, all giving excellent results. On one ranch they estimated that they cut 3 tons per acre of hay, with the possibility of another 1% tons as second crop. On a neighbouring ranch the oats were estimated at 90 bushels per acre. Small fruits, such as strawberries, raspberries, and gooseberries, are grown by several settlers and give excellent results. They are shipped to the Vancouver markets. Beef, etc., is shipped by many of the ranchers to the numerous lumber camps along the coast of the Island. Wild berries, such as salmon-berry, cranberry, elderberry, etc., are found in great profusion. Apples planted near the mouth of the river do not give good results, on account of being too near the Johnston Strait and having no shelter from the winds. Up the valley, however, they have done well; but no one appears to treat the fruit-trees seriously. Up to the beginning of this year there has not been a great amount of agricultural work done; that is, compared with the number of settlers. The reason they give is that they have not had transportation facilities. Now, however, that the valley is being opened up with a wagon-road and bridge, they are working and clearing more land for next season's crops. There is considerable dairying done in the valley, the milk being very rich in cream. During the summer months one rancher was shipping about 110 lb. of butter per week, and that from seventeen cows. A local agricultural association was in process of formation this fall. 4 Geo. 5 Township 24, Rupert District. D 373 Timber. Fir, hemlock, spruce, and cedar are the timbers to be found here. The Hastings Sawmill Company concluded their logging operations last year, but their holdings comprised a small proportion of the timbered area of this district. There are still thousands of acres of first-class timber which must pass through the Salmon River Valley to the world's markets. Up to about six years ago this part of the country abounded in big game, but the logging operations evidently frightened the animals away. There are still lots of elk and deer to be seen up the White River; black bear abound here, especially in the month of September, when they come down the river for salmon. It is quite a common sight any evening to see two or even three bears within half a mile standing in a riffle watching for salmon. As soon as a salmon comes within reach the bear with great rapidity hooks it in his claws, and more often than not, after taking a bite out of the back, throws the remainder on to the gravel-bar and settles down to wait for another to try to pass him. During the past two seasons railway reconnaissance surveyors have been busy in the valley. I have, etc., E. H. Ferris, B.C.L.S. TOWNSHIP 24, RUPERT DISTRICT, AND ISLANDS IN QUEEN CHARLOTTE SOUND. By' F. G. Aldous. November 24th, 1913. G. It. Daieson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In accordance with your instructions, I surveyed part of Township 24, Rupert District, into blocks of 40, 80, and 160 acres for pre-emption. This township, which was under reserve for pre-emption, was opened to settlement on October 17th, 1913. The sections suitable for subdivision into 40- and 80-acre tracts were 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, and 30. The other sections surveyed were divided into quarters. Township 24, Rupert District, may be divided, for purposes of general classification, into two parts, the east half and the west half. In the eastern portion only the first two tiers of sections—25, 26, 27, 34, 35, and 36—were surveyed. The only valley of any importance in this area is that of the Shushartie River, which lies diagonally north-west and south-east across Section 35, and throughout the whole of this distance is of a lake-like expansion, apparently of considerable depth and with an almost imperceptible current. This is appropriately known as Fish Lake, and excellent trout-fishing can be obtained here. The course of the river through Section 25 is easterly, and averages 50 feet in width. The whole of this valley, from the mouth of the river right up to the south-eastern end of Fish Lake, is extremely narrow, the hills closing right in on either side and no bottom land being visible. The hills on either side of Fish Lake are all above the 1,400-foot contour and very precipitous, the lake itself being at an elevation of 500 feet above sea-level. Shushartie River. The Shushartie River is useless as a means of transportation on account of innumerable log-jams, bars, and scarcity of water during the summer months. This river was measured and the flow ascertained as shown in the following table:— Base. Mean Cross-section. Surface Velocity. Mean Velocity. Flow. Estimated Mean Flow. Condition of Stream. Date. 84 ft. Sq. Ft. 25.11 Ft. per Sec. 1.02 Ft. per Sec. 0.82 Cub. Ft. per Sec. 20.6 Cub. Ft. per Sec. 50 Low. July 18th. D 374 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The point of measurement was about two miles and a half from the mouth and just south of the forks of the trail. There is a considerable quantity of good marketable timber throughout this valley—spruce, red and yellow cedar, hemlock, and balsam; but unless the river were cleared of log-jams, it would be practically impossible to handle it without a logging-railroad. Although not strictly within the scope of this report, the only other depression worthy of note in the eastern portion of the township is that of the lake of the mountains which lies in parts of four sections, viz., 13 and 14, 23 and 24. The mountains appear to descend abruptly into this lake on all sides, except at the extreme western end, where there are a few acres of flat land and a low divide leading through a draw into a ravine which takes a south-westerly course and terminates in the Nahwitte Valley. A high range of hills parallels the Shushartie River on the east side, whilst on the west side there are two high ranges parallel to one another and with a barren, rocky bench between, and of about half a mile in width. In the first of these two latter ranges the highest summit occurs at the south-east corner of Section 27, at an altitude of 2,100 feet, whilst the highest point in the second range occurs 50 chains due west of the former, on the south boundary of Section 27, and at an altitude of 1,940 feet. This latter range on its western side forms the eastern slope of the valley of Ursie Creek, whilst the lower slopes of Shushartie Saddle form the western slope of this valley, whose general course is due north. Throughout the eastern portion of the township the soil appears to consist entirely of decayed vegetable fibre from 12 to 18 inches deep, with bed-rock below. Timber of fair quality obtains up to an altitude of 1,400 feet on the side-hills, but in any level spot the vegetable fibrous soil gives way to muskeg, and the timber immediately becomes scrubby and stunted, pine, yellow cedar, and hemlock predominating. In the western part of the township the three most northerly sections, viz., 31, 32, and the west half of 33 are entirely covered by the upper and lower slopes of Shushartie Saddle (altitude 1,900 feet), the summit of which occurs close to the north-west corner of the township. The foot of the slopes of this mountain extend into Section 30, forming the north-eastern slope of Granite Creek Valley, and also through Section 29 about the centre line, and thence, turning in a northerly direction, forms the western slope of Ursie Creek Valley. Plateau Lands. The next nine sections, viz., 28, 29, 30, 19, 20, 21, 16, 17, and 18, cover the whole of a plateau, which is three miles square, and lies at a mean altitude of 1,200 feet. On the eastern side of this group of sections the foot of the mountains extends into them as far as the centre lines, and the country is much broken with ravines. The highest point on the eastern boundary of this block occurs 20 chains south of the north-east corner of Section 16, at an altitude of 1,573 feet, whilst the lowest point is at the south-east corner of the same section, at an altitude of 985 feet. On the south boundary the plateau begins to break up into deep ravines running in a southwesterly direction into the Nahwitte River Valley. The mean altitude of this boundary is about 1,150 feet. The western boundary of the block marks the westerly limit of the plateau, more especially towards the southern end, the plateau extending for about half a mile west of the west boundary of Section 30. West of this edge of the plateau the country is very much broken into ravines running westerly into the Nahwitte Valley. Drainage. The plateau would appear to be a kind of collecting and distributing basin in the watersheds of the Shushartie and Nahwitte Rivers, for here lies the source of Ursie Creek, which is the main feeder of the Shushartie River. Granite and Brownie Creeks, draining into the Nahwitte River, also have their sources here, as also the outlet from Rannell Lake and two other smaller creeks, which all empty into the same river. The main creek In point of size and length is Ursie Creek, which rises in a series of small lakes situated in the north half of Section 17, and at an altitude of 1,198 feet. Thence it flows north-east through Sections 20 and 28, receiving on its course five tributaries from the east and two from the west, one of the latter being the outlet from Mary Lake, situated in the north-east quarter of Section 29, and whose area is 11.15 acres and altitude 1,140 feet. Ursie Creek was measured at a point just above the falls which occur about the centre of the south-west quarter of Section 28, the small creek shown 4 Geo. 5 Township 24, Rupert District. D 375 running in from the south-east has its junction with Ursie Creek immediately at the foot of the falls. The result of the measurements is shown in the following table:— Base. Mean Cross-section. Surface Velocity. Mean Velocity. Flow. Estimated Mean Flow. Condition of Stream. Date. 45 ft. Sq. Ft. 13.9 Ft. per Sec. 4.64 Ft. per Sec. 3.7 Cub. Ft. per Sec. 51.4 Cub. Ft. per Sec. 30 Flood. Aug. 16th. Ursie Creek. Ursie Creek has the characteristic of expanding into lake-like stretches in many places throughout its course where the water is of considerable depth and varies in width from 20 to 50 feet. Between these lakes stretches the stream is small and averages from 2 to 10 feet in width. Below the falls, which were measured with level and rod and found to be 17.5 feet in height, the stream-bed widens out to some 30 feet and is filled with large rock boulders. The valley of this creek is not well defined above the falls, though from this point on it soon gains considerable depth, but not width, there being no bottom land on either side of the creek. Stretches of Open Grass Land. There are considerable stretches of open grass land in the neighbourhood of the small shallow lakes which make up the combined source of Ursie Creek, and also throughout its course south of the falls, but they need drainage, being very wet, and the bed-rock being invariably never more than from 12 to 18 inches below the surface. A sample of the soil from these flat open stretches was submitted to one of the experts of the Department of Agriculture, and classified in a general way as a light sandy loam, the proportion of silica or disintegrated rock being only just discernible. Wherever a knoll occurs the soil at once changes to a decayed vegetable fibrous nature. These remarks as to soil apply to the whole of the plateau, and in general to the whole of the township. There are numerous knolls scattered throughout the plateau, and on these grow the better timber and a light growth of underbrush and berry-bushes, whilst on the level stretches the timber is merely stunted scrub, with a rank growth of sedges and coarse reed-like grasses. In some spots on the side-hills there is a good growth of grass of a much richer and finer appearance, but its value as fodder is questionable, as the deer do not appear to touch it. Granite Creek. Granite Creek rises in the south-east quarter of the south-west quarter of Section 20, and within a quarter of a mile of Ursie Creek. For some distance the stream is so small and has cut so deeply into the soft muskeg that it is very hard to follow. The valley does not take definite shape until the south-east corner of Section 30. From here it rapidly increases in depth and width until, at a point where the stream intersects the west boundary of the township, the valley is 400 feet deep and from half to three-quarters of a mile wide at the top. The valley here is simply a ravine, there being no bottom land at all. Through this length of its course Granite Creek receives four tributaries from the east and the same number from the west. This creek was not measured, but the estimated mean flow would be some 15 cubic feet. The slopes of this valley in the vicinity of the western boundary of the township are very steep, and landslides of considerable size have occurred. Samples of rock taken from one of these slides appear to be a coarse red granite which disintegrates rapidly on exposure. On the slopes of this valley through the north-west quarter of Section 30 there is a considerable quantity of excellent yellow cedar of clean appearance and up to 30 inches in diameter; also red cedar of good quality and of large dimensions. ' Accessibility. Shushartie Bay is the nearest point of call for steamers, one of the Union Steamship Company's vessels calling here on Fridays on her voyage north, and again on Mondays going south. At Shushartie there is a wharf, store, and post-office, where accommodation can be had, and D 376 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 from here there is a road under construction to the Nahwitte River Valley. The trail, which is purely a pack-trail, leading to Township 24 leaves the Government road just north of the third trestle south of the wharf, and runs in a south-easterly direction. The last two miles of the Shushartie River being in canyon for practically the whole of its course, it was found impossible to get a trail through to the upper parts of the valley in any other location but the one referred to, and which keeps well back from the river on the east side. On leaving the Government road the trail ascends abruptly along a steep, rocky side-hill, for the first mile and a half reaching an altitude of about 500 feet. It then drops gradually for the next half a mile, where the river is crossed at an elevation of 250 feet above sea-level. This point is approximately at the intersection of the river with the north boundary of Section 4, Township 23, and marks the point where the canyon ends and where the valley widens out somewhat. Here the trail divides, that to the left following the river along its west bank as far as the southern end of Fish Lake, and that to the right taking a southerly direction and running through the centre of Township 24, the north boundary of which is crossed in Section 33, and about one mile from the crossing of the Shushartie River. Immediately on leaving the river-crossing this trail ascends abruptly to an elevation of about 900 feet above the sea. For the next three-quarters of a mile or so it crosses open patches of muskeg land interspersed with large shallow lakes, and then descends abruptly into a ravine some 150 feet in depth. After following along the bed of this creek for a short distance the trail ascends the left bank by an easy grade, and after traversing some rolling country passes the centre post of Section 33, Township 24, and in another half a mile reaches Ursie Creek, which is the main branch of the Shushartie River. Here, also, the north boundary of Section 28 crosses the river some 8 chains west of the quarter-section post From here the trail follows up Ursie Creek, along its west bank, for the most part, as far as the falls, which are situated in the south-west quarter of Section 28 at an elevation of 1,050 feet. Here the creek is crossed, and thence the trail runs through open muskeg country in a southerly direction through the centre of Section 21, beyond which, on account of the open character of the country, it is practically impossible to follow. Although this trail is well cut out and in good condition, it is. for purposes of future settlement, practically useless on account of the steep grades which prevail from the point of leaving the Government road until the summit of the hill above the Shushartie River crossing is reached, this being in one place at least a hand-over-hand climb. The Fish Lake Trail from the crossing onwards along the Shushartie River is good and quite practicable for all future purposes. A trail was blazed from Fish Lake to the Lake of the Mountains, but owing to the steep grade necessary to get out of the Shushartie Valley it could never be anything more than a pack-trail. The only alternative means of access would appear to be by way of Deep Creek, which empties into Goletas Channel about midway between Hardy Bay and Shushartie Bay; thence by Georgie Lake and the Lake of the Mountains, where there is a narrow draw running southwesterly, and through which runs a creek that passes through the south-east corner of Section 16. An easy side-hill grade could be obtained along the north side of this ravine and up on to the plateau covered by Sections 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, and 30. This latter route would certainly be the longer of the two, but would, without doubt, produce a far more practicable grade than that via Shushartie. Climate. A rain-gauge was set on July 9th, and the precipitation measured daily at 7 a.m., as also the daily temperature at the same hour. Period. Precipitation. Maximum Precipitation. Date. Fine Days. Wet Days. Fog. Estimated Annual Rainfall. July 10th to 31st Aug. 1st to 31st Inches. 2.02 3.72 Inches. 0.81 1.00 July 30 Aug. 16 17 22 11 9 5 3 Inches. SO In the above table the number of fine days in July are calculated from the 4th, and the days on which fog occurred are included in " fine " days. 4 Geo. 5 Township 24, Rupert District. D 377 Month. Mean Temp. Fahr. Minimum. Maximum. Date. Temp. Date. Temp. July August 54° 50.40° 28th 20th 50° 33° 21st 83° The prevailing wind appears to be south-easterly, which is a wet wind, as, indeed, are all winds from any quarter except from the north. North-westerly winds invariably bring sea fog at this season of the year. Game. The fauna of the district include deer, black bear, panther, and wolves, the latter, judging from tracks seen, being numerous and of large size. Bird-life appears to be scarce, the species noted being bald-headed eagle, American robin, wren, snowbird, chipping-sparrow, chickadee, willow-grouse, and Canada goose. A few of this latter species apparently nest in this locality. Nigei Island. On August 31st I proceeded to Nigei Island to survey certain pre-emptions. All the land covered by these pre-emptions is rough in the extreme, ravines and gulches of varying depths breaking up the surface in all directions. An almost impenetrable growth of salal covers the island, and is densest close to the shore-line, which is very rugged and precipitous and impossible to traverse without the use of boats. Soil of a good loamy nature exists in small patches, but these are not of any great extent. There is a rank grassy meadow of some extent near the mouth of Ice Creek, but this is flooded by the sea at high spring-tides. The falls on this creek are situated about half a mile above the mouth, the head of the falls being 110 feet above sea-level, and the height of the fall (clear) 30 feet. On Lot 1314 a sawmill and steam plant have been erected, and are in working-order; also a house and small garden. There is a heavy swell along this shore at all times, and with northerly or north-westerly winds the landing and launching of boats is a difficult matter. Balaklava Island. On September 12th I proceeded to Balaklava Island, where I surveyed four pre-emptions. A strip of vacant land, 17S.4 acres in extent, occurs due south of T.L. 10574, and has some 05 chains of waterfrontage, with a good sheltered bay and an ample supply of fresh water. The pre-emptors, who have from 2 to 4 acres of clearing, have part of this under cultivation with vegetables and strawberries. The soil here is a good black loam from 12 inches to 2 feet in depth, with a clay subsoil, and produces excellent vegetable-crops. In addition to these, the settlers grow strawberries, currants, and other bush-fruits, and several varieties of flowers. Jerome Island was also surveyed as a pre-emption, Lot 1319. Deer are very numerous on Balaklava Island, and create much havoc to garden produce unless well fenced in. Black bass, as well as several varieties of cod, are abundant in these waters. Hurst Island. On completion of the work on Balaklava Island, I proceeded with the survey of Hurst Island. The north shore is very exposed, with the exception of Harlequin Bay, and a heavy swell, with surf, runs here in all weathers, and more especially with a north-west wind. Duncan Island was also surveyed as Lot 1323 for H. A. McDonald (P.R. 323). All these islands are covered with a dense growth of salal-brush, with spruce, red cedar, and hemlock timber of variable quality. The surface is very rough and broken, but patches of good land containing excellent soil occur in places, and for the most part the islands are well watered. The prevailing winds in this vicinity are south-easterly, which bring rain. During the month of September there were eighteen days on which rain was recorded, nine D 378 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 bright days with sun, and three dull days. Any continued period of fine weather only occurs with northerly winds. The islands tied in include Nigel, Balaklava, Hurst, Noble, Bell, and Duncan. , I have, etc., F. Gray Aldous, B.C.L.S. TOWNSHIPS 9, 20, AND 21, RUPERT DISTRICT. By J. F. Templeton. December 9th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sib,—I have carried to completion the surveys of Townships 9, 20, and 21, Rupert District, in the vicinity of Hardy Bay. The country surveyed is all more or less rolling and hilly. The larger streams, notably Deep Creek, Tsulquate River, Dry Creek, and a large stream flowing south-easterly through Sections 7, 8, 9, and 4, Township 20, are in deep valleys. The ground slopes very steeply to these watercourses, in places being very rough and precipitous. Timber— spruce, balsam, and cedar of good size and value—is found growing in these valleys and on the hillsides rising to the higher ground, but, in my opinion, not in sufficient quantity to offset the heavy expense of transportation to the sea-coast. On reaching the higher levels above the watercourses the appearance of the country changes. This higher ground is more of the nature of a rolling plateau, about half open country, so called, and half wooded. The wooded growth is very scrubby, principally cedar and hemlock, small and very crooked. The so-called open country or tundra has a scattered clumpy growth of pine, stunted hemlock, and small yellow cedar. There is a certain amount of this yellow cedar that is probably large enough to be of commercial value, could transportation be reduced to an economic basis. Many good one- or two-log trees with 12- to 15-inch butts were seen. The other varieties of timber are of no value. This open country is very soggy and wet underfoot. Surface water lies in small pools and does not seem to drain readily. The soil is a deep vegetable mould, apparently quite peaty in nature, and very deep in places. Subsoil is a light reddish clay, more or less intermixed with gravel. This subsoil is very tight and does not absorb moisture to any extent. Sedges, wild hay, marsh-grass, skunk-cabbage, cranberries, and other vegetation consistent with the nature of the soil are found in abundance. This tundra or open country I have heard described as " muskeg " and again as " meadow land." It most certainly is not muskeg as I understand muskeg, and it will require a thorough system of drainage before it can be named correctly " meadow land " or be suitable for any form of agriculture. Continuous use of a trail through this tundra soon transforms it into an impassable mire. The lightly wooded country of the plateau is more broken in nature than the tundra. The ground is firm and solid underfoot. The soil is black vegetable mould of varying depth, and apparently very rich from an agricultural point of view. Subsoil is the same reddish clay with gravel, described above. Rock is invariably found outcropping in the higher ridges and knolls. The timber, though small and scrubby, is very dense in places. Clearing would be expensive, as the natural conditions of the country preserve the stumps and the fallen timber for years. The ground is thickly covered with mosses and lichens, salal, salmon-berry, and other brushy shrubs are everywhere. This lightly timbered country once cleared should be very valuable as agricultural land. The tundra and lightly timbered areas are found together throughout the plateau, neither being confined to any definite locality apart from the other. The rainfall is heavy. During May and June this year it was excessive. The ground was thoroughly saturated and surface water lay everywhere. It was often almost impossible to find a spot suitable for a camp. I do not think that drought would ever be a cause for worry to the farmers in the district. A drainage system would be necessary to profitable cultivation. Game. We saw plenty of grouse, several black bear, and an occasional deer during the course of the survey. Geese were also numerous and apparently use the small ponds of the tundras as 4 Geo. 5 Townships 9, 20, and 21, Rupert District. D 379 breeding-grounds. As to fish, in the larger lakes I have been told that they were plentiful, but any efforts on the part of our party were not crowned particularly with success. Vicinity' of Kains Lake. The majority of the land surveyed under pre-emption was in the vicinity of Kains Lake, Township 20. Here I found that the most desirable locations had already been secured by pre-emptors. Settlement in this locality is of comparatively recent date; consequently little development in the way of cultivation is yet to be found. The building of dwellings and clearing of small garden-tracts represents the extent of the actual work done on the ground. In one instance, however, that of C. P. Brown, Pre-emption 672, an unusual amount of development has been done. Mr. Brown has erected for himself the best-constructed home I have ever seen on a settler's holding, built entirely of logs and split cedar lumber from timber found on the ground. It is a surprising example of what may be accomplished without the aid of a sawmill or machine- made sash and doors. He has slashed about 12 or 15 acres; of this he has probably 2 acres fully cleared. His garden was more or less in its infancy when I was there. He had a small area in potatoes, and in another spot on the slope of a small hill he had turned over another tract, spading under the rich loamy soil, with several inches of the red-clay loam of the subsoil. The result of this experiment had not materialized at the time of my last visit. The work done by this pre-emptor is a striking example of what may be accomplished in this district, where development is limited to manual labour and back-packing the only method of transportation. Trails. The persent route to the Kains Lake Settlement, the Kains Lake Trail, is in very bad condition and impossible for horses or cattle. Where the trail lies across the small open tundras an attempt has been made to " corduroy," but at best, particularly in the rainy season, these portions of the trail are very bad, as one knows to one's sorrow when afflicted with a "pack." Of the several other trails found, one particularly, the Dry Creek Trail, built by two pre-emptors holding the south half of Section 17, Township 9, Pre-emptions 449 and 450, is worthy of mention. This trail has been splendidly located and cut out. It branches from the main trail a short distance from Hardy Bay, and follows Dry Creek to the above-mentioned pre-emptions. No other trails of importance were found during the course of the survey. Hardy Bay—Kains Lake Wagon-road. Shortly before our work was completed a road party commenced the survey of a Government wagon-road route from Hardy Bay to Kains Lake. This will be a great boon to the many settlers now in this district, and will add more than anything else to the practical development of the country. The actual construction of roads will be found exceedingly expensive. The larger timber is always found on the drier, firmer slopes, the natural wagon-road routes, and only in the swampy tundra are the open spaces found. The usual subsoil of clay, often generously mixed with coarse gravel, should form a fine road-bed when properly constructed and drained. Without drainage any road would become impassable during the rainy season. Kains Lake itself is, I believe, some 1,200 or 1,300 feet above sea-level. A comparatively easy grade is quite feasible, via the valley of the Tsulquate River, from Hardy Bay. This is the route that the road survey intended following, I understand. At present the Kains Lake settler is severely handicapped in any effort to develop his preemption. He is situated about nine miles by trail from his nearest point of supply; his only means of transporting his supplies, implements, etc., is on his back, and the road underfoot is so bad that for the average man to make it in a day with a pack is a severe test of human endurance. Satisfactory results from an agricultural point of view can hardly be expected under such conditions. With the construction of wagon-roads successful farming will be possible, and the district, though limited in area, should be the scene of rapid agricultural development and the making of many good farms. A strong point in favour of the country is the abiding faith that the pre-emptor has in his land: " Just wait until we get things cleared up a bit, we'll show you," is the common prophecy. I have, etc., J. F. Templeton, B.C.L.S. D 380 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1914 VICINITY OF CAPE SCOTT, RUPERT DISTRICT. By H. H. Browne. November 26th, 1913. G. H. Daivson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on surveys made near Cape Scott, Rupert District, a continuation of the work done in that district by me in previous years. The Cape Scott District comprises Township 43 and a part of Township 42. The Cache Creek Settlement includes the north-easterly part of Townships 43 and 42a ; the San Josef Settlement is in Townships 41 and 44; and the Holberg Settlement in Township 37 and part of Townships 3S and 40; the whole being included in the area reserved in 1907 for pre-emption only. It has been largely settled. Where three years ago there were less than a hundred settlers in the area comprised in my surveys in Rupert District, there must be nearly a thousand to-day. The Cape Scott Settlement alone can claim a population of about 200, of which more than half are women and children. Holberg, at the head of Quatsino Sound, is the port of the district, steamers plying there from Victoria twice a month, and occasional calls are made at Fisherman's Cove, on the northern coast, by steamers from Vancouver which make regular calls at Shushartie Bay, farther to the eastward. From Holberg a wagon-road has been built to the westward into the San Josef Settlement, close to San Josef Bay, and trails extend from this road, one southward to Raft Cove, at the south of Township 40, while another connects to the north with Fisherman's Cove, a trail leading from this at the south of Section 30, Township 42, to the Cape Scott Settlement. Cultivation. The Agricultural Association in this district held its first fall fair on September 12th. The attendance was about 200, there being people from Holberg, San Josef, Cache Creek, Nahwitte, Shushartie, Sea Otter Cove, and elsewhere. Under the circumstances, it was a successful and creditable exhibition. Potatoes, carrots, cabbage, cauliflowers, and fruit formed the chief exhibits, and all of these were excellent. Onions do not succeed here, owing, I suppose, to the excessive humidity. The potatoes which'won first prize were the Early Rose grown on the red gravelly soil which predominates here, and a splendid smooth white variety, grown on the black sandy soil of the bottom lands, which seems to be more than 50 per cent, wood-fibre. Mr. Wadey, of Cape Scott, and Mr. Shuttleworth, of Cache Creek, had the best collections of vegetables. Roots and small fruits are the chief crops now; many raise poultry; and as the area of grass is extended, dairy products will be added to form the principal and reliable revenue of the district. A practical gardener here has planted celery, and he informs me he is more than well satisfied with the experiment. Some ornamental trees brought from Denmark by C. B. Christensen are growing luxuriantly. Perhaps a nursery, such as George Fraser has at Ucluelet, would prove successful here as well. The two places are similar in soil and climate. Mr. Fraser has over 2,000 rhododendrons in various stages of growth, which are not beaten anywhere on Vancouver Island. Soil. Under the all-covering layer of vegetable matter there are three or more varieties of soil on a very general subsoil composed of bard-pan (glacial drift). Rock-exposures are not frequent, even on the high hills. In the many valleys—for this is a country of low rounded hills—are occasional beaver meadows, almost ready for the settler's garden, with thick and rich black soil. But, speaking generally, the soil here is a red gravelly loam which, when well cultivated, is capable of a good yield. In the valleys there is alluvial deposit lying on hard-pan with a depth of from 3 to 4 feet. On the benches and ridges there is much gravel, but where cultivated this has been found to be fertile. In places where the timber cover has covered the land with decayed vegetation the soil must be exposed to the sun, and vigorous tillage Is necessary here. The settlers on the sea-shore have used sea-wrack, mostly kelp, as fertilizer with good success. Physical Characteristics. Nearly the whole of Township 43 and more than three-quarters of Township 42, to the eastward, are fit for settlement, and, as stated, have been largely settled by pre-emptors. The 4 Geo. 5 Cape Scott Vicinity, Rupert District. D 381 land is fairly well timbered with hemlock and cedar, in which the settlers are making their clearings. The soil in places is very good and there is plenty of running water. The hills which flank the Spruce (or West Arm) River Valley to the divide in Section 15, Township 37, where the heights become little more than ridges with elevation of from 200 to 600 feet—the summit of the divide being hardly more than 200 feet above the sea—diminish into isolated hills to the south of the San Josef Valley, which debouches on San Josef Bay, leaving many fertile valleys intervening between the basin of the San Josef River and the sea at Cape Palmerston. On the north of this basin the hills retain for some distance the character of ranges, but gradually, in Township 41, diminish to ridges of connected hills, the greatest height being 800 feet, with passes of less than 600 feet elevation, until in Township 42 a rolling country is reached extending to the sea-shore on the north of the island. Between San Josef Bay and Sea Otter Cove is a group of three mountains, the highest peak reaching a height of 1,200 feet. Between Lake Eric in Township 41 and Sea Otter Cove in Township 44 the watershed is 600 feet high. From there to Cape Scott and generally throughout Townships 43 and 42 there are no hills of importance; only rolling country with a number of small creeks. Fisherman River, which drains from Lakes William and Brink, is in a broad fertile valley with a small amount of timber. The other main drainage-basins of this vicinity are the San Josef River, which has its outlet in San Josef Bay, and the Spruce or West Arm River, which enters the West Arm of Quatsino Sound at Holberg. Each of these waterways has a valley with width of from half a mile to two miles, flanked by benches on which the soil is generally good. Log-jams in the rivers sometimes cause flooding of the river-bottom and hinder the run of salmon in the streams. Much of the country is covered well with hemlock and cedar, and there is a growth of salal which makes travel difficult. The trees are not often of large size or of much value for export timber, unless, perhaps, for shingle-bolts. There is a small sawmill running now at Fisherman Cove, but it cannot supply the demand. A few miles to the south of Fisherman Cove is a patch of rather barren land, nicknamed ironically by the settlers " Nebraska," which has a sparse growth of bull-pine and scrub cedar. A variety of grass grows rather abundantly here, which is said to be very good food for cattle. The soil is very thin, only a few inches, and over much of it the cemented gravel Is all there is. The soil was all burned off in some old forest fire. The Cape Scott Settlement. It may be of interest to recount briefly the history of the original settlement at Cape Scott. In the summer of 1897 Rasmus Hansen organized a colony of Danes to form a settlement at Cape Scott, and accompanied by Nels C. Nelson, now light-keeper at Entrance Island, Quatsino Sound, and others representing several societies interested in the formation of a settlement. The schooner " Floyborg," the hull of which, full of rain-water, lies beached in the mud at the head of the lagoon at Cape Scott, was purchased as a supply-boat for the settlement and used to convey the party to Cape Scott. Nelson was left at Cape Scott and the others returned to make their report. He remained there four months alone and made many expeditions from his little cabin to make examinations of the country. A rough calendar which he made and marked off each day with a cross is preserved in the settlement. He had a small supply of food, the intention being to return for him in a few weeks with the " Floyborg." Meanwhile the " Floyborg " had been wrecked on Cox Island in her effort to get around Cape Scott in thick and dirty weather, and with only the stump of her foremast left and only a blanket for a sail she was floated many days afterward, and with her scant improvised sail was headed for Goose Harbour, which seemed to offer the only shelter. Unable to find shelter there from the storm, young Lars Jensen, who was at the wheel, steered for an opening which he thought was that of a large inlet, and the vessel was brought into the lagoon about which the settlement was later formed. Luckily the tide was high when the schooner sailed into the lagoon, which at low water is little more than a muddy pond with a creek running through it. The " Floyborg" was neaped in the mud by the tide and lies where she was beached many years ago, her hull still sound, and full of rain-water. Hansen and his crew left the " Floyborg " and made their way across to Fisherman Cove, where Nelson was found in straits for food, he having been living on the country for some time after the supply left him had given out. From the result of the investigations made by the pioneers it was decided to form the settlement near the lagoon, and Hansen was preparing to repair the " Floyborg" when the Canadian Pacific Navigation Company extended the trip of the steamer engaged in the Vancouver D 382 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Island coast service to Cape Scott and promised a monthly service. This was continued until 1907, when the Danish colony decided to remove to the San Josef Valley, one family only being left at the lagoon, an arrangement being effected with the head of it that he was to maintain the dyke built there. He has done this and is successfully cultivating the land. With the removal to the San Josef Valley, to which a road was built from Holberg, where the Dominion Government has built a good wharf, the steamship service to Cape Scott was withdrawn and Holberg is now the farthest-west port of call of the Canadian Pacific Railway Steamer " Princess Maquinna," a fine new steamship recently constructed for the Vancouver Island service. New settlers have gone into the Cape Scott District, and there is now a large community in the Cape Scott, Cache Creek, San Josef, and Holberg Districts. Schools have been provided for the settlers. Transportation. Transportation here is of an amphibious nature, by boat to either Fisherman Cove or Goose Harbour, thence through the tangled timber. Unfortunately neither of these is a good and safe landing-place. There is no wharf. Holberg must be the port for Cape Scott. Hence the tremendous value of the road now building. There are no fixed calls of the larger boats here, though the Union Steamship Company occasionally sends a boat to the cove with settlers and their effects. All other traffic is confined to gasolene-launches of small size. These travel to Hardy Bay, though the launch " Cape Scott 2nd " makes fortnightly trips to Winter Harbour for mail and such freight as offers. This trip is not relished in the stormy seasons. Last year, on my way home, it took us nineteen hours to make Quatsino from the cape, so rough was the sea and headstrong the wind. This year I waited two weeks for a boat and for fair weather fifteen days. The predecessor of " Cape Scott 2nd " was lost three years ago, and Lars Jensen, her skipper, with a companion, were never heard of after. It was this same Lars Jensen, then a mere boy, who steered the schooner " Floyborg" after her wreck on Cox Island, into the lagoon at Goose Harbour, where she now lies in her last haven. Cape Scott formerly an Island. Cape Scott was evidently an island at one time, and may be an island again. The isthmus which connects it is named Sand Neck. It is occupied by Lot 97, the property of N. P. Jensen, one of the original colony. The neck is treeless at present, but the presence of a few submerged trees, which stand up through the sand after a gale, gives one the idea that a narrow strip of timber stretched across the half-mile at one time not very remote. Now the neck is nearly all covered with grass, from which the owner gets a good crop of hay and fine pasturage for a dozen or more cattle. Just at present vegetation seems to be gaining on the sand, but it must be very unstable, for certain hard*y plants are growing over a half-buried fence. The ridge between the two beaches is about 30 feet high, and is cut by a natural channel from 15 to 30 feet wide, which at its summit is about 12 feet above high water. There is an Indian reserve at the south end of the peninsula, in Rasmus Hansen Bay, and as the coast there is often too rough for landing, the canoes are left at the neck and the reserve reached by a trail. An old Nawhitte Indian comes occasionally just to make his legal residence. This is a traditional canoe portage for those wishing to avoid the rough waters of the cape in making voyages up or down. They haul their canoes through the cut. There are very wide and smooth sand beaches on both sides, that on the north being a mile and a half long, and, when the tide is out, over 100 yards wide, with a wide strip of low level land lying behind. In Rasmus Hansen Bay, at the south side, boats can land only in calm weather, and on the north side similarly, between jutting ledges of rock on the extreme limits of the beaches. There, is an old post at the north end of the Sand Neck. It is 8 inches square and 4 feet high, and is marked " E " on one side, " W " on the opposite and on the side between the word " Line." A name is inscribed, which looks like " M. Jock ," and the date June, 1870. I am unable to state its purpose. North-west Point of Vancouver Island. Vancouver Island ends at Cape Scott, though the 100-fathom line extends for over thirty miles to the westward, including in its loop Cox Island, Lanz, the two Haycocks, and Triangle Island, with its big wireless station, and its lighthouse nearly 800 feet above the sea, visible for nearly forty miles. Rounding the cape is not easy for small boats, and is seldom attempted except at slack water. There are dangerous tide-rips and the currents are baffling. 4 Geo. 5 Cape Scott Vicinity, Rupert District. D 383 Flotsam from across the Pacific. The trend of current toward the north-west of Vancouver Island is shown by the collection of drift wreckage at Cape Scott, the Kurisiwo, or Black Stream, as the Japanese current is known to the Japanese, evidently contributing to the flotsam found there. I have in my possession a lifebuoy of the steamer " Empress of China," the C.P.R. liner which was wrecked close to Tokyo Bay, on the Japanese coast, some years ago. I picked it up on the beach at Cape Scott. Amongst other flotsam were bamboo poles, and, as showing the drift, an empty box marked " C. F. Bishop & Son, Alberni." A few years ago a cask of port-wine came ashore. It is all gone now, but I had a taste of it at the time, and it did no injustice to the " Oporto " of the inscription. A lot of unidentified wreckage of all sorts encumber the beach, such as doors, gratings, panelling, and other parts of ships' houses; spars with rigging attached, the treads of a ship's ladder, hatch-boards, swifters with the chains attached, hen-coops without the hens, a bunch of kelp anchored to a 100-lb. rock with live mussels on it. In one of these mussels nine small pearls were found. Pearls from this source have seldom any value, being soft and ill-shapen. Climate. The climate of Cape Scott is mild and wet, equable, never very hot, never very cold. There is usually very little snowfall, and that not remaining long on the ground. There was a slight frost on October 3rd, but the days continued warm as long as I was there (October 11th). The prevailing wind in summer is from the north, in winter south-east. The wind from this quarter always brings rain. This year was abnormally wet and cold, the summer being the wettest I have experienced in four years spent in the district. It seriously delayed the growth of all garden-stuff, and in some cases was the cause for an entire failure of crops. A more thorough tilling of the soil will, I think, avoid that mischance. While it is rarely sultry at Cape Scott, the days and nights are balmy, and, the district being singularly free from flies, the summer on the average is decidedly pleasant, though, as stated, there is considerably precipitation. It does not, however, rain thirty-four days out of every hundred as during the past summer. Fish and Game. Of game I have little to report. The deer have been almost extinguished in the Cape Scott country, where three years ago they were so plentiful. The wolf is more to blame here than the cougar, perhaps. Thousands of geese go every winter to the lagoon at the cape. The Canada goose, the brant, and even the white wavey are there; ducks, too, in multitudes, mallards, sawbills, bluebills, and of course teal. In Fisherman River the rainbow trout is plentiful. Many bear were seen this year. Great fishing-banks lie off this coast. A fisherman can get all the halibut and cod he can eat by just going out a mile or so from shore. We saw fishing-schooners now and then, but these banks are really untouched. The observed movement of the fish is from Cape Cook to Cape Scott and back again, generally in the 60-fathom contour. The Wallace Fisheries had some twenty-odd boats out for a short season this year. They stopped work about midsummer, though fish were plentiful enough. Cape Cook, which is between Kyuquot Sound and Quatsino Sound, is the great breeding- place for the sea-lion, and Solander Rock is their great rookery. There are small rookeries all the way up the coast; at every cape they are found, from Cape Cook to Cape Scott. I have, etc., H. H. Browne, B.C.L.S. D 384 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 TEXADA ISLAND. By H. Idsardi. , December 12th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Texada Island is thirty miles long by six miles broad at its greatest width; has an area of approximately 125 square miles, and possesses great advantages in the existence of mineral of various kinds, agricultural land, and timber. It is situated about seventy miles northerly from Vancouver and can be reached daily, except Sunday, by steamer. The port of call for steamers is Vananda, which is a town of some 400 inhabitants. The population of the island as a whole is, roughly, 600. The post-office is situated in Vananda, which is also connected by Government telegraph. There are three schools, one in Vananda, which has an average attendance of fifty pupils, and two situated in the outlying districts, which together have an average attendnce of twenty- five. There is a hospital in Vananda, which also does duty for other neighbouring portions of the Coast. The island is served by forty-two miles of Government wagon-road, which makes most of the better portions easily accessible. These roads are confined to the northerly portion, the southerly portion being rough and rocky. Mining Operations. Mining operations were first undertaken in 1886 by the Puget Sound Iron Company, which holds some 3,000 acres of land, much of it carrying valuable deposits of magnetite. No work has been done on this property of late years. Four mines, however, producing copper, lead, silver, and gold, are in more or less active operation in the immediate neighbourhood of Vananda. the earliest of these being the Little Billy mine, which first began operations in 1892. This was followed by the Copper Queen mine in 1897, the Marble Bay mine in 189S, and the Cornell mine in 1S99. The Marble Bay mine is at present making the largest shipments of ore, which are shipped on scows to Tacoma, Washington, a distance of about 200 miles, to be smelted. The bulk of the ore shipped is copper, which occurs in the form of bornite, and copper-pyrite (chalcopyrite). Gold and silver are also found in the ore. There is one great peculiarity in the ore on the island, in that it does not occur in veins or leads which can be followed, but is found in pockets entirely separated from one another, except for small stringers. This makes it so that when one pocket is exhausted it is necessary to run drifts at random in various directions for the purpose of discovering other pockets. The Marble Bay mine has a main shaft sunk 1,300 feet and drifts run off at each 100-foot level, which reach a total length of several thousand feet. The mouth of the shaft is approximately 60 feet above high tide, so that the workings are almost entirely below sea-level. It is interesting to note here that the Marble Bay mine is one of the few mines known in which bornite is found below sea-level, and for this reason is a frequent visiting-point for mining engineers who regard the mine as a curiosity. Lime is manufactured by the Pacific Lime Company, which has its plant situated on tidewater at the extreme north end of the island. This company also ships large quantities of limestone to the smelter at Tacoma, where it is used as a flux. There are also marble-quarries situated in the southerly portion of the island which have exported marble in small quantities. This marble is of excellent quality, and the industry, which is only commencing, appears to have splendid prospects. Much of the country is of limestone formation, while granite and porphyry may be found in various parts. Beds of clam-shells up to 2 feet in thickness may be seen in the northerly portion of the island at a distance of two miles and more from the shore, at an elevation of 300 feet above sea-level, indicating an upheaval out of the sea at some early date. Timber. Timber consists of fir, hemlock, cedar, and jack-pine. The fir is most plentiful of all and ranges in size up to 5 feet in diameter on the butt. It is not considered a high-grade timber for commercial purposes, being inclined to pitch-seams and conks. Notwithstanding this fact, much timber has 'been logged and is still being logged at a good profit. Hemlock is generally found in |:il' > - :: :-o.:'.'.-- ^: I ! - ■ *■:.. S"'y . •;>"■»«><'- __.■___ '^!_____iflW!_#.^fliW^y ~' -%**i Difficult country to survey—on expired timber limit. Expired timber limits ready for subdivision. Open jack-pine country, Canoe River Valley. - 3' *h:::3;3 ■■';.'• Entrance to Beaver Creek Valley, Cariboo. 4 Geo. 5 Texad.v Island. D 385 patches, and is most plentiful in the southerly portion of the island. It rarely exceeds 3 feet in diameter on the butt, and is for some reason not sound timber, being conky and rotten in the heart. Cedar is nowhere plentiful, but is of fair quality. Jack-pine is plentiful, and much of it may be found averaging 8 inches in diameter, which size is generally used by the pre-emptors for house-building. Fires have at different times destroyed large tracts of timber, and these burned-over areas are now covered by a dense second growth. Here and there patches of the original timber still stand, clean and straight, and this timber is generally of much better quality than the later growth. Land-clearing operations are extensively carried on. This work is comparatively heavy, but can generally be accomplished at a cost of $250 per acre. Soil. Soil is mostly a light sandy loam, with some boulders. Patches of open meadow land are to be found varying in area from 1 to 20 acres. These contain deep black loam, with wild hay growing on them, and in almost every case are capable of being drained and brought under' cultivation at a moderate expense. Occasionally unslaked lime is used on these meadows for1 the purpose of killing a small worm which exists in the soil and is injurious to crops. The lighter soil is well adapted to fruit-raising, and generally the first thing a pre-emptor does after clearing his land is to set out fruit-trees. Several of the settlers have young trees' bearing small quantities of apples, pears, plums, and cherries at the end of the second year. Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, and gooseberries all thrive on the light soil and are1 extensively grown, and also splendid crops of potatoes, carrots, and beans. Grain also grows well and oats may be seen reaching 5 feet in height. The oats, however, are generally sown along with hay and cut for green feed. The deeper loam makes splendid land for truck-garden produce. Beets, onions, parsnips, cabbage, lettuce, and tomatoes all do well on this soil and are extensively grown. Climate. Vegetables of all kinds may be planted by the middle of April and frequently earlier, and be safe from late frosts. Summer frosts are almost unknown, except for an occasional light frost in June, which is never severe enough to be injurious. The regular fall frosts come about October 1st, and small quantities of snow fall in November, but generally disappear the same day. The heaviest snowfalls come about Christmas and average about 6 inches, although as much as 18 inches have been known in the higher portions of the island. The snow disappears by the latter part of February, and occasionally it happens that no snow falls after the end of January. Winter temperatures are not at all severe, 20 degrees of frost being about the lowest reached. Rainfall is abundant, but rather less than in Vancouver. The maximum summer temperature during the past season was SS° Fahr., which occurred on July 18th and August 1st. The following is a table of records of temperature and rainfall taken during the season of 1913 by P. A. Staaf for the Dominion Government. Mr. Staaf's place is situated in about the centre of the island at an elevation of approximately 900 feet above sea-level. Month. April .... May June July August .. September October .. November Tbmpbbaturb. Mean Maximum. Degrees. 52.5 60.4 65.9 72.8 72.5 62.6 51.3 45.1 Mean Minimum. Degrees. 35.7 41.4 48.1 50.9 52.0 44.6 38.1 34.2 Rainfall. Inches. 1.58 3.73 2.08 1.64 3.84 5.38 6.50 Days on which Rain fell. 14 11 IS 9 7 13 13 20 D 386 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Streams are plentiful on the island and no difficulty is experienced in getting plenty of good water at any time. Game. Regarding game, the Columbian or Coast deer are. very plentiful. They are not large and seldom exceed 100 lb. when dressed. The great abundance of these animals is due largely to the absence of cougar, bear, and wolves on the island. Rabbits and squirrels are not to be found at all, and no fur-bearing animals exist, with the exception of the racoon. Ducks and geese are to be found, but are nowhere plentiful, while the grouse which is abundant in most parts of the Coast country is totally absent on Texada. Pheasant and quail were introduced two years ago by the Chief Game Warden of the Province, and the former are now to be found throughout the northerly portion of the island and appear to thrive well. The quail, however, have not prospered to the same extent and are gradually dying out. Good fishing may be had in all the lakes on the island, and especially in the lakes and streams in the southerly portion, which are swarming with trout. To sum up the possibilities of Texada, I may say that, situated within a short distance of markets, with water transportation, and with almost unlimited possibilities in mining and splendid opportunities for agricultural products, there seems every reason why the island should prosper. I have, etc., H. Idsardi, B.C.L.S MALASPINA AND SECHELT PENINSULA, NEW WESTMINSTER DISTRICT. By W. P. Unwin. . December 11th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following general report of the country in which I was surveying last summer:— Inspection of timber limits or survey-work was carried out in Howe Sound, at Wilson Creek, Malaspina Peninsula, Theodosia Arm, and Sechelt Peninsula. Since some of these points are separated by over a hundred miles, I propose confining my report to those places coming more especially under observation. In all, about sixty lots were surveyed, varying in size from 40 to 200 acres; and in addition several connecting traverses were made. Transportation was furnished by means of a 32-foot gasolene-launch, fitted with a 9-horse- power engine, which was purchased for the Department at the beginning of the season. This ■method of moving camp proved quite satisfactory, and is no doubt the best one for surveying on the Coast, where the work is scattered and there are comparatively few large blocks of land. The radius of work, too, from one camp is considerably increased by the use of a power-boat. The rapid opening-up of the interior of northern British Columbia through railway development during the past few years has attracted settlers to those parts, and probably drawn attention away from the advantages of the seaboard districts. Partly for this reason and also on account of speculation, many of the isolated pre-emptions on the Coast taken up years ago and since abandoned are not yet being actually cultivated. Malaspina Peninsula. The place of call for steamers is Lund, some ninety-odd miles from Vancouver, which is about ten to twelve hours' journey by the Union Steamship Company's boats, the service being 4 Geo. 5 Malaspina Inlet and Sechelt Peninsula. D 387 three times a week. There is a good hotel at Lund, general store, school, repair-shop for engines and gasolene-launches; and boats up to 35 feet are built there. It is the principal starting-point for prospectors, hunters, and others going up the inlets to the north and east of Lund. There are several wagon-roads leading away from Lund, and one has been built about two miles towards Powell River. The peninsula, which is, roughly, ten miles long, with a width varying between two and three miles, has a broken ridge running north-west along the easterly side. The ridge has a maximum height of about 800 feet, but most of it is less than 400 feet above sea-level. The timber is generally light on the settled portions, and consists mostly of fir. with cedar and alder on the patches of bottom land. The heaviest clearing would cost about $300 an acre, but for the burnt and logged-off areas less than half this should suffice. The soil is gravelly on the ridges, and of a reddish-brown colour in the hollows, the latter producing potatoes and vegetables plentifully. The creeks are small, but water could probably be obtained at no great depth by digging wells, as there is evidence of springs in many places. The underlying rock appears to be granite of a somewhat friable nature. There are a number of copper claims in the neighbourhood of Lund upon which development-work has been done, but at present there is not much active work being carried on in the way of mining. The peninsula has been settled largely by Finns and Swedes, and in places a good deal of work has been done in clearing the low-lying land near swamps. Many of the settlers obtain a " grub-stake " by spending a couple of months during the season fishing in Bute and Toba Inlets. John Orpana's pre-emption, where there are some few acres under cultivation, is a good example of what can be accomplished in this district. With the probable early opening-up of 40-acre holdings in that district, there will no doubt be a considerable increase in the number of settlers. I noticed with some surprise the presence of a number of songbirds in the Malaspina District; this no doubt is due to the comparatively open nature of the country. I would respectfully draw your attention to need of the early completion of the wagon-road between Lund and Powell River, which would give a great impetus to settlement in the district. Two settlers in Theodosia Arm who hold a pre-emption iu partnership had a splendid garden, and kept several pigs, which assisted considerably with the clearing, being left to root among the slashed timber. The surplus garden produce was fed to the hogs, and I was told that a good price could be obtained for the pork. So far as was noticed this summer, very little beyond garden produce has been attempted in the majority of cases. At the head of some of these inlets there is often a good area of open meadow land, and such places appear to be the only suitable ones for raising cattle. In most cases such land is either held by Indian reserves or was taken up years ago by the first settlers. Unless a newcomer intending to raise cattle were fortunate enough to secure such a tract, he would be well advised to go inland for this purpose. Sechelt Peninsula. This has a length of some twenty miles, and is about ten miles wide opposite Pender Harbour. The mountains rise to a height of 2.000 to 4,000 feet, and descend rapidly to the inlet on the east side of the peninsula. The northern part must contain over a dozen lakes, varying in size from a few acres to sheets of water several miles in length and a mile wide; the larger ones are less than 100 feet above sea-level. The general character of the country is therefore very broken, and the actual soil is found in pockets only. Pender Harbour, which is one of the best-sheltered spots on this part of the Coast, is the point where steamers call, but access is also had to the north end at Linden's Camp, on Agamemnon Channel. Pender Harbour is well served by the Union Steamship Company and the All Red Line, and boats are coming and going almost daily. It is little more than fifty miles from Vancouver. The principal lakes on this part of the peninsula are Killarney, at the north end, Ruby, Sakinaw, and Garden Bay; the three former are separated by portages of less than a mile. Lake Killarney is about two miles by trail from Linden's Camp; it would, however, be quite feasible to replace this by a wagon-road. There are also fairly good trails connecting Killarney and Ruby Lakes, and from the latter to Sakinaw; access is also had to Ruby Lake direct from Agamemnon Channel by means of logging-roads. There is a good deal of underbrush around these lakes, and the timber is fir and cedar, with fairly open patches. D 388 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The altitude of Killarney is about 470 feet, Ruby 70 feet, and Sakinaw is only a few feet above tide-water and extends nearly to the shore. The land around Killarney has only lately been taken up, and at present, therefore, it is too early to see results. In talking to settlers it was learned that walnuts, cranberries, and small berries of other kinds are to be grown. There are at present no settlers living on Ruby or Sakinaw Lakes. There are a few surveyed lots on Ruby, and fairly suitable land on parts of Sakinaw Lake. Mention should also be made of a considerable valley, running from the east end of Pender Harbour towards the north end of Sakinaw Lake. A part of this is at present covered by timber licences, but with the logging of these tracts this will prove one of the most fertile areas on this part of the Coast. The land is fairly level and has a rich loamy soil of several feet in depth. Pender Harbour is quite a fishing centre; there is good herring-fishing in the mouth of the harbour. As much as 2 tons has been caught in one night. A number of men is also engaged in fishing for salmon and cod, etc. With the good service of boats, boxes of fish are shipped almost daily. Industries. By far the most important industry is logging. During the present year fifty-six camps have been operated between Howe Sound and Stuart Island, apart from those across the gulf on Vancouver Island. Probably at the time of writing about half of this number is shut down for the winter; but the aggregate of men employed is large, averaging about forty per camp. A few of the large camps employ from 100 to 200 men, and the small ones twenty to forty. One of the larger industrial concerns is the Powell River Company, which is operating a 200-ton paper-mill about twelve miles south of Lund. Work was commenced in 1910 and manufacture of paper in April, 1912. The actual number of men at present employed is over 500, and the population of the town from 1,500 to 2,000. This is a Government Telegraph Station. It is situated in a drier climate than the average on the Coast. I am informed by one of the officials of the Paper Company that the rainfall is about 35 inches. A wagon-road is in course of construction from Stillwater fifteen miles south, where there is a logging-railway running up to the Gordon Pasha Lakes. A similar industry has been established at Mill Creek, on Howe Sound, where the B.C. Sulphite Fibre Company are employing some 300 men, manufacturing daily 50 tons of high-grade chemical sulphite fibre. The present plant is being enlarged, and in the spring will have a capacity of 75 tons per day. The product is shipped to the East, Japan especially, the timber used being spruce, larch, and hemlock. Future Prospects. Up to the present time the majority of settlers living on the Coast seem to have been deterred from the formidable task of clearing land, and have generally made a living out of fishing. With the coming of industries, however, conditions have changed, and, as will be gathered from the above, there is already a local market for produce, and a much greater one can be fostered. A settler at Wilson Creek assured me that he found a ready market for small berries at Powell River. The logging camps would no doubt purchase garden produce, eggs, etc., but at the present time nearly all are shipped from Victoria or Vancouver from lack of local supplies. As lately pointed out by Mr. McKay, Timber Inspector, there is undoubtedly a tendency among men working in the logging camps to take up land in order to have a home of their own, and this may lead to improved conditions. From the nature of the Coast, the various settlers are to a large extent isolated, and it would be of great assistance if a periodical mail service could be established by means of gasolene-launches to the more outlying points; this would be an inducement to people to live on their holdings more continuously and work the land, and would to a large extent remove the drawbacks incidental to this kind of life. Results might be looked for in the encouragement of settlement generally, and the producer would be brought appreciably nearer to his market, to the great advantage of both. Moreover, anything which will stimulate agricultural activity will automatically help solve the problem of reducing the present high cost of living on the Coast. 