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British Columbia History
British Columbia Historical Federation
Vol. 35, No. 1
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British Columbia Historical News Journal ofthe British Columbia Historical Federation Volume 35, No. 1 Winter 2001/2002 $$.00 ISSN 1195-8294 Tea Farm in British Columbia, by Georgina de L'Aubiniere (1844-1925). The watercolour shows three figures working, dressed in blue and wearing conical hats. The landscape consists of trees and low bushes with a windmill probably pumping water. The exact location remains to be identified. We thank Eva Major-Maroihy, Senior Art Archivist at the National Archives in Ottawa for this contribution. More on page 32. Birthdays Two Incredible Journeys Friendship & Fidelity Ready for Revelstoke British Columbia Historical News Journal ofthe British Columbia Historical Federation Published Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall. Editor: Fred Braches POBox 130 Whonnock BC, V2W 1V9 Phone 604.462.8942 braches @attcanada.ca Book Review Editor: Anne Yandle 3450 West 20th Avenue Vancouver BC, V6S 1E4 Phone 604.733.6484 yandle@interchange.ubc.ca Subscription Secretary: JoelVinge 561 Woodland Drive Cranbrook BC VIC 6V2 Phone/Fax 250.489.2490 nisse@telus.net Publishing Committee: Tony Farr 125 Castle Cross Road, Salt Spring Island BC V8K 2G1 Phone 250.537.1123 Copy editing: Helmi Braches Proof reading: Tony Farr Layout and Production: Fred Braches Subscription $15.00 per year For mailing outside Canada add $10.00 Please send correspondence regarding subscriptions to the subscription secretary in Cranbrook. Some back issues of the journal are available—ask the editor in Whonnock. Single copies of recent issues are for sale at: Books and Company, Prince George BC Gibson Coast Books, Gibsons BC Galiano Museum Gray Creek Store, Gray Creek BC Royal Museum Shop,Victoria BC This publication is indexed in the CBCA, published by Micromedia. ISSN 1195-8294 Production Mail Registration Number 1245716 Publications Mail Registration No. 09835 The British Columbia Heritage Trust has provided financial assistance to this project to support conservation of our heritage resources, gain further knowledge and increase public understanding ofthe complete history of British Columbia. inmiH coijhii* British Columbia Historical Federation PO Box 5254, Station B., Victoria BC V8R 6N4 A CHARITABLE SOCIETY UNDER THE INCOME TAX ACL Honorary Patron: Her Honour, the Lieutenant-Governor lona Campagnolo Q.C. Honorary President: Alice Glanville, Box 746, Grand Forks, BC V0M 1H0 Officers President: Wayne Desrochers 13346 57th Avenue, Surrey BC V3X 2W8 Phone 604. 599.4206 Fax. 604.507.4202 wdesrochers@mbs.imag.net First Vice President: Roy J.V. Pallant 1541 Merlynn Crescent, NorthVancouver BC V7J 2X9 Phone 604.986.8969 pallant@telus.net Second Vice President: Jacqueline Gresko 5931 Sandpiper Court, Richmond BC V7E 3P8 Phone 604.274.4383 j_gresko@douglas.bc.ca Secretary: Arnold Ranneris 1898 Quamichan Street,Victoria BC V8S 2B9 Phone 250. 598.3035 wl545@victoria.tc.ca Recording Secretary: Elizabeth (Betty) Brown 473 Transit Road, Victoria BC V8S 4Z4 Phone 250.598.1171 Treasurer: Ron Greene PO Box 1351,Victoria BC V8W 2W7 Phone 250. 598.1835 Fax 250.598.5539 ragreene@coastnet.com Past President: Ron Welwood 1806 Ridgewood Road, Nelson BC V1L 6G9 Phone 250.825.4743 welwood@look.ca Editor: Fred Braches PO Box 130, Whonnock BC V2W 1V9 Phone 604.462.8942 braches@netcom.ca Member at Large: Melva Dwyer 2976 McBrrde Ave., Surrey BC V4A 3G6 Phone 604.535.3041 Member at Large: Ron Hyde #20 12880 Railway Ave., Richmond BC V7E 6G2 Phone: 604.277.2627 Fax 604.277.2657 rbhyde@shaw.com Committees Archivist: Margaret Stoneberg Box 687, Princeton BC VOX 1W0, Phone 250.295.3362 Membership Secretary:Terry Simpson 193 Bird Sanctuary, Nanaimo BC V9R 6G8 Phone 250.754.5697 terryroy@nanaimo.ark.com Historical Trails and Markers: John Spittle 1241 Mount Crown Road, NorthVancouver BC V7R 1R9 Phone 604.988.4565 jds@vcn.bc.ca W. Kaye Lamb Essay Scholarships Committee: Frances Gundry 255 Niagara Street.Victoria BC V8V 1G4 Phone 250.385.6353 frances.gundry@gems3.gov.bc.ca Publications Assistance: Nancy Stuart-Stubbs 2651 York Avenue,Vancouver BC V6K 1E6 Phone 604.738.5132 nancy_stubbs@telus.net Writing Competition—Lieutenant-Governor's Award: Shirley Cuthbertson #306 - 225 Belleville Street.Victoria BC V8V 4T9 Phone 250.382.0288 Publishing Committee British Columbia Historical News: see column on the left BCHF Web site: Eileen Mak 779 East 31st Ave.,Vancouver BC V5V 2W9 Phone 604.875.8023 emak@interchange.ubc Our Web site, http://bchf.bc.ca, is hosted by Selkirk College in Castlegar, BC British Columbia Historical News Journal of the British Columbia Historical Federation Volume 35, No. 1 Winter 2001/2002 $5.00 ISSN 1195-8294 Birthdays 2 "Provincial in Name Only" The Great Birthday Debate of 1926 by Chad Reimer 8 We Are Travelling through an Unknown Country by Yvonne Klan 14 Promoting "Fairplay" Friendship, and Fidelity Among Nations by Wayne Nelles 19 Looking for Grass by Lillian Corriveau 23 Archives and Archivists by Patrick A. Dunae Shool Records and Education Anniversaries 24 Book Reviews 30 Token History by Ronald Greene Herman Koelkenbeck and the "K. Pool Room" of Ashcroft BC 32 Reports Tea in BC? by Eva Major-Marothy Launders' Coat of Arms (letters to the editor) 34 News and Notes 35 Family History by Isabel Parker 37 WEB-SITE FORAYS by Gwen Szychter 36-38 Federation News "Any country worthy of a future should be interested in its past. W. Kaye Lamb, 1937 "A public meeting was held in the Archives Department on Tuesday, October 31st, 1922, when it was decided to forma British Columbia Historical Association which would act as an auxiliary to the Provincial Archives Department." That is how the creation of what is now called the British Columbia Historical Federation is described in the Association's First Annual Report. That was 8o years ago. After the Annual Reports came the BC Historical Quarterly and when that faded away our journal BC Historical News was born: created and for ten years nourished by Philip Yandle. He was followed by a row of short-term editors, by Mary Elliott for five years, and by Naomi Miller for a decade. Now all at once the journal has entered its 35th year. Not many have dedicated time to research the history ofthe Federation.We are very fortunate that Chad Reimer agreed to share with us his findings about the BC Historical Association in the context of two other anniversaries that tore the fledgling BCHA apart in its early years. Reimer's wonderful article leads us into this festive year. It may inspire others to make the history of our association, our federation, a subject of their research and writing. There is yet another birthday to celebrate in 2002. It is the 150th anniversary of the public school system of British Columbia. Patrick Dunae highlights that celebration in this issue's Archives and Archivists column. It is a significant celebration and our member societies have an important part to play in the efforts of the schools. Take note and do keep us posted on what has been accomplished. the editor BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 1 "Provincial in Name Only" The Great Birthday Debate of 1926 and the Early Years of the British Columbia Historical Association by Chad Reimer Chad Reimer is a member of the History Department of the University College of the Fraser Val ley. He lives and works in Chilliwack.a safe- enough distance away should any open conflict erupt between Island and Mainland. This article is the text of a presentation in January 1999 at British Columbia's 150th birthday party (counting from 13 January 1849) and conference on Salt Spring Island arranged by Dr. Richard Mackie. 1. Archer Martin to John Hosie, 24 October 1926, Frederic Howay Papers. UBC Archives, Box 3 File 21. 2. F.W Howay to Walter Sage, 22 October 1928, Sage Papers, UBC Archives, Box 6 File 5. 3. On the LHS of Quebec, see M. Brooke Taylor. Promoters, Patriots and Partisans: Historiography in Nineteenth-Century Canada (Toronto: Univ. ofToronto Press, 1989), 250-60; and Carman Carroll, "Literary and Historical Society of Quebec," in Canadian Encyclopedia 2d ed. (Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1988), 1218. On the Nova Scotia and New Brunswick historical societies, see Taylor, 204-5, 212-16. Continued opposite page >» INTHE FALL of 1926, Archer Martin, aVic- toria judge and prominent member of the British Columbia Historical Association, gave voice to years of pent-up resentment in a sharp outburst: It is too bad, really, that the powerful interests of the Mainland are not satisfied with taking so much in the way of business and influence away fromVicto- ria and the Island but they must also seek to rob us ofthe valuable and just prestige and glamour of our seniority and history.1 What sparked Judge Martin's outburst was a heated argument played out within the fledgling British Columbia Historical Association over the true birth date of British Columbia: Did what we know as BC come into being with the establishment ofthe first British colony here in 1849- 1850? Or in 1858, with the establishment of a colony on the Mainland, the first time the name "British Columbia" was used? In trying to answer these questions this article also studies the early years of the British Columbia Historical Association—the first historical organization with a mandate to cover the entire province—from before the association's late founding in 1922, until its much needed reorganization and renaissance in the years after the schism caused by the birthday debate. This article shows this debate's near fatal impact upon the BCHA—the dispute effectively split the association in half, with the fault line running along the Georgia Strait, and killed much of the association's early energy and efforts. Indeed, through its early years, the BCHA remained "provincial in name only"2 The article also addresses the broader significance ofthe 1926 birthday dispute: in particular what the dispute reveals about the development of historical writing and historical consciousness—or lack thereof—in the province in the first decades of this century. For the recognition and celebration of historical birthdays and anniversaries play a crucial role in the emergence of any society's identity. What is most immediately notable about the British Columbia Historical Association is its late start.The 1922 founding ofthe BCHA followed almost a century after the establishment of the first such organization in Canada, the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Half a century later, New Brunswick (1874) and Nova Scotia (1878) founded provincial historical associations and publications, while Ontario moved toward a historical society in 1888 and began publication of Ontario History a decade later.3 In the west during this time, even younger, more sparsely settled regions moved to assert their own historical lineage through the formation of local historical organizations. The Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba was founded in that newly established province in 1879; and BC's neighbour on the Pacific coast set up a state historical society in 1891, only two years after Washington became a state. British Columbia, then, came late to what Carl Berger has labelled "the golden age of local history and the local history society"4 In the last decades of the nineteenth century scores of local societies were formed in Canada and the United States, motivated by the desire to salvage the documents and memory of a more heroic, secure time in the face of changes wrought by the second industrial revolution. Why did it take so long for BC to establish a bona fide province-wide historical association? Part of the reason was that the energies of the small group of historically minded British Columbians were diverted into more limited, regional organizations only indirectly devoted to the study of history. From the 1890s onward, the Art, Historical and Scientific Association operated as the centre ofVancouver's intellectual life. It sought to transmit "the higher elements of British civilization...culture" and history to a booming, materialistic city5 Meanwhile, across the Georgia Strait, the Natural History Society of British Columbia, while focused primarily on natural history and ethnology provided a home to Victoria's local historians from its founding in BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 1890.6 Perhaps the most publicly active pre- BCHA organization, though, was the Native Sons of British Columbia. Unlike other BC groups, the NSBC emerged as a federal organization— at the turn of the century posts were formed in Victoria, Vancouver, Nanaimo, and New Westminster, with other centres joining in subsequent years.The basis for the NSBC's historical activities was the assertion that as "Native Sons"—those of European background born in the province— they had a special role as promoters and guardians ofthe province's traditions, heritage, and history7 Finally the relatively early establishment of the Provincial Archives in 1908 provided another diversion. The archives provided a focal point for local historians, lessening the immediate need for a provincial historical association; meanwhile, local historians' efforts were diverted somewhat into assisting the institution's success.8 Aside from competing organizations within BC, the broader intellectual and social context also was a factor in the late formation of the BCHA. Intellectually BC was still very much a colonial society; the attitudes and ideas of edu- SfceW^-' f. cated and ordinary British Columbians were largely derivative, part of the cultural baggage imported from London, Edinburgh, or Toronto.9 Local history still seemed to pale in the face of the history of western civilization and Empire. Moreover, the province's abrupt transformation into an industrialized society had occurred only recently and a popular sentiment persisted that BC was too busy making history to afford the luxury of commemorating or contemplating on it. This development coincided with a massive influx of immigrants to the province through the late Victorian and early Edwardian eras. These newcomers had yet to develop a strong attachment to their new home—and indeed, one of the primary goals of those trying to establish historical societies and write the province's history was to cultivate such an attachment. The relatively fluid nature of BC's population also made it more difficult to maintain a large enough constituency of historically interested, committed members. Left: Governor Douglas leaving Fort Langley after the 1858 ceremony at Ft. Langley. And on Ontario, Gerald Kilian, Preserving Ontario's Heritage: a History of the Ontario Historical Society (Ottawa: n.p., 1976). 4. Carl Berger, The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism, 1867-1914 (Toronto: University ofToronto Press, 1970), 96. 5. Alfred Hunt, "Mutual Enlightenment in Early Vancouver, 1886-1914" (PhD Diss, UBC, 1987), 28. 6. On the formation and history of the NHS see: 'Natural History Society. Minute Book (1890- 94)," Newcome Family Papers, BC Archives, AM 1077,Vol. 235 File 3; "Minutes (1895-99)," Natural History Society of British Columbia Papers, BC Archives, AM 284,Vol. 2; and Peter Corley-smith, White Bears and Other Curiosities: the First 100 years of the Royal British Columbia Museum (Victoria: Royal British Columbia Museum. 1989), 26-33, 45-6. 7. On the history of the NSBC, see: "Inventory," Vancouver City Archives. AM 463;"Inventory," Native Sons of British Columbia, Post No. 2 Records.VCA.AM 334: and Native Sons of British Columbia. "Constitution and Bylaws," (1899, 1902,1913, 1923). 8. On the early history of the BC Archives, see Terry Eastwood," R.E. Gosnell, E.O.S. Scholefield and the Founding of the Provincial Archives of BC," BC Studies 54 (1982): 38-62. Continued next page »> BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 Right: Judge Archer Martin, the Island's protagonist in the birthdays debate. 9. For considerations of these points see: Douglas Cole, "the Intellectual and Imaginative Development of British Columbia," Journal of Canadian Studies 24, No.3 (Fall 1989): 70-9: Cole Harris, "Locating the University of British Columbia," BC Studies 32 (Winter 1976-77): 106-25; and Allen Smith, "The Writing of British Columbia History," BC Studies 45 (Spring 1980): 73-102. 10. "British Columbia Historical Association," [1922], in President's Office Correspondence, University of British Columbia Archives, Roll 180. 11. For instance see, "British Columbia Historical Association, Minutes of Council (1922-34)," BC Archives, AM 2779, Box 1 File 1. 12. For the inception and early history of the BCHA, see: "British Columbia Historical Association Minutes," (31 Oct. 1922), Box 1 File 1, "British Columbia Historical Association Scrap-book (1922-64)," Box 6 File 1 pp. 1,2,12, both from British Columbia Historical Association Papers (1923-70), BC Archives, AM 2779. Also see: "Minutes of Committee on Constitution and Bylaws," (Oct. 1922), Box 2 File 1;A. Russell, "The British Columbia Historical Association: a Review," [1937], Box 9 File 7, both from British Columbia Historical Association Papers (1900-76), BC Archives, AM 2736. Continued opposite page . It was with a sense that their actions were long overdue that, in October 1922, a group of interested individuals met at the Provincial Archives inVictoria to found the British Columbia Historical Association. The initiative for the meeting came from Provincial Archivist John Hosie, who had circulated invitations to prospective founding members.10 The Victoria-based NHS also was a moving force, helping to organize the association's inaugural meeting and providing the initial membership base for the BCHA. (For instance, Judge Archer Martin, who would be the primary antagonist in the birthday dispute, moved from the NHS into the BCHA with the latter's formation} There was, then, a strong Victoria and Island flavour to the young historical association, reinforced by the fact that the Provincial Archives remained the venue for its meetings. Indeed, the Provincial Archivist, with the assistance ofVicto- ria residents on the BCHA council, largely ran the association's day-to-day affairs.11 The BCHA did recognize this regional imbalance. From the start, it strove to be a provincial organization, pulling together the historical efforts dispersed among local organizations such as the NHS and the AHSA. While the initiative for its founding came from Victoria, the Historical Association's early leadership included several prominent Mainland historians. Judge Howay (former President of the AHSA) was chosen the association's first president, and University of British Columbia professor Walter Sage served as the editor of the BCHA's Report, both Howay and Sage had attended the inaugural meeting of the BCHA, and helped draft its constitution.12 The very existence of the BCHA was significant, for by institutionalizing the study of provincial history it asserted that history was worthy of attention. Accordingly the association set out an ambitious mandate in its founding constitution: To encourage historical research and public interest in history; to promote the preservation of historic sites and buildings, documents, relics, and other significant heirlooms of the past; and to publish historical studies and documents as circumstances permit.13 In its early years, the BCHA organized public historical events, helped erect historical monuments, assisted the Provincial Archives in the collection of primary material, and produced an annual Report, which provided the first regularly published forum through which BC historians could present their scholarly work.14 But despite its promising beginnings, the BCHA soon ran aground on the shoals of regional jealousies. The issue that split the association into Island and Mainland camps was the question of what date marked the founding of British Columbia. The seeds for dispute were planted by the Vancouver post of the NSBC, which initiated public commemorations of 19 November, "Douglas Day" to mark the day in 1858 when British Columbia came into existence as a colony15 Led by future BCHA President Judge Archer Martin, Island members attacked "the pernicious, un-historical, un-truth that the 19th of November is the birthday of BC." In Martin's words, by celebrating this "bogus anniversary" Mainland British Columbians were trying to rob Islanders " of the valuable and just prestige and glamour of our seniority and history."16 Thus aroused, at a January 1926 association meeting (apparently attended only by Island members) Martin pushed through a resolution condemning the celebration of Douglas Day stating that "the proper date of such an anniversary should be March 11th, as on that date, in 1850, at FortVictoria, Richard Blanshard had publicly read the commission appointing him Governor ofVancouver Island."17 Absent from the January meeting, only months later did BCHA President Frederic Howay learn that the resolution was now association policy. Reacting sharply he tendered his resignation BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 upon the grounds that he could not lead an organization which had taken a position to which he was opposed. In Howay's view, the correct birth date for British Columbia was 19 November 1858, for before then the term "British Columbia" itself did not exist, and he supported NSBC efforts to commemorate Douglas Day. "When people say that the natal day of British Columbia is November 19," he argued, "they are merely stating a fact." By marking 1850 as BC's birthday, he continued, "you get into the anomalous position that British Columbia existed, had a natal day, nine years and more before it was born; which...is absurd." In the end, Howay believed that the BCHA had erred in committing itself on an issue that was open to such "serious sectional difference of opinion."18 Howay's words would prove prophetic. In the short run, though, Island members emerged victorious in the great birthday debate of 1926. A May 1927 meeting was held in the hopes of reaching a compromise in the dispute, but Island members dominated and Martin's resolution was reaffirmed.19 Subsequently, the BCHA sponsored annual commemorations of Blanshard Day as the province's birthday20 Judge Martin even pressed Premier John Oliver to have the provincial legislature pass a resolution recognizing Blanshard Day as BC's birthday, although on this point he did not succeed.21 Meanwhile, Island dominance within the BCHA was shown in the association's council and membership. Other Mainland council members such as Walter Sage (who labelled Judge Martin a "noted troublemaker") followed Howay's lead and resigned, upsetting the previous precarious regional balance and leaving the organization's leadership completely in Island hands.22 In the decade after 1926, Island members constituted an increased majority ofthe association's total membership and monopolized the association's presidency23 But the Island members' triumph was a pyr- rhic victory, for the BCHA they dominated was now sectionally fractured and weakened. Overall membership totals dropped in the wake of the birthday dispute, numbering a meagre three score by 1929.That year also marked the last issue of the Report, after the BCHA had published a volume for each of its first three years prior to 1926. Concluding that the organization was in bad shape, then President John Hosie believed the only hope lay in a serious housecleaning of the association's officers and their "negative policy"24 The BCHA would limp along for the decade after the birthday dispute of 1926, until death of John Hosie in 1934. That year, W Kaye Lamb was hired to succeed Hosie as archivist, also taking a position on the BCHA executive. A University of British Columbia graduate who had received a doctorate in history from the London School of Economics, Lamb came to Victoria determined to turn the Provincial Archives and the Left: A rendering of the competing "Blanshard Day," by John Banks, " The Arrival of Richard Blanshard at Fort Victoria as the first Governor of Vancouver Island, 1850. " 13. "Constitution of the British Columbia Historical Association,' BCHA .Report (1923): 9. 