CONTENTdm
Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia
British Columbia. Legislative Assembly
Foldout Map: WATER RIGHTS BRANCH DEPARTMENT OF LANDS PLAN SHOWING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS KELOWNA. B.C. -- p.D67; Foldout Map: ELK RIVER CANYON PLAN SHOWING AVAILABLE WATER POWER -- p.201; Foldout Map: MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1912 --p.D233
application/pdf
EEPOET MINISTEE OF LANDS FOR THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLITMBIA FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER 1912 THE government of THE PRDUWCE OF EftlTISH COLUKBIfl. printed by authority oe the legislative assembly. VICTORIA, B.C. : Printed by William H. Cullin, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty. 1913. Victoria, B.C., January 16th, 1913. To His Honour Thomas W. Paterson, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of British Columbia : May it please Your Honour : Herewith I beg respectfully to submit the Annual Report of my Department for the year ending December Slst, 1912. WILLIAM R. ROSS, Minister of Lands. PART I. DEPARTMENT OE BANDS TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pace. Report of the Deputy Minister of Lands , 7 Report of the Chief Clerk 10 Schedule of Pre-emption Records, etc 11 Schedule of Crown Grants issued 11 Report on Coal Licences, Leases, etc 12 Land Sales 12 Statement of Revenue received 13 List of Crown Grants issued during the Year 1912 14 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. REPORT OF THE DEPUTY MINISTER OF LANDS. Victoria, B.C., January 11th, 1913. Hon. William R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the Annual Report of the Department of Lands for the twelve months ending December 31st, 1912. I am pleased to be able to state that the work of the Department has been very satisfactory throughout the year, considering the difficulty to be overcome through the lack of proper office accommodation. This has been met for the present by temporary buildings, but the completion of the new permanent buildings and the concentration of the several branches in one central building will add greatly to the efficiency of the service. Numerous changes were made during the year; three branches, more or less distinct, being separated from the main Department, namely: The Surveys, Forest, and Water Branches. This segregation naturally led to some confusion through the necessary division of the correspondence files, but in the end it will make for the more prompt handling of public business. The revenue of the Lands Branch for the twelve months was $2,525,497, as against $3,526,544 for the corresponding period in 1911. These figures relate only to the moneys received direct at Victoria, and do not include the collections made through the several agencies throughout the Province. At the first glance there appears to be a shortage of $1,000,000. This, however, does not indicate a fall in revenue to that extent, but is simply the effect of the transfer of the timber revenues for the last six months from the Lands Branch to the Forest Branch. Of the revenue taken to account, $1,830,858.41 was credited to land-sales. About one- third of this sum represents the first payment of the purchase-money in connection with the highly successful sale of Government lots in the Townsite of Prince Rupert. At this sale 282 lots brought, under the hammer, $1,192,475, as against the sale of 1,346 lots in 1909 for $765,191. In the 1912 sale the average price realized for each lot sold was $4,228, as against an average price of $570 for the 1909 sale. The 1912 sale at Prince Rupert stands out as the most successful sale held by the Lands Department. These figures are interesting, not alone in connection with the Prince Rupert sale, but also as indicating in a measure the capital value of the asset secured to the Province through the amendment to the Land Act in 1896 requiring the reconveyance of one-fourth of all lots in subdivision of lands acquired subsequent to the said amendment. In pursuance of this provision of the Act, numerous conveyances of the one-fourth interest in townsites have been received, but the sales at Prince Rupert and Stewart are practically the first instances in which the Province has liquidated this form of asset. With the completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific, the Canadian Northern Pacific, and the Pacific Great Eastern Railways through the Province, substantial increases will be made in the value of the townsite interests of the Province, as in virtually all of the townsites which will be called into being by the operation of these railways the Province will hold a quarter interest. This will make for a material increase in the Provincial revenues ; and, having regard for the growing importance of this form of asset, steps have been taken to place the supervision of the Department's townsite business in experienced and capable hands with a view to securing the best results, first in the selection of the Government lots, and later in arranging for sales at the most opportune times and in the most conveuient places for intending purchasers. During the year the Department at Victoria consented to the sale of 517,234 acres of Crown lands. Of this acreage 16,991 acres were surveyed, and the difference represents the maximum acreage called for in the applications for unsurveyed lands. The applications received for the purchase of lands during the year total 331,899 acres. It would seem, therefore, that the increase made in the price of lands has not checked their sale to any marked extent, but that the reduction in the acreage sold will be found to be due almost entirely to the establishment of the extensive reserves throughout the Province, which have closed such lands to sale or lease, but left them available for settlement by pre-emptors. In connection with the minimum prices of lands fixed by the Land Act Amendment of 1912, it is worthy of note that, assuming 10 per cent of the acreage will be classified as first-class land—a very liberal estimate as ascertained classification shows—the selling price of land, including survey fee, will average around $6 per acre, as against an average price of $12.68 secured by the railway and large land-holding companies throughout the Dominion during the year 1911. In the matter of land-settlement, it has not been found practicable to force this in advance of railway-construction, but measures have been taken to be in readiness for the settler upon his arrival coincident with the transportation facilities the railways will offer. Having kept abreast of the requirement in the way of adequate surveys of lands set aside for pre-emption entry, arrangements have been perfected for the securing of the necessary data as to the particular adaptability of the several portions of the Province to the different lines of agricultural pursuits. By this means the Department hopes to be able to inform the intending settler, not only as to the number of acres and class of land within his holding, but to give valuable information as to the class of farming his land is most suited for. The working out of this plan will necessarily take considerable time^ but each year's labour will add to the store of valuable information, and will be supplemented greatly by the settlers themselves who undertake to pioneer in the settlement of the virgin areas traversed by the railways now under construction and nearing completion. The aim of the Department will be to get information of this nature to the settler through the medium of the various Government agencies and the special bureau of the Department. While in a measure the settlement of the Province waits upon railway-construction, actual settlement made gratifying progress throughout the year. The returns indicate 3,655 pre-emption records as having been issued, as against 2,383 for the previous year; the increase being slightly over 50 per cent. A considerable number of these records are for lands along the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Pacific Railways, but there has also been a very marked increase in the settlement of lands on Vancouver Island, especially in the lands administered through the Alberni Agency. One of the difficulties presenting itself to the settlement of land are the large areas held under special timber licences and leases. To minimize this as much as possible, special efforts have been made to open such lands to entry as speedily as possible following the lapse of the previously existing licence or lease. In this work the co-operation of the Forest Branch has been found of great value. All of such lands are examined as soon as convenient, and, if found not to be timber land or land required for reforestration, are opened for pre-emption or rendered available for purchase in small holdings at public auction. Extensive examinations of lands of this nature were made throughout East Kootenay during the year, and arrangements have been perfected for the holding of auction sales of the same at frequent intervals during the coming year. The Department has taken up the closer supervision of pre-emptors and pre-emptions with a view to securing due performance, on the part of the pre-emptor, of the requirements of the "Land Act" as to residence. On this work, one Inspector of Pre-emptions was in the field for several months, effecting a fairly complete examination of the pre-emptions throughout two agencies. His reports justify his employment, as in a great number of instances it was found pre-emptors were availing themselves of the privileges conferred by this part of the " Land Act" for the sole purpose of securing title by cash payment at the rate of $1 per acre with scant regard to the Statute requirements as to occupation. It is the intention to have a number of Pre-emption Inspectors in the field during the present year. Investigation has been started with a view of determining the possibilities for dry- farming in the semi-arid areas in the Districts of Cariboo and Lillooet, and so far as it has progressed gives promise of most satisfactory results. The report of Professor Elliott dealing with his preliminary examination in this matter is attached hereto, and will be found interesting suggesting as it does the profitable utilization of large areas heretofore regarded as of little, if any, agricultural value. *t&. : w . "'. -. al ■Hit . ■ -v. ■ r. ;.:.:••;= ,:::J...: . tilt. The average stand of Yellow Pine, East Kootenay Valley, is open and scattered. Drive of Cedar, Fir, and Yellow Pine Logs, Slocan River. 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Deputy Minister. D 9 In the report of the Surveyor-General will be found an interesting resume of the surveys of the Province since Colonial Government days. He finds the surveyed lands throughout aggregate 10,194,380 acres, and that the charge on the Provincial Treasury for the same has not exceeded $1,500,000 in round figures, including the sum spent for townsite and road surveys. Another interesting fact is that, of this survey expenditure, one-half of the whole sum was expended during the two fiscal years 1909-10 and 1910-11. The surveys made during the past year fall about 500,000 acres short of the acreage surveyed in 1911. The total acreage surveyed was 2,866,997 acres, of which there was surveyed on account of the Government 826,362 acres. The surveys of the land purchases aggregated 1,011,934 acres; timber licences reached 804,730 acres; pre-emptions, 99,461 acres; coal and petroleum licences, 99,236 acres; mineral claims, 16,645 acres; and land leases, 8,560 acres. It is estimated there are 6,225,000 acres of lands held throughout the Province unsur- veyed, but special timber licences account for the great bulk of this acreage, the figures being 5,900,000 acres. The balance is made up of 130,000 acres held under land-purchase applications, 55,000 acres under pre-emption record, and 140,000 acres under coal and petroleum licence. The past year witnessed the organization of the Forest Branch, and the commencement of a practical stock-taking of the forest areas of the Province. The ends sought by the officers of this Branch is not only the protection of the forest from fire, but also the most economical handling in the cutting and milling of the timber. It may also be noted that a start has been made in the matter of the disposition of isolated stands of timber. This involves offering the same for sale at public auction, subject to an upset price based upon stumpage values; the purchaser's title being in the form of a special timber licence for such term as may be fixed, and subject to the usual provisoes and conditions contained in special timber licences. This policy will ensure the utilization of isolated timber, and also provide a new source of revenue. Attention is directed to the report of the Chief Forester attached hereto. The reports of the several officers of the Water Branch indicate satisfactory progress throughout the year, and a perusal of them cannot fail to impress the reader with the great importance of the water question in its relation to the development of the Province, and the necessity for conservation. In the months of their earlier experience the officers of the Board had to combat the idea that their efforts at conservation were inimical to the interests of the settlers, and that they contemplated an intrusion of vested interests detrimental to such interests, and with no compensating advantage to the public. This attitude, however, has been largely overcome. It is generally conceded now that the legislation for water conservation is in the main following proper lines, and that assured intelligent interpretation of the provisions of the " Water Act" by its administrative officials a marked advance can be counted upon for the ensuing year. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, ROBT. A. RENWICK, Deputy Minister of Lands. D 10 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 REPORT OF THE CHIEF CLERK. January 11th, 1913. R. A. Renwick, Esq., Deputy Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit herewith statements in tabulated form covering the volume of work carried out by the Department and the different land agencies in connection with the administration of the lands in the Province, as follows :— (1.) Statement showing the number of pre-emption records, certificates of improvements, and certificates of purchase issued by the different agencies during the year 1912 : (2.) Statement of Crown grants issued for the year 1912, divided into the different classes of such grants issued ; also showing the total acreage Crown-granted of pre-emptions, mineral claims, and purchased lands. This statement also shows the number of applications made for Crown grants during the year and the number actually written up : (3.) Statement of coal-prospecting licences and coal leases issued for the year 1912, showing the moneys collected in connection therewith and the approximate area embodied in the same ; also sundry leases issued, with the area thereof and the moneys collected in connection therewith. These latter leases are issued for various purposes, such as hay-cutting, fishing, quarrying, oyster and clam culture, taking of sand and gravel, booming-grounds, sites for industrial purposes, wharfage, etc. : (4.) Statement of the land-sales which have taken place during the year, showing the area of surveyed and unsurveyed lands sold, as well as the area of lands applied for. The area of unsurveyed lands sold covers a number of applications which were made in the year 1911, but which were not dealt with until the present year; hence the excess in acreage of the unsurveyed lands sold over the unsurveyed lands applied for : (5.) Statement showing the revenue received during the year from all sources, giving the amount received each month : (6.) A summary or comparative statement of the different items covered by the foregoing statements since the year 1900 : (7.) Accompanying this report is also a statement showing the Crown grants that have been issued during the year, giving the names of the grantees and the description of the property. It will be observed that the summary shows a considerable increase in the number of pre-emption records issued for the year 1912 over that of the preceding years. This I consider a very good showing, and indicates that more settlers are coming into the country. The certificates of improvement also show a healthy increase, but there is a decrease in the certificates of purchase, owing, no doubt, to the large reservations against purchase which have been placed over lands in various sections of the Province. The Crown grants show an increase of nearly 200, but a large decrease in the area. This decrease is accounted for by the large number of town lots which have been Crown- granted, and also in the increase of Crown grants issued for pre-emptions and a decline in purchased lands. With respect to the large decrease in the amount of money received during the year, this is accounted for by the withdrawal of the collections of timber revenue from the accounts of the Department and the keeping of a separate account by the Forest Branch of this revenue. At the same time, I may point out that the correspondence pertaining to the Forestry Department has also been separated from the indexes and files of the Department, as well,, also, as the correspondence of the Surveyor-General's Branch. I have, etc., H. Cathcakt, Chief Clerk. 3 Geo. 5 Pre-emption Records. D 11 PRE-EMPTION RECORDS, ETC. la o . a S s S pM «2 S w h < W 2 .. a Eg" s S ^ pi ■ £ o a m H &- H -* to ° ,. ^ — i. ffi E O o E « E P-t 435 25 24 2 670 Atlin 65 1 184 158 84 144 31 53 41 36 224 181 153 74 Fort Fraser 79 81 342 250 6 24 55 146 116 538 10 552 5 10 135 46 5 2 15 8 37 70 3 34 101 43 757 65 48 3 49 84 125 480 26 446 3 191 126 109 24 91 43 62 141 1,264 Total 3,655 715 5,065 CROWN GRANTS ISSUED. Town lots 437 Pre-emptions 596 Purchase 1,423 Minerals 234 Reverted land 24 Reverted minerals 34 "School Act" 3 South African War land-grants 4 " Vancouver Island Settlers Act" 2 Total , 2,757 Total Acreage. Pre-emption 106,743 . 53 Mineral claims 10,341.40 Purchase surveyed land 73,858 .84 Purchase unsurveyed land 62,199. 29 Applications for Crown grants 2,876 Crown grants actually written up 2,776 D 12 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 REPORT ON COAL LICENCES, LEASES, ETC., 1912. COAL-PROSPECTING LICENCES. Number Licenses issued. Licence Fees. Penalties. Transfer Fees. Area. 2,003 $225,200.00 $4,575.00 $2,275.00 1,281,920 acres. Coal Leases. Number. Fees. Rentals. Total. Area. 75 $850.00 $35,975.22 $36,825.22 36,065 acres. Sundry Leases. 47 5235.00 $12,950.23 $13,185.23 5,246 acres. LAND SALES. Surveyed land sold 16,991.95 acres. Unsurveyed land sold 500,243.30 ., Total lands sold 517,235 .25 „ Unsurveyed lands applied for in 1912 331,899 .00 n Note.—A number of the applications allowed in 1912 were made in 191], hence the acreage applied for shows as less than the acreage sold. 3 Geo. 5 Statement of Revenue Received, 1912. D 13 Ol i—I ft" H > h-1 O 0 !> H Eh O H H § W H «3 H H O H $386,997 07 344,486 07 265,955 52 213,170 42 247,703 48 147,746 59 73,733 67 90,350 01 371,993 84 113,515 91 191,373 86 78,464 85 Ol o - ^ ol O Ol £^ ■snoau^EiaDsipj $1,382 06 571 30 1,332 97 660 04 781 07 1,430 36 691 82 1,813 20 1,170 70 363 34 2,844 36 1,150 96 01 ■sai^s-puuT $52,141 57 51,060 98 36,955 67 54,954 76 41,445 65 82,284 08 60,085 65 61,836 31 346,759 92 79,235 91 156,701 22 60,396 69 CO m 00 co" CO o_ ■spjooa^i $ 20 00 7 75 6 25 117 60 1,135 00 1 o m 1 co 1 (M .saauiK oajji $ 14 00 32 50 4 00 278 95 3,666 25 o r» m OS OS co" •S99LJ 80U90IT [1300 OOOOOOOCOOOO I O oooooooooooo o oooooooocooo £ iC O O ." n ." ifi .-. i- in O O r* of co of cocked oaT 30 10 cm r-^ ! Sfi ^ 1 4& •puiai jo qu.9^1 $8,934 05 4,030 75 2,611 55 1,692 82 3,162 55 3,394 03 2,622 45 5,183 50 3,060 17 6,514 81 5,256 53 7,310 21 CO Ol Ol" >n 'SJ9JSU13.IJ, oouoojt aaqiuil 310 870 635 5,135 4,066 o ■saougoiT ,sa9ilSoi-pui3H OOO O ■ in o o o ■ r-> CO .* ■* - o CM ■ssouaoiq Jsqimx $233,261 20 210,024 40 153,244 10 96,495 00 125,635 00 1 ° Oi m CO CO [ m- -8981397 J9qm]X $10,015 80 5,645 95 21,418 51 2,693 07 4,860 10 16 10 Oi CO ■S99J Sniiras $2,194 99 1,890 90 2,272 98 3,643 68 in o Ol o CO o" •S9pm3&>5i agqiuii $55,967 40 31,133 04 34,654 74 25,358 35 41,338 01 33,356 27 00 t- o CO Ol 0-1 •899,1 A9AJXlg $ 97 00 102 50 170 75 298 25 161 85 113 75 169 75 142 00 139 05 235 85 1,024 75 234 00 o Oi of 'SqUUif) UA\OJQ 2,736 2,590 2,290 2,935 1,895 3,130 3,370 3,085 2,410 2,610 3,135 2,235 o OJ of CO ■S^U9tU9A0jdiai JO S91T30tJ!^J90 (OCMOOCO'M^fOO^' CM CM CM -* tH CM to CO ■spaoo9>i ■^iCMOCMCOcO.***CMCMCO"*i -+ 51(Mri Ol •sp.ioo9H U0ltCllU9-9JrI ** CS) C-l O 00 CM CM 0C CM CM •* G-l CO HHMMH^mec cm o > t- ffl c a r C. e t < - G Z > - PS-? X 1 t a t c c c Er ; > C ) 0 SO in rH CD >n O O -r ®l-°^M°* i^ CR in m of r- CO OJ -* CO Oi Oi CN •co a» m - 05 ■ rH Tt" CO CO t- t- ■* o °.,»«'0.N" •"i, OS o CO ; oi ■ co" ■* : co iH tH i—I Ol Oi CO CM CO - TjT in co co r- in cs cc ■ CO o m oi Tt- co • tp r" Ol rH -vf CO m ' CO ;q ■Oi* to (N in O I-<C IT o Oi Ol Ol m ■* ri tJ< Oi Oi m • of r~ ,_i -hh co m oi o oo c- ■ o CO l-H H l-H tJ. Oi ■ o co CO ; oi 4& m co co co Tt- o c .Oi O ^ CO ;■» . O-l _l CO Ol Ol Oi • Oi •"i. o f£ o " CM ' CO ;*5e CO CO O O Oi tH CC co rH • ,_! A at 00 ; e& . H m Tf co in r- 01 r- ■ o Tf CO « « 0_^ O! . in * o t-1 CO * CO co r-1 in Oi -j oi CO ;«& ^^'"■-tco" o o ;^ ecords . improv purcha deeded nglicen T3 c o o % 2> c a mptio icates [icates n gran acrea jrospe Si ~ ?-|3|14t -^■^ -£ -S £ O U O E-« O a OO hJr- D 14 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED DURING THE YEAR 1912. Grantee. James Dumbar Boyd Mary Boyd Frank I. Shaw Robert E. Stobo Ole Gilbertson William James Howard Gillespie.... Dougald Gillespie Otto Julius Gebert George Kime John Willis Ambery Cecil Knox Courtney Robert Thomas Lewis Frank A. Nevins Anton Thorson William Pyer Sidney Williams Thomas Raymond James Ebert McLeod George Bell Thomas Burgess Balkwill William LeMaistre Annie McLeod John McLellan & Alexander J. Gordon a a Michael Murphy & PatrickHy. Cosgrove Andrew Nelson James W. Jackson. Michael Cornelius Dunne. . Maximilian Ekar John Brogan Harry Albert Draper Ernest A. Halliday Omar Roseoe Shell Eloyd Smith Alexander K. Brown William G. H. Ellison Dan MacDonald John ITanigan William H. Hales Thomas J. Wilson Walter Mayne Woodburn. David H. Bale Christian Olsen Edith H. Banghart Edward Reuben Bobb Albert Earnhardt Arthur E. Collett Paul Jensen David Stephenson Charlie Adolph (Indian) Peter Roy, Jr George Washington Moore . Fred V. Robertson Doris Mason Robert Middleton Louis Albert Hamilton. William Pelissier Swalwell Frances McGregor James D. McDermott Frederick Boyle William Boyle James D. Wells District. Description op Propert Lillooet Lot 727, G. 1. Lot 726, G. 1. Lot 1085, G. 1. Kootenay West . .. Coast Similkameen Kootenay West . .. Lot 8566, G. 1. Lot 3322, R. 5. Lot 194 (S.). S.E. £ and E. \ of S.W. \ Sec. 14, 1 Lot 8164, G. 1. Lot 3332, R. 5. Lot 1005, G. 1. Lot 803, R. 4. Osoyoos ... Lot 2746, G. 1. Lot 3055, R. 5. Kootenay West . .. Lot 3321, R. 5. Lot 6550, G. 1. Lot 290, G. 1. New Westminster . Lot 2095, G. 1. Lot 3200, G. 1. E. J Lot 1877, G. 1. New Westminster . Lot 2070, G. 1. Lot 752, G. 1. Kootenay East .... Queen Charlotte. .. Kootenay West . . . Lot 10487, G. 1. Lot 1302, "South Easter." Lot 1303, "Beaconsfield." Lot 10595, G. 1, " Virgel." Lot 10596, G. 1, "Christina." Lot 1388, G. 1, "Silver King." Strip of land reserved from Fract N iSec. 31, Tp. 11. Lot 2315, R. 5. Lot 289, G. 1. Coast Yale Lot 1454, R. 5. Lot 854, G. 1. Lot 146, R. 1. Lot 1165, G. 1. Lot 3410, R. 5. Lot 3534, R. 5. Renfrew S.E. i Sec. 36, Tp. 13. Lot 1475, G. 1. Lot 2300, R. 5. Lot 1465 (S.). Lot 1466 (S.). Lot 3376, R. 5. Lot 391, R. 3. Clayoquot Coast Osoyoos Kootenay East .... Lot 774. Lot 2553, R. 5. N.W. 1 Sec. -19, Tp. 57. Lot 7028, G. 1. Lot 1891, G. 1. Kootenay East .... Rupert Lot 7029, G. 1. Lot 674. Lot 1583, G. 1. Lot 1433, G. 1. Kootenay West ... Lot 9277, G. 1. E. 4 of N i of Lot 2551, R 5. Lot 779, G. 1. Lot 639, G. 1. N. 4 of Lot 3442, R 5. W. 4 Sec. 36, Tp. 23. Lot 785, G. 1. S.E. J of Lot 1580, G. 1. Lot 1069, G. 1. Cassiar Cariboo Coast Cariboo Lot 1070, G. 1. Lot 2273, R. 5. Tp. of S.E. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 15 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED. —Continued. Grantee. District. Description of Property. Lot 3775, G. 1. Fract. S.E. J, Sec. 26, Tp. 6, R. 3. Lot 60, G. 1. Ole S, Hagen Kamloops Kootenay West . . . Sayward Lot 9787, G. 1. William Thomas Pidcoek Lot 7193, G. 1. Lot 206. Lot 3071, G. 1. Coast Kootenay East.... Cariboo Coast Cariboo Kamloops Kootenay West . . . Similkameen Kootenay East.... Lots 27 and 28, Block 15, Sec. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 5, Block 23, Sec. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 4, Block 33, Town of Fernie Annex. Lot 1192, G. 1. Lot 2174, G. 1. Percival Alvaney Jenns Bennie Oscar Eriekson Lot 828, R. 1. Lot 1531, G. 1. Lot 3390, R. 5. Lot 2153, G. 1. Lot 1751, G. 1. Lot 10604, G. 1. Sec. 121. Lot 2314, R. 5. N.E. \ of N.W. \ of Sec. 33, Tp. 49. Lot 10282, G. 1. Lot 10284, G. 1. Lot 10281, G. 1. Charles F. Anderson Lot 10283, G. 1. Lot 10285, G. 1. Lot 1590, G. 1. Fred Allen New Westminster. S.W. J Sec. 14, Block 4, North, Range 5 West. Robert Duncan Kerr & Emile Etchepare « n 'i a Christopher William Andrew Neville. . Kate M. Osborne Similkameen Cassiar New Westminster . Kootenay West .. . Similkameen Kootenay West . . . " Tamarac Fract.," Lot 798 (S.), surface right. "No. 6, Fractional," Lot 2356, surface right. " Hartford," Lot 2358, surface right. Lot 912, G. 1, "Alexandra." Lot 22, Block 128, Subdivision of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 10614, G. 1, "Cornelia." Sydney M. Johnson, Mark W. and Philip B. S. Stanhope Smith Lot 3125, " Monte Christo." Lot 3932, G. 1, " Moken Bird Fractional." Lot 3262, G. 1, "Maple Leaf." Fairfield Exploration Syndicate, // a a a Ltd.. Fibre Lot 254, R. 1, "Eva." Lot 291, R. 1, "Banker." Lot 297, R. 1, "Comox Fractional." Lot 299, R. 1, "Percy." Lot 319, R. 1, "Chimnang." Lot 320, R. 1, "Douglas." Lot 322, R. 1, "Maggie May." Lot 253, R. 1, "Dorothy Morton." Lot 300, R. 1, " Dorothy Morton Fractional." Lot 2351, G. 1. n a n a The British Columbia Sulphite New Westminster . Lillooet Osoyoos .... Coast Yale Herbert A. Kelly Francis W. Groves and Eric E. Jackson William H Goodwin Princeton Collieries, Limited (N.P.L.). Lot 1302, G. 1. Lot 420a, G. 1, " Bell Fractional." Fract. Sec. 34, Tp. 15, R. 5. Lot 386, G. 1. Lot 9761, G. 1. Renfrew Lot 532. William C. Crawford Lot 529. Lot 531. Lot 2306, G. 1. Rupert Lot 98. Lot 1556, G. 1. Kootenay East .... " ... Lot 10324, G. 1. Johu McNab Frazer Lot 10541, G. 1. Lot 1173a, G. 1. Similkameen Cariboo Lot 2652 Lot 1138, G. 1. D 16 Report of the Minister of Lands. —— .— * — 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. Frank Caffery Gray Donald Chester S. Rollston William Woods Hugh Andrews George R. Hardie Alfred Blakemore Charles Noel Harry Ross Alexander Ross Jennie Ross Cliff Cameron Thomas B. Pembertou William Appleby, Clara Elizabeth Dupont Fallen Sarah Dupont Samuel Gunter William Gunter Mignonette Gunter M anuel Barcelo William Asa Burr Benjamin Robert Bulwer William T. Colman Stephen John Hall Fred W. Hess James Montgomery Henry Gage.... Beatrice M. Leckie Fanny E. Watson Edgar J. Crickmay Robert Edward Scott Moir Walter J. Wartman Harward Peddie William Cohen James D. Hoge George J. Shone // Ethel Oakley Linzee Sydney Ellis Robert Dunn Philomene Maitland John T. Fitzpatrick Henry Higginbottom Annie Place Douglas A. Middlemass Alfred Richardson Kate M. Keepings Peter Vallee Annie M. Charleson Kennet h Kerr John Mcintosh May Palmer Archibald James Campbell Galletly . John Drummond Anderson Alexander Nicoll William M. Steinmetz John William Stalker Logie Launcelot Porter Isaac Filmore Sidney Cleland Galpin Llewellyn Reuben Lorenzo Brown .. William Howard Gray Corporation of the City of Kamloops John Rutherford Frederick George Choate William Murdoch Caroline Pare Faning District. Sooke Cariboo New Westminster Queen Charlotte. . Coast Otter Coast Lillooet Kootenay East ... a ... // ... Coast Similkameen Osoyoos Renfrew Osoyoos Kootenay East ... Rupert Clayoquot n Kootenay West . . Similkameen Kamloops Similkameen Cariboo Rupert Lillooet n Coast Rupert Lillooet Kootenay West . Osoyoos New Westminster Coast. Cassiar Cariboo Coast // Osoyoos Renfrew Osoyoos Kootenay West .. Similkameen Lillooet Coast Lillooet Kamloops Cariboo n .. Lillooet Description of Property. Sec. 128. Lot 1015, G. 1. Lot 3107, G. 1. Lot 166. Lot 3593, R. 5. Sec. 41. N. 4 of N.E. J of Sec. 30, Tp 1, R. 3. Lot 1593, G. 1. Lot 7765, G. 1. Lot 7766, G. 1. Lot 7767, G. 1. Lot 3833, R. 5. Lot 2417, R. 5. Lot 2419, R. 5. Lot 2420, R. 5. Lot 2421, R. 5. Lot 3013, R. 5. Lot 3590, R. 5. Lot 3596, R. 5. Lot 1474 (S.). Lot 1515 (S.). S.W. I Sec. 25, Tp. 45. Lot 530. Lot 3455, G. 1. Lot 10550, G. 1. Lot 10731, G. 1. Lot 9410, G. 1. S.E. i Sec. 32, Tp. 6. Lot 259. Lot 670. Lot 9378, G. 1. Lot 1261 (S.). Lot 2064, G. 1. Lot 2993. Lot 1084, G. 1. N.W. J Sec. 28, Tp. 6. N.E. J Sec. 29, Tp. 6. Lot 1062, G. 1. Lot 2238, G. 1. Lot 3307, R. 5. Lot 12, Block 17, Sec. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. N.E. J Sec. 2, Tp. 35. Lot 1072, G. 1. Lot 2221, G. 1. Lot 10031, G. 1. Lot 3929, G. 1. Lot 1, Block 10, Subdivision of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 281, R. 5. Lot 288, R. 5. Lot 6, Block 22, Sec. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 219, G. 1. Lot 1861, G. 1. Lot 1371, R. 5. Lot 2552, R. 5. N. J of N.W. J of Sec. 32, Tp. 41. Lot~533. Lot 2556, G. 1. Lot 8689, G. 1. Lot 1287 (S.). Lot 971, G. 1. S.W. iSec. 13, Tp. 1, R. 4. Lot 1058, G. 1. Lot 1043. Lot 2031, G. 1. Lot 1921, G. 1. Lot 1052, G. 1. Lot 1054, G. 1. |, 4^ ,1 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 17 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. District. Description of Property. Harry Sydney Wild Elsa Faning Lillooet Lot 1056, G. 1. Lot 1064, G. 1. Lot 976, G. 1. Harry V. Galpin Thomas Albert Mitchell Lot 978, G. 1. Lot 972, G. 1. Lot 973, G. 1. Millicent Constance Emma Galpin .... Betty May Gray Alice Mary Falconer Grey Lot 975 G. 1. Lot 977, G. 1. /; Lot 1055, G. 1. Lot 1063, G. 1. Lot 1061, G. 1. Lot 2036, G. 1. William J. Webster Lot 3357, G. 1. John M. Webster Lot 3359, G. 1. Kamloops Similkameen Queen Charlotte. .. Similkameen Coast Lot 1572, G. 1. Lot 3281. John Baxter Hart Mary McLean (one-third interest)) Ellen Keefe, and William McLean .. Andrew Hamilton and John James Clucas, Administrators of the Estate of Thomas Kermeen, deceased Ditto Lot 366. Lot 464. Lot 1425 (S.), "Great Laxey." Lot 1426 (S.), "Twin Mine." Lots 30&3l,Blk.7, Sec. 6,Tn. of Prince Rupert. Lot 71, Block 13, Sec. 8, Town of Prince Rupert. Rupert Strip of land reserved from Fract. E. 4 of S.W. i Sec. 20, Tp. 18. Lot 2152, G. 1. Lot 1211, R. 5. W, 4 of Lot 1136, R. 5. Lot 3328, R. 5. Lot 3336, R. 5. Walter G. Sparrow , " Lot 3645, R. 5. Lot 3010, R. 5. Osoyoos Coast Lot 3011, R. 5. N. 4 of N.W. i Sec. 13, Tp. 45. Lot 139, R. 3. Lot 140, R. 3. Lot 141, R. 3. Lot 2831, G. 1. Similkameen .... Coast New Westminster . Coast Lot 1079 (S.). N. 4 Sec. 6 and Fract. S. 4 Sec. 7, Tp. 16, R. 5. Lot 3198, G. 1. Lot 4, Block 6, Sec. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 17, Town of Bella Coola. Glacier Creek Mining Co., Ltd. (N. P. L.) Cassiar Lot 402, G. 1, "Luck Boy." Lot 403, G. 1, "Last Chance." Lot 404, G. 1, "Nellie V." Lot 405, G. 1, "Riverside." // n " Lot 410, G. 1, "Micmac Fractional." Lot 412, G. 1, "Nellie Fractional." Coast Malahat New Westminster . Kootenay East ... Kootenay West . . . Lot 6, Block 23, See. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. N. 4 of Lot 42. Lot 1508, G. 1. Charles Reginald Ward Jean Harkness Dickson Alfred George White Lot 9802, G. 1. Lot 7140, G. 1, "Tamarac." Lot 2155, G. 1. Lot 1315, G. 1. Cariboo Kootenay West . .. // ... n ... // ... // .. Fract. N.W. \ Sec. 7, Tp. 9, R. 5. Lot 969, G. 1. Lot 6, Block 2, Map 574, Town of Silverton. Lots 1 & 15, Bl'k 6, Map 574, Town of Silverton. Lot 8, Block 6, Map 574, Town of Silverton. Lots LI, 12, 17, 18, and 21, Block 7, Map 574, Ferdinand Frank Liebscher Town of Silverton. Lots 13 & 14, Blk. 32, Map574, Tn. of Silverton. Lot 4, Block 33, Map 574, Town of Silverton. D 18 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. District. Description op Property. Kootenaj' West . .. Coast ....'.'. Lots 6 St. 9, Blk. 33, Map 574, Tn. of Silverton. Lots 1 and 2, Block 34, Map 574,Tn.of Silverton. Lot 2737, R. 5 Westerly portion of Fract. S.E. \ of Sec. 26, Tp. 18. Lot 3296, R. 5. William A. Burns Lillooet Lot 1053, G 1. Lot 1107, G. 1. Cariboo Lot 3644, G 1 Archibald Ernest Shaw Lot 3646, G. 1. Harrv B. Seelv S.E. i of Lot 803, G. 1. Lot 989. Queen Charlotte . .. Cariboo Lot 3643, G. 1. Lot 2066 G. 1. Lot 3330 R 5 Hans A. Holmes Lot 3331, R. 5. Lot 3333 R. 5. John M. Payne Lot 3337, R 5. Martha Wilde N.E. i Lot 1058 G 1. William Curtis Sampson Lot 2418 R. 5. William J. Waterman Similkameen Clayoquot Lot 31 (8.). Lots 126 and 131. Lot 24, R 3 John J. MeKenna Lot 2188 G 1. Fanny Artaud Lot 3407a, R. 5. Lot 1764 G 1. Albert M. Williams Sara Carse Coast Fract. S.W. \ Lot 2562, R. 5. Lot 2563, R, 5. Arthur Charles Hampton Eva M. Pemberton William Henry Small Albert Edwards Harvey Kootenay West . . . New Westminster . Lot 4513, G. 1. Lot 3009, R. 5. Lot 3423, R. 5. Lot 3436, R. 5. Lot 3459, R 5 Ralph C. Bamford Lot 1479 R 5 William Nicholas, Sr Lot 1020. Lot 10198 G 1 Corporation of the City of Vancouver. . Blocks A and B, Snbd. of Lot 540, G. I, City of Vancouver N.W. \ Sec. 33, Tp. 6, R. 5. Lot 1573 (S.). Lot 1868 G 1 Similkameen Kamloops Cariboo Similkameen Kamloops Kootenay East ... Osoyoos John H. Adams William Wright Copeland Neil McLean Lot 734, G. 1. Lot 647 (S.). Lot 1813 G 1 Charles D. Crocker Albeit Bernhardt Lot 9104 G 1 Samuel Hammond Lot 1663, G. 1. N.W. J Sec. 8, Tp. 57. Lot 3187 G 1 Elisha Osborn Joseph D Pemberton Lot 3016 R 5 Frederick W. Valleau Montie J. Morgan and William B. Pool Jennie Louise Willey New Westminster . Kootenay West . .. Similkameen New Westminster . Kootenay West . . a ... Lot 3251, G. 1 Lot 10406, G. 1, "Nugget Fractional." Lot 692 (S.), "Utopia." Lot 694 (S.j, "Acacia." Lot 691 (S.), "Alpha." Lot 695 (S.), "Acadia." Lot 690 (S.), "Australian." Lot 1, Block 31, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 2, Block 31, Subdivision of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 9843, G. 1, " Young Bear." Lot 9844, 6. 1, " Missing Link." Point Grey Estates Company, Limited Point Grey Estates Company, Ltd .... Donald Duncan McPherson, Andrew Jacobson, Bertha Angrignon, John Thomas Black, Mary Hicks, Alexander Mackie Rogers, and Duncan Donald Duncan McPherson, Andrew Jacobson, Duncan James Weir, Bertha Angrignon, John Thomas Black, and Duncan Grant 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 19 LIST OF CROW7N GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. Donald Duncan McPherson, Andrew Jacobson, Bertha Angrignon, John Thomas Black, Mary Hicks, Alexander Mackie Roger's, and Duncan James W7eir Ditto Bertrom F. Lundy & Frederick Temple Cornwall, Official Administrator, Administrators of the Estate of John Nicola, deceased intestate Bertrom F. Lundy Betrom F. Lundy and Thomas Ellis.... Alexander Joseph McMullen, and James Herdsman Archie M. Johnson The Point Grey Land & Invest. Co., Ltd. I! It II II Jean MacKinnon John M. MacKinnon Frank M. Robertson Simon Nelson Canadian Pacific Railway Company.... Annie E. McMaster Charles Henry Middaugh Cameron.... Con Clarke Charles Roy Aetzel Thomas Munn Frances M. Bingham Alexander William Strickland Samuel Robert Barnes Martin Espeland Frank Johnson Thomas William Jones Emma Dixon Charles Hanbury Robert Finlay ■ Ambrose Campbell Leigh ton Robert Pollard Charles Griffiths Richard A Newman Robert Hubie Irvin B. Cook Edward John Armstrong John Bishop Samuel Robinson Peter de Boer William White Francis M. Rattenbury Adolph Christian Christensen Maret Louise Christensen John Purvis Burnyeat John Thomas Graham Charles Pike Henry Eccles Welch William H. Shortridge Lester A. Grant Herbert Canfield William Bogart Florence S. Hall Cecelia C. Hall John McGowan James A. Crawford Samuel A. Moore Edward B. Cad well District. Kootenay West Kamloops. Kootenay West . . New Westminster Clayoquot Kamloops. Coast Cariboo. New Westminster Kamloops Cassiar Lillooet Cariboo Osoyoos Highland Coast Osoyoos .. Kamloops. Coast Kootenay. Coast Lillooet Osoyoos Coast Kootenay East . Coast Osoyoos .. Clayoquot Highland . Coast Cariboo. .. Kootenay West Kamloops. Renfrew .. Description op Property. Lot9S45, G. 1, "Bright Light." Lot 9846, G. 1, "Cub Fractional. Lot 2106, G. 1, "Joe." Lot 2105, G. 1, "Cotton Belt." Lot 2107, G. 1, "Boyne." Lot 2108, G. 1, "Harison." Lot 2110, G. 1, "Jessie." Lot 634, G. 1, "Colorado." Lot 1, Block 177, Subdn. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 2, Block 177, Subdn. of Lot 540, G. I. Lot 3, Block 176, Subdn. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 3254, G. 1. Lot 3253, G. 1. Lot 3249, G. 1. Lot 1079. Lot 12a, Town of Kamloops. Lots 13 and 14, Block 45, Sec. 8 Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 4994, G. 1. Lot 4995, G. 1. Lot 4996, G. 1. Lot 4997, G. 1. Lot 1731, G. 1. Lot 1919, G. 1. Lot 1213a, G. 1. Lot 1094, G. 1. Lot 2030, G. 1. S. 4 Sec. 1, Tp. 20. Northerly portion of See. 73. Sec. 84 Lot 49, Block 28, Sec. 8, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 2415, G. 1. Lot 2830, G. 1. Lot 5801, G. 1. Lot 3065, R. 5. Block 55, Subd. of Lot 9555, G. 1. Lot 3329, R. 5. N. 4 of Lot 3450, R. 5. W. 4 of Lot 311, G. 1. Lot 2424, G. 1. Lot 3983, R. 5. Lot 9812, G. 1. Lots 9 & 10, Blk. 4, Sec. 6, Tn. of Prince Rupert. Lots 88, 89, and 90, Town of Bella Coola. Lot 69, Town of Bella Coola. Lot 998, G. 1. Lot 1083. Sec. 71. W. 4 of S.E. I of Lot 2115, R. 5. Lot 1090, G. 1. Lot 1088, G. 1. N. J Lot 1087, G. 1. Lot 6521, G. 1. Lot 9352, G. 1. Lot 9353, G. 1. Lot 2310, G. 1. Lot 572a. Lot 575. Lot 574a. D 20 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Mary Baker Mark Robert Eagleson Helen Richards Solomon Shrimpton Annie Deacon John Alexander Menzies Walter E. Noftsger Alfred C. Whitney Henry Ramsay Alfred P. Barnfield Paul Longean Frank Bastier Josephine Guichon Paul Bruin Annie Gaddis Florence Harper Thomas Levey Bernard H. Kemper Ethel Aldous Murdoch McLean Mary Elizabeth Aylwin Oscar V. White Bridget Davidson George Trickett Colin J. Campbell Herman Clever William Shea Theodore Frederickson Joseph Cartwright Canadian North Pacific Railway Co.... Herbert C. Kerman, Maggie M. Ker- man, and David Shannon Ditto Charles H. Richardson G. Martin, W. Shannon, & J. B. Mathers Edward Yule Grazett... Michael Harper Alexander Young Trafford Huteson Horace Pratt Harry Claude Robertson Caroline B. Gurd Frank A. Brewer Stanley June Samuel A. Wye Viola Phair Mary Emma Gardiner . . Robert Kelly Henry Patrick Felker... Charles Clifton Perry ... Frank T. Stanier Lillian A. David Duncan Fletcher Wilson Edward Fraser Latta ... Calvin Gray Wilfred Cookson John Chestcrman George Bibeau Robert S. Frazer Grace McFeeley District. Lillooet New Westminster Kamloops Cariboo New Westminster Cariboo Coast New Westminster a Osoyoos Kamloops Kootenay West .. Kootenay East ... a ... Cariboo Cassiar Kootenay West . . Kamloops Rupert . ...' Osoyoos Cariboo Similkameen Kootenay West . . Coast // Kootenay East ... Cariboo a Cassiar a Kootenay East ... Kamloops Lillooet Cassiar Kamloops Cariboo Coast a // New Westminster Similkameen Clayoquot Cassiar Kootenay East... Coast Description op Property. Lot 1229, G. 1. Lot 1591, G. 1. Lot 3041, G. 1. Lot 1924, G. 1. Lot 2168, G. 1. Block 20, Subd. of Lot 99, G. 1. Lot 4711, G. 1. S.E. J Lot 717, R. 5. Lot 3164, G. 1. Lot 1755, G. 1. N. 4 of S.E. i & S. 4 of N.E. I Sec. 16, Tp. 41. Lot 2176, G. 1. Lot 1241, G. 1. Lot 8336, G. 1. Lot 10716, G. 1. Lot 10718, G. I. Lot 1068, G. 1. Lot 1147, G. 1. Lot 1329, G. 1. Lots 25 and 26, Block 19, Town of New Denver. Lot 14, Block 21, Town of New Denver. Lots 3 to 8 (inclusive) and 25 to 27 (inclusive), Block 56, Town of New Denver. - j Lot 15, Block 36, Town of New Denver. Lots 2 and 3, Block 59, Town of New Denver. Lots 2, 7, and 8, Block 60, Tn. of New Denver. Block 80, Town of New Denver. Lot 2442, G. 1. W. 4 of S.E. J See. 23, Tp. 43. Fract. S.E. \ Sec. 25, Tp. 40, and Fract. S.W. I, See. 30, Tp. 44. Lot 7013, G. 1. Lot 1333 (S.), " Little Cub Fraction." Lot 1334 (S.), "Big Cub." Lot 1335 (S.), " Black Bear." Block 14, Subd. of Lot 9555, G. 1. Lot 631, R. 4, "Fanny." Lot 632, R. 4, "Scepter." Lot 633, R. 4, "Wellhope." Lot 182, R. 4, "Mouse." Lot 183, R. 4, "Emma Fraction." Fract. E. h and S.W. J of Lot 716, R. 5. Lot 10717, G. 1. Lot 3335, G. 1. Lot 3337, G. 1. Lot 1335, G. 1. Lot 1337, G. 1. Lot 806, G. 1. Lot 2535, G. 1. Lot 1656, G. 1. Lot 2514, G. 1. Lot 1116, G. 1. Lot 1336, G. 1. Lot 2111, G. 1, "Wellington." Lot 488, G. 1. Lot 420, R. 5. Lot 3015, R. 5. Lot 3017, R. 5. Lot 3456, R. 5. Lot 3457, R. 5. Strip of land reserved from Lot 1325, G. 1. Lot 1198 (S.). Lot 274. Lot 431, G. 1. Lot 10540, G. 1. Lot 2630, R. 5.. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 21 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. District. Description or Property. Lillooet Lot 500, G. 1. Jens Anderson Lot 919, R. 5. N.E. \ See. 10, Tp. 1, except that portion lying within the boundaries of Lots 6 and 26, and Fract. N.W. J Sec 11, Tp. 1, except that portion lying within the boundaries of Lot 6. George Eldridge Cariboo Lot 2022, G. 1. S. 4 Lot 2005, G. 1. Maud Ager Lot 2006, G. 1. W. 4 Lot 2009, G. 1. Thomas William Speed S.W. J Lot 2010, G. 1. Frederick Landsberg Goldstream Sec. 40. The Corporat'n of the Dist. of Burnaby New Westminster . Portion of Bk. 19, Subd. of Lot 153, G. 1, 1 ac. Gunder Sorenson Fract. N.E. \ Sec. 20, Tp. 18. Lot 1540, G. 1. Frank G. Norris Cowichan Lot 42. New Westminster . Renfrew Lot 1, Block 3, Subd. of Lot 206, G. 1. Lot 571a. New Westminster . Lot 3248, G. 1. James W. Clayson Fract. N.W. J Sec. 8, Tp. 4. n Lot 1167, R. 4. Lot 1195, R. 4. Lot 1197, R. 4. Lot 1198, R. 4. Fred Wycott Lot 1199, R. 4. Lot 1200, R. 4. Lot 1202, R. 4. Lot 1183, R. 4. „ Lot 1193, R. 4. Strip of land reserved from Fract. S. 4 of Sec. 3, Pender Island. Edward Brockway Wight... George Johann Henry Rusch Sect 11,-Tp. 7, R. 5, except Lot 4763, R. 5. Lot 1303 (S.). Similkameen Canadian Pacific Railway Company.... Kootenay West .. Lot 6613, G. 1. Gert. A. Rhodes and F. P. Drummond // ... Lot 9355, G. 1, "Peggy." Lot 750. Kootenay West . .. Lot 10405, G. 1, "Shamrock." Forbes M. Kerby and Bernard Lequime Similkameen Lot 925 (S.), "Eclipse." „ Lot 926 (S.), " Alto Fractional." Lot 928 (S.), "Antelope Fractional." Lot 930 (S.), "Alert." Forbes Murray Kerby and B. Lequime. Lot 924 (S.), " Yellow Jacket." Coast Goldstream Sec. 29, Tp. 7, R. 5. Daniel Patrick Cousins Fract. S.E.. 4 Sec. 21. Kootenay West . .. Lots 11 & 12, Block 2, Map 574, Tn. of Silverton. Coast Lot 3012, R. 5. Lot 818, R. 5. Kootenay East .... Lot 10111, G. 1. Lot 34 (S.). Lot 449. Company Yale Lot 430, G. 1, " Little Gold Bug Fraction." Lot 431, G. 1, "British Queen." Lot 432, G. 1, "Captain Jack." Lot 433, G. 1, "Lou Isabella." ^ary Ann Lot 434, G. 1, "Grimmer." Lot 429, G. 1, "Old Puss." Lot 436, G. 1, "Ora." Elizabeth Kirkland and IV Kirkland, Administratrices of the Estate of John Kirkland, deceased, Cassiar Yale Lot 160, G. 1, "Golden Hope." Lot 435, G. 1, " Hunter Fraction." Coast S. 4 Lot 2551, R. 5. Lot 3710, G. 1. Lot 4078, R. 5. Kootenay West . .. Lot 10626, G. 1. D 22 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. William Spratley James Sheriek Noble Binns Thomas John Cook Robert Anderson Honeyman Joseph Rossi Edward B. Garrard The Board of School Trustees of Lumby. Alexander Campbell Samuel F. Calkins Harold Balfour Shaw Arthur William Jaques Alvah Ernest Foreman William Henry Boner Henry William Stuchell Abner MeNaughton Frank Major Guy F. Clark Bateman Hutchinson Ernest Brammer Stephen Maddison William McPhee Addison E. Cady Anna C. Turner Albin Almstrom Ronald A. C. Grant James Butterfield Selina Jameson Edith Letitia Garnons Williams Aylmer Henry Garnons Wiiliams Peter Peterson George Desborough Ward Frank Havier Carrier Joseph Flisech James Dickey, Jr William Henstridge Matthew Marquart Edward Brickenden William T. Reid Lester Turner Joseph Dyson Carl E. Johnson James Vergel Collier Jean Ebbs Charlson William Lincoln Bond Yoder Mary Pemberton Louis Roth Jonn Henry Mullen Herbert P. Falls John Henry Mullen Bruce Ryan Herbert Taylor Angus M. Plowes Benjamin A. Cumings Allan Andrew Calwell Edith Louise Tubman Charles Noble Tubman Athol J. Cleary Charles McDonald McKinnon Bertha Campbell Kootenay West Coast New Westminster Rupert Osoyoos Clayoquot Osoyoos Renfrew Coast District. Queen Charlotte. Cariboo New Westminster Coast Cariboo Kamloops. Rupert Kamloops Kootenay East Cariboo Lillooet Kamloops Cassiar . Cariboo. Peter Phair Adam Creelman Henry Johnson & Peter Edward Blakie George Forbes, Jr Matthew C. Drew Kootenay West Coast. Description op Property. New Westminster Renfrew. Lillooet. Osoyoos Lillooet Similkameen Lillooet. Coast. .. Lot 10625, G. 1. Lot 1161, R. 4. S. 4 Lot 2550, R. 5. Lot 2634, G. 1. Fract. S.E. £ Sec. 5, Tp. 7. Lot 2177, G. 1. A strip of land reserved from Lots 120 and 125. A portion of Lot 18, G. 1. See. 85. Lot 419, R. 5. Lot 3121, R. 5. Fract. S.E. \ Sec. 31, Tp. 5, R. 5. Sec. 14, Tp. 7, R. 5. E. 4 and S.W. \ Sec 30, Tp. 7, R. 5. See^ 32, Tp. 7, R. 5. Lot 499. Lot 2628, G. 1. Lot 3339, G. 1. Lot 1588, G. 1. Lot 1590, G. 1. Lot 3250, G. 1. Lot 3985, R. 5. Lot 1320, G. 1. Lot 1149, G. 1. Lot 1557, G. 1. Lot 1596, G. 1. S.W. J Lot 1598, G. 1. W. 4 Lot 1891, G. 1. Lot 1170, G. 1. Lot 1176, G. 1. Fract. W. \ of S.W. J of Sec. 6, Tp. 10. Lot 1169, G. 1. Lot 10100, G. 1. Lot 3338, G. 1. Lot 3003, G. 1. Lot 1381, G. 1. Lot 2392, G. 1. Lot 815, G. 1. Lot 970, G. 1. Lot 1148, G. 1. Lot 10603, G. 1. Lot 10605, G. 1. Lot 947, R. 5. Lot 1155, R. 4. Lot 3438, R. 5. Lot 3624, R. 5. Lot 1308, R. 5. Lot 3495, G. 1. Lot 1, Block 33, Subdn. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 3496, G. 1. Lot 573. Lot 574. Lot 565. Lot 566. Lot 567. Lot 569. Lot 570. Lot 571. Lot 2635, G. 1. N. 4 of S.E. i Sec. 19, and N. 4 of S.W. I Sec. 20, Tp. 4. Lot 3000, G. 1. Lot 2673, "Sacremento." Lot 2919, "St. Joseph." Lot 2037, G. 1. Lots 38, Block 17, and 49, Block 34, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 23 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. District. Description op Property'. Coast Lot 41, Block 7 Sec. 6. Lots 1 and 2. Block 51, Sec. 8. Lots 15 and 16, Block 14 ; Lots 55, 56, and 57, Block 13 ; Lots 32 and 33, Block 45 ; Lots 23 and 24, Block 3, Sec. 8 ; Lots 11 and 12, Block 29; Lots 17 and 18, Block .18, See. 5 ; Lot 29, Block 7 ; Lot 3, Block 20, Sec. 6 ; and Lot 22, Block 8, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 34 and 35, Block 1, Sec. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 5 Block 29, Town of Quesnelmouth. Lot 4, Block 29, Town of Quesnelmouth. Lots 3 and 4, Block 26, Sec. 6, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 5, Block 13, Town of Quesnelmouth. Lot 3, Block G, Town of New Denver. Lot 6, Block 5, Town of New Denver. Lot 4, Block 12, Town of New Denver. Lots 4 and 5, Block 14, Town of New Denver. Lots 7a and 8, Block 15, Town of New Denver. Lot 49. Block 34, & Lots 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, Blk 49, Sec. 8, Tn. of Prince Rupert. Lots 1 and 2, Block 30, Sec. 5, Town of Prince ' Rupert. Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40, Town of Bella Coola. Lot 40, Block 7, Sec. 6, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 71, Town of Bella Coola. Lots 9 and 10, Block 27, Sec. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 20 and 21, Block 37, Sec. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 22 and 23, Block 50, See. 8, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 12, Block 49, Subdn. of Lot 540, G. 1, Town of Vancouver. Lot 3636, R. 5. Lot 4660, G. 1. Lot 1339, G. 1. S. 4 Sec. 24, Tp. 15, R. 5, lying west of Nechaco River. Lot 55, Town of Bella Coola. Lot 17, Block 3, Town of Quesnelmouth. Lot 4, Block 4, See. 8, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 4118, R. 5. Lot 1473 (S.) N.W. i Sec. 27, Tp. 57. Lot 573a. Lot 12, Block 4, Subd. of Lot 140, G. 1. Lot 2502, R. 5. Lot 422, G 1. Lot 423, G. 1. Lot 424, G. 1. Sec. 83. Lots 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, Subd. of Lots 1 and 2, Block 2, Town of West Fernie. Lot 1582 G. 1. N. 4 of N.W. J of See. 15, Tp. 4. Lots 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, and 13, Subd. of Lot 642, R. 5. Easterly portion of Sec. 12, Pender Island. Easterly portion of N.E. \ Sec. 1, Tp. 40, and W. 4 of N.W. J; See. 6, Tp. 44. Lot 673. Lot 1544, G. 1. Lot 2991, G. 1. John McK. Yorston & Robert Yorston. . George C. Rose Harry Joyce Herman Clever John McPhee John Hilliard Wereley George Trickett Rossina Clever Clifton B. Hays Wilf ride Pitre and Omer Bachaud Cariboo Kootenay West . . . // ... n ... Donald J. McDonald Ole Fosbak Emmanuel Alfred Prudhomme Ferquhart A. McCallum John W. McKinley Emma McKissick, & Susan McKissiek. Alstair Penrose Gordon-Cumming New Westminster . Coast Cariboo Coast. Cecil Pratt David J. McKenzie Harry Daniels Kenneth Carlston Boyd Frith Julia A. Asher Jennie R. Crawford Charles Napier Pirie Malcolm McKinley Mary Phelps Alexander A. Phelps Vancouver Island Power Company, Ltd. The Elk Lumber Company, Limited.. . Peter G. B. Bodeker James Townsley Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company Arthur Harold Gardom Fred Walter Schafer Charlie Nordstrom Allen W. Hamill Coast Similkameen Renfrew New Westminster . Cassiar Goldstream Kootenay East .... Coast Cowichan Rupert D 24 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Alexander Clifford Routh Nellie Robertson Frank N. Trites John B. Baxter John H. Morrison, Alexander S. Mc- Arthur, and James Milne Harper.. . . Moses Seguin Lilly Mcintosh Pearl Moore John Owen Piper Fernando E. Coomes Frederick Lindsay Crawford James Wright Daniel Logan Munroe a Archibald Macauley Stanley Kirby Charles Montague Winny Catherine Rachel WTinny Denis Campbell Percy Manser Whitfield Carhart Charles William Alfred Neil Bernard S. Haley Horace Cooper Wrinch Frederick Barford Allard Lola G. Whitehead William Waldie John Wesley Power William Townsend Leonard B. Trimen Alexander C. Burr and Charles E. Baker Elizabeth J. Campbell . Malcalm White W. Elson, Jane Russell, and E. Parry. George E. Grierson William E. Costello James R. Cranston William Lee McLaughlin a Daniel C. Hamilton John 0. Donahoo Michel McCusker John M. O'Driscoll Edward L. Bostock Mary B. Worsnop and Clifton B. Hays William A. L. Griffiths and J. Galetti. The Elk Lumber Company, Limited Hugh Henry Higgins George Alexander Macdonald Young Ben Prestredge , Morton Ramsdell James Bishop Bessie Carmichael Benjamin Franklin Woodworth Christopher William Jones Oliver la Porte James Lee Bethurom John Ewin Joseph Gignac Allan G. Wilmot Sydney Elworth Tallman John Anderson Cecil Eric Henningsen District. Cariboo Cassiar New Westminster Kootenay West . . Kamloops Cassiar Coast Cariboo Kootenay West . . Clayoquot Kamloops Coast Kamloops Lillooet Kamloops Renfrew Rupert Metchosin Coast Kootenay West . . New Westminster Coast Similkameen Cariboo Kamloops Similkameen Queen Charlotte . . Kootenay West . . Lillooet Cariboo. . Clayoquot Coast New Westminster Kootenay East ... Nanaimo Kootenay West Cariboo Lillooet Cariboo Similkameen ... Coast Similkameen ... Coast Kootenay East . Similkameen ... Kootenay East. Kamloops Rupert Description op Property. Lot 4993, G. 1. Lot 1334, G. 1. Lot 1, Block 169, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 10580, G. 1, "Amethyst." Lot 1013, G. 1, "Evening Star." Lot 1317, G. 1. Sec. 7, Tp. 9, R. 4. Lot 1637, G. 1. Lot 10645, G. 1. Lot 165. Lot 1740, G. 1. Lot 2637, R. 5. Lot 909, G. 1. Lot 908, G. 1. Lot 1193, G. 1. Lot 1920, G. 1. Lot 2000, G. 1. Lot 2001, G. 1. Lot 564. Lot 568. Lot 100. Sec. 102. Lot 3064, R. 5. Lot 2622, R. 5. Lot 1393, R. 5. Lot 1194, R. 4. Lot 10018, G. 1, Lot 10444, G. 1, Lot 10445, G. 1, Lot 3110, G. 1. Lot 4075, R. 5. Lot 1327 S., "Original." Lot 4555, G. 1. Lot 76, G. 1. Lot 993 S, " Diamond Joe Fractional Lot 1314. Trilby." Prince of Wales." Kaslow, Fraction." Silver King." ' Snow Storm." ' North Star Fractional. ' Mountain View." Lot 1626, G. 1, Lot 1625, G. 1, Lot 1040, G. 1, Lot 1031, G. 1, Lot 1575, G. 1. Lot 6453, G. 1. Lot 123. Lots 16 and 17, Block 25, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 29 and 30, Block 3, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 51 and 52, Block 34, See. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 523, Town of Hastings. Lot 1, Block 7, Town of Hosmer. Lot 2, Block 7, Town of Hosmer. Lot 3, Block 7, Town of Hosmer. Fract. N.E. \ Sec. 10, and southerly portion of S.E. \ Sec. 11, Lasqueti Island. Lot 8988, G. 1. Lot 3336, G. 1. Lot 3342, G. 1. Lot 871, G. 1. Lot 2614, G. 1. Lot 522 (S.). N.WT. \ Sec. 6, Tp. 4, R. 5. Lot 3308. Lot 1110, R. 5. Lot 7429, G. 1. Lot 676 (S.). Lot 10095, G. 1. Lot 1917, G. 1. N.W. J Sec. 2, Tp. 35. Fract. E. 4 Sec. 22, Tp. 18. Slash after logging operations prepares good seed-bed for Douglas Fir and removes further lire danger. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 2t LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. G. Martin, W. Shannon, & J. B. Mathers Coast District. Edith Minnie Shaw Henry A. Collison Henry Shuttleworth John Stinson Grace G. Hall Alice M. Johnston. Achille I. Marentette and E. W. Stoner William Caldwell William Thacker •Charles Moore Arthur Charles LePlastrier Ray ... Edwin Yeo Archibald B. MacKenzie William H. Evans, George Mulligan, Albert E. Austin William O'Brien Paris S. McCutcheon James Kidd , Daniel Joseph O'Brien Edith E. O'Brien Thomas Meredith Charles William Farnell Robert J. Kirkwood . William A. W'ard Paul C Wilson Neil J. McArthur Charles Hebard Walker Louis H. Weber James Thomas Burgess Philip A. Wilson Thomas B. Wilson Minnie Weber Charles H. Weber Frank B. Ward Arthur Henry Bryan John H. Feeney Henry Cornwall Stewart John Louis Graham Abbott Gilbert Laing Meason Trygve Rognaas Thomas Graham Henry G. Helgerson and Geo. H. Arnold J ames Calvin Willis Sherman Clayton J. J. Logan, J. A. Logan, & A. E. Austin William J. Prettejohn Peter McCormick John William McCann George Currie George Washington Gates David Coughlin Edmund Lorey Thompson Geoffrey Hitzler Walton Noemie Fraser and Louis Alphonse Pare Cariboo. Queen Charlotte. Rupert Coast Description of Property. Kootenay West Cowichan Kootenay East ... Queen Charlotte.. Coast // New Westminster Cariboo Renfrew Lillooet a a /; ii ii n it Kootenay West . . Lillooet a n a a Kamloops Kootenay West . . New Westminster Lillooet a Coast a New Westminster Queen Charlotte. . Coast Kamloops Osoyoos Lillooet Cariboo Kootenay West . . Cassiar 1 Lila " 'Eva." : Rita." 1 Pearl Fraction.1 ; Killhope." ' Donna." Lot 1247, R. 4, Lot 1248, R. 4, Lot 1249, R. 4, Lot 1250, R. 4, Lot 1251, R. 4, Lot 1252, R. 4, Lot 3685, G. 1. Lot 750. Fract. S.E. J Sec. 18, Tp. 35. Lots 18 & 19, Blk. 50, Sec. 8,Tn. of Prince Rupert. Lot 24, Block 7, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 53 & 54, Blk. 34, Sec. 8,Tn.of Prince Rupert. Lot 8987, G. 1, " Speed Fraction." Lot 8982, G. 1, "Climax." Lot 8983, G. 1, "Old Dominion." Lot 8984, G. 1, "Benhurr." Lot 8985, G. 1, " Summit." Lot 8986, G. 1, "Last Chance." Lot 65, Salt Spring Island. Block 6, Subd. of Lot 4836, G. 1. Lot 8989, G. 1. Lot 282. Lots 43, 44, 45, and 46, Block 13; 1 and 2,. Block 23, Sec. 8 ; and 27 and 28, Block 7, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 10, Block 16, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 4, Block 174, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1 Lot 1169, G. 1. Lot 572. Lot 699, G. 1. Lot 707, G. 1. Lot 708, G. 1. Lot 709, G. 1. Lot 715, G. 1. Lot 706, G. 1. Lot 712, G. 1. Lot 713, G. 1. Lot 902, G. 1. Lot 901, G. 1. Lot 904, G. 1. Lot 8990, G. 1. Lot 701, G. 1. Lot 705, G. 1. Lot 710, G. 1. Lot 711, G. 1. Lot 903, G. 1. Lot 1834, G. 1. Lot 9785, G. 1. Lot 1666, G. 1. Lot 1120, G. 1. Lot 1377, G. 1. Lot 2666, G. 1. Lot 2671, G. 1. Lot 26, Block 29, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 30, Block 27, Sec. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 21 Si 22, Blk. 5, Sec. 6, Tn. of PrinceRupert. Lot 4, Block 166, Subdn. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 526. Lot 474, R. 1. Lot 2421, G. 1. Lot 4071, G. 1. Lot 4027, G. 1. Lot 1168, G. 1. Lot 2158, G. 1. Block D, Subdn. Lot 144, G. 1, of Lot 8068, Map 894. Regina." D 26 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. District. Description op Property. Lonis Alphonse Pare Cassiar Lot 289, G. 1, " Montreal." Lot 375, G. 1, "Eglantine." John Gordon Morrison. Albert E. Stevens and Robt. Thompson John E. Halley, Ranald J. McDonell, and Perley R. Fleming Ranald J. McDonell, Administrator of the Estate of William S. McDonell, New Westminster . Lot 954, G. 1, "Violet." Lot 2324, G. 1, " Uncle Sam." Lot 1155, R. 5, "Coronado." Leon F. Champion, Administ Estate of James Champior rator of the , deceased e Lot 423, G. 1, "Champion." Lot 7861, G. 1, " Coronation." Lot 4, Block 5, Subdn. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 1685, R. 5. Lot 16, Block 4, Subdn. of Lot 140, G. 1. Lot 17, Block 4, Subdn. of Lot 140, G. 1. Cutler Thomas Porter Joseph Elmore Lavine Francis Henry William Hop Kootenay West . . . New Westminster . Coast New Westminster . Lot 4566, G. 1. John R. Upton Noot Elof Olsen E 4 of Fract. E. 4 of Sec. 10, Tp. 18. Lot 1706, R. 5. New Westminster . Lot 1735, G. 1. N.W. J of See. 21,and S.W. \ of Sec. 28, Tp. 23. Lot 3063, R. 5. William Sibbald Lot 766, G. 1. New Westminster . Cariboo .... Lot 2451, G. 1. Hillerie Christopher Smithson Catherine Kennedy Corporation of the City of Kamloops . . Lot 2373, G. 1, "Marguerette." Lot 1146a, G. 1. Lots 7, 8, and 9, Block 1, Subdns. of Lots 232, 233, and 234, G. 1, Map 193. Lot 1145a, G. 1. Lot 1150, G. 1. Lot 3997, R. 5. Lot 1088, G. 1. Dan Grady Lot 818, R. 5. Lots 7 and 8, Block 15, Sec. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 23 and 24, Block 23, Sec. 1, Town of David G. Williams and F. L. tt Ernest E. Westby Murdoff. . New Westminster . a n Kootenay East .... Prince Rupert. Lot 14, Block 12, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1, Town of Vancouver. Lot 7, Block 15, Subd of Lot 540, G. 1, Town of Vancouver. Lot 23, Block 16, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1, Town of Vancouver. Josenh H. Nuttall Rupert. Lots 24, 25, 26 and 27, Block 50, Sec. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 6, 7, and 8, Block 46, Sec. 8, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 13 and 14, Block 46, Sec. 8, Town of Oliver C. Smith New Westminster . Kootenay East Similkameen Prince Rupert. Lot 2, Block 25, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Samuel W. Black Lot 2034, G. 1. Lot 9463, G. 1. Davis McEachern Andrew A. Hamilton Elizabeth Ann Middleton. .. k Lot 9827, G. 1. Lot 119 (S.). Lot 3900, G. 1. Ethel V.Smith Edmond William Bellamy WTilliam Disbrow Brydon-Ja( Alonzo Hull " Coast Lot 4636, R. 5. Lot 4635, R. 5. New Westminster . A strip of land reserved from Lot 2081, G. 1. A Strip of land reserved from Lot 2361, G. 1. Lot 427, R. 5. Lot 3183. R. 5. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 27 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.-Continued. Grantee. Waverley Abbie Keith .... Reginald Fitz-Nigel Newton Malcolm B. Jackson Frank Brilliant Ole Fosbak David Crawford Arthur Rochester Fred Garton James Ferguson Armstrong, Official Administrator, Administrator of the Estate of Jefferson R. B. Davis, deceased intestate John S. Bedier John Franklin Thompkins Johney Samuel Minkove Luke Gibson T. N. Okerstrom and L. F. McDougald Robert Barrie and Albert H. MacNeill. James R. Waghorn James Kenneth Watson Charles W. Pollard Walton Hugh Holmes Charles Chase Osborne Cromie Ethel G. Dutcher Minnie Kern Charles Nelson Elizabeth Huckell Eugene Renz Peter Hansen Stanis Feeney Reuben Henry Griffin Kenneth George Halley James Dunlop Halley John Halley Margaret Rollo Hunt Smith Robert Willson, Sr. .• Peter Wilkinson Eleazer C. Gallup William Johnston Margaret M. Christie Edith Maude Lane John Wilkinson George Pickering Rosella Jackson William F. Mclnnes John Brent William John Armstrong John W Tesky Frederick Percey Sadler John Beer McPhail Montford Kelly Emily Wenmoth Thomas Heath Joseph James Lemon Henry Alfred Stribling Olaf Dahlin James Walker Henrj' Dodson Green Armytage Walter McFarlan Beatrice Hilinda Ward William Griffith Trethewey Samuel Dunn Trethewey District. Description op Property. Similkameen Lot 1273, S Cariboo. Coast. .. Osoyoos Barclay Coast Lot 3056, R. 5 Lot 561, G. 1. Lot 26, Bk. 34, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 1 & 2, Bk. 46, S. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. 'Lots 72 and 73, Town of Bella Coola. JW. 4 Sec. 29. Tp. 29. S.E. \ Sec. 10, Tp. 1. Kootenay East... Kootenay West. . Cassiar Kamloops Kootenay West . . Yale New Westminster Clayoquot Cariboo Yale Barclay Kootenay East... Cariboo Similkameen Coast Kootenay West .. Lillooet Cowdchan Sayward Cariboo Coast Lillooet Kootenay West .. Kootenay East ... Cariboo Rupert Cariboo Osoyoos Clayoquot Similkameen Lillooet Kootenay East ... Kootenay West . . Cariboo Coast Cariboo n Kamloops Nanaimo Lillooet Lot 9462,' G. 1. Lot 2271, G. 1, Lot 5851, G. 1, Lot 376, G. 1, Lot 919, G. 1, ' Lot 1521, G. 1, Lot 1522, G. 1, Lot 1693, G. 1, Lot 135, G. 1, Lot 4, Block 32, Lot 260. N. 4 and S.E. \ of the S.W. \ of Lot 1557, G. 1. Lot 519, G. 1. Tp. 1. " Liberal." "American." ' Treadwell." : Carnation." " Freddie B." 1 Rambler." 'Virginian." ' Columbia Fractional." Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. 10, S.W. I Sec. 7501, G. 1. Lot 9351, G. 1. Lot 6455, G. 1. Lot 1588 (S.). Lots 2565b and 2569b, Range 5. Lot 25, Block 9, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 4117, R. 5. Lot 9786, G. 1. Lot 714, G. 1. Lot 46. Lot 45 Lot 44. Lot 43. Lot 125. S.E. i Lot 1892, G. 1. S.E. J Sec. 9, and S.W. \ Sec. 10, Tp. 19, R. 5. Fract. S.E. J Sec. 6, Tp. 4, R. 5. E. 7 ft. Lot 2 and W. 33 ft. Lot 3, Block 4, Town of Lillooet. Lots 3 and 4, Block 30, Ruckles Addition, Town of Grand Forks. Lot 10741, G. 1. Lot 4204, G. 1. Lot 102. N.E. I Lot 803, G. 1. Lot 3812, G. 1. Lot 3593, G. 1. Lot 1019. Lot 1043 (S.). Lot 1304, G. 1. Lot 10715, G. 1. Lot 9365, G. 1. Lot 1436, G. 1. W. 4 Lot 1603, G. 1. Lot 1744, R. 5. Westerlv portion of Lot 1865, G. 1. Lot 2828, G. 1. Lot 180, G. 1. N.E. \ Sec. 6, Denman Island. Lot 700, G. 1. Lot 2026, G. 1. Lot 2027, G. 1. D 28 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Joseph Ogle Trethewey Edward Joseph Trethewey . William Gray. Arthur Richard Trethewey James Everett Trethewey Margaret Ellen Gray John Edwin Hall Albert Joseph Taylor Fred Clifton Thome Edward Penrose Lee Joseph Walaehiewicz William A. Ferguson Hosea A. Bull Robert Cowan Leslie Richmond Margaret Elizabeth Troy Ethelbert Leitch Stinson Walter McFarlan John Theodore Ross James Strange Rear Ethel Rear Charles Ernest Chandler Klantyes Metro Joan Margaret Walker Agnes Adeline Morris Sara Harwood Brown William Leith Webster John Copley Powles Emmit Dewitt Phillips Ada Mallory ' William George Henry Head Ole Johnson Suyekikn Takenchi Tai Loy Sydney" R. Margetson Charles Schoonover Jane Christina Pooley Ranald J. McDonell & Jabez K. Ashman Ranald J. McDonell Jabez K. Ashman John E. Halley, Ranald J. McDonell & Perley R. Fleming Thomas Wardlaw Francis B. Lys Bertha Wragge Wm. Monteith, Official Administrator, Administrator of the Estate of James McGuire, deceased intestate Paul Kauffmann David L. Green Henry R. McDonald and William H. Nass, Trustees of the Estate of Joseph McDonald, deceased John Bishop Arthur Thomas Withers British Columbia Building Trust Co., Ld Henry Krumb Lena Mayer Florence Ray Arthur Livingston Johnson Lizzie Amelia Collins Elizabeth Armstrong Weir Markley Emily Markley Sydney John Wilton Carl Johnson Eli Knutson District. Lillooet // n Cariboo Coast Sayward Osoyoos New Westminster Sooke Cariboo Nanaimo Coast Osoyoos New Westminster Goldstream Cariboo n Kootenay East ... Cassiar Cariboo Clayoquot Similkameen Coast Cariboo New Westminster Kamloops Coast Similkameen Kootenay West .. Goldstream Coast ii Cariboo Lillooet Cariboo New Westminster Cariboo New Westminster Cariboo n a '/ Coast Description of Property. Lot 2028, G. 1. Lot 2029, G. 1. Lot 2030, G. 1. Lot 2031, G. 1. Lot 2032, G. 1. Lot 2033, G. 1. Lot 2035, G. 1. Lot 2223, G. 1. Lot 2669, G. 1. Lot 732, G. 1. Lot 13, Bk. 28, Sec. 5,Prinee Rupert. Lot 11, Bk. 7, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 367. N. 4 of N.W. \ Sec. 32, Tp. 41. S.W. J Lot 1103, G. 1. Sec. 126. Lot 1134, G. 1. Fract. W. \ of See. 9. N. 4 and S.E. \ Sec. 10, Tp. 7, R. 5. N. 4 of N.E. I and N. 4 of N.W. J Sec. 3,Tp. 57. Lot 4067, G. 1. Lot 2110, G. 1. Sec. 49. Lot 3683, G. 1. Lot 3684, G. 1: Lot 3687, G. 1. Lot 3358, G. 1. Lot 11033, G. 1. Lot 2175, G. 1. Lot 2840, G. 1. Lot 1024. Lot 1145 (S.). Lot 48, Block 1, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 22, Block 3, Quesnelmouth. Lot 1, Block 9, Subdn. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 1517, G. 1. Lot 186, G. 1. Lot 2546, R. 5, " Silver Star." Lot 2547, R. 5, " Pay Roll." Lot 2548, R. 5, " South West." Lot 1156, R. 5, "Home Run." Lot 499 (S.). Lot 8421, G. 1. Lot 8261, G. 1. Sec. 68. Lot 23, Block 34, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 23 & 24, Blk. 31, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 2973, G. 1. Lot 1597, G. 1. Lot 3686, G. 1. Lot 1, Block 170, Subdn. of Lot 540, G. 1. N. 4 Lot 782, G. 1. Lot 1139, G. 1. S.W. J Lot 1879, G. 1. Lot 2477, G. 1. Lot 4512, G. 1. Lot 4556, G. 1. Lot 4564, G. 1. Lot 4565, G. 1. Lot 943, R. 5. S.E. i Lot 873, R. lLot 1429, R. 5. 3 Geo. List of Crown Grants. D 29 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. Louisa le Duke William Frank Blind Chris. John Schran John Clark Spencer Claudius Marion Snowden Susannah Gertrude Charlsworth Cecily Palmer Joseph Wine Charles Edward Maddams William Arnold Newcombe George Phillips Richard Ben bow Phil Corrigan John Mulligan Ellen J. Barron Effie McLeod William A. Sullivan Peroival Berry John M Chappell Edwin Jones John Marwick Bertram Felix Andrews Thomas W. Heme The Ohio Mines Development Co., Ltd. (Non-Personal Liability Ditto Alexander McNair William Lee MeLaughlan Joseph Matthew Miller Frank Campbell William English Byron Wilber Dutcher George Else Jack Mitchell Wallace Ross Point Grey Estates Company, Limited. Mary Emma Trethewey Elizabeth C. Cummings Kate E. Hobbs Seymour Tyers Eva Bunbury Reginald Hubert Goodridge Thomas B. Coughlan ... Allan H. Wyllie Charles W. Homer Frederick Nassau Sutton Joseph Francis Thompson John Cowdry B. F. Lundy and Caroline V. Daniels.. Elijah C. Mitchell Theodore H. Mueller Edward S. Weeks James Marshall Carlyle Adele Smith Elizabeth Woon Lester Maurice McNeil John Hugh McDonald Henry William Hutchinson Dorothy Kershaw Robert Bray Albert Moriee Miller George Ritchie William Bestall Benjamin Taylor Hale George McCullough Ronald Struthers Coast. .. Osoyoos Queen Charlotte. Kamloops Chemainus Cariboo Similkameen . .. Clayoquot Coast Cariboo Kootenay East.. Kootenay West . Similkameen District. Description op Property. Kootenay East .. Coast.... Kootenay Cranberry New Westminster Coast Kootenay West Sayward Kootenay West Osoyoos Otter Kootenay West Kamloops. Coast New Westminster Lillooet Kootenay East ... Coast Kamloops. Coast. Cassiar Cariboo Kootenay West Rupert Kamloops Coast Osoyoos Coast. .. Lillooet. .. Cariboo. .. Osoyoos .. Coast Queen Charlotte . Kootenay West.. Claj'oquot Kamloops Queen Charlotte. Lot 3831, R. 5. Lot 3760, G. 1. Lot 4088, G. 1. Lots 284 and 509. Lot 1508, G. 1. Lot 172. Lot 1860, G. 1. Lot 1518 (S.). S. 4 Lot 444. Lot 1373, R. 5. Fract. N.E. \ Lot 1578, G. 1. Lot 10088, G. 1. Lot 10062, G. 1, " Boon Fractional." Lot 3002 (S.), " Snowshoe Fraction." Lot 807 (S.), "Puritan." Lot 9030, G. 1. Lot 9878, G. 1. Lot 10488, G. 1. Lot 40, Bk. 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Block 16, Subd. of Lot 9555, G. 1. N. 4 Sec. 17, Range 8. Lot 2961, G. 1. W. \ of N.W. j of Lot 2550, R. 5. Lot 6017, G. 1, "Indiana." Lot 6018, G. 1, "L. H." Lot 6019, G. 1, " Broadview Fraction." Lot 722, "Rising Sun." Lot 1036, G. 1, " Deer Lodge." S. 4 of N.E. I & W. 4 of S.E. i Sec. 15, Tp. 14. Sec. 54. Lot 7835, G. 1. Lot 9350, G. 1. Lot 2733, G. 1. Lot 1172, R. 4. Lot 1173, R. 4. Lot 1, Block 23, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 2222, G. 1. Lot 6623, G. 1. Lot 3391, R. 5. Lot 3395, R. 5. Lot 3397, R. 5. Lot 78, G. 1. Lot 1046, R. 5. Lot 1573, G. 1. Lot 1574, G. 1. Lot 3756, G. 1. Lot 6303, G. 1. Lot 79 Lot 2109, G. 1, "Victoria." Lots 15 & 16, Blk. 9, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert.. Lots 3 & 4, Block 2. Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Fract. See. 19, Tp. 9, R. 4. N.E \ Sec. 8, Tp. 27. Lot 4633, R. 5. Lot 926, R. 5. Lot 2061, G. 1. Lot 4230, G. 1. N.E. J Sec. 14, Tp. 41. Lot 927, R. 5. Lot 3362, R. 5. Lot 1212. Lot 7864, G. 1. Lot 435a. Lot 1146. Lot 2228, G. 1. Lot 497. D 30 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Frederick King Hughes Robert Boss Thompson Ferrier George Farrant Robert Joseph Alben William McCullough Emily McCullough George M. Davis Joel H. Pillsbury Emma Maxwell John \Y. Ambury Andrew P. Maxwell Charles Miller Kate Huckell ... Charles W. Carr Joseph Price Leopold Samuel Edward Simmons .. James Patterson Edward M. Flock Alexander McNair Samuel Gourley Alexander Wybrow Richard Thomas Elliott James Bruce McClelland Thomas Armstrong Edwin J. Cudworth William John Garraway Donald Bain Mac Donald John McLellan Richard Hill Samuel A. Hunter and Ole Larson. .. William J. Leary Ada Irena Clougli John Beak , Clarence Burritt Edward James Haller Doris Thornton Aldous Dan McKae Isabella McRae Pauline McKerrell Watson Solomon Abner Robinson Benjamin Franklin Armstrong James I'olton John Sunberg Elizabeth Mills James Lambert and MaryKimpton. The United Western Property Co., Ltd George Bennett. Arthur P. McCorkindale William Brooksbank Fred P. Murray James Fowlie Harriet Marjeere McCullough The Pacific Coast Exploration Co., Ltd. District. Coast a Kamloops Coast a Cariboo Cassiar Osoyoos Coast Sayward Cassiar Renfrew Sayward Rupert Cariboo Similkameen Osoyoos Kootenay West . . Queen Charlotte. . Kootenay West . . Queen Charlotte . . Kootenay West .. Coast Goldstream Lillooet Cassiar Kootenay East ... // ... Cariboo Coast // a Kootenay East ... Coast n New Westminster Cariboo Kamloops Cassiar Description of Property'. Lot 12, Bk. 45, Sec. S, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 13, 14, 15, 16, and 17, Block 27, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 17 and 18 Block 20, Sec. 6, Town of Prince Rupert Lot 1320, R. 5. N.E. J Lot 2115, R. 5. Lot 2227, G. 1. Lot 2235, G. 1. Lot 4712, R. 5. Lot 4079, R. 5. Lot 4080, R. 5. Lot 4081, R. 5. Lot 4082, R. 5. Lot 1203, R. 4. Lot 2569, R. 5. N.E J Lot 1089, G. 1. Lot 2125, G. 1. Fract. E. J Sec. 16, Tp. 9. Lot 3906, G. 1. Sec. 11, Tp. 18, R. 5. Lot 723, "Lucky Jim." Lot 721, " Saxon." Lot 769, G. 1, "Rex." Lot 770, G. 1, " Ajax." Lot 771, G. 1, "Auto." Lot 772, G. 1, "Minnie." Lot 773, G. 1, " Maid of Erin." Lot 710. A strip of land reserved from Lot 26. Lot 101. E. 4 Lot 1577, G. 1. Lot 1578 (S.). Lot 2692, G. 1. Lot 9039, G. 1. Lot 1309. Lot 9525, G. 1. Lot 10441, G. 1, "Mavflovver." Lot 10442, G. 1, " Hillside." Lot 501. Lot 10396, G. 1. Lot 1927, R. 5. Sec. 46. Lot 646, G. 1. Lot 1338, G. 1. Lot 9026, G. 1. Lot 9029, G. 1. Lot 11028, G. 1. Lot 1771, G. 1. Lot 1782, G. 1. S. 4 Lot 3370, R. 5. Lot 7, Block 9, Sec. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 19 & 20, Block 19, Sec. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 9562, G. 1. Lots 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, Block 23, Sec. 8, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 25 and 26, Block 27, Sec. 1, Tn. of Prince Rupert. Lots 5 and 6, Block 26, Sec. 6, Tn. of Prince Rupert. Lots 9 and 10, Block 15, Sec. 7, Town, of Prince Rupert. Lot 2911, G. I. Lot 1812, G. 1. Lot 2240, G. 1. Lot 774, G. 1, "Jumbo." 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 31 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. The Pacific Coast Exploration Co., Ltd. II I! Neil McLeod Curran John Kennard Alvah L. Hager William Mansley Riley Phillip Rawney Brooks Elias James Tingley Michael Dumout Harry Keyes Brooks Mark Brennau Robert Sollan Charles C. Westenhaver Frederick Arthur Fcnton The Board of School Trastees of Delta. Lewis Stockett Tacoma Steel Company District. Cassiar Coast New Westminster . Os- '3roos New Westminster Queen Charlotte. . Kootenay West . . New Westminster Coast Nanaimo Coast Otter New Westminster . Kootenay West.. . . New Westminster Coast. George Young James Ross « Nora Monday Cariboo. John H. Sweder. William John Bayne Katherine McGillvrey Carl G. Johnstone Ole Olsen George Pearson John C. Irwin Amos White and Cynthia White. Kate M. Osborne Coast. Henry Lincoln Walters .. John Arthur Russell Lewis Cleveland Knauss . Mary Whiteacre Ellen Mullen Henry Vivian Acland Francis Philip Howard. .. Frank D Kibbee Annibale Bianco Elizabeth Mary Harris. .. Jean Emile Morrie Stive Mailovini Clement Hungerford Pollen Jillis. Joseph Shea Maud Nicholas Winnifred Daisy Flexman... George B. Thompson, Constant L. G and William A. DeBord Frank Biron Joseph A Brown, Official Administrator, Administratorof the Estateof Michael Sullivan, deceased intestate William George Humble Michael Thomas Murphy Vicker WTallace Haywood Louise Patterson Livesley Kamloops New Westminster Coast New Westminster . Cariboo Kamloops Coast Cariboo Lillooet Osoyoos Similkameen . Cariboo Coast Kootenay East . Kamloops. Clayoquot Coast Similkameen Cassiar Coast New Westminster Cariboo Description op Property. Lot 775, G. 1, "Ben Bolt." Lot 2325, G. 1, "Ben Bolt Fraction." Lot 2319, G. 1, "Chicago Fraction." Lot 4073, R. 5. Lot 4, Block 19, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 18, Block 14, Town of Hedley. Lot 3429, G. 1. Lot 746. Lot 8784, G. 1. Lot 3430, G. 1. Lot 325, R. 4. Fract. N.W. \ Sec. 16. Lot 26, Block 7, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. See. 59. Lot 508, G. 2. Lots 20 and 21, Block 22, Town of Kitchener. Lot 317, "Canada No. 28." Lot 318, " Canada No. 29 Fractional." Lot 319, " Canada No. 31." Lot 320, "CunadaNo. 30." Lot 321, " Canada No. 32." Lot 322, " Canada No. 33." Lot 323, "Canada No. 35." Lot 324, " Canada No. 34." Lot 1664, R. 4. Lot 4713, R. 5. Lot 1077, G. I. Lot 996, R. 5. N.E. I Lot 3357, R. 5. Lot 4714, R. 5. Lot 4715, R. 5. Lot 1815, G. 1. Lot 1257. G. 1. Lot 12, Bk. 24, Sec. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 5, Bk. 15, Sec. 7, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 21, Bk. 128, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1, Town of Vancouver. Lot 2562, G. 1. Lot 2063, G. 1. Lot 913, R. 5. Lot 2383, G. 1. Lot 1392, G. 1. Lot 3957, G. 1. Lot 517 (S.). Lot 363, G. 1. Lot 31, Bk. 7 Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 49 & 50, Bk. 16, S. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 32 and. 33, Bk. 28, See. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 15, Bk. 19. Sec. 6, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 9820, G. 1, "Good hope." Lot 9821, G. 1, "Rose." Lot 9822, G. 1, "Toolips." Lot 2443, G. 1. Lot 1062. Lot 544, R. 5. Lot 29, Block 7, Sec. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 52, Bk. 34, Sec. 1, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 934 S, " Gold Bug," surface rights. Lot 793, G. 1. Lot 866, R. 5. Lots 100, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, Town of Hastings. Lot 11 44a, G. 1. D 32 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. Charles N. Cox Alfred Wilson Antone Boitano Peter Wilkie J. Ambrose O'Brien James Pope , John H. Lunos William S. Henry Frank S. Gale John Anderson Fraser Josiah E. Doyen Andrew Patterson Robert Thomson Clark Thomas Telfer Aitken Helen Gibson Neill James Logue Joseph W. Lecky Francis Curran Lang Roger Clarkson Henry Edward Arthur Courtney... . Angelo Luciani, Luigi Gre, & Antonio Copicetti Isaac H. Hallett & James F. Cunningham Roger MeNutt Willie Tom Lockyer Harry Lichtman , William La Chappelle Elijah F. Davis Lawrence Schamerhorn Edouard Camagna Gahr Pederson Myren Emma Tyers James Tyers ... Benjamin Franklin Nellie Hodgins Arthur Purves Charles E. Zurbrigg Lila M. Cooke Percy R. Brown Mark William Cuzner Stanley Boys Upton Runnells Andrew McKay Thomas Green Laura Wakefield Robert W. Pope Carry Gamier Harry McGregor Leonard N. Neslett James T. Breeze Annie Kennedy Pope WTilliam Herbert Wilkerson James Waybright Gordon A. Mitchell Alfred Ernest Churches William A. Talbot '. Maud Phair Annie Falkiner Charles A. Nelson Hans Lof Albert Edward Irwin James Aird Stuart McLean Milne William J. Gardiner Gerald C. Chubb Edith B. Hamilton William S. Rugh District. Kamloops Coast Lillooet Kootenay East ... Coast Cariboo Cassiar Kootenay West .. Coast Clayoquot Rupert Kootenay West . . Kootenay East ... Cariboo Coast Similkameen New Westminster Cassiar Coast Osoyoos Yale Coast /' Cariboo Coast a // a // a /' a a // a a Kootenay West .. '/ . . Lillooet a .... Kamloops Cariboo Coast Description of Property. Lot 1818, G. 1. Lot 1934, R, 5. Lot 1219, G. 1. Lot 5952, G. 1. Lot 4634, R. 5. Lot 1667, R. 4. Fract. N.E. J See. 9, Tp. 4, R. 3. Fract. N. E. J of Lot 865, R. 5. Lot 1661a, R. 4. Lot 3050, G. 1. Lot 1281, G. 1. Lot 772, G. 1. Lot 822, R. 5. Lot 2617, R. 5. Lots 121 and 124. Lot 672. Lot 9767, G. 1. Lot 9958, G. 1. Lot 1612, G. 1. Lot 1676, R. 4. Lot 1464 (S.), "June." Lot 591 (S.), "Lock Port." Lot 2631, G. 1. Lot 3377, G. 1. Lot 1318, G. 1. Lot 1175, R. 4. S.W. 1 Sec. 29, Tp. 10, R. 4. N.E. 1 Sec. 25, Tp. 13, R. 5. N.W. i Sec. 28, Tp. 57. Lot 478, G. 1. Lot 3392, R. 5. Lot 3394, G. 1. S. 4 of S. 4 Lot3428,&N. 4 of N. 4 Lot 3431, G. 1 Lot 4408, R. 5. Lot 4410, R. 5. Lot 4413, R. 5. Lot 4414, R. 5. Lot 4083, R. 5. Lot 4511, R. 5. Lot 1447, R. 5. N.W. i Lot 1022, R. 5. Lot 1322, R. 5. Lot 4512, R. 5. Lot 1663, R. 4. Lot 1666, R. 4. Lot 1668, R. 4. Lot 1669, R. 4. Lot 1670, R. 4. Lot 1671, R. 4. Lot 1672, R. 4. Lot 1677, R. 4. Lot 1723, R. 4. N. 4 of Lot 79, R. 4. Lot 7190, G. 1. Lot 9059, G. 1. Lot 2992, G. 1. Lot 2993, G. 1. Lot 63, G. 1. Lot 2412, G. 1. Lot 2420, G. 1. Lot 837, G. 1. Lot 1873, G. 1. Lot 1141, G. 1. S. 4 of Lot 77, R. 4. N. 4 and S.E. J Lot 80, R. 4. Lot 81, R. 4. : Logging operations in Kootenay Valley. Note small logs used. Coast timber felled and bucked, ready tor the donkey-engine. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 33 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. Mary Winnifred O'Sullivan Frank Hodgins Max J. Egge" Ida Huteson Maggie Paul Elizabeth Annie Clark . Joseph Wilmot Graham Christina MacDonald Harry Alexander Glennie George Drew Edward E. Leason Andrew Johnson Simon Fraser McKenzie William George Carson Kalle Tarkkanen John Granville Thynne Albert E. Black Rowena Jane Musson Christian Wenger John H. Jackson Jacob Zurbrigg Dora Leason Colville Wilson David A. Higson James William Bryant Frank G. Fox The Bowen Island Copper Company, Limited (Non-personal Liability).... Harry Hay Anderson Canadian North Pacific Fisheries, Ltd. Allan WTilliam Anderson George R. Naden Gust Selvin Percy Webster Abner L. McElfresh Isaac S. Freeze Oscar A. Benson Josephine Fosback Michael Twohy Frederic August Gowan Edward Charles Pieper Eastern Townships Investment Co., Ltd Edward Frigon L. E. Simmons, E. C. Simmons, W. L. Simmons, J. F. Simmons, Ada Elizabeth Thompson, and Margaret Bate. Patrick J. Moran Ernest Dunforde Orde, and William Henry Bell Saumerez Le Coque Grant George R. Naden John Dalawrak Semen Dalawrak Peter Dalawrak Osear Delasala Norman Morrison Glen Andrew Passmore John Doering 3 District. Coast. Cariboo. Clayoquot Coast Cassiar . .. Coast Osoyoos .. Cariboo. .. Coast Lillooet .. Rupert ... Yale Cariboo. .. Clayoquot Coast Yale Coast. Cariboo Saturnal., Cowich'n Sayward New Westminster Coast. Queen Charlotte. . Kootenay West . . Coast New Westminster Rupert Osojfoos .. Coast Similkameen Kootenay East . Cariboo Description of Property. Lot 3644, R. 5. Lot 4406, R. 5. Lot 1092, G. 1. Lot 1652, G. 1. Lot 288. Frac. N.E. i Lot 717, R. 5. Lot 850, G. 1. Lot 50, Bk. 28, See. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 3591, G. 1. Lot 604, G. 1. Lot 819, R. 5. S.W. i of Lot 872, R. 5. Lot 2629, R. 5. Lot 878, G. 1. Fract. S. 4 Sec. 16, Tp. 1. Lot 475, G. 1. Lot 1589, G. 1. Lots 4 and 5, Block 3, Sec. 5. Lot 4, Block 18, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 1, 2, and 3, Block 1; Lots 12 and 13, Blk. 2; Lots 4 & 5, Blk. 9, Tulameen. Lot 4412, R. 5. Lot 820, EL 5. S.E. I Lot 795, and N.E. 1 Lot 859, R. 4. Lot 2559, G. 1. Fract. S.E. \ Sec. 2. Lot 501. Lot 3368, G. 1, "Victoria." Lot 383, R. 2. Lot 55. Lot 7462, G. 1. Lots 115 and 116, Block 34, Sec. 8, Town of Prince Rupert. Lot 29, Block 27, See. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 39, Blk. 17, See. 1; Lots 28 and 29, Blk. 9, Sec. 5; & Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, Blk. 37, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 10 and 11, Block 24, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 7, Block 31, See. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 53, Block 34, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 26, Bella Coola. Lot 766, R. 4. Lot 1024, R. 5. Lot 3180, R. 5. Lot 1, Block 171, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 103. S. 4 of S. 4 See. 29 & N. 4 of N. 4 Sec. 20, Tp. 5. Lots 14, 15 and 16 Block 28, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 14 & 15, Block 30, See. 1, and Lots 27 & 28, Bk. 27, Sec. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 1, 2, 3, and 4, Block 11, Sec. 5, Town of Prince Rupert. Lots 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, and 31, Block 28, Sec. 5. Prince Rupert. Lot 17, Bk. 11, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 15, Bk. 11, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 16, Bk. 11, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 27, Bk. 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 1562, (S.), "St. Lawrence." Lot 1563 (S), "Copper Queen." Lot 8443, G. 1. S. 4 Lot 1886, and N. 4 Lot 1887, G. 1. D 34 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. Reginald Geary Fred V. Shute Harry Selwood Allan A. Magee William John Morris . James Swan Harvey. Walter Gould William Stronach Michael Charles Lawler.. John Joseph Smith Frederick John Parham Edith Lucy Taylor Adele Ann Seymour Muriel Tyers AVinnifred Tyers 'John James Furlong Jacob Conrad Kloeppcr Louis Henry Brooks Peter Drummond Leonard Pye Locke Richard A. Trethewey, Joseph Ogle Trethewey, and Peter Drummond. .. Roger R. Hill Richard Arthur Trethewey and Joseph Ogle Trelhewey D. F. Stroebeck Ernest St. Clair Graham Joseph Burgess James Baker Emil van Gastal Samuel 0. Bailey. Herbert H. Neale. Warren Kissick . . Thomas Walton Frederick R. Giertscn. George Geary Edmund Corbett Hellen W. Mitchell... William M. Law John William Jameson. Robert Stather Emma MacLaren William MacLaren Ronald Cliff Charles Cliff Horatius Barbaree Ethel Manford Ethel Lundy Josephine Legar May CaddeU Winnifred Forin Vincent Doyle Henry McCandless William Denholm Laughlin McDonald John WTilliam Moorehouse. Henry E. Mundy District. Cariboo Coast // Queen Charlotte . . Kootenay East ... Kamloops Cariboo New Westminster Coast Yale .'.'.'....'..'.'. Queen Charloote. . Kootenay West Osoyoos Coast Cariboo Cassiar Kootena}' East , Coast Cariboo. Coast. Description op Property'. Lot 2033, G. 1. Lot 1628, R. 4. N.W. I Sec. 16, Tp. 8, R. 5. Fract. Sec. 10, Tp. 18, R. 5. N. 4 Lot 3543, R. 5. N. 4 Sec. 8, and S. 4 Sec. 17, Tp. 11, R. 4. Lots 13 and 14, Block, Bk. 19, See. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 967. Lot 10551, G. 1. Lot 2832, G. Lot 45S3, G. Lot 3086, G. Lot 607a, R. Lot 3393, R. Lot 3396, R. Lot 3986, R. E. 4 Sec. 21, Tp. 7, R. 5. Lot"659. G. I. Lot 1861, "Jessie." Lot 1864, "Sweet Flag." Lot 1865, "Adonis." Lot 1976, "Hot Punch." Lot 1977, "Iron Duke." Lot 86, " Harriet." Lot 9363, G. 1, " Pearl Fractional." Lot 3592, G. 1. Lot 12, Bk. 1, Sec. 8. Prince Rupert. Lot 22, Bk. 19, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 36. 37, and 38, Block 1, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 33, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 12, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Pviipert. Lot 9, Block 24, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 10, Block 24, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 25 and 26, Block 29, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 1898, G. 1. Let 2111, G. 1. Lot 9825, G. 1. Lot 2594. G. 1. Lot 13, Block 18, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, and 74, Block 3, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 2023, G. 1. Lot 2536, G. 1. Lot 2634, G. 1. Lot 2657, G. 1. Lot 2663, G. 1. Lot 2669, G. 1. Lot 2668, G. 1. Lot 2522, G. 1. Lot 2524, G 1. Lot 2528, G. 1. Lot 2531, G. 1. Lot 3627, G. 1. Lot 3631. G. 1. Lot 22, Blk. 14, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 4 and 5, Block 31, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 16, Blk. 19, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 5> Bk. 42, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 1, 2, and 6, Block 25 ; Lots 3 and 4, Block 46, Sec. 8 ; Lot 11, Block 9 ; Lots 5 and 6, Block 11, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 35 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. District. Description op Property. Robert D. Harris Lots 16 and 17, Block 2, See. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 8, 9, 10, and 11, Block 45, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 26, Block 9, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 7, Block 45, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 69. Lot 3, Block 31, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. N.W. J of Lot 1106, G. 1. Thomas Hennessey and Elizabeth J. James M. Stewart & Joseph H. Nut-tall Clayoquot Coast ... New Westminster . Cariboo Osoyoos Lots 1 and 3, Block 13, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 2523, G. 1. Charles Ogden William Crawford, Jr Harold Middleton Ellis Lot 2538, G. 1. Northerly 127 acres of Fract. N.W. J of Sec. 20, Tp. 29. Lot 3968, G. 1. Clarence Gonzague Rochon . . . Coast Lots 15 and 16, Block 17, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 42, Bk. 13, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 19, Block 13, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 5 and 6, Block 8, and Lots 16 and 17, n Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 19 and 20, Block 6, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 6, Block 20, See. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 3, Block 6, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 16, Block 18, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 19. Lot 384, R. 2. Lot 6344, G. 1. S.E. J Lot 3367, G. 1. N.E. J Lot 3367, G. 1. S. 4 Lot 4999, G. 1. Lot 2951, G. 1. Lot 8038, G. 1. Lot 7, Block 9, Tulameen. N.W. i Sec. 13, Tp. 1a, R. 5. Lot 1645, R. 4. " Frank A. Brewer James Pirie Robertson Franc Henry Pearson Clark Marshall Edwin Ban- Hall Rupert Coast Kootenay East .... Cariboo New Westminster . Kootenay West .. . Yale Coast Lot 2544, R. 5. Lot 3491, R. 5. Ellen Mary Clarence, Administratrix of the Estate of Arthur John Chown Osoyoos Cassiar Kootenay East .... Coast Osoyoos Cowichan Lot 1273, G. 1. Lot 1074, G. 1, " River Mouth." Lot 9247, G. 1. Clifton Maxwell Fract. N.W. \ Sec. 29, Tp. 4, R. 5. E. 4 of Fract. S.E. \ Sec. 30, Tp. 43. Fract. W. \ Sec. 1. Lots 37 and 38, Block 5, See. 1, Prince Rupert. Samuel W. Forteath Ronald John McDonell Kootenay West . . . Lot 4604, G. 1, " White Iron." Northerly 78 acres Lot 213, westerly 140 acres Lot 219, and westerly 40 acres Lot 220, G. 1. Lot 1717, R. 5. Lot 15, Block 7, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Edward C. Gibbons & Michael McCaflery Ronald Campbell Rutherford. Patrick Lot 14, Block 7, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 2624, R. 5. Lot 1893, G. 1. Lots 27 and 28, Block 30, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 36 and 37, Block 38. Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 5, Block 22, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 3 and 4, Block 42, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Francis Freeman Tupper Lot 3, Block 15, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 4, Block 15, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 10, Block 37, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 11, Block 37, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 11 and 12, Block 39, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 113 and 114, Bk. 34, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 40 and 41, Block 1, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Isaac H. Hallett & Albert E. Ashcroft.. Similkameen Lot 1064, " Smilax Fractional." D 36 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Point Grey Estates Company, Limited. John Reeves Carl Alfred Carson James A. Hickey & John Fountain.... Albert Burns Paul Valerious Albert J. Jorgenson Harry Russell Beaubier Barbara Zurbrigg The Grand Trunk Pacific Development Company, Limited Asberry C. Dale Thomas P. Broderiok Emma Eliza Compton John Macfie Winnifred Burdett Richards James Ferguson Armstrong, Official Administrator, Administrator of the Estate of William Baillie, deceased intestate , John A. Crawford & William Crawford Robert Struthers Richard W. Godfrey Jean Lewis William E. Fisher Frank Edwin Clapp James M. Christie James Ramsay Foxcrowle P. Cook Michael Kamano Philip Spieer Myra DeNyse Greene Johan D. Frederiksen Dithew M. Frederiksen George Thomson, Official Administrator, Administrator of the Estate of James McRoberts, deceased intestate.... Matthew George McDaniel Robie Lewis Reid The Bowen Island Copper Company, Limited (Non-personal Liability).... William Lee McLaughlan William Edwards Hodder Gus F'audrey Allan Newton Barbour Myra Cooke John Marsden William Henry Goodsell Earnest A. Robinson Bernard Halloran William S. Sargeant Fay Alfred Scott Mary H. Brown Matthew Mayer Nicholas Homeniuk Robert Alexander Austin Clarkson Hester M. Kergin Bert Long Joseph Warren Revere Murphy James Aird Frederick John Chaplin William George Duguid Ernest Anstee Price William P. Johnson District. New Westminster Cariboo ... Coast Cassiar Coast Cariboo Coast Cariboo Similkameen Coast Cassiar Coast . Rupert Kootenay East Osoyoos . Kamloops Coast Yale Coast Sayward..... Coast Nanaimo Coast Queen Charlotte.. New Westminster Kootenay West .. Lillooet . Cariboo. . Comox .. Coast.... // .... Cassiar .. i n .. a . . Coast.... Cariboo. . Cassiar .. Kamloops Cariboo.. Coast. ... /' .... Kamloops Osoyoos . Lillooet . Cassiar . . Coast.... Description of Property-. Lot 1, Block 26, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 3376, G. 1. Lot 3968, G. 1. Fract. S. 4 Sec. 7, Tp. 11, R. 5. Lot 1316, G. 1. Lot 1627, R. 4. Lot 1091. G. 1. S. 4 Lot 3543, R. 5. Lot 4411, R. 5. Lot 343, G. 1, Indian Reserve No. 1, Ft. George. Lot 1253 (S.). Lot 1625, R. 4. Lot 666, G. 1. Fract. S.E. J Sec. 9, Tp. 11, R. 5. S.E. J Sec. 18, Tp. 3. Lot 757, G. 1. . N.E. i Sec. 20, and S.E. i Sec. 29, Tp. 29. Lot 36, G. 1. Lot 15, Block 46, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 3, Block 43, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 11 and 12, Block 27, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 3 and 4, Block 12, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 30, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 23 and 24, Block 4; Lots 19, Block 12, Sec. 6; and Lots 59 and 60, Block 34, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. ,n-fr -.K.-i Lot 10 and 11, Block 2, Tulameen. Lot 501, R. 1. Lot 496. Lot 543, R. 5. Lot 2545, R. 5. Lot 2501, R. 5. N.W. J Sec. 23. Lot 691, R. 5. Lot 1971, "Reid." Lot 3367, G. 1, "Vancouver." Lot 1034, G. 1, "Kaslo." Lot 5189, G. 1, "Patrick." Lot 5191, G. 1, "Miller Creek Fraction." Lot 821, G. 1. Lot 2649, G. 1. Lot 5, Subd. of Lot 126, Map 621. Lots 11 and 12, Block 46, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 21, Block 8, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 1201, G. 1. Lot 1203, G. 1. Lot 2323, G. 1, "Bull Fraction." Lot 2638, R. 5. Lot 4561, G. 1. Lot 1321, G. 1. Lot 1419, G. 1. Lot 1611, G. 1. Lot 3062, R. 5. Lot 4116, R. 5. Fract. N.W. £ Sec. 20, Tp. 4, R. 5. Lot 1211, G. 1. Lot 2174, G. 1. Lot 2422, G. 1. Lot 1411, G. 1. Lot 205, R. 5. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 37 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Alexander Stewart Monro John F. Adams Myrl St. Clair Bond Matilda Louise Cropley Harold George Woolley a // a Arthur 0. Wilkinson Hermann Carl and Marie Carl Antoine Joseph Boeur James C. McLean Charles D. Rand George Hillier John L. Deierlein Bruno Reinhold George Roden Francis J. Hobbs Robert Paul Fred Duffield Julia Lake Hans Nyson Henry T. Blackburn John Bronger Elizabeth Blanche Skelhorne Lee Setser James Martin James A. McLean Elizabeth McLean Thomas D. Veitch Richard A. Willing Charles Mcintosh Donald Mcintosh Miles Beecher Andrews Charles William Hills Frederick L. Olslager George Wallace Stanley Jasper John Maddever Morrions Charles Glen Robert Pollock, Jr Mandie Fox George A. McBain a Ole Anderson Ragstad Leander Hanna Leslie Richmond George Cooke Michael J. Hobin Mike Krook John D. Westenhaver Miles Beecher Andrews Keith Merkley Walter Cooke Bernt Fostensen William 0. Johnson Harry R. Ranks James Alexander, Konrad Wawrecka, Benjamin G. Nicoll, & John Dunham Frank Hogen Cecil Wylyam Wearmouth District. Coast. Cariboo. Coast... Clayoquot Rupert . .. Coast Cariboo. .. Cassiar . .. Kamloops. Coast Clayoquot Cariboo... Queen Charlotte . Coast Osoyoos Coast. .. Kootenay West .. New Westminster Cariboo Coast Cariboo. . Nootka. .. Cariboo. .. Kamloops. Coast Description of Property. Cassiar Coast Queen Charlotte. Lot 1337, R. 5. Lot 2107, R. 5. S. 4 Lot 3442, R. 5. Lot 4559, G. 1. Lot 18, Block 7, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 14, Block 7, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 22 and 23, Block 7, and Lot 24, Block 27, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 22, Block 14 ; Lots 18, 19, and 20, Block 20 ; Lots 15, 16, 26, 27, 28, and 29, Block 45, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 17 and 18, Block 6, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 10, 11, Si 12, Bk.42, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 13, Block 37, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 17, Block 13, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lots 18 and 19, Block 30, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 11, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 15 and 16, Block 13; Lots 23 and 24, Blk. 16, See. 6 ; Lots 30 and 31, Blk. 7 ; Lots 3 and 4, Blk. 17; Lots 19 & 20, Sec. 5 ; Lots 20 and 21, Blk. 25, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 17, Block 30, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 39, Block 5, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 19, Block 19, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 25 and 26, Block 2, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 1678, R. 4. Fract. S. 4 Lot 434. Fract. N. 4 of N.W. \ Sec. 6, Tp. 10. See. 14, Tp. 18, R. 5. Lot 2440, G. 1. Lot 1377, G. 1. Lot 1211, G. 1. Lot 1210, G. 1. Lot 2186, G. 1. Lot 2187, G. 1. Lot 1626, R. 5. Lot 1091. Lot 2638, G. 1. Lot 2642, G. 1. Lot 6881, G. 1. Lot 1736. Lot 1632, R. 4. Lot 2503, R. 5. N.E. J Lot 3542, R. 5. Lot 4517, R. 5. Lot 4519, R. 5. Lot 3754, G. 1. Lot 4, Block 43, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 15 and 16, Block 7, Sec. 5. Prince Rupert. Lots 38 and 39, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 46 and 47, Block 30, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 7828, G. 1. Lot 3, Block 3, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 575, G. 1. Lot 4, Block 23, See. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 5, Block 34, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 8 and 9, Block 7, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 1749, G. 1. Lot 54. Lot 2632, G. 1. Lot 2037, G. 1. S. 4 Lot 761, R. 5. Lot 614, R. 5. Lot 20. G. 1, "Northern Partnership No. 2." Lot 38, Block 15, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 1744. D 38 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Philip Grinder Frank Bailey, W. E. Hodges, F. W. Gladden, John Gladden, Si James N. Paton Ditto Andrew Tait Monteith, JohnL. Hange, and Joseph Hunter Richard A. Trethewey & Joseph Ogle Trethewey Amy E. Planta Simon Jacob Weitzman a Rosa Lina Weitzman William Bennett, Bruce White, and Nettie Davey Thomas R. Young Charles I. Allen James A. McEachran John Loring Saxton John C. Williams Robert Simpkins Martin Rockwell Mary M. Biglow Edgar I). Harrison Henry F. Kuehn Kenneth Johnson Robinson Edwin Ernest Conner Archibald Alexander Hedley Gold Mining Company Edward Cleveland Parsons Hidden Creek Copper Company. ... Oliver Redpath, James Manson, and Thomas Balman Owen Salusbury Batehelor Charles William McAllister Joseph Barnett Frederick Ball Deacon Alfred H. Turner John P. Munn Josie Woon Mary F. Thorburn Frederick Archer George Hie Peter Hilton Kristian Osterberg John Tynjata Henry Holkonen Anna Hannukainen Esa Moisio John Mateoja John Malm Kustaa Savola Evert Turunen Robert Alexander Matheison Benjamin Reginald Snell Daniel H. DeCan Alexander Burr Gilbert Genier Lester Ferrell Donald Mcintosh Emil Olans Olson James Frederick Sproule District. Lillooet. Similkameen Rupert Queen Charlotte. . Nanaimo Cassiar Kootenay West Cariboo Sayward...... Cariboo Coast New Westminster Coast Similkameen Coast Cassiar Kamloops. Coast Rupert Coast New Westminster Cassiar Coast Rupert Similkameen Goldstream . Coast Kamloops. Cariboo. .. Cassiar . .. Description of Property. Lot 137, G. 1. Lot 707, "Wellington." Lot 708, " Cracker Jack." Lot 826, "A. T. Monteith." Lot 141, "Pink." Lots 5 and 6, Block 91, Newcastle. Lot 152, G. 1, "Haines." Lot 153, G. 1, "Mable." Lot 959, G. 1, "Edan." Lot 960, G. 1, " Rosa Fraction." Lot 8681, G. 1, "Glad Hand." Lot 308, G. 1. S. W. £ Sec. 33, Cortes Island. Lot 4551, G. 1. Fract. S.W. £ and S. \ of N.W. £ Lot 945, G. 1. S.W. J Sec. 19, Tp. 7, R. 5. Lot 3497, G. 1. Lot 2740, R. 5. Lots 51 and 52, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 17 and 18, Block 8, See. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 36 and 37, Block 15, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 18, Block 13, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 18 and 19, Block 37, Sec. 7, and Lots 89 and 90, Block 34, See. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 13, Block 9, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 1582 (S.), "New York Fractional." Lot 1332, R. 5. A strip of Land, Lot 898, G. 1. 'Homestake." ' Wheal Tamar.' 11. Caribo Lot 2125, G. 1, Lot 2126, G. 1, Lot 945, R. 5. Fract. N.E. £ Sec. 26, Tp. Lot 4004, R. 5. Lot 1549, G. 1. Lot 2110, G. 1. Lot 925, R. 5. Lot 542, R. 5. Lot 4415, R. 5. Lot 1045, R. 5. N.E. £ of N.W. £, Fract. N.E. £ and Fract. S.E. £, Sec. 1. Fract. W. \ of Fract. N.W. £ Sec. 7. Fract. E. 4 of Fract. E. 4 Sec. 9. Fract. E. | of Fract. N.W. £ of Sec. 11 and Fract. E. 4 of Fract. S.W. £ Sec. 18. Fract. E. 4 of Fract. N.E. £ Sec. 19. W. 4 of N.W. £Sec. 19. E. 4"of N.E. £ Sec. 21. W. 4 of N.E. £Sec. 21. Fract. S.W. £ of Fract. S.E. £ Sec. 37. Fract. E. 4 Sect. 2, except that portion lying within Lot 15, R. 1, Coast. Lot 795 (S.). Sec. 29. Lot 1630, R. 4. Lot 2615, R. 5. Lot 62, G. 1. Lot 2521, G. 1. Lot 216, G. 1. Fract. N.W. £ Lot 670, G. 1. Lot 765, G. 1. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 39 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED. —Continued. Grantee. Fredric Hale Sa3'ward Arthur S. Fillmore New \\ estminster Walter Thomas Newman Urbano Collachini 'Coast Henry Lincoln Walters ICariboo Alexander Robertson Coast. George D. Scott Frank Buchan Ernest H. Shockley James Fraser Clayoquot Synod of Diocese of New Westminster.. Cariboo. James Fletcher ... George Bennett and David Turner Caroline van Heurck Frederick Albert Round. Severino Camozzi Alex. Jacobs William B. Martlin John Stuart Grey Robert Stark Frederick A. McLeod, William J. Harvey, & Spencer Llewellyn Bulksley. . John Angus Bowles Harry Pomfret Bluck Henry Millar Description of Property. New Westminster Coast Edward Lewis Smith , Mabel Phair Kate Phair Donald McKinon ... Frank Flanigan Annie Coyle Richard Peacock Kootenay West Kamloops Cariboo Coast Lillooet. Coast. Cassiar Coast. Wilfred Joseph Galipeau '. Kootenay West Charles McVittie Susan Chaffey Robertson Marion 0. Bruce Joseph William Bartlett Susan J. Roberts Eva McVittie Edith Loewen Ethel M. Sawyer Alwin de Langstorff William Swinburn Moore Archibald Maedonald Robertson. Kate Morgan Arthur Yool Tullis Grace Tyler Fanny M. Adams George W. Saw3rer Richard Garnham Harvey Annie Elizabeth Robertson Paul Wallach Isaac Benjamin Ivan Miller Alice de Voin Charles Paquette William Coyle Frank J ohnson Gustave A. Rosenthal Ruby de Voin Kamloops Kootenay West Coast Cassiar Lot 210. Lot 2, Block 26, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 2936, G. I. Lot 982, R. 5. Lot 2561, G. 1. Lot 28, Block 7, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 25, Block 29, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 15 and 16, Block 23, Sec.6, Prince Rupert. Lot 6, Block 36, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 281. Lots 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, Block 30, Quesnelmouth. Lot 2626, G. 1. Lots 15 and 16, Block 25, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 17 and 18, Block 31, and Lot 3, Block 45, Sec, 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 18 and 19, Block 24, Sec. 7, and Lots 15 and 16, Block 27, Sec. 7. Prince Rupert. Lot 29, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 1 and 2, Block 14, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 15, Block 18, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 5, Block 18, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 9559, G. 1. Lot 875, G. 1, "Iron Cap." Lot 14, Block 11, Quesnelmouth. Lot 8, Block 9, See. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 75 and 75, Block 13, and Lots 21 and 22, Block 21, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 29, Block 15, and Lots 1 and 2, Block 22, Sec 5,&Lot35, Blk. 7,Sec.6, PrinceRupert. Lot 1485, G. 1. Lot 1121, G. 1. Lot 2986, G. 1. N.WT. £Sec. 2, Tp. Al., R. 5. Lot 3035, R. 5. Lot 1615, G. 1. Lot 4, Block 27, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, Block 24, Grand Forks, Ruckles Addition. Lot 2387, G. 1. Lot 2813, G. 1. Lot 2383, G. 1. Lot 2376, G. 1. Lot 2365, G. 1. Lot 2366, G. 1. Lot 2368, G. 1. Lot 2369, G. 1. Lot 2370, G. 1. Lot 2372, G. 1. Lot 2374, G. 1. Lot 2379, G. 1. Lot 2381, G. 1. Lot 2382, G. 1. Lot 2386, G. 1. Lot 2406, G. 1. Lot 2407, G. 1. Lot 2814, G. 1. Lot 9282, G. 1. Lot 47, Block 1, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 1611, G. 1. Lot 1612, G. 1. Lot 1613, G. 1. Lot 1614, G. 1. Lot 1616, G. 1. Lot 1617, G. 1. Lot 1618, G. 1. D 40 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED. — Continued. Grantee. Claude W. Peppett Joseph W. Peppett a James J. May Corporation of the City of Nelson Henry E. Brickland Donald Bruce John Alexander Johnson Frederick William Bernard Elstermann Joseph McNiell John T. Dennshy William Haggie Mathew Kerr Love Harold Charles Engelson Frederick Bond Richard Porte Sidney John Breckton . . Alfred Winfield Lumm Thomas O'Brien George S. Dempsey Louis Flanigan David Elkins James Marvin Richard Elkins William F. Bartholomew John Patterson Henry Cawley Florence Phair Mortimer George Drummond Hiram B. Roberts Cecil W. Stancliffe John McLennan Arthur Johnston W illiam Richardson George Mulligan William Lloyd Phair Robert A. Allan Thomas W. Trott Irene Crandell Herman Cornelius Hanson a James Shepherd Herbert Silverthorne n Cecil Bennett Harold Bennett Torsten Mathias Orwig Leo Neff Edward Dalton Rorke Thomas Nicol George Ernest Johnston William Dean Clarence Bain Cameron Archibald V\ alker Cameron Millard Cameron John Powell Roberts Eli Harrison •.. Sarah Michie William F. Farrow Bert Carman Alonzo B. Roberts Robert James Mollison Hedley Gold Mining Company Michael Turner Ralph Waldo Wells John Joseph Nerman S. Short District. Description of Property. Coa Cas Koc Coa a a a a n Kot Car Lill Car Kai Coa n Cas Car Lill Kai Cas Coa Car Coa H II If Sim CaT st Lots 1 and 2, Block 43, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 20 and 21, Bk. 24, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. siar Lot 22, Bk. 19, Subd. of Lot 466, G. 1, Stewart. Lot 1622, G. 1. itenay West . . . st Lot 6005, G. 1. Lot 425, R. 5. Lot 593, R. 5. Fract. N. W. £ Lot 1306, R. 5. Lot 1325, R. 5. Fract N.W. 4 Lot 1940, R. 4. Lot 1941, R. 4. Lot 1943, R. 4. Lot 1944, R. 4. Lot 1945, R. 4. Lot 1946, R. 4. Lot 1947. R. 4. Lot 1948, R. 4. S.E. £ Lot 1411, R. 5. Lot 3032, R. 5. Lot 3033, R. 5. Lot 3034, R. 5. Lot 3045, R. 5. Lot 3046, R. 5. Lot 3047, R. 5. Lot 3049, R. 5. itenay West . .. iboo ooet st Lot 3201, G. 1. Lot 2763, G. 1. Lot 3042, G. 1. Lot 232, G. 1, Lot 2367, G. 1. Lot 1942, R. 4. Lot 3539, R. 5. siar Lot 2156, G. 1. Lot 2267, G. 1. Lot 3003, G. 1. Lot 1117, G. 1. Lot 2748, G. 1. nloops st Lot 2188, G. 1. Lot 1346, G. 1. Lot 4, Block 13. Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 17, Block 27, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 5047, G. 1. Lot 2117, R. 5. Lot 2119a, R. 5. Lot 418, R. 4. Lot 428, R. 4. Lot 304, R. 5. ilkameen Lot 594 (S.) Lot 5003, G. 1. Lot 5002, G. 1. Lot 5010, G. 1. Lot 5001, G. 1. Lot 5005, G. 1. Que Lill en Charlotte. .. Lot 5007, G. 1. Lot 5009, G. 1. S.E. £ Lot 1521, and S.W. £ Lot 1522, G. 1. Lot 1727. Lot 1578. Lot 2492, G. 1. Car Kai Coa Sim Coa Cla Lill Coa nloops st Lot 3360, G. 1. Lot 842, G. 1. Lot 26, R. 2. ilkameen st ooet Lot 1581 (S.), "July Fractional." Frac. S. 4 Sec. 7, Tp. 6, R. 5. Lot 1011. Lot 1249, G. 1. Lots 19 and 20, Bk. 16, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert / / if' \ / ''Iff'" jfflr ^ / 1 f w «■■■ BBS ..*(—» V f. tiKp, * j» IBBir UWIHiwliyr ; R ■taBBfSB 1¥ * • if »■• SfrvJ if 4* Ei3 Broad valley of lower end of Tsaytabat Lake, Nation Lake District, heavily forested with Spruce. Typical view of Valley of Fraser River, vicinity of Tete Jaune Cache. Originally covered with heavy stand of timber which was destroyed by Are fifty or sixty years ago. Good agricultural land. . 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 41 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. District. Description op Property. Hosannah Beveridge & Nellie Beveridge William Beveridge & Nellie Beveridge. Lots 6, 7, and 8, Bk. 4, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 8, Block 31, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 1 and 2, Bk. 29, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. VV. 4 of S.E. £ of Sec. 16, and W. 4 of Fract. N.E. £of Sec. 13. Lot 549, G. 1. W. 4of Lot 1086, G. 1. Lot 10612, G. 1. Henry D. Hooley Frank Griffiths Lewis Lillooet Cariboo Kootenay West . .. Kootenay East .... Queen Charlotte ... Cowichan Queen Charlotte ... Sayward Cassiar Coast Lot 8273, G. 1. John S. Ledgerwood Michael Culleton Lot 502. Lot 38. Lot 1577. Fract. S.W. £ Sec. 20, Tp. 4, R. 5. Fract. S.E. £ of Lot 224. Fract. S.W. £ Sec. 33, Tp. 7, R. 4. Lot 1078, G. 1, " Lost Rocker." Lot 1319, G. 1. Lots 51 and 52, Block 1, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 35, Block 31, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. " Lost Rocker," Lot 1078, G. 1, surface rights. Lot 1642, G. 1, " Lady of the Lake." Lot 1643, G. 1, " Fanny H. Fractional." Lot 5, Block 13, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 2000, G. 1, " Park Lane." Lot 2078, G. 1, "Park." Lot 2348, G. 1, "Bear." Lot 2399, G. 1, "Elk." Lot 2400, G. 1, "Deer." Lot 1512 (S.), " Cannon Ball." Lot 5530, G. 1, " Romanes Fractional." Lot 6, Block 17, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 1166, G. 1. Francis S. Dakers The No. 7 Mining Company, Limited . Cassiar Coast New Westminster . a a Similkameen Kootenay West . . . Coast Britannia Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd.. /! . . // . . II . . David P. Hatch, Warren E. Lloyd, and Lot 2059, G. 1. Lot 2326, G. 1. Lot 2890, G. 1. Kootenay East .... Lot 10720, G. 1. Lot 11026, G. 1. Lot 1748, G. 1. Spencer Gordon Lots 195, 196, 220, and 221. Lot 405, R. 4. G. Frank McFarland Lot 1147, R. 4. Lot 1148, R. 4. Lot 1154, R. 4. Lot 1284, R. 4. Lot 1287, R. 4. Lot 1635, R. 4. Lot 1772, G. 1. Lot 1638, R. 4. Similkameen Lot 894 (S.). Lot 73 (S.). George Rowcliffe and John J. Hunf jord W. 4 Sec. 10, Tp. 28. N.W. £ See 29, Tp. 7, R. 4. Lot 2042, G. 1. Lot 7812, G. 1. Lot 3451, R. 5. Corporation of the City of Vancouver.. New Westminster . Coast N.E £ and E. 4 of N.W. £ Sec. 27, sub'n lands. Lot 3600, R. 5. Lot 3601, R. 5. Lot 3602, R. 5. Lot 3604, R. 5. Lot 3605, R. 5. Lot 3606, R. 5. Nellie Dick Lot 3608, R. 5. " Lot 3610, R. 5. Lot 3651, R. 5. „ Lot 3652, R. 5. D 42 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. Winf red Florence Wagner George H. Schoneweg Guorge Crowe James H. Calhoun William L. Sandison Laurence Perm John B. Marie George F. M acomber Thomas 0. McGill Gustaf Lindquist John Henry Kern William W. Davidson Abram H. Loeppky Martin Egan Mary Fitzgerald George Warren Averill J ohn Jary Ira E. Mahon Forrest E. Been Simon D. Murray .... Charles Lacey John Strickland Leitch J. Douglas Wilson & Hugh S. Jordan . John W. Vingner Frank Salter James Arthur Day Sellin Alfred H. Hartley The Pt. Grey Land & In vestment Co., Ld n n Calvert Simson Hallie B. Peake Jennie Brehant John Watson Cousins Geoffrey G. Clarkson Henry Doyle Henry Horstman Jesse Barron James Forest White John O'Sullivan Victor A. Robertson Joseph Renner Norman Lee John W. Sackner Harry Youmans William Duncan Millar George Fennell: Charles E. Shover Richard Smith James W. Nelson Claude B. Wainwright John H. Houston Fred H. Phillips Augustus W. Maudsley Arthur F. Glyn James Lamb George H. Drury Winnifred Gibbon Wallace Law Herbert Hartley. Eric John Nordlander Isabel Cameron Edward Condit Frank Condit Lillie de Voin George Gordon Dickson James V. Oxtoby District. Coast New Westminster . Cariboo Kootenay Queen Charlotte ... Coast Queen Charlotte. Cariboo Kootenay. Coast Description op Property. Similkameen Coast Cariboo Coast New Westminster Kootenay // Osoyoos ... , Cariboo Coast New Westminster Coast n // Cassiar . Queen Charlotte. . Cariboo Coast Cariboo Lillooet Cariboo '/ a it n n it Cassiar // Osoyoos Clayoquot Lot 3653, R. 5. Lot 3031, G. 1. Lot 1617, G. 1. Lot 10606, G. 1. Lot 1304. Lot 3592, R. 5. Lot 3595, R. 5. Lot 3597, R. 5. Lot 2354, R. 5. Lot 421. Lot 4550, G. 1. Lot 4549, G. 1. Lot 8693, G. 1. Lot 2353, R. 5. Lot 2355, R. 5. Lot 87 (S.j. Lots 45 and 46, Block 2, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 5 and 6, Block 19, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 28, Bella Coola. Lot 9, Block 9, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 27 and 29, Bella Coola. Lots 19 and 20, Block 4, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 39, Block 7, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 43, Block 7, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 25, Block 28, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 9, Block 42, Quesnelmouth. Lot 21, Block 12, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 3, Block 164, Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 4, Block 165, Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 4, Block 28, Lot 139, G. 1. Chain strip, Lot 2436, G. 1. Lot 10719, G. 1. Lot 10724, G. 1. Lot 3967, G. 1. Lot 2040, G. 1. Lot 514, R. 5, Lot 3361, G. 1. Lot 3048, R. 5. Lot 1643, R. 4. Lot 3650, R. 5. Lot 1328, G. 1. Lot 256. Lot 531, G. 1. Fract. N.E. £ Sec. 23, Tp. 1, R. 4. Lot 1835, G. 1. Lot 5006, G. 1. Lot 937, G. 1. Lot 4528, G. 1. Lot 4531, G. 1. Lot 5032, G. 1. Lot 5033, G. 1. Lot 5035, G. 1. Lot 5036, G. 1. Lot 5037, G. 1. Lot 5038, G. 1. Lot 5039, G. 1. Lot 5041, G. 1. Lot 5042, G. 1. Lot 5049, G. 1. S.E. £of Lot 4538, G. 1. Lot 6790, G. 1. Lot 5008, G. 1. Lot 1620, G. 1. Lot 1621, G. 1. Lot 1619, G. 1. S. 4 of N.E. £ Sec. 26, Lot 1009. Tp. 41. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 43 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. District. Description of Property. Marshall William Peterson Sholto Douglas McClellan Hugh Todd Cariboo Lot 11105, G. 1. Lot 6787, G. 1. Lot 4054, G. 1. Lot 3689, G. 1. Lots 27 and 28, Block 29, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert, Lot 20, Block 19, Sec. 1, and Lots 20 and 21, Block 15, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 34, Block 7, Sec. 6, and Lots 17 and 18, Block 45, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 21 and 22, Block 32, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 19 and 20, Block 32, Sec. 7 ; Lots 3 and 4, Block 13, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 9, Block 9, Quesnelmouth. Lot 10, Block 9, Quesnelmouth. Lots 1 and 2, Block 13, Hedley. N.E. \ Sec. 10, Saturna Is. Lot 5126, R. 5. Lot 767, G. 1. Lot 8, Block 34, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. . Lot 9, Block 34, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lots 1 and 2, Block 31, Quesnelmouth. Lot 1260 (S.), "Ready Cash Fractional." Lot 9184, G. 1, "Kalama." Lot 1075, G. 1, "Ketchum." Lot 1076, G. 1, " Stop & Rest." Lot 1077, G. 1, "Sunshine." Lot 1259 (S.), " R. Kipling Fraction." Lot 10811, G. 1, " Champion No. 2." Lot 10812, G. 1, "Champion No. 2Fractional." Lot 10813, G. 1, "Sapphire No. 2." Lot 10814, G. 1, "Sapphire No. 2 Fractional." Lot 2335, G. 1, "Lynx." Lot 1519, G. 1, "Night Hawk." Lot 1517, G. 1, "Tom Cat." Lot 1565 (S.), "Lily." Lot 6119, G. 1, "War Eagle." Lot 6120, G. 1, " Golden Key." Lot 6121, G. 1, "Evening Star." Lot 19, Block 40, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 20, Block 40, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 564 (S.), "Belleview Fractional." Lot 123, Hastings. Lot 15, Block 20, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 10, Block 11, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 19, Block 11, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 2876, G. 1. Lot 21, Block 45, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 37 and 38, Block 3, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 3, Block 180, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lots 5, 6, and 7, Block 37, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 51 and 52, Block 28, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 8, 9, 10, 53, and 54, Block 39 ; Lots 1 and 2, Blk. 40 ; Lots 20 and 27, Blk. 42 ; Lots 26 and 27, Blk. 49; and Lots 18 and 19, Blk. 51, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 1439 (S.). Lot 1257, G. 1, "Banxite." Lot 1258, G. 1, "Gipsy." Lot 1259, G. 1, "Aggatite." Lot 910, G. 1. Lots 2 and 3, Block 40, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 2 and 3, Block 18, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Osoyoos William Fair George Robert Tregerthen Sawle Henry Moffat Cariboo Similkameen .... Cariboo New Westminster . Cariboo John McLean, John A. Fraser, and Stephen L. Hilborn George Cook & Mary Turner McMynn.. Hugh J. P. Buckley Vancouver Portland Canal Mines, Ltd., Kootenay West . . . Cassiar Ditto George Cook, Lorin A. Smith, Joseph E. McEwen, & Mary Turner McMynn.. Daniel A. MacLachlan Similkameen Kootenay West .. New Westminster . Kamloops Britannia Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. John 0. Thompson & William D. Morton Robert Macnair, Nils Johnson, & Jacob Similkameen Kootenay East .... a .... Ditto Similkameen New Westminster . Eric E. Jackson & Fi-ancis W. Groves. Malcolm XV. McLeod Alia Metta Clapsattle Reid Torger Anderson Lawrence Manning Proctor , Cariboo Coast New Westminster . Similkameen Kamloops Thomas Dufferin Pattullo David R. McElmon Kootenay Bonanza Mines, Ltd. (Non- Personal Liability) Walter W. Gollin D 44 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Walter W. Gollin Alexander Johnston George W. J. Movre, Arthur D. Hardie, and John J. Hutch Waldemar Loyal Edgar F. King Lizzie Wesley Charles Wesley Thomas Quigley James Reed George R. Andrews Leroy W. Lewis Clarence McDonald Joseph Grummett District. Coast. Cariboo. Coast. George Hugh Pidcock , Anna Fuller Thomas James Jackman George Morrison Brash James Kent Harvey William Goodenough John Frederick Simmons Frederick Samuel Gay Lem Broughton James Ollason and George Kruse.... Andrew Glide James Newell Louisa Jones Roy L. Collard Charles Rodgers Egbert Lillie Ben Werden George D. Bampton Ada G. Beaven John B. Holderoft Malcolm Dunlop Knocker Gertrude Warren Alvar O'Brien Harry B. Tweed .... Frank Meldon Petre Reimbeault Arthur Tucker Charles Ross James E. Jacobsen Francis Josephine Clarke Peter B. Anderson William Charles Bayly James Chopin Morgan Mark Christenson Margaret Leslie Martial Saunier Hilda King Ethel M. King Constance Hutchison Frederick Dupuis William Alvin Angstadt Allen Wilson Hamill James Theodore Hillis Arthur Ormiston Cochrane, Official Administrator of the Estate of Alexander D. McDonald, deceased Robert B. Dickey . George R. Tinker Arthur Percival Proctor Sayward.. Cassiar . .. Coast Kamloops. Coast Osoyoos .. Kamloops Coast Kamloops Cassiar Coast Kootenay East , Coast Coast. Queen Charlotte . Sayward Cassiar Coast Cassiar Coast Kootenay Kamloops.... Similkameen . Kamloops Similkameen . Kamloops Lillooet. Cariboo. Elbert T. Lamphere. Osoyoos .. Lillooet .. Victoria . Cariboo., Description of Property. New Westminster Coast Clayoquot Lots 13 and 14, Block 4, See. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 3386, R. 5. Lots 743, 744, and 745a, G. 1. Lot 4008, G. 1. Lot 4215, G. 1. Lot 4243, G. 1. Lot 4244, G. 1, Lot 4245, G. 1. Lot 6781, G. 1. Lot 6782, G. 1. Lot 6783, G. 1. Lot 6785, G. 1. Portion of Fract. N. J of S.E. J Sec. 25, Tp. 6, and Fract. S.W. i Sec. 30, Tp. 8, R. 3, lying N. of Bella Coola River. Lot 209. Lot 1202, G. 1. Lot 796, R. 4. Lot 1888, G. 1. Fract. N.W. \ Sec. 33, Tp. 7, R. 4. N.E. i of N.E. J Sec. 19, Tp. 5. S.E. i of S.E. I Sec. 30, Tp. 5. Lot 1918, G. 1. Lots 293 and 293a, R. 5. Lot 663, G. 1. Lot 1462, G. 1. Lot 3375, R. 5. Lot 10726, G. 1. Fract. S.W. J of Sec. 10, Tp. 4, R. 3. Lot 3654, R. 5. Lot 3594, R. 5. Lot 1266, R. 4. Lot 3380, G. 1. S.W. i Lot 4637, and Lot 3014, R. 5. Lot 1081. Lot 273. Lot 4803, R. 5. Lot 3617, R. 5. S.E. I Lot 3545, R. 5. Lot 996. Fract. S. J of S. \ of Lot 215. Lot 832a. Lot 3537, R. 5. Lot 2122, G. 1. Lot 2632, R. 5. Lot 1631, R. 4. Lot 8428, G. 1. Lot 2388, G. 1. Lot 1434 (S.). Lot 2375, G. 1. Lot 1265 (S.). Lot 2363, G. 1. Lot 2377, G. 1. Lot 2373, G. 1. Lot 2400, G. 1. Lot 2463, G. 1. Lot 1167, G. 1. Lot 2949, G. 1. S. i Sec. 9, Tp. 40. Lot 2982, G. 1. Lot 2984, G. 1. Strip of land between Lots 12 and 13, Subd. of Sec. 44, Victoria District. Lot 852, G. 1. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 45 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. George Cleave Eberhard Lacher Edward A. Flameau Magnus Morrison David S. Suder Violet Gertrude Warren William Festus Wakefield Thomas Elijah Bell Lawrence Bruce Latimer Robert George Johnston James Alexander Bayne William McDonald Arthur Williams Jones Severino Camozzi and Baldo Bregolisse Emil Due Goninat William Lockhead Rowatt John McNeill Christopher Winter George Van Patrick Regan Vancouver, Victoria and Eastern Railway and Navigation Company William Crossley Paul Kobielusch William A. Lorimer Charles Pierce Newberry.. Frederick Clark Alexander Zobnic Ernest Peterson William Howard Haire.... Edward Lambert Peterson. Brynild Brynildsen Solomon D. Bales Nathan N. Hinsdale Dora Sanford George James Jones George James Jones James M. Ashton Mary F. Ashton James M. Ashton District. Cariboo. Coast Malcolm Id. Rupert Coast Rupert Coast. . Cariboo. Coast. .. Cariboo. Coast. . Yale Kootenay. Mary F. James M Ashton.. Ashton Mary F. Ashton James M. Ashton...... . Thomas Walter Gelwieks James M. Clancy Osoyoos . Highland Coast New Westminster Coast Clayoquot Coast. Cariboo. . Edward Corlett Anna Murnane Ellen Murnane I m Robert Donovan I n George P. Cronk j i Paul J ensen 1 Kootenay East Description of Property. Lot 2900, G. 1. Lot 4548, G. 1. Lot 485, G. 1. Lot 3054, R. 5. E. i of N.W. J, & E. J of Fract. S.W. \ S. 19. Lot 4805, R. 5. S. W. I Sec. 32, Tp. 9, R. 5. S.W. I Lot 3545, R. 5. Lot 3526, R. 5. Lot 4804, R. 5. N.W. J Lot 3545, R. 5. N.E. J Lot 4137, R. 5. Fract, S.W. J Sec. 20, Tp. 4. Lots 21 and 22, Block 35, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 17 and 18, Block 19, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 6888, G. 1. Lots 12 and 13, Block 16, Sec. 7, and Lots 21 and 22, Block 36, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Fract. S.E. J Sec. 31, Tp. 6, R. 4. Lot 14, Block 13, Quesnelmouth. Lot 753, R. 5. Lots 4 and 5, Block 1, Tulameen. Lot 5, Block 25, and Lots 37 and 38, Block 29, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 4162, G. 1. See. 90, "Meryl." Southerly portion Frac. N E. JSec. 18,Tp.9,R. 5. S.E. \ Sec. 10, Tp. 17, R. 5. S.W. I Sec. 24, Tp. 1a, R. 5. N. 4 Lot 849, R. 4. Lots 3 and 4, Block 14, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. E. portion Lot 1177, R. 4. A strip of land reserved, Lot 323, R. 3. Lot 1980, G. 1. Lot 1626, R. 4. Lot 21, Block 6, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 19, Block 8, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 3 and 4, Block 25, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Surface rights, Lot 318, " General James M." Surface rights, Lot 319, "Lady Francis." Surface rights, Lot 320, " Superb." Surface rights, Lot 321, " Success." Surface rights, Lot 322, " Leviathan No. 1." Surface rights, Lot 323, " Leviathan No. 2." Surface rights, Lot 324, "B.C. Wonder." Surface rights, Lot 325, "Iron Duke." Surface ri'ts, Lot 326, " Count of Monte Cristo." Surface rights, Lot 327, " Condor." Surface rights, Lot 386, Surface rights, Lot 387, Surface rights, Lot 388, ' Surface rights, Lot 389, ' Surface rights, Lot 390, ' Surface rights, Lot 391, Surface rights, Lot 453, Surface rights, Lot 454, Lot 25, Block 16, and Lots 5 and 6, Block 32, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, and 28, Block 13, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 5, Block 12, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 1161, G. 1. Lot 1162, G. 1. Lot 1173, G. 1. N.W. J Lot 1890, G. 1. Lot 7769, G. 1. 'American Wonder.: ' "Yankee Blade." ' Duchess." ' Countess." ' Princess." ' Leviathan Fract." " Hope." 'Faith." D 46 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. John Morrison Harry S. Gamble John Michael Burnes Charles Brooks Richard Rasmussen Harvey Britton Herbert Chamberlin Samuel Clegg Alan B. Foi d Thomas Johnston Ross Frederick Despard Pemberton Mary Ann Dupont Pemberton Frank Burrell Charlie Lindstrom Louis Starkey. Clara P. Rogers George An sou Bossard Bernard O'Rourke Frank Reeves Arnold Muller Albert Reeves Henry St. Montizambert Josiah Graham Louis James Crosina Russell Elliott Macnaughton The Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd Sarah Elizabeth Elliott Paul Rosetti Albert Jeffreys The Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co., of Canada, Ltd John Alexander Knox Annie Helen Campbell Walter Lionel D'Aeth Henry Boylan Cossar The Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co. of Canada, Ltd Ditto Milton Hoet Laidlaw Daniel D. O'Connell Arthur Doray Frank Crewe , Matilda Boyken Hatfield. Arthur Doray Alfred Hanson Richard Simmons Walter Cyril Jowett Charles R. Hamilton, & E. C. Wragge. Robert Brittle George Gebhardt Amos Ginger Robert C. Cummings . Hugh H. Rowatt Agnes Cum mings Frank McClain Robert McNair, N. Johnson, & J. Nilson Corporation of the City of Victoria... Joseph Michael O'Brien Albert Edwin Fyall William James Rockingham James Cameron William H. Boyd James Bishop International Mining Co., Ltd. (Non Personal Liability) District. Kootenay East Goldstream Lillooet ... Coast Lillooet. New Westminster Clayoquot New Westminster Queen Charlotte. . Osoyoos ... Cariboo Kamloops Kootena}7 Queen Charlotte. Lillooet Kootenay West.. Kootenay. Cariboo. .. Osoyoos . . Kootenay. Coast Osoyoos ...... Cassiar Kootenay West Cariboo. Coast. . Cassiar . Kootenay East Goldstream New Westminster Kamloops Rupert Kamloops Coast Lillooet | Cassiar Description of Property. Lot 10491, G. 1. Lot 11041, G. 1. Sec. 51. Lot 3081, G. 1. N.E. I Lot 1486, R. 5. Lot 3405, R. 5. Lot 4251, R. 5. Lot 4254, R. 5. Lot 4253, R. 5. Lot 4255, R. 5. Lot 4250, R. 5. Lot 4249, R. 5. Lot 4252, R. 5. Lot 3998, R. 5. Lot 3611, R. 5. Lot 4667, R. 5. Lot 5083, R. 5. Lot 631, G. 1. Lot 3379, G. 1. Lot 1023. Lot 3381, G. 1. Lot 990. "Atlas" M.C. Lot 664, G. 1. Lot 195, G. 1. Lot 2401, G. 1. " War Eagle," Lot 2323, G. 1. Lot 1665. Lot 987, G. 1. Lot 9285, G. 1. " Abe Lincoln No. 1," Lot 1296, G. 1. Lot 2985, G. 1. Lot 5422, G. 1. Lot 3461, G. 1. Lot 4057, G. 1. ' Deer Park." ' Grand Prize.' '■ Josie Mac. 1 Tuesday." Lot 932, G. 1, ' Lot 933, G. 1, ' Lot 1644. R, 4. Lot 655, R. 5. N.E. J Lot 719, R. 5. N.W. J Sec. 12, Tp. 1, R. 4. E. J Sec. 25, Tp. 6, R. 5. N. i of S.E. i Lot 719, R. 5. N.W. i Sec. 22, Tp. 57. Lot 1712, G. 1. Lot 9144, G. 1. Lot 1230, G. 1, Lot 1278, G. 1, Lot 5075, G. 1. Lots 37 and 38, Block 23, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 830, G. 1. Lot 1225, G. 1. Lot 1348 G. 1. Lot 2166, G. 1. Lot 2288, G. 1. Lot 6122, G. 1, "Gibraltar Fract." Sec. 31. Lot 3040, G, 1. Lot 1870, G. 1. N. J See. 29, Tp. 24. Lot 2417, G. 1. Lot 2612, R. 5. Lot 1666, G. 1. Lot 1488, G. 1, " Mammoth." 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 47 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. District. Description of Property. • International Mining Co., Ltd. (Non- Personal Liability) Lot 1487, G. 1, " Beu Lomond." International Mining Co., Ltd. (Non- Personal Liability) International Mining Co., Ltd. • Lot 1489, G. 1, "Erie." (Non- Lot 1490, G. 1, "Algonquin." Lot 1491, G. 1, " Dundee." Ditto Lot 1492, G. 1, "Tecumseh." Lot 1493, G. 1, "Wentworth." Lot 1494, G. 1, "Penetang." N.W. i Sec. 14, and S.W. J Sec. 23, Tp. 57. Frank Schiller Highland Mill and Mining Company... Kootenay West.. . Lot 5266a, " Nap Fraction." Coa Ko( Lot '22, BLck 12, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 7395, G. 1. Charles Maloch itenay West.. . . British Columbia Southern Railv 'ay Co. Kootenay Lot 9595 to 9618 & 9622 to 9642 (inc.), Group 1. Edward Michael White Kootenay East .... Lot 11104, G. 1. William J. Prendergast, John S. Boyce, and Chris. H. Reeves Similkameen Lot 1016 (S.), " Eganville." Lot 1325 (S.), "Athelstan." New Westminster . Lot 1, Block 15, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 2569a and E. J of Lot 2565a, R. 5. Cas Lot 1706, G. 1. Arthur Martin Gregg Lot 1704, G. 1. James Sterling Floyd Robert Joseph Flaherty Lot 1705, G. 1. i Lot 1707, G. 1. Lot '708, G. 1. Lot 1713, G. 1. Henry Percy Rutter Lot 1714, G. 1. Lot 1718. G. 1. Lot 1721, G. 1. Joseph Mason Lot 1723, G. 1. Lot 1724, G. 1. Charles Miller . Lot 1725, G. 1. Walter Campbell . Lot 1722, G. 1. Alfred Rlake Oarev .... Lot 1717, G. 1. Alfred O'Meara Lot 1730, G. 1. Albert Maximilian Daie Que en Charlotte . .. Lot 258. Helena Catherina Ohlsen Kupert S.W. 1 of N.E. J, and portion of W. i of S.E. J S. 21, Tp. 41, lying N. of San Josef Riv. Watson D. Noble, Edward Donahue, William E. Collison, & James A. Rebertson, Administrator of Kstate of Donald A. Robertson, deceased intestate Cassiar Lot 1670, G. 1, " Moana." Ko< Lot 1409, G. 1. Henry Kreulter itenay East .... Lot 9244, G. 1. Fred Deforest Abbott Osoyoos Lot 2425, G. 1. John J. Thomson Coast S.E. J of Lot 3542, R. 5. Robert Thompson „ S.W. iof Lot 3542, R. 5. J ohn Cannon Clayoquot Lot 167. Edith Girdwood „ Lot 437. William Girdwood „ Lot 450. Arthur J. Ford ,, Lot 470. Ada Girwood ,, Lot 465. James Bertram Girwood ii Lot 466. Norah Girwood ,, Fr. S. J and Fr. N.E. J Lot 436. Carl Johan Lindstrom ,, Lot 283. John S. Rankin M Lot 435. Charles Murdoek Coast Lot 3181, R. 5. Eliza H. MacDonald Rupert S. portion of Fract. Sec. 19, Tp. 4. James Brandon Coast N.W. J Lot 3546, R. 5. Josiah Henry Warner Clayoquot Sec. 52. Williard Porterfield Cassiar Lot 821, G. 1. Edmund Proestler Clayoquot Lots 113, 191, and 192. Georec I. WTilson New Westminster . Lot 2, Block 43, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Nicholas James and Tony Budinich . .. Coast Lot 11, Block 31, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. n Lot 22, Block 17, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. D 48 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. • District. Description of Property. Lot 3, Block 4, See. 8, Prince Rupert. Blocks 87 and 98, Subd. of Lot 9554, G. 1. Strip of land reserved from Lot 1605, G. 1. Lot 2911, G. 1. John Spratt Kootenay......... New Westminster . William McNeill & John J. Mc me on, A. M. ath lero Bi Ma Lean .. W. E. Admin- Robert- Adolph, erine E. n ynildsen Loney... Archibald J. Love Watson Clark Sheldon Dwight Brooks Watson D. Noble, E. Dona Collison, & J. A. Roberts trator of the Estate of D. Cariboo Coast New Westminster . Lot 2008, G. 1. N.W. i Lot 717, R. 5. Lot 2676, G. 1. Lot 1670, G. 1. Henry Lamont Adolph, F. Vi Frederick Adolph, and K Adolph Griffith William Edward Zwicky. . Kootenay East .... Kootenay West.. .. Lot 8271, G. 1. Lots 5 and 6, Block 18, Kaslo. Lot 5, Block 9, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. A strip of land reserved from Lot 252, R. 3. Lots 6, 7, and 8, Block 3, Subd. of Lot'206, G. 1. Lot 9759, G. 1. Fract. Sec. 30, Tp. 9, R. 4. Lot 4358, G. 1. Bernard Fillip Jacobson Si B Elizabeth Healman & J. D. Francis Edward Talbot Margaret Brunsdale New Westminster . Kootenay West.... Coast George Pickering George Henry Edwards Mildred Gwendolyn Gzows' N.W. i Lot 2755, G. 1. Lot 4190, G. 1. Lot 4191, G. 1. New Westminster . Cariboo Lot 4192, G. 1. The Point Grey Land Si Invest't Co., Ltd H. a George B. Cole Ernest Charles Wagner Thomas Tod Leith Isabel Grant Lot 2, Block 29, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 1, Block, 29, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 4958, G. 1. Lot 6784, (LI. New Westminster . n n Lot 1730, G. 1. Lot 2071, G. 1. Lot 3505, G. 1. Lot 2289, G. 1. Lot 915, G. 1. Annie Mcintosh Lot 1546, G. 1. N.W. 1 Sec. 7, Tp. 57. S. i of S. \ of Lot 1680, R. 4. N.W. iof Lot 1680, R. 4. N. |Sec. 11, Tp. 9, R. 4. N. J See. 12, Tp. 9, R. 4. Lot 1672, G. 1. S.E. J Sec. 32, Tp. 4, R. 5. S.W. 1 Sec. 7, Tp. 4, R. 5. Fract, N.W. J Sec. 18, Tp. 4, R. 5. Lot 4526, R. 5. Coast Peter Sich Sheldon George Robinson Gerald F. Payne Blaisdell M. Rogers E. i of S.E. 1 Sec. 8, Saturna Island. Lot 3308, R. 5. Lot 3382, R. 5. Norman L. Robertson .... Lot 3383, R, 5. Robert C. Morrison Lot 3517, R. 5. Lot 3519, R. 5. Lot 3525a, R. 5. Harold Selous William James Murphy Charles Jiszkowicz Kootenay West ... ii . . Lots 13 and 14, Block 12, Nelson. Lots 13 and 14, Block 40, Nelson. Block 78a, Nelson. Lots 24 and 25, Block 45, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 4201, R. 5. John H. Conrad S.W. J Sec. 5, Tp. 20, R. 5. S.W. J Sec. 23, Tp. 8, R. 5. * Easterlv portion of E. J of Lot 3555, R. 5. Fract. S.E. \, N. \ of S.W. \, and Fract. N.W. 1 Sec. 6, Tp. 10, R. 3. Fract. W. \ of E. \ Sec. 10, Tp. 18. Lot 2224, G. 1. Lot 3480, G. 1. Lot 4189, G. 1. * Lot 2594, G. 1. George A. Sweet M John Onghton James Robson Alexander Farmer George William McDonald Edwin James Mclntvre Carimir Stanislaus Gzowski, Magnus Laing Meason .... Jr Rupert Lillooet Osovoos Cariboo Lillooet Ninety per cent, of timber over area of 1,600 square miles in Omineca and Nation Lake Districts has been destroyed by (ire. Remnant of pure Douglas Fir Forest which covered large area In Nation Lake District. Latitude, 55° north. 1 ' 1 ■ !'! "mourns- m~matm ... wBmBSB$gmm X, , Fire-killed Spruce and Lodge-pole Pine, Nation Lake District. Broad valley of Upper Fraser River, near western end of Pre-emption Reserve. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 49 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Henry T. Lockyer Stephen Alexander Denike British Columbia Packers' Association.. Alexander Cook Isabel Armstrong Angus Melnnes Florence M. Dawson Edward Mulhern Frederick H. Almas Laurel Z. Harrod Barnaby Conrad Aleck J. Charleson Howard C. Price James E. Bassett John Booth Simpson John Alexander Sutherland George Gowan WilliamS. Hall Thomas J. Ogle Raymond Baker Matthew John Knight Mary Elizabeth Bourne John Glenn McKenzie Urquhart Thomas Dockerill Trapp Charles McNaughton Josephine Arietta Fitterby Joseph Edward Stinson Alice A. Dauphinee Kate McD. Dauphinee Grace W. Dauphinee Thomas R. Pearson Joseph Adelard Chenier John Redmond John Hohn Thomas Jones Arthur Sheppard Barton Wm. D. Stephens and Otto T. Stephens Frederick Moore Newberry Corbin Coal and Coke Company, Ltd. . Emma R. Yeatman, Thos. C. Yeatman, Jas. R. Yeatman, Sam. G. Yeatman, F. C. Yeatman, Robt. E. Yeatman, D. G. Yeatman, and F. A. Yeatman, Thomas Alton Henry Edmunds John Jacob Popp Esther Ann Matthews Arthur Hilton Cutbill Daubney Pridgeon Charlotte Boyd Nancy Hutchison .... Katherine Kirby Max Paxton Arthur H. Tegart Winslow Kay Charles Cartwright Gavin Lang Ogilvie David Buttar Eli Siverson Wilf ride Pitre Claude S. Foot Chipman Harper Smith James Poirier Francis Prince .... Archibald Adam Beavan 4 District. Cariboo Osoyoos Coast Renfrew ii Coast ti Cassiar New Westminster Coast H ii Cariboo ii n New Westminster Similkameen .. . Coast Kootenay West. Kootenay East . Coast Kootenay East . Sayward Kootenay East ... Kamloops n ii Kootenay East ... Cariboo New Westminster Coast ii Cariboo Otter Coast Description of Property. Lot 4900, G. 1. Lot 3774, G. 1. Lot 70, R. 5. Lot 446. Lot 447. Lots 23 and 24, Block 29, Sec. 8, and Lots 24 and 41, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 39, Block 3, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 1213, G. 1. Lot 2, Block 14, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 3520, R. 5. Lot 3533, R. 5. Lot 3518, R. 5. Lot 3527, R. 5. Lot 1634, R. 4. Lot 1112, G. 1. Lot 1115, G. 1. Lot 1116, G. 1. Lot 3344, G. 1. Lot 3345, G. 1. Lot 3346, G. 1. Lot 3347, G. 1. Lot 3348, G. 1. Lot 3349, G. 1. Lot 3350, G. 1. Lot 3351, G. 1. Lot 3361, G. 1. Lot 1113, G. 1. Lot 4188, G. 1. Lot 2461, G. 1. Lot 2462, G. 1. Lot 2463, G. 1. Lot 2464, G. Lot 618 (S.). Lot 4202, R. Lot 6883, G. Lot 9959, G. Lot 3625, R. Lots 9 and 10, Block 14, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. S J Lot 784, R. 5. Lot 6997, G. 1. G. 1. G. 1. G. 1. G. 1. G. 1. Lot 182. Lot 8204, Lot 8272, Lot 1831, Lot 1925, Lot 2085, Lot 2643, G. 1. Lot 2394, G. 1. Lot 2395, G. 1. Lot 2399, G. 1. Lot 2901, G. 1. Lot 7155. G. 1. Lot 10345, G. 1. Lot 10725, G. 1. Lot 4184, G. 1. Lot 2566, G. 1. Lot 3389, R. 5. Lot 1975, R. 5. Lot 3, Block 31, Lot 1920, G. 1. Sec. 48. Lot 1267, R. 5. Lot 1312, R. 5. Quesnelmouth. D 50 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Thomas Brandon Albert Ellis William Bastard Charles E. McKenzie Frank Haight Joseph Wall John M. MacCormick, Arthur G. Harris, and Mary Ann Lothian Alfred Joseph Allen Annie Leora Smith Alexander Davidson Leander Shaw Herbert G. Ross John Francis Smith Felix Kasper Point Grey Estates Company, Limited. Eli Severson Sarah Browne John Robert Morrison . Yohel Seablem James Cunningham Reginald Lloyd Newcombe George Hie Frank N. Trites James A. Smith Hugh Perry Smith Daniel English Richard Topham Harry Abbott Angus Keith Menzies Christina MacKenzie Reginald George Romeyn MacKenzie.. John T. Irvine , Charles Houser Edmons Way Nels Green Martin Stenersen Frederick C. Macey Norman MacLeod Christian F. Scheel Robert D. Elder George Barrett Frederick Sinclair Wills Jennings Alfred H. Pearson Elwin Ward Charles M. Ross George S. Garrett George Isaac Gulp Thomas Brennan Maeabe .... Arthur William Wessels William Spurck ii Bernhard Lundin ii Chris. Albers Henry Adolph Halverson Edith Hall Albert Hunter John William Turner Vernon Leslie Eden Miller District. Coast. New Westminster Coast Lillooet New Westminster Coast Kamloops. Coast New Westminster Kootenay. Cariboo. .. Osoyoos .. Cowichan . Clayocpiot Cariboo. .. Osoyoos .. Cassiar . . . Coast. Cassiar . Similkameen . Coast Cowichan . Coast Queen Charlotte. Cassiar Kootenay East Osoyoos Coast. .. Osoyoos Descripton of Property. N.E. I Lot 1680, R. 4. N.E. i Lot 3545, R. 5. N.E. | Lot 4145, R. 5. Westerly portion of Lot 4156, R. 5. Lot 4409, R. 5. S.W. Jof Lot 4171, R. 5. Lot 1746, R. 5. Lot 3510, G. 1. W. r Lot 3587 and E. \ Lot 3588, R. 5. Westerly portion of Lot 4163, R. 5. N.W. I Sec. 31, Tp. 5, R. 5. S W. I Sec. 31, Tp. 5, R. 5. W. \ of Lot 3586 and E. J of Lot 3587, R. 5. Lot 779, G. 1. Lot 4, Block 26, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 3388, R. 5. Lot 4407, R. 5. A strip of land reserved from Lot 33, R. 3. Lot 853, G. 1. Lot 17, Block 13, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 4358, R. 5. Lot 995, R. 5. Lot 2, Block 178, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 3426, G. 1. Lot 3425, G. 1. Block 216, gubd. of Lot 9558. Lot 15, Block 13, Quesnelmouth. Lot 2242, G. 1. Lot 3850, G. 1. Lot 48. Lot 49. Lot 166. S.W. I Lot 4041, G. 1. Lot 4068, G. 1. Lot 2276, G. 1. Lot 2278, G. 1. Lot 1, Block 20, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 2, Block 20, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lots 1 and 2, Block 18, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 1738, R. 4. Lot 1739, R. 4. Lot 321, G. 1. Lot 2279, G. 1. Lot 1070 (S.). Lot 1201, R. 4. Lot 1184, R. 4. Lot 31. Lot 948, R. 5. Fract. N. J. Sec. 17, Tp. 14, R. 5. Lot 523. Lot 2317, G. 1, "Chicago No. 1." Lot 2318, G. 1, "Chicago No. 2." Lot 10315, G. 1, "Wasa." Lot 10316, G 1, "Mamoth." S.W. i Sec. 22, Tp. 40. Lot 1646, R. 4. Fract. Sec. 8, Tp. 9, R. 4. S.W. I Lot 4232, R. 5. S.W. J Sec. 1, Tp. 1a, R. 5. N. h of N. i, S.W. $ of N. W. i, W. J of S.W. i of Sec. 4 ; N.E. J, Fract. E. 4 of S.W. |, Fract. W. \ of S.W. \, Sec. 5 ; Fract. N.E. \ of S.E. i, N.E. |and N.E. J of N.W. J, Sec. 6; N.W. J and E. \ of S.W. J Sec. 7; S. J of N. i and S. \ See. 8 ; W. * of S.W. \, Sec. 18, all in Tp. 44, and N.W. J of N.W. \ Sec. 33, T. 45. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 51 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. District. Description of Property. William Herbert Kelby Fract. N.W. J Sec. 7, Tp. 4, R. 5. Lot 3381, R. 5. Coast S.E. i Sec. 30, Tp. 4, R. 5. Lot 27. Fract. S.E.J Sec. 36, Tp. 13, R. 5. Lot 25, Block 29, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lot 12, Block 37, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert, Southerly portion of S.W. \ Sec. 17, Tp. 57. Lot 288, G. 1. Annemarie Helene Menger-Morgan.... Osoyoos Daniel W. Gillis W. \ See. 14, Tp. 4. Lots 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, Block 30, Sec. 8, William E. Williams Prince Rupert. Lot 40, Block 5, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 491, G. 2. Lot 1823, G. 1. Lot 2, Block 181, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Zacariah Penfield Porter Frank N. Trites New Westminster . Kamloops New Westminster . Rupert Cassiar William Bryan Northerly portion of Lot 27. Lot 736, G. 1. Lot 1923, R. 5. Lot 876, G. 1. Annie Dancket Emma A. Medill, Henry C. Medill, Wm. R. Medill, Olga W. Inkster, Emma M. Adolf Hallberg George H. Stiles Cariboo Similkameen Cassiar Lot 1610, G. 1. Lot 1569 (S.). Lot 2123, G. 1. Lot 6970, G. 1. Osoyoos New Westminster . Fract. S. W. J Sec. 24, Tp. 40. James Bateman Lot 3315, G. 1. Lot 2358, G. 1. Lot 2359, G. 1. Lot 2360, G. 1. Lot 2362, G. 1. Lot 2397, G. 1. Emily L. McVittie Lot 2815, G. 1. Coast S.W. 1 Lot 4217, R. 5. Lot 1629, R, 4. " N.W. i Lot 865, R. 5. Fract. S.E. J Lot 865, R. 5. Lot 4524, R. 5. Gordon W hi thread Farwell Lillooet Lot 2239, G. 1. Lot 2668, G. 1. Frederick Allen Pollock Rupert Easterly portion of Fract. S.W. J Sec. 2. Fract. N.E. J Sec. 15, Tp. 18. E. i of N.W. 1 Sec. 20, Tp. 18. George Samuel Deeks Wm. J. Jefferson and George F. Harris Mary Edith Young New Westminster . Lot 2960, G. 1. Lots 1 and 2, Block 34, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 35, 36, and 37, Block 1, Sec. 6, Prince National Finance Company, Limited .. Rupert. Lots 49 and 50, Block 1, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Kamloops Lot 2396, G. 1. Lot 15, Block 17, Newcastle. Fract. S.W. J Lot 742, R. 5. Lot 1703, G. 1. Lot 1726, G. 1. Lot 1727, G. 1. Similkameen .. Lot 699 (S.). Lot 700 (S.). Lot 4540, G. 1. Bert A Millard Queen Charlotte ... New Westminster . ii Lot 422. Lot 1517. Lot 4, Block 6, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 5, Block 58, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1, Van couver. Lot 3966, G. 1. Lot 3517, G. 1. Lot 2068, G. 1. Lot 3043, G. 1. D 52 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Duncan Stewart Benjamin Charles Shearing Antonio Balanger Torsten Torstenson Joseph A. Brown Alan Gordon Brown Jessie M. Robertson William D. Bruce Dorothea Hormann Randolph Haigh Heorgina Veitch Joseph Bourgon George Waters Earl Mikael Emanuel Fasten Harry T. Barnes Richard Henry Wright Duncan Brown Mary E. Young and Chas. A. Eggert.. James 0. Mcintosh Robert Mercier Frederick Ornes James K. Patton William Theophilus Myles Oscar Johnson . Matt Broman Harold H. Richardson Harold Matthous and Thomas Heslop, Executors, & Ann Batten, Executrix, of the will of James Pooley, deceased Trusts Corporation, Ltd Nicholas Schug William Alfred Johnson Thomas Henry Hoben Elizabeth Jane Barker ....... Hans Theodor Michelsen Joseph Malwain Charles Edward Bailey Ida M. Bassett Mary A. Jackman John Allan Macdonald Isaac Sylvester Rowley Sutegiro Kitagawa Fabriene Duclos August Minch James M. Palmer Arthur Howard Harman Julia Ann Simpson Henry L. Simons Donald F. McKinnon Norman Edward Packer John Bridges Lucy Eales Mary C. Lewis Harriette Elizabeth Cooke Frederick H. Lyttle George Yelland The British Columbia Copper Co., Ltd. Frank K. Hicklenton Edward Roberts Edward H. Olsen Henry Lee Severino Camozzi Charles Richards Michael McFadden District. Description of Property. Coast N. Nanaimo Coast Similkameen Lot 27, Blk. 3, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 13, Bk. 89, & Lot 2, Bk. 110, Newcastle. S.W. iSec. 19, Tp. 4, R. 5. Lot 1918, R. 5. Lot 1471 (S.). Lot 2361, G. 1. Lot 2384, G. 1. Lot 2385, G. 1. Lot 2391, G. 1. N.E. J Sec. 31, Tp. 4, R. 5. Lot 1627, R. 4. N.E. i Sec. 19, Tp. 4, R. 5, Lot 1400 (S.). S.W. J Lot 865, R. 5. Sec. 112. Lot 3520, G. 1. Similkameen Doast Sooke Lot 7, Blk. 24, See. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 13 and 14, Blk. 20, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 6, Blk. 42, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Sec. 15, Tp. 3. Lot 1514. N. i of N.W. i Sec. 19, and S. 4 of S.W. J Sec. 30, Tp. 50. N. J Lot 4258, R. 5. Rupert Queen Charlotte . . . Similkameen Lot 3385, R. 5. Lot 3514, R. 5. Lot 3S19, R. 5. Lot 188, G. 1. New Westminster . Queen Charlotte ... Coast Kootenay West.... Lot 3, Block 43, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. S.W. i Lot 557. V-.H-. Fract. S.W. J Sec. 28, Tp. 12, R. 5. Lot 3, Block 12, New Denver. Lot 2554, R. 5. W. 4 of E. 4 Sec. 14. Tp. 37. Lot 221, G. 1. N.W. J Sec. 30, Tp. 4, R. 5. Lot 1641, R. 4. Lot 794, R. 4. " S -i Lot 788, and N. 4 Lot 793, R. 4. Lot 1636, R. 4. Lots 14 and 15, Block 50, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 2629, G. 1. Coast Goldstream Kootenay West . .. ii ... Coast S.E. i Sec. 4, Tp. 7, R. 5. Sec. 27. Lot 8313, G. 1. Lot 11121, G. 1. S.E. i Sec. 2, Tp. 1a, R. 5. Lot 3904. G. 1. Lot 2452, G. 1. Lot 4201, G. 1. New Westminster . S.E. J Lot 1047, G. 1. Lot 576, G. 1. Lot 3628, G. 1. New Westminster . Lot 3373, G. 1. Lot 1470 (S.), " Transit Fraction." Fract. N.W. \ of Fract. N.E. £ Sec. 20, and S. 4 of S.E. J Sec. 29, Tp. 8, R. 3. Lot 4221, G. 1. Lots 23, 24, 25, and 26, Block 46, Sec. 8> Similkameen Prince Rupert. Lot 19 (S.). Lot 17, Block 46, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 2729, G. 1. Lot 1452. R. 5. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 53 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Mary S. St. Marie Eleanor Laing Meason Stefano Mondada John Mcintosh Jones Christian Petersen Ernest F. G. Richards George H Jaekson Milton Daniel White W. Ruby Winstead, Melvin H. Sorrell, and John S. Bedin John Cowdry .... Charles James Tulk Ronald C. Macdonald Mabel Snell Margaret E. Lewthwaite Charles R. Snell Fred T. Brown Ella Armstrong William L. Armstrong Harold Lewthwaite Arthur Lewthwaite John Lewthwaite Mary Lewthwaite Louie Lewthwaite Edward J. Morgan Edward B. Parkinson Joseph E. Miller Edward E. Sheppard Charles E. Enderton Angus Thompson Enoch Mitchell Annie Armstrong John Armstrong Violet Lewthwaite Inez Lewthwaite Noella Lewthwaite Helen Lewthwaite Elsie Murray Richard Jebb , Ethel Jebb Percy Broekman Elizabeth Broekman George Broekman Charles Broekman Frederick Thompson Percy Newman George Hall James E. Hall Edward Hall Theodora Brookfield John W. Ford William Wallace Goforth McAllister .. Thomas Charles Ringrose Matthew Hill John Osborne LeCappellain Percy G. Overton Mary Corneau Abraham Fraser Curtis Alexander Frazier Burns Oliver B. Eakin Jake Howman George A. Poole Goldie Lind Lovett Claude S. Foot The Swanson Bay Forests, Wood Pulp and Lumber Mills, Limited District. Description of Property. Coast Lillooet Lot 4119, R. 5. Lot 2589, G. 1. Lot 2574, G. 1. Lot 393, G. 1. Rupert New Westminster . Rupert Similkameen Kootenay West ... New Westminster . Coast Cariboo N.E. iSec. 14, Tp. 41. A strip of land reserved from Lot 2935, G. 1. A Btrip of land reserved from Fract. S.W. J Sec. 23, Tp. 18. Lot 846 (S.). "Solo Best," Lot 4177, G. 1. Lot 15, Block 2, Subd. of Lot 140, G. 1. Lot 4711, R. 5. Lot 1715, G. 1. Lot 1717, G. 1. Lot 1716, G. 1. Lot 1718, G. 1. Lot 1720, G. 1. Lot 1721, G. 1. Lot 1722, G. 1. Lot 1723, G. 1. Lot 1724, G. 1. Lot 1725, G. 1. Lot 1726, G. 1. Lot 1727, G. 1. Lot 1729, G. 1. Lot 1730, G. 1. Lot 1728, G. 1. Lot 1750, G. 1. Lot 1751, G. 1. Let 1754, G, 1. Lot 1755, G. 1. Lot 1756, G. 1. Lot 1757, G. 1. Lot 1759, G. 1. Lot 1760, G. 1. Lot 1761, G. 1. Lot 1762, G. 1. Lot 1763, G. 1. Lot 1764, G. 1. Lot 1765, G. 1. Lot 1766, G. 1. Lot 1767, G. 1. Lot 1768, G. 1. Lot 1769, G. 1. Lot 1776, G. 1. Lot 1777, G. 1. Lot 1778, G. 1. Lot 1779, G. 1. Lot 1780, G. 1. Kamloops Lot 2620, G. 1. Lot 2403, G. 1. Clayoquot Coast Lot 673. Lots 19 and 20, Block 31, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 10202, G. 1. Lillooet Cariboo Lillooet Sec. 64. Sec. 69. Lot 2958, G. 1. Lot 8, Block 11, Quesnelmouth. Lot 1490, G. 1. Lot 2032, G. 1. Cariboo Lot 1758, G. 1. Lot 3074, R. 5. Lot 1485, G. 1. Lot 3952, G. 1. Lot 19, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. D 54 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. The Swanson Bay Forests, and Lumber Mills, Ltd.. Ditto Wood Pulp Dudley Barnes Cecil Pulham Arthur Featherstone Priestly. Thomas W. Gray.... Roy Gilman Beattie Arthur E. Waterhouse Isabel Sellar Christie Arthur E. Waterhouse Joseph Fisher Thomas H. Richards G. Basso Bert George Klavano Percy T. Hayward Carl Abraham Hartzell James Youngson Malcolm McDonald. Harriet Bryant James Aird Francis P. M. Townshend, Archibald 0. Jeuney, and Henry J. A. Eyre .... Frank Cuchan Bertha Woodburn Pauline Elizabeth O'Brien James Edward Marks Denis J. Comeau Maud M. Gurney Blanche Crabbe David P. Mills Sarah Britton Joseph George Whitacre Percy W. Garrett Max Weinrobe Charles G. Stewart Frank Greenwood Walsh Albert Campbell Edna Campbell Minna Bense R. Cunningham & Son, Limited Coast. Wm.W.Bassett, Jas.M. Henderson, Jr., William H. McMorry, Thomas Coulter and Charles William Mier Edward Langvist Chas. R. Hamilton and Ed. C. Wragge Frederick W. Vincent Otto Woerter John Hugh Roberts Tomhu Huron Roberts William Richards Benjamin Goodwin Guion M. Gest. Alfons Thorsch. District. Nanaimo New Westminster Cassiar New Westminster Coast Barcla3' Queen Charlotte.. Barclay Cariboo Similkameen Coast Kootenay West .. Lillooet. Coast. .. New Westminster Clayoquot Kamloops Kootenay West . . Coast n it Kamloops Cassiar New Westminster n it Coast Cariboo Cowichan Lillooet Cariboo a n Coast a ii it Rupert Kootenay Coast a New Westminster it Coast Kamloops Coast Description of Property. Lot 20, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 21, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 22, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 23, Block 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert, Lot 32, Block 17, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 33, Block 17, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 34, Block 17, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 35, Block 17, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Fract. N.E. \ Sec. 8, Lasqueti Island. Lot 3374, G. 1. Lot 1732, G. 1. Lot 2109, G. 1. North-easterly portion of Lot 4173, R. 5. Lot 108, " Edith." Lot 1747. Lot 109, "Black Bear." S.E. J Lot 1038, G. 1. Lot 1154 (S.), "Wave Fraction." Lot 29, Block 7, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 10823, G. 1, "Legal Tender." Lot 7428, G. 1. Lot 181, G. 1. N. 4 °f E. 4 Lot 3452, and southerly portion of Fr. S.E. J Lot 3454, R. 5. Lot 3161, G. 1. Sec. 39. N.W. i and Fract, S.E. J Sec. 16; northerly portion of Fract. S.E. J Sec 8, and Fract. N.E. J Sec. 8 ; Fract. N.W. J and northerly portion of Fr. N.E. J See. 9, Tp. 100. WT. 4 of Lot 7063, G. 1. Lot 26, Block 29, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. N. i Lot 844, R. 4. Fract. N. \ and Fract. S.E. J Lot 842, R. 4. Lot 2019, G. 1. Lot 2381, G. 1. Lot 2889, G. 1. Lot 3124, G. 1. Lot 1250, G. 1. Lots 15 & 16, Bk. 16, See. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 2371, G. 1. Lot 31b. Lot 2042, G. 1. Northerly portion of Lot 1775, G. 1. Westerly portion of Lot 1719, G. 1. North-easterly portion of Lot 1417, G. 1. North-easterly portion of Lot 1719, G. 1. N.E. i Lot 839, R. 4. Lot 1304, R. 5. Lot 1303, R. 5. Lots 7, 8, 9, Bk. 16, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Fract. S. 4 Sec. 15, Tp. 1. Lot 3027, G. 1, " Last Chance." Fract. S.W. J Lot 1400, R. 5. Lots 3, 4, 5, Bk. 44. Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 10a, Blk. 2, Subd. of Lot 140, G. 1. Lot 10, Blk. 2, Subd. of Lot 140, G. 1. Lot 45, Blk. 30, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 1085, G. 1. Lot 1086, G. 1. Lot 92. Blk. 34, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 19, 20, 21, and 22, Blk. 40, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 55 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Alfons Thorsch Thomas Oswald Wilson Herbert. B Witter Frederick T. Robertson Gus Peterson George Washington Aldous Thomas Highfield Evans Avis M. Winters and Alice J. Howe Ella May Lewis Thomas James Lewis David Jenkins George Ernest Gillies Edward Murphy John McRae and Lois Annie McRae Harold P. Wilson Andrew Jackson Whitley William J. Till Thomas Hugh Sullivan. .. Louis P. Pelletier James Guthrie Scott Charles Gordon McLeod.. Harry LeDuke Frank William Fraser... Joseph Watkinson Peter Marquart James Harding Joseph Casorso Sadie Janette Morris Eliza Scott Gertrude Furnival Laura M. Dunsmuir Basil J. Jayne Edward A. Seebach Jean Baptiste Saunier Otto Bahr Albert Maximilian] Daic Demase Lereux Claude P. Eckstein Henrietta Newton Florence Jayne Arthur Charles Egbert McElroy Archie Earl Patton The Porpoise Harbor Land Co., Ltd. . . William Edwin Collison James Macdougall Charles Fadear Hermyn Wardlow Jermyn William W7ebster Jesse B. Towers Talbot Ward John Sehmierer Josie Norman Thomas H. Pickens Annie McGrath David J. Robertson Philip B. S. Stanhope and Richard T. Nicholson William L. Whitney District. Coast. Kootenay West Cariboo Cassiar Kamloops Coast New Westminster Kootenay West . . ti . . Coast Goldstream Coast Lillooet. Cariboo. a Coast. .. Kamloops. Coast Similkameen . Coast New Westminster Cariboo Similkameen Yale Queen Charlotte . Cariboo. Coast. .. Cariboo. Similkameen Coast Cassiar Cariboo Kamloops.... Cariboo Description of Property. Osoyoos Kootenay East , Lots 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, Blk. 37, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lots 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Block 42, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 25 and 26, Block 3, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 13 and 14, Block 14, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lotsl7, 18, 19, 20, Blk. 14, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 10573, G. 1. Lot 6724, G. 1. Lots 6729 and 6730, G. 1. Lot 2282, G. 1. Lot 969, G. 1. N.E. J Sec. 32, Tp. 7, R. 4. Lot 1, Block 27, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 8425, G. 1. Lot 8426, G. 1. Lot 5051, R. 5. Lot 5052, R. 5. Sec. 59. Lot 12, Block 4, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lots 3, 4, 5, 6, Block 30; Lots 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, Block 15, Sec. 5 ; and Lots 12 and 13, Block 2, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 1382, G. 1. Lot 112, G. 1. S.E. i Lot 2747, G. 1. Lot 4237, R. 5. Lot 4238, R. 5. Lot 3428, R. 5. Lot 2015, R. 5. Lot 2075, G. 1. Lot 84, G. 1. Lot 770, G. 1. E. 4 of N.E. I Sec. 32, and W. \ of N.W. J Sec. 33, Tp. 8, R, 4. N.W. i Sec. 23, Tp. 29. Lot 3095, R. 5. Lot 3096, R. 5. Lot 4236, R. 5. Lot 2, Block 175, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. N. J and S.E. J Lot 5054, G. 1. Southerly portion of Lot 774, G. 1. Lot 1266 (S.). Lot 545, G. 1. Lot 1308. Lot 1313. Lot 5055, G. 1. Lot 24, Block 34, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 5053, G. I. Lot 4340, G. 1. Lot 713 (S.). A strip of land reserved from Lot 1257, R. 5. Lot 1711, G. 1. Lot 6971, G. 1. Lot 1600, G. 1. W. 4 of E. 4 Lot 2101, G. 1. Lot 5019, G. 1. S.E. I Lot 1059, G. 1. Lot 1135, G. 1. Lot 1752, G. 1. Lot 1626, G. 1. N.W. i Lot 1874, G. 1. Lot 3830, G. 1. Lot 3822, G. 1. Lot 3124, G. 1, "Ohio." Lot 5267, G. 1. D 56 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. District. Description of Property. William Starr Cariboo. . a .. a . . Kamloops // Coast.... Lot 4363, G. 1. Lot 4884, G. 1. Lot 2676, G. 1. Lot 3799, G. 1. Lot 3801, G. 1. Margaret Turner Ormsby Lot 4552, G. 1. Lot 2810, G. 1. Lot 2772, G. 1. Lot 2378, G. 1. Lot 14, Block 18, Sec. 5, Prince Rupert. Lots 1 and 2, Block 22, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. E. 4 Lot 843, R. 4. Elizabeth O'Brien New Westminster . Kootenay East.... // .... // ... ■ n .... tt .... Lot 307, Texada Island. Lot 7289, G. 1. Lot 7290, G. 1. Lot 7291, G. 1. Lot 7292, G. 1. Lot 7293, G. 1. Lot 7294, G. 1. Lot 10147, G. 1. Lot 20, Block 1, Soda Creek. Coast.... Lillooet.. Lot 8, Block 42, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 2577, G. 1. Lot 2584, G. 1. Lot 2588, G. 1. Lot 2662, G. 1. Lot 2514. Kootenay East.... New Westminster . // Cassiar Queen Charlotte. .. Lot 10495, G. 1. James L. Clark and Andrew George. .. Lot 2, Blk. 174, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 276, Texada Island. John M. MnKinnon Lot 1835, G. 1, "Copper King." Lot 19, "Engineer No. 1." Lot 1748. James Alexander, Konrad Wawrecka Benjamin G. Nicoll, & John Dunham Lot 1749. E. 4 of W. 4 of Sec. 15, Tp. 37. Lot 302, Texada Island. New Westminster . Similkameen Lot 874 (S.). Mav Rinh . Lot 1716. N. 4 and S.W. \ of Lot 1484, R. 5. Lot 2667, G. 1. Kamloops Lot 2451, G. 1. Lot 840, R. 4. Lot 4558, G. 1. Fract. S.W. J Sec. 31, Tp. 4, R. 5. Lot 1970. Kamloops Lot 2944, G. 1. Lot 2945, G. 1. William E. Collison Lot 36, Blk. 7, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 1, Blk. 8, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Prank N. Trites New Westminster . a n Yale Lot 2, Blk. 8, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Point Grey Estates Company , Limited. Lot 4, Blk. 23, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 362, G. 1. The General Administration Society. .. New West Osoyoos . minster . Lot 2, Blk. 165, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 2423, G. 1. Lot 14, Blk. 2, Sec. 8, Prince Rupert. Lots 20 and 21, Block 7, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 27 and 28, Block 6, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert. Lot 321. Lot 325. Hensley McB. Smith Quatsino Coal Co., Ltd., (N. -P.L.).... Rupert n it Lot 326. Lot 327. Similkameen Lot 1624. Lot 2675, G. 1. William Marshall Berry. . .. Frederick Albert Billington Kamloops New West minster . Lot 2907, G. 1. N. 4 Lot 4216, R. 5. Lot 2958, G. 1. Cabin constructed by pre-emptor, Upper Fraser Valley. Burns Lake, Bulkley Valley Typical Creek Valley, Boundary District. Upper slopes practically all burned. 