4 Geo. 5 Banks, Prescott, and Porcher Islands. D 389 Climate. Records of weather, temperature, etc., were kept over the larger part of the season. The earlier part of the summer was wetter than usual, according to old settlers, but the autumn was remarkably fine, and no snow had fallen at sea-level up to the end of November. No. of Days on which Rain fell. Temperature, Fahrenheit. Month. Max. Degrees. Min. Degrees. Mean Degrees. Locality. May July August September October November S 14 4 9 7 6 7 79 88 93 84 72 64 54 34 45 49 50 42 33 29 58 62 69 63 55 47 41 Temperature record from 15th only at Malaspina Peninsula. Malaspina. Sechelt Peninsula; temp, from 17th. ,, ,, Sechelt Peninsula; temp, up to 23rd. I have, etc., W. Peyto Unwin, B.C.L.S. BANKS, PRESCOTT, AND PORCHER ISLANDS, AND KUMEOLON INLET. By R. L. Horie. December 15th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—My season's work comprised surveys on Banks, Prescott, and Porcher Islands, and the subdivision into 40-acre blocks of a tract of logged-off lands on the upper lake at Kumeolon Inlet. A mountain-range runs almost the entire length of the eastern coast of Banks Island. This range flattens out towards the north into low rolling hills, and it gets steeper and widens out towards the south till it covers almost the entire width of the island. The rolling hills at the north end and the land between this mountain-range and the west coast, together with a few small tracts on the low ridges and in the creek-valleys of the eastern coast, comprise all the available agricultural land on the island. About ten miles south from the north end the mountain-range is cut by a lake about three miles long draining into a long narrow inlet which enters the west coast about opposite Bonila Island. The inlet and lake almost divide the island, and as the river is short and navigable at high water with a small canoe, this should prove a good route to the east coast. The country immediately around the lake and inlet is hilly and somewhat broken in character, and with the exception of a few small beaver meadows on the creeks, the land is covered with a thick growth of small hemlock and cedar. The inlet makes a good harbour, and it is in this vicinity that the next extensive settlement on the island will probably be. After one gets away from the thick scrubby brush of the shore hills the land is rolling and sparsely timbered, and there is a big tract of open country to the south dotted with small lakes and traversed by occasional rocky ridges. This would appear to be a district well worth settling in, as there is a good growth of grass on the open hills and not much muskeg. Where the beavers have dammed the small creeks there is generally a stretch of wild hay meadow that might be brought under cultivation with comparatively little trouble. I established my first camp on Larsen Island, on the white rocks just off the north-west coast of Banks Island. This small island, which is separated from Banks Island at high tide D 390 Report of the Minister of Lands. ' 1914 only by a very narrow channel,.has one of the few good harbours adjacent to the halibut banks, and in stormy weather is the rendezvous of a large portion of the fishing fleet. The district to the north and east near this harbour is at present the only place where there are many settlers, and it was to this portion that I confined the major portion of my surveys. In the course of our work in this vicinity we noticed several fine tracts of beaver meadows, with wild hay growing on them from 2 to 4 feet high; and on some of the hills where the ground had good natural drainage there were tracts of land, some of them nearly 40 acres in extent, that could be ploughed up and cultivated with practically no preliminary clearing at all. In the early summer these open hillsides looked particularly nice, being covered with grass and having a great variety of wild flowers in bloom. There are no high hills or steep ravines on this part, and with the exception of a fringe of stunted scrubby timber along the coast, averaging about half a mile in width, and some narrow strips of a similar nature along the larger creeks, the land is very lightly timbered. On the flats and in the hollows, where the water does not get a chance to drain off readily, are the muskegs. They are covered with a blanket of moss from 1 to 3 feet deep and support a scanty growth of jack-pine. These muskegs, however, have generally a good sandy loam soil underlying the moss, and as the nature of the country will In most cases admit of them being drained, they ought in time be made to produce good crops. The timbered slopes have generally from 6 to 10 inches of vegetable mould overlying a sandy loam, and the open hillsides have mostly a clay loam. There would appear to be enough grass growing on the land to enable the settler to keep a cow from the beginning. Mr. Eraser, who has taken up a claim on the meadows at the head of Deadman's Creek, kept a cow and a horse in there this summer, and although the horse had been worked hard on a soft trail, both were in good condition when we left there in the fall. Settlement. As last summer was the first in which there had been any attempt at settlement on the island, little is known of what craps would do the best there. Judging from the results obtained on the neighbouring islands, however, all kinds of root-crops and small fruits should do well. A settler on Banks Island, owing to its proximity to the halibut banks, should be able to earn a good livelihood during the time that must elapse before he can get his land bearing profitably. This is a distinct advantage enjoyed by few other places on the Coast, and for this reason the land is being rapidly taken up by fishermen, mostly Norwegians, who say that the soil and climatic conditions are very similar to those of Norway. Deer are very plentiful and unusually large, despite the presence of the many wolf-packs which keep them well hunted. Grouse, of which there are several varieties, are very numerous. The lakes and larger creeks are well stocked with trout, and in the late summer and fall the small bays of the coast teem with all varieties of salmon. A person going out to the island would do well to have as a guide some person familiar with the water of that coast. During the frequent gales from the north-west and south-east there is always a bad sea running, due mostly to the large stretch of open water and the strong tides which sweep along the coasts. Good shelter can be obtained, however, in the small harbour on Larsen Island and behind some of the smaller islands lower down the west coast. Care must be taken in navigating around the coast, as the channels behind the islands are crooked and lined with reefs, and the approach to the harbour on Larsen Island is through extensive kelp-beds, which are difficult to clear with a small launch, even in calm weather. Deadman's Inlet, which is shown on the charts as a large bay where apparently good shelter might be obtained, is particularly treacherous. It goes entirely dry at low water and is fully exposed to the gales from the north-west. During a storm from this quarter the seas break on the reefs from one to two miles out from the mouth of the inlet. Here, too, as around the White Rocks, are extensive kelp-beds, and after a storm from the north-west the beach is covered with a layer of seaweed from 1 to 3 feet deep, which in time will doubtless be utilized by the settlers on the land, as it makes the best of fertilizers. Kumeolon Inlet. : From Banks Island I moved to the upper lake at Kumeolon Inlet, where I was occupied for about a month on the subdivision of some logged-off timber lands. This lake, which is tidal, 4 Geo. 5 Calvert Island. D 391 lies right in amongst the mountains and makes an excellent harbour, as it is well sheltered from every wind. It is fed by two large creeks, both of which have a tract of meadow around the mouth backed by a spruce-flat. I subdivided into small tracts the logged-off land along the north shore and around the mouth of the creek coming into the north-west corner of the lake. The tracts were, with the exception of one or two along the steep lake-shore, well situated, being for the most part on the flat around the mouth of the big creek. As most of the land at one time had been well timbered, it will take some time to remove stumps left after the logging operations. I think, however, the land is well worth the trouble of clearing, as the soil is alluvial and very rich. When the land was being logged a small tract of about an acre was cleared and planted. This tract has been cultivated ever since, with excellent results, by some Japanese who dispose of their produce in Port Essington. We used some of the vegetables while camped there, and I do not think they could be surpassed for quality or size by any grown on the Coast. It is possible to get into the lake during the flow of the tide with a handy launch at nearly any time, as the overfall caused by rise of the tide in the narrow entrance seldom exceeds 4 feet. During the ebb, however, it is not safe to attempt the passage after the tide has turned fori more than twenty minutes. The channel is very rocky and the overfall soon reaches a height of between S and 10 feet. Prescott Island. ' We finished our work on Kumeolon towards the end of September and moved north to Prescott Island, where I was occupied about a month principally on the rectification of old surveys. I also surveyed several tracts of vacant Crown lands there. These were for the most part rocky, although all of them had small areas of agricultural lands on them. Every piece, too, was situated on a good harbour, and most of them had small stretches of sandy beach. Vicinity of Oon.v River, Porcher Island. From Prescott Island we went to Oona River, on Porcher Island, where we spent the rest of the season surveying the pre-emptions around the mouth of the river. Some of these preemptions had been taken up several years ago, and they nearly all had substantial buildings on them and a small tract of land under cultivation. The nature of the soil and the weather conditions are the same as on Banks Island, and, although the summer was one of the wettest on record, the pre-emptors all got fair returns from their gardens. I have, etc., Roy L. Hohie, B.C.L.S. CALVERT ISLAND. By Ai.leyne Wright. November 18th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Calvert Island Is situated immediately north of Queen Charlotte Sound and some forty miles north of Vancouver Island, and partakes of the general characteristics of the north end of that island. It measures about seventeen miles north and south by an average breadth of from seven to eight miles. It is traversed from north to south by a range of hills rising to about 3,400 feet, falling abruptly to the Fitzhugh Sound on the east, but sloping more gradually on the west, there being a plateau between them and the ocean varying in width from one to four miles. The only harbour of any importance is Safety Cove, midway on the east coast, an inlet a mile aud a half long by half a mile wide, affording good anchorage and protection to vessels of any size. This harbour communicates with the western portion of the island by a D 392 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 low pass between the hills. There are one or two small inlets on the south-west, occasionally used by fishing vessels in fair weather, as also in Kwakshua Channel, to the north between Calvert and Hecate Islands. The latter channel is marked " not examined " on the Admiralty Chart, and is incorrectly shown there as crossing directly east to west, instead of which it makes an abrupt bend some three to four miles in, and turns north. The eastern portion of this channel appears to be deep, is from a half to three-quarters of a mile wide, and has several small sheltered bays on the Calvert Island shore. Agricultural Land. The western portion of the island surveyed—and this includes all the land suitable for agricultural purposes—is undulating, rising gradually to the east and crossed by numerous streams. It is lightly timbered with stunted pine, cedar, and hemlock, with frequent patches of open moss-covered country. In the creek-bottoms, however, there is considerable underbrush, while the cedar and hemlock attain to 3 to 4 feet in diameter. The soil is sandy and light along the ridges, but richer in the lower lands, and varies S to 24 inches in depth. There are numerous small lakes, generally of beaver origin, and as such capable of drainage; many of them have marshy meadows at present generally under water. A fringe of spruce up to 4 feet in diameter is found along the western coast, where the land falls abruptly from 30 to 100 feet to the sea, clay slides being frequently in evidence. The range of mountains on the eastern slopes is thickly wooded with cedar, hemlock, and occasional spruce and balsam, not, however, of any great marketable value, the spruce being too scattered and the cedar generally rotten at the heart. The extreme north end of the island is barren, consisting of bare rocky ridges intersected by deep ravines. Possibilities for Dairying and Mixed Farming. I believe the island has considerable possibilities for dairying and mixed farming, being on the direct run from A'ancouver to Prince Rupert and about midway between them, there being also a good market close at hand among the canneries, etc., on the mainland. Little experimental work has, however, yet been done by the settlers, who have for the most part been occupied building trails, clearing lands, and ditching. Climate. Days. Fine. Showery. Rain. 17 31 31 30 7 15 19 9 5 7 0 5 5 July 9 9 16 Total 109 50 23 36 This is probably above the average, as the season was an unusually wet one throughout the district; the rainfall, however, is always heavy. The winters are mild, snowfall being light and frosts not excessive or of long duration. Deer Plentiful. Coast deer are very plentiful on the island owing to the almost entire absence of wolves and cougars. I saw an occasional wolf-track, but no sign of either cougar or bear. Grouse are fairly common. Ducks and geese are only numerous in the winter and do not appear to breed there. The island is covered with beaver-dams and old cutting, but at present they appear to be almost altogether trapped out. I have, etc., Alleyne Wright, B.C.L.S. ?*^v~... *^S A critical moment. Surveyors' freight-wagon on Alexis Creek Trail. Pack-trail fording Poison Mountain Creek on way to Groundhog '-',.-'■ ■ ' -•"/- '■- -"" '--...• ' •-■■:'■ -.">■ !-^- .•.-:■ ''.--■ ■ .'.. .;■ |-'W 1-.-5V....,,- ■ ■ ■.. ■ ;^^«l',S^^:.■,;:'■■^:*;:v■A^r^•:'^ Surveyors' raft on Lac Des Roches. Driftwood Valley. Nass Valley ; view from ridge on east of Pre-emption Reserve. Kitimat Valley. 4 Geo. 5 Nass River Pre-emption Reserve. D 393 NASS RIVER PRE-EMPTION RESERVE. By.K. C. C. Taylor. December 16th, 1913. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The Nass River Pre-emption Reserve is a long strip of country four miles wide and twenty-five miles long, situated on the Nass River, its lower extremity being about thirty miles from tide-water. The Nass River is the most northerly of the British Columbia rivers which flow wholly through Canadian territory. It flows into the Pacific Ocean just south of the Alaskan Boundary. . Phy-sical Features. The valley of the Nass adjacent to the Pre-emption Reserve averages nine miles in width; its general direction is S. 30° W., and height above sea-level from 200 to 500 feet. Enclosing the valley on the east is a very regular ridge of mountains 3,000 to 5,000 feet in height, broken only by the valley of the Cranberry, a pass about a mile and a half wide. The Cranberry flows northwesterly into the Nass, joining it about sixteen miles above the foot of the Pre-emption Reserve. It contains some valuable agricultural and grazing land and is a possible railway pass connecting the Nass and Skeena Valleys. Valley' of the Quinetahl. On the west side of the valley there is a similar ridge, only more broken. The first break is the valley of the Quinetahl, which forms the pass over which the Government telegraph connects with the Granby mine and Stewart. The valley of this stream, which enters the Nass about nine miles above the foot of the reserve, is well timbered, but very rugged, and contains no agricultural land. VALLEY' OF THE KlNSKOOCH. The next break is the valley of the Kinskooch. This valley is all included in purchase land, which was surveyed by the owners this summer. It is in general very broken and will probably not be settled upon until the better land in the valley is all taken up. The Kinskooch enters the Nass about sixteen miles above the foot of the reserve, and from this point northward the mountains forming the east boundary of the valley drop down to the river, leaving no bench lands. To the east of the river is a strip of land from three to five miles in width which has been disposed of by sale to private individuals. Some of this land which adjoins the southern extremity of the reserve is very good, but on the whole not as good as the land surveyed by the Government for the pre-emptor. Means of Access. At present the best method of getting into the valley is that followed by the survey party— viz., steamer from Victoria or Vancouver to the mouth of the Nass, and gasolene-launch up the Nass to the foot of the reserve. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company, Grand Trunk Pacific, and Union Steamship Company all have boats running to the mouth of the Nass. The fare, first class, everything included, is 822. The freight rate is $5.50 per ton. The river transportation is chiefly in the hands of the Indians, who in the last season were running three independent launches. There ought soon, however, to be enough freight and passenger traffic to warrant a stern-wheeler. This would be safer and more comfortable for passengers and should cut the freight rate in half. The present rates from the mouth of the river to Grease Harbour, at the foot of the reserve, are: Passengers with up to 100 lb. of baggage, $8; freight, 2 to 2% cents per lb., according to the season of the year. The average open season for this river transportation is from April 30th to November 1st. In the winter months transportation by the river over the ice is somewhat hazardous owing to the loose ice where the river joins tide-water. The safer method in the winter months is by dog-team over the Kitsumgallum Trail, a distance of ninety miles to the main line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. 1) 394 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The Kitsumgallum Trail. The Kitsumgallum Trail up the Tseux River from its mouth, where it empties into the Nass six miles below the foot of the reserve, in a south-easterly direction over a low divide into the valley of the Kitsumgallum to the main line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway on the Skeena. It is the old Telegraph Trail, but during the past season the Government converted the last twenty-five miles from the Kitsumgallum Lake to the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway into a wagon- road and improved the whole trail. The Grease Trail* The Grease Trail connects with the Kitsumgallum Trail opposite Ayansh, and follows the east bank of the Nass up-stream for a distance of six miles to Grease Harbour, on the reserve. Here it leaves the river and runs northward through the centre of the easterly portion of the reserve to the valley of the Cranberry. It crosses this river and then follows up to the valley of Cranberry over a very low divide into the valley of the Kitwanga, and down this valley to the main line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. This trail was resiashed in the past season and looked over by the Government expert with a view to putting in a wagon-road next season. Mining. Up to date there has been no mining development in the valley, but some good showings are being worked over the summit of the pass up the Quinetahl, and several of the oldest settlers in the valley are working on their claims over in Alice Arm as well as on their pre-emptions. Soil. The soil may be classed under three heads—sandy soil, clay soil, and black loam. Sandy soil is found along the edges of the benches and on the higher levels where the rock outcrops. This soil at present supports a growth of jack-pine, which seems to hinder the growth of anything else. Small clearings have been made in this kind of country by some of the settlers, who intend to try potatoes next season and finally fruit. Clay soil is a far larger proportion of this soil than of any other. It varies from a hard clay covered with moss to a much lighter broken clay or loam. The lighter variety is excellent for garden-truck, or, in fact, anything. It requires a good deal of cultivation, however, as if left it tends to harden round the roots of the plants and cause stunted growth. The harder and heavier variety is at present covered with a layer of moss, and supports a growth of hemlock with little underbrush. So far none of this kind of land has been broken, but in the writer's opinion the clay could be broken up and reduced to a loam by cultivation when the timber is removed. Black loam, which will, of course, support anything, occurs in patches in the alder bottoms and at the foot of some of the hills. It is pretty well distributed throughout the reserve, so that nearly every pre-emption will contain a few acres of this valuable soil. Timber. On the east side of the reserve a large portion of the timber has been burnt quite recently. The burning, however, is only in patches, owing to the broken nature of the country and plentiful rainfall. The timber left standing is principally hemlock ranging from 6 to 16 inches in diameter. It is of a poor quality and not fit for anything but local use. Besides the hemlock, there are a few patches of fair spruce running up to 3 feet in diameter, but this timber does not occur in large enough quantities to warrant export. Cottonwood, poplar, birch, alder, and willow are also plentiful, and for many years they ought to keep up the wood-pile of the settler. On the west side of the river the timber is more evenly distributed, as it has not suffered to the same extent from forest fires. The burnt-over country is covered partly with second-growth hemlock thicket, partly with jack-pine and alder and willow-brush. The old burn was very clean, so that there are few old stumps left. This land thus only requires slashing and burning to prepare it for the plough. There are many patches that in this manner might be cleared for less than $5 per acre, and a few open patches up to 2 acres in extent of open fern land which are ready for the plough as 4 Geo. 5 Nass River Pre-emption Reserve. D 395 they stand. If a pre-emptor cleared his whole pre-emption it might cost him up to $75 per acre, but the average pre-emptor ought to find on his place up to 10 acres that can be cleared for less than $25 per acre. Climate. The ice on the river breaks up early in April and closes up again some time in November. There are thus six months of open season on the river. In the past season a slight frost was recorded on May Sth and another very slight one on May 17th. This was the last until September 23rd. Below is a table giving the mean low and mean high temperatures for the different months during the past summer:— Month. Mean Highest Temperature. Mean Lowest Temperature. Days fine. Days showery. Days wet. May 17 to 31 June July September October 50 03 68 55 49 45 38 41 43 42 38 34 6 19 21 22 16 21 8 9 10 6 6 7 1 2 3 8 1 Snow fell on two days in October. The above table is perhaps a little unfair to the district as regards weather. Last summer was the wettest in the memory of the oldest settlers in the valley. The Nass River. The river is best described in two sections. The first is from the mouth up to the Indian Village Guineha, about ten miles below the foot of the reserve. In this section the Nass flows with an even current about five miles per hour. It is 100 to 200 yards wide, and the channel is from 8 to 12 feet deep at low water. The banks are of mud or gravel 10 to 15 feet high, and there are no rocks to break its course. A stern-wheeler could be run very safely and profitably on this section of the river. Guineha is situated at the foot of the first canyon on the river, and from here up navigation Is more formidable. The river is much swifter and rocks and gravel-riffles numerous. It could still be navigated at certain stages of the water by the usual type of stern-wheeler, but not in flood-time or in the extreme low water in the spring or late fall. It can then only be navigated by small launch or Indian canoe. An alternative to this river navigation would be a wagon-road from Guineha to the foot of the reserve. The distance is only ten miles and the road would not be expensive. From the foot of the reserve up the river flows in a slate canyon from 150 to 250 feet deep. This can be navigated at certain stages of the water, but it is uncertain and there are no good landings. Possibilities of the Country. The climate and soil are, as we have seen, suitable for the growth of anything. Expensive transportation is the only factor to limit what the pre-emptor may raise. The would-be settler must look round for some variety of farming or ranching which the high cost of transportation will not seriously affect. In the writer's opinion, he has the following courses open:— (1.) Raising some kind of live-stock. (2.) Truck-gardening. • (3.) Fruit-raising. (This, of course, would only be experimental, as the country has not yet been proved.) No matter what the settler specializes in, he must raise all the necessaries he possibly can for his own use. D 396 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The Pre-emptions already* located. There were at the time the writer left the country fifty-six settlers who had pre-emptions in good standing. Three of these had brought their families in and they were nearly all the right kind of men for the country, men who could turn their hand to anything and always ready to help each other. They all intend to specialize in some particular branch of farming, and they are not going into it with their eyes shut. They realize that for two or three years at least they will be dependent to a great extent on work outside their ranches, as it will take at least this much time to make them profitable enough to be independent. The work outside most in favour is, of course, the work on the Government road and survey- parties close at hand, but this work is insufficient for all. In the past season the Granby mine and the canneries at the mouth of the river supplied the remainder with work. Six of the survey party employed in laying out the reserve for the Government in the past season took up pre-emptions when the season's work was over and are spending the winter in the country. These men will be ready to go to work again next year, when it will be possible to recruit practically the whole party from residents of the valley. Pre-emptions vacant. As already stated, fifty-six pre-emptions had been taken up when the writer left the country, or about one-third of the total area surveyed. The ground left is naturally far inferior to some of the first places taken up, but there are still some good places left for the right man, and there ought to be an equal number on the west side of the reserve, where a large area has not yet been surveyed. Means of Communication and Market. There is a Government Telegraph Station at the Indian Village of Ayansh, mentioned earlier in this report. Here also is a post-office (with a weekly mail service in the summer months) and a general store. The available markets at present are: Prince Rupert, a distance of 120 miles by water; the canneries at the mouth of the river, employing in the season upwards of 600 men; the Granby mine on Goose Bay, Portland Canal, employing already 800 men; and various prospectors and loggers working in small parties scattered round the Coast. Game and Wild Animals. Grouse and rabbits are fairly plentiful on the reserve itself, especially in the winter months, when they came down in large numbers from the mountains. Caribou are found in the foothills and on the mountain-sides, but the hunter has to work hard to bag one of these animals. Goat are fairly plentiful on all the mountains. Of fur-bearing animals, there are bear, fox, mink, marten, coyotes, fisher, weazel, and a few beaver. To be successful the trapper must now go pretty far afield, as the country within easy reach is becoming trapped out. Salmon abound in the river in the fall of the year and are easily caught with gill-net, spear, or dip-net. Trout are also plentiful In some of the streams and lakes. Indians. There are in the valley between the mouth of the river and the reserve some 400 Indians all told, of which some 200 reside in the villages of Guineha. Ayansh, and Kitlacdamiks. They work at the canneries at the mouth of the river in the summer months, where they earn enough to keep them through the winter. Dried salmon, which they put up themselves when the work at the canneries is over, is their principal diet, and as this costs them nothing their expenses are not high. The Indians have their grievances against the white man who comes in and settles on their hunting-grounds. This is a long story and there is no room here for discussion. Suffice it is to say that during the past season amicable relations have prevailed between the white settler and the Indian, the latter working for the former in some cases as packer and canoeman. This report would be incomplete without some reference to the Rev. J. B. McCullagh, the Indian missionary stationed at Ayansh. He has been alone with his family among the Indians for thirty years, has learnt their language, and educated them in the rudiments of civilization. 4 Geo. 5 Nass River. D 397 He now welcomes the white settler, and his welcome is not only in expression. It was at the Mission House that the writer received the greatest kindness and attention when suffering from a serious gunshot wound in the arm, and this is not the only instance of his hospitality. Mr. McCullagh had begun preparations before the writer left the country to entertain the whole valley during the Christmas festival. I have, etc., K. C. C. Taylor, B.C.L.S. ALONG THE UPPER NASS RIVER. By A. E. Wright. November 12th, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on the nature of the country traversed in the valley of the Nass River, between Meziadin River and the mouth of the- Cranberry River:— Work was commenced at the intersection of the south boundary of Lot 2443 and the Nass: River, about two miles south of the Meziadin River and two miles and a quarter south of the cable over the river on the Stewart-Kitwanga Trail. Continuing south from the south boundary of Lot 2443, the river flows swiftly through a canyon with low rocky banks, navigation at this point being impossible at any stage of the water. The valley here is about ten miles wide, the mountains being about three miles back on the east side and about six or seven miles on the west side; the intervening country consisting of low, rolling hills, covered with a fairly thick growth of small hemlock, jack-pine, birch, balsam, and spruce. To the east there are several large beaver-swamps which might be easily drained. The soil is a sandy loam with low ridges of slate and sandstone. The mountain- slopes are covered with a dense growth of valuable timber, chiefly hemlock, balsam, and spruce. The river continues along through a canyon, becoming swifter and the walls of the canyon increasing in height. About three miles below the starting-point the mouth of the White River is reached. This is a fairly large stream, entering the Nass from the west. It is almost as broad as the main river itself, but very swift and shallow, and has low, gravelly banks well timbered. The Nass Valley is much the same here as at the starting-point, with the exception that the mountains on the east are lower and farther from the river. About one mile below White River a fall of about 15 feet in height occurs; it is more in the nature of a chute than of a falls. The walls of the canyon are about 150 feet in height at this point and almost perpendicular. The river falls at least 100 feet during the next mile. Below White River. About a mile below here the edge of a large burn is encountered. This fire has swept the ■ east side of the river-valley clear of timber for several miles. At several points it has jumped . across the river to the west bank and burnt off quite a lot of timber in patches. The country to the east of the river at this point is of a low, rolling nature, covered with a sandy soil. At this point no mountains are seen to the east, the entire country to the Kispiox River being composed of low, rolling hills, containing rocky ridges of sandstone and shale. To the west the surface consists of low, rolling hills, covered with a light growth of hemlock, balsam, jack-pine, and birch, with several small lakes scattered throughout. The Nass River from here continues through a canyon for about six miles, the walls of the canyon being 175 to 200 feet in height. At six miles south and two miles and a half east of the starting-point a large amount of local attraction was observed, the compass-needle registering a change of from 2 to 5 degrees during the next two miles. From here on for some distance the river runs slowly and would, I think, be navigable for canoes at certain stages of the water. The valley continues very flat;, to the east, but the mountains on the west draw closer to the river. D .398 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Near Paw Creek. About 12% miles south and six miles east of the starting-point a large creek (called by the Indians "Paw Creek") enters from the west; this is a glacial stream coming from the Bitter Creek glacier on the Burniston Range. A mile and a half below here the river widens out and the banks are low, rising in benches from the river. This part of the river is navigated in canoes by the Indians. To the east are several small prairies, where good horse-feed, in the form of wild hay and peavine, grows in abundance. Along this part of the river no mountains can be seen to the east, but are within a mile on the west. The soil on the east is of a light sandy loam, and the benches are sparsely timbered with small poplar, birch, and jack-pine. On the western side of the valley the mountain-sides are heavily timbered with balsam, hemlock, and birch. Cottonwood Creek. At a point sixteen miles south and nine miles east, Cottonwood Creek, the first large stream on the east, joins the main river. This is a fairly large stream, draining several lakes. It flows between low, rolling hills, passing through many small prairies in its course. It is not navigable. From here on the Nass commences to narrow down again, the mountains on the west running to the river-bank. On the east a low range of rocky hills appears about a mile and a half from the river. Between the hills and the river are several small prairies with excellent horse-feed. At latitude 19 and departure 10 the river enters a canyon and navigation from here down is impossible. About latitude 23 and departure 12 a heavy fall of about 20 feet occurs. The valley at this point is very narrow, the mountains are down to the river on the west, and a range of rocky hills are found about half a mile from the river on the east. A high bench lies between the river and the hills on the east side of the river, but the soil is poor and of little use for agricultural purposes. There is practically no timber, the whole country having been burnt off and now grown up with small poplar, birch, jack-pine, and willow. From here on to the north-west corner of Lot 1958 the river runs through a narrowing valley, the mountains reaching to the river on the west, and the low range of hills, dividing the Nass and Cranberry Rivers, closing in on the east. The soil is a sandy loam with small pieces of broken sandstone and shale, and is unfit for agriculture. Taken as a whole, the land on the east of the valley, while being rather gravelly and dry, should prove to be good agricultural land. Peavine and wild hay grow sparsely throughout the second growth of timber among the poplar and jack-pine to an extent that proves that this land can be tilled profitably. Climate. The snowfall varies from 2 to 4 feet in depth, according to the locality. By November 30th, 1912, there was from 1 to 2 feet throughout the valley, although I believe such a fall is exceptionally early. At this time the ground was not frozen anywhere. The temperature in winter falls to about —30° Fahr. Timber. The timber, where not burnt off, is of a good quality and consists of hemlock, spruce, jack- pine, and balsam. Some twenty timber licences are situated on the western slopes of the range of mountains on the east side of the river opposite Meziadin River. Trails. The valley is accessible throughout on the east of the river, being traversed by the Kitwanga- Stewart Trail. This trail crosses the river at a distance of 100 miles from Kitwanga and fifty miles from Stewart. An overhead cable has been thrown across the river at this point and persons and supplies can be transported in a small car. In low water horses can ford the river about three miles and a half above the cable, although no trail connects the ford with the cable. From Kitwanga for about seventy miles the trail has been constructed, stopping with the construction of the bridge over Cottonwood Creek. From here on to the cable I found it necessary to cut my own trail in September and October, 1912. I was compelled to do this owing to the fact that I had twenty-eight pack-horses, all heavily laden with three months' supplies 4 Geo. 5 Graham Island. D 399 for twelve men. No bridges were built, however, as no creeks of any size were crossed. From the Stewart side pack-horses can only proceed to the head of Meziadin Lake, a distance, estimated by packers, at thirty-seven miles, but probably at least five miles short of this. From the head of the lake a canoe is used to the head of the swift water on the Meziadin River, and. from there a portage of half a mile takes one to the cable. Practically no trails of any description are to be found on the west of the river. Formation. The rock formation, as seen in ridges and canyon-walls, is sandstone, shale, and other rocks of a sedimentary origin. The return trip was made along the Cranberry Trail to Kitwanga by dog-team, with considerable difficulty, as in certain parts along the Cranberry the snow was completely melted off the trail. I have, etc., A. E. Wright. TOWNSHIPS 7, 11, AND 14, GRAHAM ISLAND. By F. Nash. '" November 24th, 1913. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on the lands surveyed in Townships 7, 11, and 14, Queen Charlotte Islands District. The Queen Charlotte Islands form the farthest-west land in British Columbia. The new lighthouse at Langara, on North Island, at the extreme north-west of the group, will be the first light on British soil sighted from the decks of the Pacific liners eastward-bound from Asiatic ports, over the new northern route to the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway terminus at Prince Rupert. The Grand Trunk Pacific steamers make weekly trips from Prince Rupert to the various ports on the island, the distance to Masset, at the entrance of Masset Inlet, being only eighty miles. The group is composed of two main islands, Graham and Moresby, of which the former is the larger and more northerly, and several smaller islands. Graham Island contains some 2.300 square miles, of which approximately 700,000 acres are adapted for agricultural purposes. The south-western portion of the island is mountainous. The agricultural area extends from the centre of the island to the north, east, and south-eastern coasts. This portion consists of low, undulating country, heavily timbered near the shore-line and on the larger rivers and lakes, the balance being more open, with muskegs scattered at intervals throughout. Naden Harbour and Masset Inlet are the two harbours on the north of Graham Island. Masset Inlet, the larger of the two, extends for fifty miles into the interior of the island, offering cheap means of transportation on a natural waterway, excellent shipping facilities, and sites for industries, which will be established when these natural economic advantages are more widely known and appreciated. At Naden Harbour a whaling-station and a salmon-cannery have been established and operate during the summer months. Halibut and cod are caught in large quantities on the banks to the west, north, and east of the island, and are shipped via Vancouver and Seattle to the Eastern Provinces and States. Large areas of the, island are held under coal and petroleum licences, and several drilling crews have been actively prospecting for coal on the Yakoun River and other points, while on •the west coast a company is prospecting the oil-bearing shales with every prospect of ultimate success. Gold-bearing sands exist on the east coast, but to date no satisfactory method has been employed to separate the fine gold from the magnetic sands. Free gold has lately been discovered at Juskatla Inlet, a branch of Masset Inlet, and it is probable that mining will be an actual industry in the near future. D 400 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Over 400 square miles are held under timber licences, and when the condition of the markets justify the establishment of large saw and pulp mills, these industries will be of great value to the Province. At the present time two small sawmills are in operation on Masset Inlet, at Masset and at Queenstown, providing lumber for local consumption. Five years ago there may have been twenty settlers on the whole of Graham Island. There are now in the neighbourhood of 2,000 residents, while townsites have been established at five points on Masset Inlet alone—Masset and Delkatla, near the mouth of the inlet; Sewall, Graham Centre, and Queenstown, on the southern portion of the inlet, which expands into an inland lake some twenty-five miles in length and seven miles in width. The climate is that common to the coast of British Columbia, a mild healthy climate without extreme heat in summer or severe cold during the winter. The prevailing winds are from the south-east, with perhaps slightly more rain than necessary during the spring and summer months. The snowfall is slight and rarely reaches a depth of 6 inches near the shore. Summer frosts are unknown and the thermometer hardly ever reaches the zero mark, even during the severest winters. The soil is uniformly good and all kinds of small fruits and vegetables are grown most successfully. The island was awarded the first prize for a district exhibit at the recent Agricultural Exhibition at Prince Rupert. Cattle and horses thrive on the islands and require little feeding during the winter months. The island generally is well adapted for mixed farming. Wild ducks and geese are to be found in large numbers in the bays and lakes; willow and blue grouse are numerous. Trout may be caught in all the larger streams. With the exception of a few caribou on the west coast, black bear are the only large four-footed wild animals, the island being free from the other pests common to the coast of British Columbia; neither wolves, coyotes, cougars, nor skunks are here to trouble the settler. Marten and land-otter are the only valuable land fur-bearing animals, but the sea-otter, a single pelt of which may be worth $1,500, may still be caught on the west coast, though they are not nearly as numerous as they were before the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading-post on the island. Deer have been lately turned loose under the protection of the Provincial Government, and from recent reports are thriving and increasing in numbers. The territory covered by this season's surveys, a portion of Township 7, Township 11, and Fractional Township 14, extends southward from the south-eastern bay of Masset Inlet. The country is slightly undulating, with sufficient rise and fall for drainage. The soil is composed of vegetable mould over a loose gravelly subsoil. The country lying immediately along the east bank of the Yakoun River and to the west is mostly covered by a heavy growth of spruce, hemlock, and cedar. Eastward from the fringe of timber along the east bank of the Yakoun River, the timber has been burnt off by successive forest fires and the country is now covered by a dense second growth of spruce, hemlock, and cedar, which, while hard to penetrate, will be much more easily cleared and brought under cultivation than the more heavily timbered sections. Several fair-sized muskegs were crossed. These muskegs, when burnt over and drained, should be excellent for agricultural purposes, as at other points of the island where similar land has been properly worked good results have been obtained. The cost of placing the land surveyed under cultivation will vary from $150 to $350 per acre, depending on the amount of clearing necessary and the means employed. The land surveyed can be reached from Vancouver or Victoria by steamship via Prince Rupert to Masset, thence by motor-boat to Queenstown, in from three to four days, at a cost not exceeding $35 first-class fare throughout. A good foot-trail along the east bank of the Yakoun River and a skid-road constructed by one of the coal companies provide means of looking over the country and packing in supplies. At Queenstown, the nearest town, there are two excellent general stores where all supplies may be obtained at moderate prices. At this point the Dominion Government has now completed a wharf 700 feet long which will provide accommodation for ocean steamships, while two private wharves provide for the gasolene-launches plying on the Inlet. The same Government has also during the past year completed a telegraph service connecting Queenstown with the Wireless Station on the east coast at Dead Tree Point, and a branch line via Graham Centre to Masset and the Hiellen River Settlement. 4 Geo. 5 Graham Island. I) 401 A good start has been made towards linking up the different settlements and in building roads and trails inland from Masset Inlet to adjacent settlements. All vacant Government lands on Graham Island are reserved from sale, but may be acquired in areas of 160 acres or less under the pre-emption clauses of the " Land Act" by hona-fi.de Settlers. The Provincial Government has established schools at Masset and Queenstown, while the religious welfare of the settlers is taken care of by five representatives of four denominations. While at its present state of development Graham Island does not offer employment to an unlimited number of artisans, clerks, or others with a special training, it does offer good livelihood to the man who is not afraid of manual work, at the same time giving him an opportunity to acquire land and build a home under more favourable conditions than can be found in other localities farther away from the salt-water and steamboat connections. I have, etc., Fred Nash, B.C.L.S. EAST OF TOWNSHIP 7, GRAHAM ISLAND. By Frank I). Rice. November 6th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Surveys were started at the south-east corner of Township 7, Graham Island, in July, and I worked north and east from that point. I surveyed approximately 50,000 acres. This entire area was covered entirely by coal licences, but as most of them have lapsed there is at least 30,000 acres available for and reserved for pre-emption only. The country is generally flat, seldom rising to an elevation of 100 feet above sea-level. The creeks and rivers have rather narrow and deep valleys, but Gold Creek, which is the outlet to Mayer Lake, is very little lower than the surrounding country. We also found three lakes varying in size from 100 acres to 360 acres. Two of these lakes have a sandy bottom and green timber along the shores. Accessibility'. The Grand Trunk Pacific Steamship Company has the steamers " Prince John " and " Prince Albert" on the run to the Queen Charlotte Islands, giving a weekly service from March to November, and fortnightly during the balance of the year; giving transportation to Graham Island from Victoria, Vancouver, and Prince Rupert. The steamers call at Skidegate and Queen Charlotte City each trip. The trip from Victoria or Vancouver is made in three days, and the fare is $18, including meals and berth, and the trip from Prince Rupert occupies about nine hours, and the fare is $6. The settlers along the east coast of Graham Island get most of their supplies by small gasolene-boats which can land auywhere on the beach in good weather. There is a good harbour for small boats in Tlell River, which, however, can only be entered on a fairly high tide. Roads and Trails. There is a good wagon-road from Skidegate following the east coast which is being improved by the Government each year, and branch roads are being built Inland in several places. The road is passable as far north as the bridge across the Tlell River. From there on the beach is used. The sand has been packed so hard by the action of the waves that a heavily loaded wagon hardly leaves a mark. Mexican Tom's Trail was built about six years ago from the Tlell River to Masset Inlet, and is still used occasionally, but is very wet in rainy weather. We found it necessary to cut several'trails in from the beach to get our supplies packed in, and these trails will be available for intending settlers, giving access to every section we surveyed. 26 D 402 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Communication. The Dominion Government has built a telegraph and telephone line from the Wireless Station at Dead Tree Point. This line follows the east coast from the Wireless Station to a point about two miles north of Gold Creek, and from there it cuts across the island to connect with the Government road at Mayer Lake. It then follows this road to Masset Inlet, and along the shore of Masset Inlet to the Town of Masset, and along the north beach to Tow Hill. The distances to the different towns and settlements is as follows: Skidegate, 25 miles; Queen Charlotte City, 29 miles; Lawn Hill, 10 miles; Queenstown and Graham Centre, 12 miles; Masset, 40 miles. There is a post-office at Tlell which is close to the coast on Lot 1350, about opposite the centre of our surveys during the past two seasons. Market. There seems to be sufficient demand on the islands at present for all produce raised. But with the completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and the opening-up of more land on the islands, the settlers will look to Prince Rupert for a market. i - , Coal. Coal was found some thirty years ago in several places on Graham Island, viz.: Cowgitz's, on ,Skidegate Inlet; Camp Wilson, in Township 6. and Camp Robertson. Considerable work was done on these properties and some coal shipped, but nothing has been done for some time. Two other companies have had drills operating in Townships 6 and 7 for the past two years, but results have not been made public. There are outcrops of coal in several other places on the island, but as no work has been done on them It is hard to say just what the extent and value really is. EMPLOY'MENT. The Government road-work lasts from May till September, and gives employment to about fifty men on this part of the island. These men are all settlers in this locality. There is a sawmill at Queen Charlotte City, but it has not been in operation for over a year. The British Columbia Fisheries, Limited, established a salmon-cannery, oil-works, and fertilizer plant on Skidegate Inlet early in 1912, and have given employment to a number of the settlers and Indians. Soil. The soil, which is nearly everywhere covered by moss and dense underbrush, is decomposed vegetable matter, although in places there is a black loam with a clay subsoil. There are numerous muskegs varying in size from a few acres up to several hundred acres. Some of these muskegs are quite dry, and some have scattered pine and cedar, both very scrubby. There is a settlement on a typical muskeg near the Nadu River, on Masset Inlet, where the muskeg has been drained and brought to a very satisfactory state of cultivation. I have seen very good potatoes grown in a muskeg west of Lawn Hill that had but very little cultivation. The muskegs are generally higher than the surrounding country, and most of them have pools of water seldom over a few feet across and a few inches deep. We found several patches of good meadow land along Gold Creek, and several between Gold Creek and Cape Ball River. The grass was growing waist-high, and the only timber was a few scattered wild crab-apple trees. Cultivation. There has been very little land brought under cultivation in this district,; in fact, very few of the settlers have over an acre of ground under cultivation. But any land that has been cleared and cultivated gives very good returns. Vegetables of all kinds do exceptionally well. The district adjacent to our surveys won the prize cup at the Prince Rupert Fair for the best showing of agricultural products in competition with all of northern British Columbia, including the Bella Coola District. Grasses of all kinds do well, and oats and barley yield heavy crops. On the first of October I saw ripe tomatoes in the open in two different gardens on the Tlell River. 4 Geo. 5 Graham Island. D 403 Cattle. Cattle do well, but the only settlers who have gone in for cattle to any extent are Messrs. Walch, who bought the old Mexican Tom Ranch on the Tlell River. They have upwards of 200 head at present, and we have had fresh beef from them for our camps. Last fall we got an eighteen-month steer from them that dressed 470 lb. Messrs. Walch put up about 250 tons of hay this season. Fruit-growing. Small fruits of all kinds yield exceptionally well, and apples, plums, and cherries have been successfully grown in this locality. Wild fruits of the following varieties thrive all over the island: Strawberries, salmon-berries, red and black huckleberries, high- and low-bush cranberries, salal-berries, blueberries, and wild crab-apples. There were some excellent flower-gardens on the island this year, flowers of all kinds doing well, and a number of the settlers have splendid rose-bushes, honeysuckle vines, English ivy and holly trees, which grow to perfection. Timber. Most of this part of Graham Island was swept by a huge forest fire some fifty or sixty years ago, and any place that was missed by the fire has some excellent timber. We encountered several patches of the original timber and found some excellent spruce (up to 8 feet in diameter), hemlock, and red and yellow cedar. The balance of the country, with the exception of the muskegs, is covered with second-growth pine, cedar, hemlock, spruce, dense underbrush, wild crab-apple, and numerous standing dead cedars. Cost of Clearing. The cost of clearing land in this locality is rather uncertain, as there has been so little done up to the present, but I should say that it would cost from $100 to $250 an acre, according to locality. The muskeg land can be drained and brought under cultivation for $150 an acre, or even less in places. Anywhere the fire has been allowed to run it makes a clean sweep of the underbrush and surface moss and seems to dry out the soil. I noticed it particularly on the Mexican Tom Trail where we joined on to surveys I had made in 1909. Instead of scattered jack-pine, dense underbrush, and a heavy mossy covering to the ground, I found a practically open country with grass coming up through a fine-looking black soil. Climate. The climate is one of the most equable in British Columbia, neither very hot in summer nor very cold in winter. Summer frosts are entirely unknown and the temperature never reaches zero in the winter. The rainfall is much less than on the northern mainland, and I do not think it is any heavier than in Vancouver. The snowfall last winter was very light. In the vicinity of the Tlell River, where we worked all winter, the snow laid on the ground but twelve days altogether, and the greatest depth at one time was less than 6 inches. The weather during February and March was exceptionally good, bright clear days and cold frosty nights. There was very little really hot weather during the summer of 1913, but the weather as a whole has been excellent. There are practically no mosquitoes and the black flies are troublesome for a few days only during the summer. The " no see'ims," as the Indians call them, or sandflies are troublesome for a time at daylight and dusk. Water. Nearly all the water in the creeks and rivers along the east coast is of a dark-brown colour and has a rather insipid taste, but I think it is quite harmless. We have used this water for four seasons, and at times have been compelled to use stagnant water on the muskegs, and have suffered no ill effects, nor have we had any sickness in camp. Game. Game is rather scarce, but there are numerous black bear which get rather inquisitive at times. We had the misfortune to have a transit badly shaken up by one of them, and another D 404 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 investigated our lunch-sack much to our sorrow. Blue grouse are very plentiful this year, and several kinds of ducks and geese are very plentiful in the spring and fall. The large Canada goose nests on the muskegs, and last spring we rescued two young goslings after a marten had killed the mother and the rest of the young ones. The cook took charge of these and raised them, and they got to be very tame and would follow him wherever he went. We have also seen land-'otter, marten, and weasel, but they are not very plentiful. There were no deer on the islands until the Government placed a number of them on different parts of the islands during the last few years. Deer should do well, as there are no coyotes, wolves, or cougar to bother them. The wild cattle have thrived on the island for over thirty years and always seem to be in good condition, so there is no question but what the deer will do well. Trout of several varieties and up to 4 lb. in weight can be caught in most of the streams and several of the lakes. If Gold Creek, which is the outlet to Mayer Lake, was cleaned out the salmon would be able to reach an excellent spawning-ground. Several salmon have been seen in the lake. In conclusion, I would say that in the tract we have just surveyed there is some of the best land on Graham Island. This is now available for pre-emption only. I have, etc., Frank D. Rice, B.C.L.S. WEST OF NADEN HARBOUR, GRAHAM ISLAND. By J. C. A. Long. November 19th, 1913. G, S. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—During the past season I have carried my survey operations on Graham Island westerly to some four miles west of Naden Harbour. There is very little variation in the general physical character of the country anywhere westerly from Masset Inlet, the land rising more or less abruptly from sea-level to a plateau varying in height from 200 to 500 feet, which maintains its general level or is slightly undulating, excepting where it is intersected by ravines, usually heavily timbered with spruce, cedar, and hemlock. The plateau is either muskeg land or is lightly timbered with yellow cedar, hemlock, and jack-pine. The area surveyed lies within a few miles of the Naden Harbour Cannery and the Whaling Station, two ports of call of the Grand Trunk Pacific steamships, and within some twenty-five miles of Masset, which is the business centre and distributing-point of all the northern portion of Graham Island. The soil in the timbered land is a deep black clay loam with a subsoil of clay or gravel loam, which has been proved to be the finest kind of land for the growth of grains, grasses, vegetables, and small fruits, and the climatic conditions of the island are such as to make it well adapted to any kind of farming. The muskeg lands which usually occupy the highest parts of the plateau consist of large tracts of country, either open or very sparsely timbered with jack-pine, yellow cedar, and hemlock. The ground is generally wet and covered with moss varying in depth from a few inches to 3 or 4 feet. The soil beneath this moss consists of a black peaty loam with a subsoil of clay or gravel. In dry weather this moss burns very readily, and the subsequent cost of clearing and draining should not exceed $50 to $100 per acre. There seems to be no question at the present time as to the productiveness of these muskeg lands; it is no longer a matter of experiment, but of proved fact, that the most diversified specimens of the vegetable kingdom are being successfully cultivated upon them, including fruits, vegetables, grasses, roses and other flowers, and the comparative smallness of the cost of bringing them under cultivation is naturally attracting prospective settlers towards them in preference to the timbered lands. The land on the seaboard is heavily timbered with spruce, hemlock, and cedar, which varies greatly in value. The best timber is undoubtedly to be found in the river and creek valleys, but this is scattered and of small extent. In many parts, usually a mile or more from the sea on the highest parts of the land, excellent yellow cedar is to be found. Unfortunately, on Graham Island this valuable timber often grows where access is most difficult. 4 Geo. 5 Graham Island. D 405 In almost every section there is a great deal of lightly timbered land where the soil partakes of the muskeg character, which is very suitable for settlement, and which could probably be cleared for $150 per acre. The products of the island up to the present time have not been very considerable, but are able to find a ready market. It is, however, in anticipation of the completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, and the consequent growth of its western terminal and the development of the surrounding country, that the establishment of a permanent market is looked for. The establishment of local markets for produce may also be reasonably expected, as the development of the island's resources—timber, coal, oil, fishing, etc.—is likely to open up many industries. The climate of the northern portion of Graham Island is mild in the winter months and very temperate in summer. The thermometer in winter scarcely ever touches the zero mark; the snowfall is light and of short duration, and the weather generally bright and cool. In the summer the rainfall varies very much from year to year. I should estimate the mean annual rainfall during the past three years to be about 70 inches. A noticeable feature of the climate is that it is conducive to a very rapid early growth. I have, etc., J. C. A. Long, B.C.L.S. BETWEEN MASSET INLET AND NADEN HARBOUR, GRAHAM ISLAND. By J. C. A. Long. April 18th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I commenced my operations by working southerly along the Kawon River and easterly to Masset Inlet. The prevailing feature of this section of the country is a large proportion of level muskeg land, either open or partially so. These muskegs extend in patches, from a few chains to half a mile in width, in a north-north-westerly direction, which evidently owe their origin to fires which have swept the country in the direction of the prevailing wind. The muskegs in this part of the island are moist, and have a tendency to retain their moisture, probably owing to the fact that there is a good deal of clay in the composition of the subsoil, as well as owing to the peculiar consistency of the decomposed moss of which it is formed. The land in this part of the country is intersected by small creeks which lie in deep ravines, usually heavily timbered with spruce and hemlock. There are many patches of land in these muskegs which have been burned over within recent years, where black soil shows at the surface instead of moss. It is quite possible that many mossy muskegs, if burned, would present a far more promising appearance than they do. Most of the timber lies in the valley of the Kawon River, which varies from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width; and also on the water-front. Southerly from the south boundary of Lot 1692, the same characteristics apply as to the land in the first part of my work, though the country is more generally timbered, creek-valleys less sharply defined, and the muskegs firmer. Northerly from Lot 1692 to Dixon Entrance and easterly to Masset Inlet, the character of the land improves considerably, as to soil, facility of drainage, lightness of clearing, and, what is a matter of importance from a prospective settler's point of view, accessibility. The soil and climatic conditions are well suited to the growing of small fruits, as is demonstrated by the profusion of wild berries that grow on the island. I am also of opinion that the muskegs, after a surface drainage and burning, would produce abundant crops of hay, as is also indicated by the growth of grass that appears when the top moss has been burned off. This part of the country in my opinion is well adapted for mixed farming. Growth in the spring is very rapid, and there are many indications of the agricultural possibilities of the land. I have, etc., J. C. A. Long, B.C.L.S. D 406 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 KUMDIS ISLAND, MASSET INLET, AND LANDS WEST OF LAWN HILL, GRAHAM ISLAND. By C. de B. Green. November 12th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Acting under your instructions, I made surveys on Kumdis Island, on Masset Inlet, and west of Lawn Hill, Graham Island. Kumdis Island contains no great irregularities of contour. Long low ridges on which fine spruce or hemlock grows separate the different levels. On the lower ground the timber is smaller. For the greater part a dense growth of salal and blueberry bushes covers the island, growing in many places among upturned trees in such a tangle that penetration is difficult. The north end of the island contains some open country underlaid with hard-pan wherever I uncovered it, which would be expensive to break up. I have, therefore, called the whole island second-class land because of the initial cost of bringing it under cultivation. There are no sandy beaches along the island shores. On the west coast they are of coarse gravel, and grassy tide-flats are found on the east side. There are many fine sites for farms in the timbered lands of the west shore and much good land on the east coast, which is, however, subject to flood at extreme high tides. This land is too narrow for dyking schemes, but will probably be dyked by degrees in course of time, and will then be classed amongst the most valuable lands of Graham Island. Kumdis Island is deficient in running water and in ponds. Few streams exist; that flowing from Kumdis Lake being the only one on the island, averaging over 4 feet in width, and probably the only one not absolutely dry after a month of fine weather. Kumdis Lake contains about 85 acres; it seems to be deep, and is timbered all round to the water's edge. The areas of timber on this island are of very irregular shapes, changes from good to poor qualities being frequent. As a general rule, however, the area of slopes and hills represent the area of the larger timber, averaging 60,000 feet to the acre. Most of the level land is covered with poles 8 to 15 inches in diameter and standing about 50 to 100 feet to the acre in a dense undergrowth and windfall. West from Lawn Hill. After completing the surveys on Kumdis Island and making some scattered alterations and corrections on Masset Inlet I proceeded to fill in a block of unsurveyed land west from Lawn Hill. From Skidegate a trail was cut through a difficult country and a camp was made far up among the upper branches of the Tlell River in a thickly grown tract subject to overflow in rainy weather. Little survey-work was done before the season closed. The pack-trail can, however, be quickly constructed when work is ordered to proceed; also, this trail, as made, makes it possible for intending settlers to explore a remarkably rich farming country with deep alluvial soil, quite the most valuable I have seen on Graham Island. The brule country passed through between the coast and these unsurveyed lands experienced a very intense fire about sixty years ago which burnt off the surface humus, so that probably nothing grew for about twenty years after the fire. Here the old cedar forest still stands, burned and bleached, with a twenty-year growth of pine and alder. The subsoil is of a clay and gravel nature, which now produces remarkably well wherever it has been cultivated. The wet mossy lands, which are of considerable extent, are of first-rate quality and produce much of the material similar to that which won so many prizes for the island at the Prince Rupert Agricultural Show. In fact, the whole country, from the east coast to the coal lands —my western boundary—is of very great commercial value agriculturally. The material there for road-making is good. There are good rivers and streams in which the water is much superior to that which obtains north of the Tlell River. Bears were particularly numerous, and blue grouse are more plentiful in the brule country than I have seen elsewhere on Graham Island. Climate. The season was, on the whole, favourable for surveying, but not so favourable as usual for agriculture. The summer arrived very late and the temperature throughout has hardly been as 4 Geo. 5 Graham Island. D 407 warm as usual. W. T. Hillier, operator at the Radio-telegraph Station of the Dominion Government at Dead Tree Point, supplied the following statistics of the rainfall during the past summer:— May 2.68 inches. June 1.62 „ July 2.76 „ August 1.42 „ September 7.35 „ October 4.47 „ Total for six months 20.30 inches. This is about the normal condition of rainfall on Graham Island and is a condition thoroughly suitable for agriculture. There has been, as usual, a complete absence of summer frost. Potato-vines, when I left the district on October 22nd, showed no sign of it. Absence of Insect Pests. Very noticeable is the absence of all blight and insect pests. Up to date, no cabbage-butterfly (Pieris rapce) has been imported, and if the Dominion Entomologist will issue certain precautionary regulations, that pest need never gain any hold here. It would be hard to estimate the value of this to Graham Island—no other part of North America being free from it. The precautions needed to keep it out are simple. The insect cannot be imported in the egg state amongst cabbage-seed, and if cabbage-plants are rigidly excluded it could not be introduced in the larva state amongst the plants. It probably cannot cross the Queen Charlotte Sound or Hecate Strait, or there would be more butterflies on the island, Chrysophanes hilloides being the only diurnal seen by me in four years of careful observation. Pieris rapai hibernates in the pupal state, and might once in many years arrive attached to a box or case, but it is, highly improbable that it could be introduced in that way. If, therefore, cabbage-plants were not introduced for planting or eating, Graham Island should escape one of the worst insect pests, from a commercial point of view, ever introduced into North America. The season of 1913 has gone to show that my previous estimates of the agricultural value of the Graham Island lands were correct, as shown by the great number of prizes and trophies carried away by the settlers on this island from the Prince Rupert Agricultural Show this season in open competition with farmers of such old and fertile sections as Bella Coola and the Bulkley Valley. I have, etc., C. de B. Green, B.C.L.S. NORTH-WEST OF GRAHAM ISLAND. By R. D. Gillespie. November 3rd, 1913. Cr. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—From a camp located two miles west of the mouth of the Jalun River, reached by launch from Masset after a journey of forty miles, a trail was cut to the north-west corner of Lot 1278, and a base-line was run to the west coast, a distance of a little over eight miles. Lots were laid off north and south of this. On reaching the coast I worked northward, surveying lands covered by coal licences. The general character of the country surveyed is high and undulating, becoming rough and broken^iear the coast. The soil in the valleys is good loam, generally with a whitish clay subsoil, but is covered throughout with deep moss. The ridges consist of muskeg, sometimes open, but generally covered with scrub cedar and hemlock. These muskegs, though peaty and mossy on the surface, have often a fine black subsoil, and, although very wet, could in most cases be easily drained. Near the coast the land is thickly covered with a poor quality of spruce and hemlock, with thick underbrush, and the cost of clearing here would be high. D 408 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The coast-line is principally flat shale and sandstone, broken occasionally by high igneous bluffs, quantities of fossils and pieces of petrified wood are imbedded in the shale. A small outcropping of coal was found. Cape Knox is of hard granite formation, but shale occurs again on the north shore, and also a good deal of conglomerate; in fact, the coal indications are on the whole very favourable. There is no timber worth considering on any of the land surveyed, and with the exception of a few small strips of spruce and hemlock, and a very little yellow cedar in some sheltered gullies, it is all wind-blown and stunted. The country is well watered by numerous creeks, but they are generally small and sluggish and very little water-power is available. Game is scarce. A few Richardson's grouse and two or three black bear were seen. I failed to find any trace of the caribou which are said to inhabit this part of the island. Geese and ducks are plentiful in the autumn. Naden Harbour is the nearest distributing-point to the west coast, being about thirty miles by launch from the base of Cape Knox. Here there is both a cannery and a whaling-station, and the Grand Trunk Pacific steamships from Prince Rupert call once a week during the summer and at irregular intervals during the winter months. On the north shore are several good bays where anchorage can be found for small boats, but on the west coast I found it almost useless to attempt to use a boat, as with the exception of Polaris and Lepas Bays, which have sandy beaches, it is almost impossible to make a landing anywhere, even on a calm day, owing to the heavy surf. There are, as yet, no settlers west of Naden Harbour. The " Kloosta " Indian village is much overgrown and appears to have been deserted for years. The climate is mild and damp. This year it was exceptionally wet, July being the worst month. A few light frosts were recorded early in October. I have, etc., R. D. Gillespie, B.C.L.S. VICINITY OF PRINCETON. By r. W. Gregory-. December 10th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—My operations comprised the survey of a number of pre-emptions and adjoining lands considered suitable for settlement, covering in all about 6,000 acres and situated in the neighbourhood of Princeton, in the Similkameen Valley. The lands surveyed consisted of some of the higher country, dividing valleys tributary to the Similkameen and lying at an elevation of between 3,000 and 4,000 feet above sea-level, which, although situated within the Dry Belt, are found to need no irrigation in their cultivation, contrasting in this respect with the bottom lands and benches of the valleys adjoining. This advantage is mainly due to the greater snowfall at these higher levels, combined with the impervious nature of the subsoil, tending to a natural sub-irrigation of the land. Although streams are not plentiful over the particular area surveyed, water is invariably found at a short distance below the surface. Undulating Grassy Land. The country generally consists of undulating grassy land timbered with fir and yellow-pine, interspersed with meadows, willow and alder bottoms, poplar groves and sloughs, whilst in places are large areas of dense jack-pine and underbrush. The jack-pine is usually of small dimensions. The soil is a sandy loam, and the cost of clearing amounts, on an average, to about $50 mv acre. Communication. Good wagon-roads exist to Princeton, the nearest town, and rough branch roads and trails to the more remote parts have been cut through the timbers in many cases by the settlers. This town, lying in the centre of a large coal-basin, is the converging point of all the roads in the 4 Geo. 5 Anarchist Mountain. D 409 district and is the market-point for farmers. It contains post-office, Mining Recorder's office, and school, as well as a number and variety of stores. It occupies a very picturesque position at the confluence of the Similkameen and Tulameen Rivers, which by means of their numerous tributaries drain the whole district and provide many possibilities for water-power development within a radius of twenty miles from the town. The population of the district immediate to and including Princeton amounts to about 1,000, being principally engaged in mining, coal-mining, and farming. Besides a coal company which has been on a shipping basis for several years, there is a cement company near the town, now actively engaged in the manufacture of Portland cement, whilst the British Columbia Copper Company, of Greenwood, has been doing considerable development-work on claims within ten miles of the town for the past two years. Timber and Minerals. The district contains numerous and valuable raw materials. The timber, consisting of fir and yellow-pine of an average diameter of from 20 to 24 inches, furnishes a good grade of lumber for local use and running from 5 to 10 per cent, clear when sawn. In the past few years, however, considerable quantities of the yellow-pine have been destroyed by a species of timber- beetle, and the matter has this year been under investigation by the Forest Branch. Timber suitable for mining purposes is plentiful, as well as for the building of log cabins. Apart from coal, the following minerals occur over large areas: Copper, gold, silver, lead, and platinum; there are also gypsum, clays, limes, sand, gravel, and granite. In regard to railway communication, the Victoria, Vancouver & Eastern Railway affords access to the boundary and the coast by way of Spokane, whilst the town is also accessible from the two Canadian Pacific Railway points, Merritt and Penticton, by motor or horse stage connecting with the Victoria, Vancouver & Eastern Railway at Coalmont and Keremeos respectively. The Kettle Valley Railway, now under construction, will afford another link between this district and the coast, as well as the Okanagan and Boundary country. Climate. The climate of the district is excellent and bracing, though not free from summer frosts. The rainfall is moderate, and during summer the days are warm and the nights cool. The snowfall is light, covering the ground during December, January, and February, and sometimes during part of November and March, to a depth of about 20 inches. During the three winter months the temperature ranges from about 40 degrees above to 10 below zero, with an occasional extreme winter temperature of 30 degrees below. The mean summer temperature is about 58 degrees and the mean winter temperature about 30 degrees, whilst the annual precipitation amounts to about 7.5 inches rainfall and about 36.5 inches snowfall. The district is best adapted to mixed farming; horses, cattle, hogs, and poultry thrive. Most varieties of vegetables are grown successfully, also wheat, barley, oats, and hay. The rivers, creeks, and small lakes afford good trout-fishing, and deer, duck, grouse, and rabbits are numerous. I have, etc., P. W. Gregory, B.C.L.S. ANARCHIST MOUNTAIN. By S. M. Johnson. December 12th, 1913. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The district at large in which my work was situated is known as Anarchist Mountain, and comprises the watershed between the Kettle River on the east and Osoyoos Lake on the west. The open bunch-grass slopes which characterize part of this area invited little resistance to settlement, and was taken up for the major part in the early nineties, with Sldley as a centre D 410 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 and the then flourishing mining camp of McKinney as a market. Further impetus was given settlement by the proposed building of the Columbia and Western Railway, designed to connect Trail and Rossland with the Coast cities. The Government at that time realized the benefit of such a connection and granted the road a subsidy of 20,000 acres per mile, to be taken in blocks six miles by eighteen on alternate sides of the railway, and to determine the most advantageous line several were surveyed, but unfortunately for the district the line was not built, but the alternate blocks were selected for the portion of the road already built as provided by the grant. As time went on confusion arose as to which of the surveys constituted the boundary of the railway land, and the Government having very wisely acquired the railway company's interest, I was instructed to substitute section-lines for the imaginary railway as a boundary by averaging the same. I find that practically all the Crown land has been taken up outside the blocks, which are reserved for settlement. When thrown open, the land comprised within the railway blocks, which contains a considerable area suitable for agricultural purposes, will be readily taken up. There were many inquiries as to when the reserve was to be withdrawn from the land. Returning to the district as a whole, it was given great assistance by the building in 1895 of the Vancouver, Victoria & Eastern Railway Company, a subsiduary of the Great Northern Railway, giving as It did more ready access to the markets of Phoenix, Greenwood, and other growing towns; but the full value of this connection will not be felt until railway is gained with the Coast via the Hope Mountain, and this is now within sight. The advent of this railway changed the centre from Sidley to Bridesville. Well served with Roads. The district is well served with roads, and is favoured by having through it the trans- Provincial route, which is being constructed upon an easy gradient and will form the trunk road of the district, connecting Osoyoos Lake with the Kettle River, passing through Bridesville. The district has also been favoured by the establishment, by the Dominion Government, of two rural mail-delivery routes, one east and one west of Bridesville, mail being delivered alternate days. Character of Soil varies. The character of the soil varies greatly. That portion already referred to as occupying the open southern slopes consists of rich black loam of great depth and originally covered with bunch-grass; this portion has been converted into agricultural or pasture land. That portion occupying other slopes, especially the north, is covered with timber, principally fir and larch, and this portion is gradually being cleared and brought under cultivation. A local sawmill helps in this respect and a ready market is also at hand for ties, and a certain amount of cord- wood is shipped over the railway. Stock-raising successful. Stock-raising is rapidly displacing the sale of hay and fodder, and it is noticeable that those following this line are making the greatest success. The clearing of the timbered area has been facilitated by the purchase of powder at a low rate through the medium of the local Farmers' Institute, this having been made possible by a wise provision of the Government, but even with this provision the cost of preparing the land for cultivation is heavy. The population of this timbered area is made up almost entirely of single men, who work during the summer for farmers in the district or on the road-constructions, and in the winter in the improvement of their places. Quite a percentage may never make farms of their holdings, but they improve them to such an extent that those who follow may enter upon occupation and farm them. The district cannot be said to be in the Dry Belt, as no irrigation is attempted or needed. The altitude being about 3,000 feet, the snowfall is considerable, and falling as it does on the unfrozen ground it is absorbed in the spring, and even in dry years appears to carry the crops successfully, especially if early planting is followed, or more especially fall sowing. In some marshy portions, especially if surrounded by timber, summer frosts are not uncommon, but disappear as country is opened up to currents of air. 4 Geo. 5 Kettle River, West Fork. D 411 Game. Deer used to abound in this district, but are not plentiful now. Prairie-chickens are plentiful in the open slopes, whilst willow or ruffle grouse occupy the creeks and swales, blue grouse the high ridges, and fool-hens or Franklin grouse the jack-pine areas, in company with rabbits. Lynx are rather common. On the foot-hills of Mount Bauldie, which rise to an elevation of 8,000 feet and form the northern confines of the district, several trappers make their winter quarters and are seemingly well repaid by their returns from furs. There are no miners working in this district, but a great deal of gold, both lode and placer, has been taken from the district, and there are many good mineral locations, especially in McKinney and Dayton Camps. Until such times as the reserve is removed from the railway blocks I would not advise prospective settlers in quest of Crown lands to investigate this district, but for those with means to take up partially improved places the district, in my judgment, coupled With the Kettle River, offers unequalled opportunities. I have, etc., Sydney M. Johnson, B.C.L.S. WEST FORK OF KETTLE RIVER. By C. M. Shaw. ■ December 15th, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sib,—Surveys were made on the West Fork of the Kettle River and tributaries. Proceeding from Midway on a construction train about fifty miles to Carmi—as far as steel was laid at the time—I made my first camp at the mouth of Hall Creek, a small stream which enters into the West Fork about four miles north-east of Carmi. A start was made at the south-west corner of Railway Block 2713, and the land suitable for agricultural purposes west of that block and immediately north of Block 363S was surveyed. Camp was then moved seven miles west to the northerly of the four Arlington Lakes, which range from a quarter to three-quarters of a mile in length, lying in a higher valley paralleling that of the West Fork, drained by Hall Creek. After surveying the arable land here camp was moved seven miles farther north to the mouth of Kallis Creek, which rises in the pass through which the Kettle Valley Railway crosses the summit on its way to Penticton. A traverse was made up the grade of the Kettle Valley Railway, which passes through the Arlington Valley. Several pre-emptions were also surveyed on Herman Creek, a small tributary of Kallis Creek, about six miles north-west from the mouth. There is a considerable area of good land in this vicinity along the West Fork of the Kettle River. The elevation is about 3,300 feet above sea-level. The eastern portion of the land surveyed near the mouth of Hall Creek lies in the valley of the West Fork, from a half to three-quarters of a mile wide there, with elevation of about 2,800 feet above sea-level. It is generally level, with some marshes through it. The soil is fairly good sandy loam about S inches deep, with patches of small boulders scattered through it. The subsoil generally is sand and boulders. The valley narrows north of these surveys and becomes too rough for agricultural purposes. The timber in the valley consists almost entirely of jack-pine, thick in places; none of it of any size. On the ridge between the West Fork and Hall Creek the land is of rather better quality, with less boulders. Portions of it are rather steep; but there are numerous benches and gentle slopes than can be cultivated, while the dense growth of alder, willow, and cottonwood testify to the moisture and fine quality of the soil. There is also a very fair quality of fir and tamarack timber in places on this ridge, which would yield between 3,000 and 4,000 feet to the acre. Hall Creek Valley and Arlington Lakes. The valley of Hall Creek is deep and narrow, but widens out at the Arlington Lakes, which lie at an altitude of about 3,200 feet above sea-level. The land surveyed in the vicinity of the Arlington Lakes is of a very fair quality of sandy loam about a foot in depth, with clay and D 412 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 gravel subsoil. There are several beaver meadows along the chain of lakes. To the east of the lakes the land is rolling and broken, with an occasional outcrop of rock, and ends in a long slope to the east down to the West Fork, which at this points runs for the most part through a narrow rocky valley. There are numerous patches of good land, and some very fair fir and tamarack timber scattered through it, while the underbrush of jack-pine, alder, and willow is very thick in places, which is proof that the soil is good and that there is plenty of moisture. Valley of West Fork South from Kallis Creek. The valley of the West Fork from Kallis Creek south for three miles ranges from half to a mile wide, while to the north it runs for a long distance through a rocky canyon. The soil over the portion of the valley subdivided into quarter-sections for pre-emption is a goody sandy loam about a foot in depth, with a clay and gravel subsoil. A good portion of the land is fairly level, with low benches and small rolling hills. There are occasional patches of small boulders, especially on the higher points. The timber consists almost entirely of jack-pine from 4 to S inches in diameter, interspersed with thick clumps of spruce and jack-pine underbrush. Herman Creek. The land surveyed to the west on Herman Creek consists of a chain of beaver meadows, ranging from 40 to 60 acres in area. The balance of the land is principally sloping hillsides, with scattered boulders and some rock. The soil of most of the meadows is a rich dark loam of considerable depth, and they can be brought under cultivation with comparatively little work, as owing to the beaver-dams being broken they are nearly dry now, and a small amount of drainage would make them quite so. West Fork of Kettle River. The West Fork of the Kettle River runs in a southerly direction through the block of land to which my survey operations were confined, coining in near the north-east corner of it. The country to the east is for the first few miles very rough and broken, with deep gorges and rocky bluffs. After rising some hundreds of feet above the level of the valley, it becomes less rugged and slopes to the south and east towards the valley of the East Fork. There is a considerable area of fairly good land among these rolling hills in the shape of benches and alder-swamps. To the west lies a range of big rolling hills, about six miles wide, which form the watershed between the "West Fork and Wilkinson Creek, which run parallel to each other until the latter turns east and empties into the West Fork near Carmi. Viewed from a distance, the' valley of Wilkinson Creek appears to be wide, with a number of small lakes and beaver meadows along its course. The north end of the block runs up to the summit between the West Fork and Mission Creek. It is an undulating country consisting of low rolling hills and beaver meadows, with numerous small lakes dotted through it. For the most part it is densely timbered with jack-pine, spruce, and alder. As far as I have been able to examine it, there appears to be a good deal of land well adapted to agricultural purposes through this part of the block. Water-powers. There are several places on the West Fork where power can be developed. Opposite the Arlington Lakes the river runs through a deep, narrow rocky canyon. The fall here is rapid, and it would be quite practicable to put in a dam that would raise the water 40 to 50 feet. At another point about three miles above Baker's pre-emption, Lot 1235 (S.), there is a fall of 25 feet. The river at this point runs through a deep canyon and at the falls is contracted to a width of less than 20 feet. Owing to the shape of the canyon, it would be a comparatively easy matter to build a dam that would raise the falls to 50 feet. On November 25th there were 343 cubic feet of water per second passing down the West Fork, while, of course, at other seasons there would be a very much larger quantity. Timber. With regard to the timber, at one time this district was undoubtedly covered with a heavy growth of large timber, but years ago a tremendous fire ran through the country, destroying the greater portion of it, and leaving isolated patches of fir and tamarack here and there. The second growth that has sprung up on the burnt area consists of jack-pine and spruce, which in 4 Geo. 5 Kettle River, West Pork. D 413 places runs up to 8 or 10 inches in diameter; in many places, however, the growth is so dense that the timber is stunted. In only two places have I seen any considerable area of good timber; on the ridge between Hall Creek and the Arlington Lakes and the West Fork there are several hundred acres of good fir and tamarack that would average from 3,000 to 4,000 feet, board measure, per acre; there is also another patch lying to the north-east of Lot 1918 (S.) which would yield about the same. Transportation. This district has been kept back in the past by lack of transportation facilities. Until the commencement of construction by the Kettle Valley Railway a few months ago, the only means of access was by a pack-trail, which was none of the best. At present the wagon-road built by the railway contractors from Carmi to the summit to meet the road from Kelowna, built by the Government, is the only way one can get in or out, other than stealing a ride on an uncertain construction train. The road in its present state is almost impassable owing to the boulders, stumps, and mud-holes, but with a small outlay and some changes here and there to avoid the few bad grades could be made into a good road. In a short time the Kettle Valley Railway will be in operation, the steel being laid now almost to the summit. This will solve the difficulty of want of communication. Carmi is at present the nearest town and post-office. It is distant ten miles by road from the Arlington Lakes, and about seventeen miles from the Baker pre-emption at the mouth of Kallis Creek. Minerals. Up to the present time no mining has been done nearer than Carmi, although a few quartz claims have been'staked near the Arlington Lakes, where there are some showings of copper and silver. At Beaverdell, about four miles south of Carmi, the Sally mine, with the advent of the railway, is again being opened up, and it is probable that the mines at Carmi will follow suit. Near the mouth of Kallis Creek some prospectors have been sinking a shaft for the purpose of testing the placer possibilities, as colours and quantities of black sand can be found in any of the creeks. Agricultural Prospects. The soil throughout the district ranges from light to heavy sandy loam of good quality from 8 inches to 2 feet deep, overlying a subsoil varying from sand to clay intermixed with gravel and boulders. There is no difficulty in raising any of the coarse grains. Timothy or clover and all but the tender vegetables do well here, no irrigation being required. At the Arlington Lakes, J. Bradley, on his pre-emption, raised fine potatoes, turnips, carrots, beets, lettuce, etc., on the virgin soil without irrigation, and with very little care in the way of cultivation. On Baker's pre-emption at the mouth of Kallis Creek a small garden also did well, and a small patch of alfalfa sown as an experiment has made a good growth. With regard to the raising of fruit, so far, of course, nothing of the kind has yet been tried nearer than Beaverdell, where apple- trees planted some time ago have done very well, but the soil and climate appear to be well adapted to the raising of apples and the various small fruits. I consider, however, that the raising of cattle, hogs, and sheep will be the most profitable branch of agriculture to follow in this district. The farmer can raise all his own feed and turn it into beef or pork, and at the present prices—and with no prospect of a reduction in the future—should do exceedingly well. Land Clearing. The most serious difficulty in a timbered country is to get started. The usual course in this district is to slash the timber into windrows. This costs about $15 per acre. After some months, when is has dried out, it is burned. Burning and branding up costs about another $5 per acre. Then follows the stumping. With the jack-pine, which has no tap-root, most of the stumps can be pulled by a team with a block and tackle, and any larger ones may be blown out with stumping-powder; the cost of stumping runs from $30 to $50 per acre. In any case where the stumps can be left for about six years, they rot and can be removed without trouble. It must be understood, however, that a man without means settling on the land here would find it difficult to make a living from that land for the first two or three years, or until such time as he had sufficient land cleared and under cultivation as to make it better worth his while to remain on D 414 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 the land than to seek work elsewhere. The usual course followed by the settlers is to work on the Government roads or such other work as they may find during the summer, and at lumbering, of which there is usually a large amount carried on at Carmi and on the main Kettle River during the winter, and so far there has been no lack of employment for men willing to work. Climate. With regard to the climate, this district has been classed with the Dry Belt. This, however, is a mistake, as in an experience of fifteen years I never remember a season in which there was not sufficient rainfall for all agricultural requirements. The snow, which usually comes about the first week in November and lasts till about the end of March, falls to a depth of from 18 inches to 2 feet, and no doubt somewhat deeper on the summit, which lies at an altitude of about 4,200 feet above sea-level. The climate generally is mild; there are usually a couple of cold spells of about three days' duration each during the winter, when the thermometer may register 30 degrees below zero at night, but the weather during the balance of the winter is not too cold to make outdoor life most enjoyable. Up to November 20th 4 degrees above zero is the coldest weather we have experienced, and in the valleys there is practically no snow on the ground. The weather in the summer is warm, while the nights are always cool. There are occasional summer frosts throughout the district, which would prevent the raising of tomatoes and other tender vegetables, but do not harm the hardy varieties. It is probable, too, that here, as in other districts, the summer frosts will disappear to a great extent under cultivation. During June, July, and part of August the black-flies, mosquitoes, and sandflies were occasionally troublesome during the clay in places, but they all promptly disappeared at nightfall. I append herewith a list showing the number of days on which rain or snow fell, also the dates on which summer frosts occurred from July 25th to November 30th. Game. Game is very plentiful throughout the district. On the main Kettle River and West Fork mule-deer are probably more plentiful than in any other part of British Columbia. A few days ago a band of fifty-three were seen from the train a short distance below Beaverdell. On the high cliffs east of Kallis Creek are numerous goats, while on the range a few miles to the west between Wilkinson Creek and Okanagan Lake are several bands of mountain-sheep. Bear are numerous and played the part of scavengers to the various construction camps, much to the disturbance of some of the Italian navvies, while a few miles to the north-east in the neighbourhood of Ptarmigan, one of the highest mountains in the district, the grizzly is to be found, and on the east slope of the mountains I have seen as many as 150 caribou in one band. Coyotes are plentiful and can be heard in all directions previous to a change in the weather. Of the fur-bearing animals, though the country has been trapped over for a number of years, beaver, marten, mink, and lynx are still fairly plentiful; and the various species of grouse are exceedingly well represented. Fish abound in all the waters of the district; the Arlington Lakes are fairly alive with trout ranging up to a foot in length, while in numbers of the other lakes that lie scattered over the country trout of all kinds, some of them running up to 15 lb. in weight, abound. It is, in fact, an ideal country for the sportsman or holiday-seeker, with plenty of game of all kinds, beautiful lakes teeming with fish, and magnificent scenery on every side. With all these advantages, I feel assured that as soon as the Kettle Valley Railway commences running regular trains a large influx of settlers into the district will be assured. I have, etc., C. M. Shaw, B.C.L.S. 4 Geo. 5 Okanagan Valley, East of Vernon. D 415 EAST OF VERNON IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY. By H. C. Verrall. December 8th, 1913. G. H. Daicson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Branching eastward from Vernon, in the Okanagan Valley, is the White Valley. Driving up this valley over an excellent road, one passes through the Coldstream Municipality, now famous for its apple-orchards, also both domestic and irrigation water-supply, telephone service, and roads, all of which are good. This valley is about a mile and a half wide. The soil is a sandy to gravelly black loam from 1 to 3 feet deep, on which almost any crop will grow. The subsoil is clay to gravelly hard-pan. The total annual precipitation is about 12 inches. The climate is not very rigorous. At Lavington (altitude 1,800 feet), at the east end of the municipality, eleven miles from Vernon, is the divide between the Columbia and Fraser River basins. Streams west of this point flow into the Columbia River, and east of this point they flow north and west into the Thompson and Fraser Rivers. While this divide is scarcely noticeable to the traveller, it is important because it is the location of a distinct change of climate. Westward lies the dry belt; eastward it is only semi-dry, and even moist in places. Lumby (altitude 1,690 feet), sixteen miles from Vernon, on this road, is at the junction of several large creeks which rise in four valleys—the White, Creighton, Blue Springs, and Trinity Valleys. These creeks join and form Bisset Creek, which flows north and east to the Shuswap River. Lumby is a large, prosperous town of about 4,000 inhabitants. The prevailing industry is haymaking (mostly timothy), the farmers getting about $17 per ton for loose hay and from 2 to 3 tons to the acre. It is grown on the flat bottom land and usually without irrigation. From Lumby a good main road runs north and east along Bisset Creek. A side-road leaving it about two miles out from Lumby runs farther north through Trinity Valley and eventually reaches Enderby. This road is not yet completed to full width. For ten miles from Lumby this main road parallels Bisset Creek to its junction with the Shuswap River. This valley contains much good land, and a great deal more on the side benches is available with a little irrigation. The soil throughout is a brown to black loam 6 to 12 inches deep, of a sandy nature, and usually free from boulders. Much land is still timbered, but clearing is slowly progressing. The cost of clearing is from $60 to $125 per acre, according to conditions. Every year a considerable quantity of logs are driven down the creek to the Shuswap River. The average altitude of good land is from 1,300 to 1,900 feet, and conditions are ideal for mixed farming. Just above the junction of the Bisset Creek and the river Is a fine new road-bridge. Directly above this the river falls 75 feet in two-thirds of a mile; 11,000 horse-power is available with suitable storage. Power rights are held by the Mackenzie and Mann interests. The Canadian Northern Pacific Railway have purchased railroad right-of-way from Kamloops to Vernon and on to Lumby. Construction is expected in the near future. An extension to the Shuswap Falls is highly probable, and the operation of the line would probably be electric. Valley of the Shuswap. The highroad follows the valley of the Shuswap River down-stream to the north for ten miles to Mabel Lake (altitude 1,270 feet). This valley is similar to that of Bisset Creek, except that it is rather wider and the timber is rather larger, 1 to 3 feet being a common size. Whilst fir, cedar, tamarack, and spruce prevailed east from Lavington, one now encounters white-pine and hemlock, which clearly indicates the increasing moistness of the climate. At Mabel Lake irrigation is hardly required. This road to the lake will probably be continued up the lake- shore and through to Revelstoke in the future. Blue Springs Valley. Another main road from Lumby goes directly east and follows the Blue Springs Valley for ten miles to its summit. This valley is exactly similar to the Bisset, except that it is rather narrower and drier. Passing the summit at 2,200 feet, one descends to Reiswig (altitude 1,650 feet), four miles east of the Shuswap Falls. A connecting road between Reiswig and the falls D 416 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 is to be constructed in the near future and will be of great value in the district. A fine new bridge at Reiswig gives access to the north side of the river. The valley rises 30 feet per mile, which makes the river too swift for navigation; moreover, it winds considerably and is rarely fordable. It has also rendered the bottom lands stony, otherwise this land is well adapted to hay and mixed farming. Undulating Bench of 5,000 Acres. The main road continues east from the south side of the river, and at sixteen miles from Lumby a good branch road leads off to the south-east and climbs steadily for two miles on to good benches at an altitude of 2,100 feet. These benches are rapidly being cleared for a company and are being subdivided for fruit-growing. They are in the valley of Eight-mile Creek, on which about 400 horse-power is available here. This road crosses over a canyon 90 feet deep and ascends steadily for two miles to an altitude of 2,500 feet, where it reaches a big undulating bench of about 5,000 acres. On reaching the bench It joins another road, called the Creighton Valley Road, from Lumby. This road, running east and a little south from Lumby, runs through a long valley a third to two-thirds of a mile wide, containing excellent bottom land well adapted to mixed farming, which is being carried on. Eventually this will be a big main road, as construction for eight miles from Lumby has been of the very best. The remainder is as yet very poor, but the improvement is being pushed very rapidly and it may be completed throughout in 1914. Richlands. The big 5,000-acre flat mentioned above has been subdivided into 10- and 20-acre lots, and a small townsite laid out called Richlands, the post-office here being called Hilton. There are about a dozen houses, a school and teacher, a very fair store, post-office, and boarding-house; there is also a blacksmith, shoemaker, jeweller, and second-hand man. This flat was once heavily timbered, but was burnt off many years ago. A second growth in all varieties has taken the place of the burnt timber and grown from 6 to 8 inches. Much of this has been burnt again and is now fairly clear. The cost of clearing second growth is from $50 to $80 per acre. Much of this land is being cleared and planted to apples, of which the stouter varieties will mature but a few weeks later than Vernon. The distance from Vernon is about thirty-six miles, and until the railroad is constructed to Lumby or the falls, transportation will be very expensive. It is now $1 per 100 lb. A few summer frosts are experienced and sometimes affect tender vegetables. An irrigation system is installed and the water is used for drinking. Oats, timothy, clover, alfalfa, barley, wheat, and root crops do excellently here, but require a little irrigation in dry years. Precipitation I estimate at 16 to 20 inches. Temperatures are a few degrees lower than at Vernon District; summer, maximum 95 degrees; winter, average 15 to 25 degrees, with two or three cold snaps of about —15 to —25 degrees for four days each. Benches on Cherry' Creek. Several thousand acres of benches at an altitude of 2,300 feet lie to the east on Cherry Creek and its North Fork. Conditions are the same as at Richlands. The road runs east through Richlands and then swings northward parallel with Cherry Creek, meeting at Camagna Post-office the road which has followed up the river from Reiswig. Before reaching this junction two roads lead off to the right—one eastward to the benches on the North Fork of Cherry Creek, the other south for ten miles to Mouashee (altitude 4,100 feet). From there a road is contemplated, running south-east for about twenty miles, to meet the road which has already been constructed fifteen miles this way from Edgewood, on the Arrow Lakes. This road will be of great service when constructed as a trunk road. There is also a fairly low pass southward to the North Fork of the Kettle River. At Monashee there are several gold-mining propositions which have been worked spasmodically for fifteen or twenty years. They have some prospects when cheaper transportation can be obtained. Farming land is not extensive here, but, such as there is, is fair and well suited to mixed farming. Sugar Lake. From Camagna the road continues along the Shuswap River north and a little east for ten miles to Sugar Lake (altitude 1,9S0 feet, area 4,000 acres). The characteristics of the land Looking down on Ootsa Lake from the Ootsa-Francois Lake Trail. No. 1 Cabin on the Telegraph Trail, Cassiar District. Kluatantan Valley, headwaters of Skeena River. I 1 s ...'.. r. ' a a o in S £ s 4 Geo. 5 Okanagan Valley, East of Vernon. D 417 are the same as along the river below. The climate, however, rapidly becomes moister as one approaches Sugar Lake, and the seasons are later by two weeks than at Richlands, where spring begins about the first of April. Here, as at Mabel Lake, one encounters much hemlock and white- pine; the timber in the bottoms being fir, cedar, hemlock, and white-pine, from 1 to 6 feet in diameter, which is like some of the Coast timber country. It is contemplated that this road will be continued along the lake-shore and thence up Sitkuni Creek to the east, over a low pass in the main Gold Range; thence down Fosthall Creek to meet a projected road running south from Arrowhead, on the west side of the Arrow Lake. If this be done it will be of great benefit to both sides. The Shuswap River rises some twenty miles north of Sugar Lake, along it are a number of timber limits, some of which are reported to be very good. The Gold Range. If a line be drawn northward from Monashee through Sugar Lake it will parallel the heart of the Gold Range, which lies ten miles to the east. This range is not well known. Most of the peaks rise from 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea-level and afford some good scenery. Fair hunting of grizzly and black bear, mule-deer, sheep, goats, and grouse is obtainable with experienced guides. There are also distinct possibilities in the way of mining. It is already known to contain a good and extensive zinc ledge and some gold propositions at Monashee. Asbestos is also present, but has not yet been developed sufficiently to determine its value. Copper and silver galena are known to exist. From assays, iron-pyrites does not appear to carry gold in this district. Rolling Plateau of from 3,000 to 4,500 Feet Elevation. To the west of this north and south line the country is fairly uniform and may be described as a rolling plateau, from 3,000 to 4,500 feet above sea-level, with a few points reaching 6,000 feet. Through this country nature has cut numerous valleys, whose altitude is from 1,300 to 2,000 feet. The average slope of the sides is 25 to 35 degrees, with occasional rock precipices. A Timbered Country'. It is essentially a timbered country, with a few patches of bunch-grass range. Unfortunately forest fires during the last seventy-five years have done enormous havoc. The remaining timber is now confined to the moist bottoms and a few patches on the mountains. However, reseeding is taking place to all the old varieties, mainly fir, cedar, tamarack (larch), and on suitable ground, spruce, hemlock, black, white, and bull pine. This renders the land very brushy. Poplar or cottonwood is also common in the damp bottoms. Lower Land adapted to Mixed Farming. The lower lands are admirably adapted to mixed farming, for all the crops required will grow well, although some irrigation is needed at times. The hillsides and benches can be brought into use as experience and other factors afford opportunities. Most of the good lower land and open range is now taken up, and except in remote parts only a few 40-acre and SO-acre tracts remain; therefore it is not a district suitable for those from a distance requiring vacant Crown land. But it does afford openings for a man with capital of from $3,000 to $15,000 to start in and build up a good mixed farm in a reasonable climate. Numerous small schools exist and are slowly increasing in number. Mail is carried by stage weekly on Thursdays to Mabel Lake, and bi-weekly on Mondays and Fridays to Richlands District. The plateau land contains some fine meadows, but as they swarm with most kinds of flies in the summer they are of very little use at present. On this account very little has been taken up as yet. There is not much prospect of this happening until this pest has been destroyed. Should some means be found to accomplish this there is an undoubted future before these high lands. I have, etc., Hugh C. Verrall, B.C.L.S. 27 D 418 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 TOWNSHIP 41, OSOYOOS. By F. H. Latimer. December 8th, 1913. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In Township 41, Osoyoos, a series of surveys made some twenty years ago through this and adjoining townships covered the lands then held or considered of value owing to possessing, to more or less extent, bottom lands. Since then, owing to a constant influx of settlers, the higher bench lands have been deemed valuable, the boundary-lines sometimes extending up a considerable distance on either side of the few main valleys, which run in a general east-and-west direction. The main White Valley, which extends some twenty-five miles eastward from Vernon, is divided into three divisions by high hills, the latter becoming rocky towards their summits; the northern portion extending northward across Bisset Creek in a series of benches or terraces of excellent quality of soil, chiefly clay loam, most of which, however, has been taken up but only partially cultivated as yet. There is no doubt but that a considerable portion can be brought into successful cultivation. Irrigation is practised to some extent next Vance and Bisset Creeks and considerable hay raised which finds a ready sale at remunerative prices. A large block In the vicinity of Rollins Lake has been acquired with a view to putting it under irrigation on a larger scale than obtains at present in this vicinity. Blue Springs Valley. The middle valley, a division of White Valley—Blue Springs—is being steadily improved and larger areas cleared up and brought under cultivation in hay. This division is also nearly all taken up, some of it many years ago; and while little work is being done on a number of the ranches, yet much improvement is noticed. A good motor-road, in continuation of the one from Vernon to Lumby, extends through this valley leading towards Cherry Creek. > Along Creighton Creek. The third division, or more southern one, follows along Creighton Creek, with some enlargements along small tributary valleys or streams. While these three mentioned divisions diminish in extent from north to south, there are several good meadows from 5 to 30 acres in extent in Creighton Valley, and additional areas are being cleared up and added yearly. Grain, such as wheat and oats, produced fair crops this year, but the main dependence is placed on hay as a crop, and, to a limited extent, potatoes. On the adjoining mountain-slopes, having a southern exposure, the timber is more open. In some limited localities there is none at all, and the slopes are all covered with bunch-grass. Mixed Farming, Stock-raising, and Dairy'ing. The lands surveyed in this township, as well as those in Township 3 to the west, are eminently suited to mixed farming, stock-raising, and dairying, the latter being combined with the raising of hogs. Fruit, such as apples and plums, do well on some portions. Timber. The timber occurring on these lands is chiefly fir; in places some tamarack and cedar in portions of Creighton Valley, particularly on the south side of the creek towards the east boundary of the township. On the southern slopes is found a large percentage of bull-pine, sometimes reaching a diameter of 30 inches. The bottom creek lands, which are particularly suitable for hay, are more closely timbered with fir, spruce, some cedar, birch, maple, and tamarack or larch, and the cost of clearing would be heavy, probably $S0 to $150 per acre; but on the lands a little higher than the latter, the average would be much lower, or about $50 per acre. There is a considerable quantity of timber also suitable for ties or telephone-poles, a demand for the former being possible in the near future. 4 Geo. 5 North-east Kootenay. D 419 Climate. While these lands in Townships 3 and 41 are in what is deemed the Dry Belt, there seems to be a zone or belt-line in a north-west and south-east direction through the southerly end of Mabel Lake, Enderby, and Cherry Creek in which the yearly rainfall is noticeably larger than farther south, Lumby being, in a general way, towards the southern fringe of this zone, so that while the average rainfall near Vernon might be taken at 15 inches, with minimum as low as 13 inches and maximum of 18 to 20 inches, the fall near Lumby would probably be found to be 20 per cent, greater. An increased amount of rainfall in the summer and snow in the winter is found as one goes east from Vernon, and several weeks or even two months' sleighing occurs in the vicinity of Lumby, permitting of easier transportation of heavier produce, such as hay, in the winter, as well as cordwood and similar materials. It is found desirable to irrigate for hay, as well as other crops, to ensure the greatest success, but particularly for hay. On some small local areas early frosts occur, occasionally as early as the end of August, but not generally, as potatoes are successfully grown, as well as tomatoes. Vegetables and root-crops of all kinds give good returns. Communication. The two well-built wagon-roads through Blue Springs and Creighton Valley converge about three-fourths of a mile east of Lumby, which is an old-settled town possessing several large stores, livery-stable, etc., and a branch of the Bank of Montreal. From Lumby into Vernon, a distance of about sixteen miles, a fine motor-road passes through some of the choice lands of the Okanagan Valley; among others, the Coldstream Estate and Orchards or other lands sold by them, a ranch purchased by Earl Grey, the Lavington Ranch, and many others. At Vernon connection is made with a branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and from Vernon a daily stage runs to Lumby, and from thence stages to Trinity Valley, Mabel Lake, and Hilton once or more times per week. The Canadian Northern has surveyed a line, possibly for electric tram-line, from Vernon through Lumby, and data is being secured by them at Shuswap Falls as to the feasibility and extent of possible power-development for this and other commercial purposes, and there is no doubt that the growth in population and profitable development and value of lands will be steady. A telephone-line extends from Vernon through Lumby and thence through Creighton Valley eastward, being a portion of the general company's system, having main lines and connections to nearly all towns in the Okanagan Valley, the local exchange being at Vernon. In conclusion, there are, in addition to those covered this season in Township 41, a large number of pre-emptions in good standing, as well as Crown-granted parcels not completely posted, both north and east of this township. I have, etc.. F. H. Latimer, D.L.S., B.C.L.S. NORTH-EAST KOOTENAY. By James Brady and J. C. Brady-. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. November 12th, 1913. Sir,—We have the honour to submit to you the following report on part of the North-east Kootenay District:— Practically all of the available land in the Upper Columbia Valley from the southerly limit of the Railway Belt to the north boundary of Lot 4596 is surveyed, the vacant areas now shown on the map, in the central portion between the east and west surveyed limits, being either flooded bottom land of the Columbia River, or rough mountainous country occupied by Steamboat Mountain, McMurdo, Butte, Spillimacheen, and Jubilee Mountains. D 420 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Of the surveyed land not pre-empted, a few lots remain on the west side of the Columbia, about two miles from the mouth of the Spillimacheen River, some in No. 3 Creek Valley, and a few on the eastern side of Steamboat Mountain on bench land 400 or 500 feet above the Columbia River. These remaining lots are rapidly being taken up and are well worth the settler's examination, being situated in a district with fertile soil, fair water-supply, and sufficient fir, spruce, and jack-pine timber for all domestic purposes. The Kootenay Central Railway, now being built, connects the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Golden with the Crowsnest Pass Route, and runs throughout the whole length of the Columbia Valley, a portion of about forty-two miles from Golden to Spillimacheen being now in operation with trains running three times a week. Numerous roads suitable for motor traffic tap the areas where this available land is situated, with the exception of that portion on the eastern slope of the Steamboat Mountain, which is easily accessible by boats that ply the Columbia River from Golden to Windermere, and has a good pack-trail connecting it with a road at the southern end of Steamboat Mountain, leading to the Town of Wilmer, and northerly, with a road leading to the Kootenay Central Railway- station at Spillimacheen. The eastern side of the Columbia Valley from the southerly limit of the Railway Belt to the north boundary of Lot 4596 does not contain any more vacant Government land suitable for settlers, the surveyed portion extending on the extreme east to the Rocky Mountains. Sinclair Pass and the Banff-Windermere Motor-road. The Banff-Windermere Motor-road, now about completed to the summit of Sinclair Pass, leaves the Golden-Windermere Road on the south side of Sinclair Creek, and proceeds along a graded bank considerably above the creek-level, passes through a narrow rocky canyon, and practically reaches the creek-level at Sinclair Hot Springs, about a mile above the junction. These hot springs bubble out of the foot of a precipitous rock into the cold water of Sinclair Creek. A stone basin has been constructed, about 10 feet wide and 15 feet long, to retain the hot and keep out the cold water. For a mile above the springs the valley is very narrow, with precipitous rocks on either side of the creek and motor-road. The valley then widens to about 5 chains, the main mountain heights receding and forming a sort of basin, which is very rough with boulders and fallen1 timber. About a mile and a quarter above the springs a small creek comes into Sinclair Creek through a valley to the north. About five miles from the junction the Sinclair Valley widens to about 350 yards, where there is a swamp about three-quarters of a mile long containing average-sized spruce timber. About seven miles and a quarter from the junction Sinclair Creek is crossed and left to the north, whilst the road and present pack-trail pass through a gap to the south-east, known as Sinclair Pass, but which is not really the source of Sinclair Creek. Slightly over the height of land on the Kootenay side, about seven miles and a quarter from the Columbia Valley junction, is Olive Lake, a stretch of clear water about a quarter of a mile long and about 90 yards wide. The mountains on either side are timbered with spruce and fir. Summit Creek, a stream of about 3 cubic feet per second, rises in Olive Lake and flows down a moderate grade in a little valley, from 60 to 90 yards wide, a distance of about four miles to the Kootenay River. We had to cut a new trail following close to this creek. The old trail was in bad condition, and for some unknown reason kept up on the mountain-side and then came down some exceptionally steep places. The motor-road survey bears to the north-east and descends to the Kootenay River about five miles above Summit Creek. The following altitudes were taken with one small barometer, and are intended to show only approximate relative heights of the main points from the Columbia River, across Sinclair Pass to the Kootenay River:— Approx. Altitudes above Sea-level. Columbia River at mouth of Sinclair Creek 2,650 feet. Junction of motor-road with Columbia Valley Main Road 3,000 ,, Motor-road at Sinclair Hot Springs 3,360 „ Summit of Sinclair Pass 4,900 „ Olive Lake , 4,850 „ Kootenay River at mouth of Summit Creek 3,600 „ 4 Geo. 5 North-east Kootenay. D 421 Kootenay River Valley. The new land surveyed in the Kootenay River Valley lies between two ranges of the Rocky Mountains, and extends from about opposite Sinclair Pass in a south-easterly direction to the north boundary of Lot 4596, a distance of about six miles and a half due south, and with an east-and-west direction of from two to three miles of available land. The Kootenay River, flowing south-easterly through this section, is about 100 yards wide at high water, falling at low water to between 50 and 65 yards. It is a swift turbulent river and difficult to cross at any time. For the greater distance it has one almost perpendicular bank about 100 feet high of cemented gravel, the other bank being a low bench of very gravelly soil growing jack-pine and small spruce. In several places it flows between two high banks composed of soft clay shale. Phy'sical Characteristics on the West Side of the Valley. For about a mile and a half southerly from Summit Creek the country is rolling bench land moderately broken by ravines, and rising towards the mountains on the west to about 400 feet above the river. The soil is good loam, varying from 6 to 15 inches in depth, with gravel subsoil. It is stony in places, with rock-outcrop. Fir, spruce, and jack-pine of possibly commercial value grows thickly near the mountains and along the river, the central portion being very brushy and covered with thick second growth of jack-pine and fir with soap-berry bushes. In addition to Summit Creek, several smaller streams partly traverse this area, and some of them sink before reaching the river. Southerly for about two miles and a half the country greatly improves into an even bench about 100 feet high at the river, and gradually rising towards the mountains. It is about a mile in width. The soil here is good sandy and clay loam, 12 to 16 Inches deep, with gravel subsoil. Spruce, fir, jack-pine, and some tamarack cover this bench, but the undergrowth is not thick and the pasture is excellent, pine-grass and peavine growing throughout its extent. Several meadows in which the soil is deep black loam lie in the centre of this area. Water here can be obtained from several creeks which sink about half-way between the mountains and the Kootenay River. Southerly for about two miles to the north boundary of Lot 4596 rolling benches again occur, which present a good surface for agricultural purposes. The soil is mostly sandy loam, 12 inches deep, with gravel subsoil. Good fir and tamarack timber predominate over the jack-pine. The underbrush becomes a little thicker again and the pasturing is fair, with pine-grass growing. A spruce-swamp opening into a meadow about 650 yards long and 200 yards wide is situated about a mile north of the north boundary of Lot 4596. Three creeks cross this area, one at the north, one about the centre, and one near the southerly end, and contain plenty of water for domestic and irrigation purposes. A survey for a road extends through the northerly half of the western side of the valley, and then crosses to the eastern side of the Kootenay River. This road, if built, would join the Banff-Windermere Motor-road at a point about five miles northerly from Summit Creek, and would extend southerly to join the Windermere-Cranbrook Road at Canal Flat. At present a pack-trail runs throughout this western side and joins the Sinclair Pass Trail at the mouth of the Summit Creek. Phy'sical Characteristics on the East Side of the Valley. The land on the east side generally commences on a bench about 100 feet above the river and rises to benches about 400 feet high at the foot of the Rocky Mountains on the extreme east. These benches present a gently rolling surface in some parts, and contain many large almost flat areas. They are timbered with fir, tamarack, spruce, and jack-pine, and near the southerly end willows and poplars occur in a fairly clean grassy country. About a mile and a half north of the north boundary of Lot 4596 a creek flows across the land in a canyon about 100 feet deep at the river end. It" contains about 30 cubic feet per second, and could be used to irrigate a large extent by taking the water out at a point near the foot of the mountains, the banks here being quite low. The soil is sandy loam, 6 to 12 inches deep, with gravel and clay subsoils. About two miles and three-quarters north of the north boundary of Lot 4596 there is another creek of about 2 cubic feet per second. The bench land near this creek is considerably rougher than the more southern part. There are quantities of windfalls amongst the standing timber. D 422 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 A pack-trail also extends throughout this area on the east side, leading southerly to Canal Flat, and there is the survey for a motor or wagon road previously mentioned. If this road were built, easy access to this part from Sinclair Pass would be effected by the bridge crossing located by the survey at a point two miles and three-quarters north of the north boundary of Lot 4596, or about three miles and three-quarters south of Summit Creek. There is no really safe ford in this vicinity, and to follow the Banff-Windermere Road for a distance of about eighteen miles before it crosses the Kootenay and come back by pack-trail on the east side would be a long journey. Crossing can he effected, however, at any point by raft or canoe. ■ Cross River. Cross River is a stream of about a chain in width and 2 or 3 feet deep. It flows in a well- defined valley from the Rocky Mountains on the east side in a south-westerly direction, and empties into the Kootenay about three miles southerly from Sinclair Pass. Time did not permit of an examination of Cross River Valley with a view to its survey into suitable lots for settlement. General Information. Upon the completion of the Banff-Windermere Road the district will be easily accessible, the distance from the Columbia Valley Road across Sinclair Pass being about twelve miles. The nearest post-office at present is at the Columbia Valley Orchards Company's town of Edgewater, situated on the main trunk road to Golden, and is about seven miles northerly from Sinclair or nineteen miles from the district under discussion. The older towns of Windermere, Athalmer, Wilmer, and Invermere, situated on and near Lake Windermere and containing the nearest schools, are within a radius of five miles of each other, and at a mean distance of twenty-three miles from this portion of the Kootenay Valley, and upon the completion of the Kootenay Central Railway the settler will have additional facilities for disposing of his produce. Although information on the agricultural possibilities of the newly surveyed area in the Kootenay Valley cannot be determined from evidence, we having encountered no settlers, and there being as yet no cultivated ground, the physical characteristics are similar to those that have proved successful by the farmers in the No. 3 Creek portion of the Columbia Valley. The raising of hay and the hardier sorts of vegetables would be profitable, and the country generally affords good pasturage for stock. The quantity of timber and underbrush varies considerably throughout the bench land, and the cost of clearing would range from $30 to $100 per acre. Timber limits have been taken up near the north boundary of Lot 4596, and also near Sinclair Pass, but as yet no logging camps have been established. There are no mining operations going on at present in this vicinity to our knowledge. The rainfall was probably exceptionally heavy this summer, and the snowfall of a few inches coming in October probably disappeared later. Summer frosts occur occasionally. The winter would be from December to April, with a snowfall of from 2 to 4 feet; spring from April to the middle of June; summer from the middle of June to September; autumn from September to December. Game. As a game country it is excellent, moose, white- and black-tailed deer, mountain-sheep, and goat being plentiful. Among the game birds were seen blue and willow grouse, spruce-partridge, and fool-hens. The trapping of fur-bearing animals must be good, judging from numerous evidences of last winter's traps along the river and up many of the creeks. Of fish, the river contains char, trout, and greyling. In conclusion, we may say that the part of Kootenay River Valley included in our survey is well worth the notice of intending settlers, and the land will no doubt be taken up rapidly as soon as the motor-road is completed across the Sinclair Pass. We have, etc., James Brady. J. Campbell Brady. 