14. On the activities of the BCHA, see the four volumes of its Report (1923, 1924, 1925, 1929). 15. BCHA .Report, (1925): 9. 16. Martin to Hosie, 24 October 1926, Frederic Howay Papers, UBC Archives, Box 3 File 21. 17. BCHA Report (1929): 7. 18. Howay to Hosie, 27 October 1926, 6 December 1926, Frederic Howay Papers, UBC Archives, Box 8 File 9; Howay to Hosie, 25 October 1926, 19 November 1926, 2 December 1926, Frederic Howay Papers, UBC Archives, Box 3 File 21. 19. BCHA Report (1929): 8; Hosie to B. McKelvie, 21 May 1927, B.C. Provincial Library Correspondence, BC Archives, GR 726, Box 1 File 3. 20. BCHA Report (1929): 9;Victoria Daily Colonist, 12 March 1931,12 March 1932, 13 March 1933, 13 March 1934. 21. Hosie to Howay, 19 Nov. 1926, 7 December 1926, Frederic Howay Papers, UBC Archives, Box 2 File 21;" Premier Speaks at Douglas Day Dinner,"Victoria Daily Colonist, 20 November 1926. 22. Sage to Hosie, 7 Jan. 1927, Walter Sage Papers, Continued next page , BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 Right: A reprint of a painting done by John Innes showing James Douglas taking an oath as the first governor of British Columbia. The first 'Douglas Day" in 1858. UBC Archives, Box 32 File 3; BCHA Report (1929): 6; "List of Officers, Elections Ballots (1928-67)," BC Archives, AM 2736, Box 1 File 7. 23. Each issue of the B.C. Historical Association Report provided a list of members, along with their addresses: (1923): 33-4; (1924): 44-5; (1925): 65-6; (1929): 63- 4. 24. Hosie to Howay, 16 October 1928, HP, Box 3 File 22. 25. "British Columbia Historical Quarterly' [1958], BC Archives, AM 2779, Box 5 File 1. On the founding of the BCHQ, also see Elizabeth Eso," W Kaye Lamb and the Provincial Archives of British Columbia, 1934-39" (MA thesis, University of British Columbia, 1984), 44-51. 26. For instance, both New Westminster and Lillooet formed branches in 1939. 27. "British Columbia Historical Quarterly' [1958]; "British Columbia Historical Association Membership (1941-42)," British Columbia Provincial Archives Papers, BC Archives, GR 975, Box 3 File 7. 28. "List of Officers, Elections Ballots (1936- 44) ,"BC Archives, AM 2736, Box 1 File 7. BCHA into more scholarly institutions. Rather than renewing production of the Report, which the old executive had been trying to resuscitate, Lamb suggested that the association publish a quarterly which "would carry more weight and would be the Official publication of the Archives department."25 With the material assistance of Robie Reid, the British Columbia Historical Quarterly was launched in January 1937. Until its demise in 1958, the BCHQ provided the first regularly published, scholarly historical journal in the province.The Quartedy's pages would include the work of history PhDs Lamb and Sage, along with prominent "amateur" historians such as Frederic Howay and Californian Henry Wagner. Moreover, the BCHQ provided the forum for the young academic historians being trained at the province's university. At the same time, the BCHA decided upon a fundamental reorganization to remedy the society's concentration on southern Vancouver Island and to provide the expanded membership needed for the successful launching of a quarterly. The association's original constitution had made no provision for regional branches, although in practice local groups such as Kamloops did affiliate; this institutional relationship was ill-defined and left little room for regional growth.This was remedied in 1936, when the association adopted a new federal constitution which permitted regional branches or sections to be formed in any centre in the province; such branches needed five or more members, and had to petition the BCHA council for authorization. Meanwhile, the association's headquarters were still inVictoria, and its meetings continued to be held at the Provincial Archives. A Victoria branch was formed immediately and was recognized as the association's senior section; Vancouver also organized a section that year, and other centres followed shortly26 Almost overnight, the reorganization of the BCHA produced significant changes. By 1937, association membership had shot up to 412, increasing to over five hundred by 1940. And this membership was more regionally representative: almost equal numbers were taken from Victoria and Vancouver, while a minority of members were drawn from outside the province's southwest corner.27 The prominent Mainland historians who had resigned in the wake of the birthday dispute returned. Walter Sage became association president in 1936 and Judge Howay returned to the council.28 With its reorganization and publication ofthe Quarterly, the BCHA finally had moved closer towards its original goals of becoming a truly provincial organization and of providing a forum for research and writing of British Columbia history. 6 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 The Great Birthday Debate of 1926—that tempest in a teapot—is significant for a number of reasons beyond its comic opera appeal. For one, it suggested that even amongst its intellectual elite, BC was still very much an ill-formed, infant society, in which regional and localized feeling and identity were stronger than a sense of the province as a unified whole. Judge Martin's resentment toward the Mainland's "powerful interests" was reciprocated by Judge Howay and other Mainlanders' inability to recognize that their own position was based on a narrow, somewhat sophistic argument, steeped in its own local prejudice. And as we have seen, the BCHA showed that it was wholly incapable of navigating these troubled waters, of dealing with the regionalized nature of the province. Indeed, through the first decade and more of its existence, the BCHA remained "provincial in name only"29 But beyond the institutional travails of BC's first provincial historical society, there was a more profound significance to the birthday dispute.The issue at stake—when had British Columbia come into being—went to the very core of the province's historical identity. Indeed, the founding date of any society has been one of the cornerstones used in the construction of a history for that society. A birth date anchors a society's history, permitting that history to be plotted in a linear fashion and giving meaning to events on both sides of this watershed. While the term and legal entity "British Columbia" did not exist prior to 1858, "British Columbia history" might look back to Captain Cook and beyond; these preceding events are given an aura of inevitability for they are seen to culminate in a society's founding That founding also represents the point from which the present society is said to have grown. Thus, the founding date marks nothing less than the beginning ofthe historical subject itself, and every story needs both a protagonist and a beginning. Moreover, whether it be Canada Day, Bastille Day or the Fourth of July, birthdays permit societies to publicly commemorate their founding, and thus their history. Provincial historians like Archer Martin recognized all of this; the judge's attempts to have a Blanshard Day resolution passed in the BC legislature emerged from his realization of the social and political importance of setting a founding date. Thus, rather than providing the province with a date it could mark—and thereby helping to create a sense of shared history—the Historical Association itself was split apart by the question of when BC came into existence, robbing it of the historiographical momentum that the founding of a provincial historical society might have provided. Regionaljealousies over historical matters would not die with a reinvig- orated BCHA—nor would the Island's victory in the 1926 birthday debate stand, for the Mainland would get its revenge three decades later. In contrast to the provincial government's refusal to get behind Blanshard Day in the wake of the birthday debate, the government of W.A.C. Bennett did not hesitate to give official recognition and support to the celebration of 1958 as the centenary anniversary of the province as a whole.Through the "Centennial Celebration Act," an official Committee was set up for the" purpose of co-ordinating, planning and organizing the centennial celebration," one result of which was support for the writing and publication of Margaret Ormsby's British Columbia: a History.30 The following year, the government went a step further by officially recognizing Douglas Day as a provincial holiday31 All of this marked a final victory for the Mainland in the great birthday debate—the provincial government had effectively given official sanction to the argument put forward by Mainlanders in 1926 that British Columbia came into being not in 1849 or 1850, but in 1858. No doubt, had Justice Archer Martin been alive in 1958, he would have seen this as yet another example of powerful Mainland interests robbing Vancouver Island of its rightful place in the history of the province—an injustice even more egregious than the one that sparked the Great Birthday Debate of 1926.<^ Above: Judge Frederick Howay, the mainland protagonist in the birthday debate. 29. Howay to Sage, 22 October 1928, Sage Papers, UBC Archives, Box 6 File 5. 30. British Columbia, Statutes of British Columbia, 1956 (Victorf, Queen's Printer, 1956), pp. 197-9. 31." Douglas Day Gets Legal Recognition," Victoria Daily Colonist, 18 February 1959. BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 We Are Travelling through an Unknown Country by Yvonne Klan "What we know about Tete Jaune we can credit in large part to the obsession of an unlikely scholar with no formal academic training/'Terry Glavin wrote in The Georgia Straight last June. He wrote this about Yvonne Klan and her "remarkable essay" we published earlier this year (BC Historical News 34:1). Yvonne Klan's history shines because of her meticulous research, her wish to use primary sources, and her quest for accuracy in all details. And she can tell a story as few others can. We were fortunate to find her ready to edit Hanington's letters. And we would so much like to see her get back and finish that book about James Murray Yale only she can write. BARRY COTTON, BCLS., has been researching material on land surveyors who were active in BC before 1900, in preparation for a book to be published in 2005—the BC Land Surveyors' centennial year. He came across a series of remarkable letters written by Charles F. Hanington to his brother Edward. The letters describe a horrendous 1874 exploration headed by E.Jarvis,with Hanington serving as his assistant. Barry wrote: "The Jarvis-Hanington exploration has been all but forgotten and deserves to be made known."Yvonne Klan agreed and accepted the task of whittling down the account from 9,000 words to 3,500.' I ly 1874 the CPR had surveyed the t~^\ Athabasca, Howse, Pine, and Yellowhead i S passes and had determined that the latter afforded the most promising route for a railway through the Rockies. However, one more gap—the Smoky River Pass in today's Kakwa Park—remained unexplored and it was the misfortune of farvis and Hanington to be chosen to find it, make a track survey of their route, then proceed to Edmonton and Ft. Garry. In October 1874 farvis and Hanington were in Quesnel, population "about 100, including Chinamen and Indians," outfitting the expedition and impatiently waiting for the Fraser to freeze into a flat roadway to the north. For transport farvis bought two sleds and eight dogs, who "made it rather uncomfortable for the people here who prefer to sleep at night instead of being kept awake by the doleful music of eight good howlers. " Hanington s team comprised Marquis, the leader, Cabree, Sam, and Buster, fohnny a Native, was hired as dog driver and Alec, a young mixed-blood from Red River, as cook. Each man was outfitted with a pair of snowshoes, two blankets, and spare moccasins. Canvas being too cumbersome, one piece of light cotton sheeting served as a tent for all. Provisions were carefully calculated: two pounds of dried salmon per dog per day, and four pounds of "grub " (bacon, beans, flour, and tea) per man per day. They would purchase additional food, dogs, and sleds at Fort George and retrieve more provisions from a cache Hanington had made earlier on the McGregor River. By December, with the Fraser showing no signs of freezing, farvis decided to follow the abandoned Collins Overland Telegraph trail northward. On December 8, Hanington wrote, The whole town turned out to bid us "God speed,"...and we heard many prophecies in regard to our going to destruction. In fact the last words we heard were, "God bless you old fellows—good-bye; this is the last time we will see you." We found the trail for a short distance very good...but it was hilly and sidehill at that, so with upsets, broken sled and other disasters being the results we found ourselves at dark only 3 miles from Quesnelle. Sidehills are good enough for mule trains but when you try dogs you will find they won't work worth a cent. The dogs go straight enough but the sled won't keep after them, being more inclined to seek the valley. So you can imagine it requires a good deal of work and patience to keep the sled in the road while the dogs haul.... As the snow was now very heavy I gave my train to Johnny and went ahead with Jarvis who, in addition to the work of breaking track, had been very busy all the time counting his steps so as to get the correct distance. Henceforth I shared his labour, and I can't say that I like pacing distances....When you walk all day and think of nothing but 1, 2, 3, it is monotonous enough for anything.... We had a hard bit of work at the Blackwater River...[which is] bridged by poles and telegraph wire, but on this side it is bare ground and the hill is very steep indeed.The poor dogs did their best to get up, but the end of the matter was that we hauled the loads and they looked on....We got up at last, but I am afraid my whip did more than its share of duty that day.... Note 1 on opposite site . 8 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 We now had about two feet of snow, which was very soft and clung to our snowshoes in great masses; it was also very hard on the dogs, this wading through snow, only freshly beaten down by two pair of snowshoes....One of our sleds rolled down a steep sidehill, and when recovered wasn't worth much, except as kindling wood.The dogs were all right; how they manage themselves I don't know, so we had to cache what stuff we could spare, put some on the one remaining sled, and take the rest on our backs, the four dogs running with only their harness to trouble them. After crossing the Blackwater we left the telegraph trail...and took a C.P.R trail to Fort George.This latter is, if possible, a worse one than the telegraph trail. They encountered a Fort George Indian whose small dog was packing his master's kettle, blanket and grub. This revelation ended the sled-dogs' freedom. Packs were promptly loaded on their backs and the party proceeded, Jarvis ahead, counting one, two, three, I next, calling along the packed dogs, and Johnny behind, poking up the lagging ones with a stick. Alec drove the sled behind. It was a comic sight to see the dogs who had never packed before, go rolling from side to side with their loads. As sure as one would try to jump a log, the weight of the load would tumble him back, and if he did manage to get on the top of the log, the weight would tumble him forward in the snow, where he would lie till helped, but they soon got used to it....We got into Fort George about 5 P.M. that night [18 December]; greatest distance we did was on the last day, 23 miles. On the way we had used up one sled completely, and the other is fit for nothing now...The country between Quesnelle and here is...very hilly and broken, and the trail generally runs from the top of one hill to the top of the next, making it first rate for a telegraph line, but very tough on the dogs and us. On the whole it is the worst place I ever saw to do this kind of travelling, and I shall never try it again. At Fort George the surveyors procured four more sleds with dogs, drivers, and salmon, and arranged to have more provisions forwarded from Fort St. fames. The party now numbered 25 dogs and 8 men including Te Jon,2 a young native, and Quaw, a native who had agreed to sell salmon from his cache upriver. On 14 January they departed in searing cold (-53 ° F) and toiled up the Fraser, rubbing frozen ears and noses. On the 16th, I found my leader, Marquis, with both forefeet frozen hard...so I had to let him run loose... [Next] morning poor old Marquis' feet were in a dreadful state, having frozen and thawed several times, so he had to be shot...All the dogs are lame, very lame. Their feet get wet and the snow sticks to them, then of course the poor brutes pull the lumps off with their teeth and...fa'fe their toes fear- Left: Quesnel ca. 1863. "I like Quesnel very much," Hannington wrote. "It is slow enough, but the fellows are Jolly and independent, and the grub is good. " 1. Hanington's letters may be found in: Canada. Archives Branch Report, 1887. Ottawa. 1888, pp. ex -exxxii. Jarvis's " Report on exploration across the Rocky Mountains by Smoky River Pass" and "Narrative of the exploration from Fort George across the Rocky Mountains by Smoky River Pass to Manitoba..." is in Fleming, Sandford, Report on surveys and preliminary operations on the Canadian Pacific Railway up to January 1877. Printed by MacLean, Roger & Co. Ottawa. 1877. 