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 57 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Continued. Grantee. Alfred H. Barr Martha Eoline Kendall Dick A. Link Andrew Gray Lillian Hoard Edward Baillie w // a a a n it a // a a a Arthur George Cull William Robert Stanley John Henry Anthony George A. Borthwick Yeoman Charles Kitley Albert E. Austin Sophie C. Wood Peter Brodie John Adolf Stenmark Olander Joseph Garner Minnie Grinder William George Wasmansdorff.... Eugene Brown Malcolm Laing Meason Frederick William Rose Olav Anderson Samuel Cocker Bessie Wallace Gertrude E. Mitchell James A. Fife George Ward DeBeok Caroline M. Walker Frank Hill John Arnold Bennett Joseph Kotik Odo Tankerville Chamberlain Donald Alexander Brewster William F. Kennedy Lilly Cash Georgie Dorsey Joseph Edward Bird Frank Kennedy Robert Carstairs Edward James Burns Dominion Trust Company, Limited Jennie M. Hansen Konstantan Popoff Dmytro Malkow Martin Sanders Henry Nicholas Larson. District. Coast. Malahat Renfrew Queen Charlotte Kootenay West New Westminster Kamloops.... Similkameen . New Westminster Clayoquot Comox Coast Cowichan Lillooet Coast. Cassiar Cariboo New Westminster Kamloops Cowichan Cariboo Coast Kootenay West Cowichan Coast New Westminster Coast Kootenay West Coast Henry E. Croasdaile Kootenay . William H. B. Parker Barclay. .. Edward Curt Blanshard lOsoyoos .. Description of Property. N.W. J Lot 4217, R. 5. Lots 4, 5, 6, Block 29, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. E. 4 of N.W. I Sec. 26, Tp. 17, R. 5. Part of Lot 37. Sec. 70. Lot 690, " Rossland." Lot 691, " Nelson." Lot 692, "Victoria." Lot 693, " Toronto." Lot 694, "Montreal." Lot 695, " Ottawa." Lot 696, " Capital." Lot 697, "Edmonton." Lot 698, " Vancouver." Lot 699, "Winnipeg." Lot 700, " Winnipeg Fraction." Lot 701, " Regina Fraction." Lot 702, " Quebec Fraction." Lot 11164, G. 1. Lot 2623, G. 1. Lot 2973, G. 1. Lot 56, G. 1. N. 4 of S.E. J, S. 4 of N.E. i, N. 4 of S.W. 4, and S. i of N.W. J, See. 10, Tp. 88. Lot 4, Block 22, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 26. Lot 2,Block A, Subd. of Lot 194. Fract. N.E. J Sec. 30, Tp. 4, R. 5. South S. S. Island, N. i of N. 4 of Sec. 79. Lot 638, G. 1. Lot 1254, G. 1. Lot 1441, G. 1. Lot 2581, G. 1. Lot 2582, G. 1. Lot 464a, R. 4. Fraet. N.W, J Sec. 10, Tp. 11, R. 5. Lot 4177, R. 5. Lot 1380a. Lot 790, G. 1. Lot 1834, G. 1, " Copper Chief." Lot 1835, G. 1. South S. S. Island, S.E. J See. 44. N.E. \ Lot 1059, G. 1. Lot 1441, G. 1. Westerly portion of Lot 2101, G. 1. Lot 4200, G. 1. Lot 6786, G. 1. Sec. 31, Tp. 7, R. 5. Sec. 36, Tp. 6, R. 5. Lot 8716, G. 1. Lot 10597, G. 1 South S. S. Island, N. 4 of S.W. \ Sec. 73. Lot 3380, R. 5. Lot 2, Blk. 164, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 2, Blk. 176, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 3, Blk. 175, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 4, Blk. 175, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lot 4, Blk. 176, Subd. of Lot 540, G. 1. Lots 57 Si 58, Blk. 34, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 10419, G. 1. Fract. N.E. 4 See. 18, Tp. 2a, R. 5. N.E. J Sec. 16, Tp. 4, R. 5. Fract. N.E. 4 of Sec. 28 and Fract. S.E. 4 of Sec. 33, Tp. 15, R. 5. Lot 52, Subd. of Lot 4595, G. 1. Lot 286. Lot 1979, G. 1. D 58 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.—Continued. Grantee. Adamina Christie Gustav Johnson George Forbes Jr Harry J. Keary Claude Pigeon James Frisken James C. McMeeken Thomas Carpenter Robert McKnight Pardee Charles Wesley Mitchell Harold G. Bamford Arthur M. Hunter Minnie S. Lord . Joseph F. Bastar Magnus Laing Meason Pierre A. Hovelaque& Francis C. Garrard Frederick Charles Dundas Mary Caroline Dester James T. Summerfield Thomas 0. Skatbo William Bell John Barrett-Lennard Edith M. Wright Seymour Arm Fruit Lands, Ltd William James Bickell William Henry Flowers Joseph Hayton Ida Bertha Steeves, Joseph M. Steves, Mary Alice Steves, Dalzell H. Steves, Lawrence V. Steves, Vineenta Irene Steves, Doris Thelma Steves and Martha Steves Alice A. Moore William Jarman John Huteson John Hughes Isabel H. Roberts Augustus Bertie Cotton A. D. Mclntyre, Official Administrator, Administrator of the Estate of James Campbell, deceased intestate, and Robert O'Dell Cramer Ralph Donahey Britannia Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. // // Sam. S. Selman and Henry E. Selman . Hamilton Douglas Harry Albert Draper Albert Johnson Frederick William Geoghehan James John Lee William A. Lorimer George H. King Elizabeth Scott Edwin Millar Alexander McKay , John McKay Larkin Burpee Briggs Laura King Janet McKay Hedley M. Miller George Dobson and George A. Emes.. Donald McKinnon Joseph Brearley Anastasia Sweeney Frances Isabella Fraser District. Queen Charlotte. . Similkameen Lillooet a Kamloops Coast Cassiar Coast Cariboo Lillooet Clayoquot Coast Lillooet Kamloops Kootenay West . . Cassiar New Westminster Coast Kamloops Kootenay West . . New Westminster Osoyoos Description of Property. Lot 228. Lot 782 (S.), "Atlantic Fractional." Lot 783 {S.), "Atlantic Fractional No. 2." Lot 2044, G. 1. Lot 2424, G. 1. Lot 2595, G. 1. Lot 1210, G. 1. Lot 2020, R. 5. Lot 3508, R. 5. Lot 2112. Lot 851, R. 4. Lot 1473, R. 5. Lot 6, Block 31, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lot 1458, G. 1. S. 4 of Lot 1874, G. 1. Lot 2578, G. 1. Lot 1016. S.W. 4 Lot 3580, R. 5. Lots 1 and 704, G. 1. Lot 2808, G. 1. Lot 11160, G. 1. Lot 2391. Lots 2 and 3, Block 33, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lots 44 and 45, Block 46, S. 8, Prince Rupert. Lot 2946. G. 1. Lot 8717, G. 1. A strip of land reserved from Lot 1482, G. 1. E. 4 Sec. 6, Tp. 10. Lot 1330, R. 5. N. 4 Lot 1489, G. 1. Lot 1640, G. 1. Lot 1644, G. 1. Lot 1897, G. 1. Lot 3823, G. 1. Osoyoos Kamloops New Westminster . Lot 4165, G. 1. Lot 1662, G. 1. Lot 1638, G. 1. Lot 2094, G. 1, " Little Jap." Lot 1635b, G. 1, " Utopia." Lots 8 and 9, Block 37, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert Lots 16 and 17, Block 2, Sec. 7, Prince Rupert Lot 854, G. 1. Lot 514, G. 1. Yale Lots 23 and 24, Block 5, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert Lot 1070. Sec. 90. Cassiar Highland Lot 2425, G. 1. Lot 2426, G. 1. Lot 2427, G. 1. Lot 2428, G. 1. Lot 2430, G. 1. Lot 2431, G. 1. _ Lot 3336, G. 1. Lot 3338, G. 1. Lot 2330, G. 1. New Westminster . Lot 2, Block 27, Subd. of Lot 139, G. 1. Lot 2361. Lot 3498, R. 5. Lot 157, "B.C." 3 Geo. 5 List of Crown Grants. D 59 LIST OF CROWN GRANTS ISSUED.— Concluded. Grantee. District. Description of Property. Quatsino Coal Co., Ltd. (N.-P.L.) .... // // .... a n .... // a .... // a .... Rupert Lot 158, "Kingston." Lot 322. Lot 324. Lot 322. Lot 323. Lot 324. Parts of Sees. 4 and 5, R. 5, the most westerly 30 chains of Sec. 5, and all that portion of Sec. 4 which lies to the west of the most easterly 10 chains thereof, R. 5. Lot 27, Blk. 34, Sec. 1, Prince Rupert. Lots 1 and 2, Blk. 8, Tulameen. Lot 3301, R. 5. Lot 1909, G. 1. Lot 1910, G. 1. Lot 132i, R. 5. Lot 6460, G. 1. Lot 6461, G. 1. N.E. 4 See. 8, Tp. 57. Lot 866, G. 1. Lot 417. Lots 20 & 21, Blk. 11, Sec. 6, Prince Rupert. Lot 725. Lot 323. Lot 3463. ,, Cedar John B. Wood Kamloops Albert Edward Hill Osoyoos Cariboo Sayward Coast Renfrew Rupert Similkameen Donald McDonald Netta B. Moore Quatsino Coal Co., Ltd., (N.-P.L.) .... Mick N. Taylor » # f » PART II. FOREST BRANCH. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Report of the Chief Forester— Page. Forest Protection , 65 Disposal of Logging-slash , 71 Railways 72 Permanent Improvements , 78 Land Classification 80 The Live-stoek Industry 81 Forest Reserves 82 Organization 83 Records 84 Forest Revenue 87 Timber Inspection 93 Scaling 95 Timber Sales 95 Forest Products 96 Forest Surveys 101 REPORT OF THE FOREST BRANCH. — ■ ■ — January 7th, 1913. The Hon. William R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sib,—The Forest Branch, which was created in February, 1912, by the passage of the " Forest Act," is now organized and at work. I have the honour to submit herewith the First Annual Report of the Branch, in which is discussed in detail the work planned, in progress, or already accomplished, in the general fields of forest-protection, timber-sales, forest surveys, and organization. Since the report is necessarily of some length, it has appeared advisable to condense its more important features under the following summary :— The Forest Wealth of British Columbia. British Columbia contains one of the few great bodies of commercial timber left in the world which are not yet materially reduced by destructive lumbering. With the possible exception of Siberia, Brazil, and the North-western United States, the timber wealth of British Columbia is unparalleled in any other country. The investigations of the Forest Branch have gone far enough to show that British Columbia contains not less than one hundred million acres of forest land, and that the total stand of commercial timber is certainly not less than three hundred billion feet, and probably much more. At present the lumber-output of British Columbia is about a billion and a quarter feet a year. At the present rate of cutting, making no allowance at all for annual growth, it would take the lumber industry of British Columbia nearly 250 years to use up merely the mature timber now standing. The annual growth of the forests of British Columbia is even now, before they are either adequately protected from fire or from waste, certainly not less than five times the present annual lumber cut. These figures indicate clearly what, at least in part, should be the forest policy of British Columbia. Several times as much timber is now going to waste each year through natural decay as is being used in the same year. Merely to protect our forests from fire, but to lock them up against fuller use, would be only in slight degree less wasteful than not to protect them. Conservative methods of lumbering will not only utilize timber now going to waste, but will actually improve the condition of the forest. To provide adequate fire-protection for our forests is one prime need, but to get them adequately used is of equal importance. The situation calls urgently for a forest policy which will encourage the development of a greater lumber industry for British Columbia along lines which will provide for the prompt utilization of mature timber and for safeguarding the forest against unnecessary waste, and which will ensure a good second crop upon logged-off lands. In less favoured countries not blessed as we are blessed with greal natural forest wealth, or which have exploited and destroyed their forest wealth recklessly and needlessly, the returns from forestry sometimes consist merely in the indirect benefits conferred by husbanding what is left, and so far as possible restoring forest cover to those areas which have been denuded. But in British Columbia the forests should, and will, prove not merely the source of general benefit through their protection from fire, but the direct source of great and increasing money returns to the Government, and consequently to the people. Obviously, we must not go so fast in forest-utilization as to depress lumber-values by overstocking the lumber market. That would be most unwise, both as a matter of business and in its invitation to increased waste in logging and manufacture. A thoroughly reliable index to the extent of waste in the woods from lumbering is the profit gained from his operations by the lumberman. The higher the profit, the less should be the waste; the lower the profit, the larger the waste inevitably will be. To sum up, then, British Columbia possesses forests whose actual production in wood each year is alone five times her total lumber cut. What is not cut is wasted in the end. It is not merely advisable to encourage the growth of our lumber industry until it equals the production of our forests—it is our clear duty to do so, in order that timber which otherwise will soon rot on the ground may furnish the basis for industry, for reasonable profits to operator and Government, for home-building, and, in the last analysis, for the growth of British Columbia. D 64 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Thus the Forest Branch faces, as one of the most important duties before it, the establishment of an active and at the same time a well-guarded policy for the utilization of mature timber along lines which will encourage legitimate development, and provide for the utilization and improvement of the forests. Forest Fires. It is seldom a productive policy to swop horses in the middle of the stream. Consequently, the Forest Branch, whose organization took place about the time forest fires were beginning to burn, did not during the fire season of 1912 attempt radical changes in the organization of the patrol force, but simply made the best use practicable of a necessarily imperfect instrument. The result was, due partly to a favourable fire season, that the forest-fire damage in 1912 in British Columbia was, so far as it is known, the smallest in its history. That in itself is encouraging; but it is still far short of good enough. The total damage by forest fires during the past season aggregated more than $300,000, and about 160,000 acres were burned over. In the light of the inadequate patrol force, the fact that this damage was not greater is exceedingly creditable to the Wardens. But in the light of the amount of public property unnecessarily destroyed, this damage is indefensible. The goal which the Forest Branch has set for itself, which is an entirely practicable goal to attain so long as the necessary provision is made for its work, is that there must be in British Columbia no material damage done by forest fires at all. An active policy of timber-utilization, as already outlined and recommended herein, would be most unwise, unless our forests are adequately protected from fire. There is even less justification for letting public property burn up than there is for failing to use it wisely. Hand-in-hand with our policy of forest-utilization must go an equally active policy of forest- protection, and the money and the men needed to put that policy into effect. The experience of the past season and of preceding seasons makes it clear that the following are the more important needs towards further reducing the yearly loss to British Columbia through forest fires:— (1.) A field force picked with an eye single to the work in hand, adequately paid, and, so far as the need justifies, retained throughout the year, instead of merely for the summer months. It will be practicable, and it is highly advisable, to keep as permanent employees at least a skeleton organization. There is ample and urgent work for many men during the winter months in trail and telephone building where the weather permits, and in forest surveys. Merely temporary employment here, as elsewhere, can never get and hold many good men. (2.) The second requisite for better fire-protection are roads and trails over which patrolmen may travel, and over which supplies may be brought in ; and telephone-lines, in order to get men quickly to the fire-line when tires break out. Trails and telephone-lines are cheaper in the long run than men. For, in the aggregate, at a relatively small expense the efficiency of the present fire-fighting force can be increased at least twofold by the necessary telephone- lines and trails. The construction of these permanent improvements, useful not merely to the protective force, but to all classes of the local population, should be looked upon for several years to come as an urgent and essential part of our work in forest-fire protection, and adequate funds should be provided for carrying it on. (3.) Serious fires broke out this year and gained great headway before the Wardens were put on. It is essential, in order to give efficient fire service, that the men should be on the ground before the fires begin. This period will vary in different parts of the Province and in different years, and consequently the need for a wide degree of elasticity is clearly indicated, rather than a fixed date for putting men into the field. Work done. The Forest Branch is about six months old. It has a working scheme of organization and already an active current business. Neither its organization nor its personnel are as yet entirely complete, for such a task requires more than six months. A good beginning has been made. The forest-fire record, as outlined above, while still far from good enough, is the best in the history of the Province. On the side of developing an active policy of forest-utilization, the necessary examinations have already been made as a basis for timber-sales which will aggregate an entirely new revenue, apart from royalties, of about $100,000. Bids for this timber are now being invited. It is probable that, for the next year alone, new revenue from timber-sales will approximate about $150,000, and that the next and succeeding years will show a steady and rapid increase in receipts from this source. Cedar, Fir, Tamarac, and Hemlock in Wet Belt, West Kootenay. JfiliP * ' B ^iff"%:;. \:V'& : 4l«f r 1 F. . <n; *' .:::V:. ■'-.■ " " ,J-.; : ■ . ' " '■;;.:■:. :.-.■■ ." ." 4 :.;,/;t i m " ":^''#'Hs " ' " ___, , ... ' -?"'"5 § ft M00- K ... ' *jj Using sound, clear lumber for fuel where defective logs would do. One donkey-engine uses 2,000 feet or more per day. 3 Geo. 5 Forest Protection. D 65 Thus the creation of the Forest Branch has not resulted in increasing the drain upon the Provincial Treasury. While the cost of our forest-work must increase as the volume of that work increases, there is abundant indication that this cost will constitute a smaller and smaller percentage of the total receipts yielded by the Forest Branch. Fundamental to the work of the Branch in developing a progressive and well-guarded timber-sale policy are the forest surveys recently begun. These consist of practical studies of the different forest regions in British Columbia to determine not merely their needs for efficient administration, but, above all, to acquire that necessary practical and exact knowledge of the character, value, and condition of their timber resources required as a basis for the development of their fullest usefulness. The results of these forest surveys will appear from time to time as bulletins of the Forest Branch, and will be of value not merely as guides to the general extent of our forest resources, but to lumbermen and other forest-users. There are, of course, many other useful projects upon which work is already in progress by the Branch, or planned for the immediate future, as, for example, its studies to encourage the pulp industry, to invite a more complete utilization of low-grade material, and its investigations of scaling methods and of mill and logging waste. But, as outlined above, the three great tasks before the Branch to which its chief effort will be given, are more efficient fire- protection, the improvement of the forest by an active timber-sale policy along conservative lines, and the production of a steadily increasing revenue from forest resources. CO-OPERATION". The Forest Branch is young, and it faces a great opportunity. The material welfare of British Columbia is inseparably bound up with the success of her forest policy. In the last analysis, the success of the Forest Branch will depend in large part upon the knowledge, and consequently upon the understanding, which the people of British Columbia have of its work. The Forest Branch is dealing administratively with a public resource—a resource which is the property of the whole people—and the Branch is, in a very real sense, the steward of the people and the servant of the people in the protection and use of the people's own property. Through its bulletins, through addresses, by personal intercourse, and above all, by a frank and direct method of procedure, the Forest Branch will do all in its power to inform the people of British Columbia about their own property which the Forest Branch administers in trust. It will also make a special effort to obtain in their own and in the common interest the co-operation of lumbermen and other forest-users in its work. In line with this endeavour, and on the initiative of the lumbermen themselves, is the appointment of forest-protection committees by both the British Columbia lumber associations, which will co-operate in an advisory capacity with the Forest Branch toward the development of a still more efficient forest-fire patrol. In the matter of co-operation again, a good beginning has been made. FOREST PROTECTION. The month of April, 1912, was generally much drier than usual, and was followed in the first half of May by a period of very dry, hot weather, accompanied by strong winds. During this period a number of fires broke out all over the Province. Those on the Coast and on Vancouver Island were confined wholly to slashings, and while a number of donkeys and other equipment and a few camps were destroyed, practically no damage to standing timber occurred. I regret to report, however, that one life was lost in one of these fires on Vancouver Island. Serious loss and damage to standing timber occurred, however, later on in the season in the following sections of the northern part of the Province—namely, in the Bella Coola Valley, along the Skeena River north and east of Hazelton. Reports received from different outside sources indicate that large areas of timber land were burned over in the Peace River Valley and adjoining portions of the Province about the middle of the summer. It has not yet been possible to employ Fire Rangers in this district, although the Dominion Government has set an example by employing Fire Rangers in the less-timbered adjoining region in Alberta. In the Bulkley Valley, and between Quesnel and Fort George, a considerable amount of small-growth timber was destroyed. Since much of the land burned over is agricultural land, and the timber thereon would eventually be destroyed in clearing the land, the net loss will not be great. On the 140-mile stretch along the Fraser River, west of Yellowhead Pass, however, the damage was very serious. Probably a total of 70,000 acres was burned over, and about D 66 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 20,000 acres of merchantable timber killed. The latter is difficult to estimate, but is probably close to 100,000,000 feet. Most of it is located near the G.T.P. Railway, which will probably be operating by 1914, when a part af the fire-killed timber will doubtless be salvaged. In the months of June, July, August, and September, which ordinarily constitute the driest and most dangerous fire season, rains were frequent and generous over the entire Province, except in the northern region, including the Skeena and Bulkley Valleys. In consequence there was no bad fires except in the two last-named valleys, and in these the timber destroyed was for the most part small and located on agricultural land. Altogether about 160,000 acres were burned over, and 200,000,000 feet of merchantable timber, or one-tenth of one per cent, of the total stand of the Province, was killed by fire during the past season. A large percentage of the area burned over and the timber killed was burned early in May before the Fire Wardens were put on duty. Tables giving the total reported damage by fires and the number of fires classified according to their cause are given below:— Unknown 149 Fires started before season 39 Campers 38 Railway-locomotives 34 Lightning 23 Donkey-engines 11 Railway-construction 11 Public-road construction 9 Uncontrolled permit fires . . . .' 8 Smokers 7 Accidents 6 Logging-railways 6 Prospectors 3 Indians 3 Total 347 Damage from Forest Fires. Value. Merchantable timber killed, 200,000,000 feet @ $1 per M $200,000 00 Cut logs 64,000 feet @ $8 512 00 Shingles and rough lumber, 10,000 feet Railway-ties, 11,300 feet Fencing, 1 mile 100 00 Telephone-line, 4 miles 1,600 00 Cordwood, 1,050 cords 2,100 00 Logging equipment 10,000 00 Houses and contents, 1 1,500 00 Dairy 100 00 Cabins, 5 500 00 Camps and contents, 5 6,095 00 Tents, 1 20 00 Blacksmith-shop 200 00 Bridges, 7 350 00 Sawmill, 1 10,000 00 Shingle-mill, 1 20,000 00 Live-stock, 100 pigs 600 00 Corduroy road, 450 feet 200 00 Railway contractor's camp and equipment 20,000 00 Hay, 8 tons 96 00 39,300 00 Total damage $313,273 00 Cost of fighting fire, Forest Protection Fund 29,879 72 Private companies and individuals 30,000 00 Cost of patrol, Forest Protection Fund 157,333 24 $530,485 96 3 Geo. 5 Forest Protection. D 67 In addition to the above, a large amount was spent by the railroad companies in maintaining a patrol along their tracks, and by private timber-owners in patrolling their holdings and building trails and telephone-lines for better fire-protection. It is possible that much of the timber killed by fire, particularly that along the Grand Trunk Pacific, can be salvaged, and if the efforts which are being made in this direction are successful the loss will be considerably reduced; but the amount of the saving cannot be estimated so closely in advance as to be put into figures. Areas Burned Over, Season 1912. Total Acreage. Island Division 6,830 Fraser Valley Division 2,605 Southern Coast Division 3,216 Northern Coast Division , 8,020* Atlin District 2,000* Kitsalas Division 7,740* Fort George Division (probably) 30,000 Quesnel Division (probably) 20,000 Lillooet Division 1,000* Tete Jaune Cache Division 67,200 Kamloops Division 2,550 Revelstoke Division 2,595 Vernon Division 1,250* Grand Forks Division 232 Nelson Division 350 Cranbrook Division 2,560 Fernie Division 200* Total 158,348 The Work of the Fire-patrol Force. In 1911 the force consisted of 110 District Wardens, who were directed by ten Divisional Wardens, who in turn were under the direction of two Supervisors of Wardens. In the past season the force consisted of two Supervisors, who were in charge of fourteen Divisional Wardens. In all, there were 16 Divisional Wardens in charge of 149 District Wardens. During the dangerous summer season there were also employed for areas of extreme hazard forty-eight special patrolmen, who were paid by the day. The total area included within the sixteen divisions which were organized was about 125,000,000 acres, of which it is estimated that about 80,000,000 to 100,000,000 acres are covered with some kind of timber, and 50,000,000 to 65,000,000 acres were real forest land, covered with mature timber or valuable second growth. A very small area was denuded land in the process of regeneration. The headquarters and total area of each division and the number of District Wardens and the average area of the districts in each division are given below :— (1.) Vancouver Lsland.—Headquarters, Victoria. Number of District Fire Wardens, 18 ; total area, 7,373,000; area per man, 409,722 acres. (2.) Lower Mainland Division.—Headquarters, Vancouver. Number of District Fire Wardens, 20; total area, 4,700,000; average area per man, 235,000 acres. (3.) Southern Coast Division.—Headquarters, Vancouver. Number of District Fire Wardens, 6 ; total area, 10,585,000; average area per man, 1,794,166 acres. (4.) Northern Coast Division.—Headquarters, Prince Rupert. Number of District Fire Wardens, 3; total area, 18,580,000; average area per man, 6,193,333 acres. (5.) Atlin Division.— Headquarters, Atlin City. Number of District Fire Wardens, 1; total area, 785,000 acres. (6.) Skeena Division.— Headquarters, Kitsalas. Number of District Fire Wardens, 8; total area, 12,935,000 ; average area per man, 1,616,875 acres. * Reports incomplete, but figures approximately correct. D 68 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 (7.) Fort George Division.—Headquarters, South Fort George. Number of District Fire Wardens, 7; total area, 16,150,000; average area per man, 2,307,157 acres. (8.) Quesnel Division.—Headquarters, Quesnel. Number of District Fire Wardens, 6 ; total area, 9,720,000 ; average area per man, 1,620,000 acres. (9.) Lillooet Division.—Headquarters, Clinton. Number of District Fire Wardens, 6 ; total area, 12,540,000 acres. (10.) Tete Jaune Cache Division.—Headquarters, Tete Jaune Cache. Number of District Fire Wardens, 7 ; total area, 4,780,000; average area per man, 682,757 acres. (11.) Kamloops Division.—Headquarters, Kamloops. Number of District Fire Wardens, 7 ; total area, 3,600,000 ; average area per man, 604,285 acres. (12.) Vernon Division.—Headquarters, Vernon. Number of District Wardens, 7; total area, 3,600,000; average area per man, 514,285 acres. (13.) Grand Forks Division.—Headquarters, Grand Forks. Number of District Fire Wardens, 8 ; total area, 4,310,000 ; average area per man, 538,750 acres. (14.) Nelson Division.—Headquarters, Nelson. Number of District Fire Wardens, 13; total area, 3,140,000; average area per man, 241,285 acres. (15.) Cranbrook Division.— Headquarters, Cranbrook. Number of District Fire Wardens, 6 ; total area, 4,780,000; average area per man, 796,666 acres. (16.) Fernie Division.—Headquarters, Fernie. Number of District Fire Wardens, 12 ; total area, 2,040,000; average area per man, 170,000 acres. (17.) Big Bend, Division.—Headquarters, Revelstoke. Number of District Fire Wardens, 2; total area, 2,590,000; average area per man, 1,295,000 acres. (18.) Selkirk Division.—Headquarters, Revelstoke. Number of District Fire Wardens, 11 ; total area, 3,135,000; average area per man, 285,000 acres. The principal features which decide the area that can be patrolled by one man are the degree of danger from fire, the number of burning permits to be granted, and the means of transportation and communication. As shown above, the average area of the district patrolled by one man last season was about 900,000 acres, and the cost of patrol about one-seventh of a cent, per acre. Owing to the extremely favourable weather conditions during the past season, the patrol force was not put to trial, and therefore the inadequacy of the present force to successfully meet a really bad fire season was not disclosed ; but from the experience of all forest countries it is plain that the force in British Columbia will have to be materially increased before good forest-protection can be insured. Burning Permits. The provisions of the "Forest Act," which requires that no fires be set for clearing land during the close season, which extends from May 1st to September 30th, was enforced by the patrol force, and the conditions imposed were, in the main, cheerfully accepted by the ranchers, settlers, and loggers. In all, 9,400 burning permits were issued by the Wardens, and of the large number of fires set, only eight escaped. Too much cannot be said for the good spirit shown by the settlers in doing everything possible to control and extinguish their fires. Below is given the number of permits issued in each Division :— Permits issued. Vancouver Island Division , 2,377 Lower Mainland Division 3,116 Southern Coast Division 156 Northern Coast Division 30 Atlin District Division 10 Skeena Division 80 Fort George Division 127 Quesnel Division 19 Lillooet Division 40 Tete Jaune Cache Division 92 Carried forward 6,047 3 Geo. 5 Forest Protection. D 69 Permits issued. Brought forward 6,047 Kamloops Division 39 Revelstoke Division 650 Vernon Division 927 Grand Forks Division 226 Nelson Division 1,456 Cranbrook Division 79 Fernie Division 53 Total 9,477 Violations op the Fire-protective Provisions of the "Forest Act." Laws aimed to prevent the starting or spread of fires, must, if they are to prove effective, be vigorously enforced. This is important not only as a deterrent to persons who have a tendency to ignore the law, but also to call the attention of all citizens to the law, and inform them of its application. In the past the most frequent cause of fires, outside, perhaps, railways and logging operatons, was land-clearing by farmers. The railways and logging companies have been forced at considerable expense to install fire-protective devices, to furnish patrolmen and fire-fighting equipment, and to clear rights-of-way and other areas of inflammable material, and the adoption of such measures has resulted in a very marked reduction in the number of fires started by these agencies. It was, of course, comparatively easy to enforce the observance of the fire laws by the railways and logging companies, owing to their small number and prominence, and also to their financial responsibility. The situation is somewhat different with settlers. In the first place, it should be realized that the greatest difficulty the settler in British Columbia has to overcome is the forest cover, or the stumps and debris left from logging. Heavy expenditure of time and labour is necessary in many districts before the land can be cleared and crops can be put in. Even under the best conditions, the task of land- clearing is not easy; and since fire is practically the only means of clearing land, there is a constant temptation to use fire promiscuously, and without due consideration to the danger to surrounding property which always attends its use. The enforcement of the burning-permit regulation in consequence presents many difficulties, and it is not surprising that occasional settlers are found who will look upon this regulation with antagonism, and who set fire to their slashing at a time that, while it may give the cleanest kind of a burn, may also render the danger of fire escaping and spreading far greater than is justifiable. Therefore, while the Government should make every effort to assist the settler in clearing his land, and should make it as convenient as possible for him to obtain permits promptly and without loss of time, the duty which the Government owes to the public generally in fire-protection makes it necessary that the permit regulation, as well as those aimed at the railways and logging companies, be enforced strictly. During the close season, informations were laid against twenty-four persons for starting fires to clear land without a permit. Fines were imposed in five cases, amounting to $300. Six cases resulted in suspended sentences, with costs; twelve were dismissed and one withdrawn. Summary. Informations laid 24 Convictions secured 11 Dismissed 12 Withdrawn 1 Fines collected $300.00 Costs 108.60 Appeal allowed in one case, fine and costs remitted; fine $50, costs 32.50 The Public. During the past season a determined beginning was made in the effort to reach the general public, and particularly settlers, campers, travellers, motorists, fishermen, and hunters, in a campaign of education against carelessness in the use of fires. D 70 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 That part of the " Forest Act" dealing with fire-protection was printed in convenient pamphlet form and issued to the Wardens for distribution to ranchers, loggers, and other parties concerned. A variety of cloth posters were also printed, and these were displayed by the Wardens in conspicuous places along roads and trails, at camping-places, logging camps, and on buildings. These posters were prepared in a striking way to attract the attention of passers-by, and it is thought they proved effective in keeping the danger of fire present in the public mind. A card was also printed and issued to the Wardens. These cards afforded a very convenient means of bringing the need for fire-protection home to campers and others, and they were widely distributed. The cards gave the name and address of the Fire Warden, so that persons receiving the card would know to whom to report fires which they might discover. Examples of the posters and style of appeal used are given below :— CITIZENS ! Last Summer these were— 73 forest fires caused by clearing land ; 67 forest fires caused by campers ; 37 forest fires caused by logging operations ; Resides railway and other fires. $140,000 of public money was spent in fire-prevention. One bad fire cost $9,000 to fight. Fine timber was wasted, houses were destroyed, pay-rolls and trade went up in smoke. Several men were ruined. Why? Just because some one neglected his clearing fires. Just because some one left a camp-fire smouldering. Just because some one was careless with matches or tobacco. Just because some one broke the law when using steam machinery. Our forests yield $2,600,000 a year to the Government. Natural resources provide the money for developing British Columbia. Lumbering circulates $24,800,000 a year among our people. You benefit. The best fire law in America was passed last winter in Victoria. Help your Government to ENFORCE IT. W. R. ROSS, Minister of Lands. Since many of the men employed by railways, in logging camps, mines, canneries, and in the fishing and other industries are foreigners, posters will be issued giving in condensed form the most important provisions of the law, and brief admonitions in regard to the proper use of fire, in different languages, such as Japanese, Hindustani, Chinook, Italian, Greek, and Chinese. During the past season the Divisional Wardens submitted weekly lettergram reports giving local weather conditions during the week that affected the fire hazard, and also the number and seriousness of any fires which may have started. These bulletins kept headquarters advised as to the situation all over the Province, and facilitated prompt and effective action in the employment of extra patrolmen wherever the fire danger was serious. These reports also proved of great interest and value to the public, and were given wide publicity. This telegraphic service will be continued next year. Logging Operations. The most important provision of the " Forest Act" respecting logging operations have to do with the installation on donkey-engines of efficient spark-arresters and pumps with proper hose-connections, and the equipment by loggers of their own men and camps with suitable fire-fighting tools. At the commencement of the season regulations were prepared, printed on cloth, posted by the Wardens at all logging camps. The regulations are as follows :— Engines.—Every donkey-engine and locomotive must be equipped with an efficient spark-arrester and with devices which will prevent the escape of fire from ash-pans and fire-boxes. Ashes and Coals.—Ash-pans and fire-boxes must not be emptied while locomotives are in motion. Ashes and Coals taken from ash-pans and fire-boxes of locomotives and donkey-engines must be immediately extinguished with water, or placed in a safe pit, or on a spot of bare ground. Eire-fighting Tools.—Every donkey-engine and locomotive must be provided with a sufficient supply of water and with a pump capable of forcing water to a height of 25 feet, 150 feet of hose, six ten-quart buckets, six shovels, three axes, three mattocks, all in good repair for fire- fighting purposes. Snags.—All dead trees and snags within 200 feet of any donkey-engine at work must be felled. Watchmen.—A watchman must be kept on duty at every donkey-engine under fire during the NOON hour and two hours after operations have ceased for the day. 3 Geo. 5 Disposal of Logging-slash. D 71 Camps.—A sufficient space around all oamp buildings must be cleared of brush and other fino combustible material. Smoking.—Lighted matches, cigars, cigarettes, and pipe-ashes must be completely extinguished before being thrown away. Responsibility.—Foremen, engineers, and all men working in the woods, as well as contractors, operators, and owners, are responsible for the carrying-out of these regulations. W. R. ROSS, Minister of Lands. Victoria, May list, 1912. During the season about 300 donkey-engines were inspected by the Wardens, and the fire-preventive devices and fire-fighting equipment were in general found to be in excellent shape, and generally up to the requirements. In a few cases, however, the Wardens found it necessary to order donkey-engines to stop operating until the necessary devices or equipment had been supplied. The effectiveness of the new regulations and their enforcement in preventing fire is shown by the fact that only eleven fires were started in logging camps, as against thirty-seven last year. Sawmills, Mines, and Camps. The regulation requiring that inflammable material be cleared from a space around all camps, mines, sawmills, portable and stationary engines has not been strictly enforced during the past season, partly for the reason that the Wardens were not able to examine all the places involved, partly because the machinery necessary to enforce the law is not yet complete, and also because it was felt that before attempting to penalize infractions an attempt should be made to persuade the owners of such establishments to comply with the law voluntarily. The Wardens, therefore, were instructed to call the attention of mill and mine owners, men in charge of camps, and others to the provisions of the law, and to indicate what measures should be taken by them to comply with its intent. This policy will be continued next year, except where the conditions are exceptionally dangerous, in which case the owners will be given definite asd detailed orders to comply with the Act. Another provision of the " Forest Act" requires all mills and steam plants to equip their smoke-stacks or chimneys or waste-burners with spark-arresters, and prohibits the burning of wood-waste without proper safeguards. Most of the large sawmills and steam plants have already complied with these restrictions, but a considerable number of small sawmills, especially in the interior, have failed, as yet, to install efficient waste-burners, and a number of complaints have been received in regard to such violations of the Act. Generally, the failure of these plants to construct safe waste- burners results in risk to the plant itself, as well as to the surrounding timber, and it is therefore to the owners' interest to install efficient and safe waste-burners. Hence but little trouble in general is expected. DISPOSAL OF LOGGING-SLASH. The Act provides that operators of logging camps may be required to construct fire-lines around their cut-over areas, and to cut down dead trees and stubs within such areas. The Act places, however, upon the logger no obligation to burn his slash. No attempt has been made during the past season to enforce the provision quoted above, but all the most dangerous slashings, aggregating over 60,000 acres, have been reported upon by the Wardens, and efforts have been made to get the loggers to burn their slash. Fortunately, a majority of the lumbermen are thoroughly convinced by past experience that a slash is bound to burn sooner or later, and that it is the best policy to burn it at a safe season under proper safeguards. It is usually possible to choose a time of the year when slight fire-lines only need to be constructed around the slash, and it is hoped that there will be but little need for enforcing provisions such as the above, which would inevitably put the operator to considerable expense. The effective disposal of slash has been made an express condition of the free permits of timber for construction purposes conferred by their charters on railways, and regulations call ing for the lopping of tops, piling of brush, and construction of fire-breaks are being enforced on the permits granted to the Grand Trunk Pacific and the Canadian Northern Pacific. Next spring a systematic campaign of slash-burning will be undertaken and followed in the fall by the burning of slash which has been made during the summer, so that in the following year the area to be burned will be as small as possible. It is felt that, if a definite plan of burning slashings twice a year is adopted by the loggers, the slash evil, which has D 72 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 been the cause of a great number of disastrous fires in the past, will be overcome. The adoption of this plan will, besides reducing the fire hazard, increase the safety of camps and equipment, and produce the most favourable condition for the regeneration of the forest. In carrying out this necessary work, systematic study will be made to determine the best methods and the cost, results being carefully compiled and compared. A number of loggers have promised their assistance in conducting experiments, and it is hoped that information can be collected which will be a distinct help to all operators. It might be interesting in this connection to say that burning of logging-slashes by owners is compulsory under the laws of the States of Oregon and Washington, and that the work is not proving either difficult or costly. Under the charge of experienced men, by choosing the right weather conditions and by making a few preparations in the way of fire-breaks, the lumbermen of these States have found that slashings can be burned safely and at an expense varying from 15 to 50 cents an acre. Disposal of Debris on Rights-of-way. Roads, trails, power-lines, and the like, constructed through timbered land, are a very serious source of danger on account of carelessness of travellers with pipes, cigarettes, cigars, matches, and camp-fires. If the slash is left, the conditions are perfect for the starting of fires, which, owing to the amount of slash, are difficult to extinguish. There is also great need for a network of fire-breaks in the timber regions to serve as a protection against conflagrations and to reduce the difficulty and expense of fighting them. Roads, trails, power and telephone lines, and other projects constitute a readily available means for the construction of such fire-breaks, and every advantage should be taken of them. The " Forest Act" contains full provisions for the proper disposal of the debris resulting from the construction of such projects by private capital, and under these provisions railways, power-lines, logging-railways, and new telephone, etc., lines have been required to clear up slash. The public roads should be a model as to the manner in which rights-of-way should be cleared. Owing to the need for the construction of a great number of new roads, many necessarily have been pushed through without clearing up the debris, -and, of course, such work was not required in the past. As a result there are thousands of miles of roads whose rights-of-way are in bad shape, and which should be cleaned up in the interest of protection. New roads should be cleared as they are constructed, so as to avoid a second handling of the debris, and the double cost. Orders were issued to the Wardens in the latter part of the season to make inspections and reports on the mileage requiring clearing, and an estimate of the cost that would be incurred in burning the debris off; 1,887 miles of public roads were inspected, and 1,386 miles were reported as needing attention, at an approximate cost of $63,472. In many instances the debris was in close vicinity to heavily timbered areas. These sections could be safely burned off, under supervision of the Wardens, in the early spring-time without any great risk of the fires getting beyond control. The Department of Public Works has given the Forest Branch most valuable assistance in fighting fires. That Department has instructed all its road crews, which are distributed over the entire Province, to answer any calls for help, and this they have cheerfully done. The road crews often constitute the only labour within a radius of many miles, and were it not for their co-operation many fires would get beyond control before fire-fighters could be obtained from settlements. It is realized, however, that to call off road crews for fire-fighting often seriously delays completion of important construction-work, and it is the policy of the Forest Branch to refrain from calling on them unless other assistance is unavailable. RAILWAYS. It is a common remark that every timbered region traversed by a railway has been burned over. While the railways are undoubtedly not entirely to blame for this condition, it is nevertheless a fact that gross carelessness by the constructors in clearing the right-of- way, by engineers and firemen in the dumping of live coals outside of stations, by the failure of the companies to equip and maintain efficient spark-arresters on locomotives and other fire- protective devices, and by the neglect to make any effort to extinguish fires set alight through their agency, has in the past been the cause of a great many disastrous fires. Since most of the railways in British Columbia are under Dominion charter, this condition of affairs led the Provincial Government to make application to the Dominion Board 15,000 feet per acre, merchantable length 160 feet, Coast District. ' Ik -• ,<lll& <"> WNjkj,. ..j-JUt / mIiM JSB'ijS . ^?m^M ^HMH^HHHnH| ■ <!ilil|6ffc. v^^H V-. ;S-;;5^%S:i':V ...';;.:VK ^THl Upper Valley, Moose River. Yellowhead Pass, heavily forested with Spruce and Lodge-pole I'ine. 1,y . ■■ . .. . ! t?ML* Immense forests have been destroyed by lire in Bulkley Valley. Driving ties on Moose River, Yellowhead Pass. This river-valley contains about twenty square miles of unalienated timber. 3 Geo. 5 Railways. D 73 of Railway Commissioners for an order regulating the operation of railways in the Province with respect to the prevention of fires. The Board held an extended hearing last winter, and as a result prepared a set of regulations which may well be regarded as the last word on the subject. The important provisions of these regulations are as follows :— Board op Railway Commissioners (Order No. 16570). 2. Until further order, every railway subject to the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada, under construction or being operated by steam, shall, unless exempted by a special order of the Board, cause every locomotive engine used on the said railway, or portion of railway, being constructed or operated by it to be fitted and kept fitted with netting-mesh as hereinafter set forth, namely :— (a.) On every engine equipped with an extension smoke-box, the mesh shall not be larger than 2J x 2J per inch of No. 10 Birmingham wire gauge, and shall be placed in the smoke-box so as to extend completely over the aperture through which the smoke ascends, the openings of the said mesh not to exceed a quarter of an inch and one sixty-fourth (that is, seventeen sixty-fourths) of an inch to the square. (b.) On every engine equipped with a diamond stack, the mesh shall not be more than 3x3 per inch of No. 10 Birmingham wire gauge, and shall be placed at the flare of the diamond of the stack, so as to cover the same completely, the openings of the said mesh not to exceed three- sixteenths and one sixty-fourth (that is, thirteen sixty-fourths) of an inch to the square. 3. Every such railway company shall cause— (a.) The openings of the ash-pans on every locomotive engine used on the railway, or portion of railway, operated or being constructed by it to be oovered, when practicable, with heavy sheet-iron dampers; and, if this is not practicable, with screen-netting dampers 2J x 2J per inch of No. 10 Birmingham wire gauge; such dampers to be fastened either by a heavy spring or by a split cotter and pins, or by such other method as may be approved by the Board. (6.) Overflow-pipes from lifting injectors, or from water-pipes from injector-delivery pipe, or from boiler, to be put into the front and back part of the ash-pans and used from the first day of April to the first day of November, or during such portion of this period as the Board may prescribe, for wetting ash-pans. 4. Every such railway company shall provide inspectors at terminal or divisional points where its locomotive engines are housed and repaired ; and cause them, in addition to the duties to which they may be assigned by the officials of the railway companies in charge of such terminal or divisional points,— (a.) To examine, at least once a week,— (1.) The nettings ; (2.) Dead-plates; (3.) Ash-pans ; (4.) Dampers ; (5.) Slides ; and (6.) Any other fire-protective appliance or appliances used on any and all engines running into the said terminal or divisional points. (b.) To keep a record of every inspection in a book to be furnished by the railway company for the purpose, showing— (1.) The numbers of the engines inspected ; (2.) The date and hour of day of such inspection ; (3.) The condition of the said fire-protective appliances and arrangements ; and (4.) A record of repairs made in any of the above-mentioned fire-protective appliances. The said book to be open for inspection by the Chief Fire Inspector or other authorized officer of the Board : (c.) In case any of the said fire-protective appliances in any locomotive are found to be defective, said locomotive shall be removed from service, and shall not (during said prescribed period) be returned to service unless and until such defects are remedied : (d.) Every such railway company shall also appoint one or more special inspectors, as maybe needed, whose duties shall be to make an independent examination of the fire-protective appliances on all the locomotives of such company at least once each month, and report the condition of such fire-protective appliances direct to the Chief Mechanical Officer of the railway company, or other chief officer held responsible for the condition of the motive power of the said company. 5. Any authorized officer of the Board shall have power to inspect at any time any and all locomotives, and may remove from service any locomotive which is found to be defective in the said fire-protective appliances ; and any such locomotive so removed from service shall not (during the said prescribed period) be returned to service unless and until such defects are remedied. 6. No employee of any such railway company shall— {a.) Do, or in any way cause, damage to the netting on the engine smoke-stack or to the netting in the front end of such engine : (b.) Open the back dampers of such engine while running ahead, or the front dampers while running tender first: (c.) Or otherwise do or cause damage or injury to any of the fire-protective appliances on the said engine. 10. In carrying out the provisions of secteon 297 of the " Railway Act," which enacts that "the company shall at all times maintain and keep its right-of-way free from dead or dry grass, weeds, and other D 74 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 unnecessary combusible matter," no such railway company or its agents, employees, or contractors shall, between the first day of April and the first day of November, burn or cause to be burned any ties, cuttings, debris, or litter upon or near its right-of-way, except under such supervision as will prevent such fii es from spreading beyond the strip being cleared. The Chief Fire Inspector or other authorized officer of the Board may require that no such burning be done along any specified portions of the line of any such railway, except with the written permission or under the direction of the Chief Fire Inspector or other authorized officer of the Board. 11. The railway company shall provide and maintain a force of fire rangers fit and sufficient for efficient patrol and fire-fighting duty during the period from the first day of April to the first day of November of each year; and the methods of such force shall be subject to the supervision and direction of the Chief Fire Inspector or other authorized officer of the Board. 12. The Chief Fire Inspector shall, each year, prepare and submit to each and every railway company a statement of the measures such railway companies shall take for the establishment and maintenance of said specially organized force. Said statements, among other matters, may provide for— (a.) The number of men to be employed on the said force, their location and general duties, and the methods and frequency of the patrol; {b.) The acquisition and location of necessary equipment for transporting the said force from place to place, and the acquisition and distribution of suitable fire-fighting tools ; and (c.) Any other measures which are considered by him to be essential for the immediate control of fire and may be adopted at reasonable expense. 13. Whenever and while all the locomotive engines used upon any such railway, or any portion of it, burn nothing but oil as fuel, during the aforesaid prescribed period, under such conditions as the Board may approve, the Board will relieve the said railway of such portions of these regulations as may seem to it safe and expedient. 14. The sectionmen and other employees, agents, and contractors of every such railway company shall take measures to report and extinguish fires on or near the right-of-way, as follows :— (a.) Conductors, engineers, or trainsmen who discover or receive notice of the existence and location of a fire burning upon or near the right-of-way, or of a fire which threatens land adjacent to the right-of-way, shall report the same to the agent or persons in charge at the next point at which there shall be communication by telegraph or telephone, and to the first section employees passed. Notice of such fire shall also be given immediately by a system of warning-whistles : (6.) It shall be the duty of the agent or person so informed to notify immediately the nearest forest officer and the nearest section employees of the railway of the existence and location of such fire : (c.) When fire is discovered, presumably started by the railway, such sectionmen or other employees of the railway as are available shall, either independently or at the request of any authorized forest officer, proceed to the fire immediately and take action to extinguish it; provided such sectionmen or other employees are not at the time engaged in labours immediately necessary to the safety of trains : {d.) In case the sectionmen or other employees available are not a sufficient force to extinguish the fire promptly, the railway company shall, either independently or at the request of any authorized forest officer, employ such other labourers as may be necessary to extinguish the fire ; and as soon as a sufficient number of men, other than the sectionmen and other regular employees, shall be allowed to resume their regular duties. Note.—Any fire starting or burning within 300 feet of the railway-track shall be presumed to have started from the railway, unless proof to the contrary is furnished. 15. Every such railway company shall give particular instructions to its employees in relation to the foregoing regulations, and shall cause appropriate notices to be posted at all stations along its line of railway. 16. Every such railway company allowing or permitting the violation of or in any respect contravening or failing to obey any of the foregoing regulations shall, in addition to any other liability which the said company may have incurred, be subject to a penalty of one hundred dollars for every such offence. 17. If any employee or other person included in the said regulations fails or neglects to obey the same, or anj' of them, he shall, in addition to any other liability which he may have incurred, be subject to a penalty of twenty-five dollars for every such offence. (S'G'D.) D'ARCY SCOTT, Assistant Chief Commissioner, Board of Railway Commissioners for Canada. Immediately after these regulations had been adopted, Mr. Clyde Leavitt, Chief Fire Inspector for the Board of Railway Commissioners, conferred in Victoria with the officials of the Forest Branch, and (the Board having no funds available for local inspection) a co-operative agreement was made with the Forest Branch by which the latter would inspect the railways and report failures to carry out the regulations. Specific orders requiring each company to maintain a force of patrolmen at definite points throughout the timbered districts were then issued. The railways, in general, carried out these orders promptly and effectively, and as a result, for the first time in the history of the Province, they conscientiously endeavoured to prevent the setting of fires by their operations, and to extinguish promptly any which might be set. 3 Geo. 5 Railways. D 75 Before the issuance of the regulations of the Railway Board, the Provincial Government had entered into a co-operative agreement with the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company, by the terms of which the railway company agreed to reimburse the Government for half the cost of preventing and fighting forest fires along the line of construction. It was found desirable to continue the arrangement, and therefore during the past season the Forest Branch appointed Wardens to supervise the clearing of the right-of-way and to take charge of any fire which may occur. It should be mentioned that this railway is also required to pile and burn all brush resulting from construction-work in a strip 50 feet wide on each side of the right-of-way. This gives a strip 100 feet wide on each side of the track, which, it is thought, will aid materially to prevent the spread of fires set by locomotives. The patrol force employed on the G.T.P. Railway proved very effective, but unfortunately the northern portion of the Province experienced an unprecedented dry period in April and early May, accompanied by heavy winds, before the period at which, in ordinary years, there is need of fire patrol. As a result, an extremely serious and damaging fire occurred before the force was put on duty. During the remainder of the season, or until September, burning of brush was prohibited, except under very stringent conditions, and there was very little further trouble with fires from right-of-way burnings. During the months of September, October, and November, Fire Inspectors have been engaged in the examination of the rights-of-way of the lines of the C.P.R., G.N.R., and Kettle River Valley Railways, preparatory to submitting annual reports to the Railway Board. These reports will contain revised plans for the patrol, fire-protective equipment, and right-of-way clearing for each line, and will be the basis of the orders issued for the coming year to the railways. Every effort will be made to give maximum protection to the timber and other combustible property along the railways, at a minimum expense to the railways. Below are given portions of the order issued by the Chief Fire Inspector to the C.P.R. Railway, showing the scope of the regulations. This order contains, in condensed form, the details of the patrol required of this company. Excerpts from other orders are also shown, with the exception of the one applying to the main line of the C.P.R., which lies entirely in the Railway Belt, and is supervised by the Dominion Forest Branch. The orders differ only in the details of patrol required, since all the companies are subject to the general order quoted before. Order ot June 15th, covering the C.P.R. So far as practicable, the work of patrol has been combined with the other regular duties of your employees ; but where this action has not been specifically indicated, the patrol force is to be a specially organized and specially supervised body of men, who shall perform, to the exclusion of other duties, the patrol and other fire-protective work indicated in the regulations of the Board and specified hereinafter. The details of the patrols required on Districts 1 and 2 of the British Columbia Division are as follows, it being understood that, unless otherwise specified, the patrol shall be continuous between the hours of seven in the morning and six in the evening of each day, including Sundays, with a minimum patrol of two round trips each day, one in the forenoon and one in the afternoon :— Nicola Branch 2 patrolmen with velocipedes. Gerrard and Lardo Branch 1 patrolman with power speeder. Sandon-Nakusp Branch 2 patrolmen with power speeders. Procter-Nelson and Castlegar Branch. .. Patrol by sectionmen two trips daily. Slocan City Branch 1 patrolman with power speeder. Castlegar-Rossland Branch 4 patrolmen with power speeder ; 6 foot-patrolmen. Grand Forks-Midway Branch 1 foot-patrolman ; 3 patrolmen with velocipedes. Greenwood-Motherlode Branch 1 foot-patrolman. Eholt-Athelstan 1 foot-patrolman. Reffek-Athelstan 1 foot-patrolman. East Granby-Granby Smelter 1 foot-patrolman. Crow's Nest Pass-Kootenay Landing. . . 10 patrolmen with velocipedes ; 2 foot-patrolmen. Cranbrook-Marysville Branch 1 patrolman with velocipede. Yahk-Kingston Branch 1 patrolman with velocipede. Caithness-Waldo Branch 1 patrolman with velocipede. For the efficient inspection of and general supervision over the work of the railway companies under Order No. 16,570 of the Board, with particular reference to the patrol districts above specified in District 3 of the British Columbia Division, and in the British Columbia portion of District 3 of the Alberta Division, recommendations will be submitted for the designation by the Board of the following officials of the Province of British Columbia to exercise authority as officers of the Board, as indicated in the regulations :— (1.) The Chief Forester of the Forest Branch, Department of Lands, to be designated Chief Provincial Fire Inspector, to have general charge over the fire-inspection work throughout the Province : D 76 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 (2.) The Assistant Forester in charge of Operation, Forest Branch, Department of Lands, to be designated Provincial Fire Inspector, to assist the Chief Provincial Fire Inspector : (3.) A number of other employees of the Forest Branch, Department of Lands, to be designated Divisional Fire Inspectors, with headquarters at various convenient points throughout the Province, each to act as Inspector, under the regulations of the Board, over a specified portion of railway-line. As a matter of record, all velocipede and power-speeder patrolmen passing telegraph-stations shall be reported the same as passing trains, and such records shall be freely open to the inspection of any authorized officer of the Board. Each foot-patrolman shall be equipped with one shovel and one canvas bucket. Each speeder and velocipede-patrolman shall be equipped with two shovels, two canvas buckets, and one axe. In addition to the above and to the regular section equipment, there shall be stored at the tool-house for each section in each patrol district the following emergency fire-fighting equipment : One axe, three mattocks, and four buckets of not less than twelve quarts capacity each. Equipment for the transportation of patrolmen will also be furnished by the company as indicated However, the use of power-speeders shall be established, as specified, at the earliest possible date after July 1st. Whenever oil shall be used exclusive^ as fuel upon any portion of the railway-line in British Columbia, the matter of fire patrol upon such portion of the line may be handled by the track-walkers, section crews, and watchmen, in addition to their regular duties, provided the right-of-way shall have been cleared satisfactorily to the Chief Provincial Fire Inspector, or to the Chief Fire Inspector for the Railway Belt. Not less than one round trip per day shall be made over such portions of the line above specified. These men must, however, be specially instructed and specially supervised by the company. The object ought to be obtained by the regulations of the Board, and by the instructions to be issued under them, is the prevention of railway fires. It is desired to avoid, as far as possible, the imposition of unnecessary expense upon the railway companies, and it is fully realized that the danger of fire will necessarily vary between wide limits during the long season prescribed by the regulations. There is no doubt that a very efficient system of fire patrol can be established at a minimum of expense, if proper provision is made for increasing or decreasing the force as conditions may require or permit. To this end an average patrol force has been prescribed with which to begin work, and the various Fire Inspectors to be authorized by the Boird will be given authority to waive the requirements wholly or in part, from time to time, as may be practicable, it being understood that the Assistant Roadmasters will restore such patrol upon request of the Divisional Fire Inspectors, or other authorized officers of the Board. In order to make the system properly effective, it is essential also that your General Superintendents be authorized and directed to furnish additional men for patrol-work from time to time as requested by the Chief Eire Inspector for British Columbia, the Railway Belt, or Dominion Forest Reserves in Alberta, as the case may be. It is also essential that the necessity be impressed upon your employees of complying in the utmost good faith with the provisions of Regulation 14. In particular, sectionmen should be instructed that they must give the same attention to fire that they do to the safety of the track. On this basis it is believed that further damage by railway fires can be very nearly, if not quite, eliminated in the future, at a minimum of cost to the company. In addition to the provisions of Regulation 14, each Roadmaster throughout the territory covered by the patrols specified in this letter shall be designated by the company as a Divisional Fire Ranger, each Section Foreman as a Sectional Fire Ranger, and each Locomotive Engineer as a Fire Ranger, and each shall be made specifically responsible for the proper carrying-out of the regulations of the Board on that portion of the railway-line to which he is assigned. Whenever any new construction-work is to be undertaken by the company, either independently or through contractors, and whenever any additional portion of railway-line is to be placed under operation by the company, whether lines newly constructed, or lines purchased or under lease from other companies, information to that effect should be at once communicated to the Chief Fire Inspector for the Board of Railway Commissioners at Ottawa, Ontario, in order that suitable provision may be made for necessary fire patrol. Should any portion of the lines affected by this letter be sold or leased to another company, or ownership or control be otherwise disposed of, notice to that effect should be at once sent to the Chief Fire Inspector of the Board at Ottawa. The work of removing all inflammable material from the right-of-way should be taken up vigorously, as required in section 297 of the " Railway Act." In order to minimize as much as possible the danger of fire from smokers on railway-trains, notices should be posted in all passenger-cars, and on the rear platforms of observation-cars, during the period from April 1st to November 1st of each year, requesting passengers not to throw lighted cigars or cigarettes from the train. Porters and other employees on passenger-trains should be instructed to request the observance of this precaution by passengers, so far as possible. Suitable receptacles for cigar and cigarette stubs should be kept on the rear platforms of all observation-cars while cars are in use. (Signed) CLYDE LEAVITT, Chief Fire Inspector for the Board of Railway Commissioners. Patrol required for Kootenay Central (under Construction). Colvalli to end of track 1 patrolman with velocipede. Golden to end of track 1 patrolman with velocipede. Construction-work 2 patrolman with saddle-horse, or 4 foot patrolmen. Patrol oe Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway. In view of the fact that the exclusive use of oil-burning locomotives will soon be in effect upon the E. & N. Railway within a short time, it is not considered necessary to now prescribe an extensive system 3 Geo. 5 Railways. D 77 of special patrols. However, in order to satisfactorily control the situation during the period before the use of oil-burners is made exclusive, you are notified that, by virtue of the authority conferred upon me as Chief Fire Inspector of the Board of Railway Commissioners, you are hereby required to establish and maintain a system of patrols following each coal-burning locomotive operated over auy portion of your line. It will be entirely satisfactory under the circumstances to have this patrol-work done by your section force or other regular employees. The patrol should follow each train within a sufficiently short time to ensure the early discovery of any fire starting from the locomotive. It is assumed that from fifteen to thirty minutes after each train will be most satisfactory. Summary op Patrol required on Great Northern. Cascade Division (main and branch lines, Vancouver to Blaine), two patrols each day, by sectionmen or other employees to be designated by the Company, with such additional patrol at dry seasons as may be requested by the Chief Provincial I'ire Inspector. Boundary-line to Coalmont Branch 1 patrolman with power speeder. Molson-Midway 1 patrolman with power speeder. Laurier-Eight-mile Post .. 1 patrolman with power speeder. Rossland-Patterson 2 foot-patrolmen. Waneta-Nelson , 2 patrolmen with power speeder. Port Hill-Wyndel 1 patrolman with velocipede. Gateway-Michel 2 patrolmen with power speeders. Patrols on Victoria & Sidney Railway. (1.) Between Victoria and Royal Oak, no special patrol will be necessary. (2.) Between Royal Oak and Sidney, two patrols each day by sectionmen or other employees. (3.) Each locomotive operated by the company shall be equipped with 150 feet of 1-inch hose, with necessary tacilities for attaching to the injector feed-pipe. (4.) The engineer of each train shall be required to keep a look-out for fires along the track, and if it is possible for the train crew to extinguish any fire so discovered, to stop the train and notify the conductor, whose duty it shall be to extinguish the fire. If the fire cannot be so extinguished, the engineer will notify the nearest section foreman at the earliest possible moment, who shall immediately proceed to the fire and extinguish it. (5.) The company shall, so far as practicable, make arrangements with the city water-station on Elk Lake, and with suitable persons having telephone service at Keating, Saanichton, at Basin Bay Brick Co., and with James A. Johnson, and with a resident in the vicinity of Eik Lake, under which arrangement the section foreman or the Victoria office of the company will be notified immediately of any fire discovered burning along the right-of-way. Patrol on Grand Trunk Pacieic Railway. Between Yellowhead and Tete Jaune Cache, four men with velocipedes. On all that portion of the line on which construction-work is being done between Mile-point 1,099.6, and the end of the steel which is being laid eastward from Prince Rupert, B.C., one foot-patrolman shall be assigned for each ten miles of the line under construction. In addition to the patrolling of the right-of-way, each such patrolman shall also patrol the tote-roads between lines drawn at right angles to the ends of the railway-line under his protection. The attention to be given the tote-road patrol shall be equal to that given along the right-of-way. Between Prince Rupert and the end of the track now being laid eastward from that point, a distance of approximately 160 miles, one man with velocipede shall be furnished for patrol and fire-fighting work for each twenty miles. As the work of track-laying progresses westward and eastward from the above-mentioned points toward a common point, a patrol shall be established and maintained by the company at least as efficient as that above prescribed. Some of the railway companies were unable to put on the patrols called for by the above orders, on account of inability to obtain the necessary equipment, and for other reasons, but next year they promise to be fully prepared. During the fall all railways have taken up the work of clearing their right-of-way of inflammable material, which in general is progressing satisfactorily. It is probable that by the beginning of the fire season next spring all the really dangerous stretches of right-of- way will have been cleared up, thus greatly reducing the fire hazard. Provincial Railways. All of the lines of the Canadian Northern Pacific in British Columbia and the line of the Pacific Great Eastern are under Provincial charter, and come under the provisions of the " Forest Act" respecting fire-prevention. These provisions are similar to those adopted by the Board of Railway Commissioners to govern the operation of railways under Dominion charter, except that power is conferred on the Minister of Lands to employ patrolmen on any railway at the expense of the company concerned, should the latter fail to maintain sufficient patrol of their own accord. The Act D 78 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 also provides that the right-of-way be cleared of inflammable debris, and that no debris resulting from construction shall be left on private land adjoining the right-of-way; and that before regular train service is begun the railway company must obtain a certificate from the Minister of Lands certifying that the work has been satisfactorily performed. Under the above provisions the Forest Branch placed five patrolmen on the Vancouver Island branch of the C.N.P. Railway. Under the supervision of these patrolmen the clearing of the right-of-way was performed satisfactorily, and with the exception of a few places the debris caused by the construction of the railway on adjoining lands was also efficiently disposed of. The few places which were not cleared up will be dealt with before a certificate is issued. Only one fire escaped from right-of-way burnings on this line, and covered 200 or 300 acres. No damage to commercial timber was inflicted. The line of the C.N.P. Railway from Vancouver to Kamloops runs either through settlements or along the precipitous rocky sides of the Fraser River canyon, and the danger of fire not being great, the railway was not required to employ special patrolmen. The work was frequently inspected, however, and the Forest Branch is ready to recommend the issuance of a certificate for the line between Westminster and Hope, a distance of eighty- five miles. From Kamloops north, the C.N.P. Railway let contracts last season for the construction of 120 miles of line. Except for a distance of about twenty miles from Kamloops north, the line runs through a heavily timbered district, and special patrolmen were employed by the Forest Branch to supervise the clearing of right-of-way, the men being paid by the railway company. No trouble with fires occurred, and the right-of-way was well cleared as the work proceeded. Contract for another 100 miles of line has been let, and this work also will be carefully supervised, since it is all through heavy timber. On the eastern end of the C.N.P. Railway, contract has been let for the stretch between Yellowhead Pass and Albreda Summit. Right-of-way clearing has already commenced, and under the supervision of officers of the Forest Branch the work of clearing the right-of-way is being performed satisfactorily. Contracts for the construction of portions of the Pacific Great Eastern were let last summer, and work has already commenced on Howe Sound and at Lillooet. Instructions have been issued to the contractors in regard to the requirements of the Act as regards clearing the right-of-way and disposing of debris caused by construction on adjoining property, and the work will be periodically inspected during the winter by an officer of the Branch. Early in spring, patrolmen whose salary will be paid by the company will be employed. Before any of the above lines commence operations, orders will be issued in accordance with the provisions of the Act, specifying the fire-protective measures which must be adopted, including the installation of efficient spark-arresters and other appliances designed to prevent the escape of fire from the locomotives and trains, the furnishing of fire-fighting equipment, and the establishment of a system of patrol to prevent, discover, report, and extinguish fires occurring within 200 feet of the track. It is felt that the enforcement of these regulations will effectively protect the property adjacent to the right-of- way from danger from fires due to the operation of the railways, and that a repetition of the history of older railways, as regards the devastation of the territory through which they run, will be prevented. The attitude taken by the representatives of all the railways now constructing in the Province toward the tire-protection work has been excellent. With few exceptions the officers of the railway and also the contractors have appreciated the importance of taking precautions against fire, and have cheerfully carried out the regulations. PERMANENT IMPROVEMENTS. General. Few forest regions under administration are provided with such compartively slight means of transportation, communication, and shelter as the greater part of British Columbia. Tracts as large as the whole of some of the Maritime Provinces contain but a few rough trails and are still without settlements. Yet it is in these very regions that the timber is often the most valuable, and the danger from fires set by lightning, trappers, prospectors, and hunters the greatest. At the present time it is practically impossible to extinguish a bad fire in such 3 Geo. 5 Permanent Improvements. D 79 a region. Before there is any possibility of preventing and controlling fires, trails, roads, telephone-lines, and cabins for the use by the Rangers must be constructed. A beginning was made last season upon a preliminary plan for such improvements, and a list of some of the roads, trails, and telephone-lines most badly needed has been prepared. With regard to roads, a road paralleling the Big Bend of the Columbia River, and extending to Tete Jaune Cache, and one from Jordan River to Barclay Sound, are among the most essential. Below is given a list of important trunk telephone-lines, which there is little chance will ever be constructed by private companies or by the Dominion. These lines are urgently needed in the interest of forest-protection. Their construction will save money, both in timber and in the number of men needed for patrol. To build these lines (which should, so . far as possible, be tree-lines to save expense) an expert telephone-man experienced in this sort of work will be employed to prepare standard plans, start crews, and to supervise the construction as it proceeds. The field-work will be performed under the direction of regular officers of the Forest Branch. Telephone-lines. Coast Division— Miles. From Hope to Steamboat Mountain 40 From Harrison to upper end of Harrison Lake 60 From Newport up to head of Mamquam River 25 Island Division— From Campbell River to Port Hardy and Quatsino Sound 125 Fernie Division— Sparwood up Elk River 40 Canal Flats to Cross River 40 Revelstoke Division— Howser up to Duncan River 35 Revelstoke to and up Canoe River 120 . From Beaver Mouth to Canoe River 70 Vernon Division— Vernon to West Bridge via Manashee and Kettle River 100 Grand Forks Division— Princeton up Similkameen River 30 Kamloops Division— From North Thompson River up the Clearwater to Quesnel Lakes. ... 75 Tete Jaune Cache Division — From Fraser River up the North Fork of Fraser 75 Fort George Division— Up the Nechaco River to Fort St. James 30 Kitsalas Division— Kitsalas to Kitimat Arm 40 Kitsalas to head of Kitsumgallum Lake 40 As rapidly as possible, the number and locations of the urgently necessary ranger-cabins is being determined. Plans for cabin-building will be ready in time for a beginning this coming season ; and some of the most imporant cabins will be constructed during the fall and winter by the regular employees, since weather conditions at that time will largely prevent other work. The trails needed to permit of a proper patrol, to render it possible to reach fires quickly, and to reach high points which can be used as look-out stations, amount in the aggregate to thousands of miles. Many of these trails are short and can be constructed by the Rangers and patrolmen when favourable weather conditions render patrol-work unnecessary. The more important ones must be carefully located before construction can begin, and this work will be started next season. The inlets and sounds of the coast and the lakes of the interior afford an easy means of transportation, often the only one, for patrolmen and other officers of the Branch, and launches and other kinds of boats must be provided to utilize these waters. D 80 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Current Work in Permanent Improvements. As weather permits, work will begin upon the following urgently needed permanent improvements during the present fiscal year :— Field Telephone-lines. Miles. Revelstoke to Canoe River 100 Howser up Duncan River 15 Sparwood up Elk River , 15 Campbell River to and down Salmon River 45 Trails. Miles. 1. Arrow Park to Whatshan Lake 7 2. Along east side of Sugar Lake north 10 3. From Canal Flats up Kootenay and White River 16 4. Gold Creek to Moyie Mountain to Meadow Creek 20 5. Christina Lake north 15 6. Up North Fork of Fraser River 20 7. Lakelse Lake to Kitinat, opening up old trail 40 8. Up Rau Shuswap River 20 9. From tide-water up Gold River in co-operation with Public Works Department, C.N.P. Railway, and timber-owners 15 Launches. Bids have been requested for the construction of four 36-foot launches and two 54-foot launches for Coast service, and two 25-foot launches for the Kootenay and Arrow Lakes. Besides these boats, canoes and rowboats will be needed for use on the lakes and rivers of the interior. LAND CLASSIFICATION. While it is true that, owing to climatic and topographic factors, the proportion of agricultural land to the whole area of the Province; is smaller than in the Prairie Provinces, it is nevertheless true that the agricultural possibilities of British Columbia are generally underestimated, and that when all the tillable lands are under cultivation, and when all the grazing lands are made use of for stock-raising, the agricultural industry will easily rank with the lumber industry in importance. A great portion of these agricultural lands are, however, at the present time covered with a valuable growth of timber. In accordance with the highest practice of conservation, the Provincial Legislature has withheld these timbered agricultural lands from settlement until the timber-crop could be removed. At the same time, however, it has also most wisely made provisions for enforcing the prompt removal of the timber-crop from agricultural lands, thus preventing the locking-up of such lands from settlement for an indefinite period. Considerable areas of these timbered agricultural lands are located within timber leases and licences, and larger areas in the most inaccessible regions are held by the Crown, but reserved from pre-emption or sale if they bear timber in excess of 8,000 feet to the acre west, or 5,000 feet to the acre east, of the Cascades. As regards the lands held under lease or licence, the Act requires that all lapsed timber leases and licences be held in reserve until they are examined by the Forest Branch, in order to determine whether the lands have no value except for the production of timber and should therefore be held as forest reserves, or whether they are agricultural in character and should be opened to pre-emption or sale. During the past season fifty expired leases and licences, aggregating in area about 40,000 acres, have been examined by the Forest Branch, and as a result several thousand acres have been found to be more valuable far agriculture than for timber-growing, and will be open to settlement. Many applications, however, for which application to pre-empt or purchase had been received were found to carry timber in excess of the amount allowed under the " Land Act," and must be held under reserve until the timber is removed. It is expected that many more areas will be examined next season. Second-growth Fir, ten years after logging, where defective trees have been left and protected from tire. BH^BRk' BbAf^l^ 1 1 A|i^Yi|(||iiii : t- " ;-' ■ . .•-..■-, ■ - -■ ^|^f.,.f?r ;jjb- , •■^■j •' Typical Lodge-pole Pine and Spruce timber of Upper Fraser Valley. Wide valley of valuable merchantable timber wiped out by Are, Upper Fraser River. Douglas Fir, three feet in diameter, Upper Fraser Valley. 3 Geo. 5 The Live-stock Industry. D 81 Enforced Cutting op Timber on Agricultural Land covered by Leases and Licences. The "Forest Act" also provides that when land contained in timber licences is found to be fit for agriculture, the holder of such a licence may be required to remove the timber therefrom in a specified time, after the expiration of which time the licence will be cancelled and the agricultural land opened to settlement. Before this provision of the "Forest Act" can be efficiently applied, it will be necessary for the Forest Branch to know for each specific case whether the land is agricultural, and how fast, in fairness to its owner, the timber can and should be removed. This calls for expert examination on these lands of an exceedingly thorough kind, for which definite provision should be made. THE LIVE-STOCK INDUSTRY. A most important natural resource of British Columbia, which is scarcely utilized at all at the present time, is the forage produced both in the timber and in the meadows and parks of the mountain-slopes and plateaux of the interior. The extent and potential value of this resource is but little appreciated. It is conservatively estimated that there is in the interior, south of the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway 3,000,000 acres of mountain meadow and park land, and at least 10,000,000 acres of first class timbered grazing land, capable of furnishing summer-grazing for upwards of 1,000,000 head of cattle or 5,000,000 head of sheep. This vast range is supporting at the present time not more than 50,000 head of cattle and horses. Sheep-herding on the open range is not practised in the Province as in the Western United States, and it is doubtful whether sufficient winter range exists to permit of it. The cattle, and particularly the dairy industry, however, can be developed to take advantage of the grazing land described above, and provisions should be made by the Government to render this valuable resource available to the settler who is without capital to buy large tracts of land outright. Fortunately most of these grazing lands are still owned by the Province, either as Crown lands or as timber limits. Further, these lands are, for the most part, capable of producing valuable timber at the same time that the forage is being utilized, if the grazing is conservatively regulated, and it is generally recognized that the best method of disposing of the forage is by a permit system. The carrying-capacity of the land is estimated, and the permittee pays on a basis of so-much per head, instead of an acreage basis. By such a system the rancher is able to start his livestock or dairy business with a minimum of capital, and to receive protection from competitors in the use of the range, while the Government receives a fair revenue, and by limiting the number of stock grazed to the actual carrying-capacity of the land, preserves the timber- growth and protects the land from the serious and lasting results of overgrazing. Another very important result of the use of the mountain lands for grazing is its decided influence in reducing the danger from forest fires. Grazing prevents the accumulation of grass and leaves, increases the rapidity of decomposition of the dead material, and also makes trails ; all of which greatly decreases the fire hazard, and cost and difficulty of fire-fighting, Further, the stockmen open up the country with roads and trails, and, being present during the dangerous fire season, are able to give prompt assistance if fire breaks out. It is therefore important from every point of view that complete information in regard to the location and carrying-capacity of the valuable grazing lands, and the best means of utilizing them, be collected and put before the public, and a definite plan prepared for the use of the public range. The collection of such information is being made a part of the work both of the forest survey parties and the members of the regular force. Maps will be prepared, classifying the forage according to its utility for horses, cattle, or sheep ; the seasons during which it can be used, whether the spring, summer, fall or winter ; and whether it is already being used, or is unused at present. Definite recommendations will also be made as to the terms on which leases should be let, including the grazing period and the fees. The above plans apply, of course, only to those lands which are valuable for the production of timber, and which should be established as forest reserves in accordance with the provisions of the " Forest Act," and to these non-timbered lands which are not valuable for agriculture, and which, owing to their small area and location, cannot be conveniently excluded from the reserves. The provisions of the " Forest Act " providing for the creation of forest reserves, combined with those of the " Crown Pastures Act," provide the machinery for carrying out these plans. D 82 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 FOREST RESERVES. There are in the entire Province over 100,000,000 acres of timber land, of which about 65,000,000 acres possess a topography and soil which will permit of the production of merchantable timber, which eventually, when transportation means become available, can be profitably logged. This immense area is unsuitable for agriculture, and, outside of the forage which grows upon it and which some time will be used for grazing, the only value which practically all this land has is for the production of timber. It is impossible to estimate in dollars the approximate value of this vast resource. The annual production of these 65,000,000 acres of forest land would be, under proper management and protection, certainly not less than 6,500,000,000 B.F., and as utilization grows closer, greatly in excess of this amount. Even at the low average rate of $1 per thousand feet, this would mean a return to the Government from the forests of British Columbia of $6,500,000 a year. Clearly, however, the inevitable increase in stumpage values will raise the ultimate revenue of British Columbia from her forests to several times this amount. To ensure the production in perpetuity of this timber-crop, the timber lands of the Province must first of all be protected from fire; second, the timber must be cut in a manner to obtain the maximum yield per acre; and, lastly, deforested lands must be made. This great work, with the success of which the future of the Province is inseparably bound, can only be accomplished by a broad and definite policy of forest conservation. The first, and most urgent, step in the development of such a policy is the establishment as forest reserves of those areas needed in the public interest for the protection of stream-flow and the protection of timber, and which are unsuited for agricultural use. It is extremely important that these reserves be established at the earliest possible date. No restrictions whatever should be placed on the location of mineral lands in forest reserves, but, inasmuch as the use of the land for mineral development will only be temporary, while the land can always be used for timber-production. Within these reserves, complete title to rights, as far as the production of timber is concerned, should remain with the Crown. The Government should, however, be liberal in granting timber free of charge for mining purposes, up to the point where the mine becomes productive and ships coal, ore, or oil. The grazing lands of the Province, which are discussed elsewhere in this report, constitute a very valuable resource which will never be fully utilized until the agricultural lands are settled upon by bona-fide farmers and stockmen. Owing to the high cost of clearing land and otherwise bringing a farm to a point where it will support a family, it will be necessary to offer the settlers every inducement, one of which should be free grazing privileges for a certain number of live-stock. Settlers can only be protected from unfair competition in the use of the range by the inclusion of the timbered grazing lands within forest reserves, and the control of grazing privileges by the Government. At the present time there are timber leases and licences which contain valuable agricultural land, or which are located close to growing towns, which may be found to retard the natural development of the community. Owing to the condition of the lumber industry at the present time, hardship might be incurred by the owners of such leases and licences through the enforcement of the provisions of the Act respecting the enforced cutting of timber, but it is entirely possible that an exchange of these lands could be made for vacant Crown timber lands through the means provided by the section of the " Forest Act" dealing with the creation of forest reserves. It should not be understood that the creation of these reserves will in any way retard the development of any agricultural lands, or of coal, oil, or mineral land, which may be included in them. Provision should be made for the prompt exclusion of valuable agricultural lands, and, as has been stated before, the only restriction which should be placed on the location of coal, oil, or mineral lands in forest reserves should be the reservation of the timber and the surface rights of the land for the production of timber. In this connection it is interesting to note that the Dominion Government has placed in permanent reserves the entire east slope of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, containing nearly 12,000,000 acres ; 2,250,000 acres in Manitoba; 600,000 acres in Saskatchewan; and over 500,000 acres of the mountain lands in the Railway Belt in British Columbia, not including over 800,000 acres in national parks. It is probable that the forest reserves in the Railway Belt will be extended eventually until all the timber lands not valuable for agriculture are included. 3 Geo. 5 Organization. D 83 ORGANIZATION. The portion of the Province in which the existence of settlement and industries requires the establishment of field offices of the Forest Branch now extends from the International Boundary north to the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific, and includes the entire length of the coast-line and all the islands along the coast. In the past, the region south of the Railway Belt and the Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island have been the only ones in which the business of the Department required a permanent organization, but the construction of the G.T.P. Railway, the C.N.P. Railway, and the P.G.E. Railway are opening up vast areas in which there will take place a great development, already begun, in the lumber industry, demanding the presence of forest officers to attend to the collection of revenue, to make timber-sales, and to examine lands to determine whether they come within the legal classification of timber lands. This portion of the Province, containing approximately 125,000,000 acres, will be added to by the construction of railroads in the near future into the Peace River country, and elsewhere also. The organization of this latter territory, so far as the transaction of forest business is concerned, can probably wait a few years, but complaints in regard to forest fires have already been received, and it will probably be necessary to organize these comparatively inaccessible districts for fire-protection purposes next year. Disregarding these last areas, however, and restricting the establishment of forest offices to the territory in which there is regular business besides forest protection, we have an area of 125,000,000 acres, of which probably 100,000,000 acres is covered with some kind of forest, and of which probably 65,000,000 acres bears or can bear merchantable timber. To administer efficiently the forest business in this vast territory and to protect effectively the timber within it from fire is the chief problem before the Forest Branch. In the past, the organization has been built up along independent lines. There was a Timber Inspection Branch, which collected royalties and looked after trespass cases ; a Scaling Branch, which attended to the official scaling of logs and the determination of the amounts of timber cut as a check for the Timber Inspection Branch, and, lastly, a Forest Protection Branch, whose duty it was to issue burning permits, prevent and fight forest fires, and otherwise carry out the provisions of the law. These three staffs were under separate managements and disconnected. The employees of the Timber Inspection and Scaling Branches were on duty throughout the year, while the Fire Wardens were only employed for five months during the dangerous season. While it is probable that such a plan of organization develops men specially qualified in particular lines, it is also true that it results in much duplication of work and unnecessary travel, wdiile members of one branch fail to profit by the knowledge and experience of the other branches. It is consequently far more expensive, and the different terms of employement cause jealousies and antagonisms between the men. The system has been tried out in nearly all forest countries, and has been abandoned on account of its expense and the difficulty of supervision and control. The plan of organization adopted in practically every country owning forests is one which the entire responsibilty for the administration and protection of the forests within a certain district is placed on one man, who reports direct to headquarters. He is, in fact, a district manager. The district is in turn divided into smaller districts, all the business on each of which is in charge of a surbordinate officer reporting to the district manager. If there is work which calls for qualifications of a technical nature, specialists are assigned, either temporarily or permanently, to the district manager. In this way the authority and responsibility are centred to one man ; there is never any conflict in authority; and the danger of strife and jealousy arising between men belonging to the same department is almost entirely eliminated. This system which naturally develops men of all-round ability and experience, and affords much greater opportunities for rapid advancement than one founded on the specialist plan, is a very important factor in attracting and holding good men in the service. Another advantage over the specialist plan is that it is easily understood by the public, since all business relating to forest administration and protection is transacted by one and the same officer. Notwithstanding all the difficulties in the way of putting a plan of organization such as the above into effect, the advantages are so great that there is no escaping the conclusion that it should be put into effect with as little delay as practicable. D 84 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 District Foresters. Until a larger number of men well qualified by training, experience, and ability are available, very large districts only can be established. As the business of these forest districts increases, however, demanding a more intensive administration, and as trained men become available, the larger districts should be subdivided. The men in charge of the forest districts will be called District Foresters. Each of them will be entirely responsible for the conduct of all the work in his district, and will therefore be in the field a large part of his time. Such officers will be expected to make themselves familiar with conditions in every portion of their district—with each sawmill, logging operation, and timber-sale; with agricultural conditions and the need for land classification; with all fire-protection and improvement work; and with the work of each subordinate. Forest Assistants. When work of a technical nature, such as land classification, forest surveying and cruising, arises in a district, it will (until the members of the local force become qualified) necessarily be performed by Forest Assistants, who must be temporarily or permanently assigned, under the direction of the District Forester, to a district needing their services. Only men who have had a thorough technical training will be appointed Forest Assistants. Head Rangers. Owing to the size of the districts, the District Foresters will require assistants to help in supervising field-work, particularly the protective work, and for this purpose one or more Head Rangers will be appointed in each forest district. These Head Rangers will be given such authority as in the opinion of the District Forester is advisable, but ordinarily each should have full charge of field-work in a specified portion of a district. Head Rangers should be kept on duty throughout the year. Rangers. The routine work involved in the supervision of timber-cutting, in the examination and classification of lands, in granting burning permits, in other fire-protective work, and in the construction of improvements will be performed by Forest Rangers. Appointment of Rangers should be confined to citizens of British Columbia who are not more than forty years of age, who are qualified by training and experience to perform the work, and who are physically capable of hard work. Probably several different grades of Rangers, such as District and Assistant Forest Rangers, will have to be established. District Rangers would be kept on duty throughout the year and would be eligible for appointment as Head Rangers. Forest Guards. Work of a non-technical character, such as patrol for fire and assisting Forest Rangers and Forest Assistants, can be performed by Forest Guards on temporary appointment. Experience as a Forest Guard should in general be considered an essential qualification for a Ranger. RECORDS. It is but twelve years since the office-work in connection with the administration of the Provincial forests occupied the attention of one official in the Lands Department at Victoria. The issue of an occasional timber lease; the receipt of rental from some 220 leases and the registration of their assignments; the issue to applicants of perhaps 150 annual licences to cut timber on vacant Crown lands ; and the copywriting of marks with which lumbermen might desire to brand their logs—this comprised the duty of the staff of one. Since the Timber Inspector's office at Vancouver collected the royalty paid on cut timber and forwarded this to the head office at regular intervals for transmission to the Treasury, the supervision of cutting operations created practically no headquarter clerical work ; and the Forest Protection Service, with the heavy correspondence and the accounting that it involves, had not yet been thought of. The introduction of the special licence system in 1905, and the stimulus that it gave to every form of forest industry, resulted in a sudden expansion in the volume of the timber business transacted in the Lands Department. Apart from the extra work caused in the 3 Geo. 5 Records. D 85 Survey Branch and in the Department generally by the staking of 15,000 square miles of unsurveyed Crown lands, the services of four additional officials were required to cope directly with the licence records themselves, and with the receipt of as much as $2,300,000 in a year from this new source of revenue. Several changes—such, for instance, as the surrender of 12,000 twenty-one-year licences and the reissue in their place of perpetual licences— have made very heavy increases from time to time in the current work, and have handicapped the staff in the constant struggle with arrears. A sum of about $800,000 placed in a Trust Deposit Account awaiting attention shows how heavy these arrears have been. In 1911 the Forest Protection Service had come into existence, and both the correspondence concerning it and the supervision of the accounts of the ten divisions and 110* fire districts of the Province still further increased the office force, which in one part or another of the Lands Department was engaged in forest business. The expansion of the lumbering business had also given rise to a correspondence with the Timber Office at Vancouver, the burden of which fell chiefly on the Deputy Minister or the Minister himself. At the time of the passage of the "Forest Act," in February, 1912, there were thus four separate sections of the Department, each of which was concerned with a different form of timber business. The Government had been awaiting the passage of that Act to create a branch of the Department which should assemble and bind together all forest-work and the staff engaged in doing it; and without loss of time—in April of this year—the Records Office of the new branch was consequently brought into existence as an amalgamation of the existing clerical forces. Office reorganization was, however, not the most pressing task of the new forest service. The planning of a field programme, the establishment of fresh lines of work, the many difficulties that naturally occur when considerable changes in procedure are made in a Government department, and the rapidly increasing amount of current routine work absorbed practically the whole energy of the staff for the first four months, while preparations for the Convention of the Canadian Forestry Association, held in Victoria in September, made a further demand upon the time and attention of officials who would otherwise have been engaged in studying office efficiency. Throughout this period constructive work was hampered by the absence of suitable quarters, and it was not until the end of October that the wanderings of the scattered staff from one committee-room and basement to another were brought to an end by completion of the present office building. Even so, November was nearly over before the licence records could be transferred and the entire office force gathered under one roof. The inevitable delays that have occurred in the completion of the large amount of printing and the diverse material required in providing the necessary supply of more than fifty forms of card records, account-books, and other stationery equipment for the new office, and in the delivery of filing-cases and furniture, have also helped to prevent the actual carrying-out of the changes contemplated. The plans for these have, however, been worked out carefully, and the delay in executing them has been in some ways an advantage. Hurried changes lead to mistakes, and a mistake involving 15,000 records (as in the case of licences) would be a very serious matter. The preparatory stage in office organization is, however, practically at an end, and with the new year the new system of records will be brought into use. It is impossible at present to foresee just what clerical force will be needed to do the work, for though labour may be economized by short cuts and by getting rid of duplication and unnecessary routine, yet it will be largely increased in other directions by the necessity of helping the men in the field by keeping systematic records of many matters which have hitherto received no attention, and by supplying prompt information both to these men and to the public. Office Organization. The recent creation of district offices throughout the Province and the payment of royalty direct to the Victoria office by operators in the interior and in the northern country will make a serious addition to headquarter routine, and so also will the establishment of a thorough system of accounting for all expenditures. The needs of the field force engaged in the inspection of cutting operations, the office-work in connection with numerous timber- sales, and the systematic compilation of useful interdepartmental information will add heavily to the labour of record-searching and record-keeping, and to the number of status *There are now 149 districts. D 86 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 problems that must be solved at Victoria. Thus on both the status and the accounting side the work will be intensified. The value of this work plainly depends to a great extent on the promptness with which each item of it is dealt with and completed. Specialization is essential. Henee, just as the Timber Inspectors have been relieved of their hampering duties as accountants and collectors and have been left free to attend to their essential work protecting the Crown forests and supervising cutting operations therein, so also the status section of the Victoria office will be enabled to deal exclusively with its own work by the concentration of all routine money matters into a separate accounting office, With this separation it is hoped that the status matters of the morning's mail will be dealt with by the afternoon, except in special reserved cases, and so that money received is acknowledged by the immediate mailing of a receipt. Automatic safeguards in procedure will prevent incorrect action by the accounting branch when any impediment exists from the point of view of the management or status offices. Co-operation. With sufficient clerical help to cope with the large amount of detail involved, a record office can do a great deal to increase the efficiency of the field force of a forest service, especially in a country such as British Columbia, where the tenure of timber often involves a number of more or less complicated questions. The issue of a timber-mark is an illustration in point. This might be treated as a simple matter involving nothing but the registration of any mark with which an operator might wish to brand his logs, and the clerical work would be but slight. On the other hand, the applicant might be required to furnish the exact description of the timber upon which the mark was to be used; the office might then make copies of the official plans of the Survey Branch, showing not only the land on which the timber stands, but also all surrounding lands; the exact tenure under which all these lands are held might then be ascertained from the registers; a mark which indicated at a glance the class of timber the applicant was entitled to cut might then be allotted to him ; and a summary of the facts, accompanied by coloured sketches, could be supplied to the Timber Inspectors of the district in question, so as to equip them with all the information that the records can yield concerning the revenue payable to the Crown from the logging operation covered by the allotted mark. Some timber is subject to royalty, some is not; some is exportable, other is not; and areas of each class are frequently intermixed to an extent that makes strict field supervision necessary to prevent timber subject to royalty from being cut and branded incorrectly when adjoining timber free from royalty is being logged, and to avoid consequent loss of public revenue. Similar troubles may occur through the mixing of the non-exportable class of timber with the exportable; or of the timber on which $1 per thousand feet is payble with that subject only to a royalty of 50 cents. When, therefore, a record office supplies the Inspectors—on each occasion when it registers a timber-mark— with a clear-cut mental picture of all the circumstances that may affect the amount of revenue to be drawn by the Crown from the logging operation covered by that mark, it does a great de&l to increase the efficiency of these Inspectors. Moreover, subsequent requests to the Victoria office for necessary information, postal delays, and unnecessary correspondence are avoided. The contrast between the two methods of dealing with a timber-mark record has been discussed in detail merely as one illustration of the way in which a live offiee organization may co-operate with the field force to the great benefit of administrative efficiency and the public revenue. Many other examples could be given of useful improvements already being carried out in the Records Office. For instance, the Lands and Survey Branches of the Department will henceforth be notified immediately whenever any timber licence, lease, or permit expires, so that the maps and registers may no longer be encumbered with dead material of this nature. District officers will be supplied with full information concerning the survey and standing of licences, the status of leases, etc., and as soon as possible a directory of Crown grants previous to 1906 and of pre-emption records in the more important logging districts will be compiled and copies furnished to the fieldmen concerned. Considerable arrears of work in connection with a necessary revision of the timber-mark register are also being dealt with at the present time. The use of card systems in all these different forms of status-work will keep the office supplied with up-to-date information from day to day. In the section of accounts, record will be taken of the cost of each line of work and project; all expenditures will be audited, analysed, and summarized each month, and supplies 3 Geo. 5 Forest Revenue. D 87 purchased will be watched by an effective system of property accountability. The royalty receipts and the scale returns will be accounted for in an effective manner, statements showing all arrears being made once a month. Incidentally, the place of origin of every boom of logs that is exported will be noted carefully. With the provision of sufficient clerical assistance and the disappearance of arrears of work, the time will soon come when all receipts for payments that are in order will be issued within twenty-four hours. FOREST REVENUE. (1.) Special Licences. At the beginning of 1909 there were in existence 15,109 special licences to cut timber on Crown land, for each of which the Government was receiving, on an average, about $130 per annum. Though some of these have been cut over and abandoned, a number of others have been eliminated when exact survey of the ground has replaced the vague description of the original staker, and this is, without doubt, the chief reason for the * SOOOOO- INCREASE IN TIMBER ROYALTY. I902 /90i 9904 /90S /90C J907 999J ,909 i$/Q /!)// decrease in the number of special licences that has occurred since 1908. A return showing licence surveys has just been completed by the Survey Branch. It would appear that nearly 700 were gazetted in the first nine months of the present year, and that 4,888 in all have been surveyed to date. The following decrease has occurred:— Year. 1909.!. Licences alio to lapse. 232 1910... 253 1911... 312 1912 (9 mon otal ths) 110 T 907 Since 1908 the annual revenue from this source has thus decreased by about $118,000. It is reasonable to suppose that further decreases, due to survey, will take place, but it is encouraging to note that, although far more licences were surveyed in 1912 than in any previous year (20 per cent, of the surveys gazetted in the nine months being of this description), the number allowed to lapse was much smaller than before. The actual amount of licence rentals dealt with during the year was derived as follows :— East of the Cascades $ 745,194 West n .. 1,192,000 There are in existence 14,202 special licences, the normal revenue from which should be, approximately, $1,846,000. The actual amount shown in the statement below, as received for this year, is somewhat in excess of this, owing to the temporary increase in receipts caused by the payments of the special fees for perpetual licences under the Act of 1910*, and by the *In two years these special fees of $20 amounted to no less than $218,440 through the exchange of 10,922 twenty-one-year licences for perpetual licences as provided in the Act of 1910. Thus the revenue in each of the years 1910, 1911, and 1912 is swollen by a share of this amount. D 88 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 fact that owing to the provision of some extra help in November no less than 2,400 licence renewals were issued. (2.) Royalty. The cutting operations in British Columbia are still conducted on a far smaller scale than the annual forest-growth makes desirable, but their steady increase and the increasing vigilance of Government supervision is shown by the receipt of $488,701 in royalty and timber tax for the past year, a substantial increase over the previous year and the largest amount yet obtained by the Crown from this source of revenue. Making a comparison with previous periods of twelve months each, we find :— Calendar Year. Royalty and Tax received. Increase. Increase per Cent. 1900 1901 1902 $ 96,479 95,389 99,635 143,049 182,791 198,325 216,065 208,468 305,276 265,038 389,582 425,185 488,701 $- 1,090 + 4,246 + 43,414 + 39,742 + 15,534 + 17,740 - 7,597 + 96,808 - 40,238 +124,544 + 35,603 + 63,516 - 1.1 + 4.4 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 + 43.6 + 27.8 + 8.5 + 8.9 - 3.5 + 46.5 -13.2 + 47.0 + 9.1 1912 + 14.9 The increase in ten years has thus been nearly fivefold. Note.—It should be mentioned that "timber tax" for 1912, included in the above, amounts to $29,599 ; some of which represents the tax of 1 cent per thousand on old Crown- grant timber manufactured in the Province, and some $1 per thousand on timber of this character exported. (3.) Leases. The area under timber leases amounts to 621,512 acres, the rentals varying from 5 to 25 cents per acre. Pulp leases at 2 cents per acre rental comprise 354,399 acres, and leases for the stripping of hemlock-bark a further 32,252 acres, on which rental is 5 cents per acre. Existing leases covering over 386,000 acres have the right of perpetual renewal. The revenue from this source (4.) Hand-loggers. The number of hand-loggers increased from 144 to 161. amounted to $4,125. (5.) Timber-marks. A gratifying increase is taking place at the present time in the number of applications for marks, owing to the effort of the Inspectors to secure compliance with the law. The branding of logs is an essential means for securing to the Crown its just revenue, and great care is being exercised in the registration of marks. One hundred and fifty-eight new marks were registered. A large number of old marks do not comply with the present law, as the areas over which they are to be used are not specified in the registration. This important matter requires immediate attention and the amendment of the Act. (6.) Crown-grant Timber Lands. The revenue from this by way of taxation is, of course, collected by the Assessors. In view, however, of the protection of such timber by the Forest Branch through the agency of the Forest Protection Fund, and in order that the annual return to the Treasury from Contractors constructing railroads through timber lands in British Columbia are required to burn all slash on right-of-way. Dense second-growth Douglas Fir on burned-over land in Coast District. '- , HSnfHH Young Yellow Pine on logged-over land, Kootenay Valley, which is endangered by presence of slash left after logging. Second-growth poplar which has come up after fire destroyed the merchantable coniferous forest. 3 Geo. 5 Forest Eevenue. D 89 Provincial forests may be shown in its entirety, it is of interest to quote the following returns of Crown-grant timber lands :— District. Acreage. Assessed Value. Average Value per Acre. 1911. 1912. 1911. 1912. 1911. 1912. Esquimalt (Victoria) Cowichan Alberni Nanaimo Comox Rossland 16,451 70,728 44,734 47,413 162,329 . 20,745 5,322 47.962 2,420 7,428 167,250 5,323 77,000 49,625 100,084 17,588 74,486 43,705 63,753 185,265 18,866 5,521 47,368 4,960 7,428 177,434 4,819 78,114 48,597 96,811 $ 214,250 885,453 531,689 543,782 2,371,469 93,615 15,960 250,000 12,100 111,678 697,164 15,645 298,225 559,311 602,681 $ 227,800 986,093 581,352 711,920 2,389,788 95,115 16,560 250,000 5,600 111,678 669,351 20,200 298,226 555,359 603,981 $13 02 12 52 11 89 11 30 14 61 4 51 3 00 5 21 5 00 15 03 4 17 3 00 3 87 11 27 6 02 $12 95 13 24 13 30 11 17 12 90 5 04 3 00 5 28 1 13 Vancouver Nelson 15 03 3 77 4 19 Golden 3 82 11 43 Tort Steele 6 24 824,814 874,715 $7,194,022 $7,523,023 $ 8 72 $ 8 60 Statement op Forest Revenue. 1912 (12 Mos. to Dec. 1st). 1911. Increase. Percentage of Increase. Licence rentals and perpetuity fees.. $1,937,194* 489,377 79,262 36,833 25,651 19,237 11,440 4,125 $1,931,375* 425,571 75,700 28,590 18,625 14,644 12,864 3,575 $5,819 63,806 3,562 8,243 7,026 4,593 -1,424 550 0.3 15.0 4.7 28.8 Penalties and trespass Trust Deposit Account interest 37.7 31.4 -11.0 Hand-logger licences 15.4 Total $2,603,119 150,460 $2,510,944 143,880 $92,175 6,580 3.7 Taxation from Crown-grant timber lands 4.6 Total revenue from the forests. $2,753,579 $2,654,824 $98,755 3.7 *The amounts shown represent only the totals dealt with in the accounting office during the twelve months. The rentals of existing special licences, as previously stated, amount to $1,846,000. Expenditure (other than Forest Protection Fund). The opening-up of many new lines of work, and the extension of the forest service to regions of the Province that have recently become of importance through the railway- construction now in progress, has naturally caused an increase in expenditure. The recruiting of a forestry staff for timber inspection, land classification, timber surveys, timber sales, and other work of an up-to-date forest service has increased the field staff by twenty-one members. Add to this, the upkeep of the temporary staff incidental to the earlier stages of organization; the wages of men hired as packers, compass-men, etc., by the various field parties; the purchase of equipment; and the cost of a headquarter staff capable of dealing with the multifarious business created by outside work all over the Province—and the necessity for increased expenditure is very apparent. The beneficial effect of this increase upon the revenue returns will be apparent from year to year henceforth. D 90 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Expenditure, Fiscal Year, April 1st, 1911, to March Slst, 1912. PROVINCIAL REVENUE SCAL YEAR 911 - 1912 PROVINCIAL EXPENDITURE The Forest Protection Fund. Receipts. For the support of this fund the Act requires 1 cent, per acre to be paid by all lessees and licensees of Crown timber lands and by all owners of lands which are classified as timber lands under the " Taxation Act." To the sum thus received the Government adds an equal amount from the public revenue. Accordingly, a sum of $140,000 was included in the Estimates of 1912 and ear-marked for forest-protection. This sum is drawn upon for the purposes of the. fund as collections are made from the other contributors. Expenditure. Weather conditions were the main but not the only reason for the small expenditure upon actual fire-fighting in 1912. A further reason—one, too, that will become more forcible *This includes wages of all packers, compass-men, cooks, and other temporary employees, an item that came (for example) to $2,000 in November. +Of this amount, $1,365 was for launch- hire. A large amount in the aggregate was for the purchase of horses which are being wintered and will be used in subsequent seasons. JThis includes estimate of $1,500 for hired labour. §For detail, see statements of Forest Pro- lection Fund expenditure below. 3 Geo. 5 Forest Revenue. D 91 with every year—was the closer supervision that is being secured through improvements in organization. When, poor judgment by an untried member of the temporary summer staff could result in the useless expenditure of thousands of dollars before the man's superior officers, perhaps hundreds of miles away, could hear of it, arrive on the scene of fire, and take over the control of the public purse-strings—in those days it was inevitable that heavy expenditures on individual fires should be made. When, as under the organization now being developed, the judgment of the man on the spot can be confirmed or corrected by the prompt supervision of his divisional officer in all fires where heavy expense may be feared, fire-fighting can be made both effective and comparatively cheap. Forest Protection Expenditure by Districts, April 1st to October Slst, 1912. Division. Victoria Headquarters Vancouver Island Vancouver South coast launches . Vernon Kamloops Grand Forks Revelstoke Nelson Cra nbrook Fernie Fort George Quesnel Lillooet.... Skeena Northern Coast Tete Jaune Cache .... i 24 26 8 13 11 9 18 16 7 13 17 7 9 13 4 16 212 tn a> 28 22 11 9 10 9 18 14 9 3 17 3 7 41 13 11 225 ■r. <D > tn F a ha 32 13 4 122 Cost of Fires. 1,692.31 1,633.76 1,382.64 748.24 1,527.61 151.00 2,862.27 1,069.36 935.42 48.30 5,853.85 572.13 135.14 5,844.47 4,378.97 992.10 ',827.57 Salary of Staff. $ 1,659.46 11,573.98 14,163.50 3,528.00 5,271.50 5,976.70 5,324.50 7,979.50 10,224.50 4,194.00 7,079.50 6,150.75 3,281.50 4,315.12 6,019.95 1,460.00 6,050.10 $104,252.56 Expenses of Staff. $ 649.98 4,471.05 5,360.00 844.00 2,569.17 2,224.13 2,618.45 4,018.02 4,378.78 2,020.15 3.087.95 3,017.15 1,984.38 2,412.65 2,869.21 786.35 661.05 ,972.47 Launch Expenditure. 361.00 8,799.36 ,160.36 Total. $ 2,309.44 18,098.34 21,157.26 14,554.00 8,588.91 9,728.44 8,093.95 14,859.79 15,672.64 7,149.57 10,215.75 15,021.75 5,838.01 6,862.91 14,733.63 6,625.32 7,703.25 $187,212.96 Estimated Expenditure, Forest Protection Fund (Fiscal Year, April 1st, 1912, to March Slst, 1913). April 1st to October 31st, as shown above. Claims paid November December to March (estimated) Fires. $29,827 666 ',493 Salaries of Staff. $104,252 2,345 5,702 112,299 Expense of Staff. $53,133 Building of launches (estimated) Permanent improvements (estimated and depending on weather conditions). 1,326 3,062 $57,521 Total . Total. $187,212 666 3,671 8,764 200,313 13,000 30,000 $243,313 By arrangement with the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway Company, however, half the expense of forest-protection along its line in this Province—namely, the sum of $9,747—is refunded to the Government by the company. In addition, there is due from the Canadian Northern Railway Company, under the provisions of section 112 of the "Forest Act," the sum of $1,914 for expenses incurred by the Forest Branch for patrol and fire-fighting along the Vancouver Island portion of the line, and $1,580 along the North Thompson construction. D 92 Repoet of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Taking these refunds, totalling $13,241, into consideration, the net expenditure, from the Forest Protection Fund is reduced to $230,072, half of which, or the sum of $115,036, is chargeable to the Government. Receipts, Forest Protection Fund. Assessments to the fund are payable on— Acres. Crown-grant timber 874,715 Leaseholds 1,008,163 Special timber licences 9,089,280 E. & N. timber lands 200,000 C.P.R. tie reserves 543,497 Total 11,715,655 Total Fund. At 1 cent, per acre on the foregoing areas there is therefore due:— From lessees, licensees, etc $117,157 From the Government 117,157 Total $234,314 The estimate of expenditure made above shows that $4,242 may remain to the credit of the fund at the end of the fiscal year if the weather conditions permit of the carrying-out in full of the field-telephone and trail- construction programme. Collections. The amount due from the Government has been deducted from the vote of $140,000 on account included in the estimate for 1912, leaving $22,843, which sum (after deduction of $707 on account of sundry payments due from 1911) is reduced to $22,136, still on deposit to the credit of the Government. The actual collections to December 1st from lessees, licensees, etc., amount to $69,046, leaving $48,111 still to be collected during the remainder of the fiscal year ending March 31st next. The bulk of this is due from licensees, and will be collected automatically when the licences in question come up for renewal. Summary op Forest Finance. The income from forest sources is the mainstay of the Provincial Treasury. It is true that, owing to the heavy receipts from land-sales during the last two or three years, the forest revenue has formed a smaller percentage of the total revenue than it would otherwise have done, but even under these circumstances one dollar in every four that the Treasury FOREST FINANCE $2800 000 $ 2fOOOOO $20O0OO0 # /6OOOOO # /20O00 tfpooooo $400000 ■ ll 1 l /9// /9/S EXPENDITURE /$>// /SI'2 REVENUE 3 Geo. 5 Forest Revenue. D 93 receives comes from a forest source. Moreover, the expansion of the lumbering industry has increased the Crown's annual royalty on timber out fivefold in the last ten years. The inevitable progress of this industry, combined with the increased supervision that a larger forest service can give, will continue in this way to enlarge the forest revenue year after year, while the natural decrease in land-sales, the making of numerous timber-sales, and the effective protection of timber lands from fire should see Provincial finance based to an increasing extent on. a great assured income from the woods. Recent years show the following results :— Forest Revenue. Fiscal year, 1910 $2,448,150 Calendar year, 1911 2,654,824 n 1912 (12 months to December 1st) 2,753,579 To collect this revenue, to protect the interests of the Crown in forest property, to conduct the necessary investigations upon whose results future policy must be based, and to safeguard the natural resources of the Province from the hazard of fire—for all these vitally important purposes the following expenditure by the Government has been made :— Fiscal Year. Expenditure, 1910-11 1911-12 ii 1912-13 1912-13, amount voted Estimated expenditure. Credit balance. Departmental. I 65,822* 60,071$ 162,904§ 160,404 162,904 Forest Protection. J219,493t 144,590 115,743 140,000 115,743 Total. 315 204,661 278,647 300,404 278,647 $21,757 Forest Revenue in Corresponding Calendar Year, per Cent. 7.7 10.1 * April 1st to March 31st. t Including expenses of this period paid subsequently. J Including travelling expenses of officers. § Includes $15,000 for construction of launches. The Government's expenditure on the forests of the Province is thus one-tenth of the revenue derived from them. Taking the total Provincial expenditure for all purposes in the year ending March 31st, 1912, we see that one dollar in every fifty expended was devoted to the forests; while, looking at the revenue returns, we see that one dollar in every four was received from this source. The Forestry Commission report points out that Ontario as far back as 1908 was spending 9 per cent, of her forest revenue upon fire-prevention alone. TIMBER INSPECTION. The duties of the Timber Inspectors and Supervisors of Scalers in the past has been to collect royalties, supervise scaling, and prevent trespass and illegal export. The timber-inspection staff has consisted of the Provincial Timber Inspector, with his office and clerical assistance at Vancouver ; four Assistant Timber Inspectors—one at Vancouver, one at Nelson, one at Kaslo, and one at Kamloops. These assistants were concerned chiefly with the collection of royalty and had little time for inspection of operations in the woods. The work of the Vancouver office required three Government launches. The " Allan- bee," stationed at Mayne Island, patrolled the boundary to prevent the illicit export of logs. The launch " Skinner " patrolled from Vancouver north to Seymour Inlet to examine hand- loggers' licences and trespasses, and to enforce the "Timber-mark Act." The launch " Kiora " was used for inspection, such as examining pre-emptions and applications for timber. North of Seymour Inlet inspection was done by an Acting Assistant Timber Inspector, who patrolled the north coast and Queen Charlotte Islands with a chartered boat. But the D 94 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 growth of the Coast lumber industry from a cut of 475,000.000 feet in 1909 to 777,000,000 feet has created a need for much closer inspection and a larger staff. A field force is urgently needed which can handle promptly the vastly increased Government timber business. Again, men are now needed for inspection in the new country which is being opened up by the G.T.P. Railway and the O.N. Railway. Sawmills will soon be building, and applications to purchase timber are already being received. Oriental Labour. All timber licences have been issued with a clause prohibiting the use of Oriental labour in connection with the cutting of timber. All licensees, sixteen in number, who have been found during the past year to be employing such labour have been notified that the terms of their licences must be obeyed, and obedience has been vigorously enforced. Log-marking. In 1890 the Legislature decided that every person who floated timber should put a personal mark on his logs. There were very few operations in those days, and doubtless the Department of that time felt that the personal marks of loggers were sufficient to enable it to tell which logs should pay royalty and which not. The staking of over 8,500 licences in the Coast districts in 1906-7 and the great increase in the number of logging camps and hand-loggers made it much more difficult for two or three officials to know where every boom of logs towed to Vancouver, the Fraser River, or the American ports came from; and the situation was made more complicated by the laws which prohibited the export of four classes of Coast timber, while permitting the export of a fifth class at $1 a thousand, and a sixth class at 50 cents a thousand. In consequence of this immense increase in the responsibilities of the Inspectors, the law was amended in 1910. Operators were no longer compelled to have mere personal marks to show who had cut the logs; they were to be compelled to have marks which would show what land the logs had been cut from. The 1910 amendment was very necessary. Investigation showed that many operators did not mark their timber at all, or even register a mark. In the second place, many persons who registered marks did not say what timber they wanted the marks for. The 1910 law required every log to be marked with a special mark to show what Crown grant, lease, or licence it came from, and, since only thus could royalty timber be distinguished from non- royalty timber or non-exportable from exportable, the emphatic penalties of seizure and a fine of $500 were provided by the Act. With the considerable increase in the staff engaged in the inspection of logging operations on the Coast that will be made as soon as the launches now under construction are put in commission, the complete enforcement of log-marking will be possible. Thus, the place of origin of each boom of logs can be traced without difficulty, the royalty or tax to be collected from the owner will be known with certainty, and the question as to whether the boom is or is not exportable will be settled beyond doubt. Log-marking on the Coast is the prime essential for the collection of revenue and the enforcement of the export provisions of the " Forest Act." Export of Timber. The export of manufactured timber for the past year has been as follows :— Exported at $1 per M— Feet B.M. Cedar 33,608,990 Spruce 1,249,489 Pine 367,261 35,225,740 Exported without extra payment 17,054,635 Total export 53,280,375 In 1911 the amount exported was 47,000,000 feet. 3 Geo. 5 Scaling. D 95 Only two classes of logs are exportable : (1) From lands Crown-granted prior to April, 1887, upon payment of a tax varying from $1 up, as provided in section 58 of the "Forest Act"; (2) from lands Crown-granted between 1887 and 1906, which only pay the usual royalty whether exported or not. No other timber is exportable unless manufactured, except ties and poles, which may be exported under an Order in Council. The large percentage of cedar that is exportable is due to the fact that cedar logs are much higher in price across the line than in the local market at Victoria and Vancouver ; this is especially so for low-grade cedar, for which there is scarcely any market. Low-grade cedar which is hard to sell here for $5 to $6 per thousand readily brings from $9 to $10 across the line. Thus it is seen that there is a big profit in exporting cedar, and for this reason a close patrol must be kept to prevent the export of non-exportable cedar. SCALING. Scaling in the Province falls into two well-defined classes, owing to very different conditions and methods of logging and manufacture on the Coast lying west of the Cascades, and in the Interior lying to the east of them. Coast District. The rapid increase in the scale returns is shown by the following :— Feet B.M. 1906 175,534,872 1907 413,649,077 1908 407,142,679 1909 475,855,570 ■ 1910 640,786,091 1911 559,212,225 1912 780,021,878 These figures do not include timber upon which 1 cent tax only is levied. Scale Returns for the Interior District. Feet B.M. 1911 296,836,042 1912 325,371,873 Trespass. The aggregate of the fines and penalties imposed during the year for timber trespass was $16,299.65 TIMBER SALES. The present stand of merchantable timber in the Province is estimated roughly at 300,000,000,000 board feet. This estimate will apparently increase as a result of the forest surveys now being conducted by the Branch, and, of course, through the increase in stumpage values, which will make merchantable timber that is not merchantable now. Until more accurate data are obtained, the amount of timber which can be cut annually without endangering the forests of the Province is estimated at 6,500,000,000 feet, board measure. This is a rough approximation based upon the information and figures obtainable, and is conservative. The policy should therefore be to encourage lumbering in British Columbia, whose total annual profit is now less than one-fifth of the actual growth of the forests each year. Special attention should be given to secure the early cutting of the overmature stands of timber and those damaged by fire. The Government timber-sale policy is to increase the annual cut, as business conditions permit, without sacrificing stumpage value, up to the point when the annual growth is equalled. Under this policy of progressive development, it is of the first importance that the methods of logging should involve as little waste as practicable, and should provide adequately for a second crop upon logged-off lands. In general this result can be best obtained, D 96 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 particularly in the Coast forests, by clear cutting followed by slash-burning. In other cases, particularly in the interior, enough trees must be left to shed seed, and slash disposed of by piling and burning when necessary. The forest surveys now being conducted will yield prompt and definite information regarding the location, extent and value of those bodies of merchantable timber which the Department should sell in the immediate future. Information from prospective purchasers regarding other bodies of timber will be used as a basis for prompt examinations looking to timber-sales. The procedure in timber-sales will involve a cruise by the Government, and the fixing of the price to be paid and of the methods of cutting to be followed by the purchaser. A reasonable deposit will be required as an evidence of good faith, but every effort consistent with the welfare of the forest will be made to facilitate his logging operations. The timber-sale policy of the Department has already resulted in the applications and the new timber business shown in the following table. The sales now being advertised and shown in this table will yield a return of approximately $176,000 to the Government. Timber Sales advertised for Tender. Locality and District. Adams Lake, Kamloops M II Point Grey, near N.W Redonda Is., ■■ Pender Hbr., h Deep Bay, i, Gordon Pasha Lakes, near N. W. Myrtle Pt., near N.W Near Creston, G. 1, Kootenay.. Myrtle Pt., near N.W '.'. 970 283 193 405 75 280 170 467 320 479 440 126 Feet B.M. 1,720,800 519,600 343,400 5,100,000 450,000 1,600,000 3,300,000 2,100,000 45,300,000 12,127,800 2,520,000 6,440,000 4,160,000 1,600,000 87,282,100 Poles. 340 10 4,000 16,120 4,670 3,500 450 29,390 Ry. Ties. 4,485 1,200 2,230 93,080 44,890 10,600 156,485 Upset Price. Annual Rental. $1,000 00 $174 30 320 00 60 85 240 00 34 65 (5,100 00) 88 60 SI per M. 225 00 16 40 800 00 61 25 1,650 00 87 20 2,500 00 17 50 Poles, lc. a ft. (51.50 per M. 312 35 Poles, lc. a ft. 82 per M. 263 35 ditto 57 50 ,, 86 10 ,, 79 00 1,600 00 25 50 $1,304 55 Royalty. 817 95 259 80 171 70 !,550 00 225 00 800 00 ,650 00 .,050 00 807 60 335 35 665 62 132 00 800 00 $48,415 92 Net Returns per Ac. $ 2 25 2 32 2 44 19 10 a 22 5 93 19 63 44 59 48 15, 36 37 38 29. 24 37 19 25 FOREST PRODUCTS. In no other Province in Canada does the forest produce annually so large a proportion of the public wealth as in British Columbia ; and a rapid and steady increase may be expected from this vast resource. The annual growth of the forests of British Columbia will yield a cut at least five times as large as it is at present. It is of great importance that the Forest Branch should make every effort to stimulate the natural and proper increase in all industries dependent upon the forest until the annual cut equals the annual timber-growth, and to secure the most profitable use of the forest products in the Province. The Forest Branch co-operates effectively in this work with lumber associations and with individual manufacturers; and it can also render material assistance in the directions outlined below. Arrangements have been made to co-operate with the Forestry Branch of the Dominion Government in collecting and publishing each year reliable statistics showing in full detail the character and value of the yearly output of different classes of forest products. These statistics will not only be valuable to both Governments, but also to all persons interested in timber industries or timber holdings in British Columbia; and they will also draw general attention to the progress and the opportunities in these Provincial industries. The present large export trade of British Columbia consists almost exclusively of lumber, lath, shingles, poles, and ties, while a large import trade consists of manufactured articles made wholly or partly of wood. The Province would benefit greatly by the establishing of local industries which would reduce the quantity of the imports of manufactured wooden goods, and increase the export of highly manufactured goods. The qualities of the leading British Columbia woods fit them for use in many manufactured articles which are now imported. Iter logging on the Coast is constant source of forest /ire Trees left on logged-over land ensure seed supply. Rollway, Yellow Pine Logs, Kootenay Valley. 1 Dangerous slash left along electric power transmission right-of-way. Open refuse-burners are frequent sources of forest fires. 3 Geo. 5 Forest Products. D 97 The Forest Branch will study the existing wood-using industries of the Province and the opportunities for extending them. Information thus obtained will attract attention to this class of manufactures, and point the way to the development of the industry as rapidly as markets and labour conditions warrant. The problem of closer and more profitable utilization of timber now wasted is most important. Not more than 40 per cent, of the timber standing on the land logged over each year is being used. Part of this is full waste and cannot be helped. Some individual loggers and manufacturers have gone far in reducing waste, and credit is due to those companies which have succeeded in reducing waste far below the average in the Province. In attempting to reduce the waste of timber in logging and manufacture, a method of practical conservation which is second in importance to fire-protection only, loggers and manufacturers are struggling against most unfair market conditions. Complete conservation of our timber resources and complete utilization of our timber can be effected only where it is possible to market low-grade material. The Prairie West affords the only natural market for low grades, and since our timber is shut out of the American Prairies by the tariff, the only market left for this class of material is the Canadian Prairies. The following table shows for 1911 and 1912 the American lumber and shingles shipped into the markets upon which British Columbia lumber manufacturers depend :— Importations from U.S.A. to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Lumber, Laths, and, Shingles, from, January 1st to November 1st, 1911, and January 1st to November 1st, 1912. 1912. 1911. Per cent. Increase 1912 over 1911 Feet B.M. Value. Average per M. Feet B.M. Value Average per M. Planks, boards, etc., dressed one side, not 207,762,000 49,291,000 $2,377,262 645,670 $11.44 11.07 2.11 1.84 190,768,000 31,348,000 $2,324,994 390,866 $12.13 12.11 2.31 1.90 9 Sawn boards, etc., duti- 53 257,053,000 Pieces. 63,720,000 82,887,000 $3,022,932 134,624 152,402 222,116,000 Pieces. 58 220,000 17,206,000 $2,715,860 134,795 32,781 9 381 Total $3,309,958 $2,883,436 14 There are several points about this table which are worthy of notice. The total quantity of the lumber imported into British Columbia's field of trade in the first ten months of 1912 was 257,053,000 feet, an amount equal to about one-fifth of the annual cut of the Province. The average price of this lumber was from $11.07 to $11.44 per thousand feet, which shows that the market could have used the low-grade lumber from British Columbia mills. As the direct result of this importation from the United States, approximately 250,000,000 board feet of timber was left lying in the woods in British Columbia, or went into the incinerators. The importation of American lumber was 15.8 per cent, greater in 1912 than in 1911. The imports of American cedar in particular have increased most rapidly, being 381 per cent, greater in 1912 than in 1910. This choking of the natural market with foreign low-grade material is seriously impeding the development of forest conservation in British Columbia. The American manufacturer pays no duty on his sawmill machinery. He produces lumber more cheaply than it can be produced in Canada. On the average there is a larger proportion of high-grade timber in the United States than in Canada ; a larger percentage of uppers and clears is produced than is possible in British Columbia. The American manufacturer makes a profit on the uppers and clears and can afford to realize on the low-grade stock at a low price. D 98 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 3 Geo. 5 Forest Products. D 99 SHEWING FOREST AREAS SURVEYED. 