4 Geo. 5 South Fork of Fraser River. D 423 SOUTH FORK OF FRASER RIVER, BETWEEN GOAT RIVER AND CATFISH CREEK. By D. B. Morkill. December 15th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The subdivision of the valley of the South Fork of the Fraser River westward from the neighbourhood of Goat River was continued during the past season. It is thought that, in place of a description only of the 40,000 acres lying between the Goat River and Catfish Creek, which was the area surveyed this season, a general description of the Fraser Valley between the latter point and its head will not be out of place in this report, as it will serve to illustrate, by comparison, the remarks on the section dealt with this year. The mileage mentioned from time to time is that of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, reckoned westward from the Rocky Mountain divide, which is practically the source of the Fraser River. This mileage therefore becomes a rough measure of the length of the valley, as the railway closely follows the general trend thereof, and its use serves readily to indicate the distances intervening between points mentioned. The valley of the Fraser, in so far as flat land is concerned, commences about ten miles above old Tete Jaune Cache (Mile 47), a point thirty miles from the source of the main fork of the river and at its junction with the Grand Fork, a stream fed by the glaciers of Mount Robson. This tributary, together with the McLennan River and Sand Creek, which enter four miles below the Cache, swell the Fraser rapidly, so that at no more than fifty miles from its source the main river has attained a width of from 150 to 300 feet, according to season. At Tete Jaune (latitude 52° 50' N., longitude 119° 30' W.) the valley is two miles wide, and from this point strikes due north-west through bounding mountains rising from 6,000 to 9,000 feet above sea-level, and follows this direction without deviation for approximately 150 miles. The valley-floor is at a mean elevation of 2,250 feet above sea-level. At Goat River the valley is four miles wide, and from this point widens somewhat more rapidly, gaining to eight miles In width at Catfish Creek (Mile 130). The river follows a very winding course throughout its entire length, wandering from side to side of the valley—a general estimate gives its length as twice that of the valley itself. The rate of current varies from two to seven miles per hour, but in general is about three miles, the fastest water being between Mile 100 and Mile 120, and including what are locally known as Goat River Rapids just above the latter point. These make a passage somewhat dangerous at low stages of water owing to the number of rocks in the channel. The stream has here widened to about 500 feet, though it is not deep. From the head of the valley to Mile 53 the soil is sandy, with a little sandy loam in the bottom land, but improves from this point down. Progressing down-stream, the bench becomes well defined and generally level, with a sandy loam soil, gradually changing to a clay loam. The soil in the bottom land is a clay loam mixed with river-silt. The subsoil is generally clay, both on bench and bottom land, and these conditions continue to a point a few miles below McBride (Mile 90). Timber. The whole of this area has at one time been covered with a growth of spruce, fir, and cedar timber, which has largely been destroyed by ancient fires; but that the original stand has been a heavy one is evidenced by patches remaining here and there which contain large trees, the cedar and fir reaching to 4 and 5 feet in diameter, and reminding one In their size and accompanying undergrowth of the Pacific Coast forest. These isolated remains of the original growth are not extensive and occur generally near the base of the mountains, but cover occasionally an area of 50 to 100 acres. A second growth of spruce, fir, and cedar (up to 30 inches) is standing in parts of this section, notably between Miles 62 and 66 and Miles 80 and 85 on the south side of the river, and between Miles 79 and 83 on the north side. A large proportion of the latter is the jack-pine (or lodge-pole pine), averaging 18 inches, a fine clear tree and much in demand for railway-ties. The banks of the river are generally lined with cottonwood, alder, and willow. D 424 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The main part of this section, however, is not timbered, but has a light growth of poplar, alder, and brush, easily cleared, and is excellent agricultural land. The cost of clearing should not exceed $25 per acre over the lighter growth, and will probably be $75 to $100 per acre on the timbered portion. Bench on either Side. The bench on either side of the river increases in height from 40 or 50 feet above the bottom land at Tete Jaune to about 200 feet at McBride (Mile 90), at which point the valley is four miles wide. This stretch of valley contains the best agricultural land of any of the upper river, and its suitability to mixed farming is well demonstrated by the growth of vegetables obtained by numerous squatters—the valley being under reserve from settlement since 1907, there are no regular settlers. Gardening has, as usual with squatters, been carried on in a more or less haphazard way, but results, even with this minimum of attention, with such garden-truck as potatoes, parsnips, beets, lettuce, radishes, onions, peas, cabbage, and rhubarb, have been very satisfactory, and timothy and oats have done well where they have been tried. Systematic experiment is lacking. Throughout this section peavine and vetches are found in the open patches, and berries are fairly plentiful, notably strawberries, raspberries, and huckleberries. Westward from McBride. Westward from McBride (Mile 90) the contour of the valley, the soil, and growth undergo a change. The benches become higher and more broken and the soil contains more clay and less loam, while the river banks and bars become gravelly in place of the sand and silt seen in the upper portion of the valley. The growth of timber is heavier and the trees of larger size— though for a few miles in the neighbourhood of Goat River they are not all sound—and the rain and snowfall appreciably greater. The soil on the bottom land continues throughout to be clay loam mixed with silt, but that on the benches is a lighter clay loam, losing most of the loam and becoming almost wholly clay as the Goat River is passed (Mile 114). From the neighbourhood of Mile 110 to the end of our work (Mile 130) the country is practically all timbered with balsam, fir, spruce, and cedar, and occasional large firs, with birch scattered throughout. The exceptions are the scenes of recent fires and a chain of permanent swamps on the benches on either side of the valley. These swamps are in reality shallow muskegs on clay (gumbo), and carry an irregular growth of small and stunted jackrpine and scrub spruce. It is possible that with the removal of the surrounding timber these muskegs will dry out and form agricultural land, but drainage and burning, the usual method of treatment, do not appear practicable at present. I should judge about half of this section of the valley to be covered with merchantable timber, and the river-flat where burnt over or when logged off, and portions of the bench on the north side of the river, to be well suited to agriculture. The bench land on the south side is generally too broken for agricultural purposes, and the stiff clay thereon unsuitable, though supporting a good timber-growth. The cost of clearing will range from $100 to $150 per acre, though a much smaller figure would apply to selected parcels. Climate. Climatic conditions throughout the valley are similar as regards the seasons, period of growth, and temperature, but vary locally in regard to rainfall and snowfall. As a general rule, the first week in May sees the trees and shrubs budding and small plant-life well on. This year the cottonwoods and willows were noted to be breaking bud on May 10th, and all trees were well In leaf shortly after the middle of the month, and wild flowers appearing. I learn from residents that it has been the practice of those who have worked the soil to plant garden-truck on May 15th, and that they have not found this date to be too early. The river commenced to feel the effect of warm weather on May 8th, and rose steadily from that date. The rise from low to high water is in general 2 feet. There is not much wind in the valley during the summer months, but a feature of the October and November weather is the high wind which blows down the valley from the southeast, probably drawn through the mountain pass by the relatively high temperatures on the western side of the Rockies. 4 Geo. 5 South Fork of Fraser River. D 425 For convenience, the records of maximum and minimum thermometer, rain-guage readings, and other observations are shown in tabulated form, and the tables of 1912 records are appended for comparison. It should be noted that the records for 1912 were made in the comparatively open country of the upper portion of the valley, while those for 1913 apply to the lower and heavily timbered section, where rainfall is greater. Records were taken this year commencing May 19th, and from that date no frost was recorded until September 24th (32 degrees), though reports from points farther up the river state that several frosts were experienced during the late summer. Our records, however, for the previous year showed no frost between June 6th and September 4th in the upper valley. The following data as to winter conditions are gathered from those who have spent several winters in the district:— Average snow in upper valley, 18 to 24 inches. Average snow in timbered valley, 24 to 36 inches. General range of temperature, 20 degrees above to zero. Extreme winter temperature, occurring in late January and early February, 30 to 40 degrees below zero. River opens March 15th. The following tables for 1912 and 1913 deal with climatic observations:— 1912. June July August .. . September October .. November 1913. May (12 days) June July August September .... October November .... Hours of Sunlight. 224 164 175 183 98 74 253 204 192 159 116 80 No. Days on which Rain fell. Rainfall. Inches. 7 14 15 5 13 5 4 2.00 9 2.16 15 3.07 14 6.50 13 4.50 13 3.05 10f Max. Temp. 86 85 60 76 82 8S S3 67 52 52 Min. Temp. 20 36 36 33 33 38 38 31 21 14 Mean High Temp. 69 70 65 62 72 73 70 57 44 38 Mean Low Temp. 38 45 44 41 44 47 47 41 33 29 Rain and snow. 1912. High water End June. Low water Dec. 1st. First snow Oct. 16th. Snow remains Nov. 29th. River freezes Dec. 5th. 1913. End June. Dec. 1st. Oct. 8th. Nov. 20th. Not closed on Dec. 1st. Activity incident to Railway-construction. The construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway throughout the length of the valley and the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway at the upper end have made the district a scene of great activity during the past two years. Transportation of supplies and machinery to the various Grand Trunk camps along the grade has been made entirely by river. During the navigable season, approximately three months, three stern-wheel steamers have made regular trips with freight and passengers between Mile 58, the head of navigation, and Fort George, and, though there are two or three stretches of the stream that are difficult of navigation, the boats D 426 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 have been able to maintain a very good running-schedule and have demonstrated the possibility of a successful water service, with a running-time of two days on the down trip and four or five on the return. Besides the freighting by steamer, there have been a large number of lumber-scows built and run down-stream to various points, probably between 5,000 and 6,000 of these craft each capable of carrying in the neighbourhood of 20 tons. Numerous rafts and small boats and a fleet of power-launches have added to the busy appearance of the stream, and, with the added traffic indirectly connected with railroad-construction, have presented a moving scene seldom duplicated. At this date the rails have been laid to a point within fifty miles of Fort George, and will reach that place early in January. The first townsite laid out on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway in this district is McBride (Mile 90), which will be a divisional point. Yards have been laid out here on a large scale and the construction of shops and roundhouse is well under way. The town which will arise here will probably contain the first post-office, and being in the heart of the best agricultural land will no doubt become a general centre. Heretofore access to the Upper Fraser Valley has been a difficult matter, the two most feasible routes having been via Edmonton from the east and via Fort George from the west, both necessitating hard travel, the former by pack-trail and the latter by small boat or canoe up-stream, but with the completion of railroad-construction the situation is changed. At the present moment one may reach any portion of this district in from twelve to fifteen hours from Edmonton by daily train, and, with the completion of the Canadian Northern Pacific to the south and the Pacific Great Eastern Railway to the Coast, it will prove almost equally accessible from any part of the Province. The distances from McBride to various outside points by railway are at present as follows: Winnipeg, 1,130; Calgary, 545; Edmonton, 345; Fort George, 145; and Vancouver (via Edmonton), 1,250 miles respectively, with the operation of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway from Fort George south, the distance to Coast points will be reduced by approximately 650 miles. Lumbering. The main industry of this part of the valley, other than farming, will be lumbering, and this should reach considerable proportions. An idea of what it will amount to may be drawn from the fact that on the Fraser River, and tributaries entering it, between Mile SO and Mile 130, there are 192,000 acres held under timber-cutting licence, none of which has yet been cut, and of which the logical milling-points are in this locality; while farther down river the holdings are much more extensive, the next fifty miles containing about 300,000 acres under licence, with a great deal of timber yet remaining to be disposed of by the Province. The lumber-mills which will be built to handle this timber, together with the towns along the railroad and the City of Fort George, should prove a ready market for farm produce from this district. One large mill is now constructed at Mile 142, another projected at Mile 128, and several more sites applied for. Forest Fires. During 1911 and 1912 a number of forest fires followed railroad-construction and destroyed a large part of the standing timber—in the area surveyed this season about 4,000 acres—though their effect over the poplar-flats has not been very injurious, and, if anything, has only made land-clearing easier, and with the exception of very hot fires the soil has not been damaged. Several times during the 1912 season the fires assumed ominous proportions and necessitated the survey parties and others moving camp in a hurry. Owing to the efficient control of the Forest Branch of the Lands Department this season, however, there have been no fires worth mentioning, and in the course of survey-work there were none encountered or seen. Goat and Little Smoky Rivers. The two main tributaries of the Fraser passed in this season's survey are the Goat River (Mile 114) and Little Smoky River (Mile 126). The former is about 125 feet wide where it enters the Fraser Valley, above which point it is a rapid stream in rocky and gravelly bed between steep slopes, with no valley lands and unnavigable by boat or canoe. 4 Geo. 5 South Fork of Fraser River. D 427 The Little Smoky is a wider and more sluggish stream, though not carrying the same volume of water, and may be ascended by poling boat or canoe for a distance of thirty miles. It has a more open valley than the Goat, with a flat of from half a mile to a mile in width extending for fifteen miles up-stream and about two miles wide where it joins the Fraser Valley. Both streams carry timber, which is held under licence, for a distance of ten miles on the Goat and twenty miles on the Little Smoky. Game. Game is plentiful, especially in the portion of the valley surveyed this season, where moose and caribou find their natural range, and a large number of the former have been encountered from time to time iii the course of work. Goat are found in the hills and black bear generally throughout the valley. Grizzly bear are to be had on the tributary streams, but do not appear much on the Fraser. Of the fur-bearing animals, the marten, mink, and lynx are found, and, though not particularly plentiful, the fur is of a good grade. Beavers are found everywhere in large numbers, and their houses and dams are seen on all streams and wet flats. Willow-grouse are in the valley and ptarmigan on the hills. Rabbits are numerous. The small streams contain mountain trout, and the river large trout and char. The sportsman could not wish a more inviting country, nor the mountaineer. The latter ■will find within easy reach of the railway numerous peaks of an altitude of 10,000 feet, and, of course, the famous Mount Robson, with its height of nearly 14,000 feet above sea-level, closely skirted by the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Pacific Railways. I have, etc.. D. B. Morkill, B.C.L.S. SOUTH FORK OF FRASER RIVER, DORE RIVER TO CLEARWATER RIVER. By' J. A. Walker. December 15th, 1913. G. II. DaiDson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Survey operations were carried on within the three-mile reserve on the South Fork of the Fraser River, Cariboo District. In the early part of the season we were working in the vicinity of Dore River, and for the remainder above Clearwater River. The South Fork of the Fraser River has its source in the Yellowhead Pass, and flows westerly through a narrow valley for fifty or sixty miles until old Tete Jaune Cache is reached. Here the valley widens to a breadth of two or three miles, and the general direction of the river becomes north-west. It holds to this direction until it is joined by the North Fork, when it gradually swings south until Fort George is passed. The Fraser has a current varying from two to seven miles tier hour, and is from 100 to 200 yards in width. It is very crooked, its length easily being double that of the valley. The high- water mark reaches a height up to 10 feet above the low-water stage. In the summer its rise is very rapid, but its decline is more gradual. The elevation of the river at the Yellowhead is about 3,720 feet above sea-level, and it drops to about 1,850 feet at Fort George, a distance of about 375 miles. From Mile 53—this mileage is reckoned from the Summit at Yellowhead Pass along the railway—the river is navigable in high water as far as Soda Creek, a distance of nearly 500 miles. The Fraser has proved to be invaluable to the building of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, despite the fact that so many lives and so much property have been lost in its waters. These accidents have happened mostly through carelessness and ignorance. The chief obstacles to navigation are due to the existence of shifting sand and gravel bars, the Goat Rapids, the Grand Canyon, and the Giscome Rapids, all above Fort George. High water minimizes this danger for the larger craft, but presents sometimes greater dangers for the smaller ones. The past summer has seen the zenith of navigation on the river. At least six stern-wheel steamers have been operating on the South Fork, three of which plied between Tete Jaune and Fort George, during the three months of high water, on a fairly well-regulated schedule. The trip took about three and a half to five days going up and two days going down. The other D 428 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 steamers ran between Fort George and the Grand Canyon. Thousands of scows laden with railway equipment and camp supplies, settlers' effects and live-stock, and merchants' goods have been taken down the river. Power-launches and canoes, boats, and rafts of every conceivable design were used. The water route was used considerably by parties en route to the Peace River country. At Giscome there is a portage—a good wagon-road—of seven miles over the height of land to one of the sources of the Peace River. With the passing of railway-construction most of this traffic will disappear, but no doubt this waterway wdll always be used by a few at least. From the Yellowhead Pass to Tete Jaune Cache the mountains rise sharply from the river to the height of 8,000 to 10,000 feet above sea-level. The scenery here is unsurpassed, especially in September, when the autumn tints are on the vegetation. A splendid view of Mount Robson, rising to a height of nearly 14,000 feet, the highest of the Canadian Rockies, is obtained from the railways. A fine pack-trail leads to it from the grade. On this trail wonderful cataracts, glaciers, lakes, cloud-effects, etc., may be seen. The country will be a revelation to the tourist public. In going down-stream from Tete Jaune to Grand Canyon the valley widens from three to four miles to ten and fifteen miles, and the elevation of the mountains drops from 9,000 and 10,000 to 5,000 and 6,000 feet above sea-level. Below the canyon the mountains disappear. The valley-floor is half bottom and half bench land. The bottom land lies from 5 to 20 feet and the bench land from 50 to 200 feet above high water. There are very few inhabitants in the valley other than those temporarily residing while railway-construction is going on. There are no Indians between Tete Jaune Cache and the Indian reserve (the Goose Rancherie), eighteen miles above Fort George. The Grand Trunk Pacific and the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway both enter the valley through the Yellowhead Pass, and parallel each other until Henningville (Mile 49), a point very close to the site of old Tete Jaune Cache, is reached. Here the Canadian Northern Pacific leaves the Fraser Valley, striking off to the south up McLennan River Valley and over the Albreda summit to the headwaters of the Canoe and North Thompson Rivers, thence to the Coast. The Grand Trunk Pacific enters the Yellowhead on the north side of the Fraser and crosses it four times before getting to Fort George. The first crossing is at Mile 29. The second and third are at Mile 145 (Dome Creek) and Mile 189 respectively. The third crossing is a short distance below the mouth of the Bear River. The fourth is at Fort George. Between the second and third crossings on the north side of the Fraser the grade for the greater part of the distance cuts across country, and at the Grand Canyon it is about seven miles back from the river. Below the third crossing on the south side it again leaves the river and goes across the Eagle Lake country, meeting the Fraser at Willow River. Otherwise the grade follows the river fairly closely. Steel is now laid beyond the third crossing, and it is expected that Willow River will be reached by the end of the year and Fort George a month or so later. Timber. A noticeable change of timber takes place from the upper to the lower portion of the South Fork. In the vicinity of the McLennan River, where the soil is light and gravelly, small jack- pine and poplar predominate, while farther down the river, especially from Blackwater River to the canyon, in the heavy clay and loam, a good stand of cedar, spruce, balsam, and cottonwood is noted. The country above the Blackwater, however, gives indications of at one time having a considerable stand of cedar and spruce, but most of it has been burned many years ago. The timber-line is about 3,000 feet above the river. In the spring of 1912 some bad fires raged from Dome Creek to Dore River, and in places destroyed a great quantity of timber as well as railway-construction equipment and camps. The efficiency of the Forest Branch of the Department of Lands this year has been amply demonstrated in the fact that there have been but very few fires, and these were of a very small compass. Climate. The summers are, as a rule, rather wet. The precipitation would appear to be greater in the vicinity of the Grand Canyon than up-river. No doubt the great timbered area here and the disappearance of the mountains influence the climate to such a degree. In the late autumn this region is somewhat warmer. 4 Geo. 5 South Fork of Fraser River. D 429 Thunderstorms occur throughout the valley, but are not very severe or frequent. The summer evenings are usually cool. Light frosts were noted a couple of times, once in June and again in September. The most characteristic feature of the autumn months is the high wind which blows up and down the valley. It sometimes resembles the " Chinook " wind of the country on the eastern slope of the Rockies. The break-up in the river usually occurs about the middle of March. After the first flood the river goes down again, but in the first half of May it becomes high enough for the small flotilla, such as scows, etc., to navigate. This year, on May 25th, all three of the large boats arrived at Tete Jaune from down-river points. From the middle to the end of June sees the high-water mark, and with the end of August comes the last of the steamboat traffic. About the end of October, when " frazzle-ice " begins to run in the river, the smaller boats are usually taken off, and by the first of December the lowest stage of water is reached. About this time the river generally freezes over, and about the middle of January it is safe enough for heavy freighting. The snowfall does not amount to much until nearly Christmas. The average depth at the river seldom exceeds 2 feet, and it is all gone by the middle of April. The usual winter temperature ranges from 20 above to 10 below zero, and, as a rule, fine bright weather prevails throughout. The minimum temperature, from 30 to 45 below, does not come until January or February, and lasts only about a week or ten days. Dore River District. This portion of the valley lying between the Castle (or Cottonwood) and Blackwater Rivers (from Mile 84 to Mile 100) is between three and four miles in width. The mountains are from 6,000 to 8,000 feet above sea-level, it is a very attractive country, and from an agricultural view-point it is the most desirable of any in the valley. With the exception of small areas on Castle River, at the mouth of Dore River, and on the north side of the Fraser towards Black- water River, the timber has been burnt off many years ago. East of Dore River the land lies mostly on the south side of the Fraser, and is on a bench from 50 to 100 feet above, with a gradual slope towards the river. The subsoil is clay, with a top soil varying through rich peaty soil, sandy loam, and clay loam to clay. It is covered with a small growth of red willow, alder, poplar, cottonwood, and birch. It is also thickly covered to a large extent with windfall. On the mountains to the south the timber consists chiefly of large cedar, considerable of which is hollow, spruce, balsam, hemlock, and scattered fir. In the vicinity of Castle River jack-pine is growing in considerable quantities. The Grand Trunk Pacific follows a course about half-way between the river and the foot of the mountains. There are a few beaver-swamps and sloughs, but these could easily be drained. Apparently no irrigation is necessary, and there are plenty of small creeks running the year round to furnish water to settlers. To the west of the Dore it is more broken up and higher in regard to the bench land. The land is more equally divided on both sides of the Fraser. The soil is more varied thaii that on the east. Near Dore River there are large gravel-beds. As these run out, sandy clay and " gumbo" are found. The latter soils are the more prevalent. It is good land and covered with a small stand of poplar, spruce, and balsam. The bottom land for the greater part is of sandy loam on gravel subsoil. Throughout the district small fruits grow very luxuriantly. In July wild raspberries, strawberries, and gooseberries grow in abundance and ripen well. Blueberries, huckleberries, and, in the higher ground, cranberries are also found. Near the deserted railway camps grains were noted—oats, rye, etc. It is not known with what success they could be harvested if allowed to ripen, as they were cut green, but they " headed " exceptionally well. Peavine and various grasses grow in the open places. The district seems to be well adapted to truck-gardening. The success of a couple of squatters for the past three or four years in this branch was phenomenal. Better potatoes I have never seen nor tasted anywhere. Turnips, radishes, beets, carrots, onions, and lettuce grow remarkably well. In the early summer the valley is a bower of bloom of all colours. During the season specimens of flower and plant life were collected and prepared for the Provincial Botanist. D 430 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Excellent Country* for Mixed Farming. The country should be an excellent one for mixed farming. The great drawback at present is the limited area for pasturage owing to the obstructing windfall. Most of this land can be cleared for $20 to $40 per acre, according to an experience of a squatter. In fact, it should be cleared for less with the proper equipment. The insect-life is very plentiful. All kinds of beetles, bugs, caterpillars, and butterflies, beneficial, obnoxious, and indifferent, were seen. Mosquitoes are very plentiful and very troublesome during the hot weather. The district is very warm in summer, though the heat is tempered by cool breezes. Only once this summer was frost noted. On June 6th we had a thin coating of ice in our water- bucket. No flowers nor plants, however, were seen to have been damaged by it. In the winter it is somewhat colder than farther down the river owing to the openness of the country. Situated as it is, so near the Prairie markets, the land will well repay the bona-fide settler for his efforts. From what I have seen of the country I am convinced that cultivated fruits, as apples, pears, and plums, would thrive very well. When the land begins to be settled up, a small experimental farm run under the auspices of the Government would be of very great service to the settlers in demonstrating what could be done by correct methods of farming. In this way, also, a Government Inspector would always be on the ground to watch for diseased shrubs and trees and live-stock, which, for a few years at least, will find their way here from points outside the Province. McBride. Although the Grand Trunk Pacific have stations every few miles along their line, the first townsite in British Columbia is McBride, Mile 90, named in honour of British Columbia's Premier. It is about two miles and a half south-east of Dore River. Here the railway company has both its passenger and freight divisional point. An immense amount of money has been spent, all its construction seeming to be in the superlative degree—largest station, largest yards (eight miles), largest roundhouse, shops, etc., between Winnipeg and Prince Rupert, are now being finished. The lots have so recently been put on the market that, other than the railway structures, there are but few permanent buildings. The Grand Trunk Pacific has a large hospital and a hotel for its trainmen. There are three or four well-stocked general stores and a couple of good rooming-houses. Though it still savours much of an " end-of-steel" town, which condition will rapidly disappear once permanency is established, nearly every business found in the country town is represented. At present there is no post-office, but this difficulty is to be overcome soon. The population, including Grand Trunk Pacific staffs, trappers, and squatters, is about 200. The elevation of McBride is about 2,360 feet. At present a daily train to Edmonton, with Pullman sleepers from Jasper (formerly Fitz- hugh) to Edmonton, is run. The trip is made in sixteen hours. The transportation to McBride from Edmonton costs about $15, and from Vancouver $60. The distance from McBride to Edmonton is 342 miles; to Calgary, 545; to Winnipeg, 1,134.5; to Vancouver, 1,255; and to Fort George, about 145 miles. McBride at present is rather isolated from other points in British Columbia, with the exception of Fort George; but with the completion of the Canadian Northern Pacific and the Pacific Great Eastern Railways the distance to the lower Coast will be reduced by half. Clearwater River District. The Fraser Valley immediately above the Clearwater River, from Mile 130 to Mile 136, is from eight to ten miles in width. The elevation of the valley here is about 2,100 feet, and the mountains on either side rise to a height of 6,000 to 7,000 feet above sea-level. The bottom land has generally a subsoil of clay and, in a few instances, gravel, with a top soil varying from black muck or peat in old beaver-sloughs to clay loam. When cleared it will make good agricultural land. The bench on the north side of the Fraser is from 50 to 200 feet above high water, rising from the river in steep clay cut-banks. In several large areas the land is of a swampy nature, though fairly well timbered. This land could be easily drained and would then be fair agricultural land. Near the river it is cut up by ravines. The soil is of a peaty nature on a subsoil of clay. 4 Geo. 5 South Fork of Fraser River. D 431 On the south side it is a rolling country, excepting opposite Clearwater River. Here it is very much broken up and badly distorted, due to the influence of Ptarmigan Creek and to its geological structure. Near the river the hills rise to a height of 400 to 600 feet above the river. Beyond that the country slopes to the Ptarmigan and its tributaries. On the east side of the Ptarmigan the outcroppings of limestone rock are such that one cannot trace a regular formation. It has apparently been of the same formation on the west side, but quartz has been thrust up from underneath, metamorphozing the adjoining rock, which originally appears to have been limestone but is now a schistose rock. These quartz outcroppings are very frequent. This portion of the country is quite unfit for agricultural purposes. Part of the timber in the surveyed area is held under licence. In the bottom land it runs heavily to a very good quality of spruce up to 24 inches, balsam 12 to 20 inches, birch 8 to 12 inches, scattered cedar up to 30 inches, and cottonwood up to 40 and 50 inches. There are also small poplar, alder, and willow. The timber will run about 7,000 to 8,000 feet to the acre. On the north side of the Fraser in the swampy areas it is mostly spruce and balsam averaging 12 inches. In the drier sections there is a heavy stand of cedar up to 36 inches. Spruce, balsam, and hemlock and scattered fir and pine were noted. The south side, east of Ptarmigan Creek, is heavily timbered. Here are found large cedar, usually sound. Spruce, balsam, hemlock, and scattered fir were found. The timber will here run as high as 8,000 or 9,000 feet to the acre. In the Ptarmigan watershed there is also a heavy growth'of timber, but of a poorer quality. The cedar is usually hollow. In the basin spruce and balsam are found. The high rocky ridges grow poor hemlock. There is no burnt area on our work of this year. The cost of clearing would run from $75 to $100 per acre. The country is practically uninhabited. Daily trains run through this section from McBride as far as the second crossing. Along the Grand Trunk Pacific right-of-way beyond Mile 136 the subsoil is blue clay or gumbo, with quicksand pockets throughout it. This, with the wet weather prevailing, has produced many bad slides. In this vicinity several acres have sloughed off and are gradually oozing into the river. The mosquitoes are very numerous and were particularly vicious during a period of hot weather in July. The black-flies, however, did not bother us. One summer frost on September 2nd was noted. Water-power. Throughout the length of the South Fork of the Fraser River there are numerous large streams that will in time, no doubt, be utilized to generate power. In the Fraser itself, especially in the upper stretches near Mile 37, there are many narrow canyons that lend themselves quite readily to sites for dams, etc. On the Grand Fork River are Emperor Falls, with a drop of 200 feet. Dore River (sometimes called Fifty-mile River) has a current of about two or three miles per hour and a flow of about 500 cubic feet per second in an average stage of water. This river would apparently be more adapted for a town water-supply than for a source of cheap power. Across from Dore River and about a mile up the Fraser are Sunbeam Falls. These, however, are of a very small flow—though they have a head of a couple of hundred feet—and are liable to freeze up in the winter. They are more of a scenic than a commercial value. Goat River has a current of two and a half to three miles an hour. Little Smoky, Ptarmigan, Clearwater, Dome, Bear, North Fork of the Fraser, Willow, and Salmon Rivers are the chief tributaries until the Nechako River at Fort George is reached. They all have more or less power possibilities, but, with the exception of Ptarmigan Creek, will have to be passed over. Ptarmigan Creek Falls are about two miles and a half up from the Fraser. They have a total head of over 250 feet and would develop approximately 8,000 horse-power. There is an excellent site for a power plant at the foot of the falls. The Grand Trunk Pacific have located a line for a spur to the foot of the falls for the purpose of getting rock for riprapping. Minerals. In regard to minerals, the country has so far been a disappointment. Though it has been and is being well prospected, no mineral deposits of note have been discovered. In the Yellowhead some showings are reported to have been found, but are of no great value. Within a few miles of Tete Jaune, on Sand Creek, a whole mountain of mica is reported to have been staked. This mica is noticed in the river-silt all through the valley. In high water the fine particles in the river make it unfit for drinking purposes. D 432 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Recently several claims have been staked on Ptarmigan Creek near the falls and are being prospected. I have been unable to ascertain the assay values, but no great strikes are reported. At the Grand Canyon several claims, I understand, have been staked, the showings being copper, silver, and gold. On the Bear River large coal-areas have been staked. Above Ptarmigan Falls there is an immense amount of limestone, an inferior quality of marble, and schistose rock adjoining quartz outcrops. Game. Following the completion of the grade and the abandoning of the railway-construction camps, the game seem to have come to their own again. Game of all kinds are seen at the river in greater numbers than last year. The passing trains do not appear to hold any terror for them. Moose and bear of the larger game were seen quite frequently, the former being encountered occasionally while we were at work. In September one of my party shot a grizzly bear from 5 to 6 cwt. on the river-bank less than a mile from camp. Caribou, goat, and black bear abound. Beaver are very plentiful and are becoming a nuisance in several localities. Numerous dams, lodges, and flooded areas were run across in our work. Marten and mink were noted. Ermine or weasel and rabbits are quite plentiful this year. Coyotes, lynx, skunks, and otter were occasionally noted. Wolf-tracks were seen on the hills up Ptarmigan Creek. Ducks, ptarmigan, and other varieties of grouse are plentiful. Geese are scarce. Several varieties of trout are found in the streams, though there seems to be a scarcity of fish in the Fraser. As far as twenty miles up the Clearwater River salmon were caught this year. A game reserve is placed on the Clearwater and Little Smoky watersheds. The country is verily a sportsman's paradise, but it must be borne in mind that, though the game is present in sufficiently large numbers, it takes skill and patience to land the quarry. Industrial Possibilities. The heretofore chief industry of the valley, that of railway-building, is now a thing of the past; all that remains in connection with the railway is the maintenance and operating of it. The lumbering industry will be the chief and the most staple for some time at least. There are in the valley between 700 and oM sections held under licence by different interests, to say nothing of the greater part held by the Crown. At present there is a small mill near Mile 64. The output is nearly all used by the railway in construction. Near Castle River an enormous number of railway-ties have been got out during the past year. At Mile 142, near Dome Creek, the Upper Fraser River Lumber Company are just completing a large mill which will have a maximum daily capacity of 100,000 feet. A few other companies are also preparing to erect mills along the river. When the reserve is taken off, mixed farming and fruit-growing will likely become a general industry. While the fur-bearing animals are plentiful, trapping will always be carried on by those so inclined. The heavy clay which exists in such large quantities throughout the length of the valley might be turned to a commercial use in the manufacture of brick and tile not only for domestic use, but also for export. In several instances I have noticed that where bonfires have been this clay has been baked to an almost unbelievable hardness. Quarrying for limestone and marble may turn out profitable if some exploratory and experimental work were done. The mail service, though admirable under the circumstances, leaves much to be desired. At present there is a regular post-office at Henningville (Mile 49) and one at Fort George. At Mile 129 there is a temporary post-office known as " End of Steel, G.T.P. West, B.C.," carried on jointly by the Government and Foley Bros., Welch & Stewart. In the early summer we received our mail through the courtesy of the engineers. At present there are no highways in the country. However, there are a few good trails. These run from Henningville up the McLennan Valley and over the Albreda summit to the Canoe and North Thompson Rivers; from Knole (Mile 112) up the Goat River and thence to Barkerville, a distance of eighty miles; and from Bear River to Fort George. The Forest Branch of the Department of Lands are building a few trails up a number of streams, notably the Rau Shuswap and Beaver Rivers. These are mainly to provide access to the timber-areas in case of fire. Reduction OF PORTION! OF A PLAN ACCOMPANYING SURVEYOR'S FIELD NOTES SURVEY OF VALLEYLAISD 4 Geo. 5 Nation Lakes. D 433 There is a good tote-road, made by the railway contractors, from Moose Lake to Tete Jaune on the north side of the Fraser. East of Moose Lake to the summit it has been destroyed more or less by the grade. When the country begins to become populated the settlers will be petitioning for roads and ferries. I have, etc., J. A. Walker, B.C.L.S. VALLEY OF NATION LAKES. By J. M. Milligan. December 9th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., » Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following general report on the valley of the Nation Lakes, where I have, under your instructions, been surveying Crown lands during the past season. Extensive surveys have been carried out for the past two seasons in this country, and, although close attention to the actual work did not afford much time for cruising tributary valleys and lands adjacent to the surveyed areas, sufficient ground has been covered, it is thought, and information gathered relative to local conditions, as to warrant the opinion that, in the matter of agricultural possibilities and natural advantages, this country will compare very favourably with other valleys of the Northern Interior. Although known forty years ago and thoroughly prospected during the Omineca gold-rush, little or nothing has been said as to what possibilities the valley holds for the future settler. Prior to 1912 no surveys whatever had been made, and the work since done has been carried out in advance of actual settlement. This condition has its advantages, as settlers may arrive on the ground with the fullest information' and take up their lands without fear of being disturbed by possible future surveys. Until the present time the development of these great valleys of the Northern Interior has been materially delayed because of their distance from the main route of travel, and transportation has therefore generally been prohibitive in cost, though never lacking altogether. But with the frontier of settlement each year farther afield, and with the completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway at hand, to connect with the great waterway system into the very heart of these new territories, a rapid development can be expected to follow in the near future. Accessibility. Access to the valley of the Nation Lakes is at present most easily effected by pack-trail over the old and romantic Omineca Trail, a distance of sixty miles from Fort St. James, a Hudson's Bay post, at the foot of Stuart Lake. This trail was constructed about forty-five years ago, but following the days of the gold-rush has gradually fallen into disuse. It was reconstructed under Colonel Wright about 1900 for the purpose of getting in hydraulic machinery to Manson Creek goldfields, but was apparently not used very much. In 1912 it was reopened and cleared out, and except for the loss of a few creek-bridges, which were destroyed by Are, is now in its original state. With a few minor exceptions, firm dry ground prevails for its full length, and since there are no perceptible summits to overcome, it could, with a few deviations in the first twenty-five miles, be converted into an excellent wagon-road. The Stuart Lake Trading and Transportation Company's stores and also those of the Hudson's Bay Company at Fort St. James provide a large country with all the necessary supplies, and at comparatively reasonable prices. Fort St. James is most easily reached from either of two points on the Grand Trunk Pacific. From Fort Fraser by pack-trail, thirty-five miles; or from Milne's Landing, on the Nechako River, a distance of forty-three miles by wagon- road. It is reported that a river-boat is now being built to carry passengers and freight up the Stuart River to Fort St. James, and farther up the chain of great lakes and rivers as development proceeds. Transportation facilities to Nation Lakes would by this means be materially simplified, as boats could ply to some point on Middle River, and thence by means of a trail or road to be constructed over the intervening low land access would be gained to the second or 28 D 434 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Cho-eta-bon Lake. A report is current of a proposed railroad to connect some point on the Coast with the great Peace River country. A projection of this road crosses about the fourth or Tsay-ta-bat Lake, traverses the hydraulic- and placer-mining districts to the north of the Nation Lakes, and reaches the Peace River by way of the Finlay. It would appear, on the whole, that it is only a question of time before transportation into this country will no longer be attended with the difficulties that are attached to it at the present time. Main Valley op the Nation Lakes. The main valley of the Nation Lakes extends directly east and west for a distance of about sixty miles, and with its tributary areas comprises, roughly, 300,000 acres. S5 per cent, of which is available for the various purposes of farming. In considering the possible waste areas the same conditions prevail here as elsewhere, that where three or four adjoining quarter-sections may carry a high percentage of waste land, other and surrounding quarters will be entirely free. The width of the valley varies considerably, and is narrowest along the lakes, where the land at points is more or less rough, and even rugged where the hills approach the lakes. Speaking of the lands as a whole, and particularly where there are considerable areas, the surface of the ground is of an even character, as a study of the contour will disclose, and is broken here and there by the cuts of the larger creeks. Large Areas deforested. Indications would tend to show that the whole district has been, until a comparatively short time ago, heavily timbered. Large areas have been deforested, leaving strips of the original coniferous growth, principally along the shores of the lakes and in patches on the surrounding mountains and hills. The most valuable and predominant tree in these timbered areas is the spruce, varying in size from 8 to 30 inches in diameter. A generous proportion of pine, with more or less balsam, is also included. Upon inspection, this timber growth appears to be quite old, as a rule an appreciable percentage having matured, and now showing the first signs of decay. The classification of these lands, therefore, as carrying a sufficient quantity of merchantable timber to bring them within the meaning of " timber lands" is materially affected. Ample supplies of good timber, however, exist to more than supply the requirements of ordinary purposes. Valley has been swept by Fire. The major portions of the valley have been swept at different times by fire, the dates of which may roughly be guessed at by the size of the second growth (pine, poplar, willow, alder, spruce), which varies from 6 inches in places to 2 or 3 inches in others. Windfalls are only encountered in portions that have escaped the main sweep of the fires, and do not prevail, as a rule, to any extent. These areas lying west and south of the second lake, and south of and along the Nation River, carry a very open growth of small pine, poplar, and willow thickets, which renders the proposition of clearing possible at a minimum cost, and almost any particular piece of land readily accessible. Excellent and Evenly Distributed Water-supplies. The fact that excellent and evenly distributed water-supplies are to be found practically anywhere is in itself a very attractive feature of the country. Almost every quarter-section in the surveyed area is amply supplied by one or more of the numerous creeks, or borders on the shores of a lake. On the larger plateaux, where dry areas may be expected to exist, the network of smaller lakes with their connecting creeks provide an ample supply within easy reach. In accordance with your instructions, all the principal creeks encountered during surveying operations have been measured and tabulated, which information is being forwarded. As a rule, these creeks are hardly adapted for the economical development of water-power, but sites may be found that will hold attractive possibilities. Soil generally a Sandy Loam. In summing up the merits of a new country, the question of soil is necessarily one of importance. The soil may be characterized generally as a sandy loam; only along the lower 4 Geo. 5 Nation Lakes. D 435 levels of the lakes and river is clay noticed to any extent. Along the undulating areas immediately surrounding the lakes, where, as stated before, most of the timber is found, the soil is a loose, light-brown loam. This gives way in places to soil of a gravelly nature, containing varying quantities of loose rock, or " free stone," on the higher ground. On the bench lands or plateaux, where the main blocks lie, the prevailing soil is a finely divided, dark-brown or reddish sandy loam. This is of considerable depth in certain areas, as is evidenced by the cuts along the creeks and main river. Large deposits of a whitish silt, probably glacial in origin, are encountered mainly along the Nation River, where cut-banks of 50 to 100 feet in height have been noted. Other sections carry a soil that is more or less gravelly in parts and contains small loose boulders. Broadly speaking, it may be said that the soils are of a very desirable nature, and the gravelly or rocky areas, where met with, are in the minority, and are so distributed as to result in no depreciation to any particular section of land. As to what agricultural purposes these soils may be best adapted would be determined as a result of more or less experiment in the future. On every hand is evidence that the loams are very fertile. A vigorous growth of grasses, shrubs, and weeds spring up where fire has opened the country and seed has found its way. Special mention must be made of the smaller wild fruits, which, where found, grow most luxuriantly and bear heavily. Among these is included black and red currants, raspberries, and gooseberries, etc. Wet Swamps on Muskeg Lands. In taking up the topographical map of the surveyed areas, and with particular reference to the main block, lying south of and along the Nation River, considerable and disconnected areas of wet swamp or muskeg lands will be noted. Inasmuch as this block comprises about 50,000 acres and includes some of the most promising land as yet surveyed, a few remarks as to the nature of these swamps may not be out of order. As a general rule, these wet lands either carry a growth of small willow and swamp-grasses, or the pure grass without willow, and may perhaps with more truth, in many cases, be called wet meadows rather than swamps. Fewer in number, but generally more extensive in area, are the spruce swamps or muskegs, some of which are covered with a growth of spruce with willow thickets; while others are more open with deep moss, such as are found in almost any part of the Northern Interior. as may be seen, these wet lands or swamps are not individually extensive, and, except in the cases of small strips of boggy lands along the shores of the smaller lakes7 have apparently been formed because of insufficient outlet to the surface waters, as a result of the blocking-up of the outlet. This is effected by natural causes where the flow of water is small, but in the majority of cases, where there are well-defined creeks, it is evident that the water has been dammed back by beavers, as extensive workings, some very old and others new, are to be found anywhere. As a rule, the contour of the ground is such as to permit of natural drainage, and, being shallow and of firm bottom, these wet lands lend themselves, with little labour, to complete drainage. Drainage not difficult. , These areas must be drained before they are available for the best purposes of farming, and as this may be accomplished in the majority of cases both expeditiously and inexpensively, and considering, also, the advantages of good soil, easily cleared or already open land, it is reasonable to suppose that these wet lands will, as a rule, prove attractive to intending settlers. Perhaps in speaking of the agricultural possibilities of the country generally, and to what kinds or purposes of farming it is best suited, more or less caution should be used in view of the fact that the country has been under observation for such a short time and only during the warm season; although it is generally conceded that the country as a whole is most advantageous to the comparatively small farmer of the future, and lends itself readily to the various purposes of mixed farming. The following remarks in addition to the foregoing may help to form an opinion in the matter. The altitude of the main plateaux is about 2,500 feet, or, roughly, 100 feet above the level of the lakes, and compares favourably with that of other valleys where successful farming is being carried on. The same remarks may be made of the latitude, which averages 55.10 degrees north. D 436 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Generally speaking, it could not be said of the country in its present state that it is well adapted for stock-raising. A good percentage of the surrounding hillsides are open and carry a growth of weeds and grass, but would require to be seeded down. The winter season would also perhaps be a little long. The prevailing open nature of the main areas with the many scattered meadows would amply fill the needs of the small farmer. Two meadows, in mind, one on the Omineca Trail and the other four miles east of the crossing, will provide feed for a pack of twenty animals for a lengthy period. It may be remarked that no poisonous weeds have as yet been reported. Climatic Conditions. Actual records as to climatic conditions are necessarily meagre, but the weather experienced during the last two summers has been excellent and favourable to survey operations, two days only having been lost during the past season because of rain. Detailed records as to temperatures, also weather conditions, have been kept and are being tabulated and forwarded. The mean daily temperatures for the different months are as follows: June, 55 degrees; July, 55.2 degrees; August, 5S degrees; September, 47 degrees; October, 37 degrees. The highest temperature recorded was on July 22nd with the thermometer at 90 degrees, and the lowest on October 20th at 10 degrees. Another matter worthy of note is the apparent absence in a high degree of summer frosts. Further records would, of course, be necessary to verify this, but the prevailing impression so far is that these much-dreaded summer frosts are light. The first frost recorded was on the night of September 26th, when the thermometer registered 26 degrees. The presence of the large bodies of lake-waters, the open nature of the burnt areas, and the heat-retaining powers of the sandy loams, also the fact that there are always light breezes or winds, would bear out this impression. Mention might also be made of the general absence of overhanging mountains, and also that there are no glaciers which might have a tendency to encourage frosts. Winds in this country seem to be more continuous than is the rule elsewhere, and almost invariably blow from the west during the summer and until September 15th, when they change to the south-east at times. Very heavy thunderstorms were experienced during the first part of September. Although flurries of snow fell about October 15th, the winter snows fall to stay about the end of the month or later, the average depth of the snow during the winter months being about 3 or 4 feet on the lower levels, which by report is all off by May 1st. Where the growth is of such an open character as to allow free access to the sun's rays, the snow has been known to pass off about April 1st. Natural Attractions, Fish and Game. No report on a country like this is complete without mentioning its many natural attractions.. The scenery along the lakes especially is beautiful, and the wide and shelving stretches of beach, with their many-coloured sands, will prove an ever-desirable attraction. In the rivers and lakes. and their surrounding hills and mountains, ample scope Is provided for the fisherman and hunter. At the intake of the Nation River is a particularly favourable spot for fly or bait fishing. Hundreds of rainbow trout, including some Arctic and silver trout, have been caught here in a few hours. In the lakes may be caught the larger lake trout and Dolly Vardon, the whitefish and ling. Black bear are fairly common almost anywhere in the valley, while brown and grizzly bear are to be hunted on the higher hills. Moose-tracks have been seen towards, the easterly limits, though none have been procured so far, and caribou are known to herd on the higher plateaux. Early last spring seventeen caribou were shot in " one yard " by Indian hunters. Although tracks were often met with at different points during survey operations, no deer were seen until last fall, when eight were observed travelling together. The opportunities offered the trapper are many. At the present time only a few Indians are reaping good profit trapping the numerous species of fur-bearing animals. These include the beaver, mink, marten, otter, weasel, lynx, and large numbers of musk-rats. Many ground-hogs—a species of marmot—are taken every fall from the open mountain-sides. Although their fur is more or less valuable, they are obtained chiefly for their fatty meats, which, being dried and smoked, provide food during the trapping season later on. The various species of grouse have been plentiful during the past two seasons, and good shooting is provided each fall when the ducks; and geese pass along on their way south. 4 Geo. 5 Francois and Ootsa Lake Vicinity. D 437 The presence of hot springs at the west end of the second lake will no doubt prove of future value. Prospected for Gold-bearing Gravels. As mentioned before, this country was thoroughly prospected years ago for gold-bearing gravels, but no information is at hand to show that any quantity of the precious metal was ever taken out. At the present time colours may be found in most of the larger creeks, and especially on the bars of the Nation River, where work was carried on until comparatively recent years. All of which would tend to bear out the opinion that further prospecting might be attended with some results. What the Future offers to the Pioneer. In contemplating the foregoing remarks regarding the Nation Lake country, one can confidently anticipate what the future offers to the pioneer. Richly endowed by nature, with soil that can be rendered highly productive at a moderate initial cost, and with conditions generally that are particularly suitable to mixed farming, settlement must be rapid as the various advantages of the country become known, and transportation facilities secured for the influx of land- seekers to the Province. I have, etc., J. M. Milligan, B.C.L.S. VICINITY OF FRANCOIS AND OOTSA LAKES. BY V. SCHJELDERUP. November 20th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The area surveyed covers 47,776 acres. Of this acreage, 3,6S0 acres lie on the Buck River, 12,300 acres on Parrott (formerly Trout) Creek and vicinity, 21,700 acres scattered along the north and south shores of Francois Lake, 4,900 acres near Tchesinkut Lake, and the balance of some 5,200 acres in the vicinity of Molllce and Takysie Lakes. Included in the above surveys there are eighty-five pre-emptions, all in good standing. General Characteristics. The district in which the above-mentioned surveys were carried out is a part of the inland plateau, which has here a general elevation of from 2,400 to 2,800 feet above the sea-level, and lies along the 54th parallel of latitude, between 125° and 126° 30' west longtitude. Its distinguishing features are low, undulating hills, between which lie wide stretches of fertile wooded country, over which are scattered numerous lakes that mostly drain in an easterly direction into the main streams of the plateau. The aspect of the country is essentially that of a district with moderate rainfall, forest areas alternating with fairly open grassy stretches. On the southern slopes poplar groves are prevalent and the soil is carpeted with a growth of grass and vetches, which sometimes become very luxuriant. The northern slopes are characterized by a greater preponderance of spruce and balsam, while pine prevails where the soil is sandy. Luxuriant Meadows. Where ancient lakes have become filled up wholly or in part, there are luxuriant meadows. The beaver, which are very numerous throughout the district, have done most valuable service in conservation in the past. Their numerous dams equalizing and regulating the flow of waters, both prevent the excessive scouring by sudden floods and greatly increase the upbuilding effect, of sedimentation, whereby basins are created that become eventually filled with soil. The soil on the plateau is mostly formed by the redistribution and disintegration of boulder- clay, with the addition of material derived from the disintegration of local igneous rock. Alluvial silts are of frequent occurrence in the valleys, where they often attain a great depth. D 438 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Soil. Where the jack-pine is prevalent the soil is often sandy and sometimes mixed with gravel, usually on the 'higher benches. In the natural hay meadows and ancient lake-beds a deep vegetable mould overlies the alluvial soil. Elsewhere in the poplar- and willow-covered bottoms and benches the soil has a good dressing of vegetable mould, which is absent where pine prevails. Cultivation. All grasses and vetches, wild peavine, etc., grow with great luxuriance, and oats, barley, and wheat do just as well. Potatoes and all root-crops generally give very satisfactory results, as do also leguminous plants and all garden-truck generally. As regards fruit, berries grow wild in great abundance and of great size, and the tame varieties would do equally well. Apples and other fruit-trees have not been tested, yet there is no reason to anticipate that they would not give good results, as the amount of sunshine during the summer months is all that can be desired. The length of the days during the summer, coupled with cloudless skies and a clear atmosphere, ensure a long growing period for all crops and a sufficient duration of sunshine for such as require a considerable amount of sun to mature. Climate. The climate in the Francols-Ootsa Lake country is one of moderate rainfall, warm summer days with cool nights, and a winter climate which, though considerably colder than the coast climate, is dry, with a good deal of sunshine. Warm air-currents from the ocean reach the district through the passes in the Coast Range and tend to give a milder climate than on other portions of the plateau. Along the lakes the depth of snow seldom exceeds 12 inches and lasts from about December to the end of April. The snowfall increases fast with elevation above sea-level. Summer frosts sometimes occur in June, and light frosts may occur at night during any part of the summer, but do not seem to be sufficiently severe to injure the crops. Suited for Mixed Farming. The district is especially well suited for mixed farming. The open grass lands can be put under cultivation with little or no clearing. There are extensive lightly timbered areas that are practicable for grazing purposes, as are also the grassy southern slopes of the hills. On the whole, the district is eminently suitable for cattle-raising and dairying, in which respects it offers a most promising field for enterprise. As the average snowfall varies in different parts of the district, no general rule can be laid down, but good winter range for cattle can generally be found, although the wisest course would be to provide sufficient feed to tide over any exceptional spell of snow that might occur during an unfavourable season. Transportation. The question of transportation has been much improved during the last few years. The completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, which may shortly be expected to be in operation as far as Fraser Lake, will give an outlet to the coast, and the construction of anticipated branch lines southward will increase the area tributary to the main line. Both Ootsa Lake and Francois Lake are navigable for steamers and are linked together by trails and roads, which in turn connect with roads and trails that allow of ready intercommunication between different parts of the district and the railroad. At present the quickest way of reaching the Francois-Ootsa Lake country in via Houston, on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, or the railhead at Decker Lake. From Houston the distance to the west end of Francois Lake is some thirty-six miles. The first twenty-four miles lie over a well-graded wagon-road built this year, and the balance by sleigh-road (passable for wagon). This sleigh-road continues to Ootsa Lake and follows its northern shore. It is expected that the wagon-road will be completed throughout by next year. From Decker Lake the Francois Lake Settlement may be reached by wagon-road via Burns Lake, a distance of thirteen miles over a good road. The east end of Francois Lake may also be reached by wagon- road from the west end of Fraser Lake, a distance of six miles. 