2.Te Jon may have been a descendant of the Iroquois trapper and guide Tete Jaune. See "...That Old Rogue, the Iroquois Tete Jaune," in BC Historical News 34:1. BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 9 Below: Herrick Creek Canyon, where the party crept along "narrow ledges of rock, banks of ice and snow clinging to the edge, and bridges from one huge boulder to another, with the dark water boiling and foaming at our feet ready to engulf anyone who made a false step. "Photo taken in 1928. fully, but we can't help that and they must go on sore or not. I can't imagine a quicker way to harden a man's heart than to put him driving dogs. The dogs were shod with mocassins and the expedition turned up the McGregor River to Hanington s cache to retrieve the bacon and flour he had stashed in the fall. Now the party divided. While Jarvis, Alec, and Johnny explored the McGregor, Hanington took Quaw, Tejon, and two empty sleds up the "Bear River" (possibly the Bowron) to Quaw s cache. After much climbing, hauling the dogs up and letting them down perpendicular places by ropes (the truth) we got to Bear River...and found the cache in a good state of preservation. Quaw has quite a house here and in it we now sit. Brush on the floor, a good fire and a dry roof overhead.... Quaw says he has been up the pass we are going to explore and that it is good, but he won't go as guide at any price. I tried him again when at his cache, but no go; he says "in three days journey you will get to a fork of the N. Fork, take the left. In two days more you will strike a fall as high as a tree, which you will have to portage around. In 5 days more you will see meadows and a very small stream running through. After that you will travel 3 days when you will find water running east, and you will see the sun rise out ofthe prairie.".. The great point is, how long are Quaw's "suns" or days, but that we'll find out in time.... I got the salmon loaded on the sleds and...said goodbye.... The travelling on Bear River was very bad and I soon had to makeTe Jon drive both trains while I broke track....We found the river frightful, the water having overflowed on account ofthe heavy snow. As you can imagine, the sleds stuck fast in this slush, and we have to get poles, turn them (the sleds) over and scrape off the bottoms, then we go on a few more yards, when we repeat. It was fearful both on men and dogs...they have had such a hard time of it that their spirits are about broken. The expedition reunited on the 26th, and on the 28th three trains from Fort St. James finally caught up with them. A very agreeable surprise to us, I can tell you, trains loaded with salmon and drawn by good looking dogs. The drivers are Hassiack, Ah-kho, andTsayass, smart looking fellows. So we are now in good trim and high spirits....Jarvis looks happy and relieved in mind. On the 30th they covered 18 hard miles and camped at the forks of McGregor River and Herrick Creek. The next morning, following Quaw's instructions, they took the north branch—Herrick Creek. The weather has been pretty cold and the travelling bad now....Sam's shoulders were so much galled that the beast couldn't work and was turned out to run; on the 2nd we came to the conclusion that this sort of work will kill the dogs 10 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 completely... The river is open for the most part, and we have only a narrow ledge of ice and snow to make a track on. On the right rises perpendicular rock 400 or 500 feet high, on our left is the river roaring and rushing 20 feet below.This ledge was formed when the water was high and when the river subsided it was left.... On the 4th we had a very heavy snowstorm.... The first trouble was a steep hill, about 150 feet high and it took us all to get one sled up at a time...and when two men would be hauling and two pushing the sled, ten to one the dogs would turn about and go down the hill.Tough on the whip...The worst part was at the further end where the descent to the river was almost perpendicular. Here the sled invariably reached bottom before the dogs, though the latter did their level best to get out of the way. It was killing work on the beasts; how they stand it I can't see. We had canon all the afternoon and after working hard, very hard all day, we camped just 6 miles from last camp. I broke track all day.... I managed it thus: Started off about 5 miles an hour and walked away some distance, then back to the dogs and then forward again, hoping to give them the benefit of three pair of snowshoes....Poor beggars, sometimes I am sorry for them, but that don't pay, we can't afford to rest them or our selves and we both need it. Man and beast struggled up the gorges of Herrick Creek, frequently falling through the ice,3 but found no pass. On 8 February they turned back, having decided to try the south branch ofthe McGregor River-Herrick Creek Junction (i.e. McGregor River). With a smaller amount of provisions to be transported, Tejon andTsayass were sent back to Fort George with a sled and seven dogs, including Sam and Chun. The remaining members of the expedition ascended the McGregor which, they ferventiy hoped, would lead them to the Smoky River Pass. They branched off at a tributary known today as Jarvis Creek. Sam and Chun appeared at the camp and Jarvis shot them both after asking me to do so. I couldn't shoot Sam at any rate. He worked himself nearly to death for us, and it is too hard. But we haven't very many salmon for them now, and can't afford it....We are travelling through an unknown country without a guide and take things as they come.... On the 23rd we came to falls and canon after canon, and had a good deal of trouble in hauling along dogs and sleds too.4 I saw Jarvis stop once and begin to think over the situation.... Presently he came along and said: "Frank, do you know what I was thinking of?" I said, "Yes; don't go Above: The course Jarvis and Hanington took after struggling up the Herrick River through what is now Kakla Provincial Park and down to (Lac) Brule can only be guessed. 3. "I went through only as far as the waist, catching the ice on both sides with my hands, but the current caught the snowshoes and, turning them upside down, held them as in a vice, and the united efforts of all were required to extricate me. Hanington, being longer of limb, generally escaped by throwing himself flat on his face, when his body would land sufficiently far from the hole to be on sound ice." Jarvis, "Narrative," p 150. 4. "...the rocks were overhanging to such a degree that Hanington had to take off his Continued on following page »> BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 11 Right: North West Mounted Police Major Edward Jarvis, in 1893. "The Terror of the Horse Thieves " was also a member of the Pack of Western Wolves. snowshoes (he going first) and creep along a ledge on hands and knees for fifty yards... Returning along the ledge, part of the snow slid away, but Hanington successfully imitated a limpet, clinging to the rock until a pole was held out to support him." Jarvis, "Narrative," p 152. 5. Jarvis Lakes. Other geographical features which were later named after the explorers are Jarvis Mountain and Jarvis Pass; Hanington Mountain, Hanington Pass, and Hanington Creek. 6. "Scarcely a day passed when the dismal howl of the dogs did not announce to our unwilling ears that another of their number had dropped exhausted in his tracks." Jarvis. "Narrative," p 154. 7. A painful inflammation of the joints, tendons and ligaments around the ankle brought on by strenuous snowshoeing. 8. "We certainly expected to get deer or moose to eke out our stock of provisions, now becoming very small, but not a single one has been visible lately." Jarvis. "Narrative," p 154. back for God's sake." Well he said that if we all came to grief he would be responsible, and it was a bad lookout now. But I told him I'd be responsible for myself, Alec didn't care about going back, and as for the Indians if they starved or not it didn't matter. So on we went to my great delight, for I'd sooner be found in the mountains than give up the ship. Though, so far as a railway is concerned, this pass is of no use.... Today [24 February] we found the summit, think of it, at last.This branch flows out of a chain of 5 lakes5 which lie 5,300 feet above the sea, then you cross a sort of muskeg containing a lake which flows nowhere, then a little more muskeg and a lake out of which trickles a tiny stream running to the east.... We took a drink of the blessed water, which was the sweetest thing I have drunk for many a day...We returned to camp in high spirits...and had the pleasure of seeing the others as excited as ourselves. It was indeed a merry evening and one I won't forget in a hurry... We left camp early this morning [25 February] and made good time across the lakes. At the summit we stopped, marked a tree, "Summit between B. Columbia and the N.WTerritory" date and names, then with one leg on each side ofthe line drawn on the snow, we drunk the last of our brandy and gave three cheers. They descended the Kakwa River's headwaters. The goal now was to reach Jasper House, where they would replenish their scanty provisions and acquire fresh dogs. On the 26th we pushed along as usual over very bad travelling, the snow was hard enough to bear us on snowshoes, but the dogs would go clear to the bottom and stick fast, so we had to break the crust down every step...Another dog dropped today [1 March].6 Jarvis had to follow behind slowly as he is suffering from mal de raquette.7 He doesn't say much about it but when he takes to the broken track with a white face and set lips you may guess he is in pain. I have been doing the track breaking since he fell to the rear, and I begin to feel a little pain in my ankles to-day... If we were certain what river this is it would be more satisfactory. At present when it turns to the east we think it falls into the Athabasca and our hearts beat high. Then we come to a turn toward the north and we are sure it is Smoky River, and must lead to Peace River and our spirits go to zero at once. Down-hill travelling is worse for mal de raquette than up-hill, though I didn't think so when we were climbing....Jarvis and I still kept the lead, though the pain we felt at every step cannot be expressed in words.... Heavy snow fell, another dog died, and the river veered increasingly northward, convincing them that they were following the Smoky (actually it was the Kakwa, which flows into the Smoky). On the 5th the exhausted party lightened their loads by caching their instruments and equipment and left the river. With each man backpacking his blankets and his share of the provisions, they struck out to the southeast, hoping to reach fasper House before they starved. By the 11th they didn 't know where they were. On the 12th we had snow all day and very bad snowshoeing....We commenced to think that times were hard when we began to eat dog to keep our strength up. Dog, too, which had been starved and worked nearly to death....8The Indians from Stewart's Lake went on with their wail about never seeing their friends again.They gave up all hope, and I scarcely wonder at it....Yesterday, after crossing a river, we came upon a pile of horse dung....examined it, and cheered lustily thinking that we must be near somewhere. Buster, my favourite dog, died yesterday....Today [15 March] the snow stopped and we saw about 20 12 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 miles away a high rock which looked like a photograph we once saw of Roche a Miette at Jasper House. So we turned toward it at once. Tonight we are in camp on a ridge or summit. Before us is a valley, a small insignificant one, which in my opinion contains another creek. Beyond it are some hills and further in the distance a ridge of mountains. So the thing has come down to this: if the Athabasca be not in that valley it is beyond those mountains. In this case, as Jarvis says to me, we neither have enough grub or enough strength to carry us across. So our end will be near here. You must imagine our camp then to-night. Opposite sit the Indians, Johnny as usual silent and impassive, the other two with their heads in their hands sobbing out their grief as usual too. On my right is my worthy chief Jarvis, very thin, very white, and very much subdued. He is thinking of a good many things I suppose like the rest of us. On my left is Alec chewing tobacco and looking about used up. He had seen "Roche a Miette" once from the east side, but isn't sure whether this is it or not, so he is blue. In the centre I sit, my looks I can't describe and my feelings scarcely. I don't believe the Athabasca is in that valley. I do believe that we have not many more days to live.... I wonder if ever our bones will be discovered, when and by whom, if our friends will mourn long for us, or do as is often done, forget us as soon as possible. In short I have been looking death in the face.... But I am glad since we started that we didn't go back, though this has been a very tough trip and this evening is the toughest part of it. The day after that terrible evening of doubt and uncertainty, we went only 6 miles when we struck Lac Brule. You can imagine our feelings without my trying to describe them.Then 8 miles up the lake to the Depot9 where we found a family of Indians who set out a lot of boiled rabbits when they found we were hungry. We went for that rabbit and then interviewed the natives.There is no one at Jasper House. This is a disappointment.... We are all looking very much pulled down; all our dogs are gone but three, and they are all bones and skin Jarvis, Hanington, Alec, Johnny, and the two Stuart Lake Natives left their hospitable hosts 24 March. They had travelled 600 miles [965 km] with dogs, and had backpacked 108 miles [174 km] from the Kakwa River cache (where they had left their instruments) to the Fiddle River depot—all on snowshoes. Though their hardships were far from over they safely reached Fort Garry, Manitoba, 21 May 1875. 10 Jarvis completed his report to Sandford Fleming and Hanington was able to tell his brother, My eye has just caught this sentence in Jarvis' report, which I have been reading..."I cannot refrain from mentioning in terms of the highest praise, my assistant, Mr. Hanington, to whose pluck and endurance the success of the exploration is so largely due." I put this in because I am proud of it, and I will add that that one sentence from Jarvis is pay enough for all I did through the winter. ^^ Above: Major Charles Hanington, 189?. Hanington served in the First World War, although he was nearly 70 at the outbreak ofthe hostilities 9. Fiddle River depot was built by the CPR. 10. Jarvis, "Report..." p 146. BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 13 Promoting "Fairplay," Friendship, and Fidelity Among Nations World Goodwill Day and the Peace Movement in British Columbia Schools during the Interwar Years by Wayne Nelles Wayne Nelles is a Senior Associate with the Sustainable Development Research Institute (SDRI) at the University of British Columbia. He has long been interested in the history of NGOs in the peace education movement. 1. For background see Fannie Fern Andrews. "The Teacher as an Agent of International Goodwill," Proceedings of the National Education Association of the United States, 65 (1927): 425- 435. 2. See Robert M. Stamp. "Empire Day in the Schools of Ontario:The Training ofYoung Imperialists" in Alf Chaiton and Neil McDonald, eds.. Canadian Schools and Canadian Identity (Toronto: Gage Publishing, 1977), 100- 115. 3. For background and argument see Wayne Charles Nelles. unpublished Ph.D. thesis: From Imperialism to Internationalism in British Columbia Education and Society- 1900 to 1939. (Vancouver: University of British Columbia. Department of Educational Studies. 1995), passim. See opposite page >>> THE World Good-Will Day Society of British Columbia (BC) was a unique nongovernmental organization (NGO) that contributed to a global peace and international education movement during the interwar years. No parallel organization apparently existed elsewhere in Canada or the world although thousands of educators in many other countries recognized and observed World Goodwill Day. The BC society was a spinoff of the provincial Parent-Teacher Federation and the driving force behind World Goodwill Day observances. The BCTF, the BC Department of Education, as well as groups such as the Junior Red Cross and the League of Nations Society were also supporters. British Columbia's celebration ofWorld Goodwill Day on 18 May and the sometimes week- long series of events each May during the 1920s and 1930s emerged from a tradition among American civic and religious organizations that commemorated 18 May 1899, the opening date of the first Hague Conference. From 1905 on some American educators promoted the idea of an official" Peace or Goodwill Day."' In Canada by comparison, there is no evidence of anything like a Peace or Goodwill Day until the 1920s, but Canadians did observe Empire Day on 24 May each year from about 1899, beginning in Ontario.2 Although there were hints of a new internationalism in such British-centric educational expressions, imperialism more than internationalism occupied most Canadian educators' thinking until after the First World War.3 When the first ever World Conference on Education met in 1923 in San Francisco, the Goodwill Day idea resurfaced with a resolution that on 18 May each year, instruction be given concerning the results of the Hague Conference and later efforts to bring about the world in a cooperative body, and that this instruction should be accompanied by songs, both National and international, plays and pageants, which carry out the spirit of the day 4 In retrospect, then Canadian Teachers Federation President and BCTF General Secretary Harry Charlesworth suggested this was "one ofthe most practical resolutions" ofthe 1923 conference, but reminded readers that "every day of the year should be a Good-will Day..." He gave credit to BC educators and especially the Parent-Teacher Federation, under Miss M.E. Coleman of the Strathcona School as Goodwill Day chairperson, for their exemplary work and inspiration to other countries. The unanimously adopted resolution from the new World Federation of Education Associations (WFEA) 1925 Edinburgh conference added support to their commitment and called for more from others. It affirmed "the potency of Good-will Day as a factor in creating and fostering an international understanding among the children of the world...." It asked affiliated associations to secure "official sanction" from government and education authorities and to prepare suggested programs for teachers. The BCTF recommended that celebrations should include "songs, drills, pageants,special recitations, essays and characterizations of great characters..." as well as: ...suitable hymns, an account of the "Origin of Goodwill Day," special arithmetic problems, based on figures connected with the Great War, games of many lands, history of the Red Cross Society, a brief account of the League of Nations, stories for language and composition, and suggested topics for study in connection with geography and art...[as well as]...special emphasis in connection with other lessons, opening exercises and special pageants... [and] patriotic appeal...courtesy, helpfulness, justice,...kindliness, charity, friendship, and goodwill....5 In 1925 Louise Fuller and Margaret Delmage recounted the movement's history in BC noting 14 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 that the Parent-Teacher Organization first unanimously endorsed it at their provincial conference in April 1924. Subsequently, Department of Education Superintendent S.J. Willis officially approved observance of "Goodwill Day" in British Columbia schools, entering into a partnership with the BCTF and parents. This led to a formally constituted "World Good-will Day Society," which children joined, its purpose "to promote fairplay, friendship and fidelity among ourselves and all nations." It kept a register of student members, and issued special certificates that left room for three signatures—the pupil's, the teacher's, and the parent's. Joint signatures, Fuller and Delmage explained, indicated sanction ofthe child's goodwill efforts "emblematic of the cooperation of parent and teacher in the interests of the child." Included on each certificate was a photograph of the Peace Palace at the Hague.6 By 1926 some 35,000 to 40,000 children had become members.7 At the 1925 Edinburgh WFEA conference Charlesworth spoke about British Columbia's Goodwill Day work and displayed three large volumes of youth membership signatures, proudly asserting that the "movement would be given a great impetus" by their example. Charlesworth then personally deposited the volumes at the Hague's Peace Palace archives in the room devoted to Grotius, the so-called father of international law. One BC newspaper noted that the gift was meant to "further League of Nations work," and Dutch papers, enamoured by the gesture, printed photographs of one page signed by Vancouver's Strathcona School that represented forty nationalities.8 How significant Goodwill Day was for parents or students, and whether it actually affected attitudes or created more peaceful or cooperative behaviours, are matters beyond the scope of this paper. However, Charlesworth's Edinburgh report suggested "the movement was not confined to mere goodwill in theory, but they combined with this a very practical piece of work." He gave one example of students collecting over nineteen tons of clothing worth some $11,400 for the Canadian Indian Relief Fund. Charlesworth also mentioned an essay writing contest that asked youths to assess "progress towards international goodwill, the students observing the newspapers and all the movements tending to goodwill towards nations."9 Based on such work Charlesworth believed there was strong support for the goodwill movement. The some 40,000 students involved represented over a third of the province's school population based on 115,618 enrolled for the 1924-1925 term.10 Such figures suggest the British Columbia's World Goodwill Day movement in the mid-1920s was unique, widespread, and one ofthe world's most active, complementing other internationally oriented organizations and programmes, especially those of the Junior Red Cross and the League of Nations Society. At least it appeared so, since Canada was the only jurisdiction to systematically report to the WFEA on such work.11 Aside from relief efforts and essay contests, the celebration of Goodwill Day in BC took other forms. The event also drew inspiration from individuals and goodwill-related activities from other times and places. One youth offered such a message to The B.C. Teacher for the 1927 celebrations. He was Walter Owen, first "premier" of the "Boys Parliament" in BC, recounting his previous summer's experience with 1,500 boys from around the world at the nineteenth Annual conference ofYMCA workers in Finland. Owen saw the meeting as a microcosm of an ideal world community from fifty nations and many races, and an example of "real World Brotherhood," using it to speak about youth's responsibilities and proclaim, "May Goodwill Day inaugurate goodwill year, the triumphant commencement of a truly goodwill age."12 Over the next decade and a half, each year in May, The B. C. Teacher included aWorld Goodwill Day editorial followed by programme suggestions, articles and reports. The Parent-Teacher Federation, the BCTF, and the Department of Education variously took responsibility for preparing the suggested program and individual teachers offered specific recommendations. One creative example in 1925 was Isabel Ecclestone Mackay's one-act play on "The Corfu Crisis" which she said children could act out. It was a happily-ever-after adaptation of the diplomatic incident which resulted in Mussolini's occupation of the Greek Island of Corfu, and its resolution through the League of Nations.13 In 1927, the BCTF ensured that a special Goodwill Day issue of The B.C. Teacher was "mailed to every teacher in British Columbia through the cooperation of the Parent-Teacher Federation,"14 including teachers who were not BCTF members.The issue included familiar social activities and topics but also stressed intellectual content, assuming that "the most important 4. From the verbatim record in Proceedings of the National Education Association of the United States, 61 (1923). See also 'World Conference on Education— Resolutions," The B.C. Teacher 3, no. 2 (October 1923): 40. 5. See "Editorial, World Good-will Day—May 18th," in The B.C. Teacher 5, no. 9 (May 1926): 193- 4. 6. Louise Fuller and Margaret Delmage. 'History of the * World Good-will' Movement in British Columbia," The B. C. Teacher 5, no. 1 (September 1925). 7. From "Internationalism and Youth," (no author listed just" specially contributed") in The B. C. Teacher 5, no. 6 (February 1926): 136-37. 