191? s D 100 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 This is not the case in British Columbia. Both in the interior and on the Coast conservative logging would produce a large amount of low-grade material. But the trouble is that the British Columbia millman cannot sell his low-grade material; the British Columbia logger cannot sell his low-grade logs, therefore the low-grade lumber goes into the burner or is used for fuel, and the low-grade logs stay in the woods. It may be possible to devise profitable uses for the sawmill waste produced in the larger milling centres. It has been shown for example, in the United States that Kraft pulp and paper, a high-class, very strong wrapping-paper, may be profitably manufactured from the edgings, trimmings, and other refuse of Douglas fir. The establishment of such an industry on the British Columbia coast would depend wholly on the market; the raw material could be cheaply secured in abundance at such points as Vancouver or New Westminster. Studies have been begun by the Forest Branch to determine the practicability of manufacturing wood-alcohol, turpentine, and resin from the sawmill waste of Douglas fir and yellow or bull pine. A small plant has been working for some time in Vancouver producing turpentine, tar-oil, and pitch. A process has lately been developed in Florida by which turpentine, resin, and chemical paper-pulp may be manufactured very profitably from southern yellow-pine. Since Douglas fir and the yellow-pine of British Columbia are resinous woods, the Forest Branch has sent samples to the Florida plant in order that they may be tested. A syndicate of progressive Vancouver lumbermen and business-men has under consideration a project for using the sawmill waste of that city as fuel for a central heating and power plant. The pulp industry, now started in British Columbia, will in the future do much to promote cleaner logging and closer utilization of timber. Eastern Canada is always spoken of as best fitted for a permanent pulp industry. The advantages which Eastern Canada possesses over British Columbia are artificial rather than natural. These—namely, cheap transportation and access to centres of population which provide labour, markets, and capital— will eventually come to British Columbia along with improved facilities for manufacture. The forests of British Columbia contain much larger quantities of pulp-wood than any Eastern Province, necessary water-powers exist in conjunction with the pulp-wood areas. There are large areas of spruce and jack-pine in the Province which compare favourably, both in quantity of pulp-wood per acre, extent and location, with the pulp-wood limits of Eastern Canada, but which have as yet been considered unmerchantable. There are five pulp-mills in British Columbia with a combined daily capacity of about 300 tons. Only two are at present working on a steady basis. There is an opportunity at the present moment for the promotion of the wood-block paving industry. The reputation of wood-block paving has suffered in British Columbia because in the past the wood has been imperfectly treated with preservative and imperfectly laid. Wood-block pavement thoroughly prepared and carefully laid on solid foundations gives as satisfactory service as asphalt. Increased use of wood-block pavement affords an opportunity to extend the much-needed creosoting industry, and opens a large profitable market for common fir lumber, since paving-blocks (made from 4 by 8 common lumber), consume about 1,000,000 feet of lumber for each mile of road-pavement. Lumber manufacturers of British Columbia who attempt to gain entry into Eastern Canada and foreign markets find that they meet, in addition to prejudice resulting from the comparatively unknown qualities of British Columbia timbers, the competition of foreign timbers the strength and quality of which are advertised by the widely circulated results of Government tests. It is important that assistance should be rendered the lumber industry of this Province in securing entry into such markets. If Eastern Canadian builders, decorators, and other purchasers were aware of the finishing qualities of high-grade lumber from this Province, a profitable market could be developed. A small permanent exhibit of interior finish at a trade centre, such as Toronto, would be a most effective agency in promoting amongst the right class of purchasers a knowledge of the higher qualities of those British Columbia woods which are now known only in their coarser forms. Great assistance could be rendered in the marketing of British Columbia timbers abroad if reliable Government publications were available to which purchasers could be referred for specific information regarding the strength of the timber under different forms of stress, and other leading characteristics of the wood. The preparation of such material should be undertaken by the Forest Branch at as early a date as possible. It would be necessary at first 3 Geo. 5 Forest Surveys. D 101 to have careful tests made at a well-equipped engineering laboratory, to secure accurate data on the strength of our structural woods. As there is no testing laboratory in this Province, arrangements have been made to have the necessary tests carried on at McGill University in co-operation with the Dominion Forestry Branch. There are minor forest industries which it may be possible to develop. The bark of the Western hemlock now being logged on this Coast in fairly large quantities is almost twice as rich in tannin as the Eastern hemlock. Most of the bark is wasted now; an effort should be made to develop a market for it. Another example is the bark of the Cascara sagrada, (a species of buckthorn growing on the Coast and islands), for which there is a large and active market. One Eastern firm wishes to secure 800 tons annually. FOREST SURVEYS. In every country in which the practice of forestry by the Government has been established successfully, it has been found that a comprehensive knowledge of the quality, condition, and extent of the forest resources in the country concerned is the prime requisite of their efficient administration. The Forest Branch has already made a good beginning upon the forest surveys needed as a basis for its work. During the past season forest surveys were inaugurated on the Okanagan Lake Watershed the Nicola Plateau, the North Thompson Watershed, the Salmon River Valley, and the Upper Columbia. The purpose of these surveys is twofold. The most urgent need for them is to supply information needed as a basis for efficient work in the creation of forest reserves, the construction of permanent improvements, and the distribution of the field force. While satisfying these needs, these forest surveys will yield at the same time detailed information regarding the stand of commercial timber in the different regions, its size and quality, and its availability for successful lumbering operations, which will be of great practical value to lumbermen and other forest-users, as well as in the development of a progressive public timber-sale policy. Naturally the completion of these forest surveys will take several years. As rapidly as they are completed the results will appear in the published reports of the Forest Branch, illustrated with the necessary maps of the regions. In the case of the more remote forest regions, it will be some time before the necessary work is done as a basis for its publication. But it is hoped well within a year to issue one or more of the forest survey reports of the Forest Branch. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, H. R. MacMILLAN, Chief Forester. PART III. WATER BRANCH. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Report of Acting Comptroller of Water Bights, by J. F. Armstrong 107 Irrigation's Part in tlie Future Upbuilding of British Columbia, by S. Fortier 112 Water Legislation and Administration in British Columbia, by H. W. Grunsky 117 Shall Water Licences be Perpetual ? By O. C. Merrill 125 Collection and Filing of Hydrographic Data, by E. Davis 127 Office Procedure, by C. A. Pope 131 Water-power Investigations—Progress Report, by G. Gray Donald 133 Description of Work at Hydrographic Station near Kelson, by H. F. Meurling 143 Suitable Designs for Small Headgates, by Fred. C. Scobey 146 Watersheds of British Columbia—Characteristics and Possibilities— Introduction to Reports of Engineers of Water Rights Branch, by H. W. Grunsky. .. 151 Fraser and Thompson Watersheds (in Part), by P. de Lautour 154 Fraser and Bonaparte Watershed (in Part), by W. R. Pilsworth. 157 Nicola River Watershed, by J. F. Rowlands 160 Okanagan Watershed near Vernon, by W. R. C. Morris 163 Okanagan Watershed near Kelowna, by O. F. D. Norrington 166 Okanagan Watershed on West Side of Lake, by P. de Lautour 168 Okanagan Watershed Naramata to Boundary, by O. F. D. Norrington and O. J. Bergoust 171 Similkameen Watershed, by O. J. Bergoust 175 Kettle River Watershed, by Clifford Varcoe 178 Arrow Lakes Watershed, by Clifford Varcoe 183 Slocan Lakes Watershed, by E. Davis 184 Kootenay River Watershed West of the Selkirks, by E. Davis 187 Upper Columbia River Watershed, by F. W. Knewstubb 191 Kootenay River Watershed East of the Selkirks and North of Wardner, by H. B. Hicks , 194 Kootenay River Watershed East of the Selkirks and South of Wardner, by W. J. E. Biker 198 Forms used under the " Water Act " 202 Forms proposed by S. Fortier and H. W. Grunsky— Licence for Irrigation Right—AVorks completed 204 Order defining Irrigation Right—No Works constructed 205 Stream Measurements 207 A :,Y\ ilfi;;A.,A'- Looking up Sheep Creek, East Kootenay. Department of Lands, Water Rights Branch, Victoria, B.C., December 31st, 1912. The Hon. William R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands. Sir,—I have the honour to transmit herewith a report reviewing the work of the Water Rights Branch for the year 1912, and presenting for your consideration some of the problems involved in water administration in this Province. Allowance must be made for the fact that this Branch is still in process of reorganization, and that therefore this report does not assume the unified form which might otherwise be possible. Acknowledgment is made to H. W. Grunsky, an expert of the United States Department of Agriculture, whose temporary services you have secured, and under whose direction the report has been compiled. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, J. F. ARMSTRONG, Acting Comptroller of Water Rights. REPORT OF THE WATER RIGHTS BRANCH. REPORT OF THE ACTING COMPTROLLER OF THE WATER RIGHTS BRANCH. The Hon. William R. Ross, E.C., December 31st, 1012. Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sik,—I have the honour to report concerning the administration of the Water Rights Branch of the Department of Lands. On my assuming office, the " Water Act, 1909," had been in force for two years and a half. Surveys had been made of portions of the Province, but the results, while containing Information which will be of use later, were not such as would assist in the early determination of the water rights of individual holders. The Board of Investigation had heard and determined certain water-right claims, but had established no principles which would aid in the decision of the mass of water rights which were to come before it. None of the information which had been obtained by surveys was tabulated, and only part of the records issued by the local Water Commissioners had been tabulated. The Water Rights Branch had commenced work without precedents to guide it, and the organizations had to be created as necessity arose. It was evident that much of the work was tentative, and would have to be changed if experience proved it unsuited to the conditions of the Province. The alterations made by the " Water Act" in the policy and procedure under the water laws of the Province were not yet understood by the public at large, or even by the majority of the officials entrusted with its administration. These alterations were not as great as they were supposed to be, but the arrangement of the " Water Act," and even its wording, was so different from those of the former Acts as to require much study to duly appreciate the great improvements made. Matters had been allowed to drag in consequence of difficulties arising in the administration of the Act, which had not been foreseen, and in some of the water districts numbers of applications remained in arrears. The new Act was very exacting in some matters of procedure, and few of the applications complied with all the requirements and many had therefore to be refused. In some districts the Water Commissioners issued licences under the easy system which had led to the granting of so many imperfect records in the past. It was soon apparent that uniformity could not be secured unless the licences were issued from a central office. It was also evident that a water licence should be clear and precise, and that clearness and precision could not be obtained without a close inspection of the application, and a careful consideration of the use to which the water was to be put. There should be no doubt as to what stream was to be tapped, as to what priority was accorded to the licence, and as to what lands it should be appurtenant. It was carelessness in preparing the old records which had led to so much trouble in the past, and every effort should be made to prevent similar complications in the future. It was therefore determined to recommend amendments to the Act that would:— (1.) Simplify the notices which were to be posted and published: (2.) Give the applicant a short delay in which to file the information to which the public was entitled, and a longer delay in which to pay the fees and prove to the Department that the water could be beneficially used for the purpose stated: (3.) Set a fixed time within which plans of the works for the diversion, carriage, and storage of the water should be submitted to the public and to the Department, and a fixed time for the commencement and the completion of these works: (4.) Entrust to one official the issue of licences and permits and the granting of the other water privileges: (5.) Enable the Executive to grant a certificate of the approval of Its undertaking to a company or municipality before the plans of works had been completed: (6.) Entrust to the Comptroller of Water Rights the approval of the plans of the works to be constructed: (7.) Provide a summary procedure on complaints for illegal diversion of water and other offences by a licensee: (S.) Provide for the inspection of dams and other structures which are alleged to be dangerous. D 108 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 These changes required the amendment of many sections; in fact, Parts V. and VI. had to be recast. The changes in policy were few, but those in procedure were many and important. These amendments having been enacted in February, 1912, forms were prepared suited to the new procedure, for the few printed forms which had been used previously were now obsolete. The use of these forms is not imperative; they are, however, very useful to the public and save much labour in the office. I am attaching to this report copies of the most important forms, showing how they should be used. (See page 202.) The Minister having determined that expert advice should be obtained before determining the policy that should be followed on several questions on which there are differences of opinion, these questions have been studied with care, and applications which would be affected by the policies have been held in abeyance. Many other applications are held until the Board of Investigation has adjudicated on records granted before 1909. The reports of the engineers will show the nature and extent of the work done in the field, and the report of the Chief Clerk shows the clerical work done in the head office of the Branch. In the matter of applications for licences, our object is to grant a licence which will show clearly the rights and obligations of the licensee, and to place in the office of each Water Recorder a map which will show each stream on which one or more records have been granted, and each parcel of land to which a water licence is appurtenant. When these maps are completed a search will be an easy matter, as each Water Recorder will have a list of all records on each stream in his division. At present this information is not available, and it may be some time before the maps of a district will be complete, but progress is being made. The necessary data is being obtained during each summer and is compiled and mapped the following winter. A map is attached to this report which shows the drainage-areas of the smaller streams in which hydrographic surveys have been made. These will cover most of the drainage-areas in the Fernie, Cranbrook, Nelson, Slocan, Similkameen, Osoyoos, and Nicola Districts, and a few of the drainage-areas in the Golden, Kamloops, and Yale Districts. These surveys have so far been confined to the examination of the portions of these drainage-areas in which water was being put to beneficial use in order that the Board may be enabled to adjudicate on the rights on these streams. Surveys on this system will be commenced in other districts during the coming year. The district engineers will continue their investigation by examinations of the headwaters and the storage capacities of the streams in their districts. The Dominion Government has been carrying on extensive surveys in the Railway Belt, and it is expected that the reports of their engineers will be published shortly. These will also be of great value to the Board and to the public. It has been found that the boundary-lines between the water districts as at first gazetted are inconvenient for the purpose of administration, as several drainage-areas are situated partly in one and partly in another district, requiring that applications and notices should be filed and published in both districts. Where it can conveniently be done, I would recommend a change on those lines so as not to divide the drainage-areas of small streams. The report of the experts who have been inquiring into the organization and duties of this Branch recommends that divisional engineers be appointed to have charge of one or more water districts and that they be entrusted with the duties relating to the distribution of water which, under sections 289 and 2S9a and some other sections of the Act as amended in 1912, devolved upon Water Recorders. They would also attend to the measuring of streams and report on the applications for new licences, so that the central office could at all times have the latest data when adjudicating on applications. The Boaed or Investigation". The principal duty of the Board is the adjudication of rights acquired through records obtained under the laws in force before 1909. The first of these laws was contained in regulations issued under the " Goldfields Act" of 1859. These regulations provided for an application to the Gold Commissioner, stating the name of the applicant, the ditch-head, the quantity of water, the locality where the water should be used, the general nature of the works required, and the time when such works should be completed. They also provided for forfeiture in case of non-use, for the sale of water at a uniform price where sale was allowed, for beneficial use of the water, and for a penalty for waste. 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Acting Comptroller. D 109 In 1871 the " Gold-mining Act" required in addition a notice to be posted; it restricted the sale of water and provided for the filing of objections to a grant, and for compensation for damage done to private property. The Land Ordinance of 1870, which was a consolidation of earlier Acts, provided that persons lawfully entitled to hold a pre-emption, and lawfully occupying and bona fide cultivating land, might divert water for agricultural purposes on obtaining a record from the Commissioner; that priority of right should depend upon priority of record; that all assignments of a pre-emption should convey the water recorded; that a record should not be granted until a notice had been posted containing the name of the applicant, the quantity of water, the place of diversion and the object thereof, and that no person should have exclusive right to the use of the water, whether the same flowed naturally through or over his land or not, except such record were made. Had the Commissioners insisted on the fulfilment of these requirements before making a record, much litigation and trouble would have been avoided. They, however, did not do so, but granted records to some persons who were not entitled to them, records which did not specify the stream, records which did not state the point of diversion, records which did not state the quantity to be diverted, and many records which did not state definitely where the water was to be used. In 1886 an Act was passed providing that records which had been " honestly but imperfectly made " should under certain circumstances be valid, but unfortunately no endeavour was made to improve the procedure and imperfect records were still issued. In 1897 the " Water Clauses Consolidation Act" was passed. This was a great improvement on the previous laws. It defined more clearly the persons and corporations which were entitled to water records; it provided procedure for hearing applications and objections thereto; and it defined the rights and liabilities of record-holders more precisely than had been done before. Standard forms of notices and records were printed and used, and from that time the records contained more complete details, but many of the record forms were not filled in with sufficient precision. The Commissioners failed to recognize the trouble that might arise from the use of such expressions as " the Douglas Ranch " instead of saying " Lots 75 and 86," and the " Ajax Group " instead of naming the individual mineral claims; from not describing the stream in such a way as to distinguish it from other streams in the vicinity; and from not exacting proof that due notice had been given of the application. The consequence was that records were still imperfectly though honestly made. In the " Water Act" of 1909 provision was made for the creation of a Board for the purpose of hearing the claims of all persons holding records, or claiming to hold records, of water or other rights under any former public Act or Ordinance. A Board was therefore named which held its first meeting In Trail on May 19th, 1910. Subsequent meetings were held in Victoria, at 150-Mile House, Alkali Lake, Nelson, Kamloops, Penticton, Okanagan Falls, Summerland, Naramata, and several adjourned meetings at Victoria and Trail during the year 1910 and the beginning of 1911. Up to May 2nd, 1911, 122 orders were passed, cancelling records and directing the issue of licences in lieu of the records which had been confirmed. Since that date meetings have been held as follows :— In 1911.—At Victoria on August 29th, September 11th, October 9th, 16th, and 26th, and December 11th; and at Kelowna on November 23rd to 30th. In 1912.—At Victoria on January 13th, February 5th, 15th, 20th, and 27th, March Sth, 6th, and 7th, April 9th and 10th, May 8th and 10th, and November 25th; Vancouver, January 11th; Kelowna, April 17th and 18th; Summerland, April 19th; Peachland, April 22nd; Okanagan Centre, April 24th; Vernon, April 26th and 27th; Lumby. April 29th; Nelson, May 16th; Kaslo, May 21st; Procter, May 23rd; Slocan Junction, May 24th; Slocan City, May 25th; Silverton, May 27th; New Denver, May 28th; Sandon, May 29th; Duncan, July 2nd; Grand Forks, August 6th; Greenwood, August 7th; Princeton, August 9th; Keremeos, August 10th; Fairview, August 12th; Penticton, August 13th: Ashcroft, August 28th and 29th; Lytton, December 4th and Sth. The Board commences the investigation of claims to water rights on a stream by inserting in the British Columbia Gazette and a local newspaper a notice that all persons holding such rights should file their claims before a certain day, but it is found that not a quarter of the record-holders comply with this notice. The next step is the service on each record-holder of a notice that a meeting will be held when the claims will be heard. At these meetings many persons attend, but few of them are provided with the necessary proof of their claims, and D 110 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 many objections are made which cannot be heard immediately, as the claimants had not had any notice of the objections and were not prepared to meet them. Even at this stage of the proceeding many of the record-holders have not filed statements of their claims. As many of the records were imperfectly but honestly made, it is the duty of the record- holder to furnish the information which will enable the Board to cure the imperfections. This comprises: The correct name of the grantee; the correct name of the stream; the purpose to which the water is to be applied; the land on which it is to be used; the quantity of water which can be beneficially used. In order to assist the record-holder in obtaining this information, the Board causes a search to be made of the books of the Department of Lands to ascertain what, if any, 'lands the grantee named in the record appeared to lawfully occupy at the date of the record. The result of these searches is at the disposal of claimants. In the meantime the engineers have made a hydrographic survey of the stream and of the lauds on which the water is being used. These surveys take much time and are expensive; the plans made from them can be consulted by the interested parties and are of great value in determining conflicting rights. At the meetings at Kelowna 290 records were considered by the Board, about 1,500 parcels of land being affected. Some objections were heard at the time and others were heard later. Most of these objections have been determined, while a few are awaiting further evidence. The relative priority has easily been determined, but the quantity of water to be allotted to each parcel of ground has been a difficult question, as the Board had no data as to the nature of the soil, or as to the extent to which the water had been put to beneficial use. It was therefore determined late in 1912 to concentrate several of the hydrographic parties in Kelowna to obtain further information. The reports from these parties are being compiled, and the Board will soon be able to lay the results before the claimants, and after another hearing adjudications will be made. The claims heard at the other meetings will be dealt with in a similar manner. The number of claims filed being so few compared with the number of records, an agent of the Board was sent through the Kamloops, Cariboo, Lillooet, and Nicola Districts to assist claimants in the preparation of their claims, and it is expected that the Board will be able to deal more expeditiously with the claims in those districts. Your Department has, during the past year, contributed to the carrying forward of the investigation respecting the water-powers of the Province under the auspices of the Conservation Commission of Canada, and to be published by it. The work has been in charge of Arthur V. White, engineer of the Commission. As it is the policy of the Commission to cover areas that have heretofore been largely unexplored in a very general way, the investigation fits in quite well with the more detailed surveys of water-powers which have lately been undertaken by the Water Rights Branch in charge of Mr. Gray Donald. The work of the Conservation Commission is preliminary in character, and is calculated to be merely an indication of the water-power possibilities of those parts of the Province which are covered. On the other hand, the aim of the surveys undertaken by the Province is to accumulate more complete data concerning stream-flow, hydraulic head, and the character of the available sites for water-power development. It is readily understood that it would not be possible to carry on this latter work in parts of the Province widely separated from one another, and that it will take several years to complete it; therefore the work which Mr. White has undertaken will be of considerable value in determining what points should receive a closer examination by the Provincial survey parties, and in securing an early tabulation of the available water-power possibilities. Mr. White has had several parties working in the Coast District from Powell River in and out of the various inlets along the coast to Bella Coola. These parties used a launch to transport them from one base to another, working from the base established inland as far as might be necessary. It is understood that the results of Mr. White's work are in course of preparation for publication, and will appear in the next annual report of the Conservation Commission, which should be available shortly. I have the honour to be. Sir, Your obedient servant, J. F. ARMSTRONG, Acting Comptroller of Water Rir/hts. 3 Geo. 5 Applications under Act of 1909. D 111 APPLICATIONS UNDER ACT OF 1909. Water District. Applications for Licences, Part V. Applications lor Approval ol Plans. Number of Permits issues. Number of Licences issued. Victoria Vancouver Alberni New Westminster Yale Kamloops Nicola Similkameen Osoyoos Nelson Slocan 'Revelstoke Cranbrook Golden Lillooet Cariboo Fort George .... Fort Fraser .... Omineca Stikine Atlin Nanaimo Skeena Totals . 156 22 29 78 21 166 26 75 94 2 36 7 52 41 59 44 959 23 2 3 3S 4 10 1 2 1 69 9 66 73 33 101 161 141 1 72 S3 32 41 906 ORDERS IN COUNCIL L'NDER " WATER ACTS" PASSED SINCE 1909. Establishing reserves 27 Approving of undertaking 21 Extending time for undertakings 6 Regarding clearing of streams 5 Granting permission to expropriate 4 Establishing water districts 3 Regarding the Board of Investigation 2 Miscellaneous 21 Total 89 D 112 Repoet of the Minister of Lands. 1913 IRRIGATION'S PART IN THE FUTURE UPBUILDING OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. By Samuel Forties. (The author of this paper, Dr. Samuel Fortier, Chief of "Irrigation Investigations," a branch of the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., was engaged in an advisory capacity by Hon. W. R. Ross, Minister of Lands, for the summer of 1912, in connection with the reorganization of the Water Rights Branch. Dr. Fortier spent sixty days in the Province, and while here he made a close study of the local institutions connected with waters and water administration. The present article gives some general observations made by Dr. Fortier incidentally during his stay. Its breadth of view is apparent, and it is well worthy the careful reading of all persons interested in the future development of British Columbia.) It was fortunate that in the rechristening of that most interesting of all the Provinces of Canada it should be called British Columbia. It was notice to the other countries of the New World that Canada was to have its Columbia too. In both the geography and the literature of that part of the New World lying south of the 49th parallel of latitude there is much to remind one of the famous explorer. The names of institutions and edifices, lakes and rivers, cities and countries, trace their origin to Columbus. It is not so in the North. In the wide expanse of territory comprising the Dominion of Canada there are few reminders of him who discovered the continent. I repeat, British Columbia is well named. Columbian in spirit and enterprise; Columbian in the extent and variety of its natural resources; and Columbian in the advantages of its geographical position; but British in language and laws; British in the solidarity of its institutions; and British in the intelligence and perseverance of its people. I have been asked to write a brief paper on some phase of the broad subject of irrigation as applied to British Columbia. In attempting to do so, I shall deal mainly with the influence which irrigation is likely to exert in the industrial development of the Province. Since irrigation is still in its infancy in this part of the Pacific Coast, I shall be unable to call attention to vast areas of reclaimed land, or to large revenues derived from irrigated products. I can only direct attention to what irrigation has accomplished in some of the Western States, and draw the inference that a like development awaits British Columbia. One has a right to assume that the same kind of people, working under similar laws and institutions, will obtain like results in the reclamation of arid and semi-arid lands, providing there are no material differences in the many factors which enter into successful farming under irrigation. As a matter of fact, such differences do exist. Climate and soils, crops and markets, vary widely, not only between countries and states, but between localities and even farms. If one country possessed all the favourable conditions, no comparison could be drawn; but, as will be shown later, the favourable and unfavourable conditions are shared in very much the same proportion by the Western States and the Province of British Columbia. It will therefore be in order to point out what irrigation has done for the upbuilding of the Western States, and to say to the sister commonwealth to the north, " You can do as well." Present Development. When compared with other leading industries, irrigated agriculture ranks low in British Columbia. Even though complete and accurate statistics were available, they would merely show how seemingly unimportant are the total revenues from irrigated lands. For more than half a century the mines of the Province have been producing gold and silver, lead and copper, coal and coke in steadily increasing quantities. The annual value of the mineral production is now over $32,000,000, and the claim is made that by far the greater part of the mineral lands have not been prospected. In a similar manner it might be shown that the total revenues, derived from the sale of timber exceeds the revenues derived from all other soil products combined. It is apparent that in the industrial development of the Province thus far there is little to indicate that irrigated agriculture will one day become the dominant industry. The output from the mines and forests, the yearly catch of salmon, the extension of grain-growing on dry farms, the enormous cost of civic improvements, the rapid increase in manufactured articles, and improvements in transportation facilities have drawn the attention of the people away from this basic industry. The prominence attained by other industries has cast a shadow (for the time being) on diversified farming under irrigation. Now, I do not believe irrigated agriculture will long occupy a subordinate position, and this brief article will have served its purpose if it tends to prove this assertion. Keremeos Land Co.'s 40-inch Water-main across bridge over Similkameen River. »X> Kir-. •- ■-"■ ,£ "x " •■*;*-■•• - • - " .» '"' ; ; ■"' '-■'■ New Orchards on Bencbes north of B.X. Creek, near Vernon. 3 Geo. 5 Irrigation in British Columbia. D 113 Trend of Development in Three Western States. A clearer vision of what British Columbia may become in the future may therefore be obtained by glancing at the progress made in agriculture in the one-time mining States of Montana, Colorado, and California, and noting the trend of their development. Montana is known as the treasure State on account of the value of its minerals; but the time is rapidly approaching when the hay and grain, the fruits, and the vegetables grown on the farms will be worth much more than the gold and silver, the copper, and the lead taken from the mines. While there has been considerable increase in the mineral production during the last twenty years, it has not kept pace with the agricultural development. In 1890 the mineral production had a value of approximately $43,000,000; in 1910 it was nearly $54,000,000. Agricultural statistics seldom agree, but, discounting overestimates, the revenue which Montana now derives annually from field crops, live stock and their products amounts to approximately $65,000,000. This estimate includes products from both irrigated and unirrigated lands, but the rapid progress made in irrigation development may be realized from the fact that in 1909 nearly five times as many acres of land were irrigated as in 1889, twenty years previous. The importance of agriculture is also seen from the fact that the value of all crops in 1909, according to the census, was over $19,000,000 greater than it was ten years previous. The value of all minerals and timber amounts, at the present time, to about $57,000,000 annually. Regarded as State assets, the revenues from the mines, forests, and the grazing lands are practically fixed. Instead of increasing, there is a possibility of decrease. Twenty years hence less money may come from these sources. Fortunately for the State, there is scarcely any limit to the wealth which can be produced from the soil when it is properly cultivated and irrigated. Colorado, until recently, was likewise looked upon as a mining State. It is still rich in minerals, but the wealth derived from crops and live-stock far exceeds that from the mines. In 1889 the total mineral production of Colorado was a trifle more than $33,000,000. In 1909, twenty years later, the output of gold and silver had not materially increased, but the larger output from the coalfields raised the aggregate to $40,000,000. No accurate statistics are available of the value of farm crops in 1889, but in the decade from 1899 to 1909 there was an increase in the value of farm crops of over $34,000,000. California teaches a similar lesson. In 1849 and 1850 the gold-diggers were greatly troubled about a supply of fresh vegetables. Few imagined that any produce of that kind could be grown on the banks of the Sacramento River and its tributaries, and some of the more optimistic congratulated themselves that the Hawaiian Islands were so near, since vegetables might be brought by boat from these Islands to supply the miners. That was sixty-two years ago, and it is interesting to compare the dearth of fresh vegetables and fruits of that early period with the abundant crops of the present. According to a recent report by H. T. Cory, C.E., the farm value of products of the soil for 1911 marketed by the producer, and for the most part shipped out of the State, reached the total of $406,000,000. This estimate included a number of items, such as live-stock and their products, cider and vinegar, wine and brandy, hides and tallow, fruits and vegetables, marketed in cities, which are not usually classified as farm crops. Taking the conservative figures of the United States census, one finds the staple field crops of 1909 valued at $153,000,000. From the same authority it is learned that the increase in these crops during the ten-year period from 1899 to 1909 was nearly $58,000,000. With an approximate area of 100,000,000 acres, less than 3 per cent, of this area is irrigated; but the character and quantity of the crops grown under irrigation are such that more than one-third of the value of the principal crops of the State was derived from the comparatively small irrigated area. The output from the farms now far surpasses that from the mines, yet mining is still one of the important industries of the State. There has been a fairly gradual increase in the gold and silver production during the past twenty years, in which time its value has about doubled.. Petroleum now constitutes over one-half of the total value of the mineral production. This, with the manufacture of cement, brought the total value in 1910 up to $70,000,000. The statistics given in the foregoing paragraphs, although incomplete, bring out two facts, in regard to the trend of development in the so-called mining States across the line. The first of these is the dependence that may be placed on the mineral wealth of the West. It seems to follow that when the production of one mineral falls off, that of another is increased so as to- D 114 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 maintain unbroken the upward trend of total production. A few references may help to confirm this statement. The value of petroleum in California has increased from a trifle more than one-third of a million dollars in 1889 to nearly $36,000,000 in 1910. In 1890 Colorado mined 4,500,000 tons of coal, while in 1910 the tonnage was 17,000,000 tons. In Montana the mining and smelting of copper-ores have of late added greatly to the total mineral revenues of the State. A second fact brought out with even greater clearness is the importance of agriculture in these States, which were formerly largely dependent on mines. The increase of agricultural production in both the irrigated and non-irrigated districts has been remarkable. More especially is this true of the rapid expansion of the irrigated area and the large investment in irrigation- works. To the people of British Columbia there is a lesson in the industrial development of the whole West during the past ten or twenty years. That lesson in brief is simply this: The Province ought to strive to maintain in the highest degree of efficiency its leading industries of mining, forestry, fisheries, and manufacturies; but, while abating no interest in these, it should also strive to lay a broad and safe foundation for irrigated agriculture; such a policy to be adopted with the full assurance that the wealth derived from the soil will, in a comparatively short time, exceed that now derived from the mines, and will eventually exceed that from all other industries combined. The Importance of Irrigation to British Columbia. There is an area in British Columbia south of the 52nd parallel of north latitude larger than the entire State of Colorado. While this southern belt represents less than one-third of the total territory in the Province, it is by far the most valuable from an agricultural point of view, since it comprises the bulk of the land susceptible of irrigation where the most valuable crops will be raised in the future. In making this statement, I have no desire to discount the wheat- producing possibilities of the great central belt lying between the 52nd and 56th parallel, or the agricultural possibilities of the northern belt between the 56th and 60th parallels. I have never travelled through these central and northern belts, and know nothing of their capabilities; but I am familiar in a measure with the southern belt, and have formed a high opinion of what can there be accomplished under favourable conditions. This southern belt, in respect to its arable lands, may be considered in three divisions: First, in much of it the rainfall is too small and uncertain to make diversified dry-farming profitable. Other portions resemble our semi-arid belt, where farming without irrigation is a gamble, good harvests being produced in seasons of abundant rainfall, and little more than the seed being returned in seasons of drought. There are still other portions which are plentifully supplied with moisture from the clouds. As time goes on, and a larger area is intensively farmed, I believe the need of supplementing the natural rainfall by irrigation in all these districts will be more keenly felt. In other words, many of the districts which are now thought to possess sufficient rainfall will be in part irrigated. At least, this has been true of localities to the south. A few instances only are here given. The average rainfall of the Sacramento Valley, California, is more than 20 inches, yet the need of supplemental irrigation is now apparent, and large investments are being made to provide water-supplies. For many years the fruit-growers of the Santa Clara Valley, California, depended solely on the rainfall, which averaged about 16 inches yearly. A dozen or more years ago irrigation practice began, and the larger yields and better quality of fruit produced under irrigation have led to the utilization of all sources of water-supply, and about 70 per cent, of the total area in orchards is now irrigated. At the Town of Bozeman, Montana, located near the upper end of Gallatin Valley, the average annual precipitation over a period of twenty-two years was 19 inches, the bulk of which fell in the form of soft snow and rain during the spring and early summer months, when it was most needed by the farmer. Notwithstanding this heavy precipitation, irrigation has long been practised in this valley. The available water-supply is now utilized, and large yields of cereals, grasses, and other crops attest to the value of supplemental irrigation. Mention might also be made of the 700,000 acres of rice that were irrigated in 1911 in the Gulf States, where the annual rainfall is from 45 to 55 inches, and of the rapid extension of irrigation along the Atlantic seaboard from Florida to New York to prevent the loss of valuable crops in times of drought. 3 Geo. 5 Irrigation in British Columbia. D 115 These and many other cases which might be cited show that the practice of irrigation is spreading rapidly in the United States, and that the localities in which the annual rainfall was considered ample ten or fifteen years ago are now largely dependent on irrigation for their supply of soil-moisture. British Columbia is reasonably certain to have a like experience. It would therefore seem wise, in classifying the arable lands of the southern belt, not to confine the arid and semi-arid portions within too narrow limits. As I have stated, Colorado contains fewer acres than that part of British Columbia lying south of the 52nd parallel. The national forests in Colorado comprise nearly one-fourth of the total area, and all is mountainous with the exception of some 22,000,000 acres of arable lands, which receive on an average about 14 inches of precipitation. In 1909 2,750,000 acres were irrigated, or approximately two-thirds of all improved farm lands. A conservative estimate of the annual revenues derived from crops, live-stock and their products would be $85,000,000, of which 80 per cent, was produced on irrigated lands. I am pointing out some of the achievements of Colorado for the purpose of calling attention to the agricultural possibilities of southern British Columbia. All the crops that are now grown in Colorado can be produced in British Columbia. Its nearness to the Pacific Ocean, the presence of large bodies of inland waters, and the low altitude render it particularly well adapted to deciduous-fruit raising. The time is not far distant, I believe, when the output from the orchards of this part of the Province will exceed that from all the mines. It is more than likely, however, that horticulture will be developed at the expense of other equally important branches of agriculture. The orchards of Colorado produce less than $5,000,000 annually, but the farmers receive $6,000,000 a year for sugar-beets, $15,000,000 for cereals, and $17,000,000 a year for alfalfa and other forage crops. Inasmuch as the climate and soil of southern British Columbia are favourable to fruit-raising, no good reason can be advanced why it should not be a leading industry. At the same time, the growing of leguminous and cereal crops should not be neglected. It will not pay, for example, to export fruit and import dairy and meat products. Such a policy would tend to enrich the railroads at the expense of both the producer and the consumer. The Present Necessity. If it be true that the most profitable farming over a large part of southern British Columbia is dependent on irrigation, then it will be well for the people of the Province to consider with the greatest care the many factors which enter into the successful production of crops under irrigation. In the brief space at my disposal I can allude only to a few of these. Water is perhaps of first importance. The amount of the available water-supply is the standard by which we measure the ultimate production of arid and semi-arid lands. Even now we can look forward to the time when California, with its abundant natural resources, will be greatly handicapped by reason of the lack of water. Out of something like 21,000,000 acres susceptible of irrigation, there is only water enough for 10,000,000 acres. Colorado is credited with a larger area of arable land, but it is doubtful if more than 6,000,000 acres can ever be irrigated. The extent of arable land in Montana is quite as large, but all the available water- supply is likely to be exhausted when 5,000,000 acres are watered. Water in the West needs to be conserved perhaps more than any other natural resource. The Province of British Columbia acted wisely, therefore, when it passed the " Water Act" of 1909. This Act, although lacking in many essential features, contains the fundamental principles of a modern code of water laws. In making provision for the settlement of existing rights, it warded off many of the evils of litigation and paved the way for the establishment of an important industry on a secure foundation. The progress made since the enactment of this law in safeguarding the Province by placing limitations on the amount of water which a record- holder can use has been slow on account of the difficulties to be overcome. It is necessary for the Water Branch first to collect all the facts pertaining to the records before the final decision can be safely reached. A vast amount of accurate information is now gathered, and when certain policies are clearly defined and proper methods of procedure adopted, the Comptroller of Water Rights will be in a position to proceed rapidly with the issuance of licences. Meantime, those who are suffering in not having claims to water settled should strive to be patient, since overhasty action on the part of the Government officials might cause irreparable injury to innocent parties. D 116 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 In a paper delivered before the Western Canada Irrigation Association last August, I referred to the need of more agencies for the reclamation of the arid and semi-arid lands of the Province. With a few exceptions, all development of this kind has been done by individuals and commercial canal companies. If so restricted in the future, I do not believe progress in irrigation will be as rapid or as secure as it might otherwise be. Some method should be devised and enacted into law by which the farmers and land-owners of a district could unite for the purpose of constructing and operating the works necessary for the irrigation of their lands. Again, I believe it would pave the way for more rapid and more successful settlement under irrigation systems if land with a water right could be purchased from companies at a lower figure. A considerable reduction might be possible if such systems could be more cheaply constructed. The managers of new irrigation enterprises might profit by imitating the policy of railroad companies in building lines through newly settled territories. Wooden trestles and other structures of a temporary character are first installed. During the initial period of operation the location is frequently changed, and it is not until location, grade, and other conditions have become reeasonably well fixed that permanent improvements are made. Now, on the other hand, in the establishing of irrigation-works in an untried field, engineers have advised the installation of permanent structures. They have recommended the best that the Western States possess in the way of systems, regardless of the fact that it has taken more than fifty years of persistent and well-directed effort to reach the present stage of excellence. In a rather long experience with irrigation channels and structures, I have seldom found that any ditch or canal or even structure, except it be a dam, is operated for many years without being subjected to more or less radical change. Not infrequently an increase in capacity is called for, but changes in design, location, and grade are likewise common. At other times a system is devised and constructed for the irrigation of a tract of land under one ownership. In course of time the tract, is subdivided and sold in smaller parcels. It usually follows that the system that is adapted to a single ownership is a misfit when applied to a number of landowners. For the reasons stated, as well as for others which might be advanced, there is a decided advantage in keeping down the first cost of water rights by introducing cheap structures at the start, and substituting better ones for these only after a permanent regime has been established. This policy, if adopted, might result in more use of lumber and less of concrete, but even this change might be beneficial until the present price of cement is greatly reduced. The manager of one of the larger irrigation projects near Kelowna informed me last August that the cement which was then being used by his company in large quantities on construction-work cost $3.55 per barrel. A month or so later the United States Reclamation Service received bids from reliable firms to furnish cement of the best quality for less than $1 per barrel. I hesitate to recommend that the Province establish cement-manufactories in different parts of southern British Columbia, but in view of the fact that cement can be manufactured at a profit for less than $1 per barrel, some radical measure should be taken to lessen the price now charged. The most serious handicap to farming under irrigation in British Columbia is the clearing of the land. The pioneers of eastern Canada solved this problem in a very laborious and slow way. Some plan should be devised by which the settlers in southern British Columbia could take advantage of the best and most effective method of getting rid of a worthless tree-growth. The owner of a small tract of land which will produce, when cleared, cultivated, and irrigated, a gross yearly revenue of even $30 per acre cannot afford to wait until the stumps rot out. In this connection, I have to suggest that some branch of the Government be given authority and funds to make a thorough investigation of the most effective means of clearing land. The work can readily be arranged for in co-operation with individuals, corporations, or communities, and a fair price for clearing experimental tracts returned to the Government in the way of labour performed, materials furnished, or money paid. Samuel Forties. 3 Geo. 5 Water Legislation and Administration. D 117 WATER LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. By H. W. Grunsky. The problems that arise to confront the Government of British Columbia in the course of placing its water administration on a satisfactory basis are manifold, difficult, and yet of the utmost importance. They concern the utilization and conservation of a great natural resource —one might confidently say " the greatest," if the demands of the future are to be considered. Within the next generation transmuted water-power will not only be turning the spindles of the manufactories of the Province, but will be furnishing the bulk of the heat, light, and transportation. Significant as is this statement, it is nevertheless questionable whether the use which will be made of water in agriculture will not exceed in importance all other uses combined, excluding only that for domestic purposes. In a study of this question it is well to remember that the conservation of the waters, unlike that of other natural resources, is best secured by utilization. Not only are other exhaustible sources of energy, such as coal, wood, and oil, preserved thereby, but the use of water in a beneficial way means development, which, once started, generally continues indefinitely. The problem of any Government, therefore, is so to frame and administer its water laws as to secure not only the earliest possible use of its waters, but the highest and best use; this to be determined always with a mind keenly alive to the interests of the public at large. In the space here allotted it will be possible to touch briefly upon only one or two of the more important questions arising in connection with the " Water Acts " and their administration. The special aim will be to keep in mind the efficacy of the Statutes in securing " beneficial use " of the waters, this being the basic principle upon which all others are founded. A backward glance will be valuable in aiding us to see more clearly the present-day difficulties. Aim of Early Acts. Under the common law of England the principle existed that the public and those living on the banks of streams had a right to have the waters of the streams flow by in their channels practically as they did in a state of nature. Certain uses for drinking and other ordinary purposes were permitted to those who had lawful access, but these uses were not such as would materially affect the flow of streams of any considerable size. An owner of land adjacent to the stream, called a " riparian proprietor," could prevent the diversion of its waters to lands not touching the stream, irrespective of whether he himself had a use for the water or not, such diversion being considered a damage to his estate. It is readily seen that the above principle is not at all adapted to the needs of a new country where irrigation and mining are practised. In fact, nearly all the commonwealths on the western side of the American Continent have evolved systems of law that permitted the diversion of stream-waters for useful purposes to either riparian or non-riparian lands, even to the point of exhausting the entire flow. The successive Acts of this Province may be compared to a whittling process as far as the right of the riparian owner to have the stream flow bank-high in its channel is concerned. The cutting down, moreover, began early. Act of 1859. Even in the days of the Colony the rulers appreciated the fact that the greatest development of this far western land lay in putting the waters to a beneficial use. In 1859 a Proclamation was issued by Governor Douglas, known as the " Goldflelds Act," and later, rules and regulations were published thereunder with certain sections relating to ditch privileges. The requirements there laid down are almost as stringent as any contained in modern Statutes, and were, no doubt, better carried out in practice. If a man wished a water right, he must state in his application the quantity desired, the locality of distribution, and the time within which his works were to be completed. If he refused, or neglected to take, within the time mentioned in his application, or within such further time as the Gold Commissioner might allow, the whole of the water applied for, he was deemed entitled, at the end of the time granted, only to the quantity actually taken by him, and the surplus could be granted by the Crown to another person. D 118 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 This requirement ensured development. A man could not in those days play the " dog-in- the-manger " act. He had either to build his works, or to step aside and let some one else take his place. Were it not for the title of the Act, which seems to confine it and the regulations to ditch privileges used in connection with gold-mining, the sections here referred to might be taken as a complete abrogation of the common law doctrine in this Province. Statutes of 1871. The Revised Statutes of 1871 gave to every pre-emptor " lawfully occupying and bona fide cultivating land " the right to divert from streams " adjacent to or passing through such land, for agricultural or other purposes," any water not already recorded or appropriated, upon obtaining the written authority of the Commissioner to that effect. It is worth noting that the party who was thus privileged to secure a water right must be actually occupying and cultivating the land. A mere land speculator could not, under the wording of this Statute, secure a record. Moreover, the Statutes made it plain that riparian owners and occupants were not to have any rights in and to the use of waters without records, for it contains the following language: " No person shall have any exclusive right to the use of such water, whether the same shall flow naturally through or over his land, except such record shall have been made." This at once and for all time decided for British Columbia that there was to be no such expansion of the riparian-rights doctrine here as had taken place in some of the States across the line. There many of the Courts, without the aid of Statutes, had expanded the old common- law natural right of the riparian owner, which permitted him to use the waters of the stream about his home, or at most upon a small garden or meadow, until it included the right to irrigate large bodies of arid land. These Statutes further made priority of right to any water privilege depend upon priority of record, and, in case of dispute, gave the Commissioner of the district the authority to decide the question in a summary manner, without a jury, or, if desired by either party, with a jury of five men. Notices in writing had to be posted on the district Court-house only when interested parties objected, and compensation was required for any damage caused in connection with a right of entry for ditch purposes. The Act provided that when a man conveyed or assigned his pre-emption rights to another, all recorded water privileges in any manner attached to the land pre-empted went to the new owner, whether this was mentioned in the instrument of transfer or not. One of the defects of this and other Acts following it was that water records were not required to specify the land upon which the water was to be used. A great deal of trouble has been caused to later administrations by the omission of this simple detail. Even to-day much time must be spent in endeavouring to identify early records as belonging to particular parcels of land. Thus the benefit of the clause above referred to regarding assignments was largely nullified in practice. Perhaps the most interesting section of the Act is that which relates to the beneficial use of the water. It is as follows: " Every owner of a ditch or water privilege shall be bound to take all reasonable means for utilizing the water taken by him; and if he shall wilfully take and waste any unreasonable quantity of water, it shall be lawful for the Commissioner to declare all rights to the water forfeited." The major part of the Act thus seems to have been devoted to enabling a particular class of farmers—namely, those whose lands bordered upon streams—to use the waters of these streams for agricultural purposes. There is one section in the Act, however, devoted to " water privileges for mining or other purposes." Such privileges might be claimed, if not already lawfully appropriated, by obtaining a grant or licence from the Commissioner of the district, and previous to taking any lands which might be damaged by the privilege, paying a reasonable compensation to the owners thereof. Effect of Early Statutes. If it were not intended to proceed beyond the Statutes just reviewed, it must be admitted that the old common-law idea of having the stream flow by in its banks according to immemorial custom had received severe treatment. The waters had not been declared to be in the Crown; nevertheless, the Crown proceeded to demonstrate its power over the matter by granting them 3 Geo. 5 Water Legislation and Administration. D 119 to whatever parties it pleased, and it forbade all others to use them without a grant. The public right to use the waters for domestic or stock supply where there was access by a public road or reserve seems not to have been interfered with, and has, in fact, been expressly reserved in all the later Acts. The negative legislation was, then, complete from the start; no one could get any kind of a private water privilege without a record. The positive legislation, however, came by degrees, and the main distinction in succeeding Acts seems to have been in defining more particularly what classes of persons should be entitled to divert water, and for what purposes, and what preliminary formalities were necessary to obtain records. Prior to 1892, if I am not mistaken, only agriculturists and miners were specifically mentioned as the privileged classes who could procure records for the use of water, thus reducing the natural flow of the stream; and whenever the agriculturists are mentioned, it is also stated that they must be lawfully occupying and bona fide cultivating lands. Act of 1892. In 1892 an Act was passed, the " Water Privileges Act"; declaring the right to the use of all waters not at that time recorded and appropriated to be in the Crown. The date of the passage of this Act compares favourably with the dates when similar Acts were passed in the Western States. However, as already explained, British Columbia had long ago made it plain through her legislation that the Crown had assumed the right to control and grant the use of the waters. This Act declared the truth in specific words, and gave companies and persons holding water privileges a method by which they could gain entry upon the lands of others and proceed with the construction of their works. In order that a. company might take advantage of this, it must be empowered under a special Act of the Province to divert or use the water for the purpose intended. It is regrettable that the Act did not go on to enumerate the classes of persons who were entitled to procure records for water privileges. This shortcoming in all previous Acts was supplied in the Act of 1909. Act of 1897. In 1897 all clauses contained in former legislation relating to water were consolidated into one Act. This was the beginning of the modern " Water Act," and must take a high place as an example of legislation for conservation. The aim was well expressed in the preamble, wherein it was stated that " it is necessary and expedient .... to provide for the due conservation of all water and water-power, .... and to provide means whereby such water and water-power may be made available to the fullest possible extent in aid of the industrial development and of the agricultural and mineral resources of the Province." The Act confirmed to the Crown all unrecorded water, which was made to include " all water for the time being unappropriated or unoccupied or not used for a beneficial purpose." Every privilege acquired under the Act was made conditional upon reasonable use for the purposes for which such privilege was conferred. For the first time every owner of land, irrespective of whether the land was located on the bank of a stream or otherwise, was specially given a right to secure a record and divert running water for one of a number of purposes. The record-holder who did not proceed to utilize his privilege could not expect much consideration from this Act if its provisions were enforced. Here are some of its conditions: If the construction of ditches, flumes, and works required for the diversion of water was not commenced within sixty days of the date when the record was made, or within such further time as the Commissioner might allow, and then prosecuted with diligence, the record might be cancelled for non-use. Every record-holder was required to take all reasonable means of utilizing the water granted to him, and if he wilfully wasted or took water in excess of his requirements the Commissioner might cancel or reduce the record, or impose any necessary conditions. An appeal was permitted to the Supreme or County Court from any decision rendered by a Commissioner. This Act was not without its weak points. Such an important duty as deciding upon the quantity of water required by a record-holder was left to the Commissioner of Lands and Works, an official already burdened with duties. Furthermore, there was no special arm of the Central Government to deal with water matters. D 120 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Act of 1909. Great laxity in the making of records and no real supervision over the use of water had resulted from legislation prior to 1909, notwithstanding that the principles embodied in many of the Acts were excellent. The district officials appear not to have realized the value of the water privileges which it was their duty to guard. The granting of rights was such an easy matter that, when an application came in for " 50 inches" out of a stream, the record was more than likely made out for 500 inches at the Water Recorder's suggestion, inasmuch as the larger amount " did not cost any more." As early as 18S6 a Statute had been passed which expressly recognized that many records had been " honestly but imperfectly made," and gave to the Court the power to validate such of the above as were deemed by it entitled to recognition. The issuance of defective grants was not prevented by this legislation, however, and there had been little cancellation or cutting down of records under Acts passed prior to 1909. The aim of the Act of 1909 was to supply the machinery for properly reviewing and defining existing rights, and at the same time for more closely guarding grants of new rights. Some provision was also made for public supervision over the diversion of stream-waters. The theory underlying the Act was that every water-user in the Province, whether the privileges held were old or new, should have his right clearly determined and specified. For the purpose of examining old rights of every nature and description a tribunal was created, called the " Board of Investigation." The Minister of Lands was empowered to cause such stream-measurements to be made and other data of a preliminary nature to be collected as might be required for the adjudications of the Board. An official, now called the " Comptroller of Water Rights," also a member of the Board, was given supervision over new grants of water privileges, which were henceforth to be called " licences." Old records made under former Acts were to be replaced by licences as fast as the Board could adjudicate upon them. The Act still left such important matters as the inspection of dams, the regulation of water- delivery, the restraining of waste, and the determination of a proper duty of water in the hands of local officials. These officials were in many cases Government Agents with manifold duties, more or less tied down to offices, and not qualified to undertake the new line of work. The present administration has under contemplation the appointment of engineers who are to reside in their respective districts and attend to all matters such as those enumerated above. This will be accomplished as soon as suitable amendments to the Act have been adopted. The Water Licence. In every Province or State that has a statutory system governing the use of water, the final step in the acquirement of a water privilege is the issuance of a document to the water-user as evidence of his title. This document has been aptly termed a " water patent." It is in some respects different from a land patent, inasmuch as it is subject to cancellation, providing the holder does not comply with certain conditions laid down with respect to the use of the water. The comparison is none the less useful in calling to mind the fact that in the issuance of these documents the Province is finally disposing of one of its most valuable natural resources. The utmost care is therefore required on the part of the officials administering the " Water Act" to grant rights in such a way as to secure the greatest possible utilization of the waters. The records issued in the past, which are still accepted as having unquestioned precedence over other rights in many localities without sign of development by their owners, have undoubtedly been an impediment to development in British Columbia. What profit is it to the Province to declare for use and smite the riparian-right doctrine with the one hand, and with the other create a class of record-holders who claim a preferred stock in all the stream-waters and can develop or not at will? The only sound policy is one which will make certain before the water patent is issued that use has been made of the privilege. This is taken care of in Part III. of the present Act, which deals with the issuance of licences to replace old records. On page 204 will be found a proposed form of water licence which is in accord with the above policy. Where no works have been constructed, the Board, in its determination of rights, has no discretion, but is directed by the Act to " fix a time in which to begin, and a further time in which to complete, the construction of such works as the Board shall order; and he (the record- holder) shall not be entitled to a licence in substitution of his record unless and until such works have been so commenced and completed." (Sec. 44.) This clearly makes the completion of - -i*""- -*■- -fjnranBifr-Bi-<ir-'irPi-inr Falls of Elk River, Elko, B.C. Elk River Canyon, showing Rapids. 3 Geo. 5 Water Legislation and Administration. D 121 works a prerequisite to the obtaining of a licence, and " works " is defined by the Act so as to include all " drains, ditches, canals, and any and all contrivances for holding, carrying, and conducting water or other works which are authorized to be constructed." It is my opinion that this definition of the term " works " applied to section 44, from which I have quoted, necessitates the clearing of lands and the building of the smallest field laterals before a licence can be granted; for where is one to stop and declare the system completed, if not at the end of the smallest lateral ditch? Even if this is not involved in the definition, the section quoted reads, " such works as the Board shall order," and in that case the matter reduces itself to a question of policy for the administration. On page 205 will be found a proposed form of order for an irrigation right where no works have been constructed. In dealing with the determination of rights held under old records, then, the provisions of the present Act are ample to ensure beneficial use. Not so, however, with the acquirement of new rights under the Act, which is dealt with in Part V. The final document handed to the water-user as evidence of his title under this part, also unfortunately termed a "licence" (see section 74), is one given upon the approval of the plans and application. This is not sufficient. Either the Act, or the rules and regulations to be adopted thereunder, should go further. Proof of the completion of the works and of the actual application of the water to the land should be required, as in the case of licences replacing old records; and, in case all is satisfactory to the Comptroller of Water Rights, a certificate should be issued showing such completion of works and application of the water. This certificate would then constitute the water-user's patent. Reasons for requiring Beneficial Use. In the foregoing discussion the reasons for adhering strictly to the policy of beneficial use have already been indicated. If the ownership of all water is in the Crown, it is evident that the Crown must have some system of book-keeping by which it may know in whose hands the use of the water is placed. When a water patent is issued, the quantity indicated in the patent should be charged against the source of supply; and when the entire volume produced by that source is appropriated, no more patents should issue. Under the plan herein advocated, the certificates issued by the Water Branch will show the quantity of water that is actually in use at a given time; while if licences are issued for irrigable areas it will necessitate a new taking of stock at some future time to see what parties have completed their appropriations and what have not. Under the latter plan the Province may be compelled, in the course of fifteen years or more, to reopen its adjudications, as has been done in Colorado; but under the former plan an adjudication once made is good for all time, unless there is an abandonment of the right. In those cases coming before the Board where works have not been completed, the Board is to set a time in which the party must begin work, and a further time when the works shall be completed and the water applied to a beneficial use. The Board thus awards to the party a right which is conditional upon certain things to be done on his part, and leaves it to the Comptroller to see that conditions are fulfilled, and after they are so fulfilled to issue a licence for the quantity directed. In fixing the time for completion of irrigation systems, it is my opinion that the officials of this Province can afford to be most liberal. It is admitted that every case must stand upon its individual merits, but, speaking generally, the special difficulties existing here in the way of clearing and levelling lands, and building irrigation structures, and the undeveloped nature of the country seem to me to make such a course advisable. I believe that as high as eight to ten years may be allowed for final completion in some cases, provided reasonable diligence is shown on the part of the applicant from year to year, and always securing him the full benefit of a pro rata right for that part of the lands which he has brought under irrigation. It is believed that the plan herein proposed, if adopted, will give the greatest kind of impetus to development. Why should a man hold a right to the exclusion of others if he has no idea of reducing his right to possession within a reasonable time. With a liberal time granted for the clearing of his lands the settler is protected; but the investor who is merely holding for a speculation may be induced to sell to another who is ready to undertake development. One of the chief differences between water and other natural resources is that in its greatest use lies its most complete conservation. The policy herein set forth will, if adopted, place a premium upon use. D 122 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The " Water Act " and Irrigation Companies. While the present Act is very explicit in defining the powers and privileges of municipalities, power companies, and companies supplying water for domestic use, there is scarcely any mention of irrigation companies, which might lead one to infer that the Act was hostile to them. While this is presumably not intended, there are indications that the principle of making the licence appurtenant to the land is so strong in British Columbia that the company which is to barter and sell water for irrigation purposes is altogether excluded. This position is believed to be eminently right. Yet there is no reason why the Act should not make a place for companies organized on lines that take care of the question of appurtenancy. It is not inconsistent with the spirit of the 1909 Act for private companies to go into the reclamation business in British Columbia if they organize in such a way that eventually the land, water right, and canal system are all passed over to the purchasers. This is coming to be the common type of company in the North-western States. Land is sold on long-term payments, but the price is made to include the cost of the entire system and water rights, with a safe margin on the company's investment, interest being charged on deferred payments. Each purchaser of land is issued a certificate of stock in a water-users' company for as many shares as he purchases acres of land. When purchasers above a certain percentage have completed their payments, usually 70 to 80 per cent., the irrigation system is turned over to the water-users' company for operation and maintenance. The water is appurtenant to the land, and a transfer of land carries with it both the water right and the stock in the water-users' company. When all payments have been completed, the company which undertook the project disappears and leaves in its place a full-fledged mutual water company. Under the next heading will be considered the formation of mutual companies by the land-owners themselves. Mutual Companies. The mutual water company has been one of the most successful forms of organization in the irrigation of lands in southern California, and, indeed, in all the arid sections across the line. Many such companies supply projects covering areas reaching into the tens of thousands of acres. It is surprising that so few of these are to be found in British Columbia. From an advance copy of an article on mutual water companies by C. E. Tait, engineer in charge of " United States Irrigation Investigations," Los Angeles, California, I glean the following suggestions: No special legislation seems to have been passed to encourage this form of co-operation, but the companies appear to have been formed under the law for the incorporation of private companies. Three or more persons may incorporate. Articles as prescribed by law are filed with the county and State authorities, whereupon the latter Issues a certificate of incorporation. The articles should declare the purpose broadly, and should state that the water is not to be sold for profit. The corporation then adopts by-laws consistent with the constitution and laws of the State, regulating the service and defining the relations of the stockholders to the company. The suggestion is made by Mr. Tait that the water should be capitalized at a figure that will cover the entire cost of making it available for the irrigation of the land exclusive of the operating expense. This usually includes cost of real estate, water rights, rights-of-way, construction of works, engineering, and all incidentals to preparing the system for service. Shares of stock of small face value are convenient and require less dealing in fractional shares than those of larger denomination. The water, or the shares representing the water, should be made appurtenant to the land to be irrigated by the system. There is a disadvantage in a member owning more shares than necessary for the irrigating of his land, as the stock is assessed for the maintenance of the system, and this, together with appurtenance, prevents speculation in stock. Regarding revenues, the most satisfactory plan is to assess the stock for maintenance and permanent improvements and to have the water-charge meet operating expenses. This rental or charge, when it does not exceed operating expenses, is consistent with the stated purpose of a mutual or non-profit company, and it not only fairly apportions the cost of water-delivery among the members, but it also very effectually induces economy in the use of water. It is adjusted annually by the directors in consideration of whether a surplus or a deficit was produced the previous year. 3 Geo. 5 Water Legislation and Administration. D 123 Carrying Companies and Land Companies. Unfortunately for the Province, it seems to me, the ownership of its irrigation systems has been separated from that of the land. Instead of two ventures—i.e., the investment in the land and the investment in the canal system going hand-in-hand—we find two sets of interested parties in the field. The one set cares only to see the value of the land enhanced, while the other is interested in charging such prices for its water as will bring a return on its investment. This is all wrong, and the carrying company unfortunately has to bear the brunt of the situation. It is a well-known fact that the moment an irrigation enterprise is launched existing land-values in its neighbourhood are enhanced thereby, and as the process of reclamation goes on prices double and treble. This is true of any particular parcel of land, whether the owner thereof subscribes for water or not. To carry this thought a step further, take, for example, two adjoining 40-acres tracts under a system such as those in vogue in British Columbia. The owner of the one tract goes on the land, puts in all the capital he possesses, clearing, levelling, and planting what he can. He subscribes for water from the carrying company as fast as he is able to do so, and he is the best kind of advertiser for the land company, since he proceeds to demonstrate to the public what the land will do. The owner of the other tract simply makes his investment and does nothing in the way of improvement. He is, perhaps, a speculator, and at the end of a few years he sells his land at a large increase. It is evident that the rise in value was produced by the digging of the canals and the hard work of clearing, yet, while the speculator has paid nothing to the support of the canal system, his percentage of profit on his investment is greater than that of the settler. A similar comparison to that above may be drawn between the land company and the carrying company. I do not say it was intentional on the part of large landholders, in subdividing their tracts, to foist an onerous burden upon others. It may have been because they lacked the ready cash. At any rate, the ownership of the carrying companies was distributed among different individuals from those composing the land companies, and in different proportions. In some instances, I believe, a good deal of capital from the Home-country was brought into these carrying companies. They have undoubtedly been the developers of the country; yet, as is the case with the settler, they have the heavy end of the load to carry. Not only are the physical and natural conditions of the country unfavourable for the construction and operation of canal systems, but, as has been pointed out, owing to the obstacles confronting the settler, the carrying companies are compelled to wait through a long period of years before getting customers in sufficient numbers to pay for the upkeep of their systems. In the meantime, even though but a few scattered clearings have been made, the richness of the soil when supplied with water has been demonstrated, land-values have gone up, and the land company is in a position to reap the benefit. The carrying company of British Columbia is exclusively a water company. I submit that the plan of divided ownership of land and water systems is not the best. One of the fundamental principles of the " Water Act," which as a piece of legislation is universally praised, is the inseparability of the water right and the land upon which the water is used. Wherever this principle has been adopted, water-users have prospered and communities have flourished; while, on the other hand, where individuals and corporations have been permitted to buy up water rights wholesale, thus coming between nature's sources of supply and the water-users, unsatisfactory conditions have prevailed. If, however, the ownership of water rights by the water-users will lead communities to prosper, so likewise will the ownership of the water systems. Is there any necessity for a corporation or individual standing perpetually between the water-user and the source of supply, whether it be for the purpose of sale of the water itself or for carriage only? True there may be public supervision in the future, but it takes a long time in any new country for systems of public supervision to become really effective, and it would be much better to avoid the necessity for them. While the construction of works or the guarantee of the indebtedness of companies by the Government of British Columbia seems inadvisable, there is, nevertheless, an urgent need in the Province for a new kind of organization or institution through the medium of which reclamation-work may be carried on. The private company is practically the only agency in this field at the present time outside of individuals and partnerships. On the other hand, in the United States, the trend of irrigation development in recent years has been decidedly away from private control of systems and in the direction of some form of co-operative ownership. Experience has seemed to teach that private control means endless friction, and it is coming to be difficult in most of the States to launch enterprises that fail to provide for the eventual taking over of the canals and structures by the landholders themselves. In the State of Oregon, for instance, as shown by the figures of the recent irrigation census, over 90 per cent, of the irrigation-works are either owned by water-users or will pass into the hands of water-users' associations when the settlers have paid for the land. Practically the same condition prevails in the other States where irrigation is practised. It is worth noting that, while the bulk of the reclamation-work in the States has been carried on by individuals, partnerships, and numerous small co-operative associations, several forms of organization made possible by Statute have played an important part in extending irrigated agricultural areas. Among these may be mentioned mutual water companies, irrigation districts (or water municipalities), "Carey Act" companies, and reclamation-service projects. In all these forms of organization it is contemplated that the irrigation systems shall eventually be owned and operated by the water-users themselves. Irrigation Districts or Water Municipalities. In my opinion, a proper irrigation-district law, embodying the best that is in the laws of such States as California, Idaho, and Colorado, would go far toward relieving the situation in this Province at the present time. There is no necessity for coupling the feature of Government guarantee of bonds with such a law, and it does not exist in any of the States. However, the greater the safeguards in the way of public supervision which could be thrown about the districts, the stronger it would make them in the eyes of capital, and the better it would be for the districts. The Modesto and Turlock Districts of California are successful examples of irrigation districts where systems have been built and are owned and operated by farmers. The two together embrace 250,000 acres. Every acre of this land is taxed not only for the building of the systems, but for the annual maintenance and operation charges, and this regardless of whether water is used or not. Moreover, substantially one-fourth of the district taxes are paid, in the case of the Modesto District, by the City of Modesto. Only nine years ago this was a ramshackle town, with dilapidated sidewalks and fences, and with a general appearance that bespoke a lack of prosperity on the part of its people. In 1903 water was turned into the Modesto Canal. Almost from the day of this event the town assumed a prosperous air, and to-day it is a modern city, with concrete sidewalks and parking strips, splendid business blocks, fine substantial school buildings, a handsome library, and attractive homes. Both the districts named encountered many trying changes of fortune in the early years of their history, due principally to the animosity of some of the land-holders within their boundaries, who imagined that the taxes to be imposed by the districts would ruin them. Exactly the reverse happened, land-values advanced three and four times in value within a few years after the canals were in operation, and nowhere to-day is there a more prosperous farming community than in the central valley of California around Modesto and Turlock. These districts survived because the projects were undertaken on sound lines, while many others failed because they were launched without due caution and without State supervision.* Conclusion. British Columbia is still in its infancy when irrigation, mining, lumbering, and other industries are considered. On page 153 is shown a table giving totals of irrigated and irrigable areas of agricultural land in the fractional part of the Province investigated by the engineers of the Water Rights Branch. Reference to the figures will show the small percentage of the possible irrigable area which has been actually brought under the water of irrigation ditches and canals. Those who know of the wealth of the mines and forests of the Province depict a similar situation as to the primitive state of development of the mining and lumbering industries. *A complete history of the Modesto and Turlock Districts may be procured by writing for Bulletin 158, Part III. (separate), of the Office of Experiment Stations. Address the Division of Publications, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 3 Geo. 5 Shall Water Licences be Perpetual? D 125 Yet in laws and regulations already adopted for the supervision of these industries British Columbia is conceded to be in the front rank. It may not be out of place to suggest here, also, that the spirit of the present administration is in keeping with the progressive nature of this legislation. Only a few of the problems connected with water rights have been indicated in this review. In launching into a complete administrative system for the waters a large task was undertaken. Fortunately, the mistakes made by the States across the line can be largely avoided by British Columbia. One by one the complex problems are being solved, and it is thought that but a little time wall be required to see the administration of the waters, like the legislation, become an example to many of the older commonwealths. H. W. Grunsky. SHALL WATER LICENCES BE PERPETUAL? By O. C. Merrill. (The following comments, forming part -of a letter received at the Water Rights Branch from the author of the present water-power regulations of the United States Forestry Service, throw considerable light on the question of whether water privileges should be granted in perpetuity. They are published with the consent of the writer.) United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, San Francisco, Calif., January 2nd, 1913. Dear Sir,—I have examined a copy of the Provincial " Water Act, 1909." The licences granted under that Act appear to be perpetual franchises, provided only the licensee does not abandon his project or violate the terms of the licence. Under paragraph 116, chapter 48, municipalities are given the power to expropriate recorded water for " municipal purposes only." Since this paragraph, as well as those immediately following, are under the sub-heading, " Special Powers and Privileges of Municipalities using Water for Domestic Purposes," it would seem that the right of expropriation runs only for domestic water-supply purposes, and that, for example, a municipality could not condemn a hydro-electric system and then operate it as such, should it desire to do so. This right, however, may be given under general law. The point I have in mind is this: If water franchises are perpetual and are subject only to the general right of expropriation that the Province and presumably its municipalities possess, such franchises have a money value that their possessors will not be slow to take advantage of, either in respect to a valuation for purposes of sale or to a valuation for purposes of rate-making (I use the word "rate" throughout in its American, not its English, sense), even though such franchises or licences may be free gifts of the Province. I believe that one of the most important features of a proper administration of water-power grants is the prevention of the capitalization of such grants. This can ordinarily be done only by limiting the duration of the franchise or grant. If, for example, a franchise is granted for forty years with the provision that at the end of every ten years or every five years the Province or its municipalities may purchase the property and works at an appraised valuation, the franchise, as such, ceases to have any value at the expiration of such periods, and the Province or its municipalities would pay for the property only, without any franchise value attached; or, if the licence is made indeterminate, as under the Wisconsin law—that is, if it runs indefinitely (not perpetually)—so long as the law and the conditions of the licence are complied with and until the Province or some municipality elects to take over the property at an appraised valuation, the franchise value again automatically disappears with an offer on the part of the public to purchase, and the public is not required to buy back from the company something which the same public originally gave to the company gratis. There is a similar application in the matter of rate-fixing. I note in paragraph 124 of the " Water Act" that the rates of water-supply companies may be reduced whenever the earnings exceed 20 per cent, upon the " paid-up capital of the company." Just what would be considered " paid-up capital," and whether there is any similar provision of law with respect to water- D 126 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 power companies, I do not know; but if there is such provision, and if the capitalized value of a water licence may be a part of the capital upon which the company may compute this 20 per cent., it is evident that the public will be obliged to pay interest upon what it gave for nothing to the company. If, on the other hand, there is no limit, except that fixed by competition or by the business sense of the company's managers, to which rates may be raised, it makes very little immediate difference whether water licences are capitalized or not, because the rates will be, in any event, all that the traffic will bear; but the time is bound to come everywhere when public utility corporations will have their rates and services regulated by public authority, and it is the duty of the administrators of the present not to saddle upon the future a capitalized value of the free gifts of the present. It is under the conditions outlined in the last paragraph that I would make exception to the general rule of an administration charge only. Water-power sites and water rights have a commercial value far in excess of what is likely to be represented by the capitalization of an annual charge made solely for the purpose of defraying administration expenses. If there is no governmental machinery by which power companies can be required to limit their rates to a fair return upon the capital actually invested, leaving entirely out of such capital the value of the public lands occupied, the water rights leased, and the Provincial franchise, then I would make the annual tariff high enough to secure at least the current interest rate upon the value of the public lands, water rights and franchises, such value being fixed by considering the lands, water rights and franchises as appertaining to or being part of the property as a " going business." If an amount so fixed did not make a fair distribution between the public and the private property involved, then it would seem to me that a division of gross receipts in the same ratio as the property ownership might be both reasonable and feasible. This would not be strictly a gross receipt tax, since the percentage would vary to suit the individual case. It would be rather a method for securing for the Province the " economic rent" of the public lands and water rights which are being used by private corporations. Unless it is possible to secure this " economic rent" indirectly by preventing capitalization of the lands and water rights and by regulating rates to a fair return on the capital actually invested, I am personally strongly in favour of securing it by the direct method of licence-charges. In a comparatively new country, like all this Western Coast, I believe that capital should secure a generous return on all legitimate investments, but in no country—new or old—do I believe that capital should be allowed to exploit the property of the people or earn an income upon their generosity. Very truly yours, O. C. Merrill, Chief Engineer. 3 Geo. 5 Hydrographic Data. D 127 THE COLLECTION AND FILING OF HYDROGRAPHIC DATA. By E. Davis. December 23rd, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The fundamental principle underlying practically all of the hydrographic work undertaken by the Province of British Columbia to date, in respect to the " Water Acts," is the fact that a record was made in the books of a particular Government Agent granting a right to a particular person to use a certain quantity of water out of a certain creek, river, or lake, as the case may be. Using this as a base from which to start, it was necessary to obtain copies of every record which had been granted by the various Government Agents, and after these were obtained they were sorted out into groups called precincts, for convenience in handling in the office and in the field. The boundaries of these precincts, as far as possible, are defined by watersheds, and generally include the land drained by a number of small streams, as the watersheds of streams on which the records were granted are not of a very large area. Vagueness of old Records. In trying to sort out the records into the precincts, considerable work was necessary to find where the lands were situated for Which the records were granted, the records merely stating in a great number of cases, after mentioning the name of the grantee, that the water was to be used on " his farm." A great deal of this information was obtained from the books of the Lands Department, but a great many records had to be left for the engineer who was working in that particular district to find from local knowledge the whereabouts of the man's holdings. Armed with a copy of most of the water records in his particular district, the engineer took the field, his duty being to make a report of every record investigated, and, where necessary, make a survey on the ground of all the lands belonging to the water-record grantee. Each record was investigated on its own merits, whether for use for power, for mine or mill, generating electricity, irrigation or domestic purposes, etc., as the case may be. In the case of a power- installation, the intake was located with reference to some legal corner post, the capacity of the ditch or flume calculated, the mill or power-station located, as also the point where the water was returned to the creek. In the case of water used for irrigation purposes, the point of intake and the line of the ditch were located and plotted on a map, also the total possible amount of land which can be irrigated from the present ditch, and, in cases where the old ditch has a steep grade, the land which might be irrigated should a new ditch be dug at a higher level. The land actually irrigated from the present ditch was surveyed and plotted on the map, and any information respecting the character of the land which would assist the Board of Investigation in intelligently adjudicating on the various rights was also noted and put in the report. Survey Parties. The survey parties during 1911 consisted of a camp composed of an engineer, as chief and instrument-man, two rodmen, two axemen, and a cook. During 1912 more parties were in the field and were smaller than 1911. Each party consisted of an engineer and his assistant, who acted as rodman and axeman, but if there was heavy cutting to do the engineer was empowered to engage help. Meals were generally obtained at various ranches, and only the tents and personal gear were carried. The cost of each party during 1912 was considerably less than during 1911, although the field covered was quite as large this year as during the 1911 season. Method of Survey. The method used in locating ditches and intakes was generally by a compass survey with a transit, unless it was found that local attraction affected the compass-needle, when deflecting angles had to be resorted to. Comparative elevations were obtained by vertical angles, and distances were measured by the stadia hairs in the telescope of the transit. After each record had been investigated and surveyed, the plat, showing the information obtained—viz., intake ditches, irrigable land, and irrigated land—was made to a scale of 20 chains to the inch, unless ^ MOORf. LAKE. y? Tot* f Sfor* ft •ocOt^T \ •m I Water Rights Branch — Department of Lands - OF D. NORRINGTON AstT £nc6 D 128 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 the details could not be shown to that scale, when a larger scale was used, and attached to the copy of record together with the report, and then sent to headquarters at Victoria. When received in Victoria, these reports and maps were filed away in boxes hereafter described. Discharge Measurements. In each district the engineers made discharge measurements of the streams on which they had investigated the records whenever it was possible for them to do so without seriously interrupting the other work. Where possible, weirs were built, and ranchers were asked to take readings periodically. In nearly every case the ranchers willingly undertook to do this work, and seemed to take great interest in the measurements of the waters. Where the stream was of such a size that a weir was impracticable, the velocity of the water was measured by a current-meter and its discharge calculated. A gauge was set in a convenient spot in the river-bank and readings taken periodically of the height of the water. These gauge heights are of no use until the rating curve is made, but when such a curve is constructed from numerous meter-readings, the gauge heights can be used to calculate the discharge during the period in which they were taken. By this method no time is lost. Most of the engineers were supplied with a Gurley No. 623 current-meter. The results of these measurements have been compiled in order that they may assist the Board of Investigation when adjudicating the water rights. Filing of Engineers' Reports. The system of filing the records, reports, and maps sent in by the engineers in the field is as follows: As before mentioned, each district is divided into precincts for convenience, and a copy of each record, known to be in that particular precinct, is placed in a folder. In this folder all the information which the Department has gathered in respect to this particular record is placed, so that should any inquiries be made the full information is available at once. In each precinct-box the folders are grouped together according to the streams to which they appertain, so that when the Board of Investigation adjudicates upon the rights on a particular stream, the information is grouped in a convenient form for that purpose. System or Indexing. } Owing to the fact that inquiries are constantly being made by persons either respecting- claims which they have sent in to the Department, or about the old records they understand are appurtenant to their land, it has necessitated the compilation of several Indexes, so that, however meagre the inquiry is, the Department is able to trace the matter. It is evident, owing to the looseness with which old records were drawn, as already explained, that any system of filing and indexing must be unsatisfactory with respect to such records until the Board has held its investigations and has substituted clear-cut and well-defined licences for vague and meaningless records. However, if an inquiry pertaining to one of these old records gives the date and the district office at which the record was issued, it can be traced through the counterfoils of the original records, which are kept in chronological order; and these are also indexed under the record- grantee's name. Index ry Streams. There is also an index by streams for each water district. As the investigations of the' Board proceed, and duplicate names of streams are avoided by an official rechristening, this, index will be most valuable. However, owing to the frequent repetition of common names for streams, even in the same localities, and to a confusion of ideas as to the correct names of many small creeks, this index has not been of much help in the tracing of old rights. Another index frequently consulted in looking up old rights is that which gives the names, of claimants for water rights who have filed claims before the Board. By means of this index the Department can locate the file in which all the papers relating to the particular right are placed. New applications for rights are also indexed as they come in; the index referring to the file, reference to which will show the status of the application. Index accompanying Maps. Perhaps the best index, after all, in the following-up of rights, will be that accompanying; the maps which are being completed as fast as possible for each stream system. To these A St. Mary's River, East Kootenay. ■■-.:■■ . . i¥ & Measuring Weir on Morrissey Creek, near Grand Forks. Gauging Elk River from a Kaft. 3 Geo. 5 Hydrographic Data. D 129 maps, as described on another page, will be attached a table giving cross-reference to the files for each parcel of land that is platted. By means of these maps, which are to be constantly kept up to date, if the land concerning TYPICAL SECTION OF A WATER RIGHTS MAP. _J_ • Licence N?IZ which an inquiry is made is accurately described, all available information in the hands of the Department concerning the status of the water right can be easily referred to. In making inquiries respecting their water rights held under Acts prior to the 1909 " Water Act," or to statements of claim, the public could greatly facilitate the work of the Department by giving the date, original grantee's name, and the water district in which the record was granted. Office Maps. The maps, which are being made in Victoria and which are called " Water Rights Maps," are made up from the information contained in the engineers' reports and maps. Commencing at the mouth of the stream, the maps work up-stream, and in case one map is not sufficient, other maps are made showing the continuation higher up, until all the water rights are shown. These maps are drawn to a scale of 20 chains to an inch. This size—33% by 23 inches—permits of them being bound together in a portfolio, so that they always I ' lie flat and will be easy to handle. A typical section of a water-rights map is shown herewith and is self-explanatory. Attached to the maps and to form a part thereof is a table made up as follows:— LEgEND. Intake. Ditch. Boundaries of liccncees lands.- Irrigable land Irrigated land1 II m'ay be noted that each square of the crass hatching of irrigated land represents half an acre Licence No. Date. Licensee. Purpose Quantity ot Water. Lands. Irrigated Area. Total Irrigable Area. Date set for Completion of Works. The object of this table is to show at a glance all information respecting the water rights on accompanying map and is self-explanatory. It will also be very useful in giving information to an applicant for a licence, as it will show him, besides certain fixed quantities, the area of land which may be brought under irrigation within the time set by the Board of Investigation or Comptroller of Water Rights, as the case may be. In course of time reliable data regarding stream-flow will be available, and when these are obtained an applicant for a licence can be told exactly what water is unrecorded in a particular stream. Prior to this time, when the more complete data on stream-flow is obtained, while the applicant cannot get full information regarding unrecorded waters, he can be told the maximum area of land which may be irrigated before his land could be supplied. Maps for Public Inspection. For the purpose of inspection by the public of the maps of the Department relating to streams upon the waters of which the Board of Investigation is about to adjudicate, a copy is. 9 D 130 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 made of the map, as above indicated, and some additional data is shown as well. The proposed intake of those records which have not been utilized up to the present is shown on such maps in the position as described in the body of the record, by a circle of 1/10 inch in diameter. Any lands which have been irrigated, but for which there does not appear to be a record on file in the books of the Department, are also shown on the map open for inspection. It is the intention that when the uncompleted rights, i.e., those under which no works have been constructed prior to the time of the sitting of the Board of Investigation, are completed—that is, when the holders of the records have compiled with the order of the Board—these various details, such as location of ditch-line, etc., will be entered on the original copy of the map on file in Victoria, and will be classed as completed rights, for which licences will be issued in lieu of the old records. Attached to each of the maps, and to form a part thereof, is a table made up as follows:— Dominant Watek Record. Intake. Creek or Source. Claimant. Irrigable Land claimed. Irrigable Land surveyed. Irrigated Land claimed. Irrigated Land surveyed. Land. No. Date. The object of this table is to show at a glance the various sources of supply from which a particular piece of land may be irrigated, and also the area, in acres, which the claimant states can be irrigated from a particular source, as well as the area reported by the Department's engineer. Plats attached to Licences. After the Board of Investigation has issued the order cancelling the old record and has directed the Comptroller of Water Rights to issue a licence in place thereof, it is the intention to attach to and to form a part of the licence a plat to a scale of 20 chains to 1 inch, showing or describing,— (a.) For an irrigation licence, the particular piece of land or lands to which the right is appurtenant, the location of intake, the irrigated lands (by cross-hatching), and a concise description of the works: (6.) For a power licence, the point of intake, point of return, and a concise description of the works: (c.) For a domestic licence, the point of intake, place of use, and a concise description of the works: (d.) For a storage licence, the location of storage reservoir, and a concise description of the works. Status of Licences issued. Owing to the great number of old records which have to be adjudicated upon by the Board of Investigation before the status of licences issued subsequent to March, 1909, is clearly defined, the work of the hydrographic staff has been confined chiefly to the investigation of these old records; but in due course all licences which are in good standing will be surveyed and the maps of the Department kept completely up to date. These maps will be of inestimable value in the issuing of licences, and also to the public, in order to see how each individual piece of land is being irrigated, and what progress is made in the utilization of the waters of the Province. I have, etc., E. Davis, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. 3 Geo. 5 Office Procedure. D 131 OFFICE PROCEDURE. By C. A. Pope, Chief Clerk. All correspondence and documents are dealt with under a system recommended by the filing expert. Letters on receipt are numbered consecutively and indexed in the register under the names of each party affected. When a letter opens a new subject, the number given the letter becomes the file number. When a letter refers to a subject to which a file number has previously been assigned, this file number is also marked on it. The letters are next entered in the register of numbers, which shows to what file any particular letter has been attached. The letters are now attached to their respective files and handed to the Chief Clerk. Files relating to matters not yet completed are kept in trays corresponding to the various districts in which the water rights are situate, and are placed numerically under the initial number. When a file or application is completed, it is transferred to a case in the vault and is filed permanently under the same number. The correspondence previous to 1912 is being renumbered and brought under the new system as rapidly as possible. All the applications for licences under Part V. and Part XI. and applications for approval of plans and of undertakings have been brought under the new system. Applications for Licences under Part V. The notice and application are filed in the local office in duplicate, and one copy is forwarded to the head office by the Recorder, with a report giving the date of filing and any further information of which the Comptroller should be advised. Upon receipt of the application, it is dealt with by the correspondence clerk in the same manner as the general mail matter and handed to the Chief Clerk, who notes any protests and extraordinary features. It is then passed to the application clerk to be entered and checked. The main points requiring checking are the description of the stream and dominant land and the dates of staking, filing, and publication. When it has been entered in the application register and in the stream index of water rights, a letter is prepared asking for the fees, for the information required by section 61 of the Act, and for any further particulars that may be necessary. This is done to assist the applicant in completing the statement required by section 61. When this statement is returned, it is compared with the notices and applications, and if it is in order and the fees have been paid the application and all correspondence are submitted to the Comptroller for adjudication. After adjudication the permit is written in triplicate, checked by the Chief Clerk, and signed by the Comptroller. The original and a receipt for the fees and the rental to the 1st day of June of the next year are sent to the applicant. A covering letter is sent to the applicant, drawing his attention to the procedure to be followed in making application for an approval of plans, and to the fact that,, unless the application for approval is filed within the time stated in the permit, the permit lapses automatically. The duplicate is sent to the local Recorder's office with instructions for its filing and for the collection of future rentals. The remaining copy is filed and indexed in this office. Forms for the application for approval of plans are sent to the applicant with the permit. Applications for Approval of Plans. The application for approval of plans is checked to see that the requirements as to publication and the service of notices have been complied with, and it is passed to the engineers for their inspection. A note is made by them of any defects, deficiencies, or necessary alterations, and the applicant is advised thereof. When the plans have been found sufficient and objections have been disposed of, the Comptroller grants the approval in the form of an order which is sent to the applicant, a copy is sent to the local Recorder, and a copy is filed in this office. Approval of an Undertaking. If an undertaking requires the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council, the petition is sent to this office, where it is checked and a report thereon prepared for the Minister. D 132 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Miscellaneous Applications and Inquiries. Many other applications are received requiring special procedure, such as:— For apportionment of a record, under section 82: For change of point of diversion, under section 81: For fixing quantity to which a riparian owner is entitled, under section 66: For renewal of a licence, under section 255: For an interim licence, under section 253: For amendment of a licence, under section 319: For right-of-way over Crown lands, under section 221: For approval of security before entering on private lands, under section 225. Special directions are sent for each case. Circulars and form letters have been prepared for the applications which occur most frequently. Objections to Applications. A great many protests are received. If the ground of objection is considered by the Comptroller of sufficient importance, a copy of the protest is sent to the applicant and the objector is advised. If the ground of objection is not considered sufficient to warrant an inquiry, the objector is so notified. Stream Index of Water Rights. This is at present in a card index for each district arranged alphabetically as to names of streams. All records, licences, permits, applications, and private Acts relating to water rights are indexed therein, but the card system has not been found satisfactory, and a loose-leaf index is being compiled to replace it. When finished it will be a complete gazetteer of the streams of the Province; it will also show every water right on the drainage-basin of a stream and its tributaries. Index of Claims to Board of Investigation. There is an index for each water district in which every claim is indexed as soon as received. The 5,000 claims now on file are so indexed that any particular claim or record can be readily found. Other Indexes and Registers. A register of all licences issued, arranged numerically and indexed alphabetically. A register of all applications for licences under Part V. of the Act, arranged according to district. A register of all applications under Part XI. of the Act (clearing streams). I have,- etc., C. A. Pope, Chief Clerk. 3 Geo. 5 Water-power Investigations. D 133 WATER-POWER INVESTIGATIONS IN THE COLUMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE-BASIN. (PROGRESS REPORT.) By G. Gray Donald. December 31st, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Two sections were covered: (a) From the International Boundary to Castlegar; and (6) the Big Bend, from Kinbasket Lake to Gold Creek West, or Goldstream. A reconnaissance survey shows that there are not any water-power possibilities on this river between the International Boundary and Castlegar. Gauging-stations have been established and arrangements made for continuous readings at Waneta and Castlegar. The new Government bridge at Trail offers good facilities for the metering of the river, and measurements taken there on November 26th gave 19,800 second-feet; on December 20th the discharge had fallen to 17,000 second-feet. Systematic measurements will be continued until high- and low-water extremes have been ascertained, and the discharge at the various stages determined. The investigations round the Big Bend were taken up as a reconnaissance to determine the scope of future operations. K£-y /V7>\> /<OOr£-JYAY & /=>£yYDD'0/?£:/LLE /?/Vf/?S INTERNATIONAL B O u M DA F^Y The Dominion Government, under Mr. Aylmer's direction, had a strong party in the field on this section with the object of determining the navigability of the Columbia, and, as their investigations would necessarily cover the same ground, the energies of the reconnaissance party were confined to the tributaries, the Dominion Government camp being, through the courtesy of Mr. Aylmer, used as a base for supplies. Cummins Creek rises in the Rocky Mountains and joins the Columbia River about eight miles below Kinbasket Lake. It was investigated for about two miles and a quarter. The fall averages 180 feet per mile. The discharge on September 29th was 171 second-feet. Extensive beaver meadows are reported on the upper waters, giving indications of storage possibilities. Assuming the low-water flow to be 120 second-feet, 4,300 horse-power could be developed. D 134 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Goose Grass Creek rises in the Selkirks and empties almost opposite Cummins Creek. It was investigated for two miles and a half. The fall averages 520 feet per mile. On September 29th the discharge was 21 second-feet. This stream is probably glacier-fed, and is of doubtful value for all-the-year-round industrial operations. Yellow Creek rises in the Selkirks and empties into Columbia River twelve miles below Kinbasket Lake. It was investigated for a distance of nine miles, where there are falls 736 feet high; for a distance of four miles down-stream from the falls the average fall is estimated at 500 feet per mile. The discharge on October Sth was 30 second-feet. The elevation is probably too great for the power possibilities to be of any commercial value. Wood River rises in the Rocky Mountains and empties into the Columbia River at the Bend. It was investigated for five miles and a half. The fall is slight for the first four miles, at the end of which it enters a canyon 7,840 feet long, in which the fall is 278 feet. Discharge on October 12th was 440 second-feet. An extensive flat above the canyon indicates storage possibilities. Canoe River joins the Columbia River at the Bend, flowing from the north, and is navigable for about fifty miles. It does not present any economical power possibilities on its lower reaches. The discharge on October 14th was 1,350 second-feet. Harvey Creek is a tributary of Canoe River about eight miles from its mouth, rising in the Rocky Mountains. It was investigated for two miles and a half. The fall averages 245 feet per mile. On October 16th the discharge was 140 second-feet. Boulder Creek is a tributary of Canoe River about fifteen miles from its mouth, rising in the Rocky Mountains. It was investigated for 5,500 feet. The fall averages 330 feet per mile. The discharge on October 22nd was 87 second-feet. Nagle Creek rises in the Gold Range and joins Columbia River eight miles below Boat Encampment. There is a short canyon near the mouth with about 40 feet of fall. The discharge on October 25th was 128 second-feet. It is reported to have little fall for several miles above the canyon. Soard Creek rises in the Gold Range and empties into Columbia River about ten miles below Boat Encampment. It was investigated for 3,300 feet, with average fall of 350 feet per mile. The discharge on October 26th was 103 second-feet. Mica Creek rises in the Selkirks and empties into Columbia River about twelve miles below Boat Encampment. There are no indications of power possibilities. On October 29th the discharge was 30 second-feet. Maloney Creek rises in the Gold Range and empties into Columbia River about sixteen miles below Boat Encampment, is fairly level, with no indication of power possibilities. Discharge on received later indicate the existence of falls about three miles up-stream. Big Mouth Creek rises in the Selkirks and empties into Columbia River about twenty-five miles below Boat Encampment, is fairly level, and has no indication of power possibilities. The discharge on October 29th was 250 second-feet. Flat Creek rises in the Gold Range and empties into Columbia River about twenty-five miles below Boat Encampment, is fairly level, with no indication of power possibilities. Discharge on October 29th was 200 second-feet. Horn Creek rises in the Gold Range and empties into Columbia River about twenty-eight miles below Boat Encampment, is fairly level, and has no indication of power possibilities. Discharge on November 4th was 51 second-feet. Gordon Creek rises in the Gold Range and empties into Columbia River about 31% miles below Boat Encampment. The estimated fall is 50 feet per mile for six miles. Discharge on November 2nd was 25 second-feet. Davie Creek rises in the Selkirks and empties into Columbia River opposite Gordon Creek. It is a precipitous stream with a flow of 7 second-feet on October 31st. Gold Creek West, or Goldstream, rises in the Selkirks and empties into Columbia River about fifty-five miles north of Revelstoke. It was investigated throughout the length of the canyon, which extends from the mouth for a distance of 9,190 feet. The average fall is 160 feet per mile. Discharge on November 11th was 430 second-feet. Meadows above the canyon give indication of storage possibilities. Falls are reported to exist on the upper waters. There is some settlement along this stream. 3 Geo. 5 Water-power Investigations. D 135 COLUMBIA RIVER WATERSHED N^ . &'G &£r/vn n/sTff/cr ■4h °C~k— REVELSTO / A./ J D 136 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Smith Creek rises in the Gold Range and empties into Columbia River opposite Gold Creek West. It was investigated for a distance of 5,750 feet. The average fall is 250 feet per mile. Discharge on November 10th was 73 second-feet. The existence of a vertical fall of over 150 feet is reported on the upper waters; also beaver meadows would indicate storage facilities. Kootenay River. Kootenay River has been investigated from its junction with the Columbia at Castlegar to a point about six miles from Nelson, a distance of eighteen miles. The total fall throughout that distance is 330 feet. It is not navigable, but on the various pools boats are used for crossing and for pleasure. There are two cable-ferries (horse and wagon) ; one at Brilliant, the other at Thrums. The discharge on October 31st (as given by Mr. Muerling) was from 10,000 to 12,000 second-feet, the gauge reading 2.2 feet above average low water. The following sites offer good power possibilities:— (a.) Upper Bonnington Falls, which have an effective head of 62 feet. They are appropriated by the West Kootenay Power and Light Co. and the City of Nelson. The company has permanent works for 30.000 horse-power on the north bank. Two 5,000-kilowatt units are installed and in operation. The City of Nelson has its works on the south bank, and they also are in full operation. The city and company jointly appropriate all the available power on these falls: (o.) Lower Bonnington E'alls, with an effective head of 34 feet. The West Kootenay Power and Light Co. has a 5,000-horse-power installation on the north bank, which is held as auxiliary to the plant at the Upper Falls. The site on the south bank is not appropriated: (c.) A series of falls immediately above Bonnington Pool, Lots 2628 and 303. The head at time of investigation was 77 feet on a length of 3,200 feet, and 42,000 horsepower may be developed: (d.) A canyon three miles and three-quarters from the mouth of the river (near Thrums). The head at time of investigation was 42 feet in a distance of 5,300 feet; 23,000 horse-power may be developed: (e.) A site at Granite Bridge, six miles below Nelson, which has not yet been investigated. In making these estimates, the ascertained head has been taken as effective head. This may or may not be the case, according to the nature of the works that may be constructed. The low-water discharge has been assumed to be 6,000 second-feet. Gauging-stations have been established, and arrangements made for continuous readings, at Brilliant, Thrums, and South Slocan, and at Crescent Valley for the Slocan River. None of the tributaries have been investigated. The Slocan River is the only one of importance on the ground covered. Pend d'Oreille River. Pend d'Oreille River, also known in the United States as Clarke's Fork of the Columbia, has its sources in: (a) British Columbia on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, approximately at 114° 52' west longitude, and 49° 20' north latitude, where it is known as the Flathead River; and (6) Montana, near Helena, 112° 20' west longitude, and 46° 35' north latitude, and is known under various names according to locality—Clarke's Fork of the Columbia and Missoula River being best known. The Flathead River after leaving Flathead Lake (area, 207 square miles) joins the Missoula River in Missoula County, Montana, and, flowing in a north-westerly direction into Idaho, drains Pend d'Oreille Lake (area, 129 square miles). Continuing in a westerly direction, it is joined near Newport by Priest River, which drains Priest Lake (area, thirty-three square miles), and entering Washington, flows in a northerly direction into British Columbia, which it enters in West Kootenay at 117° 23' west longitude. From this point it flows 16V4 miles until it joins the Columbia River at Waneta, a quarter of a mile north of the International Boundary-line. The total area drained is 25,300 square miles. As far as Metaline, it flows through a level country and is navigable. Between Metaline and the International Boundary it flows through the Zee Canyon. From this point its course lies through a succession of canyons where navigation is impossible. Concrete Dam holding water for floating logs, C.P.R. Saw '"ill, Ball River, near Wardne ^rry across Kootenay Elver, near ,4 , -<t -' *» Wheat grown on irrigated land at Coutlee, B.C. 3 Geo. 5 Water-power Investigations. D 137 V3S 3/WaV J.33J Nl SNOLLVA313 O O O o o oooo-ooooo '- * i0 m 1 io w KNiOlSiOifl^lDiOi)iDiCWifllOi')i'l«liDifiiO|'' ooooooooo 3355S3332 a » « OQ 1 ■">» Su \ I-I i_J " OJ l° >d 6 wo aL ^ -\ - - \ 1 s RIVER PROFILE )ctoberl912 ?er second \ \ KOOTEK WATER S )ischarge on 10000 cubic f \ "•■41 * oh uo 1 '—1 V ^ > us 1 1 I - 8§882888888$,88°888g88?8S28g8gig§8§s8§8e82 V3S 3A09V J.33J Nl SNOLLVA3H3 D 138 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 During its course of 16% miles in British Columbia it has a fall of 423 feet. The discharge from this river on October 11th was 10,232 second-feet, and on November 15th, when, owing to heavy rains, the gauge showed a rise of 1.25, the discharge was 13,0S4 second-feet. There are not any distinct falls greater than 10 feet in height on this river, but in several places they occur in close proximity, thus marking the most favourable power-sites; though, owing to the heavy general grade, power could be developed almost every mile. The head would be comparatively low, which, however, is amply compensated for by the great volume. A detracting feature in this connection is the great difference that exists between high- and low- water levels, varying, according to the nature of the channel, from 15 to 40 feet. Three places are particularly suited for the development of power. They are:— (a.) At the junction of the Salmon and Pend d'Oreille Bivers, with point of diversion on Lot 9284 and power-site on Lot 7735, where 48,000 horse-power may be developed. Head, 74 feet: (b.) At 15-mile, with point of diversion on Lot 7735 and power-site on Lot 9525, where 30,000 horse-power may be developed. Head, 47 feet: (c.) At 9-mile, with point of diversion on Lot 9423 and power-site on Lot 5127, where 29,500 horse-power may be developed. Head, 44 feet. From the south-west corner of Lot 5127 there is a fairly regular fall of 145 feet in four miles, on any section of which power may be generated. In making these estimates, only the ascertained head, during the months of September,. October, and November, has been taken into consideration. In every case this can be increased by the construction of a dam at the point of diversion, and the possible development increased by the extra head thus gained. The height of any such dam would naturally depend on the amount of power required and the quantity of water it is proposed to divert. The low-water discharge has been estimated at 7,000 second-feet; though the lowest measurement yet taken gives 10,232 second-feet. The lowest stage of the river is said to occur in February, and systematic measurements are being continued in order to determine the regimen accurately. Flathead, Pend d'Oreille, and Priest Lakes afford unequalled storage facilities. One foot of storage in each of these lakes would give a discharge of 1,000 second-feet for three months. At 7-mile, on Lot 5127, very extensive gold-mining works were installed about fifteen years ago. They consisted of three turbines actuating three rotary force-pumps, which, in turn, served five monitors used for hydraulicking. They were closed down after working for six days. The works and plant are still in place. Though the Pend d'Oreille shows such a great adaptability for power development, there is not any visible market in the immediate vicinity. The possibilities are:— (1.) Alining.—The requirements in the Sheep Creek District may be set down as 4,000 horse-power, with a gradually increasing demand. The Metaline District in Washington may also prove a future consumer. (2.) Electric Traction.—The Canadian Pacific Bail way has nearly completed the location of a line from Trail, southwards along the west bank of the Columbia River, and crossing at Waneta, up the Pend d'Oreille Valley as far at Metaline, where it joins the Idaho and Washington Northern Line, which in turn connects with the Spokane International Line at Clagstone Junction, This scheme includes a branch line from the mouth of Salmon River to serve the Sheep Creek Mining District. This line, if built, will be most favourably situated for electrification. The settled lands of the Pend d'Oreille Valley lie entirely on the north bank and do not need irrigation, the rainfall being adequate. They are, generally speaking, situated so high above the water-level, mostly from 400 to 600 feet, that access to the river is difficult. Were irrigation necessary, it could not be provided economically from this source. The lands (area, 29.6 square miles) enclosed between the south bank of the river and the International Boundary, are densely timbered, and, with so much water-power available, constitute a valuable pulp proposition. Extensive limestone-deposits occur in the valley which might form the foundation of an important cement-industry. Investigations on the river have been completed as far as conditions permit. There remains to be ascertained: (a) The flood-levels; (6) the discharge at various heights; and arrangements have been made, having this in view, as changes in the river give opportunity. 3 Geo. 5 Water-power Investigations. D 139 9 I? w n V3G 3AMV X33J Nl SNOI1VA313 o ci P --, O to o 8 § 1 S £■ 8 1 k- \ e 4 \ «H 2 TD - ti C Cd £ 9 r> UJ f? $ si ;3 S'S &1 3 * go ^ * j en 05 % i Q i i 1 1 0 u u si a V3S a\06V J.33J Nl SNOLLVA313 D 140 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 A permanent metering-station has been established on Lot 7193. It consists of a l^-inch cable securely anchored on each side, and having a clear span of 610 feet and a stay-cable of % inch diameter of an equal span 50 feet farther up-stream. In addition to the use for which it was installed, the main cable will facilitate the passage of the river for fire-protection purposes. The nearest bridge is ten miles distant, and the river is impassable by boat at any but low-water stages. Gauging-stations were established at the mouth of the river, at the metering-station, and near the mouth of the Salmon River. Arrangements have been made for the continuous reading of the two former; the latter is too far from settlement to be read regularly, but was of use during the investigations. Tributaries of the Pend d'Oreille River. With the exception of the Salmon River, the tributaries of the Pend d'Oreille are unimportant. They are:— North Bank from West to East. (Lot numbers indicate location of junction with Pend d'Oreille River.) Four-mile Creek (Lot 7193).—Of no industrial value, and during summer and autumn only sufficient for domestic purposes; short and precipitous in its course. Seven-mile Creek and its Tributary, Myers Gulch (Lot 5127).-—Of no industrial value, and during summer and autumn only sufficient for domestic purposes; short and precipitous in its course. Nine-mile Creek (Lot 7741).—Sufficient for domestic purposes only. It is settled for a distance of two miles and a half. Twelve-mile Creek (Lot 7191).—Discharge in October % second-foot. Of no industrial value. Fifteen-mile Creek (Lot 8190).—Discharge in October 1.2 second-feet. Valley settled for three miles. Sixteen-mile Creek (Lot 7735).—Discharge in October 1.7 second-feet. It parallels Fifteen- mile Creek and drains some of the same settled lands. Salmon River (Lot 9750).—Rises in the mountains south of the West Arm of Kootenay Lake and, flowing generally in a southerly direction for thirty-eight miles, joins the Pend d'Oreille River at a point two miles and a half north-west from where the latter stream enters British Columbia from Washington. The drainage-area is considerable, embracing 483 square miles in British Columbia and eighty square miles in Washington, in which State the South Fork rises. The discharge on October 26th was 404 second-feet, and on November 14th, when a rise of seven-tenths, due to heavy rains, occurred, the discharge was 950 second-feet. The discharge will probably fall to a much lower figure as the winter advances, most of the sources being situated in altitudes ranging from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. The snowfall is reported to be heavy, and this, combined with the great drainage-area, should bring the flood-discharge up to from 2,000 to 3,000 second-feet. The lower three miles is in deep canyon, and the bed of the river is difficult of access, the mountains rising precipitously on each side to a height of 2,000 feet. There are not any actual falls, but the water-grade being heavy, the conditions for power development are favourable. On one favourable site with point of diversion on Lot 9282 and power-site on Lot 9182, with an assumed low-water discharge of 300 second-feet, 5,000 horse-power may be developed, with head 185 feet. Investigations on this river had only reached from its mouth to Sheep Creek when they were closed down for the season. As a consequence, the existence, or otherwise, of storage facilities has not been determined, but it is reasonable to presume that they do exist in such a varied country. Systematic measurements are being continued in order that the low-water discharge may be determined. The total fall from the junction with the Tend d'Oreille River to mouth of Sheep Creek is 514 feet, and the distance twelve miles. Between the South Fork and Sheep Creek the land is comparatively flat, and is heavily timbered, mostly with cedar, and many trees run to 8 and 10 feet in diameter. 3 Geo. 5 Water-power Investigations. D 141 S i 1 -9 V3£ 3/OSV J.33J 1-S 1- |: 1 i § § 1 ni sNOiivAna 1 § 1 1 S 1 § ! i in o o c f 2 £? E £ ■/Oop ™! ,»ue !+»u. +U| 't P"»l -T-LJfr ^ JS Ajy u s-»' fO M P»a H +J if ■* o =>\\v vfCI> O <J) t 1 »l!l^ ie> ! 1 ( *t f? li_J 5) He |« JD- S 1) pi '* a iiii CM »^!id i|eo '"£' a+o/v >1 § J I i 1 K 1 fc ? f 3 I § § S 5 i i 5 i i l ! S 5 i I 5 ! ? f \ I 1 I 0 y * j V3S 3^0QV X33J Nl SNOUVA3n3 D 142 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 South Bank from West to East. Cedar Creek comes in on the Nelson and Fort Sheppard Railway lot lying between Columbia River, Pend d'Oreille River, Lot 940S, and the International Boundary-line. It rises in the State of Washington and flows in a northern direction. It is well settled in Washington, and a considerable quantity of hay grown in the valley finds a ready market in this Province. Its course in British Columbia is 1,800 feet in length, and it runs through densely timbered land in which there is a fair proportion of good cedar. At its junction with the Pend d'Oreille Biver a placer lease is being worked. All the water in the stream, which in September had a discharge of 9.7 second-feet, is being used. The point of diversion lies in Washington, 1,600 feet south of the International Boundary- line. A good wagon-road traverses the valley on the United States side. Bear Creek (Lot 7742) rises in Washington and flows north-westerly for about two miles and a half through timbered land after entering the Province. Discharge in September, 3.8 second-feet. No settlement. Fish Creek (Lot 7734) rises in Washington and flows north-westerly for about five miles through densely timbered land after entering the Province. Discharge in October, 5.3 second- feet. No settlement. There are mines on the headwaters in Washington. Fraser Creek (Lot 7728), Mackenzie Creek (Lot 7729), Harcourt Creek (Lot 7729), and Russian Creek (Lot 7733) have inconsiderable flow and are useful for domestic purposes only. They are on timbered land. Lower Mainland Section of the Fraser River Drainage-basin. Measurements were taken to ascertain the low-water discharges of the following streams: Fraser River, Chehalis River, West Fork Chehalis River, and Silver Creek. The results are shown in tabulated form on page 208. Vancouver Island. Measurements of certain streams on the east and west coasts on which power possibilities are known to exist were taken, but the conditions were not favourable for further investigation. The work has now been resumed and will be prosecuted systematically. The results obtained are shown in tabulated form on page 20S. The two coasts are given under separate headings. I have, etc., G. Gray Donald, „. Engineer in charge of Water-power Investigation. 3 Geo. 5 Hydrographic Station near Nelson. D 143 DESCRIPTION OF WORK AT HYDROGRAPHIC STATION NEAR NELSON. Br H. F. Meurling. Comptroller of Water Rights, December 19th, 1912. Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Although my work does not come directly within the scope of that undertaken by the Water Rights Branch, as you have requested that I give a few details which might be of interest to the general reader in connection with the hydrographic work being done on the Kootenay River near Nelson, I beg to submit the following:— This station is a boat-station—that is, the observations are taken from a boat anchored by means of a rope to a wire cable strung across the channel. The stretching of the cable across involved considerable labour on account of the velocity of the current at the time, and the length of the span, some 1,200 feet. Before the wire cable could be stretched across it was necessary to establish communication between the two banks by means of a rope. This was done in the following manner: The end of the coil of rope was made fast to a tree on the south bank, the slack being carried along the side of the cliff clear of trees and other obstructions which lay between the two banks. The coil was then placed in the boat, which was manned by two good oarsmen and myself ready to pay out on the rope. The boat was rowed up-stream for some hundred yards, then turned sharply toward the other bank, and by paying out the rope as fast as the current and the speed of the boat could take it, we managed to make the other end fast to a tree on the north bank before the current had obtained full force on the same. We failed three times to make the north bank and had to let go the rope, not being strong enough to hold it against the force of the current; and twice we lost part of the rope because of the current coiling it around submerged rocks, compelling us to cut it so as to save at least part of it. The station had to be located at a point in the river where the waters are always agitated and where any work in a boat is accomplished under difficult circumstances. I was fortunate, however, in having the help of several young men who had been accustomed to sport in boats and sailing-craft, and were capable of being taught to work in boats as well, but I must confess to a feeling of relief when it was done without the slightest accident. After having brought down wire cable on its reel, double and single blocks and tackle, and having picked out a growing tree on each bank to hold the cable when in position, I rigged up a system of double blocks on the north bank through which the cable could run from its reel. Two reliable men were stationed there to pay out on the same. I then made the end of the rope fast to the cable about 100 feet in from the end, and gave a sign to six men on the south bank to commence pulling on a system of double tackle rigged up there for that purpose. This was at 1 o'clock in the afternoon, and from then until just after 6 o'clock the men had one of the hardest day's work in their experience before the end of the cable was brought on the cliff and made fast for the day. Next day I rigged up additional tackle on the north bank and stretched the cable free of the water, equipping it with a line hung on clips. This enabled me to shift the anchor-rope to any desired position on the cable, and the station was now ready for use. The weight of a cable suspended in this manner and the tension to which it is subjected necessitates some kind of a deadman to steady any tree or derrick erected, especially where the cable must be made fast about 25 feet up on the tree, as in this case. However, as both banks were rocky, it was not practical to sink such an anchor, and I therefore rigged a system of double tackle, making the same fast to sling strops tied to the tree at the base, and a suitable height for carrying the cable. This is shown in photograph. In this way part of the tension was brought to follow the trunk of the tree, and not the horizontal line of the cable. The accompanying table of an observation taken at this station shows the system used in calculating the velocity and discharge of the whole section from the measured velocities and sounded cross-sections. (This table is shown on page 222.) On account of the swift water and lack of time, it was found impractical to use the common method of taking observations—i.e., dividing the cross-section of the stream, or rather the cable, into 20- or 25-foot sections and observing the velocities at each. After making a study of the conditions, and with the knowledge gained from former experience with flowing waters, I D 144 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 End of Cable across Kootenay Ptiver at Gauging Station above the Rapids, December, 1912. 3 Geo. 5 Hydrographic Station near Nelson. D 145 decided to use an old system which I had used on the Congo River in Africa, and which I had found would give very good results for practical purposes, where time and money are of consequence. This method consists in confining the observations taken to vital points—that is, to points where, for some reason or other, the velocity of the current changes. Selection of these points requires experience and a knowledge of the bottom and other conditions. From velocities thus taken the probable increase or decrease from point to point may be calculated, and thus probable values for the velocities in theoretical 20-foot sections may be obtained, and from the latter the discharge of the 20-foot sections is calculated. By summing them up, the discharge of the sections as a whole is obtained, as well as the mean velocity of the section. These values of discharge, mean velocity, and area—the latter being calculated from the profile of the cross-section obtained by sounding—are then plotted on cross-section paper and respectively joined into curves called the rating curves of that station. From these curves the discharge, mean velocity, and area can be obtained at any stage of the water above low water. I append a copy of the rating curves for this station as far as they are completed—i.e., 4 feet above low water. Observations were taken below this stage, but are not yet calculated. The curves as shown are based on measurements which cover the full rise of the water this year, as well as the probable values for any further rise. (See dotted curves.) A study of these curves shows that the observation on May 6th gives a greater value for the discharge at 4 feet above low water than what may be expected at the same stage in September or October, judging by the value given from the observation on August 23rd. This is only natural when it is remembered that the observation on May 6th was taken during flood, and the one in the fall during ebb, and that the velocity and thereupon depending discharge is greater at flood than at ebb. The mean velocity curve shows that somewhere down-stream from the station, and near enough to affect the flow at the station, there exists a bar, tending to pond the water flowing against it, and that this ponding is effective to a certain depth, or rather elevation. Having sounded and investigated the bottom and conditions below the station in connection with my other work, I find that there is in fact an obstruction of this character, and it is this which forms the rapids. The elevation of the crest of the obstruction corresponds to a depth of from 6 to 7 feet above low water, showing cause for the form of the velocity curve to that stage, after which it resumes its natural form. The area curve is practically a straight line, showing that the cross-section is constant and does not undergo any change from high to low water, or vice versa. A few words should perhaps be said about the soundings made in the vicinity of the station. This is work which requires both good judgment and practice to give fair results in swift waters. The method used was as follows:— The instrument-station—a hub connected with some known point, such as a section or lot corner, by a traverse—was chosen so that the angle of sight from the telescope should make as small an angle as possible with the horizontal. When everything was ready, the lead having been checked, the lead-line checked as to stretching or crimping, and the range established, the boat, manned by four men—two oarsmen, one sounder, and one rodman and recorder—was sent out. The boat was then rowed up-stream past the range and was carried by the current down close to the range. At the proper moment a sign was given from the instrument to steady the boat, and, following further signs to row up or drift down, as the case might be, it was placed and kept on the range by the boatmen. At this juncture a sign to heave the lead was given, and, the rodman having at the same time raised his rod, the distance was taken by stadia. This operation had, of course, to be repeated several times, until satisfactory results were obtained. When the depth had been read on the lead-line, it was, if the distance was too long to communicate direct with the instrument, recorded by the rodman, and the boat was then ready to move farther out. The greatest difficulty I had was to teach the men to heave the lead standing up in the boat. This takes considerable practice in rough or swift water, and requires men used to work in a boat, who are hard to find at an inland station such as this. I have, etc., Harry F. Meurling, jo Civil Engineer. D 146 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 SUITABLE DESIGNS FOR SMALL HEADGATES. By Fred. C. Scobey. (The author of the following letter has had much practical experience among the irrigators' of Wyoming; it is therefore hoped that his recommendations upon simple headgate structures may be of some use to the water-users of British Columbia. The letter is written with a knowledge of British Columbia conditions.) Washington, D.C., December 5th, 1912. Dear Mr. Grunsky,—Regarding small lateral headgates and delivery-gates, Dr. Fortier tells me that your conditions are about the same as they are in Colorado and Wyoming, the canals taking water from mountain-streams which do not carry heavy silt except in times of flood. I would not advise trying to embody a measuring-device directly in the gate structure, but would put a Cippoletti weir from 20 to 50 feet below the gate, in a straight channel, at a point where the velocity towards the gate can be reduced, either by baffle-boards or by widening the Design for Small Lateral Headgate. Capacity to about 15 c. It per sec. Designed and drafted by Fred C Scocey Irrigation £ng. ditch above the weir so as to form a pool. A measurement directly in the gate structure is only approximate, as there are so many conditions of velocity, contraction, eddies, etc., that the present data as expressed in formulae derived from experiments are not based on the conditions usually found in a gate structure. 3 Geo. 5 Designs for Small Headgates. D 147 At points where small heads are to be delivered and it is desirable not to break the continuity of the canal-bank, I would suggest a tube of ordinary sewer-pipe with a small wood or iron gate. This type of gate is found in Bulletin 229 of the Office of Experiment Stations, United States Department of Agriculture, and is quite extensively used throughout northern Colorado. /2V Bolts Design for 5mall Farmers Headgate. Capacity to about -4 eft. per sec. Designed and drafted by Fred C Scodey. /rr/'gar/o. 1'onfngr It is best to make the wood or concrete face conform to the position the canal-bank will assume after some years of operation—that is, nearly vertical at the water-line, but with a flatter slope at the bottom. This is the general form that canal-banks assume after some years of operation, and after weeds and grass have grown on the tops of the levees. I am enclosing plans of two styles of wooden gates. I have assumed that you would not want to install concrete in the beginning because of first cost. It is also probably better in a new country to put in wood, for the reason that the system ten years from now may demand the gates to be of a different size, or placed at far different points in the canals because of the changes in the plats of land. Wood will last for a period of from eight to twelve years, and by that time the operating department of any system can fully determine more exact data with which to install the permanent structures. One of these plans covers a small farmer's or consumer's headgate, and will deliver up to about 4 second-feet in the farmer's ditch below the gate, under favourable conditions of grade D 148 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 and size, and assuming that the water in the lateral leading to the gate is of such a depth that the gate-box can be kept full of water. You will note that the two inside planks of the front wings extend inside of the inner face of the side walls 1 inch. This forms the front guides. Also the two planks in the front cut-off wall under the floor extend up in front of the floor-boards 1 inch. This will make a tighter gate. There will be a tendency to disregard the dapping of timbers, but the added stiffness will more than repay for the few minutes necessary for this work. I suggest that the holes in the stem be slightly staggered, so that there is not so much danger of the wood splitting out and the holes connecting up into a long slot. If the holes are made % inch in diameter, with their centre lines staggered 1 inch, and the hole in the cap at the top of the gate-guides be made % inch in diameter, there will be play enough so that a J^-inch iron pin with a ring at one end can be inserted. If a lock is desired, the end of the pin can be punched for a thin-tongue padlock after the pin has been slightly flattened at the end. The other plans show a box structure 3 feet wide and 3 feet high. A bill of lumber and iron is given for the gate as shown, and also for exactly the same kind of construction for a gate 4 feet wide and 3 feet high, and for a gate 4 feet wide and 4 feet high. I would not recommend using the same construction for greater dimensions than those just mentioned, as the sills, posts, and caps should be made heavier, and the cut-off walls should extend farther down into the ground. A sandy soil may demand greater depth for the last- mentioned walls and wings than I have shown on the plans, even for the small structures. Such things as this must be decided for each case. In southern California this type of box is made of 1-inch redwood for the sides, bottom, and wings; but for your lumber I would not use any timber lighter than 2-inch stuff, as herein indicated, since it will be subject alternately to wetting and drying, and the 1-inch stuff will warp badly under these conditions. A great deal of the general success of the gate structures shown in both of these plans depends on the dirt around it being well puddled in—that is, shovelled around the structure while water is at hand, so that the dirt may be well tamped into place as mud. There is very little danger of such a gate " going out," whereas if dry dirt is placed around the gate the whole box is liable to be washed out. If you find that it is not convenient to make the stem for the lateral headgates of T-iron, then it may be made of angle-iron with almost the same degree of satisfaction, and you will find the cost of boring to be less than for a T-iron. The advantage for this type of gate-lift is that the stem does not need to be double the length of the height of the gate-shutter, and also the guides do not need to extend twice the height of the shutter, for the reason that there are no holes through the shutter through which water will lead, and the gate is supported from behind. The ditch-tender is furnished with a short iron crowbar, about 2y2 feet long, which he inserts under the notches in the back of the iron gate-stem and raises the gate by prying on the foot-plank. As a rule, the gate can be lifted by hand, the bar being used only when the gate sticks. I believe that this covers as much detail as is possible at long range. It is nearly impossible to standardize structures so that there will not be minor changes dictated by local conditions, and this must be borne in mind by any one building gates after standard plans. Trusting this data will be of some service to you, Fred. C. Scobey, Irrigation Engineer in charge of U.S. Irrigation Investigations in the State of Wyoming. 