4 Geo. 5 Francois and Ootsa Lake Vicinity. D 439 From the south the district may be reached via the Bella Coola Trail, some 190 miles to the east end of Ootsa Lake. Although this route is considerably shorter than the northern route via Prince Rupert and the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, the lack of good trails and transportation facilities on the southern route gives the advantage to the northern, over which a considerable saving of time and effort is effected. There is, however, good cause to hope that rail communication in the near future may connect the Francois-Ootsa Lake country with the coast by the southern route. There is a bi-weekly mail service to Houston and Burns Lake and weekly to the Francois Lake Post-office, midway on the north shore, and fortnightly mail to Ootsa Lake Post-office. Timber and Mineral Resources. Besides the agricultural and dairying resources of the district, there are valuable resources in timber, and undoubtedly coal and other minerals. While the timber does not approximate in size to that on the excessively moist western slopes of the Coast Range, spruce, balsam, and some fir (at the eastern end of Francois Lake) exist in sufficient quantities to supply any local demand for lumber that may be likely to arise in the not too remote future. There is an immense amount of timber suitable for pulp-wood, and this should be considered a most valuable asset for future development. Coal is known to have an extensive distribution in the district to the south-west of Francois Lake, and future prospecting'will no doubt lead to the uncovering of valuable deposits. At Owen Lake some good-looking quartz prospects have been located, and to the far southwest promising placer claims have been located, though at the time of writing it would be premature to express a definite opinion as to their value. Fish and Game. There is a great abundance of fish in all the lakes and streams throughout the region. The species include grey, silver, rainbow, and other varieties of trout, whitefish and other species of fresh-water fish. The grey as well as the silver trout reaches an enormous size in the large lakes, and will ensure a never-failing food-supply to the settlers in this district. Game is usually fairly plentiful, the various species of grouse being well represented, also rabbits, while among the larger animals are black bear, deer, and in the hills caribou are to be found. Fur-bearing animals are also numerous and offer a remunerative employment to the trapper during the winter months. The species represented are beaver, otter, marten, mink, ermine, lynx, coyote, fox, and musk-rat. Valley of Buck River. Buck River has an average width of about 70 feet, depth of from 12 to 24 inches, approximate length of twenty-five miles, and empties Into the Bulkley River at Houston. The land surveyed here lies in the valley of the stream, and consists partly of good bottom land from 5 to 20 chains in width, and partly of bench land with good soil covered with spruce, poplar, pine, and some balsam. Included in my surveys here are ten pre-emptions. Some of the pre-emptors have already cleared a fair portion of their holdings and are ready to put in their crops. They have built substantial log houses and express themselves well satisfied with the prospects. The valley is flanked on the east side by a high rocky ridge which tapers down to the south. On the west side the rise from the valley is gradual, over several low ranges of hills, to the mountains. There is a pass on this side through to Owen Lake, where there is a fair area of land available. The Houston-Francois Lake Road gives this district ready access to the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway. Parrott Creek. The area surveyed here covers a rolling, undulating country, where spruce, pine, and poplar groves intersperse with open grassy stretches and willow bottoms. The soil varies from deep black loam top soil in the bottoms to sandy loam and silts, mixed with rocks, on the benches and slopes. D 440 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 A considerable area of this country has recently been swept by fire, and down timber renders part of it almost inaccessible. The cost of clearing should not average more than $60 per acre. There are several pre-emptors here, but so far little work has been done. Parrott (formerly Trout) Creek is a small stream which empties south-easterly into Francois Lake. A sleigh-road which follows Parrott Creek joins the Houston-Francois Lake Road and offers the readiest means of access at present. The nearest post-office is for the time being at Houston, but the erection of a post-office is contemplated at a point about six miles east of the mouth of Parrott Creek, on Francois Lake. Francois Lake. The acreage surveyed this year on Francois Lake is scattered along the north and south shores. The characteristics of the area surrounding this lake have already been dealt with in my report for last year. The greater part of the whole area surveyed on the north shore has been taken up by pre-emptors, including the larger proportion of the land surveyed this season as well as that of last year. There are a large number of pre-emptions on the south side also, scattered over the country between Francois and Ootsa Lakes. Tchesinkut Lake. This lake is about two miles and a half north of Francois Lake, between the latter and Burns Lake. The land surveyed here is reached by wagon-road from Burns Lake, on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, a distance of about seven miles. Tchesinkut Lake is approximately ten miles in length by about a mile and a quarter in width, lying south-easterly and north-westerly, parallel to Francois Lake, from which it is separated by a rather high ridge called Red Mountain. The north shore is bordered by rocky pine-covered hills which turn back from the lake towards its west end, and here there is a fair area of tolerably good land, which was surveyed and had been mostly taken up by pre-emptors before survey. MOLLICE AND TAKYSIE LAKES. Takysie Lake is about three miles and a half in length by three-quarters of a mile in width, and is about half-way between Francois and Ootsa Lakes, being one of the numerous small lakes which are dotted over the country between the two large lakes. It lies on the sleigh-road between Francois and Ootsa Lakes, which touches the east end of the lake. The north shore is lightly timbered and affords good grazing. On the south shore there is a fair amount of good agricultural land, rising gradually from the lake. Mollice Lake is situated about three miles south of Francois Lake on the trail from Keefe's Landing to Oheslatta Lake. It is approximately two miles and a half long by a quarter of a mile wide. The shores shelve gradually from the lake. The country surrounding is gently undulating, covered with spruce and poplar, with open grassy spaces of fair extent, especially to the east of the lake. The soil is mostly light subsoil with vegetable top soil. Altogether some 5,200 acres were surveyed in the vicinity of these two lakes. In conclusion, it would be well to mention that the completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and the springing-up of new towns along the line will open up markets for the products of the district, while dairy produce may be shipped either eastward or westward. Up to the present the possibilities of the country have hardly been tested, as the cost of transportation and the consequent high cost of living, together with the difficulty of getting any produce that might be raised to market, have discouraged the raising of anything beyond what could be disposed of to construction gangs on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway for the last couple of years, to road camps, and for the settlers' own consumption. The coming of the railroad and the great recent developments in road-building have materially altered these conditions, and it may be confidently anticipated that the coming year will witness an unprecedented development throughout this portion of the interior. I have, etc., V. SCHJELDERUP, B.C.L.S. 4 Geo. 5 Eagle Lake Vicinity. , D 441 VICINITY OF EAGLE LAKE. By D. McDougall. December 31st, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Work was commenced on the narrow strip of unsurveyed land lying north of the Willow River just below its junction with Eagle Creek and along the latter creek. For the first two miles the country is very hilly and is timbered mostly with spruce and poplar, fairly open in places towards the south, but becoming thicker towards the north. There is a scattering of large fir and some white birch and jack-pine, but only a small percentage of the spruce and the fir is of merchantable size. The soil here is for the most part a rich brown loam, with clay or gravel subsoil, but there is a lighter soil in places on the ridges and a covering of thick black muck in the bottoms. The land to the south of Eagle Creek is very flat and is subject to flood in the spring. The soil for the most part, however, is firm, and is composed of fine clay loam, with a covering of black muck averaging 2 inches in depth, and with a clay or gravel subsoil. The timber consists of scrub spruce, poplar, and birch, and there is a thick undergrowth of willow and alder. The flat to the north of the creek is not very wide, and to the west the land rises gradually into a hilly country, with several open poplar side-hills. On the east the ascent is more abrupt, and rocky bluffs rise to a height of 200 feet. These rocky ridges continue to run in a north-easterly direction for about a mile from the west end of Eagle Lake, along the north shore of the lake. From this point easterly to the end of the lake there is a flat averaging 20 chains in width and broken only by slight rises. The soil on this flat is a very fine chocolate loam, with a clay or gravel subsoil, and has 2 or 3 inches of black muck on top. Back from the lake there is a scattered growth of large spruce, which becomes thinner nearer the lake, and finally gives place to a thick growth of willow and alder. The land covered by these latter is subject to flood. To the north of the flat along the lake the land rises to about 200 feet above the level of the lake—that is, to about a level of about 2,150 above sea-level—and is very rough and heavily timbered for about a mile back, when the country becomes more level and the timber smaller and thicker. There appears to be an abundance of pulp-wood in the shape of spruce and poplar, growing very close together in the country to the north of the timber limits on Eagle Lake. The soil is a chocolate loam and the surface fairly level. South of Eagle Creek. The flat to the south of Eagle Creek extends easterly a little beyond Harvey Creek, where the ground commences to rise and forms a large rocky ridge running a very little south of east. Where our lines cross it near the south-east corner of Timber Limit 31490, it attains an elevation of 2,550 feet above sea-level—approximately the height of land—and is timbered with spruce and fir. The latter grows in scattered bunches running from 24 to as high as 70 inches on the stump and standing very tall and clear. There appears to be considerable unalienated timber on the land to the south of the timber limits now surveyed, and possibly there might be good farming land to the south of the rocky ridge mentioned above, for, though we were not far enough south to ascertain this fact, the country seems to drop off. There are outcroppings of solid rock on the ridges and the soil on the valleys is a rich brown loam. There is comparatively little level land along the south shore of the lake, as the rock bluffs extend in several places right out into the water on the west end, and the country south of the east end is very hilly. In the valley of Hay Creek, the inlet at the east end of Eagle Lake, there is a strip of level land about 40 chains wide and extending up as far as our surveys went. Towards the foot of the hill on either side of this flat there is a fair growth of large spruce, balsam, poplar, and birch, but this thins out towards the creek and finally gives place to a thick growth of willow and alder. Owing, presumably, to the abundance of rain this season and to the amount of surplus water emptied into it from the drainage-ditches on the Grand Trunk Pacific right-of-way, Eagle Lake has been abnormally high. The water came over the Grand Trunk Pacific grade in the spring and necessitated the raising of the latter by 2 feet. When we were working on Hay Creek the lake was still about 3 feet D 442 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 above normal, so that the land near the mouth, where it had been the custom to cut hay in former years, was covered with water. Farther up the creek the settlers find it necessary from: time to time to blow out the beaver-dams to prevent their hay-fields being flooded. North of Hay Creek. The country to the north of the flat along Hay Creek for over a mile is broken by ridges running east and west, and is fairly heavily timbered with spruce, balsam, poplar, birch, and fir. The soil is a heavy brown loam. Farther north the surface seems more level and there are several beaver meadows, but otherwise the characteristics are the same. To the south of the creek-valley the surface is also broken and the timber is smaller and thicker in growth. Spruce again predominates, while poplar, birch, fir, and balsam are found here and there throughout. The settlers in this vicinity have been very industrious in the face of many hardships, but their industry and perseverance have not been without reward, as they are now raising excellent crops, and this year at least the prices have been very high on account of the railway-construction. Potatoes and vegetables sold from 7 to 10 cents per pound, and in one case $240 was paid for a ton of potatoes. The crops of hay and oats were very good, but owing to the heavy rains the latter did not ripen and were cut green for feed. The garden-truck, including potatoes, were splendid, even tomatoes, cucumbers, sunflowers, and corn being grown with a degree of success. On Mr. Lee's place several of the pre-emptors clubbed together and cleared about 15 acres of land on an open poplar side-hill with a southern exposure. The soil was the usual brown loam found in the district, with several inches of black mould on top. They broke about 4 acres by hand, as it was impossible to procure a team or a plough in the spring. Their best crop was potatoes, of which they received twenty-three sacks for each sack planted, and besides being large they were of very good quality. The other vegetables were not far behind. There was only one garden amongst all that I saw where the summer frost had left any traces, but even here there was no great damage done. The land in question was close to the water, but perfectly dry, and had a southern exposure. The first frost of any consequence was near the end of September. There is no water-power in the district of any importance, as the larger creeks have but very little fall. The rainfall this summer was exceptionally heavy, but even under normal conditions it is heavier than in the country to the west of Fort George. The snowfall last winter was also much in excess of the usual; according to the measurement of several it was about 8 feet. This is, of course, considerably above the average. There is an abundance of game in the country, consisting of moose, black bear, deer, and rabbits. A great number of ducks and geese nest and rear their young on the shore of the lake and streams. The fur-bearing animals are also numerous, including beaver and musk-rat. The steel on the Grand Trunk Pacific has now passed Eagle Lake, and already several parties interested in lumber have been seeking suitable sites for mills. As there is a fairly large quantity of suitable timber, there is no reason why this industry should not develop into considerable importance. I have, etc., DOUGALD MCDOUGALL, B.C.L.S. 4 Geo. 5 Canoe River Valley. D 443 CANOE RIVER VALLEY. By Hugh D. Allan. November 12th, 1913. G. S. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on my season's work in the Canoe River Valley:— From Mile 49 on the Grand Trunk Pacific I proceeded with my party by wagon and reached the Canoe River in one day. I continued the surveys made by A. W. Johnson last season down the valley. From Mile 49 on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway—three miles east of Tete Jaune Cache— to the Thompson the contractors for the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway have built a good wagon-road which crosses the Canoe River just below the grade. Substantial bridges have been built over the various rivers and creeks, and this road, in addition to facilitating the freighting of railroad supplies, proves also a boon to the settlers in the surrounding district and an inducement to intending locators. Surrounding the base of Canoe Mountain, which is at the northerly end of the mountain- ranges separating the valleys of the Canoe and the Albreda, there is about 6,000 acres of jack- pine bench land. This bench, about 800 feet above the river, is very sandy and dry, and, although numerous streams are found around the foot of the main mountain-slopes, they disappear there and are not seen again until well down the slopes of the bench itself, the water seeping there through the sand and gravel which is so characteristic of this section of the country. Along the river north of this bench there are some really good patches of poplar and willow bottom land, most of this having recently been staked by pre-emptors. So far, the only resident hereabouts is Mr. Maclosky, who has a strip of land under cultivation, including a small vegetable-garden, which in itself is ample proof of the richness and fertility of the soil. From Packsaddle Creek as far as Goat River the valley averages about a mile in width. For the first few miles a great part of this is muskeg and swampy meadow land, especially on the west side of the river, where there is about 2,000 acres of muskeg in one piece. In my opinion, most of this, together with the other swamps throughout the valley, can be drained, and this would he no very difficult matter once the mountain-streams were placed under control, for in most cases there is quite sufficient fall for the purpose. At present these streams are controlled by beavers, and wherever you go there is ample evidence of the work of these energetic creatures, the country in places being a mass of dams and lakes. As it is at present, it is useless for any one settler to attempt any kind of a reclamation scheme. In a few instances fairly dry meadows are found. As nice a one as any is that of W. J. Essweins, a few miles below Ptarmigan Creek. He has a good dry meadow of about 70 acres. Below this one or two others are found, and around the edge of the largest one I was surprised to find Wild red-top hay growing to a height of 5 or 6 feet. Immediately below Ptarmigan Creek there is a meadow of 120 acres, hut this is generally under a foot of water coming from one of the many branches of the creek. During the high-water period, from mid-June until the beginning of August, the river conies within a foot or so of the top of the bank; consequently there is not much chance of draining. However, when the water subsides there is a drop of 10 feet, and I think this land, without great expense, could be made dry enough to be of some use. From Glacier Creek on the west side and Bulldog Creek on the east side, the country southwards assumes a heavily timbered aspect until Ptarmigan Creek is passed. Below the big log-jam, which is about twenty-five miles from Cranberry Lake—half-way between there and Goat River—excepting occasional patches, all the merchantable timber Is on the west side of the river and extends far up the mountain-slopes. Excluding this heavily timbered part, the valley is covered generally with a fairly heavy growth of spruce, poplar, and bircfh, with dense willow-brush along the river-banks. A noticeable feature is that, while on the west side the growth is mostly spruce, on the east side it is mostly poplar, birch, etc. I should say that the bulk of the good land is on this side. D 444 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Drainage. The country is well watered, numerous streams affording all the water necessary for the irrigation of the available land. Cache Creek, the first stream of any size to be met with, is about six miles below Packsaddle Creek and flows generally in a south-westerly direction. During July it ran at the rate of about 250 cubic feet per second, the normal flow being about 150 feet. This creek dashes through a picturesque canyon about a quarter of a mile above the trail to Golden crossing, and a head of from 60 to SO feet is easily obtainable in a distance of less than 300 feet. Yellowjacket and Bulldog Creeks are both of about the same volume as Cache Creek, but they do not fall so rapidly. There is a deep narrow valley where Yellowjacket Creek cuts through between snow-capped peaks. Bulldog Creek joins the main river about four miles above the log-jam, and from this point for three miles the Canoe River is very swift indeed. The largest tributary of the Canoe between Camp Creek and Goat River is Ptarmigan ■Creek. Running in a south-westerly direction, it breaks up into numerous channels near the mouth. In the latter part of August the flow was about 350 cubic feet per second. As far as I explored, though the river is swift, I saw no direct falls. The Canoe River runs from 2,000 cubic ::eet per second to 5,500 cubic feet per second. Hot Springs. A quarter of a mile from the log-jam, about half-way between Cranberry Lake and Goat River, on the west side of the river are the Canoe River Hot Springs, situated at the end of a pretty lake of about 3 acres in extent lying at "he foot of a rugged mountain-slope and surrounded by great cedars. There are two pools, one o;: them having a tent covering, and you can sit up to your neck in this very hot water. The other pool is unbearably hot. One can easily imagine a substantial hotel or stopping-place being built in such a place in the near future, and when accommodation is provided the hot springs will no doubt be visited by many. Soil. Along the bottom land and on the low benches, as a rule, a good sandy loam and clay subsoil strata formation is found. Below the log-jam towards the base of Goat Mountain a heavy clay loam is to be found in many places. The side-hills and high benches are sandy and stony and are good only for pasturage, and that only to a limited extent. There is not an overabundance of feed in the whole valley. The bottom land is good and is not difficult to clear. The poplar or willow would cost about $20 per acre to clear, but where spruce and pine is encountered the cost would run from $30 to $30. Climate. There is a considerable precipitation here, especially in the timbered part above and below the log-jam. For this portion I should say the rainfall is about 45 inches, and for the remainder of the valley, as far as the Goat River, 30 inches. A table is appended giving such information as I was able to obtain relative to the temperatures and rainfall during the summer months. The country is subject to summer frosts, bu; not to the same extent as the Cranberry Lake District. As the settlers there are able to show good results from their efforts to raise crops, etc., there is no reason to doubt that the Canoe Valley offers as good inducements. The frost is out of the ground by the middle of April and summer weather begins then. The first snow generally comes about the middle of October, but does not stay on the ground for close on a month after that, when the winter begins in earnest. The big log-jam is, roughly, 2,200 feet above sea-level. Month. Maximum Temperature. Minimum Temperature. Average Maximum. Average Minimum. Days on which Rain fell. July SO 83 S7 72 24 2S 31 19 68.8 68.9 69.4 59.S 49.6 50.1 47.9 39.3 8 5 17 11 4 Geo. 5 Canoe River Valley. D 445 Settlement. A number of men have already gone into this district and taken up land, and when the valley is settled there will be no better general farming country in the same latitude. Some of these intending settlers have been discussing the possibility of fruit-raising, but I doubt if it could be done profitably. It has been tried around Cranberry Lake without success. There is a growing tendency among a certain class, I find, to go out and stake land they have not the slightest intention of locating upon, or even recording. This sort of thing is. detrimental to the quick opening-up of the country, and is rather aggravating to the bona-fide settler who comes along, probably with a pack on his back, and, owing to noting the stakes placed by these men, imagines a piece of land he favours is taken up and does not find out his. mistake until out of the district. Accessibility. Access to the valley is comparatively easy. From Mile 49 on the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, which is three miles east of Tete Jaune Cache, travel by wagon is possible as far as the junction of Packsaddle Creek with the Canoe River, a distance of twenty-five miles. When the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway is in operation around Cranberry Lake, then railway communication will be within five miles of Packsaddle Creek. From there the traveller can go south through the valley by trail or canoe. The river, however, is navigable only for expert boatmen with any degree of safety, being a continuous stretch of swift water until the log-jam is passed. Below this, until Goat River is reached, the water is comparatively quiet. The distance from Cranberry Lake to the log-jam is twenty-five miles, and from there to Goat River another twenty-five miles. A new trail has been built as far as the log-jam. Scenery. From a scenic point of view the country is unsurpassed. Taking a trip by canoe, provided the traveller knows the river or has' expert boatmen to navigate the fragile craft around the tortuous twists, a magnificent view meets the gaze at every turn. At one time the voyager is rushing toward the base of some cathedral-like pinnacle, and the next minute sweeping onward in a different direction, with a vista of unparalleled scenery before him. Fish and Game. There is an abundance of big game, including grizzly and black bear, mountain-goat, caribou,, and a few deer. The scarcity of deer is no doubt due to the great number of timber-wolves. Black bear are plentiful, being found all along the river-flats. There is very little fishing to- be had in the main river. This is owing to the great quantity of floating mica, the river being white with it during high water. Good fishing can, however, be had by going a few miles up any one of the tributaries. Minerals. So far there is no mining development, although the valley has been explored a great deal by prospectors. The nearest existing industry of this kind is the mica mine near Tete Jaune Cache. I have, etc., Hugh D. Allan, B.C.L.S. D 446 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 THE CLEARWATER VALLEY. By R. H. Lee. November 1st, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The Clearwater River empties into the North Thompson River at Mile 70 of the Canadian Northern Railway, that is about seventy miles north of the City of Kamloops. At this point the North Thompson River flows almost due west, and the Clearwater comes in from the north. The Clearwater River, while not nearly so wide as the North Thompson, has about the same volume of flow, is a very turbulent stream, and its channel is strewn with large boulders and rocks. The possibility of power-development from this river and its tributaries is almost beyond comprehension. For the first twenty miles above the junction with the North Thompson River—that is, up to where the Mahood River flows in to it—the Clearwater pursues a fairly straight course, through a rugged canyon, and is not navigable even for canoes or small boats. This canyon is bounded on the west by steep rocky mountains, and on the east by a bench 800 to 900 feet above the river, and is from one-half to nine miles in width. This bench extends from near the North Thompson River about twenty-five miles almost due north, and has an average elevation of about 2,500 feet above sea-level. For the past three years the Government land surveys have been confined to this bench, and it is here that the good agricultural land is situated, now open for pre-emption. The first eight miles of the bench, up to what is known as the Trappers Cabin, one mile above Bear Creek, has been taken up. In the next three miles the bench is narrow, being only about half a mile in width, and is very rough and broken. For the next four or five miles the bench is known as the Herman Flat, is about two miles in width, and contains some 4,000 acres of good agricultural land, which has been divided into lots of 160 acres each for pre-emption. The soil is a good clay loam, timbered with small fir and pine, and is well watered by Camp Creek on the south and Beaver Creek on the north, besides numerous springs and small brooks which have their origin in the mountain-side to the east of the bench. From the south end of Green Mountain, some sixteen miles from the North Thompson River, and on the east side of the Clearwater northward for about four miles the bench is very broken and rocky, so much so that it was considered inadvisable to survey the 4,000 or so acres that it contains. On the west side of Green Mountain, however, is a block of approximately 3,000 acres of first-class land not yet surveyed. Bench Nine Miles wide. At the north end of Green Mountain, about twenty miles from the North Thompson River, the bench spreads out to a width of about nine miles from the main mountain-range on the east of the valley to the Clearwater River, which fonms the west boundary. It was upon this portion of the bench that the past season's work was done. About 12,000 acres were divided into sections of 160 acres for pre-emption. This portion of the bench lies at an elevation of about 2,800 feet above sea-level, which may be considered by some to be too great an altitude for agricultural purposes. My observations, however, lead me to the conclusion that in the mountainous districts of southern British Columbia the growth and maturing of vegetables, fruit, grain, and hay do not depend so much on the altitude as on the climatic conditions of the locality. As an illustration, I would cite Rose Hill, an extensive territory situated on the top of the mountains just south of Kamloops. The country there lies at an elevation of 2,500 to 3,000 feet above sea-level, and is fully exposed to the bleak northern winds, yet one driving through that section of the country in midsummer, when he sees the splendid growth of grains and crops in general, would almost imagine that he was travelling through one of the most fertile districts of the Province. What is true of the Rose Hill District will, I believe, in the very near future, prove true of the Clearwater Valley, especially that part of it north and west of Green Mountain, and to a greater degree, for the Clearwater Valley has the following several distinct advantages: A rainfall of about 20 inches; a multitude of streams and springs, large and small; and the shelter of the almost completely encircling mountain-ranges, the Raft River Range on the east and the Mahood Range on the west. 4 Geo. 5 Clearwater Valley. D 447 Surface is very Uniform. The surface of the bench land is very uniform, reducing to a minimum the difficulties of any irrigation project, should irrigation prove necessary. The soil is a deep clay loam. It is rocky in places, probably due to glacial deposits, as the rock is almost wholly surface rock, except the bluffs around the mouth of the Myrtle River and along portions of the Clearwater. The bench is covered with a dense growth of alder, cottonwood, hazel, willow, and spruce bush. There are also sections of young fir and pine, though the most of this was killed by a fire which swept the valley some years ago. Sufficient, however, has escaped the fire to supply the needs of settlers for maiiy years to come. The land, in my opinion, is by no means difficult to clear, for practically all of the large timber is dead and easily burned. The surrounding mountains and ihills, as well as parts of the bench, are covered with a dense growth of young timber and small bush, which renders them useless as pasture land. Many Open Wild Meadows. The number of open wild meadows scattered over the bench is amazing; their areas vary from 5 to 75 acres, and they are for the most part free from bush and covered with a luxuriant growth of wild hay. The majority of them are quite dry and the remainder can be drained with very little difficulty. Their soil is a rich black loam and vegetable mould from 4 to 5 feet in depth. A Mixed-farming Country. I cannot recommend this as a stock-raising country, as the range required for this purpose is lacking; for mixed farming, however, I believe it to be unsurpassed by any section of country in the interior of British Columbia. Needless to say, disappointment is in store for any one expecting to find a quarter-section of cleared or meadow land, seeded with timothy, and with a modern farm-house ready to step Into; but a man who is willing to work and is looking for a 160-acre lot upon which to settle and to make a home would do well to investigate this valley, for the soil is first-class and the climate unexcelled by any immediate district. Climate. This is the third season that I have spent on survey in this district, and I have not the slightest hesitation in saying that the climate is first-class, far surpassing that of the North Thompson Valley. During the late spring of the present year there were two frosts, but they were not at all heavy enough to do any damage. The North Thompson Valley, however, which lies at an altitude of 1,200 to 1,500 feet lower, experienced very severe frosts during the same period of time. The summer days were warm, bright, and sunny, and the nights were pleasantly cool. Doubtless the close proximity of several large lakes—Mahood, Clearwater, and Myrtle—and the sheltered position have a very strong tendency to equalize the temperature of day and night. The valley is enclosed by a high range of mountains on the east, north, and west, and the prevailing winds which are southerly or south-westerly are generally warm. The summer season is a long one and the fall weather is delightful. When my party left, about the middle of October, we were enjoying bright, warm, and sunny days, but at the lower altitude of the North Thompson Valley we encountered distinctly colder and more disagreeable weather. During the past season, from the middle of May to the middle of October, there were fifty- six rainy or showery days, divided as follows: May, 5 days; June, 11 days; July, 12 days; August, 12 days; September, 11 days; October, 5 days. This should make irrigation unnecessary; but if at any time it be considered necessary or advantageous, there is close at hand an abundance of water for all purposes. Precipitation, Ground-water, and Rivers. The snowfall during an average winter, as far as I can determine from observations and reports of trappers and others, does not usually exceed 2 feet. D 448 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The bench is very liberally watered by numerous creeks, large and small, which rise in the- hills to the east, or from springs scattered over the bench. In addition to these, the bench is cut and bounded by three rivers—the Clearwater, Little Clearwater, and the Myrtle. The Clearwater River, a swift turbulent stream, 200 to 500 feet wide, forms the west boundary of the bench, and furnishes, with its bold rocky canyons and precipitous bluffs hundreds: of feet in height, some of the most magnificent scenery to be found anywhere in the interior of the Province. The Myrtle River, 200 to 500 feet in width, runs diagonally across the bench about three miles north of Green Mountain and empties into the Clearwater at a point about twenty-two- miles north of the junction of the latter river and the North Thompson. This river, which carries the overflow of Myrtle Lake, a large body of water about twenty miles north-east of Green Mountain, is a very swiftly flowing stream, especially for the last five miles of its course, which include a series of the most magnificent falls to be seen anywhere in British Columbia. The Little Clearwater River rises in the mountains to the north-east of Green Mountain and some distance south of Myrtle Lake. It is from 50 to 75 feet wide and has quite a volume of flow, though it is not so swift as the Clearwater or Myrtle Rivers. Water-power. The possibilities for power-development in the valley are enormous and can be estimated only after a careful hydrographic survey. The Clearwater River has been- mentioned before as a very swift river, and the possibilities for its development are very great. In the twenty to thirty miles of its course it has a fall of about 500 to 600 feet. Bear Creek, some eight miles north of the North Thompson River, is a stream 30 to 40 feet wide, with a fall of 800 feet to» the mile. Beaver Creek, about fifteen miles from the North Thompson River, is 40 to 50 feet in width and has a fall in the last three-quarters of a mile of 750 feet. The Little Clearwater, crossing the bench on the east of Green Mountain, has a width of 50 to 75 feet and a very heavy fall. The Myrtle River is prominent as a source of power far above all the others as far as T have traced them. It is from 200 to 500 feet wide and for the most of its course flows very swiftly. The Helmcken Falls. Some of the largest and most magnificent falls to be found anywhere in British Columbia- are to be seen on this river. The Helmcken Falls, situated about one mile above the junction of the Myrtle and Clearwater Rivers, has a perpendicular fall of 450 feet, and from the basin into which the main falls drop are a series of smaller falls and rapids. These falls present a very beautiful sight when the sun is in the west, for then a large rainbow spans the canyon from wall to wall. The spray rising from these falls can be seen for miles. About two miles and a half above the Helmcken Falls are the Dawson Falls, a series of four falls with rapids between. The upper of these falls has a perpendicular drop of 50 feet and a width of 300 feet at the crest. The other falls of the series vary from 15 to 25 feet in height. All of these with the rapids between can be seen from several points, and form a very imposing spectacle, besides being capable of producing when harnessed an enormous quantity of power. Game. Black bear, marten, and beaver are plentiful, as well as grouse, ducks, and geese. Very few deer were seen, as they keep to the mountains in the summer and were beginning to frequent the lowland pastures just before we left. Trappers also report that caribou are to be found a. few miles north of the scene of the past season's work. Mining. The Clearwater River heads upon the eastern border of the famous Cariboo Gold-mining- District, and this section may without any hesitation be considered well within the gold-bearing district. On account, heretofore, of the difficulty of access it has not been very well prospected. Now, however, with the main line of the Canadian Northern Railway within twenty or thirty miles, and a Government wagon-road, as the connecting-link, in process of building, the prospector can gain entrance to this section with very little trouble, and the report of rich finds ini the near future would not greatly surprise me. Helmcken Falls, Clearwater Valley. Surveyed to in 1913. Surveyors at work. 4 Geo. 5 Clearwater Valley. D 449 Timber. There are large timber limits located on the Myrtle and Clearwater Rivers a few miles north of the surveyed section, the opening-up and operating of which will provide a market near at hand for all kinds of farm produce, besides affording employment during the winter season to any of the settlers that might desire it. Means of Access. Any person intending to locate and settle in the Clearwater Valley, would start from Kamloops, situated at the junction of the North and South Thompson Rivers, and upon the main line of two transcontinental railways, the Canadian Pacific and the Canadian Northern. All necessary supplies can be obtained in Kamloops, which is ijie nearest outfitting centre, as well as the Land Recording Office, and leaving Kamloops the settler would proceed by the Canadian Northern Railway up to Camp 71, a station situated one mile above the moutu of the Clearwater River. . ' Leaving the railway at this point, he would cross the North Thompson River on the free Government ferry and travel by wagon-road to Larkey's cabin, five miles up the Clearwater Valley: From this point a Government trail continues up the east side of the Clearwater Valley, through the bench previously described, for a distance by trail of thirty to forty miles to the north end of Green Mountain. During 1914 the work of replacing this trail by a wagon- road will be pushed ahead as far as Green Mountain, and perhaps beyond the Myrtle River. From Larkey's cabin northward the road will be almost a level one up to and beyond the Myrtle River. From Camp 71 to the Myrtle River the distance by wagon-road will be about twenty-five miles, but by the present trail it is about forty, owing to the necessity of placing our survey camps in the most convenient places for our work, and building the trail to the camps instead of following a shorter and more direct northerly direction. Camp 71 (Marshall's crossing), on the main line of the Canadian Northern Railway, is the nearest post-office at present. The construction of the wagon-road to connect with the Canadian Northern Railway will bring this locality in close touch with the markets of the towns along the North Thompson Valley, and with the cities of the east and west. I have, etc., R. H. Lee, B.C.L.S. THE CLEARWATER VALLEY. By F. C. Green. December 31st, 1913. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—From September until the end of November, 1913, I was engaged on the survey of timber lands for private owners in the upper part of the valley of- the Clearwater River, a tributary of the North Thompson, and as, owing to the lack of earlier surveys, the information in the Lands Department regarding this area is very incomplete, the accompanying map and the following notes may be of some value. Upper Clearwater Lake is most easily reached via Quesnel Lake. A branch wagon-road connects the lower and western end of Quesnel Lake with the main Cariboo Road, and a gasolene- launch on the lake makes the fifty-mile trip to the head of Quesnel Lake easy. A trail about five miles and a half in length running in an easterly direction connects the head of Quesnel Lake with Upper Clearwater Lake. This trail follows a valley about two miles in width containing very little arable land, but heavily timbered with cedar and hemlock, and skirts Summit Lake, which is about a mile in length. A publication of the Geological Survey gives the altitude of Quesnel Lake as 2,250 feet above sea-level. Our aneroids gave the rise to Summit Lake as 425 feet, and the drop thence to Upper Clearwater Lake as 20 feet, this making the altitude of Upper Clearwater Lake 2,655 feet. Summit Lake has outlets into both Quesnel and 29 D 450 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Upper Clearwater Lakes. Should additional water ever be required for irrigation or other purposes in the Cariboo District, a large glacier-fed area could be drained into the Quesnel River by an easily constructed dam 25 feet in height at the foot of Upper Clearwater Lake. Upper Clearwater Lake. The trail referred to strikes the shore of Upper Clearwater Lake about four miles from its northerly end or head. This lake lies in a general south-westerly direction and has a length of nineteen miles and an average width of a little less than a mile. The mountains rise steeply from the water's edge, and to the north and east of the lake there are many snow-capped peaks and glaciers. With the exception of some snowslides and small burnt areas, the lake-shores are heavily timbered with cedar and hemlock and some red fir, while on the higher levels spruce and balsam predominate. The limit of merchantable timber is a little over 4,000 feet altitude, or say 1,500 feet above the lake, and this limit is generally reached about half a mile from the shore. The lake seems to have no fish, owing, perhaps, to the high falls in the river below, and the land surrounding it has no agricultural possibilities owing to the steep slopes and its stony character. A company is now installing an hydraulic plant for washing the gold-bearing gravels on Hemlock Creek, which enters the lake at its head. 1 Upper Clearwater River. Upper Clearwater Lake drains southerly into Clearwater Lake by the Upper Clearwater River. This river has a length of about seven miles and an average width of about 200 feet, and in its length drops about 600 feet. About a mile and a half down the river it is joined from the east by Goat Creek, flowing from a well-timbered valley, and about four miles farther down and about a mile and a half from the head of Clearwater Lake is joined by the outlet of Blue Lake, the foot of which lake is less than a quarter of a mile to the eastward. ' Blue Lake. Blue Lake lies in a generally east-and-west direction and has a length of fifteen miles and an average width of one mile. It cuts directly through the mountain-range, the shores being very steep, especially on the southern side, and the lake being entirely surrounded with snowcapped mountains. Its waters abound with rainbow trout and numerous caribou were seen on its shores. There is a belt of good timber, generally about half a mile wide along the south shore and wider along the north shore, the altitude and consequent depth of snow becoming too great farther from the lake. About all tie timber of any value on the south shore has been taken up, but there is an area of about fifteen square miles of excellent timber still owned by the Government along the north shore of the lake and extending in a north-westerly direction towards Goat Creek. The entire area surrounding the lake is suitable for timber-growing only. Clearwater Lake. We built cedar canoes on Blue Lake, and finding the river below navigable went in them to Clearwater Lake. Clearwater Lake lies in a generally southerly direction and has a length of about seventeen miles . and an average width of one mile. The character of the country rapidly changes southward from the head of Clearwater Lake, the mountains becoming lower and not so steep, while fire has destroyed about all the timber near the lake, with the exception of about four square miles on its east shore. There is probably some good arable land about this lake, though most of that observed was very stony. Clearwater River. Clearwater Lake flows southerly into the Clearwater River, which has a length of about fifty miles and enters the North Thompson about seventy miles above Kamloops. There is very little timber along the Clearwater River, most of the valley having been burned over. There are, however, numerous extensive beaver meadows, and though there is much stony land this valley will undoubtedly support many settlers. From the southern end of Clearwater Lake we travelled south-easterly through six miles of rolling fire-swept country, most of it gravel; then passed easterly for five miles through about 4 Geo. 5 Badger Creek and Lemieux Creek. D 451 ten square miles of fairly good timber, of which about four square miles is still owned by the Government; then through six miles of flat, poorly timbered country, with many beaver-swamps and small lakes, and struck the Myrtle River about five miles below Myrtle Lake. Myrtle Lake. Myrtle Lake is about twelve miles in length and drains into the Clearwater River through Myrtle River. The river-valley for its upper ten miles is shut in by high mountains well timbered south of the river, but below that point is more open and has been mostly burned over. We left Myrtle Lake, which has an altitude of about 4,000 feet, on November 25th. The lake was then frozen over and there was over 2 feet of snow. We followed down the river for about ten miles; then struck southward through heavy windfalls, and much to our joy struck the Fire Warden's trail, of the existence of which we were not aware, about five miles from the Myrtle, and followed it the thirty-five or forty miles to the North Thompson. Summarizing, I would say that Upper Clearwater, Blue, and Myrtle Lake Valleys are suitable only for timber, while Clearwater Lake and River and the lower part of the Myrtle River Valleys have considerable arable land. Game. Besides the caribou referred to on Upper Clearwater and Blue Lakes, beaver and marten are plentiful, and many tracks of wolves and lynx were seen. I have, etc., F. C. Green, B.C.L.S. VICINITY OF BADGER CREEK, LEMIEUX CREEK, AND EAST BARRIERE LAKE, KAMLOOPS DISTRICT. By E. P. Heywood. November 26th, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on the lands surveyed during the past season at Badger Creek, Lemieux Creek, and East Barriere Lake, Kamloops District. The land embraced In my survey in the vicinity of Badger Creek lies on a plateau some 3,000 feet above sea-level, three miles west from the North Thompson River and thirty miles from Kamloops. The country is for the most part level or rolling and lightly timbered with fir, black-pine, and small cottonwood, and contains some good swamp land which could be easily cleared, drained, and cultivated. The district is most suitable for stock-raising, as there is good range on the hillsides to the west, and excellent crops of hay are being raised on some of the cleared land. Irrigation will probably be necessary in dry seasons, but water is plentiful in the lakes and creeks in the vicinity. A pack-trail leads up through this country from the mouth of Badger Creek on the North Thompson Wagon-road, and trains are already running from Kamloops on the Canadian Northern Railroad, making this point easily accessible. Plateau to the North of A. McLean's Ranch (Adams Ranch). Three miles north of Mr. McLean's ranch, and lying between Adams and the Barriere Valleys, I surveyed a fine stretch of more or less open rolling country some 3,200 feet in elevation, containing many shallow lakes and open meadows, and at present undeveloped. The territory is well watered and the beavers are doing their best to turn the whole country into a swimming pool. However, their efforts could easily be suppressed by blowing out some of their dams, and the reclaimed land used to good advantage. There is range on the hillsides to the west and stock could be raised profitably in this vicinity. A good pack-trail from McLean's ranch, fifteen miles from Louis Creek Post-office, skirts this country on the west, to be continued early next summer by the Forestry Branch of the Department to connect with the wagon-road in the Barriere Valley. D 452 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Lemieux Creek, Taweel Lake, etc My surveys in this country covered a distance of some thirty miles from Mount Olie Post- office (sixty miles from Kamloops, on the North Thompson), running north up Lemieux Creek for fourteen miles and then north-westerly to the south-west of Taweel Lake. From Mount Olie to the junction of Fourteen-mile and Lemieux Creeks, most of the good land lies in a narrow valley to the west of Lemieux Creek. The soil in this locality is of good quality, and the area contains a considerable number of good swamps and small open meadows. The clearing will for the most part be heavy, especially to within six miles of Fourteen-mile Creek, the land through here being thickly covered with alder, birch, and second-growth fir and cedar, with some good-sized fir on the hillsides and cedar in the bottoms. Going north, this is the last seen of any timber worthy of mention, and from here to Fourteen-mile Creek, with the exception of a little black-pine, alder, birch, cottonwood, and willow is found in places. A considerable amount of this land is swampy and the hillsides are well watered. Lemieux Creek, which is a stream some 12 or 15 feet in width having its source at Taweel Lake at an elevation of 3,800 feet, and having a considerable fall to within six miles of Mount Olie, is left here. The creek has cut its way down to the river till now It runs through a canyon for most of its course, having fine falls of some 70 feet seven miles from its mouth. For the first mile or two from its junction with Lemieux Creek, Fourteen-mile Creek runs through a narrow valley which gradually widens out, displaying some good bottom land, well watered, easily cleared, and at present affording good grazing. There is also some very good land on the bench to the north and west of the creek, for the most part swampy and timbered with alder and small spruce. At about three miles from the mouth of the creek a plateau is reached, running several miles west and extending north to Taweel Lake. This plateau very much resembles the Cariboo country. It is thickly studded with lakes and contains a large quantity of excellent land with many wild meadows, some of them open and some lightly covered with willow-brush. Much of this country is swampy, but can be easily drained by cutting out some of the numerous beaver-dams which are in evidence on all the lakes and sloughs. The soil is for the most part heavy on the surface, with a substratum of clay and gravel which retains the snowwater on the surface, and to a large extent prevents it from seeping away in the early summer. The clearing is generally very light, consisting of small cottonwood, alder, and willow, with small spruce in some of the swamps. There is no timber of any size in this locality, the district having been burnt over many years ago, leaving tracts of spruce windfall as evidence. There is a considerable amount of feed for stock throughout the country, and a range of open hills a few miles to the north affords good grazing, as the condition of my pack-horses while in this vicinity testified. The elevation is somewhat high and early frosts may be- expected, but the Indians and trappers tell us that the snowfall never exceeds 3 feet. To the south and west of Taweel Lake there is a considerable extent of excellent country, many of the quarter-sections containing their full area of arable land. There are numerous lakes, meadows, and open patches in this locality, and the beavers here, as to the south, have been at work. This is particularly noticeable at the extreme west of the big lake. The land throughout is of the best quality and very easily cleared, as the timber-growth is very light. A. Goetjen has set out a small experimental garden on his holding on the edge of the lake, and has succeeded in raising oats, timothy, alfalfa, potatoes, and other vegetables with good success. Taweel Lake itself is a fine stretch of water of considerable depth with a gravelly bottom, and should be worth while stocking with fish. There is very fair deer-hunting on the surrounding hills, and black bear are by no means unknown in the locality. A wagon-road is now being built from Mount Olie to eventually connect with the Cariboo Road, and is already some nine miles up Lemieux Creek. From the end of the wagon-road a good pack-trail runs to the west end of Taweel Lake. The distance by road and trail from the post-office at Mount Olie to the lake is about thirty miles, but the wagon-road will considerably lessen this distance, its probable location being to parallel Lemieux Creek on the west side at a distance of about three-quarters of a mile, crossing Fourteen-mile Creek at about two miles from its mouth and running north-westerly till it parallels Taweel Lake to the south-west at about a mile distant. 4 Geo. 5 Deadman River and Tributaries. D 453 Land-seekers should not attempt to make the round trip from Mount Olie (which point can now be reached by train from Kamloops) under four days. There is a good store at Mount Olie, and a couple of horses can usually be secured from Mr. Lavertue, who is himself familiar with the country, East Barriere Lake. This lake lies fourteen miles east from the North Thompson River and fifty-five miles from Kamloops. The lake is seven miles in length; the water is warm and deep, and is surrounded by hills with some excellent land on the bottom and benches. The elevation is about 2,100 feet, and the climate appears to be all that could be desired. Frosts are seldom to be expected before the middle of October, and there is enough rainfall to make irrigation unnecessary. The soil around the lake is extremely fertile, as the results obtained by the settlers show; oats, hay, alfalfa, potatoes, and other vegetables grow here very readily, and fruit-trees planted over a year ago are doing well. There is some good fir and cedar timber around the lake, and the clearing is heavy, costing in the neighbourhood of $130 an acre. Besides this bottom land, there is a good country to the north of the lake and some 1,400 feet above it. This consists of cedar-swamps and alder-flats and is accessible by trail from a I>oint four miles from the west end of the lake. Indications show that this land extends for a considerable distance north, but not much is known about the district at present. There is fairly good deer-hunting throughout the country, and fish abound in the Barriere River and Lake, though they are somewhat wary in the latter. A wagon-road from the North Thompson leads to within four miles of the lake, and a pack-trail has been cut through the remaining distance, with good prospects of being replaced by a wagon-road in the near future. There is a stopping-house and pasture for horses at the end of the wagon-road, and in addition to this there are numerous boats and rafts on the lake which the settlers and others use for transportation purposes on the water. I have, etc., E. P. Heywood, B.C.L.S. UPPER PORTION OF DEADMAN RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES, LILLOOET DISTRICT. By J. E. Ross. 1 December 15th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Surveys were made on the upper portion of Deadman River and its two tributaries, the Criss and Hunters Creeks, Lillooet District. The land surveyed is about thirty-five miles in a northerly direction from Savona Station, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and lies immediately north of the Railway Belt. The work on Criss Creek, where I began, was practically a continuation of the surveys I made for the Dominion Government three years ago. At that time I had some doubt as to the advisability of subdividing these lands on account of their high altitude (about 3,500 feet above sea-level). I was therefore pleasantly surprised to find that about thirty settlers had located here, and that almost every quarter-section surveyed had been taken up. The lands in all of the sections surveyed can be classified into two main divisions, high or hilly lands and bottom lands. The high lands are from 100 to 500 feet above the valleys and thickly wooded with jack-pine. There are thousands of acres of these lands, level, or nearly so, but the ground is so stony and rocky, and the soil so poor as to preclude the possibility of farming them profitably. Where the poplar grows the soil is much better. The bottom lands lie along the streams and have a rich black loam soil, but they are rather limited in area. These lands are locally known as meadows, because they are partly open, with wild hay. The remaining portion is covered with thick willow-brush. The cost of clearing these lands should not exceed $20 per acre. D 454 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Stock-raising and Dairying. General farming cannot be carried on successfully on account of the summer frosts. Some of the settlers have succeeded in growing potatoes and garden vegetables for their own use. Stock-raising and dairying are the branches of farming for which the country is particularly adapted. The chief assets are the abundance of summer feed and good water. Stock do well. All we saw were in good condition and most of the cattle were rolling fat. All the grasses, excepting bunch-grass, of which there is a little on the open hillsides, grow most luxuriantly, as well as peavine, wild vetches, and horse-beans. Timber. This country was once heavily timbered with fir, which has been burnt off and is now replaced with jack-pine. There is probably enough left to supply the local demand for lumber. A portable sawmill was brought in during this summer and was almost ready for operations when we left. This will be a great convenience for the settlers, as quite a few intend putting up new buildings. For fuel and fencing there is an inexhaustible supply of timber. The fires of recent years have done but little damage. Climate. The climate is good. Although generally considered as being in the Dry Belt of the Interior, the growth of timber here, and vegetation in general, indicate no lack of moisture. The precipitation must be considerably greater than down in the Thompson Valley. The winters are probably a little longer and colder, but pleasanter on account of the absence of wind. As to the heat of summer, the light, balmy air has an exhilarating influence. When the mosquitoes and flies are out in full force, comfort is out of the question. Going into details, I may state that from the middle of August, when we commenced the survey, for rather more than six weeks the weather was almost perfect. On October 3rd snow fell. The pines were loaded to their fullest capacity, and every blow of the axe from the choppers brought down on them a small avalanche of slush, very soon drenching them from head to foot. On October 20th the snow disappeared and Indian-summer weather prevailed until we quit on November 16th. At that time there was barely an inch of snow on the ground. Game. Game is becoming scarce, though the wonder is that so much has been left, as this place is so easily accessible for hunters. In season, the mule-deer supplies the settlers with meat. An occasional moose strays into the neighbourhood. A bear was trapped close to our camp, but managed to escape with both trap and clog. His pursuers claimed that he was an exceptionally large one; but then it is always the biggest fish that are lost. A cougar and a lynx were also trapped. On all the streams and lakes the works of the beaver were very much in evidence. Musk-rats, weasels, and squirrels are plentiful. The district is overrun with rabbits (hares), but no damage has been done except to the willows and young jack-pines. Grouse were so thick and tame that it was almost a waste of ammunition to shoot them, the fool-hen especially. Coyotes and owls were heard nightly. Eagles and hawks were seen occasionally. A few ducks and geese have their breeding-grounds here. Wild horses roamed over these parts in bands, until the hunters and settlers thinned them out. Their deep, beaten paths still remain. The only animals that gave us any trouble were the bush-tailed rats, but these little intruders were so easily trapped that the cook usually managed to keep the camp pretty clear of them. Small trout are found in all the streams and lakes. Com munication. The only means of access to this place is the public highway from Savona. From Savona to the " big hill," at Tobacco Flats, a distance of about twenty-three miles, the road is fairly good. From the latter point to the " forks" of the road, where the Criss Creek, Uren, and Dowse Roads converge at a point near the Belt boundary, a distance of five miles, the road is almost impassable. The Uren Road, seven miles in length, was built, or rather rebuilt, this summer by the Government, and is now a good one. Both the Criss Creek and Dowse Roads will require a considerable expenditure of money to put them in good shape. Before closing 4 Geo. 5 Celista Creek and Adams Lake. D 455 this subject, I should mention that the settlers seem to be completely obsessed with the idea of getting a road into Kamloops, which they wish headquarters for supplies. At present the trip has to be made partly by vehicle and partly by train, and this makes it both costly and inconvenient. When the matter of building this road was first mentioned, I had some doubt as to the wisdom of the project on account of the cost and the sparsely settled country through which the road ran. But after looking more fully into it, I am satisfied that it is in the interests of the country to build it as soon as possible, and that it should be extended to the Cariboo Road by way of the Bonaparte River. The road will not only benefit the settlers and the Kamloops people directly, but it will open up a vast extent of new country. Deadman River Falls. At the bend of Deadman River, where it becomes an immense canyon, there are falls with a sheer drop of 170 feet. They will probably be utilized for power purposes in developing the mineral claims located close by. Settlers. The settlers on Deadman River and vicinity seem to be prospering, but at present they depend more on what they earn by working out for wages and by trapping and hunting than what they make off their places. It seems to me if they gave more time and attention to clearing and cultivating the land and improving their claims generally, it would prove more profitable in the end. In a few years there should be a good settlement on both Deadman River and Criss Creek. While we were surveying on Criss Creek four settlers came in and took up places, and about the same number located on Deadman River at the same time. The most urgent needs of the district at present are better roads, a post-office at Deadman River and Criss Creek, with a weekly mail service, and a school at the latter place. , I have, etc., : j Jos. E. Ross, B.C.L.S. CELISTA CREEK AND ADAMS LAKE, KAMLOOPS DISTRICT. By F. J. Dawson. December 15th, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—During the first part of the summer I surveyed timber limits and land for settlement, commencing on the west shore of the Seymour Arm of Shuswap Lake, adjacent to the Dominion Railway Belt, and extending up Celista Creek to Celista or Humamilt Lake, and thence along Celista Lake. I then received instructions to survey land suitable for settlement on Adams Lake and Adams River, or, as it is sometimes called, the Upper Adams River. For the purposes of this report I shall consider these two districts separately; considering, first, what we may term the Celista Creek District, and, secondly, the Adams Lake District. Celista Creek District. Celista Creek from Celista Lake to Seymour Arm is about eight miles long, along which there are several pieces of rich bottom land. These were formerly heavily timbered with cedar, which has been for the most part logged off, and are now covered with small brush and second- growth timber. With one exception, these are still covered with timber licences in good standing. The remainder of the land along the creek, together with that between the creek and Seymour Arm, is bench land, somewhat broken in portions, of light sandy soil, with about 2 inches of leaf loam on top, and covered with hemlock and a small percentage of cedar and white-pine. Celista Lake varies In width from a few hundred feet to half a mile, and is eight miles long, running east and west. At the west end of the lake I surveyed five pre-emptions, which include practically all the agricultural land along the lake. Two of these consist mainly of bottom land suitable for raising hay; the others are mainly bench land of sandy subsoil, and covered with scattered fir, cedar, D 45G Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 hemlock, and small brush. Three lots were also surveyed on the Sluk-em-up-tum Lake, a small lake about a mile and a half long and about the same distance from the west end of Celista Lake. On two of these there are some splendid natural meadows. The one at the west end of the lake would in particular make a splendid stock- and mixed-farming proposition. I also surveyed two claims at the summit of Blueberry and Scotch Creeks. These lie six and eight miles respectively west of the mouth of Celista Creek. On each are wild hay lands, but owing to their altitude nothing else could be successfully raised, as we had summer frosts in August. The Arrow Lakes Lumber Company, Limited, run a Government-subsidized steamship service on the Shuswap Lakes, connecting Chase, Salmon Arm, Sicamous, and Seymour Arm, a small settlement at the north end of the lake. Their schedule calls for a tri-weekly service between Sicamous, which is the nearest point on the Canadian Pacific Railway, and points on Seymour Arm. The same company keep a general store at Celista Creek, and until such time as a post- office is opened up is handling the mail of settlers. There is also a store and post-office at Seymour Arm about five miles distant. A wagon-road somewhat in need of repair runs up the valley to Celista Lake. Until this summer boats were the only means of transportation on this lake, but a trail has just been completed by the Forest Branch of the Lands Department, running along the shore of the lake; thence westerly along Sluk-ein-up-tum Lake and down the Cayenne and Momich Creeks to Adams Lake. In September, of the land surveyed this season there were only five lots near Seymour Arm and one on Celista Lake which were not filed on. There remains, however, a considerable area west of Celista and Sluk-em-up-tum Lakes and extending to Adams Lake which was left unsurveyed owing to possible conflict with timber licences. The latter have since been surveyed, and the vacant land no doubt will be rapidly taken up. When this is the case, settlers on Sluk-em- up-tum Lake will probably use Adams Lake as their base of supplies. Adapted to Mixed Farming. With the exception of the two claims on Blueberry Creek, the district is well adapted to mixed farming, garden produce, and fruit-growing. Summer frosts are unknown and there is abundant rainfall. During the growing season there are frequent warm showers, giving a luxuriant growth. Crop-failures are unknown. At the head of Seymour Arm a large area has been set out in fruit-trees, and they seem to be doing splendidly. The heavy cost and work involved in the clearing of the land is the only difficulty which will hinder this district from being rapidly developed on the above lines. There is a heavy snowfall in the winter, necessitating at least four months' winter feeding, which makes cattle-ranching prohibitive. On Celista Creek about a mile from its mouth there is a splendid water-power. A head of at least 200 feet may be obtained in a quarter of a mile. This would form a good site for a pulp-mill, and is sure to be utilized for a cheap power when the district is fully developed. We found no strong mineral indications close to the land surveyed, but on the North Fork of the Seymour River, and about twenty miles from its mouth, large quantities of galena have been found. Lack of transportation seems to be holding back extensive development. This district has for years been the stamping-ground of fur-trappers, so much so that it is pretty well trapped out, but a number of the old-timers still make a living at it. The fur caught is mostly mink, marten, lynx, and weasel. One of the settlers makes a business of taking out big-game hunting parties. A party is usually out for a month or six weeks on a trip, and the high plateaux, 5,000 or 6,000 feet above the :.ake, are covered. The grizzly furnishes the chief sport, but they are also successful in getting black bear, caribou, and deer. Salmon and lake trout are caught in Seymour Arm chiefly by trolling, and brook trout abound in most of the creeks. Adams Lake District. The Adams Lake District may be considered as the land suitable for settlement, on the shores of Adams Lake north of the Dominion Railway Belt, and on the Adams River, flowing into the north end of the lake. The land on the lake consists mostly of scattered benches close to the shore, of fairly good soil and timbered with fir, cedar, and hemlock. Not including the land on Momich and Cayenne Creeks already referred to, I would roughly estimate that there are 5,000 acres of agricultural land on these benches. 