8. "World Federation of Education Associations (Report)," The B.C. Teacher 5, no. 2 (October 1925): 41; "Goodwill Day—Suggestions for Programmes," The B.C. Teacher 6, no. 8 (April 1927): 2; and "Hague Peace Palace Libary Now Houses Signatures of 35,000 B.C. School Pupils," Victoria Daily Times, 14 October 1925, 9. 9. See Harry Charlesworth's remarks in George C. Pringle, ed.. World Education: Proceedings of the First Biennial Conference of the World Federation of Education Associations held at Edinburgh, July 20, to July 27, 1925—-Volume II (Edinburgh: Scottish National Conference Committee, Office of the Educational Institute of Scotland, 1925), 849- 853. 10. As recorded in Dominion of Canada. Dominion Bureau of Statistics, Annual Survey of Education in Canada, Continued on following page ; BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 15 1925 (Ottawa: King's Printer, 1926), xxxv. 11. Indicated in a survey of various WFEA conference proceedings from 1923 to 1939. 12." Boys Goodwill in Finland," by Walter Owen in The B. C. Teacher 6, no. 9 (May 1927): 38- 39. 13. Isabel Ecclestone Mackay, "The Corfu Crisis," The B.C.Teacher A, no. 9 (May 1925): 210- 213. 14."Editorial,"7ilieB.C. Teacher 6, no. 8 (April 1927): 1. 15." Goodwill Day— Suggestions for Programmes," The B.C. Teacher 6, no. 8 (April 1927): 3-4; and similarly " Goodwill Day, May 18th," in The B.C. Teacher 10,no. 8 (April 1931): 7- 10. 16. Indicated in "World Conference on Education— Resolutions," The B.C. Teacher 3, no. 2 (October 1923). 17. "Goodwill Day— Suggestions for Programmes," The B.C. Teacher 6, no. 8 (April 1927): 2. 18.Ibid. 19. "Poetry of Other Lands," The B.C.Teacher 6, no. 8 (April 1927): 5- 15; and similarly "Poetry of other Lands," in The B.C. Teacher 10, no. 8 (April 1931): 11-17. 20. "Exchange Column," The B. C. Teacher 6, no. 8 (April 1927): 21. 21. Prof. D.C. Harvey "The Significance of Canada's Jubilee," The B. C. Teacher 8, no. 4 (December 1928): 21-26. 22. World Federation of Education Associations, Proceedings of the Second Biennial Conference held at Toronto, Canada August 7- 13, 1927 (Augusta, Maine:The Kennebec Journal Press, 1927), 174, 274-275,330-331. Continued on following page ; message of this day is that'goodwill is not enough,' that machinery must be developed through which international relations can be carried on in the spirit of goodwill." Such "machinery" implied children ought to accept, understand, and promote the efficacy of organizations such as the League of Nations and instruments such as international law to sustain peace and order in the world. Thus certain "facts," it said, ought to be emphasized in high schools and senior grades, including world unity, international institutions, rational adjustment of international disputes, and Canada's role in the world.15 Program suggestions included studying "Poetry of Other Lands," with samples from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Bulgaria, Bohemia, Spain, Belgium, France, Italy, Japan, China, and from the Hebrew Talmud, parts ofthe Bible, and recommended short stories from other countries.A "World Unity" theme underscored that "the interdependence of nations is a fact and an increasing fact" and that "international trade is a vital interest of most nations," supporting economic internationalism to maintain world peace. Poetry, literature, music, pictures, costumes, and the like were also intended to create feelings of goodwill toward other cultures and nations.16 Cultural messages reinforced gender stereotypes about male and female roles in Canadian and international society. Two competitions held in 1927 underscored this with a "Dolls of All Nations" contest for girls and a "Boats of All Nations" contest for boys."17 Studying Canada's role in the world was another important goal, particularly the peaceful Canadian-American relationship as an "object lesson for other nations." Juxtaposed with this image the program also suggested that Canada was growing in world influence and stature, proclaiming that Canada's "geographic position, and her vast resources, make it impossible for her to ignore world progress..."18 Among the recommended international stories and poetry was an adapted sermon, "Canada First," and a hymn, "God Save Thee, Canada!"19 April's B.C. Teacher provided justification for including Canadian material.The upcoming Toronto WFEA conference met during Canada's Jubilee year and organizers underlined that a healthy nationalism could enhance international work." Canada's effectiveness as an international force will depend upon her national development and character," one proponent said, arguing that "to teach a true appreciation for Canada must be the foundation of any reasonable inculcation of international goodwill."20 Similar themes surrounded other Jubilee celebrations.21 In 1927 at the Toronto WFEA conference Charlesworth and John Marr, a King Edward High School teacher, reported on British Columbia's continued support for Goodwill Day. Charlesworth noted that one newspaper donated a $100 prize for the best exhibit at the 1927 Goodwill exhibition at Spencer's Store. It was also profitable. Children got in free, but adults were charged ten cents admission, raising a total of $670 for the Parent-Teacher Federation.22This meant some 6,700 adults as well as several thousand children visited that year. In 1928 The B.C. Teacher praised the Parent-Teacher Federation for organizing another "Goodwill Exhibition" at Spencer's Store in Vancouver, from 17 to 19 May. Noting the public interest generated, it suggested it "was very successful, and in response to many requests, it was decided to keep it open for a few extra days." Whether out of curiosity or genuine sympathy with the issues, schools, parents, and the general public were interested, involved and paid for the privilege of experiencing Goodwill Day. Describing the 1928 exhibition, The B.C. Teacher noted even more progress and increased participation over the previous year. It represented more than just a Vancouver event but included materials from all over British Columbia: The dolls of all nations presented a most picturesque sight and there was a noticeable improvement over the exhibit of last year.This was also true of the "boats", where some very fine models were displayed, showing excellent work on the part of the boys participating. The aeroplane section was an added feature this year....Many fine Goodwill posters adorned the walls, showing that the underlying idea of Goodwill Day had been accurately sensed by the student who submitted the drawings.... The Goodwill Essay also brought forth some excellent compositions from the High Schools....A pleasing feature was that the exhibits in all classes came from many parts of the Province....23 In addition to local Goodwill Day activities each May in British Columbia, students and teachers sent and received "Goodwill Messages" abroad through print and radio media, sometimes school to school and via official Department of Education channels. S.J.Willis, Superintendent of Education, passed these along to the BCTF, encouraging wider distribution and requesting one to 16 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 ■ be printed in The B.C. Teacher and "read to all the children in the province." As it went: Again we children of England sent out to the children of every other land a joyous greeting of goodwill and happiness. We want to thank the children who have sent us messages...we do not know you as we hope to do....We are separated by land and sea and cannot see each other, but we can by reading books....Sometimes we can hear your music...In this way we can come a little into your life, and our thoughts can travel freely from land to land, and on each Goodwill day strengthen the thought of a world family of children to which we all belong...24 British Columbia youths were also regular recipients of an annual message from Welsh children broadcast "all over the world." On 18 May 1927, Minister of Education J.D. McLean re turned such a message over CNRV Radio from Vancouver. He thanked the Welsh children with "enthusiastically reciprocated" sentiment from British Columbia children.25 For eighteen consecutive years, from 1922 to 1939, the BBC arranged a special" Children's Hour" each 18 May and included the children's broadcast in its first news bulletin. The Welsh National Council of the League of Nations Union coordinated incoming communications, receiving replies from over seventy countries, Canada among them. A May 1939 written program listed these, with translations in Welsh, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Esperanto. As war once again loomed the message asserted: The world is full of suffering, cruelty and strife. And we are told that civilization may perish. Let us tell the world that civilization shall not perish. More than ever the world needs...the confidence and the comradeship of youth. May we then on this goodwill day dedicate ourselves afresh to the service of our fellows in ever widening circles...to better serve the world...26 The Department of Education was also more than a passive recipient of messages from abroad. It formally promoted Goodwill Day through official directives to schools. S.J.Willis, Superintendent of Education, circulated a memo with the hope "that all teachers will exercise their ingenuity in making the day one that will leave in the minds of their pupils a very definite impression of good will to all mankind." Whether the weight ofWillis's authority behind it made a substantial difference is uncertain, but the practical 23. "Editorial—Goodwill Exibition," The B.C. Teacher 7, no. 9 (May 1928): 1. 24. "Goodwill Message. 1930, from School Children in England," in The B. C. Teacher 9, no. 9 (May 1930): 20. 25. "Minister of Education Replies to Wireless Message from Children of Wales," The B.C. Teacher 6, no. 9 (May 1927): 41. 26. "The 18th Annual World Radio Message of the Children of Wales' Goodwill Day 18 May 1939 Pamphlet, Public Archives of British Columbia (hereafter PABC) British Columbia Department of Education Files, GR 451, Box 3, File 1. 27. See circular titled "GoodWill Day, May 18th, 1932... Suggestions," Signed S.J. Willis, Superintendent of Education in PABC GR 176, Box 1, File 1. 28 Ibid. 29. See discussion of the earlier pro-British curriculum in HarroVan Brummelen's "Shifting Perspectives: Early British Columbia Textbooks from 1872- 1925," in Nancy M. Sheehan, J. Donald Wilson, and David C. Jones, eds., Schools in the West: Essays on Canadian Educational History (Calgary: Detselig, 1986), 17-38; and Charles Humphries, "The Banning of a Book in British Columbia," in Dickson Falconer, ed., British Columbia: Patterns in Economic, Political and Cultural Development— Selected Readings (Victoria: Camosun College, 1982), 281-294. See also Jean Barman, Growing up British in British Columbia: Boys in Private School (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1984) Continued on following page »> BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 17 <<< for notes 28 and 29 see previous page. for discussion of the British heritage in private education. 30. "League of Nations Will Not Break Up Educationist Says," The Daily Colonist, 19 May 1936,5. 31. The Department of Education, Programme of Studies for the Elementary and Schools British Columbia, Bulletin II (Victoria: King's Printer, 1936), 20-21. 32. The League of Nations Society in Canada, Report of Annual Meeting, 1934, 106-107. 33. See p. 853 of George C. Pringle, ed, World Education: Proceedings of the First Biennial Conference of the World Federation of Education Associations held at Edinburgh, July 20, to July 27,1925—Volume II (Edinburgh: Scottish National Conference Committee, Office of the Educational Institute of Scotland, 1925). 34. Personal Communication, 8 September 1994. 35. Oral history techniques and childhood memories are not infallible or necessarily comprehensive. See Neil Sutherland's "WhenYou Listen to the Winds of Childhood, How Much Can You Believe?" Curriculum Inquiry 22,3 (1992): 235-256. logistics of getting the message out, with money for postage and copying costs, was borne by the Department.27 Taking a cue from the Welsh example, Willis also suggested pupils might "take part in forming a message from the children of British Columbia to be radiocast to children in other lands." That project was co-ordinated by a committee headed by Miss H.R.Anderson, from North Vancouver's Lonsdale School, which selected the best messages and asked everyone with radios to "listen in" the evening of 18 May. Willis's suggestions also included building the day's activities around "a Pageant of Nations" made "as colourful as possible with the use of national costumes and flags..." best done by making "use of all foreign children in the school" and pupils making "Flags of Nations" after studying the Encyclopedia Britannica. On 18 May, he said that "the children should be required to salute all these massed flags."28 What symbolic message was being conveyed in this image? Ostensibly it meant Willis and the provincial government supported some idea of "world citizenship," a notion not likely tolerated in the more blatantly imperialist era before the early 1920s.29 Willis, on behalf of the Department of Education, endorsed an explicitly internationalist educational vision beyond tokenism, and embraced by and reinforced through various organizations promoting international views. Coincidentally for example, Mrs. S.J.Willis with Mrs. G.M. Weir (wife ofthe Education Minister), were also executive members of Victoria's League of Nations Society, a group espousing such views during the 1930s.30 A final example of Department of Education support for Goodwill Day was its use in implementing the new 1936 Program of Studies. The program referred to the observance of several other special days, such as Empire Day, Dominion Day, Douglas Day, and Remembrance Day, but stressed that "much should be made of Goodwill Day": This is an occasion to use children of foreign lands, their costumes, songs, folk-dances, and to stress the many and varied contributions made by these countries. Festivals of other lands, such as the Feast of Lanterns, The Doll's Festival, and Kermis in Holland, can be related to the various grade units as these countries come under discussion, and can even be actually carried out in replica in the activity programme.31 In sum, World Goodwill Day during the 1920s and 1930s was part of a national and interna tional movement in which BC educators, students, and government officials took part, even led. Minor objections arose more often over scheduling conflicts than principle. Some questioned associating a special day with the Hague Conference, since it was largely unsuccessful with the Great War following. Ontario's Mrs. Plumptre described the Goodwill Day debate in her province at the 1934 Annual General Meeting of the League of Nations Society in Canada. She noted the closeness of Empire Day, Goodwill Day, and preparations for exams. Alternatively, she proposed a special "League of Nations Day" for 10 January, honouring the League's birthday.32 The BCTF's Harry Charlesworth also mentioned that BC would have preferred a change of date because it was so close to final exams. He said if it was changed that it might secure better co-operation among teachers.33 Despite minor questioning ofthe practice elsewhere, such reservations were of little consequence in BC and were administrative rather than ideological. No controversy appears in BCTF or provincial government documents, or the media. It is difficult to know what actually went on in schools, was discussed in particular conversations, or how meaningful Goodwill Day activities were for teachers and students. Sutherland's Childhood history project found little remembrance of the practice,34 but that does not preclude such activities' importance especially since interviewers did not specifically ask about it.35 Sutherland said that even more widely known celebrations such as Empire or Victoria day were also mainly remembered because children got the day off. Goodwill Day, however, was not a civic holiday. Despite its unofficial status Goodwill Day appeared to be widely accepted in BC during the interwar years. From 1924 to 1939 it had significant support from educational and government leaders, reinforced by the work of other voluntary organizations. Goodwill Day died, however, with the millions of human casualties in the Second World War. ^^ 18 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 Looking for Grass Lillian Corriveau OUR story takes place during "The great Depression" from 1930 to 1939 when in the interior of both Canada and the United States nothing was being grown on the prairies. Besides, the stock market also collapsed and hard money was really at a premium.Thistles inundated the land, but they scratched the throats ofthe sheep and left them starving. With no food for either man or beast, the farmers became desperate. At this time, a 75-pound lamb was selling for $3.50. Marion Eppard, his wife, and sickly five-year-old son Kenneth lived near Estevan, Sask. on the Souris River.This is from where they started their famous trek to look for grass somewhere out west. Right after shearing in the spring of 1933, the Eppards loaded everything of value into the wagon and along with their border collie and 300 sheep headed west. Their total wealth was $3.40. They had no compass, no map, no gun, only a slingshot for food and the sun and stars to steer by. The distance as the crow flies was probably 1,200 miles, but herding 300 sheep along more than doubled the distance.They used mountain passes because the dust on the highway irritated the sheep's throats. Nothing hurried the sheep, so they travelled from four to six miles a day, letting the sheep graze as they went west, travelling parallel to the US border. Mrs. Eppard drove the team and wagon, while Mr. Eppard and the collie herded the sheep. At night both the Eppards and the sheep were tired; the sheep settled right down where they stood, and the Eppards pulled a canvas over the ridge pole and slept on the bed on the wagon. Their food was mostly mutton, but they also lived off the wildlife caught by Mr. Eppard s trusty slingshot When a sheep was slaughtered the mutton was traded for sugar, tea, flour, and salt. By the end of October they had reached southern Alberta (near Foremost). They encountered Paul Medhurst and his neighbour threshing wheat in the Goddard district.These kind farmers shared what they had with these poverty-stricken creatures, giving Mr. Eppard a sheepskin coat, and when they found he had a family, they ordered a box of groceries from their chuckwagon. A few miles east the Eppards met Joe Detterman, who showed them an abandoned cabin on the Charles Swanson homestead and suggested they stay the winter. Accepting this offer gladly, Mr. Eppard found occasional work from his neighbour Jim Houlihan, who supplied them with milk and food When they needed other things, Mr. Eppard drove to Milk River, 35 miles away, where he said his limited money went further.Through the winter of 1933-1934, Kenneth attended school at King's Lake. Associating with other children was a whole new experience and he enjoyed their company immensely. Very early in the spring of 1934, Mr. Eppard sheared the sheep and hauled the wool to Lethbridge, where it sold for 4(t a pound. Then the family continued on their trek. Counting the Mrs. Lillian Corriveau of Kimberley is a retired schoolteacher and the Kootenay director of the Seniors Foundation ofBC. She told this story at the Kootenay storytelling festival in July 2001. Retired editor Naomi Miller attended and convinced Mrs. Corriveau to submit the text of her reading for publication. Sources: Blazing the Cattle Trail by Grant McEwan, Crawford Bay Mainstreet by Tom Lymbery (September 1998) and an interview with Marguerite Beley. Below: The incredible journey of the Eppards from Saskachewan to the shores of Okanagan Lake. 120° 115° 110° i R Pa Vernon '^1. rl*» J\ \ Crows- • ' 105° Regina ' Craribrook "■■—*■- —..-..„ „»«*River. H""cana£W.