3 Geo. 5 Designs for Small Headgates. D 149 Farmer's Headgate. Capacity up to about 4 Second-feet (depending on Grade and Condition of the Ditch below the Gate). Bill of Lumber. Use. Pieces. Dimensions. Feet, B.M. Floor 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 2" x 12" x 5' 2" x 12" x 5' 2" x 12" x 4' 2" x 12" x 2' 3" 2" x 10" x 2' 3" 2" x 4" x 5' 10" 3" x 4" x 5' 10" 3" x 4" x 4' 2" x 4" x 2' 3" x 4" x 2' 8" 2" x 4" x 2' 8" 2" x 4" x 1' 11" 2" x 12" x 2' 6" 2" x 6" x 3' 2" x 4" x 3' 8" 1/2" x 6" 2" x 4" x 5' 1" x 12" x 231/2" 1" x 10" x 2' Total feet, B.M 40 20 32 5 4 4 6 8 1 3 2 3 10 3 3 3 4 4 155 Sill Cut-off sill Bolts Two bolts y2" x 5", with washers for each end. Headgate for Small Lateral. Capacity up to about 15 Second-feet (depending on Grade and Condition of the Lateral below Gate). (As per Plans in Drawing. Bottom, 3 feet wide; sides, 3 feet high.) Bill of Lumber. Use. Pieces. Dimensions. Feet, B.M. 6 3 6 3 1 1 1 2 1 4 3 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 : 2" x 12" x 6' : 2" x 12" x 6' 2" x 12" x 5' 2" x 12" x 2' 2" x 4" x 9' 3" x 4" x 4' 3" x 4" x 3' 4" 3" x 4" x 3' 3" x 4" x 9' 2" x 12" x 5' 2" x 12" x 2' 3" x 3" x 7' 3" x 3" x 2' 11%" 3" x 4" x 7' 2" x 4" x 2' 10" 3" x 4" x 3' 2" 3" x 10" x 3' 8" 1" x 10" x 2' H1/2" 1" x 12" x 2' iiy2" 1" x 8" x 2' 10" 1" x 6%" x 2' 10" 2" x 6" x 2' 10" Total feet, B.M 72 36 GO 12 6 4 4 6 9 40 12 5 5 7 4 6 10 3 6 4 4 3 318 Sill " T-iron—One piece 4" x 4" x %" x 3' 2", bored1 as per detail. Bolts—iSeven %" x 41/2", with washers for each end. D 150 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Headgate for Small Lateral. Capacity up to about 20 Second-feet (depending on Grade and Condition of Lateral below Gate). (As per Plans in Drawing, except 4 feet wide instead of 3 feet wide.) Use. Pieces. Dimensions. Feet, B.M. 6 4 6 4 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2" x 12" x 6' 2" x 12" x 6' 2" x 12" x 5' 2" x 12" x 2' 2" x 4" x 10' 3" x 4" x 5' 3" x 4" x 4' 4" 3" x 4" x 3' 3" x 4" x icy 2" x 12" x 5' 2" x 12" x 2' 3" x 3" x 8' 3" x 3" x 2' 11%" 3" x 4" x 8' 2" x 4" x 2' 10" 3" x 4" x 3' 2" 3" x 10" x 4' 8" 1" x 10" x 3' 11%" 1" x 12" x 3' 11%" 1" x 10" x 2' 10" 1" x 10%" x 2' 10" 2" x 6" x 2' 10" Total feet, B.M 72 48 60 Sill 16 7 5 5 Cap (front wings) 6 10 40 Cap (lower wings) 16 6 5 8 4 6 13 4 8 5 5 3 352 T-iron—One piece 4" x 4" x %" x 3' 2", bored as per detail. Bolts—'Seven %" x 4%", with washers for each end. Headgate for Lateral. Capacity up to about 28 Second-feet (depending on Grade and Condition of Lateral below Gate). (As per Plans in Drawing, except 4 feet wide and 4 feet high instead of 3 feet wide and 3 feet high. Cut-off and wing walls 1 foot deeper). Use. Pieces. Dimensions. Feet, B.M. 8 4 6 4 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 2" x 12" x 6' 2" x 12" x 6' 2" x 12" x 7' 2" x 12" x 3' 2" x 4" x 10' 3" x 4" x 5' 3" x 4" x 4' 4" 3" x 4" x 4' 3" x 4" x 10' 2" x 12" x 7' 2" x 12" x 3' 3" x 3" x 8' 3" x 3" x 3' 11%" 3" x 4" x 8' 2" x 4" x 3' 10" 3" x 4" x 4' 2" 3" x 10" x 4' 8" 1" x 10" x 3' 11%" 1" x 12" x 3' 11%" 1" x 10" x 3' 10" 1" x 10%" x 3' 10" 2" x 6" x 3' 10" Total feet, B.M 96 Floor 4S 84 Sill 24 7 5 5 8 10 56 24 6 7 8 5 8 13 4 l9 (back) 7 4 448 T-iron—One piece 4" x 4" x %" x 4' 2", bored as per detail (for additional foot). Bolts—Seven %" x 4%", with washers fot- each end. 3 Geo. 5 Introduction to Reports. D 151 WATERSHEDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND POSSIBILITIES. INTRODUCTION TO REPORTS OF ENGINEERS OF THE WATER RIGHTS BBANCH. The field-work which has begun pursuant to the " Water Act" of 1909 in connection with the investigation of rights held under old records has now been carried into many of the more important drainage-basins of the Province, especially those south of the Railway Belt. The engineers conducting this field-work have collected a rich fund of information, much of which will be of interest to those desirous of becoming better acquainted with the physical geography of British Columbia. Aside from the work of a purely technical character, such as the surveying of lands appurtenant to water records and the measurement of the flow of streams, the investigations have necessitated the gathering of many practical and interesting facts. It. is these facts, particularly, which it has been the aim to collate in the reports of the engineers appearing in the following pages. It should be noted that each report as originally filed was accompanied by such stream- measurements as were available. For the sake of the continuity in the description, this tabulated matter for all the districts has been grouped and printed separately at the end of the reports. A reference is given in each case, however, to the page on which the hydrographic data for the particular valley or drainage-basin will be found. For convenience in reference the same arrangement has been adopted in all the reports, and is as follows :— (1.) General physical characteristics: (2.) Timber and vegetation: (3.) Irrigated and irrigable areas : (4.) Soil: (5.) Temperature, precipitation, and altitude: (6.) Utilization of stream-waters: (7.) Nature of Surveys. A question will be likely to arise in the minds of readers concerning the relation of the above topics to water administration. Yet there is not one that does not come either directly or indirectly within the scope of the preliminary work that is necessary before adjudications can be made under the Act of 1909. Long in advance of the time when the Board of Investigation is to have its sittings in any particular valley or district, the engineer is sent into the field and proceeds to gather the evidence which is to enable the Board to arrive at its judgment. He must, of necessity, spend considerable time in one locality, and he is thus enabled to become thoroughly familiar with its physical features. His first work is usually to locate points of diversion. Frequently ditches are not. yet constructed, and he must then follow the creeks and travel across the country beyond the beaten trails or roads. Likewise, in estimating irrigable areas, he must often penetrate a rough and timbered country with his lines. He must also estimate the cost of clearing the land of its standing timber or stumpage, and must report upon the general slope and the smoothness or roughness of the surface. These facts are required in order to enable the Board to fix a time in which the owner of a water record, or licence, shall complete his works and bring his land under irrigation. D 152 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The soil must also be investigated by the engineer in respect of its physical properties to assist the Board in arriving at a proper duty of water. It is plain that a soil composed of a coarse, sandy loam, with a gravel subsoil, will require several times more water than a heavy clay soil with a hard-pan a few feet beneath the surface. Yet so frequent are the changes that the engineers often report three or four different grades of soil in a small valley. The crops grown are to be reported upon. It is evident that in a district that is set out to orchards a higher duty of water (which is another way of saying a smaller quantity) will suffice than for lands planted to timothy and clover or. alfalfa. Again, land which is planted to garden-truck and intensively cultivated will require more water than that upon which hay or grain is grown. While the latter crop receives one or two irrigations, the former is periodically watered throughout the season. Precipitation is to be considered. It is important to know not only the annual rain and snowfall, but its distribution throughout the months of the year, and especially through the months when irrigation is practised. The object of this is to enable the Board to decide upon the quantity of irrigation-water which is needed to supplement the rainfall. This is especially important in a Province such as British Columbia, within the boundaries of which clearly defined belts are found, some of which are classed as " dry," others as " semi-arid," and still others as " humid." Altitude and temperature data are not so closely connected with these investigations as the factors already mentioned, but such figures as were easily obtainable by the engineers have been included in the reports which follow, in order to complete the description. It is interesting to note that the valleys of British Columbia generally have a much lower altitude than those of the United States to the south, particularly Montana, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, and Colorado. Much agricultural development in these States takes place above the 3,000-foot elevation, while in British Columbia very little of the valley land reaches the 3,000-foot mark, and most of it is below the 2,000-foot elevation. It is thought that this difference, together with the nearness to the ocean, more than compensates, as far as agricultural possibilities are concerned, for the more northerly geographical position of British Columbia. Perhaps the most important work of the engineer in connection with administration under the " Water Act" is the measurement of streams. In many instances the problem of the Board will be to divide the water equitably among claimants, and it cannot do this intelligently unless the flow of streams is ascertained. It is also necessary to have this information at hand when the question of granting a new right arises, since the Comptroller of Water Rights is not presumed to issue licences in excess of the capacity of the stream. In reference to the utilization and conservation of the waters of the Province, the engineer has to play a part which will become more and more important as the years go by. In connection with his reports upon irrigation, power, mining, and other rights, he must determine whether the waters are used beneficially—that is to stay, without waste. This necessitates a study of the customs of water-users. For instance, in the case of irrigation, farmers may be using the continuous flow of many small streams, increasing the losses by seepage, evaporation, and other means, when by the system of rotation in the use of a larger stream the water could be greatly conserved. Such matters are bound to receive more attention in the near future when a shortage of water is generally felt and the people come to realize the necessity for public supervision in its use. Figures on Irrigation. This is the first attempt, even in a vague way, to collect figures which will indicate the possibilities of the Province with respect to irrigated agriculture. The figures for land classed as irrigable are mere approximations, and being made by different engineers the personal equation enters the calculation to a certain extent. It is the opinion of the writer, however, that irrigable areas are more under- than over-estimated in a new country, and that, with few exceptions, the figures in the table in the column headed " Irrigable " will be found to be under the mark rather than above it. Cippoletti Weir, Maguire Creek, during construction. Concrete-lined Canal and Dam of Kelowna Irrigation Co. firt>rflow W«iw '..Rock Islands Elk:River u^jstyoltv Plan showing ami/able Cranbrook WaterDisfr/cf yfoTEFlPoWEIl Lorrer falls Ptj^b* % **. V Pe9U *-*H s *JJ3' Scale of Plan 600 fcet-fffiii 1 I II" I e* 1 '&=£_ trj&Biher. MKC;Jpt9. Carpenter Creek Falls, near New Denver. Falls on Mark Creek, at Marysville. Measuring Weir on Linklater Creek, with free fall of 12 inclies on down-stream side. 3 Geo. 5 Introduction to Reports. D 153 Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. Name of Drainage-basins reviewed in Reports of Engineers. <w m ' O c] a ■"a S ^ ^ d to ntsc, ' 0) 3 S0.0H 02 &&'« Fraser River Valley in Railway Belt and Thompson Valley to Spence's Bridge Part of Thompson and Bonaparte Watersheds... Part of Nicola River Watershed Part of Okanagan Watershed near Vernon Part of Okanagan Watershed near Kelowna.... Part of Okanagan Watershed west side of lake.. . Part of Okanagan Watershed, Naramata to Boundary Similkameen River Watershed in British Columbia Part of Kettle River Watershed Arrow Lakes and part of Columbia River Watershed Part -of Kootenay River Watershed west of Selkirks Slocan River Watershed Part of Upper Columbia Watershed Part of Kootenay River Watershed east of Selkirks and north of Wardner Part of Kootenay River Watershed east of the •Selkirks and south of Wardner Totals 2,700 710 2,100 2,400 750 1,000 800 2.850 3,160 3,560 3,600 1,365 1,500 3,410 3,050 32,955 2,700 710 338 700 400 1,000 60O 1,700 627 378 100 150 1,500 2,500 1,352 14,755 2,150 2,899 7,370 17,000 9,682 6,875 4,274 1,896 3,562 2,331 78611 20011 L041H 5,455 3,811 69,832 3,500* 8,200 18,000 48,S0O 30,000 54,100t 37,800t 42,100§ 13,700 3,700 90011 2,10011 148,000 215,400 81,600 739,400 * Includes the Fraser Valley from Ruby Creek on the right bank and Jones Creek on the left bank to boundary of Railway Belt below Lillooet. t Includes three Indian reserves (Nos. 1. 9, and 10) totalling 28,777 acres. i Exclusive of west side of Okanagan River from Penticton to Okanagan Falls. § Only parts of irrigable land surveyed. Greater part estimated. || These figures are not for comparison, as part only of the irrigable and irrigated lands were surveyed. II This figure is not for comparison, as a part only of irrigated lands was surveyed. The above figures apply to such drainage-basins or parts of drainage-basins only as were investigated by the engineers. The area of the entire Province has been estimated at 395,000 square miles. Approximately 50,000 square miles of the above total lie within or south of the Railway Belt, and up to date the investigations of the Water Rights Branch have been confined to this section. The territory embraced within the descriptions of the watersheds, which are to follow, has an area of about 33,000 square miles. Not even this latter area has been sufficiently covered by the engineers to enable them to give figures for all of it. In short, the above figures and estimates apply only to about 14,755 square miles, or less than 4 per cent, of the entire area of the Province. It may be suggested by some that the area already investigated is the best part of British Columbia. However that may be, it is at the present time the most settled part, excluding the large cities of the Coast District. On another page is found an article by Dr. S. Fortier, of the United States Department of Agriculture, who, looking at the subject from an entirely different point of view, leads us to have confidence in " irrigation's part in the future upbuilding of British Columbia." The figures given above will, it is hoped, be an additional argument in support of the theme which Dr. Fortier has chosen. Physical Features affecting Irrigation. While this Province, with its wonderful combination of rivers, lakes, timber - covered mountains, and sheltered valleys, offers rare inducements to a highly desirable class of settlers, there are factors to be reckoned with here which make it exceedingly difficult to launch irrigation enterprises. The very rugged and broken character of the country, which is an asset from D 154 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 a scenic point of view, renders the building of canals and other irrigation structures more expensive. The fact that the valleys are small means that fewer acres of land can be served from any one system, and each acre must bear a larger proportion of expense in first cost and also in maintenance and operation charges. The principal obstacle, however, to the rapid extension of agricultural and irrigated areas is the timber-growth. It would probably not be far out of the way to estimate the clearing and levelling of the average raw land in British Columbia to make it suitable for farming purposes at $70 per acre. The removal of this growth constitutes one of the hardest tasks ahead of the people of the Province, and one of the most pressing problems for the attention of the administration. The clearing process, undertaken in the ordinary way, is a slow one, and even in those instances where tracts have been sold in subdivisions and occupied by settlers only a beginning has been made. The average settler clears only a few acres a year. Therefore, while the soil is rich, the water-supply for the most part abundant, and the climate of the valleys generally suitable for the production of fruit, berries, and garden-truck of a wide range, a little patience is needed on the part of the people of British Columbia to see their Province reach the high position agriculturally which will one day be attained H. W. Grunsky. REPORT ON PART OF WATERSHEDS OF FRASER AND THOMPSON RIVERS. December 30th, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,-—Pursuant to instructions received, I beg to submit herewith a report on the watershed of that portion of the Fraser River lying within the Railway Belt, together with part of the watershed of the Thompson River, from Spence's Bridge to the junction with the Fraser River, investigated by me during the past season. General Physical Characteristics. The section of country under review lies wholly within what is known as the Railway Belt, and comprises an area of approximately 2,700 square miles. The greater part of this country is very mountainous, particularly that portion from the Town of Hope northwards to Lytton. The canyon of the Fraser River begins at Yale, which was the head of navigation in the old gold-mining days, and continues without a break to Cisco, a point five miles south of Lytton. There are numerous streams tributary to the Fraser River; the larger and more important being, on the left bank, Jones Creek, Silver Creek, and the Coquihalla River, the drainage-basins of which, together with sundry smaller streams, constitute what is known as the Hope Water Precinct. Farther north there is the Anderson River, in the Siwash Water Precinct. This stream is practically unexplored, even mining prospectors leaving it very much alone. North of this there are numerous small tributaries to the Fraser River, until at Lytton we have the Thompson River, this being the largest of the tributaries. On the right bank of the Fraser River there are even a larger number of tributaries. Commencing with Ruby Creek in the south, we have Emory Creek, Texas Bar Creek, Yale Creek, with the old mining town of Yale on the right bank, forming the Buby Water Precinct. Then Spuzzum Creek and Skuzzy Creek, forming the Spuzzum Water Precinct. Then we come to the Salmon or Nahatlatch River, a large stream with a drainage-basin of approximately 144 square miles. This, with a few smaller streams, forms the Keefers Water Precinct. North of this we have the Stein River, forming, with sundry smaller streams, the Stein Water Precinct. There are no wide valleys in any of the country so far mentioned, except up Silver Creek and the Coquihalla River. The former has an extensive tract of valley land, some 15,000 to 20.000 acres being land that one day will no doubt be used for agricultural purposes. The upper valleys of the Coquihalla are even more extensive, some estimates placing the future agricultural land at about 30,000 acres. Apart from this, there are extensive flats on the banks of the Fraser 3 Geo. 5 Fraser and Thompson Rivers. D 155 River from Hope south and west to Jones Creek and Ruby Creek. North of Hope there are no valleys or benches worth mentioning until the Thompson River is crossed, and in the Botanie Water Precinct there are numerous valleys and benches. From Hope there are high mountains on both sides of the Fraser River. Through the canyon these mountains rise from the water to 5,000 and 7,000 feet. The Stein Mountains are 8,000 and 9,000 feet; the Stein River and some of the other streams are glacier-fed all the year through. THOMPSON and FRASER WATERSHEDS IN PART Timber and Vegetation. The character of the timber and vegetation varies greatly throughout the district. Both Hope and Ruby Water Precincts have large areas of valuable timber, principally fir, cedar, spruce, tamarac, pine, and hemlock. The lower flats on the banks of the Fraser River are densely covered with bush of all kinds. To the north this changes, and there is very little timber of market value through the canyon. The Salmon River is on exception to this, there being some very fine timber around Nahatlatch Lake and up some of the branches to the stream. Above Cisco the hills are covered with small black-pine. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. Little has been done in the way of irrigation in this district. In the lower portion the expense of clearing the heavy timber and thick bush, together with the lack of transportation facilities, no doubt was the chief factor in the want of enterprise and lack of development shown by the settlers. Below Hope not much irrigation - water is required and very little is used at present. When the land is cleared, water will be needed more and used to a greater extent. Throughout the whole country under review there is a little over 2,150 acres now under irrigation. Additional to this, and including the Indian reserves, some 35,000 acres of land can be classed as irrigable. This does not include Crown lands. Apart from the valleys of the Coquihalla River and Silver Creek previously mentioned, there is about D 156 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 7,200 acres of good land, chiefly in the Botanie Water Precinct, available for homesteading. This land is of no value at present owing to lack of water for irrigation. Conservation of water in some of the mountain lakes will open up some thousands of acres of good land. Soil. The soil also varies throughout the district. A heavy, rich soil, the decomposition of all kinds of vegetation for countless years past, is prevalent throughout the Lower Fraser Valley, in Hope and Ruby Precincts. North of this a light gravelly soil, and in places finely divided volcanic ash, is generally found, underlaid by alternate layers of sand and gravel, with sometimes a subsoil of clay. This kind of soil means the waste of large quantities of water when open ditches are used for irrigation. This is particularly the case with the creeks in the Botanie Water Precinct, where the waste of water through seepage has been a constant source of trouble. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. The lower portion of the district, Hope and Ruby, is similar with regard to climate and precipitation to the Coast Country. At Hope the highest registered temperature during the year 1910 was 105 degrees and the lowest 2 degrees, with a mean for the year of 47 degrees. The total precipitation for the same period was 53.37 inches. The altitude of Hope Town is 150 feet above sea-level. A radical change in climate is apparent from Cisco up the river, and a complete change in the character of the vegetation is noticed. The winters are colder, spells of below- zero weather being usual. Summers generally are warm and dry. The C.P.R. elevation at Lytton is 695 feet above sea-level. The mountains in the neighbourhood rise to 9,000 feet. Utilization of Stream-waters. With regard to the utilization of stream-waters, this lies in the future. Up to date a little irrigation is being indulged in, as previously mentioned, but in no other manner is water being used. From close study during the past season, I am of the opinion that this section of country under review will experience considerable mining development in the not-far-distant future. The mountains bordering and the creeks tributary to the Fraser River are rich in minerals of all kinds. Particularly is this the case on the left bank of the river. Little beyond prospecting has been done up to date, because of the lack of transportation facilities. The advent of the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway, coming down the left bank, the Kettle River Valley Railway, and the Victoria, Vancouver and Eastern Railway, both building down the Coquihalla River from the Similkameen, will mean the development of many good mining propositions. This is particularly the case in the neighbourhood of Hope, and also Siwash Creek. To work the mines, cheap electric power will be required; and this could be obtained from almost any of the tributaries to the Fraser River mentioned in the early part of this review. On Jones Creek, the Coquihalla River, and Salmon River private corporations have already commenced investigations with a view to using the water for power purposes. Apart from the three streams mentioned, there is much valuable water-power lying idle throughout the district. Nature of Survey's, etc. During the past season my work was confined to the determining of irrigated and irrigable areas under existing, water rights. This was obtained by stadia traverse of the dominant land. I did no stream-gauging, because almost all the creeks in which I was interested were being examined and regularly gauged by the Dominion Government Hydrographers, under Mr. P. A. Carson, of Kamloops. I confined my measurements to the various irrigation-ditches, installing weirs and taking regular readings to ascertain the capacity of the ditches, and also to obtain an idea as to the amount of water used by the different irrigators. The data in the table on pages 208 and 209 was supplied by the Dominion Hydrographers. Indian Reserves. Before closing this review, I would like to say a word about the Indian reserves throughout my district. Through the Fraser Valley from Hope to a point about twenty miles north of Lytton, and including the Botanie Water Precincts, 19,483 acres are held by the Indians as 3 Geo. 5 Thompson and Bonaparte Watersheds. D 157 reserves. A large number of these reserves are quite small in area, 10 to 40 acres being common. In many cases no Indians are living on the reserves, and they are not even used for summer camps for fishing. In almost all cases they are blocking the development of land that, if held by whites, would be equal to the best in the Province. In the neighbourhood of Lytton, in both the Stein and Botanie Precincts, a little irrigation is indulged in by the Indians. But, taking into consideration the thousands of acres held by them in these precincts, all first-class land, and the fact that in the Stein Precinct there is an abundance of water, the area they have under cultivation amounts to very little. I have, etc., P. de Lautour, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. PART OF THOMPSON AND BONAPARTE WATERSHEDS. December 23rd, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In compliance with your request, I beg to submit the following report on hydrographic surveys made in the watershed of the Thompson and Bonaparte Rivers during the seasons of 1911 and 1912. General Physical Characteristics. The area included in these surveys extends on the north to Scotty Creek, on the south to Spence's Bridge, on the east to the Thompson and Bonaparte Rivers (taking in Semlin Valley as far as Eight-mile Creek), and on the west to Hat Creek and its tributaries, and contains approximately 632 square miles. This district is characterized by a combination of mountains, high table-lands or benches, valleys, and streams. The mountains and benches have a good growth of timber, chiefly fir and pine, but there is no undergrowth on these parts, and the native grasses therefore grow luxuriantly and afford good pasturage for numerous herds of cattle. The benches are as a rule comparatively level, sloping gently to the streams, and could be irrigated and made very productive, the cost being governed by the length of the canal required. The principal streams watering these valleys are briefly described in turn. Bonaparte River runs through a long and well-settled valley, and contains sufficient water to supply all the land in its valley, flowing into the Thompson River at Ashcroft.* Plat Creek rises in Blue Earth Lake in the mountains at an elevation of 5,000 feet, and after a course of thirty-five miles flows into Bonaparte River. There are many fine bench lands on this creek, but none as yet occupied. The cost of irrigating them would, of course, be greater than that of the valleys, but certainly not prohibitive. Cache Creek rises in the Arrowstone Hills at an elevation of 3,500 feet, and flows into the Thompson River after a course of about twelve miles. It is from this creek that Semlin Valley is watered. Oregon Jack Creek rises in the mountains, and after a course of twelve miles flows into the Thompson. There are some fine benches on this creek covered with a fine growth of timber, chiefly fir, but all this bench land is enclosed in the Dominion Forest Reserve. The banks of this creek, as well as those of the others mentioned, are thickly fringed with willows and poplars. The waters of this creek are used upon land lying adjacent to the Thompson River, principally upon a large and well-cultivated ranch, known as the Basque Ranch, on which very fine crops of potatoes are raised. * There has not been sufficient work done in the Valley of Bonaparte River, briefly alluded to above, to enable me to give a comprehensive description; also much of the land watered by Hat Creek, Cache Creek, and Scotty Creek lies in the Bonaparte Valley; but there is a large and important area of land still to be hydrographically surveyed. The river rises in Bonaparte Lake, and after a course of seventy miles falls into the Thompson River at Ashcroft. D 158 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Cornwall Creek and Eight-mile Creek, two small creeks flowing into the Thompson River, contain no bench lands of any extent. The water of these creeks is used for irrigation only. There is not sufficient water in Eight-mile Creek to irrigate the land dependent upon it. There are, however, two very good storage-basins in Semlin Lake and Cultus Lake where a large body of water might be stored. Scotty Creek, flowing into the Bonaparte, and Venables Creek, flowing into the Thompson, both take their course through narrow gorges in the mountains and water the lands in their respective valleys. They have no benches of any account. In Venables Lake will be found a fine storage-basin in which a very considerable quantity of water can be stored. The chief characteristic of all these creeks consists in the great fluctuations of their waters, falling from a torrent in the spring to a very low condition in midsummer. They are also liable to sudden and considerable rises in the summer, due to rain-storms in the mountains, in which they originate. The valleys are generally narrow, averaging from one to three miles in width. Timber and Vegetation. The benches and hills are covered with a fine growth of timber, chiefly fir and pine. The cost of clearing would be light, as the trees are far apart, with no undergrowth, and with many open glades. Where there are no trees sage-brush is generally found, and on all the ranges there is a luxuriant growth of bunch-grass, upon which large herds of cattle find pasture. Soil. The valleys are all very fertile, the soil being a sandy loam and capable of producing almost any vegetable, fruit, or grain that can be grown in a temperate climate. By some of the settlers very fine fruit is raised; noticeably by Mr. Semlin in the Semlin Valley, and Mr. P. Parke in the Bonaparte Valley. Mr. Semlin has raised this season some of the finest apples and plums, and those raised by Mr. P. Parke would compare favourably with any fruit on this continent. He also produces large quantities of pure white honey. In the Semlin Valley were observed also splendid crops of potatoes, beans, and oats. In fact, all these valleys are fit to produce all kinds of crops, of cereals, vegetables, and fruits. It must be noted, however, that the settlers in these valleys are not farmers, but cattlemen, and their chief aim is to produce sufficient feed for their cattle during the winter. The chief crops of all these valleys are, therefore, timothy, alfalfa, clover, and oats, all of which grow luxuriantly. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. The following table may be found useful in giving irrigated and irrigable areas in the various valleys investigated, also the approximate irrigable acreage on the benches, as well as the length of streams and area drained in square miles:— Stream. Length, Miles. Irrigated Area, Acres. Irrigable Area, Acres. Irrigable Benches, Approximate. Drainage- area. Square Miles. Oregon Jack Creek. .. . 35 12 12 8 6 6 14 1,184 335 895 136 105 169 75 2,132 1,476 1,345 416 168 230 183 1,000 490 240 220 100 200 330 50 96 93 43 20 78 Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. The temperature of these valleys is very even and varies very little in the summer, and the same may be said of the winter temperature, although there is generally a week or ten days in the summer of extensive heat, and likewise in winter we have a week or two of extreme cold, going down to 20 or 25 below zero, Fahrenheit. In the summer the nights are cool, and the dry, bracing air makes the heat bearable even in the hottest time. The precipitation in the lowlands 3 Geo. 5 Thompson and Bonaparte Watersheds. D 159 \X/^ Y ^^A/^^^lii-Jc, (- \ \ Ol '• \* \ I c* ±1 ~\\ / S ( ■i"o ^~\ / / K V- A<K, n / A \ y i i ^K i K_r ^ _/ \ / 'vJP^-.. '^.1 f &. X.73Q flooe/ -OM- \ r^ *$ ^1 ^\j^f^ \ A \ *3 V \ ^w 7^^' /"< rr— ^^vi j^5rCR0FT ^'^ ) |\ i\JF J~~/^~~*\&>> ( } i i C# ^Barnes Lal^-^e^ y6 i i %<^^—0^ \ v ^s "A !'SS ^ / \ VenablehlakeQ . ( A \ WL 'Ik \ ^ / M "3-V «? /%. G^l X cVilV' A5T~~ \ THOMPSON and \ Ifc^ BON A PAPTE WCr^^V<l WATERSHEDS. /fj\^ ^ *SJPENCT5 BRIDGE V c C3r M D 160 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 is very light, generally only a few light showers falling in the spring. The dewfall is also very light, being hardly perceptible; but the snowfall is generally heavy, varying from 1 to 3 feet in depth, according to the altitude. The rainfall on the higher ranges.is steady and plentiful. The altitude of the valleys varies considerably. Semlin Valley at Cache Creek is 1,480 feet, Cornwall Valley is 1,560 feet, and Hat Creek Valley at its junction with Bonaparte is 1,900 feet, and rises to 3,000 feet near Blue Earth Lake. Nature of Surveys. The Dominion engineers had set up gauges and taken measurements on all the above streams, and being instructed not to duplicate any of their work, I therefore took very few measurements of streams, devoting my attention chiefly to the measurement of irrigation-ditches. Such stream- measurements as were made will be found on page 209 in convenient form for reference. I have, etc., W. R. Pilsworth, M.Can.Soc.C.E., Engineer, Water Rights Branch. NICOLA RIVER WATERSHED. December 23rd, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Pursuant to instructions, I take pleasure in submitting the following report concerning the Nicola River Watershed. The Nicola River rises on the west slope of the Okanagan Hills and drains some 2.100 square miles of country between there and Spence's Bridge, where it joins the Thompson River. The drainage-basin divides easily into two sections, which I will refer to as the upper and lower basins. The upper basin has an area of about 940 square miles and ranges in elevation from 2,100 to 4,500 feet. The principal streams rising in this basin are the Upper Nicola River, Moore and Quilchena Creeks, all of which flow into Nicola Lake. The lake is about thirteen miles long and more than a mile across at its widest part, with a surface area of approximately 6,900 acres. The valleys are generally narrow, averaging from a quarter to. half a mile wide, except where they widen to one and a half or two miles on approaching the lake; the benches are wide, with gentle slopes, but generally lie too far above the streams for simple irrigating. Considering the size of Nicola Lake, the area of arable land on its shores is small, the hills rising abruptly from the shore almost all round. In the lower basin I include the Nicola River as it emerges from the lake, and its tributaries, the chief of which are the Coldwater River, Clapperton, Guichon, and Spius Creeks. These streams drain about 1,100 square miles, the elevations ranging between 1,600 and 5,500 feet. Leaving the lake, the valley opens to a width of from one to one and a half miles and continues so for about eight miles, then from a half to one mile would be an average width as far as Spius Creek. After this point the valley narrows down to from a quarter to half a mile wide, the greater portion being reserved for Indians. From the mouth of the Coldwater Rivet- to Spius Creek there is an absence of bench lands, the hills rising directly from the river meadows on either side. A branch of the C.P.R. runs through the valley from Spence's Bridge to Nicola. Timber and Vegetation. The upper basin may be described as a series of open rolling hills covered with bunch-grass and patches of sage-brush. The bottom lands are overgrown with willows and Cottonwood, and occasionally scattered pine and fir trees are seen on the hills. Part of the lower basin is similar to the above, but the Coldwater slopes are well wooded in parts, and on Spius Creek extensive logging operations are going on. There is not much marketable timber on Guichon Creek, but the black-pine is thick in parts. The bottom lands are covered with willows and bushes. South Okanagan Land Co.'s Dam, near Penticton. 3 Geo. 5 Nicola River Watershed. D 161 Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. The following table shows the irrigable area for which water is recorded and the proportion of this that is under irrigation. The fourth column is a rough estimate of the additional area that could be irrigated under properly constructed works:— Name ol Stream. Irrigated Land, Acres. Irrigable under Water Rights, Acres. Estimated Additional ATea that could be irrigated. Remarks. Nicola River S'pius, Manning, Roberts, Richardson, Smith, and Gordon Creeks, small tributaries to Nicola River Clapperton Creek Coldwater River north of Voght Creek Courtney Lake, Gody Creek, and adjacent mountain lakes .... Upper Nicola River Quilchena Creek Moore Creek Totals 3,712 188 1,403 960 107 600 900 7,870 6,643 896 3,240 2,234 285 850 1.430 2,660 18,238 1,500 700 1,000 700 700 2.000 1,000 7,600 From Nicola to mouth of Spius Creek. Small mountain creeks tributaries of Nicola River. At lake end only, Guichon Ranch and Residence. Beaver Ranch Co. only. The predominant soil throughout the valley is a sandy loam, although in the timbered sections a decayed vegetable soil is frequent, and heavy loams and clay are found in places. The subsoil is generally gravel. The quick run-off in the spring has brought down big deposits of sand and gravel to the lower lands. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. The highest temperature on record at Nicola Lake is 92.5 degrees, and the lowest —36 degrees, the mean annual temperature being 42.6 degrees. An average summer temperature in the valleys would be about 75 degrees and the winter about 5 degrees, with occasional dips to —20 or 25 degrees. In the higher altitudes the winter is more severe, and generally the stock have to be fed for three months in winter. Average monthly and annual precipitation figures for Nicola Lake covering the years from 1878 to 1912 are as follows:— Precipitation average, 1878 to 1912 (computed from Readings supplied by E. Baynes Reed, Esq.).—January, 1.24; February, 0.70; March, 0.65; April, 0.47; May, 1.13; June, 1.30; July, 0.94; August, 0.84; September, 0.95; October, 0.79; November, 1.09; December, 1.04. Annual, 11.14. Like the temperature, these figures on precipitation would differ in the higher lands, which range up to 5,500 feet. At present no data are available for these lands. The absence of forest- growth in the upper basin tends to a quick run-off with the melting snow. The elevation of Nicola Lake is 2,120 feet. Utilization of Stream-waters. The land in the lower main valley and on the border of Nicola Lake is well suited to mixed farming. Hay, clover, alfalfa, cereals, vegetables, Indian corn, and apples have been successfully grown. The soil is well suited to fruit-growing, although in a few instances only has an attempt been made to grow apples for home use. There seems to be no reason why the hardier varieties should not do well. The Upper Country is open and well suited to stock-raising. The Douglas Lake Cattle Company farms and grazes more than 110,000 acres, and several other large stock-ranchers operate in these valleys. Hay, oats, etc., supplying winter food for stock, are the only crops raised in the Upper Country. The irrigation methods practised throughout the valley are not those that lead to great success. The water is carelessly handled and a good deal is wasted, and some excellent lands are soured by overirrigation. The valleys have an ample 11 D 162 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 y^wnkwa Lakfi Face Lakfi igfi&hjtafc *1rout Lakfi &^~—»> 1idgfLaf\e NICOLA RIVER WATERSHED. water-supply, but as the land becomes more thickly settled conservation will be necessary. As above mentioned, there is a quick-run off, so that the water gets away early in the year, before it is really wanted. No storage-works being constructed on the principal streams, the ranchers have nothing in reserve when the creeks dry out. Land-values are still comparatively low in the Nicola Valley, and it is worth the consideration of intending settlers. Nature of Surveys. Mr. de Lautour took the first party into this valley in June, 1911, the season's work being devoted to the investigation of water records and the division of irrigable and irrigated lands. Similar work was continued this year from June till September. During the latter month gauges and metering-stations were established on the Nicola River, Clapperton, Shooter, and Quilchena Creeks. The work was closed down at the end of September. All available hydro- graphic data for this watershed is given on pages 209 and 210. I have, etc., J. F. Rowlands, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. 3 Geo. 5 Okanagan Watershed. D 163 OKANAGAN WATERSHED NEAR VERNON. December 30th, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I beg to submit a report on hydrographic work done in the vicinity of Vernon in the years 1910, 1911, and 1912, together with a brief description of the watershed. General Physical Characteristics.. Vernon is 1,300 feet above sea-level and is situated about four miles from the Okanagan Lake, at the confluence of several valleys. North and south-west runs the Okanagan Valley, eastward the Coldstream Valley, and to the north-east is the valley of the B.X. or Deep Creek. These valleys contain only small creeks, which are used for irrigation to their utmost capacity at certain periods of the year. The population of Vernon is about 3,000, with 1,000 more in its immediate vicinity. Ten miles north of Vernon the southern boundary of the Railway Belt crosses the Okanagan Valley. The hydrographic surveys of the Province have not, however, been extended to that part of the Railway Belt. The district generally consists of high plateaux, 4,000 to 5,000 feet above sea-level, intersected by steep-sided valleys, in which are numerous lakes. The creeks rise in the plateaux and feed the lakes. The principal creek is that on the east. It rises in the plateaux on the north-east, and, running in a southerly direction as Nelson Creek, changes its name on reaching the main valley to the Coldstream Creek, and flows into the north end of Long or KAamalka Lake three miles from Vernon. On leaving Long Lake, it is known as Long Lake (Week, and passing through Vernon it flows into Okanagan Lake at its East Arm, with an approximate length of twenty miles. There is no cultivation on this stream above where it enters the main or Coldstream Valley. From there westward the valley is about a mile and a half wide, with steep, uncultivated sides of bunch-grass and cleared and cultivated bottom land. The Coldstream Creek is joined on the south by Bessette, Brewer, Larch, and Deer Creeks, and on the north by Hog Gulch Creek and Swan Lake Creek. On the north-east of Vernon the B.X. or Deep Creek rises on the same plateaux as the Coldstream Creek, and flows in a south-westerly direction into Swan Lake. From Swan Lake it is known as Swan Lake Creek, which joins Long Lake Creek below the town. It has a total length of about fourteen miles. Swan Lake Creek is joined on the north by Deer Creek and on the south by Brookside Creek. It runs in a deep narrow valley until within two miles of Vernon, the sides clothed in heavy brush, and with very little cultivated land. Its waters are used to irrigate the B.X. bench on the north-east of the city. The canal of the White Valley Irrigation Company, known as the Grey Canal, also brings water for use upon the land covered by the above-mentioned creeks. This will be referred to again. From Nelson Creek eastwards the Coldstream Valley is continued as the White Valley, with a fall to the east. At the Town of Lumby, sixteen miles from Vernon, Jones Creek, Harris Creek, Creighton Creek, and Blue Springs Creek join, and flow, as Harris Creek, in a northeasterly direction, into Shuswap River, which empties into Mable Lake. The three first- mentioned creeks rise in the plateaux on the south. Blue Spring Creek rises in the valley and is very small in quantity. Above Lumby the creeks are used for irrigation, but below Lumby no irrigation-water is used from the main creek. Vance Creek joins Harris Creek on the north. There is very little bench land in the district. That in the neighbourhood of Jones Creek is under the Grey Canal, or private ditches. The cultivation is generally confined to the bottom lands. The Shuswap River is said to have its source to the north of Sugar Lake rather than in the lake itself. Then, carrying its waters through the lake, it describes a semicircular course, and flows into Mable Lake. It is a fine stream, but is very little used for irrigation. On its south side it is joined by Cherry Creek. This also is very little used for irrigation, though a small combined scheme is proposed by residents of Camagna. Cherry Creek is joined on the south by Fall Creek, about forty-five miles to the east of Vernon. D 164 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Timber, Soil, and Climate. The chief varieties of timber found in the district are fir, pine, birch, and cottonwood, with occasional patches of cedar, all of moderate size. The soil varies from that of a light friable one of volcanic origin in the Coldstream Valley to a moderately stiff clay. The temperature, which is taken at the Coldstream Valley, ranges from 50 degrees minimum to 100 degrees maximum (Fahrenheit) in summer, and from 20 degrees below zero minimum to 40 degrees above zero maximum in winter. The precipitation is from 12 to 15 inches per annum. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. The following tabulation shows the acreages which are being irrigated on the various streams where surveys have been made, and gives an approximate estimate of the irrigable land wherever it was found possible to make one:— Locality. Acres under Irrigation. Acres in Addition which are Irrigable. 12,730 726 44 3,500 8,770 15,854 13,916* 5.360 4,900 Okanagan Centre and Woods Lake Total 17,000 48,800 * Estimated. > Utilization of Stream-waters. Vernon forms the distributing centre of an important agricultural district. The chief crops are fruit, hay, and garden products, with small quantities of hops and cereals. Large acreages are now under fruit, and when the trees are matured it will be one of the principal fruit-growing districts of the Province. The creeks being small and of variable flow, the Grey Canal has been constructed to supplement them. The White Valley Irrigation and Power Company, the owner of this canal, has used Lakes Haddo and Aberdeen on the plateau to the south side of the Coldstream Valley as its reservoirs, and the natural course of Jones Creek to its headgates, which are situated on Jones Creek about twelve miles from Vernon. By siphoning twice across the valleys the water is taken almost to Okanagan Landing, on the East Arm of Okanagan Lake, by this canal. The completion of this system has given a great impetus to the fruit-growing industry, which in a few years will be a most important one. From Okanagan Landing to Nelson Creek, a distance of fifteen miles, and for several miles on the north of the city, many hundreds of acres are in orchard, cultivated on scientific principles. This district was formerly taken up with general farming, such as the growing of hay and cereals and stock-raising, but these have now been crowded farther up the valleys by fruit-culture, and form the staple industries of the Lumby, Rollings Lake, Reiswig, Camagna, and Richlands Districts, and of the neighbourhood around Shorts, Whiteman's, Siwash, and Six-mile Creeks, on the west of Okanagan Lake. In addition to the White Valley Irrigation and Power Company mentioned above, an irrigation system from Vance Creek was proposed in 1911 by a syndicate, which has acquired several thousand acres in the neighbourhood of Vance Creek and Rollings Lake. At Richlands a land company has put in a system from Fall Creek to irrigate the large tract of land in its possession; and at Whiteman's Creek the Beaupark Land Company has acquired a large acreage on the benches, and proposes to put in an irrigation system from Whiteman's Creek. Near the junction of Harris Creek and Shuswap River, the Couteau Power Company proposes to erect a hydroelectric power station on the latter, and has obtained a charter. The undertaking has now been purchased by the Canadian Northern Railway. As the water in the creeks is of such small quantity, and the flow is of short annual duration, it would be of great advantage if those creeks which are used for irrigation could have their headwaters impounded in the spring. The plateaux mentioned previously could be used with great advantage for this purpose. The undulating surface lends itself naturally to utilization, 3 Geo. 5 Okanagan Watershed. D 165 since it affords opportunity for the construction of reservoirs of considerable extent and at moderate cost, though at too great an expense for the ordinary rancher to undertake. The City of Vernon takes its water-supply from the B.X. Creek. The Coldstream Municipality, of 17,000 acres, put in a domestic water-supply in 1911 from Nelson Creek. There are no records held for power or mining which are in use in this district, except for one sawmill at Lumby. OKANAGAN LAKE WATERSHED NEAR VERNON SHUSWAP RIVER WATERSHED IN PART From the south end of Long Lake, including both sides of Woods Lake and down to and including Okanagan Centre, a rapidly increasing settlement is taking place. Irrigation systems from the neighbouring mountain lakes supply water for ranching and domestic purposes. The Woods Lake Fruitlands Company have an irrigation system from Island Lake that is now owned by the lot-owners. At Okanagan Centre a good water-supply is obtained from Beaver Lake. This supplies irrigation and domestic water to the Townsite of Okanagan Centre and the neighbouring fruit-orchards. By referring to the tabulation accompanying this report, it will be seen that there are close to 5,000 acres of irrigable land in addition to some 3,000 acres already under water. Besides this, there are several small pumping plants being installed along the Okanagan Lake shore northward from Okanagan Centre to irrigate say 200 acres from the lake. Nature of Surveys. Party No. 3 began work in June, 1910. Its work has been chiefly confined to investigating the water records issued prior to 1909. No gauging-stations have been established, but the water in ditches and creeks, all of small quantity, has been measured by floats. In 1910 a considerable amount of contouring and levelling was carried out to show irrigable areas; but in 1911 and 1912 this was discontinued, and " spot" levels were given instead to indicate the lay of the land, taken by stadia measurements. In 1912 a thorough investigation was made of the value of Adams Lake and the Lower Adams River for hydro-electric purposes. Reports and plans of all work done have been sent to headquarters. The district around Notch Hill was also investigated by Party No. 3, and as it will not be covered in any other report I will refer to it briefly here. The water records issued prior to 1909 were investigated in the Pass Creek District, and in the Adams and Ducks Precincts, in the neighbourhood of Notch Hill and Scotch Creek. These are within the Railway Belt, except D 166 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 at Pass Creek. The creeks near Notch Hill are small and quite insufficient for the demand upon them. The district consists of side-hills, facing north, running down to Shuswap Lake. The principal crops are fruit, hay, and vegetables, with small quantities of cereals. Scotch Creek, which flows into the Shuswap Lake on the north, is not yet used for irrigation. Near the mouth is a fine alluvial flat, which is partly cleared, and a combined scheme of the owners is on foot to irrigate the cleared areas. On the west of Okanagan Lake, the water records on Short's Creek, Whiteman's Creek, Siwash Creek, and Six-mile Creek have been investigated, and also along the lake-shore. These records all lie near the lake. This district is treated in another report. All available hydrographic data for the territory embraced within this report will be found on pages 210 and 211. I have, etc., W. R. C. Morris, M.Inst.C.E., Engineer, Water Rights Branch. OKANAGAN WATERSHED NEAR KELOWNA. January Sth, 1913. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to hand you a report on the Okanagan Watershed near Kelowna. This report includes the drainage-basins of Mill Creek, Mission Creek, and Sawmill Creek, and embraces an area of about 400 square miles. It is compiled from data collected by the following engineers; G. Gray Donald and E. Davies in 1910, and W. R. C. Morris, C. Varcoe, O. Bergoust, J. F. Rowlands, and M. C. Brotherton in 1912. General Physical Characteristics. For about a mile and a half back from the lake the country is flat. It then rises in a series of benches, gradually becoming covered with timber, and eventually reaching an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet on the divide. The following are the principal creeks in this district:— (1.) Mission Creek, the tributaries of which are Eight-mile, Priest, Canyon, and Hydraulic Creek, rises in the Gold range of mountains which forms the divide between the Okanagan and Kettle River Valleys, and flows in a westerly direction, and empties into Okanagan Lake about three miles south of Kelowna. Its approximate length is forty miles and its catchment-area about 250 square miles. There are at present no storage-works on the main stream, but it possesses some excellent reservoir-sites, one of which, situated in Section 11, Township 26, has a storage-capacity of 2,318 acre-feet. Another in Section 1, Township 26, has a storage-capacity of 3,435 acre-feet. Several lakes at the headwaters would provide a storage of 15,250 acre-feet. In all, storage could be provided for some 21,000 acre-feet. At the headwaters of Hydraulic Creek, the South Kelowna Land Company has created a storage reservoir with a capacity of 8,670 acre-feet. The Belgo-Canadian Fruit Lands Company's storage reservoir is situated on the North Fork. No figures of its capacity are available. (2.) Mill Creek, with its tributaries, Scotty and Poplar Creeks, rises also in the Gold Range, and flows in a south-westerly direction to empty into the Okanagan Lake at Kelowna. It has an approximate lehgth of twenty-five miles and a catchment-area of about seventy-five square miles. There are several storage-sites, one of which, on the main stream, is utilized by the Kelowna Irrigation Company, and has a capacity of 2,500 acre-feet. Several lakes at the headwaters would provide storage for some 1,806 acre-feet. (3.) Sawmill Creek rises on the Okanagan and Kettle River Valley divide, and is some ten to fifteen miles in length. Its catchment-area is limited and there appear to be no suitable reservoir-sites. 3 Geo. 5 Okanagan Watershed. D 167 The catchment-areas generally are covered with a fairly heavy growth of timber and rise to an elevation of between 6,000 to 7,000 feet. The creeks are all snow-fed and have a very quick run-off, starting when the snow melts in March and reaching their maximum discharge about the beginning of June, after which they diminish very rapidly. This will be seen by a study of the discharge measurements given on pages 211 and 212. This quick run-off points to the necessity of providing for the early flood-waters. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. The following table gives the irrigable and irrigated areas under the various creeks:— Name ol Creek. Irrigated Area, Acres. Irrigable Area, Acres. 4,067 5,103 512 17,000 9,900 3,100 Sawmill Creek, Cedar Creek, and Second Creek .... Total 9,682 30,000 Timber and Vegetation. The timber consists for the most part of fir, pine, tamarac, and a small quantity of spruce. There is very little vegetation on the lower benches, while up in the timber there is a considerable growth of native grasses and underbrush. Soil. The soil of this district varies greatly. On the flats adjacent to the lake one finds a rich black loam, and on the bench lands a light sandy loam with a gravel subsoil. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. The climate is mild and dry. The springs open early. The summers are warm and dry and the winters mild, with only an occasional dip to zero. The average mean temperature is about 46 degrees. The mean precipitation over a number of years averages 12.62 inches. Utilization of Stream-water. Water for irrigation purposes is more generally used in and around Kelowna, perhaps, than in any other part of British Columbia. A study of the map accompanying this report will show how extensive the irrigation operations are. Four important companies are engaged in putting in irrigation systems, namely: The Kelowna Irrigation Company from Mill Creek, the Belgo-Canadian Fruit Lands Company on the North Fork of Mission Creek, the South Kelowna Land Company from Hydraulic Creek, and the Kelowna Land and Orchard Company from Canyon Creek. These companies will be spending some $2,000,000, all told. The construction is being done in a substantial and up-to-date manner, special attention being paid to preventing leakage and loss in transit. Kelowna is situated on the east side of Okanagan Lake, about half-way between Vernon and Penticton. The City of Kelowna is a distributing centre for a large and populous agricultural district. The principal crops grown are apples, pears, plums, cherries, and small fruits, also the following vegetables: Tomatoes, onions, and potatoes. For all these it would be hard to find a soil or climate more suitable than is found here. Attention is being given to tobacco-growing, which is proving a remunerative crop. Above an elevation of about 2,000 feet are some fine hay meadows, and there are a few instances of dry-farming. The results from these would tend to show that there are great possibilities for this class of farming. A project is on foot for consolidating, if possible, all water rights in and around Kelowna and forming a water municipality. A reference to the accompanying map and the noting of the immense number of small irrigation systems would seem to point to the necessity for some such measure to economize and make the utmost use of all available water. D 168 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Nature of Survey's. The first hydrographical work was done in this district in 1910. This consisted of a contoured survey of Township 26, a traverse of part of Mission Creek and Mill Creek, and a survey of the storage-sites at the headwaters of Mission Creek. In 1912 the headwaters of Scotty Creek were investigated, and numerous parties were put in the field throughout the whole district to survey the land under irrigation. This additional work was rendered necessary by the recent adoption of the policy that licences shall be issued for only such acreages as are actually under irrigation. All available stream-discharge measurements for the district covered by this report will be found on pages 211 and 212. I have, etc., O. F. D. Norrington, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. REPORT ON THE OKANAGAN WATERSHED ON WEST SIDE OF OKANAGAN LAKE. December 31st, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Herewith I beg to submit a report on the watershed on the west side of Okanagan Lake from Trout Creek northwards to head of lake. General Physical Characteristics. The country covered in this report, approximately 1,000 square miles in extent, though somewhat rugged from general appearances and broken up by high hills and rocky bluffs, embraces some of the most promising land in the Province of British Columbia. Particularly is this the case in the neighbourhood of Summerland, Peachland, and Westbank. A range of hills running almost parallel with the lake, rising to an elevation varying from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, and extending from the lake-shore in places to a distance of about twenty miles back from the lake; bench lands, in some places bordering on Okanagan Lake, in others lying a short distance back from the lake; extensive valleys up the creeks and high plateaux farther back in the hills: this constitutes the general formation of the country. Several useful creeks, having their sources in lakes and marshes in the hills, discharge their waters into Okanagan Lake on the west side: The most important of these are: Trout Creek, two miles south of Summerland; Deep Creek and Trepannier Creek, with the thriving settlement of Peachland between them; Powers Creek, the sources of supply for the settlement of Westbank; Bear Creek, Shorts Creek, and Whiteman's Creek. There are large areas of land up many of the creeks that will at some future date be used for agricultural purposes. At present the greater part of these areas are heavily timbered and the expense of clearing would be large. Up to an elevation of about 2,000 feet above sea-level the land of this section of country will some day be used for fruit. Above that elevation it can be used for grazing purposes. Coal of a good quality has been found up Shorts Creek and rapid development is expected. Timber. Pine, with a mixture of fir, is found at all elevations in this section of country. Above the 3,000-foot elevation this is interspersed with tamarac, spruce, cottonwoods, and cedar in the creek-beds and bordering the lakes and swamps. On the hillsides small black-pine is usual. There is little in the way of small brush, such as one meets with in the Coast region. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. Considerable development has taken place in and around Summerland and Peachland. Extensive irrigation systems from Trout Creek supply water to about 6,000 acres of fruit lands. Covert Orchard, Grand Forks, irrigated from Fourth of July Crock. Tobacco-crop, E. C. Armstrong's Ranch, at Keremeos, B.C. 3 Geo. 5 Okanagan Watershed. D 169 rv/?//er>2JZr> ^ WATERSHED ON THE \>VE:S7- Si DC Of~ OKANAGAN LAKE PENTICTOf D 170 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 A considerable acreage of irrigable land is also available. Irrigation systems from Deep Creek and Trepannier Creek supply Peachland and neighbourhood with water for some of the finest peach and apple orchards in the country. At Westbank less development has taken place, owing, no doubt, to the fact that two Indian reserves, 3,300 acres in extent, absolutely block proper access to Okanagan Lake. There is a large acreage here, exclusive of the above-mentioned Indian reserves, that would make ideal fruit lands if put under irrigation. The natural source of supply would appear to be Powers Creek, which can be termed the southern boundary of Westbank. However, this creek carries such a small volume of water, the drainage-basin being limited in area during the greater part of the year, that I doubt if it will be used to any extent in the future, except as a subsidiary supply. The proper development of Westbank depends on a water supply on a somewhat extensive scale from Bear Creek, the northern boundary. Some 20,000 acres of irrigable land could be made productive by this means. North of Westbank and up the Okanagan Lake to White- man's Creek there are numerous small holdings that are under irrigation, notably at the mouth of Bear Creek and Shorts Creek, all showing thriving orchards and prosperous-looking homes. The following is an estimate of irrigated and irrigable areas from Trout Creek northwards to the head of Okanagan Lake, including Indian Reserves Nos. 1, 9, and 10, all lying under the 2,000-foot elevation:— Place. Irrigated. Non-irrigated, but irrigable. 3,000 2,000 500 300 200 16 4 17 91 131* 616 6,875 4.000 3,000 19,200 1,000 500 50 20 Whitman's Creek 30 1,500 400* Siwash Creek, Six -mile Creek Total . . to Head of Okanagan Lake . .. 24,400 54,100 * Indian reserve. Soil. The soil of this region is for the most part particularly adapted to fruit-culture. Whitish clay silt and rich sandy loam predominate, with here and there patches of vegetable mould. A peculiarity of the loam and silt is that it is very finely divided and formed by the erosion of rocks rich in mineral qualities. In the high-cut banks of the lake-shore, particularly in the neighbourhood of Summerland, may still be seen the regular strata of sedimentary deposits laid by restless action of water in other days. This wealth of mineral deposit, particularly the nitrates and phosphates, gives great strength to the soil, while its finely divided condition specially favours the delicate rootlets of the young fruit-trees. At higher elevations, above 2,000 feet, the soil generally is of a more gravelly nature and poorer quality. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. This section of the Okanagan country, though not within what is termed the Dry Belt in British Columbia, is nevertheless semi-arid. The precipitation varies in succeeding years, some winters bringing a heavy snowfall, followed by spring and summer rains. Again, the snowfall will be light and no rainfall for weeks at a time. In the high hills heavy snow is the rule every winter. Hence the several important streams carry a good supply of water all the year through. The average spring and summer rainfall amounts to about 10 inches, the total precipitation averaging about 13 inches for the district per annum. The temperature in summer is warm, frequently rising to 80 and even 90 degrees in the shade during the months of July and August. Spring and fall weather is generally delightful. 3 Geo. 5 Okanagan Watershed. D 171 The winters are cold, dry, and bracing, with brilliant sunshine the greater part of the time. Generally during the winter two cold snaps, each of a few days' duration, during which the mercury drops to several degrees below zero, are to be expected. The altitude of Okanagan Lake is 1,135 feet. The finest orchards are from 50 to 500 feet above this level. On the divide between the Okanagan and the Nicola country the hills rise to 5,000 and 7,000 feet. Utilization of Stream-waters. Up to the present time water has been used for irrigation purposes only, with the exception of Trepannier Creek. Here the Peachland Municipality has installed a power plant, supplying the town with electric light, and sundry private concerns with power for industrial purposes. Like all the mountain creeks in British Columbia, those on the west side of Okanagan Lake have a heavy fall. Nevertheless, excellent facilities for the storage of water are generally available. This will undoubtedly be undertaken to a much greater extent in the near future, there being thousands of acres of first-class land, ideal for fruit-culture, awaiting irrigation-water. All the creeks mentioned in this report supply water for irrigation purposes, but only to a small extent, and with the construction of dams and other conservation works a large and regular supply of water would be available. Nature of Surveys, etc. A comprehensive hydrographic survey of Bear Creek was carried out by F. R. Johnson, B.C.L.S., of Vernon, B.C., during the summer of 1910. The stream was gauged at different points, as were the most important tributaries. The work was confined mainly to a stadia traverse from mouth to source, but was not completed, owing to a late start (June), and to heavy snows in the month of September and October at about the 5,000-foot elevation. The hydrographic survey of part of Trout Creek was commenced by J. A. Kirk, B.C.L.S., of Summerland, B.C., in 1910. The water rights on this creek were investigated by H. A. Icke, A.M.Can.Soc.C.E. Prairie Creek, Aeneas Creek, Powers Creek, Shorts or Biche Creek, White- man's Creek, Siwash Creek, and Six-mile Creek have also been under investigation by the engineers of the Water Branch in 1911 and 1912. All available stream-discharge measurements for the district covered herein will be found on page 212. I have, etc., P. de Lautour, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. OKANAGAN WATERSHED FROM NARAMATA TO BOUNDARY. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In accordance with your instructions, we have the honour to hand you a report on that portion of the Okanagan Valley lying between Naramata and the International Boundary, and draining an area of approximately S00 square miles. General Physical Characteristics. A large part of the territory embraced in this report is mountainous in character. The Okanagan River flows out of Okanagan Lake in a southerly direction through Dog, Vaseaux, and Osoyoos Lakes, ultimately joining the Columbia River in the State of Washington. Between Okanagan and Dog Lakes the river has very little fall, and leaving Dog Lake in a series of rapids known as the Okanagan Falls, it enters Vaseaux Lake three miles and a half below. Emerging from this lake, it flows rapidly southward, entering Osoyoos Lake about six miles north of the boundary. D 172 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 In the vicinity of Naramata and Penticton the irrigable land consists, for the most part, of benches about one mile wide, lying between the lake and the foot-hills of the Okanagan and Kettle River Valley divide. At Okanagan Falls the benches widen, narrowing again when Mclntyre Creek is reached. South of Mclntyre Creek the valley widens into broad open slopes, reaching its maximum width at Fairview, where the benches on either side of the river are about two miles wide. These benches have an elevation above the river-bed of 75 to 500 feet. On the east side of the valley are numerous creeks. These are mostly mountain-streams rising in the divide between the Okanagan and Kettle River Valleys and flowing west into the Okanagan River. These creeks all show evidence of high flood during a period of six weeks or two months in the spring, and, with the exception of Penticton Creek and Incameep Creek, dwindle away to almost nothing, or dry up altogether in the summer. Many of these also have a tendency to sink and rise again, with in some cases quite a flow of water in the hills and none below, in other cases vice versa. Their drainage-basins lie in broken mountainous country at an elevation of from 4,000 to 7,000 feet. A brief description of a few of the most important creeks on the east side follows:— Shoot Creek, which empties into Okanagan Lake about four miles north of Naramata, is the most important creek on the east side of the lake between Penticton and Kelowna. It shows evidence of considerable flow at times, and offers several excellent storage-sites, one of which is Shoot Lake, which has an area of about 60 acres, and is situated on the North Fork about six miles inland at an elevation of 3,470 feet. Penticton Creek, flowing into Okanagan Lake at Penticton, has a catchment-area of some eighty square miles, which is mostly covered with a heavy growth of timber. For about two months in the spring this creek assumes the importance of a river, and must carry at times between 140 and 280 cubic feet per second. About eighteen miles up this creek, the Southern Okanagan Land Company has a large storage reservoir at an elevation of 5,280 feet. This reservoir has an area of 67.2 acres and a capacity of about 700 acre-feet. The dam is 850 feet long. Ellis Creek, flowing into the Okanagan River between Okanagan Lake and Dog Lake, ranks in importance with Penticton Creek, and, like it, has a very large flow in the spring, which dwindles down to about 3 cubic feet per second in the summer. The catchment-area is about 100 square miles. The Southern Okanagan Land Company has a dam situated about two miles up the creek at. an elevation of 1,542 feet, and has created two large storage reservoirs sixteen to eighteen miles up. There are still great possibilities of further storage. Keogan Creek, which is a large and important one, is capable of supplying water for the irrigation of a considerable area. Mclntyre Creek, emptying into the Okanagan River two miles below Vaseaux Lake, has a large flow in the spring, but in the summer there is practically no water in its lower part. Incameep Creek enters the north end of Osoyoos Lake from the east, and serves the Indian reserve through which it passes. Its flow is rapid and its course is precipitous, the greater part being through narrow canyons. On reaching the benches near Inkameep Indian Village, it shrinks in volume, being at times dry in the summer months, but always reappearing as a good stream near its junction with the lake. The creeks on the west side of the valley south of Dog Lake are small and capable of irrigating only a portion of the adjacent land. Among these, Meyers Creek is the most important, rising in the vicinity of Twin Lakes, on the Okanagan and Similkameen River divide, and flowing into the Okanagan River four miles south of Vaseaux Lake. For a distance of two miles on Meyers Flat this creek flows underground. There are several small lakes near the headwaters of Meyers Creek and its tributaries which are capable of providing limited storage. Timber and Vegetation. The timber consists, for the most part, of pine with some tamarac and fir, and is confined to the higher altitudes, except for a scattered growth on some of the benches. Above an elevation of about 3,000 feet the country becomes covered with a heavy growth of jack-pine. The bench lands are bare, except for a slight growth of bunch-grass and sage-brush. Amongst the timber native grasses are found. 3 Geo. 5 Okanagan Watershed. D 173 Soil. The soil is similar to a great extent throughout the whole valley, consisting of a sandy loam, deep, and easily worked. In places it is more or less gravelly, and towards the south end of the valley—i.e., near Osoyoos Lake—it is quite sandy. OKANAGAN WATERSHED (IN PART) <\\s>*3e:s+uj<- L.. D 174 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Irrigable and Irrigated Areas. The following table shows a summary of areas in the district covered by this report: Locality. Irrigated Area, Acres. Irrigable Area, Acres. 400. 2,500 2,000 4,000 740 3,300 228 1,700 436 9,300 330 5,100 80 1,400 60 14.S0O 4,274 42,100* Remarks. Naramata and vicinity, 1910 Penticton and vicinity, 1910 Okanagan Falls and vicinity , Mclntyre Creek and vicinity Indian Reserve No. 1 White Lake and Myers flat East of Osoyoos Lake, south of reserve Rest of Okanagan Valley south of Mclntyre Creek Totals Irrigated from Shoot Creek and adjacent creeks. Irrigated from Penticton and Ellis Creeks. Irrigated from McLean and Keogan Creeks. Irrigated from Inkameep, Wolf, and Atsiklak Creeks. Irrigated from Meyers Creek and branches. Irrigated from Haynes and adjacent creeks. * This does not include Kaleden vicinity nor Penticton Indian Reserve, as surveys are not complete. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. Records on climatic conditions are very meagre, but in a general way it may be stated that in vicinity of Penticton the precipitation was 13.33 inches in 1909, this being looked upon as a fairly average year, and that the average mean temperature, as shown by available records, is 46 degrees. As one goes southward, the precipitation decreases and the extremes of temperature become slightly greater. At Fairview the precipitation for 1910 was 4.67 inches, and temperatures ranged between the extremes of 99.5 and —4 degrees, the mean being 50.5 degrees. As this was an exceptionally dry year, 6 to 8 inches would probably represent the average yearly rainfall more correctly. Altitudes vary from 920 feet at Osoyoos Lake to 1,135 feet above sea-level at Okanagan Lake, the benches varying in elevation from 75 to 500 feet above the river-bottom. Utilization of Stbeam-watebs. In the whole of this district irrigation is necessary and is being carried on to a considerable extent. At Naramata, Penticton, Okanagan Falls, Kaleden, and Vaseaux Lake, different companies have put in extensive works, bringing a considerable area under irrigation, in addition to which there are a great many small works put in by individuals on creeks throughout the valley. The crops grown are apples, pears, peaches, plums, apricots; and so fertile is the soil when proper irrigation is provided that most fruits and vegetables will grow to perfection. A considerable quantity of hay is also grown in the district. The Municipality of Penticton has installed a system of waterworks for domestic supply. Nature of Surveys. The first hydrographic survey in this district was undertaken in 1910 by Mr. J. C. Dufresne's party. The work was principally confined to obtaining the irrigated and irrigable areas, streams being gauged when surveying in the vicinity. This report has been compiled from data obtained by the following engineers: J. C. Dufresne, O. F. D. Norrington, W. H. Ricardo, O. J. Bergoust, and M. C. Brotherton. A table of stream discharges will be found on pages 212 and 213. We have, etc., O. F. D. Norrington, O. J. Bergoust, Engineers, Water Rights Branch. 3 Geo. 5 Similkameen River Watershed. D 175 THE SIMILKAMEEN RIVER WATERSHED. Comptroller of Water Rights, December 31st, 1912. Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In compliance with your instructions, I submit herewith a report of hydrographic work done in the territory drained by the Similkameen River, together with a brief description of the watershed. Physical Characteristics. The Similkameen River is a branch of the Okanagan River, which in turn is a part of the Columbia River drainage system. It rises in the Hope range of mountains, flows easterly and southerly for a distance of about 126 miles to its conjunction with the Okanagan River at Oroville, Washington. That part of the river which is in British Columbia drains a basin of about 2,850 square miles, which is located between the Hope Mountains on the west, the Nicola divide on the north, the Okanagan River divide on the east, and the International Boundary. It also drains about 475 square miles in Washington. At Princeton, about eighty miles up-stream from Oroville, the main body of the river begins, being formed by the uniting of two streams of about equal size—namely, the Tulameen River and the South Fork of the Similkameen River. The Tulameen River, which drains that part of the basin lying to the west and north of Princeton, flows through a deep canyon-like valley which in most places is barely wide enough for the river, though it widens in places, reaching a width of half to three-quarters of a mile. The more important tributaries are Granite and Otter Creeks. The former, entering from the south, flows through a narrow valley without great agricultural possibilities. It is well known as having been the centre of the placer-mining gold-rush in the late nineties. Otter Creek is sluggish, meandering through a valley averaging about a quarter of a mile in width and eighteen miles in length, which is devoted mostly to hay-raising. This valley forms the principal highway connecting the Tulameen with the Nicola, and is also the route chosen by the Great Northern Railway and Kettle Valley Railway for their lines to the Coast. The South Fork of the Similkameen River drains a comparatively unsettled country to the south of Princeton. Within five or six miles of Princeton the bench on the westerly side of the river widens out in gentle slopes, merging with the plateau-like basin which surrounds Princeton. This plateau extends northward from Princeton for six to eight miles, and eastward along the main river for three miles. At a point on the Similkameen River about three miles east of Princeton the valley -becomes a narrow canyon 300 to 500 feet in width. This canyon continues eastward for about forty miles, nearly to the Town of Keremeos, and varies in width up to three-quarters of a mile, an average being about a quarter of a mile. The sides of the valley are abrupt and rocky, often rising 1,000 feet above the river-bottoms and sloping back to hills 4,000 to 6,000 feet above sea-level. Between the river-banks and the sides of the valley are several narrow arable benches from 75 to 100 feet higher than the river bottom. Several creeks of fair size empty into the Similkameen, the largest of these being the Ashnola River and Twenty-mile Creek. From a point about two miles west of the Town of Keremeos the valley again widens out. continuing easterly and southerly to the International Boundary at an average width of a mile and a half, the widest part being about two miles. A great part of the valley from here to the boundary is taken up in bottom lands, which require little or no irrigation, and the gradual sloping bench lands, wmich extend for a width of about a half to three-quarters of a mile, would lend themselves to irrigation on a large scale. South of Susap Creek the benches on either side of the river narrow down and are more or less cut up. Keremeos, Nahumsheen, and Susap Creeks are the largest in this section. Keremeos Creek flows through a valley averaging a quarter of a mile in width for six miles, a great part of which is under cultivation. There is very little tillable land along the other two creeks, outside of the benches along the Similkameen River. Timber and Vegetation. The western end of the basin is fairly well timbered with pine on the benches and jack-pine on the summits. Fir and some cedar is also found up the creek-beds. Sage-brush is the native D 176 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 growth on the benches in the vicinity of Keremeos, while bunch-grass may be found all through the basin. Alder, birch, cottonwood, and some fir is found on the river-bottom. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. The land irrigated up to the present time is that most easily reached by water from the creeks in their immediate neighbourhood, and for a great part is in small individual patches. The greater extent of irrigable land in the vicinity of Keremeos, however, and climatic conditions have encouraged the cultivation of land to such an extent that the normal minimum flow of Keremeos Creek is nearly all utilized, and also a part of the Ashnola River. The water from this stream is brought on to the land from a distance of eight miles by the Keremeos Land Co.'s ditch, which was designed to accommodate 2,000 acres. At present about 300 acres is being supplied from this source. Keremeos Creek supplies about 646 acres in the Keremeos Valley and benches near the Town of Keremeos Centre. A summary of land in Similkameen Valley under irrigation and that which it would be possible to irrigate, provided water is available, is given below. The acreages of irrigable areas were approximated where actual surveys have not been made. Tattle of Irrigable Areas. Location. Irrigable (estimated), Acres. Tulameen Precinct Princeton Precinct Hedley Precinct Keremeos Precinct Total for Similkameen Valley 6,800 10,000 4,200* 23,000t 44,000 * This does not include land in Ashnola River bottom above the canyon. t A large part of this is bottom land requiring very little, if any, irrigation. Soil. The soil on the benches is sand and sandy loam, underlain with gravel-wash. In some localities the sand is more predominant, and in others the loam. In the bottom lands the sand is mixed with a black mould which is admirably adapted to the cultivation of hay, fruit, and all kinds of garden vegetables. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. The climate of the valley is fairly moderate, for, while the thermometer rises as high as 90° Fahr., and occasionally up to 95 or 100 degrees, the effect of the heat is tempered by the dryness of the air and by the cool breezes from the adjacent mountains, which make the nights compensatingly cool. As the altitudes vary from 1,200 feet above sea-level at the International Boundary to 2,100 feet at Princeton and 3,500 feet at the divide between Otter Creek and Nicola Valley, a somewhat varied climate is to be expected. At Princeton in a period of sixteen years the mean daily maximum for August was 81.03, whereas the mean daily minimum for January was 7.77, with a total annual rainfall of 31.05 inches. At Keremeos, altitude 1,400 feet, from records taken in 1891 to 1895, the mean daily maximum for warmest month was 83.9, and mean daily minimum for January 14.33, with 8 inches of total annual rainfall. These figures are obtained from the Dominion Meteorological Service, compiled by E. Baynes Reed, Superintendent of Victoria Meteorological Office. Utilization of Stream-waters. The principal use of the waters is in irrigation. Very little has as yet been done in the way of power development. The Daly Reduction Co., at Hedley, has constructed a dam, and diverts water from Twenty-mile Creek into a flume 3 feet 8 inches by 4 feet 10 inches, which transmits the water to a power-house supplying the mill, mine, and town. Several different power-sites Headgates ol White Valley Irrigation & Power Co.'s Canal, near Vernon. Benches north of Penticton, showing Irrigation Canal. 136' 134-° 132° 130° 128° 118° 116° 112° 58° 56° 50° 43° 60° 5tf B »f 54-° 50° 134° 132° 130° l£8° 124-° i ! 3 Geo. 5 Similkameen River Watershed. D 177 on the Similkameen River, Ashnola River, and various creeks have been considered for development, but as yet no power plants have been constructed. With the opening-up of Copper Mountain Mining District, it is likely that the consequent demand for power will hasten its development on the Upper Similkameen River. Owing to the great fluctuations in the flow of the river and its tributaries, only a small part of the available water-power can be economically developed. &umrdir, mcoiADwoc ageer-jgag SIMILKAMlTM RIVER WATERSHED ,n B.C. Nature op Surveys. The investigation of the streams of this valley was undertaken primarily with a view to determining the area of land irrigated by and irrigable from the streams recorded, and accordingly no hydrographic work was done on streams where no water records existed. The work was confined to a survey of the lands appurtenant to records, and approximate measurements of the flow of creeks at the time of the survey. A start was made in the latter part of the season of 1912 towards accurate and continuous measurement of streams, by building weirs and establishing gauging-stations. The locations of these gauging-stations are shown on the accompanying sketch-map. At each of the gauging-stations for Keremeos Creek, Similkameen River, and Twenty-mile Creek, a cross-section was measured and flow determined with a Gurley acoustic current-meter. A gauge-rod was set, its elevation being referred to that of a bench-mark which was established in the vicinity of the section. The weirs established were constructed substantially as follows: The location on the creek most suitable for backing up water 10 to 15 feet was selected, and a dam thrown across the creek-bed, constructed of logs spiked to cross-pieces. The whole was securely held in place by being cut well into the banks, and brush and earth puddled in on the up-stream side until the 12 D 178 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 underflow was stopped. The weir-board, in which a trapezoidal notch had been cut, was placed on the top log. The up-stream edge of the notch was lined with sheet iron. A gauge-rod fastened to a stake 6 to 8 feet back from the weir was placed so that its bottom was at the elevation of the crest of the weir. All the spaces between the logs were caulked with moss and gunny-sack cloth. Weirs were placed on the following creeks:— Olalla Creek ". 5-foot crest. Cedar Creek 5-foot Sheep Creek 5-foot Goat Creek 4-foot Tom Creek 3-foot Shuttleworth Creek 8-inch After completing the weirs continuous readings were taken up to the close of the season, except on Shuttleworth Creek. Hydrographic work on Keremeos Creek and south of Keremeos, on the Similkameen River, was completed in 1911, and the upper part of Similkameen in 1912. A part of the work in the vicinity of Princeton and Tulameen was surveyed by M. C. Brotherton, and I am indebted to him for part of the data included in this report. All hydrographic data may be found on pages 213, 214, and 215. I have, etc., O. J. Bergoust, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. KETTLE RIVER WATERSHED. December 23rd, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I herewith submit the following report on the Kettle River Watershed:— General Characteristics. The Kettle River and its tributaries drain what is known as the Gold Range, situated between the Okanagan and Columbia River Watersheds, extending northerly from the International Boundary a distance of sixty to eighty miles, and embracing an area of approximately 3,160 square miles. This area does not include that part of the watershed in the State of Washington. The following table gives the approximate lengths and drainage-areas of the principal streams:— Stream. Length, miles. Drainage-area, Square Miles. Main River north of Westbridge West Fork Boundary Creek North Pork Christina Lake and streams flowing into it Total length of main Kettle River in British Columbia. Total drainage-area in British Columbia SO 52 20 60 123 1,175 637 126 600 193 3,160 A map of the district under consideration is published herewith. Speaking generally of the district, it might be stated that the bottom lands along the main river vary in width from half a mile to two and a half or three miles, averaging over a mile, reaching their maximum at Grand Forks. Besides the bottom lands, there is a large acreage of bench lands of varying altitudes. 3 Geo. 5 Kettle River Watershed. D 179 The creeks in the vicinity of Grand Forks are all small, and their flow is light, excepting for a short period in the spring, when they become torrents. The quantity of water -available in these creeks during the irrigation season is very small when compared to the amount of KETTLE RIVER . , \j2f\w / WATERSHED \r^U \S3 r v\ / 1 > 1 [ 1 v V&*~^ V, V«jJ 1/ Ij —i 1 i.('L—-r^ZCr- \il Jr*/ s-rr-—4 -^KChi<<° N / W itfy -ViUiimaA. : 1 • s. A V<S 81 j «/ ^wl < nSy —V* ^>ii__\''^ A" \^/~Boulder OT^ VS;/^ 1/ _3-——-r-r^TTS // -— "—J1, wistbrioJf^j/KT L/ / 3^2iOr_ '-■Jtlf\ /I Boulder' "& Jm^S^y' / fnfernafianal / \^ V.~ 5*1 ■* fen? CMCApfeG*' E ft i r^v irrigable land, and shows the necessity of storing the spring floods. This shortage is also noticeable at Nicholson Creek, on the north side of the Kettle River, near the Town of Rock Creek. The remainder of the district is well watered, and there is not the likelihood of a shortage until irrigation becomes more general than at present. D 180 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Timber and Vegetation. The quantity of timber along the International Boundary and through the territory covered to date is small, the hills being quite bare in many places; but the northern part of the main river, the West Fork, and also the North Fork, are heavily timbered, considerable logging being carried on. The principal varieties are fir, cedar, tamarac, and pine. Vegetation varies greatly throughout the district. In some places the hills are bare excepting for a short native grass, while in others there is a dense underbrush. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. In compiling the following table an estimate of all the land that could be beneficially irrigated from the various creeks has been made:— Irrigated Irrigable Stream. Area, Area, Remarks. Acres. Acres. Deep Creek and tributaries 400 Altitude 2,800 to 3,300 feet, mostly steep side hills. Sutherland Creek and tributaries . . . 10 1,200 Land hilly. 13.5 350 475 500 Land slightly broken. Acreage estimated. Vicinity of Cas cade. 660 2,500 Irrigated and irrigable by pumping. Nothing over 100 feet above river considered. 1,040 427 Altitude varies from 1,750 feet on lower benches to 2,350 feet on upper benches. Insufficiency of water without storage. McConnell and Morrisey Creeks .... 535 460 Insufficiency of water from creek sources. Water augmented by pumping from the Kettle River. Plant capable of irrigating 120 acres. Small creeks or Kettle River 330 2,330 SO per cent, irrigable by pumping from Kettle River when there is a shortage in creeks. About 50 per cent, irrigable land under cultivation. Altitude varies from 1,950 to 3,000 Boundary Creek and tributaries 350 2,050 feet. 129 400 A large area of irrigable land on upper waters. Amount unknown. 64 50 Additional irrigable area on upper benches. Insufficiency of water to irrigate it. Rock Creek 430 600 Possible to augment water by pumping from the Kettle River. 2,000 Vicinity of Rock Creek. Amount estimated. Pumping feasible if power- line was constructed. Totals 3,561.5 13,742 Soil. The soils of the district are varied and include volcanic ash, silt, sandy loam, and heavy loam. The light soils, however, predominate. The subsoils are generally open, being composed principally of gravel and rock or " wash." In some places there is a clay or hard-pan. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. It is hardly possible to do justice to each locality with regard to temperatures, as there are not sufficient figures to form a mean. A fair average would be: Grand Forks, —15 to 100 degrees; Greenwood, —25 to 100 degrees; Midway, ■—25 to 100 degrees. 3 Geo. 5 Kettle River Watershed. D 181 Owing to the irregular formation of the country the precipitation varies tremendously. In the mountains there is an annual snowfall of close to 20 feet, while only a few miles away in the valley the total precipitation would not be over 18 inches. There is not sufficient data available to form a mean for the whole district. The accompanying table gives the precipitation at Grand Forks for a period of three years, and although it is not enough to form a mean, yet it indicates that a fair average might be about 15 inches. Precipitation at Grand Forks. Year. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total. 1909.. 1910.. 1911.. 1912.. 0.83 1.49 2.05 l.ii 0.89 1.55 1.03 0.54 0.15 0.29 0.83 1.31 1.21 3.43 1.78 1.45 2.78 2.13 0.08 0.49 2.81 0.64 0.52 2.28 1.18 0.82 0.85 1.10 1.17 0.75 0.08 0.75 1.67 1.45 2.51 0.92 2.16 2.84 11.82 17.25 Note.—The above figures were supplied by E. Baynes Reed, Esq., Superintendent Victoria Meteorological Office, whose courtesy is hereby acknowledged. The Observer was Mr. W. A. Cooper, Grand Forks. The altitude of a place in this district affects the quantity of water necessary for irrigation purposes to a considerable degree. The higher the altitude, the less the necessity for irrigation. This is noticeable at Fife, Deep Creek, and in the vicinity of Greenwood, where the elevations vary from 2,500 to 3,000 feet, and good crops are raised without irrigation. In contrast to this might be mentioned Grand Forks, with an elevation of 1,750 feet, where irrigation, especially for some crops, is a vital necessity. Practically all the irrigated land is less than 2,000 feet in elevation. Utilization of Stream-waters. In describing the use of water in this district, no attempt will be made to make special remarks on any one stream or river, but the district will be taken as a whole, and considered in localities, commencing in the eastern part and gradually moving west. There is a considerable area of arable land in the vicinity of Cascade. Up to the present there are only a few areas under irrigation. Owing to the cost of clearing (which is very heavy in many places) the development is slow, and the settlers are scarcely justified in spending large sums on irrigation-works for the small amount of land under cultivation. The locality is well watered and eventually will have a large area under cultivation. A few miles west of Cascade is the important district of Grand Forks. Grand Forks is the centre of the fruit-growing industry in the Boundary Country, over 2,000 acres being planted in apples, pears, plums, prunes, cherries, etc. Of this area, about two-thirds is in young orchards and does not need the same amount of irrigation as the full-bearing orchards. Besides the orchards, there is a large acreage in vegetables, hay, and a small quantity of alfalfa. Along the main river there are a number of pumping plants which irrigate approximately 660 acres. The power used is electric and gasolene. The electric power is supplied by the Cascade Power and Light Co. at 3 cents per kilowatt hour. Most of these pumps have been installed during the last two years, and there is undoubtedly a promising future for this form of irrigation, considering the moderate cost of power. The next locality of importance is that of Greenwood, which is chiefly confined to mining. There is only a small quantity of water used for irrigation purposes in the vicinity, but there is a large acreage which could be beneficially irrigated. Rock Creek and vicinity has a very fair showing of irrigated lands for a young settlement. Most of the irrigated land is in hay meadows or young orchards. If cheap power were available a large acreage could be irrigated by pumping from the Kettle River. Mining is of great importance in this district, and as a resulting factor large quantities of water are used for power and smelting purposes. Two smelters, one at Grand Forks and the other at Greenwood, are constantly using large quantities of water, the former also generating a large amount of its power. The accompanying table gives the location and power generated by the hydro-electric plants in the district. D 182 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Power Plants. Plant. Locality. Head, Feet. Power Generated, Where used. Horse-power. Cascade Power & Light Co. . . Cascade 155 5,200 Auxiliary to Bonnington Falls plant. Power used at Grand Forks, Phoenix, and Greenwood. Granby Co.'s power and light .. Grand Forks 30 700(about) Power and light purposes at Granby Smelter. Greenwood City power and light Boundary Falls 130 250 Lighting of the -City of Greenwood. Nature of Surveys. The season of 1911 and part of 1912 was spent largely in determining the irrigated and irrigable areas of the various record-holders. Stream-measurements were made, but no permanent measuring-devices installed. Since August, 1912, not only have the irrigated and irrigable areas been surveyed, but notes have been taken with regard to soil, subsoil, timber, and general characteristics of the land under investigation. The following gauging-stations were established, all since August, 1912:— 4th July Creek 3-foot Cippoletti weir. May Creek 2-foot Gibbs Creek 2-foot Morrissey Creek 3-foot McConnell Creek 2-foot Kerr or Jolly Jack Creek 1-foot McCarren Creek 2-foot Myers Creek 6-foot Ingram Creek 2-foot J The position of these weirs can be easily determined by reference to the accompanying map. Hydrographic data under the head of " Stream Measurements " will be found on pages 215, 216, and 217. ) I have, etc., Clifford Varcoe, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. 3 Geo. 5 Arrow Lakes Watershed. D 183 ARROW LAKES AND PART OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER WATERSHED. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I herewith submit the following report on the above watershed, a map of which is published herewith. Only a small part of this large tract has been investigated by the Water Rights Branch, and, as it is therefore impossible to do justice to the district as a whole in the way of a report at the present time, only a brief summary will be here attempted. General Physical Characteristics. The district under consideration comprises the Arrow Lakes and the southern part of the Columbia River, and has a length of approximately 135 miles, embracing a drainage-area of about 3,560 square miles. The arable and irrigable land along the river and lakes consists largely of a series of benches of varying extent and altitudes. In some places these benches stretch back from the water-front for a considerable distance, while in others they are narrow or disappear entirely, the mountains rising abruptly from the water's edge. Many of the larger creeks have their sources in the high mountains and are fed from snow or glaciers. This ensures a reasonable supply of water at all times. Timber and Vegetation. Apparently all the country at one time was heavily timbered. Fire has, however, deforested large areas and may have affected the natural conservation of moisture. Vegetation grows rapidly, and it is only a short time after a fire before there is a considerable growth of weeds, native grasses, and brush. Precipitation, Temperature, and Altitude. The precipitation and temperature are practically the same as at Nelson, which gives a mean annual precipitation of 28.95 inches and a temperature from —7 to 97 degrees. The land under cultivation and irrigated varies in altitude from 1,400 to 2,000 feet. The altitudes of the Arrow Lakes are as follows: Upper Arrow Lake, high water (1894), 1,494 feet; low water, 1,384 feet. Lower Arrow Lake, high water, 1,416 feet; low water, 1,382 feet. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. The following table is the nearest approximation which can be made, in a general way, to the cultivated, irrigated, and, in some cases, the irrigable areas in the principal localities. Where no figures are given it merely indicates that no data are available on which to base an estimate:— ARROW LAKES WATERSHED. Tnfcrnah'orxir Boundary D 184 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. District. Under Cultivation, Acres. Irrigated, Acres. Irrigable, Acres. Arrow Park 125 104 320 279 65 90 1,056 49 830 125 56 95 218 219 8.5 87 1,000 14 583 51 Burton City 260 2,000 1,450 Note.—I am greatly indebted to Mr. Tweedle, Assistant Statistician ol the Agricultural Department, for many of the areas in the above table. Utilization of Stream-waters. Irrigation is not as general as it is in the Okanagan and other parts of the Dry Belt. Owing to a greater annual precipitation, it is only during an exceptionally dry season that irrigation is absolutely necessary- In many cases where water is within easy reach, sufficient works have been installed to form a safeguard against a dry period. On page 217 will be found a tabulated list of miscellaneous stream-measurements. I have, etc., Clifford Varcoe, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. S-LOCAN RIVER WATERSHED. December 30th, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I beg to submit the following report of my investigations of the Slocan River Watershed:— General Physical Characteristics. The Slocan River rises in Slocan Lake, this lake being fed by numerous streams and rivers which rise in the Valhalla and Lardeau ranges of mountains. The tributaries flow into the lake from all directions, but the river itself flows southerly until the point where it merges into the Kootenay River. From the Kootenay River to the Slocan Lake the river is thirty miles long. Slocan Lake is twenty-nine miles long by an average width of one mile. The bottom has not been found at some places, and on an average it is very deep. Drainage-areas of several of the principal streams flowing into the Slocan Lake and the Slocan River are as follows:— Square Miles. Slocan River 1,365 Carpenter Creek 60 Four-mile Creek 46 Wilson Creek 274 Lemon Creek 75 Goose Creek 19.8 Little Slocan River 325 Sawmill Creek 20 The widest part of the Slocan Valley is about two miles wide, the average being about one mile and a quarter. J §■ ii *"'" Jill* 4^j| 4,1 .I . -. ^*:^i If fill I #t$iTiBldiBl -* °!MW r*s5 ratttk. View above Dam, Baynes Lake Project, Rock Creek. Diversion Dam for Baynes Lake Project. -&£ Down-stream view o£ Dam and Flume, Baynes Lake Project. 3 Geo. 5 Slocan River Watershed. D 185 1 \ -s\ \/ SLOCAN ^§k %_ RIVER ^^M (y^V WATERSHED. *MJC4// ^~ 1 ^X^-r^r~t^ ^>-x \ / \ \ \ \ i X ^NpLOCAN , 1- 1 1 ->k ViSLOC^N JUNCTION E Gr M D 186 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 For about fifteen miles down-stream from Slocan Lake the fall of the river is very slight, and for about a quarter mile on each side the land is very flat and subject to overflow during spring floods. The remaining stretch of the river until it merges into the Kootenay has a fairly good grade, and the land on each side is about 100 to 200 feet above the water. The fluctuation of the flow of the river is fairly steady, owing to the Slocan Lake acting as a reservoir, but several of the tributaries are erratic. Of the creeks flowing into Slocan Lake, Carpenter Creek is about the worst in this respect, owing to the watershed having been burnt over in 1910. Lemon Creek, flowing into the Slocan River from the east, about six miles downstream from Slocan Lake, is another erratic stream as regards run-off. The watersheds of the tributaries generally are covered with forest-growth, and there are numerous small glaciers which give off a fairly constant stream of water, both in the Valhalla and Lardeau ranges of mountains. Timber. The nature of the timber-growth generally is of a fairly heavy character. Both sides of the Slocan Valley proper are covered with timber, and there are some good timber limits up the Little Slocan River. The west side of Slocan Lake is very rocky and precipitous, with very little timber, but the east side is fairly heavily wooded. Irrigated and Irrigable Area. The area of land irrigated from the creeks which wTere surveyed is 200 acres, while 2,10O acres additional could be irrigated under the rights which were investigated. The method used in arriving at these figures is described under the heading " Nature of Surveys." Owing to the limited amount of arable land around the shores of Slocan Lake, there is not, a great amount of irrigation, and what there is is chiefly done by spraying under pressure. However, between Slocan Lake and Slocan Junction irrigation by ditch is resorted to at various places on a small scale. Soil. The soil in Slocan Valley is rich, but the subsoil generally is open. The bottom lands are fairly heavy where they occur, and are liable to flood in spring. Precipitation, Altitude, and Temperature. The precipitation on an average amounts to 2S.95 inches, being made up generally of 84 inches of snow and 20.55 inches of rain. The fairly heavy amount of snow protects the ground considerably from the frost, and consequently the moisture from the melted snow is allowed to seep into the ground and is available for plant-growth. Irrigation is not needed to a great extent, but during a dry summer a little is necessary for the crops. The climate is good, and extremes of heat and cold are seldom known. The maximum temperature is 97 degrees, and the minimum is 7 degrees below zero, while the average is 46.3 degrees. The altitude of Slocan Lake during high water in 1897 was 1,773 feet above sea-level, and during low water 1,761 feet. What lands are irrigated around the lake do not go above an elevation of 1,900 feet. The arable lands between Slocan Lake and the Junction of the river with Kootenay River do not extend, on an average, more than half a mile back on each side of the river, and do not rise to a greater elevation than 200 to 300 feet above the level of the stream. Utilization of Stream-waters. The waters of the creeks flowing from the east into Slocan Lake are chiefly used for the operation of concentrators in the milling of mineral ores. There are some notable examples here of the maximum use to which water may be put. A high head is utilized for driving the machinery of the mill, and after leaving the wheels the water is used for washing purposes. Around Sandon and Silverton the water is chiefly used in connection with mining operations—viz., driving the machinery of the concentrating-mill and the washing of the concentrates. The mines of the district are silver, lead, and zinc, and they are now commencing an era of prosperity after having been from ten to twelve years in a state of quietude. 3 Geo. 5 Kootenay River Watershed. D 187 Around New Denver irrigation is done chiefly by spraying under pressure from the smaller streams. The water of Carpenter Creek is unsuitable for irrigation purposes when the concentrators are running, and, for other reasons, irrigation from this stream is impracticable. At the north end of Slocan Lake there are approximately 600 to 800 acres of land which could be cultivated and irrigated, but no settlement has taken place up to the present owing to the land being tied up through litigation. Bonanza Creek and several small streams flowing from the east could be utilized for irrigation in this district. There is no land along the west side of Slocan Lake which could be classed as arable land, the high rocky mountains rising direct from the lake. From Slocan City to Slocan Junction hydrographic work was done at Slocan City, Lemon Creek, Perry's Siding, and Crescent Valley. At the first three places mentioned, irrigation is resorted to in a small way, as also several other isolated places down the valley, the precipitation not appearing to be quite sufficient to tide over during a dry summer. Owing to the mountainous nature of the country generally, there are numerous instances where very small streams flowing down the mountain-side are utilized for irrigation purposes on a small scale. The waters of these streams are often sought after by two or more persons, and there are numerous instances of friction amongst the people. A notable instance is the case at New Denver, where several very small streams flowdng down Goat Mountain are in dispute. Nature of Surveys. The nature of hydrographic work undertaken in 1911 consisted of a detailed survey of the creek between the highest and lowest intakes, traverse of the ditches and flumes, location of intakes, etc., where the water was used for mining purposes, and in addition the irrigated and irrigable lands where the water was used for irrigation purposes. Only those lands to which a water right was appurtenant were surveyed in respect to irrigable lands. Also the rights on only those streams which had two or more records were surveyed. The territory covered is shown on the map accompanying this report. The hydrographic data relating to that part of the Province under review in the foregoing report may be found on page 217. i I have, etc., E. Davis, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. KOOTENAY RIVER WATERSHED WEST OF THE SELKIRKS. December 30th, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I beg leave to submit the following report of my investigations of that portion of the Kootenay River which drains the western slope of the Selkirk range of mountains :— General Physical Characteristics. The Kootenay River rises in the Rocky Mountains, and after flowing about 175 miles in a southerly direction it enters the United States at Gateway, through which country it flows for 125 miles, only to return into British Columbia again at Bedlington, whence it flows in a northerly direction for fifteen miles through the Kootenay flats to the Kootenay Lake. It leaves the Kootenay Lake at the " Outlet" at Balfour, which is situated thirty-three miles from the point where it enters, and from thence flows for forty miles in a south-westerly direction until its confluence with the Columbia River at Castlegar. The approximate length in British Columbia is 263 miles and 125 miles in the United States, making in all a length of about 388 miles. D 188 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The drainage-area of the main stream and the drainage-area of four of its tributaries in the West Kootenay are as follows:— Square Miles. Kootenay River (14,838 square miles in Canada and 5,047 square miles in United States) 19,885 Lardo River 745 Duncan River 711 Kaslo River 165 Slocan River 1,120 The flow of the river is fairly constant, owing to the Kootenay Lake acting as a storage reservoir. The water rises on an average 19 feet in the lake, and floods approximately 40,000 acres of land, known as the Kootenay flats, in the vicinity of Creston. The run-off of the majority of tributaries of the Kootenay is very rapid during spring floods, but the influence of these are modified considerably when merged into the main river. The arable lands along the river and shores of the lake do not extend generally inland more than three-quarters of a mile, and the greater portion of the land is within half a mile of the water. The ground slopes very sharply towards the river, although at one or two points there are a few hundred acres of fairly level land. Timber. The nature of the timber-growth along the West Arm of Kootenay Lake and Kootenay River is varied in character, owing to the rocky nature of the hills; where the soil is plentiful there is a heavy growth, but otherwise it is very scattered. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. The area of land irrigated from the creeks enumerated under the heading of " Nature of Surveys " during 1911 was 786 acres, while 843 acres additional could be irrigated under those rights which were investigated. Soil. The soil generally on the bench lands is of a light nature and the subsoil is open. The the hills in prehistoric times through the ravines of the creeks, similar to wash-outs caused by formation of these lands appears to have been caused by rocks and earth washed down from cloud-bursts. Precipitation, Temperature, and Altitude. The precipitation on an average amounts to 28.95 inches, being generally made up of 84 inches of snow and 20.55 inches of rain. The climate is good and extremes of heat and cold are seldom known. The maximum temperature is 97 degrees, and the minimum 7 degrees below zero, while the average mean is 46.3 degrees. The normal altitude of the Kootenay Lake is 1,760 feet above sea-level, but during floods the waters rise considerably, and the average height to which the water rose during a number of years was 19 feet. During the flood of 1894 it rose 32 feet. Utilization of Stream-waters. The waters of the main river are not used for irrigation purposes in this particular section of the valley, owing to the lands being situated a considerable height above the river-bed. The tributaries, however, are used for irrigation in a small way, the precipitation not being sufficient to supply all the moisture required during the dry summer months. It is necessary to supply what irrigation is required at frequent intervals, as a great deal of water is lost by percolation into the soil beyond the reach of plant-roots. Also a great deal is lost in the beds of the creeks, where the latter reach the arable lands at the foot of the hills. In order to prevent this loss of water, it will be necessary to divert it generally in the canyons of the creeks above the arable land and convey it in concrete ditches or flumes. There are no large systems of irrigation-works, although at one or two points works could be installed and more economical use made of the waters. These points are notably at Bonning- 3 Geo. 5 Kootenay River Watershed. D 189 KOOTENAY RIVER WATERSHED WEST OF THE SELKIRKS TROUT l: * International Boundary D 190 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 ton Falls, Willow Point, and at the Narrows. Mining has been carried on extensively for a number of years, and consequently the waters of several streams have been utilized for power purposes and the washing of concentrates. The mining camps are somewhat scattered and are to be found all over the district. The waters of Coffee Creek near Ainsworth are used to operate a hydro-air compressor. This machine is of a novel character and there are not a great many in use. The head utilized is 107 feet and the horse-power developed 587. Placer-mining was done in early days on Forty-nine Creek and several other small creeks, but very little of recent years. The magnificent falls at Upper Bonnington are utilized in generating electricity for the surrounding country, and power is transmitted by the West Kootenay Power & Light Co. over eighty miles to the Boundary Country for use in the Granby Smelter and for general industrial purposes. The power plant of this company represents a first-class example of a hydro-electric station, and is up-to-date in every respect. The head utilized is 66 feet. The power generated at present is 10,000 horse-power. The transmission-line is operated at 60,000 volts. The City of Nelson also generates electricity at these falls, the station being situated on the south side of the river. The power-station at Lower Bonnington Falls is now held as a reserve to the plant of the West Kootenay Power & Light Co. at Upper Bonnington. The Lower Bonnington Falls were developed first and supplied the energy for a number of years. The head utilized is 40 feet. There is a scheme on foot to enlarge the various points along.the Kootenay River, which at present obstruct the flow from the " Outlet" at Balfour to Granite, which is about five miles below Nelson, in order to prevent the backing-up of the waters in the Kootenay Lake which flood the bottom lands known as the Kootenay flats. These bottom lands, should the reclamation scheme mature, will be eminently suitable for general farming purposes. Nature of Survey's, etc The hydrographic work in the Kootenay Valley from the Kootenay Lake to Slocan Junction was confined to streams on which there were more than two records. The streams investigated were as follows: Rover, Forty-nine, Sandy, Ward, Anderson, Duhamel, Shannon, Mill, Narrows, Proctor, Ross, Ayliner, and Skunk Creeks; also Crawford Creek and its tributaries. The course of the creeks investigated were traversed from the mouth to the highest intake, all intakes located, ditches traversed, and irrigable and irrigated areas surveyed. Owing to the time of the year when the investigation took place, no water was running in the ditches, and at scarcely any places were the ditches in such a shape that the capacity could be calculated by a well-known formula. These so-called ditches are usually made' by a single plough-furrow, and then the water turned in them to find its way down as best it can. The waste of water by this method is enormous. Owing generally to the steep nature of the land, it would be far better for the record-holders to use the water under pressure—viz., pipe the water. It may be noted that practically all the streams used for irrigation purposes in this district are small, and the gaugings appear very insignificant; however, as the disputes over water rights are generally on those streams where the water-supply is limited, the value of the figures will be plainly seen. The hydrographic data relating to that part of the Province under review in the foregoing report may be found on page 218. I have, etc., E. Davis, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. 3 Geo. 5 Upper Columbia Watershed. D 191 December 31st, 1912. UPPER COLUMBIA WATERSHED. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Pursuant to instructions received, I have the honour to report as follows upon that portion of the Columbia River Watershed commonly known as the Windermere District, and containing approximately 1,510 square miles:— General Physical Characteristics. This area, within which are situated the sources of the Columbia River, is bounded on the east by the narrow ridge of mountains known as the Brisco Range, which divides the waters of the Kootenay River, taking a southerly course, from those of the Columbia flowing north; the western boundary is the Selkirk Range; and the part of the valley under review is included between Salmon River on the north and Findlay Creek on the south. The eastern side of the drainage-basin being comparatively narrow, the creeks flowing therefrom are, generally speaking, short, and their discharge small, while on the western side, draining the long slope of the Selkirks, are several streams of considerable length and volume. The width of the main valley varies from eight to twelve miles, while in the lateral valleys of the larger creeks are stretches of bottom land varying from a half to two miles in width. In surface configuration the valley varies somewhat, but as a rule the ground rises steeply from the river or lakes for 200 to 300 feet, and then stretches back to the mountains in a series of gently sloping benches, broken here and there by knolls and ridges or by stream gulches. Timber and Vegetation. The valley is fairly well timbered, Douglas fir preponderating in this district, especially on the lower benches, while nearer the mountains jack-pine, spruce, and tamarac are found, with Cottonwood and willow on the wetter parts. On the upper benches of the eastern side are stretches of sage-brush. Natural grasses grow somewhat sparsely on the lower benches owing to the dryness of the unirrigated soil. On both sides excellent range feed is abundant on the higher lands, affording good pasturage for cattle and horses. Irrigated and Irrigable Lands. The following table is given to show irrigated and irrigable lands so far as at present ascertained:— Stream. Total Area under Record. Irrigated Area. Irrig-able Area. Morigeau Creek Goldie Creek .. Sunlight Creek Salter Creek . . Brady Creek . . Johnston Creek 12,531 3,070 966 Indefinite. Indefinite. 363 876 3S IS None. 47 62 4,291* 2,625 860 Indefinite. Indefinite. 308 * Total includes Indian reserve. No records are in use from Salter Creek, and as the land in many cases is not clearly defined it is impossible to give all areas. This also applies in a certain degree to Goldie and Brady Creeks. In the case of Morigeau Creek, the total area under record includes the large Indian reserve, of which 500 acres has been allowed as irrigable from this stream. In the entire district it is estimated that 148,000 acres are irrigable. This has been arrived at by taking the total area of settled land and allowing 40 per cent, as non-irrigable by ordinary methods. Soil. The character of the soil is varied; that on the eastern side is, as a rule, lighter in composition, with more open and easily drained subsoil than is found on the western side. On both sides, as the mountains are approached, the soil appears to be heavier and more retentive of moisture, that along the foot of the Selkirks particularly being a fairly dense red-clay loam, apparently more or less sub-irrigated by mountain seepage. The soil on the lower benches is D 192 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 mostly chocolate or brownish sandy loam of loose, almost ash-like, character, and is very easily cultivated, but its irrigation demands great care and constant attention to secure the maximum duty of water, to prevent the washing-away of surface soil and the scouring of deep channels. Analyses made by Professor Shutt of soil samples from different parts of the valley show highly satisfactory nitrogen-content; a high percentage of lime; a satisfactory proportion of potash; and, although not rich in total phosphoric acid, a large proportion of the latter is present in a readily assimilable form. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. The mean summer temperature is about 60° Fahr. and the maximum 95 degrees. The mean maximum in winter is 53 degrees and the mean minimum 23 degrees, the range being from 68 degrees above zero to 36 degrees below. Extreme cold dips are rare and of short duration; winter climate is tempered by Chinook winds, and that of summer by winds blowing over glacial fields. Precipitation for 1910 at Windermere Nurseries, Wilmer Station, amounted to 7.04 inches of rain and 1.9 inches of snow (melted), an equivalent of 8.94 rain-inches. This is probably below the average. The altitude of the upper and lower lakes is 2,700 and 2.600 feet respectively. The maximum elevation of agricultural land is about 3,400 feet. At 3,350 feet, on the west side, is one of the most productive ranches in the valley, where small and tree fruits, vegetables, and hay are successfully cultivated. Utilization of Stream-waters. The diversion of water from streams in this district has been almost exclusively for irrigation, the records usually including a right to domestic supplies. Some rights have been obtained for mining purposes, and several streams have been used for log driving. Owing to the normally low precipitation and the small quantity which falls during the growing season, irrigation is generally necessary, especially on the lower benches. As has been previously stated, the ridge on the east side of the valley is narrow, affording a very limited drainage-area. The resulting streams, with one or two exceptions, are small, and, so far as information is at hand, there are no large lakes to act as natural regulators of flow. In some cases the demands on these streams are greatly in excess of the supply available; possibly in one or two instances storage-sites exist which may be turned to advantage. It is probable, however, that before full development can take place on these lands some means of augmenting the supply must be found, either by transmitting power from other parts of the valley and pumping water from the river and lakes, or otherwise. On the western side the long eastern face of the Selkirks affords an extensive gathering- area ; and there are several large streams on this side. These have, however, eroded deep valleys, and their use for irrigation, especially on the higher bench lands, involves the construction of long and costly ditches and flumes, such as are hardly likely to be undertaken by individual irrigators. Most of the rights, hitherto utilized on this side have been taken out of the smaller streams, which, flowing over relatively higher ground, can be used without costly supply-works. Several comprehensive projects are now under construction or in contemplation, including that of the Columbia Valley Irrigated Fruitlands, Limited, whose completed scheme will cover 45,000 acres west of the river and lakes, and the Columbia Valley Orchards, Ltd., who are laying out extensive areas at Sinclair on the east side. All kinds of grain and vegetables, small fruits, and hardy tree-fruits seem to flourish in the district. Owing to absence of good transportation facilities, settlement has been somewhat retarded, but with the construction of the Kootenay Central Railway, now proceeding, rapid development will doubtless ensue. Nature of Surveys. Survey-work was commenced on May 20th, 1912, and the camp was closed on August 31st in order to take up power-investigation work under Mr. Gray Donald. The streams dealt with were Morigeau, Goldie, Sunlight, Salter, Brady, Johnston, and Spring Creeks. Intakes of ditches and their courses were located and tied to any convenient lot corners. Stadia surveys of irrigated areas and contours were run to determine areas irrigable under existing intakes on appurtenant lands. wvw ptFup " - "t" I ■BiWHH ' 1 • - '.. - ." 1 .- .. .. ■■ '.-■■■■- ■ V ' t - - , -*••"' jjt.iWL *'L. *mi *' . - •\::;; ' -;; : ip! Pend d'Oreille River, at Fifteen-mile Creek. Measuring Flume on Josephs Creek, near Cranbrook. Km& < - ^\:r;'#m ■ . Gauging Mission Creek, near Kelowna. 3 Geo. 5 Upper Columbia Watershed. D 193 UPPER COLUMBIA RIVER WATERSHED $ Gaugings of small creeks and ditches were made with a right-angled triangular notch, while for larger streams and ditches horizontal sharp-crested weirs or floats were used. In some of the later work measurements of grades and ditches were taken to determine carrying-capacity. Only a few gaugings were taken, the time spent in the district being insufficient to obtain observations for extreme variations in flow. A table showing the results of such stream-gaugings as were obtained will be found on pages 218 and 219. I have, etc., F. W. Knewstubb, Assoc.M.Inst.C.E., Engineer, Water Rights Branch. 13 D 194 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 KOOTENAY RIVER WATERSHED EAST OF THE SELKIRKS AND NORTH OF WARDNER. December 30th. 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I beg to submit the following report upon a portion of the Kootenay River Watershed which lies in the district commonly known as the " East Kootenay," and which includes Bull River and Sheep Creek on the eastern side, and the St. Mary's and Moyie Rivers on the western side. The area embraced by the entire report is approximately 3,410 square miles. Physical Characteristics. The Kootenay River rises about 125 miles north of Cranbrook, flowing southerly through British Columbia a distance of about 175 miles, crossing the International Boundary at Gateway, continuing in the United States for a distance of about 125 miles, and returning to British Columbia at Bedlington. The river is fed by numerous streams, large and small. These streams are fed by springs, and during the spring and summer months by the melting snow in the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Selkirk Range on the wTest. The more important tributaries will be briefly considered. The Moyie River, which occupies a territory somewhat separated from the other tributaries of the Kootenay herein considered, rises in the Selkirk Range about twenty-five miles south-west of Cranbrook. Flowing first east and then south-west, it crosses the International Boundary at Kingsgate, joining the Kootenay River in the State of Washington. The length of the stream in British Columbia is about fifty miles and in the State of Washington about twenty miles. The St. Mary's River rises in the Selkirk Range about forty miles west of Cranbrook, flowing east into the Kootenay River at Fort Steele, and having a total length of about fifty miles and a drainage-area of about 1,250 square miles. The stream winds its way among the mountains of the range for the first thirty-five miles of its course. Continuing to its confluence with the Kootenay, the adjacent country is a series of high rolling benches, excepting at its mouth, where there are several thousand acres of low land. Sheep Creek rises in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, flowing first to the north-west and then to the south-west, and entering into the Kootenay River at a point about twenty miles above Fort Steele. It has a total length of about forty-five miles and a drainage-area of about 350 square miles. For the greater part of its length the stream winds through the mountains, the adjacent country for the lower twelve or fifteen miles being a series of flats or rolling benches. Some of this is cultivated and irrigated, and all of it could be. The Skookum-chuck River rises in the Selkirk Mountains, flowing first north and then east into the Kootenay River, having a total length of about thirty miles and a drainage-area of about 100 square miles. For almost its entire length the river winds through the mountains. Bull River rises in the heart of the Rocky Mountains and flows west into the Kootenay River near Wardner, having a total length of about twenty-five miles and a drainage-area of about 360 square miles. The stream for almost its entire length winds through the mountain-range. The lower five or six miles of adjacent country are a series of benches. Wild Horse Creek rises in the heart of the Rocky Mountains and takes its course to the west, flowing into the Kootenay River at Fort Steele. Its length is about twenty-five miles, and it has a drainage-area of about 360 square miles. Excepting the lower two miles, the stream flows through the mountain-range. Timber and Vegetation. All the streams and mountains in this district are timbered. Tamarac and pine predominate, with a small percentage of fir throughout the district. Occasionally small patches of good merchantable cedar are found. In traversing the country, one frequently finds a considerable area where the trees are scattered, with a very little or no underbrush, some of the country being a natural prairie. Then, again, one will encounter strips quite densely covered with an underbrush which generally consists of small pine, willow, and birch. This brush is usually found along the stream-beds and at the base of the mountain-slopes. Bunch-grass and other grasses sufficient for good grazing are found over the entire country. 3 Geo. 5 Kootenay River Watershed. D 195 F>Ls<\M or r^AF?l- on KOOTENAY RIVER WATERSHED OYIE CITV <SO,ATFELL> tW //wr~ctP/~s/-*-r'/or*s^*L. J3a-/r>JCDs4 f=f y D 196 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. The district known as the " East Kootenay," a part of which is embraced in this report, is quite distinct from other parts of British Columbia south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway in respect to the extensive areas of evenly sloping lands lying between the rivers and the mountains. The figures given in the following table include not only such areas as may be readily irrigated from adjacent streams, but take into consideration the fact that, in the near future, systems of conserving the waste waters will be developed, making it possible to irrigate all the valley and bench lands:— Locality. Irrigated Irrigable or cultivated, (estimated) Acres. Acres. 750 25.000 835 18.000 360 29,000 260 18,000 140 13,000 750 20,000 1,150 33.000 50 10,000 80 2,400 830 30,000 200 5,000 50 12,000 5.455 215.400 Bull River Fort Steele Wasa Sheep Creek Skookum-chuck ■Cherry Creek St. Mary's prairie Upper St. Mary's Prairie Perry Creek Cranbrook Upper Moyie Lower Moyie Total . . Temperature. Pricipitation, and Altitude. The steady winter weather usually begins during December, continuing through January and February, the temperature ranging from freezing-point to zero, and occasionally, for a few days at a time, going as low as 20 or 25 degrees below zero. The snowfall is sufficient for sixty or seventy days' good sleighing. In a very exceptional year the temperature may go to 30 degrees below zero during November, with 12 or 15 inches of snow, this low temperature lasting only one or two days. In the month of March all snow and ice will disappear from the lower flats and valleys. Generally the rainfall is scattered through the months of April, May, June, September, and October; July and August are the dry and warm months. In exceptionally wet seasons it is necessary to irrigate but very little. Below is a table compiled from the records taken at Cranbrook and kept by the Meteorological Service at Victoria, giving the total precipitation for all of the year 1911 and eleven months of the year 1912. It may be noted that 10 inches of snow is equal to 1 inch of rain. 1 believe the total precipitation for the year 1911 would represent an average year. The total precipitation is not necessarily the governing factor in determining whether a year shall be called a wet or dry year. Two consecutive years might have the same precipitation, but if the rainfall were so distributed that during one season it was necessary to irrigate, and the next season it was not, they would be called respectively a dry and wet season. Precipitation Records, Cranbrook, 1911 and 1912. Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1911. Inches of rain Inches of snow Total precipitation 0.73 37.20 4.60 1.63 7.00 0.05 3.00 1.26 2.35 0.40 1.84 2.10 0.17 14.00 11.00 10.53 76.80 18.21 1912. Inches of rain Inches of snow Total precipi 11.00 2.00 0.03 0.35 1.08 1.65 3.76 1.01 0.56 1.14 11.60 9.58 24.60 tation 12.04 3 Geo. 5 Kootenay River Watershed. D 197 The elevation, together with the dryness of the atmosphere, make the climate most agreeable and invigorating. The altitude of the lower valleys and benches will vary from 2,450 to 3,100 feet. The adjacent mountain-ranges vary in height from 7,000 to 9,000 feet. , Utilization of Stream-waters. The principal uses made of the water in this district are irrigation, and in connection with the mining and logging industries. There is not, in my opinion, any country which has the combined natural advantages and resources confined to so small an area as this part of British Columbia, with its hundreds of thousands of acres of tillable soil, its millions of feet of standing merchantable timber, its rich deposits of precious metals, and its immense coalfields, with natural power lying dormant in the mountain-streams. Josephs Creek, a small stream, supplies water to the Municipality of Cranbrook, and to numerous tracts of land for irrigating purposes. Cherry, Wolf, Lewis, Four-mile, Maus, and Cassamayook Creeks and Little Bull River are other small streams whose waters are used for irrigation. Perry Creek, a tributary of the St. Mary's River, is one of the oldest and best-known placer creeks in British Columbia, having produced many millions of dollars in gold-dust. Recently flumes and pipe-lines have been constructed preparatory to working the old diggings at the falls; and on another part of the creek the most up-to-date and systematic methods of prospecting are being carried on with modern machinery under expert and experienced management. Wild Horse Creek, at a point near Fort Steele, has produced more gold-dust than any stream in British Columbia. The mines are now being worked, and have been continuously worked for the past forty-five years. The old ditch built in early days has a capacity of about 50 cubic feet per second. Bark, Shanty, Bridge, and Sunday Creeks are four small streams flowing into the Lower Moyie, whose waters are used by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada for generating power and washing ore. Mark Creek, a tributary of the St. Mary's River, furnished water to this same company for power purposes. During the fall months the discharge of 14 cubic feet per second with a 186-foot head is just sufficient for the requirements of the company. Bull River has a dam and flume built along its banks representing an expenditure of about $120,000. This flume has been used for floating logs and ties, but recently has been purchased by a hydro-electric company, who intend developing it. The minimum horse-power is about 9,000. Stream-measurements have not extended over such a period of time as to form a basis for a more exact estimate of horse-power at this site. Lumbering is a big industry in this district, and with few exceptions the streams are used for floating logs and ties. Lamb Creek, which flows into the Moyie River, is used by the Porto Rico Lumber Company, $30,000 having been expended in improving the stream-channel. On other streams flumes have been built for this purpose. Nature of Surveys. I began the hydrographic work in this district in June, 1911. The work at this time consisted principally of surveys of irrigable and irrigated lands under rights held under old records. Stream-measurements were confined, with the exception of one stream, to miscellaneous discharge measurements. In September, 1912, definite instructions were received to proceed with systematic and continuous work in stream-measurements. Suitable meters were also received, and gauging-stations established as follows: The St. Mary's River, near the wagon-bridge at Wycliffe; Cherry Creek, near the wagon-road bridge; Skookum-chuck, near the proposed C.P.R. crossing; Josephs Creek, about four miles above Cranbrook. All available hydrographic data for the territory embraced in this report is given on pages 219 and 220. I have, etc., H. B. Hicks, Engineer, Water Rights Branch. D 198 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 KOOTENAY RIVER WATERSHED EAST OF THE SELKIRKS AND SOUTH OF WARDNER. December 31st, 1912. Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. Sir.—I beg to submit, according to instructions, the following report on that portion of South-East Kootenay extending north from the United States Boundary to Bull River, and bounded on the east by Alberta, including the whole of the Elk River Watershed, an area of 3,050 square miles :— For convenience I have considered the district in two portions; the first part known locally as the Roosville Valley or Tobacco Plains, and the second part as the Elk River Watershed. The major portion of the report has reference to the Tobacco Plains Precinct, but the Precincts of Linklater, Gold, and Rock Creeks are part of the same watershed and adjoin this precinct; therefore the general data may be taken as applicable. General Physical Characteristics. The general character of the country in the Roosville Valley is mountainous, with a gradual slope west from the main range of the Rocky Mountains, ending in the Kootenay River. The mountains, which are practically north and south, give rise to twelve streams or creeks, and all except one sink in the valley, eventually reaching the Kootenay River by subterranean channels. Those in the top portion of the valley seem to collect underground and form a stream of 25.389 cubic feet per second flowing into the Upper Edwards Lake, which has a stream of 25 cubic feet per second running into the lower lake, where it again disappears. Transportation facilities are good. The Great Northern Railway between Spokane and Fernie parallels the Kootenay River and the valley for about twenty miles, and the Canadian Pacific is reached at Elko and Waldo. Two good Government roads traverse the valley, one at the foot of the mountains and one adjoining the river, with cross-country connections at Flagstone and Gateway. From the base of the mountains to the Kootenay River, a distance of about six miles, the land is rolling and nearly all good from an agricultural standpoint. The drainage-area is 110 square miles. Fifty per cent, of the land must always remain uncultivated because of its elevation and mountainous character. Agriculture, stock-raising, lumbering, and horticulture constitute the four leading industries of the valley. In a way it is regrettable that timber licences hold back from cultivation much good land. Timber and Vegetation. The valley is still mostly a natural forest, with the exception of the ranches, the chief standing timber being tamarac, bull-pine, fir, and patches of willow on the swamps where the streams sink. The merchantable timber in many places will cut as high as 10,000 feet per acre, but the average is not higher than 4,000 feet. The mountains to the east are sparsely timbered and should always remain as a timber reserve. The cost of clearing and preparing land for cultivation varies with the amount to be cleared. There are from eighteen to twenty-two stumps per acre averaging 18 inches in diameter, and from twenty-eight to thirty-five small trees under 9 inches in diameter. In small lots varying in area from 5 to 10 acres, the cost of clearing is between $45 and $50 per acre, but the same land, if let in contracts covering several hundred acres, can be cleared for a price ranging between $35 and $40. Soil. The best soil in the valley is a rich dark-brown coloured loam, composed of decayed vegetable matter, deposits of silt, and glacial till. That of the rolling bench land is lighter in colour, sandy in character, and not so rich, mixed in places with small gravel. The subsoil is a washed gravel and provides an excellent sub-drainage. Temperature, Precipitation, and Altitude. The valley is at an altitude of 2,670 feet above sea-level, and protected from the most severe weather by the high mountains to the east. Although the records show the lowest temperature 3 Geo. 5 Kootenay River Watershed. 1) 199 to have been 32 degrees below zero, this only obtains very occasionally, and is of short duration. Precipitation records are given below, and show a total mean annual precipitation of 18.23 inches. To analyse the rainfall figures, they show that no months are absolutely without rain, and that the heaviest rain falls in the months of May and June, in which irrigation is most needed. In fact, no irrigation is required at all in such seasons as 1912. The seasons are fairly well defined, and conditions are about ideal for horticultural products. Extremes of heat and cold do exist, but are confined to periods when nature is dormant; therefore no damage is done. D 200 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Average Monthly Rainfall and Snowfall, 1897 to 1912. Precipitat Lon in Inches per Month. Average Annual Precipitation. Jan. 1.51 Feb. 1.34 March. 1.15 April. 0.94 May* 2.12 June* 2.59 July* 1.S5 Aug.* 1.36 Sept. 1.27 Oct. 1.01 Nov. 1.S9 Dec. 1.20 18.23 * Irrigation months. Note.—The above figures are compiled from data obtained from B. Baynes Reed, Esq., Government Meteorologist, Victoria, the Observer being Michael Phillips, Esq., J.P., Elko, B.C. Irrigated and Irrigable Areas. Owing to the fact that a comparatively small part of the territory embraced in this report has been suveyed and investigated in respect of the rights of record-holders, it will not be possible to give exact figures or even estimates of the irrigated and irrigable areas for the whole district; however, such figures and estimates as can be given are presented in the following table. It will be noted that Fernie Precinct is omitted, as that is one of the districts in which very Kittle investigation of water rights has been carried on:— District. Amount of Land under Record, Acres. Land cultivated or irrigated, Acres. Estimated Additional Irrigable Area, Acres. 17,480 35,880 1,620 4,700 941 2,400 170 300 20,000 Gold Creek 37.735 6,500 17,408 The acreage of land for which water is held under record for the Tobacco Plains Precinct is 17,480 acres; and 5,505 acres, or a little under one-third of this total, is possible and worthy of irrigation. At the present time only 941 acres of the above lands are cultivated and irrigated. From gaugings taken at the low-water period of the irrigation season, there is shown to be sufficient water to submerge the present cultivated land to a depth of 20 feet in an irrigation period of 100 days. At the same time many of the ranchers declare a shortage of water. This is due, however, to the very crude and ineffectual method in use regarding the design and construction of irrigation schemes. The position, therefore, is that some of the present ranchers are wasting and holding the water to the exclusion of intending settlers. There is sufficient water continuously flowing (without the storage of flood-water) to irrigate approximately 20,000 acres, and yet more land is susceptible to irrigation than there is water to supply, but little development is in progress regarding the increase in the irrigated area. The calculation given above is based on a water duty of 1 acre-foot per acre, which, when considered in conjunction with the precipitation, makes a total depth of water on the land of 2.5 acre-feet per acre. I hold the opinion (if it were possible to legally form water districts) that the Roosville Valley could be developed to make most excellent returns on capital expenditure. This would at the same time open up the district for agriculture. Much money has been expended on projects unsuitable to the existing conditions, and, in consequence of the failure of such, a few hard-working settlers have abandoned all hope and left the land. Utilization of Stream-waters. It is too early to arrive at any final conclusions from the data at hand, but it is safe to say that quite four-fifths of the water in this drainage-area is lost through waste, seepage, and bad ditches, and will continue without improvement. This condition is very regrettable, since the storage, conservation, and beneficial use of water is one of the most important of public utilities. From an examination of stream systems and appropriations, it appears that in many cases the creeks are over-appropriated; or, in other words, the prior record-holder is diverting the 3 Geo. 5 Kootenay River Watershed. D 201 water to the absolute exclusion of later rights. The holders of these later records have not up to the present time felt justified in constructing irrigation-works, but it must be remembered that in the near future, when the administration exercises a closer supervision over the use of water, many of these records will be in good standing. Therefore it would be unjust to question these rights from a non-use standpoint until such adjudications are arrived at as will establish the respective rights. The Tobacco Plains Indians have a reserve of 10,400 acres extending northwards from the International Boundary for a distance of six miles and a half. Approximately 75 per cent, of this land is worthy of cultivation, and at the present time only 190.5 acres are cultivated and irrigated. The water held under record by the Indians is 506 miners' inches, or 14.17 cubic feet per second, and not more than one-seventh of this amount is beneficially used. First-class raw land in the district can be bought from $15 per acre upwards; improved land, with fences, and partially cultivated, from $50 to $75 per acre; irrigated and cultivated land from $120 to $150, according to quality and situation. The cost of irrigation-works in this locality ranges, according to location, from $15 to $25 per acre. In reference to power and reservoir sites, there is a good small power-site on Phillipps Creek on Sub-lot 45, Lot 4589. The creek has a fall of 410 feet in a length of 1,500 feet, and would* produce 745 horse-power at low water. This power could be produced without jeopardizing the existing irrigation rights, since the water could be returned at an elevation which would command all the available land. On the easterly portion of Sub-lot 45 there are surface indications of a good reservoir-site, very valuable from an irrigation standpoint, because of its elevation, also as a means of augmenting the power-site at the falls. Nature of Surveys. Prior to 1912 no hydrographic work had been done in this district. Therefore I have spent considerable time on stream and ditch gaugings, and have established permanent Cippoletti weirs on six of the most important creeks. The ranchers and record-holders appreciate the importance of this work, and I have to acknowledge with thanks the assistance rendered to the Department, in the way of weekly readings of the weirs, by the following: J. Desrosiers, near Elko; G. Peterson and Colin Sinclair, near Flagstone; Fred Roo, Jr., Roosville; and A. Murphy, near Gateway. Elk River Canyon. According to instructions, I investigated the Elk River Canyon from a power standpoint, and give below the salient features drawn from the report thereon. The power-site is about one mile south-east of the Town of Elko. The Elk River rises in the Rocky Mountains near the summit of the Kananaskis Pass and the eastern boundary of British Columbia with Alberta, from which point it runs in a southerly direction for a distance of 110 miles to its confluence with the Kootenay River, which is thirteen miles north of the International Boundary. This river is subject to great variation in flow, and the high- or flood-water period (by reason of the active lumbering operations and forest fires within the watershed) is getting gradually shorter and more violent in character, although I think the limit in this regard has now been reached. To compensate for this condition there are many admirable economical reservoir-sites which could be developed to control these flood- waters, and be made capable of contributing towards the uniformity of stream-flow. H. B. Hicks, Field Engineer, gauged the river on October 22nd, 1911, and found 817 cubic feet per second. I gauged it about the same point on Octqber 16th, 1912, and found S46.226 cubic feet per second, which may be said to be almost low-water flow. In regard to high water, from indications of driftwood and flood-wash, I estimate the flow to be twenty times the above, or 16,924 cubic feet per second. The watershed of the river above the power-site is 1,700 square miles in area and very mountainous in character, resulting in a very rapid run-off. The canyon and falls are very fine from a scenic point, and much frequented by travellers and residents of the district. The water in the river is now held under records for power purposes, but applications are pending for irrigation rights, and very careful consideration will be required in giving one right a preference over the other. The plans and photographs accompanying this report show the character of the canyon. The profile shows the available effective head to be 174.75 feet. Power possibilities at low water with an efficiency of 80 per cent, at the turbines is 13,443 horse-power. D 202 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The chief features of the plant are shown on the plan in red, and are as follows: The site selected for the diversion has the advantage of being partially formed. A rock island standing 15 feet above the water and dividing the river can be utilized, since the foundation is solid rock at this point. The headgates and entrance to the main conduit can be taken out on the west side, and a submerged weir constructed on the east side, which will be long enough on the crest to take care of the flood-water. A wing-boom as shown will be required to divert all floating debris from the headrace. The conduit would be 2,600 feet in length, and may be constructed at a very moderate cost, contouring the west side of the canyon as far as the lower pool, where a waste spillway and pipes leading to the turbines could be placed. The power-house may be located on solid rock in the north-west corner of this pool, the site admitting of easy construction. It is surprising that this power-site has been allowed to remain undeveloped so long, for the district within a radius of twenty miles can easily be proved to have a " power market" to justify the initial expenditure. The main feature in regard to this power-site is its exceptionally low initial cost per horse-power developed. I hold the opinion that the works at the power- site alone, without distributing systems, could be installed for $25 per horse-power. Another advantage is the ease and low cost of increasing the power produced by the construction of a reservoir immediately above the diversion-works, as shown by a red dotted line on the plan, which could be made to develop 30,000 horse-power on day load at low-water flow. The plan shows the available power possibilities, and the scheme taking advantage of the full head would develop 13,443 horse-power. This could be augmented by storage to double the above horse-power. All stream gaugings and measurements accompanying this report will be found on pages 220 and 221. I have, etc., W. J. E. Biker, M.Inst.M.Cy.E., Qual.P.A.S.Inst., Engineer, Water Rights Branch. FORMS USED UNDER THE " WATER ACT." Water Notice. For a Licence to store or pen back Water. NOTICE is hereby given that The Confederation Power Co., of Vancouver, will apply for a licence to store or pen back 10,000 acre-feet of water from Douglas Creek, a stream flowing in a southerly direction and emptying into Causupscal Lake, near Lot f/567, Cariboo. The water will be stored in a reservoir of 10,000 acre-feet capacity, to be built above the falls, and will be used for power purposes, as authorized by Water Licence 'No. 706, on the land described as Crown land north of Lot J,5G7, Cariboo District. This notice was posted on the ground on the 9th day of December, 1912. The application will be filed in the office of the Water Recorder at Barkerville. Objections may be filed with the said Water Recorder or with the Comptroller of Water Rights, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B.C. THE CONFEDERATION POWER CO. (Applicant). By PETER ROBINSON (Agent). [Note.