4 Geo. 5 Celista Creek and Adams Lake. D 457 Adams River is forty-five miles long, flowing out of Tumtum Lake. The valley for the lower eight miles varies in width from two to three miles; from this point up it narrows, varying from a half to one and a half miles. The lower twenty miles of the valley is open for settlement, the remainder being covered with timber licences in good standing. We used Chase, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, as our base for supplies. Here there are several stores well equipped to outfit settlers. From Chase, steamers or launches are taken for five miles to the east end of Little Shuswap Lake, from which point a good wagon- road seven miles long leads to the south end of Adams Lake. Adams Lake itself is forty-six miles long, running almost true north. It has the reputation of being one of the deepest on the continent, and is open for ten months in the year. There are two steamers on the lake owned by the Adams River Lumber Company, and three gasolene-launches ovvned by settlers. A wagon- road, built originally by the Adams River Lumber Company for logging purposes, runs north through the Adams River Valley for over thirty miles. There are also two other outlets from this district, one by a good wagon-road from Squam Bay, on the west side of the lake, to Louis Creek, on the North Thompson River, the distance to the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway being twenty-five miles; and the other being a pack- trail, seventeen miles long, cut this season by the Forest Branch of the Lands Department, running from a point seventeen miles up Adams River to Mile 126 north from Kamloops on the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway. The post-office for this district is at the south end of Adams Lake. Once the district becomes sufficiently settled to warrant a regular through steamship and stage service which could be relied upon, the greatest drawback to rapid development will have been removed. The portion surveyed this season was the lower eleven miles of the Adams River Valley, consisting of forty-three lots. Those at the mouth of the river consist of bottom land of rich black-loam soil, covered with willow-brush; the remainder, for eight miles up, lies on a series of low benches most of which have been burnt over in recent years, and are now covered partly with second-growth hemlock and cedar and partly with poplar and birch. As has been stated, the valley narrows from this point up, giving a string of lots on each side of the river. Here for several miles the river is sluggish and winds through low flat lands, well adapted for raising hay, and affording a splendid breeding-place for mosquitoes. The soil on the benches is mostly sandy loam with gravel subsoil, but on some of the lots it is clay loam which runs to a considerable depth. The old stumps on the portions which have been burnt over are pretty well rotted out, and the cost of clearing land in certain places would not exceed $15 per acre, while in the cedar bottoms it would easily cost $125. The district is well adapted to mixed farming, the raising of garden produce, and fruitgrowing. For a number of years the eanips of the Adams River Lumber Company will be able to use all the garden and farm produce raised, but owing to transportation difficulties the profits of fruit-growing would, at present, be problematical. Mr. Anderson, who has a pre-emption about five miles up Adams River, cut three crops of clover this year, and has a splendid-looking garden and small orchard. Summer frosts are unknown and there is sufficient rainfall to avoid the expense of irrigation. The summers are warm, but not hot. Snow comes during the latter part of November, and stays until about April 1st. The snowfall is pretty heavy, but the winters are not cold or stormy. The district abounds in game, particularly in deer, and during the open season we used very little meat except venison. Two deer brought into camp, when dressed, weighed 170 lb. Several settlers spend the winter trapping on the mountains, catching the same fur as is found at Celista Creek. Trout and salmon, during the run, are to be had on the lake, river, and creeks. I have, etc., Fred. J. Dawson, B.C.L.S. I) 458 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 THE LILLOOET DISTRICT. By G. M. Downton. December 18th, 1913. G. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Before proceeding with this report in detail it would seem advisable to give a brief outline of the Lillooet District in general, the more so since, until recently, the country under consideration has been comparatively little known to the general travelling public; and though hunters of big game, who yearly resort to Lillooet to indulge in this fascinating pastime, have long realized the exceptional opportunities presented by the immense numbers and variety of game which range over its mountains and along its streams, and mining-men have prospected for years past for the minerals which abound in the rocky fastnesses of the Cascade Range, it has not, owing to its distance from transportation, been looked upon as offering much scope to the agriculturist, nor has the tourist in his search for scenery and recreation, as a rule, come so far from the facilities and comforts of civilization. The Peniberton Meadows, situated about eighty miles due north of the City of Vancouver and separated therefrom by the Coast Range, may be said to mark the southern limit of the district, which, stretching from thence northward for a distance of 115 miles to the Chilcotin River, or more correctly, to the 52nd parallel of latitude, embraces an area of 10,300,000 acres. It is about 150 miles wide and stretches from the Chilko River, a north-flowing tributary of the Chilcotin River, eastward to a point due north of the Town of Kamloops, and is bounded on the south-east for a hundred miles by the Canadian Pacific Railway Belt; but, though its' southern limit is, as has been mentioned, only eighty miles from Vancouver and only fifty from salt-water, it is so isolated by mountain-ranges that until this year the best route from that city to the southern parts was by way of Lytton, Lillooet, and Anderson Lake, a circuitous route of about 250 miles. The district is divided almost in half by the Fraser River in its course southward from Fort George to the Pacific Coast, and its whole area is either directly or indirectly drained by it. It is practically through the centre of this district that the Pacific Great Eastern Railway is now in course of construction, and so expeditiously is this undertaking being pushed forward that it appears probable that steel will be laid from Vancouver to Lillooet before the end of 1914. With the outline of the district thus laid before us, we will now proceed to discuss the various parts which I have examined during the past season (1913). PEMBERTON SECTION. Commencing at the southern boundary of the district, we will consider the watershed of the Upper Lillooet River and its tributaries, together with the Birkenhead River and a portion of the upper end of Lillooet Lake as one section, and term it the " Pemberton Section " by reason of the association of the name for years past with the meadows along the reaches of the Upper Lillooet River. Physical Characteristics. The Upper Lillooet River, which flows in a south-easterly direction through the Pemberton section and empties its waters into the Lillooet Lake, rises in a large glacier at the point where the Cascade and Coast Ranges converge, the Coast Range trending in a southerly and the Cascade Range in an easterly direction. The valley of the river which divides the two ranges is, down to the upper end of Lillooet Lake, about fifty miles long, and the lower thirty miles of this valley, which contains some very fine bottom-land meadows, averages about a mile and a half in width, although this increases to about two miles for the last seven miles above the lake, The glacial origin of this river, although rendering the rise of its waters considerably later in the season than if dependent wholly on melting snows on the surrounding mountains, makes its rise sudden and well sustained when the June suns begin to be felt in the high altitudes, and, owing to the fact that the outlet at the lower end of Lillooet Lake is not of sufficient size to carry away this large increase, the lake rises rapidly and pens back the waters of the Lillooet River, causing floods in the lower part of the valley. 4 Geo. 5 Lillooet District. D 459 These freshets carry down immense quantities of river-silt, which is deposited at the upper end of the lake, and from data which I gathered in this vicinity in May last I was able to form an estimate as to the rate of accretion, which appears to be about one mile in 100 years. There is no reason to doubt that all that portion of the Pemberton Meadows between the mouth of Green River and the head of Lillooet Lake, a distance of about eight miles, formed part of the lake within comparatively recent times, this whole area being a large basin only slightly above ordinary high-water level of the lake, and the rise of the water in the lake during flood season, which generally occurs in June, converts this into a waste of waters among which clumps of cottonwood and willow, which grow luxuriantly along the river-banks, appear like islands. Above the mouth of Green River the valley of the Lillooet River trends in a north-westerly direction, nor is it subject to extensive flooding, though parts of it throughout the next twenty miles flood to a small extent in most summers. A scheme is now being discussed for lowering the level of the lake, and this will doubtless to a large extent prevent flooding. Accessibility. The valley is reached by three routes, the most direct from the Coast being by way of Newport, Brackendale, and Green River. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway Company have adopted this route, and have this year built a wagon-road approximately along the line of the old trail to facilitate transportation along the line of construction. This wagon-road is about fifty miles long and steamers connect Newport with Vancouver by way of Howe Sound. Another route is by way of Harrison Lake, Lower Lillooet River, and Lillooet Lake, but this route, originally opened by the Hudson's Bay Company and used later by gold-seekers along the upper reach of the Fraser River in early days, has not been much used of late years and need not now be taken into account. Communication with the northern part of the district has up to the present been made by means of a wagon-road up the valley of the Birkenhead River, which joins the Upper Lillooet River about five miles above Lillooet Lake, and thence over a divide at an altitude of 1,500 feet above sea-level, and down Anderson River to Anderson Lake. This road was originally well built in the early days and was the continuation of the route via Harrison and Lillooet Lakes to Lillooet and the north, and as the Pacific Great Eastern Railway are now building up this valley it will once more become the main traffic route to the Northern Interior. Agricultural Possibilities. With the valley of the Upper Lillooet River protected from the possibility of serious floods and in direct railway communication with North Vancouver and the Coast generally, the agricultural possibilities of this section can hardly be overestimated. Incidentally, the draining of this land would in a great measure eliminate the mosquito pest, which is a considerable source of annoyance in June and July. As a country for the production of garden produce and small fruits it is possibly unrivalled, and it is probable that in this line the best profits could be made in the Coast markets. The soil in the valley is mostly composed of river-silt. The rainfall is very light in summer and the temperature high, but the high water in the Lillooet River during June and July may be said to sub-irrigate the whole valley. Huge hay-crops are raised every year, and the dairying business should be profitable, but the heavy snowfall and dampness of the climate in winter, owing to its proximity to the Coast, does not make it such a satisfactory section for cattle-raising as the benches of the Fraser River towards the northern part of the district. Snow averages about 2 to 2% feet in the valley from December to March, and this rather favours agriculture than otherwise, since the snow falls and protects the ground before the frost penetrates the soil to any depth, and vegetation springs up with amazing rapidity from the unfrozen ground as the snow disappears in late March. The average elevation of the valley is about 900 feet above sea-level. The river lands are not, averaging them right through, difficult to clear, and the cost of clearing should not average more than $50 per acre, while in many places the country is open and consists of wild hay meadows. This is especially true of the lower part of the valley, where the earliest settlement took place. D 460 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Timber. The mountain-slopes on each side of the Lillooet River are densely clothed with fir, as also the upper twenty miles of the valley up to the foot of the glacier. This is mostly of a good quality and ranges on an average about 8,000 or 9,000 board-feet per acre, and in many places considerably higher. A small amount of cedar is also found along the upper reaches of the river, but in the lower reaches no timber of any value exists, the only timber-growth being cottonwood and willow. The Lillooet River could not be utilized as a means of transportation for timber, but the large amount of timber on the upper reaches should warrant the cost of constructing a light railway to connect with the Pacific Great Eastern Railway at the lower end of the valley. Proximity to Markets. With the completion of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, the Pemberton section will be on the direct line of communication between Vancouver and Fort George, and only about eighty miles from the former city. Pemberton Portage Post-office is situated at Mr. Spetch's ranch, about two miles up the valley of the Birkenhead River, with a mail service every two weeks by way of Lillooet. Mr. Spetch has a well-equipped store and excellent accommodation for travellers. Mining. The Pemberton section is looked upon by mining-men who have a knowledge of the district as offering great possibilities in iron, copper, and silver, and transportation will open up several hitherto unworkable propositions. The number of " wild-cats," which in years gone by have shaken the confidence of investors throughout the Province in Lillooet propositions, have done a great deal towards hampering the development of the mining industry in this section, but it is worth remarking here that in the opinion of mining experts the country opened up by the Pacific Great Eastern Railway in passing through from Green River to Seton Lake and Lillooet is one of the most promising mining sections in British Columbia. Game. Deer and both black and grizzly bear are plentiful, the latter coming down on to the river- banks on the upper stretches of the Lillooet River in the fall to fish for salmon. Goat are also found in the mountains, but to a lesser extent than farther north among the Bridge River Mountains. Grouse are fairly plentiful and also ptarmigan on the upper ranges, while wild geese and ducks appear in thousands in the valley in October and November, departing south when the river and sloughs freeze. General Remarks. The Pemberton section was in early times the home of the Lillooet Indians, a large and powerful tribe, who appear to have waged almost continuous warfare with varying success against their hereditary foes, the Chicotin Indians. Descendants of the former tribe still reside on the large rancherie at the junction of the Lillooet and Birkenhead Rivers. It has been a subject of comment as to why the Town of Lillooet should be so far removed from the river and lake of that name, but this is explained when one learns that Lillooet was the original Indian name of Pemberton Meadows, and signifies " good pasture land," and that a white settler moving north to the grassy benches on the Fraser River where the Town of Lillooet now stands brought the name with him, and the original Lillooet was renamed Pemberton after Mr. Pemberton, who kept the road-house and store at the head of Lillooet Lake in early days. We may consider that the Pemberton section ends at Summit Lake, on the divide between Poole Creek and Anderson River. This divide is situated at an elevation of 1,500 feet above sea-level, and is actually the lowest point of the Cascade Range for a great distance east and west; it is, in fact, the only pass worth mentioning in this part. Birkenhead River Valley. It would be well, however, before crossing this divide, to fellow up the course of the Birkenhead River from its junction with Lillooet River and examine the country upon it. About 4 Geo. 5 Lillooet District. D 461 three miles up the valley we pass the Dominion Fish Hatchery, which has been of great value to this section for years past. The valley may be said to be fairly heavily timbered throughout its entire length, but in many places it is very narrow and stony. The timber is mostly fir, but there is also some considerable amount of cedar. There is some good fir at the junction of Poole Creek and the Birkenhead, and above this on the former, up the valley of which the wagon-road passes to Summit Lake, we pass through some fairly good agricultural land and good hay meadows. LAKE SECTION. Arriving at Summit Lake, round which the Pacific Great Eastern Railway is now being constructed, we enter the Lake section, which includes Anderson River and its tributaries, Anderson Lake and the numerous creeks which flow into it, Seton Lake and its watershed, and Cayoosh Creek, embracing a total area of about 600 square miles. Passing Summit Lake, we follow Anderson River, which flows out of the lake northward down a narrow valley, with the snow-covered peaks of the Cascade Range towering on either hand. We find patches of arable land all the way down the valley to Anderson Lake. Good patches of fir also occur in the valley, and on the lower mountain-slopes yellow-pine becomes noticeable among it, indicative of the drier climate north of the divide. After descending about 700 feet in a distance of about eleven miles we arrive at Anderson Lake. Emerging out of the valley on to Anderson Lake we become conscious of the difference in the climate, which, owing to the proximity of the high mountains, was not so noticeable farther south. Here we enter the Dry Belt, which extends north and east for several hundred miles over the interior plateau of British Columbia. The land at the south end of Anderson Lake should be suitable for fruit-raising, as the soil is light and the summer warm, while the snowfall is very light. In fact, the snow seldom lies for any length of time along either Seton or Anderson Lake near water-level. Vicinity of McGillivray Creek. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway follows the west side of Anderson Lake close to the water throughout the entire length of the lake, a distance of about ten miles, and the only land suitable for agricultural purposes is situated at the mouths of McGillivray and Roaring Creeks, both of which flow into Anderson Lake on the west side. There is a water-power of considerable magnitude near the mouth of McGillivray Creek where this creek falls over a cliff about 100 feet high in a magnificent waterfall. A small amount of this power is utilized at a sawmill worked by Mr. Swanson on the lake-shore near the mouth of McGillivray Creek. The country lying on both sides of McGillivray Creek from its headwaters to its mouth is highly mineralized, and a large number of mineral claims have been staked and worked, but owing to lack of transportation very little development-work has been attempted. On the lower mountain-slopes at the south end of Anderson Lake and along the elevated bench on the west side as far north as McGillivray Creek the timber is dense and of a good quality, being mostly composed of fir, with a sprinkling of white-pine, which is rare in this district, also cedar and yellow-pine; but farther north along the west side the mountains become precipitous, and there is no timber worth mentioning, except a small area of yellow-pine, averaging about 6,500 board-feet to the acre, on a bench above the mouth of Roaring Creek. There is no timber or agricultural land at all on the east side of the lake, which is uniformly rugged and precipitous and steep to deep water, although here and there at the mouth of some of the mountain-torrents sand carried down by the creeks has collected and formed little promontories on which a stunted growth of fir has grown up. Between Anderson and Seton Lakes. Between Anderson and Seton Lakes is a strip of land about a mile and a half wide and about the same length, known as the Short Portage. This is crossed by a wagon-road which terminates on both lakes at the steamboat landings. The difference in elevation of Anderson and Seton Lakes is about 75 feet. Anderson Lake is the higher of the two, and the surplus water of Anderson Lake flows into Seton Lake through Portage Creek, along which the wagon- road runs. D 462 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The Short Portage has evidently been formed by a vast landslide from the east, and also partly from the accretion of solid matter from a creek of some magnitude which enters Portage Creek from the north-west. The gap in the mountains on the east side from which the landslide came is very noticeable when approaching the Short Portage from the Seton Lake side. Agricultural Land on Short Portage. There is a large area of land on the Short Portage capable of being brought under cultivation, and is, in my opinion, like the land at the south end of Anderson Lake, eminently suitable for fruit-raising. A more ideal spot for a summer resort could hardly be imagined, the heat being tempered by the lake-breezes and the scenery exquisite. Arriving at Seton Lake, we can take the steamer which plies daily between Lillooet and the Short Portage, or we can follow the trail which follows the northern lake-shore; this trail has, however, been almost obliterated in many places by the construction of the railway, which follows the north shore closely all along the lake. There is a marked absence of any land suitable for agricultural purposes on Seton Lake, except in the vicinity of the Mission, an Indian settlement near the north-west end of the lake, at which place the wagon-road to Bridge River over Mission Mountain commences. The steamer calls here daily in connection with traffic to and from Bridge River, which owing to the recent mining activities on that river is very brisk. Close to Mission also is the proposed site of the power-house of the Bridge River Power Company, which company has been lately formed to develop power by boring a tunnel for about two miles through Mission Mountain from Bridge River, and utilizing the difference of elevation between the latter and Seton Lake, some 1,100 feet, to develop power from Bridge River water. This project, if developed to its maximum capacity, may prove to be one of the largest hydroelectric projects in the Dominion. Anderson and Seton Lakes are both very deep and abound with trout. Neither of these lakes freezes over during the winter, owing, no doubt, to their immense depth, and the former is said to be several degrees warmer than the latter. About half-way along Seton Lake on the south side the mountains recede somewhat from the lake-shore and leave a narrow strip of land about half a mile in width and about two miles long, which has within the last two or three years been taken up by settlers. This land, together with three or four small Indian reserves, forms practically the only land capable of being brought under cultivation along the whole length of Seton Lake, a distance of some 12% miles. The whole of the mountain-sides are covered with a sparse growth of yellow-pine and fir, the former predominating oil the north side and the latter on the south side, although towards the east end of the lake on the north side the scanty timber scarcely finds a foothold on the precipitous rock bluffs, which tower to an immense height almost perpendicularly from the lake-shore. The scenery of Seton Lake is extremely fine and rivals that of any part of the Province. At the east end of Seton Lake there is some fine bench land covered by an Indian reserve, the whole of which could be easily brought under cultivation by the construction of an irrigation- ditch from Cayoosh Creek. On Seton Lake Creek, which carries the surplus water from Seton Lake into Cayoosh Creek and thence into the Fraser River, is situated the Provincial Government Fish Hatchery, below which is the junction of Cayoosh Creek and Seton Lake Creek. This point, which is about two miles from the Town of Lillooet, may be considered as the termination of the Lake section. lillooet section. The Lillooet section may be said to embrace the whole of the country immediately adjoining the Fraser River from the northern boundary of the Canadian Pacific Railway Belt northward to the point where Pavilion Creek enters the Fraser River from the east, this being also the point where the wagon-road from Ashcroft to Lillooet enters the Fraser Valley. This section also includes the Town of Lillooet, situated on the west bank of the Fraser River about a mile north of the mouth of Cayoosh Creek. Town of Lillooet. Lillooet is the only town of importance in the district, and is reached by way of Lytton or Ashcroft, both on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the former being forty-seven 4 Geo. 5 Lillooet District. D 463 miles distant and the latter sixty-three miles. It has a daily mail service and a telegraph- office, while it is in telephonic communication with Lytton, Short Portage, and Bridge River. It has three churches, two good hotels, several well-equipped stores, and a population of about 300, although this has been very largely augmented recently by the floating population connected with railroad-construction. It is beautifully situated on an extensive bench above the Fraser River with a south-easterly aspect, and is well protected from northerly winds by a high mountain at the rear of the town. The climate is dry and invigorating, the heat in summer seldom excessive, and the winter comparatively mild. Snow seldom lies for any length of time in the winter, and the water-supply is good. With the completion of the railroad, Lillooet will be within about seven hours' run from Vancouver. It is immediately surrounded by a country the possibilities of which have up to the present hardly been realized, owing mainly to lack of markets and communication. A Promising Fruit-growing Section. The alluvial benches which are a marked feature along the Fraser River north of Lytton are, in my opinion, at any rate in the southern part of the district, eminently suitable for the raising of fruit, and it seems probable that with the opening-up of the railway the Lillooet section will come to be looked upon as one of the most promising fruit sections in the Province. Irrigation, which is necessary here owing to the dry climate, has been tried everywhere with success. The soil in most places along the Fraser River benches in this section is composed of a light sandy loam, with a good gravel subsoil, and is extraordinarily productive under irrigation. It is of too light and pervious a nature to be dry-farmed to advantage, nor is the snowfall sufficient to provide moisture should the soil be suitable; but there is in most places an ample supply of water for purposes of irrigation, and this water is being most carefully handled by the Water Rights Branch of the Department of Lands. The average altitude of these benches along the Fraser River throughout this section is between 700 and 1,100 feet above sea-level, and summer frosts are unknown! At least one nursery garden has recently been established in the vicinity, and I understand that the results are such as to warrant the most optimistic forecasts. It is noteworthy that mosquitoes are almost unknown in this section, owing, doubtless, to the absence of swampy country. Snow does not lie for any length of time in winter, and as a rule land can be ploughed about the third week in March, and often much earlier. That this country is not better developed at the present time is owing to the fact that markets have been distant and transportation rates prohibitive, and any one who knows anything of the district realizes the revolution which the Pacific Great Eastern Railway will bring about in these respects. North Fork of Bridge River and Fountain Creek Valleys. Two important valleys may be touched on when discussing this section—viz., the North Fork of Bridge River and Fountain Creek Valleys. The former, about eighteen miles north of Lillooet, is reached by pack-trail up the valley of main Bridge River, which enters the Fraser River five miles north of the Town of Lillooet, and in the matter of soil and general physical features is similar to the valley of the Fraser River. The elevation averages from 1,700 to 2,100 feet above sea-level, and in some places slight summer frosts are experienced. The general trend of the valley is north-westerly, and the benches on the west side of the North Fork are well supplied with water. The scarcity of water on the east side has until now hampered the development of some magnificent bench land, but possibly the settlers may be able to overcome this difficulty by co-operation in the building of a ditch. If this could be accomplished, there is no reason to doubt that the valley would develop into a thriving agricultural community. As with many other places in this district, lack of transportation has seriously hampered development, and up to the present time the only means of access has been by pack-trail; but the Government commenced the construction of a wagon-road into this valley late last fall, and will probably complete it before the end of 1914. There is a post-office situated on Messrs. Birch and Duncan's ranch, about three miles above the junction of the North Fork with main Bridge River, with a monthly mail service. The name of this postal district is " Moha," an Indian name signifying " Junction of Waters." D 464 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 There are several small creeks flowing into the North Fork from the west, and on the upper- basin of these creeks there is considerable growth of good timber. Placer-mining. Placer-mining has been carried on in a desultory manner for several years at the junction: of the North Fork and main Bridge River, but up to the present results have not justified extensive operations. Game. Game of all kinds abound, including bear, deer, cougar, mountain-sheep, and goats, the latter being especially plentiful among the crags of the Bridge River Canyon. An area known as the Yalakoun Game Reserve has been set aside by the Provincial Government along the east side of the North Fork north of the mouth of Four-mile Creek, and this has proved a haven of refuge for large herds of deer which collect here every winter. The mountains to the south-west of the valley of the North Fork are highly mineralized, and the Spokane group, owned by Dr. Christie, of Lillooet, shows very promising copper-bearing ore. It is not proposed in this report to discuss the country in the main Bridge River section, this being outside the area visited by me this year, but it is worthy of notice that Mr. Hunt, of Lillooet, has recently discovered a most remarkable body of ore farther west of the Spokane group which has been most favourably reported on by four mining experts, who all, unknown to each other, practically corroborated each other's statements, and development on this property is being pushed forward this winter. Fountain Creek Valley. Returning to the Fraser River Valley, we will touch on the Fountain Creek Valley before proceeding north. This valley, which lies in a north-and-south direction about five miles east of the Town of Lillooet, and is divided therefrom by a high and rugged range of mountains, opens out in the Fraser River Valley from the south. It contains some good agricultural land which has been taken up by settlers during the past year. Owing to it being situated considerably above the Fraser River benches, the climate is colder and the snowfall in winter considerably heavier. It is, however, suitable for fruit-raising. There is a good supply of water in Fountain Creek for purposes of irrigation, and the land can be easily cleared. There is a good wagon-road right up through the valley which connects with the main Ashcroft and Lillooet Wagon-road at a point about nine miles from Lillooet, and the farthest ranch up the valley is not more than four miles and a half from the Pacific Great Eastern Railway. BIG BAR SECTION. The Big Bar section, the last area examined this season, is situated towards the northern part of the district, and is reached by way of Clinton and Kelly Lake, and thence northward following the Dog Creek Wagon-road up the valley of Porcupine Creek and Kelly Lake Creek to the headwaters of the latter. This brings us to an altitude of 4,900 feet above sea-level six miles north of Kelly Lake, and is the highest point on the wagon-road. The Big Bar section may be said to commence at this- point and extend northward about twenty-one miles to China Gulch. It is bounded on the east by a high limestone mountain-range, which extends from Kelly Lake almost to Big Bar Lake, and contains some high peaks, notably Mount Bowman, about 7,500 feet. On the west it is. bounded by the Fraser River. A Promising Dry-farming Area. The wagon-road gradually descends as we proceed northward along an excellent grade, passing in the next twelve miles through a black-pine country which is, in my opinion, a most promising dry-farming area. The soil is clay loam, averaging 2 to 4 feet in depth, and is almost entirely covered at the present time by a small growth of black-pine. The general elevation is not much higher than Pavilion Mountain, where enormous crops of hay and oats are grown. The land should, if cleared, grow the finest kind of oat-hay. The snow in winter averages about 2% feet in depth over the southern part, and about 14 inches over the northern part. It would 4 Geo. 5 Lillooet District. D 46£ cost probably $35 per acre to clear right up at once, but if cleared gradually by firing and removing the rotten stumps it would not exceed about $15 to $20 per acre. Horses winter year by year in this part, and in places where the pine has been burnt at the present time the pasture is splendid. Only one ranch of 160 acres has at present been taken up in this area, and settlers do not seem to have examined it or realized its possibilities. The best part of this area is between Eleven-mile and Seven-mile Creeks, where a large area has been burned over and is in many parts almost cleared. For settlers intending to locate here a suggestion is offered. The best time to locate would be in the fall of the year. Sufficient ground could be cleared up in September and October to lay down a good area for hay in the spring. A house and barn could be erected in winter, as there is abundance of light material right on the ground for this purpose. The cleared area could also be fenced during this period. In the spring the settler would be well advised to bring in a few head of cattle, which could range all the summer in the vicinity. He could raise enough hay on the land cleared in the previous fall to feed over the next winter, from about December 1st to March 31st, but milk stock would require to be fed longer. The natural increase of his stock would provide a sufficient income to keep him constantly on the land after the first year without having to leave the ranch in search of employment, and the easy nature of the clearing should enable him to get a very large area under hay within a short time; and a better acquaintance with the climate of the district would suggest to him the lines in which his best profit could be made. The northern part of this area should be settled up first, as the altitude is considerably lower than that farther south, and it might be risky to locate on the very high levels until the possibilities of this land had been better demonstrated. For the present it is probable that stock-raising would pay the best. North of Big Bar Creek. North of Big Bar Creek the country is for the most part open, rolling bunch-grass country most suitable for cattle-ranging. Although north of the east part of the Gang Ranch—the property of the Western Canadian Ranching Company—several settlers have recently taken up homesteads with a view to dry-farming. The altitude is about 3,700 feet above sea-level. There is, in my opinion, only a small area here suitable for this purpose. This is situated on the south-west side of Big Bar Mountain, where the soil is mostly composed of a dark chocolate loam. The snowfall is heavy in winter, and this particular locality is well sheltered from the keen northerly winds by a spur of Big Bar Mountain, rendering this part as a rule much milder in winter and more advanced in spring. The property of the Canadian Ranching Company just south of this, locally known as the Gang Ranch field, is a magnificent piece of bench land used only during the winter months as a range for cattle. Practically all the property of the Western Canadian Ranching Company in this particular vicinity is suitable for only cattle-ranging, as the water-supply is deficient, and though the area owned by them on Big Bar Mountain might be successfully dry-farmed, the benches along the Fraser River, 1,000 feet below, do not have sufficient snowfall to provide the necessary moisture. Practically the whole country to the north of Big Bar Creek may be described as an ideal stock country. The bunch-grass wherever protected grows splendidly; there is sufficient scattered timber on it to furnish shelter for stock, and there are several small lakes. Except the area above mentioned on the south-west slopes of Big Bar Mountain, the soil is composed of a sandy loam with a good gravel subsoil, and is generally too shallow to render it suitable for agricultural purposes, although there is an area to the west of Big Bar Mountain, at Crows Bar, where good hay-crops have been raised by Mr. Derby under irrigation for feeding to stock. Various small holdings have been taken up along Big Bar Creek, which runs in a narrow valley, almost, in fact, a gorge, between elevated benches mentioned above. The sides of this valley are, especially on the north side, rocky and precipitous and show an interesting formation. The settlers on the creek raise vegetables and a certain amount of hay for feeding to stock, but the area capable of being brought under cultivation is limited, and a large amount of the 30 D 466 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 land appears stony. The valley of Big Bar Creek continues very narrow until within two miles of the Fraser River, where it opens out on to the river-benches. Coal Indications. There are indications of coal all along the north side of the creek about 200 feet below the surface of the bench, through which the creek has worn its way, and this is also visible on the face of the mountains along the Fraser River north of Big Bar Creek. Below the coal strata is a large deposit of a whitish clay, and this forms a substantial amount of the subsoil on the river-benches of the Fraser River near the mouth of Big Bar Creek. There is, in places, on the lower benches at this point an enormous thickness of deep chocolate loam, 20 or 30 feet deep, lying on a well-packed bed of sand and gravel, but this is only noticeable on the river-benches immediately adjoining the river. The enormous thickness of this gravel-bed is discernible at points along the river where landslides have occurred and left the sheer gravel-wall visible. The ranches on the Fraser River at the mouth of Big Bar Creek are well irrigated and raise enormous quantities of alfalfa. All kinds of garden produce are raised here, including watermelons and tomatoes. The mountains protect these ranches effectively from the north, and as the snow hardly ever lies for any length of time on the river-benches, cattle range all the winter without extra feeding. Summarizing this section generally: The area south of Big Bar Creek averages from 3,000 to 4,700 feet and is mostly covered with black-pine. The soil is a clay loam over a well-packed gumbo subsoil, and it promises to be a good dry-farming country. The area north of Big Bar Creek averages about 3,700 feet above sea-level and is mostly cattle-range country, while the river-benches along the Fraser River average about 1,200 feet above sea-level, and with irrigation can be made enormously productive. The point of nearest approach of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway to the Big Bar section is at Kelly Lake, which is about twenty-two miles south-east of the centre of this area, making the southern limit about twelve miles and the northern limit about thirty-four miles from this point. Big Bar Post-office is situated on Mr. Kostering's ranch, on the Fraser River, about two miles and a half south of the mouth of Big Bar Creek, and has a weekly mail service via Clinton, Kelly Lake, and the Mountain House, the latter being a comfortable road-house situated on the main road from Clinton to Dog Creek, near the junction of the road to Big Bar Post-office. The Mountain House is the recognized stopping-place for travellers from Clinton to Dog Creek, as it is situated about a day's journey by stage from the former place. The only mining ever attempted in this section consisted of placer gold-mining along the banks of the Fraser River, and this was carried on to a considerable extent by Chinese in earls- days. A certain amount of prospecting in this line was done by a company about six years ago at the mouth of Big Bar Creek, but results did not warrant further development. Coal of a poor quality was mined in this vicinity about five years ago, but apparently results were unsatisfactory. Game. The district literally abounds with deer, and I have seen as many as seventeen in the course of an afternoon on one of the Fraser River benches north of the mouth of Big Bar Creek in early November, while later in the same week my party encountered a flock of nine mountain-sheep on the west side of the Fraser River in this vicinity. During November we seldom saw less than three or four deer every day in the course of our operations along the Fraser River benches, and often many more. There are some black bear, but these are not very plentiful. Blue and willow grouse are plentiful, and from the southern limit of the Big Bar section north to Seven- mile Creek the country is a veritable rabbit-warren. Fool-hen and prairie-chicken are met with in considerable numbers, but are not so common as the grouse mentioned above. Timber. It may be remarked here that there is practically no timber of commercial value In this section, but a large amount of scattered fir for local uses. 4 Geo. 5 Northern Lillooet Townships. D 467 Limestone. It would not be by any means a complete report on this section if mention were not made of the huge mass of pure limestone which stretches in a north-and-south direction along the east of this area, and is touched by the railway between Kelly Lake and Clinton. This deposit might, if necessary, supply the whole of Canada with lime for centuries and then be only scratched on. Concluding Remarks. In conclusion, it seems desirable to draw attention to the fact that the whole of the areas touched upon in this report will soon be linked up with the Coast cities and northern British Columbia by the railway which is now building through them, and with the completion of this undertaking a large influx of settlers may be expected, since the climate is dry and invigorating, the altitude of the valleys not too great for all agricultural pursuits, and the whole area offers an excellent opportunity for the raising of those kinds of produce which will find a ready sale in local markets. I have, etc., G. M. Downton, B.C.L.S. TOWNSHIPS IN NORTHERN LILLOOET. By F. Tupper. December 9th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The tract of country surveyed by me during the past summer in the Lillooet District is situated between the 52nd parallel, which is the boundary-line between the Districts of Lillooet and Cariboo, and the Fraser River, and extends from the vicinity of the 141-Mile House, Cariboo Road, south-westerly for about sixteen miles, and comprises Townships 42, 76, and portions of 74, 75, 78, 43, and 45. The total area surveyed was 82,496.1 acres. The average elevation of the tract is from 2,600 to 2,800 feet, and is for the most part timbered with pine, fir, and poplar, with small patches of spruce in places. The soil generally is of a light nature, with a rather better quality, being a dark loam, where fir and poplar occur. There are scattered loose boulders in variable quantities over almost the entire area. The country is fairly flat, with somewhat steep slopes into the valleys of the San Jose River, Chimney and Alkali Creeks. These slopes or side-hills are very rocky and precipitous in places, especially on the fall to the San Jose River on the south side, while other parts are open grass land somewhat stony, but excellent pasturage in the summer months. Township 42. Township 42, which is the most northern portion of the tract surveyed, is for the most part an elevated plateau between the valleys of the San Jose River and Chimney Creek. This plateau Is fairly level, with light soil and scattered boulders, and considerable areas of pine and patches of fir and poplar in places. With the exception of the above-mentioned streams, the one at the north end and the other at the south end of the township, and a few small swamps, which I think usually dry up in the summer-time, there is practically no water on this township. A plentiful supply for domestic purposes, however, can be obtained at a shallow depth by sinking. The proposed route of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway runs along the San Jose River Valley, and when this line is constructed it is probable that some of this country will be taken up and settled upon. Without transportation facilities, however, it is only range country. The fir timber, while not in sufficient quantities to justify me in classifying any of the land as timber land, is nevertheless excellent timber for railway-ties, and no doubt much of it will be in demand wb»r the railway is under construction. D 468 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Township 74. Township 74 lies immediately south of Township 42. In this township I only surveyed sixteen sections, as the country became very rocky for a considerable distance to the south and east, and is unsuitable for agriculture. As to the sections surveyed, however, the same description will apply as in Township 42. Township 76. Township 76 adjoins Township 74 on the west. This township includes a number of Indian reserves which take in considerable areas of meadow land. There are belts of rocks here and there, but not of sufficient area to enable me to excise them altogether from the areas surveyed. There is some fir timber of very fair quality in places, and the township is fairly well watered by small creeks, lakes, swamps, etc. Township 78. Township 78 adjoins Township 76 on the west. In this township there are some patches of excellent land, and it is in this locality that I think considerable settlement will take place in the near future. There are some nice stretches of open land with good grass, also patches of poplar and willow country with rich soil, and which can be very easily cleared. I surveyed four pre-emptions in this locality which had been recorded some little time, and before I left the district two of these pre-emptors had taken possession of their holdings and built cabins, sunk wells, and obtained a splendid supply of water at about 8 feet. The area surveyed in this township is of an undulating nature, but there is a considerable drop in the southern portion into the valley of Alkali Creek. This creek lies in the bottom of a deep gorge or ravine. Farther south the country is very broken and rocky. South-west of Township 78. The country to the south-west of the surveyed portion of this township is the Alkali Lake Ranch, the property of C. Wynn Johnson, and extends right across to the Fraser River, and is, I understand, largely held under lease. This is excellent range country, there being large stretches of open grass land which is securely fenced. Mr. Johnson has about 1,600 head of cattle running here, with a large number of horses, and they all appear to be in excellent condition. After completing my work in this locality I moved south-easterly to Lot 323, known as "U.S. Meadows," where I expected to find good country. I was disappointed, however, as T found that, with the exception of a few sections, the country was very rocky and unsuitable for agricultural purposes. Vicinity of Township 43. So after surveying about six sections I again moved south-easterly to near the south-west corner of Township 43, where the country was very much better. I surveyed about twelve sections here, and as the winter weather had apparently set in, I decided on November 17th to cease work for the season. I explored the country for a few miles farther in a south-easterly and north-easterly direction, and there appears to be a good stretch of country of a similar nature to that already surveyed, and which I think reaches eastwards to Lac La Hache and south-easterly to Dog Creek. Agricultural Possibilities. As regards the agricultural possibilities of the tract surveyed, which is nearly all timbered country, it is somewhat difficult for me to say what this class of country is capable of producing, as I have had no personal experience in the matter. Absolutely no attempt has been made, as far as I am aware, by any of the settlers in the district to experiment with this timbered land. All the cultivation that has taken place up to the present time has been confined to the open patches, and the reason for this is, of course, the cost of clearing. There are some settlers near Springhouse who came from the United States. On my asking them their opinion as to the agricultural possibilities of this timbered country, they informed me that in many parts of the United States there are vast tracts'of somewhat similar country which until a few years ago was looked upon as useless, but that on railways and roads being constructed through and in the 4 Geo. 5 Northern Lillooet Townships. D 469 vicinity of this class of land, large areas had been taken up, cleared and cultivated, and proved to be most productive, excellent crops of oats, alfalfa, and vegetables being successfully raised. To quote these settlers' words: " What is wanted to give this country a start is a railway and more and better roads." Personally, I am of the opinion that the poplar country, which is being practically overlooked in favour of open country, will be found, when cleared, to be much the better class of land. As regards the fir and pine country, the former means heavy expense in clearing, but I believe the soil will be found productive. The latter is easily cleared, but the soil is light and may require the use of fertilizer to make it productive. This district is, of course, in what is known as the " Dry Belt," and the absence of streams outside the main valleys makes irrigation impossible. Farming will have to be carried on on the dry-farming principle. This is the method pursued by the settlers on the Springhouse prairie, but, as most of these settlers have only been in possession of their holdings for a short period, very little has yet been attempted to demonstrate what can be done along these lines. There are, however, two or three notable exceptions, and of these I would particularly mention S. Sorenson, of Long Lake, whom I referred to in my report of last year. Mr. Sorenson has again succeeded in raising splendid crops this year of oats, barley, potatoes, and vegetables of all kinds. He has only 160 acres, and the area under crop is not large. He has only been on the ground three years. He has 250 chickens and several head of horses and cattle. His crop of oats this year amounted to 46,000 lb., every pound of which was purchased from him before they were harvested at 3% cents per pound at his door. The purchaser, I understand, was from Fort George. His potatoes and other vegetables were first-class, and all this was accomplished without any irrigation whatever. This serves to demonstrate what can be done in the way of dry-farming on this class of country, and of which Mr. Sorenson seems to have made a special study. In addition to Mr. Sorenson, I would mention Messrs. Westwick and Swanson, who also have had splendid crops this season. This, however, is their first year, but much may be expected from men of this type in the future. Men of the Sorenson type deserve every encouragement, as the example set by such men acts as an inspiration to other settlers to endeavour to go and do likewise. Roads. As regards roads, there are numerous wagon-trails which have been made by the Indians running through the tract in pretty well every direction, while the Government roads known as the Pigeon Road and the Alkali Lake-Dog Creek Road run through the tract. These give the most direct route from Springhouse to Ashcroft. The latter is a good road all through, while the other is rather rough, but could be made good with very little expense. From these roads the Indian trails previously referred to branch off at different points, as will be seen on reference to the map of the district. The main Cariboo Road touches the northern boundary of Township 42, so that the country is very easy of access by good roads, and is distant about 120 miles from Ashcroft. The nearest post-office is Springhouse, which is just outside the area surveyed on the northwest, and is not more than from three to twelve miles from the greater part of the tract. The northern boundary of Township 42 is closer to the 150-Mile House Post-office, on the Cariboo Road, which is within eight or ten miles. Markets. As regards markets, there is at the present time a good demand for all the grain, hay, potatoes, garden-truck, and stock grown, much of which, I understand, goes to Fort George and northern districts generally. Buyers of grain, hay, and stock visit the district occasionally, and often buy and take delivery on the ground, thus saving the settler the trouble and expense of transporting his produce to market. The storekeepers at the 150-Mile House and Onward Ranch purchase considerable quantities of grain, vegetables, eggs, and butter at times. When the Pacific Great Eastern Railway is under construction there will be a ready local market for some time for everything that can be grown at good prices. This railway will probably not be more than twenty miles at most from any part of this particular tract of country; in fact, it will probably cross the north-east corner of Township 42, and when the road is completed the Coast cities will provide a ready market at all times. D 470 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Climate. The climate is rather dry, and the summer, though warm, is not too hot. The average rainfall, I understand, is from 10 to 15 inches. The winter is cold, the temperature reaching as low as 40 degrees below zero at times, and 2 feet of snow is about the maximum. The warm weather lasts from about early May until the middle of September. From then until November the weather is delightful, warm bright days, with cold frosty nights. Summer frosts are fairly frequent, but it is the general belief that these will to a large extent disappear with settlement, as has been the case with the Prairie Provinces. The first snow generally falls early in November and has usually all disappeared by the middle of April. Timber. There is plenty of timber for fuel, and logs for the building of settlers' cabins, barns, and for fencing, etc., while with a small portable sawmill plenty of lumber could be cut for building purposes generally. The Indians have a sawmill on Reserve No. 2, from which lumber can be obtained at the present time at reasonable prices. Game. This district is a veritable sportsman's paradise as far as feathered game is concerned. Ducks of all kinds abound on the various lakes and sloughs, while the woods are full of blue and willow grouse, and wild geese are very plentiful in the fall. There are plenty of deer in the late fall, while on the west side of the Fraser River mountain-sheep are fairly plentiful at times. Settlement. As regards the settlement of this country, it will, in my opinion, be a somewhat slow process on account of the cost of clearing, etc., and it is not to be expected that much of the timbered! country will be taken up while any open land remains available. However, when the supply of open country is exhausted and the Pacific Great Eastern Railway completed, I have no doubt that much country now looked upon as useless will be taken up, cleared, and cultivated. At the present time and under existing conditions the bulk of this land is only good range country. There are numerous herds of cattle and some wild horses running there at the present time, and during the summer months they were in first-class condition. With regard to intending settlers, I would advise them to inspect the land in the vicinity of Springhouse and St. Peter's Springs first, as in my opinion these localities offer the best land and prospects at the present time, being close to good roads and not more than eighteen or twenty miles from the proposed route of the railway. I believe there is a large stretch of country similar to that already surveyed in a south-easterly direction from the tract surveyed this year. I have, etc., F. Tupper, B.C.L.S. VICINITY OF THE 100-MILE HOUSE, CARIBOO ROAD. By C. J. Higgins. December 12th, 1913. G. II. Daicson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—My party proceeded by motor over the old Cariboo Road from Ashcroft eighty-seven miles, this road being the great highway to interior British Columbia, to begin work in the vicinity of 100-Mile House, Cariboo Road. This may be called an historical route; certainly it is identified with the history of British Columbia, and the road is being improved to a greater and greater extent every year by the Government, both as regards road-bed and grades; and while there are stlil some bad stretches where, in wet weather, wagons and automobiles get mired, these are being eliminated with good gravel aud macadam. In dry weather the road can be said to be good throughout. The amount of automobile traffic over this road has increased 4 Geo. 5 100-Mile House Vicinity, Cariboo Road. D 471 greatly within the last few years, and it is interesting to contrast, as one may often do, side by side, the speedy automobile with all the latest up-to-date appointments and the old-time slow- moving freight-train of two or three wagons with arched canvas tops and drawn by eight or ten horses. No doubt the advent of the railway, in the next year or so, will relegate these picturesque caravans to the memorable past. I feel convinced that the tourist traffic alone over this road will be a large factor in the development of the country. Although I was advised to, and did secure pack-horses upon my arrival on the scene of operation, I found shortly afterwards that the country was so open and so free from serious obstructions, that so many trails and wagon-roads exist of the location of which only the old- timers are aware, and, moreover, that a wagon-road could be constructed with so little time and expense, that, really, pack-horses were altogether unnecessary, and indeed so superfluous that I disposed of mine and paid off my packers, finding I could move camp and secure supplies much more effectively and conveniently with a team and wagon. The greater part of the season was spent surveying within the extensive reserve established by the Government, containing 26,835 acres of unalienated land, in part of which dry-farming experiments are being conducted under Governmental direction, with every promise of a fruitful result. The roads which exist as highways and feeders to the Cariboo Road are chiefly in this section, the roads running from the 100-, 105-, and 108-Mile Houses to Canim Lake. The road from the 100-Mile House branches, one branch crossing Bridge Creek and following the south bank, connecting with the road to Buffalo Lake and recrossing to the north bank; the other road following the north bank entirely. All roads to Canim Lake join into one at about where the Indian reserve is situated, some ten miles east of Cariboo Road. In addition to these main roads, there are numerous cross-roads from one to the other, as well as roads running west from the Cariboo Road, so that it is not too much to say that every inch of the territory included in the reserve is readily accessible. Throughout the whole season, both within the reserve and north of it, I did not And it necessary to construct more than two miles of trail, and this was chiefly in putting in condition an old disused trail. Had such work been necessary to a greater extent, it could have been accomplished with little time and trouble. The whole area surveyed, both within and without the reserve, may be said to consist almost exclusively of a loam soil of varying quality. For the greater part, and where wooded with fir and jack-pine, it consists of a light sandy clay loam; but in numerous large open meadows, and where poplar and willow grow, it consists of a rich chocolate-coloured and black loam, a soil that certainly looks as if it would be unsurpassed in productivity, other things being equal. I found this to be a well-watered country with numerous lakes of various altitudes, and I should not think it would be difficult to construct an extensive irrigation scheme throughout the whole reserve should irrigation be necessary. This year, however, the moisture precipitation was away above the average, as I am informed it was also last year. It was a severe tax on the imagination, when we would arrive in camp on many days with wet clothes, as we did during May, June, and July, to believe we were working in the Dry Belt. In view of this spring rainfall, which occurs each year—though usually to a lesser extent and shorter duration than this year—and the winter snowfall of some 2 feet, sufficient moisture is precipitated to warrant good crops, and I should think dry-farming can be successfully conducted. It is well known that this method of farming, of conserving the moisture in the ground, has made great strides within recent years, and the only drawback I see are the summer frosts. Frosts were frequent at night up to the end of May; then we had a heavy one on the night of June 6th, and lighter ones on the 17th, 18th, and 20th. From that date till August 27th we were free from frost, but we had a light one on that night and a heavy frost on some day of each week in September, with lighter ones between. From October on, the nights were frosty almost continually, with a small snowfall on the 10th. The altitude of this locality, estimated at over 3,000 feet, has a direct bearing on these frosts. Notwithstanding the chilly nights, the fall is a season to be enjoyed, the open weather and clear, warm, Indian-summer days frequently lasting, with perhaps a short break or two, till the beginning of the New Year. It has been claimed that these frosts will largely disappear as the country becomes settled and cultivated, as was the case on the prairies; but, in my opinion, the fact should not be overlooked that this country differs from the prairie, inasmuch as a portion of it consists of large hills and small mountains which present an area unsuitable for cultivation. D 472 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 In spite of these summer frosts, however, we obtained all our vegetables locally. The potatoes were late, but of unsurpassed quality, and I am informed that if suitable locations be chosen, protected by hills and trees, the frosts are not disastrous. I saw evidence of this. Vegetation is very rapid owing to the long summer days of this north latitude, and plants mature in a few weeks. The hardier varieties of grain can be grown, such as oats, and timothy-hay can be raised in great quantities. When one reflects that this hay retails, baled, at $50 a ton, and other commodities on a proportionate basis, it can be seen that much money can now be made in this country, which, to some extent, no doubt, the advent of the railway will affect, giving a more direct market in the large centres and lowering freight rates. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway will run north through the westerly portion of the reserve and close to the 111-Mile House. Cattle-ranching. The industry for which I think the country is best adapted at present, the industry out of which most money can be made, and which is followed more or less by all who have been in the country for any great length of time, and the industry towards the development of which each new-comer is earnestly striving as towards a goal, is cattle-ranching, and this, being the industry for which the country is best adapted, which at least has been proved a success, is the one which, I claim, should receive the greatest encouragement. It is admitted, of course, that 160 acres is too small a piece of land on which to conduct a cattle-ranch, and in limiting a man to the acquisition of that amount a serious obstacle is presented to him who desires to go in for cattle-ranching and raise stock with the least loss of time. The aim of every bona-fide pre-emptor whom I interviewed was to prove up on his pre-emption and acquire another with the least loss of time, so that he might successfully raise more stock; but frequently, before he can prove up on his first place, the second, on which he has had his eye, has been acquired by some one else, and he has to secure a pre-emption remote from his first location. When we reflect on the large amount of meat imported into this country, which should really be in the exporting class as regards this necessity, it is apparent, to my mind, that stock-raising and dairying require earnest consideration and serious encouragement. In my opinion, large tracts of land should be leased to the stockmen who desire them on terms that would be mutually advantageous to them and the country generally. By far the greater part of this country is wooded, though there are many open stretches. The wooded area is, for the most part, covered with fir, jack-pine, and poplar. The fir is usually not found sufficiently thick to classify the land as timber land; that is, there are not many places where the timber will run 5,000 feet to the acre, and these few places are of small extent. Plenty of good timber can be obtained, however, to cover the requirements of the settler. In localities where the fir is thick the cost of clearing would necessarily be proportionately high, but in many other places, which constitute, perhaps, the greater extent of the wooded area, where poplar and jack-pine only grow, the cost of clearing would be small, and the land in these cases, being of a better quality, would repay that cost in a proportionately greater amount. As clearing operations can be more successfully and economically conducted on a large scale, I was impressed with the possible advantages of large tracts of land being cleared by the Government, turned into meadow land, and leased to the stockman at a sum sufficient to pay interest on the cost of clearing, as well as interest on the value of the land leased. The present high price of meat, which gives every indication of going higher yet, should warrant some move in this direction being undertaken. Game. Feathered game was very plentiful, principally grouse, prairie-chicken, ducks, and geese, while the woods were full of rabbits. Deer were also seen and two bears were killed in camp. These animals and birds should go a long way towards augmenting the settler's meat-supply. In the winter considerable trapping is done, the skins of ermine, mink, beaver, and musk-rat being obtained in fairly large quantities. On some streams, and notably the 111-Mile Creek, beaver-dams have flooded large areas, and many acres of the best land could be readily reclaimed by breaking these dams. The scenery is of a pastoral nature, the numerous lakes affording many pleasing views, which I think go far to add to the desirability of the country as a place of residence. Similar 4 Geo. 5 Cariboo District, Vicinity of 52nd Parallel. D 473 country stretches away to the north and east of the point at which my work terminated this season, towards Eagle Lake and Eagle Creek, which, I am told by those who have been through it, is better than that over which I worked this year. I have, etc., C. J. Higgins, B.C.L.S. CARIBOO DISTRICT IN VICINITY OF THE 52nd PARALLEL. By H. F. Garden. December 8th, 1913. <?. It. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Surveys were carried on in the Cariboo District north of the 52nd parallel of latitude and adjoining on the east the surveyed lots along the Cariboo Road, as far north as the block of Lots Nos. 6300 and 6400, which, along the east boundary of area surveyed by me, are slightly over eleven miles due north from the 52nd parallel. The area of country surveyed embraces the valleys of the following creeks: Knife Creek, Jones Creek, and 150-Mile Creek (these creeks average from 10 to 15 feet in width and from 6 inches to 2 feet in depth), with bench and table lands between, total area being about 55,000 acres, necessitating the running of about 325 miles of line, together with about twenty miles of traverse connecting lots in Horsefly country farther to the north-east. Knife Creek Valley. Turning about due east from the Cariboo Road about an eighth of a mile below J. P. Murphy's 141-Mile House, where he has a fine ranch, and ascending the valley by a good wagon-road through a flat open range, with poplar and jack-pine and with ridges about half a mile distant on either side, grown with fairly good fir, this character of country extends for about a mile and a half. Peavine and pine-grass afford good grazing. From here the valley narrows through a belt of good fir timber, with small fir and jack-pine. At about five miles the valley widens into a flat, and has a more gradual ascent. Here Mr. Murphy has a meadow of about 150 acres, off which he cuts about 200 tons of wild hay each year. Messrs. Hill and Paul have an excellent ranch of 320 acres about a mile farther east, raising vegetables of the finest quality. They are also very successful in raising stock. The road continues north-easterly and joins the road running from the 108-Mile House to the Horsefly country. Returning to the Cariboo Road and going northerly to the 144-Mile House, a fir ridge lies to the east, broken into by patches of open range country, while to the west the land is open and slopes towards the San Jose River, which is from half a mile to a mile distant. This land is chiefly hay meadow and pasture. Jones Creek Valley. Leaving the Cariboo Road at Geo. E. Felker's place, the 144-Mile House, a good wagon-road runs in a north-easterly direction, passing for about a mile and a half through rolling open range country, when it enters some good fir timber which, owing to open patches breaking into it, will only average about 3,000 feet per acre. The road here follows the top of a ridge, soon descending into the valley, crossing the creek about four miles from the 144-Mile House, and half a mile above Jones Lake. Here north of the creek and extending west to the Cariboo Road, with a gentle slope to the south, is open bunch-grass country with hay meadows in the bottom. The greater part of this area has already been taken up and previously surveyed. Continuing up the creek easterly, the road passes through good poplar and willow bottom land with small hay meadows, bounded on the south by a steep side-hill rising to extensive table-land, which affords good grazing, having a thick growth of peavine and pine-grass, also some jack-pine, fir, and some small poplar. It extends to Knife Creek Valley. The northerly side of valley rises gradually, having varying growth of fir, jack-pine, and small poplar. At a distance of about four miles from the crossing the road enters Geo. E. Felker's pre-emption, Lot 88, and terminates. D 474 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 The country to the east is practically flat and grown with jack-pine, poplar, numerous spruce-swamps, muskegs, and small meadows, and includes a lake of about 50 acres. Returning along this road, on which many repairs were required to be made, as far as Jones Lake, a way was found through the open range of getting to the road running easterly from near the 150-Mile House without returning to the 144 and going by the Cariboo Road, thus saving a distance of about twelve miles. 150-Mile Creek Valley. Striking the road about a mile east of the 150-Mile House at John R. Hamilton's place, Lot 451, the road runs easterly and up the valley through a rolling timbered country, with some poplar, good fir, and jack-pine, broken by several small meadows. At about five miles Thomas Hamilton has a meadow of about 120 acres of wild hay. From here the road continues easterly for about three miles through a flat, poplar, jack-pine, and spruce country, with several large meadows lying to the south. Lying to the north of the last-described portion of country, about a mile and a half distant from the road, is a rocky ridge having a width of a mile and a half and extending about five miles east and west. From the end of road previously mentioned, numerous meadows of from 10 to 100 acres in extent lie to the south and east, and to the north-east are several willow and spruce muskegs and beaver-swamps. Soil. The soil, excepting the bottom lands, which is rich black loam, is generally a light sandy loam with gravel subsoil, and is grown with peavine and pine-grass, affording good grazing. The willow and poplar bottom lands, if cleared, I would consider to be of greater agricultural value than the natural meadows from which at present it is the custom to cut wild hay for winter feeding. This, I am informed, is necessary, as stock require to be fed from December 1st to the end of April. Timber. With the exception of the two places previously mentioned, in Knife Creek Valley and northeast of the 144-Mile House, the timber is not of much commercial value, although with a portable mill sufficient could be cut for building and other purposes. It is unnecessary to say that for all pioneering needs there is more than ample timber. Climate. The annual rainfall for the past few years, according to local information available, has been from 10 to 15 inches. Local electrical storms of short duration are quite frequent during the months of July and August. During the survey wet days were experienced as follows: May, 1; June, 4; July, 4; August, 6; September, 2; October, 3 days' rain and 6 days' snow; November, no rain and 2 days' snow. On June 17th there was frost, but not sufficient to do any material damage. On October 3rd, at about eight miles east of the 150-Mile House, there was a slight fall of snow, and on the 9th and 10th about 6 inches, although along the Cariboo Road the snow did not fall until November 6th, when there fell about 8 inches, which, however, soon disappeared. According to local reports, the snow in this vicinity does not usually stay until the middle of December. The average depth of snow is about 24 inches, lasting until about April 1st. Game. Of birds, grouse, fool hens, ducks, and geese are plentiful. Deer are scarce in the summer, but come down from the higher lands in considerable numbers during the fall. Of fur-bearing animals, beaver and musk-rat are to be found in the swamps and muskegs. Rabbits are numerous and some marten and mink are to be found. Coyote are in evidence and an occasional bear may be seen. Rainbow trout ranging from 4 oz. to 2 lb. in weight are plentiful in the creeks. Accessibility. Access to the area surveyed is at present by the old Cariboo Stage Road, which follows close along the west portion of the sections laid out. This road has been put in good condition by the 4 Geo. 5 West of Fraser River. D 475 Provincial Government, and provisions have been made to keep it in repair. At the present time freight is hauled up the Cariboo Road by teams from Ashcroft, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, for between 3% and 4 cents per pound, to Soda Creek, a point about thirty miles farther north. Two stage companies operate both horse and auto lines for passenger and express business. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway is being at present located through the San Jose Valley and passes about half a mile west of south-west corner of the area surveyed. The post-office for district is at the 150-Mile House, which is 137 miles from Ashcroft. I have, etc., H. F. Garden, B.C.L.S. WEST OF THE FRASER AND SOUTH OF CHILCOTIN PLATEAU. By A. F. Cotton. December 10th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on my season's operations in the Lillooet District, west of the Fraser and south of the Chilcotin country:— There are two good roads into this section, in which I surveyed 99,000 acres—one from the 150-Mile House, which crosses the Fraser at Chimney Creek; the other via the 57-Mile House, crossing the Fraser at Churn Creek. At both of these points steel bridges have been built by the Government. To the northern part, Chimney Creek Road offers the best route; and to the more southerly part, Churn Creek Road is the better. Both are first-class roads, and motor-cars are constantly plying on them, making the trip from Ashcroft to Hanceville in a day and a half ■—it has been done in a day. A few years ago it was a week's journey, but the Government has so improved these as well as all the main roads that a trip into the Interior is a pleasure. The Chilcotin Plateau. The Chilcotin plateau is a rolling, partly open country. The wooded portion is timbered with jack-pine and on the higher parts with fir, not of a useful size, but good enough for local purposes. The soil is a sandy loam with a clay subsoil. The average elevation of the plateau is about 1,000 feet above the river-bottom, and the slopes are very steep. There are only two streams of any size flowing through the sections surveyed by me—viz., Big Creek and Gaspard Creek. Big Creek rises in the Coast Range and flows in a northerly direction into the Chilcotin River. It is a swift-running stream and the last six miles are very- rough. Numerous rapids and falls occur. The canyon through which it flows has perpendicular rock walls from 100 to 600 feet high. It is about 50 feet wide and carries a great volume of water, and could be made to develop an Immense power. Gaspard Creek flows in an easterly direction into the Fraser River, a short distance above the mouth of Churn Creek. This creek furnishes the water used to irrigate the Gang Ranch. Climate. The climate is most salubrious. The snowfall does not exceed 2 feet and is gone by the middle of April. The summer heat is not excessive; the nights are cool and frosts are not very frequent. There is a good deal of rain during the summer, more especially in the month of August. I never saw a season so free from mosquitoes and black-flies; there were practically none. Winter does not set in until December, and I am told it is not severe. In the north-east of Township 53 there is a high rock-outcrop, very broken and with strong indication of iron and copper. At the foot of this is a pond, the water of which is poisonous. It has been fenced in to prevent the cattle from drinking it. Fine Grazing Country. The Chilcotin is a grazing country capable of supporting a vast number of cattle. It is also well adapted for sheep, being high and dry. Any one who desires going in for sheep-raising will find this a perfect country for that purpose. D 476 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Game abounds all over. Deer, prairie-chicken, partridge, blue grouse, duck, and geese are to be had in great numbers, and the streams are full of trout. The only settlers at present are on Big Creek, and are evidently successful in growing hay, oats, and potatoes. In the riverrbottoms all kinds of vegetables and small fruits grow well. The Chilcotin is in the Dry Belt, and irrigation has to be resorted to, but only a small portion can be supplied with water. Wherever water can be used the results are good and well repay the expenditure. Dry-farming has not as yet been tried in this section, but is, I understand, successfully carried on in the Springhouse Valley, on the east side of the Fraser, under the same conditions as would prevail here. The building of the Pacific Great Eastern will bring this section to the front; and I anticipate a great influx during the coming season. I have, etc., A. F. Cotton, B.C.L.S. WEST SIDE OF THE FRASER RIVER BETWEEN 52nd PARALLEL AND QUESNEL. By R. W. Haggen. November 1st, 1913. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Work was begun at Leach Lake, near the 52nd parallel, the southern boundary of the Cariboo District, and 213 parcels of land, of which twenty-seven were occupied by pre-emptors, were surveyed on the west side of the Fraser River, reaching northward to the vicinity of Quesnel. I believe that there is a bright future for agriculture in the whole district from Meldrum Creek to Quesnel, as the quality of the soil is good, and a considerable area can be irrigated by utilizing, at considerable expense, Meldrum, Makim, Baker, and Necausley Creeks, on the west side of the Fraser. While there has been comparatively little farming done yet without irrigation, it has been demonstrated that wheat, oats, potatoes, and other vegetables grow exceedingly well without water, and even without the application of scientific dry-farming principles. At Soda Creek, and on the east side of the Fraser between that point and Alexandria, is grown the only fruit in the district, although excellent winter apples have been grown at the Australian Ranch. However, the fruit industry will never become an important one in the district owing to the limited area of suitable land. Quantity, not quality, is what will be lacking. Small fruits such as currants, gooseberries, raspberries, and strawberries grow well. The wild fruits found in the district are saskatoons, blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries. Corn, cucumbers, and tomatoes grow well, though the last cannot be ripened as a rule. Of vegetables, potatoes flourish the best, and will be exportable as soon as railroad transportation is available. Onions, carrots, parsnips, beets, turnips, pumpkins, squash, and marrows grow well. Hard and soft wheat, oats, rye, and barley thrive without irrigation. Where water is available the farmers devote their attention chiefly to the raising of timothy-hay, clover and alfalfa. Sheep do well wherever they are kept. Transportation. At the present time, pending the building of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, passenger transport to the district is chiefly by stage or automobile from Ashcroft, on the Canadian Pacific Railway to Quesnel, 220 miles; thence by steamer to Fort George. The British Columbia Express Company operated one steamer from Soda Creek to Fort George throughout the summer, and three other steamers made several trips in the fall. From Fort George to Tete Jaune Cache five steamers operated during the season. The following are the transportation charges on the road: Fare, Ashcroft to Soda Creek, $2S; to Quesnel, $33; to Fort George, $45.50. Express rate, Ashcroft to Quesnel, 11 cents per pound. Freight rate, Ashcroft to Soda Creek, 4% cents per pound, average; Soda Creek to Fort George, 2 cents per pound, average. These rates, of course, augment the cost of supplies considerably. At Quesnel flour costs $9 per 100 lb.; sugar, $12.50; butter, 50 cents per lb.; 4 Geo. 5 West of Fraser River. D 477 cheese, 35 cents; jam, 25 cents; ham and bacon, 37% cents; candles, 22% cents; kerosene, $9 per case; and rough lumber, $30 per 1,000 feet. Of course, these prices will be adjusted when the Pacific Great Eastern Railway is completed. Game. In the district covered by my surveys the only game is deer, grouse, prairie-chicken, ducks, and geese. These are quite plentiful. The larger creeks abound with rainbow trout. On the plateau beaver and muskrat are plentiful. Settlers and Schools. Each year sees a number of new settlers locate in this district, many new families having recently taken up holdings near Alexandria, especially on the east side of the Fraser. The rural schools at present are at Soda Creek, Alexandria, and Dragon Lake. Quesnel has a public and a superior school. Efforts are now being made to get schools on each side of the Fraser in the vicinity of the 180-Mile Post, thirteen miles above Soda Creek. There are post-offices at Soda Creek, Quesnel, Alexandria, and Kersley, with a mail delivery between the two last during the season of navigation, and delivery along the Cariboo Road from Soda Creek to Quesnel during the winter months. Communication. The Yukon Telegraph Line, which follows the Cariboo Road, has offices at Soda Creek, 150-Mile House, and Quesnel, with telephone connection at most of the road-houses. A branch line from 150-Mile House to Bella Coola gives service to the Chilcotin Valley. This telephone is, perhaps, the greatest convenience in the Cariboo. Supply Depots. The principal supply-points are Riske Creek, 150-Mile House, and Quesnel. There are small stores at Soda Creek and Alexandria. Small sawmills are operated intermittently at Lynes (near Soda Creek), Quesnel, and Alexandria. Cost of Clearing. The cost of clearing and ploughing the land varies from $25 per acre for the more open country to $70 for that on which there is a fairly heavy growth. An average of $60 will be fairly close. Climate. • The past season was an exceptionally wet one, there being heavy rain on twenty-two days, showers on thirty-two days, and snow, turning to rain, on four other days, during the period of May 17th to October 27th. There were seventy-three sunny days. The only frosts recorded were on two nights in May, at Leach Lake, 6 degrees each time, and four nights in September, at the Fraser River level, 3 degrees and 4 degrees being the extent registered. During October a temperature of 11 degrees was recorded, with frost practically every night. From June 1st to September 10th no frost was recorded. There were high winds on seventeen days. During June, July, and August there were numerous thunderstorms of no great severity. The summer in this district is generally considered to last from the middle of May until the middle of September. There is always some frost in May and a June frost is always expected. During the past season, it is considered, about twice the usual amount of rain fell. However, the growing weather up to June 20th was exceptionally dry, there being no rain of any consequence. After June 20th there was rain for three weeks, but it was followed by a hot spell of ten days' duration, which enabled the haying to be done. For the balance of the season the weather was unsettled. At times during the season the Cariboo Road was too muddy for the maintenance of a regular automobile service. As a general rule, the first snow comes about the first of November, but there is not usually sufficient for good sleighing before the middle of December. The snow lies on the ground till the middle of March. During January and February there is usually an average depth of D 478 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 15 to 20 inches. The usual weather in winter is clear and calm, with low temperatures, from 20 to 30 degrees of frost. The usual extreme low temperature is 50 degrees below zero. There are generally two or three blizzards during the winter. Leach Lake, where the first camp was made, is a pond of 7 acres in Section 22, Township 49, one of the regular camping-grounds of cattlemen on the trail. From here I ran in a chain of four half-sections east of the existing surveys, to include the balance of the open land not included in the previous Chilcotin surveys. This land is covered with bunch-grass. There is some pine and fir, interspersed with clumps of aspen. As is most of the land on the Chilcotin plains in this vicinity, the area is stony, and, apart from small ponds of unsavoury taste, there is no water. I am not in a position to know whether the land will prove good for settlement, but as dry-farming is carried out successfully on similar land on Springhouse Prairie, it should be successful here. There are frequent summer frosts, but rarely more than 2 or 4 degrees. Mr. Becher, of Riske Creek, twelve miles south-west, informs me that he cannot grow good potatoes, though the Indians on tne rancherie near by raise them successfully. Hardy vegetables and grain do quite well. Hay will not thrive without irrigation. Cattle-raising. On the whole, though crops can undoubtedly be produced by hard-working farmers, I think the Chilcotin is primarily suited for cattle-raising. The land is good for summer range and is generally considered to carry about seventy-five head of cattle per section. Luxuriant hay can be grown where water for irrigation is available, and also on the numerous hay meadows to the north and west. At the present price of beef, with its constant tendency to increase, the small cattle-rancher should do well. Chimney Creek Ferry. Near Leach Lake, twenty-eight miles from Soda Creek and twelve from Riske Creek, a branch road leads to the Fraser River to the old site of the Chimney Creek ferry, used prior to the erection of the bridge across the Fraser at Sheep Creek, six miles below. This ferry, which consisted of nothing more than a rowboat at the foot of Chimney Creek Canyon, did service for many years. It offered interesting possibilities of excitement to those who had vehicles and horses to cross. Soda Creek-Chilcotin Road. The old road descends a hill from the plateau for 1,000 feet to a flat on which I surveyed a 320-acre lot, to include a pre-emption and the balance of the land that appeared likely to attract the settler. Along the road on the hillside I made a cruise of the timber and found it to run about 4,000 feet of fir to the acre. On the flat there is a good growth of bunch-grass, and the soil is a sandy loam. Over the greater part of it there is an open growth of fir, with some poplar. A small creek south of the lot provides sufficient water for domestic purposes. This lot, 6047, should be good for dry-farming and produce vegetables and grain. Between this lot and the river, at 600 feet lower altitude, another lot, 6048, was surveyed to include a preemption at the old site of the ferry. The two lots are similar as regards soil, but 6048 is more open and hilly. Hardy apples should grow near the river. The pre-emptor had a small crop of oats sown, but it did not look very promising. This lot lies at the mouth of Chimney Creek Canyon, on the Fraser. A traverse of the river between this lot and the 52nd parallel was made. Apart from a few narrow rocky benches, the land between this part of the river and the plateau is all steep hillside, 1,500 to 1,700 feet high. There is some fir on it and considerable bunch-grass. In places it is sheer precipice. From Lot 6047 a traverse of the river was run northerly to Meldrum Creek, to connect with tho surveys there. Points on the east side of the river were also tied in. The river here is only about 175 yards wide, flowing between steep clay cut-banks. Meldrum Creek Valley. In the Meldrum Creek Valley I filled between the existing surveys. Of the two pre-emptions there, only one was occupied, the resident being an old settler with a large family. Only about 4 Geo. 5 West of Fraser River. D 479 S acres is cultivated on the land held. The system of irrigation used is the carrying of pails of water from the creek to the crop by the large family. Meldrum Creek, which has a content of about 8 cubic feet per second in the irrigating season, flows in a narrow valley, which widens out in Lots 1915 and 152, and extends to a bench toward the north. This bench is 1,000 feet above the Fraser River. The largest ranch is held by C. E. Richards, who grows annually about 120 tons of hay and some produce. He uses the water from Meldrum Creek for irrigating; however, there is considerable water going to waste at present. There are three smaller ranches in the valley. The land between Lot 1910 and the Fraser I did not survey, considering it too broken to be of use. However, a pre-emptor has since located on it. The pre-emptor and the surveyor do not always agree on what constitutes suitable farming land. There are ten parcels of land between Meldrum Creek and Lot 711 that I consider suitable for settlement. The surface is rolling, falling toward the east, fairly open and covered with bunch-grass. What timber there is consists of fir on the steeper slopes. As grass grows so well, it is reasonable to assume that grain and vegetables could be raised successfully by dry- farming methods. Water, even for domestic purposes, will be difficult to get on the ground, unless it is brought from Meldrum Creek, or two springs in Lot 711. There is no summer frost on this land, nor, indeed, anywhere along the benches of the Fraser between here and Alexandria. The frost-belt is practically confined to the plateau of the Chilcotin and its northerly extension. From Deep Creek, three miles below Soda Creek, to Chimney Creek, a distance of twenty-two miles, the river is bounded on either side by clay cut-banks, 500 to 700 feet in height. There are very few breaks in this line of cliff. The wagon-road from Soda Creek to Meldrum Creek follows the bench. After crossing Meldrum Creek it ascends to the level of the Chilcotin plateau. A rough road has been built up the Meldrum Creek Valley to some bay meadows. I understand it connects with the road in Riske Creek Valley leading to hay meadows on Makim Creek. Riske, Makim, and Meldrum Creeks all rise in the same locality, with the source of Necausley Creek a few miles to the north-west. Copeland Flat. At Copeland Flat, five miles north of Meldrum Creek, the bench gives way, for a distance of four miles, to an open, grassy side-hill, dry, but good for pasture. There is one small creek on this stretch. Three miles south of Buckskin Creek the bench recommences. On Copeland Flat the best 320 acres are included in the alienated Lots 711 and 712. Unfortunately the owner makes no use of these lots, though they have the makings of a good ranch, with water available for the irrigation of some 20 acres. Doubtless dry-farming would bring good results from the land. The soil is a clay loam. On the bench, from three miles south of Buckskin Creek, there are several good pieces of land. This bench extends to a point slightly above Soda Creek, a distance of about eight miles. At the time this bench was surveyed six pre- emptors were occupying holdings here, while several holders of records were not to be found. These I reported for non-fulfilment of their duties. There are twelve of the unalienated pieces that I considered suitable for settlement, but I understand that most of these have been taken up since the survey. There is water for irrigation of considerable land in Buckskin Creek. This is partly used by John Malone, who has a pre-emption fast developing into a ranch, immediately south of the creek. More water can be obtained by storing in Buckskin Lake, at the head of the creek. A small spring is piped for domestic use on Lot 6059. Another small creek, from a hay meadow on the plateau, enters Lot 6083; there is also a small spring on Lot 6085. On the balance of the flat there is no water, though doubtless sufficient for domestic use could be obtained from wells on the lots near the base of the hill. I have heard it stated that ample water for irrigation could he obtained by diverting Makim Creek, in the vicinity of Lot 103, through natural channels to this land. If this is feasible the whole flat could be irrigated. However, from a casual observation, I doubt if this scheme is practicable, though it is doubtless worth investigation. By the construction of some eight miles of flume the creek could be brought from a lower point in its course, around a side-hill and on to this flat. The soil on this bench is loam, clay or sand predominating in different places. There is plenty of bunch-grass. The timber is mostly fir, with patches of poplar. There are some D 480 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 open pieces. There was only one parcel on which the cruise of timber exceeded 5,000 feet, and then only a slight excess was found. As a rule, there is not over an average of 1,200 feet to the acre. With irrigation the land would undoubtedly grow hay, grain, and vegetables; probably also hardy fruit. Without irrigation hay cannot be grown profitably, but the other crops should do well. In Lot 6080, four miles by road from Soda Creek, and on the bench, a road ascends a steep hill to the plateau. Along this road several pre-emptions had been taken up, and I surveyed these and the land in the vicinity that appeared likely to attract other settlers. Apart from some small wild hay meadows, I do not consider the quality of the land would warrant pre-emptors settling here. The land is rocky in most places. Near the break of the hill there is considerable fir, which is replaced to the west by jack-pine and poplar. There is some peavine and considerable pine-grass, affording second-rate summer pasture for stock. Hay Meadows. The road on the plateau was originally built by William Adams, ex-M.P.P., in connection with hay meadows owned by him on Lots 102 and 108. These lots are now owned by Yorston Bros. On the meadows some 400 tons of hay is cut annually; it is used for wintering stock. From Lot 270 the road ascends a 1,000-foot hill on a very steep grade. The maximum load that can be hauled by two horses is less than 1,000 lb. From the summit of the hill to the meadows the road is very rough, large rocks protruding everywhere. A branch road runs four miles northerly from Long Lake, one mile west of the summit, through several pre-emptions. I traversed this road to tie in Lots 102 and 103, which lie about three miles west of tlhe surveys I had made. About one mile and a half south-west of Lot 102 commences a chain of meadows on Makim Creek. They are owned by R. C. Cotton, the well-known Riske Creek rancher. A road from Riske Creek runs through these meadows to Lot 110, the most northerly of them, and a trail connects to Lot 102. Outside the meadows the ground is broken and stony. Town of Soda Creek. The surveys heretofore mentioned were all I made between Soda Creek and the 52nd parallel. The Town of Soda Creek is one that must be visited to be appreciated. It consists of a few houses of comparatively ancient origin, telegraph-office, express-office, stopping-place, a small store, and a couple of Chinese shacks. The town, which formerly boasted two licensed hotels, is now dry. A ferry serves for crossing the Fraser at this point. The climate of Soda Creek is similar to that of the Dry Belt. Nowhere have I tasted better apples than are grown in the village. Irrigation is necessary for agriculture. Foot of Navigation. Soda Creek, 167 miles from Ashcroft, is the point where the Cariboo Road first reaches the Fraser River. It is also the foot of navigation on the Upper Fraser, not for the reason that the river is unnavigable below, but because there is no business to warrant a steamboat service at the present time. About two miles below the town there is a canyon on the Fraser, but it is not as bad as other canyons through which steamers ply regularly. Below this, to Chimney Creek Canyon, the river is swift, having a current of about eight miles an hour, but there do not appear to be any bad riffles. Not having had a clear view of Chimney Creek Canyon, I cannot say whether it appears an effectual obstruction to navigation, but I have heard that it is not impassable and could be improved; in this event the river would be navigable for at least some distance below the 52nd parallel. However, high clay banks, which are almost continuous on both sides of the river from Soda Creek Canyon, render approach difficult. West Side, above Soda Creek. My next work consisted of the survey of several pre-emptions and suitable pieces of land on the west side of the river above Soda Creek, this being a continuation of the work heretofore described. Seven pieces were covered by pre-emption record, but only three of these were occupied. Twelve of the parcels surveyed appear to me to be suitable for settlement. Some of the pre-emptions were apparently taken up purely for wood-cutting purposes. A cruise of the timber showed about 4,600 feet to the acre on two pieces, and about 3,000 on the balance. There 4 Geo. 5 West of Fraser River. D 481 are some good poplar benches near Makim Creek, which enters the Fraser about six miles above Soda Creek. While the arable land on these parcels is of no great extent, being only about 25 per cent, of the whole, the soil is good, a sandy loam, and should grow grain and vegetables without irrigation. One place, at Three-mile Creek, is at present irrigated. Makim Creek has a content of about 25 cubic feet per second in August, and, presumably, about 40 in the irrigating season. It has a rapid fall, and could be used for irrigating these benches, and also those below Soda Creek. A road leads from Soda Creek to Three-mile Creek. From here there is twelve miles of trail, following near the river, to connect with the extension of the Quesnel- Alexandria Wagon-road, opposite the old Steamboat Landing. At 184-Mile Post one pre-emptor, on Lot 6110, is now building a ditch to convey water from Wayne Creek, four miles north, to his place. Benches near River. At Lot 6122, a high hillside, which follows the Fraser from Makim Creek, recedes, and from this point for twenty miles north the land rises in benches from the Fraser. I surveyed lands for about two miles back from the river between this lot and Indian Reserve No. 3, forty-seven parcels in all. One of these is held as a purchase, and three pre-emptions are occupied. Two other pre-emption records existed, but the holders were not in the district. Thirty-three of the other parcels appear to be suited for settlement. One man has pre-empted Lot 6115, a 40-acre sandy island in the Fraser. Lots 6112, 6116, and 6117 are well watered, there being eight small creeks on the first named. The land rises from the river in grassy benches, and is mostly covered with an open growth of poplar and fir. The soil is generally a clay loam, 6 to 12 inches deep, over hard clay. Without irrigation good crops of grain and vegetables are raised. Five miles south-west of Lots 8000 and 8001 there are several meadows, and a road to them has been built. I understand there are dozens of small wild hay meadows on the plateau between here and Alexandria. Roads to the Plateau. An old road runs to Lots 102 and 103, Makim Creek. I understand that it is overgrown but quite discernible, and offers a better route than the present one from Soda Creek. Messrs. Yorston Bros, contemplate putting it in good repair to use as a means of communication between the two ranches, the Australian Ranch, aud these meadows. Should there be much settlement on the meadows on the plateau, as there doubtless will be in the next few years, this road will be very useful. From Indian Reserve No. 3 two rough roads lead to the plateau, to hay meadows cut by Messrs. Webster, Twan, and Baptiste. However, they are very rough, not at all suitable for motoring. The Indian reserve is a large one, quite well watered. The Indians do not appear to grow any more produce than is required for tiding themselves and their stock over an average winter. The last camp of the season was made at William Webster's Sunnyside Ranch, thirty miles by road from Quesnel. From this camp I surveyed twenty-seven parcels of land. Of these, eight are covered by pre-emption records, two being unoccupied, and one by purchase. Of the other eighteen parcels, fourteen appear to me to be suitable for settlement. Convenient Pontoon Ferry. Half a mile above Diamond Island and twenty-eight miles below Quesnel, a pontoon ferry has been built on the Fraser River this year, and is a great convenience to the district. The road to it leaves the Cariboo Road at Moffat's, near the 194-Mile Post, and reaches the Alexandria Road, on the bench to the west of the Fraser, at Middleton's Ranch. Rolling Land, sloping to Eraser. The land surveyed by me in this locality is mostly covered with a growth of poplar and some fir. The surface is rolling, with the slope towards the Fraser River. The soil is a clean clay loam, over clay. Potatoes and other vegetables, wheat and oats do well without irrigation, but water is necessary for raising good crops of hay and alfalfa. There are numerous alkaline spots. Several small springs of slightly alkaline water are found, and one or two small creeks coming from the west. While water is not immediately available for the irrigation of this area, water for domestic purposes can be obtained from wells on all the parcels surveyed. 31 1) 482 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 Necausley Creek. Roads from Webster's and Middleton's lead to meadows on Necausley Creek, about six miles westerly. I traversed these roads to tie in existent lots in that neighbourhood. Four pre- emptors have located places on the Necausley, and I am informed that there is a strip of good land nine miles in length along the valley. The elevation will be about 2,700 feet above sea-level. The soil is said to be good, a black loam, and summer frosts are reputed to do no damage. Some Indians have cut the hay on two meadows there for a number of years, residing there during some seven months of each year. Mr. Webster is now renewing an old mining ditch, to convey water from Necausley Creek to the Sunnyside Ranch, a distance of about twelve miles. I completed the season's work on October 27th by cutting out a lot to include Indian buildings from Lot 7282, near Quesnel, and connecting the lot to the astronomical pier at Quesnel. This, with the surveys made by myself and T. A. McElhanney, B.C.L.S., last season, gives a tie from this cairn to the surveys made by me this season, extending to the 52nd parallel, enabling a complete and accurate map to be prepared. I have, etc., R. W. Haggen, B.C.L.S., D.L.S. BEAVER VALLEY, CARIBOO. By C. W. Murray. November 25th, 1913. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—To carry on my season's work in Beaver Valley, Cariboo, I proceeded to Ashcroft via Canadian Pacific Railway; thence north by automobile over the Cariboo Road, 145 miles from Ashcroft, where we turned off and went another twenty-two miles over an equally good road to Beaver Lake Post-office, an excellent stopping-house, with store, etc., in connection; the whole journey from Vancouver taking not quite two days. Going north along the Cariboo Road, one travels over a more or less highly elevated, dry, and open country; but on leaving the road and going toward Beaver Valley, as the elevation gradually lessens an entirely different aspect confronts one; at every point the vast area, stretching to the distant snow-capped Rocky Mountains, seems to be timbered with black-pine, fir, and spruce, down to poplar, cottonwood, and willow in the bottoms and basins, in most of which are lakes. This more particularly applies to Beaver Valley, which lies at an elevation of about 2,150 feet, 600 to 800 feet lower than the surrounding plateau. This valley, which in all probability was an ancient river-bed, is very narrow, at no place being over a mile in width, a good deal of which is taken up by a string of lakes connected together by the Beaver River, which takes its origin in several large beaver-dams, with which the valley abounds, and after flowing a distance of about fifty miles empties into the Quesnel River about thirty-five miles from its junction with the Fraser River, where the Town of Quesnel is situated. The fertile benches, consisting for the most part of an underlying boulder-clay on either side of the valley, rise abruptly, to a height of about 200 feet, for nearly its whole length, gradually rising as yon get farther to the east or west. In this valley is one of the oldest and least generally known farms in the interior of British Columbia, it having been worked as such to provide food for man and beast at a stopping-house of note during the gold-rush to Cariboo in the early sixties, and is situated at the junction of roads leading from 150-Mile House, Alexandria, on the Fraser River, and Harper's Camp, on the Horsefly River, to Quesnel River and Lake; thence to Quesnel and Barkerville. Fertility of the Soil. The soil, which would cost from $5 to $60 an acre to clear and put under cultivation, offers very good inducements for agriculture, as it mostly consists of a black loam with a gravelly 4 Geo. 5 Beaver Valley, Cariboo. D 483 subsoil, and in some places scattered boulders protrude. The great fertility of the soil is evidenced by the luxuriant growth of wild grasses, peavine, wild flowers, as well as strawberries, raspberries, red and black currants, bush and swamp cranberries. All of the hardier vegetables such as turnips, carrots, mangels, cabbage, potatoes, etc., grow as luxuriantly, of as good quality, and as readily as on the Coast. Timothy and clover seem to grow wherever the seed is planted, often reaching the height of a wagon-box, and this even along the sparsely travelled roads and trails, with which the country abounds. A very faint attempt has been made to grow alfalfa, and present results would seem to Imply successful crops if undertaken by experienced men. Oats and barley seem to be a sure crop both in the valley and on the benches, where no possible means of irrigation exist, although I understand during some years, not so wet as the past, irrigation, which a few have access to, is beneficial. Only one small field of wheat was noted, and from this our cook ground on a small hand-mill owned by a pre-emptor enough meal to make several pans of excellent biscuits. During the survey I noted wild crab-apple and hawthorn trees in a couple of places, which fact would lead one to believe that the hardier varieties of apples and pears could be grown. No settler in the valley has tried growing fruit as yet. From what could be learned from the settlers the excessive rainfall during the past season was exceptional. During July and August thunderstorms were frequent, the temperature was not excessive, and with one exception during June there was no frost in the valley. This was so slight that it blackened merely the edges of a few of the young potato-vines. Fall white frosts started during the first week in September, with occasional harder ones until the first week in November, when a thin coating of ice was formed on the shallower lakes. Squalls of snow started about the first of October, but, as the temperature was mild, soon disappeared, and when we left on November 4th there was practically no snow lying on the ground. Settlers informed me that, although a thermometer drops to 45 degrees below zero, this extreme is only for a few days, the average winter temperature not being much below —20 degrees, and at any time a Chinook wind was liable to come up and melt off all the snow, which sometimes attains a depth of up to 3 feet. By the last of April the snow and ice are generally gone and ploughing can be carried on, the seed being sown during May and harvested in October. Market for Farm Products. For the last two years, owing to the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Railways, the prices for hay and grain have been $80 and $100 a ton respectively at Quesnel, a two-days journey over a good road from Beaver Lake. As there will be considerable work on these railways as well as on the Pacific Great Eastern' during the next five years, there will be a ready market for all local farm products. The country is also well adapted to raising cattle, sheep, and pigs, as there are large tracts of broken country on which abundant grass and peavine grow that is unsuitable for anything but grazing purposes, the valley and picked portions of the benches growing the winter's feed in the shape of hay and grain. There are no timber lands, strictly speaking, although a few patches of large fir and spruce were seen; and over some of the side-hills there are a few scattered old fir, some up to 4 feet in diameter. For the benefit of settlers finishing log cabins and outbuildings, Mr. Hamilton, during the past summer, has erected on his farm at Beaver Lake a small sawmill, which he runs by water-power. Many patches on the side-hills and some of the plateaux have been fire-swept during the past decade, and over this area a thick growth of poplar, hazel, and fir have sprung up among the down timber. Sources of Income to Settlers. The chief sources of income of the recent settlers are trapping, road-work, hay cut on the meadows, and hauling freight on the Cariboo Road. Some grow vegetables and other produce for the hydraulic mines working on the Quesnel River. Of these mines there were three in operation during the past summer; also a large gold-dredger in course of construction; in all there were in the neighbourhood of 100 to 200 men employed, their only means of egress to the outside world being by the mail and express stage, which makes one round trip a week from the 150-Mile House to Quesnel Forks via Beaver Lake. D 484 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1914 As my work consisted of surveying ground suitable for agricultural purposes, I saw very little mineral, and that only a couple of protrusions of limestone overlying a fine iron-bound conglomerate. There has been some amateur prospecting on some petroleum-bearing shales in the upper part of the valley, while in most of the streams one can pan colours and in a few make small pay. The many lakes and streams are all good water, with trout and other fish in goodly quantity in most of them, and where in the fall of the year may be seen flocks of ducks and geese; while in the surrounding willows and woods are rabbits, prairie-chicken, grouse, bear, and deer, the latter scarce but sufficient for hunting for food. Taking it all through, one looking for land with an intention of settling down for a home could hardly find a better tract open to pre-emption in British Columbia, and capable of accommodating numerous home-seekers. I have, etc., C. W. Murray, B.Sc, B.C.L.S. f SURVEYOR GENERAL LANDS RESERVED FROM SALE OR LEASE REPORT 1913 MAPOFTHE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Drawn by Geographic Branch, surveyor-General's Office LOCATION OF SURVEY PAJRTIES REFERENCE 3 4 R 5 A 6 O 7 W. 10 F 11 p 12 H 13 1 14 hi 15 p 16 p. 17 18 .1, 19 H 20 H 21 W 22 R 23 » 24 25 A. 32 p 33 s. 34 r, 35 H 36 p 37 38 n 39 ., 40 ■i i, 41 v 42 n, 43 K 44 R 45 Fi 46 E 47 I 48 p 49 n 50 F 51 c 52 H 53 A 54 R 55 C. INDEX. Page. Abandonments of pre-emptions since inspection, number of 15 Abuntlet Lake 335 Accounts section, Forest Branch 55 Acquirement of new water rights 214 Acreage Crown-granted 9, 10 Acreage examined by Forest Branch 74 Adams, Wm., ex-fM.P.P., ranch of 480 Adams Lake 455 District 457 District, access to 457 Adiams Ranch 451 Adams River 456, 457 Lumber Co 457 Valley, forest reconnaissance in 77 Administration of water rights, centralized.. 124 In Railway Belt, transfer of 0, 109 Administrative limits of forest force 49 Administrative maips 301 Agamemnon Channel 3S7 Agricultural lands, sale of timber on, to be cleared 63 Ahoussat 365 Aitken, G. G. Chief Geographer, report of. . 314 Alberni 137 District, water-powers of 145 Alberta-B.C. boundary survey 317 Albert Canyon. Revelstoke, farms at 40 Albreda Valley • 443 Aldermei-e 25, 35S East of 27 Aldous, F. G., report by 373 Alexander, J. iS. T., barrister, member of Board! of Investigation 111 Alexandria 476 School at 477 Alexis Creek 32S Wagon-road 32S Alfalfa grows well, Nicola District 27 Alice Aran 394 Alkali Creek 467, 468 Alkali Lake Ranch 468 Alkali Lake-Dog Creek Road 469 Allan, H. D., report of 443 Ambrosia-beetles, damage to timber by 69 Amendments to " Water Act" 120-131 Amount of timber cut used in railway-construction 57 Anahim Lake 335 Anahim Peak 333, 334, 335 Anarchist Mountain 409 Anderson Lake 458, 459, 461 Anderson River 459, 460. 461 Andrews. L. P.. District Forester, report on fire-proteotion plan, Okanagan watershed 97 Anthony Creek 349 Anthracite Creek, coal-workings on 348 Applications dealt with by Survey Branch. . 299 Application fees, water rights, discussion of. . 183 Application for water licence, information for applicant 205. 214 Fonms used for 204-20S Applications for approval of plans, water rights 215 Page. Applications for grazing-areas 85 Applications to purchase, area of surveyed.. 303 Appraisal of water-power plants 186 Approval of undertakings under " Water Act" 125 Area, administered by forest force 50 Of coal licences and leases 11 Of Crown-granted timber land 52 Of timber land surveyed 300 (Surveyed in Province, total 300 Surveyed, increase of 298 Areas, fire patrol, table of 86 Of land surveyed 298 Argenta, clearing- and crops of settlers at. . . 37 Arlington Lakes 411 Armstrong. J. F., Chairman, Board of Investigation, report of Ill Arrears for land-sales 7 Arrears of rentals, collection of, by Preemption Inspection Branch 18 Arrowhead', eastward of 41 Arrow Lakes 167 Launches on 40 Lumber Co., steamer service of on Shuswap Lake 456 Ashcroft to Fort George, rates charged .... 470 Ash River, V.I 144 Asnen Grove 339, 341 Sheep-ranching at 27 Athalmer 180, 422 Exhibition, of products at 180 Atlas, Forest 56 Atlin Division, Government Agent's report on 43 Atlin Lake basin, agriculture in 43 Atmarko River, headwaters of 19 Auction sale of Crown lots, Hastings Town- site 17 Kitsilano 17 I.ockhart-Beacli IS Point Grey Municipality 17 Australia, market for newsprint in 73 Australian Ranch, Cariboo 476 Average area, Forest Districts 50 Patrolled by Rangers 87 Average value per acre of Crown-granted timber land 52 Ayansh 394. 396 Aylmer, F. W.. survey of Columbia around the Big Bend 110 Babiche Hill 346 Babine Lake 338 Babine Range 25. 338 Babine Valley, forest reconnaissance in ... . 79 Badger Creek 451 Bailey, C. E., Pre-emption Inspector, report of 25 Territory covered by 14 Policing Smithers and South Hazelton against squatting- 14 To visit Fort Fraser District next season. . 14 Baker Creek 476 Baker Mountain. Cranbrook, report on lookout station on 99 I) 486 Index. Page. Balaklava Island 377 Baldy Mountain, proposed fire-protection look-out station 98 Balsam fir, injury to. by bark-beetles at Alberni and Campbell River 69 Banff-Windermere Road 40. ISO, 420, 421 Banks Island 389, 390 Barkerville Water District, report on 157 Bark-beetles, outbreaks of 65. 60 Barney Creek 350 Barriere Lake 451, 453 Barriere River Section, land for pre-emption in 28, 37, 451 Barriere Valley, forest reconnaissance in 80 Grazing lands in SI Baynes Lake Estate 178 B.C.-Alberta boundary survey 317 B.C. Anthracite Co 346. 348 Camp of 349. 350 B.C. Copper Co 409 B.C. Electric Ry. Co 130 B.C. Fisheries. Ltd 402 B.C. Hydrographic Survey 9 Report of 119 Establishment of ' 1.09 B..C Lumber Manufacturers' Association, cooperation with Forest Branch 73 B.C. Sulphite Fibre Co 3«S Mill, Howe Sound 58 Bear Creek 446 Okanagan, gauging-station 163 Bear Creek (or Connelly) Lake 352 Bear Creek River, coal areas on 432 Wagon-road 370 Beaton, town of 41 Beaver Lake 484 Beaver River, trail on 432 Beaver Valley, Cariboo 482 Beaverdell 413 Beavers, work of 327 Beece, or Anahim Peak 334. 335 Beetles, bark, damage to trees 65-69 Beirnes Creek, coal-workings on 348 Bell Island 377 Bella Coola 335 To Ootsa Lake Trail 439 'Trail 439 Valley, anticipations for railroad 19 Valley, pre-emiptors in 19 Valley, forest reconnaissance in 80 Bencti-imarks, establishment of 117. 138 Beneficial use of water 130 Bengal & North-western Ry. calls tenders for ties in B.C 74 Bertha Lake 342 Rergoust, O. J. Engineer, Water Branch, report of 180 Big Creek 475 Big Bar Creek 465 Open country north of 465 Big Bar Lake' 464 Big Bar Mountain 465 Big Bar P.0 466 Big Bar Section 464 Big Kettle, The 352, 355 Big Sand Creek 17S Biker, W. J. E.. Engineer. Water Branch. report of 106 Birkenhead River 45S, 459. 460 Bishop, R. P., report of 333 Page. Bisset Creek 415, 418 Bitter Creek glacier 398 Black, II. C. report of 358 Black Canvon 353 Black Creek 349 Black Pool, Kamloops, settlers at 28 Blackwater River 429 Blackwater to Dean Rivers, forest reconnaissance in land between 80 Blueberry Creek 456 Blue Lake 450 Blue-prints 299, 312 Blue Springs Valley 41.5, 418 Board of Investigation,, water rights claims dealt with by 9 Creation of 120 Organization and procedure of 126 Report of Ill Table showing work of 113 Boats. Forest Branch 101 Bolster. R. II.. U.S. Geological Survey, stream-discharge investigations by .... 115 Bonaparte Lake 324 Bonaparte Valley, forest reconnaissance in.. 82 Grazing land in 82 Bond required, water rights 184, 191 Bonila Island 389 Bonus, timber 53 Boulder Creek 28 Boundaries between land districts surveyed. . 7 Boundary between Lillooet and Kamloops Districts 322 Boundary Creek at. Greenwood, gauge installed 104 Boundary to Penticton. proposed railway- line 20 Boundary survey, between. B.C. and Alberta. . 317 Boundary surveys 7, 303, 304 Boundary waters treaty 118 Brackendale 459 Brady. ,T. & J. €.. report of 419 Bridesville 410 Bridge. Creek 471 Bridge Creek Falls, power-site at 322 Bridge Creek Valley 322 Bridge Crossing 21 Bridge River 402 North Fork of 463. 464 Power Co 462 Power-site on 119 Bridges built by. Forest Branch 101 Brilliant. Doukhobor settlement at 38 Brink Lake 38 Briquettes, sawdust, for fuel 65 Browne. H. H., report of 3«0 Brown Creek 324 Brown. C. P.. settler. Kains Lake 20. 379 Brown, ,T. R.. Government Agent, report of 39 Brownie Creek 374 Brown's River, V.I.. water-power possibilities of 137 Buck River 437, 439 Buckinghorse Valley 350 Buckskin Creek 479 Buffalo Lake 471 Bulldog Creek 443, 444 Bull River at Cranbrook. metering section.. 120 Bull-pine attacked! by bark-beetles 66 Bulkley House 351 Bulkley Valley 358 Index. D 4S7 Page. Bulkley Valley, forest reconnaissance in 76 Glazing land, in 77 Inspection, of pre-emptions in .25, 26 Land for pre-emption in 26 Burniston Range 398 Burning- permits 92-94 Brush and slash refused in dry season. ... 86 Bums Lake .356, 440 Burnt areas being reforested 83 Burnt Bridge Trail 335 Butte Mountain 419 Butterfield, F., report of 356 Buttle Lake 342 Valuation of timber limits on 75 B.X. Mountain, fire-protection look-out station on 98 By-products from forest 65 Cabins. Forest Branch 101 Cache Creek 444 Settlement 380 Calbreath Ranch. Stikine, experiments at . . 42 Calvert Island 391 Camagna P.0 416 Camborne, town of 41 Cameron Lake, diagram of outflow of 143 Campbell. A. W.. Engineer. Water Branch. report of 157 Campbell, F. C. Government Agent, report of 44 Campbell Riven- 341, 342. 118. 345, 372 Bench-marks on 118 Logging at 345 Power Co 118 To Salmon River Trail 343 Valley, coal-beefs in 345 Camp Creek 349, 444 Camp-fires, forest fires caused by 89 Canadian 'Collieries 137 Water-power plant of. on Runtledge River 146 Canadian Northern, surveys for Vcrnon- Lumb-y line 419 Canadian Northern Pacific Rv. Co . 136., 425, 428. 430. 445, 448, 449,, 451, 483 Locating, to Clayoquot Sound 368 Canadian Ranching Co 405 Canadian timber to be used in public works 74 Canal Flat 421 'Cancellation of water records, provision for 127 Canim Lake, 322 Basin 322, 323 Road to 471 Canoe Mountain 443 Canoe River 428 Timber at mouth of 40 Valley 443 Valley, forest reconnaissance in 81 Canoes. Forest Branch 101 Canyon Creek 358 Canyon Lake 328 Capacities of water for irrigation 213 Capacity of pulp-mills 73 Capilano Creek, gauges on 119 Capilano River watershed 146. 149 Cape Scott, formerly an island 382 Settlement 380 Vicinity 3S0 Capital invested in lumbering large 57 Capt. Cook, discovery of Nootka by 367 Capt. Meares 367 Cargo lumber trade, amount of 57 Cariboo, freight rates to 476 Page. Cariboo, near 52nd parallel 473 West of Fraser 475, 476 Cariboo Road. . .467, 469, 470, 471, 473, 477, 482 Transportation, charges on 476 Carmi 411 Carrier Lake 331 Carson, gauge at 164 Carson, P. A., investigation of water-powers in Railway Belt by 116 Cartmel, J., Government Agent, report of . . 3S Cascade Mountains, surveys west, of 306 Case, J. M„ report of 100 Cassiar, explorations in 297 District, Government Agent report on . . . 305 Forest reconnaissance in 79 Castle (or Cottonwood') River 429 Castlegar, Doukhobor settlement at. 38 Gauging-station 16S, 172, 173 Catfish River 423 Cathcart, II.. Supt.. Pre-emption Inspection Branch, report of 13 Cattle on range 84 Cattle-raising, Chilcotin 478 Nicola District 399 -ranching. Northern Lillooet 472 -range (see Range). -ranging 84 Causes of forest fires 88 Cautley. R. W.. representative of Alberta in boundary survey 317, 321. Cayenne Creek 456 Cayoosh Creek 461 Power possibilities of 155 Cedar logs, amount exported 70 Grading rules for 61 Cedar poles, amount shipped 70 Demand for, increasing 70 Celista Creek 455 Central Interior,, surveys in 207 Certificates of improvement, number issued'. . 10 Certificates of purchase, number issued: . . .9. 10 Chairman of Board of Investigation, report of Ill Chaflies, J. B.. Water Branch. Ottawa..Ill, 110 Change of point of diversion under "Water Act" 120 Changes in, area andi valuation, of Crown- granted1 timber lands 52 Changes of ownership o:f special timber licences 51 Chapman Creek 338 Chapman Lake 338 Chase 457 Cheakamus 21 Indian Reserve 21. River, site for power-development 119 Cherry, Creek 17S, 416. 418 Cheslat.ta Lake 440 Chetwood Lake 343 Chief Lake, land for pre-emption west of.. 24 Vicinity 22 Wagon-road 22 Chief Astronomer of Canada, assistance rendered by 304 Chief Clerk, Water Rights Branch, report of 131 Chief Draughtsman, Water Rights Branch, report of 134 Chief Draughtsman, 'Survey Department, report of 309 Chilako Valley 24 D 488 Index. Page. Chilako Plantation Company, cultivation by 24 Chilcotin District, adapted for dty-farming. . 30 Chilcotin plains 478 Chilcotin plateau 475 Meadows on 481 South of 475 Chilcotin River 475 Chilko 356 River 45S Chimney Creek 467, 475 Canyon. 478, 4'0 District adapted for dry-farming 30 Ferry 478 Chinese, prohibition of employment of, on timber licences 59 Prohibition of employment of. on water- rights works 190 Chinook Cove, Kamloops, settlers near .... 28 Chipka Creek 179 Christie. Or 464 Christina Lake., gauge at 164 Chu-chua. fruit grown at 28 Churn Creek 475 Oipoletti weir, chart for use with 165 Clague. H. N., report of 364 Claims, water rights 213 Water rights, submission of, to Board of Investigation 127 Clapperton Creek 27 'Capacity for storage 160 Flow in irrigation-ditches at 161 'Settler on experimenting with clovers ... 27 Clause in contracts for public works specifying use of Canadian timber 74 Clayoquot 360 ■Clayoquot Arm, salmon-hatchery on 368 Clayoquot District 364, 365. 366 Clayoquot River 368 Clearwater Lake 449, 450 Clearwater River 427, 431, 446, 450 Valley, reconnaissance in 77 'Clearwater section, land for pre-emption in 37 Clearwater Valley 446. 449 Access to 449 Clearwater watershed^ game reserve on ... 432 Cline, Mr., Engineer. Coast District, B.C. hydrographic survey 119 Clinton 36, 464 Close utilization of timber 65 Chiskns Lake Trail 335 Coal-areas on Bear River 432 Coal indications near Francois Lake 439 Coal land's surveyed, total area of 300 Coal leases 11 Coal licences 11 Surveyed 303 Coalmont 409 Coast District, report of Pre-emption Inspector on IS Coefficients applicable to surface-float measurements, table of 115 Cokely, L. S.. report of 360 Cold 'Spring Creek 181 Coldstream Municipality 415 Collection of rental arrears 18 Collection of royalty 52 Collins House 353 Collins. H. W.. irrigation test in orchard of 165 Columbia River 419 Benches near 40 Page. Columbia River, at Castlegar, hydrograph of 172, 173 Metering-stations on 166 Monthly discharge of 168 At Trail, hydrograph of 170, 171 At Trail, metering-station 120 West side, south of Spillimacheen, settlement on 39 Columbia River Valley, cattle-range in ... . 78 drainage-basin 180 Forest reconnaissance in 78 Logging operations in 180 Columbia Valley Orchards Co 422 Columbia Valley.. Upper 419 Columbia watershed, rainfall on 168 Columbia & Western Ry 410 Grant, examination of. by Forest Branch 74 Inquiries for land' in 39 Comaplix. town of 41 Commission of Conservation, co-operation in forest surveys by 83 iCo-operation with Department of Lands.. 114 Investigation of water-powers in co-operation with Water Branch Ill -Commonage near Quilchena. dry-farming station on 33 Commonages near Merritt and Quilchena . . . 339 Communities, irrigation 129 Comox District, water-powers of 144 Companies, irrigation 128 Comparisons of forest expenditure 87 Comparisons of li.S. Pacific Coast and' B.C. lumber exports 72 Competition in use of range 84 Competition for Prairie lumber trade 70 Comptroller of Water Rights1, report of ... 107 'Cowichan Lake, white-pine attacked by bark- 'beetles at 68 Oonditions, forest, comparison of, with U.S. and! Ontario 51 Of pre-emptors. study of. bv Inspectors. . . 14 Connelly 'Lake 351. 352 Conservation Commission (sec Commission of Conservation). Conservation possibilities, investigation of. by Water Branch Engineers 9 Construction period1, water rights, rental fees during 184 Contests to water claims Ill Control' of range 84 Control measures for bark-beetles 67, 6S Conway, G. R'. G., B.C. Electric Ry. Co.. acknowledgment to Ill Co-operation with Commission of Conservation in forest surveys S3 Co-operation of public in fire-protection ... 91 Co-operation with lumbermen 47 Co-operation with Railway Commissioners. . 64 Copeland Flat 479 Copper Queen -mine 384 Copper River 33S, 359 Orchard at 25 Valley 26 Coquihalla River, near Hope, power possibilities of 146. 147 Coquitlam Lake 151 Cornell mine 384 Correction surveys 306 Cortes Island', good class of pre-emptors on 20 Cotton. A. F.. report of 475 Cotton, R. C, rancher 480 Index. D 480 Page. Cottonwood Creek 398 Courrier Creek 346 ^ourtenay 137 Cowgetz, coal at 402 Cox Island 381, 382 Cracroft Island, examination by Forest Branch 74 Cranberry Lake 443 Cranberry River 393. 397, 398 Cranbrook District, forest-protection in, report on 09 Cranbrook Division, Government Agent's report on 39 Inspection of pre-emptions in. 20 Lands for pre-emption in 39 Cranbrook, orchards near 177 Crawford's Bay, settlement at 37 Creation of forest reserves 83 Creighton Valley 415 Road 416 Crescent Valley, Doukhobor settlement at.. 3S criss Creek 325, 453 Road 454 Cronin. Trail 337, 338 Cronin'si mine. Babine Range 338 Crossings of Fraser by G.T.P. Ry 42S Cross R'iver 422 Crown-granted timber land, area of 52 Average value per acre 52 Changes in area and valuation of 52 Taxation of 52, 53 Crown-grant tracings 299 Crown grants, number written up 9, 10 Number applied for . 9, 10 'Number issued 9, 10 Crown land surveyed, amount of 7 Reserved against sale or lease 7 Open to pre-emption only 7 Crown Mountain 34'0. 342, 343 Vancouver Island 34 Crow's Bar 465 Crowsnest Pass 321 Crowseest Pass branch, C.P.R 177 Crowsnest Pass Lumber Co.. flume of .... 179 Cruising timber for sale 63 Cumberland 137 Cut. timber. 1913 57 Cutting, immediate, required of timber sold 63 Daisy Lake 21 Dalles, water-power project 118 Damage caused by forest fires 88 Dann. Mr., Engineer. Kamloops District, B.C. ■Hyidroaraphic Survey 119 Dawson Falls 448 Daw-son, F. ,L. report of 455 Dawson, G. II., Surveyor-General, report of 297 Davis. Ernest, member of Board of Investigation Ill Dayton Camp 411 Deadman River, Upper 453 Falls 455 Deadman Creek 325 Dead Tree Point 400. 402, 407 Dean's Haven, settlement at 37 Dean River, basin of 334 To Blackwater, forest reconnaissance in land between 80 To Fraser, forest reconnaissance on. land ■between 80 Page. Dean Riiver Valley, forest reconnaissance of.,. 79 Decker Lake 438 Deep Creek 35S. 376, 378, 479 Definition of water recording districts 216, 217, 218 Degree sheet maps 301, 314 Delinquent leaseholders notified to pay arrears IS Delinquent pre-emptors. notice given to 15 Holdings of. cancelled unless attempt made to comply with Statute 15 Delia Lake 145 Demonstration of merit of dry-fanning S Dennis Lake 359 Department of Trade and, Commerce, investigation of foreign lumber trade by 74 Deputy Minister of Lands, report of 7 Derby, Mr., rancher 465 Deserter's Canyon 353 Desolation Channel, pre-emptors on east sidle of IS Determination, of old water rights' 213 Determinations of Board of Investigation. principles established by 112 Diagrams, precipitation 20'0-'20'2 Diamond Island, 481 Discretion used in dealing with delinquent pre-emptors 15 Distribution of forest force 49 Disposal of slash, circular letter re 04 District boundaries, survey of 297, 304 District Engineers, Water Branch, .appointment of 124 Reports of 135, 146, 148, 153, 157. 159, 1O0, 162, 164, 166, 177, 180 District maps 301, 304 Districts, Water Branch— No. 1, reports on, 135, 140. 148. 153, 157 No. 2. report on 159 No. 3, report on 100 report on 162 report on 164 report on 166 report on 177 report on 180 Diversion, change of point of 126 Diver Lake 352 Divide between Arctic andi Pacific drainages 332 Division maps 314 Dixon Lake. V.l 144 Dodd, H. W., Acting Government Agent, report of 42 Doc- Creek 468 Wagon-road 464 Dominion Land Belt, settlers in. near Golden 40 Dominion transfers administration, of water rights in Railway Belt 9 Dore River 427 District 429 Douglas fir bark-beetle, timber attacked by. . OS Douglas Lake . 