-«---'-~'™" USA 100 0 KM TI I I I \ ■,-. • Si x Lstevar 100 200 I I 1° 115° 110° 105° _l_ if BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 19 Right: The Eppards posing with their goat, and the dogs new lambs, the flock now numbered 600 animals. The Eppards' course took them through Warner, Magrath, and Pincher Creek. The wool money was all gone by this time, so they were again trading mutton for the necessities. Here they also traded for another sheep dog and a goat. Mrs. Eppard was very pleased with the goat and exclaimed loudly, "With a gallon of milk a day we can sure live good!" In the Crows Nest Pass both adults and children came to watch the sheep for they were a real novelty, as they wended their way through Blairmore, Fernie, and on to Cranbrook. Because of the heavy traffic on the road to the ferry, the Public Works Department advised them to take the Rose Pass road. Public Works was supposed to have slashed a road through, but the slashing crew either ran out of money or effort, because there was no road.The sheep now had sore feet from the gravel and sharp rocks of the highway, so the Eppards turned toward Marysville, near Kimberley, instead of going along Kootenay Lake.They proceeded up the St. Mary's River and Lake toward its source in the Selkirk Mountains. After living on the prairies for many years, the Eppards found this mountainous country both breathtaking and frightening. People who came from Kimberley to see the sheep told them they were "stupid fools" to try to take the sheep over Rose Pass. There was only a foot path and this was "bear country." The bears were there, but possibly the dogs kept them away, or perhaps the good berry crop kept the bears well fed, for the Eppards had little trouble. This determined Dutchman refused to turn back, so he started up the north side ofthe river. The path was barely a trail. Poor Mrs. Eppard breathed a sigh of relief, thanking the Lord, and said, "At least we'll have milk and meat." Going over the trail, the Eppards often had to remove deadfall trees and huge rocks. Above them they could see Mount Evans. Crossing and re-crossing the St. Mary's River, on they went. At one gorge, 60 feet deep, Mr. Eppard built a bridge, and here they left the wagon, the path being just impossible. The two sheep dogs were a joy to behold, keeping the sheep together like a solid layer of woolly balls. The goat not only gave milk, but she was the leader of the flock and the sheep, lashed together, followed her across the gorges.The night before the Eppards reached the summit the female collie's four woolly puppies, who had been travelling in a lard pail, were lost when the lard pail fell over and rolled down the slope. Kenneth was devastated. Nearing the summit, the Eppards encountered three girls from Kimberley who were travelling over the summit on horseback. These girls were Mabel McKay and Doris and Marguerite Dakin. Marguerite Dakin became a schoolteacher and is now retired in Chapman Camp. I visited Maguerite several weeks ago while she was working in her immaculate garden. I was really thrilled by this almost 93-year-old woman as she recalled some of her marvellous adventures. Mr. Eppard, thinking the road down to Kootenay Lake would be easier than up, left to find his wagon, taking his horses with him. He 20 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 found his wagon and went down the mountain and proceeded along Kootenay Lake, marvelling at the huge expanse of water. Think of it: Mrs. Eppard, Kenneth, two dogs, a goat, and 600 sheep all alone on top of Rose Pass. What would you have done? Sat down and cried, turned, and followed your husband, or what? Well, Mrs. Eppard just got going and, herding the sheep, she made her way down the far side of the mountain for 14 miles with an elevation drop of 4,400 feet. Fortunately, when the Kimberley girls reached Crawford Bay, they turned around and went back to help Mrs. Eppard bring the sheep down the mountain. Although food was scarce most of the time, not one sheep was lost from starvation. Only one ewe was snagged going over the Selkirks.This carcass was dressed out and used for food for the family and dogs. A.R. McGregor, who lived at Crawford Bay, was scaling logs when he heard the sound of sheep coming over Rose Pass. Impossible! Sheep didn't come down over the pass. But they did! After being lost several times, Mr. Eppard finally arrived at Crawford Bay, where he met Mrs. Eppard and the sheep. He had driven north along Kootenay Lake. Looking at the huge body of water, he wondered how he would ever cross it. The government agent at Nelson said it would cost $50—an impossible sum for the Eppards. So this very determined man walked to Riondel, where he found George De Mille who had a float with a small motor. This man, though poor himself, offered to loan Mr. Eppard his raft. After building a railing around the craft, Eppard found he could take 50 to 60 sheep at a time. Fred Watts of Riondel offered to be navigator. Fortunately the lake was very calm, but visibility was poor because ofthe smoke from forest fires. After two and a half days of very hard work, the flock was delivered to Mile point, a short distance south of Ainsworth. Mr. De Mille received three sheep and some small change for the use of his barge. It always amazes me that the people who have the least give the most to others in trouble. Leaving Ainsworth, the Eppards proceeded up the Slocan country to Kaslo, New Denver and Nakusp, where they turned southward to Needles, crossing the Arrow Lakes to Fauquier on the government ferry. Sheep food was scarce here, so the Eppards started to look toward the Okanagan where there was rumoured to be per- -50° 120c ne0 116°. N : L; •# Ve-nor r/oriil-eT ,=tcrd(i ^ ':, Cra*-\*c ^-iKr-tio-ltfy . S St May j1"- CANADA \ \ SA 116° BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 21 Below left: The Dakin sisters and Mabel McKay on the trail. 1935. Below right: Marguerite Dakin fishing. Note the sheep across the water feet grass. Next they travelled over the Monashees on a trail built by German prisoners of war during the First World War. That was really some road. In 1936 with my family, we went over that road to Lumby. I think it was very much the same as in 1934. I've never seen so many bad curves and switchbacks.Your rate of travel was between five and ten miles an hour. Those poor people and their sheep! Now there was also snow at the top of the Monashees. Fearlessly, the Eppards plodded along until they came down the mountains to that wonderful scene of the Okanagan at Lavington (between Vernon and Lumby). Here they met another sheepman, R.A. Davidson, who asked where they were going. Eppard said they were looking for grass to feed their sheep. The amazed Mr. Davidson offered them his fenced pasture until other arrangements could be made. The Eppards accepted gratefully. They were also given the use of an old deserted house. As Mrs. Eppard sat in the old empty house on an apple box (the only furniture there), she was heard to exclaim, "My, ain't it wonderful to be sitting in a real house!" How do you think you would have felt? Now they were given permission to winter their sheep in a big orchard south ofVernon.They had temporarily reached the end of their journey with good grass everywhere. Neighbours couldn't believe they had travelled hundreds of miles for some dirty old sheep. Following more trials and tribulations, the Eppards found their own grassy acres on the west side of Okanagan Lake. Now there were 1,000 sheep—the original 300 had multiplied, given them food, served for barter for other essentials during their 18-month trek, and now even helped them to buy their land. I certainly call them magnificent sheep. The Eppards' sickly son Kenneth was now a hearty seven-year-old, used to hard work in the outdoors. They now had a home and wonderful grass in an excellent climate.They lived here until 1942, when Mr. Eppard passed away.We know Mr. Eppard was a very determined man, but he was very considerate of his sheep and animals and looked after them well. To me Mrs. Eppard was the heroine of our story. She was very thankful for little kindnesses. She survived this trip without bitterness. Do you ever think you will see another trip like this?^^ The Eppards encountered three girls from Kimberley who were travelling on horseback. These girls were Mabel (McKay) McLeish, Doris (Dakin) Riddell, and Marguerite (Dakin) Beley. Mabel McKay became a nurse and she and her husband Roy retired to Riondel. Doris Riddell, an expert guide and horsewoman, lives at Silver Tip Ranch near Bull River and is a registered big game guide. Marguerite Dakin Beley became a schoolteacher and is now retired in Chapman Camp. Naomi Miller comments: Not only was the Kootenay part ofthe story confirmed by Marguerite Beley, it was vouched for by Mabel Stainton of Balfour. Mabel eagerly announced that she remembered the sheep being landed at their property near Ainsworth. Mabel (Lane) Stainton told me that she walked behind the sheep for a couple of miles as she was so fascinated by the dogs handling and herding the animals. And they were paid for the use of their orchard with a gift of two sheep, and Dad bought two extra, "We ate mutton for months. " 22 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol.35 No. 1 Archives and Archivists Editor Frances Gundry School Records and Education Anniversaries Next year (2002) is the 150th anniversary of the public school system of British Columbia. During the sesquicentennial year, we hope that British Columbians will celebrate the history of schools in their communities. We also hope that students, teachers, and local historians will avail themselves of resources available in the archives of British Columbia. Researchers will discover that education records offer more than evidence of a large bureaucracy.They're about people and communities.They document concerns of parents, personalities of teachers, and activities of thousands of boys and girls. They're one of the best windows we have on the social history of our province. The British Columbia Archives holds the largest number of education records. The records begin with a letter written in October 1851 by Governor James Douglas recommending that "one or two elementary schools" be established for "children of settlers" in the new (1849) colony of Vancouver Island.The governor asked colonial officials in London to send a couple of "capable teachers," a "good supply of School Books from the Alphabet upwards," and a bundle of "slates and pencils." A day school was duly established at FortVictoria in 1852 and a second colonial school opened in Nanaimo the next year. The colony's third school, at Craigflower, opened a few years later. Farm labourer Robert Melrose helped build it. In his diary for Saturday, 24 September 1854, Melrose recorded: "School- house frame erected. Whole company in general notoriously drunk." The school- house still stands, despite the unsteady hands of the contractors! Records in the BC Archives include reports from sober and solicitous school inspectors like Alfred Waddington. In his journal for September 1866,Waddington indicates that parents were concerned about the overly strict methods of some teachers in Victoria. "Advised [girls'teacher] Mrs. Fisher to be more lenient; informed [boys' teacherl Mr. Burr that there have been sev eral complaints about him being too severe and even violent with the children. I cautioned him to be more circumspect in this respect in the future." The diaries of John Jessop, provincial Superintendent of Education, contain colourful descriptions of the places he visited and the people he met during his school inspection tours in the 1870s. In one community, he reported, children were "unable to avail themselves of School privileges on account of distance, bad roads, and wild beasts." Education records held in the BC Archives contain a wealth of genealogical information. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, rural families who wanted access to the public school system had to petition the government, requesting that a school district be formed in their community and a schoolhouse be erected. In their petitions, they had to list the names and the ages of the children who would be attending the school. Once a school was opened, the teacher had to maintain a daily attendance register, another good source for local history and genealogy.These records even contain meteorological information! In the attendance registers, teachers had to record the weather every day the school was opened or closed during the school year. So, if we want evidence of heavy snowfalls or stormy weather, school records are the place to look. As well, school records offer a wonderful window into community life. Reports from teachers, trustees, and inspectors indicate that rural schools often doubled as places of worship and dancehalls; and, during the two World Wars, schools were focal points for local patriotic activities. Sixty years ago, the province was dotted with hundreds of small schools. Many of those schools disappeared following the Cameron Commission of 1946, when the provincial education system was reorganized and small school districts were consolidated to form the large administrative units we know today. Consolidation involved changes in record keeping and in record systems. Records once sent to the Department of Education inVictoria (and thence to the Provincial Archives) were maintained in the offices of regional school districts. That's where many of them repose today. Increasingly, though, inactive school records are being transferred to local archives. These records can now be readily identified using the new British Columbia Archival Information Network website <http://aabc.bc.ca/aabc/bcain.html>. Of course, they can also be identified conventionally, "in real time," by a telephone call, a letter, or a visit to your local archives and museum! In any case, the school records held in local or regional archives are every bit as rich in detail and content as those held in the provincial archives inVictoria. Activities and events to mark the 150th anniversary of our public schools will centre on two main themes: achievement and exploration. We want to look back and acknowledge the contributions and achievements of parents, students, trustees, teachers and administrators, and look forward and anticipate how schools might evolve in the future. The sesquicentennial might also involve discoveries. It's an opportunity for students and teachers to discover the cornucopia of historical records available to them in Victoria and in their local archives. Patrick Dunae Patrick Dunae is an education historian at Malaspina University-College and a former archivist. He is the author of The School Record: A Guide to Government Archives Relating to Public Education in British Columbia (1992) and editor of'The Homeroom: British Columbia's History of Education" Web site <http://www.mala.bc.ca/homeroom>. He is project co-manager (with Robb Gibbs) ofthe provincial anniversaries project,"Innovation and Imagination— Celebrating the Spirit of Education in British Columbia." Information about the project is posted at www.innovationandimagination.info <http:// www.innovationand imagination.info> Patrick Dunae can be reached by telephone at 250.380.1633 and e-mail: dunae@cliomedia.ca BC HISTORICAL NEWS -WINTER 2001/2002 23 Book Reviews Books for review and book reviews should be sent to: Anne Yandle, Book Review Editor BC Historical News, 3450 West 20th Avenue, Vancouver BC V6S1E4 Norma V Bennet, compiler Pioneer Legacy: Chronicles of the Lower Skeena River Vol. II, reviewed by George Newell. Danda Humphreys On the Street Where You Live. Vol. II. Victoria s Early Roads and Railways, reviewed by George Newell. Dennis Minaker Gorge of Summers Gone: A History of Victoria s Inland Waterway, reviewed by Arnold Ranneris. Vincent J. McNally The Lord's Distant Vineyard: A History of the Oblates and the Catholic Community in British Columbia, reviewed by Kevin Beliveau. Clive L. Justice Mr. Menzies' Garden Legacy: Plant Collecting on the Northwest Coast, reviewed by Eric W Groves. Marie Elliott Gold and Grand Dreams: Cariboo East in the Early Years, reviewed by Leslie Kopas. Barbara Ann Lambert Chalkdust & Outhouses: West Coast Schools, 1893-1950, reviewed by Kirk Salloum. John Harris Tungsten John, reviewed by George Newell. John Robson Captain Cook s World: Maps of the Life and Voyages of fames Cook, R.N., reviewed by Bruce Ward. Alan Rayburn Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names, reviewed by Ian Walker. Pioneer Legacy: Chronicles of the Lower Skeena River Vol. II. Compiled by NormaV. Bennett. Terrace, BC: Dr R.E.M. Lee Foundation, 2000. 240 pp. Illus. maps. $35 paperback; $45 hardcover. Available from Helen McRae, Dr R.E.M. Lee Hospital Foundation, 4720 Haugland Ave.,Terrace, BCV8G 2W7 On the Street Where You Live. Vol. II. Victoria s Early Roads and Railways. Danda Humphreys. Surrey: Heritage House, 2000. 187 pp. Illus., map. $34.95 hardcover. Reviewed by George Newell. These two books use the formats adopted for their previous volumes (see reviews in the BC Historical News 32:1 and 34:1). In each case the presentations are very adequate; the reader comes away with a vivid picture of the places and the people that are their subjects. Pioneer Legacy. Volume II complements nicely the contents of Volume I, recently reprinted, which essentially dealt with the period of steam boating on the lower Skeena. This second volume, in four sections, "documents...the beginning of another [era] through stories of early settlers, the laying of the first telegraph lines, the mail service, and finally, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, the greatest influence of all upon the opening and development of the Skeena River area." This brings the history of the region in the two volumes into the mid-twentieth century. The "Early Settlers" section concentrates on the individuals and families that shaped the communities on the main river at Remo, Eby's Landing-Kitsumkalum, Copper City- Copper River, and Meanskinisht-Cedarvale. Being for the most part first-hand accounts, and having been written in some instances decades after the original settlement of the communities, the writing and the recollections are diverse and uneven in both length and quality. The cumulative effect, however, is good. Transportation and communications for the early settlers are the bases for the three other sections of Pioneer Legacy." Anyone who has ever lived in a remote area for any length of time," Bennett notes, "will recall the excitement and eager anticipation with which whole communities awaited the arrival ofThe Mail." The telegraphs and the railway in their own ways were no less valued, in the case of the telegraphs as much for the maintenance trails that accompanied the wires as for the telegraph service itself. Humphreys' On the Street Volume II, enjoys, of course, the homogeneity of having only one author, and the entries or chapters are of more or less equal length. As in Volume I, there are 40 chapters, each built around a place, usually, but not always, a street or road. The principal family or families of the locale are often the focus. Again, transportation is a major theme: "From one end of this book to the other...," Humphreys writes, "...we see Victoria go through enormous changes.Trails and pathways give way to roads and railways. Jitneys and jalopies start to replace horses and carriages." Not only Victoria, one might add: several chapters are set in the Saanich peninsula. A significant feature of both books is the use of photographs.These add immeasurably to the value. In Pioneer Legacy more because they depict the geography of the Skeena as words could not do, while in On the Street the photos are accompanied by most informative legends and captions. Each book has a quite extensive index, and some notes on sources. Reviewer George Newell, a resident ofVktoria, formerly lived on the Skeena. Gorge of Summers Gone: A History of Victoria's Inland Waterway Dennis Minaker. Victoria: Dennis Minaker, 1998. 148 pp. Illus. $19.95 paperback. Available from Royal BC Museum Books. Reviewed by Arnold Ranneris. For those of us who are residents of Greater Victoria, the place names James Bay, Fernwood, Gordon Head, Esquimalt, and Saanich are much more than geographical in meaning; we recognize the historical uniqueness of each. Local author Dennis Minaker has written an excellent history of 24 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 the inland waterway commonly referred to as "The Gorge" but also known as "Victoria Arm."The late local historian Terry Reksten endorsed it as follows:" The Gorge of Summers Gone will be a welcome addition to the libraries of anyone interested in Victoria's social,political and architectural history...this book recalls the days when the Gorge Waterway was the glory ofVictoria." This book has illuminated a chapter of our history that most of us have not fully appreciated. Minaker has researched very thoroughly. An impressive number of archival and personal photographs, illustrations, and maps expand the meaning of the text. Excerpts from the newspapers ofthe day add descriptions in the words of the day. An extensive bibliography and index provide access to the author's sources. People who live in the Victoria area will be aware of a past era, particularly 1880-1930, when elegant homes were built in the Gorge Waterway area.The location beside the water, freedom from the winds that can rake the James Bay or Rockland area, and good transportation to the city provided an incentive to build here. However, it was not to be the playground for the wealthy only. B.C. Electric tramways made it possible for many to come for picnics and outings. The waterway also provided safe boating, a place for garden parties, swimming competitions, YMCA camping, or enjoyment ofthe elegant Japanese Tea Garden's menu. There were inevitable tragedies and accidents, however, such as the Point Ellice Bridge collapse on Victoria Day, 1896, described in detail. This is a very pleasant book to peruse and read. The text provides careful accounts of events in fifteen well-organized chapters. Individual and group photographs throughout illustrate the setting or situation described. Photos are carefully identified by names and date.The author wisely does not venture into recent developments. However, I did appreciate the inclusion, in Chapter One, entitled Craigflower Farm, 1850-1860, one of the Hudson Bay Farms, and Craigflower Manor, which continues as a historic site today, to give a broader historical context. This book illuminates the history and social life of a unique Victoria neighbourhood and is recommended for all with an interest in the period 1890-1930. Reviewer Arnold Ranneris is secretary ofthe British Columbia Historical Federation The Lord's Distant Vineyard: A History of the Oblates and the Catholic Community in British Columbia. Vincent J. McNally. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press and Western Canadian Publishers, 2000. 