—This note does not form part of the notice.] A notice is to be posted at conspicuous points in the neighbourhood of the point of diversion and of the proposed place ot user. Forthwith after posting the notice a copy is to be filed in the office of the Water Recorder and to be published once a week for four weeks in a local newspaper. If the application is for more than ten thousand gallons per day for domestic purposes, or for more than five cubic feet per second (178 miners' inches) or 250 acre-feet per annum for irrigation, or for more than two cubic feet per second for industrial purposes, or for more than ten cubic feet per second for mining purposes ; it must also be published in two issues of the British Columbia Gazette. A sketch showing the course of the stream and of the lands affected and an application on Form 62 shall be filed in the office of the Water Recorder within ten days after the first appearance in a local newspaper. Form 60—Water Rights Branch. 3 Geo. 5 Forms used under the " Water Act.: D 203 Water Notice. For a Licence to take and use Water. NOTICE is hereby given that John P. Ramsay, of Brooklyn, farmer, will apply for a licence to take and use 100 acre-feet of water out of Campbell Creek, which flows in a northerly direction through Lot 7568, Yale, and empties into the Fraser River, near York. The water will be diverted at 100 feet below the south line of the said Lot 7568, and will be used for irrigation purposes on the land described as Pre-emption. No. 453. This notice was posted on the ground on the 15th day of January, 191.4- The application will be filed in the office of the Water Recorder at Ashcroft. Objections may be filed with the said Water Recorder or with the Comptroller of Water Rights, Parliament Buildings, Victoria, B.C. | JOHN P. RAMSEY (Applicant). By HARRY WHITE (Agent). [Note.—This note does not form part of the notice.'] A notice is to be posted at conspicuous points in the neighbourhood of the point of diversion and of the proposed place of user. Forthwith after posting the notice a copy is to be filed in the office of the Water Recorder and to be published once a week for four weeks in a local newspaper. If the application is for more than ten thousand gallons per day for domestic purposes, or for more than five cubic feet per second (178 miners' inches) or 250 acre-feet per annum for irrigation, or for more than two cubic feet per second for industrial purposes, or for more than ten cubic feet per second for mining purposes ; it must also be published in two issues of the British Columbia Gazette. A sketch showing the course of the stream and of the lands affected and an application on Form 62 shall be filed in the office of the Water Recorder within ten days after the first appearance in a local newspaper. Form 61—Water Rights Branch. "Water Act" and Amendments. Application to be filed with the Water Recorder within ten days after the first publication of the Water Notice in a local newspaper. (See Section 60 as re-enacted by the Amendment Act of 1912.) 1. The name and residence of the applicant. Please give full name, initials are not sufficient. Herven James Wendover, Revelstoke, B.C. 2. IA clear description of the stream, with its name (if any) ; state the direction in which it flows and where it sinks or empties. Hopworth Creek, flowing westward into the Columbia River about thirty miles north of Revelstoke. 3. The quantity of water applied for expressed in acre-feet per annum, cubic feet per second, gallons per day, or miners' inches, as you prefer. One cubic foot per second. 4. The point of diversion, stating the distance from some surveyed line or some known point. For example: About 500 feet up-stream from the south line of Section 25, Township 19. Attach a sketch of the stream and the lands affected. About 50 feet from, the west line of Lot 123J/, Group 1, Kootenay District. 5. The dams, ditches, flumes, pipes, or other works for diverting, carrying, or storing the water. A dam, ditches, and flumes. 6. The purpose for which the water will be used—Domestic, municipal, irrigation, industrial, power (which includes the sale of power), mining, or as the case may be. Irrigation for mixed farming. 7a, If the purpose is domestic, irrigation, industrial, mining, or the lowering of a body of water, and accurate description of the land or mine where it is intended to use or lower the water. Pre-emption Record No. 546, surveyed 1,216. Lot 7b. If it is intended to sell the water or the power to be generated from the water, a description of the territory within which the water or the power will be sold. Water will not be sold. S. A general description of the land which will be affected by the construction of the works, giving the lot numbers or the owners' names, if known. Lot 123J/, owned Thomas Braun. D 204 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 9. The area of Provincial Crown lands which will be affected by the said works, so far as known. 5 acres. 10. The area of private lands which will be affected by the said works, so far as known. A right-of-way 50 feet long. 11. The date of the posting of the notices on the ground. 14th December, 1912. 12. The date of the first publication of the notice in a local newspaper, and the name of the newspaper and the place where it is published. In the Revelstoke Herald, 17th December, 1912. 13. The address to which notices to the applicant may be mailed. H. J. Wendover, Box 756, Revelstoke. If the application includes an application for a licence to store or pen back water, add :— 14. A description of each reservoir site. On Crown land close to east line of Lot 1234- 15. An estimate of the area of each reservoir when full. Four acres. 16. The probable length and height of each dam. 40 feet long, 6 feet high. (Signature.) H. J. WENDOVER. Form 62—Water Rights Branch. LICENCE FORM. (The form printed below is proposed by Dr. S. Fortier and H. W. Grunsky as answering the requirements of Part III. of the British Columbia " Water Act." It is for irrigation where works have been completed. The principle underlying this form is that the licence, or water patent, should not be issued until certain preliminary things have been done by the applicant, just as the pre-emptor is required to make certain improvements upon his pre-emption before receiving his Crown grant. This is discussed more particularly on page 120.) WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Licence for Irrigation Purposes. (After Order of Board—Works completed.) 1. Whereas the Board of Investigation created under Part III. of the " Water Act" of the Province of British Columbia, acting in conformity with the requirements of the said Act, duly made an investigation of all known claims and records on file relating to the waters of the stream now officially known as , a tributary of , and caused to be entered in the order-book of the Board an order determining and establishing the several rights to the use of the said waters; and 2. Whereas, at said investigation, the Board determined that a valid record, among others, had been made under the authority of a former Act of the said Province, granting a right to take and use water from the said stream for the irrigation of lands within the hereditaments described as ; and 3. Whereas , of , duly presented at said investigation a statement of claim under the above-mentioned record, wherein he affirmed himself to be the owner or lawful occupant of a part or all of the said hereditaments; and 4. Whereas in the said order of the Board, with respect to the particular right to the use of the waters of the said stream held under the said record and appurtenant to the lands claimed to be owned or occupied by the said claimant, the Comptroller of Water Rights was directed to issue a licence embodying the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth, and replacing the said record in so far as the same applied to the said lands: 5. Now, therefore, I, Comptroller of Water Rights of the Province of British Columbia, in pursuance of the said order, and in conformity with the " Water Act," issue this licence establishing the right to take and use water from the said stream under the said Act, and replacing the said record in so far as it applies to the said lands, and declare the said right and the terms and conditions respecting the same to be as follows:— (o.) This licence shall take precedence and priority from date of : (6.) The purpose for which the water is to be used is irrigation : (c.) The maximum total quantity of water per annum which -may be used under this licence, until lawfully altered, is acre-feet: (d.) The maximum quantity of water which may be used per annum on each acre actually irrigated, until lawfully altered, is acre-feet: (e.) The period of the year during which water may be used under this licence is : 3 Geo. 5 Order Form. D 205 (/.) The area and description of the lands on which water may be used under this licence are as follows: acres, comprising part of the hereditaments mentioned in paragraph 2 thereof : The extent and location of the said lands are further shown by cross-hatching on the plat hereto attached, which is hereby incorporated herein and made a part hereof, and the original of which is attached to the counterfoil of this licence on file in the office of the Comptroller of Water Rights in Victoria, British Columbia: (g.) The point of diversion for the water to be used under this licence is located as shown on the hereinbefore-mentioned plat: (h.) A concise description of the works is given on the hereinbefore-mentioned-plat, and the same is hereby incorporated and made a part thereof: (A) The owner or lawful occupant of the lands for which a right is herein established is the licensee hereunder, and as such is entitled to all the rights, powers, and privileges, and is subject to all the obligations andi limitations conferred and imposed by the " Water Act," amending Acts, and1 the rules and regulations made thereunder upon holders of licences of this class, particular attention being drawn to the following:— (j.) The water is to be used without waste, the use being restricted to the particular purpose herein specified and to the particular lands to which the right herein determined is declared to be appurtenant: (fc.) The total quantity of water used under this licence in any season shall be based upon the number of acres of the above-described lands which are actually and beneficially irrigated; and the quantity of water used per acre shall be limited to such quantity as experience may hereafter indicate to be necessary for the .production of crops in the exercise of good husbandry : (I.) Having due regard to the priority of this right, the said owner or occupant shall take and use the said quantity of water, on being so directed by a proper officer of the Water Branch, at intfrvals of time, under such system of rotation with other water- users on the same stream, or otherwise, as may best meet the requirements of growing crops and at the same time secure an economical use of water: (m.) The annual fee, until lawfully altered, shall be $ , and shall be payable on or before the first day of June in advance. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal this day of , 19 . Comptroller of Water Rights, Victoria, B.C. ORDER FORM. (The following is a proposed form for an order to be given by the Board of Investigation in determining a right held under an old record for irrigation purposes where no works have been constructed, and where, consequently, certain things remain to be done before a licence, or water patent, can be issued.) WATER RIGHTS BRANCH, DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. province of british columbia. Abstract of an Order of the Board of Investigation. (Defining Irrigation Right—ATo Works constructed.) 1. Whereas the Board of Investigation created' under Part III. of the " Water Act" of the Province of British Columbia, acting in conformity with the requirements of the said Act, duly made an investigation of all known claims and records on file relating to the waters of the stream now officially known as , a tributary of , and caused to be entered in. the order- book of the Board an order determining and establishing the several rights to the use of the said wa ters; and 2. Whereas, at said: investigation, the Board- determined that a valid record, among others, had been made under the authority of a former Act of the said' Province, granting a right to take and use water from the said stream for the. irrigation of lands within the hereditaments described! as , and 3. Whereas , of , duly presented at said1 investigation a statement of claim under the above-mentioned recordi, wherein he affirmed himself to be the owner or lawful occupant of a part or all of the said hereditaments: 4. Now, therefore, in conformity with the requirements of the said' " Water Act," the said Board determines and defines that particular right to the use of the waters of the saidl stream held unde-- the said record and appurtenant to the lands claimed to be owned or occupied by the said claimant, and orders with respect to the same asi follows :— (a.) This right shall take precedence and priority from date of : (6.) The purpose for which water is to be used is irrigation: D 206 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 (c.) The maximum total quantity of water per annum which may be used when irrigation ■is extended to all lands mentioned in paragraph (f) hereunder, until lawfully altered, shall be acre-feet: (d.) The maximum quantity of water which may be used per annum on each, acre actually irrigated, until lawfully altered, is acre-feet: (e.) The period of the year during which water may be usedi is : (/.) The area andi description of irrigable lands to which this right may extend on completion of works and- beneficial use of the water in the way of the irrigation of the said lands are as follows: acres, comprising part of the hereditaments men tioned in paragraph 2 hereof. The extent and location of the said irrigable lands are further shown- by single diagonal hatching on the plat hereto attached, which is hereby incorporated herein and made a part hereof, and the original of which is attached to the counterfoil of this abstract of order on file in the office of the Comptroller of Water Rights in Victoria, British Columbia: (g.) The point of diversion for the water to be used under this right is located, as shown on the hereinbefore-mentioned plat: (h.) The terms under which a new licence will be issued to take and use water pursuant to the present " Water Act," replacing the said record, are as follows:— (1.) Works shall be constructed for the diversion and carriage of the said water and shall -consist of : (2.) Surveys necessary for the construction of the said works shall be made and- a statement in writing and plan of the said works shall be submitted to the Comptroller of Water Rights on or before , 19 , and his approval thereto shall be obtained before construction is commenced: Permission to make said surveys is hereby granted, and the record-holder herein considered is entitled to the right of entry and generally to all the other rights, and is subject to all the obligation of a permit-holder under Part V. of the " Water Act " : Provided that nothing in this order shall be construed as conferring any interest in or authority over any lands belonging to the Crown in the right of Canada: (3.) The said statement in writing and the said plan taken together shall show the route by which the water is carried, the position of the works, the particular lands upon which the water is to be used, each parcel of land crossed or touched by the works, the name of the registered owner of said- parcels of land crossed, the area of the said owners' lands to be occupied, and the position of all public works, highways, and private roads along or across which the works are to be constructed': (4.) The construction of the said works shall be begun on or before , 19 , and shall be prosecuted with reasonable diligence, of which diligence the Comptroller or his accredited representative shall be the sole judge: (5.) The said works shall be completed on or before , 19 : (6.) Proof of completion of the said works shall be filed with the Comptroller of Water Rights on or before ,19 : (7.) Where the said works are only partially completed in the time allotted for completion, proof of such partial completion shall be filed within the same time and in the same manner as prescribed in the preceding subdivision, and the Comptroller shall issue a licence in lieu of the said record for only such part of the said lands as shall have been irrigated beneficially from the said works at the time of the making of said proof: (S.) Where no proof of construction of the said works is presented as required in subdivisions (6) and (7) above, the said record and entry or such part thereof as applies to the lands of the said owner or occupant will be treated as directed in sections 45 and 46 of the Act, which are as follows:—■ " Sec. 45. If proof of the completion of the said works is not filed with the Comptroller of Water Rights within one month after the date set by the Board for such Completion, the Comptroller of Water Rights shall, without further notice, demand, or proceeding, declare the said record forfeited and the entry of such record cancelled, and the -works constructed under such record, if upon Crown lands, shall become forfeited to the Crown, and if not upon Crown lands shall become forfeited to and become the 'property of the owner of 'the land upon which Ithe works are situate. " Sec. 46. Before the time fixed for the completion of the works as aforesaid, an application to extend the time may be made to 'the Board, but the Board Shall mot entertain Ithe application nor have any power to extend the time, unless the applicant shall satisfy the Board, upon oath, that the applicant has begun and diligently continued the work in perfect good faith, and has been prevented by causes beyond his Control from completing the works so ordered ;to be constructed as aforesaid." (9.) Upon the filing of proof as required in either subdivision (6) or (7) above, and upon it appearing to the Comptroller of Walter Rights that the record-holder herein Considered has made full and satisfactory compliance with the terms of the "Water Act," amending Acts, the rules and regulations adopted thereunder, and the orders of the Board and of the Comptroller relating bo the said right, the said Comptroller shall issue a licence, in conformity with the terms of this order, replacing and cancelling the record, or such part of the same as applies to any 'of the lands claimed to he owned or occupied by the said claimant: 3 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 207 (i.) The owner or lawful occupant of the lands in respect whereof the privileges herein named are granted is entitled, in respect Of the said privileges, to all the rights, powers, and privileges, and is subject 'to all the obligations and limitations, conferred and imposed by the said " Water Act," amending Acts, and rules and regulations made thereunder; and this order is particularly conditioned in ithe following respects: (j.) The water is to be used without waste, the use being restricted to the purpose herein specified, and to the particular lands to which the right herein determined is declared to be appurtenant: (k.) The total quantity of water used under this order in any season shall be based upon the number of acres of the above-described lands which are actually and beneficially irrigated; and the quantity of water used per acre shall be limited to such quantity as experience may hereafter indicate to be necessary for ithe production of crops in the exercise of good husbandry: (I.) Having due regard to the priority of this right, the said owner or occupant shall take and use the said quantity of waiter, on being so directed by a proper officer of the Water Branch, at intervals of time, under such system of rotation with other water- users on the same stream, or otherwise, as may best meet the requirements of growing crops and at the same time secure an economical use of water: (m.) The annual fee, until lawfully altered, shall be $ , and shall be payable on or before the first day of June in advance. By order made and entered this day of , 19 . BOARD OF INVESTIGATION OF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. By Chairman. Member of the Board. STREAM MEASUREMENTS. Late in the season of 1912 an effort was made to begin the systematic and continuous gauging of some of the more important streams. These were selected with special reference to the utilization of their waters for irrigation, mining, power, and other purposes. Such results of this work as are available, together with miscellaneous discharge measurements previously made, are given in the following pages. While information upon many of the streams is rather meagre, it is felt that a satisfactory start has been made. It is well known that miscellaneous measurements, or even continuous measurements through one season, do not afford a safe guide for judging the flow of a stream. It is only the record for a series of years which becomes valuable. The figures are printed primarily with this latter end in view. Nevertheless, though incomplete, they will give the Board and the public a better idea, in most cases, of stream-flow than could be gathered from mere verbal evidence. In the Railway Belt the engineers of the Water Rights Branch conducted investigations in some of the valleys in 1912, collecting only such data, exclusive of stream-measurements, as were necessary to determine rights under old records. This was due to the fact that since the date of the Privy Council's decision declaring the administration of the waters to lie with the Dominion Government, an efficient hydrographic survey has proceeded in that territory under the direction of P. A. Carson, Chief Engineer, Kamloops. It is understood that the results of this work are in course of preparation for early publication, and may, no doubt, be procured upon application to the Department of the Interior in Ottawa. A few of the figures from the Dominion survey on some streams are included herewith by courtesy of Mr. Carson. The arrangement of the tables follows the same order as the descriptions of the respective drainage-basins which are to be found in the foregoing pages. D 208 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 J* 01 D m id m <D «M % o * 5 ■« O bf S ~. o« oi o m tH S3 S pa O)_0J & «s 4 3£ H x« 0 S3 ■M oo :q Ti xs >> d c3 5!? CO H a P5 & «! K H co CO o <x; CO CO I-- i-l CO ^1-MO(MOht)iN li-. OC- CO 7' -M "JO C5 Md CO fM -tfl CO CO CO I— > O co Ft per S 2.25 2.78 0.97 ~ CM CO 00 oo CO -* a* c» : : Feet. 120 113 135 >yei OS do H m w' o CM W P CO t^ W fc iQ (N CO H <1 ft w &i Ph hi t> tf Ph & P2 Ji O CM O o p3 IS o h Ti ft S3 - ffi tf *—' W i S X H H < - - tf. % G £ p tzi £ cCxocMOicoocot: r-- a> liO - n" 1-1 I d oi O) ■ a P ■ &n T3 . en C —>Js t- ■— — £ a « g en ffl C (U ^ oi v c £c£s£„£ I ^ ej P e3 O rt j G-3 & S_ o o Ja b4 O O « S s- 3 MS.2S ■ ««• «■=■■ 3 b,*.s a) m d o si g >" Q, > ^ -C P C £"c m% 5 ^CG^Qh,-: 3 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 209 a - - o. hn ho bo CJD CJO bn &i> tx s iri tf tH ci «5 O o CD O O o O O 5000000—-ooooooooooooc -OOOOOOOO^OOOCmr-CNCOoOC o o !M m .-OMKiHOMcorMinoioOttoO"*' p-M-NCCMOTliCOiCtDCi i THOJOOdlCiHnCrjMOHM" - o o c <©3c _ CO ej --3 tf ** CJPJ 5 O O O 5 o o o )CtO 1- CN <M IHH CO 3 (M H rH N - J3*J3 O p r-3 VI til OS *- o ok ■al p o « 0J «st2 : Oi OS <3s C> Ci 1.48 1.60 0.73 0.59 !DH • ■ • • ■ iCO CO - . ■ '•■'''•• -do ' ■ CM O ■ • iflOO • ■ irj co ■ • : :"*:5 : :£ ■5555 65 i ~ j5 -c" ,3 .c t3 ^d xT -ct:" ■* 1 r- t- aa r- ", i - ■— » -o ' tH —t A3 CM CO CI <M 3 § t- tic co to co 'JO O CO ^ --T '•-■ —j Ol CI CI TO CI CM 0-1 so >o ca ,fl ft &<>-3 -a^.Q^ -sic!g Q sp ■*< S -a co -? S p a) p cd ™,5"3 ■o is s? p iS? cu B m — 3 3 co t- ^ -* 1-5 i-J CC ■« _p ^ ' : : o S . _P3 _ - J3,S -3 H." c CD jq U( ) ^ ti S ^ tf CO O) if. 1- CO t O C - f CM ?l 3.2 ~ 3 3 * K << to 11 P s <N S CJ S S 3 O «* CD ^ - o « o iTo t; ffo o ; O^OccOi«mOS!j ; 4 J* CO 14 D 210 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 15 1 § <3 3 Si 2« B.S tT 4J1 CO . , <" i =3 = o a c « 3H -gSi CO > 3° CO . 3 0 o.2 ■ S«.g la »> HB - Scsi - -S O O-rt 3-5~ £ ° 0*0 q •- P. g5l •2 rH O *- £ o rf cd *- 5 fto^r; 5 d aO CO CO o aMOOOCOCSt-^Mt-ui, ;M ^o £o £ . CO K P co <J H s S3 H co d co Offi CO o 8 5 I H O J O o •r " ~ ^ M fa M cd a 0) mW ■ • - • ■*©H ■ ■ ' CM ■ O--'- iQ ■ O ■ ■ • 00 • ■ CO CM ■ CM ■ ■ ■ O • ' O O ■ rH • ■ • O ■ • a '. '. . '. . © '.q '. . . o . . o o ■ i-O ■ ■ • o • ■ CO* i-H • CM - ■ —I • ■ ^3hC-3*P J5-3 ^.an.G.p.c.pjq'n.p.c'tJ.p'a HX>O^OJiOCMO:cDc;aJCDCOXCO j:jx:^aUj:^j:x!J3^£x; GO OS - - c - - 5 o 3^1J!l'33 = 33 -3 "SCO <! CO CO CO -5 >-a ■< >-3 ■< -s :H 5 :*j. ■ -Jd co v^ • 0 3 =^i! co K « »>: .-3 CO cS o o JO k (.•§ 9! •£ S . o co u £ co ?X co co eg .£ i, fe ^ OP jmmcocq .5c5 3 fco 3 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 211 ■& 3 -5 •Sa • £ £*1 0 & weath above weir (£ tempo 3 4> ,• .• sin cS top S 1131 erwet miles rough rough *$gK SXOJ43 ffi^.<ltf <;/)-<<! g'.-.CO-* rH-^CO 3 01 rH £» £* P rt W P P OS CI ■* 00 CM C33 *tf ri •* Ci Mood t^o" s ft »S SbSf . n • 3 : O «O.S _ _ CO - - ; cfiE cs a O ^J Et,« H .2 C o OOOOr-iCOl-O ts o p O a < ft a 3 co cs 63 H «1 g: a M a, a] g CO ■ a : -o.ooo©oioo • 00 ■* & rH r. O =- Oi - r- W CM •* CC) « CO CM ■ ... 3.04 2.44 3.20 5.29 4.47 3.19 3.76 2.84 118.06 132.00 153.00 284.00 286.20 216.50 246.00 ■204.00 •OlOC-lHHaO ' ■l-COCO^NNCDI- ■c > ■c *—• L. Co. (Obs.) a Land Co. (0) S C5 CS - - m - - ^-3o3t3^S-S'3h3j3j3-Sh3j3-3o3'OJ=J=^3^'J 'r-CJ C-lCM^SirH <^ CI rH CM CM CM CO •US W CO -5 r CO.3 • if n mo CO £-' Sf£3s,l318S>&.§*-s ^ppap^oPhtOhift^ffipH 3Q ? . J- p-t *- 5 2 2 -COTJ*^) 2 53 □ 3 6 CM £ £ S S ".gcjOcjO ■■3 a) (H "J 1* -C 5 j* 3 O cy cl tBtfOPn-Ua? a P ft = « <3 3-3„--3^- ^ . ■ S <5 3 a is p. * 3 «i : D 212 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 O n H a o ft o la -3 W ft j- ft •I S cS I CO H a H 03 P co < m 03 tn co eS co C5W Is ^co 1 o_ to ■<! o <l to <i fed O * 2 § -J-3 .t-, - co ■< ft s lag s p p cd c3 & o cow CO OOOOOIq p, d co h d d 2 OOOOOc CO _r- ■ n-J:i-r.!.r.^-i-.CO q ■ id CO IM H 3 I ri co : . : cu • - ! p, . . £ : : : £ : : CO . . h : : : d ■ u :tj . Q cd • J c c c : '-3 ■ -s, ; ; 6 ? 3 tn o ■gw eJ-B P£ aco i-H CM as os - - - -cs £> fl"rP"rB*''rri2r3"-1 *J -4J +^) J_ „ -W I— CS 00 CO i o ' CM i-H CM CO CO P -3 M~ - 2d33„- - £ _ ,3 _ Bu 3 <! S -a i-j -c r-s &h 53 -<St-3 f, < <j 3 ^-SS 5- 3 S a> -M-3 c 2 g-g "fe7?^ CO |s £> 3 o o •3 o _ 43 e3 « _ § fcebe 3 Ma - ■3> ^ ft. 3 33 "tn ^h O ° CO o o S° c C .-co to coS ^P2<<4 OOO • o o rH • CM O H M < |x rJ ft to Si ft r». to ■al Lj to C3 0 ca o 0 H fc •0 o H < ft < a, M H CO <1 to ■S g ft E UJ 00 W cc H LJ -d H c- ■< *"\ro ^c to S>1>> cE to ■< X f. TO 3 3 3 5 2 = •g <! CD C5 s- to 3 - r <i to a a H -c cu O Ph o cd pa^ P o 06h O d H *-' H j:X3 PrC-P-PrP Tfrfl S CM i-< ■g -M P cu be a 3 g = - |a - 9 - p <« <coO n < x ■M ■ cu ". to •o rC 3 c co -ft 3 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 213 ^■s: rt 3 ;s=> M O SSSft ..Sp-l-cJcT »3-S r* Sh 4D 5 3 S.13«M ""ir | .3gt= = «g|cof-oe 43 |/+o .p .CO _co JU 3 o £*3 <a<<s SSft cao-d; §23 •OOO • r~ • • - ■ O O CM • 1- -J, O -CM - ■ ■ -OOCM HrlH •© ■ • ■ -COCO© . . . . . . o 1.10 1.70 0.12 6.30 4.00 176.00 204.00 39.60 1.86 5.36 0.14 1.45 0.94 0.23 0.23 0.03 0.56 5.00 0.06 0.84 0.05 11.30 irj . HJ, . CM • .... CO 0-1 • ... -tf O • CO • iftT . : : >> e~* NNjii cu -3 cu -q 3 ccJ—' O m 3-° cu"S ° = 9 " o p CIS ■a <a $ * 11 3 P p g-3 cd cu+^i^^S ii 1-4 falis° ^ _ —H cu L, rsgS»S-.s ~ 3 &.Q." T2 Ml fcc ts -- a < <i ■< a <j 3 co oS S CO ■W 5 ° r. -dcotoft : 03 x| 0 gft O oo O m CO O iCl Oi M lOOOOOiOiOOOOOOOOOOOOO 00COmcot-t~t—COmeOCOr-Of-t^OCOr-O 520 *354 •126 11 00 CO CO CMrHOOfi-lrHlO^lOCOlOOO CO CM OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOOO ft ft ft H XJ ts to a H XI M j ft d ft u ;o3o3 030303 o3o3o3 HJ HH. 4d QU^CH 03 03 — 03 o3 o3 \ CO O CO CO CM o3 03-3-3-Cdo^-CC 03 o3 "3 3 J3-Oo3 03 o3 03*0 o3o3o3 03 o3 \ "ji ft HO O. & rO CHOHO COO fc. *i HO HO *. t. HO HO. *H HO, .o ^ H'WH-nnCSOMCCw. ciNononcc-not-*oi^ ! rH CM CM CM CM £i CM rHCMCMCM rHCMCM — rH CM CO • Q ^ r. - 3 D o co a e3 O MS o^O 8 J"! . 2 3c 3 « B rf cc i- ^-3 o! o r > . co o" - 8 :°o = cc 3co?B„,.2o3»bI o o3 3 coC3.C3«S/* co so -'s & . xlB =1-1 P rM oS 0 CO CO r 5 <o S Q8< bcO cu a. ... _ & 5-coO ■ 3 8 Ks |c5 s s HfcSaMOco! = =Eh l D 214 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 CO H H a m 03 P CO 03 H co P . 3.-3" CO ed CJ V O 6 S"3 1 O o ■4-4 • w °g H gf & o^ x| 03 is fe to 3S Px> rt - j- cu c?j§ ■e 3 cs a *C0 'co c3 go § 8-aK g,p,HH °5r3 ■S o s p SI o .. J- 1- . r^H'S.-* _• _, r-4 rSS g O O CO P. 0.3 SS s 11 * <f P-£\3 •M iQ O <CS cd r— os cs CS CS ON O O O iT, if. US lO iK O m 'O O IM II IM O H IM S ifliOCICHDiCiO-O CNinu^rNCOrN—'tSOCOCOO-^rCNCM id. N O N N r^ * 'C 71 f •# O TJ N IM O * W N 1-- f— CM CM I— l- -* CO I- COitiOOOI^MOSNOOCOOOOUSiO COCOi-iCSOTCSC»OTCMCXJCWONl>l>-CCin-rCO CSCSW1— OSOS00COO1 vCOOItffliJ'iaG^ — CNONr- CQ5JIN!MWHHHHHHi-4HHr-Hr HOOi- rHftr I ftS acS r : o P. : ig (So do* ^,3 J= IS ,fi r3 .3 .P. 3awg t— CM N- CS — CM CM CM 2 -HpiJoJOj r-Hpi-^jJoJ HcOCOCOcEi>.COOc--fOCS i—I CM CN mHNM ,3 ,c J3 ,3 T3 ,3 .3 ,3 ,c ^ j3 J2-P-3-3 r3 « 4-s ,p j-^-rp j- «-UP4S fc* +J +3 JJ-4J -U J_l +J 1-, -Jj +J ^ 10»oj^u j_ jj CCCOl-nONHjl* COOJ—coot--**- PMoi-WO ft CM CM I-* i-H CM ft rH CJ CN ,_.—■- ., -'j O r- m u W rH CM CN ft o< - s - - - s? &-f -O - - -CUgjCU ft PceO O - a 3 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 215 > bccc 3 3 42cto ei 3 . , S °-H ■?•§.; •SI'S j cu cu -J ii; cs a c •*■> 5 SB 3 O 2 o s-p » ■?„ O CD Sl3 ^ ju ■» bo * 3 <? & OyO00 ■ o o cp"~ cs cc! O ,0 p .5 c3 ii O O -pq=! if'Sp*: p p p p co as co os itj £ 5 I CU £->£ - « £ c3 P-9.-P . us cs p . cS cs Sri -P ert CB «$ w >1 PJ3 fO-O —t 3 3 -go 3 rt «1 cu s is oo oo m i lO o o © c " cs oo o i-H io m o ;iQorco fOoo moocooo •8 rss. t»fcgf?5j R h5 !> C cues c3 "p cs cu I C i- a - " ;3?P33 * ^ ■ ? S n i sl,&-i«i : cp ^is^M^g 3 cJj^ oP 8 ».#•!! JSJ : O r3 ~ W Q O h t-Hp"^ Q t-4 ttfl C fi 1 St*!^ 1 |fl-3|| g D S B Be &§ q HP -W HP *3 C O , cS d c? ri c^ o^ 'p-^'P'C'a'P o P« as^cucucuaicosp : rH « lH P r- -. r-U ■ - p p 3^^ d I ? 9 9 o iu ; S3 CU CO 0) 0) CU CU SSS is <5 P5 0) CD CU CD cP tp S S S S ci co o 00 oooooo o o o O O if j CD O O o o © © *-- in co o o o in »* co oo ifiOONOr-n lO -rf --" ft 'O CM CM f co CC ?.!x-!l—i|:i^S -HM*+0 CD ■ ■ 0.70 0.65 0.65 rft ■ (M ■ tf ■ © • CO i-H • 0.67 0.66 0.66 1.2( 2.22 1.84 1.68 O ■ © ■ CM ■ CO • t- • CO* ■ CO 27.07 26.00 26.00 24.25 0.18 29.10 10.00 7.80 O O ■ O O • -* ■ OS •CM ■ 20.00 20.00 20.00 24.50 is.00 12.50 13.00 ]!;! 'V o 0.976 0 90 2.77 1.63 2.16 1.70 4.00 6.00 3.00 3.15 o CO OOHCCMO OON^CJO iO OO O • ■ - t- O O O ■ ■ • CO O CO CO -H CD CM CO in -f CO ht CO CM -HH r- CO O O Hf rH O 00 ■ • o Oc-n--H« O Tf CO CO eo rH O* HJ, • '. rn CO CM ... W9- r^P^-Cr-ltrCSrC-S J= ,C r3 r3 "t 4JP»U-J (.Wri^J* ■WJ-.-U14--'" r-^^mocoor—"-"'-^ co cs l— i- r icciitiffltwc-oooo mcstMin ooincoo-n-co fiCMCMCN CM ft CM CM ft I-1 i—. CMCMCM S -«1S ft PO c o a* -p -cu J£ cu cu v o cu oi cu r ®i.^ 3.M fit a t.^ CU-* f -7 SU « - «8 2 A | Pp-p-ngcU-US r3 LO-Cr5j5-W+-> P " OJ.r- - -JJO'j 9f ' rP CS I tn < cu ,2 ^rS " ? 1 £ ■Sep &h Oa2 f ~ r=- HK ( o as a 9- So Oho d S-3 f ^HO .g & a 8 1« .9 oC^'JS "C3 OOSO SH <o CU rH u >H o ;>, oi p1 cu p t> Cr= CIS o WH J pq s-o60 _ C3 co - gog CC « o a a § i3« sp rlfS o ^►^ 09 1912... 1911... 1912... 11 ... It - - - 1911"!! 1912... it ... -C OS ^£5 ^-^^ mfooous f-iCO CM CM PPPrCPPt-> -r-0 -U *3 -1-^ -U -P J2 ■t; N OS -H CD a H (NrltlH ft 5 O -g > >> fee >> 1 o -p - 3 p May Oct. Aug. Sept. CO CU #■* cu o£ -ft ci W OSccS 11* D 216 Eeport of the Minister of Lands. 1913 :3 c c:: : : : : : cci c 8 I ft ft - r c co* « c: 3 = 3 3 S i c: = - - p ?c .2 o, rHOOOO OOOOO CtOOOOOOOOOOCROOOQOrH O'O'CJOCMrH0lt~-j,OH^OHl,^fc0-HOO-H'-rcDHHCMCM00CJC0CTOC0OC0OOCMC<j-*Q0eJCMCMHrOCMCMOO Hl,OC0CC0OCJ0CMCC)C0C0C0Ou0^3rHirj0)CC;00Hl,CMC0CMU0r-UC0.1CJu^CMCM-HC»lCi ~ ' OHOCnccOHiNcccHiorCiQClciBCiclMOio^ccmrc^H'^l-co^'H.^ot-r. rHOrHOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOrHCOCO o, £ 3' o s I H r* a CS P GQ <J r^ r^ < H oi "S Oft ft a H ft cd COCMCOCMi-Hftfi^^Hfti-iCMi—ift COMi— —ii-tftrHi-ti—ICMCNCOCOCMeOCOCO -v »-—rQ In _ S tg Si r^h-s'i-; r -3 ' 'JO >£ O P >~ ,*_, JogoorQogo >K ol g^B cffi 3 ■ S ■ °- m - fi . QNO>r5QNfl . . . __* o . . , h'shO-i". T-a - . ■ » j « . llOffltri £|go|£|o|o|| *3 a cuSp q Sfcj eft3 P ^ C <! OoogogoPogo , offi £ SM offi 5S offioj P , g,Q ,fS . JP .-o . . N P >" N P N P S P N P < PS "~~,£1 * 1™ CD rf "P T-sO" S'sSibO £x:pppppp* ■*oococooocoosr-r ^pppppppppp -*00COXcoost-r sppppjz^p-CrCP'Cpj-ipprq ,3"^ ppp S^-p^""-^-'-'-^ C-P--^ S-f-Pf+a^S+JHJ^r+J-i-- 1O"SHHONil^NC0(Mffii«)-*C"inL0HiNlO i-Hr-lrH—Irni-HCM' r-tcMCM ft CM ft NMWH f'ft - -pfeu^p^p, -p^o bpa - ipa >-p > u q, - r..p' ! a? - -oOcuo3S7- - -oOoiSK'-SJ-cOiiiP c 0£PO «! od O £ P O < t« o £ P «J 02 *C-o O 55 Q oq O - - K - - Q,-p £ pj - -p " ~3 " "STcjosj-o tZ5 wOftm O 3 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 217 p:- r= «t-t fl'U P'-U ^ +- CO CU e. |H — - ts co cd O CO ■S. v to a «pfl f^ EC 3 i •1 s 1, oi ro CD 4 S *£5 tS H f , n Si-S ^ CU (- £ o ft "5 os £ r- i. 3 5 s- _ &0 _ - £ be be o a .P CU CD CO E tf cotf tf f m co CO tf H THiOCO rS cu ■ O d o o o o o fJ w (."CO flO> PJI Si* ft ft 6 rill o •3s „«a o o -O 53 «kw ^ 2 J2tf H i-1 > <0 CO CN ft Ol CO -jt m <N CO "M CM W 00©©QOOOOOOCNCOCX10ft*#Tti ©OOCMOCDCOOOOi-H—tOiHftOO os cm co i— cot—m m co t# ■* m io rt ■* ft 00 r- CN (M rt I— 00 -* m CO CO m CM CM CM m i-S CM OHOOHHHl-IOOOCO^tliSiMCSNnCO OOOOOOOOOOOOOrHOOOOCOCM CO CO CD CO CO Q CO CO *co"co£ ft H <l |S ca ti r5 OOlOCOOrHCOCOCO ._, ft O to : : o : : :-C 8 I > p P3P "Go ! Or5 rC rB -3 PT rC r3 PI J3 r3 - 3 = - ■ ■o ' bo - O.M ■*-' CU ■orj -M cd *- g» £ D^rQ rM-g-jS o £S5 r- o m rH rH rn 26th 3rd 10th ISth M 03 o3 T3 03 03 ^ 03 o3 o3 CMhtCOOOhhCOOChJioo rH CM CM CM CM O-o = be 3 »l -Si? "33 " 3 P •"B'-B - S ■- - 3 " r3J=!-Pr3J3JI!p:i oo»cosa)i>; = p:r3^:r3r3'Pflr3p:r3 ° -U -W -P +J ±^ J_ -_J -U J-3 -4J *COt-XC)"J'M-- OSCSSiCO p?p -p;-p .^r-^n^c^c^ pp - p p -ppppppppp ' fifj '-5-B ^ l-s h) hj 1-5 i-j i-s 1-5 •< = p p p M c *- C rX X c cr Sign*. O C r 3 = j CO Q .slSs 5931 fi.fc s'S ft ft ft Offi. coW D 218 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 < H ft P O 34SU s o o 5 o o -P-P-OP>4^-PP 3 OOOOOOOp -OOOOOOO"- -SW<4-.t|-l<4-<'*-.<»-,tf O (M CO CM CO Ol CO -r*i t-* iirscoc Jn'oc JOiO H © © © f CO © H©COCNO©©0© m cs do CD .2 fj PjS .5 ^c 2.9 ^ O CO C-)0£ ojtp £ Ptf £ <J •-''rS TT 5- CO «B § .Is 1 83 (rr. rf -ax ° a oo jc,,^ frJg'!3 S >h 9,J8 >£ £ 1 CO CO ^ S. 32 -TcS E*gfl ftft'3cj p £ f< a -f 3 - i-.p^ O - pi p cu *" bOO 60 cu 3 . cu a. ■ -a « e-i a . Pi P -5.3 ico O O *j CO Cfi -P ; S P P • CM -in oo O OO O OOlCWH •O i-h oi co ft o r- cm co in ,n in CO H a P CO <! a H CO a* CO O So > Q W 3 en C3 H ■< r* CO a r« r5 a H o o t» © tn o '> =S"o rt ch * £ ft >G> 03 o C COCOrHCMCMrHrHCOCOCOCOCOCOCO Ft per S 2.7 2.4 2.7 1.9 Sq. Ft. 0.852 5.42 30.60 4.32 CO CMrHH+tOJ.' 6 rt,N ::::::: x ' i ■c 'v Z C~. TC ■d H OHO H & CM rH H H a p m O-.rHrHB co "* ■pep D c CC c CA, c 1.00 0.98 1.08 1.04 4 Sf» 3-S O 3 »rQl «* - -06 ■p T3 'rC J3"J3"J3 A S3 '.fl ■£■£ jTjf J3 rC^f JB X-3 -3 « -g "g jl. „ J- r4«Hr)^U-0U«^*U0jW--.tSHJjjU«"'* C J-3 J ocjco-^cxjoocioo^oo^^oincscsco c os oorjPjCM-wr OS01CNCMCM01CM<MCMC^0, — —I CO CM 01 CM C-1^1 OJ Ol 1 -OPX-j J- -P -P ' CO I- o "" > MX -J* ■*Q) , •- • CD CD • CU ,U CD ■' 1 "> cu u M \ ' CUQ CU } '^ CD r-C CD CU . , ■ rMcu^'SJ-r'"- ■f!o': "* "i al) cd ft"* ■' «" :«-3,o, | |H^S sg°6$8°S'i 3.3 26"S° ! §5 § 1° g o £ 2 S §£ § SS S f-3 § I <?° g $*H° 3. 8f|121 *Sst£»t § ■ HI'S If s >,!"§'* * waaBo.N!gCOBi<p;aiS5offi<lrs.iJHrEr,fe«ai™> p: P! c ft a 0 t. C oO cu 3-3 fj 0 S-£ tzicy! Cs r- •- - V „ ss°rt;-p do 5U £ as xf c gr> 3 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 219 oi in co m o m - o co co m ics t- m i— r t © m © © © triHHrlr-Wr . m co ,3 £ jbn CU CD " « o p Sg-3 Q T3 co S D -P "t-> g^Wrfff : MMr?Sl = Ph'«Sc1 = -,-»•» s »-a - - TOO CO 00 o jferr 1 I I r?l S 3 oa o. b's s =.= ss ca gosasanH o OC Is . o go S^S cs O i. P= rCl HP T3 CD S CD 3 "c Cl" 3 bo 53 "ft Cot •e -2 PP So g bi 3 O O CS K 1! 802 656 003 757 Parkei cjo jo z c - pi -t a o B'S cdi; o 'S s TJ *=* 03 cu o 3flo < <! Si ijcfrS a S icocONc.ioNOH'ma -MiCCJau5H«fOcCHCD CO CO hHi CO 00 p H E co Cci s H <l EC (- a H o o M 1.75 1.53 1.75 «S ■ O • o ■ O • 2.05 1.80 2.10 2.20 1.80 1.50 1.30 1.50 1.40 1.30 1.40 1.30 1.30 1.10 J>- NMOOOtC CO ■ OS ■ CO GO t— ft (O CM OlOlCOCOiOt— 00 • © ■ CO f t- CO CO CO CO CO f Ol CM ft ... O ft • i— ** O i-H . ,_| 12.30 12.30 12.30 1.78 OM . ■ • i ■ c ■ co ■ o © © o o co co o-co-oocoo o coco O N '9QNtN ... us rHft ft ■ i-1 ■ CO CO ft 1> -r i-H- CO "* CO m • eo cocomosoioi-. in - cs t^como m H rH i-H HHIi OS-i-H-CMftfiin CO 3 rCp.p?:3.p'Pj:c-£'r'XrC:3.p,cp:-' iOCCI>MOCSOHf5iiSCOCCiiHoOCr p: p: p: .3,3-3 .s-» 4^4^" -P "t-3 -P ~ -r-H> J Ottlt-iONMO Ol CM i-H i-H Ol r-i r3npP:rPr3r3r3r3r3--rPP;H ^rprprCp:p:p:jp'pp:p;rp'p ^C«ioacO«Ol-MOL^>Jt(vi ft CM ftCMCN i-t i-H CM ? 3*5 * - Oft >-s><i1 - -b- rW § 3 3 -g - cj if M - U g "S, g> g.r = =-g - = =S 3 m O r5 ■ <25o ofii*» s- I-f-B : : ' : :,« : 8 Soo: : | • • g\ ^oog^^^^o-j ' =8«3"££££g « Oh3 o 2 C0.So3.K gfcMKBJfOM 6 u ' is > X -p " >i oq " co cu ppi -f D 220 Report of the Minister oe Lands. 1913 co H a p co <c! H a a < pa p3 H co 3 .°* CO O > -I £ co < So H B o o a Cti CD 3?h§ , H IfaiflriS [ior.r-j CO cc^ol £„ a SfeOn|ocg 3 "ca ci be Is -3 jJJ CD 0) ^ ^ CD cu cd cu _o cu ai assess cu_3 « t-i.-*1 H i 03 IrP © O O O CO © •* rH -v o o o urs CO i-H O CO won OS CO OS OS O CD ft CO OS rH CO Ol ft o 3 O Ft per S 3.3 0.91 2.51 1.5 1.43 0.92 Sq. Ft. 5.90 3.40 15.70 266.00 10.90 6.50 oo CO Co ... CO CCO CO © m CO CO ^ CM CO rH . « - cd CO to h r= I? a PS C3 tt] H P O 09 O rCj " fcc'co IS •HWOMC50«^COOSDI>Cin^N01[~COC)SCSac^Sr«ocIMMMTjlC scccoinooooiiococoincocoooincocoinooooococot^coo:Osint ricoinoi-*inoios^os-^o^^os^r-ooop--[^i>-r^i^rHCOrHOja.t--c t-inTtiiTj^tco—^ co n co m >o i ti «ji in co m m r piOi*"l''*-*H"*'*'*MMC' 2 a 3 a £ wo CO H roc £ a _q.il << -iS is 1—" ts> ■ rfXHd f-Wi mWn^M Ha rH|n HN ■■-*»-+* ttStorHtwttahO-- <MMte «hX - ht—"H ■ i_»ot^csor^cooiipi©c)OXCO->-i-i~c»osooco ■ocococococoininicsininuoinc-i -p^, wj : : : '-3 . . . . r*» • • • -g CQ =s3 pi^pjpj^pj o co co co o in pppppppppp-wpppp-cpj:pp'appi:ppppppprc3p ^C»0 010S-njOS©C^OCO(XiOP3CSCPCO©OSCO© J Ol —i ft ftOli-H I-1 CM CM rHCNCM —t coCQ o 2 1|1 d d < JBh, ■S £ ^o « o-i ao o rC -5 r- 0, o ■£ 3 8 £ CQcc 3 co ho CO J3C 3h : B5 Qh?co . be = 3 <! a a • M a CD r- C as Ph 3 Geo. 5 Stream Measurements. D 221 M ,3 JS OS -P > 3 O OP 3 d co .SrP ft o ,P 'P "V ™ CD p 41 'ffi -"So.B- cu-a TLJ^^ J-- CD CU +3 q A 111 0 n.P OOttOWI-fX^Nt-rlOlOO 1-MCSCONNlOaOltvCCQ ■* ,-i t— co -j- -:c o — o w co ** i- t* -ox oi _oC co co- co co oo -r co m r- co rtuSuSCCIl-CMCOWCCOir. CSI-HHCBCClCOeCMCOCDOCD-!fi(MM N OS 'M OS CO C HCCOoOt-C 3 t— -* 00 CO ft r— oooocoiMcoio'; co co co in ft t- r~ m CO r-*^ Kb3 & . . 3 p;^Ppp:^_px:^rPp:T;r3p:£^rP-3rCP:^^xiTrp;r3x:rC P]OSl~-*'~rHincSCl Q tn O rp-fi -: P* = 19th, 19th, 19th, 1st, 30th, 30th, 22nd, 18th, 9th, 16th, 3I~ CM Aug. July June 3 -*•' ,-T 'eft ' CO OS ■ ■ i1-1 o rj J o ! •05 KH ■ ■ o fl - o S Oh C ! : : cu •''68 ^c *£££ 5 - •* ■o^s , ■c o ■ cu u ■ as K E 9 * § - * grjQQ^r- 3 CS M r- , W "' m -u 'ch-»IS tfHOiot HOOHC U ( = .S!°C 3 *HrO 3-2.5 1 SC3 d I PSPhC o° ' ST! I O ^i I MBSr D 222 Report op the Minister of Lands. 1913 KOOTENAY RIVER DISCHARGE—OBSERVATIONS AT GAUGING STATION, RAPIDS NEAR NELSON (JULY 31st, 1912). By Harry F. Metjrling, Engineer. O 3 « I - o £ o S -p'-w c3 cc rf -grSS P 3 CO CO 1 o . 03 tn s§ ll 'St/2 a Depth of Sections. tn 3 O CO CO CC "o C3 CO < Time in Seconds for 70 Revs, of Meter. 3 ^ .." It WM r- CD o 1 Increase in Velocity per Ft. Dist. from Bank. Vel, at North Bank = 1.56. >. . '3 8 §" P- CO cCO So r5 a 3 . fcCHO m JCOC, CO hi OOO. Remarks. Feet. *31 Feet. 8 1 3 17 5 15 14 6 20 20 20 12 8 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4 16 20 10 5 5 10 10 20 10 10 20 20 10 10 10 10 20 10 Feet. *0.00 3.09 ♦3.59 4.49 *9.09 9.09 ♦9.29 10.09 *10.39 11.09 *12.29 -14.09 16.09 16.09 25.09 25.09 30.09 '37.09 40.09 42.09 45.09 43.09 38.09 •33.59 31.09 30.09 28.09 27.09 •26.09 26.09 27.09 •26.59 •26.09 24.09 21.09 26.09 23.09 20.09 •11.59 7.09 Sq. Ft. Feet per Sec. Feet per Sec. 1.56 1.59 1.63 1.65 1.74 1.84 1.93 2.06 2.15 2.27 2.45 2.70 2.89 3.01 3.18 3.42 3.55 3.63 3.71 3.79 3.87 3.91 3.95 4.03 4.02 4.00 3.98 3.96 3.93 3.88 3.84 3.81 3.76 3.70 3.62 3.59 3.56 3.53 3.49 3.44 19.72 5.38 19.96 200.78 83.54 265.95 279.54 132.01 487.60 572.81 712.26 523.38 387.39 1,309.52 1,716.16 1,968.89 2,438.63 2,863.38 3,115.13 3,373.87 689.72 2,567.11 2,888.70 1,300.07 611.60 578.69 1,092.56 1,044.99 2,024.68 1,020.06 1,022.60 1,980.77 1,856.66 817.76 846.88 875.40 762.13 1,105.63 321.30 39 12.4 3.3 12.1 115.4 45.4 137.8 135.7 61.4 214.8 233.8 263.8 181.1 128.7 411.8 501.8 551.8 671.8 771.8 821.8 871.8 176.4 649.9 716.8 323.4 152.9 145.4 275.9 521.8 265.9 268.4 526.8 501.8 225.9 235.9 245.9 215.9 316.8 93.4 C.009 *40 13 Gauge.. -6.60 •60 65 *80 94 Gauge at cross-section — 7.09 *100 120 Elevation of water surface.. 1,763.00 *140 *160 172 63.0 2.58 0.012 All distances taken from Instrument ISO 200 J20 240 •260 46.2 3.51 0.004 edge of water = 31 feet. 280 ■» 1,767.88. 300 320 Number of Sounding Range = 2. 324 340 4.03 0.003 Bearing of Sounding Range ~ S. 27 16' W. Ast. *300 370 48.2 375 380 Gurley No. 621. Field Notes : Book No. 3. 390 •400 420 430 •440 •460 480 490 44.8 3.64 0.003 500 510 520 ♦540 550 48.0 3.39 12,273.4 43,873.10 Mean velocity of cross-section = 3.5. * Note. —Starred figures denote interpolated distances and depths. PART IV. SUEVEY BBANCH. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Report of the Surveyor-General 225 Report of the Chief Draughtsman 243 Connection Surveys in Lillooet and Cariboo 248 Inspection of Surveys 252 Survey Reports— 124th Meridian, by W. G. McElhanney 254 124th Meridian and 53rd Parallel, by R. P. Bishop 258 52nd Parallel, by A. J. Campbell 264 Groundhog District, by T. H. Taylor 267 Valleys of Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, by W. P. Unwin 269 Valleys of Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, by C. T. Hamilton 271 Bridge River, Lillooet District, by G. M. Downton 273 Boundary between Kamloops and Yale Divisions, by O. B. N. Wilkie 278 Lillooet and Cariboo Districts, by F. Tupper 280 Chilcotin District, by A. H. Holland 282 South Fork of Fraser River— Horse Creek to Beaver River, by D. B. Morkill 284 Within Reserve Fifty Miles South of Tete Jaune Cache, by A. P. Augustine 286 In Vicinity of Clearwater River, by J. A. Walker 289 Between Tete Jaune Cache and North Thompson River, by A. W. Johnson 292 Upper Thompson Valley between Mud and Albreda Rivers, by H. R. M. Christie 296 Louis Creek and North Thompson River Valleys, by E. P. Heywood 298 Peace River, A'alley of Halfway River, North of Rocky Mountain Portage, and in Vicinity of Hudson's Hope, by G. B. Milligan 299 Ootsa and Francois Lakes, by V. Schjelderup 301 Chil-aco River, by P. A. Landry 303 Quatsino District, Vancouver Island, by H. H. Browne 305 Clayoquot and Barkley Districts, Vancouver Island, by A. I. Robertson 308 Clearwater Valley, Kamloops District, by R. H. Lee 310 Kispiox Valley, Cassiar District, by B. C. Affleck 311 Bella Coola Valley, by L. S. Cokely 313 Graham Island— Township 7, by F. Nash 315 Township 6, by L. F. Grant 31T West of Masset, by A. F. Cotton 318 East of Masset, by C. de B. Green 319 West of Oeanda River, by C. de B. Green 321 Correction Surveys in Lillooet and Nechaco Townships, by F. Butterfleld 322 Townships in Bulkley Valley, by H. C. Black 324 Exploration Surveys on Peace, Parsnip, and Findlay Rivers, by A. W. Harvey 325 Vicinity of Fort George and near Bear River and Quesnel, by R. W. Haggen 329 Topographical Surveys in Omineca District, by F. C. Swannell 334 Exploration Surveys on Route from Bella Coola to McLeod Lake, by W. Meyerstein. . 338. REPORT OF THE SURVEYOR-GENERAL. Department of Lands, Victoria, B.C., January 9th, 1913. The Honourable William R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on the operations of the Land Surveys Branch of this Department for the year 1912. Attached to the report are those of some of the surveyors employed during the past year, and it is proposed in the future to publish each year the reports of surveyors, as these frequently contain the first reliable information obtainable in regard to the outlying portions of the Province. It is also the intention to publish in pamphlet form from time to time surveyors' reports which are deemed to be of special interest to the public. During the past summer the character of the work done has differed from that of former years. The practice in the past has been to allot to surveyors certain districts, and to permit them to survey, at a contract price per acre, lands considered suitable for settlement, while this year surveyors were, in almost all cases, employed by the day, under definite instructions to do specific work. The survey of areas for settlement in the sections of the Province being opened up by the construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific and Canadian Northern Pacific was continued, and, in addition to this, surveyors were employed in defining and marking in a permanent way, the boundaries of the land districts into which the Province is divided, the survey of lands held under coal licences, exploratory and reconnaissance surveys in the northern and less known parts of the Province, and, to a greater extent than ever before, surveys of land in occupation by pre-emptors. The increase of the staff, referred to in the report of the Surveyor-General for the year 1911, has enabled the routine work of the office to be kept up to date during the entire year, and has permitted substantial progress 'being made with the compilation of new reference or index maps of all surveys made to date, the copying of old " official maps," which from lapse of time were becoming illegible, and the examination and digestion of information received in this Department during recent years, and which had not been dealt with owing to the pressure of more important work, which could not be delayed—the staff not having been sufficient to cope successfully with the ever-increasing volume of business. The creation of a Sub-Branch for the preparation of lithographic maps, under the charge of a Chief Geographer, has resulted in the republication—after being brought up to date—of practically all the maps issued by this Department during the past five years, and the preparation of a new wall-map of the Province. The lack of space at the disposal of the staff has been met by occupying committee-rooms in the portion of the building devoted to legislative purposes. Since the month of November, however, the space in the annex formerly used by the Water Branch was placed at the disposal of the Department, and is now occupied by the last-mentioned Sub-Branch. The space in the main building is still inadequate for the accommodation of that portion of the staff which it is absolutely necessary should be under the direction of senior officers of the Branch, and the counter-space at the disposal*of the public for the purpose of examining field- notes and maps is entirely insufficient. Further, the distribution of lithographed maps should naturally be done through this office, but this, through lack of space, is found to be impossible. It is proposed in this report to divide the work of the Branch into two parts, the work of the office staff and the surveying operations in the field, but, before doing so, to describe the 15 D 226 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 difficulties of administering land surveys in this Province, as compared with other Western Provinces of the Dominion, and to point out the causes which have created the present situation. Comparison is frequently made between the surveys of this Province and those of the other Western Provinces, and while the superiority of the latter is abundantly evident, the reason for the inferiority of the former is often lost sight of. The conditions in this Province differed so materially from those of other Provinces that a different method of meeting them had to be adopted, and the following is not intended as a criticism, but merely a description of the causes which have led up to the existing conditions in the matter of land surveys, and the effect to-day of the latter on the work of the Land Surveys Branch. It is not suggested that this Province attempt to follow in the wake of the other Western Provinces and adopt the highly scientific system of the latter, nor is it suggested that radical changes be made in the spirit and wording of the Statutes. The Province has reached its present state of development without such a system, and it is now too late to change. As, however, the lack of available funds which has up to recent years crippled this Branch is now at an end, it is possible to improve the field-work to such an extent as to ensure results in the future which will, considering the limitations imposed by local conditions, be comparable with those achieved in other Provinces. The difference between existing conditions as regards land surveys in this Province and the other Provinces is due to the mountainous character of the former, the variety of its resources, and the fact that this Province alone surveyed and administered its Crown lands. The survey of the North-west Territories, now divided into Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, was, and still is, carried out by the Dominion Government. Shortly after the purchase of the Territories from the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869, the systematic survey of the whole area was planned, and while improvements were introduced as time went on, the main features were adhered to, and it is perhaps safe to say that the survey of these Provinces is, to-day, the best in the world. The Dominion Government, with relatively unlimited resources, undertook the survey of the vast prairie area, which presented no obstacle to the adoption of any system, and through the greater part of which transportation by wagon was easy. The country was blocked out by surveyors at day rates, and afterwards subdivided, under contract, into townships and sections, the whole being completed long in advance of settlement or alienation. Twenty years before the above date the Governments of the Crown Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia were confronted, with an empty Treasury, with the problem of surveying a territory almost as large, with physical features which made a systematic survey of the whole practically impossible, and which was, for the most part, covered with a growth of timber which rendered the country absolutely inaccessible, even for pack-horses, and necessitated supplies for survey parties being carried on men's backs. No history of the survey of the Province has been written, nor are the records sufficiently complete to permit of such being done at this late date. It would appear that the authorities of Vancouver Island, prior to 1S60, divided the southerly portion of the east coast into districts approximately five miles square, and subdivided these into blocks of 100 acres, measuring 20 chains by 50 chains. Unfortunately, a minimum of line run and corners established in the field seems to have been sufficient warrant for the preparation of " official plans," which are still in existence and on which no details are missing, although subsequent events have proved that the surveys on the ground were very incomplete. The Colony of British Columbia, about the same date, employed the Sappers and Miners stationed at Sapperton to divide Crown lands adjacent to New Westminster into quadrilateral lots, usually 160 acres in extent; and while the soldiers left no official plans, and their field-notes consist of sketches only, in which many important details are missing, they did their work on the ground in such a conscientious manner that with comparatively little trouble the boundaries surveyed by them can be retraced at the present date. At the time the Colonies united, and probably before that date, permission was given by Statute for pre-emption or purchase of an isolated piece of Crown land to be surveyed at the cost of the applicant, and it appears that for long periods the greater part of the land alienated from the Crown was surveyed in this way. In order to understand the situation in regard to land surveys in this Province, it is necessary to remember that since the beginning two classes of survey have been made: (1.) Govern- 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Surveyor-General. D 227 ment surveys made by land surveyors under the direct instructions of the Lands Department. (2.) Private surveys made by land surveyors under the instructions of and paid for by persons who had acquired the statutory right to a piece of unsurveyed Crown land. Although all surveys were made by land surveyors authorized by the Department to practise as such, the distinction between the two classes of surveys is greater than would appear on the surface. In the case of Government surveys, a continuous survey was made over an extensive area of unalienated Crown lands, carried out in a manner called for by the Department, returns of such survey being accompanied by reports on the character of the country, etc. In the case of surveys made at the instance of private parties, the jurisdiction of the Department was not clearly defined, and surveyors naturally considered their duty to be the definition of the area to which rights had been acquired in the best interests of their clients. Such surveys, as a rule, consisted in the laying-out of individual parcels held under pre-emption record, application to purchase, timber licence, etc.; and, as the Department did not contribute in any way towards the cost of the survey, it was found practically impossible to insist on conformity with adjacent surveys, particularly where tie-lines of any considerable length were required, the result being that over the greater portion of the Province isolated areas were surveyed and Crown-granted, although even their position relative to any known point was not definitely shown. Surveys were carried out spasmodically by the Government, and that no systematic effort was made to survey the Province as a whole is proved by the expenditure on surveys each year, as published in the Public Accounts, from which the following table is prepared:— Table No. 1. Year. Expenditure. Year. Expenditure. 1871-2 No special vote $10,000 40,000 35,000 10,000 8,000 5,000 500 500 565 696 956 665 3,317 7,116 11,314 8.845 2,338 7.531 24,396 1891-2 $46,716 65,535 1872-3 1892-3 1873-4 1874-5 1893-4 1894-5 55,893 27,756 1875-6 1876-7 1895-6 1S96-7 1897-8 1S9S-9 30,099 20,566 1S77-8 1878-9 20,503 15,037 1879-80 1899-1900 7.126 1SSO-1 1900-1 1901-2 1902-3 16,814 1881-2 1SS2-3 20,042 12,444 5.191 6,534 1883-4 18S4-5 1903-4 1904-5 1885-6 1SS6-7 1905-6 1906-7 6,978 25,047 1887-8 1907-8 73.850 1888-9 190S-9 190,118 1889-90.. 1909-10 281,642 1890-1 1910-11 448,885 The above figures, prior to 1881, are the amount of the survey vote included in the yearly estimates. After that date they are the actual expenditure on surveys. It must be borne in mind that in these figures are included the cost of survey of townsites, etc., which, in many years, must have absorbed a large proportion of the whole. The figures show that during the past four years large expenditures have been made. During the years 1909, 1910, and 1911, the survey of that portion of the Province which was to be made accessible on the completion of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway has been undertaken by the Government. The method adopted in these surveys was for each surveyor to make a regular subdivision into square blocks of 640 acres, divided into quarter-sections of 160 acres. The survey operations of the year 1912 are dealt with fully in this report. It may be of interest to note that the survey votes for the Dominion Government and the Government of the Province of Ontario for land surveys for the period covered by the above table is as follows:— D 228 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Expenditure on Land Surveys by the Dominion Government, taken from the Auditor- General's Returns, and by the Province of Ontario, taken from the Public Accounts. Year. Expenditure. Dominion. Ontario. 1868-69 . . 1869-70 . . 1S70-71 .. 1871-72 . . 1872-73 . , 1873-74 .. 1874-75 .. 1875-76 .. 1876-77 .. 1877-78 . . 1878-79 .. 1879-80 . . 1880-81 . . 1881-82 . . 1882-83 . . 1883-84 ., 18S4-S5 . 1885-86 1886-87 . 1887hS8 .. 1888-89 . 1889-90 .. 1890-91 . 1891-92 . 1S92-93 . 1S93-94 . 1S94-95 . 1895-96 . 1896-97 . 1897-98 . 1898-99 . 1899-1900 1900-01 . 1901-02 . 1902-03 . 1903-04 . 1904-05 . 1905-06 . 1906-07 . 1907-0S . 1908-09 . 1909-10 . 1910-11 . $ 91.773 29 147.802 98 334.681 41 511,882 32 562,221 30 728,441 33 304,190 22 139,316 99 163,087 45 106.185 39 101,976 06 106.093 14 64,659 75 59.135 88 76,511 14 109.S42 52 58.019 87 40.039 70 50.100 64 88.885 56 100.562 81 144,930 86 177,388 02 224,445 85 298,949 15 560,541 94 622,534 61 432.162 42 404,848 08 583.149 72 666,359 49 683,362 67 $ 8,820 00 30.000 00 40.000 00 17.902 05 39,300 00 59.S50 79 33.812 31 27,655 61 37.700 00 45,546 50 38,927 86 35,844 26 32,533 63 32,546 88 45.599 90 29,501 20 50.09S 90 48.227 00 45.454 49 39.473 25 39.494 51 34.540 01 47,234 78 3S.17S 05 43.226 75 39.357 80 38.783 76 29,065 08 33,489 89 39.075 02 36,500 00 41.390 35 24,6*2 38 17.182 35 32.887 97 80.777 73 101.299 50 107.102 49 125.003 39 162.479 91 141.370 92 87.894 01 133,524 51 Note.—In the expenditure ol the Dominion Government since 1884 is included that on surveys In the Dominion Railway Belt within the Province of British Columbia. This, however, is not sufficiently large to affect it materially. The system of surveys in the Province of Ontario is somewhat similar to that of the Dominion Government, in that townships are completely surveyed before being opened up for settlement. The practical alienation of Crown lands before survey is peculiar to this Province, and is responsible, to a great extent, for the irregularity of land surveys. It must not be forgotten, however, that, while practically the entire surveyed area of Canada, from the eastern boundary of Ontario to the eastern boundary of British Columbia, is level, this Province includes within its borders the northerly extension of all ranges of mountains existing in the United States between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast, and that the surface of the Province is so broken as to render it difficult and expensive to carry out such a system of survey as was adopted in the North-west. Although the North-west system has been continued through the Railway Belt to Port Moody, a base-line, known as the 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Surveyor-General. D 229 Canadian Pacific traverse, having been established along the C.P.R., from which lands on either side, never more than twenty miles distant, have been surveyed by the Dominion Government in conformity with this system. Even with the finances of the Province in the condition they are to-day, it is improbable that such a system would recommend itself, were it possible that the survey of the country could be commenced over again. Assuming that such a condition existed, it is probable that, while townships and sections would be adopted in the central plateau and in the wider valleys, elsewhere local conditions would govern the system adopted, and that in all likelihood lands would be laid out for settlement with a frontage on a located road, or a natural feature, as a river, lake, etc., and that the boundaries of such settlement lots would not be run north and south or east and west, practically—that is to say, the only provision of the Statutes affecting land surveys which has been rigorously adhered to would be amended. Referring once more to the first table, it will be noted that the total expenditure up to the end of 1908 was $840,000, which included the survey of townsites, etc. It is probable that the total expenditure by the Government on land surveys proper from 1871 to 1909 did not amount to three-quarters of a million dollars, or did not equal the survey vote passed at the last session of the Legislature. The total area of surveyed land in the Province at this latter date amounts to 10,194,380 acres. It has always been the practice of the Province to add to the selling price of land fee for survey, where same has been paid for by the Government, but the above figures show that the cost of surveys was not even advanced by the Government, and that the survey of the country up to that date was practically financed by the applicants for Crown lands. In this connection it may be pointed out that elsewhere no special charge is made for survey when Crown lands are disposed of, and that the cost of surveying the country is an item of capital expenditure. In this Province, however, even to the present day, a large proportion of the expenditure on surveys is refunded by those acquiring Crown lands. As an example, in the year 1911 948,644 acres were surveyed by the Government, and the expenditure on surveys amounted to $448,885. If the entire surveyed area were disposed of to pre-emptors, the Government would receive a survey fee of 25 cents an acre, or $237,161; while if this land were disposed of to others than pre-emptors, the fee would be 50 cents per acre, and the receipts would slightly exceed the total expenditure. In addition to land surveys above referred to, surveys are made under the provisions of several Statutes governing the alienation of rights to natural resources, and, while the right to the surface is frequently granted to areas so surveyed, the requirements as to method of survey varies in each case. . . (1.) Under the "Land Act," Crown lands may be pre-empted, purchased, or leased, etc., in a block of specified area and dimensions, a preliminary step in all cases being the planting of an "application post" at one corner of the land applied for; and although the Act provides that the boundaries of the applications may be rectified on survey, the powers of the Surveys Branch have, prior to the Amendment Act of 1912, been considered too indefinite to prohibit the surveyor using the application post as a corner, instead of making the survey conform to existing surveys in the vicinity. (2.) Under the "Coal and Petroleum Act," Crown lands and certain alienated lands may be granted to applicants in blocks one mile square, the planting of application posts being again a necessary condition. The clauses of the Act which give power to the Surveys Branch to regulate such surveys are even more indefinite than those of the " Land Act" before amendment in 1912. (3.) Under the "Land Act," the administration, however, being under the "Forest Act" since the last session, special timber licences were issued, giving the right to cut timber over a given area, not exceeding 640 acres, and, as in the former cases, the planting of an application post was a primary condition. Here, however, the similarity ceases, for the licence contains a description of the area leased, which states definitely that it commences at the post planted. (4.) Under the "Mineral Act," a free miner may locate a mineral claim practically anywhere on Crown lands, or alienated lands, by planting two posts, which define the shape of his claim. The duties of the Surveys Branch are to regulate surveys made under the above Acts. Surveys under the " Land Act" are by far the most extensive; the titles given under this Act D 230 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 reserve to the Crown all coal and minerals, Crown grants to which may be obtained under other Acts. It would therefore be possible to have on the maps of the Department a piece of land to which a Crown grant to the. surface had been given under the " Land Act," another Crown grant to the coal under the " Coal and Petroleum Act," and a third Crown grant to the metals under the " Mineral Act" ; at the same time the whole may be included in a timber leasehold granted prior to 1892. Such a piece of land would be surveyed four times, and would have four official designations, all of which should appear on the official map; and while this would be an extreme case, the overlapping of two systems of survey is common, and that of three not infrequent. In view of the foregoing, it should be clear that, in so far as land surveys are concerned, British Columbia cannot be compared with the other Provinces; and while the present conditions may have arisen from lack of foresight, in the past, in the gradual evolution of our legislation, it is none the less due to the varied resources of the country, and it is seldom that a country is so wonderfully endowed by nature that portions of its Crown lands can be sold several times, and made a more or less permanent source of revenue by taxation, under a variety of Statutes, without serious inconvenience by the holders of any of the rights covered by the grants in question. While no drastic changes in the Statutes are asked for, there are a few minor amendments which would assist the Surveys Branch in its work without affecting other interests in a serious way. At the last session of the Legislature amendments to the survey clauses of the " Land Act" were introduced, which have enabled the Surveys Branch to control the surveys of private applications in a comparatively effective manner. It is suggested that amendments along similar lines be introduced into the " Coal and Petroleum Act," which will enable surveys made under this Act to be similarly regulated. It would appear to be advisable that the survey of coal licences, as such, be to a large extent abandoned, and that leases and Crown grants to coal rights be granted to areas described from the land surveys of the surface, even where this survey has not been made into lots of 640 acres in area, where the advantage of such an arrangement is obvious. The survey regulations contained in the " Forest Act" and the amplifications by Orders in Council dated June 14th, 1912—copies of which appear in appendix of this report-—have defined the status of timber surveys. These are now temporary surveys which will disappear from the official maps on the expiration of the cutting rights to which they relate. It is also submitted that, where it is possible in the timber sections of the Province to define areas suitable for cultivation and those over which forest reserves are likely to be created, the survey situation would be much simplified. It is further submitted that, where extensive timber-cutting operations take place, the portions of the cut-over area considered suitable for settlement should be subdivided by this Department in an appropriate manner. It is suggested that the powers of the Surveyor-General to issue regulations for the survey of mineral claims be recognized by Statute, and that instructions for the survey of mineral claims be issued to land surveyors. The above suggestions are briefly that the survey of coal-areas be made to conform with the land survey of the locality, and that the survey of timber he considered as a temporary survey, ceasing to exist on the expiration of the timber-cutting rights which it defines. The ultimate effect of the adoption of these suggestions would be that, instead of four permanent surveys of portions of the Province being possible, there would be two—land surveys and mineral surveys—and, as the ends to be served by these two classes of survey are entirely different, it is inadvisable that any attempt be made to ensure uniformity. In addition to these two permanent systems of survey, there would be a temporary survey of timber, but as the country settles up these would disappear from sections suitable for agriculture, and would be confined to the rougher portions of the Province. To carry out the above suggestions would involve little change in the Statutes, a minor amendment to the " Coal Act" being all that is required; but it would involve a serious departure from present practice, whereby timber surveys are considered as the survey of land on which the timber stands. There are some 3.000,000 acres surveyed as timber limits, leaseholds, etc., and showing in the departmental records as surveyed lands, which would, in future, be treated as unsurveyed, except in so far as timber-cutting rights are concerned. 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Surveyor-General. D 231 It is assumed that, in the future, the general survey of the country in the matter of baselines and probably triangulation will be proceeded with, and it is thought that in such case satisfactory results may be obtained without more drastic changes than those suggested. Office-work. Following the custom of former years, two tables have been prepared—the first showing the number of field-books and survey notes of individual lots received, as well as the number dealt with, and the second showing the area of land dealt with under the various classes of survey provided for under the Statutes. In both cases similar figures for previous years are given for purposes of comparison. Field-books and Survey Notes. Year. Number of Books received. Number ol Lots received. Number ol Lots gazetted. 1907 1,022 1,862 2,204 2,893 5,259 4,791 1,830 2,161 3,365 5.098 7,312 6,345 1,762 1908 2145 1909 1910 2,942 3.072 1911 6.737 1912 7,950 Area of Land. Pre-emptions. (Acres.) Purchases. (Acres.) Mineral Claims. (Acres.) Timber Limits. (Acres.) Coal Licences. (Acres.) Leases. (Acres.) B.C. Govt. Surveys. (Acres.) Totals. (Acres.) 1909 1910 1911 1912 71,316 79,273 S9.485 99,461 145.325 455.356 1,352.809 1,011,934 10,744 12.499 21.325 16,-645 426,121 509,201 6S6,909 804,730 8,310 43,363 120,938 99.236 15,239 5,864 6,500 8,560 512.373 302.536 948.644 826.362 1,189.428 1,407,912 3,226,610 2,866,997 During the year the survey registers have been searched, and the following results have been obtained as an approximation of the total area of the Province surveyed to date:— Acres. Area of land surveyed 15,051,864.95 Area of timber surveyed 3,000,862.9 Area of coal lands surveyed 473,756.2 Area of mineral claims surveyed 358,839.84 Total area surveyed 18,885,323.88 The figures include the land in the Dominion and the Esquimau & Nanaimo Railway Belts and railway subsidy lands dealt with and Crown-granted by this Department prior to the administration passing into other hands, as well as lapsed mineral claims and timber limits, but do not include areas surveyed in railway lands subsequent to the transfer. The official registers are now being examined, and more definite information in this connection will be available for the report of next year. The following are the number of unsurveyed coal and timber licences, applications to purchase, lease and pre-empt land, etc., with the approximate area comprised ki same:— Acres. Applications to purchase 2,128; estimated area 130,000 Pre-emption records 3,377; „ „ 55,000 Coal licences 2,202; „ „ 140,000 Applications to lease 70; „ „ Timber licences 9,315 5,900,000 Total 17,092 6,225,000 D 232 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Each of the above represents an area of land to which a more or less definite right has been given to private parties, and before notes of any survey can be accepted, care must be exercised to see that no such prior right is adversely affected. The holder of each of the above rights is under a statutory obligation to survey within a specified period, varying from six months, in the case of an application to purchase, to five years, in the'case of a pre-emption record; while in the case of timber licences, the survey must be completed before the end of 1918, or at an earlier date if required. Precedence is given in this office to the work in connection with the plotting and accepting, by notice in the Gazette, of the notes of surveys of private applications, the rule being that notes, if in order, must be gazetted within six weeks of their receipt; always provided that any possible complication with other and previous applications does not require to be investigated. During the early winter every available member of the staff is put on this work, while during the summer, when surveyors are in the field, and consequently unable to send in field- notes, a reduction is made in the number so employed, and other matters are attended to. During the latter season the majority of the applications for pre-emptions and other rights are received and dealt with in the office. It must be pointed out that the draughtsmen of this Department are called upon to investigate and clear all alienations and rights-of-way granted under the Forest, Water, and Mineral Acts, and also to protect the rights-of-way of projected railways through Crown lands in process of alienation. The above constitutes what might be considered the routine work of the Branch, and includes matters on which the Lands and other Departments of the Civil Service are dependent on this Branch for assistance in administration. During the past year work in connection with the above matters has been kept up to date, and attention is drawn to the fact that work of this character is largely administrative, and is unnecessary where surveys are made in advance of settlement or alienation, as in such case the business of a Survey Branch is confined to the survey of lands, the administration of such lands being in the hands of other branches of the Civil Service. Lands surveyed by the Government are so treated in this Province, but only after all private applications existing within the area have been allotted to portions of a subdivision, made on a regular scheme under the instructions of this Department. As before stated, the provisions of the " Land Act" give this Branch satisfactory powers in regard to land applications, and the provisions of the " Coal and Petroleum Act" give more limited powers in regard to coal applications, while the " Forest Act" any such allotment impossible, except with the consent of the holder of the licence. To facilitate the ever-increasing volume of business, a new Sub-Branch, under the Chief Geographer, has been formed during the past year, with exclusive charge of the preparation of maps for publication; reference to this Sub-Branch will be made farther on. In addition to the creation of this Sub-Branch, the main Branch has been divided into four divisions, each under the charge of a Chief of Division, who assists with the minor executive work of the Branch. The reorganization of the staff commenced in May, 1911, and is mentioned in the report of the Surveyor-General for last year. It may now be said to be complete. At the beginning of 1911 the staff consisted of— Draughtsmen 13 Clerks 2 Juniors 2 Total 17 At the beginning of 1912— Draughtsmen 33 Clerks 4 Junions 4 Total 41 i.o „f (-],;„ jnto General Mapping And at this date— omce Sub-Branch. Draughtsmen 33 q Clerks 5 i Juniors 3 2 Total 41 9 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Surveyor-General. D 233 Such an increase could hardly have been made satisfactorily under the provisions of the " Civil Service Act," and for this reason this Branch has been removed from the Civil Service during reorganization; consequently, with the exception of a few old members, the staff rank as temporary employees. While the majority of the men appointed may be considered as permanent, there are several men who are, in reality, temporary, being surveyors' apprentices, who have completed their term of articles and contemplate passing their final examinations at the first opportunity. Such men, owing to their technical training, prove very efficient members of the staff, and it is proposed to replace them with other surveyors' apprentices. It would appear that the reason which rendered it advisable to remove the Branch from the Civil Service has now ceased to exist. The staff is under the personal direction of Mr. J. E. Umbach, who, in May, 1911, resigned from that of the Surveyor-General of Dominion Lands, Ottawa, to accept the position of Chief Draughtsman, and to whose efforts is due, in a great measure, what amount of success may have been attained by the recent reorganization. The division of the Staff and the duties of each section are as follows:— First Division.—Comprising nineteen draughtsmen and three clerks, dealing with the plotting of surveyors' returns, issuing instructions to surveyors, and more or less technical correspondence with surveyors, Government Agents, and others. Second Division.—Consisting of three draughtsmen, dealing with applications for alienation of unsurveyed lands. Third Division.—Comprising four draughtsmen and one junior, dealing with the preparation of reference maps and the final checking and clearing of Crown-grant applications. Fourth Division.—Consisting of five draughtsmen, one clerk, and three juniors, dealing with the preparation and supply of information applied for by mail, such as copies of field-notes, tracings of official plans, blue-prints of reference and other maps, the filing away of field-notes and official returns, the care of the records and archives of the Department, and the preparation of statistics, etc. Attached to this report is that of the Chief Draughtsman, which deals with the work of the various branches so fully as to render it only necessary to make a few passing remarks. The work of the First Division to a great extent, and that of the Second Division entirely, is connected with the treatment of lands alienated before survey, and the peculiarity of this work is already explained. The work of dealing with the field-notes of Government surveys is relatively small, but much time and care is expended by this Division, in conjunction with the senior officers of the Department, in the administration of field operations, referred to in a later section. The work of the Third Division, connected with the preparation of reference maps, is, and always must be, behind. Within the past twelve months eighteen complete new maps have been recompiled, and fifteen maps have been retraced, with minor corrections. The maps now number seventy-nine and cover approximately 220,000 square miles of country. On them is shown all surveyed lands, except mineral claims, as well as land under application. The maps change from day to day, as the notes of each survey plotted or each application received must be shown on them. There being no skeleton survey of the Province, a reference map of a new district is commenced with little knowledge available for its preparation, and is frequently replaced, as time goes on, by a new map, prepared as more reliable information is supplied by surveyors' field-notes. During the summer months a large proportion of the draughtsmen of the First Division are transferred to this Division. In addition, the field-work of this season has been arranged largely with a view of supplying information, which will provide the groundwork for these maps. Every effort has been made to assist the work of this Division, and the maps are gradually improving in accuracy and style of draughtsmanship. Unfortunately, the demand on the part of the public for copies of reference maps is such that some form of photographic reproduction must be available, and these maps are therefore made on tracing-linen, in spite of the rapid deterioration due to wear and tear and the consequent necessity of frequent renewal. The publication of sheet maps of the more completely surveyed portions of the Province, and of pre-emptors' maps of the newer sections, is relieving the pressure on this Branch for copies of reference maps. The work of the Fourth Division requires little comment, except as to its volume. During the year 3,023 written applications for information have been received and dealt with; D 234 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 700 copies of field-notes and 437 tracings of official plans have been made; 4,500 blue-prints made and sent out; 2.397 tracings for Crown grants made in duplicate. It may be noted that this Division is the only revenue-producing section of this Branch, $4,875.97 having been received from the public for copies of information furnished during the year. The work of this Division is always kept up to date, and there are comparatively few complaints received which are not,, in the end, traced to non-delivery of mail, due to insufficient address being given. In addition to the four branches above mentioned, the Administrative Branch consists of a secretary, accountant, clerk, and two stenographers. Surveyors' accounts, to the amount of $516,486, have been checked, and approximately 10,000 letters have been received and answered. The inauguration, during the year, of a new filing system, whereby the survey correspondence is separate from the general correspondence of the Lands Department, has, for the first time, enabled an estimate to be made of the volume of the former. The creation of divisions under responsible chiefs has materially facilitated the carrying-on of the work of the Department, and the gradual absorption by the chiefs of the divisions of minor details of executive work has relieved the pressure on the senior officers, and is tending to an efficiency which would be impossible without a division of authority and control. The following is a resume of the work of the office during the part year:— Field-notes plotted 7,950 Applications dealt with 5,900 New reference maps made 15 Reference maps renewed IS Crown-grant tracings, in duplicate 2,397 Agents' tracings 7,950 Field-notes copied 700 Plans traced 437 Blue-prints made 4,500 Letters answered (approximate) 10,000 Lithographic Maps. In May last, the Sub-Branch, having entire charge of the preparation of maps for publication, was formed under Mr. G. G. Aitken, who resigned from the Geological Survey of Canada to accept the position of Chief Geographer. The Surveys Branch has, in the past, issued maps of sections of the Province and of the Province as a whole. The originals of these maps were prepared by the staff during the season of the year when the pressure of other work was at a minimum. During the past few years, however, there has been no slack season, and consequently few new maps have been prepared; the old ones being reissued from time to time, with little or no alterations or additions. Between May, 1911, and May, 1912, several pre-emptors' maps and sheet maps of portions of Kootenay District were prepared, and a general map of the Province was compiled from information readily available. The latter, however, was a failure from an artistic point of view, and it became evident that the imperative demand of the public for lithographic maps could not be met by the regular staff, if the increasing volume of departmental business was to be attended to efficiently. The formation of the Sub-Branch was then decided upon, and on the appointment of the Chief Geographer in May, two draughtsmen were transferred from the main Branch. To these were added, in August, two lithographic map-writers, and the staff has been subsequently increased by two tracers, one junior draughtsman, one clerk, and one messenger. Owing to the lack of space in the main office, the Sub-Branch has occupied legislative committee-rooms during the year, and has recently moved into quarters vacated by the Water Branch in one of the annexes. While the inconvenience of carrying backwards and forwards plans and field-notes required constantly in either branch is very great, there would appear to be no relief possible until the completion of the new departmental wings, now under construction. The work of the Sub-Branch consists, primarily, of the preparation of the originals of all maps for publication, but to this has been added the copying of official plans which are called for by the District Land Registrars under a statutory provision, and the preparation, for departmental use, of copies of original maps which are becoming illegible from constant wear; the 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Surveyor-General. D 235 entire charge of all lithographic maps, both as to the superintendence of preparation by the publishers and subsequent distribution throughout the Province. The necessity for the formation of such a branch is perhaps best illustrated by the following facts:— The latest map of the Province was published in 1895, and reissued in 1903; that is, if the unsuccessful map, referred to above, and prepared hurriedly at the end of last year, can be disregarded. The sectional maps issued by the Department were not only out of date, but lacked uniformity in style, and, having been prepared at various times to meet temporary conditions, they were not arranged on a definite plan. There was, consequently, in some cases, an overlap of sheets, and in others unmapped intervening sections. The relief afforded to the main Branch in the matter of tracing official maps, particularly in view of the lack of space available, has increased the efficiency of the staff in dealing with general business. In the matter of distribution, it may be pointed out that, while previously no effort was being made to get maps published into the hands of the public, there is now a growing complimentary mailing list, which already amounts to over 400 names. These consist of members of Parliament, all Government officials, land surveyors, editors of newspapers, and others known to be directly interested in the development of the Province. The following scheme has been decided upon with regard to maps to be published by this Sub-Branch:—■ (1.) A general wall-map of the Province on a scale of approximately eighteen miles to the inch, or iA2l000: (2.) District maps on a scale of approximately eight miles to the inch: ' (3.) Land maps of particular sections on a scale of four miles to the inch: (4.) Sheet maps of particular districts on a scale of two miles to the inch: (5.) Pre-emptors' maps on a scale of approximately three miles to the inch. In regard to No. 1, the wall-map of the Province is now in the hands of the publishers, and it is proposed to commence, forthwith, the compilation of a map, to be engraved on copper, which will probably be published in the course of three or four years. In regard to No. 2—district maps—it is the intention to cover the entire Province with a series of maps, showing in greater detail than is possible on the wall-map the various features of the Province. In regard to No. 3, it is proposed that land maps be published of the more settled sections of the country, the scale permitting of the land surveys being shown. It is not the intention to cover the entire Province with maps of this description. In regard to No. 4, it is the intention to issue sheet maps of particular sections. These maps, which will cover one degree in area, will be issued in black and white only, and will incorporate all survey information to date, upon such a scale as to be a convenience to prospectors and others. It is not intended that these maps shall be published in the same style as those already mentioned. They will, however, be brought up to date and reissued from time to time. In regard to No. 5, it is the intention that pre-emptors' maps be issued, covering the entire sections of the Province now being opened up by railway-construction. The primary function of the maps will be for use by land-seekers; they will show all land surveys and will differentiate between lands alienated and lands open for pre-emption. These maps will be for temporary use, and, like No. 4, will not be finished productions. The maps published during the year are as follows :— 1. South-west Portion of British Columbia. 2. Fort George, Pre-emptors' Sheet No. 1. 3. Northern Interior (Reprint of Old Map). 4. British Columbia, showing Reserved Lands. 5. Nechaco, Pre-emptors' Sheet No. 2. 6. Yale District Map. 7. South-east Vancouver Island. 8. Cranbrook Section Map. 9. Peace River, Pre-emptors' Map Sheet No. 5. 10. Coast and Rupert Map. 11. New AVestminster. 12. Stuart Lake, Pre-emptors' Sheet No. 3. D 236 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 13. East and West Kootenay. 14. Northern Interior (New). Total of printed sheets, 92,480. Note.—Attached to the report of the Chief Draughtsman is a price-list of lithographic maps issued by the Department, which are available to the public on application. In addition to the work of the Sub-Branch since its inauguration in May, represented by the above table of maps published, the entire compilation of a wall-map of the Province, showing information available up to December 1st, 1912, has been completed. While all possible care has been taken in the preparation of this map, it must be borne in mind that to produce a map of the Province on a scale of eighteen miles to the inch in four months—which was the maximum time which could be devoted to this work on account of the incessant demand for such a map— precluded it from attaining that degree of accuracy which might have been expected had more time been allowed for the preparation. It is anticipated, however, that this map will meet the present want, and that time will now be given for the preparation of a fuller and better wall-map, to be engraved on copper, which will permit of future corrections periodically, and which will be the standard map of the Province for years to come. Further, this map will be produced on a scale of i ooo ooo' wnlen nas Deen adopted as the international geographical scale. The present map is produced by photo-lithography, and has been prepared in its entirety in the Province of British Columbia. In regard to the other maps in the above list, no further explanation is required in the matter of pre-emptors' maps and sheet maps; but it may be said, in regard to district maps, that, with the exception of the map of the Northern Interior—which is an entirely new production— the old maps have been brought up to date and republished, the object being to satisfy the demand of the public for maps, while the scheme, already referred to, is being worked out by the preparation of entirely new district maps. In addition to the general scheme as set forth, it is proposed to reduce the new wall-map of the Province to a one-sheet map, and on this to delineate the districts into which the Province is divided for administrative purposes,—i.e., under the Land, Land Registry, Assessment, Mining, and other Acts. It is the intention of the Sub-Branch to standardize the form in which each particular class of map is published. It is also the intention of the Sub-Branch to devote considerable attention to the collecting and classifying of geographical information in regard to the Province generally. While it is proposed to adopt, in all cases, the rulings of the Geographic Board in the matter of place-names, it is also proposed to gather and submit to the Board names on which their decision would appear to be advisable. Steps will be taken to obtain from the officers of the various departments of the Dominion Government employed on survey-work throughout the Province information pertaining to the geography of the country, and it is suggested that all branches of the Provincial service engaged on work of a similar nature be instructed to furnish this Branch with such memoranda of the work undertaken by them as will enable the records of same to be readily available when required. Attention is directed to the fact that, if assistance of the character indicated be furnished to this Sub-Branch, the publication of a gazetteer of the Province may readily be undertaken within a short period. FlELH-WORK. During the year 1912, thirty-three surveyors, with parties, were employed for the entire season in carrying out surveys under instructions from this Department, and many other surveyors were employed on similar work for more or less lengthy periods. A small map of the Province, illustrating the distribution of the more important survey parties, accompanies this report. The surveys for the season may be divided into the following classes:— (1.) Definition of district boundaries and base-lines for the control of future surveys: (2.) Connections: (3.) Land surveys in advance of settlement: (4.) Surveys in areas partially occupied: (5.) Surveys of land and coal-areas on Queen Charlotte Islands: (6.) Corrections: Hi I- %• ■r-i • „x «~» r\ ^1 ;;.£ %4 ,^^ . «v. Intersection of the 53rd Parallel and 124th Meridian. The 53rd Parallel at the crossing of the Ulgako River. 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Surveyor-General. D 237 (7.) Explorations: (8.) Inspection. The Province, for administrative purposes, is divided into land districts. In many cases the boundaries of these districts are natural features, such as water-sheds along the summit of a range of mountains, etc. In other cases, however, they are straight lines, laid down on the map. This applies particularly to the boundaries of the Cariboo, Lillooet, and Coast Districts in the middle sections of the Province—that is to say, in the sections now being developed. In the early spring the Chief Astronomer of the Dominion was requested to determine certain geodetic points, and by the time surveying operations could be commenced, stations had been established at the following points:— (1.) The intersection of the 52nd parallel with the Cariboo Road: (2.) The Town of Quesnel: (3.) The 124th meridian, near the 52nd parallel of latitude. The latitude of these points was determined by an expert with the assistance of instruments of precision of an entirely different character from those used by surveyors under ordinary conditions, while the longitude was established by the telegraphic method, all three points being on the old Government Telegraph-line through northern British Columbia. The assistance rendered by the Chief Astronomer in this matter was of the greatest importance, and it is hoped that during the coming season a further series of geodetic points will be established throughout the Province. The 52nd parallel was established, approximately, by Mr. Sidney Williams in 1909, and was used as a base-line in laying out townships extending from the Cariboo Road to the vicinity of the 124th meridian; consequently, when the latitude and longitude of the point of Mr. Williams's line on the Cariboo Road was determined, it was possible to locate the intersection of the 124th meridian with the 52nd parallel, and Messrs. McElhanney and Bishop were on the ground and commenced work on the arrival of a special messenger dispatched from the nearest telegraph-office, notifying them of the position of their starting-point with reference to an established point on the parallel. Mr. McElhanney produced the 124th meridian in a northerly direction for 110 miles to within twenty miles of the surveyed area in the valley of the Nechaco River. Mr. Bishop ran the meridian south a distance of thirty-seven miles to where the Cascade Range barred farther progress. He then travelled by trail a distance of 183 miles and joined Mr. McElhanney at the intersection of the 53rd parallel, and it is interesting to note, when joining Mr. McElhanney, he found him working within a quarter of a mile of the actual intersection. A photograph of the monument established at this intersection is appended, the corner being marked with a wooden post and cairn of rocks, which are clearly shown in the photograph, as well as an iron post which does not appear. Mr. Bishop then ran the 53rd parallel westerly for fifty-seven miles. Mr. A. J. Campbell started from the point established on the Cariboo Road and ran the 52nd parallel sixty miles to the north-east corner of Lillooet District. He then turned south along the east boundary of the district. The reports of Messrs. McElhanney, Bishop, and Campbell are attached to this report. Attention is drawn to the fact that these lines are in all cases boundaries of land districts, and that for administrative purposes their definition is a matter of importance. The lines will also serve as a means of controlling future surveys, and, as there was attached to each party an explorer examining the country, the geographical and economical information obtained is of great value. It is proposed to continue this work during the present year, and it is suggested that men of scientific attainments, such as a botanist and expert forester, might be attached to each party. The establishment of such straight lines in a mountainous country such as British Columbia requires a large party and extensive facilities, and the expense is great. The additional expense occasioned by the attachment of scientific explorers to the party would be relatively small, and, on the other hand, the information obtained by them would probably be of great value. Groundhog Meridian. A large number of coal licences have been located in the vicinity of Groundhog Mountain, Cassiar District, in the last few years, and as the survey of similar extensive coal-areas in other portions of the Province has in the past led to serious difficulties, it was decided to forestall future complications by running governing lines through the area in question. Mr. T. H. Taylor D 238 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 ran a meridian fifty-seven miles in length over the coal-measures, and it is suggested that during the coming year certain parallels be run across these measures. These lines will control the surveys of located coal licences. The report of Mr. Taylor is appended. Connections. Mr. W. P. Unwin, during the early part of the season, and Mr. C. T. Hamilton, during the latter part, ran a continuous traverse along the route of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway from the mouth of the Cheakamus River to the lower end of i\iiderson Lake, near Lillooet, and Mr. G. M. Downton did similar work elsewhere in Lillooet District. These surveys were made for the purpose of connecting existing surveys, and the instructions included the survey of vacant Crown lands suitable for settlement, as far as circumstances would permit. These constitute the more extensive connection surveys, but every surveyor employed by the Government had instructions to tie in any isolated surveys in the vicinity of his work, and in the general instructions issued to all land surveyors attention was drawn to the fact that the Department would not accept the survey of isolated lots, unless connection to an existing survey was given, where practicable, and that the Department was prepared to contribute to the cost of running tie-lines where the length of same exceeded a fixed minimum. A comparatively small proportion of the field-notes of the past season's surveys have, as yet, been received in the office, but it is anticipated that, when all these notes are received and plotted, it will be found that there are comparatively few isolated surveys left throughout the Province. Mr. W. S. Drewry, Inspector of Surveys, in addition to inspection-work, gave a general supervision to the base-line work above referred to, and also ran a traverse from a point on the north boundary of the Railway Belt to the geodetic point established on the 52nd parallel. The character of all above-mentioned wrork is of greater refinement than surveys heretofore undertaken, and represents a serious attempt at creating a groundwork on which the future surveys and maps of the Province may be built. The survey made by Mr. O. B. N. Wilkie along the southerly boundary of Kamloops District is in a class by itself. The boundary between Kamloops and the adjacent districts not having been defined on the ground, considerable confusion has arisen as to its location, and it is now found that the areas surveyed in one district have been designated as situated in the other. Mr. Wilkie has been employed in defining an arbitrary line as a boundary between the two districts. The reports of these surveyors are published herewith. Surveys of Vacant Crown Lands made in Advance of Settlement. Messrs. F. Tupper and A. H. Holland were employed in extending the township system adjacent to the 52nd parallel. Three surveyors, Messrs. D. B. Morkill, A. P. Augustine, and J. A. Walker, were employed along the line of the G.T.P. Railway on the valley of the South Fork of the Fraser River, and while the entire survey is not yet complete, connecting traverse has been run through the one unsurveyed gap. Messrs. Johnson and Christie were employed along the line of the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway, and have surveyed vacant lands so as to form a connection by survey between the work done in 1911 on the South Fork of the Fraser and the North Thompson Rivers. Messrs. G. B. Milligan and J. R. Graham surveyed vacant lands in the Peace River District. This work was assigned to them under contract rates, they being employed on the survey of private applications in this district. Mr. V. Schjelderup, in Ranges 3 and 4, Coast District, continued the surveys made in this district during the past few years by the late Mr. E. P. Colley, who lost his life in the " Titanic " disaster. Messrs. J. F. Templeton and P. A. Landry completed the survey of vacant lands in the valley of the Chilaco River, and connected the surveys of the Blackwater Valley with those along the Nechaco River. Surveys of Crown Land partly under Application. Three parties were employed on Vancouver Island, Mr. H. H. Browne in Rupert District, Mr. A. I. Robertson in Clayoquot District, surveying lands for pre-emption within areas reserved 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Surveyor-General. D 239 for that purpose, and Mr. W. H. Powell in retracing township boundaries in the vicinity of Port Hardy, in Rupert District. Mr. R. H. Lee in the Coldwater Valley, Kamloops District, Mr. E. P. Heywood in Lewis Creek Valley, Kamloops District, Mr. B. C. Affleck in the Kispiox Valley, Mr. L. S. Cokeley in the Bella Coola Aralley, and Mr. James Brady in the Columbia Valley were employed in the survey of lands which were already, to a great extent, in actual occupation by pre-emptors. In addition to the above, several surveyors were employed for short periods on the survey of lands held under pre-emption record in various sections of the Province, such work being frequently undertaken at the request of the Government Agent for the District. The reports of Messrs. Tupper, Holland, Morkill, Augustine, Walker, Johnson, Christie, Milligan, Schjelderup, Landry, Browne, Robertson, Lee, Heywood, Affleck, and Cokeley are published herewith. Survey on Queen Charlotte Islands. The conditions on Queen Charlotte Islands are complicated, in that considerable areas are applied for under the " Land Act" and under the " Coal and Petroleum Act," and in order to prevent a double system of survey being carried out, five surveyors were employed in making a systematic survey of the areas in question. It may be noted that, under the contract system, special allowance was made on Queen Charlotte Islands, owing to the difficulties of survey arising from the dense growth of timber. The following surveyors were employed on Graham Island during the season: Messrs. F. Nash, J. C. A. Long, A. F. Cotton, C. deB. Green, and F. D. Rice. There being a light snowfall only on the islands, at least one party is remaining in the field during the winter. The reports of Messrs. Nash, Cotton, and Green are appended. Correction Survey's. Mr. F. Butterfield was employed on correction surveys, first in the vicinity of Lillooet, and subsequently in the Nechaco townships. Mr. II. C. C. Black was on similar work in the Bulkley Valley. Mr. R. W. Haggen spent the latter portion of the season between Quesnel and Soda Creek. In addition to the above, minor corrections of survey were made in various portions of the Province under special instructions. The reports of the surveyors employed on this work are attached. Exploration Survey. Mr. A. W. Harvey made an exploration in the valleys of the Findlay, Parsnip, and Peace Rivers. Mr. F. C. Swannell covered an extensive area in Cariboo and Cassiar Districts lying to the west of the Parsnip River. Mr. W. C. Meyerstein was attached to a railway reconnaissance party which traversed the Province from Bella Coola to Fort McLeod. The reports of these explorations are attached to this report. Inspection. Mr. W. S. Drewry, Inspector of Surveys, was, as already stated, employed on a connecting traverse between the Dominion Railway Belt survey and the 52nd parallel, and, in addition, on the inspection of surveys in the Lillooet and Cariboo Districts. Mr. Sidney Williams acted as Inspector of Surveys on several occasions during the summer, superintended the outfitting of base-line survey parties in the spring, and in the latter part of the season inspected survey operations on the South Fork of the Fraser River. Mr. W. P. Unwin was relieved by Mr. C. F. Hamilton on the survey along the route of the Pacific and Great Eastern Railway in August, and was employed for several months on the inspection of timber surveys on Vancouver Island and New Westminster District. The reports of Messrs. Drewry and Williams are published herewith. A difficulty in connection with the preparation of this report arises from the fact that in describing the surveying operations sufficient time has not elapsed between the return of the surveyors from the field to permit of a careful compilation of the results obtained by them. In this connection it must be borne in mind that field-work is carried on into November and D 240 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 December, and final survey returns are not usually deposited in this office before January or February of the following year, while the report itself must be concluded by the 31st of December. Attention is drawn to the fact that the report of the Surveyor-General of Dominion lands prepared for each session of the Legislature refers to the operations of the previous fiscal year —ending on 31st March—that is to say, the survey operations described therein are those of the preceding summer. It is impossible, at the present date, to make a comparison between the results obtained under the contract system and that of payment by the day, adopted during the year past. It is probable that the latter will be found to be considerably more costly, but that the standard of the work will be higher. Field-notes of private surveys made during the season are not received in large quantities until January and February. It is therefore impossible to make definite statements in regard to the area surveyed. It is probable, however, that the total will at least equal that of last year in the matter of land, coal, and mineral surveys, while the area of timber surveyed is likely to be considerably in excess of any previous year. In addition to the original survey of Crown lands above referred to, the subdivision of lands already surveyed was made under the direction of this Branch, and during the past year 113 expired timber licences have been examined as to their suitability for subdivision into small holdings for pre-emption or sale by public auction. Survey-notes of those subdivided are now being plotted in this office. No townsites have been surveyed for the Department this year, with the exception of a small addition to the Townsite of Bella Coola, but lands in the vicinity of the City of Vancouver, situated in Hastings Townsite and the Municipality of Point Grey, are being subdivided into, town lots, in anticipation of a sale by public auction. A resurvey of a portion of Gabriola Island, in Nanaimo District was made during the year,, and the final adjustment of this matter is now pending. It is anticipated that surveys of this, character will increase in the future, when it is understood that this Department is prepared, if circumstances appear to warrant it, to undertake the authoritative resurvey of boundaries of Crown-granted areas, under provision for such surveys contained in the amendment to the.- " Land Act" passed at the last session of the Legislature, in which are set forth clearly the conditions as to such resurveys. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, ' G. H. DAWSON, Survey or-Oeneral. 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Surveyor-General. D 241 APPENDIX. Rules and Regulations for the Survey of Timber held under Special Timber Licence, approved by order in council dated june 14th, 1912. General Regulations. (1.) The licence under which timber is held contains a description of the boundaries of the area covered by the licence, and the duty of the surveyor is confined to the definition on the ground of these boundaries. (2.) The licence constitutes the title under which the right to cut timber on a defined area is held. The survey is a final definition of this area by the owner, and the acceptance by notice in the British Columbia Gazette makes the definition of boundaries as shown by the survey notes and plan binding as between the Crown and the owner, except is cases where fraud can be proved. (3.) A survey may be accepted, although some of the boundaries have not been defined upon the ground, if the notes of the survey show that the physical character of the country makes it impossible to run such boundaries; but this Department will not insist on the definition of such boundaries by surveyors subsequently surveying adjacent holdings, and will not undertake to protect the holder of a timber licence against encroaching surveys along boundaries not defined upon the ground. Should gross misrepresentation be shown to have occurred, and it is found possible to define such boundaries, this Department may order the holder of a licence to define them, or they may be defined by the Department and the cost charged against the holder of the licence. (4.) The acceptance of a survey by notice in the British Columbia Gazette shall not prejudice other private rights or interests which may be affected thereby. (5.) It is not the intention of this Department to prevent the holder of a licence from including on survey the timber he obviously intended to secure, but it is not within the power of this Department to permit a surveyor to depart from the strict interpretation of the description contained in the licence under which the timber is held when any private interest is affected thereby, whether such interest was, or may have been, acquired previous or subsequent to the date of issue of the licence under which the limit being surveyed is held. (6.) Any responsibility for interfering with private interests which may be unknown to this Department rests with the surveyor making the survey which so interferes. The surveyor shall notify this Department of such possible interference of other interests with surveys made by him, and should these interests be lands under application as defined in the " Land Act," such statement shall indicate the estimated amount of milling timber per acre on same. Rules for Survey. (1.) The unit of linear measure shall be Gunter's chain of sixty-six (66) feet, and the standard length shall be that adopted by the Dominion of Canada. (2.) When not otherwise required by the Surveyor-General, the magnetic needle may be used in the survey of timber limits, but when so used the magnetic variation must be ascertained and so allowed for that all boundaries shall be run true north and south or east and west as mentioned in the licence under which the limit is held. (3.) The use of the magnetic needle is prohibited where it is found that local attraction interferes seriously with the accuracy of the survey. (4.) The angles of surveyed timber limits shall, where possible, be marked with securely planted posts standing 4 feet above the ground, 4 inches square for a distance of 2 feet from the top, and pointed to shed the water. The posts shall be scribed " T.L.," followed by the number of the special timber licence which they mark, and shall also denote the angle at which any post stands, N.E., N.W., S.E., or S.W., as the case may be. (5.) When an angle of a timber limit falls in a position which cannot be reached, or where a post cannot be securely planted, a witness post shall be placed on the boundary run and scribed " W.P.T.L.," followed by number of the special licence and the bearing and distance in chains, to the corner which it witnesses. 16 D 242 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 (6.) Where possible, three bearing trees shall be taken from every post planted, and shall be blazed on the side toward the post and scribed " B.T.," and the distance from the top of the post to the blaze shall also be marked thereon. The magnetic bearing of each B.T. from the post, together with the distance, shall be carefully taken by the surveyor and entered in his field-notes. (7.) The lines through timber shall be thoroughly blazed, two blazes to be made on each tree quartering on the line, so as to be easily distinguished and traced. (8.) No tree shall be blazed at a greater distance than 6 feet on either side of the line. (9.) Every line tree shall be notched with three notches on the sides in the direction of the line, and its size, kind of timber, and distance from the last angle or corner shall be given in the field-notes. (10.) The surveyor shall carefully note the measurement and bearing of every line run, the crossings of streams, roads, trails, or lines of previous surveys, and the physical character of the country, including the timber thereon. (11.) Connection to existing surveys within one-half a mile must be made. (12.) The survey of a timber limit shall be closed, and the inaccuracy of closing shall not exceed fifty (50) links in latitude and 5 links in departure per mile of boundary. (13.) The identity of the limit surveyed with the area staked by the locator, and described in the licence, shall be established by the surveyor, and a statement of the facts on which this identity is established shall be entered in the field-book. (14.) The survey shall commence at the location post, or, where this cannot be found, at its original position as determined by the best evidence the nature of the case permits of. (15.) Where a mistake has obviously been made in the description, or in the case of an irregular description, or where on survey the limit is found to adjoin a natural boundary, on a previous survey, rules cannot be formulated to cover every case governing departure from the wording of the licence, and each case will be considered on its merits by the Department; however, where the description in the licence calls for a parallelogram forty (40) chains by one hundred and sixty (160) chains, or eighty (80) chains by eighty (80) chains, the limits may be stepped on two opposite sides only; that is, on the east and west or north and south boundaries in equal and opposite jogs of twenty (20) chains, or multiples thereof, provided that the limit has at all points a width of not less than twenty (20) chains between the corners established on the opposite sides. (16.) If the description in the licence is found to cover a greater area than that permitted by law, the area shall be reduced to the legal limit by cutting off one portion, the boundaries established conforming as nearly as practicable to those set out in the licence. Survey of Limits in Groups. (17.) Permission may be given by the Minister of Lands to survey adjoining limits in a group as hereinafter provided, and on the understanding that should one or more limits included in the group be transferred or abandoned, the boundary-lines of the adjoining limits must be surveyed by the owner should the Minister so require, or may be surveyed by the Department at the cost of the owner. (18.) Where a group of adjacent licences described from one another and owned by the same person or persons are surveyed at the same time, the survey may be made from descriptions contained in the licences; provided always that the true position of one licence is determined and is taken as the starting-point of the survey. (19.) Where adjoining licences are owned by the same person, or persons, but are not described from one another, they may be surveyed as a group, provided the area surveyed is in each case identified with that covered by the licence. (20.) The external boundaries only of a group of licences need be defined on the ground; provided always that should any private holdings or vacant Crown land be included in the area so surveyed, the boundaries of the same shall be determined by survey. (21.) The limit of error in closing round a group of licences shall be three (3) chains in latitude and three (3) chains in departure, irrespective of the number of licences included in one block. Tie-lines may be run at the discretion of the surveyor to control the closing error, and notes of such tie-lines shall be returned with field-notes, but the ties need not follow the boundaries of limits forming the block. 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Chief Draughtsman. D 243 (22.) A post as above described shall be planted on the boundaries of the block at the corner of each licence, and shall be marked for the licence which it defines. (23.) The survey of a group of limits will not be accepted unless connected with gazetted surveys, if such connection is practicable, provided such surveys lie within a distance equal to one-half mile for each limit included in the group. REPORT OF THE CHIEF DRAUGHTSMAN. December Slst, 1912. G. H. Daivson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on the work of this office during the calendar year of 1912:— The chief feature of the past twelve' months has been the steady increase in the amount of work to be attended to, due partly to the increase in the actual amount of business, and partly to the more thorough methods adopted in handling same. During the year the staff was reorganized into four different divisions, with a chief in immediate charge of each. This grading of the work has proved satisfactory, the minor executive duties being distributed among the different chiefs of divisions, instead of all being dependent upon one head, as formerly. First Division. The First Division deals with the receiving, plotting, and gazetting of field-notes, the issuing of instructions to surveyors, and attending to technical correspondence with surveyors, Government Agents, and others. During the year 4,791 field-books, containing notes for 6,345 lots, have been received, 7,950 lots have been plotted and gazetted, and tracings prepared and forwarded to the various Government Land Agents. Information has been prepared and instructions issued to the various surveyors employed by the Government. Owing to the change in the law and the approval by Council of regulations governing the survey of timber licences, new methods of dealing with timber surveys have been adopted. A new set of registers has been prepared, and it is now possible to tell at a glance whether any particular licence is surveyed, and, if so, the status of such survey. It may be of interest to note here that up to the end of the year 4,896 licences were surveyed, 1,582 having been surveyed during the past year, and thus leaving about 9,300 licences still unsurveyed. The adoption by the Department of a more definite policy with regard to timber surveys has made possible the gazetting of a large number of surveys held in abeyance pending this decision, and nearly all the arrears have been wiped out. To illustrate the amount of work involved in dealing with any particular survey, the following description is given of the operations necessary: When a field-book is received the proper entries are made on the cover thereof, and notations made in the field-book and district registers. A cursory examination of the notes is then made, and if no serious errors are discovered the notes are plotted in their turn. The draughtsman who plots the notes must see that the survey agrees with the description of the ground, if such is held under application. This necessitates a perusal of the departmental files and other records relating to the parcel in question. He must see that no other interests are adversely affected. This is done by inspection of the reference map, upon which the survey is plotted, in addition to the plotting of the official plan. It is also the duty of the draughtsman to see that the Statutes and the departmental regulations have been complied with in all respects. When this has been done the survey is gazetted, and the proper entries made in the official registers of the Department, after which the notes are filed as permanent records. D 244 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The above is the procedure when the field-notes are found to be in order in all respects. Frequently it is found that corrections of more or less importance are necessary. This occasions correspondence with the surveyor, and the return of the notes, or the holding of same in abeyance, pending adjustment. When a survey is finally plotted and gazetted, a tracing is made and forwarded to the Government Agent for the district in which the lot is situated. Two draughtsmen are continuously engaged on this work. The large amount of railway-construction under way throughout the Province is the means of adding a considerable amount of work to be done by this Division. Railway location plans are plotted on the reference maps, in order that they may be taken into consideration in dealing with the lands through which the lines are located. Special attention is given to the clearing of grants for lands crossed by a railway to determine the priority of rights between the applicant and the railway company. Right-of-way plans are checked to see that they agree with the land surveys, and to determine what lands may be granted for right-of-way purposes. During the year a complete new schedule has been prepared, showing the standing of all surveyed lands along the right-of-way of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway through its entire course through the Province, from Yellowhead Pass to Prince Rupert, a distance of about 702 miles. A similar schedule is being prepared for the lands affected by the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway outside of the Dominion Railway Belt. One draughtsman has been almost continuously employed on work of this nature. Occasionally an additional man is required to keep the work up to date. The following figures are submitted as representing a portion of the work done in connection with railway rights-of-way :— Location plans received 550 miles. Right-of-way plans cleared for Crown-granting 200 „ Right-of-way plans examined and held for correction 416 „ The work of this Division has been kept well up to date throughout the year, and there have been no complaints made to the Department on account of delays which were not occasioned by irregularities in surveys or conflictions which required more or less time to adjust. Second Division. The Second Division consists of three draughtsmen, who are engaged on the clearing of pre-emption records and applications to purchase. Special attention is paid to this work from a surveying standpoint, and in cases where applications are made out of conformity with the system of survey, recommendations are made as to how the land shall be surveyed, or the applicant is advised that his surveyor must apply to this Department for special instructions to survey. With the country gradually filling up and the difficulty in keeping reference maps thoroughly revised, this part of the work of this office is getting more and more difficult and complicated. During the year about 2.000 applications to purchase and about 3,900 applications for preemption records have been dealt with by this Department. Third Division. The duties of the Third Division consist of the preparation of reference maps, the clearing of Crown-grant applications, and supplying information personally applied for by the public. Reference maps are prepared on tracing-linen in order that they may be blue-printed for distribution. Each map shows all surveys, together with all unsurveyed timber licences, preemptions, and applications in the territory covered. There are at present seventy-nine such maps in existence. Most of the maps were originally drawn on a scale of two miles to an inch. This was found to be the most suitable scale up to within the last two or three years, the chief advantage being that a large amount of territory could be shown on one map. With the filling- up of the country, however, it has become necessary in many cases to show a great deal of information on small spaces, resulting in the necessity of adopting the one-mile-to-an-inch scale, and the consequent quadrupling of the number of maps. A schedule of prices at which blue- 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Chief Draughtsman. D 245 prints of these reference maps are supplied to the public is appended to this report. (See Appendix.) While the blue-prints are sold at about the cost of preparing same, this is done only as a convenience to the public, and the accuracy of the maps is not guaranteed, nor do they show in all cases whether any particular parcel is vacant Crown land or not. As the primary function of the compilation is departmental, it is necessary to carry a lot of information which is not intelligible except to the officers of the Department. The necessity of using a lot of information not founded on actual survey, but supplied by roughly drawn sketches submitted by various applicants and prospectors, accounts for the large inaccuracies frequently found on the maps. They are, however, gradually being eliminated as the survey of the country proceeds. The present season's surveys have already been the means of correcting a large number of these errors, and when the survey returns for the year are complete, the number of what are known departmentally as " floating surveys "—that is, surveys not tied to a connected group—will be materially reduced, and it will be possible to prepare maps which will be a decided improvement on many now in use. This part of the work of the office is considerably in arrears, as it is found impossible, with the present staff and accommodation, to effectively cope with the situation. The life of a map under present conditions is only from one to two years, according to the amount of usage which it receives. This means that about 75 per cent, of the maps should be redrawn each year. This it has been found impossible to do during the past year; however, with the increased number of lithographed maps being issued, resulting in less frequent use of reference maps by the public, and more care exercised in the handling in the office, it is hoped to increase the life of the maps considerably. The practice, concerning coal licences, of changing the number each time a licence is renewed is a feature which tends to destroy the maps. During the year, eighteen maps have been redrawn and fifteen have been retraced, making a total of thirty-three new maps placed into use during the year, being less than 50 per cent. of the total number of maps. The draughtsman in charge of this Division, besides supervising the preparation of maps, attends to the clearing of Crown-grant applications. This is an important detail of the work of this office, as with the lack of properly connected surveys, and the different kinds of title which may be acquired under the various Acts governing the disposal of Crown lands, great care must be exercised in this final clearance of grants. During the year, 2,400 applications for grants were dealt with, as well as a considerable number of applications for leases of different descriptions, for which the exact figures are not available at time of writing. The plotting and clearing of applications for coal licences, and the changing of the numbers on the reference maps of renewals of coal licences, are also dealt with in this Division. Another important function of the Third Division is the supplying of information to persons who apply for same at the counter. This consists generally of showing and explaining reference maps and placing at the disposal of the public such field-notes or other records of the Department as may be applied for. The lack of accommodation is perhaps more apparent in this connection than in any other branch of the office. It is not an uncommon occurrence to see the hallway in front of the public counter full of people waiting for others to vacate the counter- space. Many cases arise when it becomes necessary to provide tables in the office for persons wishing to make copies of records. Fourth Division. The Fourth Division of the Branch deals with the preparation and supplying of information applied for through the mails. This consists chiefly of copying field-notes and tracing official plans. Letters requesting blue-prints of reference maps are also dealt with. As the greater amount of the information is supplied to surveyors, who use same in the field in connection with surveying operations, it is a matter of importance that the copies of records supplied are faithful copies of the originals, and that all necessary information be furnished. Inaccurate copies of notes or lack of sufficient information might lead to errors of surveys, which would be difficult and expensive to correct. Precaution is therefore taken to have all information as complete and accurate as possible before sending it out. D 246 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 This is the only revenue-producing division of the office, as a fee is charged for all copies of records made, unless same are required by surveyors employed on Government surveys or for other Government purposes. The greater portion of the revenue arises from the sale of blue-prints. During the past year extensive alterations have been made in the blue-printing establishment. One of the old mercury vapour machines has been discarded and replaced by a " Blue Streak " machine. The new machine prints from four to five times as fast as the old machine, and takes a tracing, if necessary, 56 inches in width, whereas on the old machine the limit was 42 inches. A drying- cabinet has also been installed, and it is possible now to print from tracings of any practical size, and to deliver a dry print within a very few minutes. The expenditure in this connection is amply justified by the increased efficiency and the consequent convenience to the public and the Department. It may here be noted that the work of the blue-printing establishment is not confined to the Surveyor-General's Branch, a large amount of work being done for the Public Works, as well as for the various branches of the Lands and other Government departments. During the year, 3,023 letters applying for blue-prints and information have been dealt with, and the entire revenue amounts to $4,875.97. Tracings of official plans for the purpose of attaching to Crown grants and leases are also made, and 2,397 such tracings were made in duplicate during the past twelve months. In addition to the work outlined above, a considerable amount of general work has been done for which no statistics are available—such as the preparation of various reports in connection with the administration of lands, and the supplying of information to different branches of the various Government departments. A thorough cleaning-up and sorting of material in the vault was effected during the summer, and some more or less valuable information, in the form of files and plans, were unearthed and indexed, and thus rendered available for reference. An installation of modern steel filing- cabinets in the lower vault is a necessity which will require to be met shortly. The chief difficulty under which the office is working is the lack of adequate space. This applies to practically all branches of the work and interferes with the efficiency of the staff. Every available inch of space is fully occupied, and the space allotted to each draughtsman is barely half of what is usually allowed in other Government departments and railway draughting- rooms. The overcrowding is such that some members of the staff are compelled to spend the greater part of their time at desks in the vault, where the ventilation leaves much to be desired. A certain amount of relief has been afforded by the organization of the Geographic Sub- Branch, which is now located in one of the annexes, although some inconvenience is occasioned by this arrangement, as frequently plans and other records required in the general office are found to be in the annex. I have, etc., J. E. Umbach. APPENDIX. Departmental Reference Maps. Price-list of Blue-prints. 1. West Coast, V.I. (Barclay Sound, southerly) Scale, y2 inch to 1 mile. .$2 00 la. West Coast, V.I. (Barclay Sound, northerly) Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 2. West Coast, V.I. (Nootka District) Scale, y2 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 3. Rupert District , „ ,, . . 2 00 3a. 'San Josef Townships Scale, 40 chains to 1 inch. . 1 00 36. Rupert District, Tp. 23-25, 32-35 Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 1 00 4. Coast and Sayward Districts Scale, % inch to 1 mile.. 3 00 5. New Westminster District ,, ,, ,, . . 3 00 6a. 'Nicola Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile.. 2 00 66. Princeton „ „ „ . . 2 00 3 Geo. 5 Report of the Chief Draughtsman. D 247 6c. Ashnola River Scale, % inch to 1 mile. .$1 00 7a. Kettle River , Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 76. 'South half of Okanagan Lake to Boundary Line „ „ „ . . 2 00 7c. North half of Okanagan Lake „ „ „ . . 2 00 Id. Lumby and vicinity ,, „ . . 2 00 11. Clearwater River Setle, % inch to 1 mile. . 1 00 11a. North Thompson Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 116. North part of North Thompson , ,, „ . . 2 00 12. Ranges 2 and 3, Coast District Scale, y2 inch to 1 mile. . 3 00 13. Gardner Canal „ „ ..100 14. Ranges 4 and 5, Coast District „ „ „ . . 3 00 14a. Portion of Skeena River and Kitsumkalum 'Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 3 €0 15. Moresby Island Scale, % inch to 1 mile.. 2 00 16a. South half of Graham Island Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 166. North half of Graham Island „ „ „ . . 2 00 17. Portland Canal Scale, % inch to 1 mile.. 1 00 17a. Skeena River from Lome Creek to Kispiox River Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 176. Naas and Kitwancool „ ,, „ . . 2 00 18. Moose Lake and South Fork of Fraser River Scale, y2 inch to 1 mile. . 1 00 20. Moricetown and Bulkley River „ „ „ . . 2 00 21a. Fraser Lake and Nechaco Townships Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 216. Francois Lake and Ootsa Lake 2 00 21c. Douglas Channel Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 22. South Fork of Fraser River Scale, % inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 22a. Fort George and vicinity Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 226, Portion of Nechaco River and Clucnlz Lake „ „ „ . . 2 00 22c. Black Water and Mud River , „ „ . . 2 00 22a\ Fraser River, south to Quesnel „ „ „ . . 2 00 22e. Reserve on South Fork of Fraser River Scale, y2 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 23. Barkerville and Quesnel Lake „ „ „ .. 2 00 24a. Anderson and Seton Lakes, Lillooet „ ,, „ . . 2 00 246. Fraser River, Lillooet District Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 25. Portion of Ranges 2 and 3, Coast „ „ „ . . 2 00 26. Islands around Porcher Island „ „ ,, . . 1 00 26a. Porcher Island „ „ „ .. 1 00 27. Cariboo and Lillooet 'Scale, % inch to 1 mile. . 3 00 27a. Fraser River (Alexandria, southerly) Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 3 00 28. North part of Babine Lake Scale, y2 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 28a. Stuart and Babine Lakes Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 29a. Anaham and Abuntlet Lake , „ ., . . 2 00 296. Nazco and Chilcotin Rivers , „ ,> . . 2 00 30. Bonaparte River and Green Lake „ „ „ .. 2 00 31. Bulkley Valley „ „ „ . . 3 ^° 32. Chilco Lake Scale, y2 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 33. Klene-na-klene River „ „ „ .. 1 00 34. Lot 4593 Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile.. 2 00 35. Islands, S.E. of Vancouver Island ,, ,, ,, . . 2 00 37. Horsefly Lake Scale, % inch to 1 mile. . 1 00 38. 'Skeena and Stilrine Rivers Scale. 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 39. Euchiniko Lake ,. ,. ., . . 1 00 40. Tetachuck and Euchu Lakes Scale, y2 inch to 1 mile. . 1 00 41. Peace River „ „ „ . . 1 00 42. Big Bend. Kootenay District „ „ ■■ . . 3 00 45. iS.E. Foreshore of Vancouver Island 1 00 46. Saanich District and Islands 1 00 47. Peace River, west of Dominion Government Reserve 1 00 1- 3. Kootenay, Robson, and Nelson vicinity Scale, 1 inch to 1 mile. . 2 00 4- 6. Kootenay and Moyie Lakes ,, ., ,, . . 2 00 7- 9. Elko vicinity „ „ „ . . 2 00 10-11. Sparwood and Elk River „ „ ,, .. 2 00 12-14. Fort Steele and Kootenay Lake „ „ „ . . 2 00 15-17. Slocan and Lower Arrow Lakes , ,, ,.• . . 2 00 18-20. Upper Arrow Lake and Lardo vicinity ,, „ ,. . . 2 00 21-23. Hawser Lake and Windermere Lake „ ., •• . . 2 00 24-25. White River and Elk River „ „ „ ..200 27-29. Glena, and portion of Columbia and Kootenay Rivers „ ,, ,, . . 2 00 30-32. Trout Lake and Upper Arrow Lake „ ,, ,, .. 2 00 Note.—These reference maps show lands alienated and apnlied for. "Timber Limits." " Coal Licences." etc., surveyed and unsurveyed. They are compiled from all available data and are constantly being amended, and their accuracy is therefore not guaranteed. They were prepared originally for Departmental use, and. having proved of value to the public, are now on sale. D 248 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 REPORT ON CONNECTION SURVEYS IN LILLOOET AND CARIBOO DISTRICTS. By W. S. Drewry. December 31st, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report that on June 29th I left Victoria for Ashcroft, where settlement was made of affairs of the party under Mr. McDiarmid, of the Dominion Observatory Staff, who had been engaged in the accurate astronomic determination of the latitudes and longitudes of several points to be used in control of Provincial surveys for the present, and in the future connected with the triangulation net of the geodetic survey. As arranged before leaving Victoria, a party was formed and a traverse of the Cariboo Road commenced at the crossing of the north boundary of the Railway Belt, near the north-west corner of Section 24, Township 23, Range 26 west of the 6th meridian, and extended northerly along the road to the observatory at Knife Creek, near the 52nd parallel, situated a short distance north of the boundary between the Land Districts of Lillooet and Cariboo, connecting all surveys encountered for several miles on either side of the road. This work, as shown in my report of 191.1, was required for the rectification of maps which, in places, were so seriously in error as to render them useless as a guide to land-seekers, and of little utility for administrative or any other purpose. The traverse marked on the ground by posts as far as completed will also suffice as a base from which future surveys may be extended, or to which they may be connected. Since, where no other surveys exist, the positions of posts about a mile apart were permanently referenced by driving bars of 1-inch angle-iron 2% feet into the ground, distant from the posts one link in the direction of the preceding stations. Bearing trees were marked and carefully noted at aU points where iron posts were placed. The wooden posts planted at deflection stations were marked " R.T." and numbered consecutively north from the Railway Belt, the station at that point being 0. The iron bars planted were marked with the number of the adjacent post (as 169), and cairns built about the posts, covering the bars. In addition to that of the main road, traverses were run for some mites along the Mound Road near Clinton and the Canoe Creek Road, which crosses the country toward the Fraser River in a north-westerly direction from 57-Mile Creek, on the Cariboo Road. By the former traverse a number of lots east of the main road, and in the Bonaparte Valley, were tied in; while by the latter many lots west of the road, in what is known as the Beaver Dam country, were connected, so that an accurate map of that section may now be constructed. Mr. H. N. Smith had previously commenced near 70-Mile House, and carried a survey along the Green Lake Road easterly into the Bonaparte plateau, and had run a line north to Canim Lake, which he traversed. He also carried a traverse from the main road at 100-Mile House, on Bridge Creek, along the road to Canim Lake, where connection was made with his other work. All the traverse surveys above mentioned having now been connected with each other and' the observatory at Knife Creek, near the 52nd parallel, a framework has been accomplished joining many surveys formerly isolated, and to which future surveys may be easily referred and located upon maps in their proper geographical positions. Some further work remains to be done in connecting a few detached surveys; but, in the main, an area embracing over 2,000.000 acres has been blocked out as above described, so as to permit control in the making of future detail surveys and explorations. In addition to the above, when traversing the Cariboo Road, elevations were measured from the boundary of the Railway Belt to the 52nd parallel of latitude by reading vertical angles from station to station, thus permitting the drawing of a profile of the country passed over. The Dictionary of Altitudes, issued by the Geological Survey of Canada, gives 3,040 feet as the altitude of Clinton above mean sea-level, and this height will be used in constructing the profile to avoid confusion, although our aneroids carried between Ashcroft and Clinton would make the altitude of Clinton some 180 feet lower. There are, however, no data available Pack-train on the Bella Coola Trail. Looking up Moberly Pass, Peace River District. South end of Survey on 124th Meridian. Showing mountains which prevented continuation of the line. 3 Geo. 5 Connection Surveys in Lillooet and Cariboo. D 249 as to variations of pressure during the intervals of travel, so that great confidence cannot be placed in the result. Moreover, if it is found in the future that the datum adopted is not a true one, a constant can be applied to the elevations shown by the profile. Methods employed. The bearings of courses between posts are referred to astronomic meridians determined at stations about ten miles apart, which will be shown on the plan returned by a triangle. Commencing at one of the above stations, the azimuths of the successive courses were ascertained by angular measurements taken with a 5-inch C. L. Berger & Sons alt-azimuth instrument, cut to 30 ", and read by estimation to 15". The angles were measured by turning the telescope clockwise horizontally, instead of transiting as commonly done, with the result that the greatest closing error found was 2' 35", which occurred through fifty-three angles, compensation having probably taken place to some extent. The closing errors were computed by carrying the bearings through to succeeding observation points by the usual methods; thence the amount of " convergence," plus or minus, due to the departure, was added to the bearing by account, the difference between that sum and the bearing determined by astronomic observation at the point closed on being the closing error in azimuth. Linear measurements were made with Lallie tapes 5 and 6 chains long, read to tenths of a link. Each course was measured twice, and, unless there was close agreement, a third measurement was made, and the mean of the two agreeing most closely taken as the true distance. Slope-chainage was used throughout, so it is thought that the error is not greater than 1% links in any one mile. In computing latitudes and departures, bearings are carried forward by angles read to fifteen seconds; but fifteen seconds are omitted in taking out the logarithmic sines and cosines, while the logarithms for half-minutes are used; and if the bearing contains forty-five seconds, the logarithm of the succeeding minute is taken. This method saves labour and corresponds approximately to the degree of accuracy of the chainage; for by neglecting fifteen seconds in some cases, and in others adding a like amount, the errors arising will probably compensate in correspondence with the accuracy of the other parts of the work. Each traverse course has been computed to the fourth decimal place, or one one-hundredth of a link. This has been done to ensure correctness in the third decimal place from the data used, and is not to be taken as indicating a preciseness greater than heretofore stated. It is hoped, however, that the results arrived at will prove sufficiently accurate for all practical purposes. General Report on Country Traversed. My report of 1911 outlined a brief description of the country between the Railway Belt on the south, Quesnel Lake and River on the north, the North Thompson and Clearwater Rivers on the east, and the Fraser River on the west, and called attention to its possibilities, together with certain measures which it was thought might be profitably undertaken to assist in its development. This season's operations, while confining observation and study to a more limited area, have greatly strengthened the favourable impression formed, and induce further comment for your consideration. Introductory to such comment, it is proposed, with your permission, to quote from the above-mentioned report as follows :— " Owing to lack of convenient transportation facilities, the region as a whole has in the past been primarily a grazing and dairying country; but there are considerable areas suitable to mixed farming, since, except on the higher portions of the plateau, wheat, oats, and ordinary garden vegetables are successfully grown. Excellent sweet corn—' roasting ears,' as described by the new settler from whom they were obtained—was grown on the plateau south of Kersley at an elevation of 2,100 feet above the sea. Some of the finest potatoes I have ever seen, grown at an elevation of about 2,500 feet, were purchased at 141-Mile House, in the San Jose Valley. Potatoes, carrots, onions, radishes, and lettuce of good growth and excellent quality were D 250 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 obtained at Canim Lake, about 2,500 feet above the sea. All the garden produce above mentioned was stated to have been grown without irrigation, as were some fine fields of oats on McNeill's ranch, south of Canim Lake. " While, as stated, there appear to be considerable areas suitable to mixed farming, a large percentage of the whole seems to be grazing country and timber reserves. The grazing area is not confined to the open country, but embraces a large acreage covered with forests of fine fir, under cover of which bunch-grass, peavine, etc., grow. Excellent summer pasturage therefore abounds, while hay meadows are fairly plentiful, and are strategic points commanding the summer pasture, which must be supplemented in winter by hay cut upon the meadows." The building of a railway through the Eraser Valley from Fort George to Lillooet is now a settled fact, and the construction of roads completing a vein system, which logically follows, will make those lands within several miles of the railway at once available for settlement and the production of crops of various kinds. But the great interior plateau between the Fraser and North Thompson Rivers, while containing much good agricultural land, yet is of such physical character, and the tillable land is so situated, as to make it doubtful whether immediate further railway-construction in that area would be a paying investment, although the mineral and timber resources may in the future materially aid in doing so. While distance from rail transportation might render the growing of grain and its direct marketing unprofitable, there yet remains the highly remunerative possibility of producing hay, grain, root, and other crops, and so utilizing them that they will move themselves to the rail in the shape of beef cattle, hogs, sheep, etc. So also, in the case of dairy products, while it might cost from $5 to $50 to move a ton of hay or similar produce to the rail, the concrete result in the form of butter and cheese could be so moved for a very small fraction of the amount where goods roads were available. In view of the rapidly rising prices of food, it seems important that country capable of producing should be brought to your attention, together with information gained from statements of those now living in the country, who have experience of climatic and other physical conditions, and from observation. Inquiry elicited that, in bygone years, with a greater local market owing mostly to mining, a number of ranchers went quite extensively into dairying, where now little, if any, is done. The advent of closer railway connection with large markets, followed by the establishment of creameries and cheese-factories, it is thought would give immediate fresh impetus to agricultural industry, and aid greatly in attracting settlers to those sections believed to be peculiarly adapted to dairying and stock-raising. The lands in Clinton Creek Valley, and contiguous to the Cariboo Road from Bridge Creek to 150-Mile House, have, in the course of years, nearly all been acquired from the Crown; but much of the adjoining land seems to be equally as good, and where at greater elevation would seem to have the advantage of increased precipitation, as indicated by the vegetation. Considerable areas of good land also exist in the Bonaparte and Bridge Creek basins, and in what is known as the " Horsefly " country, east of 150-Mile House. From Clinton Valley the main road passes over what is locally known as " the mountain," which is a high plateau lying at an elevation of from 3,500 to 4,200 feet above the sea, the distance across it by road being about forty-five miles. Here and there rounded, fir-crowned hills thrust up several hundred feet above the surrounding country—the intervening stretches, plentifully dotted with lakes and hay meadows, being generally covered by open grassy forest, which in some localities gives place to willow swales. A considerable amount of the land in question, especially in the higher portions, was noted as containing boulders of varying size, which, while they might impede cultivation, do not appear to prevent the luxuriant growth of grass and timber. Up to an elevation of 3,600 feet excellent crops of cereals and vegetables are grown. It is reported that in former years good oats and garden vegetables were also produced at 70-Mile House, 3,800 feet above the sea. These statements are not advanced in advocacy of settlement of this area as tillable land, but as bearing on comfortable occupancy by persons who might engage in dairying and cattle- raising, particularly the latter. From the plateau above mentioned a descent of about 800 feet is made into Bridge Creek Valley at 100-Mile House, whence the road winds north-westerly over low ridges and across 3 Geo. 5 Connection Surveys in Lillooet and Cariboo. D 251 intervening valleys to 111-Mile Creek and Lac La Hache, from which, after following the south shore of this lake some twelve miles, San Jose Valley is entered, and traversed nearly to 150-Mile House. The region passed through is a fine park-like country with numerous lakes of clear water, the largest of which is Lac La Hache, a really beautiful sheet some twelve miles long, and from one-half to one mile wide. The open glades produce bunch-grass in abundance, it also growing plentifully in the open forest and groves of poplar, which in many places have apparently replaced the ancient fir forest destroyed long ago by fire. The valley lands seem to be eminently suited to dairying, while the higher, rougher hill portions appear to afford good range for cattle. From questioning those engaged in cattle-raising, it appears advisable to put up about one ton of wild hay for each head of stock to ensure against undue loss in winter, particularly toward spring, when alternate thawing and freezing forms a crust which cattle cannot break through to reach the grass underneath. Some ranchers do not think it necessary to put up over half a ton of hay per animal; but this would seem to possibly be taking an unwarranted and unprofitable risk. The general concensus of opinion gathered was that each head of cattle requires about 10 acres of range for sustenance; because bunch-grass and peavine, if grazed too closely, gradually disappear through insufficient seeding taking place. Judging from information gained in the Alberta foot-hills during the days of large cattle-ranches, it is thought that the acreage deemed requisite is about right. It was also generally claimed that pre-emptions of 160 acres are much too small in dairying and cattle-raising districts. There would appear to be some reason in this, since, while 160 or even 40 acres might be ample where fruit-growing or similar concentrated effort is required, when most of the land is used for pasture, a much larger acreage may be necessary to conduct operations in a profitable way. Basing opinion on the assumption that economic use is the prime object to be attained, it is thought that a solution might possibly be reached by granting pre-emptions of increased acreage of valley lands, and leasing only to settlers surrounding hill lands as range, limited as to quantity by the cattle owned, allowing for the natural increase of herds. It also seems possible that by increasing the area of pre-emption claims in outlying districts, not adjacent to railway or water communication, incentive might be added to the settlement, of more remote portions of the Province, suited naturally to the raising of cattle and other stock, which may be driven over rough roads and trails, such as must of necessity be encountered in the early stages of settlement of country possessing the physical characteristics of a large area of this Province. System of Survey. The above leads naturally to consideration of survey methods for the economical accomplishment of obtaining information permitting the making of correct maps for the guidance of intending settlers, and giving security in subsequent making of improvements. Had the circumstances of years ago made it possible to have adopted the New Zealand system of parcelling the public domain, it would probably have been found most suitable to this Province; but the time requisite for basic work and the adoption of a method of rectangular lots with meridional boundaries would seem to now make a modification of the New Zealand system the most expeditious and economical in the country discussed, which settlement is approaching. Under your direction during the past season, among other works, a beginning has been made by marking upon the ground the boundaries between certain land districts, a portion of the 124th meridian, and a traverse of the Cariboo Road, connecting many formerly isolated surveys. It is respectfully recommended that work of the above character be extended, and that well-marked connecting traverses should be made through valleys, following the line of least resistance, the whole forming a skeleton upon which future detail surveys may be built up. By the attachment of one or more competent explorers to each survey party engaged in this basic work, belts of country about twenty miles wide, extending along lines run, might be examined and mapped approximately, with descriptions of soil and vegetation. The resulting maps would probably be of very great value both to land-seekers and for administrative D 252 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 purposes, since they would indicate not only sections toward which settlers desiring to follow certain lines of agricultural pursuits might be directed, but would also enable the prosecution of lot surveys in advance of settlement with the greatest economy. While valley lands could be divided into portions having the area of pre-emptions after the method now followed, it is respectfully suggested that those for range purposes should be laid off in blocks containing four lots of 640 acres each. Taking 10 acres per head as the allowance for cattle, a block as above proposed would provide pasture for 256 animals. If a settler needed more range than his pre-emption afforded, it could be secured by leasing one or more lots, or a block or blocks, according to his requirements. By running only the exterior lines of blocks a considerable economy in survey charges might be effected; yet each lot would have three corners marked upon the ground, and could be easily segregated if circumstances rendered such a course necessary. Your attention is drawn to the importance of obtaining information as to precipitation during the summer months, it being of great moment to agriculturists. It is thought possible that by co-operation with the Forestry Branch, which is understood to be organizing a system of forest patrol, very valuable data might be secured at comparatively trifling cost by establishing rain gauges of the " tipping " variety along the routes followed by forest rangers. These gauges register rainfall by hundredths of an inch, so that if occasional readings were noted, together with the date of record, the amount of precipitation occurring during the intervals might be learned at very small expense, and tabulated by land recording districts, thus assisting in building up a fund of information useful to persons intending to occupy land. In regard to inspection of surveys, it is respectfully suggested that printed forms be furnished to surveyors making surveys at the instance of private parties, and that before commencing such work the surveyor be required to fill in a form and forward it to your office, stating that he is about to make a particular survey, and expects to complete it on or about a certain date. As matters now stand, notes of a survey, made perhaps in the early summer, may not be returned to the Department until the following winter, that being the first advice of the prosecution of such work. If inspection is deemed necessary, the notes may have to be held in abeyance until the following survey season, thereby possibly entailing inconvenience to the holder of the land; while if advance advice were required as above suggested, the cost of a postage-stamp is all the damage that would be done where inspection was not thought necessary; but, if deemed advisable, might be made soon after the completion of a survey, thus facilitating the securing of title in such cases. I have, etc., W. S. Drewry, Inspector of Surveys. INSPECTION OF SURVEYS. By Sidney Williams. December 4th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following summary of my inspection of surveys during 1912:— Lot 1731, New Westminster District. On March 16th I visited this lot, situated a few miles west of Sechelt, in order to ascertain whether the survey-work upon the ground accorded with the field-notes submitted by the surveyor. I found that this survey had been made in a certain form upon the ground and afterwards the plan and notes had been changed by the surveyor and forwarded to the Department, while the work upon the ground had been allowed to remain as originally surveyed, causing lines and posts shown in the notes to have no existence upon the ground. 