162, 340 DoU'kh'O'bors. community 38 Independent 39 Dome Creek 428 Downton, G. M., report of 458 Dowse Road 454 Dragon Lake, school at 477 Draughtsman;, Chief, Survey Branch, report of 309 Chiief, Water Rights Branch, report of. . . . 134 Drinkwater Creek, V.I 144 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 D 490 Index. Page. Drewry, W. S.. report by 322 Driftwood River 351 Valley, forest reconnaissance in 79 Driftwood Valley 352 Agricultural land in 354 Dry Belt 471 Northern limit of 324 Dry Belts, precipitation in 196 Dry Creek 37S Dry-farming area. Big Bar section 464 Dry-farming, experimental operations, report on 30 'Government experimental stations 31, 32 Lands adapted for 30 Rules for 31 System of 30 Utilization for. of areas considered suitable only for grazing 30 Station, Lillooet, reserve near 471 Success in, by S1. Sorenson, Long Lake. . . 469 Duncan Bay ." 372 Duncan Island 377 Duncan Lake 167 Dunn Lake 28. Duplication of place-names 316 Dutch Creek 181 Duty of water, data 213 Study of 108 East Barriere Lake, land for pre-emption, at 28 Easterly, boundary of Province, survey of .297, 317 East Kootenay. forest reconnaissance in ... . 78 Cattle-range in 78 Eastern Kootenay watershed, streams of. . . . 178 Eagle Creek 23 Eagle Lake 23. 473. 441 Vicinity 441 Eagle Pass 40 East Barriere Lake 451, 453 Edge-water 422 E'dgewood 416 Eena Lake 343 Eight-mile Creek, 'Nicola, settler on, experimenting with clovers ' 127 Okanagan 416 Eliguk Lake 334 Elk River 342. 368 Near Elko, metering-station at 120 Elliott. Prof. W. J., report on experimental 'dry-farming operations 30 Emperor Falls 431 E'nd'ako. community at 357 Engineers, water district, appointment of... 107 Entiako River 334 Eric Lake 381 Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway Co 130 Essweins. W. J., settler, Canoe Valley 443 Eutsu-k Lake 333 Examination of scalers 60 Examples of value of land examinations.... 74 Exhibit of B.C. timber, suggestion re 73 Expansion of pulp industry 73 Expenditure on Forest Branch 53 Expenditure on forests, comparative table.. . 87 Experimental dry-farming operations 30 EXpired special timber licences, number of. . . 51 Exploitatioii of timber hastens settlement... 83 Exploration surveys 305 Export of forest products 69 Pace. Export of lumber in infancy 57 Export tax on logs 70 Export timber trade 69 Expropriation by municipalities of water rights 189 Extensions of time to complete surveys 311 Factors in development of live-stock industry 84 Fall River 352 Farmer's headgate 209, 211 Fees, coal leases 11 For grazing 85 'Power development, under " Water Act ". . 192 Scaling 53 Timber transfer 53 Under " Water Act," schedule of 190 Water record' 132 Felker. G. E.. 144-Mile House 473 Fence-posts, amount shipped 70 Ferrer Point 367 Ferris, E. II.. report of 371 Fernie District, inspection of pre-emptions in 29 Fernie supplied with water from Fairy Creek 178 Fibre, sulphite, amount sold to Japan 73 Amount sold to U.S. paper-mills 73 Exports of 73 Output of 73 Field-books, number received 313 Field-notes plotted! 299 Field telephone-line, amount built by Forest Branch S Field-work, Survey Branch 302 Fifty-mile River (see Dore River). Filing of plans, water rights 215 Requirements of " Water Act" regarding 194 Financial benefits to public accrue from land examinations 75 Finlay and Parsnip Valleys, agricultural land in 354 Finlay Creek, water surface profile of 181 Finlay Junction, settlement at 353 Finlay-Parsnip Valley, great future for .... 354 Finlay River 351 Aralley, forest reconnaissance in 79 Finlay Valley 353 Fir, Douglas, attacks- by bark-beetles OS Fir logs, grading rule? for 62 Fireclay discovered' on Ten-mile Creek, Nicola 38 Fire-fighting, details of 89 Expense of 89 Fire hazards increase with development .... 83 Fire law, summary of 90 Fire patrol, area covered by SO Areas, comparative table of 86 Force, number of 86 In. Ontario Forests 87 In U.S. national forests 87 Fire-protection plan for Okanagan Lake watershed, report on 97 Firepan Mountains 351 Fires, forest, causes of 88 Cost of 86 Damage by -SS Damage by small, on Coast 85 Dlanaer, control of. on railway-lines 64 Number of 86 Fish. Creek 359 Fish River, flats at 41 Fisherman's Cove 380 Fish Lake 373, 370 Page. Fishery-tanks off Vancouver Island 383 Fishing-grounds off Banks Island 390 Flores Island 365 " Floyborg," schooner, wreck of 3S1 Foot-trails built by Forest Branch, number of, cost, length of 101 Forage-crop 84 Forbes Landing . 342 Force, forest 48, 49 " Forest Act." violations of 57 Forest administrative units 49 Forest -districts, organization of 47 Forest fires 83, 85, 86, 88 Forest force, area administered by 49, 50 Average area of districts of 49, 50 Average area of districts patrolled 49, 50 Distribution of 49 Number of 48 Permanent 49 Temporary 49 Forest-growth 47 Forest Guard's 49 Forest insects, control of 65-69 Forest-insect damage 65 Forest Mills of B.C., Comaplix 41 Forest products 65 Forest-protective units 49 Forest Rangers 49 Forest Railway Patrolmen 49 Forest reserves 83 Forest revenue 47, 51. 53 Forest scalers 49 Forest school at B.C. University 51 Forest surveys, valuable information as result of S3 Forest Branch, report of 47 .Expenditure 87 Launch crews of 49 Reconnaissance-work of 75-82 Reconnaissance, area covered by 75 Revenue of 47, 51, 53 Successful year of 8 Foresters, District 48, 49 Forfeiture clauses, water records, amendment of 127 Forms- used under " Water Act " 204-208 Fort Fraser 357 Fort Fraser Division, Government Agent's report on 35 Fort George District, forest reconnaissance iu 77 'Government Agent's report on 36 Pre-emption Inspector's report on 22 Fort George-Tacla steamer service 355 Fort George, transportation rates to. from Ashcroft 476 Fort Grahame *..... 352 Fort McLeod 331 Fort 'St. James 330, 351, 443 Lime for cement-making at 357 Port St. John 353 Fort Steele M. and' S. -Co.. power plant of. . 178 Fosthall 41 Fosthall Creek 417 Agricultural lands near 42 Fountain Creek Valley 463, 464 Fourteen-mile Creek 452 Fractions adjoining timber licences, sale of 59 Francois Lake 431 Land for pre-emption between it aud Buck River 26 Page. Francois Lake, north, farming at 35 Settlement 438 Fraser and Betterton, ranch. Aspen Grove 341 Fraser, Geo., nursery of, at Ucluelet 380 Fraser, J. A., Government Agent, report of 43 Fraser Lake, farming at 35 Fraser and Nechako Rivers, land's between. . 22 Fraser and. Dean Rivers, forest reconnaissance on landls between 80 Fraser River, accidents in 427 Benches north of Lytton suitable for fruit- raising 463 Freighting on 42S Friendly Cove 367 Fruit lands, sale of timber on for clearing 62 Fruit raised by pre-emptors. Skeena Valley 25 Fry Creek, clearings and crops on 37 Fuel, sawmill refuse sold as 65 Furry Creek watershed 149, 152 Galbraith home. Fort Steele, orchard at ... 177 Galena Bay 41 Gang Ranch 465, 475 Garden Bay 887 Lake, pre-emptions near 19 Garden, H. F.. report of 473 Gaspard Creek 475 Gazetteer, publication of 302 Geodetic positions established 304 Geographer. Chief, report of 314 Geographic Board of 'Canada 30-2 Geographic Branch 300, 301, 314 Geographic features, naming of 302 Geographic maps 301, 314 Geographic section of -Survey Branch 297 Geographic work 316 Georgie Lake 376 Land,' near 20 Germansen Landing 353, 354 Gibson's Landing, country between Sechelt and 19 Gillespie. R. D.. report of 407 Gillespie, R.. Pre-emption Inspector, report of. country covered by 35 Gillis Bay. Texada, agricultural land near 21 Giscome Portage 353 Uiscome Rapids 427 Giscome Wagon-road 23 Glacier Creek 443 Glencairn Creek 179 Goat Creek 450 Goat Rapids 427 Goat River 423, 424, 443 Goats, grazing fees for 85 Goetjen, A., settler, Taweel Lake 452 Golden 420 Goldlen Division. Government Agent's report -on 39 Golden Water District, report on 180 Goldlen-Windermere Road 420 Gold Creek 179, 401, 402, 404 Gold Lake 343 Gold Range 417 Gold River 342, 343 Gold'stream. power plant at 137 Goose Bay 396 Gordon Pasha Lakes 388 Gordon, Robert, Government Agent, report of 40 Government Agents, reports of 35 D 492 Index. Page. Grading 01, 62 Grading rules, cedar logs 61 Fir logs 62 Shingle-bolts 62 Spruce, pine, and hemlock logs 62 Graham Centre 402 Graham Island 339, 408 Pre-emptors' map issued on 9 Granb5r mine 396 Grand Canyon 427 Grand Fork District, report of Engineer of Water Branch on 164 G.T.P. Rv 359, 361, 424, 425, 428, 430, 431, 43S. 439, 440, 442, 443, 445, 483 Granite Creek Valley 374, 375 Grazing S4, '85 Areas to be determined 84 Fees 85 Lands, investigation of 47 Pamphlet regarding, to he issued 85 Regulations 85 Grease Harbour 393 Grease Trail 394 Great Beaver Lake 331 Great Central Lake, diagram of outflow of 141 Water-powers of streams feeding 14-5 Gregory, P. W.. report of 408 Greeley Canyon, Revelstoke 40 Green, U. die B., report of 406 Green, F. C, report of 449 Green Lake, 'bottom land between it and Summit Lake 21 Green River 459 Site for power-development on 119 Green Mountain 446 Greenwood 409, 410 Greenwood City, investigation of water system for 1'64 Groundhog 346, 349 Basin 359 Basin Anthracite Co 348 Coal-areas 305 Mountain 351 Pass 305, 346 Growth, forest 47 Grunsky, H. W 120 Memorandum by. on rules, regulations, and fees under " Water Act " 182 Guards, Forest 49 Guineha Indian village 395 Ha Ha Creek 179 Haggen, R. W.. report of 476 Hag-filth, A., settler near Fort George, crops of 23 Hai Lake 362 Half Moon Bay, pre-emptions near 19 Hall Creek 411 Hall. D. L.. report on agriculture in Atlin and Tagish. basins 43 Hall's Landing, Columbia River, fertile silt- dleposits at 41 Halibut-banks off Banks Island 390 Halibut-banks off Ucluelet 369 Hamilton Bros., orchards at Cranbrook .... 177 Hamilton, J. R 474 Hamilton, Thos 474 Hamilton, sawmill of, at Beaver Lake .... 483 Hanceville 475 Hand-loggers' licences 53 Hansen, R., organizes colony at Cape Scott 381 Page. Hardy Bay 20, 378 Hardly Bay-Kains Lake -Road 379 Harmon Lake 362 Harper's Camp 482 Harvey Creek 441 Hastings Ranch. Aspen Grove 341 Hastings Sawmill Co., leases relinquished' by 371 'Hastings Townsite, sale of Crown lots in... 17 Haycock Islands 382 Hay Creek 441, 442 Hazelton Division, Government Agents' report on 36 Pre-emption Inspector's report on 27 Hazelton to Telegraph Trail, forest reconnaissance between 79 Hazelton, South, squatting prevented in ... . 14 Headgates, farmers 209 Irrigation 209 Structures and measurements of water, requirements of " Water Act " regarding. . 193 Heber Mountain 343, 344 Hecate Island 392 Hefferly Creek and Lake 159, 160 Hellings, S.. settler near Nawhitte 20 Helmcken Falls 448 Hemlock Creek 450 Hemlock logs, rules for export of 62 Henningville 428, 432 Herman Creek 411, 412 Herman Flat 446 Heme. T. W.. Government report of 36 Herring-fisheries, Ucluelet 369 Hewett, Dr. Gordon. Dominion 'Entomologist, arrangement with 65 Heywood. D. P., report of 451 Hicks, H. B.. engineer, Water Branch, report of 177 Hiellen River Settlement 400 Higgins. C. J., report of 470 Hill and Paul, Messrs., ranch of 473 Holland, A. H., report of 337 Hilton 416 Hodelague. P. A., settler. Vargas Island. . . . 364 Holberg Settlement 380 Holmes, W. H. J., report of 341 Hooson, J. E.. Government Agent, report of 35 Hope Mountain 410 Hope, town of 148 Horie. R. C. report of 3S9 Horsefly country 473 Horsefly District, land in, adapted for dry- farming 30 Horses, number on range '84 Horse-trails built by Forest Branch, number of. co-st. length of 101 Hoskins -S. H., Government Agent, report of 36 Hotha-m Sound 20 Hot springs. Canoe Valley 444 Lakelse Lake 360 Sinclair 420 Houston 438 Howe Sound 386, 388 'Logging at 388 H'owser, -work of settlers near 37 Hudson Bay .Mountains, pre-emptions on foot-hills of 25 Hudson Hope, steamer service to 355 Humamilt Lake 455 Hunter Creek 453 Hurst Island! 377 Hutchison, J., pre-emption inspection by ... 13 Index. I) 493 Page. Hydraulic mining in Cariboo, use o£ water in, amount of gold produced -by . . . .157, 158 llydlrographers, Dominion, in Railway Belt 109 Hydrographic and topographic surveys .... 109 Hydrographic Survey, B.C., report of 119 Co-operation between Dominion and Province in 9 Establishment -of 109 Ilydrographic work, new arrangement for... 109 Idsardi, H, report of 384 Ilgachuz Range 334 Forest reconnaissance on 80 Illeciirewaet River Valley 40 Illecillewaet River, power -plant of Revelstoke Municipality in 181 Immediate cutting required of timber sold on lands suitable for agriculture 63 Importations of lumber from: U.S 71 Ingenika Trail 352 Inspectors, Pre-emption 13-29 Insect damage in forests 65-69 Control measures for 65 Insect pests, absence of, on Graham Island' 407 Inspection, Pre-emption Branch, good work of 36 Report of 13 Instructions for survey of B.C.-Alberta ■boundary 318 Instructions to surveyors 269 Invermere 180. 422 Investigation, Board of. report of Ill Investigation of water-powers 108 International Boundary waters 118 Irrigation communities 129 Irrigation companies 128 Irrigation headgates 209, 182 Iskut River 340 Itcha Range 334 Forest reconnaissance on '80 Jalun River 407 Jamieson, E. A.. Engineer, Water Branch, report of 146 Jiapan, sulphite fibre exports to 73 Japanese Current 383 Japanese, prohibition of employment of, on timber licences 50 On water-rights works 190 Jensen, Lars 381 j eromie Island 377 Jessie Lake 342 Johnson, C. Wynn, Alkali Lake Ranch ... 468 Johnson, S. M.. report of 409 Jones Creek Valley 473. 474 Jones Lake 473, 474 John Brown Creek ; 337 Jordan River, power plant at 137, 146 Jorgensen. J. C, settler, McMillan Creek Valley 23 Jubilee Mountains 419 Judson Mountain 343, 344 Jurisdiction of Board of Investigation .... 126 J'uskatla Inlet 390 Kains Lake settlement 379 Kains Lake Trail 379 Kains Lake, vicinity of 20, 379 Kalappa copper-mines 366, 370 Kallis Creek 411, 412 Kamloops District, Government Agent's report on 37 Page. Kamloops District, Pre-emption Inspector's report on 28 Kamloops Water District, report on 159 Kamloops-Yale boundary survey 339 Kamloops-Lillooet District boundary 322 Kaslo District, inspection of pre-emptions in 29 Kathleen Mountain, Okanagan, proposed: look-out station on 98 Kawon River 405 Keefe's Landing 440 Kelly Lake 464 'Creek 464 Kennedy Lake 368, 369 Keremeos 409 Kersley 477 Kettle Valley Water District, report on ... 164 Kettle Valley Railroad 29, 340, 409, 411, 413, 414 Forest reconnaissance in territory contiguous to 82 Kettle River, gauging-stations on 164 Headwaters, forest reconnaissance at ... . 78 'Log-driving on 164 At Nicholson's Bridge, gauge installed . . 164 Power possibilities of 166 Power-site six miles north of Canyon City 165 West Fork 411 Kicking Horse Pass, survey of 320 Killarney, Lake 387 Kilroy Ranch, cattle-trail from, to Penask L. 38 Kimsquit Trail 335 Kinkas, Fork of Skeena 347 Kinskooch Valley 393 Kispiox Valley 346 Land for pre-emption in 25, 36 Kispiox River 397 Kitimat Arm 360 Kitimat-Lakelse Trail 362 Kitimat Valley Reserve, examination of ... 75 Opened for settlement 9 Pamphlet issued on 9 Kitimat Valley, Upper 361 Kitlaedlamiks Indian Village 396 Kitsequekla Lake Creek 338 Kitsequekla Range 337 Kitsequekla-Moricelown trail 338 -Kitsequekla Valley 35,9 Kitsilano. auction, sale of Crown lots at ... . 17 Kitsumtriallnm Valley 360, 361 Kitsumgallum Trail 393, 394 Kitwanga 394 Klappan River 349 Klappan Valley 42 Kluatantan, Fork of Skeena 349 Kluatantan River 347, 348 Kluayas Lake 349 Kluayas River 349 Kluayerz Valley 350 Kloosta Indian Villase 408 Knewstub'b, F. W.. Engineer. Water Branch. report on Vancouver Island 135-146 Knife Creek Valley 473, 474 Knox, Cape 407 Kootenay, Northi-East 419 Kootenay Bay, settlement at 37 Kootenay Central Railway 40, 177, 180, 420, 422 Kootenay. district map 30-2 Kootenay District, report of Pre-emption Inspector on 29 Kootenay Lake 167 Kootenay Ice Co 37 Kootenay River 420, 421 I) 494 Index. Page. Kootenay River, Glade, hydro-graph of.. 175, 176 Wardner, metering section 120 Cable-ferry, metering section 120 Metering-station on 166 Monthly discharge o£ 169 North to Fort Steele, forest reconnaissance 78 \ alley, settlement in 39 Valley ISO, 421 Kootenay watershed, rainfall on 176 Kostering's Ranch 466 Kumdis Island 406 Kumdis Lake 406 Kumeolon Inlet 3S0, 390 Kwakshua Channel 392 Kwanika Creek 352 Lac Des Roches 323 Lac La Hache 155. 46S Water-storage possibilities of 156 Lad'-ysmith. 137 Lakelse Lake, hot springs at 360 Lakelse River, salmon-hatchery 361 Lakelse Valley 360 Lake of the Mountains 376 Land for pre-emption— Amount surveyedl during year 303 Adams River District 456 Albreda Valley, between, and Canoe River 443 Alkali Creek Valley 467, 468 Allan Lake, near 27 Anarchist Mountain District 409 Anderson Lake 458, 459. 461 Arlington Lakes 411 Aspen Grove, east of 339 Badger Creek, near 451 Baker Creek. Cariboo 476 Banks Island 389, 390 Barriere Lake country 28. 37. 451 Beaver Valley 482 . Big Bar section. Lillooet 465 a Birkenhead River Valley 45S, 459. 460B Blue Springs Valley, Okanagan 415. 4188 Bonaparte basin 28, 320JJ Bridge Creek basin 3263 Buck River, between, and Francois Lake 26 Buck River Valley 437 Bulkley Vallev, north of 26 Calvert Island 391 Canim Lake, near 322. 323 Canoe Valley 443 Canyon Lake, Cariboo, near 328 Cariboo 473. 476. 482 Carrier Lake vicinity 331 Castle River. South Fork of Fraser, near 4'20 Celista Creek District 456 Chief Lake vicinity 22. 24 Chilcotin District 476 Chimney Creek Valley 467. 475 Clayoquot District 364. 365. 366 Clearwater Valley 37. 446, 449 Olisbako River, near 32S Columbia Valley 421 Copeland Flat, Cariboo 479 Cottonwood Creek. Nass Valley 393 Cranbrook District 39 Criss Creek 453 Deadman River tributaries 453 Driftwood Valley 352, 354 'East Barriere Lake 451 'East of Aspen Grove 339 Finlay River Valley 353 Page. Land for pre-emption—Continued. Flores Island 365 Fort George District 22 Fort McLeod Trail, vicinity of 331 Francois Lake District 437 Francois Lake, between, and Buck River 26 Eraser, South Fork of 423 Eraser River, between, and Nechako .... 22 Fraser River, west side, Cariboo 476 Georgie Lake, near 20 Graham Island 399-408 Great Beaver Lake vicinity 331 Hunter Creek 453 Ingenika and Nation Rivers, between ... 353 Kamloops District 451 Kettle River Valley 411 Kispiox Valley 25, 30 Kootenay, North-east 419 Kootenay River Valley 419 Kumeolon Inlet 389, 390 Lemieux Creek, near 451 Lillooet District 458 Lillooet, northern 470 Lillooet-Kamiloops boundary, vicinity of.. 32-5 Little Salmon, between, and Nechako River 22 Loon Lake 27, 38, 339 Mollice Lake, near 437 McMillan Creek Valley 23 Nass Valley 393 Nation Lake country 433 Nazko River country 328 Nechako River, near 329 Nechako River and Fraser River, between 22 Nechako River, between, and Little Salmon 22 Necoslie River basin 330 Nicola District 339 Nootka. Island 366, 367 North-East Kootenay 419 Northern Interior 353 Northern Lillooet 470 North Barriere Tvake 28 (North Tacla Lake 354 North West Bay 19 Nukko Lake, near 22 Okanagan Valley 415 Omineca Valley 354 Ootsa Lake District 437 Ooslinka Valley 354 Pacific Great Eastern Ry. along route of 20, 21 Parrott Creek Valley 437 Parsnip River Valley 353 Penask Lake 27, 38 Prescott Island 389, 390 Princeton, near 408 Qualcho Valley 336 Queen Charlotte Islands 399-408 Rupert District. Vancouver Island 373 St. Peter's Springs 470 Salmon River vicinity 331 Salmon River Valley, Vancouver Island.. 371 Similkameen Valley 408 iSinkut Lake, south of 329 Sinkut Lake and Nechako River, between 329 South Fork of Fraser 423 Spillimacheen River 420 Springhouse Prairie 470 Stranger River Valley 354 Stuart River basin 330 Swamp Lake, near 22 Index. 1) 495 Page. Land for pre-emption—Concluded. Tacla Lake, North 354 Taweel Lake 452 Tchesinkut Lake, near 437 Vargas Island 364 Land, adapted for dry-farming 30 Clearing '93 'Crown, surveyed', reserved' for pre-emption 7 Examination by Forest Branch . . .47, 48, 74 For pre-emption, timber on, examined by Forest Branch 56 Resurveyed, amount of 303 Sales 7, 9, 10 Settlement assisted- by examinations .... 74 Sold, amount of 11 Land maps 315 Langara. on North Island 399 Lanz Island 382 Lapsed timber licences and' leases opened for settlement 9 Lardeau River, dairying and stock-raising on 37 Larsen Island 389 Lateral headgate 210. 211, 212 Latimer, F. H, report of 419 T.atour, P. de, Engineer, Water Branch, report of 160 Launch crews, Forest Branch 49 Launches, Forest Branch 54, 101 Lavington 415 Lawn Hill 402, 406 West of 406 Leach, F. E., report of 368 Leach Lake 476 Leases, coal 11 General 11 Lee, W. K.. settler, Eagle Lake District. .24, 442 Lee. R. -H, report of 446 Leighton, M. O., Chief Hydrographer, U.S. 115 Lemieux Creek 451, 452 Letters received and sent by Forest Branch 57 Letters received. Survey Branch 299 Liardl District, Government Agent's report on 42 Licence fees, coal 11 Licence of scalers 60 Licence rentals, forest 53 Licensed scalers 60 Licences, coal 11 Timber, number expired 51 Timber, Act calls for survey by 1918. ... 51 Timber, changes of ownership 51 Water, form of 207 Water, issuance of, in substitution for records 128 Licensees, water, information for -207 Lightning, forest fires caused by 91 Lillooet District, survey report on 458 Lillooet Division, Government Agent's report on 36 Of Victoria Water District, report on ... 153 Lillooet, forest reconnaissance in 82 Grazing lands in 82 Open land in 153 Lillooet-iKamloops District boundary 322 Lillooet Lake 458, 459 Lillooet, northern 467, 470 Lillooet, town of 462 Linden's Camp -387 Line run by surveyors, amount of 303 Linklater Creek 179 Little Billy mine 3S4 Little Clearwater River 448 Page. Little Fort to Nelson's Flat, settlement advanced- between 2S Little Klappan River 350 Little Qualicum River, hydrograph, of 142 Little Salmon and Nechabo Rivers, land's between 22 Little Shuswap Lake 457 Little Slocan Lake 16-7 Little Smoky River 426 Little White Mountain, look-out station on 98 Live-stock on range 84 Live-stock industry 84 Location of agricultural landls by Forest Branch, 83 Location plans of railway right-of-way lands 311, 313 Loch Lomond 149 Lockhart Beach, sale of Crown lots at ... 18 Log-driving, Kettle River 164 Nicola 162 North Kootenay 180 Logged-off land, demand for, by pre-emptors 44 Logging inspection 47, 58 Logging operations, agency of settlement . . 57 Fires due to 91 Number of 58 -Number of, inspected- 48 Production of 58 Logging-slash, disposal of 60 Logging-waste 60 Logs, export tax on 73 Permits to export 70 Quantity exported 70 Rules for grading 61. 62 Long, J. C A., reports of 404, 405 Long Bay 36S, 389 Long, J. C, A., reports of 404, 405 Long Lake (Lac Des Roches) 323 Look-out stations for fire-protection, Forest Branch ' 98, 99 Lookout Mountain Trail- 331 North -of 332 Loon Lake 339, 340 Land for pre-emption near 27, 38 Lots surveyed, number of 313 Louis Creek, Kamloops, vicinity, mixed farmr ing in 28 Valley, forest reconnaissance in 77 Post-office trail from 451 Lower Campbell Lake ,342 Lower Columbia Valley, report of Engineer of Wafer Branch on 166 Lower Parsnip River 353 Lower Stikine, tracts of cottonwood' unsuitable for pulp 43 Lumber, available market for 57 Consuming districts of continent 72 Manufacturers, co-operation with, -by Forest Branch 73 Trade, extension campaign 73 Lumbering, greatest industry of Province... 47 'Industry, importance of 57 Overproduction due to shortage of markets 57 Lumby 415 Vernon Road 418 Lund 383, 3S7 Inspection of pre-emptions near 18 Lunn, E. C, Government Agent, report of.. !36 Lynes, near Soda Creek, sawmill at 477 Lynn Creek, gauges on 119 Watershed 149, 152 D 496 Index. Lytton Page. . 45S Mabel Lake Timber near, attacked by bark-beetles . . . Machete Lake, or Bear Lake Mackenzie, Sir Alex, route of Macl'osky, settler, Canoe Valley Maclure Lake Madden Ranch Mahoney, J., Government Agent, report of. . Mahood Lake Mahood River Makim Creek 476, 479, 480, Malaspina Inlet, pre-emptions near Malaspina Peninsula 386, Malone, John, settler Mamete Lake, sheep-ranching at Manson Creek Trail 331, Maps 300, 301, 302, 314, 315, 316, Marble Bay mine Marble-quarry, INootka Mark Creek Marks, timber, introduction of system of ... Timber, lists of, printed1 Market for cedar logs on Puget Sound .... Markets, development of lumber Marking of logs Marion Creek Marriott, E. G., Chief Draughtsman, Water Rights Branch, report of Mary Lake Masset 400, 401, 402, Masset Inlet 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, M-asset Inlet, between, and Naden Harbour Matthews Creek Mayer Lake 401, 402. Meanskinisht, orchard at Meares Island Measurements, stream, tables.of Meetings heldi by Board of Investigation . . . Mel'drum Creek Valley 478, Menzies Bay, logging at Sitka, spruce attacked by bark-beetles at. . Merchantable timber, amount on area examined Meridian, 124th, survey of Merritt 27, 339, 340, Merritt Commonage 339. Merritt, coal-mines at Gypsum found near Clay for bricks near Meteorological work, report on Mexican Tom's Trail Meziadin Lake Meziadin River Middle River Middleton's Ranch M'idiway Gauge at Mile. 100. House, land for dry-farming near 150, House, land for dry-farming near .. . 105, House, Cariboo Road', Government experimental dry-farming station at .Mill Creek Milligan, J. M., report of Mills, AV. S.. orchard at Gateway Milne's Landing Farming at Mine-props, amount shipped Mineral Claims Crown-granted 9, 417 67 324 335 443 358 21 44 322 446 481 18 387 479 27 351 317 384 36,8 1-78 56 56 70 72 56 181 134 374 407 406 405 179 404 25 370 234 112 476 479 345 6S 74 32S 409 240 339 339 339 196 401 399 397 351 481 411 104 30 30 31 388 433 177 330 35 71 10 Page. Mineral claims surveyed, total area of .... 3O0 Minnie Lake 340 Mirror Lake, settlers at 37 Electric Oo. formed by settlers 37 Mission Creek 412 Mission Mountain 462 Mission Indian Settlement 462 Moffat's 481 Moha Post-office 463 Mollice Lake 437, 440 Momich Creek 456 Monashee 416 Monthly statement of revenue, Lands Department 32 Monuments erected on boundary-line . . .318, 319 Moose Lake 433 Moresby Island 399 IMorkill, D. B., report of 423 Moricetown 25 Trail 359 Morice River 2.6 Morigeau Creek 181 Morris. W. R. C, Engineer, Water Branch 162 .Mosquito Creek, coal on 348 Mosquito Flat, Kamloops, settlers at 28 Mosquito harbour, sawmill at 386 Moss River (see Kluatantan River). Moss River Trail 350 Mount Assiniboine 321 Mount Baker, cattle-range on 78 Look-out station, Cranbrook, report on ... 99 -.j.ount Olie 452 Mount Robson 423, 428 Mountain House 466 Mountain-pine bark-beetles 66 Mountains, Rocky, height of peaks of .... 321 Moyie, supplied with water for domestic purposes from Gleneairn Creek 179 Mud River Valley (see Chilako). Muddy Valley, H.B. Co. winters horses in 42, 43 March Lake 24 Murray, A. O, H.B. Co.'s factor at Fort St. James 330 Murray, C, W., report of 482 Murphy, J. P., llKtfile House 473 Myra Lake 342 Myrtle Lake 448. 451 Myrtle River 447, 448 .McBride 17, 423, 424. 426, 430 Creek, V. 1 144 Divisional point G.T.F. Ry 430 Townsite, interest in 17 Train service from 430 Westward from 424 McCulIagh, Rev. J. B 396 McDiarmid, F. A., observations by 337 McDonnell Lake 359 M-cDougall, D., report of 441 McDowell, settler. Eagle Lake 24 Mc'Elhanney, T. A., report of 328 McEvoy Flats 346 McGillivray Creek 461 Mclvor Lake 342 McKinney 410, 411 McLean. A., ranch of 451 McLeod' Trail 331 North of 331 Vicinity of 331 McLennan River 423 McMillan Creek, land near 23 McMurdo Mountain 419 Index. D 497 .393, 397, .399. 404, Nass River Upper Pre-emption Reserve Nass Valley Forest reconnaissance in . . Naden Harbour Cannery Lands west of Whaling-station Nahatlatch Lake Nahlouza Lake, moose near Nahmint River Nakusp Nanaimo Nash, F.. report of Nation Lakes 351, Nation River 351. 435, Nation Lake basin, agricultural land in ... Nation Lake Valley, agricultural land in . . . Deforested areas in National forests of U.S., expenditure on .... Nukko Lake Nulki Creek, cultivation near Nautley River Navigation, Upper Fraser Nawhitte Valley Nawhitte. vicinity of Nazko-Blackwater Road Nazko River Quesnel Road Xeehako-Fraser basin Nechako and Fraser Rivers, land between.. Nechako and Little Salmon Rivers, landi between Nechako and Stuart Rivers, land between. . Nechako ferry 23, 330, Nechako, navigation on River Valley Necausley Creek 476, 479, Necoslie River Nekalliston Creek Nelson District, report of Government Agent on Report of Pre-emption Inspector on Report of Water Branch Engineer on .... Water-powers of Nelson, A. C. Government Agent, report of Nelson and Slocan Railway Nelson Island Nelson. -N. C. Nelson's Flat. Kamloops, settlers near .... 'To Little Fort, settlement advanced between Newport 21. News print, enters U.S. free of duty Market for Shipped from pulp-mills . New railways, surveys adjacent to New Westminster Division, Government Agent's report on No. 3 Creek Valley, land- in No. 2 Creek, Kootenay, power possibilities of Noble Island Non-agricultural timber land-, settlement on. not in public interest . Nootka District 364. 366, Norrington, O. F. D., Engineer, Water Rights Branch, report of Northern Construction Co 347 397 393 398 79 40S 404 404 404 160 335 137 41 137 390 433 436 354 434 434 87 22 329 357 480 374 20 328 328 328 334 22 22 330 357 3-29 356 482 330 323 38 29 166 167 39 37 20 381 28 28 459 73 73 73 30S 44 420 181 377 74 367 162 28 Page. Northern Interior, access to 333 Nicola 340 Cattle-range in 77 Forest reconnaissance in 77. Lake 160 Lake, dry-farming experimental station near 31 River 162, 340 River Valley 27, 340 River Valley, contour of 162 Nicola District, report of Government Agent on 37 Report of Pre-emption Inspector on .... 29 Report of Water Branch Engineer on .... 160 Suited) to mixed farming 28 Nicolum River 147 ■Nigei Island 377 Nigger Creek 179 North (or Langara) Is.and 399 North Barriere Lake, land for pre-emption at 28 North Tacla Lake 351 Agricultural land near 354 North-'Eiast Kootenay 419 ivorth'-East and 'North-West Kootenay Water District, report on 180 North Fork of Bridge River 463, 464 North, Fork of Kettle River 1-64 North Thompson River 428, 446, 447 iH.ydrographic work on streams running 'into 159 North Thompson Valley, clearing, soil 28 Forest reconnaissance in 77, 81 Grazing land in 77, SI North Vermilion Creek 181 North West Bay, land for pre-emption near 10 Observers o"f rainfall, list of 198 Office fees, water rights 195 Office of Recorders, water rights 218 Okanagan. forest cattle-range in 78 Forest reconnaissance in 7S Okanagan Lake, agricultural land on benches near 81 Watershed-, fire-protection plan for, report on 97 Okanagan Valley 415 Fruit-growing in 97 Okanagan Water District, report on 162 Okeshollow Channel 20 Old Fall River Trail 352 Old Hogem 352, 354 Olie. Mount 452 Olive Lake 420 Omineca District, access to 355 Exploration survey in 351 Omineca, forest reconnaissance in 76, 79 Grazing lands in 76 River 352 Trail 433, 438 Valley, agricultural land in 354 One-mile Creek 339, 341 Ontario forests, expenditure on 87 Revenue from 87 Onward Ranch 469 Oona River 391 Ooslinka Valley, agricultural land in 354 Ootsa Lake 437 Operations, logging 4S ■Number of 57 Period, water rights, rental fees during. . . 184 32 D 498 Index. Page. Order of work, Water Rights Branch 107 Orchard at Meanskinisht and Copper River, Skeena 25 Organization, Forest Branch 4S-50 Orientals, prohibition of employment of, on ■water-rights works 190 Osoyoos 418 'Roads in 419 Pre-emption inspected in, during 1912 ... 3 Lake 410 Ospika River 353 Otter Lake, muskeg near 23 Owen Lake 439 Owners of live-stock on range, number of. . . 84 Ownership of special licences, timber, changes of 51 Pacific Great Eastern Ry . .156, 158, 426, 45S, 459, 460, 461, 463, 464, 406, 467, 469, 470, 472, 475, 476, 4S3 Route, Pre-emption Inspector's report on land near 21 Pacific Lime Co 384 Pacific Northern & Omineca line, proposed. . 360 Packsaddle Creek 443, 444 Pack-trails built by surveyors 303 Painted Mountains (see Tsi-tsutl Range). Palmer Trail 335 Palmer's Bar Creek 179 Pamphlet on gathering of information respecting water-powers 114 Panama Canal route to pulp and paper markets 73 Panama Canal route will broaden lumber market 5S, 72 Parks .. 322 Parrott Creek 359, 437, 439, 440 Parsnip River 351 Valley, forest reconnaissance in 79 Parsnip Valley 353 Pass Creek 359 Pasture lands (see Range, grazing). Patrol, fire, areas of 86 Fire, average area per Ranger 87 Force 86 On towing routes 70 In Ontario forests 87 In U.S. national forests 87 Paul Creek and Lake 159, 160 Pavilion Creek 462 Pavilion Mountain 464 Paw Creek 398 Pay-roll derived from forest 57 Peace River country, water route to 428 Peace R'iver District, exploration in . . . .397, 305 Peaks in Rockies, height of 321 Pearse, E. T. W., Government Agent, report of 37 Pebble River 349 Pelican Lake-Chilako River Trail 328 Perraberton Portage Post-office 460 Pemberton Meadows 458 Routes to 459 Drainage project 119 Penalties on coal-prospecting licences 11 Penack Lake, land for pre-emption at...27, 38 Many farmers from U.S. pre-empt at .... 38 Pend d'Oreille River, metering-stations on. . . 120, 166 Monthly discharge of 169 Pend d'Oreille watershed, rainfall on 169 PAGE. ' Pender Harbour 387, 388 Pendrell Sound, pre-emptions on IS Percentage of world's timber exports marketed by B.C 72 Permanent forest force 49 Permanent improvements made by Forest Branch 100-103 Permits andi licences, water 213 Permits, grazing 84 To export logs 70 Water, list of 219 Perry Siding, Slocan, settlers at 37 Personal inspection of townsites made to select Crown lots 10 Pests, insect, attack trees 65-69 Peterson Creek Road 2S Petitions, water rights, procedure for filing. . 133 Phillips Creek 178 Phoenix 410 Pigeon Road 469 Pillsworth, W. R., Engineer, Water Branch, report of 159 iPine logs, rules for export of 62 Pine weevils 69 Pitt Lake, logged-off lands in, good for farming 20 Placer-mining, Lillooet 404, 466 Omineca 354 Place-names, duplication of 316 Plans, filing of, approval of. for water rights 215 Plans traced 299 Pleasant Valley, settlers in 20, 28 Point Grey Municipality, sale of Crown lots in 17 Poison Creek 331 Poison Mountain 346 Police Trail 352 Pollution of streams 110. 118 Pontoon ferry, near Diamond Island, on Eraser L 481 Poole Creek fJO Pope. C A., Chief Clerk, Water Rights Branch, report of lol Porcher Island 389 Porcupine Creek 464 Port Alberni. municipal water-supply of. ... 146 Port Edwards, selection of Crown lots in. . . . 17 Port Essington 391 Portland Canal 396 Poster warning campers and travellers against fires 90 Poster warning logging operators against fires 91 Posting of water notices made easier 121 Pot Hole Creek 340 Powell River 3S7 Company 3S8 Inspection of pre-emptions near 19 Pulp plant at 58 Power plants, water, appraisal of 180 Water, ensuring development up to demand 187 Power-sites (see also Water-power sites) — On boundary waters IS Investigation of, by Water Branch 9 Powers Creek, Okanagan. gauging-station. . . 163 Prairie markets for manufactured lumber... 71 Precedence c water rights 123 Precipitation, diagrams of 200, 201, 202 In dry belts 196 On higher altitudes. Coast 197 Tables 199 Pre-emption Branch, creation of 8 Index. D 499 Page. Pre-emption Inspection Branch, report of. . . 13 Pre-emption inspection, encourages bona-fide settler 8. 10 Forces delinquents to meet obligations. . .8, 16 Reliable information available for intending settlers as result of 10 Pre-emption Inspector for Skeena District to :be appointed 14 Pre-emption Inspectors, reports of 18-29 Pre-emption maps, additions to, for assistance of intending settlers 9 Pre-emption records, number of issued, 10 Pre-emptions, area surveyed 303 Abandoned since inspection, number of Cancelled after inspection, number of . Cancelled include old records -Examination of. -by Forest Branch . . . 15 15 16 74 Inspected, table of 15 Number exceeds that of previous years ... 8 Obtained for speculation cancelled and open to settlers 36 Reports on all. to be made 15 Pre-emptors' maps 300, 314 Publication of 297 Pre-emptors, many making substantial improvements 16 Notified to comply with 'Statute, number of 15 Prescott Island 380, 301 Prescriptive rights, water 12S Prevention of forest fires 91 Prevention of trespass on timber land 47 Priority of water rights 123 " Prince Albert," steamer 401 Prince Charles, selection of Crown lots in.. 17 Prince George Townsite, sale of lots 7 Selection of Crown lots in 17 'Squatting prevented in 13 " Prince John," steamer 401 Prince Rupert fair 402, 406 " Princess Maquinna," steamer 365. 366, 369, 382 Princeton 339, 400 Forest-insect outbreak at 66 Vicinity of 408 Private surveys SOS Procedure of applicant for water right 122. 123. 127, 133. 214 Procedure and fees for petitions under " Water Act " 188 Procedure of Board of Investigation 126 petitions, water rights. 133 65 69 69 '85 55 49 443 Procedure for filin. Products, forest Forest, export of F'orest, local use of Protection, fire Protective fund, forest 54 Protective units, forest force Ptarmigan Creek 431, 432 Ptarmigan mine 366 Ptarmigan Mountain 414 Public works, Canadian timber to be used in 74 Publication of water notices 122 Puget Sound Iron Co., mines, Texada Island 384 Pulp and paper exported, amount of Pulp and paper industry . . . , Pulp and paper markets. Panama Canal offers route to Pulp-mills in operation 73 Pulp, newsprint markets . . Plant at Powell River . . . Products, manufacture of 73 58 3 58 7^ Page. Pulp, wood and. water-powers rf B.C. not equalled in Dominion •'•.'.. 73 Sulphite fibre, exports of 73 Sulphite fibre, manufacture of 65 Sulphite fibre plant, Howe 'Sound 57 Puntledlge River 137 Purposes defined for use of water 122 Quatsino Sound 380 Qualcho Creek 335 Qualcho Lake 335, 336 Qualcho Valley 334 Quathiasbi Cove, cannery at 345 Quebec, expenditure on forests of 87 Revenue from forests of 51 Quinetahl Valley 393 Queen Charlotte City . . 401, 402 Queen Charlotte -Island's 399 Queenstown 400, 402 Queen's Bay, Slocan, settlers at 37 Quesnel 476. 482, 483 Quesnel Division, District No. 1, Water Branch, report on 157 Quesnel Lake 440 Quesnel River 482 Hydraulic mines on 483 Quilchena 162 Commonage, experimental dry-farming station on 31 Commonage 339, 340 Quinsam Lake, iron at 345 Quinsam Valley, coal-beds in 345 Radius of Forest Guard's patrol 47 Railway Belt 116, 119 Railway-construction, timber used' in 57 Railway Patrolmen 49 Railway permits 63, 64 Area covered by 64 Number of 64 Slash-disposal conditions of 64 Supervision of 64 Railway-ties, amount shipped 70 'Railway right-of-way land's 311 Railways and' fire-proteetion provisions. . .95, 96 Rainbow Mountains (see Tsi-tsutl Range). Rainfall observers, list of 198 Rainfall stations, list of 108 Range (see also Urazing) — Adams River District 77 Bulkley Valley 77 Between Tatla andi Babine Lakes 76 Control of 85 Columbia Valley 78 Extent of 84 Lillooet District 84 Nass Valley 79 Nicola District 78, 84 Okanagan District 84 Similkameen District 84 Rangers 49 Rascall's Village 335 Rasmus Hansen Bay 382 R'au Shuswao River, trail on '. 432 Rayson. H. C, Government Agent, report of 39 Reafforestation 59 Reconnaissance, forest, area covered by. . . .75-82 Forest, yields valuable data 4S Recorders. Water 218 Record tees, water rights, discussion of 183 Records Office, Forest 55 J) 500 Index. Page. Recording districts, water 218 Recording offices, water 218 Redefinition of water recording districts.... 216 Red Creek Valley 323 Red Mountain 440 Red' turpentine bark-beetle 66 Reed, E. T. Baynes, Superintendent, Dominion Observatory, Victoria, acknowledgement to Ill Reference maps 299, 311 Regeneration of forest 83 Regulation of rates of water companies . . . 126 Regulations recommended for grazing permits 85 Regulations under " Water Act." proposed, conference on 1S2 Reiswig 415 Relative priority of newly acquired water rights 1123 Rental arrears on leases, collection of ... . IS Rental fees, operation period under " Water Act" 184, 191 Survey-construction period under " Water Act" 184, 191 Water 132 Water, based on earning-capacity . . . .184, 185 Water, collection of 131 Water, comparison with gross-receipts method' of rental tariff 186 Rents for coal leases 11 Renwiek, R. A.. Deputy Minister, report of 7 Reorganization, Water Branch 10S Reserve for University purposes, amount of, surveyed 303 Revenue, forest 51. 53 Forest, diagram comparing with Quebec and Ontario 51 Forest, from operations (diagram) 54 Forest, increase of 51 Forest, largest per head in Canada .... 51 Received by head office, Lands Department 12 Water rights 132 Revelstoke District, report of Government Agent on 40 Report of Water Branch Engineer on . . . 180 Revelstoke. timber lands north of 40 Reverted land, Crown grants issued for ... 10 Rice, F. D.. report of 401 Right-of-way over Crown lands of water- rigli'ts works 216 Right-of-way. patrol of 47 Rights, water, determination of old' 213 Richards. C. E., ranch 479 Richardson, Mr., Engineer, Kootenay Boundary District, B.C. Hydrographic Survey 119 Richland's 416 Riske Creek 477 Valley 479 Ritchie-Agnew Power Co Ill, 144 Road gangs, assistance given by. in fire- protection 47 Robertson Camp 402 Robinson Creek, trail to 331 Robson. Mount 423, 428 Rocher Deboule Mountain, mines on 338 Rock Creek 178 Rocky Mountains, peaks of 321 Roife. W. N., Government Agent, report of 37 Rollins Lake 418 Rose Hill District 446 Ross, J. E., report of 453 Page. Rowlands, J. F., Engineer. Water Branch, report of 156 Royalty, adjustment of, investigations into.. 48 And tax 53 Collection of 47 Collection of, increased 52 Diagram showing comparison with Quebec and Ontario 51 Rates, difference of 59 ■Yields less in B.C. than in Quebec or Ontario 51 Ruby Lake 387 Rules for dry-farming 31 Rules, regulations, and fees under " Water Act " 182, 1SS Rupert District. VI 373. 377, 380 Rural schools, Cariboo 477 Safety Love 391 iSaguntliat River 335 St. Mary's River 178 -St. Peter's Springs, land for pre-emption near 470 'Sakinaw Lake 387 Sales, land 7. 9, 10, 11 Timber 62, 63 To hand-loggers 63 Salmo. timber land examined near -74 Salmon River, vicinity of 331 Salmon River, V.I 342, 343, 371 Salmon River Valley, V.I.. forest reconnaissance in 7S Inspection of pre-emptions in 19 Salmon River. Kootenay. metering-station on 166 Salmon-hateherv. Lakelse River 361 Sand Creek 423 Sand Neck, old post on 3S2 Sanfoin suited to Nicola District 28 San Jose River 467, 473 San Jose Valley 155 Forest reconnaissance in 82 Grazing land in 82 San Josef Bay 381 San Josef River 381 San Josef Settlement 380 Savona, route from to Deadanan River country 454 Sawmills, Cariboo District 477 'Sayward Post-office 371 Sawdust briquettes for fuel purposes 65 Saw and shingle mills, number of 57 Sawmills, number inspected 48 Sawmill refuse, amount sold as fuel 65 Scalers 49 Examination of 60 Licence of 60 Sealing 60 Fees 53 "School Act." Crown grants issued under.. 10 School". Cariboo 477 S'chjeldernp, V., report of 437 Scotch Creek 456 Sea Otter Cove 380 Sechart. whaling-station at 369 Sechelt 19 Sechelt Peninsula 386, 3S7 Sectional maps 301 Seepage 161 Loss through, Lillooet District 156 Seizures for non-marking of logs 59 Seizures of logs for illegal export 70 Selection of Crown lots in townsites 16 Index. D 501 Pj\GE. Seton Lake 461, 462 Seton Creek 461, 462 Seton Lake Creek, salmon-hatchery on 462 Settlers, free grazing, for 85 With stock 84 Settlement, anticipated increase of S Following development of lumbering- .... 63 Furtherance of 83 Seymour basin, drainage-area of 149 Seymour Creek, gauges on 119 Seymour Lake 359 Seymour River, North Fork of 456 Watershed, cruise of timber on, by Forest ■Branch for Vancouver City 74 Watershed, hydrographic and topographic surveys on 149 Watershed, timber on, amount of 150 Shaw, C, M., report of 411 Sheep, number of on range 84 Ranching at Mamete Lake and' Aspen Grove 27 Sheep Creek 478 Ship Channel 36S Shipments of lumber 72 Shingle business on Puget Sound, demand for logs by 70 Shoreacres, Doukhobor settlement at 39 Short Portage 461. 462 Sbushartie River 373 Shushartie Saddle 374 Shushwap Creek 181 Watershed, forest reconnaissance on ... '78 Shuswap Falls 415 Shuswap Lake, Seymour Arm of 455 Tract of land on, examined by Forest Branch 74 Shuswap R'iver 415. 417 Shuswap Valley 415 Shu'tty's Bench. Kootenav Lake, settlement at 37 Sidlev 409. 410 Sigutlat Lake a34 Silver Creek 355 Similkameen Division, report of Government Agent on 39 Report of Pre-emption Inspector on 28 Similkameen River 409 Similkameen Valley 408 Forest reconnaissance in 82 Grazing land in <S2 Timber in. attacked by bark-beetles .... 67 Simpson Pass, survey of 321 Sinclair Creek 181. 420 Sinclair Hot Springs 420 Sinclair Pass 420 Sinclair Valley 420 Sinkut Cl-eek 320 Sinkut Lake vicinity 329 Sinkut Lake, south of 329 Between, and Nechako River 329 Sitkum Creek 417 Six-mile Creek. Kootenay 178 Skeena Crossing wagon-road 338 Skeena Division. Pre-emption Inspector to be appointed for 14 Skeena River 347 Skeena Valley, pre-emptions inspected- in. between Hazelton and Copper River .... 25 Upper, forest reconnaissance in 79 Skidegate 401. 402, 406 Page. Skookumchuck 20 River 178 Slash-disposal 47 On railway permits 47 Sliance Indian Reserve, inspection of preemptions near 19 Slocan Division, report of Government Agent on 37 Slocan Junction, Doukhobor settlement at.. 39 Slocan Lake 167 Settlers and cultivation near 37 Slocan River, metering-station on Ii66 Monthly discharge of 176 Slocan watershed, rainfall creek 176 S'lukrem-up-tum Creek 456 Smith, J. W., Pre-emption Inspector 13 Report of IS Smith, W. C, Engineer, Water Branch, report of 148 Smithers 359 Selection of Crown lots in 17 -Squatting in, prevented 14 Smokers, forest fires caused by 91 Soda Creek . . .427, 475. 476. 477, 478, 480, 481 Canyon 480 Chilcotin Road 478, 479 School at 477 Solander Rock, rookery of sea-lions at .... 383 Sorensen, S., settler, Long Lake, successful in dry-farming 469 South, Africa, marked for newsprint in ... . 73 S'outh Bonaparte River 324 South Fork of Fraser River 423, 424 South Hazelton Townsite, squatting pre- ' vented in 14 South Vermilion Creek 181 South-East Kootenay, fruit growing in .... 177 Report of Water Branch 'Engineer on . . 177 Southern Interior, surveys in 307 Special surveys by Water Rights Branch . . . 110 Special timber licences 51 'Number expired 51 Act calls for survey of, by 1918 51 Changes of ownership of 51 Spence's Bridge 27 Spieus Creek, used for log-driving 162 Spillimacheen 420 Mountain 419 River 420 River, power possibilities 181 Valley, land for pre-emption in 40 'Spokane group 464 Springhouse. land for pre-emption near . . . 470 Settlers near 468 Spring House Prairie, dry-farming at 36 Springhouse Valley, dry-farming in 476 Sproat River, hydrograph of 138 Sproat Lake, diagram of outflow of 139 Spruce River Valley 381 Spruce at Stanley Park, gall-insects in ... . 68 Spruce Creek, Atlin 43 Spruce or pine weevils 69 S'taaf, P. A 385 Staff, Water Rights Branch 134 'Stamp Falls, water-power at 144 Stamp R'iver. hydrograph of 140 Stanley Park, dying spruce in, attacked by bark-'beetles 69 Statement of revenue received 12 Stations established -by Lands Department for dry-fanning experiments 31 D 502 Index. Pace. Statistical summary. 1901 to 1913 '. 12 Statistics of -Lands Department 9 Statutory timber land, protection of 83 Steamboat Mountain 419 Stenson, R. J., Government Agent, report of 37 Stewart-Kitwanga Trail . .397, 398 Stewart route to Groundhog 346 Stikine District, report of Government Agent on 42 Stikine, Lower, tracts of cottonwood, suitable for pulp on 43 River 350 'Wagon-road 43 Stillwater 388 Stock, number of, on range 84 S'toddart Creek 1S1 Stony Creek, farming near 35 Upper 21 Cultivation near 329 Storage possibilities, collection of data relative to . : . Storage rights, water Squamish Squatting on Crown lots in townsites, prevention of -Stream measurements, tables of Stranger River Valley, agricultural land in Strathcona Park, survey of boundaries of. . . Stuart basin Climate in Stuart Island, logging on Stuart Lake Trading and Transportation Co Stuart River, agricultural land on . Timber on Land for pre-emption Steamer reported being built for service on Stumpage liable to royalty Stumpage prices on timber sold Submission of claims to Board of Investigation 127 Substantial improvements made by pre-emptors Sugar Lake Timber near, attacked by bark-beetles . . . Siniivan Creek Valley, mixed farming in Sulphite fibre, amount exported Exports of, to Japan Exports to U.S. paper-mills Plant, Howe Sound Sulphite pulp, manufacture of Superintendent, Inspection Branch, report of Supervision of- railway permits Supply depots in Cariboo Summit Creek 420, Summit Lake 21, 344, 449, 460. Sunbeam Falls Sunnyside Ranch Survey-construction period, water rights, rental fees during Survey Department, reorganization of Staff of Survey of district boundaries Surveys, area of Branch, report of Gazetted', acreage of In ad'vance of settlement 7. 307, 30S, Of lands for pre-emption during year, amount of 303 109 124 21 17 234 353 354 341 330 330 388 351 433 330 330 330 433 56 60 15 416 67 159 28 73 73 73 57 65 13 64 477 42,1 461 431 481 184 297 309 304 298 297 310 310 Page. Surveys of special timber licences to 'be made not later than 1918 51 Of timber licences 7 System of extended 7 Private, amount of 207 Total area in Province .. 30O Surveyed land' sold, amount of . 11 Surveyor-General, report of 207 Surveyors employed in field-work 302 Surveyors, instructions to 299 Number of. in employ of Government . . . 297 S'waine, Prof. J. lM., report on forest-insect damage by 65-69 Swan, R. G., report on B.C. Hydrographic 'Survey 119 Swannell, F. C, report of 351 Swanson, settler 469 Swamp Lake 22 Swift Creek 21 'System of surveys extended 7 System of timber-marks, introduction of . . . 56 Tacla Lake Tacla Lake-Silver Creek Road Tagisli Lake basin, agriculture in Takysie Lake 437, Tariff, U.S., on lumber, removal of Tata Creek Tatchi River Taweel Lake Taxation on Crown-granted) timber land. .52, Taylor, K. C. C. report of Taylor, T. H„ report of Tchesinkut Lake 437, Telegraph Creek Route to Groundhog Telegraph Trail, construction of Forest reconnaissance on Telephone-lines built by Forest Branch, .... 47, 101, 102, Telephone service in Cariboo Telkwa Temperature tables Templeton, J. F., report of Temporary field' force, forest Ten-mile Creek, Nicola, fireclay found on . . Terrace Tetacliuck Lake surveys Tete Jaune Cache 423, 427, 428, Forest reconnaissance near Texada Island 21, Theodosia Arm 386, Pre-emptions on Thompson River bridge at Barriere Three-mile Creek, Cariboo Thrums, Doukhobor settlement at Timber— Bonus Cut in 1913, amount of Exports of world Elxports of world', percentage of, from B.C. Growth of Held under special licence, amount of. surveyed Industry greatest in Province Land surveyed, amount of 297. Land Crown-granted, area of . . . Land Crown-granted, changes in area and valuation of Land Crown-granted, taxation of 52. Land, table showing extent and value of 351 355 43 440 72 178 351 452 53 393 346 440 42 346 304 103 476 359 203 378 49 38 361 333 429 3S4 3S7 18 28 481 39 53 57 72 72 47 303 47 299 52 52 53 52 Index. D 503 Page. Timber—Co neluded. Marks 56 On land- for purchase or pre-emption examined by Forest Branch 56 On land suitable for agriculture sold for immediate cutting 63 On Seymour River watershed 150 Sales 62, 63 Scaled 61 Trade, export 69 Tlell River 401, 402, 406 Tobacco Flats 454 Tofino 386 Tofino Inlet cannery 366 " Tofino," launch, service from Ucluelet to Alberni 369 Tofino-Ucluelet Road 366 Tom Creek, meadows near 352 Tonequah Settlement 23 Too-tizzi Lake 352 Topographic surveys 109 Toquart Harbour 36S Tow Hill 402 Townsite property 7 Tracts of land examined' by Forest Branch . . 74 Trade in lumber, extension campaign 73 Trail Creek, coal-mine at 348 Trails built by Forest Branch 8, 47, 101, 102, 103 Transfer, administration of water rights in Railway Belt 9, 100 Fees, coal licences 11 Fees, timber 53 Trans-Pacific shipments of -fibre 73 Transportation charges. Cariboo Road 476 Trappers Cabin 446 Tremblay Lake 351 Trespass on timber lands, prevention of..47, 59 Trespassers warned off Crown- lots 17 Triangle Island 3S2 Tributaries of South Fork of Fraser. water- powers on 431 Trinity Valley 415 Trout (formerly Parrott) Creek. . .437, 439, 440 Trout Creek, Nicola, settlement on 38 Trout Lake 167 Road 41 Trust deposit account, Forest Branch 51 Tsilcoh River 331 Tsi-tsutl Range 334 Forest reconnaissance on SO Tsulqnate River 378 Tulameen River 409 Tulameen Valley, timber in, attacked by bark- beetles 67 Turntum Creek 457 Topper, F., report of 467 Ucluelet Arm, wagon-road from 369 Ucluelet Peninsula 368 Ucluelet-Tofino Road 366 U'Igako River 334 ulgatcho Indian village 335, 336 Ulgatclio-Quesnel Trail 335 Umbach, J. E.. Chief Draughtsman, report of 309 U.S. National Forests, expenditure on 87 U.S. paper-mills, amount of sulphite fibre bought bv, in B.C 73 U.S. Meadows, Lillooet _. 468 Unmanufactured logs, export prohibition of. . 69 Unsurveyed' area to which rights have been obtained 300 Page. Unsurveyed laud's sold, amount of . 11 Unwin, W. P., report of 386 Upper Arrow Lake 40 Upper Campbell River 342 Upper Clearwater Lake 449, 450 Upper Clearwater River 450 Upper Fraser River Lumber Co 432 Upper Kettle River Valley 164 Upper Kitimat Valley '. 361 Upper Lillooet River 458, 459 Upper Nass River 397 Upper Nass Valley 349 Upper Skeena River, forest reconnaissance on 79 Upper Stamp R'iver 144 Upper Stony Creek 21 Uren Road 454 Ursie Creek Valley 374, 375, 376 Use of Crown landte for grazing S, 84 Use of Crown lands under " Water Act "... 190 Utilization, close, of timber 65 Of timbered land for grazing S, 84 Vananda 22, 384 Vance Creek 4,18 Vancouver, cruise and valuation of timber on Seymour watershed for 74 Greater, water-supply of (see map) . .. .14S-153 Waterworks -Department 147 Division, Government Agent's report on . . 44 Victoria and Eastern Ry 148 Vancouver Island, map of southern half of 302 Power Co.'s plant, Jordan River 146 Report of F. W. Knewstubb, Engineer, Water Branch, on 135 Resources and industries of 135 Temperature, precipitation, altitude of . .. 135 Transportation facilities of 136 Hyd'rological conditions 136 Utilization of stream-water of 136 Power markets of 137 Varcoe, C, Engineer, Water Branch, report of 164 Vargas Island 364 Variations of precipitation, diagrams showing 200-202 Verigin. P.. leader of Doukhobors 38 Vermilion Pass, survey of 320 Vernon, east of 415 Vernon-Lumbv Road 418 Verrall, H. C. report of 415 Victoria Peak 343 Victoria. Vancouver and Eastern Railway 409, 410 View Creek, Vancouver Island 144 View Lake, Vancouver Island 144 Power possibilities of 145 Violations of fire-preventive provisions of " Forest Act " 91 Voe, W. F. de, drowning of 345 Walch, Messrs., raising cattle on Graham -Island 403 Walker, J. A., report of 428 Wallace Fisheries 383 Wallace, G.. Pre-emption Inspector 13 Report of 23 Wallace. J. N.. representative of Dominion in boundary survey 317 Wall-map of B.C 301 Wardner 179 Washout Creek 181 D 504 Index. Page. Waste timber, utilization of 65 '• Water Act "— Amendments to. 'memorandum on 120 Appointment of Engineers under 124 Appraisal of power plants 186 Approval of undertakings 125, 215 Beneficial use of water under 130 Board of Investigation, appointment .... 126 Bond required under 184, 191, 192 Cancellation of records 127 Centralization of administration under . . 124 Change of point of diversion 126 'Communities, irrigation 129 Companies, irrigation 128, 120 Comparison of fees with actual output basis 185 Comparison of fees with capacity-on-the- site basis 185 Comparison of fees with gross-receipts method 186 Expropriation by municipalities 180 Fees 132, 182, 183, 1)88, 189. 190, 191. 192, 193. 194 Forfeiture clauses, amendment of 127 Form of, improved 130 Forms used under 204-208 Filing of plans 104. 215 Headgates, structures, etc 193 Information for applicants for water right 205 Insuring development up to demand .... 187 Irrigation communities 129 Irrigation companies 129 ■Issuance of licences in substitution, for records 128 Jurisdiction of Board of Investigation under 126 Licence, form of, under . . 207 Measurement of water under 193 Memorandum on rules, regulations, and fees 1S2 ■Number of licences issued to replace records 128 Office fees under 195 Office procedure under 194 Operation period, rental fee during 184, 10], 192 Permits under, list of 219 Permits under, form of 206 Power-development fees 192 Posting of notices under 121, 122 Prescriptive rights under 128 Procedure under 110, 123 Procedure on applications 123, 133 Procedure on petitions under 133, 188 Provision for cancellation of records .... 127 Publication of notices under 122 Purposes of use of water clearly defined.. 122 Record fees 1(83 Regulation of rates 126 Relative priority of rights 123 Right-of-way over Crown lands 190, 216 'Storage rights 124, 125 Structures 193 S'ubmission of claims 127 Survey-construction period, rental fees during 184. 191, 192 Tariff compared with actual output basis 185 Water districts under 21,6 Water Districts— No. 1, report on 135-159 No. 2, report on 150 Page. Water Districts—Concluded. No. 3, report on 160 No. 4, report on 162 No. 5, report on 164 No. 6, report on 166 No. 7, report on 177 No. 8, report on ISO Defined 107 Water licence, form of 207 Water licensees, information for 207 Water permits, issued, list of 219 Water-power investigation party on Coast . . 117 Water-power sites— West Fork, Kettle River 165, 412 Alberni District 145 Bridge Creek Falls 322 Bridge River 119, 462 Campbell River 118 Cayoosh Creek 155 Clearwater 'River 448 Comox District 144 Coquihalla River 146, 147 Kettle River . .165. 166 No. 2 Creek, Kootenay 181 Shuswap Falls 410 Stamp Falls 144 . Stamp River 144 Vancouver Island 144, 145 Water-power, fees and' regulations 182 Investigation, Northern Interior 117 Plants, appraisal of 186 Plants, insuring development of. up to demand 1«T Water-powers, Alberni District 145 Investigation of 108 'Nelson District 167 On tide-water, amount of 73 Water-records, number investigated 113 Number cancelled 113 Number confirmed1 113 Water Recorders 218 Water recording districts, definition of .... 216 List of 218 Redefinition of 131 Water Rights Branch, report of 107 Reorganization of 9 Special offices of in centres of districts . . 9 Staff of 134 Watersheds, determination of 110 Water-supply. Vancouver and' North Vancouver, streams of, gauged 119 Water units 213 Watts-burg Lumber Co 179 Wayne Creek 481 Weevils, spruce or pine 69 Well-drilling operations at Baynes 179 Webster, W.. Sunnyside Ranch, 481, 482 West Arm River Valley 381 Westbank. vicinity of 162 West Fork, Kettle River, gauges installed on 164 Power-site on 165 West Kootenay Valley, report of Engineer of Water Branch on 166 Western Canadian Ranching Co 465 Experimental pumping olant of 160 Western Kootenay watershed, streams of .. 178 Western-pine bark-beetle 66 Western yellow-pine attacked by bark-beetle 66 Westwick. settler 469 Wheeler, A. O., report by, on B.C.-Alberta survey 317 Index. D 505 P/VGE. White, A. V., report of, on water-power investigation by Commission of Conservation. 114-119 White Man Pass 321 White River 372, 397 White Valley 415, 418 Whitford,Dr. H. N., appointed to assist in forest survey by Commission of Conservation 83 Wilkinson Creek 412 Wilkie, O. B. N., report -of 339 William Lake 381 Williams Lake and 105nmile House, country between 155 Willow River 23, 441 Wilmer 180, 420, 422 Wilmot, W. A., Pre-emption Inspector .... 14 Report of 29 Wilson Creek 386 Wilson Camp 402 Wing, D. 0„ report of 349 Windermere 180, 420, 422 Cranbrook Road 421 Golden Road 420 Water District, report on ISO Winlaw, Doukhobor settlement at 39 Wolverine Mountains 353 Wood-using industries, study of 65 Worthington, F. H., orchard near Cranbrook 177 Wreck Bay 368, 360 Wright, A., report of 301 Page. Yakoun River 309, 400 Yalakoun Game Reserve 464 Yellowjacket Creek 444 Yellowhead Pass 427, 428 Yorston Bros, ranchers 480, 481 Young, W. Comptroller of Water Rights, report of 107 Yukon Telegraph Line 477 Yukon Telegraph Trail 346 Forest reconnaissance on 79 52nd parallel 473 Between, and Quesnel 476 53rd parallel 333 '55th parallel 332 Surveys on 337 57-Mile House 475 100-Mile House, land' for dry-farming near. . 30 Vicinity of 470 105-Mile House 471 Dry-farming statioii near 31 And Williams Lake, country between .... 155 lOS-Mile House 471 111-Mile Creek 472 124th meridian, survey of 328 141-Mile House 473 144-Mile House 473, 474 150-Mile House 469, 475 150-Mile Greek Valley 473, 474 33 D 506 Illustrations. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Alpine type of grazing lands, Tom Creek Mountain Facing p. So Anahim Peak, Chilcotin ., 352 Base-line of boundary survey cut through timber ., 337 Base of bull-pine attacked by bark-beetles ., 65 Beaver Creek Valley, Cariboo ., 3S5 Beaver Lake Ranch, Beaver Valley .. 461 Bench lands, Fraser River, Lillooet ,. 321 Bench-mark for gauge, Campbell River, Vancouver. Island ,, 117 Bench-mark on cedar-tree, Campbell River ,. 117 Brem River, T'oba Inlet ,. 116 British Columibia-Alberta-Boundary, view from summit of Pope's Peak on „ 320 Brush-piling on railway permit at Mile 59, G.T.P. Ry „ 88 Bunch-grass range in spruce and fir, Yalakoun Game Reserve ,, 86 Burn along the road, Kamloops District ,, 8S Burning slash, on right-of-way, Kettle Valley Railway ,, S9 Cabin on Telegraph Trail, Cassiar ., 416 Cairn covering brass bolt on peak of Interprovincial Boundary ,, 336 Camp in cattle country ,, 88 Canyon Creek ., 116 Castle Mountain and Lake „ 464 Cedar and hemlock, second growth ., 17 Cherry Creek, South-East Kootenay, natural prairie on ,. 178 Chiilcotin River, looking east „ 321 Chimney Lake, Lillooet ., 464 Coldstream Estate, showing type of land in Coldstream Valley ., 168 Columbia Valley, looking west across Windermere Lake towards Invermere „ 179 Coquihalla River, bridge over canyon ., 116 Coquihalla River, head of canyon .. 146 Crown Mountain, Vancouver Island 353 Dam and headgate, west end of Paul Lake „ 156 Dam at end of Paul Lake „ 156 Dangerous slash left along main road, Kamloops District ,, 88 Dawson Falls. Myrtle River ., 108 Delia Falls, Vancouver Island ,, 134 Brink of , 107 Delia Lake, Vancouver Island .. 107 Difficult country to survey—an expired timber limit „ 384 Driftwood Valley 393 Spruce and poplar timber in „ 'SO Elk River, Strathcona Park Boundary survey ,, 353 Experimental pumping plant. Harper Ranch, South Thompson River .. 156 Expired timber limits ready for subdivision ,, 384 Falls between Canim and Mahood Lakes, Lillooet .. 108 Fence-posts made from cedar on right-of-way of C.N.P. Ry. on North Thompson .. 64 Fire in 'heavy slash. Saltspring Island' .. 49 Fire notice on bridge. Seton Creek. Lillooet ,. 48 Findlay Creek Canyon, Columbia Valley .. 179 Forest fire, north-west of Rose Lake. Bulkley Valley ,, 49 Forest Ranger's Cabin ., 48 Forest Ranger's Cabin under construction ,, 17 Forest telephone-line, construction of „ 49 Forester on Survey Triangulation 'Station, Omineca District: altitude. 7.000 feet ., 48 Fraser River Valley. Lillooet ,, 157 Fraser River bench land. Lillooet ., 157 Freighting on Cariboo Road ., 329 Gauge No. 2 and bench-mark, Campbell River, Vancouver Island ,. 117 Gauging Station. Skookumchuck R'iver ., 178 Government launch, " Leila R.," Prince Rupert District ., 16 Great 'Central Lake, Vancouver Island ., 134 Graham Island, open swamp on ,, 400 Looking west from Tow Hill, toward Masset ,, 417 Looking- east from Tow Hill towards Rose Spit ., 401 Helmcken Falls, Clearwater Valley .. 448 Ingenika Trail, meadow on : ., SO Kamloops-Yale Boundary, looking west towards Canim Lake from 11-mile post „ 465 Illustrations. D 501 Kettle, the Big, Omineca District Facing Kitimat Valley Kluatantan Valley, 'headwaters of Skeena River Larva, or grub, of western-pine bark-beetle Lillooet, looking north from middle of Township 53 Lizette Falls Loch Lomond (Summit Lake), headwaters of Seymour Lynn Creek Watershed, unnamed creek on. showing outlet Unnamed lake, tributary to Lynn- Creek, showing snow-field Unnamed lake, tributary to Lynn Creek Marion Lake, head of South Fork of Furry Creek Measurement being taken in irrigation of ditch at Windermere, Columbia Valley .... Meadow land, capable of producing hay-crops, in Lillooet District Metering Station on Pend. d'Oreille River; making a "stream-measurement " Mile-post on Boundary Mineral-claim surveying Mixed stand of spruce, pine, and poplar on shore of Qualcho Lake Monument erected on the British Columbia-Alberta Boundary Nass Valley ; view from ridge on east of Pre-emption Reserve North end, 124th meridian, south-east corner, Cassiar District Ootsa Lake from the Ootsa-Francols Lake Trail Pack-trail fording Poison Mountain Creek on way to Groundhog Pend d'Oreille R'iver Phillips Creek, near International Boundary Range country in the Lillooet District Range land, bunch-grass country, in Lillooet District Salmon River Satisfactory spring burn of logging-slash in Fernie District Second growth coming in on old burn Seymour River, up-stream view below junction of East Fork Seymour Watershed, close view of timber on near summit Looking north-east, one mile from summit Looking south-west, one mile from summit Snow scenes on Shingle-bolt timber after removal of bolts Simpson Pass, 6.900 feet, British Columbia-Alberta Boundary Sisters Creek, tributary to Capilano River Slash and logs on the North Thompson—a -bad fire-l ra p Soda Lake South Fork of Fraser River, looking down-stream, from Mile 127. G.T.P. Ry South end, 124th -meridian, showing Cascade Mountains which prevented continuation of survey Surveyors at work Camp. Lillooet-Kamloop'S Boundary survey Freight-wagon. Alexis Creek Trail Raft on Lac Des Roches Tacla Lake, cottonwood, and spruce on west side of Telephones, types of, used on look-out stations by Forest Branch Vernon, looking east Western-pine bark-beetle 352 393 416 65 337 116 152 149 15,2 153 153 179 85 160 337 336 SO 336 393 328 416 392 169 178 ,8-6 85 169 89 17 147 147 14-8 151 149 ■64 3?0 140 89 404 465 328 449 329 392 39° 81 40 IRS 65 D 508 Maps—Diagrams—Errata. LIST OF MAPS. Mills and' Logging Map Forest Map of B.C., Map showing Look-out System, Okanagan Lake Watershed Map showing Forest-protection System, Kootenay Valley Map showing Permanent 'Improvements constructed .by Forest Branch . . , South Vancouver Island Division of Water District No. 1 Map showing Watersheds available for Greater Vancouver Water-supply Map of Lillooet Division of Water District No. 1 Kamloops Water District Nicola Water District O-kanagan Water District Kettle Valley Water District West Kootenay Water District South-East Kootenay Water District West Kootenay Water District Precipitation Map Plan of a District Boundary Survey Map of Exploration Surveys in Omineca, Cassiar Map showing Lands reserved from Sale or Lease Map showing Location of Survey Parties Facta ? p. 56 74 . 96 98 100 135 150 Page 154 Facing p. 158 160 162 164 166 176 180 200 344 352 484 4S4 LIST OF DIAGRAMS. Comparisons of Forest Revenues Page 50 Comparisons of Royalties from cut Timber „ 51 Forest Revenue and Expenditure ,, 53 Forest Revenue from Operation ,, 54 Hydrographs— Sproat River „ 138 Stamp River ." „ 140 Little Qualicum R'iver „ 142 Columbia R'iver, Trail „ 170.171 Columbia River, Castlegar ., 172,173 Slocan River Facing p. 176 Pend d( Oreille River „ 176 Diagram of Outflow— Sproat Lake Page 139 Great Central Lake „ 141 Cameron Lake „ 143 Chart for use with a Cippoletti Weir ,, 165 Surface Profile of Findlay Creek ,, 181 Precipitation Diagrams— Kamloops, Penticton, Salmon Arm, Cranbrook, Golden. Nelson. Victoria „ 200 Lillooet Lake. Jones Lake „ 201 Lake Coquitlam, Lake Buntzen ,, 202 ERRATA. Page 7, line 15, read "arrears" for "areas." Page 8. line 51. read " 10,000" for " 16.000." Page 51. line 40. read " 14.028 " for " 14.208." Page 135. line 20. read "5.900" for "5.600." Page 160, line 17, read " 10-inch " for " 10-foot." VICTORIA, B.C. . Printed by William H. Cullin, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1914.
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Victoria, BC : Government Printer
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Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia
REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF LANDS FOR THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST DECEMBER, 1913
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