443 pp. Illus., maps. Reviewed by Kevin Beliveau The religious and church history of British Columbia remains largely "untapped" and "untold" by historians. Although BC is generally regarded as Canada's least religious province, those ignoring the role of religion and religious sentiment in the history of BC—in particular the major Christian churches before the Second World War—fail to address some of the most fascinating and revealing stories behind our local history. They also fail to recognize the connections and themes that link this local history to much larger denominational and social movements around the world. What we are left with is often a very reactionary, simplistic perspective—often fuelled by the ignorance of the popular media. This perspective tends to examine only the "shadows" of denominational history and paints a picture of a history that is terribly marginalized, instead of connected to a much larger series of stories about the spiritual and religious themes of Canadian, and indeed, human history. Add to this the reality that most scholars are no longer fluent in denominational jargon or sensitive to religious themes at work in Canadian history and it is no wonder that this story remains "untapped" and "untold." Not only is part of this history finally being told inVincent J. McNally s The Lord s Distant Vineyard: A History of the Oblates and the Catholic Community in British Columbia, but it is being told both critically and with sensitivity. This book is a far cry from A.G. Morice's simplistic A History ofthe Northern Interior of British Columbia (1906) or the triumphalist Cross in theWilderness (1960) by Kay Cronin. McNally approaches the history ofthe largest and most influential Catholic religious order in British Columbia's history with a critical eye. He reveals and deconstructs as much the "rugged individualism" of legend as the "shadows" of Oblate history that he argues can provide the human spirit with a new sense of unity, hope, and compassion and the possibility of individual and institutional reconciliation, reform, and renewal (page McNally's research outlines in both chronological and geographical order the history of this religious order from its ultramontane roots in revolutionary France through the early days of colonial British Columbia and Vancouver Island; the eventual emphasis on missionary work both along the Coast and in the Interior and through to the post-War period; and a contemporary chronology of recent developments among both European and First Nations congregations. All of this is accomplished with some reference to the pivotal roles played by religious orders of women, various First Nations communities, and the activities of both Catholic hierarchy as well as ordinary priests working in various locations across the province. Rivalry between the Oblates and secular clergy in Vancouver is given appropriate context and serves to explain much of the tensions and strains that plagued the Catholic community in Vancouver for decades. At several points a fascinating, though incomplete explanation is provided of the Oblate motivation to evangelize the First Nations' communities. McNally often refers to the Oblates'"repressively Jansenistic spirituality" (p 153), "obsession with pelvic morality" (p 153), and "authoritarian personality type" (p 166). This explanation, I believe, moves away from his stated premise to remain critical at the social and institutional level and instead moves dangerously close to merely pathologizing the "accused" and thereby trivializing the experience of the "victims" in Euro-Canadian attempts at assimilating the First Nations' communities. Had he remained critical at the institutional level, McNally might have further explained the cult of Jansenism and placed it in its proper context in the development of Christian heresies and Roman Catholicism. Instead, he reduces it to pelvic concerns and psychological personality types. Furthermore, a number of aspects of this history are lacking in treatment. For example, an explanation of Oblate activity along the Coast and on Vancouver Island in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is not balanced by similar treatment of activities in the Interior of BC as well as in the period after the Second World War. In this regard, McNally's research inadvertently indicates once again the seeming irrelevance of religion to British Columbians in the Interior and through the second half of the twentieth century. We now know that this was and is BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 25 not the case. As well, in keeping with his " critical" premise, McNally might have given space to the voices of First Nations people and their perceptions of the Oblates through time and in different regions. Perhaps its most significant drawback, the research silences their voices and thereby juxtaposes " Oblate activity" with seemingly "aboriginal passivity." The Lord's Distant Vineyard goes far at telling part of the story of religion in British Columbia. Its significance to readers of BC history is not only its accessible presentation of the history of the largest Catholic religious order in the Pacific Northwest, but its contribution toward a complete history of the Catholic Church in British Columbia— one that is sensitive and critical and therefore generally palatable to religious and secular audiences alike. Reviewer Kevin Beliveau is MA Student at the University of British Columbia Mr. Menzies' Garden Legacy: Plant Collecting on the Northwest Coast. Clive L. Justice.Vancouver: Cavendish Books, 2000. 137 pp. Illus., map. $22.95 paperback. Reviewed by Eric W Groves. Mr. Clive Justice says in his acknowledgements that he started writing this book after seeing, in 1992, the replicas of the Discovery's and Chatham s boats built for the Bicentenary of the re-enactment of Captain George Vancouver's landing in Puget Sound of 1792. In his book he has distilled a lifetime's knowledge gained in a study of trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants during a 30-year career as a forester and landscape architect, and ongoing since his retirement. Through its pages he liberally shares this knowledge with his readers. Mr. Justice is at his best when he is making a comparison between two species of the same genus, e.g. the two poplars Populus trichocarpa (Balsam Poplar) and P. tremuloides (Quaking Aspen). He follows by observing how their numbers in sizeable trees have much diminished along the Gulf Islands' beaches as to what they were a half century ago. He later remarks on the various varieties of Arbutus and their disjunct distribution down the west coast from British Columbia to the southern tip of Baja California. Of equal interest is his description of the conditions necessary for successful pollination and subsequent fruit-set in A.menziesii (Pacific Madrone) which occur once only every four to six years. Toward the end of his text the author refers to the habitat destruction that has occurred all along the coastline of Puget Sound and Admiralty Inlet and the islands and lagoons enclosed within them. The demand in the last half century for houses to be built on their own individual plots instead of being clustered in groups has, over the years, led to the loss of so many beautiful headlands and the wildflower refuges that they contained. One can readily empathize with Mr. Justice's remarks on man's greed in this respect, for no naturalist worth his salt today can be anything other than a committed conservationist.Your reviewer counts himself amongst such esteemed membership. However, for the purposes of this review he must now wear his other hat—that of a botanical historian—in order to point out some of the discrepancies that are present in the author's text. The following mistakes, though minor, should have been spotted by the publisher's proof reader, e.g." Cape Horn" as being associated with Africa (instead of South America, p 25);the spelling "Canarys" (which should be " Canaries," p 8); and the spelling "Sidney" (for Sydney, in Acknowledgements,p 4); Epilobium munitum instead of E.minutum p 52); and the saxifrage on p 52 wrongly referred to in note 15,pl48, as Sedum ferruginea. However, the more important errors refer to the confusion that has arisen concerning on which of Menzies' two voyages certain incidents took place.The first voyage he made was with Capt. James Colnett (1786-1789), a private fur-trading venture; the second with Capt. George Vancouver (1791-1795) was a Royal Navy expedition promoted by the British Government. Menzies acted as surgeon- naturalist on both voyages. A number of false statements have been made over the years concerning the Menzies story and if not refuted will be repeated from author to later author. With time these uncorrected statements tend to be accepted as true. As there are some historical errors that appear in Mr. Justice's text your reviewer considers it necessary to put the record straight where they are concerned.They are as follows: (a) Menzies when with Capt. Colnett (p 32 & 34) never visited New Zealand, California, or Valparaiso. He did go to them, but on his later voyage with Vancouver. (b) Vancouver, after visiting King George Sound, Western Australia, September- October 1791, took his ships direct to Dusky Bay, New Zealand. He never called at Sydney, Australia (as stated in note 3 for chapter 8,p 130). Menzies did not in fact get an opportunity to send home his Western Australian seeds to Kew until the expedition had reached Nootka, Vancouver Island, on 30 September 1791. (c) During Colnett's voyage when they were on the homeward leg from Canton in 1788 it is stated (p 26) that Menzies botanized at various stopping places: Sumatra the first and St. Helena the last. He never collected on Martinique during this voyage (in spite of what some earlier authors may have stated). No crew of an eighteenth-century vessel that had been round the world trading for three years would wish, let alone accept, to prolong their homecoming by diverting across the Atlantic to Martinique, an island in the West Indies. Menzies did in fact visit Martinique briefly with the British Navy but not until 1800, some twelve years later. (d) Vancouver never got hold of Menzies' journal (as stated on p 20) Menzies ignored the ship's regulations and sent it direct to Banks. It is as well it happened this way, for so many of the other officers' journals turned in to Vancouver on Admiralty orders, suffered subsequently by having vital pages torn from them. (But that is another story.) (e) Menzies never mounted any of his dried plants during his voyage (as alluded to on p 19) The time that he had available ashore to collect and later on board to press and dry his plants allowed for nothing further. After all, he had the crew's health to attend to daily, as this was the primary task for which he had been appointed. Specimens he was keeping for his own herbaria were not mounted (by him) until after he returned home in 1795 and those he presented to Sir Joseph Banks were not dealt with similarly until much later than that. Let not this review however end on a critical note. The book throughout is augmented with a selection of the excellent illustrations (some enlarged from their originals) from published works such as Vascular Plants ofthe Pacific Northwestj by A.S. Hitchcock et al. 5 vols. (1955-1969);George Sudworth's Forest Trees ofthe Pacific Slope (1908); R.C. Hosie's 26 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 NativeTrees of Canada (1969);and one or two others. Dr. Roy Taylor says in the foreword of the book that those who may pick it up will find it "a good read." I think we can go further than that and say that it is "a fascinating read." Readers may well be encouraged to introduce some of the species to their own gardens and maybe gain the same enjoyment studying them as Mr. Justice has had for so many years. Reviewer Eric Groves is a former member of the Botany Department of the Natural History Museum, London, England. Gold and Grand Dreams; Cariboo East in the Early Years Marie Elliott.Victoria: Horsdal & Schubart, 2000. 200 pp. Illus., maps. $17.95 paperback. Reviewed by Leslie Kopas. The title succinctly and precisely describes the subject. But it does not draw attention. Perhaps that is not important, since enthusiasts of British Columbia history will peruse the book anyway and be delighted with what they find: a thoroughly researched, balanced, and well-written book. Nevertheless, I believe a phrase from a letter from Quesnel Forks in 1862 (p 52) would have given the title more bite: " This is an awfully splendid, terribly miserable, excellent country." Initially, "Cariboo Country" extended only from Cariboo Lake north to Williams Creek, and comprised the Snowshoe Plateau from which drained the famous gold creeks. Later, Cariboo stretched from 100 Mile House north to Quesnel, and from the Cariboo Mountains west to the Fraser River. Cariboo East, the east part, included the settlements of Quesnel Forks, Keithley Creek, Antler, and Horsefly. The dominating geographical features are the Quesnel River and Cariboo River, which join at Quesnel Forks, Quesnel Lake, and the Snowshoe Plateau. Gold and Grand Dreams is thick with historical facts put together in a flowing style. Personalities—and there are a lot of them— come alive through telling detail. Personal histories are often carried to their end, particularly near the final pages of the book, provoking a feeling of the closing not only of lives but of an era. The story moves from the discovery of gold on the Quesnel River in 1859 to the demise of Quesnel Forks, the principal settlement, about 1916. The earliest years— 1859,1860,1861,1862—are given a chapter each, for they were the exciting initial part of the Cariboo gold rush as it moved up the Quesnel and Cariboo rivers and over the Snowshoe Plateau to Williams Creek and Barkerville.The chronology is easy to follow but the number of place names demands careful attention even if one has an excellent mental map of the country. An interesting 1913 map by Gustavus Epner is printed at the front of the book, but it is barely adequate. The placer mines provided the first economic base for the Cariboo (for the white man). At least as important in the enterprise was the work of government administrators and business people; they were essential for the survival of the miners. Flour and beans for men and hay for horses had to be available or everyone starved, gold or no gold. And there was very limited horse feed in the forests of East Cariboo. A horse trail was built over Snowshoe Plateau in 1861. In winter, humans (usually native Indians) became packers on snowshoes. The famous Cariboo Cameron pulled a sled with his wife's body over the trail in February 1863. Chinese were right behind the first white men, both as miners and businessmen. (They could not be ahead or their claims would be taken.) For a decade or so East Cariboo was largely a Chinese place. East Cariboo declined economically along with placer mining until capitalists began investing in hydraulic mining in the 1890s. The Bullion Pit became famous as an exceedingly large hole. They built a dam across the Quesnel River to mine the river bottom; the remains can still be seen at Likely. The capitalists took great financial risks— and lost. When they departed, the country was quiet again except for a brief gold rush on Cedar Creek near Likely in 1921-1923. Today Quesnel Forks has scarcely enough collapsing log cabins left to give it the air of a ghost town. It is, nevertheless, a delightful place (in August) on the flat where the Quesnel and Cariboo rivers meet.The Likely Cemetery Society has renovated the cemetery; names in Gold and Grand Dreams are seen on gravestones. The 1861 gold rush trail over Snowshoe Plateau between Keithley Creek and Barkerville has been reopened. In three days on the trail I saw nobody, nor any boot tracks but my own. Reviewer Leslie Kopas is the author of No Path but My Own: Horseback Adventures in the Chilcotin and the Rockies. Chalkdust & Outhouses: West Coast Schools, 1893-1950 Barbara Ann Lambert. Powell River, BC: Barbara Ann Lambert, 2000. 340 pp. Illus., maps. $40 hardcover. Available from Barbara Ann Lambert, 3930 Padgett Road, RR1, Powell River, BQV8A 4Z2. Reviewed by Kirk Salloum. In this "Millennium Edition" Barbara Ann Lambert has compiled the submissions of former students, teachers, administrators, school trustees, and residents who recall the early days of West Coast school life in communities extending from the Bella Coola area to Jervis Inlet. Material from books on the region and documentation from local and government archives are also cited. Interspersed amongst the recollections are diary entries, photos, poems, references, and stories written by Lambert. However, readers will find that in-depth analyses of the information collected are lacking. The submissions are often repetitive, showing that what people remember is similar and that certain schooling highlights make lifelong impressions. For instance, many individuals recalled classroom routines, games (with "anti-anti-I-over" being mentioned the most), no running water, wood-burning stoves, holiday celebrations, and outhouses. The audience for this limited-edition print of 1,000 copies is narrow and would include people who lived in these coastal communities.Those studying certain aspects of education could find the recollections a wealthy source of qualitative data. Students that attended these schools emphasize the day-to-day activities with which they were involved. Recollections by trustees provide information on the early governing of schools and districts. Former teachers and school administrators talk about teacher training, teacher evaluation, and curriculum development. In addition, there are discussions on First Nations education, preschools, adult education, and alternate programs. These recollections preserve portions of history that might otherwise be lost. Some illustrate the excitement that occurred as schools' outhouses and wood stoves were switched to flush toilets and central heating. Others outline how school buildings changed from one to multiple rooms. From time to time, barges were employed to relocate schools. One submission describes a teacher conducting class in the school house as it was BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 27 barged to a new location. Some readers, especially coastal residents, will find that they have heard of many of the individuals mentioned in the photos and submissions. Others will recognize some prominent British Columbians such as the entrepreneur, author, and artist Jim Spilsbury. This book lacks a thorough explanation of its organization. Readers are on their own to ascertain why materials were compiled in a particular manner. For example, a chapter outlining Powell River seniors' memories of their school days in other parts of Canada or the United Kingdom appears to be out of place with the book's topic. However, this chapter does show that schooling in these areas was somewhat similar to schooling on the West Coast. Chalkdust & Outhouses is an interesting glimpse of early life in this West Coast region. The book is of value to those seeking oral history for the study of education. Perhaps the information accumulated by Lambert will be used in a richer dimension in the future. Reviewer Kirk Salloum is an educational consultant living in Vancouver, BC. Tungsten John John Harris. Vancouver, New Star Books, 2000. 262 pp. Illus., maps. $19 paperback. Reviewed by George Newell.Victoria. A good idea of the subject matter and the contents of Tungsten John is provided by the extended title of the book "...being an account of some inconclusive but nonetheless informative attempts to reach the South Nahanni River by foot and bicycle interspersed with stories of research into a number of startling new facts concerning the dramatic history of Nahanni...with maps and directions for the dedicated adventurer..." The "inconclusive...attempts" were made by Harris and Lougheed with the road into the mining town of Tungsten (mothballed when mining operations ceased in 1986) as the base of their operations/Tor me," Harris writes,"the mining roads are the major factor, about 200 kilometres of all-season roads with culverts and bridges. Though many of the bridges and culverts are in rough shape, the roads can still be cycled for great distances. It is possible to cycle to a trailhead with plenty of supplies and then work your way by various passages through mountains to the legendary Nahanni River." The names "Nahanni" and "South Nahanni" are used for the same river; it is gazetted as South Nahanni. For readers oi BC Historical News, the main interest of Tungsten John may be in its fresh interpretations of some of the stories and legends—the "dramatic history"—grown out of the non-Native intrusions into the valleys of the Nahanni. Several men have gone into the area and not come out. It is the river of R.M. Patterson's Dangerous River] Tungsten is situated on the Flat River, a major tributary. Harris and Lougheed, of course, approach the river from a direction different from that taken by Patterson and virtually all of his contemporaries, and by very different means, and a half century later. Altogether Tungsten John is a good read. Included is valuable biographical material on several of those who went into the region, including George (Dal) Dalziel who became very well known in Northern British Columbia following his years in Nahanni. There are six maps and they are very adequate. These maps are not listed in the table of contents and the reader must find them for himself/herself—a common situation. The fifteen photographs are mostly of people, with several of abandoned cabins. The surrounding country in the photographs is almost incidental, possibly a reflection of Harris's own interests. A bibliography is not provided, and is not necessary as the authors mention their sources throughout the narrative, with some penetrating observations. The book has minor lapses, which editing might have removed: Lened and South Lened creeks are shown on the relevant map as Legend and South Legend; the Stewart- Cassiar Highway is called the Stuart-Cassiar; and I presume the reference to Heather Robertson's Nobody Here But Us is to Moira Farrow's book of that title which has a chapter on Albert Faille, a central character in the region's history. The index is extensive, however not always accurate. For example, the book Nahanni Remembered is indexed as being mentioned on pages 189 and 191, yet is not mentioned on either page. Minor matters, but annoying. Captain Cook's World: Maps of the Life and Voyages of James Cook, R.N. John Robson. Seattle: University ofWashington Press, 2000. 