3 Geo. 5 Inspection of Surveys. D 253 As a result of this investigation, this surveyor was summoned before the Corporation of British Columbia Land Surveyors and his certificate was suspended for one year. Organizing Transport for Government Surveys. On May Sth I proceeded to Cariboo District to arrange the transport service and provisioning of five Government survey parties which were shortly to follow. These parties were under the charge of Messrs. McElhanney, Bishop, Holland, Tupper, and Haggen. After gathering pack- horses or obtaining teams and wagons according to the requirements of each party, arranging for transport of men and camp equipage from Ashcroft, and placing provisions at various points for the use of the parties on arrival, I returned to Victoria on May 22nd. Lot 364, Sayward District. On June 27th I visited Murielle Island to investigate and correct Lot 364, situated on Hoskyn Inlet. I found that a considerable part of this lot overlapped the north half of Indian Reserve No. 10, also that the relative positions of the Indian reserve at Lot 450 were incorrectly placed upon the Government map-sheets; a small part of Lot 450 also overlapped the remainder of the Indian reserve. As both the surveyors of Lots 450 and 364 had used the old post at the south-east corner of the Indian reserve as a corner of the lots surveyed by them, and had failed to report its existence or to ascertain the existence of the reserve, both surveyors were responsible for the trouble and expense incurred by the Department. The owner of Lot 364 had also made valuable improvements upon the Indian reserve, which were a total loss to him. After making a resurvey of the Indian reserve, at all four corners of which I found posts standing in good rock mounds, and after placing new posts which were necessary in order to cut out the overlapping portions of Lots 364 and 450, I returned to Victoria on July 6th. South Fork of Fraser River. On August 12th I proceeded to the South Fork of the Fraser River via Edmonton, travelling by the new G.T.P. Railway to head of navigation at Tete Jaune Cache. My object was to visit the various Government survey parties working upon the reserve between Tete Jaune Cache and the Grand Canyon, also to inspect some extensive surveys made last season. These parties were working by " day-work," the entire cost of the work being itemized and defrayed by the Government. After careful inspection of the work being done by these surveyors, as well as that of Messrs. McElhanney and Hewitt last year, which was also " day-work," I take great pleasure in testifying to its real excellence, as it was in every respect far in advance of the contract work inspected by me last season. I am not yet aware of the comparative cost of the two systems, as complete accounts are not yet received; but if, as I anticipate, it be found that the day-work system does not greatly exceed the old contract method in cost, in future the day-work system should be entirely adhered to in spite of the extra work devolving upon the Department by its use. During my stay in this valley I was very favourably impressed with the excellent agricultural land existing there, and I venture to predict that when railroad transportation is forthcoming this part of the Fraser River will become one of the most prosperous farming districts in the Province. My work of inspection occupied about three months, and I returned to Victoria on September 11th. Subdivisions. During the season I have also inspected and reported upon various subdivisions the plans of which had not satisfied the various Municipal Councils before which they had been laid. My suggested amendments have, I believe, been generally adopted. I have, etc., Sidney Williams, Inspector of Surveys. D 254 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 REPORT ON SURVEY OF 124th MERIDIAN. By W. G. McElhanney. December 11th, 1912. O. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Instructions were received from your Department in May, 1912, to survey the 124th meridian northward from its intersection with the 52nd parallel. This point of intersection had been previously established by Sidney Williams, B.C.L.S., in the season of 1909, by a line run westward from a point of observation on the Cariboo Road. In May, 1912, Mr. F. A. McDiarmid, of the Dominion Observatory, reobserved at this point, with the result that the established position of the above intersection was found to be latitude 51° 59' 28" and longitude 123° 58' 48.3" This necessitated a change in the position of the meridian, the parallel being allowed to remain as it had been run. The meridian was moved 68 chains westward, and the markings of that portion of it already run (16 miles) were obliterated. R. P. Bishop, B.C.L.S., had been instructed to survey the 124th meridian south from the same starting-point, so we arranged to take our parties in together and observe conjointly at the newly established intersection. The starting-point was reached by way of wagon-road from 150-Mile House on Cariboo Road across to Chilcotin River at Hanceville; thence up the Chilcotin River and Chilanko River to Redstone Indian Reserve. There is a good wagon-road up the Chilcotin from its junction with the Chilanko as far as Sherringham's. Later on in the season the only means of access to the country in which we were surveying was by trail up the Blackwater, Euchiniko, and Mud Rivers. These are only pack-horse trails and have had no work done on them, except cutting out a few trees. From the meridian to the wagon-road by trail down the Blackwater is a distance of forty-five miles, down the Euchiniko about the same, and down the Mud about thirty-eight miles, so that supplies obtained at Quesnel had to be brought from eighty-five to ninety miles to reach the line. On account of our distance from the base of supplies we required a considerable pack-train. Thirty-seven horses were procured by Mr. Sidney Williams in Chilcotin for the two parties, and these were supplemented as the season advanced and occasion demanded. The supplies for the first month were obtained from Clinton; for the next two months from Norman Lee, Chilcotin; and for the last two months from Quesnel, as we proceeded northward. Our instructions were not only to survey the line, but also to explore the country on both sides as far as we were able, mapping all rivers and outstanding physical features, getting elevations of mountains, etc. One or two men were fully occupied at this work during the entire season. The country explored varied from eight to twelve miles on each side of the line. All creeks in this vicinity were traversed, lakes and meadows located, general drainage noted, elevations taken, and the main physical features sketched. A topographical map showing this information accompanies this report. Since a barometric profile of the line was required, and we had no bench-mark in the vicinity, an aneroid reading was taken at the starting-point, and from this reading the relative elevations of all mile-posts, tops of ridges, bottoms of valleys, rivers, and lakes were taken. One aneroid was kept in camp as a check, one was used on line, and one used for exploration- work. The performance of the barometers was not satisfactory. In cases of sudden changes of barometric pressures the relative readings of the barometers changed by as much as 500 feet, so a trigonometric level of the line was run throughout the entire distance, the elevations carefully checked; and corrections made to the aneroid readings of the topographical work. It was hoped that we would be able to reach the G.T.P. and check our elevation, but we were unable to get that far this season, so that the elevations recorded are relative only. The profile is appended to this report. Thermometer readings were taken morning, noon, and night; maximum and minimum readings each day; general weather conditions, such as clouds, rainfall, etc. A table giving this data is appended. The transit used was a 614-inch Berger reading to 20 inches on the horizontal circle and to 30 inches on the vertical circle. Observations on Polaris we're taken upon every favourable opportunity. Except in a few instances, these observations were taken in the daytime just 3 Geo. 5 Survey of 124th Meridian. D 255 before leaving the line. Travelling over the line was so difficult at night that night observations were avoided as much as possible. During July and August great difficulty was experienced in observing on account of smoke from near-by forest fires. The line was double-chained throughout; slopes were read by clinometer, but where steep they were checked by transit. Where chainages differed by more than two links to the mile, the mile was rechained. Large wooden posts were planted every mile and an iron post every three miles. The wooden posts were marked with the range on the western side and the district on the eastern side, with the number of the mile from the last parallel of latitude on the south side. Wooden posts, similarly marked, were planted beside the iron posts. On the iron posts the mile only was marked. Large stone mounds were built around the posts, and where stone was not available earth mounds were built. A wide line was cut, for the greater part a sky-line, made especially wide on the tops of ridges. At the 40-mile post between the 52nd and 53rd parallels we could see back to the opening in the timber at our starting-point. Camp was moved twenty-three times in 113 miles of line, an average of about five miles to each move. Distances varied on account of feed and water, but it was found advisable not to make camps too far apart, as travelling through the windfall was very slow. Water and feed were fairly plentiful, though it required a good deal of scouting around to find meadows in the thick timber. The feed was mostly swamp-grass and beaver meadow, and in the late fall, when frost came, our horses failed very rapidly. About thirty-five miles of the line was used as trail. This necessitated cutting over 100 miles of trail, and as there were a great many windfalls, this entailed about one-half to two-thirds as much work as the cutting of the line. The established trails through the country followed the rivers, which flow eastward, and consequently were no use for us in moving along the line, though useful for bringing in supplies. During the season we cut 113 miles of meridian- line, 55 miles of chained traverse, and 100 miles of trail. More attention was paid to the country lying west of the line than that to the east, for the valleys of the main rivers, such as Chilcotin, Blackwater, Euchiniko, and Mud, had been surveyed up to within a short distance of the 124th meridian. A record was kept of the magnetic variations, readings being taken at 10.30 a.m. and 2.30 p.m., but the results indicated local attraction and are not satisfactory. They may possibly be of some use in timber surveys. The result is given at the end of this report. Such camp equipment as could conveniently be left was stored in a cache at the end of the season's work; the remainder was left with our horses on the Nasco River. General Arrnw of the Country. This section of country is a rolling plateau, well drained by the Chilanko, Chilcotin, Clis- baco, Baezaeko, Blackwater, Euchiniko, and Mud Rivers, all running easterly to the Fraser River and rising in the Igachuz range of mountains. The general conformation is a series of rounded broken ridges forming the watershed of these rivers. In general, these rivers are from ten to fifteen miles apart, and the ascent from the rivers is very gradual. The rivers are at elevations from 2,800 to 3,300 feet, and ridges from 4,500 to 4,700 feet. These rivers, with their tributaries, and numerous small lakes, make this a well-watered country. The valleys are narrow, and while very few meadows are found along the main rivers, they are to be found on nearly all tributaries. There are numerous small meadows scattered through the timber on the ridges. The country gives the appearance of having been at one time better watered than at present. What were once lakes are now dry meadows, with a shallow coating of earth over boulders. Muskegs are numerous, but generally cover only a small area. The remainder of the country is covered with jack-pine. Much of this has been burned, the timber has fallen, and a dense growth of young jack-pine is coming up through the windfall. This condition makes travelling through here exceedingly difficult. Timber. There are thousands of acres of virgin forest of jack-pine. The trees, especially near or on the tops of ridges, are tall, straight, clean-trunked, about 10 to 12 inches in diameter, and growing very thickly. By a special sulphide process jack-pine can be made into paper, and I understand that by creosoting it can be made into serviceable ties. If this could be transported D 256 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 at not too excessive cost, there is room for a profitable industry throughout all the Northern Interior. Not only would this be a means of revenue, but the land thus cleared would make an excellent range country. As it is now, there is very little grass growing amongst the timber, and the heavy windfall prevents cattle getting through it. Small spruce are generally found in draws and on wet or swampy ground. This, as a rule, is not over 15 to IS inches in diameter. The only piece of heavy spruce we saw this season was about seven miles west and three miles south of where our line crosses the Euchiniko River. Here we saw spruce 3 to 4 feet in diameter, but its extent was limited. Fir grows only on the slopes immediately adjoining the rivers, and there it is very scattered. Small poplar and willow are to be found interspersed throughout the jack-pine. Practically the whole country is timbered. Fires are very frequent and much of the country has been burned over. Land. The whole country is glacial drift, sloping to the eastward. The ridges are gravelly soil,, in places gravelly or sandy loam interspersed with stones and boulders. Where fire has occurred the decayed vegetation is burned off and gravel and sand exposed. In very few places is there much surface soil, while the subsoil is very hard and compact, consisting of sand, gravel, clay, and loam scarcely permeable by water. Where a depression occurs the erosion of the surrounding slopes has covered the boulders underneath with a thin coating of good soil, on which is generally found some grass. This appears to be the origin of most of the meadows found at the higher elevations. If the depression is of sufficient depth, lakes are formed. Numerous shallow lakes of this nature, with apparently no outlet or inlet, were scattered throughout the timber. These appear to be drying up. The valleys of the rivers are usually narrow, but the land is good, consisting mostly of silt, and capable of producing good hay. Wild hay on these valleys is abundant and could be further increased by irrigation, for which conditions are- favourable. In the valley of the Chilanko on the north side of the river there is some land, both east and west of the meridian, which could be easily irrigated from Puntzee Lake, which is about 240 feet higher than the river and has an easy outlet for a ditch. At Puntzee Lake there is very little good land not already alienated. The hills come down very close to the water. Just west of the meridian from Mile 26 to Mile 30 there is a good valley in the Chilcotin River. This land is almost all taken up by pre-emptors, but about five or six miles farther up the river there is a large brush meadow containing good soil. Between these two meadows is. a fine water-power. The valley of the Clusko River is narrow and very much broken and of little value. From here to the valley of the Blackwater there is practically no land fitted for agriculture. The elevation is on an average 4,000 feet, and the land is almost entirely covered with jack-pine and windfalls, with numerous muskegs. There are some meadows along small creeks, but of very limited extent. On the Blackwater River, about four miles to the east of the line, there is a considerable area of good land covered with poplar and jack-pine. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, and grass and peavine grow abundantly. Water is plentiful and range good. This is already surveyed and is the best piece of land we saw during the season. To the west of the meridian the valley narrows; the hills with southern exposure are sparsely timbered, but are covered with grass. To the south of what is called Euchiniko or Lockhart Lake the country flattens out, is covered with jack-pine and has numerous muskegs, but I believe this would make fair agricultural land if cleared. The rolling divide between the Blackwater and Euchiniko Rivers contains patches of good' land where spruce is growing, but this is mostly confined to limited areas. On the Euchiniko the valley is narrow, widening to the eastward, where it merges into the valley of the Black- water, previously described. To the westward the valley is narrow and there are only small parcels of tillable land. This is a good range country, the hills to the north of all rivers and streams being well covered with grass. The valley of the Mud River is also narrow, with practically no agricultural land unsurveyed. Like the Blackwater and Euchiniko, the hills on the ■ north side are grass-covered. From here on to Mile 43, where we finished our season's work, the ascent is very gradual. There are numerous spruce and tamarac swamps containing good, soil if drained, but meadows are few. ..." ,;;v-jgs 1:'« T^p Homeward-bound in the early winter. Frozen in. Navigating the Canyon of the Nechako River. lu Wm «. ;:',:: '"*" " - -" ,«** . v- . 'v. ...li...Sf5 Making a landing. 3 Geo. 5 Survey of 124th Meridian. D 257 Climate. The climate is excellent, the air bracing and clear. Rainfall is very light. The nights are cool and the days moderately warm; frosts occurred every month during the summer at elevations of 3,300 feet and over. There are nearly always light clouds floating in the air. The winds are light and very variable. I append a table covering a period of about five months, giving thermometer readings morning, noon, and evening, maximum and minimum temperatures, general weather conditions, such as clouds, rainfall, etc.; also appended is a series of thermometer readings taken by a settler on the Chilcotin River, Mr. E. D. Sherringham, just west of the meridian. The elevation of his ranch is about 3,300 feet. These readings are for January, 1909, the coldest weather in a great many years. I also obtained readings from him for January, February, and March, 1912, an average winter. The snowfall is light, in general about a foot at this elevation. Cattle range till about December, and require to be fed from one and a half to three months, according to the season. I would suggest that settlers in certain districts be provided with standard thermometers to be read daily for the entire year. This would give more reliable data for a district than that obtained by a surveyor who is constantly changing place and altitude, and would give data for seasons of the year which have as much effect on the possibilities of a country as the summer months. I saw no grain grown by any settlers in that district, their energies being confined to stock-raising. Agricultural Possibilities. Land for agriculture is limited almost entirely to the river-valleys. Along the Chilcotin River to Alexis Creek all kinds of grain and vegetables can be grown. Farther up the river, where elevation reaches 3,300 feet, I believe hay and oats could be successfully grown. Potatoes require a favourable season. Small garden stuff was seen growing at Sherringham's. Settlers in here depend entirely on ranching, and as yet have not attempted growing timothy or grain, though they believe it would be possible. Potatoes seem to do better on benches a little above river-levels. Near the Nasco River, in valley land at about the same elevation as the Chilcotin, Blackwater, and Euchiniko Rivers, I saw splendid oats, barley, millet, brome-grass, and all kinds of garden produce. This was the result of experimenting with samples sent out by the Government. I did not see anywhere grain grown on jack-pine benches, and do not consider that the greater part of this country is suitable for agriculture on account of frosts, elevation, and poverty of soil. With increased knowledge of the principles of scientific dry-farming, there are portions that might possibly be profitably cultivated. So little is known of the results of dry-farming in this portion of the country that it is difficult to judge whether it could be profitably carried out or not. I might mention that on a high bench near the Telegraph Trail at Mud River, elevation 3,500 feet, I saw a bunch of clover a foot high growing quite green on the 27th of October. From conversation with settlers I find there is a tendency to neglect experimenting with farming as long as they can find wild hay and range for their stock, stock-raising being more profitable. It would seem to me advisable that the Government urge settlers to make use of the offer of free samples of grain, etc., or to establish throughout the interior of British Columbia experimental farms at different elevations, and not in the most favourable localities, in an attempt to find out the possibilities of some of the poorer land. Game. Deer are plentiful; a few caribou were seen. Traces of moose, black bear, grizzly bear,, and lynx were seen from Blackwater to the summit between the Mud and Nechaco Rivers. Beaver are very plentiful in all the rivers and small creeks. There is excellent trout-fishing in all the streams. Fisher-marten, muskrat, and mink are also to be obtained. Grouse are very plentiful. Ranching. Ranching is confined largely to the river-valleys, the meadows adjoining the rivers furnishing the winter feed and the slopes of the river the summer range. There is very little grass growing among the timber, and what there is is of poor quality, so that this industry is limited in its extent. If the timber were removed and grass sown, it would be an ideal range country, as water is plentiful. 17 D 258 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Water-power. There is plenty of water-power on all the large rivers crossed. As there was a party in this vicinity this summer measuring the streams, we did not endeavour to secure any data. Minerals. The only mineral found was a small quantity of magnetite, detected by panning in the sand of the Clisbaco River. No trace of gold was found either in the panning of placer deposits or of crushed quartz. Outcroppings of rhyolite, basalt, and conglomerate were noticed, but no quartz in place. A small quantity of quartz, jasper, and apatite were found, but only as float. I have, etc., W. G. McElhanney, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEYS ON THE 124th MERIDIAN AND 53hd PARALLEL. By R. P. Bishop, F.R.G.S. \ December 21st, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report on my survey operations for 1912. The work lies in two sections, namely: (1.) The 124th meridian, forming the boundary between Lillooet District and Range 2 of the Coast District, run south for 37 miles and 16 chains from the 52nd parallel of latitude to the Nemiah Valley, on the eastern shore of Chilko Lake. (2.) The 53rd parallel of latitude forming the boundary between Ranges 3 and 4 of the Coast District, run westerly from the 124th meridian for fifty-seven miles. Ties were made to various surveys in the districts, a trigonometric profile kept of the line, and topographical information procured as opportunity offered. The line was double-chained throughout and an independent series of checks obtained in triangulations. Azimuth observations on the pole-star were reduced by means of the formulae prescribed for use on base-line surveys in the Dominion Government Manual of Instructions, the supplementary tables given there greatly facilitating the work. General Physical Features. The physical features of the two districts are somewhat similar, as both lines lie at a considerable elevation on the higher parts of the great plateau which lies immediately inside the Coast range of mountains. Volcanic action during the Tertiary period covered the greater portion of this plateau with a cap of basalt, which has been removed in places by the action of ice or water. The cap is particularly noticeable at the edge of valleys, where it forms rim- rock. Glaciers have covered the basalt with a heavy layer of drift, a hard stony mixture of sand and clay, in which are embedded large lave boulders. The drift becomes softened at the surface by the action of the weather. In general throughout the regions reported on it supports a good growth of black-pine, and a quantity of timber-grass on the southern slopes where the timber is open. On the meridian, in the neighbourhood of the Chilko River, Choelquoit Lake, and Nemiah Valley, areas of bunch-grass occur, but the line does not pass through any of the larger open ranges such as are found round Tatla Lake or Risque Creek. It seems somewhat strange that two lines thirty-seven and fifty-seven miles long, respectively, should not pass through some good farming country, but a glance at the map will show that they run over the higher portions of the plateau and cross only the extreme headwaters of the rivers which drain it. The lowest elevations on those sections of the meridian and parallel referred to in the report are, in round numbers, 3,500 and 3,300 feet above sea-level. The portions of the region suitable for agriculture are confined to the lower valleys and ancient lake-bottoms, which are 3 Geo. 5 124th Meridian and 53rd Parallel. D 259 often of very great extent. The soil in these portions is mainly formed of sediment which has been washed down from the higher parts of the plateau, and is extremely fertile. 124th Meridian. The party was conveyed from Ashcroft by stage, via the 150-Mile House to Hanceville, where a pack-train was fitted out. Supplies were hauled by wagon to the Redstone Indian Reserve, twelve miles north of the starting-point of the work on the 124th meridian, at the north-west corner of Lillooet District. From this point, approximately 4,600 feet above sea-level, a good view was obtained of the country over which the line was to pass, the mountains around Nemiah Valley being plainly visible in the distance. The situation of Chilko Lake was marked by a V-shaped cut in the hills, which were, at this time (June 10th) well covered with snow. From the starting-point the country is rolling and has a general southerly slope to Chilko River. Bidwell Creek is crossed at 3% miles, a muddy slough with very little flow. Bidwell Lake lies about a mile and a quarter to the west. North of the creek the country is well covered with pine, but there is very little feed. South of the creek, to the ninth mile, the country has been burnt for some distance on either side of the line and is almost entirely destitute of vegetation. Chilko River. At 10% miles, at an elevation of approximately 3,500 feet, the Chilko River is crossed, flowing swiftly in a north-easterly direction between high gravelly banks. The timber is fairly open and a good growth of bunch-grass was observed on a small bench on the north side of the river, along which runs the trail to Chilko Lake. A good deal of bunch-grass was reported near the trail between this point and the junction of the Chilko and Chilcotin Rivers, but the necessity of crossing the river before high water prevented investigation of this. The river was forded about five miles up-stream from the line, near the south-east corner of Lot 356, and a short distance south of a large corral built by the side of the trail. The water is at its highest during the summer months, owing to the melting of the snow on the mountains round Chilko Lake, out of which the river flows. Camp was moved across on June 20th and the pack-train sent out for a further supply of provisions. During the next week the water rose rapidly, so that the packers were unable to return by the ford on the 25th, and had to proceed up-stream and canoe the supplies across by the outlet of Chilko Lake. Brittany Creek. At 13 miles Brittany Creek is crossed. It joins the Chilko River by the ford previously mentioned. This creek rises in the hills a few miles to the north of the Nemiah Valley, and crosses the line four times, flowing through several meadows of swamp-grass and red-top, which are at elevations varying from 3,800 to 4,200 feet. Hay could be cut on a number of these and the remainder require little clearing. They are at present somewhat difficult of access. Some specimens of swamp-grass were A% feet high. The country continues well covered with pine, occasional spruce and poplar being found in the bottoms. On many of the southern slopes the timber is open and the ground well carpeted with timber-grass and a variety of vetch (Astragalus campestris). Between the line and the river several extensive openings have a good growth of bunch-grass, and scattered over the country are small grassy swamps, most of which dry out in the summer. In June and July the pack-horses were observed to feed on the timber-grass in preference to the bunch-grass. Tsuniah Lake. At 27 miles the line passes about a mile east of Tsuniah Lake, which extends in a southwesterly direction for about nine miles, lying in a cleft ill the mountains which flank the eastern shore of Chilko Lake. The waters of Tsuniah teem with trout and the Nemiah Valley Indians have several fish-traps along the course of the river which discharges the waters of this lake into Chilko Lake, the distance between the two being about a mile. At the north-east extremity of Tsuniah is an opening several hundred acres in extent having a somewhat scanty growth of grass. Several good meadows lie to the north of this opening. D 260 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Nemiah Valley Trail. sr to the Nemiah Valley follows a pass through the mountains on the north side of the valley, through which also flow the headwaters of the Klok-on River. This trail has recently been almost obliterated for many miles by heavy windfalls and is no longer used. The new trail follows the benches on the north side of Tsuniah Lake, crosses the river between that and Chilko Lake, follows the east shore of the latter for some distance, and then climbs the shoulder of the hills to an elevation of about 800 feet before descending into the valley about five miles up from the lake-shore. A trip made on this trail, for the purpose of trying to obtain canoes for an examination of Chilko Lake, revealed interesting changes in the flora. The soil, formed by the decomposition of the sedimentary rocks underlying the basaltic strata before mentioned and which outcrop here, and have been thrust up and much disrupted by the intrusion of the igneous rocks forming the Coast Range, supports a rich growth of feed. The pines attain a remarkable size for this part of the country, small poplar are plentiful, and the fir begins to make its appearance. Between the Tsuniah and Nemiah Valleys the shores of Chilko Lake rise rapidly to the foot of the mountains, and support a growth of fir which has been somewhat badly burnt in places. The growth is nowhere heavy, but should afford a certain amount of timber for local use. Tullin Mountain. As no canoes were obtainable at this time in the Nemiah Valley, an expedition was made to the Tullin Mountain to sketch the north end of the lake. The height of the hill above the water was measured and depression angles taken to various points on the shore-line. Tullin is named by the Indians from its resembling a beaver-house in shape. The mythical beaver which their legend credits with having built it for a residence must have been of gigantic size, as the mountain rises nearly 3,000 feet above the lake. It forms the northern extremity of the range which lies between Tatlayoco and Chilko Lakes, and which is known as Potato Mountain from the number of wild potatoes growing there. The southern part of Potato Mountain is open and summer feed is very abundant. The northern portion is covered with fir and pine and the mountain white-pine is found near the summit. A good view was obtained from here of the extensive bunch-grass slopes to the north of Choelquoit Lake. To the west Tatlayoco Lake appears, and beyond it the snow-capped peaks of the Coast Mountains extend for as far as the eye can see. One is impressed with the enormous breadth of the range at this point. Some of the peaks visible must be from eighty to ninety miles away. The whole panorama forms a scene of surpassing grandeur; the green waters of the lake forming a marked contrast to the reddish sides of the hills on the opposite shore. To the south the lake stretches into the heart of the Coast Range, where some of the peaks rise to a height of 10,000 feet above sea-level, and glaciers from all sides almost reach the water-line. On the headlands rocks weathered into fantastic shapes bring to mind the cliffs on the south coast of Devon. When made easy of access this district should become one of the playgrounds of the continent, especially for the mountain-climber. Sheep, goat, deer, bear, and ptarmigan are found on the mountains, and the waters of the lake abound with salmon, trout, and other varieties of fish. Occasional sturgeon are reported. South of Tsuniah Lake the line rises gradually towards the summit of the range, which lies to the north of Nemiah Valley, and from 33 to 35% miles was triangulated across a series of chasms around the headwaters of the Klok-on River. Alpine flora abound on the summits, and just below the timber-line the horses were observed to feed eagerly on the lupin which covered the side-hills. Numerous lakes and meadows were seen in the distance on the plateau to the east, but the latter are probably too high for anything but summer grazing. Nemiah Valley;. South of the 35-mile post an abrupt descent of 3,000 feet brings one to the Nemiah Valley, which is about 4,000 feet above sea-level. The valley is very well suited for stock-raising, bunch- grass growing plentifully on the southern slopes. Mr. J. P. Robertson, who has lived there for several years, speaks enthusiastically of it, as the snowfall is very light and his stock require but little feeding in the winter. Poplar-trees grow to a considerable size on the bottoms and the underbrush is heavy where the land is well watered. Sage-brush is found in the numerous 3 Geo. 5 124th Meridian and 53rd Parallel. D 261 open spots. There are several excellent meadows towards Chilko Lake. No detailed examination of the valley was made, but the greater portion of the useful land appears to be alienated or held under lease. A good deal of the land could be improved by irrigation and alfalfa might be raised to advantage. The Indians evidently had attempted to grow some turnips and potatoes on a small irrigated clearing by the mouth of the valley, but as they had not given much attention the crops had become choked with weeds. To the south the valley is bounded by a high range of mountains, the most conspicuous being Mount Tatlow, a pyramidal peak which forms a landmark seen from many miles away on the Chilcotin plains. The meridian passes through Lot 307. The journey out to Hanceville was made by the more direct route over the Whitewater crossing. The Nemiah Valley Indians have built a sleigh-road for a good part of the way, and this could probably be made passable for wagons with a little grading. The chief difficulty is the crossing of the Whitewater River, which was in full flood on August 3rd. The river at the crossing was 200 feet wide and flowing at a rate of six miles an hour. The horses had to swim about half the width of the stream. There is an Indian canoe at the crossing, but, as it usually happens to be on the wrong bank, travel by this route to the Nemiah Valley always possesses an element of uncertainty. Bunch-grass was observed on the east bank of the Whitewater, and several large meadows were seen on the plateau between the Whitewater and Chilcotin Valleys. Journey to 53rd Parallel. Some days were spent in refitting at Hanceville for the work on the 53rd parallel, and a contract was made with an Indian to haul supplies by way of Alexis Creek and the Nazco River to Mr. Pennington's ranch, which is in the Nazco Valley a little to the south of the 53rd parallel. The roughness of the track, however, made it impossible for him to haul the heavy load beyond the crossing of the Clisbaco River, which is about twenty-one miles from Mr. Pennington's house, and it was necessary to cache most of the supplies and relay them later on to the line. The country from the headwaters of Alexis Creek to ten miles north of the Clisbaco is of very little use as range, but for the first forty miles along the trail it contains some very good meadows, several of which are occupied by settlers. Red-top, sugar-cane, and swamp-grass grow in the meadows, and the settlers say that the latter variety predominates at first, but that red-top takes its place after a few cuttings. The snowfall is reported to be about 12 inches and to come about the end of December. Very little summer frost occurs. It is a good country for raising horses, as in many places they winter without being fed, and will stay by the meadows the year round. The settlers, at present, depend chiefly on cutting hay for the Chilcotin ranchers who drive their stock up to be wintered. Several miles south of the Clisbaco crossing the route is covered with large volcanic boulders, which extend northward until the main valley of the Nazco is reached by Lot 3412. A good deal of excellent horse-range is seen in the Nazco Valley tow-ards the Indian reserve near Stump Lake, and the surveys there hold some very fine meadows and good bottom land, the whole of this portion of the valley having an appearance of great fertility. A sleigh-road leading from Quesnel to Cluskus crosses the valley at the Indian reserve, and a good road traverses the valley for several miles to the north and south of this point. From the Indian reserve by Stump Lake this trail was followed westerly for some ten miles to a short distance beyond Fish Lake, and thence south-westerly down Mr. McElhanney's pack- trail to his camp on the 124th meridian. This was reached on August 23rd, when his line was cut to within half a mile of the parallel. A week had to be spent in cutting trails through the fallen timber to get to a convenient camp to work from, as no way could be found around the windfalls, which were very extensive and heavy. Parties were then sent to the Clisbaco crossing for the cache and to the Indian village at Cluskus to see if the provisions sent in by way of Bella Coola had arrived. No word had been heard of them since the spring; a general relief was felt, therefore, when the supplies were found to be intact and in good condition, as, had they failed to arrive, it would have been Impossible to continue operations late in the year. The 53rd Parallel. At the starting-point, which is at an elevation of 4,048 feet above sea-level, the line country is covered with a heavy growth of black-pine. Half a mile to the west the line descends to a large flat drained by the Coglistico River. At the 4-mile post a branch of this river is crossed D 262 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 flowing to the north-east. By the line it flows through a series of chasms which appear to have been formed by the contraction of basalt. The river flows through some scattered meadows, several of which are very wet and require draining. A good meadow several hundred acres in extent was found on the Cluskus Lake Trail at the junction of this branch with the main stream of the Coglistico River. The latter crosses the line at 8% miles, flowing in a north-easterly direction. Later it bears more to the east, flowing more or less parallel to the main valley of the Blackwater, from which it is separated by a rocky range of hills which appear to be well covered with pine where the country has not been burnt. At 13% and 14% miles creeks were crossed which flow into the easternmost of the Cluskus Lakes. Several muskegs were crossed which contain some heavy spruce in places. The remainder of the country supports a good deal of pine which has been very largely burnt off. Euchiniko and Cluskus Lakes. Ties were made by triangulation to the Indian reserves at Cluskus Lake and to the surveys on the north shore of the Euchiniko Lakes. These latter are an enlargement of the Blackwater River, and are separated from the Cluskus Valley by a high rocky ridge on the southern slope of which are groups of poplars. The land on the north shore of the Euchiniko Lakes is somewhat steep and broken, but should afford good grazing, as bunch-grass is fairly plentiful. On the streams which flow into the Cluskus Lakes from the south are several good meadows, and pockets of good soil bearing a growth of poplar occur in the valleys. The Indian village of Cluskus is situated on the western end of the middle lake, and consists of about twenty houses and a Roman Catholic church. The Hudson's Bay Company had a post here in the early days. The Indians have a few cattle and horses, but make their living principally by fishing and trapping. For meat they depend largely on the caribou, which are fairly numerous on the Itcha Mountains, about fourteen miles to the south-west. Those of the Indians engaged to work on the survey proved to be very clean, hard-working, dependable, and generally much superior to most of the Indians found in this part of the Northern Interior. They were very anxious to learn to read and write, and quickly mastered the alphabet. At the village trails converge from Quesnel, Blackwater, Telegraph Cabin, the Upper Nechaco, and the Itcha Mountains. The Indians exchange their furs for the necessities of life, both at Quesnel and Bella Coola. Blackwater and Cluskus Nalleys. It was considered desirable to carry the survey of the parallel as far as possible before the close of the season, in order to take advantage of ice on the small lakes and swamps which occur in the neighbourhood of the 50-mile post; the ties to the Cluskus and Euchiniko surveys were therefore made without stopping the work on the line. Time did not permit, therefore, of an examination of the upper portions of the Cluskus Valley and of the Blackwater Valley east of Tsacha Lake. It is understood that these valleys are being separately reported on. To the south and west of Cluskus the parallel lies on the level of the high volcanic plateau lying north of the Itcha Mountains. The nature of the country is very similar to that encountered on the eastern portion of the land. Several streams which cross the line from the south have good heads of water, and should, if utilized, furnish considerable water-power. At 24% miles a good view is to be had of the Itcha Mountains, which present a very rugged and picturesque appearance from this point. The summit rises about 7,000 feet above sea-level. These mountains form the easternmost of three groups, the Itcha, Ilgachiz, and Tsi-tsutl, which Dr. Dawson describes as being " found to consist entirely of volcanic materials, and to mark the sites of three great vents from which in Tertiary times a large portion of the basalt which has flooded all this region must have been derived." Caribou must be plentiful here, as the Cluskus Indians depend almost entirely on them for their winter supply of meat. A good deal of high range is reported on the mountains to be open for about four months in the summer. Tsacha Lake. West of the 26th mile is an abrupt descent to Tsacha Lake, which is an enlargement of the Blackwater River. At the 38th mile the line had to be triangulated across a bay at the southern end of the lake, and advantage was taken of the base thus obtained to extend a series of triangles on which a sketch of the southern part of the lake was obtained. A good supply of trout and whitefish was obtained from some Cluskus Indians who were fishing here. 3 Geo. 5 124th Meridian and 53rd Parallel. D 263 Sir Alexander Mackenzie's Trail. The trail from Cluskus follows the south shore of the lake for several miles, and continues in a westerly direction to the Indian village of Algatcho, where it joins the main trail connecting Bella Coola with the Ootsa Lake District. This is the trail followed by Sir Alexander MacKenzie, who was the first white man to travel across the continent north of the Gulf of Mexico. He reached the salt-water in 1793 at the head of an inlet which appears from his description to be Burke Channel, on which Bella Coola is now situated. His observations for latitude taken in the neighbourhood of the parallel check remarkably with the line. The trail between Cluskus and Algatcho is well cut and in good condition, being frequently used by the Indians. Short cuts to the Bella Coola Trail branch off a few miles west of Tsacha Lake and the east of Ulgak Lake. About a foot of snow fell on October 17th while the party was camped at this point; a partial thaw followed, but the snow never quite left the ground while the surveying operations continued. For this reason I am unable to report as extensively as I could wish on the character of the country to the westward, which for some way has a far more pleasing appearance than the plateau, occasional patches of poplar alternating with the pine on the southern slopes. West of Tsacha Lake. Immediately to the west of the lake the line runs over an extremely broken country covered with a dense growth of heavy spruce and pine, and generally paralleling the Blackwater River at an average distance of half a mile. Some good meadows occur in the hollows. The river is crossed at the 41st mile, where it makes an abrupt curve, flowing at this point in a northeasterly direction. Immediately on crossing the river a growth of poplar takes place, interspersed with heavy willow. Fireweed was observed here for the first time in making the line, and from its appearance I surmised that summer feed should be plentiful; but, owing to the presence of frozen snow from this point onwards, it was difficult to form an accurate estimate of the character of the lesser vegetation or of the quality of the soil. A tie was made to a station of the Canadian Pacific Railway preliminary survey on the south bank of the Black- water. The line was cut out in 1875 and can be easily traced. Chalk-marks on many of the stakes are still legible. About a quarter of a mile up-stream from the crossing the river falls in a series of cascades covering 300 feet of its length, with a fall of 64 feet. About a mile beyond this some good meadows occur on the southern bank. West of the 43-mile post the river flows for several miles through an extensive willow bottom, the greater portion of which appears to lie on good soil. A certain amount of loam of no great depth lies on the lowest slopes of the foot-hills to the north. Westwards to the 57-mile post few good meadows occur, the country consisting mainly of rocky and gravelly ridges alternating with muskegs and lakes, the number and extent of which would render the delimitation of the parallel during the summer-time a task of some difficulty. Fortunately the work was done in the early winter, but before the heavy snow, so that the line could be run over the frozen surface. The 57-mile post was reached on November 9th, and the party left on the 11th by way of Ulgak Trail for Bella Coola. The pack-train was sent to Chilcotin for the winter. The portions of the basins of the Blackwater and its tributaries contiguous to the fifty-seven miles of the parallel west of the 124th meridian cannot be said to offer any present inducements to the settler of small means, by reason of the difficulty of access and the prohibitive cost of transportation of all supplies. Before the snowfall in October the operations were chiefly confined to the high volcanic plateau which lies to the south of the Blackwater basin. The plateau is mainly covered with fallen timber and presents an uninviting appearance. The streams which drain it flow through scattered meadows which could be used in conjunction with the grazing land lying in the valleys to the north. Many of these valleys are very wet, but could probably be drained. Muskegs occur at intervals and are in many cases covered with a growth of spruce. Where this spruce has been burnt the muskegs appear to be drying up. Where the windfall has been burnt away poplar was observed to be springing up in places, and it is possible that portions of the district may eventually produce vegetation suitable for grazing after a second fire has cleared the country of the windfall which at present encumbers it. D 264 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The Itcha and Ilgachuz Mountains to the south have good feed during the summer months, and some meadows are reported at the foot of their northern slopes around the headwaters of the main branch of the Blackwater, but in the absence of any definite information, and not having made a personal examination, it is impossible for me to formulate any opinion as to what stock the range would carry. The bottom seen in the neighbourhood of Cluskus will probably prove capable of agricultural development, as the Indians there have grown oats and turnips with fair success. On account of their absence from home during the summer they have not tried potatoes, but these could probably be raised. West of Tsacha Lake the burns have been less extensive. Belts of poplar occur on the southern slopes and spruce of fair size are plentiful in places. The predominant growth, however, is black-pine, which is generally of sufficient size to make it serviceable as tie-timber. It may at some future date be used for making pulp. I have, etc., R. P. Bishop, B.C.L.S. REPORT OF SURVEY OF THE 52nd PARALLEL. By A. J. Campbell. December 18th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Acting under your instructions, I organized a party at Ashcroft, and proceeded to 141-Mile House, Cariboo Road. My pack-train arrived there June 2nd. A traverse was made between the observation station at the 141-Mile House and the initial post about two miles and a half south along the Cariboo Road, and, after obtaining an observation for azimuth, the north star being used, work was commenced on the line on June Srd and continued until the end of the season, with only the delays due to bad weather, cutting trails, and moving camp. The line was cut wide enough to permit long sights being taken. This entailed much labour, especially in big timber, and meant cutting a sky-line on the greater part. Hubs were carefully set always, two sights being taken in each position of the instrument, and generally more. The angles of elevation and depression from one hub to another were measured and recorded, and used for the purpose of carrying a series of levels along the line, which was chained twice, by two pairs of chainers working separately. Six chain-tapes were used, the angle of inclination measured carefully, in one case by clinometer and in the other by transit. The observations for azimuth were taken in each six miles of the line, the pole-star being used exclusively for this purpose. The sidereal time of observation was corrected by noting time of transit of a star across the meridian of the place. It was a bad season for observation-work owing to the prevailing clouds during the greater part of the summer. This is the reason that observations were not taken at more regular intervals. Posts were planted at every mile; iron posts three miles apart and wooden posts at the intervening miles. Reference wooden posts were also planted alongside the iron posts. Three bearing trees were made where possible at each mile-post. Posts were marked with the mileage, the initial post on the Cariboo Road being taken as six miles"; also with the letter " C " on the north side for Cariboo District, and the letter " L " on the south side for Lillooet District. On the line south from the north-east corner of Lillooet District the posts were planted and marked similarly, the letter " C " being replaced by " K " for Kamloops District, and placed on the east side of the post and " L " on the west. Stone mounds were built around all but three posts, where stones were practically unobtainable. The line was deflected every six miles, making it a series of chords to a parallel of latitude. Considerable time was taken up in cutting trails owing to the large amount of windfall encountered. In accordance with instructions, work was stopped on the 52nd base-line when the 61st mile was reached, this being thought more than two miles past the east end of Canim Lake. A move was then made to Canim Lake. The north-east corner of Lot 1254 was located, and Upper Fraser Valley. * ife ..'!.»'"'•'■■■ - -■• 7 *' Indian Garden. Latitude, 55° 30' north. 3 Geo. 5 52nd Parallel. D 265 from this a line was run east for two miles. From the end a line was run north for 7 miles and 30 chains, and an intersection made with the 52nd base-line at 46 chains and 75 links east of the 60-mile post. This line was then chained south from the intersection and was produced farther south to the 9-mile post, this being completed on November 7th. A start was made for Ashcroft next day, where the party was paid off on November 11th, and I proceeded to Victoria. Description of Country. With regard to a description of the country passed by the 52nd parallel: From the Cariboo Road to the Horsefly Road and Crooked Lake the line passes through a gently rolling timbered country. In the first few miles large fir were encountered and then ceased, the timber in the last miles being practically all jack-pine, generally of small size, and in places very thick. North of the line in this part there are gently rolling belts and bench lands, well timbered with fir and jack-pine. The country is dry and very little water was noticed. Knife Creek and Jones Creek are the largest creeks. Knife Creek flows out of Squawk Lake in a westerly direction not far north of the line, and crosses the Cariboo Road at the 141-Mile House, and there joins the San Jose River. Jones Creek flows out of the lake of the same name and joins the San Jose River a few miles above the 150-Mile House. The timber on the whole is small, mostly jack- pine; scattered fir is found up to 30 inches in diameter. The section lying to the south of the line in this part is somewhat different to that of the north, being covered with a heavier growth of timber, fir, some jack-pine and poplar. A large percentage of this part could be cultivated, but would require irrigation to be made productive. Some good land lies along the valley of the Knife and some a few miles south of the line along the Horsefly Road. Part of the latter is meadow and bench land covered with poplar. The soil generally is a sandy loam more or less strong. There is good grazing all through this section. From Crooked Lake east the line ran through a rougher country. To the south a long range of high hills runs nearly parallel with the line. In the southern part of these hills lies what is known locally as Timothy Mountain, from which the settlers in the vicinity of Lac La Hache cut quantities of hay every year. To the north and east of Crooked Lake rise barren rocky hills stretching to the north, interspersed with narrow valleys. A few miles east of the lake the land falls gradually to the valley of the headwaters of Eagle Creek, which flows into Canim Lake about six miles from its upper or western end. Along this valley, and to the west and running to the north towards Eagle Lake, which lies about five miles north of the line, there is a good stretch of bench and gently rolling land back to the rocky hills already mentioned. North of Eagle Lake the land rises to a range of high mountains. This section is all wooded country, with jack-pine over the greater portion, poplar along the valley and on the bench lands above Eagle Lake; and spruce, balsam, and cedar of good size is found around and to the north of the lake. Near the 28-mile post a trappers' trail was found which followed close to the line for about five miles, where it joined a trail running north and south. This trail, it was later discovered, ran in a southerly direction for nearly twenty miles until it joined the Canim Lake Wagon-road about six miles above the lake. This trail proved of great Value in bringing supplies to the party. It ran southerly along a valley containing some good bench land and hay meadows. A noticeable feature of the meadows over the whole country is that they have been flooded by beaver-dams, even the small lakes having been dammed and the water flooded into the timber. From the headwaters of Eagle Creek the line ran over a range of rocky hills to fall again into the narrow valley of Eagle Creek. These hills had, for the greater part, been burnt over, and in many parts were covered with a thick growth of young trees, jack-pine predominating, with some fir, spruce, and poplar. Over a large part no new growth had started, and the bare rock remains were covered with windfall and scattered standing dry trees. The line from here to Deception Creek, near where it turned south, ran over high hills, except where it crossed the valleys of Boss and Marten Creeks. These hills ranged from 3,000 to 4,500 feet above sea-level. Very little of this land could be considered of much value from an agricultural point of view, being generally rocky, rough, and broken. Much of the country is covered with a good growth of timber, spruce, balsam, and cedar, some fir in parts, but jack-pine predominating. D 266 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Boss Creek Valley is narrow, with practically no bottom land, and very little bench land in the vicinity of the line. East of Boss Creek lies a large brule covering the range of hills that runs between Boss Creek and Marten Creek. Large standing dry trees and windfall are^ all that remain of an excellent growth of timber. Marten Creek Valley has some good stretches of bottom land and bench lands, particularly on the slope rising to the east from the creek. The timber on the east slope is generally small, having been burnt over repeatedly, and consists of poplar, jack-pine, and some small cedar. The valley of Deception Creek is considerably wider than the valleys of Boss and Marten Creeks. The slope from the west falls steadily for two miles or more to the creek-bottom, and a considerable portion of this could be cultivated. The valley becomes narrow a few miles above the line, the slopes rising to high mountains on either side. The country around Deception Creek has all been burnt over, and is covered with a growth of young trees; the large timber, principally spruce and balsam, and some cedar, still remains in patches. There is considerable land suitable for cultivation on the east side of Deception Creek, particularly in that part between Spanish Creek and the point where the south line crossed Deception Creek. Above Spanish Creek there are a number of areas of meadow and bottom land along Deception Creek running for about two miles up the creek. A few miles above its outlet into Deception Creek the Spanish Creek Valley widens out and contains some good meadow and bottom land. Between Deception and Bridge Creeks the country is very hilly, with a steep slope to Bridge Creek, and contains little land of agricultural value. There is good fir on the slope falling to Bridge Creek. Along the south of this creek runs a strip of level bench land about a mile wide to the foot of the steep and rocky mountains. This strip extends from the surveyed land to the south of Canim Lake over to Mahood Lake. The timber south of Bridge Creek is mostly jack-pine, some spruce, poplar, and scattered fir. The soil generally is a light sandy loam, with more or less stone and solid rock outcropping in places. From Eagle Creek Valley to Deception Creek the horse-feed was very poor, practically none in the bush and very little on the meadows, as these were for the most part flooded. In the vicinity of Deception Creek and Canim Lake it was better, particularly around the east end of the lake. The old Clearwater Trail, after following down the valley of Spanish Creek, crosses Deception about one mile south of the 52nd base-line, then runs in a south-westerly direction to Marten Creek, crossing that about four miles below the line. It still follows the same direction, crosses Boss Creek, and comes out on Canim Lake at the mouth of Eagle Creek. From there it follows near the shore until it joins the Canim Lake Wagon-road. A branch from this about two miles east of Marten Creek runs south to the east end of Canim Lake. There is also a good trail along the south side of Canim Lake. Between Canim and Mahood Lakes is a winter road about five to six miles long. From what could be learned from people living in the country, the excessive rainfall during the past season was very exceptional. During July and August electric storms were very common. The temperature through the summer was equable, no very hot weather being experienced and no summer frosts were noted. On Bridge Creek, about a mile below Canim Lake, there is a fine waterfall about 110 feet high. Below the fall the river runs through a canyon. This will probably be of value for a water-power at some future time. Another minor waterfall was noted on a branch of Eagle Creek, which flows into the creek from the north-east a short distance above the line. There is a fall here of 200 feet or more in a mile, but the volume of water is small. About three or four miles above the line, in the valley of Deception Creek, and on the west side of the creek, are some mineral claims which are being developed. A number of mineral claims have been staked in this region and around Mahood Lake. Deer are fairly plentiful in the country passed through. A few caribou and bear were seen. Grouse are very plentiful, and in some of the creeks and lakes fine trout were caught. i I have, etc., Alan J. Campbell, B.C.L.S. 3 Geo. 5 Groundhog District. ' D 267 REPORT ON SURVEY IN THE GROUNDHOG DISTRICT. By T. H. Taylor. December 17th, 1912. 67. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—To carry on my season's work in the Groundhog country I proceeded from Prince Rupert by the G.T.P. to Skeena Crossing, and thence took passage with my party on the steamer " Inland " for Hazelton, arriving on June Sth. This was the first opportunity to reach Hazelton by train and boat this season. Supplies were purchased at reasonable prices at Hazelton, and we went by a good wagon-road up the Kispiox Valley to Mr. Hugh Taylor's ranch, a distance of twenty miles. Here pack-trains were made up. I had previously arranged to have twenty- seven horses brought across country from the 105-Mile House, Cariboo Road, and these arrived on June 17th, not in very good condition after their long trip of between five and six hundred miles, but two days' rest put them in fair shape. We left Taylor's ranch on June 19th and followed the old Telegraph Trail as far as the Blackwater River, passing over Poison Mountain summit, between 3rd and 4th Cabin, at an elevation of 3,300 feet. The trail on the south slope of this mountain is very steep, rising 1,500 feet in two miles; but, crossing the northern slope, the grade is more gradual and travelling much better. Poison Mountain derived its name from a species of poison-plant growing there which horses will eat when very hungry, often with fatal results. Five or six of my horses were poisoned here, but timely administrations of lard and linseed-oil saved their lives. At 4th Cabin the trail continues northerly, leaving the Skeena Valley, which turns easterly here, and crosses another summit at Babiche Hill. There a steep climb was experienced over rough broken country. Still keeping to the telegraph-line, I passed Sth Cabin and followed on to Blackwater, 115 miles from Hazelton. At this point my course bore away from the telegraph- line in a north-easterly direction, following the Groundhog Trail, this being repaired by the Department of Public Works, along a creek leading toward the summit of Groundhog Mountain, reaching an elevation of 6,000 feet; and thence dropping into the valley of the Skeena, a distance of twenty-eight miles from Blackwater. We reached Jackson's Camp seventeen days after leaving Taylor's ranch. This is a permanent camp established by the B.C. Anthracite Co. on Jackson Creek, about a mile and a half from the Skeena River. Extensive development-work is being carried on by this company over a large area of their coal claims. From here I followed the valley of the Skeena River to the starting-point of survey. The valley averages about two miles in width, shut in by bare grass-covered mountains of an elevation varying from 5,000 to 6,000 feet, or 3,000 feet above the valley flats. Timber, consisting chiefly of spruce and balsam having short branches, was confined to the valley. Large areas of dead trees, apparently burnt, were to be seen. Small meadows, producing a fair sample of wild hay, lay scattered through the valley. The mountains in this district invariably have a gradual and easy slope on the southern sides, breaking off abruptly at the summit or ridge of the steep cliff-like northern sides. This characteristic is due to the formation of the country or angle at which the rock strata is lying. Several days were spent in correcting the boundaries of Lots 2190 and 2191, and then running two miles west from the north-east corner of Lot 2191, establishing the zero point of the base-line as instructed. This point is in the Skeena Valley, 26 chains south of the river, the latitude being found by observation to be 56° 56'. Following due north on the course of survey, I passed over the north portion of the valley, reaching the summit of the first range of mountains at about three miles. For the next four miles the line passes over mountainous country devoid of timber, but providing sufficient feed for horses in the summer. At this part of line some of the abrupt bluffs met made the work somewhat difficult. At eight miles the line drops into a large flat, which proved to be an arm of the valley of the Stikine, which river we crossed at 15% miles. The valley of the Stikine bears away to the north-west, and seemed to be open country interspersed with hay meadows and muskeg. The hay, of which there is a good growth on some of the meadows, if cut at the proper season, would provide excellent feed for stock during the winter months. D 268 • Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Continuing north, the line passes obliquely across the valley of Skelhorn Creek, crossing the stream at 18% miles, the country being of a similar nature to that of the Stikine. From here to 26 miles the line, after leaving Ross Creek, follows a high range of mountains broken by numerous small valleys. Continuing, the survey rises well above the timber-line, crossing rough country and many small glaciers lying on the northerly slopes. The highest altitude, of 6,550 feet, is reached at about 30% miles. The foregoing description will apply up to 35 miles, the head of Dawson Creek. For some distance the line practically follows this creek, which is crossed at 45% miles; then it rises over the hip of a mountain-range lying to the west, and falls again to the valley of the Stikine River. I had a raft built here and explored the river by drifting with the current. Its course was due east for about ten miles, where it made a semicircular sweep to the west. About twelve miles down I observed a river flowing in from the east of similar dimensions to the Stikine. This 1 assumed to be the Pittman. During the trip down the river for a distance of twenty miles I observed that the valley on both sides was heavily timbered with spruce and jack-pine of fair size, and saw what appeared to be a number of level flats which looked to be suitable for agriculture, and which may some day be valuable. Leaving the raft where the river again takes a northerly turn, I cut across the mountains and returned to the camp on the Stikine, which was near the base-line laid out. Toward the latter part of August I had reached 54 miles on the base-line, and the weather became very bad, sleet and snow falling. I therefore decided to turn back, and on returning found a foot of snow on some of the mountains that had to be crossed. In a few days, however, the weather changed to a more favourable state, and I was enabled to carry on some more survey-work from the 12-mile post of the base-line, traversing with the object of connecting with location posts lying to the south-east. After spending seven days in this work I decided that it would be wise to withdraw my party, as I was not sufficiently conversant with weather conditions to risk a longer stay. Hazelton was reached in ten days on the return trip. During the trip I lost one horse only, it getting snagged in a bog-hole, the balance of twenty-six being returned to Hazelton in first-class condition. Coal-bearing Lands. The whole extent of country crossed by the base-line laid out seems to be within the coal- bearing lands, many indications of the valuable deposit being noticed. At 8% miles on the line, in a small watercourse bearing the name of Barny Creek an outcrop of coal was exposed. Several members of my party found various fossils of ferns or leaves in some of the sandstone met with during the trip, but being limited to time—as survey parties generally are—very little attention could be devoted to investigations of a geological character. Fish were very scarce, but caribou, grouse, and ptarmigan were plentiful; and, as well as supplying us with much appreciated fresh meat, they helped with the supplies. A much better route to the Groundhog country than the one followed by my party could be obtained by starting from Wrangell, Alaska, travelling up the Stikine to Telegraph Creek, and thence following a trail south-easterly to Groundhog. By going in this way I believe fully a month longer could be spent on survey-work, as no summits would have to be climbed and the travelling is much better, the only disadvantage being a greater expense in wintering horses. I consider that much of the country is suitable for grazing stock during six months of the year, but until the means of ingress and egress are much improved, I doubt if any successful stock-raising could be carried on. Regarding the idea of packing supplies into the location of survey by dog-teams in the winter, I find the only advantage would be in getting an earlier start on actual survey-work, as the cost, being 20 cents per pound, is no less than that paid for freighting by pack-horse in the summer. I have, etc., T. H. Taylor, B.C.L.S. 3 Geo. 5 Valleys of Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers. D 269 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN THE VALLEYS OF THE SQUh\MISH ASD CHEAKAMUS RIVERS. By W. Peyto Unwin. December 10th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to transmit the following general report on the valleys of the Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, where I was engaged for two months in surveying for the Department during the past summer:— The Squamish and Cheakamus Valleys are reached through Newport, which is situated at tide-water at the head of Howe Sound, some forty miles from Vancouver. There is, during the summer, a daily service of boats to Newport, run by the Terminal Steam Navigation Company, which enables one to make the return journey the same day. Besides the Britannia Copper Mines, there is a pulp-mill, gravel-cleaning plant, and various logging camps situated in Howe Sound on the way to Newport. The district of the Squamish and Cheakamus lies, therefore, at the door of Vancouver, and is almost as readily accessible as that situated on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, within a few hours' journey of the Terminal City. Squamish Valley. The Squamish Valley, which is some two miles wide at Newport, is, generally speaking, flat and, near tide-water, open country. Here it has been dyked to avoid encroachment by the river. The river varies in width from 400 to 600 feet, and has a current of over five miles an hour in places. The water is muddy and it brings down a quantity of silt. There is at present a ten-mile section of railway—The Howe Sound, Pemberton Valley & Northern Railway—running northward from Newport. From this there is a three-mile spur leading east to some logging camps. This line has lately been taken over by the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, and will, no doubt, be operated as part of its main line. There is a motor stage running from Newport to Brackendale (where there is a post-office and boarding-house), which is seven miles from tide-water, and to Cheakamus Bridge, three miles beyond. While camped some sixteen miles from Newport, by taking this stage to Cheakamus Bridge, I was easily able on horseback to reach camp the day I left Vancouver. There is a small Indian reserve between Newport and Brackendale, most of which appears to be entirely uncultivated. There is quite a large hop-ranch at Brackendale where good crops are grown. It would appear that this particular soil is well adapted for the growing of hops. Some grain is grown in this valley and there are fine crops of hay. Following the main valley of the Squamish River, the Cheakamus Reserve is reached some ten miles from Newport. This reserve, which comprises some 9,000 acres, is traversed by a wagon-road. The portions of the valley lying north and south of the reserve are known as the Upper and Lower Squamish. The general character of the country embraced by the reserve is level, covered with spruce, alder, and fir, and has the best of soil. It is in every way, therefore, very suitable for settlement. At present it is entirely neglected, and in traversing the nine miles of road through the reserve not a single inhabited shack was noticed. In view of the fact that the Cheakamus Reserve is used by Indians for the most part only for hunting, it would be a great benefit if a part at least were thrown open to settlement. There are a few settlers in the Upper Squamish, where good crops of hay are grown. The silt brought down by the river appears to be very fertile, and potatoes and other vegetables are being grown to great advantage. The timber in the Lower Squamish is very heavy in places, there being especially big spruce between Newport and Brackendale. On the Cheakamus Reserve the timber is much lighter and the land would not be difficult to clear, there being considerable tracts covered with alder. The greater part of good land in the valley lies to the east of the river in the Lower Squamish, and throughout the upper valley this appears to be the case, though not to so marked a degree. There are several small waterfalls on the west side which feed creeks running into the Squamish River, but none are large enough to give promise of any considerable development for power purposes. D 270 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The valley narrows down some thirty miles from tide-water and passes through some canyons. On questioning settlers and others, very little information could be obtained regarding the country farther north, as to its suitability for settlement. It is difficult of access, and at present very few have penetrated more than thirty miles. There is one feature in connection with the valley which is brought to one's notice, and that is the liability to flooding by the river. While, generally speaking, the floods are not serious, there is at times a considerable amount of water to contend with, and some means of at least regulating it would be of great benefit. The highest water appears to be caused by the breaking of log-jams in the upper river, which gradually accumulate until carried away by the freshets in the autumn. In coming down the river, one notices how acres of the best land have been washed awTay on either side by the erosion of the river. It would be worth while to examine the condition of the river between twenty and thirty miles from its mouth, with a view to ascertaining the feasibility of removing some of the log-jams. To attempt more than this would incur a prohibitive cost. The Squamish Valley has a comparatively large area of good land, and, being near the markets of Vancouver and Victoria, has possibilities of great future development. At present the lack of transport facilities and the Indian reserves are the principal reasons why it has not become further advanced. Cheakamus Valley. The Cheakamus River flows into the Squamish about nine miles from Newport. The general direction of the river is northerly for some twenty miles north of the Squamish. It is a rapid mountain-stream having a width of from 200 to 300 feet near the mouth. Owing to the turbulent nature of this river and the large amount of detritus brought down, the bed is in many places widened out to 600 feet, the water finding its way in varying channels through the numerous gravel-bars. Some of these bars have formed partial islands, and it was interesting to see, in some cases, a ten years' growth of alder flourishing on them. Within ten miles of its junction with the Squamish, the Cheakamus River passes through several canyons; and, farther north again, in the neighbourhood of Daisy Lake, it spreads out for a half a mile or so across the valley. Soon after leaving Daisy Lake the river turns to the east and rapidly rises into the mountains. Streams running into the Cheakamus are the Chekai Creek, Swift Creek, Stony Creek, and Brandywine. The valley is therefore a narrow one, hardly any place being more than a mile wide. There are here and there on either side flat strips of land at the foot of the mountains, and little pockets left by bends in the river. These have, for the most part, been taken up by settlers. The valley is better known than the Upper Squamish, by reason of the fact that the Pemberton Trail traverses it for a considerable distance of the lower portion. The valley is well timbered with fir, spruce, cedar, and hemlock in the lower stretches near the Squamish, and there are some good areas of timber farther north near Stony Creek. Timber licences held in this district were being surveyed during the past summer. There are stretches of some miles in length where there is no timber worth mentioning, and where land is so rocky as to be worthless. The surveys of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway run through the valley, and with the construction of this road access will be had to the valleys running into the Cheakamus, such as the Brandywine. There are a number of mining claims on the hills on either side of the valley, upon some of which development-work was being done during the summer. As will be readily seen from the foregoing, there are great sources of water-power in the Cheakamus, which at all times of the year has a considerable flow of water. Other streams which could be developed are the Brandywine and the Stony Creeks. Generally speaking, the possibilities for agriculture in the Cheakamus Valley are small, as owing to its nature there are no considerable areas available. The areas lying near the Squamish should be logged off and could then be brought under cultivation. With the immediate construction of wagon-roads for the purpose of getting in railway supplies, the transport facilities will be much improved. Hitherto, on leaving the Squamish Valley, it has been necessary to take pack-horses and follow the Pemberton Trail. The climate of these valleys is similar to Vancouver; the snowfall is, however, heavy in the Cheakamus Valley, and the Pemberton Trail is closed for pack-horses during the winter. I have, etc., W. Peyto Unwin, B.C.L.S., Assoc.M.Inst.C.E. 3 Geo. 5 Valleys of Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers. D 271 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN SQUAMISH AND CHEAKAMUS VALLEYS. By' C. T. Hamilton. December 26th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I left Vancouver on August 23rd with one man to relieve Mr. W. P. Unwin, who was engaged on pre-emption, purchase, and traverse surveys from Howe Sound to Lillooet. From Vancouver I travelled by boat to Newport, at the head of Howe Sound. From Newport an auto stage is maintained to Brackendale, but as it had broken down a few days before, its place had been taken by the old horse stage. At Brackendale I made arrangements for a packer and two pack-horses to take me to Mr. Unwin's camp. Our route from Brackendale was along the wagon-road which runs to the Cheakamus Bridge. Just before reaching this point the trail breaks away to the right and follows the base of the mountains along the east side of the Cheakamus River. Our first night on the trail we spent at Stony Creek, and the next day, Sunday, Mr. Unwin's camp was reached. The trail from Brackendale clear through to Pemberton Meadows, with the exception of a very few places, is very rough and steep, particularly across Bear Mountain. I understand, however, that the Pacific Great Eastern Railway has had a wagon-road surveyed from Brackendale to the Pemberton Meadows, and that its construction will be commenced early in the spring. This will undoubtedly prove a great benefit to the settlers in that district, as it will mean better and quicker transportation and lower freight rates, which at certain seasons are very high, as everything must be taken in on pack-horses. When I arrived at Mr. Unwin's camp I made arrangements with him for the transfer to me of his outfit and party, with the exception of his assistant and chainman, whom he took with him, using the pack outfit which I had used getting to his camp. As Mr. Unwin had just finished the traverse to a lot at the north end of Summit Lake, and as the next piece of work was to the north of this lot, I moved camp to Nineteen-mile Creek, about half a mile to the south-west of Green Lake. Here we were rather unfortunate in having over a week's steady rain, which greatly delayed the work. About a mile north-west of the north end of Summit Lake is Iron Mountain, on which have been staked several iron claims. The ore, while' no doubt haematite, greatly resembles limonite in appearance, due to weathering. As yet no development aside from assessment-work has been done on these claims. From Summit Lake the Green River flows into Green Lake through a valley about a mile in width, the most of which lies on the east side of the river. Here the land is very flat and for the most part very wet and swampy, and is covered with a high thick growth of swamp-grass. This land could be easily drained, and if cultivated ought to make excellent hay land. The west side of Green River is rather heavily timbered with a fine growth of fir, scattered spruce and balsam, with some heavy cedar in the low places. Around Green Lake there is no agricultural land except at the south end. However, there are many little spots that will undoubtedly be used as summer residences on completion of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, as the scenery and fishing are of the very best and within an easy ride of Vancouver. From the north end of Green Lake the Green River flows between high, thickly wooded hills for about eight miles. Here the valley widens out to about half a mile, and varies more or less in width to the Pemberton Meadows. I could find no trace of any cultivation ever having been made here, so it is rather difficult to say just what can be done with the land from an agricultural standpoint. On the Green River, opposite Lot 552, Lillooet District, is a waterfall over which, even in the dry season, flows enough water to furnish a lot of power. The Green River joins the Lillooet River in Pemberton Meadows. Here the valley is about two miles wide. On the south side of the Lillooet River at the confluence of these two rivers the land is very marshy, and in the wet season is entirely under water. Notwithstanding this annual inundation, the Pemberton Meadows are famed for their fertile soil. Garden-truck grows abundantly, particularly potatoes, the yield of which was very much above the average this season. D 272 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Stock-raising during the past has been one of the main industries. Grain of various kinds has been grown and yields well, but as there has been no transportation to outside markets, the crops have been used only for stock-feed. Mining may, with railroad facilities, be another industry of the Pemberton Meadows. Several claims reputed to carry silver, copper, gold, and platinum have already been staked in that vicinity and assessment-work done on them. The marshes along the Lillooet River in the meadows are used as feeding-grounds by thousands of wild ducks and geese, though other game it not very plentiful. On reaching the meadows, our route was along the wagon-road to the east from Agerton Post-office, a distance of about six miles. Here the road turns north along the west side of the Birkenhead River for about five miles. It then crosses the river at the north end of Lot 955, and continues along the east side of the river to Pool Creek. Here the road runs in a north-easterly direction past Summit Lake and along the west side of Mosquito or Anderson Creek to the south end of Anderson Lake. Opposite this bend in the road and on a large island in the Lillooet River, is an Indian reserve on which live three or four hundred Indians. These people appear to be very intelligent and industrious. It is not an uncommon thing, after talking with one of them for a few minutes, to learn that he has been educated at the Indian Mission at Mission City. From this rancherie, clear through to the south end of Anderson Lake, the wagon-road extends through a narrow valley, which in a few places widens out to about a mile. The soil along this valley, particularly at the south end, appears very stony, and yet it yields wonderfully. Several patches of garden-truck were seen where the results were surprising. As yet, fruit-growing in this vicinity is only in its infancy. There are a few places, however, where a glimpse at the trees in the fall would convince any one that, with transportation facilities, fruit-growing would be a very profitable business. Several head of fine-looking cattle were seen, and, as very good hay can be easily grown, stock-raising here ought to be a very good paying business. The hills of each side of the valley are well wooded with fir and scattered pine. In a few places in the valley large patches of fir and cedar can be found, but the wood here is mostly birch and alder. Around the west side of Anderson Lake there are only a very few places, except at the south and north ends of the lake, which could be termed agricultural land. The soil is very gravelly and in many places stony, and would no doubt require irrigation, as the district is in the Dry Belt. The rest of the shore-line as well as the east side of the lake is a succession of steep, bare, rocky bluffs. The hillsides, however, are covered with a growth of good fir and pine. At McGillvray a new sawmill has been lately put in operation. It derives its power from McGillvray Creek, on which there is a big fall not far from the lake. About twelve miles from the lake up McGillvray Creek is situated a group of silver-mines which are reported to be very rich. A stamp-mill has also been put in on a group of gold claims up the same creek. Plying on Anderson Lake is a gasolene-launch catering to freight and passenger business. Between Anderson and Seton Lakes, a distance of about a mile, is a well-constructed wagon-road, on which a team and wagon is maintained as a freight stage. On Seton Lake a steamboat and two or three gasolene-launches furnish transportation facilities for freight and passengers, while between the end of Seton Lake and Lillooet is a wagon stage. The work for the season was brought to a close when the traverse of the west side of Anderson Lake was tied on to Lot 1591. This work was completed on December 4th. The next day camp was disbanded and moved to Lillooet, where I paid off the party. I have, etc., Chas. T. Hamilton, B.C.L.S. An unusual occurrence—a fair wind on Tatla Lake. Fording the Halfway River. " Necessity is the Mother of Invention.' 3 Geo. 5 Bridge River. D 273 REPORT ON BRIDGE RIVER, LILLOOET DISTRICT. By G. M. Downton. December ISth, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Bridge River is a large stream which takes its rise on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, and flows in an easterly direction through the Lillooet District, emptying into the Fraser River five miles north of the Town of Lillooet. This river, with its tributaries, drains an area of approximately 1,800 square miles, and is, in its essential characteristics, a rapid mountain-stream, with a minimum flow—occurring during the winter months—of about 700 cubic feet per second. The difference between maximum and minimum flow is very great, and is exceedingly difficult to estimate, but the maximum flow—generally occurring in July and August—is certainly not less than 4,000 cubic feet per second. The character of the country through which Bridge River flows is widely varied, but, taken as a whole, is extremely mountainous. The difference in elevation between points on the river is so irregular, however, that long stretches have a comparatively sluggish flow, while others are very swift. This being the case, it has been considered advisable to deal in this report with the river in certain distinct divisions. The river, for purposes of description, falls naturally into three distinct divisions, viz.: The Lower Bridge River, the Canyon, and the Upper Bridge River. These terms have been locally used for many years, and have, up to the present, been used somewhat vaguely in their application, but the topographical features of the river are so strongly marked that I have in this report adopted a fixed limit for each of these divisions and will describe them in detail. The Lower Bridge River, being that part which lies between the junction of the North Fork and the mouth of Bridge River, has a length of about sixteen miles, and is contained in a narrow valley with precipitous mountains on each side. Narrow alluvial benches are a marked feature of this valley, and lie on each side of the river nearly the whole of its length, at altitudes varying from 100 to 400 feet above the river. The mountains on the south side are heavily timbered with a poor quality of fir, and are generally less precipitous than the mountains on the north side. Their slopes are well watered with various small, but permanent, creeks which form the means of irrigation for the numerous alluvial benches which lie on that side of the river. The mountains on the north side are sparsely covered with a stunted growth of yellow-pine, and present a much more arid appearance than the mountains on the south side. The creeks are few and far between, and their low-water flow very small, rendering the irrigation of the benches on this side of the river a difficult task, and one which has, up to the present, been for the most part neglected. Lower Bridge River is occupied along almost its entire length by an Indian reservation—■ No. 1, Bridge River—and this covers all the land suitable for agricultural purposes, except a bench to the west of the Indian reserve between Antoine Creek—sometimes called Thirteen-mile Creek—and the junction of the North Fork of Bridge River with the main river. The bench is, like the benches on each side of the river in this vicinity, of an alluvial nature, and is really a succession of small level benches at varying heights above the river. The Bridge River has, in course of time, by the immense cutting-power of its water, bitten deeply into the alluvial deposits in the valley and scoured out a deep channel, leaving these benches. This eroding action of the river is constantly producing landslides of a more or less serious nature on both sides of the river, and this is especially noticeable between Antoine Creek and the North Fork, where the river-bank, deflected from its course by a bluff of solid rock, is cutting deeply into the benches on the north side of the valley, forming what is locally known as the " Horse-shoe Bend." The bench at this point is about 300 feet above the level of the water, and the eroding action of the river has produced an almost sheer precipice of gravel in the form of a horse-shoe, and" will, in the course of time, erode the bench completely away. These benches are said to be rich in gold, and various hydraulic-mining interests have been worked from time to time in this vicinity. Apparently the results have not been satisfactory- One hydraulic-mining company, whose claims are situated at the junction of the North. Fork 18 D 274 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 and the main Bridge River, has done considerable work in bringing water from La Rochelle Creek along the bench on the west side of the North Fork. It was not working at the time of my visit. The climate of Lower Bridge River is excellent. The altitude of the benches range from about 1,000 feet at the lower end of the valley to 1,500 feet above sea-level at the upper end. Summer frosts are seldom, if ever, experienced, and the winters are comparatively mild, snow not lying for any considerable time. The rainfall is light and insufficient for agricultural purposes. I could find no trace of any record having been taken of the rainfall, but am of opinion that in this locality it does not exceed in most years 15 inches per annum. The soil, when irrigated, produces remarkable results, as evidenced by the well-cultivated garden of Mr. Frank Michel, an Indian, who, having succeeded in obtaining an abundant supply of water from Seven-mile Creek, one of the few creeks on the north side of the valley, raised large crops of almost every kind of garden produce. Most of the bench on the north side of the river between Antoine Creek and the North Fork, in the vicinity of Horse-shoe Bend, has been taken up recently under pre-emption records by Mr. Morrison and Mr. James Cuthbert. North Fork of Bridge River. At the upper end of the valley of the Lower Bridge River, the North Fork of Bridge River, with a minimum flow of about 80 cubic feet per second, joins main Bridge River from the northwest. The valley of the North Fork may be said to be a continuation of that of Lower Bridge River, as the direction is identical, and when approaching the North Fork from along Bridge River no perceptible break is discernible in the continuity of the valley. The general conformation of the alluvial benches, and the similarity of these with those on the Lower Bridge River, and the fact that the main river above the junction of the North Fork emerges into the valley through a narrow canyon between very high and precipitous mountains at right angles to the general direction of the lower valley, would almost lead one to suppose that the lower valley was at one time occupied by the North Fork alone, and that the waters of the main river had burst into the valley at some period of immense volcanic upheaval, and taken the valley of the North Fork as its course to the Fraser River. The benches on each side of the North Fork are formed of rich alluvial deposits, very porous in character, and very productive when irrigated. The North Fork flows in a deep ravine worn down through these alluvial deposits, and though in a few places the banks are not steep, and grassy hillsides covered with scattered timber descend gradually to the river, this is not the rule; and the banks of the river, especially in the vicinity of Mr. Bishop's and Mr. Holbrook's pre-emptions, are precipitous to the extreme, and the river in many places may be said to be in a canyon. The timber is dense on the west side of the valley, but not, as a rule, large, being mostly composed of a poor quality of fir. The mountains in the immediate vicinity are not precipitous, but have a well-rounded appearance and are wooded to their summits. At certain places these mountains descend to the river, notably between Mr. Holbrook's and Mr. Roy Burkholder's pre-emptions, and between Mr. Burkholder's and Mr. Duncan's pre-emptions on the west side of the river, which occupy the flat alluvial benches which lie above the river in the indentations of the mountains. The main mountain also approaches the river on the east side opposite Mr. Duncan's preemption, and this mountain presents an entirely different aspect to the mountains on the west side of the valley, its sides being sparsely covered with a thin growth of stunted yellow-pine, and being quite devoid of water in summer. The best land on the North Fork is in the vicinity of Mr. Duncan's pre-emption, which is situated on a bench about 200 feet, above the river on the west side about three miles above its junction with main Bridge River. The climate is dry and bracing. The rainfall is not more than about 15 inches per annum. The altitude of Mr. Duncan's pre-emption is about 1,800 feet above sea-level, and, owing to its position on the west side of the valley and the fact that it is exposed to north winds, it is subject to summer frosts. Mr. Frederick Bishop's pre-emption, situated on the east side at about the same altitude, and about a mile above the junction of the North Fork, is well protected from north winds by mountains, and does not suffer from summer frosts. On this pre-emption all kinds of garden produce can be satisfactorily grown, and tomatoes raised and ripened without difficulty. Lack of water alone prevents the ranches on 3 Geo. 5 Bridge River. D 275 the east side of the North Fork from being exceedingly productive. Alkali Creek, which runs through Mr. Bishop's pre-emption, was dry at the time of my visit at the end of August, Mr. Bishop obtaining water from a small spring in the creek-bed. Alkali Creek appears to be misnamed, the stream, as far as I could ascertain, not being alkaline, but strongly impregnated with lime which is deposited on the side of the creek. The hills on the east side of the river are, for the most part, devoid of pasture, but I understand that there is considerable feed for stock on the hills on the west side of the river above Mr. Burkholder's pre-emption. All the alluvial bench land on the North Fork is covered with a layer of sandy loam. The mountains on each side of the North Fork are plentifully stocked with game. Deer are numerous, and cougars have recently been shot. Goat are plentiful in the mountains between Bridge River and the North Fork, and mountain-sheep are also found in considerable numbers. Ptarmigan are plentiful in the higher ranges. The North Fork is reached by a good pack-trail from the mouth of Bridge River along the north side of the valley, and late this season the Government commenced building a wagon-road which is to follow approximately the line of the trail. Above the North Fork. The main Bridge River for the next twelve miles above the junction of the North Fork runs in a canyon of an exceedingly precipitous nature. On the east side of the river huge precipices rise abruptly from the water to a height of about 2,000 feet, and, except in places where rock-slides have broken from the mountain-side, these precipices are almost perpendicular. The mountains on the west side of the river are not so rugged or precipitous as on the east side, and are more or less thickly wooded with a poor quality of fir; but are, nevertheless, very broken up with rock bluffs and slides. The whole appearance of the country in this vicinity is wild and rugged beyond description. The fall of the river in this canyon is about 50 feet to the mile, and, being evenly distributed along the whole length of the canyon, produces a prolonged series of rapids. At times of flood- water the river roars down the canyon with great violence, carrying along with it huge boulders, with which the sides of the canyon are strewn. At places the river in this canyon is not more than 120 feet wide, but, generally speaking, is a succession of narrow gorges, followed by wider gravel-bars. For the entire distance through this remarkable canyon there is no land which could be brought profitably under cultivation, nor is the timber of commercial value. A pack-trail runs along the mountains on the west side of the canyon, as a rule keeping about 200 feet above the river, and is in good condition, except for about two miles between Hell Creek and Mr. Holbrook's pre-emption, where it has entirely disappeared in one place, and is dangerous, even to foot-passengers, in others. The Bridge River for the next thirty miles above the canyon is entirely different in character to the canyon or the Lower Bridge River, being a comparatively sluggish river flowing between low banks which overflow in the flood season. This part is known as Upper Bridge River, and this report deals only with the lower thirty miles of its valley. The width of this valley is at no point more than a mile, and it is bounded by mountains, more or less thickly covered with timber, which rise abruptly from the valley, forming a natural limit to the flooding of the river. This periodical flooding is due to the fact that the fall of the river in this section is slight as compared with the fall of several large tributaries which flow into the river at various points along the valley, and are much swollen in summer by the melting of the snows on the high mountains among which they rise. The largest of these tributaries is the South Fork of Bridge River, which is also supplemented by several large creeks, notably Cadwallader Creek, before it joins the main river. This junction takes place about twelve miles above the point which I reached this season in the course of my surveys, and I was unable, therefore, to estimate the amount of water emptying into the river from this tributary, but it is unquestionably very large during the summer months, and at the point of its junction with main Bridge River is almost as large a stream as the main river above this point. Two other tributaries of considerable size, Gun Creek and Tyaugh- ton Creek, join the main river towards the upper end of the valley. These creeks, rising among the mountains to the north and west of Bridge River Valley, flow in a south-easterly direction into the valley and form the main drainage of a considerable area of heavily-wooded foot-hills. D 276 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Gun Creek joins the main river about seven miles and Tyaughton Creek about seventeen miles below the junction of the South Fork, and it is on the watershed of these two creeks that the most valuable timber on Bridge River is situated. Timber. This timber is for the most part yellow-pine of a large size and of first-class quality, averaging in many places 20,000 feet to the acre. A large quantity of second-grade fir is interspersed among the pine, and the whole area covered by this timber is remarkably free from undergrowth, a fact which will greatly facilitate logging operations. This timber is easily accessible from Bridge River, especially at a point near the north-west corner of Lot 3010, Lillooet District, where a draw in the hills between Mawson Lake and Bridge River, on a convenient grade and of short distance, forms an admirable natural outlet for the timber over a large area in the vicinity of Mawson Lake. Mawson Lake itself should form an excellent booming-ground for logging operations, preparatory to bringing the timber through the draw in the hills mentioned above down to Bridge River, being a shallow lake of about 100 acres in extent, with gently sloping, hard, gravelly shores. There is no doubt that the timber in this vicinity could be economically handled if a satisfactory method of transportation could be devised at the point where Bridge River, in the course of its progress eastward, passes nearest to Seton Lake, along the northern shore of which the Pacific Great Eastern Railway is now in course of construction. The nearest point of Bridge River to Seton Lake is in the vicinity of Lot 3024, Lillooet District, the distance being about two miles and a half in a direct line which passes over a mountain, the lowest point of which is about 1,500 feet above the level of Bridge River. The mountain-side all along the northern side of the Upper Bridge River Valley, east of Tyaughton Creek, is more or less densely covered with yellow-pine and fir, which, however, is not present in sufficient quantities, except in one or two places, to make it profitable to handle, except in connection with a general transportation scheme embracing all the timber on the upper river. The best timber east of Tyaughton Creek lies on a bench about half a mile to the north of Lot 1139, Lillooet District (W. W. Jones's ranch), where there is about 320 acres of first-grade yellow-pine and second-grade fir. This timber averages about 7,000 B.F. to the acre, but in many places is much higher and is easily accessible, being close to the wagon-road and well above the same. A patch of smaller timber, mostly fir, is situated on the south bank of the river about half a mile south of the mouth of Tyaughton Creek, and covers an area of about 200 acres. This is at present most valuable as tie timber. Another small patch of large spruce and fir of a good quality is situated on the south side of Bridge River at the mouth of Thomas Green Creek, which flows into Bridge River from the south. This timber covers an area of about 100 acres, or less, but averages over 10,000 B.F. to the acre. There is a scarcity of timber on the mountain-sides to the south of the Bridge River Valley, with the exception of a large area opposite Lot 3211, Lillooet District (Mr. John Sebring's pre-emption), where the mountain-side is densely clothed with small fir. Numerous small creeks flow into Bridge River on both sides of the valley below Tyaughton Creek. The largest of these is Alexander Creek, which has its source among the higher peaks to the north of the valley, and which emerges into Bridge River through a small but remarkable canyon in the vicinity of Lot 1136. Placer-gold mining is in progress on this creek. The next largest in size is Thomas Green Creek, which flows into Bridge Creek from the south about three miles from Alexander Creek. The only land in this valley which is immune from summer floods is that which, lying opposite the mouths of creeks, has been raised above the general level of the valley by the constant deposit of solid matter washed out of these creeks at flood-tima Practically the whole of the remainder of the valley proper is more or less subject to summer floods, and the soil is of such a nature that any attempt to hold back the water by dykes would be ineffective, for the reason that as the water rises in the river the whole of the subsoil becomes permeated with water, and on the rising of the river above the level of the land the water would percolate through the upper soil. A large area of this land is held together almost entirely by the roots of Cottonwood, willow, and alder, which grow luxuriantly on the river lands. The soil is chiefly composed of river silt 3 Geo. 5 Bridge River. D 277 and sand, and is being constantly shifted by the action of the river, except in those places where the roots of the trees bind the soil together. On those lands which are immune from floods the soil is very varied. Lines of coarse gravel and stones lie between patches of rich sandy loam, the whole lying over a subsoil of gravel. The soil is not, as a rule, deep; but remarkable exception to this may be found in the neighbourhood of Tyaughton Creek, where the soil, a light clay loam, is found in places 4 or 5 feet deep. There is a considerable deposit of lava-ash on the mountains on each side of the valley, and the waters of the river in flood-time are rendered milky from this cause. A volcano, long extinct, is situated between Bridge River and the South Fork, and this is probably the source of the ash. The climate is, generally speaking, equable; but, as this valley lies about 2,000 feet above sea-level, it is not altogether immune from summer frosts. These, however, do not seem to be of frequent occurrence. Potatoes grow well, and most varieties of common garden produce, timothy, etc. The river lands are covered with a dense growth of cottonwood, birch, red and plum willow, and alder; while a large area of permanent swamp land is covered with a rank swamp-grass cut by the Indians for stock. Snow commences to fall in the valley about the middle of November, but does not lie permanently until the beginning of December, disappearing about March 20th. The autumn lasts five or six weeks, and is the finest season of the year. Night frosts are the rule after the end of September. The rainfall is greater than on Lower Bridge River, but is inconsiderable. A very small area of the valley is under cultivation, and this is confined to five or six ranches. Upper Bridge River is reached by a wagon-road from the Mission on Seton Lake. The road passes over Mission Mountain through a pass, the highest point on which is about 2,500 feet above Seton Lake. The distance by wagon-road from Mission to the lower part of Upper Bridge River Valley is about nine miles. A wagon-road now traverses the entire length of the Upper Bridge River Valley as far as the South Fork, and continues thence up Cadwallada Creek to the mines situated on the north side of that creek. The mineral wealth of the Bridge River District has been reported upon by Mr. W. Fleet Robertson, and his report has been published in the Annual Report of the Hon. Minister of Mines for the year ending December 31st, 1910. It will suffice here to say that considerable activity has been apparent in mining circles in this locality during the past year, and several mineral claims have been staked recently on Bridge River. I have, etc., G. M. Downton, B.C.L.S. D 278 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 REPORT ON SURVEY OF BOUNDARY-LINE BETWEEN KAMLOOPS AND YALE DIVISIONS, YALE DISTRICT. By O. B. N. Wilkie. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The country covered in the survey of the boundary-line between Kamloops and Yale Divisions lies westerly and southerly from the Town of Merritt, and includes the valley of the Coldwater River and the valleys of Voght, McCullough, and part of that of Otter Creek, also the adjacent plateaux. Generally the country may be described as having an undulating nature, consisting of timbered grassy land, interspersed with meadows and willow bottoms. At many points good indications of mineral exist, especially coal. In all these valleys farming is being successfully carried on, the principal product being hay and cattle-raising, although vegetables of all kinds are grown, also corn. The soil is chiefly a sandy loam, and the best results are obtained by irrigation. On the higher lands where the subsoil is of a tight nature, I have seen some very good samples of potatoes, cabbages, turnips, etc., grown at an altitude of 3,500 feet above sea-level without watering. It is noticeable that a great many of the lowlands in the Dry Belt require to be irrigated, while in the same district the lands on the hills at a much greater elevation do not require to be irrigated. This is due, no doubt, to the greater snowfall on the higher altitudes and the proximity of an impervious subsoil, as the snow when melting permeates the land and flows along the subsoil, and thereby provides a sub-irrigation sufficient to sustain vegetation. Merritt. Merritt is the principal town in the vicinity of the above valleys, and it is situated near the junction of the Coldwater and Nicola Rivers in what is known as the Nicola Valley, and is on the Canadian Pacific Railway Company's branch line from its main line at Spence's Bridge to Nicola, a town some five miles beyond Merritt. The Government Agent's office is located at this point. Merritt is a busy town, owning its own water and light plant, and containing two banks, a hospital, and stores of all descriptions. The coal-mines, which are adjacent to the town, employ a large number of men and ship a large quantity of coal to various points. A great deal of farming is also done in the vicinity, the land requiring to be irrigated. From Merritt a stage carries mall and passengers to Coalmont, in the Otter Valley, a distance of sixty miles, where connection can be made with the Great Northern Railway for southern British Columbia points. I may also say that this company is at present continuing the line from Coalmont up the Otter Valley to a summit at the head of the Coldwater Valley, thence down the Coquhalla River towards Hope and Chilliwack; from the latter place they have already built to Vancouver. The Kettle Valley Railway has built a line some thirty miles up the Coldwater Valley from Merritt, and will connect with its line which is now under construction from the Coast to Kootenay, thus placing this district within seven or eight hours' run from Vancouver. The Coldwater Valley has been settled for many years. The soil is of a sandy loam. The side-hills adjoining have a heavy growth of pine and fir. In the upper valley a great many timber and coal claims have been located and some logging started. A wagon-road has been built up the valley for a distance of twenty-five miles from Merritt. The Coldwater River, which is about 60 feet wide, flows through the valley from a south-westerly direction. The Kettle Valley Railroad has been constructed, following this river up. At King's Station, a point twenty miles from Merritt, the Voght Valley joins the Coldwater Valley. Voght Valley. Voght Valley is several feet higher than the Coldwater and lies east and west. The westerly end is heavily timbered with pine and fir, with occasional willow flats. The main valley is fairly wide, with a sandy soil and willow bottoms; settlers have been here for over twenty years, hay and cattle-raising being chiefly followed. A wagon-road connects this valley with the Coldwater and Princeton Roads. 3 Geo. 5 Boundary between Kamloops and Yale Divisions. D 279 To the north of Voght Valley the country rises gently to an elevation of some 5,000 feet, and is well timbered with fir and pine. It is fairly good pasture land. Some very good open meadows and willow bottoms are found, usually adjacent to small creeks. Some six miles from the Coldwater the valley turns southerly, merging into the McCullough Creek Valley. McCullough Creek Valley-. This valley is also interspersed with willow bottoms and natural hay meadows. Several small lakes, said to have good fishing, lie along its route. The soil generally is sandy loam, and hay and cattle-raising is the principal occupation of the settlers. The eastern side of this valley is good pasture land containing some good timber. The western side is more rough and the timber small, chiefly second-growth pine and fir. The ground rises towards the west to an elevation of about 5,000 feet, from which point it falls towards the valley of the Coldwater on a well-timbered slope. Through this last-mentioned country will be found many willow bottoms suitable for hay-raising. McCullough Creek flows southerly through a fairly wide valley, finally emptying itself into Otter Creek. Near the junction of Otter Creek is situated a large ranch known as Hasting's Ranch, and consisting of 40,000 acres. At present this is being used for raising cattle and horses, a large amount of hay, rye, and oats being grown as well. I am also informed that vegetables for use of the ranchers are grown. Water is obtained from McCullough Creek for irrigation purposes. The higher lands, while making good pasture, are well watered by small lakes, and contain some good timber as well as willow-bottom lands. A road from Voght Valley passes down McCullough Creek and joins the Merritt-Princeton Road at Hasting's Ranch. Otter Creek. The valley of Otter Creek from McCullough Creek west is narrow, rough, and rocky for a distance of three miles, until the West Fork is encountered; here the valley widens and contains some very good ranches. At the West Fork vegetables of all kinds are grown. The soil is a sandy clay. From the junction of the West Fork the valley turns southerly towards Coalmont. and contains several improved farms. The Great Northern Railway is constructing a line up this valley to connect with Vancouver. The Merritt-Princeton wagon-road also passes through it. The bench lands on the east side, although rough near the bottom, contain some good willow bottoms and hay meadows, timber land, and pasture. I have, etc., O. B. N. Wilkie, B.C.L.S. D 280 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN LILLOOET AND CARIBOO DISTRICTS. By F. Tupper. December 9th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on the nature of the country, etc., surveyed by me during last summer in the Lillooet and Cariboo Districts under your instructions dated May 21st, 1912:— The total area surveyed was 50,117 acres (of which 2,293.75 acres were old holdings resurvey ed), and is mostly situated on the north and south sides of the Chimney Creek Valley, extending northwards almost to the San Jose River and Williams Lake, and southwards to Springhouse Prairie. Practically the whole of the area surveyed is timbered with pine and fir, with a little poplar and spruce in places. The soil for the most part is of a light nature, with rather better quality where spruce and poplar occur. There are scattered boulders in variable quantities over almost the entire area. To the south of Chimney Creek Valley the country is mostly flat, while to the north it is more broken and rocky in places. Agricultural Possibilities. As regards the agricultural possibilities of the country, I would point out that outside the valleys little or nothing has been attempted in the way of farming. The settlers there at the present time, with few exceptions, have done but little in the way of growing crops or vegetables. There are, however, one or two notable exceptions, and of these I would particularly mention Mr. S. Sorensen, who is located on Long Lake. Mr. Sorensen is a farmer in the truest sense, and his efforts appear to be meeting with a surprising degree of success. He appears to have paid careful attention to the principles of dry-farming, and his estimate of his crop for last season was: Oats, 60 bushels to the acre, and wheat 30 bushels to the acre, while his potatoes were as fine a sample as any one could wish to see. Mr. Sorensen dug several bushels in my presence, and I have never seen anything better. His other roots, crops, and vegetables were first-class, and the results attained by him go to demonstrate what can be done on that particular class of land. In the valley of Chimney Creek the land along the creek has been taken for a number of years, and the settlers, for the most part, appear to be doing well, and are irrigating their holdings by gravitation. Mr. H. P. Felkir, one of them, puts up a large amount of hay every season, grows all kinds of vegetables, and goes in extensively for stock-raising and dairying. Farther down the valley is Mr. F. Isnardy, who has a considerable area of hay meadow and grows plenty of vegetables, and also has a considerable herd of cattle. A little farther on is the ranch of Mr. Wm. Pinchbeck, which is a splendid property, and when I was there Mr. Pinchbeck was busy harvesting splendid crops of wheat and oats, while he had an abundance of all kinds of vegetables. He also has a considerable number of stock. This, I consider, is about the best-managed property in the Chimney Creek Valley and reflects great credit on the owner. There are a number of other settlers along the valley, almost all of whom seem to be able to make a comfortable living from their holdings. On the Springhouse Prairie quite a number of settlers have located during the last two years, but beyond erecting a cabin on each pre-emption and planting a few potatoes, etc., not much has yet been attempted. At Springhouse Ranch, of which Mr. Boitano, who has been there about twenty-five years, is the holder, beyond growing a quantity of hay and a few vegetables, practically no attempt has been made at farming. Mr. Boitano has, however, a good number of stock, and makes a considerable quantity of butter. In my opinion this property is well adapted for the purpose of dry-farming, and should the example set by Mr. Sorensen be followed, I have no doubt as to the success of the venture. There is one serious drawback, however, which applies to farming of all kinds in this particular district, and that is summer frost. The past season was a good one in this respect. 3 Geo. 5 Lillooet and Cariboo. D 281 There was very little frost and an unusually heavy rainfall, the like of which, old settlers informed me, had not been seen for many years. As regards frost, however, there is the probability that with settlement and cultivation it will to a large extent disappear, as, I understand, has been the case in the Prairie Provinces. Up to the present the attempt at farming has been entirely confined to the open prairie land, no attempt having been made, as far as I am aware, to experiment with any of the timbered country, and, in my opinion, the soil in some parts where the fir, spruce, and poplar occur is quite as good as the open prairie. However, it is not to be expected that this class of country will be taken up as long as there is open country available, as the cost of clearing is a serious matter with the average pre-emptor. I think it is probable, however, that when the open country is all taken up and a railway is constructed through that country, much of the land that is now apparently looked upon as useless will be taken up, cleared, and cultivated; and the results may be surprising. Good Range Country. At the present time, with the lack of transportation, etc., the country is, in my opinion, only good range country, and the numerous herds of cattle that I saw running there were in excellent condition. This country is for the most part likely to remain range country for some time to come unless dry-farming is carried on along the same lines as that adopted by Mr. Sorensen on his pre-emption on Long Lake. Otherwise, I think it is idle to expect payable results without irrigation. As regards water-supply, there is, with the exception of Chimney Creek, no streams of a permanent nature running through the tract surveyed by me last summer. There are, however, a number of small, scattered lakes that contain good stock-water, and I think a good supply of excellent water for domestic purposes could be obtained almost anywhere by sinking wells to a depth of, say, about 40 feet. Several of the settlers have obtained an abundant supply at even lesser depths than this. As regards timber, there are some patches of very good fir in Township 44, but the average per acre was, in my opinion, not sufficient to justify me in classifying any of it as timber lands. There is an abundant supply of fuel. Settlers would have no difficulty whatever in obtaining plenty of logs for building cabins, and with a small mill could cut plenty of lumber for building purposes generally. In conclusion, I would say that, although the climate is, on the whole, dry, in the summer it is not too hot. The winter is cold, with considerable snow at times. It appears, however, to be a very healthy district, and all the settlers there seem to enjoy excellent health. Should I be instructed to continue my work in this district next season, I hope to make a thorough inspection of the country lying farther to the south and east, where, I am informed, there is better country. I have, etc., F. Tupper, B.C.L.S. D 282 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN CHILCOTIN. By A. H. Holland, i November 30th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—My surveys of the past season have been confined to what is known as the Chilcotin country, being those portions of Cariboo and Lillooet Districts tributary to the Chilcotin River —a country known, by hearsay, to most people as a big-game country or a cattle country. Up to the present time it has been considered as only fitted for cattle-raising. Its high-and-dry plateau has not attracted any agriculturists, but has been left as the natural range for the cattle of the district. With the building of the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, however, considerable change is anticipated. At the present time the district can only be reached by one of two wagon-roads; from 150-Mile House, thirty miles to the Chimney Creek bridge across the Fraser, and then, after a gradual climb of about 1,200 feet to the plateau which extends westward for fifty miles or more through a rolling country, the first twenty miles of which is practically open, without timber, and the balance with a growth of jack-pine and some fir, with occasional open spaces; or by the other route, which leaves the Cariboo Road at either Clinton or 57-Mile House; thence by a good road for fifty miles to Churn Creek, where the Government is putting in a steel bridge across the Fraser, and where, up till now, a cable ferry has handled the freighters by means of a scow, working quite successfully except in very high water or just before the freeze-up, when ice is running in the river. Then the route is closed to all but those who cross in a cage on the cable. From Churn Creek there is a gradual clim'b of 600 feet to the first rolling benches—the property of the Western Canadian Ranching Company, generally known as the Gang Ranch. This Company owns many thousand acres and has many cattle running on the range, but each year more land is being broken to oats and hay. The truck-garden and flowers could not be better anywhere. From the Gang Ranch a good road proceeds by easy grades 1,000 feet higher. It rises from the open silt hillsides of the Fraser to the higher ground, covered with a more or less heavy growth of jack-pine and scattered fir, till Big Creek is reached, thirty miles away. Here the road forks with the main one, proceeding north-west, through the open range, twenty miles to the Chilcotin River at Hanceville; while the other turns westerly and southerly along Big Creek, where the land is more or less heavily timbered, with occasional openings of a few acres. Several settlers are scattered along the valley raising successful crops of hay, oats, and vegetables and running a few cattle or horses on the Government range. One settler has brought in Jersey cows and engages in butter-making, finding a ready sale at 45 cents per pound for all he can supply. There is a post-office on Big Creek where mail is received every two weeks from Hanceville, which is eighteen miles north and connected by a wagon-road, over land which rises to an elevation of 4,000 feet and is covered with black-pine and occasional fir. The north slope has a fairly heavy growth of fir, fit to supply local needs, but of little or no value for commercial purposes. Before crossing the Chilcotin River to Hanceville the ranch of Mr. J. C. Tretheway is passed. He has several hundred acres under cultivation, raising hay and grain, which are the staples of the country, and which would find a ready sale if placed on the market. The owner utilizes his crop as winter feed for his cattle and horses. The latter includes some imported pedigreed stock. From Hanceville westward are a number of ranchers, nearly all old-timers who took up the river-bottom wherever they could obtain water for irrigation, and all of whom raise hay, grain, and vegetables on the low land for their own use, and utilize the higher plateau for grazing cattle, which is their main source of revenue. My surveys of the season have been confined to the plateau land at an elevation of from 3,100 to 3,600 feet above sea-level, through a level or rolling country covered with small pine on the flats and with occasional fir on the higher knolls. The soil is a glacial deposit of silt or sand, with some gravel and boulders throughout, and on the high ridges the rock appears. The country is naturally dry and there is little running 3 Geo. 5 Chilcotin District. D 283 water, but the soil is the same as that on the lower benches near the river, which are under cultivation and which produce good crops with irrigation. When in what is known as the Dry Belt we had more or less rainfall on each of seven days in June, eight days in July, seventeen days in August, six days in September, with more or less heavy frost on each night from June 3rd to June 10th, slight frost on June 29th, followed by bright hot weather, interspersed by light showers or thunder-showers until August 26th, when we again had frost; thus giving this year about ten weeks of growing weather on the upper plateau. After August 20th we had bright and warm days, with occasional cool and showry ones. The general run were warm with frost at night. The first snowfall came on October 7th at an elevation of 4,000 feet. This did not lie. From then on we had cold days with an occasional hail-storm or snow-flurry until we left the district on October 22nd, and from later advices I understand that at Alexis Creek Post-office, at an elevation of about 2,600 feet, they had their first snowfall, of about 3 feet on November 22nd. The country is primarily a cattle- or horse-raising country, as the natural grasses give the best of summer feed, but cattle require to be fed from twelve to fourteen weeks, from December 15th to March 30th, sometimes a week earlier or a week later. This necessitates putting up from % io %. ton of hay per season for each animal. With the exception of a few of the present settlers, who grow timothy or alfalfa hay on the lower meadows or home ranches, the ranchers depend on the wild or swamp meadows for their winter feed; and after a season such as the present, when the rainfall during August (which is the usual haymaking month) was excessive, and practically prevented the curing of hay and flooded the swamp meadows, the ranchers generally find themselves short of winter feed, and therefore have a more or less heavy death loss in their herds. This can only be prevented by a more systematic farming of the lower benches where water can be found for irrigation, or by an experimental farm on the higher elevations where the new method of dry- farming can be tried. Up to the present I know of no attempt at raising hay or grain at an elevation of 3,000 feet or more in this district, and until this has been tried it would not be to the advantage of the district to encourage the pre-empting of the higher levels, as every settler would have to spend at least one season or more in clearing his land before putting in his crop, and would have to obtain employment from some source to carry him through at least two seasons. At the present time the only source of income to a settler is work on survey parties, Government road-work, or haymaking for the present ranchers, and although there was a great shortage of labour of this class during the present season, still this is a short season and hardly sufficient for a settler to earn enough to carry him through the balance of the year. Under the present " Land Act" the present settlers will find themselves in a very hard position should many new settlers come into the country, in this way: All those pieces of land which could be brought under irrigation from the few creeks or available springs have been taken up by the old-timers, who, in most cases, fenced the intervening non-irrigable tracts and used them as home pastures, and now, when the right to purchase is gone, they find themselves with scattered holdings, held under unimproved or un-Crown-granted pre-emptions, liable to have an incoming settler pre-empt between their holdings for the sole purpose of getting an exorbitant price (to buy him off) when the old settler is in a position to pre-empt again. In the course of my season's work I found several pre-emptors and old settlers who are cultivating land outside their holding because they were unable, owing to the requirements of the " Land Act" regarding surveys, to cover by any legal description, necessary to a pre-emption, the ground which it was possible to reach with a ditch-line. Nearly all the old settlers have, for their own protection, fenced in hundreds and, in some cases, thousands of acres of Government land in order to keep their herds from straying. This land in most cases is rolling side-hill unfit for cultivation, and under the present Act cannot be obtained except by pre-emption. This course is too expensive to the average settler, and unless some equitable manner of leasehold for this class of land is arrived at, the Government will continue to lose a source of revenue which is procurable from even the poorest settler, who would willingly pay a small rental, of say 10 cents per acre per annum, for the right to lease a pasture, subject to the right of cancellation of such lease should it be proved that such land could be, or was brought, under cultivation by any possible means. D 284 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 There are no timber lands in the district covered by these surveys, the growth being principally a jack-pine or black-pine of small dimensions, few exceeding from 6 to 10 inches. The fir, which only occurs on the more rocky ridges, is poor in quality, being full of rot and pitch-seams, and in no commercial quantities. A great deal of the plateau has been fire-swept at some time or another, and has a thick growth of small pine and some poplar among the windfalls, making it almost impossible to get through, and of no value in its present condition for pasturage. I have, etc., Arthur H. Holland. REPORT ON SURVEY OF THE SOUTH FORK OF FRASER RIVER FROM HORSE CREEK TO BEAVER RIVER, CARIBOO DISTRICT. By D. B. Morkill. December 28th, 1912. G. off. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The portion of the Fraser Valley covered by this report is situate about 300 miles west of Edmonton, Alberta, and 150 miles south-east of Fort George B.C., on the main line of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, and includes the lands lying between Mile 62 and Mile 83 of that road, the mileage being reckoned west from the Alberta boundary. It is most easily reached at the present time from Edmonton, from which place the Grand Trunk Pacific Railroad operates a daily passenger service to the station at Tete Jaune (Mile 53), the present end of steel, and head of navigation on Fraser River, about six miles down-stream from Old Tete Jaune Cache. The trip from Edmonton to Tete Jaune is made in about twelve hours. The railway-grade is completed through the lands surveyed, and by early spring of next year train service should be in operation through the block, as the intention of the company was to continue the laying of steel on December 15th and to carry on work throughout the winter. The Canadian Northern Pacific Railway, which parallels the Grand Trunk Pacific through the Yellowhead Pass, will also pass through Tete Jaune Cache, and will provide access to the district from southern and south-western British Columbia as well as the Eastern Provinces. During the past summer the Fraser River has been navigated by stern-wheel steamers from Fort George to Tete Jaune (Mile 53) and by numerous small power-craft. Physical Features. This portion of the Fraser Valley lies at a mean altitude of 2,350 feet above sea-level, has a breadth of from three to four miles, and an even north-west trend. The river is from 400 to 600 feet in width at high water, has a current of from two to three miles per hour, and follows a winding course, its length about doubling that of the valley. The granite mountains on either side of the valley rise in steep even slopes from practically level bench land to a height of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet above the river—timber-line being about 3,000 feet above it, and the summits being in many cases grassy plateaux. The valley- floor is approximately half bench and half bottom land. The bench is from 50 to 150 feet above the river-level. Of the tributary streams, the Shuswap is the only one having a valley of any extent. This is from half a mile to a mile wide, but not fit for cultivation and containing little timber. Climate. Information gathered from residents in the district during the past four years is as follows:— Summer temperature, maximum 85° Fahr.; occasional light frosts. High water, June 15th. Low water, December 1st. 3 Geo. 5 South Pork of Fraser River. D 285 Plant garden-truck, May 15th. Rainfall, estimate 30 inches; no data. First snow, November 1st. Snow stays, December 1st. River freezes, December 1st. River freezes for freighting, January 1st. Average snow, 18 to 24 inches. Winter temperature ranges from 20° above to 10° below. Extreme winter temperature, -30° to -40°. Duration, extreme, 10 days to 2 weeks. Ice goes out, March 15th. The work done during the past season extended from June 1st to December 1st, and records kept during that time are tabulated as follows:— Hours of Sunshine. Days on which Rain fell. Max. Temp. Min. Temp. Mean High Temp. Mean Low Temp. June July August . . September October . November 224 164 175 183 98 55 7 14 15 5 13 5 86 85 80 20 36 36 69 70 65 38 45 44 Frost was recorded during the first week in June and next on September 4th. Residents state that the past season has been unusually wet for the district. Highest water was recorded on June 27th and 28th. Snow fell in October on the 16th, 17th, and 18th, and in November on the 2nd, 6th, 17th, and 29th, but disappeared in each instance except the last mentioned. The lowest temperature recorded up to December 6th was 20 degrees above zero. Timber. The valley has evidently been covered at one time with a heavy stand of spruce and cedar timber, much of which, through the portion covered by this survey, was destroyed by fire about eighty years ago. Patches of it still remain. There is a considerable stand of Cottonwood and second-growth pine, spruce, cedar, fir, and birch in patches throughout the survey, the greater portion lying at either end of the work, and sufficient for all purposes of the settler. Where not thus timbered the land is covered with a growth of poplar, alder, and pack-pine on the benches, and with cottonwood, willow, birch, and alder in the bottom land. A growth of peavine and vetches was noted where in old burnings the soil had been fully exposed to the sun. Soil. The subsoil is clay, with top soil varying through loam, clay loam, sandy loam, and clay, more or less mixed with silt in the bottom land, and becoming sandy on portions of the bench. There are a number of hay meadows scattered through the block. As a whole, the district is well suited to mixed farming, and such effort as has been made in raising hay, grain, and garden-truck has given very satisfactory results. The survey camp was supplied with potatoes, turnips, beets, parsnips, and onions grown in the district, all of which were found to be equal to any grown in other parts of the Province. At Horse Creek this summer T. A. Wilson, W. G. Wright, and Andrew Swanson had good success with potatoes, parsnips, beets, lettuce, radishes, onions, peas, cabbage, and rhubarb, and a fine crop of timothy and oats. At Baker Creek W. Sweeney and W. Holliday had equal success with garden-truck, which they put in as an experiment, and with a patch of barley. The two latter built a water-wheel on the river, and during the month of June irrigated their garden. This was a dry month. It is probable that the dryer portions of the land will need irrigation in some seasons to obtain best results, but owing to the proximity of the mountains and the numerous streams from them there will be an abundance of water available if required. D 286 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Horses do well in the district, and it should be an excellent one for cattle and other live-stock. Large and small game is plentiful, moose, caribou, goat, and birds, with trout in the river and creeks. The general formation of the district is granite and mica-schist. The mica is noticed all through this section, fine particles showing in the river-silt and valley soil. The country has been fairly well prospected during the past five years, but no mineral deposits of note have been discovered, other than mica, of which there have been a number of promising claims staked on Sand Creek. Copper, gold, and galena showings are reported in Yellowhead Pass and the surrounding hills, and an occasional showing up the tributary streams of the Fraser. I have, etc., D. B. Morkill, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEYS ON THE SOUTH FORK OF FRASER RIVER. By A. P. Augustine. December 15th, 1912. G. H. Daioson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I left Vancouver on May 20th, 1912, with a party of twelve men to survey land within the reserve on the South Fork of the Fraser River, about fifty miles below Tete Jaune Cache. There are three different routes to get into this country, probably the most expeditious one being via Edmonton—the way we went. Taking from Edmonton, by special permission of the Railway Commission, we travelled over the Grand Trunk Pacific as far as the end of steel, which at that time was Resplendent, twenty-nine miles west of the British Columbia-Alberta boundary. Owing to the fact that the Grand Trunk has not been opened for traffic farther west than Hinton, 1S5 miles west of Edmonton, it was necessary to get this special permission before we were allowed to travel the remaining ninety-eight miles to the end of steel. After collecting camp outfit and getting our boats and canoes, we continued on the water to Mile 100, B.C., where we commenced our surveying operations at a point in 53° 25' north latitude, and about 120° 30' west longitude. Total travelling expenses from Vancouver to Tete Jaune Cache is about $60, and it takes, with ordinary connections, three and a half or four days to make the trip. Another practical route to this country is by way of Ashcroft, and thence by stage to Fort George, and from there at certain seasons of the year one can go to Tete Jaune Cache by river- steamer. However, these steamers run only at high water, which does not last more than about two or three months, usually June, July, and August. This route is more expensive than by way of Edmonton, and is far more uncertain as to length of time in getting in, owing to irregularity of steamers, and when the steamers are not running the only means of getting up the Fraser beyond Fort George is by poling up in canoes; and two men in a canoe cannot pole more than ten or fifteen miles per day. Still another route is via Revelstoke; thence up the Columbia River to the junction of Columbia and Canoe Rivers; thence up the Canoe River to its headwaters, and from there a portage of six or seven miles to Tete Jaune Cache. This is a very hazardous route, owing to the numerous rapids in the Columbia and Canoe Rivers, and was taken, this season by very few, excepting those dealing in the illicit sale of liquor in and around Tete Jaune Cache. At present the Grand Trunk is carrying passengers and freight as far as Tete Jaune Cache, and by spring will have steel laid about thirty miles farther down-river, but it is unlikely that they will carry passengers beyond Tete Jaune Cache till later on in the summer. However, it is comparatively easy to get down the river from Tete Jaune Cache in smail boats or on scows or rafts. The Grand Trunk contractors carried considerable of their freight down the river on large scows—10 or 12 feet wide by about 40 feet long. A stranger on the river, and especially one not familiar with river-work, is apt to meet with serious difficulty in getting down-stream on a raft or scow at any time excepting high water, on account of the shifting sandbars and submerged rocks. 