212 pp. $59.95 hardcover. Reviewed by Bruce Ward. What's this? Another book about Cook? Even the author asks this question in view of the many other books out there, including the original journals, the meticulous Beaglehole series, and several Hakluyt Society books. Three recent Hakluyt atlases edited by Andrew David even contain the original charts of each expedition. John Robson correctly points out that these other sources are expensive and not widely available. His atlas has maps of Cook's routes, anchorages, and stopovers in chronological order for all three expeditions. He achieves this, as well as showing the related shorelines that Cook couldn't record, by using blank base maps with current coastlines.These are then filled in with the ship's tracks, the dates, some local geographical features and some relevant text in the empty spaces. The author is now a resident of New Zealand. He was raised in England, where he became a lifelong Cook enthusiast. His inclusion of all the Cook memorials and libraries on his maps is indicative of that, even if it takes us somewhat away from the historical context. There is a section on Cook's life before the voyages.There are also some 55 pages of additional text, presented in chronological order, to augment the maps of each voyage. There are 128 maps and a 15-page gazetteer containing every place name. However, there is no index to locate surnames or events, or other ships' names. Maybe this could be added in a later edition. The first section is fascinating, as it deals with Cook's eight years on the Tyne-to- Thames coal ships, then his first Royal Navy duties blockading France for three years.This was followed by ten years on the east coast of Canada, including blockades at Louisburg, attacks at Gaspe, ferrying troops at Quebec, and assisting in the recapture of St John's, Newfoundland, from the French (including La Perouse). After the Seven Years War was over, he spent many of his winters, and all of 1761, stationed in Halifax. During the summer, he carried out hydrographic surveys covering a substantial amount of Newfoundland and the St. Lawrence. His notes to the Royal Society on a solar eclipse in 1766 may have had some influence on 28 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 him being chosen as expedition leader over Dalrymple for the trip to the Pacific to observe the Transit of Venus. Romantics and Cook historians may be disappointed by the lack of any original maps or journal extracts, so perhaps they should have Price's The Explorations of Capt James Cook in the Pacific as Told by Selections of his Own Journals open as they read this atlas. New or casual historians should welcome this atlas as perhaps the easiest way to become familiar with Cook's personal history and specific voyages and ship's routes. Even experienced historians will probably find this helpful in reminding them of the lesser stops, and in differentiating which areas were covered in each voyage. One improvement would be to use more colourful and more detailed base maps, with some land contours and sea bottom soundings to show the nature of the terrain. The lack of North arrows and scales is acknowledged by the author as a compromise due to formatting problems, but makes it difficult for the reader to judge the size of any unfamiliar area. Overall, the book is a good addition to the Cook literature for its comprehensive route coverage and the identity of each stop, with an appropriate amount of text to augment the maps. It might be the first book you want to read for a geographical and chronological summary ofthe three voyages. Reviewer Bruce Ward is a member of the Map Society of British Columbia. Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names Alan Rayburn. Toronto: University ofToronto Press, 2001. 360 pp. $60 hardcover, $24.95 paperback. Reviewed by Carl Ian Walker, North Vancouver. This book is an eclectic compendium of accounts of geographical name derivations. As Executive Secretary of the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for many years, Rayburn had written a series of articles for Canadian Geographic on which he based this book. His enthusiasm and love for the subject is evident throughout the fascinating work. Naming Canada does not purport to be a comprehensive compilation of Canadian place names. Instead, it contains a series of articles from various vantage points. The author examines thematically names that have obviously caught his fancy. These themes include political issues, patriotic causes, native origins, and the commemoration of prominent persons and families. Rayburn displays a great interest in the use of names of Native origin, stating that they" are distinguishing marks of a country." These are of special interest when one considers the many and diverse language communities from which they are derived. He deals in some depth with Miramachi, Saskatoon, Medicine Hat, the Mississippi River (Ontario), and Canso (Nova Scotia). While Rayburn generously discusses western names, I encountered the typically eastern bias, when he refers to Toronto as "Canada's only truly cosmopolitan city". Vancouverites and Montrealers will no doubt shudder at this unfortunate generalization. However, my western inferiority complex was somewhat assuaged when I read the lengthy section on the Nanaimo bar, including its recipe. Of regional interest is Rayburn's examination of eastern names of Basque and Portuguese, derived from explorers and fishermen, and west coast names taken from the Spanish explorers. This latest revision in 2001 has enabled Rayburn to touch upon the furor caused when Prime Minster Chretien precipitously renamed Mount Logan after the recently deceased Pierre Elliott Trudeau, only to have it reversed after two weeks of negative reaction. (It is amusing to note that while the Prime Minster made the original proclamation, he left it to a cabinet minister to announce the retraction.) A similar political debacle arose in 1946 when Prime Minister Mackenzie King renamed Castle Mountain, Alberta, as Eisenhower Mountain, without first obtaining the agreement of the provincial authorities. After considerable intergovernmental wrangling, complicated by the fact that the mountain was in Banff National Park, its name finally reverted to Castle Mountain in 1979. Its prominent eastern elevation was designated as Eisenhower Peak. Less controversial were a series of mountains named after other Prime Ministers, and miscellaneous geographical features commemorating Canadian Governors General and British royalty. One cannot mention all of the themes dealt with by Alan Rayburn.This is definitely a browsing book—one where the reader can bounce about, indulging in the author's wide range of interests. Newsworthy Books listed here may be reviewed at a later date. For further information on any title, please consult Book Review Editor Anne Yandle. Banking on Alaska: The Story of the National Bank of Alaska. Terrence Cole and Elmer E. Rasmuson. Fairbanks, University of Alaska Press, 2000. $25 US Brick by Brkk'.The Story of Clayburn. Helmi Braches Ed., Clayburn, Clay- burnVillage Community Society, 2001. $25.00 Burrard Inlet; a History. Doreen Armitage. Madeira Park, Harbour Publishing, 2001. $32.95 Circle of Silver. Centennial Series Vol. 4. Milton Parent. Arrow Lakes Historical Society, 2001. Box 819, Nakusp, BC $55 First Crossing;Alexander Mackenzie: His Expedition Across North America, and the Opening of the Continent. Derek Hayes.Vancouver, Douglas & Mclntyre, 2001. $50 HMCS Haida:Batde Ensign Flying: Canada s famous Tribal Class Destroyer. Barry M. Gough. St. Catherine's, Ont.,Vanwell Publishing, 2001. $50. (Available fromVanwell Publishing, PO Box 2131, 1 Northrup Cres.,St. Catharines, ON L2R 7S2) Hobnobbing with a Countess and other Okanagan adventures: the Diaries of Alice Barrett Parke, 1891-1900. Edited by Jo Fraser Jones. Vancouver, UBC Press, 2001. $85 Pilots to Presidents: British Columbia Aviation Pioneers and Leaders, 1930-1960. Peter Corley-Smith.Victoria, Sono Nis Press 2001. $26.95 The Promise: Love, Loyalty and the Lure of Gold; the Story of "Cariboo " Cameron. Bill Gallaher.Victoria,TouchWood Editions, 2001. $17.95 Salt Spring: The Story of an Island. Charles Kahn. Madeira Park, Harbour Publishing, First paperback edition 2001. $24.95 A Tour of Duty in the Pacific Northwest: E. A. Porcher and H.M. S. Sparrowhawk, 1865-1868. Dwight L. Smith, ed. Fairbanks, University of Alaska Press, 2000. US $34.95 Two Wolves at the Dawn of Time: Kingcome Inlet Pictographs, 1893-1998. Judith Williams. Vancouver, New Star Books, 2001. $29.00 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 29 Token History: Herman Koelkenbeck and the "K. Pool Room" of Ashcroft, BC by Ronald Greene 1. The Ashcroft lournal, 26 Jan. 1907 and 8 June 1907. 2. The Ashcroft lournal, 3 August 1907. 3. The Ashcroft lournal 21 Sept. 1907. 4. The Ashcroft Journal,]une 1908. 5. The Ashcroft lournal, 17 October 1908. 6. A check of five months of the Ashcroft lournal, from December 1918 onward, did not produce a single reference to Mr. Kellock. His wife, "in Ashcroft for some months,' moved to Cranbrook for the winter months. Ashcroft lournal, 21 December 1918. 7. Statutes of British Columbia, Chap. 28, 1912, "An Act for the Regulation of Poolrooms in Districts not included in any Municipal Area." assented to 27 February. 1912. 8. Statutes of British Columbia, Chap. 55, 1913, "An Act to amend the Tool-rooms Act"', assented to 21 Feb. 1913. 9. blind pigs were unlicensed drinking establishments. 10. Port Alberni News.l February 1913. 11 .The group was named after the quadruped, not the region.The spelling for the region, Cariboo, is long thought to be a corruption of the French, Cariboeuf for the same animal. Akrigg credits James Douglas as having used the term Cariboo. G.P.V & Helen Akrigg, 1001 British Columbia Place Names, 3rd Edition. 1973, p 37. A number of chapters were organized but the Brotherhood seems to have faded from view quite quickly. 12. "TteAhmftJoumi, 1 April 1916. 13.GR94,Vol.2,letterof8Dec. 1916, Superintendent to Frank E. Aiken, Chief Constable, Clinton. TODAY the Village of Ashcroft is a small community located on the Thompson River a few kilometres off the Trans Canada Highway at the southern edge of the Cariboo country. It is about 10 kilometres south of Cache Creek, which is the junction of highways 1 and 97 (east to Kamloops, north to Williams Lake and Prince George, or south to Vancouver). The population is about 2,500 and Ashcroft has served as a bedroom community for HighlandValley Copper Mine employees in addition to those involved in the lumbering activity that goes on in the area. In 1910 the population was 500 people, and Ashcroft, which was located on the CPR mainline, was the Gateway to the Cariboo. Stages left the town twice a week for the Cariboo mines. Herman Koelkenbeck was a native of Antwerp, Belgium, where he was born in November 1862. He came to North America by the 1880s and four of his six children were born in Chicago. By 1897 he was living in Payette, Idaho, where the youngest two children were born. According to his obituary and the family he came to New Westminster, then spent some time in Spences Bridge, and came to Ashcroft in 1906. We found him listed in New Westminster in 1903, as a barber, boarding at the Oriental Hotel, which probably indicates that he came ahead and, when he settled in, sent for his family. We next picked up the trail in Ashcroft where he established himself as a barber and advertised himself as: H. Koelkenbeck the Ashcroft barber makes a specialty of Ladies' Hair trimming, singeing and shampooing, also face massage. Ladies evenings Monday,Wednesday and Friday, after 8 p.m. Please make appointment in advance, and The only first class Tonsorial Parlors in Ashcroft. Ladies' work a speciality. Hot and cold baths.1 In the summer of 1908, the newspaper reported," Barber Koelkenbeck is nothing if not enterprising. He has rented part of the Cargile Hotel and will turn it into a pool and billiard room and shooting gallery."2 About six weeks later, 21 September, the newspaper reported that, Koelkenbeck's Pool and Billiard Hall now open. First-class tables, comfortable chairs for rubbernecks, the best domestic and imported cigars and cigarettes. A delightful pastime. Call in and enjoy yourself for an hour or two.3 Unfortunately Mr. Koelkenbeck never advertised his poolroom although he continued to run a regular advertisement for his barber shop activity until May 1908.The only subsequent mention ofthe poolroom occurred in June 1908, "The pool room is closed for the present, owing to the lease having expired."4 To this point in time it appears that Herman Koelkenbeck's was the only poolroom in Ashcroft. We note that a "Donald's Billiard and Pool Room" opened in late September 1908, but was slated to last but a few weeks. Mr. Donald's departure was mentioned after the fact, "The pool-room artist Donald has demonstrated his artistic abilities in skidooing out of town, sidestepping all his creditors and disappearing into the great unknown leaving many mourners in his wake."5 In the next few years there were other poolrooms established in Ashcroft, but no other one that might have called itself the " K. Pool Room," with the possible exception of an operation by Ray Kellock for the year 1919. But 1919 is rather late for a 12'/2 cent token and we think that we can safely discount Mr. Kellock as being the issuer.6 In April 1910 W Jamieson opened a poolroom, which he sold to J.C. Freeman in May 1911. Freeman then increased the number of tables to six. In October 1911 F.W Engeman and EC. Peters purchased the former Huston's Livery building and set up a poolroom there. Mr. Freeman was not to be outdone and added four more tables. Ashcroft was affected at the time as the Canadian Northern Rail line was being put through the Thompson Canyon. Pool was one of the few recreational activities available to railway construction workers who were living in construction camps and pool halls sprang up all along the line, wherever the construction workers were at the time. Some of the poolrooms would move every two months to stay near the rail head. But the government's attitude was unsympathetic. Special regulations were put in to govern poolrooms in 19127 and the rates were dramatically increased in early 1913 to $50 per licence from $5 per table.8 The attorney general was quoted at the time as saying, "Poolrooms have sprung up like mushrooms all over the Province, especially along the lines of the railway construction, and we believe it necessary to have a better and more thorough system of inspection.There is reason to believe that some of these places are breeding grounds for blackjack, if indeed, many of them are not blind pigs,9 .. .As to the fear .. .that the new rate will drive some of the smaller fellows out of business, the department would be only too glad if that were the case. A good many of these places would be better closed and whilst it is claimed that it may be necessary to provide some form of amusement for the evenings, 30 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 1999 we are convinced that in too many cases the pool-rooms are but excuses for places of a worse character."10 One wonders what the government of that day would think of today's Casinos. Engeman and Peters called their place the "Pastime" and they carried on until they were burnt out in the great fire of 7 July 1916. One other poolroom appears to have operated prior to 1916. We didn't find out when McDonald's poolroom opened, but it was purchased in July 1912 by Frank Riley and thereafter advertisements for the Ashcroft poolroom commenced, but without a proprietor's name.Thus we can see that only the short-lived Koelkenbeck's poolroom would have been referred to as the "K. Pool Room." For some time Mr. Koelkenbeck was the only barber shop in Ashcroft. In 1911 and 1912 he employed a second barber. In 1913 the Engeman & Peters poolroom also put in a barber shop. Throughout BC this seems to have been a quite common combination of occupations. In his days in Ashcroft Mr. Koelkenbeck was involved in raising pigeons, which he showed, and was the initial Supreme Secretary when the Caribou Brotherhood was organized in 1912.This was a fraternal organization dedicated to collect and preserve the history of the Cariboo and the adventures had by the pioneers of the area.11 In early 1916 Herman Koelkenbeck decided to have a change in career and sold his barber shop to Omar Huston, who put Joe Warden in charge.12 Mr. Koelkenbeck then proceeded to fit out a building for the new fangled movie pictures. He called his movie house the" Cozy Theatre" but at least one reference was made to it as the Kokey. Unfortunately, only about three weeks after the Cozy opened the great fire of 7 July 1916, which started in the Ashcroft Hotel-another token issuer-wiped out both hotels in town, the "Pastime" poolroom, two banks,Warden's barber shop (the former Koelkenbeck shop), Russell's moving picture hall, the Cozy, several other businesses, and a number of private houses including Mr. Koelkenbeck's. He was able to save the furniture. In total five blocks of the town were destroyed. Following this loss Koelkenbeck went to Savona for several months, but surfaced in late 1916 in Clinton, some 50 kilometres (33 miles) north of Ashcroft, where he purchased the pool room of CL. McCarthy. The Pool-rooms Act had placed supervision in the hands of the superintendent of Provincial Police without any checks on his authority and the rules were interpreted in an arbitrary, almost draconian fashion. In 1915, at renewal time for the 1916 licences, it came to the attention of the superintendent that Mr. McCarthy had in his employ, an Austrian, or as they referred to him, an alien enemy.There was nothing in the statutes forbidding such an employee, but the Superintendent instructed the chief constable in Clinton that Mr. McCarthy would not have his licence renewed until he had dispensed with the services of the alien enemy. McCarthy had no choice and fired the man. When McCarthy sold the business to Herman Koelkenbeck, to take effect 1 January 1917, the chief constable in Clinton submitted the appropriate application form for a licence.The superintendent almost immediately wrote: In reference to the application of Herman Koelkenbeck for a Pool-room Licence at Clinton, I will be pleased to know if Mr. Koelkenbeck is the Austrian Alien Enemy referred to in your report dated 7th December, 1915, in reference to the application of CL. McCarthy for a Pool-room Licence at Clinton, the granting of which was refused until Mr. McCarthy had dispensed with the services of the Austrian he had in his employ13 Fortunately Mr. Koelkenbeck's ancestry was Belgian, and Belgium Herman Koelkenbeck sweeping up outside the barber shop fl Herman Koelkenbeck inside the barber shop. was an occupied ally at the time. Such concern over German or German sounding names led the Royal Family to adopt the name Windsor during the First World War and Herman's younger son Arthur changed his family name to Kingston. Herman Koelkenbeck conducted his barber shop and poolroom in Clinton until he entered hospital in early 1919. He had been ailing for some time and succumbed to stomach cancer 20 March 1919 at age 57. His wife, Wilhelmina, survived until 1930.<J==^-' We would like to acknowledge the assistance of Mr. Koelkenbeck's great-grandson, Brian Slough, who shared some family information and provided the photographs of the Ashcroft barber shop. BC Token Database A8572b The token is Brass: Round: 251 BC HISTORICAL NEWS - SPRING 1999 31 Reports Tea Farm in British Columbia, 1887, by Georgina de L'Aubiniere (1844-1925), signed and dated, watercolour on paper, 25.5 x 35.8 cm; Acquired by the National Archives of Canada in 1991;Accession no.: 1991-342-2; Negative no.: C-138083. Tea in BC? The lovely late nineteenth-century watercolour shown on the cover of this issue is a rare instance where the Chinese presence in British Columbia has been visually documented. It is all the more interesting because it was a time when many citizens of British Columbia wanted restrictions placed on the Chinese population to prevent them from remaining in Canada. The watercolour shows three figures working, dressed in blue and wearing conical hats. The landscape consists of trees and low bushes with a windmill probably pumping water.The exact location remains to be identified. According to the BC Ministry of Agriculture, the climate of British Columbia is suitable for growing tea. Although there are no records of it being grown commercially, it is known that Chinese settlers were quite adventurous in growing plants and vegetables for their own use. The artist, Georgina de l'Aubiniere, British by origin, and her husband, who was French, arrived inVictoria from the United States in 1886.They were very popular with Victorian society and proposed to establish a museum and art school which did not come to pass. Emily Carr mentioned them, although not favourably, in Growing Pains, including the fact that they painted Chinese subjects: ... they painted a few faraway mountains... a Chinaman's shack on which they put a curved roof like an Eastern temple, then they banged down the lids of their paintboxes, packed up, went back to the Old World. Canada had no scenery, they said. (Quoted in Maria Tippett and Douglas Cole, From Desolation to Splendour, p 57) The couple spent the spring of 1887 painting the landscape in and around Victoria. In June 1887 they held an exhibition of about 150 oils and watercolours from which 14 items were purchased by the province to present to Queen Victoria, honouring the 60th year of her reign. Obviously people did not see eye to eye with Emily Carr's judgment. "Tea Farm in British Columbia" would most likely have been in that exhibition. By 1888 the LAubinieres were in Eastern Canada. The Lady Belleau Album, owned by the National Archives, which belonged to Marie Josephte Belleau (1811-1884), the wife of Narcisse Fortunat Belleau, Prime Minister of Canada and the first Lieutenant-General of Quebec, contains two watercolours by Georgina de L'Aubiniere. This watercolour forms part of the Documentary Art collection of the National Archives of Canada. The collection consists of paintings, watercolours, prints, and other forms of visual records and serves to document Canadian history using visual evidence. —Eva Major-Marothy Eva Major-Marothy is Senior Art-Archivist in the Art Acquisition & Research Section of the Documentary Art and Photography Division ofthe National Archives of Canada. BC's Best Teachers of Canadian History Three teachers from British Columbia were finalists for the 2001 Governor General's Award for Excellence in Teaching Canadian History. Georgina McMurchy-Barber a history teacher from Vancouver; Richard Beardsley, a social studies teacher from Richmond; and Diane Rodewoldt, a social studies teacher from Princeton; were selected from a national pool of teachers. They were nominated for their innovative ability to bring Canadian history to life for their students. The award program, established in 1996 by Canada's National History Society is designed to recognize and reward the efforts of outstanding Canadian history teachers, and promote the sharing of great history teaching ideas. Twelve finalists are selected annually; one recipient from among the finalists is chosen for the award. Geo RGINA M cMuRCHY-BARBER, elementary teacher in Vancouver, has developed a unique history program for nine-to-twelve- year-old students. The program focuses on experiential learning and integrates science, writing, literature, art and music into Canadian history. McMurchy-Barber's students get a sense of life in the past by performing in historical plays she has written: "The Dirty Thirties,"" Gold Fever,""True Patriot Love," and " Headlines." As part of a French Canadian history unit, students host a French Fair where they enact French history skits, learn songs, prepare French food, and present elaborate presentations on French Canadian history. This unit culminates in a trip to Quebec City and Montrealjust one of many field trips McMurchy-Barber's classes participate in.The students have also studied the gold rush in Barkerville, Haida culture on the Queen Charlotte Islands, the First Nations in Head-Smashed-in Buffalo Jump, and prehistory in Drumheller. Richard Beardsley, a grade 9 and 11 social studies teacher in Richmond, is known for his outstanding ability to make history interesting and to engage his students. Not only does he teach the prescribed curriculum in inventive ways, he creates and implements his own teaching units. 