3 Geo. 5 South Fork of Fraser River. D 287 The Fraser is extremely crooked—so crooked that in going down the river one travels about twice the distance he would in reaching the same point by following the grade of the Grand Trunk Pacific. The current runs at from three to seven miles per hour. The water of the Fraser, especially during four or five summer months, is unfit for domestic purposes, owing partly to large bodies of mica above Tete Jaune Cache, and partly to refuse thrown in the river by the Grand Trunk contractors. The many severe cases of dysentery during the summer were credited to the use of river-water combined with the heat. However, there is plenty of good water in the smaller creeks and springs tributary to the Fraser. In many of these smaller streams there is an abundance of brook trout, while at their outlets there are plenty of rainbow trout ranging from 3 to 5 lb. in weight. The valley varies in width from one to two miles above Tete Jaune Cache to five and six miles at Goat River, about sixty miles below the Cache. The general course of the river is north-west. In general there is a flat of from 2 to 10 feet above high-water mark, about three- quarters of a mile wide, along the river. This flat is in most cases a sandy loam, although in a few instances I found it to be a clay loam. Back of the flat is bench land and gentle slopes rising at about 3 to 5 degrees up to the foot of the mountain to an elevation of 3,000 to 3,200 feet, while the flats are at an elevation of about 2,200 feet. The bench land is in most cases of good clay loam, although in places it is gumbo, with very little soil on top. This heavy clay might be turned to commercial use in the manufacture of brick and tile. In many cases from the foot of the mountain up to the timber-line the soil is good, and if properly seeded would develop into excellent grazing land. Scattered over the country, both on the flats and the bench land are beaver meadows from 5 to 15 chains wide and from 20 chains to a mile and a half long. From the growth of scattered timber on some of these, I would judge some to be forty or fifty years old, while others are newly built with beaver at work on them at the present time. All these beaver meadows are easily drained by breaking down the dams and running a few open ditches, and while the older parts are comparatively easily cleared, the newer meadows require practically no clearing at all. The soil of these meadows is a black muck, which would grow anything, but are more especially adapted to raising vegetables, as the land is so strong that grains are apt to grow too rank a stock. Old inhabitants of the country say that there are usually plenty of wild strawberries, raspberries, huckleberries, and some blueberries and cranberries, but owing to the forest fires there were not so many this year. Still, what I saw of the district convinced me that wild fruits will do well without cultivation. Cultivated fruits would be a great success. Owing to the reserve there are very few actual settlers in the valley, but there are several " squatters " who have gone in, built shacks, and made garden-plots, thinking by so doing they will hold the land when it is thrown open for settlement. These people, without irrigation, have shown that the country is capable of raising good potatoes, carrots, beets, radishes, onions, lettuce, and such garden-truck. The oats which they planted were never given a chance to ripen, being cut and cured for hay while green. However, an old experienced rancher felt confident that had he let his crop of oats grow they would have matured, and would have averaged 75 bushels per acre. Climate. This year there has been plenty of rain for all agricultural purposes. However, old inhabitants of the valley say it was an exceptionally wet season, and in ease it should develop that parts of the land need irrigation it would be easily accomplished, as there are numerous good-sized streams with such a fall that all the bench and flat land could be irrigated by gravity. According to old prospectors and trappers who have spent several years in the valley, the snow is practically all gone by May 1st on the lower levels. When we arrived on June 1st there was no snow left. It is claimed that there is not more than 2 feet of snow on the ground during the winter, and this does not fall till nearly Christmas. The minimum temperature is about 35° Fahr. below zero, and this extreme low temperature lasts only a short period. Fine bright weather prevails throughout the winter months. During June the lowest temperature was 25° Fahr., which occurred on the 5th of the month. After the 10th there was a minimum temperature of 31 degrees. There were no more frosts until the 29th, when the temperature D 288 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 again fell to 31 degrees. The maximum temperature of the month occurred on the 19th and was 89 degrees in the shade. There were eighteen very fine days, and 'but three or four very wet days, with the balance of the month unsettled, showery, cloudy, and some sunshine. July was much wetter than June—just the reverse to the general rule in that locality, it is claimed. There were fifteen days in the month that it rained more or less; this included three or four sharp electric storms, the minimum temperature for the month being 38 degrees and the maximum being 92 degrees in the shade. August had a minimum temperature of 36 degrees and a maximum of S8 degrees in the shade, with a fair amount of rain. September had a minimum temperature of 14 degrees on the 30th, and maximum of 62 degrees on the 14th, and was in general a bleak, cloudy, and rainy month, growing colder with less rain towards the end. It was the 30th of the month before the slush ice began to run in the Fraser. This, with the extreme low water at the time, made it very difficult to navigate scows on the river. Usually the Fraser begins to freeze between the first and middle of November, but is not frozen sufficient for heavy freighting till about the middle of January; then it is good for from six to eight weeks, but, as is usually the case in teaming on ice, last winter several horses were lost by breaking through—not that the water is deep everywhere on the river, for one could ford it on foot in places, but there are many deep holes. The evenings during the summer are usually cool, there being only three nights during the whole summer that we felt the heat at all oppressive. I have never seen fewer mosquitoes in any place in British Columbia, and there were practically no black flies this season. It was claimed that the paucity of mosquitoes and flies this season was due to the dense smoke from the forest fires. Timber. As one goes down the valley from a few miles above Tete Jaune Cache he notices a gradual change of timber from light jack-pine and poplar on the lighter soil which prevails in that district to heavy cedar and spruce and hemlock on the heavier soil which prevails toward Goat River. Here the timber is comparable to that of the Coast. The timber is not first class, for although the trees are of good size, yet in too many cases they are faulty, especially in the cedar. Besides the cedar and spruce there is some hemlock, birch, Cottonwood, and a few scattered fir, the most of the latter being tall dead stubs 4 and 5 feet in diameter, solid, save a few inches of dry-rot on the outside. At present there are no sawmills in the valley other than those operated by the Grand Trunk contractors. There are a number of streams with sufficient fall to develop power for sawmills, as well as many other industries which might be operated in the valley. Minerals. According to prospectors, it is not a highly mineralized country, although within a few miles of Tete Jaune Cache a large amount of mica has been located. This bids fair to become of great commercial value, as it is reputed to vary in size from cubes 2 inches to 18 inches. Besides this, there is an iron-deposit in the same locality; but whether it is large enough to be of any commercial value is yet to be proven. In the Yellowhead Pass are good deposits of coal, which are being worked. Game. The district around Goat River and the Little Smoky River might be termed a sportsman's paradise, there toeing plenty of moose, caribou, goat, and both black hear and grizzly bear, besides grouse and rabbit. Our meat bill during the past season was materially reduced by the aid of two moose, five goat, and many grouse and rabbits. Several men who have spent nearly their whole lives in different parts of British Columbia claim that the valley of the South Fork of the Fraser River to be as good as any in British Columbia, and any one taking the trouble to compare the climate, soil, elevation, mineral and timber resources with that of other parts will no doubt come to the same conclusion. I have, etc., A. P. Augustine, B.C.L.S. **?%< Exploratory Survey. Permanent and temporary stations. ■HnnHiW'^c "w i • ^ ; : ..." .?**&■ .■ ■■•™s% ST"'' < V . ' : ' •'' • Windfalls the Surveyor's bete noire. 3 Geo. 5 South Fork of Fraser River. D 289 REPORT ON SURVEYS ON THE SOUTH FORK OF THE FRASER RIVER, CARIBOO DISTRICT. By J. A. Walker. December 19th, 1912. G. H. Daivson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The following is a general report on surveys made within the three-mile reserve on the South Fork of the Fraser River, in the vicinity of the Clearwater River:— With my party I arrived at Clearwater from Fort George by steamer on September 1st. Work was immediately proceeded with on the following day. The weather was almost intolerable. Nearly all fall it was cold and wet. This condition seemed to be but a repetition of the summer climate. The precipitation in this particular district seems to be considerably greater than that of the country immediately to the east and west. The temperature also would appear to be somewhat higher. Temperature readings were taken daily, morning, noon, and evening. Minimum and maximum temperatures were not obtainable owing to the lack of a self-recording thermometer. Tallies of the readings taken and a condensed weather report are annexed. To our knowledge no summer frosts occurred. About November 1st " frazzle ice " began to run in the river. The right-of-way of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway follows along the south bank of the Fraser River in this locality. Construction is being carried on simultaneously at frequent points from Tete Jaune Cache to Fort George. The mileage at Clearwater is known as " Mile 137, B.C." This is reckoned from the summit at Yellowhead Pass. By rail, Clearwater is about eighty-five miles west of Tete Jaune Cache and about ninety miles east of Fort George. By river, Clearwater is conceded to be about 140 to 150 miles from Tete Jaune Cache and about 160 to 165 miles from Fort George. At present it is rather isolated owing to difficulties of navigation, the Grand Canyon and Giscombe Rapids being between Clearwater and Fort George and the Goat River Rapids above Clearwater. The past summer, during three months of high water, the Foley, Welch & Stewart Company (railway contractors) operated two stern-wheeled steamboats from Tete Jaune Cache to the Grand Canyon. Next summer they propose operating to Fort George. By the fall of 1913 the steel will no doubt be laid past Clearwater River. In the winter one may get in over the ice by teams and sleighs. There is, as yet, no mail service. The nearest regular post-office is Fort George, B.C. There is another post-office recently inaugurated at " Mile 53, B.C.," known as " End of Steel, B.C." The intention is to move this along with the construction of the railway. Any mail we did receive was through the courtesy of the railway engineers and contractors. The locality seems to be practically uninhabited. We saw nor knew of no settler in the country and we encountered no pre-emption posts. A timber cruiser, representing companies holding timber, camped near us and followed our lines. We tied in location posts whenever we could find any. A very bad forest fire swept through this locality in the early part of May last. In some places the country was swept bare, even to the soil being incinerated. This fire, of course, only partially burned some tracts, while some sections of the country it jumped altogether. It is almost impossible to give, offhand, an estimate as to the amount of burned area. The land surveyed may be classed as almost all strictly second-class land. On the north side of the Fraser River at the confluence of the Fraser River and Clearwater River, and their respective valleys, the country is very rough and broken up with small ridges. This is especially noticeable on the west side of the Clearwater. The soil is loam, with a clay or " gumbo " subsoil. It is, for the most part, well watered with numerous small creeks. The timber here, though considerable of it was damaged by fire, is of cedar, spruce, and balsam. The cedar is very large—up to 72 inches—and is nearly all hollow. Below the Clearwater River this rough condition of the country continues. The land is very poor. The ridges are higher and the ravines deeper. Rock outcrops in several places in cliff-like formation usually paralleling the Fraser River. The soil is, for the most part, loam on top of clay. The soil is comparatively shallow. The timber in this vicinity, though mostly burned, runs heavily to large dead cedar. 19 D 290 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The east and west boundaries of the lots through which the Clearwater River flows follow the top edges of the benches very closely. The soil is a sandy or silty loam. This land is good and is covered with small willow, poplar, and spruce, with occasional clumps of large spruce. About a mile or more up the Clearwater River there are several small meadows and swamps covered with a rank growth of grass. This would make good grazing land, but the area is very limited. East of this for about a mile and a half, and extending for nearly a mile north and south, the land is quite flat. It is covered mostly with spruce and poplar from 8 to 16 inches. It would be easily cleared and would be suitable for agricultural land. Above the Clearwater River the land, though bench land, is similar to that in the Clearwater Valley. It is rolling, but not very rough except in spots. The timber is principally spruce, fir, and cedar. There is a flat strip of land averaging 10 chains in width lying between the bench land and the Fraser River. Fire has not touched this part very much. On the south side of the Fraser River the land is, for the most part, especially near the river, very rough. About a mile below the Clearwater River the country is burned bare in the fire of last spring. Soil. The soil is a loam, with a subsoil of blue clay or " gumbo." It is at this point that the G.T.P. Railway contractors are driving a 3,000-foot tunnel. They have made no progress all summer owing to the quicksand nature of the soil arresting their attempts to do so. The low- lying land along the river, generally at the bends of the river, has a good soil of loam, with, as a rule, a subsoil of gravel and clay. This land when cleared will make good agricultural land. During our operations we saw no indications of any mineral wealth, nor heard of any prospects in that locality. With the exception of Clearwater River and Ptarmigan Creek, the creeks are all very small, and could not be used in any way to develop water-power. On the waters mentioned we saw no suitable sites to develop power. Game. Game was found to be fairly plentiful. The most important variety of game known in the vicinity is the moose. Caribou, bear, and beaver also abound. Grouse, ducks, and rabbits are also very plentiful. Several varieties of trout are found in the streams. There was a very poor " run " of salmon in the Fraser this year. A game reserve is now placed on the north side of the Fraser on the Clearwater and Little Smoky watersheds. The Fraser River from Goat River to Clearwater River passes through a well-timbered country. The timber has been burned in places, though to a comparatively small extent. About two miles below Goat River, on the south side of the Fraser River, there is some muskeg country. This muskeg covers an area of probably three miles in length toy a mile wide. About half-way to Clearwater River there is a considerable area of beaver swamps. There are many high cut-banks along the river. On receipt of a telegram, advising us of our recall, from Fort George via Edmonton and Tete Jaune Cache, which telegram, by the way, was delayed for ten days, we finished up the sections we were working at. On November 12th, we loaded our canoes and went down the river to Fort George. By this time the river was very low and ice was forming, making progress rather difficult and travelling uncomfortable. It took us about six days to make the trip. I have, etc., J. A. Worker, B.C.L.S. Table oe Temperatures (Fahrenheit). Month. Day. 6.30 A.M. 12 Noon. 6.30 p.m. Weather. September .... 1 Rain. 2 42 Overcast. 38 Overcast and showery. 4 38 57 Overcast. 5 34 56 . „ 6 44 57 Overcast. Clear in evening for short while. .... 7 42 65 54 Rain. 3 Geo. 5 South Fork of Fraser River. D 291 Table of Temperatures—Concluded. Month. Day. i 6.30 a.m. 12 Noon. 6.30 P.M. Weather. September .... 8 4S 64 57 Heavy rain all day and night. 9 47 66 58 Fair though cloudy. 10 45 71 '60 Fair. ill 40 76 70 n 12 43 77 63 „ 13 39 77 63 14 37 78 68 15 34 75 63 16 36 74 61 „ » 17 44 69 56 IS 47 69 46 Rained all day. 19 46 65 52 Overcast. 20 31 65 49 Fair. 21 33 63 56 „ 22 32 62 43 Overcast. 23 35 59 45 Overcast. Rained all night. 24 33 49 43 Rain all day. 25 39 50 42 Rain all day and night. 26 38 47 45 Overcast. 27 41 51 44 Fair. 28 32 53 52 Fair. High winds. 29 33 55 52 Overcast. Rain at night. 30 34 54 52 ,, „ October 1 46 50 48 Rain in p.m. and night. 2 46 48 47 Rain all day and night. 3 42 49 40 Showers. 4 43 50 40 Overcast. 5 34 51 43 Fair. 6 36 52 46 Overcast. 7 41 47 45 Rain all day. 8 42 50 43 Fair. 9 31 49 42 Overcast and rain all night. 10 38 48 42 Rain in p.m. and all night. 11 37 50 42 Rain in a.m. and overcast. 12 32 55 47 Fair. 13 33 65 57 ,, 14 34 60 54 15 40 56 52 Heavy thunderstorm. 16 35 56 43 Overcast. 17 43 59 40 Rain all day and night. 18 35 56 32 Rain and snow at night. 19 30 52 35 Fair. 20 29 49 32 ,, 21 32 49 39 ,, 22 39 49 39 Rain in evening. 23 33 46 37 Snow in morning. 24 29 47 42 Overcast. 25 43 48 47 Fair. 26 43 56 44 ,, 27 34 57 40 28 26 49 32 ,, 29 26 44 29 ,, 30 24 46 32 „ 31 26 45 39 ,, Novembei 1 28 44 35 Fair and overcast. 2 35 41 38. Overcast. Snow at night. ,0 38 39 35 Fair. 4 35 4<i 32 ,, 5 33 42 34 Overcast. Snow at night. 6 36 37 34 Overcast. Snow in afternoon. 7 34 35 34 Snow all day. 8 36 38 37 Snow and wet. 9 32 36 32 Snow. 10 25 34 27 Fair. 11 24 32 32 ,, 12 31 Started for Fort George. D 292 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 REPORT ON SURVEYS BETWEEN TETE JAUNE CACHE AND THE NORTH THOMPSON RIVER, ON THE ROUTE OF THE CANADIAN NORTHERN PACIFIC RAILWAY. By A. W. Johnson. December 14th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on my season's work during 1912 along the Canadian Northern Pacific Railway between Tete Jaune Cache and the North Thompson River, in the Cairboo and Kamloops District:— The party left Kamloops on May 24th and completed outfitting in Edmonton. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway was accessible as far as Mile 29, B.C., and from there to Tete Jaune Cache wagons were used on the tote-road. Supplies were obtained here and the outfit hauled by wagon to the first camp on the McLennan River, about ten miles south of the Cache. I continued the survey of the valley southwards from Mr. Hewitt's work of last year, being actually at work on the line within ten days of leaving Kamloops. More time than could be spared was spent looking for his cache, without success, and finally a boat had to be purchased. Later the cache was stumbled upon, but one canoe had been stolen and the other badly cracked by frost and sun. The valley of the McLennan River is from three to four miles wide, timbered with jack- pine and poplar, and at first sight appears very sandy, but on closer inspection a clay subsoil is found in many places, and water is observed trickling out of the cut banks of the river. The McLennan River is about a chain in width, and I did not treat it as a natural boundary, as at low water it is easily fordable, but I made the traverse showing both banks. The rivers during June and July were at their highest, and. boating, even on the McLennan, which is comparatively a slow stream, was found impracticable. Cranberry Lake, which is about 700 acres in area, lies on the divide between the McLennan and Canoe Rivers. Its height above the Cache, from which it is twelve miles distant, is very slight, and as a result the McLennan is a very crooked stream indeed, as is the Canoe in this vicinity and in the thirty miles farther south. The lake drains naturally through Cranberry Lake into the McLennan, but it is a mere trickle. I believe it drains through a series of beaver- dams at the east end into the Canoe, but there is no well-defined outlet. The lake itself is of beaver construction, and must have been quite recently a spruce swamp, for there are many old roots under the water, which is nowhere more than 3 or 4 feet deep. The beaver-work is nearly all at the east end of the lake, from which I think it natural to infer that the original tendency was for the water to drain in that direction. It would be perfectly feasible to empty this lake either into the McLennan or the Canoe, but I have made the shore of the lake the boundary of the lots. It has nothing to justify its perpetuation as a lake, except that it makes a fine foreground for photographs of the surrounding mountains. So shallow that your paddle stirs up evil smells all the time, and while we were there, at any rate, avoided by ducks and geese, it would fulfil a higher destiny as a hay meadow. The water is warm in summer and almost stagnant; quite unfit to drink. Besides the lake proper, there is a large beaver swamp at the east end of 200 acres covered with mossy vegetable matter to the depth of many feet. At the west end of this lake the swamp land has dried and grows good hay. Cranberry Lake is so called because there are no cranberries anywhere near it. There must at one time have been a lake all over this valley, extending from the Cache to the Canoe Mountain and for a short distance up Camp Creek towards the Albreda Summit. There is, at any rate, in that area a deposit of sand on the level, whilst on the slopes and benches the soil is better. Mica Creek and therefore the McLennan are so full of mica at high water that they are not fit to drink. The same applies to the Canoe. Wherever there is moisture, as in long creeks or in muskegs, spruce, willow, and poplar grow. There is a little horse-feed scattered about in this valley, but the G.T.P. contractors fed their horses on it all summer, and by August nothing was left. There is no considerable area of range land, so it is not a stock country. 3 Geo. 5 Between Tete Jaune Cache and North Thompson River. D 293 East of the valley between Swift Creek and the Canoe River there is some very good land on the benches, with a heavier growth of timber. This is as good as could be found anywhere, and continues down the Canoe River for some miles. A large bench to the north side of Swift Creek is under application to purchase. There is a width of five miles east and west across the valley just south of Cranberry Lake. I surveyed most of the available land north of the Canoe, using the north bank of that river, which is 2 chains wide, as a boundary, but there is a large block on the other side and south-easterly down the valley not touched. Following instructions, in the middle of July I took some horses and a few men on a trip of inspection as far as Goat River, some forty-five miles from Cranberry Lake, down the Canoe. There is a sort of trail from the Cache all the way down the east side of the Canoe to the Columbia River, and thence to Golden, on the north and east bank of the Columbia. The Canoe end of this trail is in bad shape and we had a lot of trouble with bogged horses; one beast wasted half a day, falling into the river bodily and refusing to either get out or to be got out. About half-way between Cranberry Lake and Goat River is a log-jam, and there are hot springs close by. One of the Kamloops old-timers who suffers from rheumatism has built himself a cabin here and a bath-house. He has dug out a good-sized hole and roofed it in, and you can sit up to the neck in water, which is almost unbearably hot. As the water does not smell like rotten eggs, there may not be so much virtue in this as in other known pools of like sort, but as a result of the onward march of civilization, as typified in the G.T.P. construction camps, already small bands of pilgrims have visited the shrine to be boiled out. There are other springs within a few yards that are much too hot to hold your hand in. These all occur at the edge of one of the most beautiful little lakes imaginable where every prospect pleases. The river above this point is extraordinarily crooked. On both sides of the valley is a range of high mountains, growing higher and more rugged as one goes south, but there are probably 10,000 acres of unsurveyed land between the log-jam and my surveys at Cranberry Lake. This takes into account the benches fit for settlement. The soil gets better toward the south and has a good deal of fir. When near the log-jam first-class cedar is encountered, which is, however, taken up. This valley is very well watered. Several large creeks come in from the east, but no irrigation would be necessary below the log-jam, for the country there assumes the heavily-timbered characteristics of the Revelstoke and Big Bend sections. Below Goat River the Canoe is only navigable for expert boatmen, and the less said about the navigability of the Columbia the better. There may possibly be 9,000 acres of agricultural land between Goat River and the log-jam, including one fine meadow of 120 acres. The valley averages nearly a mile in width. Down here there is less liability to summer frost, and there is much more rain than on the Cranberry Lake plateau. The trail is probably an old Indian one travelled two or three times a year by trappers. At present this is about as inaccessible a spot as could be found in British Columbia on the same latitude. We saw only two men on this trip: one of them, the best boatman on the Columbia, was drowned in Surprise Rapids shortly afterwards. Going south from the Cache the C.N.R. hugs the foot-hills along the east side of the valley and passes to the east of Cranberry Lake. The line then swings sharply to the south-west and crosses the canoe at the foot of the canyon through which that river emerges from the mountain-range to the west. It then follows the west side of Camp Creek Valley until near Albreda Lake, where it crosses to the east side of the summit and then follows the Albreda to the North Thompson. The divide between the Canoe and the Thompson is not high, and the grade will not be difficult from a railway point of view. Camp Creek rises in the mountains west of Albreda Lake, and when it reaches the valley at the summit it turns north and joins the Canoe a little east of the C.N.R. crossing. It does not average a chain in width and is full of mica at high water. The valley tapers from a mile in width at the Canoe to half a mile at the summit, a distance of twelve miles. The land rises in in jack-pine benches on the east side, one of which is but two miles wide measured from the Canoe, and runs across to the valley of that river where it turns from an easterly to a southerly direction. On this bench is good timber, some of which has been staked, running high up the flanks of the Canoe Mountain. On the west side of the valley is better timber, cedar, fir, and spruce, and. this belt crosses the floor of the valley two miles north of Albreda Lake. There are also some good hay meadows along Camp Creek, and several creeks flow in from D 294 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 the west. Beyond this timber belt and on the summit the valley is a willow bottom, which extends to Albreda Lake. Some of this has been taken up by Mr. Fry, who has built a cabin, and has twenty head of stock. His garden was a gold-mine this year, for he charged us 10 cents a pound for vegetables. The lake, by the way, is a hay meadow which the beavers have dammed. When we first saw it it was a hay meadow, and when we came back it was a lake. By continually breaking dams Mr. Fry managed to cut a quantity of wild hay. The Al'breda River is seventeen miles long from its source in Albreda to its confluence with the North Thompson. The valley averages about half a mile in width. At the crossing of the Kamloops Trail, eight miles below the summit, the river is nearly a chain wide, and at this point, from where can be seen a magnificent glacier to the south, the valley turns from southeast to south-west. The soil is a good clay loam and there are numerous hay meadows strung along the valley. From the lake the timber is burnt out for the first four miles south; after this, one finds a dense cedar, 'hemlock, and spruce forest, with devil's-cluto exactly like the Coast. The cedar, however, though sometimes very large, is generally hollow. There must be a heavy precipitation here. The line of demarcation between this valley and the Cranberry Lake plateau is sharply defined and the difference very noticeable. On the one side there are dense cedar forests with rich clay loam, and on the other jack-pine and poplar with light sandy soil. There are two large tributaries—the East Fork, which enters about two miles north of the crossing, and Raft Creek, which comes in from the west two miles below the crossing. It is a much larger stream than Camp Creek where it enters the Thompson. There are huge snow-capped mountains on both sides of the valley, with timber growing far up their sides, and many small streams coming from the ice and snow that never goes away. This will be a rich valley when the timber is taken off and the land open for pre-emption. Settlers are flocking into the country fast. Around Cranberry Lake there are a dozen who have at least built their cabins, and on the Al'breda Summit two more have brought their families out and are farming on quite an extensive scale. Mr. Lindsay, at Cranberry Lake, has built a most ingenious water-wheel for sawmilling purposes, and is now engaged in damming Swift Creek to get head enough to drive a turbine. No sooner did we complete a quarter-section than it was staked. Speaking of settlers brings one naturally to the question of the suitability of the land for farming. The benches in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake are composed of clay loam and will make first-class farms when it is cleared of the timber, which is much denser than on the flat. The floor of the valley is undeniably sandy, though the subsoil is clay and holds water better than it would appear to do, and I think that there is no question as to the necessity for irrigation. There is abundance of water, however, for that purpose. There are four creeks between Tete Jaune and the lake. The largest of these and the most accessible to the largest area of irrigable land is Swift Creek, albout one mile north of the lake. It rises not far from Moose Lake, in the Yellowhead Pass. At high water and at the highest time of day there are 540 cubic feet per second available in this creek, and it is, of course, during high water that irrigation is most needed. The other three creeks discharge perhaps 100 cubic seconds between them. If we say that irrigation is needed between the beginning of May and the end of August, and call the average flow of these four streams 200 cubic seconds during those months, which I think is well under the mark, and if, taking into account the sandy nature of the soil and its newness, we say that the duty of one cubic second in this particular instance is only 60 acres, we should still be able to irrigate 12,000 acres. On the west side of the valley is Mica Creek, which is but little smaller than Swift Creek, and would take care of another 8,000 acres. So there is all the water needed to irrigate any land that is fit for settlement along the McLennan. I am speaking of the land I myself surveyed and not of the more sandy stretch nearer the Cache. Swift Creek, as far as I explored it, has no abrupt falls, but there is a difference of elevation of 300 feet on the five miles immediately before it enters the flat which would make it available for power purposes. The summer of 1912 was a difficult one to generalize from. The first week in June was bright and cold. On the fourth of that month we had 16 degrees of frost, but between June 15th and September 13th there was no frost at all. Supposing this to be the record of an average year, you would have three clear months of the finest growing weather, for in that 3 Geo. 5 Between Tete Jaune Cache and North Thompson Biver. D 295 latitude the days are very long in summer. Nothing much grew until the beginning of July, but after that what crops were in at this early stage in the development of the country went ahead very fast. Witness a garden that was put in on breaking Tepee Creek, and among all sorts of other garden-truck, produced a turnip that weighed 17 lb., which is pretty good under the circumstances. The middle of June was very dry and the whole country seemed to be on fire. It was difficult to see a back picket 5 chains away, and the heat was more oppressive than anything I can remember anywhere, and that includes heat in Aden, Zanzibar, and Spence's Bridge. I do not know what the thermometer did, and it may have been the smoke that made the heat so oppressive. Toward the end of the month this heat-wave broke up in thunderstorms, and we had nothing much but rain thereafter. From all accounts it was the wettest summer ever known in that part of the world, though I think the oldest old-timer has only been in the valley twenty years. From what we could see of the Albreda in the distance, and experienced when there later on, it seldom stopped raining there during the remainder of the season. When we reached the McLennan at the end of May, all sign of winter had disappeared and vegetation was well forward. In June daylight extends from 3 a.m. to 9.30 p.m., the nights being always cool. From our experience snow may be expected at the end of October, but there is seldom more than a foot on the Cranberry Lake plateau at any time, and everybody assured us that in this neighbourhood the winter climate was very fine, really cold snaps not lasting long and the usual weather bright and sunny, with no extreme frosts or wind. On the Albreda there is a heavy fall of snow. From what we could gather the frost is out of the ground well before the end of April, and the winter climate is not nearly so severe as the high latitude would lead one to expect. Cranberry Lake froze over in the latter part of November, although softer weather, with rain, threatened to break it up again. In a country where scenery is a drug on the market it may seem foolish to say anything about it; but I know of no grander views than may be obtained in the valley of the Canoe throughout its entire length. It rises in stupendous glaciers among the Mica Mountains, winds like a tortured snake across the wide flats at Cranberry Lake, and then flows for seventy miles between enormous rocky peaks and glaciers that are quite as fine as anything at Rogers Pass or Field. The Albreda Valley is almost as grand, and the C.N.R., when completed, will be able to offer an unsurpassed scenic route. To the sportsman this district offers everything from grizzly bear to willow-grouse. It is pre-eminently a caribou country. While there are plenty of goat, sheep occur only on the main range of the Rockies east of the Canoe. Black bear are fairly common and used to disturb our lunch-sack when left on line overnight. The country has been trapped for some years with unusual success, but there is a large field left in the many side creeks and rivers which are practically unexplored. Late in the season large bull trout were caught in the Albreda and Canoe Rivers. It is undoubtedly a bad fly country. The bulldogs during hot weather kept the horses thin, and were not above taking large pieces out of mere man. In the swamps and low places the ubiquitous mosquito kept his end up, and the black flies and sandflies came a little later on to keep things moving. At present the best way into this country is from Edmonton on the G.T.P., but when the C.N.R. is completed all the country I surveyed this summer will be on the main line of one transcontinental railroad and close to the main line of another. There is a pack-trail from Kamloops and one from Golden. You can go by water with a total of two miles in portages from Revelstoke, which is the main whisky route to the G.T.P. construction camps. Several cargoes of contraband were met early in the season. We passed one canoe which had come from the Arrow Lakes and was on the way to Fort George. This is a striking instance of the inland waterways of this Province. Let me suggest that a most instructive and exciting race might be organized by the canoe experts of the R.V.Y.C., starting in the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River near Portland, Oregon, following that river to the mouth of Canoe in the Big Bend; thence to Cranberry Lake, where two short portages would be necessary to reach the McLennan—perhaps a three hours' operation— and then a downhill pull past the Cache and Fort George to Steveston, on the Pacific Ocean once more. I may perhaps be pardoned if I warn all weak-hearted aspirants not to enter. I did not go up to see any of the mica prospects; I think because the sight of so much mica in the water put me off. The Canoe and McLennan Rivers at high water look like molten silver. D 296 • Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The mica fairly gleams and probably accounts for the absence of fish. There must be an enormous body of this mineral in the country at the headwaters of the Canoe, lying between the Fraser and North Thompson and west of the McLennan. There are no mica-mines in active operation, although considerable development-work has been done and a road built from the Cache to one of the claims. The advent of the railroads will probably see further progress in this direction. As there is considerable timber on the upper reaches of the Canoe River and Camp Creek, lumbermen would be able to select suitable mill-sites on the Canoe, although this is not the easiest think in the world on account of the height of the railroad above the river. I have, etc., Alfred W. Johnson, D.L.S., B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEYS IN THE UPPER NORTH THOMPSON VALLEY. By H. R. M. Christie. December 26th, 1912. G. H. Daioson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The Government surveys in the Upper North Thompson River Valley during the past season consisted of a survey of all the vacant agricultural land and pre-emptions already taken up between a point half a mile west of Mud River and ninety-seven miles from Kamloops to the junction of the Albreda and North Thompson Rivers, 172 miles from Kamloops. These distances are approximately those of the C.N.P. Railway. The actual amount of land already Crown- granted in this district is very small, only amounting to about 700 acres, there being, however, from 3,000 to 4,000 acres of good agricultural land covered by timber limits in the upper portion of the valley. The total number of lots surveyed was 102, containing some 16,000 acres of land and necessitating the running of ISO miles of line. Of these lots, from fifty to sixty are held under pre-emption records or are under application to purchase, and the remaining forty will undoubtedly be taken up during the coming year. These vacant lots, scattered along the valley, naturally consist of the poorest land, and would not warrant the expenditure of any great amount of time on the part of intending land-seekers going into the valley from the outside. With regard to agricultural land off the main valley, there is only one place where this can be found—namely, at the head of Mud Lake, about 145 miles from Kamloops. This will be dealt with later. At present there is a good wagon-road from Kamloops to the south end of Stillwater Flats, 112 miles from Kamloops, the last sixteen miles of this road having been built since I left the valley. During the summer Messrs. Twohy Bros., contractors for the C.N.P. Railway, ran a boat on the river, carrying cabin passengers and freight, from Kamloops to Mile 92. From the present end of the wagon-road there is a fair pack-trail to Tete Jaune Cache; but any one intending to go over this would do well to wait until after high water, as travelling with horses is impossible, owing to the swollen nature of the various streams. The best time to travel is during the months of August and September. In the near future there will undoubtedly be a road of a kind built by the railway contractors for the purpose of freighting in supplies, but, of course, exactly wheu this will be built, and for how far, is hard to say at present. There are also two stretches of navigable water above Mud River—namely, on Stillwater Flats, from Mile 112 to Mile 125, and from Mile 137 to Mile 172. The last stretch of water, however, has several large log-jams on it, which would have to be dynamited out. From the commencement of the work to the south end of Stillwater Flats the land on the north side of the river consists, generally speaking, of a narrow bench from 40 to 100 feet above the river, the soil being of a gravelly nature and needing irrigation. The only water available is from Mud River, Hornet Creek, and a few other small creeks. The timber on this land consists of fir, birch, jack-pine, and a few cedar along the river. The only land under cultivation at present is that held by Mr. Bang, and during the past season he raised good crops of vegetables and hay. On the south side of the river the land consists of a narrow flat not exceeding 20 chains in width, heavily timbered with hemlock and spruce. The soil is a sandy loam, needing no irrigation, the flat being only 2 to 4 feet above average high-water mark. On Stillwater Flats the valley averages about half a mile in width and fourteen miles long. There are 4,000 acres of land surveyed, all of which is taken up and about 2,500 acres of which is capable of being cultivated. The arable area consists of a river-flat from 2 to 4 feet above average high-water mark, with a sandy-loam soil needing no irrigation. The timber consists of birch, willow, spruce, and cedar. Messrs. White and Scott have, during the past season, raised 8 tons of potatoes per acre on newly cleared land, besides all kinds of vegetables and a small amount of oat-hay. The land, however, is very low, and, according to what indications could be found of high-water mark of 1.894, the flats would be from 5 to 6 feet under water should similar conditions occur again. At the north end of the flats on the east side of the river there are six pre-emptions, the land rising gradually to the north, and the soil being a clay loam which may need irrigation from Salmon Creek. North from the upper end of Stillwater Flats for a distance of twenty miles the only arable land worth mentioning is covered by timber limits. This is practically all on the west side of the river, and consists of flats 10 to 15 feet above high-water mark, containing, roughly, about 500 acres of land. At Blue River the land might be divided into two classes—namely, wild hay meadows and jack-pine flats. The former embrace ten lots, all of which have been pre-empted. Here the soil consists of a black loam, very swampy and needing drainage; the upper lots, in fact, being flooded at high water. The pine flats have a very gravelly soil which might produce crops if irrigated, and this could be done from Blue River. Most of this land is devoid of timber. At the head of Mud Lake, about four miles east of these flats, there are some good wild hay meadows, four miles in length and from a half to one mile in width. The land is very swampy, ■due to the damming of the various small creeks by beavers and the overflowing of the south bank of Mud River during high water. These defects, however, could easily be remedied by the settlers combining to cut out the beaver-dams and dyke the river-bank for a short distance. This land is all vacant and unsurveyed. North from Blue River the valley becomes very narrow, and what little agricultural land there is consists of scattered lots amongst the timber limits. The soil in all cases is a sandy loam, heavily timbered with cedar, spruce, and hemlock. The last lot surveyed was about a mile north of Flat Creek, 160 miles from Kamloops by the C.N.P. Railway. From here to the junction of the river with the Albreda, a distance of twelve miles, there is no vacant agricultural land. What land is there is held under timber limits, and consists of stony benches heavily timbered with hemlock. At the junction of the two rivers there are from 200 to 300 acres of fair land 10 feet above high-water mark and timbered with birch and poplar. To sum up, the agricultural land consists of a sandy-loam soil well adapted for ordinary farming, and having a climate, judging from the past season, of an exceedingly wet nature, the average rainfall being from 30 to 40 inches. Summer frosts occur in June. Winter starts about the middle of November, snow being off the ground about the latter part of April. The merchantable timber is chiefly spruce and cedar, with occasional white-pine and Douglas fir. With regard to available water-power, there appears to be a large amount of this in small quantities about Stillwater Flats, but owing to the rough nature of the country only a most cursory examination was made. On the east side of the river on Stillwater Flats there is Turn Turn Creek, with an average flow of 50 cubic feet per second, and an available head of about 500 feet, giving 2,000 effective horse-power. The head of this creek is practically a direct fall and is within half a mile of the river. Good building-sites are found on either banks. At Mile 136, on the east side of the bank there is a stream shown on the Government blue-print as Salmon or Porcupine Creek, the latter being the correct name. This creek runs about. 50 to 75 cubic feet per second, but what head was available was not ascertained. At Mile 152, Hell Roaring Creek enters the river from the east, and has an average flow of 60 cubic feet per second, with falls of about 200 feet, giving 1,000 effective horse-power. Falls about a quarter of a mile from the river on Pyramid Creek, at Mile D 298 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 162, were about the same. There are also the following fairly large streams entering the river, but with no falls within half a mile of the river, although it is almost certain that these streams have falls farther back :— At Mile 156, Bone Creek, 60 effective seconds in September. At Mile 158, Flat Creek, 20 effective seconds in October. At Mile 142, Mud River, 180 effective seconds in September. At Mile 153, Thunder River, 90 effective seconds in September, Of course, no opportunity was obtained for finding how these streams behave in winter-time, what storage they have, and what flood-flow. The mineral resources of the country are apparently an unknown quantity, although there are undoubtedly large mica-deposits on the upper reaches of the river, and some exceedingly fine samples, said to come from the vicinity of Mud Lake, were seen. The streams and rivers are devoid of fish, said to be due to the large amount of mica in the waters; and, apart from a few bears, there is no game to speak of in the valley. I have, etc., H. R. M. Christie, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEYS ON LOUIS CREEK AND NORTH THOMPSON RIVER VALLEYS. By E. P. Heywood. December 7th, 1912. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Louis Creek, for the first eight miles, runs through a narrow valley, and the best agricultural land lies on a bench 200 feet above the creek on the north side. Farming is being carried on very successfully in this vicinity. In the upper part—that is, to the north and west of the Railway Belt limit—the valley widens out considerably, and for several miles is half a. mile in width. The best agricultural land is practically at the level of the creek, and covers an extensive flat which is especially adapted to farming purposes, and there is good land on the benches above the creek. The neighbouring hillsides afford excellent grazing for stock. Good crops of wheat, oats, hay, potatoes, and other vegetables and apples are being raised all along the valley every year, and this part of the country appears to be in a very prosperous condition.. It is well suited for dairying and stock-raising. A considerable amount of clearing is necessary in some of the undeveloped land before it is suitable for agricultural purposes. The timber is for the most part good, consisting chiefly of fir, yellow-pine, birch, and cottonwood. The elevation of the valley is from 300 to 400 feet above the North Thompson River, and the climate is comparatively mild and dry, the snowfall being light and commencing usually in November. The creek-bed is rich in gold, and placer-mining operations are being successfully carried out at the lower end. A good wagon-road runs through the valley, and the North Thompson River Road and Kamloops are easily accessible by two routes. Chinook Cove, in the North Thompson River Valley, lies from forty to fifty miles north of Kamloops, and is easily accessible by wagon-roads on both sides of the river, a Government ferry being in service forty-four miles up. The valley here is wide and contains extensive flats bordering on ' the river, which are especially adapted to farming and stock-raising purposes- There Is also good agricultural land on the benches above the river on the west side, and good grazing land is plentiful on the hillsides. The timber is of good quality, consisting for the most part of fir. The elevation of the river in this locality being less than 100 feet above Kamloops, the- climate is comparatively mild, and good crops of grain, hay, and vegetables are annually grown without irrigation. I have, etc., E. P. Heywood, B.C.L.S. 3 Geo. 5 Peace River. D 299 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN PEACE RIVER DISTRICT. By G. B. Milligan. December 17th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The total area surveyed amounts in all to some 57,000 acres, and for convenience may be dealt with in two separate parcels—firstly, those tracts (about 17,000 acres in all) lying in the valley of the Halfway River and adjoining purchase applications surveyed in that vicinity; and, secondly, a 'block of land of about sixty section's north of the Rocky Mountain portage and in the vicinity of Hudson's Hope. The survey of the purchase applications along the Halfway River (about 40,000 acres) was undertaken first, and in conjunction with this, wherever unalienated lands were found suitable for agriculture, these were surveyed for the Government in such a manner as to make as near as possible a uniform survey of the Whole. On the fiats along the Halfway River at mile-post 64, R.N.W. Mounted Police Trail, the survey was commenced from the west boundary of the Dominion Block, and lots established westward from a base meridian through the north-west corner of the 'block, the small fractional lots between the meridian and the west boundary of the block being connected with the Dominion corner posts. The Halfway River was adopted as a natural boundary throughout. Observations for meridian were taken every few miles, the error for convergence being carried to the westerly portion of the work principally along the South Fork, although the actual west boundaries, as near as possible, were made due north and south. . Lots 1407 to 1313, inclusive, Government lands in Halfway Valley, lie about five miles south of the Halfway River and on the south side of the valley of Kobes Creek. The general slope of this ground is to the north towards Kobes Creek. The first bench from the creek is about 60 feet high. From this bench the ground rises gradually for about a mile to the ridge which forms the southerly boundary of the watershed of the Halfway Valley. Kobes Creek is about 30 feet wide, and at ordinary stages of water would average about a foot in depth. It flows rapidly in a crooked and tortuous course over the stony bed of the creek. In many places the soil on this ground is covered with moss and would appear on the surface to be a muskeg, but when digging down the soil under the moss was invariably found to be a rich black loam, in places attaining a depth of 18 inches, with a clay subsoil. The growth throughout is principally second-growth poplar, willow, and alder, with patches of spruce and pine. This land is drained by small streams originally from the seepage water along the low hills to the south. Lots 1440, 1441, and 1442 lie along Kobes Creek, there being some excellent meadow land along the lower flats, which, for the most part, are open, with light growth of poplar and willow. The upper benches on either side of the creek are covered with a heavier growth of small jack- pine, poplar, willow, and spruce. The soil is all sandy loam. The country between the North and South Forks of Lynx Creek, Lots 1430 to 1437, inclusive, is chiefly high land lying on either side of the ridge forming the divide between the South Fork of the Halfway River and Kobes Creek. The top of the ridge is covered with a dense growth of small jack-pine, alder, and willow, and the soil is light and gravelly. The south slopes towards Kobes Creek are gradual and the growth is mostly scattered clumps of poplar, alder, and willow. There is also an excellent growth of peavine and grass. On the slopes towards the South Fork of the Halfway River the growth is dense alder and willow, with windfall. The soil is light and gravelly. Good bottom land is found on Lots 1431 and 1433. The South Fork of the Halfway River is about 5 chains wide between banks and has a very swift current, the actual volume of wafer being about 2 chains wide and 1 to 2 feet deep. This stream, as well as the main branch, teem with trout, being principally char, rainbow, and grayling. The land surveyed between the Halfway River and the South Fork is a tract which lies mostly on a level bench between the two streams and contains some excellent land, the strip along the South Fork being mostly all open meadow land, with scattered clumps of small willow D 300 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 and poplar. This land has nearly all been burnt over, resulting in a second growth of small willow and poplar, with here and there trees that have escaped. There is an excellent growth of peavine and grass throughout. The soil is mostly black loam with clay subsoil. Near the junction of the South Fork of Halfway River and the main stream sixty sections were surveyed. After completing the Halfway River surveys in August we moved our outfit south, following 'the Indian trails to the Hudson Hope country, and commenced work northerly from where we had left off the previous season at the Rocky Mountain portage. Our supplies for this work had been previously stored at Hudson's Hope, being brought up the Peace River by Hudson's Bay Company's steamer from Peace River crossing. This country can be most easily reached by trail from Hudson's Hope, which is the head of navigation on the Peace River. I may add that at this point there are two stores which hitherto had been merely trading- posts for Indian trade; but in order to meet the requirements of travellers and settlers (about forty of whom have taken up homesteads in the immediate vicinity during last summer) the stocks of merchandise have been materially enlarged to meet the expanding demand of the country. The cost of freight on supplies from Edmonton to Hudson's Hope is about 10 to 11 cents a pound. The above-mentioned land surveyed lies on a nearly level plateau about 500 feet a'bove the Peace River, and includes practically all available land between the west boundary of the Dominion Block and the foot-hills to the west. Forest fires have devasted this country, and the larger timber which formerly flourished has, with the exception of isolated clumps, entirely disappeared, and under present conditions of brule and light windfall, with the second growth of small poplar and willow, little labour would be required to clear the land. As it is, large areas have been almost entirely cleared by the fire, and grasses of the wild varieties, as peavine, blue-joint, etc., have taken root, and, as it cures standing, affords considerable winter feed for horses and cattle. All this country is well watered by the North and South Forks of Lynx Creek, with their branches, these being excellent mountain-streams flowing easterly into Peace River. There are also numerous small swamp meadows carrying water for the greater part of the season. Chinaman's Lake, about three-quarters of a mile long and half a mile wide, lies in a slight depression about a mile from the foot-hill's, the surrounding country being covered mostly with small willow, poplar, and alder growth, with a few spruce. This is a very picturesque spot, and the lake teems with trout and would be a boon to settlers in the district. The fop soil throughout varies somewhat, toeing mostly a few inches of black'loam, and in places sandy loam with clay subsoil. Observations regarding the weather during last winter were taken toy my assistant, who spent the winter at Fort St. John. The only cold weather experienced occurred during the first part of January, the thermometer registering 50 degrees 'below zero on the 11th. February, March, and April were marked by alternating snowfalls and Chinook winds; the weather was variable. Snow would occasionally fall to a depth of 12 inches. The side-hills were, however, kept more or less bare owing to the warm winds. The ice on the Peace River was unsafe for travel after April 3rd, and toy May 3rd the river was entirely clear of ice. New grass first appeared about April 15th, especially so where the country had been burnt over early in the spring. Foliage on the willows and poplars was first noticed on the 16th, and by the 20th was in full bloom. Dry weather prevailed through June, while considerable rain fell during July. August and September, however, were fine months, being exceptionally clear. At the end of May and during the first few days of June slight frosts occurred, and also on June 15th. There was also one frosty night, about the middle of August. The first snow fell on October Sth, but remained only ten days, after which the weather was again clear and fine. With regard to the larger animals, black bears are numerous throughout the country and moose back along the foot-hills, it being reported that one band of Beaver Indians had killed fifty-four moose during last season. Wolves, according to Information I gathered from Indians and other people in the country, although not very numerous, have been noticeably on the increase during the last few years, and unless this is promptly checked they must toe a menace not only to stock wintering out, but also to the increase of game in the country. The remarkable increase during the last couple of years of the smaller game, as rabbits, grouse, and prairie-chickens, has naturally led to the correspondingly large increase of fur- bearing animals, more especially lynx, marten, and mink. Under these circumstances, not only 3 Geo. 5 Ootsa and Francois Lakes. D 301 does it help out the grub-supply, but many of the settlers of the country have taken advantage of this and engage in trapping for the winter. I abandoned work on October 15th, leaving my horses for wintering and storing the outfit at Hudson's Hope. I travelled down the Peace River by a small boat to Peace River crossing, and thence to Edmonton, being twenty-one days on the trip from Hudson's Hope to Victoria. I have, etc.. G. B. Milligan, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEY ON OOTSA LAKE AND FRANCOIS LAKE. By V. Schjelderup. November 28th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—The area dealt with in this report includes the country between Francois Lake and Ootsa and Cheslatta Lakes, together with the country immediately to the north of the former and south of the latter lakes, comprising an area of roughly 1,500 square miles. There are at present four routes by which this region may be reached—namely, via Bella Cooia, Dean Channel, Hazelton, and Fort Fraser. The two first-named routes afford access from the Coast; the latter two respectively from the Western and Eastern Interior. From Bella Coola the distance to the lower end of Ootsa Lake is roughly 190 miles by the winter pack-trail, via Anaharu Lake. Owing, however, to the excessive steepness" of the trail, which in places has a grade of over 30 per cent., where the trail rises abruptly over several high summits, the time consumed in covering the distance is from ten to fifteen days, according to load, with pack-horses. The distance by the summer trail over the mountains is somewhat less. From the head of Dean Channel, via the Salmon River Pass, the distance to Ootsa Lake is considerably less, and the ascent more gradual. Unfortunately there is practically no trail, and this route is not available until a practicable trail is constructed, which could probably be done at a moderate cost. From Hazelton, Ootsa Lake may be reached by taking the stage road as far as Aldermere, distant fifty-six miles; thence by wagon-road and sleigh-road to the head of Francois Lake, sixty miles from Aldermere and about 115 miles from Hazelton. From Fort Fraser there is a wagon-road to Francois Lake, the distance being six miles to the east end of the lake. From this point there is a trail following a south-westerly and southerly course to Cheslatta Lake, and thence to Ootsa Lake, where it joins the Bella Coola Trail at the east end of the lake. Another trail joins Francois and Ootsa Lakes, starting from a point about thirty miles from the east end of Francois Lake on the south shore, where it connects with the mail route from Burns Lake to the post-office on the northerly shore of Francois Lake, where mail is delivered weekly. Thence the trail continues to a point about half-way up Ootsa Lake, mail being delivered here fortnightly from Francois Lake. The Hazelton Trail runs in a south-easterly direction to Ootsa Lake. The area under consideration is a part of the great interior plateau and presents the appearance of a low undulating country, with ranges of hills that follow approximately the general direction of the axis of the Coast Range. These hills rise sometimes to an elevation of 800 to 1,000 feet above the level of the lakes, generally by easy slopes, while more rarely they are broken and rugged in contour. The low-lying country is dotted over with numerous lakes and intersected by streams, and is timbered with poplar, willow, spruce, and jack-pine, interspersed with numerous open patches of grass land and meadow. Flanking the streams and lakes there are numerous level benches, which frequently extend back to a considerable distance from the banks before they join the slopes of the hills. The greater part of the low country is well below the 3,000-foot contour, and therefore, as far as altitude Is concerned, not too high for profitable farming. The soil has been formed by the redistribution and disintegration of boulder-clay, with the addition of materials derived from the disintegration of local igneous rocks, to which is due its D 302 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 great fertility. In texture the soil may vary from fine silt to coarse granular soil mixed with gravel and sand, but wherever the other conditions are favourable it will sustain a luxuriant vegetation. In places, indeed, where fire has in the past cleared away the timber, the latter has been supplanted by a luxuriant growth of wild grasses, peavines, and vetches, which often attain a height of over 5 feet and which in rankness of growth surpass anything seen elsewhere. Francois Lake has a length of sixty miles, and averages one mile and three-quarters in width. It lies almost due east and west, and follows closely the 54th parallel, which intersects it at several points. Its altitude is 2,375 feet above sea-level. Near the eastern end of Francois Lake, where issues a creek by which its waters drain into Fraser Lake, there is a prominent hill which rises 800 feet above the level of the lake. For a distance of about twenty-two miles the north shore is generally low, wide steep banks rising 50 to 100 feet above the lake, and running back a long way before rising farther. There is a little fir timber at the north-east end of the lake, but the vegetation is mostly poplar and jack-pine, with open patches of grass land. The south shore is somewhat rougher and more broken. From this point there are bare grassy hills with stony slopes on both sides of the lake, rising to an elevation of 800 feet for a few miles. The south shore then becomes low and generally continues so to the west end of the lake, seldom rising more than 100 feet above the lake. For about eight miles beyond the hills the north shore is low and undulating, aspen groves alternating with wide open patches of grass lands. The soil is good black loam, with sandy clay subsoil, and wide open stretches of wild hay lands are seen also on the opposite shore. Farther west the north shore becomes more broken, the ridges culminating in a hill 800 feet high of basaltic rocks, with a perpendicular bluff 80 feet high overlooking the lake. Beyond this point there is an extensive area of undulating low land bordering the lake and extending a considerable distance back from the shore. The character of the country to the south of Francois Lake is very similar to the above, being generally low and undulating, with numerous small lakes and many open patches of wild hay lands. Ootsa Lake has a length of about forty miles and a width of from half to two miles. Its altitude is 2,740 feet above sea-level. It lies in a generally north-west direction, curving round towards the south at its upper end. Here there are numerous large wild hay meadows. The south side of the lake is characterized by numerous jack-pine ridges, with sandy soil alternating with scattered groves of poplar and open hay meadows. Pretty well all along the north shore the land is good for some distance back from the lake, and here most of the settlers are located. Between Ootsa and Cheslatta Lakes there is a considerable area of very good agricultural land. On Cheslatta Lake the hills become more rocky in character, and sandy soil with jack-pine predominates. As has already been stated, a large portion of the low country between the higher ridges of hills lies well below the 3,000-foot contour, above which, in the interior of British Columbia, it is considered that conditions are not favourable to crop-raising. This low undulating area in the region under consideration may be roughly estimated at 300,000 acres. Local climatic conditions, however, have a considerable part in influencing the altitude at which crops can be successfully raised, and the comparative mildness of the climate, especially on Francois Lake, as compared with similar altitudes in other parts of the Province, would warrant the conclusion that the more hardj' crops could be successfully raised above the 3,000-foot contour. The great fertility of the soil, as evidenced by the astounding luxuriance of the wild grasses, vetches, peavines, as well of wild berries, offers every inducement to agriculture. Oats have yielded as high as 2,700 lb. and timothy hay 3 tons per acre. The ordinary root-crops and vegetables do very well, as also berries and small fruits. As regards apples, there is not sufficient data to form a definite opinion. The severe winter cold might prove an obstacle, although apples are successfully raised in districts of Europe where the cold during the winter is no less severe. While mixed farming can be successfully carried on in this district, the purpose for which the country is best adapted is stock-raising. The higher country which is not adapted for crops is capable of being turned into pasture land. Horses have been known to winter out, and do not appear to have suffered seriously in the spring; yet, to provide against contingencies arising from an unfavourable season, it is more prudent to provide feed for the winter, and some of the settlers earn a livelihood during the winter months by wintering horses. 3 Geo. 5 Chilaco River. D 303 The number of settlers at the present moment is not large, being about 150, and the lack of transportation facilities has naturally proved a drawback to settlement. But the district is exceptionally favourably situated as regards position, as it could have a direct outlet to the Coast, besides being capable of being put into close touch with the Eastern markets. When the question of transportation and population has been solved, this district should prove one of. the most valuable in the Province for dairy-farming, and should supply large quantities of butter, cheese, and other dairy products. The climate is more subject to extremes of temperature than is the case on the Coast, and while the summers are hot, the winters are cold, with snowfall of from 1 to 3 feet, according to the year. Yet the climate in this district is considerably milder than in many other parts of the Interior, owing probably to warm winds which reach the district from the ocean by the passes through the Coast Range. The precipitation in the summer is moderate, and the amount of clear sunshine such as to cause a rapid growth of vegetation. The lakes and streams are full of fish, principally trout, and in the larger lakes there are also whitefish and grey trout. Small game is generally plentiful and there are a fair number of deer and black bear. Moose and caribou are only met with occasionally. The rocks of the country belong chiefly to the porphyritic class and to the Tertiary volcanic series. There does not seem to be much prospect so far of this section yielding any valuable mineral finds, but some indications have been found in the mountains to the west of Ootsa Lake, known as the White Sail Mountain. I have, etc., V. SCHJELDERUP, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEYS IN CHILACO RIVER VALLEY. By- P. A. Landry. December 30th, 1912. <?. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on surveys in Chilaco River Valley. Mr. J. F. Templeton carried on the work until July 4th, when I took charge of the work and carried it forward from date. The survey operations were begun at the north boundaries of Lots 1024, 1025, and 1026. Men for the party were sent to Fort George, the base of operations. The first seven miles and a half south along the Blackwater Road can be made with a wagon to a point where the Stony Creek Road runs off from the main road, then five miles and a half farther along a fairly good wagon-road brings one to the junction of the Stony Creek Road with the Chilaco River Road. The Chilaco River Road was built this year from the aforesaid junction as far as the north-east corner of Lot 1576. This latter part of the Chilaco River Road will in time have to be changed, as it follows along the edge of two or three steep-cut banks. At present it can be used by four-horse teams during dry weather. From the north-east corner of 1576 to the centre of Lot 4211 there is a sort of a wagon-road built by settlers, most of the work having been done by Mr. W. M. Cunningham. From the centre of Lot 4211 to the centre of Lot 4216 a hay-road has been cut and partially graded by the aforesaid Mr. Cunningham. This part is not in very good shape. This road was made later in the summer, after we had cut our own pack-trail in May and June. Mr. Gregg (a pupil) and four men commenced on the west side of the riv^r opposite the •centre of Lot 4211, and cut trail through to the centre of Lot 1022. This joins on to the old trail cut out by Mr. Templeton in 1907. One can now leave the main Nechaco-Quesnel Wagon- road and pack through to Fort George. We brought provisions from the main road over this trail into our camp. Some day this trail will be used extensively, as there are very large hay meadows between the Chilaco River crossing on the main Nechaco-Quesnel Road and the northerly boundary of Lot 1024. Chilaco River rises in Totuk Lake and empties into the Nechaco River seven miles west of Fort George. This river is about seventy miles long. The valley proper is not of very great width. I consider the Chilaco River Valley one of the most fertile, if not the most fertile valley D 304 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 in the Northern Interior. The main river itself is a shallow sluggish stream, and even in high water is not over 5 feet deep. The mean average width is less than a chain. This water becomes warm in summer and is not of the best quality. All the creeks flowing into the Chilaco River contain water of the very best quality for drinking purposes. Owing to the many log-jams the river is not navigable. By panning the gravel in the river a few colours can always be found. The river-bottom seems to consist of black loam with clay subsoil, and in a few places of a sandy loam with clay subsoil. Very little, if any, gravel is seen on the bottom. On the upper flats the soil is mainly sandy loam with a sandy-clay subsoil. Gravel was found in places in quite a number of sections. On the east side of the river there is a general rise of one bench after another until a height of about 200 feet is reached. The country is rough and broken and is, as staked, a timber-limit country. The west side of the river is much more level and the flats do not rise more than 100 feet above the river. Five or six miles to the west of the river a chain of hills or mountains seems to rise rapidly. A great many torules are to be found on the west side of the river. There is some extremely good land to the west of where we finished our season's work. The rainfall in the Chilaco River Valley is sufficiently heavy. Hardly a day passed without one or two showers, either in the «daytime or at night. At no time was the soil what might be called dry; in fact, the Chilaco River Valley is the section in Fort George District with the greatest rainfall. The maximum depth of snow on the Chilaco River will reach 4 feet in midwinter. Winter commences in November and lasts until the middle of April. Summer frosts are still to be found in the Chilaco River Valley, though the settlers report that these are fast disappearing. In our own camp we had a frost at the end of June and again in September. Very little rock in place was found. No possibility of stone-quarries and no trace of minerals. Deer, black bear, ducks, geese, partridges, and rabbits were the game seen in the country. No water-power or any chance of developing power was noticed. At present there are about a dozen bona-flde settlers in the valley near where we surveyed. Mr. Cunningham, of the Chilaco Plantations Company, has done the most work. I believe that by this time he has ploughed about 70 acres of land. Andrew Miller and John Tutlis have several acres ploughed on each of their pre-emptions. Mr. Dodd has done considerable work on his pre-emption. Close and Brown, on the Bedeker Place, have cleared from 30 to 40 acres at considerable expense. On the land of the Chilaco Plantations Company the crop of oats was very good. M. C. Burr raised a splendid crop of potatoes on his pre-emption. The ground was simply harrowed, the seed planted and covered up, and the results were surprising, considering the little work done. Andrew Miller had a very good crop of potatoes, garden-truck, and oats. Dodd's garden on his pre-emption would have been a credit to any small rancher working under the most advantageous circumstances. The Chilaco River Valley was visited this summer by three disastrous fires. A great portion of the timber was badly burnt. Fires hindered us in our work during June, July, and August, as we were obliged to work over the ground when it was still smouldering. At times the smoke was very dense and hindered the instrnment-work. One, at least, of the fires came from the river, and the others seem to have travelled from the Nechaco eastward. On the west side of the Chilaco River the timber is not very heavy, consisting mostly of light poplar and jack-pine, although in places there is some heavy fir and spruce. On the east side of the river the timber is very heavy, consisting of large spruce and fir, although in places there is jack-pine and poplar. I have, etc., P. A. Landry, B.C.L.S. it Tip- i- ■it-- Uuf •' -V'-,-;;.;::;;:;:^;:^>';Nv:,:-. ■':■■/:- ■.■■■.■•■■ - tf - 5| Sp .-j*, in ■" * w8fe' ■& t . ■*■'•- if ■' *■ % ''tJL t'K^&^M P^S^ii^ 4--«iaH nlmBirW^ 'infiti '""^'^ii' -'!'*?'iflBi Fish Lake, between Francois and Ootsa Lake. Shelford Ranch, north side of Ootsa Lake. REPORT ON SURVEYS IN QUATSINO DISTRICT, VANCOUVER ISLAND. By H. H. Browne. December 21st, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Twenty-three sections were surveyed this year, and the ocean-shore was traversed from San Josef Bay to Cape Scott. Some changes will be required in the map, as the shore-line has been taken from the Admiralty Charts, which are plotted on Mercator's Projection, and of necessity must squeeze the land. The error in latitude in Sea Otter Cove amounts to nearly a quarter of a mile; the longitude, as would be expected, coinciding very nearly with our surveys in the land. About 15,000 acres were surveyed this year, and nearly all of this is held under pre-emption at the present time. In the five months I spent in the field I ran about seventy miles of land lines and about thirty miles of shore traverse. Observations for azimuth were made frequently, and our deviations were never more than a few minutes. It is not easy in thick brush and in windfalls to keep an exact course for long. By land lines and shore traverse I have extended the surveys this season from San Josef to Cape Scott. We were never far from the sea, so a great deal of work needed the use of boats. After several years' experience, I would strongly recommend the Indian canoe as the best of all boats for the rough ocean-beaches. It is light, both in weight and draught, can easily be pulled up, and even a little pounding on the rocks does no more harm than can be quickly repaired. I have had as many as eleven men of good size in a canoe 22 feet long, in a big sea, and made a good landing. A canoe of this size will generally carry a ton. With the hard usage they are bound to get on a survey, they will hardly last longer than one season. They begin to split then, and leak. Their cost varies, according to make and necessity, from 825 to $50. They are " dug-outs " of cedar; that is, a cedar log of the required dimensions is whittled down with an axe to nearly the shape inside and out; then a sort of chisel, set at right angles to the handle, like an adze, is used to trim the Hull to shape. I have never seen the Indians use callipers. They judge the thickness of the wood entirely by instinctive feeling, leaving even thick places where the wood is brash and thinning down to a quarter of an inch where it is good. Knots are avoided always in the submerged part of a canoe, and above the water are often cut entirely out and replaced by good wood, admirably set in. The thwarts and rowlock sockets are generally sewn with sinews of cedar-roots to the body, no nails being used in the boat. They are mostly rigged with a small sprit-sail, and sail very well with a following wind. In a general report upon the district I propose to discuss as briefly and concisely as I can the general features of that part of Rupert District, with which I am best acquainted, from Quatsino to Cape Scott. Quatsino Sound at first sight from the ocean, from Forward Inlet to Holberg, at the end of the West Arm, seems to be nothing but mountains. A little further knowledge of the coastline, however, will show a number of good harbours and beaches, with a good area of bottom land that extends inland to benches, not more than 50 feet high, and these benches are always arable, though at first sight they seem nothing but windfall and low-class timber. The benches go back from a quarter to half a mile to the foot of the mountains. On the mountain-slopes, where the exposure Is favourable, there are here and there good spots for growing fruits, both small and large. Fruit-growing has been successfully tried in several places. The bottom lands everywhere will yield large crops of small fruits and vegetables. This is not a timber country. There is only an inferior sort of hemlock. This description will suit all the sea-washed lands. Some very promising coal, properties are located along the West Arm, where continuous exploratory work is going on. The coal is of good quality, and there seems to be a large system of measures here, but the owners do not wish to exploit them just now. Coal claims have been located as far west of the end of the arm as Section 15 in Township 37, with favourable indication, though no work of importance to prospect the property has yet been done. The wagon-road from Holberg follows the West Arm River for about five miles, when it enters the reserve in Section 14. This reserve is an area for pre-emption only, comprised of twenty sections in Township 37, five sections in Township 38, two sections in Township 40,. and all of Townships 41, 42, 43, and 44. 20 D 306 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The mountains on both sides of the West Arm River are very steep and reach an elevation of 2,000 feet. There is good spruce in the valley, but the mountain-slopes are covered only with small hemlocks and cedar, with occasional patches of ancient timber. The river-bottom is good, though it is subject to overflow in the winter. The divide between West Arm and San Josef is in Section 15, Township 37. Here the valley narrows somewhat, but the summit is hardly more than 200 feet above the sea. The mountains on both sides now becomes little more than ridges, which have an elevation of from 200 to 600 feet. Following down along the San Josef River on the south, the mountain-range has become a series of diminishing isolated hills that reach the sea at Cape Palmerston, leaving many fertile valleys all the way; while on the north the hills retain more of the range system, but gradually, in Township 41, become worn down to mere ridges of connected hills, never more than 800 feet high, with passes between them of less than 600 feet, until in Township 42 we come to a gently rolling country, which extends to the sea- coast on the north end of the island. Between San Josef Bay and Sea Otter Cove is a group of three mountains, whose highest peak is probably 1,200 feet high. Their slopes are very steep. The watershed between Lake Eric and Sea Otter Cove is only about 600 feet high. From here to Cape Scott, and generally throughout Townships 43 and 42, there are no hills of importance; only a rolling country, with numerous small creeks, and only one river system, Fisherman's River, which flows out of Lakes William and Brink. Here we have a broad fertile valley, with little timber of importance—a few good spruce and cedar. There is much swamp, due, to a great extent, to beaver-work. Beaver are plentiful there now. Here, too, is a small band of elk, some old cows, but I think no old bulls, with half a dozen or so young bulls, and cows. Signs of bear were plentiful, and wolves and panthers are there in too large numbers for the good of the deer. Three or four years ago deer were very plentiful; now they are very scarce. Nearly the whole of Township 43 and more than three-quarters of Township 42 are fit for settlement. The land is fairly well timbered; the soil is very good in places, and there is plenty of running water, though its quality is impaired by too much suspended vegetable matter. This, however, is not injurious. The few deer we did get were very fat and edible. Rock-exposures are few owing to the jungle-thickness of the vegetation everywhere; but I did see now and again striated granite and gneisses, with thinly covered moraines, which gave me the idea of a glacial period, not so very long ago. Everywhere from Holberg to Cape Scott great intrusions of limestone are found. At Sea Otter Cove there must be at least half a mile wide of what I took to be magnesian limestone, or dolomite. In the West Arm River gravels there is much slate, and large pieces of haematite and magnetite—good ores of Iron—were common. Copper-pyrites (chalcopyrite) is locally abundant in some places on the upper waters of the San Josef. Some claims have recently been staked on copper lodes which seem promising. The first assays are always good ones, but it remains for the result of a great deal of work to prove the worth of the property. There are only three great systems of drainage for all of this country from Holberg to Cape Scott—by the West Arm River, by the San Josef, and by the Fisherman's River. Each of these rivers has valleys of good size, from half a mile to two miles wide. These are flanked by benches on which the soil is good as a rule. The bottom land is, of course, the best, but driftwood-jams cause all to overflow, and do great damage during every big rain-storm. The expenditure of a few hundred dollars on these streams to clear them would be a great boon to the settlers on their banks, and it would also help the salmon to come up, which now they can hardly do. Speaking generally, the soil is a rich alluvial deposit, lying on hard-pan, with a depth of from 3 to 4 feet. This is in the valleys; on the ridges and benches there is much gravel, but these gravels are also fertile, as has been proved. Everywhere the soil must be exposed to the sun, and vigorous tillage is necessary. Opinion is divided as to fertilizers, but the turning over often is necessary; then good crops of vegetables are assured. For example, last year, John Laurie, at Sea Otter Cove, on the ocean side, cleared away the weeds, dug up his ground in small patches wherever he could get in his spade, covered it with sea-wrack—mostly kelp—dug it up again, and then planted potatoes and other garden stuff. There was hardly an acre in all of it, but he sold to me 77 dollars' worth of vegetables for my camp; and still has left forty-two sacks of potatoes and a lot of cabbages and turnips, for which he will probably get 2 cents a pound. Every settler can do the same, but unfortunately every settler has not at present a means of reaching a market. 3 Geo. 5 Quatsino District. D 307 As to climate, it may be said that the winter is very wet. There is very little frost or snow, but there is almost continuous rain during November, December, and January. On the other hand, February and March are generally fine and dry. The rain begins again in May and lasts to the middle of June, when fine weather prevails until November again. The summers are not very hot, as there is almost always a good wind from Queen Charlotte Sound, which brings moisture with it in the mornings, and the afternoons are rather hot. This is good for small fruits, such as raspberries, gooseberries, currants, and strawberries, which everywhere grow abundantly. The land is hard to clear, undoubtedly, but there are salmon-berry patches which are large enough and will yield crops of any sort. Then there is a little grazing on nearly every quarter-section where a man may keep a cow or two. Pigs do well, I am assured, and pork finds a ready market. Until there is completed a good wagon-road through the district, the market must, of course, remain a very limited one. But I am speaking of possibilities. The Cape Scott country was originally settled by a colony of Danes, brought there by Erasmus Hensen some twenty-odd years ago. They settled about Fisherman's Bay, called after Nels P. Jensen, one of the original settlers who engaged in fishing, and the Lagoon, a big tidal inlet running up nearly four miles into the midst of the country. Over a mile of dyke was built and a large area was reclaimed for grass land. The Danes built good houses, good roads; they cleared and cultivated their land, and they put cattle on the reclaimed land, and formed a successful colony, but they had no market for their produce. Cape Scott lacks a good harbour. So little by little the settlement dwindled until there were only two or three of the old settlers left. The grass was good and the cattle were thriving, but there was no way to ship out the beef. The C.P.R. steamers no longer went to Cape Scott. Then Holberg was started (Holberg was a great Danish writer, it will be remembered) by a few of the Danes from Cape Scott, who still had faith in the ultimate success of the district. Holberg, at the end of the West Arm, is the safest port for all of this country up to Cape Scott. A good wharf is about to be built there, and a wagon-road is under construction to the cape. When the road is finished there will be opportunity to ship out the surplus stock of beef and vegetables. Three years ago the population of all of this country—viz., from Holberg to Cape Scott— was not much more than sixty; to-day there are nearly, if not quite, 300 pre-emptors living on their holdings. Some of these are married men with families, so it is a fair estimate to put the present population at 600; while the most of these are farmers, there are also carpenters, smiths, tailors, bakers, a watchmaker, a barber, and men of nearly all trades. When 300 pre-emptions are taken up in a series of valleys, like those between Holberg and Cape Scott, it means that those quarter-sections nearest the trunk road are already gone, and that incoming settlers must find their land either on the benches or in the lateral valleys. In the five townships in which I have carried on surveys the best land has probably been taken up; but there still remain acres and acres of good land, enough for 300 more settlers. Mail is carried to Holberg every two weeks; to San Josef, once every month by launch from Hardy Bay, and once from Winter Harbour. This also serves Cape Scott. The end of the wagon-road is now at the western boundary of Township 37. From there on is a good trail to San Josef Bay, to Sea Otter Cove, and to Cape Scott. There are also several lateral trails. I have, etc., H. H. Browne. D 308 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1912 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN CLAYOQUOT AND BARKLEY DISTRICTS, VANCOUVER ISLAND. By- A. I. Robertson. G. H. Daivson, Esq., December 22nd, 1912. Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I left Victoria on July 15th with two parties for Ucluelet, for the purpose of adjusting certain timber tracts lying between the head of Ucluelet Arm and Kennedy Lake, and to the eastward of the recently created land reserve, and more particularly of extending over unsurveyed lands, inside the reserve, the existing system of 160-acre lots, subdivided into 40-acre parcels. Camp was made at the head of Ucluelet Arm, and considerable time was taken up in cutting . trail north-easterly to a junction with the main trail from Ucluelet to Kennedy Lake. The making of a passable pack-trail was imperative owing to the necessity of re-establishing the boundaries of the old surveys, and it was found necessary to make another camp about midway between Ucluelet Arm and Kennedy Lake. From these camps were run the boundaries of Lots 88, 57, 72, and 64; those of Lots 67, 68, 69, 70, and 628 being surveyed from a base on Kennedy Lake. There were also laid out Timber Licences 36221, 36332, 31737, 31738, and 38938. For the camp on Kennedy Lake a convenient base of supplies was found at the Tofino Cannery Store, managed by Mr. Brewster, and situated at the outlet of Kennedy River into Tofino Inlet. On the completion of the work outside the reserve, camp was moved to a convenient point near the easterly boundary of the reserve, on Lot 443, where solar and stellar observations were obtained to fix the azimuth of the reserve boundary, which was run northward to connect with the southerly boundary of Lot 628, previously rerun. With the easterly boundary as a base-line, the laying-out of the unsurveyed lands to the westward was begun, and eleven lots of 160 acres each were surveyed and subdivided. My instructions included the survey of any pre-emptions in the neighbourhood of my work which the locators desired to have delimited, and a number of settlers on the east side of the mouth of Ucluelet Arm and near the shore of Ship Channel, Alberni Canal, were extremely anxious to have their boundaries fixed, so that houses could be built on their own ground before the winter rains set in. On September 27th, therefore, the parties were moved to the mouth of the arm, and the pre-emptions surveyed of Messrs. Homewood, Whipp, Mooney, Woods, and Breale, while the shore traverse was run on the frontage of those of. Messrs. Haywood and Ramsdale. While this work was going on a party was detached under Mr. M. Ramsey to make some urgently necessary surveys in Barkley District, to the south of Bamfield Creek, where the pre-emption and purchase claims of Messrs. Michelsen, Appledorn, and Becker had been in doubt, pending the resurvey and identification of the Kyah Indian Reserve No. 10, between Pachena Bay and Cape Beale. The surveys in this neighbourhood were satisfactorily concluded, by which time the rainy season had begun, and the unavoidable loss of time through bad weather rendered reasonably economical work out of the question, for which reason the parties were brought in, arriving in Victoria on October 28th. In the early part of September private affairs compelled my return to Victoria, and my place was taken by C. M. Roberts, B.C.L.S., under whom the latter part of the work was carried out. It is, I understand, the desire of your Department that the surveyor shall furnish such information as he may gather as may be of use to settlers contemplating location in the district in which his work has been done, and there follow some observations from the Ucluelet neighbourhood intended to answer questions which I judge that an intending settler would be likely to ask. The Ucluelet Arm is a narrow inlet running northerly from the north shore of Barkley Sound, just at its mouth, the opening of the arm being just east of Amphitrite Point, comparatively recently the scene of the tragic wreck of the ship " Pass of Melfort." The entrance to- the arm is safely navigable for the greater part of the year, but it it not beloved of mariners in. the winter months when the south-east storms are blowing. 3 Geo. 5 Clayoquot and Barkley Districts. D 309 Ucluelet is an old and well-established settlement, and the whole length of the arm (some four miles) is dotted with comfortable homes, and an increasing amount of clearing is being carried on. There are few prettier spots on the west coast of Vancouver Island on a summer day. and few more pleasant places to spend a holiday. The fruit, vegetables, and flowers to be seen at and about Ucluelet in July and August are sufficient testimony to the excellence of the climate. Mr. Fraser, on the west shore of the arm, has a well-cleared farm, where he specializes on rhododendrons, which are shipped to various parts of the Province; strawberries are grown for the local market, and the surplus sent to Victoria. Mr. Hillier's flower-garden, when I saw it in August, showed beautiful blooms of a variety of flowers, roses in particular being noticeably thriving. At the inner end of the arm, Messrs. Thornton grew this summer on new land peas which compared favourably with any I have seen in the oldest settlements on the island. Salmon-fishing is carried on with moderate success in the canning season, and I believe that, with careful packing, a market could toe found for the shoals of herring which swarm into the arm in the fall. The soil in the neighbourhood is a reddish loam on the higher levels, that on the lower ground being a surface layer of varying depth of peat underlaid by a grey clayey soil. This grey clay or marl is characteristic of all the low-lying and swampy country round Ucluelet and on what may be called the Long Beach peninsula. When exposed to the air it hardens and becomes friable, mixing well, on cultivation, with the peaty surface soil. The wants of the settlement are supplied by two stores, one managed by Mr. Janson at the steamer-wharf on the east side of the inlet, the other across the inlet being that of Mr. Lee. A wide range of supplies is handled at prices which compare most favourably with those at other West Coast points. A Dominion Government telegraph-station is within a stone's throw of the wharf. Ucluelet can be reached most comfortably by taking the Esqulmalt & Nanaimo Railway to Alberni, and there joining the northbound C.P.R. West Coast steamer, the " Tees," running from Victoria in summer on the 1st, 7th, 15th, and 20th of each month, the winter schedule being the 1st. 10th, and 20th. By taking train to Alberni the traveller will avoid the trip around Cape Beale, off which promontory the sea becomes occasionally somewhat unsettled. If it is necessary to ship supplies in bulk, lumber, wagons, or live-stock, it would be necessary to send them by sea direct. The " Tees," which has been on the run for six or seven years, is an institution on the west coast of the island, and I think I am voicing the sentiment of all travellers on that coast when I express my appreciation of the unfailing courtesy of her skipper, Captain Edward Gillam, and his officers. A new and more commodious boat than the " Tees," the " Princess Maquinna," is at present under construction, and will, it is expected, take the West Coast run in the coming spring. The " Tees " carries the mail for all West Coast points, but arrangements are, I believe, being made for a supplementary service from Alberni to Ucluelet, connecting with the triweekly train service from Victoria. From Ucluelet northerly to Kennedy Lake and along the Long Beach peninsula towards Tofino Inlet the country is wooded and rolling, the general slope rising from the coast towards Kennedy Lake, near the westerly shore of which the hills rise to some height. A great part of this tract is low lying and swampy, and in many places covered with an almost impenetrable growth of salal, scrub cedar, salmon-berry, and crab-apple. Much of this wet land could be drained with comparatively little trouble, and when dried and cleared should make excellent farming land. I was informed that there are some sixty settlers on the Long Beach peninsula, and to serve their needs a road is being made by the British Columbia Government; this road runs from the north-westerly corner of Ucluelet Arm northward for about a mile, and then swings westerly, roughly parallel to the shore-line of Wreck Bay and Long Beach. Over three miles have been cleared and partially graded, and wagons have been taken as far as Lost Shoe Creek, over which a bridge was under construction this summer. The Provincial Government has provided a boat for the use of settlers in transporting their effects from the steamer-wharf at Ucluelet to the end of this road. Another road which will largely influence the future of the Ucluelet District is now being surveyed from Alberni, via Sproat Lake and Elk River, down towards the West Coast. The exact location of this road is, of course, uncertain, as the surveys have not, I understand, been D 310 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 completed; but whatever route may ultimately be selected, it will undoubtedly, by opening up to travellers one of the most beautiful drives on the island, create a market for local produce of all kinds, and benefit the district. The development of the attractions of Long Beach and Wreck Bay which will follow, or perhaps precede, the building of this road also promises to promote the general prosperity. The point of supply for the whole neighbourhood is, and will be for some time to come, Ucluelet, where there are a wharf, school, and social hall; a telephone company has been formed, and the wharf is already connected with the end of the Government road at the head of the arm, as well as with various homes up and down the inlet. Dr. Maclean, late R.N., is the resident medical man, and, in addition to his practice in the white community, looks after the health of the Indians on the reservation near the mouth of the Inlet. I have, etc., Alistair I. Robertson. REPORT ON SURVEYS IN THE CLEARWATER VALLEY, KAMLOOPS DISTRICT. By R. H. Lee. November 27th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—During the past season I surveyed 4,364 acres of Crown lands, continuing northward from previous surveys on the east side of the Clearwater River. From the northern boundary of Lot 2179, where work began, the river turns north-westerly for about ten miles, following closely the eastern foot of the mountains, which run down to the water's edge in steep rock bluffs. No benches or bottom lands of any extent were found on the west side of the river below the mouth of the Mahood River, while on the east side of the Clearwater the main mountain-range runs almost due north, leaving a wide valley or bench from one to five miles wide, and 500 to 700 feet above the river, ending along the east bank in broken rock bluffs. It is on this bench that the best agricultural land was found, at an elevation of about 2,500 feet above the sea-level. The soil is good clay, mixed with sand and gravel in places. The surface generally is undulating and rolling, with a general slope toward the river, rocky in places, and covered with a dense growth of young fir, spruce, and cedar timber; but a severe fire ran through here some years ago and killed most of the trees. At the present time this dead timber is falling down, covering the surface with a mass of fallen timber and logs, through which a young growth of pine, fir, alder, and cottonwood bush is growing up, making it almost impossible to travel through without cutting trails. The land will not toe hard to clear, as this dead stuff will burn readily. We did not encounter any bodies of merchantable timber worth mentioning; only small spots of live timber that had escaped the fire and which will be useful for the needs of settlers. The general formation is volcanic, and the soil is more or less mixed with volcanic ash, which, I was informed, is highly prized in Oregon for fruit-growing lands. The pasture land is very limited in this locality, confined chiefly to swamps and small meadows. I believe that irrigation will not be required in this locality—for some time to come, at least—on account of the rainfall. In August we had heavy rain for two days, in September five days, and in October six days. Should irrigation be required, however, there is abundance of water for that purpose. Nearly all the small streams coming down from the mountains are from springs and run throughout the summer season. Camp Creek is a stream 10 feet wide, coming down at the south end of the bench, and could be used to irrigate it northward toward Beaver Creek, a stream from 30 to 40 feet wide, which would afford ample water for all lands in that locality. The climate is generally mild, somewhat similar to Kamloops, excepting that there is a greater fall of rain during the summer, and, perhaps, a little more snow In winter. But the 3 Geo. 5 Kispiox Valley. D 311 bushes and timber do not show a heavy snowfall. Trappers report from 1 to 2 feet. On account of the sheltered nature of this district and close proximity to the large lakes, I would not imagine that the temperature would go very low. The Clearwater is not navigable, even for canoes, from the mouth of the Mahood River down. It is a rushing body of white water between steep rock walls most of the way, and in many places large rocks are standing in the stream. There is about 10 feet between high and low water. The British Columbia Government has just built a good wagon-road from the main North Thompson River Road (in Lot 73) to Larkey's Cabin (Lot 2157), a distance of about three miles, and from the end of this road we built a good trail through to Camp 4, on Camp Creek, last year, and continued it to Camp 7 this year. From the mouth of the Clearwater to Camp 7, on Lot 2896, the distance is about twenty-eight miles. There are large bodies of good arable land along this valley, and I would recommend the building of a wagon-road from the end of the present road at Larkey's Cabin northward as a means of opening the country for settlement. This can be done very cheaply, as very little grading will be required after the fallen timber is cleared. I have, etc., R. H. Lee, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEYS IN KISPIOX VALLEY, CASSIAR DISTRICT. By B. C. Aefleck. December 20th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to present my report on surveys made in the Kispiox Valley, Cassiar District. The Kispiox Valley may be described as in three parts—the Lower, Middle, and Upper Kispiox. The Lower, in which my work was done, is a valley approximately six miles in width, the first six miles from the mouth being practically a part of the Skeena Valley, the two being separated by level bench lands only. The surface of this part of the valley is generally smooth, sloping gently up from the river toward the mountains that border the valley. The soil is all practically a sandy loam, but varies greatly in quality. Many natural hay meadows occur along the river-bottoms, being apparently old gravel-bars covered with a few feet of silt. These meadows seem very productive of a good quality of hay. Numerous small creeks afford good drainage, and could be utilized for irrigation purposes should that ever be required, although the rainfall in this valley seems usually sufficient. The timber, especially that within a mile or two of the river, is mostly second growth, and various indications point to the probability of the occurrence of a great fire at a comparatively recent date, which must have left the greater part of the valley almost bare of trees. The poplar, spruce, birch, and jack-pine that compose the second growth are now in many places a foot or more in diameter, but are seldom very dense, and usually have some wild grasses growing among them. On the lower slopes of the side-hills of the valley, however, the fire seems to have spent itself, and here the timber is more valuable, being chiefly hemlock, cedar, spruce, and white fir, not large, but dense and of very good quality. On that account I would advise the holding as timber lands of Lots 2542, 2543 (West Half), 2544 (except South-east Quarter), 2548, and 2553. The Kispiox River is a shallow, rapid stream, averaging in width 4 chains, and having less change in volume between high water in June and July, and low water in the winter months, than is usual with the British Columbia rivers, owing, doubtless, to the fact that it takes its rise in a series of lakes. Although it flows through several canyons, I have not yet seen a suitable site for a power plant, but such may exist farther up the river than I have been. The predominating rock, as exposed in the canyons and in the beds of the tributary creeks, is of recent sedimentary origin, and appears barren of precious minerals, though large beds of D 312 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 slate and shale indicate the possible presence of coal. However, the almost vertical disposition of the strata lends little encouragement to the prospect of this useful mineral being found in paying quantities. The colonization road, under construction by the British Columbia Government, has been extended to the point, thirty miles distant from Hazelton, where the Yukon telegraph-line leaves the valley, which it has followed from Hazelton, to cross the divide and regain the valley of the Skeena. This point may be called the beginning of the Middle Kispiox Valley, which extends about twenty miles, lying slightly more westerly than the Lower Valley and being more broken. The area of the land fit for settlement in this portion is not large, as rocky hills occur at frequent intervals, although the valley proper is still several miles wide. Above this lies the Upper Kispiox Valley, as yet very little known, accessible only by an old Indian trail from the end of the wagon-road at Mile 30. I have been creditably informed that this portion of the valley is the best, having a greater width with a superior quality of soil, parts of it being timbered with spruce of a good quality, though not large, while many parts are very lightly wooded. This region contains several lakes, which regulate the flow of water in the river to a considerable extent. This part of the valley is entirely unoccupied, but with transportation facilities may reasonably be expected to support a considerable population. Settlement is at present limited chiefly to the lower twenty miles of the valley, though a few pioneers have pre-emptions in the Middle Valley served only by a trail. All the ordinary varieties of vegetables and grains are cultivated with good success, though on a very small scale. Slight damage occasionally occurs from summer frosts, and this condition will probably continue to exist until the present small clearings are considerably enlarged. Kispiox potatoes have an enviable reputation for quality in the local market, which is at present the only one open to them. The Kispiox River and its tributary creeks are unusually well stocked with fish, chiefly salmon and trout. Though large game is rather scarce, grouse and rabbits are abundant, and the skilled trapper can still collect a fair reward of furs for his skill. The snow lies on the ground, in average seasons, from about the middle of November until the beginning of April, and may reach a depth of 30 inches in midwinter. The frost penetrates, usually, only a short distance into the earth, as severe cold seldom occurs before the snow is deep enough to keep it out. Although the valley is all north of latitude 55° 20', the normal winter temperature is well above zero, and generally only two or three short periods of cold as low as 20 to 40 degrees below- zero may be expected. Storms are almost unknown, the snow seldom or never drifting. The Upper Valley is reported as having a greater snowfall, and it is probable that its climate is influenced by the moist winds from the coast. The total area surveyed was 7,920 acres, of which 1,940 acres lie to the east of the river. For this latter portion the bearings of the surrounding surveys were adopted, but the bearings of the surveys west of the river were referred to an independent azimuth obtained from solar observation, and which will be used in continuing the work farther up the river. I have, etc. Boyd C. Affleck, B.C.L.S. Portaging, Ootsa Lake District. Bear Lake Portage," 200 yards between waters of Skeena and Fraser Rivers. " Bear Lake Portage." At a source ot the Fraser River. 3 Geo. 5 Bella Coola Valley. D 313 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN BELLA COOLA VALLEY. By L. S. Cokely-. < November 25th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In accordance with your instructions dated May 22nd, I left Victoria with my party the same day by the S.S. " Venture " for Bella Coola. Arriving there, we proceeded to enlarge the old Government townsite, subdividing all the suitable land In the townsite reserve. While so engaged we also reposted the old portion, most of the posts of which were either missing or badly decayed, having been surveyed nearly twenty years ago. The townsite reserve is the largest area suitable for a townsite outside of the Bella Coola Indian Reserve, about half of it being bottom land. With indications of a railway in the near future, there is more or less activity in real estate around Bella Coola. At present the town has a hotel, several stores, and a weekly newspaper. Telegraph communication will soon be established. Completing the survey, of the townsite, we proceeded with miscellaneous surveys in the Bella Coola Valley, surveying all the pre-emptions and all the purchases, of which we had records, for about forty miles up the valley, and also about ten miles down North Bentinck Arm. The valley is very fertile, but is quite narrow, being only about three miles wide at the lower end, and narrowing down to about half a mile forty miles up. On either side the mountain- ranges are unusually steep and high; they are in general very precipitous right up from the base, leaving practically no benches. Most of the pre-emptions we surveyed, being necessarily legal subdivisions of sections, would have a few acres of level land, and the balance would be on the inaccessible mountains—making the surveys expensive. Down the North Bentinck Arm the mountains extend right down to the sea, and many purchases have been staked there in order to secure the foreshore rights. These we found it nearly impossible to survey according to the regulations, on account of the precipitous shoreline and general inaccessibility of the lots. One lot in particular we had the greatest difficulty in starting the survey of, as on the only boundary that was at all possible a perpendicular cliff rose 100 feet almost from the water's edge, the face of which we had to climb as best we could, using ropes. Without taking this risk it would have been impossible to establish any part of a single boundary. The majority of the pre-emptors with whom we came in contact were not complying with the law in regard to their duties. Very few improvements have been made, and many of the pre-emptions have never been touched. We only found one pre-emptor in actual residence on his pre-emption at the time we surveyed the same. In this connection I might state that, as this was during the fishing season, many were away fishing. The climate of the valley is very agreeable, there being very little rain there, only about 30 inches, which is about the same as Victoria. The winters, I understand, are mild, zero weather being the exception. The small amount of rain is due to the fact that Bella Coola is in about seventy miles from the open sea, being at the head of the long North Bentinck Arm. The soil is a rather sandy loam of good quality in general, although in a few places the .glacier streams have completely covered the soil with gravel, rendering it useless for agricultural purposes. As a whole, the soil is very well adapted to fruit and vegetables; apples and all small fruit and berries do exceptionally well. There are many localities especially suited to hay; timothy and clover do very well. Alfalfa is being tried, but very little has been raised as yet. Potatoes grown are the equal of any grown in the Province. Dairying would be profitable, although a suitable market is lacking at present. As soon as the railway is in operation the whole valley will, beyond doubt, be divided up into 10-acre tracts, which is about the size a family can handle, and the land will be very valuable, as such a small proportion of the Coast lands are suited to agriculture. Indeed, throughout the whole Province the small percentage of agricultural land and the large population that the country will support will make the arable land a very valuable asset. D 314 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The Bella Coola Indian Reserve contains several thousand acres of the best agricultural land, as well as some very good timber, and none of this is yielding returns to anybody. The Indians, being a fishing tribe, do not cultivate the soil to any extent. I understand negotiations ' are under way for the purchase of a large part of the reserve for railway purposes. The whole reserve, being about three miles wide and four miles long, extends right across the valley at the lower end, and leaves no land suitable for railway terminals in the advent of a railway. There is timber of value throughout the valley, but of only fair quality, cedar, fir, and spruce being the most abundant. At present there are two mills in operation which are large enough to supply the requirements of the settlers for the time being. A large and valuable part of the upper valley is held by pulp leases, and these in many cases tie up good agricultural tracts which have no pulp timber on them, and, again, they contain good merchantable timber. Were these lands to be classified toy the Government a lot of so-called pulp land would be rejected, which is being held, I believe, for 2 cents an acre rental. The mineral wealth of the locality has not been fully prospected, but the formation there would not seem very encouraging. Up the Saloompt River, a tributary of the Bella Coola, are located several copper claims of some value, but they are not being worked at present. Farther in the Interior exists more or less iron-ore, and during the season a hundred claims of red haematite of iron were staked. The value of all these depend upon the transportation facilities. The valley has been settled for twenty years, a large part of the settlers being Norwegian, as for many years only those of Norwegian descent were permitted to pre-empt land there. In addition to Bella Coola, there is a post-office and general store at Hagensborg, twelve miles up the valley, and two post-offices beyond there; Sloan, about thirty miles, being the centre of an Advent settlement, and Atnarko, about forty-five miles up. There is a wagon-road extending about thirty-five miles up the valley, the Bella Coola River being bridged three times. The upper bridge was only completed this year at a cost of $10,000. The Government has constructed a wharf in the harbour, which necessitated an approach about a mile long over the tide-flats. There is at present a weekly boat service. When conditions warrant, the harbour could be so improved as to provide ample facilities for all the ocean traffic which would develop there, granting a railway is built into the Interior. In line with the harbour development the tide-flats could be reclaimed and become very valuable, as they extend right across the head of the arm, a distance of a mile and three-quarters. In accordance with your instructions received during the season, I examined various pieces of land, classifying the same; I also reported on the timber held by certain timber licences. Following my instructions, I retraced several old surveys, finding the azimuth of one very much out. In September I received instructions to inspect several surveys which had been performed in the vicinity of Bella Coola. I proceeded with the inspection of these; then finding that the north-west corner of the Indian reserve had 'been established in error some years ago, I corrected the same, also correcting the old lots affected, which were encroaching on the Indian reserve. This work was completed early in October, and we returned to Victoria, arriving there October 10th. During the last two or three weeks we lost considerable time on account of the wet weather. Earlier in the season we were called out to fight a forest fire which did more or less damage in the upper part of the valley. I have, etc., Leroy S. Cokely, B.C.L.S. 3 Geo. 5 Graham Island. D 315 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN TOWNSHIP 7, GRAHAM ISLAND. By F. Nash. December 16th, 1912. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Township 7, Queen Charlotte Island, is situated in the centre of the southern portion of Graham Island, the latitude of the south-west corner being 53° 28' north,, and the longitude 132° 13' west. It is reached most easily from Queenstown, a thriving townsite on Lot 746, situated at the south-east of Masset Inlet. From Queenstown a foot-trail follows the general course of the Yakoun River in a southerly direction, crossing the north boundary of Township 7 in about twelve miles, and continues through the township, intersecting the west boundary in Section 5, whence it proceeds to the Wilson Mine in Township 6, and from there to Skidegate Inlet. During the winter of 1911 and 1912 supplies were packed over this trail to the coal-drills on Township 7 and to the railroad survey camps; but as it is a foot-trail only, and all supplies had to be back-packed, the cost of transport alone amounted to from 25 to 30 cents per pound from Queenstown to Township 7. The Yakoun River, which flows through the north-west portion of Township 7 and empties into Masset Inlet three miles south of Lot 746, offers a cheaper method of obtaining supplies, which may be taken up-river by canoe in from one to three days, according to the stage of water. Power-canoes were successfully used this season by Mr. W. L. Barton, manager of the Graham Island Collieries, who took up all his supplies and those used by my parties by this method, the average cost being 10 cents per pound. The Dominion Government spent 810,000 during 1910 in clearing out log-jams in the river/ and Mr. Barton has made large expenditures in the same work. But until these jams are entirely removed, instead of only channels being cut through them, they will be continually reclosing and prove a great hindrance to settlers and others taking in supplies. During the summer months the river is low and canoes must be dragged over the frequent gravel-bars, but during the fall and spring freshets the river is too swift for canoes of any kind. A skid-road was constructed during 1911 from Queenstown to the south boundary of Township 7, over which the Graham Island (B.C.) Coal and Timber Syndicate hauled their drilling machinery by a donkey-engine. Although the grades on this road are good, it is not suitable for horse traffic, and will soon be overgrown with underbrush unless the skid-logs are renewed and the ground levelled and drained. Settlers in the Yakoun District can obtain all ordinary supplies at Queenstown, where there is a good general store and a comfortable hotel. A post-office at Graham Centre, two miles to the north, is the nearest post-office. Queenstown is reached by power-boat from the Town of Masset, situated close to the entrance of Masset Inlet, some twenty-three miles to the north, at which point the Grand Trunk Pacific steamer " Prince John " makes regular calls, once a week in the summer months, and once in every two weeks during the winter. Efforts are now being made to have the " Prince John " continue her trips as far as Queenstown, which, occupying as it does a central position, is bound to become the main distributing-point of Graham Island. The northern and eastern portions of Graham Island, in the latter of which Township 7 is situated, offer the largest area of semi-level land suitable for cultivation in the coast-line of British Columbia, embracing approximately. 650,000 acres. Oats, wheat, and barley have been ripened in small experimental patches on the Nadu River, twenty miles north of Township 7. Potatoes, turnips, cabbage—in fact, all kinds of root and garden produce—have been grown successfully at various points on Masset Inlet. Cattle and horses do well, thriving on the wild grass. Hay and clover should prove profitable crops. The only reason that this portion of British Columbia has only now commenced to attract settlement has been the lack of transportation from the Mainland. This is now provided, as before stated. The surface of Township 7 may be described as undulating, the elevations varying from 130 feet above sea-level at the point where the river crosses the north boundary to 800 feet at the north-east corner of Section 4. The foot of a high ridge enters the township in Sections 30 and D 316 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 31. The slopes are gradual and sufficient to provide good drainage when the land is brought under cultivation, all the creeks draining into the Yakoun River. With the exception of several muskegs, the country is timbered throughout, the finest timber being in the portion adjacent to the Yakoun River, where spruce up to 8 feet in diameter, hemlock to 5 feet, and cedar to 7 feet may be found. A forest fire swept over the eastern portion of the township, and in this area only the dry cedar-stumps are left standing amongst a dense second growth. Berry-bushes and devil's-club abound, forming a thick underbrush between the trees, portions of the country along the Yakoun being impenetrable. The muskegs are open moss-covered country studded here and there with patches of stunted pine, cedar, and hemlock, the largest area of muskeg being in the north-west, north-east, and south-east quarters of Section 13. That these muskegs can be successfully brought under cultivation by deep drainage has been proven at the Nadu Settlement, where good crops are being raised on ground that before drainage had been nothing but moss-covered muskeg. The soil throughout the whole township is good, consisting chiefly of decayed vegetation varying in depth from 10 inches on the higher portions of the township to several feet on the lower. On the low portions adjacent to the Yakoun River the soil is composed of river-silt and is probably the best on Graham Island. The climate is milder than might be expected in so high a latitude, and excels that of the interior of British Columbia, in that no summer frosts occur to damage crops. Rain falls in abundance, probably a yearly average of 80 to 90 inches. As the country is opened up, the muskegs drained, and the timber cut, this rainfall will decrease. The snowfall is not heavy, usually commencing in November. This year no snow has fallen to date—December 16th—and there have been very few frosts, the first occurring about October 20th. The following classification describes the weather conditions this year:— Days Fine. Rain. Showery. June July August September October November To December 13th 20 25 11 21 11 15 sy2 3 1 14 5 12 7 1 3% The soil and climatic conditions of Township 7 are, as stated, in every way suitable for settlement, but this has so far been prevented because the whole area is held at present under coal licences, the surface rights being obtained. Drills have been operated during the past two years, so far without any reports of the finding of coal being made public; and should the licence lapse, the settlement which will follow will require roads, roads, and then more roads. Good grades can be obtained without trouble. The cost of clearing the land in Township 7 will be from $150 to $250 per acre, varying as to the locality and methods used. The muskegs can be drained and brought under cultivation at a cost of from $100 to $150 per acre. I have, etc., Fred. Nash, B.C.L.S. 3 Geo. 5 Graham Island. D 317 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN TOWNSHIP 6, GRAHAM ISLAND. By L. F. Gbant. G. H. Dawson, Esq., December 22nd, 1912. Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—During the summer of 1912 I made surveys on part of Township 6, Graham Island. In general, the township consists of rather rolling country, having a slope to the east. In some places very abrupt hills occur, notably in the north-west portion of Section 29. From the north boundaries of Sections 15 and 16 the ground rises gently and fairly evenly to the south, attaining its greatest altitude on a height that extends from the centre of Section 3 in a general northeasterly direction. The southern or eastern slope of this height is very steep indeed; in some cases it may be said to be precipitous. There is also a rather abrupt and lofty hill in the vicinity of south-west corner of Section 13. The north-easterly portion of the township is the most even part; but none of the country can be called level. This land can be reached (by trail only) from Queenstown or from Queen Charlotte City. The distance from the north boundary to Queenstown is about twenty-five miles, and from Queen Charlotte City to the centre of Section 3 is about thirteen miles. Of this, two miles is along the shore of Skidegate Inlet to the mouth of the Honna River; the next four miles is up the Government trail following the Honna River. This part of the trail is in very good condition, having been repaired by the Government during the summer of 1912. Four miles from the mouth of the Honna River the trail divides into two portions, of which the western is known as the Camp Robertson Trail and the eastern as the Wilson. Both of these trails eventually lead to the headwaters of the Yakoun River, and thence to Queenstown. The route to Township 6 continues up the Wilson Trail for some two miles. This portion is in need of some repairs, but is in sufficiently good condition to admit of the use of pack-horses during the dry season. The final stage of the trail consists of about five miles from the point of leaving the Wilson Trail to the centre of the east boundary of Section 3, Township 6. This part of the trail leads through a valley much of which is flooded after heavy rains, and in consequence is not suitable for horses. It was constructed by my party for the purpose of supplying the camp. In my opinion, a good trail might toe constructed from the centre of the township to the east coast of Graham Island in the vicinity of Dead Tree Point. Within the township itself, the following trails were constructed for the purpose of supplying survey camps: From the Queen Charlotte City Trail northerly to the south-east corner of Section 10, thence through Sections 10 and 15 to the north-west corner of Section 15, thence along the central meridian of the township to the Queenstown Trail in the centre of the north boundary; from the north-west corner of Section 15, easterly along a creek to a point on .the east boundary of Section 13; from a point on the central trail a quarter of a mile south of the north-west corner of Section 27 to the east boundary of Section 36. The timber on this township is spruce, cedar, and hemlock. For the most part it is too scattered to be of merchantable value. There are several large patches of second-growth stuff, notably along the east boundaries of Sections 25 and 36. Probably the best timber is in the southern part of the township. The hemlock appears to be of better quality than the cedar, much of the latter being rotten at the heart. There are a few patches of good spruce, but they are isolated and limited in extent. Occasional open patches of muskeg bring down the average greatly. There are no water-powers worthy of consideration on or in the immediate vicinity of the township. A large proportion of this township is held under coal lease, but to date no systematic drilling has been done. The Graham Island (B.C.) Coal and Timber Syndicate, Ltd., has commenced a hole at the centre of the north boundary of Section 33, but up to the time of departure of our party on September 30th no results had been obtained. The more even parts of the township would be capable of cultivation if cleared and, in some localities, drained. The cost of such clearing would necessarily toe very heavy, and this fact would act as a very serious detriment to settlement. The soil consists of a vegetable mould, with a subsoil of gravel. Rock-outcrops are very infrequent. On the whole, I consider that this district, and indeed the greater part of Graham Island, has good possibilities for mixed farming and also for dairying. On the other hand, very little- D 318 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 experimental work has been done, and there seems to be considerable uncertainty amongst the settlers as to the methods best suited to the prevailing conditions. The extent of Graham Island, and the number of settlers there, would seem to warrant obtaining the most expert opinions and advice obtainable, and there is no doubt that the development of the islands would be very greatly helped by some systematic experimentation. I have, etc., L. F. Grant, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEYS ON GRAHAM ISLAND, WEST OF MASSET INLET. By A. F. Cotton. G. H. Dawson, Esq., December 20th, 1912. Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I reached Masset with my party on May 19th, and on the 22nd I began cutting trail to the south-east corner of Lot 16S5, which was my initial point. As I saw I would be compelled to make a number of trips over it, I made a good trail by bridging the various streams and soft spots, and marked it out well, so that it would be of service to any intending prospector or cruiser. I did the same on all trails I was obliged to make, as I considered they would be of benefit to any one desiring to examine this section. Having located my starting-point, I moved camp and began work on May 30th. Mr. Long not having reached there, I ran east from the south-east corner of Lot 1685, and carried my system of survey east and south from there. Masset Inlet extends from the north end of Graham Island south about twenty-five miles, where it opens and forms a large salt-water lake. The tide in the inlet runs at the flood about five and at the ebb five knots and a half per hour. Masset Townsite is situated about five miles south of the mouth of the inlet and on the east shore. There is a very good general store, post-office, church, school, and hotel, and twenty buildings on the townsite, which number will be increased next season. The Dominion Government have located and are building a new wharf. A sawmill has been built on a new townsite on the west shore of the inlet, about twenty miles south of Masset, which will prove a great benefit to those who now reside there and the new-comers. The portion of Graham Island lying west of the inlet is about 350 feet above the inlet, and may be generally described as rolling. The shores of the inlet are timbered with spruce and hemlock from 4 inches to 5 feet in diameter. From the water's edge to the mean level of the plateau the ground rises abruptly to the height of 350 feet in the distance of a quarter of a mile. From this the plateau takes the form of muskeg, caused by the excessive water being held back by the enormous quantity of moss which acts like a sponge. The muskeg is not all open country, but is overgrown with jack-pine and spruce, while there are also tracts of dense spruce, hemlock, jack-pine, and cedar thickets. Wherever a large creek occurs it runs in a deep depression, which is heavily timbered. The only stream of any importance is the Kaw-un River, which runs through a wide valley in which there is a lot of valuable timber, chiefly spruce and hemlock, and some cedar. The Kaw-un River has an average width of 50 feet and the depth varies with the rainfall. I would say the mean depth to be 2 feet, although I have seen it over 4 feet. The current is about half a mile an hour and free from rapids. The soil is a black loam covered in the muskeg by a growth of moss from 1 to 4 feet deep. The subsoil in the main is a whitish clay and should yield an abundant hay-crop. The whole area surveyed by me is wet, but it is possible to drain. By that I mean that the drainage scheme would have to be devised. There is ample fall to give the ditches a good grade, but this must be done by the Government or municipality rather than by the individual who takes up a location. Coal applications cover all the land surveyed by me; but I failed to find any of the posts that were supposed to have been put in. The season was a very wet one. There were ninety-seven days on which rain fell. I regret very much that I did not have a rain-gauge. I closed down the work on October 26th. I have, etc., A. F. Cotton, B.C.L.S. 3 Geo. 5 Graham Island. D 319 REPORT ON SURVEYS EAST OF MASSET INLET, GRAHAM ISLAND. By C. de B. Green. December 11th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Acting under your instructions, I have continued the survey of lands lying east of Masset Inlet, on Graham Island, Queen Charlotte Group. Masset, on the north coast of this island, at the entrance to Masset Inlet, is the gateway of about half a million acres, on which the conditions are unlike those of any other part of British Columbia, or, in fact, of Canada. During the past four years this district has attracted attention from an agricultural point, and the most diverse opinions have been given as to its present and ultimate value. The diversity of opinion was no doubt caused by the want of any previous experience with similar conditions elsewhere. It seems likely that we should have to go back to very early times for a parallel, and look to Scotland, Denmark, and Norway for a guide. These countries were probably very much like Graham Island in general conditions. No northern country seems to possess a climate which can be depended upon. My personal knowledge of Graham Island summers is limited to those of 1889, 1909, 1910, 1911, and 1912. The last three of these were entirely suitable for curing hay, and all were suitable for dairying and most forms of agriculture. Of the winters, careful inquiry from those who have experienced them shows that, as in other northern countries on the seaboard, the winters vary as much as the summers. Much rain may be expected, but it is not invariable; also some snow and occasional severe frosts, these latter of short duration. Zero has been reached for a few days, and 1 foot of snow. On the whole, both winters and summers are more favourable on the east of Masset Inlet than on the lands to the west, the greater distance from the mountainous west coast being no doubt the reason for this. Mr. Chas. Spence, a native of Shetland, has not left Graham Island during the past four years, and considers the climate of Graham Island superior to that of Shetland, where agriculture is successfully carried on. Probably the south of Scotland presents the nearest parallel to the climate of Graham Island, and much the same general conditions obtained there many years ago. Leaving the cretaceous and eruptive formation of the south and west parts of Graham Island and entering the sedimentary formation of the north and east, the country becomes comparatively level, or, rather, rolling in gentle slopes, with a few level plateaux, reached by steep hillsides not more than 300 feet in height, heavily timbered with big spruce upon the slopes, and open tundra, level or slightly rolling, upon the top. A bird's-eye view of this district would show about one-third densely timbered with big spruce, cedar, and hemlock, chiefly in the valleys of the streams and on the hillsides; one-third lightly timbered with spruce, hemlock, and cedar, of smaller growth, with a dense underbush; and one-third called muskeg, though it is certainly not muskeg as generally known, and which would be better termed tundra. This is also called open country; but this again is misleading, for the tundra is about one-half covered with scattered stunted pine and cedar, both red and yellow, growing in masses, which vary, according to species, from 1 foot to 3 feet deep, the remaining half being irregularly shaped ponds, full of water-lily plants, holding water seldom more than 3 feet deep, easily drained, covered with from 3 to 6 feet of black peaty soil, which dries rapidly when the water has been let off. These ponds lie on rolling ground in such a position that a few minutes' work with a spade will, in many places, drain an acre effectually. These tundras are of very irregular shapes and sizes, extending in some places to 600 acres, the larger areas lying between the Hi-ellen River and Masset Inlet, and from thence west past Naden Harbour to the Jab-un River. They are constantly wet underneath, but are very rarely boggy. It is impossible, however, to work horses upon them before draining. The surface is covered with mosses, sedges, grasses, and herbaceous plants, such as dwarf juniper, Hudson Bay tea, and heather. During dry weather this burns rapidly and furiously, killing at the same time all the scattered scrub pine and cedar and leaving a fairly firm surface. But this burning is not complete, and the residue of moss has to be spaded off, thrown up in heaps, and burned again. There is then left 2 to 3 feet of peaty soil, underlain with sandy loam, or in some places gravelly clay loam. D 320 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 In this subsoil drains must be laid, and in doing this the subsoil will be thrown up and mixed with the surface peat, reproducing the exact conditions which exist in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire, by the same process which made these lands the most valuable in England. The cost of this will not exceed $150 per acre. Large deposits of good clay are found both on Masset Inlet and on the east coast of Oeanda River, which should be of the greatest benefit in providing cheap drain-tiles. The lightly timbered land can also be brought under cultivation at about the same cost. Here there is no peat, the surface and subsoil being sandy loam or gravelly clay loam. This land has proved to be perfect for all kinds of grasses and vegetables, which mature more quickly in the long northern summer days and warm nights than farther south. Timothy-seed sown in June was 3 feet high and a thick crop in August. Growth is very rapid, and the country is absolutely free from frost between April and mid-October. The grass is green the year round, and the temperature very steady at about 60 degrees day and night, making unusually good conditions for dairying purposes. Cattle have always been able to winter out. It is, however, quite unfitted for cattle-ranching because of the impossibility of handling them, no rounding-up being possible. An attempt was made at this about thirty years ago, with the result that such cattle as were turned out went wild at once. The country must have been remarkably well suited for their own purposes, for they increased and improved instead of decreasing and deteriorating. It is a remarkable fact that these cattle, now nearly killed off, must have numbered about 500 five years ago, and have always been better animals than those bred on the big cattle-ranges of British Columbia, both in size and quality. It is not known to-day what breeds were turned out originally, nor how much new blood has been introduced year by year through losses from Masset, but it was something of a surprise to find typical Bates's Shorthorns, Devons, and Herefords amongst them, and to see that all were of a rich colour and with soft, thick silky hair as in thoroughbred cattle. Both climate and feed must have been remarkably good to produce such results. Moose, caribou, and deer would thrive on Graham Island, and would increase rapidly owing to the absence of wolves and cougars, and the endless supply of water-lily ponds and reindeer- lichen. The black bears, which are rather numerous, appear to have done no damage amongst the calves of the wild cattle. Sooty-grouse are everywhere, but nowhere numerous, owing to the climate being uncertain in May and often unfavourable for bringing out a large brood. Geese are rather numerous, breeding on the tundra, but very few ducks breed on this island and are only numerous in the winter. On the whole, it is not a country which offers any inducements in the way of sport, but might become so with the introduction of big game. Spruce up to 7 feet diameter and 200 feet high grows in the winding valleys of the rivers, giving place here and there to big red cedar and hemlock, running in places to 150,000 feet per acre, and is also found on the steep slopes bounding the high plateau. Scattered through the entire district there is yellow cedar of good value, sound to the heart, and apparently of equal value, living or dead. Even the small clear poles and the limbs of the larger trees should be of great value for boat-building, yacht-decking, and furniture-making. It seems a pity that nothing can be done to utilize this yellow cedar. The destruction of cedar of both kinds while clearing the land will be enormous. Road-making is and will always be expensive, the surface being very unsuitable everywhere, but the subsoil thrown up from big side-ditches makes a very good road indeed. Where the subsoil is clay, it is of a character which packs, and throws off water instead of becoming muddy; and where the subsoil is sand, a slight mixture of clay, never far away, makes a very hard, dry road-bed. The Department of Works is doing much to open trails and roads, beyond the end of which no horses can be taken, nor can settlers take their families. The north coast is always at low tide a good wagon-road, and the east a possible but very bad one, owing to the loose nature of the beach. Roads should run south at intervals from the north beach as the easiest means of opening the country to settlers. The rivers are sluggish and full of logs and subject to very rapid fluctuations, because the country is so rolling that rain runs off at once into the valleys, and there are no mountains to hold snow for a summer supply. The moss at present holds up water to a very great extent, Halfway River, Peace River District. Looking up Halfway River. On Middle River, Cariboo District. 3 Geo. 5 Graham Island. , D 321 and being continually wet, no doubt draws much rain. It seems certain, therefore, that with the removal of this moss and timber the fluctuations in the rivers will be very much greater than at present, and there will undoubtedly be some danger of drought in dry years, during August and September, which it will be impossible to provide against by any system of irrigation, the physical features of the country making that impossible. I feel certain that the higher plateaux should not be drained, but should be left as reservoirs for the slopes and lower-lying lands. The north coast from Masset to Rose Spit along the shore is all occupied, nearly one hundred people dealing at Mr. Anderson's store at Towe Hill, situated very centrally, about eighteen miles east of Masset. The shores of Masset Inlet are also filled up, the occupiers dealing at Mr. Martin's big stores at Queenstown and Masset. There are two English churches, one at old Masset on the Indian reserve; the other at new Masset, where there is a small town, containing school, hotel, a large store, and post-office, to which mail comes weekly from Prince Rupert. The fare from Victoria or Vancouver to Masset is $26, and the journey on the remarkably comfortable steamers of the G.T.P. occupies three days. Sixty-five miles of line were run in 1912, enclosing 15,S00 acres of land. I have, etc., C. de B. Green, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEYS WEST OF OEANDA RIVER, GRAHAM ISLAND. By C. de B. Green. December 5th, 1912. G. II. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Acting under your instructions, I have surveyed lands lying west of the Oeanda River, Graham Island, and have found the district suitable for agriculture, about one-third being tundra, one-third light timber, and one-third heavy timber. The tundra is composed of from 3 to 6 feet of peat, underlaid with sand and clay, in some places mixed with coarse gravel. This tundra is cut up with ponds of no greater depth than 4 feet, which have been formed at some distant period by the deep burning of the peat in some unusually dry season. The work which has been done since my two last reports, 1910 and 1911, both by the Department of Works and by pre-emptors, shows conclusively that my estimate of the economic value of these lands was correct. The lightly timbered lands, with the very slightest cultivation, grow as good vegetables and hay as any to be found in British Columbia. The only extensive draining observed appears to have not carried deep enough, and has had no effect, whereas ditches which have been cut down to the sandy subsoil by the Department in making trails and roads have had a very noticeable effect upon the adjoining tundra. The climate has again been entirely favourable for both growing vegetables and curing hay. On fifty days out of 120 no rain fell. Timothy-seed sown in early June was a heavy crop in August. There are no large areas of good timber, except in the valleys of the rivers, which are narrow and winding; but there are small areas of spruce and red cedar, carrying at least 150,000 feet per acre, the spruce being chiefly on the slopes of the prominent hills. Scattered through all the district there is considerable yellow cedar, the value of which is, I believe, not yet fully recognized. The valley of the Hi-ellen River for twelve miles from its mouth, and for an average width of 30 chains, holds an enormous growth of clean spruce, hemlock, and red cedar, from 3 to 7 feet diameter, which could be taken out to Towe Hill by a logging-railway, the river itself being much obstructed and subject to very rapid fluctuations. I notice that the subsoil thrown up packs into a firm surface for road-making, and that in few places are there more than 4 feet of surface peat. A very extensive bed of blue clay replaces the sand for fifteen miles in the valley of the Oeanda, and is exposed to a depth of 20 feet on the shore. Lots 106 to 116 are entirely upon this bed of clay; material for drain-tiles is therefore on the spot. 21 D 322 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The area from Tel-ell River to Masset and from Queenstown to Rose Spit would undoubtedly become the greatest dairy district in British Columbia, climatic conditions being perfect for that purpose. One-half of this area can be brought under cultivation at a cost of $150 per acre. An experimental farm of 40 acres would be of great service in demonstrating what can be done by correct methods on Graham Island, and would probably pay its way. Specimens of plants, mosses, liverworts, and lichens have been forwarded to the Provincial Botanist. The whole country is thoroughly suited for moose, caribou, or black-tailed deer. The ponds are full of lily-pads and the tundra covered with reindeer-lichen, deer-cabbage, and water-crowfoot. The district may be said to be without game of any sort, a few grouse (Dendragopus obscurus) and a few black bear (Vrsus carlottw) being more numerous than anything else, and neither numerous enough to offer any inducements in the way of sport. The wild cattle are now on the extreme verge of extinction, and will certainly be extinct at a very early date. I have, etc., Chas. de Blois Green, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON CORRECTION SURVEY IN LILLOOET DISTRICT AND NECHACO TOWNSHIP. By F. Butterfield. December 14th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit the following report on the country through which 1 surveyed during the past season :— I left for Lillooet on April 24th, and, in compliance with instructions, traversed the road between Anderson Lake Indian Reserve and the head of Summit Lake, making all possible connections. I found that the road passes through good agricultural land sufficiently well timbered to supply the agriculturist with all requisite lumber, but lack of moisture appears to be a great drawback, and even at this time of the year irrigation was of absolute necessity. The temperature on May 11th was 93 degrees in the shade. From Pemberton Portage I traversed the trail towards the Little Blackwater Lake. The Little Blackwater Valley is very narrow and contains practically no land of value south of Little Blackwater Lake, but north of the lake the valley widens a little, and the soil improves, although the greater part of it remains stony. A long muskeg, which might with difficulty be drained, extends for several miles up the valley from Little Blackwater Lake, rendering the valley Impassable in wet weather. On June 10th I moved south to Lillooet Town, and for a few days was engaged in making triangulation connections across the Fraser River in the open country below Lillooet. Here the ground was parched and the exceptional shortage of rain was more noticeable than on Pemberton Portage, where the timber served to hold the moisture for some time. On June 14th I left Lillooet and arrived on Township 14, Range 5, Coast District, on June 25th, and, acting in accordance with instructions, continued the resurvey already begun by F. C. Swannell, B.C.L.S. Township 14 apparently contains a greater proportion of good farm land than any of the other townships in Fort Fraser District, being, generally speaking, covered with a light poplar which is easily cleared. Several small lakes are to be found, and around most of these fairly large meadows provide good grazing for cattle and horses. Towards the end of the past summer the wells and creeks provided little or no water, and some farmers found it necessary to haul their water three or four miles from the Nechaco River; but in spite of this the season's crops, on the whole, compared very favourably with those of other places in the Northern Interior. In the north-east corner of the township the land is rocky, and a belt of rocky land extends northerly through the southern tier of sections in Township 16, rendering parts of Sections 1 3 Geo. 5 Lillooet and Nechaco Townships. D 323 and 12, Township 16, of very little value. The northern tier of sections in Township 9 (lying to the south of Township 14) are covered with jack-pine and poplar; the land is good and very suitable for agriculture. I left Township 14 on August 15th and arrived at Fort St, James on August 18th, and from here I proceeded to Tremblay Lake to make the shore traverse connections covered by instructions. Tremblay Lake is surrounded for the most part by high rocky mountains, at some places distant 20 to 40 chains from the shore, but more usually sloping down to the water's edge. About three miles along the north shore from the source of the Tatchi River (the water connection between Tremblay and Stuart) a large valley connects with the valley of the Nation Lakes. Also from the mouth of the Middle River (the water connection between Tremblay and Tatla) another large valley extends northerly by way of several small lakes, and this valley would also apparently end in the Nation Lake basin. South and west from the west end of the lake more good land is available for agricultural purposes. The first signs of the coming winter appeared on Tremblay Lake on September Sth, when the leaves turned colour, though on Stuart Lake for some days afterwards the leaves were still green. Pinchl Lake is about thirteen miles long, but very little agricultural land is to be found along its shores, apart from that already surveyed at the east end of the lakes. A wide valley, through which Pinchi Creek flows, provides a route for transport between Stuart and Pinchl Lakes. On October 4th I left Fort St. James with pack-horses for Fraser Lake, and October 8th camped on the north shore of Fraser Lake, about five miles easterly from the Stella Quo Indian Reserve, where a small creek enters the lake. This creek connects a chain of three small lakes and the valley contains considerable fertile soil. Swamp-grass grows in abundance on the meadows which surround the lakes, and the higher country is easily cleared, being covered by light poplar and jack-pine. West of Stella Quo and along the north bank of the Endako River the land lies in bench formation for several miles, some of it being entirely clear of timber and underbrush, whilst away from the river, both north and south, the country is sparsely timbered with poplar and occasional jack-pine thickets. During the past season there were very few flies or mosquitoes, the weather was good, and the first snow did not fall until November 6th. Before leaving the country on November 18th the lowest temperature reported was recorded on the trail between Fraser and Stuart Lakes (3 degrees below). That part of the upper country (around Fraser, Stuart, Tremblay, and Pinchi Lakes) which I have to report on in general, however, at this time of the year, usually experiences an earlier winter than this, though both four and seven winters ago very little snow was seen before Christmas. Occasionally a light snowfall may occur in October, but this generally clears away in a day or so. It is usual to expect the first real fall of snow about November 1st, and this is followed by a cold snap. The ground then will remain white and the temperature will stay below zero until May 1st, when the spring thaw begins. During the winter the thermometer may, with very little notice, go down to 50 or more below for a week or so, yet this is an unusual occurrence and zero weather is more often on record. The summer weather Is never very hot (86 in the shade was the maximum last summer) and the evenings and nights are cool, though summer frosts are rare. I remarked less summer frost around Tremblay and Stuart Lakes than in the country farther south. Though irrigation is not generally required, yet the summer months are dry and the Fire Warden's time is fully occupied controlling the many fires which yearly occur. A large proportion of the rockier country, especially in the vicinity of Stuart Lake, is of a limestone formation, and it is possible that the immense quantities of second-growth poplar and jack-pine which exist owe their origin to the limestone, the climate, and the fires. One large fire seems to have burnt over great areas about twenty-five years ago, when the commonest timber appears to have been fir, of which comparatively little is left. It is very noticeable that the poplar usually predominates over the jack-pine on the burnt limestone ridges; also that the jack-pine usually presents a rather unhealthy appearance. It may be that, as most pines do not particularly favour limestone, regeneration is not encouraged. Occasional small patches of spruce grow near the waterways, usually in a gravelly soil. Transportation is simplified by the large lakes and good water connections; in fact, most of the lakes can either be connected by short roads, or are connected by waterways suitable for canoe transportation. Larger craft than canoes may be used at some places, as may be shown by the fact that part of the machinery D 324 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1912 of the old S.S. " Enterprise " is to-day lying on the shore near the head of Tremblay Lake. This ship was taken up the Stuart River about the time of the gold excitement for use on Stuart, Tremblay, and Tatla Lakes, where she plied for some three years. Middle River never presented any great difficulties for the " Enterprise," but Tatchl was almost impossible, except at high water. A wagon-road ten miles in length connects Stuart Lake with Babine, and connects the waterways by which all the Hudson's Bay, Fort St. James, and Fort Graham's supplies are brought from Hazelton. The mountains range between 2,000 and 3,000 feet above the lake-levels. With a few exceptions, such as Pope Mountain on Stuart Lake, they are not of a precipitous character, and do not join themselves into ranges, so that routes for wagon and sleigh roads, trails, etc., can generally be found without necessitating heavy grades. Great improvements have been made on the old existing roads and trails during the past summer months and miles of new roads have been completed. The road between Quesnel and Fraser Lake until quite recently was practically useless for motor-cars, on account of the many stubs, but these have been removed and the road has been improved in many ways. A new road now connects Fraser Lake with Francois Lake, while a winter road is being built by way of Burns and Decker Lakes to provide a route for freighting to Fraser Lake from Hazelton. A new road has also been built between Milne's Landing and Fort St. James, but very little traffic has passed over this up to the present. As a result of the improvement of the Fraser Lake Road, a weekly stage will shortly be run from Quesnel, where a two-weekly one has been usual, and it is hoped that motors will make regular runs from Ashcroft through to Fort Fraser during the next summer. The lakes, rivers, and creeks are all well supplied with fish, salmon, trout, and whitefish being the commonest. The Indians rely upon fish and rabbits for their staple foods, as big game such as deer, caribou, and moose are difficult to hunt until the first snow in such a large country, where they are comparatively few. The wapiti cannot be found in any of the northern country according to the Indians, though many of the older ones can describe " elk " perfectly, showing that some forty years ago they did exist. Coyotes, lynx, and various species of bear are plentiful, and wolves are to be found, though they are not so numerous. Panthers are unknown. At present the agriculturist only can tap the natural resources of the country sufficiently to make it profitable. Mineral is by no means plentiful,' though a little coal is found on Fraser Lake, and there is insufficient demand for timber to warrant cutting the best and most valuable. I have, etc., F. Bittterfield, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON SURVEYS OF TOWNSHIPS IN THE BULKLEY VALLEY. By II. C. Black. December 16th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—Surveys were made toy me in Townships 1a, 2a, and a portion of Township 4, in Bulkley Valley. Township 1a is traversed from north to south by the G.T.P. Railway. There is also a fair earth road in summer, paralleling the railroad, and access to the stations will be easy. The land generally is flat, with the exception of Section 4, most of Sections 3 and 9, which are steep, and the north central portion of Section 21, which is a rocky hill. To the east of the railroad there are no creeks, though there are swamps in places. Toboggan Creek is fed from a glacier on Section 7 and has a definite bed only to a short distance inside Section 16, where it reaches the flat land and spreads into swamps until it flows out of Section 33. The soil on the flat land is a light clay which hardens with depth, powder being used in the railway cuts of any depth. The steep parts are stony. Timber is chiefly, spruce and pine, with patches of poplar. The greater part has been burnt. The undergrowth is chiefly red willow with a few high-bush cranberries in the south-east. Raspberries are plentiful on the slide on the west boundary of Section 9, but otherwise there are no wild berries on this part of the township. 3 Geo. 5 Peace, Parsnip, and Findlay Rivers. D 325 A good earth road runs through Township 2a, immediately to the west of the land surveyed. Communication across the river to the railway is poor at present. The nearest bridges are about sixteen miles north and nine miles south of the township, with the exception of a foot-bridge on Section 35, Township 1a. The land has a general south-westerly slope, flattening toward the river. The centre of Section 8 is, however, a rocky hill. The small creeks appear to be liable to dry up in summer. Driftwood and Canyon Creeks have plenty of water, but both have high banks, making it difficult to get the water out except by pumping. The timber is chiefly spruce and pine, with patches of poplar. On the northern halves of Sections 23 and 24 and on Sections 26, 27, and 2S the timber is green. The rest of the land has been almost entirely overrun by fire. There are very few wild-berry bushes. The soil is a light clay with patches of loam on the northern and gravel on the southern sections. There was slight frost in June, July, and August. The weather as a whole was cloudy, but little rain fell. I have, etc., H. C. Black, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON EXPLORATION SURVEYS IN THE PEACE, PARSNIP, AND FINDLAY RIVER VALLEYS. By- A. W. Harvey. November 7th, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In accordance with instructions I proceeded to Fort George, and, having difficulty there in obtaining canoes and Indians to take me up the Fraser to Giscombe Portage, I loaded my supplies on a wagon, and travelled to Stuart Lake by road. There I obtained pack-horses and proceeded by trail to McLeod Lake. For the first six miles this trail runs through good land, lightly timbered with poplar, pine, and spruce, well watered, small lakes and meadows occurring at short intervals. Then the nature of the country changes,, and the soil becomes very sandy and in parts very stony, the timber consisting almost entirely of small pine. About thirty miles from Stuart Lake the trail crosses the Salmon River, passes through a rough broken country, very sandy, with frequent small willow swamps and muskegs. About fifteen miles farther the trail reaches Carp Lake, a considerable body of water, with numerous islands. From this lake Long River, a large stream, runs through Long Lake to McLeod Lake. This river carries nearly half of the water which leaves McLeod Lake as the Pack River. About a mile below the outlet from Long Lake there is a series of falls on Long River, from which an enormous amount of power could be obtained. There are three distinct falls, the first of which has a drop of about 40 feet; the second, about 100 yards farther down, drops about 1.0 feet; while the third, and lowest one, has a perpendicular drop of nearly 100 feet. The country through which Long River flows is very rough, broken, and stony. About six miles from Fort McLeod the trail descends sharply to a large flat, extending to the shore of McLeod Lake. The soil on this flat is very poor and stony, and is thickly covered with a growth of small pine. On reaching Fort McLeod, I obtained canoes and Indians and proceeded down the Pack River. This river at low water contains little more than sufficient water to take a loaded canoe over the rapids, which are numerous. About six miles from its outlet from McLeod Lake the Pack River runs through a small lake, about three miles long by one and a half wide, and about seven miles below this lake it enters the Parsnip, at an elevation of about 2,170 feet. There are small flats of good land along the Pack River, but the country traversed by it is very rough and hilly, and the amount of land suitable for agriculture is very small. On reaching the Parsnip River, I found the water very high and muddy. Above the mouth of the Pack a wide flat, slightly rolling and timbered lightly with pine, spruce, and poplar, extends for from six to eight miles to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. The low flat along the river has an average width of about one mile between benches, about 150 feet high, the river winding from side to side between these benches. The river is broken D 326 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 up by numerous sloughs and islands; these islands and the low river-flat being generally covered with a heavy growth of spruce and Cottonwood, the benches being more lightly timbered. A large portion of this country has been swept by fire. The east side of the Parsnip, between the Pack and Nation Rivers, is very rough and broken, and, except for the river-bottom and a. few small benches, is unfit for agriculture. About forty miles below the mouth of the Pack the Nation River enters the Parsnip from the west, a large stream of clear water about forty miles in length from its source, in the Nation Lakes, to the Parsnip. I ascended this river for about fifteen miles, passing through two rock canyons and numerous rapids. The country traversed by the Nation River for its entire length is very rough and broken, and, with the exception of a few small flats along the river, is quite valueless. There are numerous indications of coal along the Nation River. Returning again to the Parsnip, I found the country on both sides of the river very rough and broken. On the west side of the river, below the mouth of the Nation, a range of hills, very rough and heavily timbered with spruce and birch, extends down the Parsnip near the river for a distance of about sixteen miles; these hills rising to a height of about 700 to 800 feet. On the western side of this range of hills there is a wide valley extending to the main range, forming the western boundary of the Parsnip and Findlay Valleys. This valley appears to be rough and heavily timbered, except for a large wet swamp, about ten to twelve miles in length and from one to two miles in width, which commences at a small lake about one mile and a half north of the Nation River, and follows the course of a stream which runs from this lake into the Parsnip, which it enters about seventeen miles below the mouth of the Nation. From the mouth of this stream northerly to the Omineca River lies a very large stretch of generally level rolling country, timbered lightly with spruce, pine, poplar, and birch. This tract is bounded on the east by the Parsnip and Findlay Rivers, and on the west toy a high range of snow-mountains, and is about fifteen miles in average width. The soil is chiefly a light sandy loam. On the east side of the Parsnip, below the mouth of the Nation River, a range of low hills, not so rough as those on the west side, follows the river as far as its junction with the Findlay. Between this range and the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains lies a low valley, about four to five miles in width opposite the mouth of the Nation, and gradually narrowing to the north, its width opposite the Findlay being about two miles. This valley is generally level, though broken by small hills, and is timbered chiefly with small pine; the soil is a light sandy loam. The Parsnip River abounds in fish, the most numerous being the grayling, or Arctic trout, which rise very readily to the fly; rainbow trout are also found, but are fewer, and at the- mouths of the small streams entering the main river large Dolly Varden trout can be caught, some of which will weigh nearly 10 lb. Beaver are numerous in the swamps and smaller streams. The Parsnip River has an average fall of about 2 feet to the mile, the elevation of Its junction with the Findlay being about 2,000 feet. On reaching this point, I ascended the Findlay River, camping the first night at Pete Toy's Bar. which is very rich in a fine flour gold, probably brought down by the Omineca River. Near the mouth of the river on the east side is a large flat of good land, containing about 5,000 acres, consisting of heavy clay loam and sandy loam, and timbered with spruce, pine, and poplar, partly burnt. On the west side is the large flat, already referred to, extending to the Omineca River, which enters the Findlay from the west, about eleven miles from its mouth. About five miles in a straight line from its mouth the Findlay approaches close to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, on the east side of the valley, and continues close to these mountains as far as the mouth of the Aspica River, which enters from the east about a mile above the mouth of the Omineca. I ascended both these rivers for a short distance on my way down. For a distance of twelve miles from the mouth the Findlay is very wide and broken up with islands and sandbars, but above the mouth of the Aspica it is confined to one channel for about twenty miles, and is nearly straight, benches varying in height from 100 to 350 feet following the course of the river, leaving a low river-flat averaging about half a mile in width. The valley is about six miles in width, generally flat from the top of the bench to the mountains on both sides, timbered with pine, spruce, and poplar, and the land is good. All this part of the valley has been swept by fire. About twenty miles above the mouth of the Aspica the benches become lower, the upper one being about 150 feet in height, and they also lie farther from the river, the low flat from this point for eight miles up being from one to two miles in width. 3 Geo. 5 Peace, Parsnip, and Findlay Rivers. D 327 Above this point also the river widens and is full of bars and islands, having in places an extreme width between sloughs of over a mile. These islands, and also the low flat along the river, are heavily timbered with spruce and Cottonwood, the soil being a heavy black and clay loam. On the western side of the Findlay, as far as the mouth of Ruby Creek, at a distance of about fifty miles from Its mouth, the land is rough, the bench rising from the river to a height of 100 to 200 feet. This bench has an average width of about two miles. Between the mouth of Ruby Creek and the mouth of the Ingenika, a distance of about thirty-five miles, there is very- little land of any value on the west side of the river. On the eastern side of the valley the land consists of a low flat about a mile in width, heavily timbered, a bench about 150 feet high, from one to two miles wide, and a higher bench 300 to 350 feet above the river, extending to the foot of the Rocky Mountains, with a width of from two to three miles. Both these are lightly timbered with pine and poplar; the soil is generally good sandy loam, and light clay loam in places. A great part of the country has been burnt. As far as Fort Graham, at a distance of about sixty-five miles from the mouth, the river has a fall of about 3% feet to the mile; but above this point the current is much swifter, and for the next thirty-five miles, to Deserters' Canyon, there is a fall of between 4% and 5 feet to the mile. For nearly thirty miles above Fort Graham the river is very wide and the islands very numerous; it then narrows for about five miles. It is confined to one channel, until above Deserters' Canyon it widens again. I went no farther up the river than this canyon, as I reached this point during extreme high water, and I was unable to get through with my canoes. I ascended a mountain at this point, on the eastern side of the valley, and obtained a fine view of the surrounding country. The river-valley at this point is, about four miles and a half in width, and extends in the same general direction (N. 30° W.) for about sixty to seventy miles farther, the land appearing to have the same characteristics as already described. Just above the canyon on the west side of the Findlay, and separated from the main range by a narrow valley, a precipitous, bare mountain of white limestone rises sharply. This mountain has a height of about 1,500 feet above the flat, and is visible for a long way down the river. The river at the canyon is only about 100 feet in width, and cuts through an exceedingly hard conglomerate rock. At low water this canyon is easily navigated by canoes. The Ingenika, Aspica, and Omineca Rivers. The Rocky Mountains on the east side of the Findlay are composed chiefly of sandstone and gneiss, the mountains on the west being chiefly mica-schist, with gneiss and limestone. On my way down the Findlay, I ascended, for a short distance, the Ingenika, Aspica, and Omineca Rivers, the principal tributaries. The first of these, the Ingenika, enters the Findlay from the west, about twenty miles above Fort Graham. The low flats along the river are good, but limited in extent, averaging from 40 to 60 chains in width for the last twenty miles of its course, the soil being a heavy black loam, timbered lightly with spruce and poplar. The benches, rising sharply from the bottom to a height of 150 feet, are dry and sandy and covered with small pine. The river is very swift, but free from canyons, with a fall of about 8 feet to the mile, and is navigable for canoes, except at high water, for about thirty miles. The Aspica River, which enters the Findlay from the east, about twelve miles from the mouth, flows for the last ten miles of its course across the valley of the Findlay, outside of which the land along the river is poor, the benches being narrow and sandy and the river-flats very small in extent. This river is somewhat smaller than the Ingenika, and is very swift, having a fall of about 9 feet to the mile. The Omineca River, the largest tributary of the Findlay, which flows into it from the west, about eleven miles from the mouth, cuts through a rocky ridge of gneiss and mica-schist about seven miles in a straight line from its junction with the Findlay, The Black Canyon, which has been made by the river, cutting through this ridge, is about one mile in length and is only navigable for canoes at low water. Between this canyon and the Findlay the river is very swift and has spread over a large area, having, with the bars and small islands on each side, an average width of about three- quarters of a mile, and a fall of about 8 feet to the mile. On the south side the country is level and the soil good, but to the north the hills rise sharply from the river, and there is very little land of any value. Above the canyon the valley D 328 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 is about two to two and a half miles in width, similar in character to that of the Findlay, but more broken and rougher, the soil being light sandy and clay loams, and the timber a light growth of spruce, pine, and poplar. Down the Peace River. Returning then to the mouth of the Findlay, I next descended the Peace River about eighty miles to the Rocky Mountain Canyon. After flowing northward about eight miles through what is practically the valley of the Findlay, the Peace River bends to the east, and cuts through the main range of the Rooky Mountains, through which it runs in a narrow valley for about forty miles, there being practically no land in this part of the river of any value. After leaving the Rockies the valley widens gradually, and small flats and benches covered with a light growth of poplar and pine occur along the river. The mountains, bounding the valley, decrease rapidly in height, and the slopes are open and grass-covered. On entering the canyon, the river, which has been following an easterly- course, bends sharply to the south, leaving the main valley, which continues on in the same direction, with a width of about two miles, and returning to it at Hudson's Hope, about twelve miles from the head of the canyon. I should estimate that between the point where it enters the Rocky Mountains and the canyon there is not more than 25,000 acres of agricultural land on the Peace River, and nearly one-half of this is covered by coal licences. The coal licences on the Carbon River, which enters the Peace about thirty miles above the canyon, are situated in very rough mountainous country, quite unfit for agriculture. I estimate that the Findlay Valley with its tributaries, between the mouth and Deserters' Canyon, contains about 300.000 acres of agricultural land, with a further amount about the canyon of about 100,000 acres. The Parsnip Valley, below the mouth of the Pack River, contains about 350,000 acres of good land. The Peace River, between the mouth of the Findlay and the Rocky Mountain Canyon, is navigable for steamboats for the entire length at every stage of water, the only obstacles being the Findlay and Ne Parle Pas Rapids. The former could be greatly improved by removing the rocks which obstruct the stream, and the latter presents but little difficulty to navigation. The Findlay, though shallow in places at low water, is navigable for probably 150 miles. There have been very few attempts made to show wThat this part of the Province will produce. The only small gardens seen were at Fort Graham on the Findlay, and Fort McLeod on McLeod Lake. At Fort Graham good potatoes, turnips, beets, cabbages, and rhubarb have been grown, as well as raspberries, gooseberries, and strawberries; the same vegetables and fruits have been raised at McLeod. The snowfall in the Parsnip and Findlay varies from 2 to 6 feet. On the Peace River there is a heavy snowfall in the Rocky Mountains, which rapidly decreases towards the east. At the Peace River Canyon horses can frequently be wintered in the open without feeding hay. The climate is similar to that of the Nechaco and Upper Fraser Valleys. During the months of June, July, and August, the lowest temperature experienced was 31 degrees and the highest 79 degrees. The rainfall is light, being probably in the neighbourhood of 40 inches. Heavy thunderstorms are of frequent occurrences. Game is not plentiful. Bear are fairly numerous; moose, deer, and caribou are found, but not in any numbers. Mountain sheep and goats are fairly numerous in the Rockies. Fish are abundant in the Peace and Parsnip, chiefly grayling and Dolly Varden trout. There are but few fish in the Findlay. The Pack, Crooked, and Long Rivers abound in rainbow trout. I returned from the Peace River Canyon to McLeod by the Peace, Parsnip, and Pack Rivers; thence to West Glscombe by McLeod Lake and the Crooked River; thence by steamer to Soda Creek; from there by road to Ashcroft. I consider that the country through which I travelled has every prospect of a great future. Coal is very abundant, and good prospects of copper, gold, silver, and mica have been found in the Rocky Mountains and the ranges to the west of the Findlay and Parsnip Rivers; and in the valleys of the Parsnip, Peace, and Findlay there are about 800,000 acres of land suitable for dairy and truck farming. I have, etc.. A. W. Harvey, B.C.L.S. s s 3 Geo. 5 Vicinity of Fort George. D 329 REPORT ON SURVEYS IN THE VICINITY OF FORT GEORGE AND NEAR BEAR RIVER AND QUESNEL. By R. W. Haggen. December 21st, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—In accordance with instructions, I left New Westminster on May 26th for the Fort George District, making the journey from Ashcroft to Soda Creek, 167 miles, by motor-car. At Soda Creek I received seven pack-horses which had been wintered in the Chilcotin Valley, and from this point took men and horses to South Fort George by the steamer " BX," which is operated on the Upper Fraser between Soda Creek and Fort George by the British Columbia Express Company, of Ashcroft. According to the information which I had received before leaving the Coast, I should have made connection with the steamer " B.C. Express," recently built by the same company for the Fort George-Tete Jaune Cache service. The most urgent part of my work was the location of the height of land between Bear River and the South Fork of the Fraser River. The Bear enters the Fraser from the south about eighty-two miles above Fort George. On reaching Soda Creek I learned that the new steamer was not yet in commission, but was expected to be ready in a few days, so I decided to utilize the intervening time making some ties which were required between surveys on Bear and Willow Rivers to the east of Fort George, and surveying any agricultural land in the locality. The new surveys I made cover 2,039 acres lying to the north and south of Tsa-des-tsu Creek, on the Willow River Trail, and nineteen miles distant from Fort George. Of this distance, a wagon-road is constructed for the first five miles, and is to be continued to Willow River. The country is suited for the economical construction of roads, there being no bad hills, no heavy timber, and good bottom. Along Tas-res-tsu Creek there is a strip of land 5 to 8 chains in width, open, grassy, and well suited for hay. The soil is a brown loam, several feet in depth, some of the ground being old beaver-dam. This land can be irrigated from Tsa-des-tsu and its tributary creeks. On either side of the creek the land rises 150 to 200 feet to a rolling plateau, broken towards Willow River two miles to the east. On this plateau the soil varies. In some parts it is a clay loam, on which there is a growth of light poplar, with some willow, fairly open and easy to clear. The balance is covered with spruce and jack-pine, moss growing on the surface over hard clay. I think the arable land on this plateau can be cleared at an average cost of $60 an acre. It appears to be suited for the raising of grain and the hardier vegetables. The danger of summer frosts is undoubtedly the greatest drawback in this country. This summer there were severe frosts during the first week in June, the thermometer reaching 18° Fahr. one night. After June 7th we had no frost, and A. E. Humphrey, B.C.L.S., who was surveying farther up Willow River during the summer, informed me that they had no more frosts. The severity of the early June frosts would logically lead to the assumption that there would be frost to some extent all summer. One surveyor who worked in this locality in 1910 informed me that ice was found on the water-pails in July and August of that year. Under the circumstances it cannot be said that the country is yet free from frost, though undoubtedly there are frequently summers without it, and I think it safe to say that, with the clearing and cultivation of the ground, the soil will maintain enough heat from the long sunny days to preserve the crops from damage. The climate of the Fort George District is very similar to that of parts of the Prairies, and it is only reasonable to assume that the cessation of the frosts there after cultivation of the land will be duplicated in this district. During the past summer an exhibition was held at Fort George. Mr. J. H. Grisdale, of Ottawa, Director of Experimental Farms, informed me that the vegetables and grains grown in the Fort George District were of very good quality. Vegetables and grain can be grown generally without irrigation, though there are parts where the ground is too dry. On Willow River and between South Fort George and Six-mile Lake there are several settlers, and all appear well satisfied with the district. On Willow River I tied Lots 2177 and 2738. The land between these lots is broken and no use for agriculture. D 330 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 In the vicinity of Bear River I connected Lots 6658 and 2763 and 6657 and 2S66. The land between the first two lots is an arid jack-pine flat, and between 6657 and 2866 there is a large muskeg which does not appear to be of any use. In June this year there was ice 6 inches below the surface; the previous fall, when I was on it, it was very soft and difficult to cross. The Bear River in Lot 6658 is about thirty-five miles by trail from Fort George. The land between Bear River and Willow River is generally of poor quality, with the exception of some strips near the rivers. It is only about four miles across. The divide is low and covered with jack-pine. Willow River, which rises near Barkerville, and of w-hich Williams Creek, made famous by its rich placer grounds, is a tributary, has been recently investigated as a power proposition. Mr. G. H. Ferguson, of Ottawa, has examined it this year on behalf of the Conservation Commission, and when his report is in a reliable opinion as to the amount of power to be obtained there will be available. Bear River also rises in the old Cariboo goldfields, its tributary, Antler Creek, being still a producer. I have made the trip down Bear River, though not in connection with the Government surveys, and think a few words concerning it may not be out of place. The main Bear River rises in Bear Lake, twenty miles northerly from Barkerville. For the first fourteen miles it flows through a well-defined valley, with a strip of good land on either side. The valley is grassy, and wooded with open willow, poplar, and jack-pine. Some settlers have already located on it. After the first fourteen miles there is little open country, there being only scattered meadows in the forest. The timber here is practically all spruce not exceeding 15 inches in diameter. A wagon-road and trail run from Barkerville to Bear Lake, and there is a trail from the lake to a canyon thirty miles down Bear River. Boats can be used on the- river, but there Is enough bad water to make it advisable for inexperienced boatmen to keep off the water. There are two or three small pieces of good land near Spruce Creek, fifty miles from Bear Lake. From a point below this a low pass extends to Grand Canyon, on the Fraser, the distance across being ten miles. From Bear Lake to this point the river has a general direction of N. 10° W.; it now swings almost due west for twelve miles. On this portion of the river are- located coal-seams of considerable extent; these have been examined by several well-known engineers, and I understand the reports have been very favourable. A trail has been built this, summer from Fort George, forty-five miles distant, to this property. There is a little good land at the mouth of Willow Creek, immediately east of the coal lands. This stretch of the river is; the best ground I have ever seen for moose and beaver. From Willow Creek to Purden Lake is a distance of only four miles, the lake lying two miles east of the river, and draining into it through Bear Creek. This lake is about five miles long. From Willow Creek the river flows north-westerly sixteen miles to Box Canyon. There is some fair land on this stretch of wrater, but it is all included in purchase claims. The river- here is 3 chains in width, 2 to 3 feet in depth, and full of rapids. Box Canyon is thirty-five miles by the old G.T.P. trail from Fort George. Here the valley opens out and the soil becomes better, though it is rather light, a sandy loam. Along the river there is a dense growth of cotton- wood and red willow. On the benches a good deal has been burned, but some spruce and jack- pine survives the fires, and windfalls are plentiful. From Box Canyon to the Fraser the distance is about twenty-five miles by river and the general direction N. 80° E. On June 20th the steamer " Chilcotin" made a trip from Fort George to Bear River, enabling me to take the party up to the Bear River watershed survey. This watershed was to- be located in the vicinity of Lots 4459-4496. I traversed the height of land as far as there was-, any necessity for so doing. In connection with this survey I made a trail from near the northwest corner of Lot 3108 to Purden (Great Bear) Lake, the distance being about nine miles'. The land along the divide is broken and hilly at the southern end, near Purden Lake, and': marshy near the mouth of Bear River. It is mostly of poor quality. The trail runs nearly a mile to the east of the divide and passes through some good land which had been surveyed' prior to my arrival in this locality. I surveyed a section and a half to the south of these surveys. It contains some good flats which can be cleared of their vegetation—poplar, spruce, jack-pine—at a cost of about $75 per acre. The soil is a sandy loam. The country here has a good rainfall and appears to be immune from summer frosts. Vegetables and grain should' grow well. There are a number of settlers along the river in this locality, but they have all gone in within the last year, and have not yet had time to show what the country can produce.. 3 Geo. 5 Vicinity of Fort George. D 331 The flat land runs back for several miles on either side of the Fraser. It is all wooded, but the spruce, which is dense near the river, gives place to spruce, poplar, and open pine farther back. There are some small meadows on which the growth of red-top and slough grass is good. There are a number of small creeks. Some swamps in this locality can be easily drained, and, as they have a good hard bottom, should make good farms. With the completion of the G.T.P. Railway about six miles distant from this land, there will undoubtedly be an influx of settlers to this district. The land between Lots 3101-3095 and 4458-4459 I also surveyed. It is marshy, but can be drained to Bear River at small cost, and will be good hay land. There are two half-sections here. I also surveyed some land at the east end of Purden Lake, on which there is some fair land that will probably be taken up in a few years' time. The ground is mostly hilly, but there is some flat on which the soil is a sandy loam. It is wooded with fir, spruce, and birch. At the extreme east end of the lake there is a muskeg. This lake has been locally known as Great Bear Lake to the people of Barkerville, and Little Bear Lake to some of the settlers on the Fraser, to distinguish it from Bear Lake at the head of Bear River. Mr. L. C. Gunn, the G.T.P. engineer, informs me that they knew it as Siwash Lake. Bear Lake was the name originally bestowed on it by the C.P.R. engineers. Around the north side of the lake there are still traces of the old trail made by the party of C.P.R. surveyors under Mr. H. Purden Bell about the year 187S. Mr. J. H. Gray, the well-known Victoria surveyor, was transit-man on this work. As there are so many Bear Lakes in British Columbia, it seems desirable that a new name should be officially given to this one. There are no Siw'ashes within a radius of forty miles; bears are by no means abundant. For that reason I have suggested the official name of Purden Lake, a name which does not conflict, and which preserves the memory of one who was probably the first white man to see the lake. This lake will, I believe, be a popular pleasure-ground ip a few years' time. I know of no other ground in the locality that can compare with it. There is good fishing; the temperature is agreeable for bathing; mosquitoes are not at all numerous; there is good moose-hunting on Bear River, six miles distant; duck-shooting on the muskeg at the east end; good water in the creeks; and a country that is well suited for road-building toward the Fraser. I do not consider the land along the lake, apart from that which I surveyed, to be of any use. I tied the surveys of Lots 4498 and 6651, also 6649 and 6647. The land along the ties is poor. I also looked at the land between the lake and Grand Canyon, but did not consider it worth surveying. The Fraser above Giscombe Rapids is very sluggish and excellent for navigation. At Grand Canyon there is a stretch of three miles of bad water, above which there is a further stretch of sluggish water. This season two steamers were operated by Messrs. Foley, Welch & Stewart between Tete Jaune Cache and Grand Canyon. Three other steamers ran occasionally to Fort George—the " B.C. Express," " Chilcotin," and " Quesnel"—the freight being portaged around the canyon. In previous years both Captain Bonser on the " Nechaco " and Captain Foster on the " Fort Fraser " have taken their steamers through Grand Canyon and almost to Tete Jaune Cache. This winter considerable work is being done to improve navigation here, at Giscombe Rapids, and at Indian Gardens, below Fort George. This will make navigation good from the Cache to Soda Creek. This summer there was active construction on the G.T.P. above Grand Canyon. Below it were several construction camps; but labour was scarce. Several miles of right-of-way had been cleared, however. On completion of the work in this locality I came to Fort George, where I received instructions to proceed to Quesnel and make certain corrections and new surveys in that locality. The first work was the correction of some surveys in the vicinity of Dragon Lake, three miles and a half east of Quesnel, and the survey of all the unsurveyed land there and on the Quesnel River up to the canyon. Dragon Lake lies on a plateau 400 feet above the Town of Quesnel, and good roads run to the north and south ends. The road from Quesnel to Hydraulic, at present under construction, runs around the north end. This road is the best I have seen in Cariboo, and is now complete to a short distance beyond the lake. The land between Dragon Lake and the Fraser is mostly flat; the soil is a deep clay loam, generally free from stones, and productive where it has been cultivated. There is no timber with the exception of a little fir; the land is mostly covered with a fairly dense growth of poplar and spruce, and is brushy. However, the trees are small, and the usual contract price for D 332 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 •clearing is about $60 per acre. To the east a high hill rises, affording some sub-irrigation to the land near its base. Grain, potatoes, and other vegetables grow well without irrigation on this flat, which is practically all arable. Irrigation is usually necessary for the raising of timothy and alfalfa for hay. This flat is about fourteen miles long and has an average width of three miles. Summer frosts, while not unknown, are neither frequent nor severe, and will undoubtedly •disappear entirely as the land comes into cultivation. There are still a few unalienated pieces of land on this flat. Water can be obtained from wells and from some small creeks. Several pre-emptors are residing on their places and already raising a fair amount of produce. Others have apparently taken up the pre-emptions purely as speculations, and some have done no work at all on their holdings. What the Quesnel District wants, and what the whole of the Upper Cariboo wants, is the pre-emptor who wants to be a farmer, the man who is not afraid to work and clear his land. That man is the best asset any country can have, and he, in return, can get a pre-emption with an average of 120 acres of arable land to each 160. That is high in British Columbia. A very few years will see the Pacific Great Eastern Railway built, and it will provide the Cariboo with cheap transportation. I can see no reason why this district should not produce as good wheat, oats, and potatoes as the Prairies. The farmers will have the advantage of a shorter haul to the ocean than the Prairie Provinces can ever have, and Cariboo potatoes will, I think, be as popular in the Coast cities as Ashcroft potatoes are to-day. A good market for this district is springing up in the rapid growth of the Coast •cities. Quesnel will be about 360 miles distant from Vancouver by rail. I had an opportunity to see what this district could produce at the Quesnel Exhibition held this year. As this was arranged in six weeks, and the prizes were for the most part merely -diplomas, the articles exhibited were taken from the regular crops, and not raised especially for exhibition purposes. A prize for the best exhibit of produce raised by a bona-flde pre-emptor was won by Mr. Paul Zschiedritch, of Kersley. His vegetables took individual prizes in the ■different classes. The interesting part about his exhibit was that it was grown on jack-pine land, which is usually considered worthless for farming purposes. The whole exhibition was a surprise to me, as the grain and vegetables appeared to be as good as those I have seen exhibited in New Westminster, Kamloops, and Kootenay. Mr. Thos. Cunningham, Provincial Fruit Inspector, and Mr. Grisdale attended to the exhibition, the former acting as Judge. Both gentlemen spoke well of the exhibits. The people of Quesnel have long considered the surrounding land to be of very little value, and, indeed, with the limited market yet- available, it would be easy to cause an overproduction in certain lines. However, the advent of the railway will open up new markets, and I personally feel sure that the Cariboo will justify the faith that many have in it. I surveyed the land on the west side of the Fraser River and adjacent to it, between Quesnel and Deep Creek, fourteen miles down-river. There are a few good pre-emptions still vacant down there. At Deep Creek three pre-emptors have their places partly cultivated and are raising good crops. Deep Creek, which rises west of Fort Alexandra, is a large creek in a deep valley. A measurement of the discharge, which I made in October, showed 60 cubic feet per second, and there would probably be at least three times this in midsummer. In the early days this creek was flumed to within five miles of Quesnel, and used for placer-work. There is considerable fall to the creek, and I have heard of a canyon 200 feet deep three miles from the mouth, so it could be used for small power development. However, the use I see for the water is the irrigating of the lands along the Fraser River, which would be excellent for hay- raising. A road from Quesnel to Fort Alexandra runs through the land surveyed. I ran ties between some lots on the plateau to the west, which lies at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the river. It seems to me that there is considerable good land on this flat and on Babine Creek, outside the land already surveyed. However, having work to do north-east of Quesnel and near Soda Creek, I did not feel that there was time to survey any of it this year. I made a resurvey of Lot 5078, below Cottonwood Canyon, in accordance with your instructions. There is some fair land in that vicinity, and it is burned off. We started from Quesnel on the S.S. " Chilcotin " to do that work. The water was low and finally became too shallow for the steamer to cross a riffle. Our intimation of this came when the purser announced that the captain was going back to Quesnel and the boat would tie up where she was—the passengers 3 Geo. 5 Vicinity of Fort George. D 333 could do what they pleased. Our preference was for a walk, so we walked to the scene of our work, boarded with the pre-emptor while we made the survey, and returned to Quesnel in the old reliable dug-out. To the north-east of Quesnel I surveyed the land between the Quesnel River and the Barkerville Road, on Five-mile Flat, where there are several pre-emptors; resurveyed Lot 277, Laronde's hay lease, the corners of which had been destroyed by forest Are, connected it to Lot 223, and traversed the Barkerville Road to connect this work with the surveys on Five-mile Flat. Beyond the limits of my survey the land is poor, being a dry clay covered with jack-pine. Five-mile Flat is rather dry and irrigation is not available; still the settlers are sanguine and may do well. Optimism is generally justified in British Columbia. Four-mile Creek enters the Quesnel River below Five-mile Flat, running out of Ten-mile Lake. It is considered a probable source of water-supply for the Town of Quesnel. There has been a fair amount of travel on the Barkerville Road this season. Mining was carried on around Barkerville, Wingdam, and Stanley, and, according to reports, the season was a good one. Quesnel, the centre of the district, is always fairly busy, the stores are well stocked, and there are two good hotels. Every business found in the country town is represented, and the- residents seem to be doing fairly well. The population is estimated between six and seven hundred. The town is very prettily situated on a flat between the Quesnel and Fraser Rivers, which join immediately south of the town. Roads run to Fort George, Barkerville, Fort Fraser and Hydraulic, Fort Alexandria and Ashcroft. Trails lead to the Nasco and to White's Landing, where the Duke of Sutherland has established a colony. There was considerable excitement this year over the discovery of good-looking ore on Dragon Mountain, between Dragon Lake and Quesnel River. However, the property is still being prospected, the discoverers investigating for themselves. I understand that the results attained up to date are very promising, indicating a good body of ore, and there is a good possibility of the prospect growing into a good camp. Along the Fraser below Quesnel there is some coal, but I have not seen the seam and do not know if it is large enough to warrant mining.. On Baker Creek there are indications of oil, but they have not been prospected to any extent. There is a pleasure resort near Quesnel, Dragon Lake, where the water is of a good temperature for bathing, with a nice strip of beach in places. There is no better bathing-beach than in front of Lot 7258. At the present time Dragon Lake is a popular camping-ground, and Lot 7258 is the only unalienated land now left there. This land will be in demand for a summer camping-ground in a few years. I cruised the timber on several parcels of the land surveyed, but there are very few trees suited for lumbering, the fir being generally crooked, with large limbs coining near the ground. None of it could be classified as timber land. The last work of the season was the survey of six pre-emptions and three pieces of Crown land on the old road, which ran through a valley about one mile east of the present road, and about eight miles north of Soda Creek. The land on these places is good, easy to clear, being- covered with a growth of open poplar, spruce, and fir. The soil is a clay loam. There is some water on it, and a high hill to the east should furnish some sub-irrigation. Three of the settlers have done considerable improvement. Two more settlers can get good places there. Having completed this work, I left Soda Creek with my party by motor-car on December Sth, reaching Ashcroft that night and New Westminster on December 10th, after a very good season, in which only two days had been lost through inclement weather. The assistants,. Messrs. O. Wilkie, N. C. Kenny, and at the latter end of the season, Mr. G. P. Sharpe, who took Mr. Kenny's place, showed themselves competent and willing. The country generally was good for running line, and the blackflies and mosquitoes, which one never gets accustomed to, were not as troublesome this season as they usually are. I have, etc., R. W. Haggen, B.C.L.S. D 334 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 REPORT ON TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS IN OMINECA DISTRICT. By F. C. Swannell. December 11th, 1912. <?. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to submit herewith preliminary report on the season's operations in the Northern Interior. Leaving Victoria May 21st, I proceeded by way of Ashcroft and the Cariboo Road to Quesnel. From this point the party, consisting of four men, went by wagon up the Nechaco Road to Fraser Lake. During the month of June we were engaged on a resurvey of Township 14, R.S. Coast District, having been instructed by you to get this work forwarded as much as possible, pending the arrival of F. Butterfield, B.C.L.S., who was to complete the resurvey. Mr. Butterfield's arrival at the end of June left me free to proceed to Stuart Lake. The initial step in making a topographical survey of the Omineca country being to obtain a triangulation base, we were for some days occupied on Stuart Lake erecting a cairn and large signal on Mt. Pope and reading therefrom. We then proceeded by way of Tatchi River to Tremblay Lake, one end of which we triangulated for a check base, as well as establishing main triangulation stations on surrounding mountain-peaks. Proceeding to Tatla Lake, we found ourselves unable to continue the main triangulation control, owing to smoke from forest fires rendering our previously established mountain signals invisible. We accordingly made a triangulation survey of the North-west Arm of Tatla Lake, cruised the country at the head of the arm, and later on erected cairns on, and read from, all prominent peaks in the vicinity. During August we were engaged in taking topography on Tatla Lake, cutting trail, and back-packing a portable boat and 1,500 lb. of outfit and provisions across country from Tatla to Upper Nation Lake. The twenty-mile portage, which was most arduous, took two weeks to make. During September and October we separated into two small parties. I myself, accompanied by Mr. Mitchell, of the Forestry service, who plane-tabled the minor topography, triangulated Indata and Tsayta-bat Lakes, and cruised the surrounding country, erecting permanent monuments at practically every instrument station. In the meantime the second party was getting in more supplies and cruising the country between Lower Nation and Inzana Lakes. They cut fifteen miles of trail and established a cache near Inzana Lake. Leaving Nation River the latter end of October, we made a rough survey down the Manson Creek Trail and into Inzana Lake. This lake we triangulated, tying it to the Tremblay Mountain cairns, and leaving reference posts at every instrument station. Winter having now set in, we proceeded by the Manson Creek Trail to Fort St. James; thence by pack-train to Fraser Lake, from which point we went to Quesnel by sleigh, and, proceeding southward, arrived at Victoria the end of November. Our itinerary for the season included the following: Travelled by steamboat, 240 miles; railway, 360 miles; automobile, 440 miles; wagon, 210 miles; sleigh, 160 miles; pack-train, 150 miles; boat or canoe, 500 miles; raft, 60 miles; back-packing, 60 miles: a total of about 1,700 miles. The country which I have more particularly to report on lies between longitude 124° to 126° 30' west, and latitude 54° 30' to 55° 30' north. It may conveniently be divided for purposes of description into two separate drainage-basins: First, that of Stuart River, draining through the Nechaco into the Fraser; secondly, that of Nation River, draining by way of the Parsnip River into the Peace. The Stuart River basin comprises a wonderful system of waterways, embracing three large lakes—Stuart, Tremblay, and Tatla—which form one continuous chain lying about due northwest for 100 miles. The only obstruction to steamboat navigation for this distance is shallow rapids on Tatchi River, only negotiable by steamboat when the water is fairly high. Middle River, connecting Tatla and Tremblay Lakes, has an appreciable current in only one reach, the remainder of its twenty miles of length being dead water, practically a long narrow lake. A proof of the availability of this lake system for steamboat navigation lies in the fact that part of the hull and machinery of a stern-wheel steamer about 70 feet long is beached on Tremblay Lake. This boat, appropriately named the " Enterprise," made the trip from Soda Creek to Geo. 5 Omineca District. D 335 Tatla Lake about 1871, during the Omineca gold excitement, so that another 200 miles of navigable water on the Fraser, Nechaco, and Stuart Rivers is immediately tributary to the lake system. The only other large lakes in the Stuart Lake basin are Pinchi, Tezzon, and Inzana. The first named drains directly into Stuart Lake, while Tezzon and Inzana drain into Tatchi and Middle River respectively. The outlets of these lakes are not navigable. Besides these large lakes, the whole region contains innumerable small lakes varying from a quarter to six miles in length. The Nation River drainage-basin is composed of four large lakes fed by numerous streams draining the network of smaller lakes behind. The two lower lakes, the Nation Lakes proper, are each about twenty miles long, connected by a river a mile and a half long. They lie east and west; the two upper lakes, Indata and Tsayta, are eight to twelve miles long, lying north and west respectively. As the connecting rivers are shallow, swift, and narrow, intercommunication toy steamboat is not practicable. The Nation River, which averages 200 feet in width, is very swift, the upper twelve miles being a series of boulder-strewn rapids. This Nation Lake country is at present most easily reached by trail from Fort St. James, the distance from the fort to the old ferry at the outlet of Lower Nation Lake being sixty-four miles. The trail was well cut out and bridged originally and is in good condition, having this year been cut out again by Mr. Milligan's survey party. A few deviations from the present trail would give an excellent wagon-road route through undulating country the entire way; from the lower arm of Tatla Lake we cut a passable trail ten miles over the divide to a small lake draining into Upper Nation Lake. A wagon-road could easily be cut over this route, as the maximum elevation above Tatla Lake would not exceed 300 feet. Entry to the Nation Lake country may also be made by a trail from the east landing, Tatla Lake, to the head of Tsayta Lake—a reported distance of fifteen miles. Taking the triangle with sides formed by the Manson Creek Trail on the east, the parallel of 55° 30' on the north, and the line of Tatla, Middle River, Tremblay, and Stuart Lake as hypotenuse, we have an area of, roughly, 2,500 square miles, the general level of this whole country being between 2,200 and 2,600 feet above sea-level. The terrain is broken by many isolated mountain-ranges, the most important one being along the east side of Tatla Lake, peaks of which run about 6,000 feet. The Blanchet Range extends for fifteen miles between the North and West Arms of Tatla Lake, and has several peaks, 6,500 feet altitude. A long flat- topped range runs along to the north of the Nation Lakes, merging into the Omineca Mountains proper. Mt. Pope (4,450 feet) and high isolated mountains in the vicinity of Pinchi, Tezzon, and Inzana Lakes comprise most of the remaining mountains. Roughly speaking, 20 per cent, of the triangle is high mountains, 30 per cent, ridges and hills, 10 per cent, lake, and the remainder undulating country. This undulating area, with an average elevation of 2,500 feet, contains about 400 sections of good agricultural land, as far as cruised; the balance of the flat country being jack-pine flats more or less gravelly, and crossed by gravel moraine ridges. The whole plateau country is well watered, there being a maze of small lakes and connecting streams. Meadows and willow bottoms are fairly numerous, but there is almost an entire absence of muskeg, the meadows, although often wet, having hard bottom almost invariably. The many lakes make this section of country of great scenic beauty, the water being crystal clear, and the larger lakes having mile after mile of fine pebbly beach. About 300 square miles only of this triangular area carries the original heavy timber, mostly spruce, with balsam predominating at the higher altitudes. The flat country, once heavily timbered, has twice been burnt over during the last forty years. Indeed, this section has suffered more from forest fires than any other part of British Columbia. Much of the burnt area is now encumbered with dead and fallen timber and young growth, while areas, once burnt clean, now carry a growth of jack-pine, the only trace of the original spruce forest being a few burnt stumps, and scattered clumps of timber along the watercourses. The largest area under the original forest, outside of the mountains, lies in the flat country between Lower Nation and Inzana Lakes. This forest is 75 per cent, balsam and 25 per cent, spruce, and would scale 8,000 to 10,000 feet B.M. per acre. Fir does not exist beyond the vicinity of Stuart, and to a lesser degree Tremblay Lake, which seems to be its present northerly limit of growth. On the Manson Creek Trail, south-east of Pinchi Lake, a fine stand of fir, running D 336 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 20,000 feet B.M. to the acre, was noted. A few charred stubs in the brule east of Inzana Lake would seem to indicate that formerly the fir forest ran considerably farther north. Whether this recession is due to forest fires only, or to a slow climatic change, is a moot point. Besides the spruce, balsam, pine, and poplar, which form the aggregate of the timber, there is willow, birch, Cottonwood, and alder. The agricultural lands found may be described as they occur with reference to our line of travel. The north-east shore of Stuart Lake from Pinchi Village to Tatchi River is poplar country mainly, and with the exception of a few isolated buttes and ridges, this flat country runs back for fifteen miles, and turning north-west passes through between Inzana and Kazchek Lakes. Directly north-west of Tezzon Lake the country is too broken to be of value, but the area along Inzana Creek is exceptionally good and may be estimated to contain four townships of good agricultural land. The country here is undulating; it has been burnt clean and is now beginning to reforest with willow and poplar. The soil, where examined, was loam, and numerous large meadows and several small lakes exist. Northward the country between here and Upper Nation Lake is undulating, with numerous lakes, and from report contains considerable agricultural land. Returning to the Stuart Lake basin proper by trail to Tremblay Lake, we noted that the wide valley of Middle River would contain easily five townships, but as much of this was surveyed last year further report would be superfluous. Tt may be noted, however, that an undulating lake country extends north-easterly from Middle River clear across to Upper Nation Lake. From the panoramic view we obtained from mountains on either hand, it seems probable that much of this land might be classified as agricultural. The east shore of Tatla Lake, running back four miles in places to the mountains, is rolling brule country, but the soil is sandy and the land consequently of little value. Five miles up the North Arm the mountains run to the water abruptly as far up as the end of the range near the east landing. From here the country flattens, the undulating country running easterly to the upper end of Tsayta Lake. Towards Tsayta Lake the soil is very good, the valley averaging two miles in width and containing large beaver meadows. Fifteen or twenty sections could easily be obtained here. The Driftwood River Valley also contains much good land, although the lower portion is too heavily timbered to be available for settlement. No land is found between the two arms of Tatla Lake, a high mountain-range running up nearly to the west landing. Above the west landing undulating country, recently burnt over, runs back some ten or fifteen miles, but the soil over most of this is inclined to be rocky. The North-west Arm is mountainous on both sides, the western slope being densely timbered from the water's edge, no fire having touched this section as yet. The timber, balsam and spruce, does not run very large, however. Behind the high ridge bordering the lake the country is flat to hilly, forming a large basin containing several large lakes. Although numerous meadows were noted and some poplar country, still the land generally is too heavily timbered, and would make an ideal forest reserve. At the head of this arm lie two or three sections of excellent bottom land, having a rich loam soil. Behind this some ten or twelve sections of fair land are obtainable, very easily cleared and with occasional small meadow-ringed lakes. Turning to the Nation Lake country, I might say that, although considerable surveying was done along the two lakes and down the Nation River this year, still much more land is yet obtainable farther back, especially to the southward. The soil is mostly loam, but where the country escaped the fire the stand of timber is often too heavy for classification as agricultural land. The Nation River occupies a wide trough-like valley, composed of jack-pine benches. While considerable of these are gravelly and sandy, yet this is by no means the rule. A cruise from the extreme easterly end of Nation Lake across to the foot of the swift water on the river was through a new growth of jack-pine, but the soil was loam or sandy loam everywhere except on the ridges, which were gravelly. A large area of these jack-pine bench lands lies south-east of here, and if the soil holds as good as the portion cruised, six or seven townships are obtainable. A large valley draining into Upper Nation Lake parallels Indata Lake on the west and runs nearly through to Tsayta Lake. Twenty square miles of good land lie here, with much open meadow country. The meadows, however, are generally wet and need draining. Between Upper Nation and Indata Lake, the river, which is very tortuous, traverses excellent bottom Roping up Kla-anch River, Vancouver Island. Poling on Driftwood River, Cariboo. Portage on Kla-anch River. 3 Geo. 5 Omineca District. D 337 land, in most cases burnt Clear. Six or eight square miles could be obtained here, augmented by a strip a mile wide along the west shore of Indata Lake. Some five or six sections are obtainable at the lower end of Tsayta Lake, as well as a big valley to the north, timbered with jack-pine, but in which the soil is sandy to gravelly. The Manson Creek Trail southward from Nation River traverses much undulating to rolling, jack-pine country, about 20 per cent, of which has fair soil, the balance being sandy and intersected by gravelly ridges. The choicest large area of good land lay along the Inzana Trail, which branches off the main trail twenty-eight miles from Fort St. James. The country is undulating to rolling, mostly brule, with young growth of poplar and willow. Several of the meadows seen were a couple of hundred acres in area, and one large willow bottom covered a couple of square miles. The soil was loam in the lowlands and sandy loam on the ridges. The whole area explored was almost destitute of big game, with the exception of bear, both black and grizzly, which the Indians said were fairly numerous. We, however, saw not a single one the whole season. There seem to be no deer at all, and caribou were scarce. Smaller animals are fairly plentiful, beaver especially being numerous. Ducks and geese were seen in large numbers, and grouse are numerous. The fool-hen, or spruce-partridge, is commonest, but willow, blue grouse, and ptarmigan were also shot. We also got a few prairie-chicken, which seem to be again coming into this country. Years ago they were reported to have been numerous, but for the last ten years they have been practically unknown. The lakes contain very large trout, both rainbow and Dolly Varden, and a large char. This latter runs very big, we having caught one 38 inches in length and a dozen or so over 30 inches. All the lakes contain whiteflsh, those in Inzana Lake being especially noted for size. Salmon run up Middle River, but in the Nation Lakes, which are on the Arctic Divide, no salmon are found. Arctic trout also occur in these lakes, although we did not succeed in catching any. Coarse fish, such as suckers, squaw-fish, and ling, abound in the smaller lakes, and a small red fish resembling a salmon runs in large numbers in the Tatchi and Driftwood Rivers the latter end of August. Climatic conditions are much similar over the whole area reported on, excepting that the rainfall Is greater and the snow comes a little earlier in the Nation Lake country than in the Stuart basin. The latter Is inclined to dryness, while the rainfall on the Nation Lakes might be classified as moderate. The latter part of August on these lakes we experienced a wet spell, with raw cold weather; but outside of this the weather was excellent. Only four days were lost by rain the entire season, most of the showers occurring at night. The mean temperature at noon for July was 73° Fahr., while the average temperature at noon for the three months, July, August, and September, was 68° Fahr. One remarkable feature, for one familiar with other parts of the Northern Interior, was the absence of summer frost, probably owing to the many large lakes in this region. The first frost, barely 1 degree, was noted on July 26th at the head of the North-west Arm of Tatla Lake. A slight frost occurred on August 7th, and 2 degrees of frost were noted on August 27th and September 3rd. These were the only frosts until the end of September. The first snowfall was on October 9th, but it barely whitened the ground and went away quickly. An inch of snow, which stayed, fell October 18th, and was followed by several more flurries during the next month. By the end of November about 4 inches of snow were on the ground. The coldest weather experienced was 3 degrees below zero at 5 a.m. November 15th on the Fraser Lake Trail. Most years, however, there would be a foot of snow in November, and a short cold spell the first week in November. The snowfall in the Nation Lake country would be about 3 feet, while in the drier Stuart Lake basin it would average 2 feet. These figures, of course, do not apply to the mountains. The winter, although long and cold, is enjoyable on the whole; bright, sunny weather toeing the rule. Generally each winter an unusually cold spell occurs in January, the thermometer dropping to 50 degrees below zero. This spell is of short duration, the remainder of the winter being much milder. The only serious attempt at agriculture in this whole region has been at Fort St. James. Here, for over eighty years, the Hudson's Bay Co. have farmed a few acres. They successfully raise all sorts of vegetables as well as oats and barley, and also have a few head of stock which were in fine condition. At the west landing, Tatla Lake, an Indian garden was observed, which, in spite of neglected cultivation, had an excellent showing of vegetables, including cabbage, beets,, carrots, onions, parsnips, and potatoes. A little land has also been cultivated in a desultory 22 D 338 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 fashion at the head of the North-west Arm, with good results, considering the small amount of work expended thereon. There is no climatic reason why all ordinary field crops may not be successfully raised, the great drawback to the country being the small amount of agricultural land compared with the total area. Mixed farming and stock-raising would appear to be best adapted to this region. A plan is toeing prepared to accompany this report, which will show the topographical features and position of the agricultural lands. This will be of more value than unlimited description in showing the resources of the region. The mass of meteorological data, observations for altitudes, and the detailed topographical notes are being reduced and tabulated as rapidly as possible, and the positions of the trigonometrical stations computed with a view to providing a detailed report and large-scale topographical map. Preparation of this will necessarily take some time. I have, etc., F. C. Swannell, B.C.L.S. REPORT ON EXPLORATION SURVEYS OF A ROUTE FROM BELLA COOLA TO McLEOD LAKE. By' W. Meyerstein. October 21st, 1912. G. H. Dawson, Esq., Surveyor-General, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—I have the honour to report that, acting under instructions of April 16th, I attached myself to Messrs. Cartwright, Matheson, and Company's survey party, and left for Bella Coola on the 17th, arriving on the evening of April 21st. We left on the 23rd. Bella Coola to Anaham Lake. Following the valley for the first twenty-five miles, there are close to 15,360 acres of arable soil, practically all of which has been alienated. The soil in close proximity to the river shows an exceedingly fertile deep black loam on a silty deposit, gradually changing to a red, and, as the slope towards the mountains increases, to a sandy loam. Near the shore-line of the North Bentinck Arm some fine spruce, fir, and Cottonwood trees were noticed, but not in sufficient number to form any staple interest in lumber. Straggling timber of the same variety prevails practically the whole length of the Bella Coola Valley. On each bank of the river, and for a distance back of several hundred feet, a thick growth of willow and poplar abound. Although no examination was made of the numerous side valleys traversed, yet a distant view showed a more uniform growth of timber. The best of this is held for pulp limits by the Bella Coola Development Company. A good wagon-road runs up the valley, keeping to the south side of the river for a distance of twenty-five miles, then crossing on a new double-span Howe-truss bridge, continues for another eight miles to Burnt Bridge Creek, and then degenerates into a pack-trail. From the crossing to the forks of the Atnarko and Hatnarko Rivers, which come together to form the Bella Coola River, is, along the trail, a distance of thirty-eight miles. For the first six of these there is good arable land under cultivation. Beyond, the valley narrows considerably, opening out in places to leave isolated pockets of good bottom land. The soil is a rich black loam and in places is 4 and 5 feet deep. It is covered with a luxuriant growth of willow and small poplar and alder, and is for the most part settled. Small patches were seen under cultivation. The Bella Coola River, from its mouth to the forks, has an average width of about 100 feet, with a depth of 4 feet. It is navigable with canoes as far as the forks, the water running with a speed of from three to four miles an hour over a bottom composed of pebbles and boulders. 3 Geo. 5 Route from Bella Coola to McLeod Lake. D 339 At. the forks the main northern trail turns and follows the Hatnarko River through a narrow rocky valley. The mountains close in rapidly until the river ultimately cuts a passage through two solid walls of rock, forming a precipitous canyon. This continues for a mile or so. The country to the east of the river, approximately four miles from the forks, gave evidence of some arable land. Small lakes and streams intermingled with swampy meadows were noticed. On reaching the vicinity of the source of the Hatnarko River, the country became undulating and showed an admixture of sand and gravel. A great many swamps were encountered, which (in April) were flooded from the recently melted snow. These swamps consist of a black loam intermingled with boulders and appear to have a subsoil of hard gravel or clay. An abundance of reed-grass grows on these swamps, and on some of them Indians cut and put up good hay. For miles to the north and east the same undulating country can be seen—in places covered with small jack-pine and dotted here and there with swamps, small streams connecting them. These swamps are dry in the summer months. With a proper and systematic drainage, it is probable that these swamps could be made to bear excellent crops, for there appears to be a great depth of soil. The lower ridges between these swamps are rocky. The soil (if any ever existed) has been burned off by numerous fires, which in the past have raged in this part of the country. The source of the Hatnarko River is approximately twenty-four miles from the forks. It rises at an elevation of 3,650 feet, and in the spring and early summer is a large stream, draining the snow-water from the surrounding hills and swamps. In the fall very little water was seen, and the stream could only be used for small power purposes for five months in the year. Some twenty-five miles from the forks the trail crosses an imperceptible divide between the Bella Coola and Salmon River waters at an elevation of 3,675 feet. From the divide to the Salmon River crossing, a distance of some twelve miles, the country falls very gradually and improves in character. The ridges become less stony and are covered with a light sandy soil, which, if suitably irrigated, could in years to come be made fit for agriculture. The country between the swamps is lightly covered with jack-pine, and in a few places with small poplar. No merchantable timber of any kind is seen after leaving the Bella Coola Valley. Salmon River Crossing Eastward. The trail crosses the Salmon River at the mouth of Abuntlet Lake. On the north side the trail forks, one branch going up and the other down the Salmon River. Between Abuntlet Lake and Anaham Lake the Salmon River is approximately 120 feet wide, with an average depth of 4 feet. It has practically no current. On the north side are large open meadows, growing luxuriant swamp-hay. At present there are no white settlers, but an Indian named Capoose lives on Abuntlet Lake. He owns nearly 200 head of horses, which winter out and appear to toe in good condition in the spring. Behind these meadows the country rises gently to the foot of the Atchy Mountains. The soil is light and sandy and is covered with a light growth of jack-pine. Anaham Lake, lying four miles south-east of Abuntlet Lake, is shaped like an isosceles triangle, the base being some five miles, and the sides about four miles in length. At the apex the Salmon River enters and flows out at the south-east corner. Its elevation is 3,600 feet. It has a shallow, muddy bottom, and its banks are uniformly low, sloping up only a few feet before attaining the plateau-level. On the north-west side of the lake are large open swamp meadows, upon which Indians cut hay. On the south side are tracts of burnt country, still more or less encumbered with the half-consumed logs'. This country is valueless for agriculture. All the soil has been burned off, leaving a rocky surface. From the point where the Salmon River enters Anaham Lake, its course is, in the main, followed by the Bella Coola to Chilcotin Trail. The valley is wide and shallow, the depression below the surrounding country averaging not more than 20 feet. For three miles the trail follows jack-pine ridges, passing through Anaham Village, a small Indian settlement consisting of some half a dozen old log shacks. The soil of the valley here is light and sandy, and many weathered porphyry boulders and quartzite pebbles were observed protruding. Beyond, the swamp meadows become more extensive, the trail following through them for some miles. Twelve miles from Anaham Village it crosses the Salmon River at an old Indian fish-trap. D 340 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 The Salmon River here varies from 40 to 100 feet in width, with, generally, a stony bottom, and, except at extreme high water, is easily fordable. In the last week of May, at high water, it was from 3 to 5 feet deep, with a four-mile-an-hour current. About two miles from the crossing of the Salmon River the trail passes by an inhabited Indian shack, and seven miles farther there is an Indian settlement consisting of four or five houses and a graveyard, used by the Indians of the surrounding district. Here the main valley or plateau is some thirty miles wide, and on the south side consists of two wide depressions separated by a low watershed. This watershed is the divide between the Salmon River and Bella Coola waters. On the north side of the Salmon River there appears to be an even slope to the foot of the Atchy Mountains, some fifteen miles distant. This slope has been burned and a few scattered jack-pine are beginning to appear above the piles of dead windfalls. The soil has all been burned away, and at present the land is useless for agriculture or stock. From this village an old trail crosses the river and heads south-west to Charlotte Lake. For the first mile and a half the trail runs through good meadows. It then rises on a gentle slope, and at three miles the divide between the Salmon and Bella Coola waters is reached at an elevation of 3,800 feet. The country is thickly covered with jack-pine, and, if this was burnt off, would grow good grass. The soil is a light loam and is practically free from stones. Beyond the summit for four miles the trail runs through a series of connected meadows. In all, about 2,000 acres were seen, growing good, wild swamp-hay. The soil in these meadows is a rich dark loam of some depth and in the timber is a light sandy loam. Approaching the north shore of Charlotte Lake, the timber, consisting entirely of jack-pine, increases in size and is more scattered, but is of little commercial value except for the manufacture of railroad-ties. Charlotte Lake, lying at an elevation of 3,700 feet, is approximately ten miles long, and in places is from four to five miles in width. Around the greater portion of the lake there is a narrow strip of land composed chiefly of granite boulders, which in places have been crushed into coarse sand. This forms a fine white beach. On the south side of the lake there are a few small patches of open meadow, not amounting to more than 1,000 acres, growing good feed for horses and cattle. Running back from the meadows, the hills rise gently to the mountains, the slopes being covered with a dense growth of jack-pine, poplar, and small spruce. On the north side the hills rise somewhat less steeply to the plateau. The west side of the lake, as far as could be seen, is bordered by rocky bluffs coming sheer down to the water's edge, and the hills rising steeply and running up to the snow- mountains of the Coast Range. At the south-west corner the lake empties itself through a rocky canyon some 30 feet wide and 150 feet long, falling in one leap a distance of 20 feet into another lake. On either side above the canyons are bare rocky knolls, from which a magnificent view of the surrounding country is obtained. Leaving the outlet of Charlotte Lake, a smaller piece of water, some three miles long and half a mile wide, is seen. This lake is sunk in the hills. Steep rocky slopes rise straight from the water and mount to form snow-capped mountains. The lake empties through a rocky canyon, at the foot of which a dam could be built which would raise the lake to the level of Charlotte Lake, giving a head of nearly 40 feet. Out of the lake flows the East Fork of the Atnarko River. On leaving the canyon, this river flows through a deep valley, the steep slopes being thickly covered with small jack-pine and granite boulders from the mountains above. Two miles down, the valley opens out, and another lake, one mile in length and half a mile wide, fills the bottom of the valley. At the end of this lake there are about 500 acres of meadow land cut up by swamps caused by beaver, which abound in this valley. The river runs through the middle of this meadow, and is nearly still water. At the end of the meadow the valley closes in again and the river tumbles in a series of falls and rapids, the banks on either side rising steeply to the mountains. After two miles of swift water the valley opens out again to a width of a mile and a half. On both sides of the river are low-lying muskegs extending to the foot of the mountains. Fresh beaver and caribou and bear signs were seen on every side. 3 Geo. 5 Route from Bella Coola to McLeod Lake. D 341 The river here is 150 feet wide and 2 feet deep, running at a sluggish pace over a bottom of mud and boulders. The muskegs extend for two miles and a half. They are shallow and could be drained and made fit for agriculture at no great expense. Below, the valley closes in again. The river becomes a series of rapids, and is some 70 feet wide for approximately nine miles, when it is joined by the South Fork of the Atnarko. The South Fork was not explored. At the forks on the east side of the river is a small piece of good bottom land, not more than 200 acres in extent. The soil is a dark sandy loam, and is covered with alder and willow, easily cleared. Along the bank of the river are large Cottonwood trees and a few spruce. The main valley is here some three-quarters of a mile in width and runs a little to the west of north. From the forks an old Indian trail follows the east side of the valley, keeping on open ridges some 150 to 200 feet above the river. One mile down the eastern slope is covered with good fir, running approximately 9,000 feet to the acre, for 600 or 700 acres. The soil on this slope is light and sandy and grows good grass. On the west side of the valley steep rocky side-hills come down to the water. These are covered with a dense growth of timber, chiefly small second-growth spruce and fir. Three miles down the valley widens out, and for a mile the trail runs through good bottom land. This is covered with poplar, large Cottonwood, and cedar, with a little willow underbrush. The soil is a rich, moist, black loam on a subsoil of fine silt, and should be capable of growing anything. A pre-emptor named Edwards is located here, and has a small garden and house. The Atnarko at this point is 120 feet wide and is a sluggish stream some 4 feet deep. A short distance below it widens out and forms a narrow lake, some seven miles long and a mile across. On either side rocky hills come down steep to the water. These hills are mostly bare and covered with rock-slides. In a few places there is some timber, chiefly second-growth fir, of no merchantable value. No agricultural land was seen around the lake. Below the lake the Atnarko falls in a series of rapids for three miles, and then widens out and becomes practically still water. From the lake to the still water the land is of little value. There is no depth of soil and rocks protrude in every direction. Fir, cedar, and Cottonwood trees were noticed, but of no great size. The Atnarko—or, as it'is called here, the Stillwater—is some 150 feet wide and in places is some 10 feet deep in the centre. It has a current of about three-quarters of a mile an hour. On the east side is a flat, some three miles long, running back to the rock-slides at the foot of the mountains. This flat is taken up by pre-emptors, one of whom, Radcliffe, has a good house and garden in which he grows vegetables and small fruit. The soil is a thick black loam on a silty subsoil, and is capable of growing a great variety of crops. Below this flat the valley closes in again; the river becomes swift, and the land in the bottom of the valley stony. A few large cottonwood and fir trees were noticed in small isolated patches, but not in merchantable quantity. Two miles and a half from Radcliffe's pre-emption the Atnarko joins the Hatnarko, and together they form the Bella Coola River. Salmon River Crossing to Alcatcho. Leaving the crossing, the trail runs west, closely following the Salmon River for a distance of twenty miles. The country to the north of the Salmon River rises gently to the foot of the Atchy Mountains, some seven miles back. It is composed of a series of low stony mounds and sandy ridges, covered with half-burned, dead windfalls. In the depressions between the ridges a certain amount of good soil had been accumulated, forming swampy meadows, which grow good hay. The larger meadows along the trail have, in the main, been surveyed and alienated, but a considerable number remain three and four miles back from the Salmon River. A considerable area of sandy ridges would doubtless be available for pasture land if the windfalls were completely removed by fire, and this, together with the meadows, would turn the country into good horse and cattle range. The country is well watered. Several small creeks, having their source in the Atchy Mountains, flow through it to the Salmon River. To the south of the Salmon the country is very similar, but the meadows are not as large or as numerous, while the fire which raged over this part is of more ancient date, and a dense D 342 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 growth of small jack-pine has sprung up and runs back to the foot-hills of the Coast Range. This country at present is valueless, but with systematic burning could easily be made into a good cattle country. Twenty miles from the crossing the Salmon River is some 120 feet wide, with a depth of 4 to 5 feet in the centre. It flows about five miles an hour over a bottom composed of boulders and sand. The average depression of the river below the surrounding valley is not more than 15 feet. On leaving the Salmon River the trail turns to the north-west. After a gradual climb of six miles the summit is reached at an elevation of 3,700 feet. This is the divide between the Salmon River and Nechaco River waters. Along the summit runs a large meadow containing approximately 400 acres, upon which Indians cut hay. Water drains both ways out of this meadow to the Salmon and to the Nechaco. From the summit to Alcatcho Village is five miles. The country between has been burned over and is piled with burnt, dead windfall. No soil of any kind was seen. The surface of the ground is rocky, and in most places will not even grow small stunted jack-pine. Alcatcho Village is an Indian settlement consisting of some dozen and a half houses and a church. It is picturesquely situated at the north-east end of Alcatcho Lake. This lake is five miles long and one mile and a half wide, and lies almost east and west at an elevation of 3,450 feet. On the north side its banks rise steeply to about 150 feet. On the south are large swamps which are dry in the late summer and afford good horse-feed. Alcatcho River runs out of the west end of the lake, and is a sluggish stream some 60 feet wide, lined on either side with reeds. Alcatcho to Eligdck Lake. Half a mile to the east of the village is another small lake, a mile long and half a mile wide, which is connected by a small stream with Alcatcho Lake. It is sunk in the hills, its banks rising 200 and 300 feet on either side. The Blackwater Trail runs high up along the north bank, which is covered with small poplar growing out of a sandy soil, rather stony. The south side has been burned and Is covered with small jack-pine growing between the piled-up dead windfalls. At the east end of the lake the trail climbs steeply over a rocky ridge, reaching an elevation of 4,100 feet. From the top of this ridge an excellent view of the surrounding country is obtained. For a distance of eight miles to the east the country is nearly level. Large meadows growing good hay are dotted between low ridges. Some of these are covered with small jack-pine, but the majority are bare, the timber having been burned off. The soil in the meadows is black loam. On the ridges it has been burned off, leaving a stony surface. About eight miles from Alcatcho the watershed of the Blackwater and Nechaco Rivers is crossed at an elevation of 3,700 feet. From here the Cluskus River runs north Into the Entiaco River, which flows into the Upper Nechaco, and the headwaters of the lesser Blackwater drain into Eliguck Lake, two miles farther east. Between Alcatcho and Eliguck Lake approximately 2,000 acres of scattered open meadows were seen, which could be made to produce good timothy hay. None of this is surveyed. olLCATCHO TO CHESLATTA LAKE. On leaving Alcatcho and going north, the ground for the first eight miles is much broken up. The trail climbs up and down bare rocky knolls and burnt stony ridges, between which are soft muskegs. There is no soil or timber on this section of the country, and it has no agricultural value. Beyond, travel was continued over a series of fairly level jack-pine terraces, which run for twelve or thirteen miles to the Entiaco River. The soil on these terraces is light and sandy and in many places grows good pine-grass. By tapping the Alcatcho River these flats could be very easily irrigated, and would turn a large section of this country into valuable agricultural land. The timber here is all small jack-pine, not growing larger than 8 inches in diameter, and is of little commercial value. The Entiaco River was crossed some twenty-one miles from Alcatcho. Here it is a small swift stream, 2 or 3 feet deep, and from 20 to 30 feet wide. Its banks are low lying and fringed with a thick growth of overhanging willow. Running back from either side are tracts of open meadow, growing fine feed for horses and cattle. The valley here is about a quarter of a mile 3 Geo. 5 Route from Bella Coola to McLeod Lake. D 343 wide and not more than 50 feet deep. The north side is thickly covered with small poplar and grows good grass. The soil on the side-hills is light and sandy. Just below the crossing the Alcatcho runs into the Entiaco, and the general course of the river is then north-east. Below the junction on the east side are large open meadows, probably 1,000 acres. The soil is good black loam and at present affords good feed. All kinds of hay and root crops could be grown here to advantage. On the west side, where the banks are about 50 feet high, they are lightly covered with poplar and small spruce, and on the flat, which runs back some miles from the top of the hills, is a dense growth of small jack-pine growing on rough stony ground unfit for agriculture. A short mile from the crossing of the Entiaco the trail forks, one branch running north to Ootsa Lake, the other, keeping more to the east, follows the Entiaco River, and eventually arrives at Fraser Lake. Entiaco Lake was reached about a mile from the forks of the trail. This lake, which is about three miles long and varies from half to one and a half miles in width, lies in a northeast and south-west direction. The Entiaco River enters it from the east side about a mile below the head. Here there seems to be a delta of good meadow land, approximately 600 acres, growing good wild hay. The soil is light, moist, and sandy. Our Indian guide informed me that the depth of snow on this meadow in the winter is not more than 18 inches, and that Indian horses winter out here and are fat in the spring. On the east side of the lake the hills rising from the water's edge are steep and some hundreds of feet high. They seem to be mostly gravel or rock, not affording any land fit for agriculture. These are covered with a thick growth of small jack-pine of no commercial value, the whole country having been swept by fire at some remote date. On the west side for two or three miles the lake is fringed with willow, at the back of which are low rolling hills covered with a second growth of small spruce and poplar trees, and gradually turning Into a rolling plateau, having an altitude of about. 3,200 feet. This plateau runs back to the valley of Teta-chuck Lake. The soil is dry and stony and of no use agriculturally. It is covered with small jack-pine, which grows through the half-burnt dead windfalls encumbering the ground. The soil on the poplar hills near the lake is less stony, but would require irrigation before being of use for agricultural purposes. Beyond, and to the end of the lake, the hills rise gently from the water's edge. They are covered with a dense growth of small jack-pine. The surface of the ground is rough and stony and does not afford any land fit for agriculture. The Entiaco River rises out of the end of the lake. Here it has a width of about 60 feet, and is from 1 to 2 feet deep, flowing with a speed of about five miles an hour over a rough pebbly bottom. On the east side, and a little lower on the west side as well, are open meadows running back to the sides of the valley some quarter of a mile from the river. These meadows extend for about one mile and a half and contain approximately 500 acres. In places they are covered with willow, but for the most part are open. The soil is moist, sandy loam, with a silty subsoil, which grows good wild hay. For the next sixteen miles the valley closes in. The hills rise steeply from the river's edge, running back to high plateaux on either side, and are mostly gravel or rock, not affording any land fit for agriculture. Except for a few bare isolated patches, these hills are covered with small jack-pine, with an occasional patch of small second-growth spruce of no commercial value. The river narrows to about 40 feet and runs swiftly, in places passing through low rocky canyons and over small falls. Approaching Natalkus Lake the valley widens, and about a mile from the lake is some three-quarters of a mile across, the river flowing along the eastern side of the valley. In the bottom and running to the lake are approximately 1,000 acres of level land. The soil is an exceedingly fertile rich black loam, free from rocks. It is lightly covered with small poplar and willow, amongst which is a luxuriant growth of peavine, long grasses, and fireweed. This land is easily cleared and is eminently fitted for pre-emptions. A mile from the lake the trail crosses to the east side of the Entiaco River, and climbing some 80 feet, runs parallel with the lake some quarter of a mile back from the water, coming down again at the crossing of the Upper Nechaco six miles down. D 344 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 From the Entiaco River to the crossing the lake is bordered by a pebbly beach. At the back of this is a strip of flat land varying from 5 to 20 chains in width, in places open, but more often covered with small poplar and willow. The soil is a sandy loam, and, though of no great depth, is capable of cultivation. Behind this the country rises at a moderate slope through a height of about 60 feet. Running back from the top of this bank are more or less level jack-pine terraces. The soil is light and dry and in most places free from stones. In a few isolated patches, where the jack- pine had been burned off, good grass and fireweed were seen growing luxuriantly. Out of Natalkus Lake flows the Upper Nechaco River. At the mouth it is nearly 200 yards wide and is from 8 to 10 feet deep in the centre. It has a steady flow of about three miles an hour and runs over a stony bottom. Fringing the north shore of the lake for a distance of two or three miles is a belt of good land, running back in some places for half a mile. It is lightly covered with poplar and willow, which can be cleared cheaply. The soil is sandy and in places inclined to be a little dry, but grows good grass and peavine and is suitable for agriculture. Leaving the lake, the trail heads north to Cheslatta, a distance of approximately twenty- three miles. In the first mile it rises for about 200 feet over poplar-covered, sandy hills, and then passes through a flat belt of land growing small jack-pine. This belt is about two miles wide. The soil is gravelly and is not suitable for agriculture. Three miles from the crossing the land improves. Half a mile to the east of the trail are large open meadows, growing good wild hay. The soil is a dark loam, free from stones. At present these meadows are used by an Indian, who cuts the hay and winters out his horses. To the west of the trail is a small lake around which is a belt of sandy soil covered with poplar and willow. This soil grows good grass and could be made into good pasture land. For the next nine miles a series of mounds and gravel ridges are passed over. These are covered with small jack-pine, much stunted owing to the poverty of the soil. Between these ridges are a few small isolated lakes which drain to the Nechaco. Fifteen miles from the crossing is Lucas Lake, a body of water some six miles long and two miles wide, lying at an elevation of 2,880 feet. On the south side the banks rise steeply from the water to a height of 500 or 600 feet. The soil is rocky and not fit for agriculture. On the north side the banks rise less steeply, and in places are covered with a growth of small poplar. The soil is light and sandy, and, while too dry for agriculture, will grow good feed for horses or cattle. At the foot of the lake the trail runs through a small open meadow, growing good horse-feed. For the next eight miles the land is rocky, the trail passing over high stony ridges, which grow a low stunted alder-bush and small jack-pine. These ridges are all parallel and run east and west. Beyond, and running to Cheslatta Lake, the country improves. The ground is more level and less stony, and in most places is fit for agriculture. It is covered with a light growth of poplar and willow. The soil is a light loam, growing good peavine, grass, and fireweed. An Indian near by grows good potatoes. Six or seven good pre-emptions could be located here. Cheslatta Lake to Nechaco River. Cheslatta Lake empties itself at its east end, a small stream one mile in length connecting it with Murray Lake, which in turn flows into the Upper Nechaco. Murray Lake is some seven miles long and nearly a mile wide, and has a gravelly bottom. On the north shore the banks rise some 150 feet to the general level of the surrounding country. These banks are steep and sandy, and in most places open. Only a few isolated patches of poplar were seen. On the south side high wooded hills skirt the lake-shore, in places receding, leaving small flats of good land covered with willow and poplar, easily cleared, which would make good pre-emptions. In all, about 1,000 acres of good land were seen around the lake. Out of the lake flows Murray River, which winds for about two miles before flowing into the Nechaco River. For the first mile it is navigable by canoe, being about 60 feet wide and 18 inches deep, with a sluggish current. In the next mile it falls about 200 feet, entering the Nechaco through a rocky canyon 200 feet long and 100 feet deep, and about 50 feet wide at the top, the water falling 40 feet in two leaps. There is not sufficient water to make this a large power proposition, but it is very suitable for small power. On either side of the river are sandy jack-pine ridges too dry for cultivation. *-4 ^ >A ' 3 Geo. 5 Route from Bella Coola to McLeod Lake. D 345 Below the Murray River the Nechaco is navigable by canoe to Fort George. Above, it is unnavigable for twelve miles, the river passing through a series of canyons and falls. The main canyon is some three miles above Murray River, the water falling in leaps of 20 and 30 feet between great solid rock walls some 30 feet apart, and in some places more than 100 feet high. There is an excellent site for a dam and tremendous power could be easily generated. The Nechaco Valley, between Murray River and the top of the canyon some twelve miles up, is approximately 100 feet deep and a quarter of a mile wide at the top. Running back some miles on either side are level jack-pine terraces too dry for cultivation. These could be irrigated by tapping Lucas Lake, and will, some day, be of some value. The soil is light and sandy and in most places entirely free from stones. When any moisture appeared, a luxuriant growth of peavine, grass, and fireweed was noticed. Above the canyons the river is navigable for canoes to Natalkus Lake. Its average width is between 100 and 150 feet. In the centre it is from 3 to 4 feet deep, running at about four miles an hour over a surface composed of large boulders. Half a mile up, an old Indian trail running from Cheslatta to Quesnel crosses the river and follows the south shore for four miles over level jack-pine terraces, then turns east and follows up a tributary of the Nechaco. At the mouth of this tributary is a patch, approximately 700 acres, of good bottom land, growing good feed and suitable for cultivation. Cheslatta Lake to Fraser Lake. Leaving the outlet of Cheslatta Lake, a trail runs north to Fraser Lake, a distance of approximately forty-four miles. For the first seven miles the country is stony and unfit for agriculture. It is lightly covered with small jack-pine of no commercial value. Beyond, for a stretch of about two miles, a series of open meadows grow good wild hay. These meadows are not more than 20 chains wide, and two good pre-emptions could be located. The soil is a dark loam, moist, and free from stones. From here to Hallet Lake the land is stony and unfit for agriculture. By systematic burning, and afterwards sowing with grass, it could be turned into a good cattle country. At Hallet Lake is a small patch of good land, not more than 200 acres, covered with poplar, Cottonwood, and willow. The soil is a deep black loam, easily cleared, and very fertile, growing a variety of grasses, peavine, and fireweed. From Hallet Lake the country rises in a series of jack-pine-covered terraces to the divide between the Fraser Lake and Nechaco River waters, some thirty miles from Cheslatta. The country is stony and dry, and at present is quite unfit for agriculture or stock: From the divide to Fraser Lake the country improved, light poplar taking the place of the jack-pine. The soil is sandy and contains enough moisture to raise good crops, and at present grows luxuriant peavine, grass, and fireweed. It is surveyed and alienated. Fraser Lake to Cany-on Lake. Running north from Fraser Lake is an old Indian trail leading to Canyon Lake, some twelve miles away. On leaving the Indian reserve the country is fairly level, and at present is covered with a thin growth of jack-pine, with here and there a few clumps of small poplar. The soil is light and sandy, and in the main free from rocks. In a few places where fire has cleared the land good grass was seen. This stretch could be made into a good grazing country by systematic burning. As the trail approaches Canyon Lake the soil is more moist, and the jack-pine is in the main replaced by small poplar. Canyon Lake is a small body of water, nearly square in shape, each side being about one mile and a half long. The outlet is at the south-west corner, a small stream some 15 feet wide and 1 foot deep flowing into Fraser Lake. This stream runs through a shallow valley, which at the outlet is approximately a mile in width. The soil in the bottom is a dark, rich loam, free from stones and exceedingly fertile, covered with a growth of willow and poplar, easily cleared. In all, approximately 3,000 acres of good agricultural land were seen at the head of this valley. The north end of the lake was not explored, but from a distant view another valley, through which flowed a small stream running into the lake, was seen. There appeared to be approximately 1,000 acres of good agricultural land in the bottom of this valley, which, as far as could be seen, seemed to be the same as the land at the mouth of the lake. D 346 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Fraser Lake to Stuart Lake. Leaving Fraser Lake, the trail runs north-east to Stuart Lake. The distance by trail was estimated to be forty miles. For the first three or four miles the north branch of the Nechaco River is followed through surveyed land, the trail running along a high bench some 200 feet above the river. The soil here is sandy, but moist enough for agriculture, growing luxuriant peavine, grass, and scattered poplar. Beyond, the trail gradually rises over a series of parallel ridges, which run nearly east and west. These ridges are covered with a dense growth of jack- pine, stunted owing to the poorness of the soil, which is chiefly composed of sand and gravel. In a few places between these ridges are small patches of swamp meadow, growing wild swamp- hay. These meadows are narrow and of no extent. The largest seen was not more than 10 acres. As the country descends gradually to Stuart Lake it improves, and for the last five or six miles is covered with a thin coating of light sandy soil, and in most places is free from stones. A growth of small poplar and fireweed was seen, gradually increasing in size as the lake was approached, but the soil is not yet of sufficient depth to be of value for agricultural purposes. If, however, it were cleared, it could be made into a good range country. Stuart Lake to Fort McLeod. From Stuart Lake to Fort McLeod the distance by trail is approximately eighty-two miles. On leaving Stuart Lake the ground rises gradually, and at eight or nine miles an elevation of 2,500 feet is reached. In the first few miles the trail passes by some fine open meadows. The soil is a black loam, free from stones, and is suitable for cultivation. The Hudson's Bay Company make use of these meadows for cutting hay. Between the meadows are low sandy ridges covered with jack-pine, and here and there a few poplar. The soil is too dry for cultivation and too high above the stream-levels to irrigate, but if the timber were burned off would grow good grass. Beyond, and running to Carrier Lake, the country improves. The soil appears to be a moist sandy loam, and Is in most places free from stones. The country is undulating and covered with poplar, small spruce, and willow, between which is a luxuriant growth of peavine, fireweed, and grasses. The greater part of this country is fit, or could be made fit, for agriculture. Carrier Lake is a small sheet of water about three miles square. On the south shore, through which the trail runs, the hills rising from the water's edge are not very steep, nor very high, and are composed of a sandy loam soil or a gravel subsoil. This grows good grass and peavine and affords good agricultural land. The timber is chiefly poplar, with a few scattered spruce-trees. To the north of the lake the hills are rolling and are covered with a second growth of jack-pine and spruce, not of commercial size. By burning off this timber a good grazing country could be produced. For the next two or three miles from Carrier Lake the country is fit for agriculture. The soil is a light sandy loam, easily cleared of the light growth of poplar and jack-pine which at present cover it. Beyond is the valley of the Salmon River, the trail following over a sandy jack-pine flat. The soil is poor and stony and quite useless for agricultural purposes. The Salmon River Valley at the trail crossing is about a quarter of a mile wide and about 60 feet deep. In the bottom is a good meadow, growing wild hay. The soil is moist and sandy, with a gravel subsoil, and is capable of cultivation. Here the Salmon River is some 50 feet wide and 2 feet deep, with a current of about two miles an hour. The valley above the crossing was not explored, but on either side of the river and for a distance of some miles up there appeared to be a narrow strip of good bottom land suitable for agriculture. From Salmon River to Swamp. River the country is broken up and consists of a series of siony ridges, growing stunted jack-pine. Between these ridges are small swamps and bogs which could be drained, but are not of sufficient size to warrant any great expenditure. Swamp River, a tributary of the Salmon, is a small stream about 30 feet wide and 18 inches deep. It flows through a valley nearly a quarter of a mile wide, in which are numerous small meadows. The soil here is not of sufficient depth for cultivation, but will grow grass for grazing purposes. 3 Geo. 5 Route from Bella Coola to McLeod Lake. D 347 Between Swamp River and Carp Lake the country is more or less level. The soil is poor and sandy and is covered with a dense growth of small stunted jack-pine. This country forms the divide between the waters of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, and is approximately 2,600 feet above sea-level. Carp Lake lies at an elevation of about 2,700 feet. It is about six miles long and lies sunk in the hills, which rise steeply on all sides. The country surrounding it is covered with a thick growth of jack-pine, the soil being composed almost entirely of sand and gravel, and is unfit for cultivation. Carp Lake flows into Long Lake, a small sheet of water some two miles in length, with banks rising steeply to about 100 feet to join the plateau-level. Out of Long Lake flows Long Lake River, a small stream some 60 feet wide and IS inches deep. About a quarter of a mile below the outlet of the lake the stream becomes swift, and just beyond is a series of rapids and falls, the water descending in three long leaps of about 40 feet each. There is not sufficient water to use this for power purposes, but it could be used to advantage in irrigating the level jack-pine terraces, which descend gradually from here to McLeod Lake. These terraces have a dry sandy soil, fairly free from stones, and with irrigation could be profitably cultivated. At the border of McLeod Lake, Long Lake River is again crossed at its mouth. Here it is a stream some 50 feet wide and about 2 feet deep, with a rapid current. McLeod Lake is about sixteen miles long and has an average width of about two miles. The shores are steep and densely wooded with jack-pine and spruce, the latter seldom exceeding 12 inches in diameter, and not being in sufficient quantity to form any staple interest in lumbering. On the west side the hills rise steeply, some 400 or 500 feet, to the plateau crossed by the trail from Stuart to McLeod Lakes. On the east side the hills are higher, in places rising over 1,000 feet above the lake-level, then sloping down to the Parsnip River, some two or three miles distant. These hills might be called the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, being only separated from the latter by the valley of the Parsnip River, which flows parallel into McLeod Lake. Around the east and part of the west sides of the lake is a narrow strip of fairly level land, covered with small jack-pine and poplar trees. The soil is dry and sandy, with a subsoil of gravel. In places where the timber has been burned off good grass was seen, but on the whole the soil is not of sufficient depth to stand cultivation. At the south end of the lake on either side of the Crooked River is a patch of approximately 1,000 acres of good bottom land. The soil is a brown loam on a fine silty subsoil, covered with willow and alder-bushes. This can be easily cleared and the land is well adapted to mixed farming. At its mouth the Crooked River is nearly still water, and is about 50 feet wide and 3 or 4 feet deep. It runs through a well-defined valley which has an average width in the bottom of about a quarter of a mile. On either side are steep ridges and hills composed of sand and gravel, which grow a stunted jack-pine. With the exception of the small flat in the bottom, none of the country is fit for agriculture. Natalkus Lake to Cluskus Lake. Leaving Natalkus Crossing, an old indistinct Indian trail follows down the Nechaco for about eight miles to the mouth of the Mason River. The country back from the Nechaco on the south side consists of a series of high parallel sandy ridges, probably moraines, with either swamp meadows or long narrow lakes running between. These could be easily drained by a ditch running to the Nechaco, but the area in the bottom is too limited to warrant any great expenditure of time or money. It is a curious fact that, while the northerly sides of these ridges are covered with a dense growth of small jack-pine, the south sides are clear and open, growing good bunch-grass, and in a few spots a stunted sage-bush. This country is too dry for agriculture, and the ridges stand too high above the surrounding streams to be successfully irrigated. If, however, the small timber on the north side of the ridges were burnt off, a good grazing country could easily be developed. The Mason River enters the Nechaco through a low-lying valley about three-quarters of a mile wide. At the mouth is approximately 1,000 acres of good bottom land suitable for cultivation and very suitable for pre-emptions, being easily cleared for the plough. The soil is dark, moist, and sandy, and appears to be very fertile, growing good grass and peavine, with, in places, small poplar and willow. For the first few miles the Mason River runs back nearly parallel with the Nechaco, and six miles up it is less than a mile away. At its mouth it is about 30 feet wide and 2 feet deep, running with a speed of from three to four miles an hour over a pebbly bottom. After the first mile the valley narrows, and for the next few miles the stream runs swiftly between steep-cut banks 100 feet high. About five miles from the mouth of the river the valley widens out again. In the bottom is an open flat, some half a mile wide, of good sandy soil, in a few places thinly covered with willows. On either side are low-level benches, thinly timbered with small jack- pine and growing good grass. The soil on these benches is sandy and too dry for agriculture, but could be easily irrigated. The flat follows the Mason River to Tatelkus Lake, some fourteen miles south-east. Its average width all through would be about a quarter of a mile. An old Indian trail runs along the banks on the north side of the river. The Mason flows out of Tatelkus Lake and is a winding stream, with an average width of about 20 feet and iy2 feet deep, flowing with a speed of nearly four miles an hour. It is of no use for power purposes, but could be used for irrigating the sandy jack-pine benches which run back for some miles on either side. Tatelkus Lake, lying at an elevation of about 3,000 feet, discharges northwards, and is about six miles in length and one mile in width. The banks rise somewhat abruptly from the lake-shore to heights of 100 feet on the northeast side, and 200 feet on the south-west side. The latter is thickly wooded with small stunted jack-pine, and the soil is too sandy and poor to grow grass. The north-east side of the lake has been surveyed. It is sparsely covered with a light growth of poplar and spruce. The soil is sandy, but grows good grass and peavine. At the head of the lake is a large open flat, containing approximately 800 acres, which have been surveyed. The soil is light, sandy, and free from stones, and is well fitted for agriculture or grazing. At the foot of the lake is another open flat, at present occupied by an Indian named Cluskus Johnny, who has a small garden in which he raises potatoes. The country between Tatelkus and Kuy-a-kuz Lakes is valueless and consists of a series of barren ridges. In a few places stunted jack-pine grows, but for the most part it is bare of soil and covered with rock and boulders. Kuy-a-kuz Lake, at an elevation of about 35 feet, lies nearly east and west, and discharges at the west end into a small stream which flows into Tatelkus Lake. At the west end is a large, open swamp meadow, upon which Indians cut wild hay. This meadow has been surveyed. The northern side of the lake is bounded by the mountains of the Kuy-a-kuz Range, which comes steeply down to the water's edge. The lower slopes are covered with small jack-pine. On the south side is a rolling plateau, which runs to the valley of the Blackwater. The soil is stony and too dry for agriculture, but will grow grass. On this plateau is the watershed between the Blackwater and the Nechaco Rivers at an elevation of approximately 3,700 feet. The Blackwater River at the crossing of the trail is a shallow, swift stream, some 60 feet wide and 20 feet deep, which runs over a stony bottom. A mile above is a small fan-shaped waterfall, the river descending in one leap of about 15 feet over dark basalt rocks. This fall could be utilized for irrigation or small power purposes. The north side of the valley of the Blackwater has been surveyed, and consists of more or less open side-hills, on which good bunch-grass grows, affording good range for cattle and horses. The soil is too stony and dry for cultivation. On the south side of the river are stony jack-pine- covered hills, which are quite valueless for agriculture or grazing. From the crossing to Cluskus Village is a distance of five or six miles. The country between is stony and covered with stunted jack-pine. No arable soil was seen. Cluskus Lake to the Bezeco River. Leaving Cluskus Village, the trail follows down the Cluskus Lake, running east for about four miles to the crossing of the Cluskus River. To the north are hills, for the most part open, and in places covered with poplar and willow, and affording good feed for horses and cattle. To the south are steep stony hills, densely timbered with small jack-pine. Beyond Cluskus River, which is a small stream about 30 feet wide and 18 inches deep, and 3 Geo. 5 Route from Bella Coola to McLeod Lake. D 349 running all the way to Bezeco River, is a low rolling plateau. The higher portions are stony and in places covered with a poor scrub jack-pine, while in the hollows, where a little soil has accumulated, numerous swamp meadows were seen, affording good wild hay, which is cut by the Indians in the early part of September. In all, from 3,000 to 4,000 acres of small scattered hay meadows were seen. The soil is of no depth and subsoil consists of boulders. This plateau extends for about eighteen miles to the valley of the Bezeco, which, when first, seen, is approximately a quarter of a mile wide. In the bottom are a few open meadows, growing good grass, but the soil is not of sufficient depth for cultivation. The sides of the valley are steep, and in places rise nearly 800 feet, and are thickly covered with jack-pine. In September the Bezeco River was about 30 feet wide and 18 inches deep, with a current of about three miles an hour. South from the Bezeco, and extending for some miles, the country consists of a succession of jack-pine-covered ridges, with here and there a few small swamp meadows between. This country has no agricultural value, but the meadows, if drained, could be used to produce hay. Cluskus Valley to Anaham Lake. Cluskus Village is situated at the head of Cluskus Lake, and consists of nearly a score of Indian houses, picturesquely situated on a little hill overlooking the lake. On leaving the village a trail runs to the west, following the Cluskus Valley, which lies about one mile and a half south of the Blackwater, parallel with it. For the first three miles the north side of the valley is bounded by open sandy hills, growing bunch-grass, affording good winter range. In places these hills are lightly timbered with small poplar. The soil is dry and sandy, and, owing to its elevation above the surrounding streams, cannot be irrigated. The south side of the valley is rocky and covered with jack-pine and is valueless. The sides of the valley come together at the bottom, leaving no arable land. In a few places where they recede small lakes have been formed. Beyond, the ridge on the north side falls away, leaving a wide undulating plateau extending from the Blackwater to the Atchy Mountains, a distance of approximately fifteen miles. Following the plateau, the country changes. The surface in many places is strewn with rocks, and dry sandy and stony soil alternates with small swamp meadows, which are sparsely scattered through this region. The country has been burned over, and the ground is still, encumbered with the half-consumed logs. About twelve miles from Cluskus the trail runs along the south shore of Tsa-cha Lake. This body of water is long and narrow and is a widening of the Blackwater River. It lies sunk about 50 feet below the level of the surrounding plateau. The north side of the lake is partly open, and grows small poplar and spruce, rising at a short distance into rocky hills. Approximately thirty miles from Cluskus an old Indian trail branches off, and, turning south, heads for the Atchy Mountains, some fourteen miles distant, crossing there at an elevation, of approximately 5,500 feet and coming out at Anaham Lake. For the first ten miles the country rises very gently. The surface is everywhere covered with burnt, dead windfalls, due to a fire which raged through this country some three years $go. The soil is dry and sandy, but, if irrigated by the numerous streams flowing from the mountains, could be made fit for agriculture. Beyond, the trail rises faster, and soon reaches the timber-line, which is here at an elevation of approximately 5,000 feet. On the top is an expanse of open rolling country, growing good bunch-grass, with here and there some sage-brush. This country could be used for grazing during three months in the year, the first snow usually coming at the beginning of October and lasting until the middle of June. From the summit to Anaham Lake is, by trail, a distance of about fourteen miles. In the first ten miles the trail falls to the level of the Salmon River Valley. The country is rough and stony, with a sandy soil. Small jack-pine grows out between masses of dead windfall in every direction. If this country were burnt over it would grow good grass, but at present the soil is not of sufficient depth to stand cultivating. From the foot of the hills to Anaham Lake the country is dotted with large open meadows. This part of the country is the same as that traversed in the spring, and is previously described. From Anaham Lake the Bella Coola trail was again followed to the Coast, where our season's exploration ended. D 350 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1913 Summary. Bella Coola Valley. ' Bella Coola, situated at the head of Bentinck Arm, is a small thriving town, consisting at present of a hotel, two or three good general stores, a post-office, school, church, hospital, and several residential buildings. It is the natural outlet of a fertile valley, some sixty miles in length, with an average width in the bottom of nearly three-quarters of a mile. The soil in this valley is exceedingly fertile, and the climate is eminently suitable for raising all kinds of garden produce. For the first twenty-five miles the population is almost entirely Norwegian. Beyond is a settlement of nearly fifty Seventh Day Adventists, who come chiefly from the United States and make excellent farmers. In all, the Bella Coola Valley has a population of between 500 and 600 persons, the majority of whom earn their living by mixed farming and fishing. For the most part each farmer owns about 100 acres of good land, of which he has perhaps 10 or 15 acres cleared and under cultivation. The remainder, owing to the high cost of clearing, is lying idle. Salmon River Valley. The Salmon River Valley, lying just to the east of the Coast Range at an elevation of approximately 3,600 feet above sea-level, has an average width of nearly fifteen miles. The valley throughout its whole length will, in the future, be a great cattle-range. The country consists of large open meadows, growing good wild hay, between which are sandy ridges which can be made to grow good grass for summer feed. The average depth of snow in this country is seldom more than 30 inches, the ground being covered from the beginning of December until April. At present there are three or four white settlers and nearly a dozen Indians raising cattle and horses in the valley. The most prosperous of these is an Indian, Capoose, who owns nearly 200 head of horses and many cattle. Charlotte Lake and Atnarko Country. This section of the country lies in the heart of the Coast Mountains and consists of narrow- high valleys and small lakes. The climate, although so near the Coast is that of the interior country—long, line dry summers, and cold, snowy winters. Charlotte Lake and the Atnarko Valley would make an ideal national park or tourist resort, the scenery being second to none in British Columbia. On the mountains to the south of the lake are deer, caribou, goat, bear, and mountain-sheep in great profusion, while in the lake is good trout-fishing. Several small islands are dotted about, upon which pelicans, geese, and ducks of every variety make their nests. It would be an easy matter to open up this country by constructing a wagon-road down the Atnarko River to join the Bella Coola wagon-road, some sixty miles distant. Upper Blackwater Valley. The valley of the Blackwater from its head to Euchiniko Lake lies at an average elevation of about 3,150 feet above sea-level. The valley is in most places low lying. In the bottom it varies from one-half to one mile in width. The sides of the valley are covered with small jack- pine, which, when cleared off, would grow grass. In the bottom of the valley are long swamp meadows, between which are low stony ridges. The meadows grow good wild hay, but the soil is not deep enough to stand cultivation. This valley is very suitable for the raising of cattle and stock. At present there are no white settlers in the valley, but Indians from Alcatcho and Cluskus use the numerous meadows for hay, putting up enough to feed their horses and cattle during the four winter months of the year. The Upper Nechaco Valley. The Upper Nechaco River runs through what is at present a dry and arid country. In most places, on either side of the river, are level jack-pine-covered terraces, easily cleared and free 3 Geo. 5 Route from Bella Coola to McLeod Lake. D 351 from stones. These terraces follow down the river for a distance of nearly thirty miles, extending back from one to two miles on either side of the river. In all, about 50,000 acres were seen. This tract of land could be easily and cheaply irrigated and made very suitable for mixed farming. The climate is not too severe in the winter, and near the water of the Nechaco summer frosts are comparatively inconsiderable. Water for irrigation purposes could be got from Lucas Lake, on the west side of the valley, while on the east side are numerous streams coming from the Fawnie Mountains. There are no settlers in this part of the country, as at present it is unsuitable for the pre-emptor. Mason River and Tatelkus Lake Country. Between the Upper Nechaco River and Tatelkus Lake is a wide stretch of country, containing approximately 96,000 acres, which can be made fit for agriculture. This tract, which lies on either side of the Mason River, and extends back for a distance of nearly ten miles on each side, is at present mostly covered with small jack-pine. In a few places where Are has removed the timber, a secondary growth of small poplar is springing up, amongst which is a growth of luxuriant peavine, grass, and wild flowers. The country is low and rolling. In places it is cut up by small streams. On the higher portions of the land the soil is too dry for cultivation, but with irrigation would be exceedingly fertile. In the valley of the Mason River no irrigation is needed, the ground in most places being open and ready for the plough. At the east end of Tatelkus Lake are large stretches of open country ready for the settler. I have, etc., W. Meyerstein, B.C.L.S. Exploratory Survey. Typical view of country north-east ol Tremblay Lake. mm^§mwmw.,m.i Nation River Valley. APPENDIX. REPORT ON LANDS IN CARIBOO AND CHILCOTIN DISTRICTS SUITABLE FOR DRY-FARMING. By Proe. W. J. Elliott, Superintendent oe the Agricultural Branch, C.P.R. Natural Resources. Calgary, October 21st, 1912. The Hon. William R. Ross, K.C., Minister of Lands, Victoria, B.C. Sir,—It is with considerable pleasure that I make a report to you of my recent trip from Ashcroft north into the Cariboo and Chilcotin country. This trip was made with a view to suggesting in what way the British Columbia Government could conserve and utilize that vast area to the highest degree in the way of providing suitable homes and farms for settlers. I must say that I was astonished not only at the vastness of the area, but more particularly with regard to the apparent agricultural possibilities that I found. The areas along the streams, where irrigation by gravity is possible, have, of course, been utilized for years, but there are thousands of acres above the ditch and stretching up over the rolling slopes of the hills that present a wonderful field for development. British Columbia has to-day certain well-developed phases of agriculture, phases that are known the world over, and that mean much to the Province in a commercial way. Realizing the importance of the agricultural industries already established, I believe I am safe in saying that the proper development of the dry-land areas of British Columbia will open up a phase of agriculture that will rival the best-developed agricultural branch in the Province to-day. I, of course, do not mean that the dry-land areas will be developed at the expense of any existing industry, but it will be the development of a new agriculture that will add thousands of homes to the population of the Province, and may rank in commercial importance with any existing agricultural industry. As well as having many fruitful valleys supplied with irrigation-waters, I am told that the district that I visited is only one of many that apparently offers splendid inducements to the intelligent dry-farmer. The Cariboo and Chilcotin Districts comprise an area of approximately 150 miles north and south by as many east and west. The Nicola District is perhaps eighty miles square. The Okanagan Valley on the higher slopes and bench lands presents many square miles of possible areas. The Kettle River country provides an area possibly 150 miles by 50 miles, and, in addition to all this, there is the vast area in the Kootenay country. I am not assuming that every square mile of these areas could be used for dry-farming, but it is apparent that each district offers thousands upon thousands of acres that could be most profitably utilized as so-called dry farms. I will confine my report to the district covered during this inspection trip—viz., from Ashcroft north to 150-Mile House. The district around Ashcroft is apparently very dry. Evidence of this is seen in the sage-brush and the light and scattered nature of the various bunch-grasses. As we proceeded north along the Bonaparte River scattered timber appears. This is mostly willow-brush along creeks and pine on the higher areas. From Mundorf to Clinton the higher slopes of the mountains become more heavily timbered, and the lower slopes present many areas that would be splendidly adapted to dry-farming. From Clinton to about the 100-Mile House the ground is covered much with small timber from 4 to 12 inches in diameter. From about 100-Mile House to 150-Mile House the country opens up into a beautiful park-like district. The higher slopes are still wooded with pine, spruce, and poplar, but the broad valleys spread out with great areas wonderfully adapted to dry-land farming. Over the whole area we find the scattered clumps of timber, with lakes dotted here and there, and many small streams coming from the tree-clad slopes above. 23 Of course, I must not give the impression that every foot of these open areas may be cultivated at once, for in places there are scattered boulders and small stone, with a few rocky ridges running through other parts. In many places, however, the stone boulders appear as granite " free stones," lying near the surface, and by once picking them off splendid soil remains for cultivation. This vast area is apparently dry land, but lack of reliable rain or snow records prevents us giving definite information regarding the soil-moisture. All we can do is to judge by the appearance of the grass, etc., growing on the various slopes. Along the streams irrigation is practised with splendid results, but there Is a clear line of demarcation between the areas below and above the ditches. Below the ditches the verdure is green and abundant, but above, the grass, such as it is, is short, stunted, sparse, and completely dried up. This sparsely growing very dry grass covers all the slopes until we come within the shelter of the clumps of trees. Here again the grass grows 10 to 12 inches tall and is fairly matted on the ground. This is a clear evidence that dry-land farming would prove beneficial, because the shade of the clumps of trees partially prevents evaporation in somewhat the same manner as is done by the earth-mulch in dry-land practice, and hence the moisture is saved for the growth of the plant. Thus in the shade there is a fair growth of grass, while on the soil adjoining the shaded spots and in the open we find the dried-up condition. The Soil. The soil near Ashcroft and for some miles north is of a whitish silt or clay formation, but where the timber is, and continuing north to 150-Mile House, it is of a rich chocolate loam. This in a few instances shades off into a heavier chocolate clay loam, and in other places to a rich dark chocolate, which again becomes almost black. I am free to confess that when I saw the pine-trees on the slopes of the hills I expected to find a lighter or sandy soil, but fortunately for the district this was not the case, as the rich chocolate loam, with its various shadings, continued throughout the entire district. This character of chocolate loam is a most desirable soil. It produces abundantly, it stands heavy cultivation, it mellows down excellently under cultivation, frost, etc., and is one of the best soils there is to retain moisture. All four of these points are very desirable in a dry-laud soil. Immediately below the ditch, with sufficient moisture, this same soil produces abundantly, and all that is necessary above the ditch is to conserve sufficient of the rainfall and snow-water to mature the crop, and I predict surprising results. Raineall. That the rainfall is somewhat limited is evidenced by the sparse growth of vegetation on the open areas, and while this is evidence of a shortage of moisture in the form of rain, yet it is not a reliable evidence, for so much depends upon the heat of the summer, the amount of sunshine, and the consequent evaporation. Those who have lived longest in the district inform me that they generally receive a good shower or two in May and the forepart of June, and, as a rule, little more until September and the beginning of October. The May rains thus come at a very opportune time, as most of the seeding should be done by that time. However, the trying time will come during July and August, when the crops need the largest quantity of moisture for filling and maturing. The proper procedure will be to conserve the rains of September and October until needed the next summer. This can be clone to a considerable extent, but will need to be carefully and systematically undertaken by the most approved systems of dry-land farming. The fact that a shower or two are looked for during May, just after the seeding of the vegetables, would indicate that vegetables of all kinds would get well started and would do well. The abundant snowfall of the district is the one thing that makes possible the holding of the September and October rains over until the spring. Mr. T. J. Darby, of Crow's Bar, gives the total snowfall—that is, the accumulated depth of snow that fell during the winter—as 56 inches. This, of course, represents a much greater depth than lies on the level, because it melts and settles down. The large freighting outfits that ply between Ashcroft and Soda Creek tell me that, as a rule, the snow falls to a depth of about 2 feet on the level. This thick blanket of snow will therefore hold the September and October rains until spring. However, as the snow goes off in March some time, the dry-land farmer will need to carefully husband the moisture in the soil by proper cultivation until needed by the spring-sown crops. 3 Geo. 5 Dry-farming in Chilcotin and Cariboo. D 355 Slope of the Land. The various districts that will be found desirable for dry-land farming are not, as a rule, level, but are gently rolling and in some cases are fairly steep. At first glance it would be thought impossible to hold the rains or the melting snow on these slopes, but by a careful system of ridging in the cultivation a very large proportion of both the rain and the snow-water may be held until it soaks into the ground. The depth of snow will also prevent frost penetrating very deeply Into the soil, and thus, with the opening-up of spring, the moisture may be quickly absorbed. Then by following up the showers and melting of the snow with proper surface tillage the larger portion of the moisture may be retained. Timber. From Mundorf on past Clinton and up to about the 100-Mile House there is more or less timber on most of the land. In some cases the slopes only have a scattering of pine-trees from 8 to 20 inches in diameter. These could easily be cleared off, the stumps blasted out, and thus large areas quickly cleared for cropping. From about 83-Mile on to 100-Mile, the timber covers the ground more completely. It varies in size from districts covered with lodge-pole pines to areas where this small timber has a limited amount of large pines and cedars that would be suitable for logs. In no case along this route would the large timber exceed 3,000 or possibly 4,000 feet of merchantable timber per acre, and in most cases it would range from 500 to 1,000 feet to the acre. These areas of large timber are very scarce, the most of this district, as has been said, being covered with the smaller timber that could only be used for cordwood. These small trees with the smaller underbrush could be cleared without great difficulty or expense, and when once cleared the soil Is of the same rich chocolate character. There are some areas throughout this light timber where surface boulders and rock appear, but there are also immense areas where the removal of the surface brush and small trees would reveal soil free from stone or rock and of the very finest quality. North and west of 100-Mile the park-like district opens up. Telephone-men who came in across the Cariboo country (west of the Fraser River) declare that that vast area (approximately 150 miles north and south by 125 miles east and west) is even more desirable for dry-land farming than is the very desirable district between 100-Mile and 150-Mile. The reports are to the effect that the district west of the Fraser is more free of timber and has stretches of ten to twenty-five miles of gently rolling prairie-like land, with small scattered clumps of timber. I can only give reports of this area, but the reports would suggest that the soil is the same as in the 150-Mile district, and that it is a very desirable country indeed, and should be definitely reported on at as early a date as possible. Domestic Water-supply. Contrary to expectations and contrary to the experience of most dry-land areas, a domestic water-supply may be obtained very easily and of splendid quality. Of course, this whole district has many ridges and ranges of small and large hills which are generally covered over the top with dense though small trees. These, no doubt, collect the snow in winter and hold it longer in the spring, so that after melting the water has ample opportunity to soak into the ground on the hill-slopes under the trees. No doubt it settles down the slopes in the lower levels of the soil, and hence wells anywhere from 18 to 36 feet generally find an abundant supply of the very finest quality of water. At no place did we find a well deeper than 36 feet. This fact is remarkable, but, of course, we must remember that my investigations only covered an area east of the Fraser. What the water-supply will be west of the Fraser in the vast Cariboo and Chilcotin country remains to be seen. The only information I could get regarding the Western Cariboo District was from a Government telephone-man who was in the hospital at 150-Mile. He was with a telephone crew which had built a line in from Bella Coola, and only remembered one or two wells in the Western Cariboo country. His impression was that the wells were only about 30 to 40 feet deep. As far as indications go, therefore, they would lead us to expect to find domestic water without any serious difficulty. This in itself is a wonderfully attractive feature, for it seems that the problem of water for household purposes is a serious one in almost all of our otherwise desirable dry-land areas. D 356 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1912 Stock Water-supply. For stock purposes there need be no worry about water-supply, for most of the slopes, particularly higher up in the timber, are quite rolling, and present many hollows into which the melting snow and rains settle. These with the numerous small streams scattered along the slopes will provide ample water for stock. If farm areas were found without either small lakes or streams, then it would become necessary to have a well dug, with a windmill or engine for pumping purposes. Altitude. Between Ashcroft and 150-Mile the altitude varies considerably as the road passes over two or three divides, but, generally speaking, the altitude ranges from 2,000 to 3,500 feet, though to the north-west and east valleys are found with altitudes even lower than 2,000 feet. It is quite apparent that the altitudes of the district are not a barrier to the growth of crops, as Mr. Forbes, of 111-Mile House, has grown and matured grain under irrigation for eighteen years in succession. Of course, it will be understood that irrigation produces a longer period of growth for grain-crops, but on the higher slopes and under dry-land conditions the growing-life of grain-crops is from two to three weeks shorter than for similar crops under the ditch in the same vicinity. Thus the quicker ripening of the crops on dry-land areas will, speaking generally, mature the crops long before there is any danger from frosts. Particularly is this true when we remember that frost generally strikes first in the lower damp areas and along the streams. Thus, if crops have been grown successfully along the lower areas by Mr. Forbes for eighteen years in succession, it adds very much to the probability of the success of the dry-land efforts in this vicinity. In fact, as will be mentioned more particularly later in this report, I have had definite proof, for three years in succession, by men who come from Montana and who thoroughly understand dry-land cropping, of the growing of very successful crops near Spring House, on Chimney Creek. Climate. The oldest settlers declare that the summer climate is almost ideal, with the long growing days and bright sunshine; and while quite cold weather is experienced for short periods in the winter, yet the depth of snow and the splendid sleighing make the winter far from objectionable. Fish and Game. Like most of the areas of British Columbia, the Cariboo District offers the sportsman plenty of scope for pleasure. The streams and lakes abound in fish and grouse, and chicken are exceedingly plentiful. We have had no experience with larger game, but no doubt these are already well understood as far as British Columbia is concerned. Present Prices of Produce. Ever since the gold days of the Horsefly country, north-east of 150-Mile House, heavy freighting has been carried on from Ashcroft north, and the farmers who located on the streams where irrigation could be practised have made fortunes in producing hay, oats, and other feed for the freighting outfits. Hay has sold anywhere from $40 to $70 per ton, and oats for from 5 to 6 cents per pound. These are, of course, abnormally large prices and are due to the conditions of the times. The Pacific Great Eastern Railroad will likely travel north, somewhere near the Fraser River, and no doubt the abnormal prices mentioned above will become more normal and hence more reliable. Future Prospects for Prices. With the advent of the railroad into this territory, agricultural conditions and agricultural prices will no doubt assume a somewhat normal condition. This vast district will be found admirably adapted to dairying, cattle and horse raising, hog-raising, sheep-raising, seed-grain production, and the production of general farm produce. With the coming of the railroad and the incoming of vast numbers of settlers, prices and general farm conditions will be splendid for long years to come. The Pacific Great Eastern Railway will give an outlet to the Coast, where ,:'•."''.':;v.4';-; * '"-***** ******.^itkjti ■ ■ ■ ■ Chilcotin Plateau, Township 48, Lillooet. '• ' -"' V"' ' ' • ' 'H s ' -•'• - * *■*■ ... ' V. ' • ''v '. River Benches, Chilcotin District. ■-'4,Jfc/"- ■■ ibtltkuSM . -•. w •i''. .£SsiSK&ii*3itsflP'..a«E CMlcotin Flateau, Township 49, South-west Cariboo. Geo. 5 Dry-farming in Chilcotin and Cariboo. D 357 the opening of the Panama Canal is bound to draw traffic. Thus a dense population on the Coast will provide a wonderful market for all kinds of farm produce. The Cariboo District is preeminently adapted to dry-land farming along mixed or dairy lines, a system of agriculture that will give to the farmer the largest returns of any system that may be carried on. An Interview with an Up-to-date Dry-farmer from Montana. While visiting the Onward Ranch near 150-Mile I had a conference with Mr. Roberts who is farming near Spring House, on Chimney Creek. When Mr. Roberts went into that district three years ago to undertake dry-farming, the old-timers literally laughed at him, and said: " When you have spent all your money at that crazy game, come round and we will give you a job." But Mr. Roberts had been farming properly under a dry-land system in the Judith Basin of Montana, and had a pretty good idea of what he was doing. The first year he had good crops, and the old-timers laid it to excessive rains; the second year he had good crops, and, though a little surprised, again they attributed it to plenty of rain. This past year his crops have averaged—wheat 35 bushels, barley 38 bushels, and oats 65 bushels per acre. Now the old-timers think there is something in dry-farming, and they are attempting to grow dry-land crops. To one who knows dry-land methods their methods are pitiable. Some have tried crops this summer and have ploughed, disked, and sown their fields and left them to chance. The results are failure as far as the crops are concerned, and discouragement for those who make the attempt. There is a willing spirit among the people, but they absolutely lack all knowledge of how to proceed. This is one place where a dry-land demonstration farm with a good practical man at its head could do worlds of good. Before parting with Mr. Roberts, I said to him: " I know, Mr. Roberts, that the Judith Basin, Montana, is one of the finest dry-land propositions on the face of this continent, and now that you have been here three years, how would you compare your British Columbia dry-land farm with the one you left in the Judith Basin, taking the crops, the home life, and everything into consideration?" Mr. Roberts replied: " I honestly believe that my British Columbia farm is two to one better than the Judith Basin farm." I said to him: "Why?" He replied: "I don't know that we can produce much better crops here in British Columbia than could be grown in the Judith Basin, but we have these advantages over Montana: We have, on our own land, all the fuel we want; we have all the timber we need for buildings; we have plenty of shelter for stock; and, above all, we have magnificent water for household and stock use." This last appealed to Mr. Roberts, as it is a well-known fact that much of the water in the Judith Basin is alkali. Possible Chops for the Cariboo District. Of the tame grasses I think alfalfa would do well. Everything would point that way, although this remains to be demonstrated definitely, as it has never yet been tried. However, judging from the soil conditions and also from the fact that red clover is growing abundantly, I suggest its trial. Alfalfa would likely produce only one cutting above the ditch per year, but I would think that alfalfa-seed production might become profitable. Red clover and timothy will do well. In many instances I have seen both growing along the wagon-road. Brome-grass would also make a fine hay-crop. Of course, all grain, including wheat, oats, barley, and peas, will apparently do well. In fact, I firmly believe that the dry-land areas of the Cariboo District will produce the seed-grain for the district. At present many crops of grain are grown and matured on the irrigated areas, but those who grow them claim that once in a while the irrigated crops are somewhat injured by the frost. During such years I predict the dry-land farm will produce by far the best seed. In fact, I think that pure-seed production on these areas will become a very profitable industry. This will give a general description of the vast Cariboo District with its wonderful promise along dry-farming lines. Now, may I make a few suggestions with regard to the best development of the various dry-land areas of British Columbia, so that they may toe developed along proper lines so as to attract large numbers of desirable settlers. D 358 Report of the Minister of Lands. 1912 Recommendations. ; (1.) Secure the services of the best dry-land farming men obtainable to secure proper records and work out through experimental farms the particular problems relating to the various dry-land areas. (2.) Establish at various points in the several vast dry-land areas stations where accurate records as to rainfall and snowfall may be obtained. It will be found quite possible to get men in the various localities who will gladly undertake to keep such records. (3.) A dry-land demonstration farm should be located in each of the principal dry-land districts, such as the Cariboo, Okanagan, Nicola, Kettle River, Kootenay, etc., and smaller substations from these established where the areas are large or where necessity demands. I would certainly think that one ought to be started in the Cariboo country next spring, because many farmers are trying " dry-land" crops after hearing of the success of Mr. Roberts and his neighbours, but they have absolutely no knowledge as to how td go about it. (4.) All areas that might be used for dry-land homesteading should be withdrawn from entry until properly classified. (5.) Capable dry-land classifiers should be put into the various districts at once who will classify each 320 acres as to:— (a.) Area of cultivable land: (b.) Area of land not adapted to cultivation : (c.) Timber areas: (d.) Rock areas: (c.) Stony areas: (/.) Lakes: (g.) Streams. These farms might be shown on the maps in colours to represent the various classifications given above. (6.) Further, every 320 acres should be classified as to its suitability or adaptability, under the following heads :— (a.) Suitable for general mixed farm: (b.) Suitable for dairy farm: (c.) Suitable for fat-stock farm: (d.) Suitable for sheep farm: (e.) Suitable for pure-seed production. These classifications should be kept in a card-filing system at Victoria and duplicates could be sent to the various Land Offices representing the various districts, so that when a homesteader wished to file on a piece of land and. wanted a dairy farm or sheep-farm, he may be shown those farms specially adapted to the purpose. (7.) Size of Farm.—All dry-land homesteads should be 320 acres in extent, because one-half of the cultivated area has to lie fallow for cultivation and conservation of moisture for the next year's crop. Besides, most of these farms will have a certain area in timber or brush, and as this will cut down the cultivable area, it gives all the more reason for the 320-acre dry-land homestead. I have here given my frank opinion of the district visited, and will simply close by saying that, from indications, the prospects are exceedingly bright for the dry-farming industry in British Columbia. And I predict that at no distant date it will become of tremendous importance, both commercially and from the standpoint of settlers. I have, etc., HH W J. Elliott. INDEX. PART I. DEPARTMENT OF LANDS. Page. Report of the Deputy Minister of Lands 7 Report of the Chief Clerk 10 Schedule of Pre-emption Records, etc 11 Schedule of Crown Grants issued 11 Report on Coal Licences, Leases, etc 12 Land Sales 12 Statement of Revenue received 13 List of Crown Grants issued during the Year 1912 14 PART II. FOREST BRANCH. Report of the Chief Forester— Forest Protection 65 Disposal of Logging-slash 71 Railways 72 Permanent Improvements 78 Land Classification SO The Live-stock Industry 81 Forest Reserves 82 Organization £3 Records 84 Forest Revenue 87 Timber Inspection 93 Scaling 95 Timber Sales 95 Forest Products 96 Forest Surveys 101 PART III. WATER BRANCH. Report of Acting Comptroller of Water Rights, by J. F. Armstrong 107 Irrigation's Part in the Future Upbuilding of British Columbia, by S. Fortier 112 Water Legislation and Administration in British Columbia, by H. W. Grunsky 117 Shall Water Licences be Perpetual? By O. C. Merrill 125 Collection and Filing of Hydrographic Data, by E. Davis 127 Office Procedure, by C. A. Pope 131 Water-power Investigations—Progress Report, by G. Gray Donald 133 Description of Work at Hydrographic Station near Nelson, by II. F. Meurling 143 Suitable Designs for Small Headgates, by Fred. C. Scobey 146 Watersheds of British Columbia—Characteristics and Possibilities— Introduction to Reports of Engineers of Water Rights Branch, by H. W. Grunsky. .. 151 Fraser and Thompson Watersheds (in Part), by P. de Lautour 154 Fraser and Bonaparte Watershed (in Part), by W. R. Pilsworth 157 Nicola River Watershed, by J. F. Rowlands 160 Okanagan Watershed near Vernon, by W. R. C. Morris 163 Okanagan Watershed near Kelowna, by O. F. D. Norrington 166 Okanagan Watershed on West Side of Lake, by P. de Lautour 168 Okanagan Watershed Naramata to Boundary, by O. F. D. Norrington and O. J. Bergoust 171 Similkameen Watershed, by O. J. Bergoust 175 Kettle River Watershed, by Clifford Varcoe 178 Arrow Lakes Watershed, by Clifford Varcoe 183 Slocan Lakes Watershed, by E. Davis 184 Kootenay River Watershed West of the Selkirks, by E. Davis 187 D 360 Index. Watersheds of British Columbia—Concluded. Page. Upper Columbia River Watershed, by F. W. Knewstubb 191 Kootenay River Watershed East of the Selkirks and North of Wardner, by H. B. Hicks 194 Kootenay River Watershed East of the Selkirks and South of Wardner, by W. J. E. Biker 19S Forms used under the " Water Act " 202 Forms proposed by S. Fortier and H. W. Grunsky— Licence for Irrigation Right—Works completed 204 Order defining Irrigation Right—No Works constructed 205 Stream Measurements 207 PART IV. SURVEY BRANCH. Report of the Surveyor-General 225 Report of the Chief Draughtsman 243 Connection Surveys in Lillooet and Cariboo 248 Inspection of Surveys 252 Survey Reports— 124th Meridian, by W. G. McElhanney 254 124th Meridian and 53rd Parallel, by R. P. Bishop 258 52nd Parallel, by A. J. Campbell 264 Groundhog District, by T. H. Taylor 267 Valleys of Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, by W. P. Unwin 269 Valleys of Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, by C. T. Hamilton 271 Bridge River, Lillooet District, by G. M. Downton 273 Boundary between Kamloops and Yale Divisions, by O. B. N. Wilkie 27S Lillooet and Cariboo Districts, by F. Tupper 280 Chilcotin District, by A. H. Holland 2S2 South Fork of Fraser River— Horse Creek to Beaver River, by D. B. Morkill 284 Within Reserve Fifty Miles South of Tete Jaune Cache, by A. P. Augustine 286 In Vicinity of Clearwater River, by J. A. Walker 289 Between Tete Jaune Cache and North Thompson River, by A. W. Johnson 292 Upper Thompson Valley between Mud and Albreda Rivers, by H. R. M. Christie 296 Louis Creek and North Thompson River Valleys, by E. P. Heywood 298 Peace River, Valley of Halfway River, North of Rocky Mountain Portage, and in Vicinity of Hudson's Hope, by G. B. Milligan 299 Ootsa and Francois Lakes, by V. Schjelderup 301 Chilaco River, by P. A. Landry 303 Quatsino District, Vancouver Island, by H. H. Browne 305 Clayoquot and Barkley Districts, Vancouver Island, by A. I. Robertson 30S Clearwater Valley, Kamloops District, by R. H. Lee 310 Kispiox Valley, Cassiar District, by B. C. Affleck 311 Bella Coola Valley, by L. S. Cokely 313 Graham Island— Township 7, by F. Nash 315 Township 6, by L. F. Grant 317 West of Masset, by A. F. Cotton 318 East of Masset, by C. de B. Green 319 West of Oeanda River, by C. de B. Green 321 Correction Surveys in Lillooet and Nechaco Townships, by F. Butterfield 322 Townships in Bulkley Valley, by H. C. Black 324 Exploration Surveys on Peace, Parsnip, and Findlay Rivers, by A. W. Harvey 325 Vicinity of Fort George and near Bear River and Quesnel, by R. W. Haggen 329 Topographical Surveys in Omineca District, by F. C. Swannell 334 Exploration Surveys on Route from Bella Coola to McLeod Lake, by W. Meyerstein.. 338 APPENDIX. Dry-farming in Chilcotin and Cariboo, by Prof. W. J. Elliott 353
Legislative proceedings
J110.L5 S7
English
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Victoria, BC : Government Printer
Images provided for research and reference use only. For permission to publish, copy or otherwise distribute these images please contact the Legislative Library of British Columbia
Original Format: Legislative Assembly of British Columbia. Library. Sessional Papers of the Province of British Columbia
REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF LANDS FOR THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31ST DECEMBER, 1912
Text