32 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 In one of the most popular units, students simulate the work of a parliamentary committee assessing the Canadian government's internment of Japanese Canadians in 1942. They study primary documents, photos, and newspaper clippings and participate in role playing, historical interpretation, analysis of bias, and critical thinking. Beardsley s classes also create a model parliament complete with working committees to debate bills on controversial issues such as conscription, gun control, and young offenders. Through this activity students gain a thorough understanding of the workings of parliament and the roles and responsibilities of MPs and have the opportunity to investigate interesting issues. DlANE RODEWOLDT, a social studies teacher in Princeton, motivates her students to learn through a variety of projects that use diverse skills. Roldewoldt's students can be found creating their own government, writing citizenship essays, and building model homesteads. Her students participate in an archaeological dig, sharing and interpreting their findings with another class. Guest speakers are brought in to discuss the importance of the artifacts found with the class.This is used as a spinoff for class discussion of First Nations history, oral tradition, and the current controversies over land claims and access to natural resources. McMurchy-Barber, Beardsley, and Rodewoldt were honoured with the other award finalists at a ceremony in October at Rideau Hall, Ottawa, under the auspices of Her Excellency, the Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson, Governor General of Canada. Mel Grief from Toronto was this year's recipient of the Award. Over the six-year history of the award there have been two recipients and eleven finalists from BC.Tom Morton ofVancouver was the award recipient in 1998 and Charles Hou from Burnaby was the recipient in 1996. As part of the award program and to further the sharing of effective history teaching ideas, Canadian National History Society posts finalists' lesson plans and a network of teaching specialists on its Web site at www.historysociety.ca. The finalists' lesson plans are also published in an annual newsletter. Letters to the editor Launders' Coat of Arms The editorial in the summer edition of BC Historical News (34:3) resulted in an interesting correspondence about the creator of the coat of arms. Here follows in part the text of the communications received. Michael Layland: You invited comments on the suitability of the crest or badge of the Province, and illustrate the editorial invitation with a drawing in the BC Archives (PDP02809) listed as "Original Coat of Arms, Colony of BC." My interest in this piece derives from its authoX'J.B. Launders at the Lands and Works Office.Victoria. Oct. 23rd. 1871." I have been researching Sapper James Launders' life, work, and sad end. He came out with Col. Moody's Columbia Detachment, Royal Engineers, as a cartographic draughtsman. When the detachment disbanded, Launders elected to stay on, continuing his trade with the civil authority, first at New Westminster and, after 1868, in the Birdcages,Victoria. His magnum opus was the first map of the new Province, commonly referred to as "The Trutch Map." As well as many maps and town plans, he also designed and engraved the first postage stamps and, later, various official seals, including that of Nanaimo. He left Lands & Works in disgrace, in July 1872. It would seem that one of his last projects with the department was to draw the badge under discussion. The drawing is clearly only a preliminary sketch. He used a scrap sheet of map material—there are three lines of a map sheet border, one of which is labelled "50° 16".The date under his signature would indicate that it was drawn after BC joined Confederation as a Province, and so cannot be as listed in BC Archives. Launders' name has been commemorated by the Provincial Toponomist in Launders Creek, a tiny stream on the northern fringe of Manning Park.This was done in recognition of a minor realignment to a part of the Grant (or Hope) Trail suggested by Launders and not for his work as a cartographer. While I would applaud any initiative to acknowledge Launders tremendous contribution to the cartographic history of BC, I do not feel that using his sketch—featuring a rather astonished lion—for a badge for the BC Historical Federation would do any more to honour his work than did the naming of Launders Creek. Robert W Allen: The Coat of Arms you displayed in the summer 2001 issue of British Columbia Historical News was developed by James Benjamin Launders, Land Surveyor. My good friend, Barry Cotton, British Columbia Land Surveyor, wrote a short (yet unpublished) biography on Launders and the following is an excerpt from it: Launders' design for British Columbia's coat of arms is an interesting one. Although the motive is obviously appropriate to the times—a lion wearing a crown standing on an enlarged crown—Launders managed to put more than a little originality into it. Only a surveyor would choose salal leaves for part of the surround...I have to remark that, whether by accident or otherwise, there is an expression on the face of the heraldic lion which verges on the comical. Perhaps inscrutable would be a better word. Although this emblem is described as the Original Coat of Arms for the Colony of British Columbia, it is dated 23 October 1871 by Launders, a few months after Confederation. His lion and crown would be used later (redrawn), as the upper part of a more ornate coat-of-arms for the Province, incorporating the Union Jack, Crown, setting sun and sea on a shield below flanked by a stag and a big-horn sheep. The shield is usually all that is displayed today. Not only are there salal leaves but there are also oak leaves, both of which would have been plentiful in and around Victoria. Both are still plentiful in other parts of the province as well. Barry Cotton: I forget who suggested the idea of salal, but I for one certainly embraced it The floral surround simply has to be made up of flora indigenous to the country represented. Oak certainly fills the bill, but laurel.. .is not even a native shrub of Canada Salal covered the whole ofVancouver Island, and the mainland as far as the summit of the Coast Range. It would be nice to know for sure what Launders had in mind at the time. There are in fact several leaves that approximate his illustration: elderberry, several species of willow and rhododendrons; Sitka, Mountain Ash—note that Launders' leaves show a slight sawtooth in places. But, to me the ubiquitous salal is an obvious choice. I wonder how many of your readers might have the same opinion ? BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 33 News and Notes Please send information to be published in News and Notes to the editor in Whonnock before 15 August, 15 November, 15 February, and 15 May. lay, January 30. 1S24 Xvy: Call To Pioneers Thu Hritistli (Vjlgmbi* Hifli<iru;n| ahhii- ■ i:.r|u|| id COntemplaUnff huriuir ji reon- iim df pmnKirf <if Rritinh Columbia. iml w f jiHinciirs ub rnrnplcli- h* piMaible, nil iifrwrw who mny Jimiw old-time residL-i:ta will ! i!imfcr a favnr by furniphine' numw. I.i-:liI i:jya:i:sn.L;utiH who am LnterusE od in tho- tsarJy history of tbc provlrae ■re ji]?[i asked ti> ru-nperuLu with die fli-torirn.1 iiFRodadwi. This IkxI^ la affiliated, with ihe Canadian Hialinirid UtoclatEofi, «nd ia *t*i stn auitllLflry to the CtDvinrinl nrrriivflH d^p^rtim-nt, wherein are preserved Uie reeurrjs, ji.iuriuila, <11arL«B and p^oto^raph* rela- i tinic tn Ihe finlnninl rinja nf Vunt'iHivcr Island uiiil Hrilluh Culiliiiblfl. Prepared fnrmH For iJie perianal m- . cords of ploittera may lw obi allied upon appliraijtin In the PrnvffH! ul Library =Im1 Archives depsrlnieht. Vii:toriij. Call to Pioneers Anne Holt.Volunteer Archivist of the Alberni District Historical Society, graciously sent us this cutting from the Port Alberni News of 30 January 1924. Ms. Holt wonders how many persons arriving prior to 1871 would still be around to respond to the request in 1924. A look at the yearly reports of the British Columbia Historical Association at BC Archives may provide the answer. Wishing Keith Carlson Farewell This summer St6:16 Nation gave traditional honour and respect to departing historian Keith Carlson. Keith joined the staff of Stodo Nation in 1992 and oversaw the publication of two major publications: You Are Asked to Witness: the Sto'.lo in Canada s Pacific Coast History and A Sto'.lo Coast Salish Historical Atlas. Keith now works at the Department of History at the University of Saskatchewan. Cenotaph Adopted In April approximately 60 townspeople attended a public meeting to decide the fate of the Hedley Cenotaph, located at the end of Scott Avenue.The cenotaph has been the victim of vehicle damage, so it was suggested that it be relocated. A motion passed with a majority vote that the Hedley Heritage Museum "adopt" the cenotaph and provide insurance for it. The cenotaph will stay at its present location.The Museum group is seeking donations for the restoration of this monument. —Patty Har rower Hedley Heritage Museum Society Newsletter Glorious Transformation Hedley Heritage Museum was repainted thanks to a team of Katimavik volunteers.The painters faced bad weather but finished a glorious transformation. —Sue Alton Hedley Heritage Museum Society Newsletter Innovation & Imagination: Celebrating the Spirit of Education in BC Recently the Minister of Education and the Deputy Premier, the Hon. Christy Clark addressed nearly 200 delegates to the British Columbia Confederation of Parent Advisory Councils in Prince George. In her speech to the delegates from across the province, the minister said: "Over the next year we will be celebrating the spirit of education in our province through an initiative called 'Innovation and Imagination.' I would like to invite all of you to join us by organizing anniversary events and activities in your schools and communities...." —Patrick Dunae BC History on the Web A selection of interesting British Columbia History resources can be found on the Malaspina History Web site.The list includes David Mattison's site, but is more selective and descriptive. It also includes information on things like the Archives'Vertical Files. It's accessible at: http://www.mala.bc.ca/history/ Content/Resource/Online.htm —Patrick Dunae Old Square-toes John Adams's book Old Square-toes and His Lady: The Life of James and Amelia Douglas is now out. The soft-cover edition, published by Horsdal and Shubart, sells for just $18.95 at your favourite bookstores. Jewish Historical Society in Cyber Space The Jewish Historical Society of British Columbia has been collecting personal and family histories, oral interviews, photographs, and documents for more than a quarter of a century. Would you like to view some of their collections at your leisure at home instead of having to plough through volumes of information and tapes in the office? Now everyone has the opportunity to do that by visiting: <http://collections.is.gc.ca/jhs/> This amazing Web site is hosted by Canada's Digital Collections site. Have a look at what they have to offer at <http:// collections.ic.gc.ca> —The Chronicle Margaret Ormsby Prizes A belated congratulation goes to the winners of the Ormsby Scholarship Awards for 2001. Christine Hawkins (Okanagan University College) for "Situational ControfThe Effective Leadership of Peter Vasilievich Verigin," and to Matthew Seguin (Malaspina University College) for "Marching with Purpose: Labour Day Parades in Nanaimo, 1890-1902." The Margaret Ormsby Prizes are offered by the Society for the Promotion of British Columbia History for the best essays in British Columbia history. Among the comittee members of the society are two past presidents ofthe British Columbia Historical Federation: Myrtle Haslam and Naomi Miller. A visit to the Society's Web site will tell you all: < http://www3.sympatico.ca/susan_neylan/ bc_history/index.html > —John Lutz Mining on the Web The BC Ministry of Energy has posted all Mining Reports since 1874 on their Web site. The Reports are often of great interest to people doing research in mining areas.The URL is <http://www.em.gov.bc.ca/Mining/ Geolsurv/Publications/catalog/cat_arpts. htm. > —Ron Greene 34 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 Ship Ahoy! Readers pleased with Robert C. Belyk s story ofthe loss ofthe steamer Pacific in 1875 (BC Historical News 32:3) will enjoy reading his latest book, Great Shipwrecks ofthe Pacific Coast Belyk specializes in historical research and writing. He is the author of Ghosts'.True Stories from British Columbia. His exemplary biography John Tod: Rebel in the Ranks, published by Horsdal and Schubart, is now unfortunately out of print. Okanagan History Okanagan History, the sixty-fifth yearly report of the Okanagan Historical Society, is now available.The word "report" is perhaps misleading because the business of the society takes only a few pages and most of the 230-page booklet is filled with a wealth of articles on Okanagan s historical events, people, and heritage sites. Membership, including the annual report and mailing, is $21 .You don't have to live in the Okanagan to be eligible for membership. Mail your application and cheque or money order to: Treasurer Okanagan Historical Society, PO Box 313,Vernon BCV1T 6M3.To get a taste of what Okanagan History has been offering over the last 65 years visit their searchable index on the internet: <http:/ /royal. okanagan.bc.ca> BC Archives Wants You! The BC Archives would like to concentrate on a number of urgent photo rehousing projects and would be very grateful for any and all volunteers who can assist. The Archives has thousands upon thousands of glass-plate negatives, prints, and even some nitrate negatives (highly combustible!) which need to be physically transferred from their storage containers into new acid-free protective envelopes. Although many photographs are inherently unstable, their deterioration is much faster if they are left in unsuitable acidic envelopes and sleeves. In most cases we also need to transfer information from the original container to the new one. The first collection we are tackling is the John W Turnbull collection: a fine set of glass negatives documenting Nelson and the Kootenay area from ca. 1897 to 1935. If you feel you can help call Ann ten Cate, 205.387.2970. Ann.tencate@gems8.gov.bc.ca —Friends of British Columbia Archives Newsletter OHS Student Essay Contest This Okanagan Historical Society essay contest is open to all post-secondary students registered at a BC university or college.The topic of the essay must be some aspect of Okanagan history. There is a $1,000 money award.The entry must be suitable for publication in the Okanagan History. Length should be between 1,500 and 2,000 words. Essays should reach the Essay Committee by 1 May 2002. Visit: <www.okanaganhistoricalsociety.org> or write to OHS Essay Committee, 144 Sumac Ridge Road, Summerland BC VOH 1Z0. Family History Edited by Brenda L.Smith Last year I published my family tree in book format. I had been working on it for many years and had managed to move back 230 years and nine generations. I was extremely proud ofthe work I had done and wanted to share it with other family members who had asked for a copy when it was completed. Although family research is never finished, this felt like a good time to put what I had discovered into a format that would make sense to everyone else. I sold the book to relatives and word of its availability spread quickly through the clan. Although most copies went to relatives I had met, a few went to more distant family members who had heard about it from others. As with most publications, there were a few mistakes. Most people who pointed them out were quite understanding. In no time at all I sold the entire first run and was considering taking orders for a reprint. Family research is never completed and I continued to work on the tree. I was exploring on the Internet one day and found a site dedicated to the family name I had researched. I was shocked to find, almost word for word, the book I had written. I knew it was my work because the site used my wording and also had the same mistakes that were in my work. In addition I knew that the Web site owner had ordered one of my books. Now a relative and the Web site owner were claiming my book as their own research and I was not mentioned at all. I immediately e- mailed the site owner and expressed my surprise to find my work there without permission or acknowledgment. They replied, denying that they had used my work and stating that there was nothing I could do about it anyway. I made an appointment to speak with my lawyer. According to Canadian copyright law the book was copyrighted when it was self-published. My lawyer asked me to go through my material and the Web site and find twenty- five examples of copyright violations.This was very easy to do. Web sites are connected to a server, and so my lawyer notified both the server and the site owners of the copyright infringement. The examples were listed and we demanded that the material be removed or we would take further legal action. The server was legally responsible for having copyright infor mation on its site and, since it had been notified, it would also be liable. The material was immediately removed. This whole matter might have ended differently if the relative had approached me with the request to share the information before posting it on the web. Once it was posted on the Internet, without source credit, and the appropriation of my material had been denied, I was left with few choices. It was a painful and expensive lesson in how little some people regard intellectual property, but I would do it again to protect my work. Isabel Parker Recomended for further reading: A Guide To Copyrights. Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1994 Canadian Intellectual Property Office Web site <http://cipo.gc.ca> Canadian Copyright Law 3rd ed. by Lesley Ellen Harris.Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson 2001 Isabel Parker is a family history researcher living in Port Alberni. BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 35 Federation News Vancouver and His Friends Courtesy of the Maritime Museum of British Columbia, the spring issue 1999 of BC Historical News showed on its cover an oil painting from their collection: a reproduction of a well-known portrait thought to be that of Captain George Vancouver. This painting was displayed during a special service held at Christ Church Cathedral inVictoria commemorating the 200th anniversary ofthe death ofthe famous explorer.The event was arranged by J.E. (Ted) Roberts and the Friends ofVancouver. A photograph was taken that day showing Roberts standing next to the oil painting on loan from the Maritime Museum of British Columbia. The earliest issues of BC Historical News— so capably edited by Philip Yandle during its first ten years—mention that in October 1968 a painting of Captain Vancouver, once donated to the British Columbia Historical Association by Dr. Paterson, was taken to Victoria and placed in the care of the Maritime Museum. Was this the painting displayed on "Vancouver Sunday" in 1998? Diligent research by H.R. (Robin) Brammal, who in 1968 was First Vice President of the Association, produced a few letters and an agreement confirming the transfer of one "Oil Painting, Captain George Vancouver, copied by Robert Swan from the portrait in the National Portrait Gallery, London. Framed." This confirmed that it was indeed the same painting. One ofthe letters mentioned that a plaque, originally attached to the frame, was lost prior to the transfer to Victoria and that Dr. Paterson had wanted to have the plaque replaced. That never happened. Ted Roberts arranged immediately to prepare a plaque at the expense of the Friends ofVancouver to affix to the painting at the Maritime Museum. It took some time before that could be done, but it ended all most successfully this September with the photograph of Admiral (Ret'd) John Anderson and Arnold Ranneris in front of the Captain Vancouver painting. When the time came for the photo opportunity, Ted Roberts could not be present. He should have been there, because he was the driving force throughout the project. Working together with Arnold Ranneris, Secretary of the Federation, and Guy Mathias ofthe Maritime Museum he assured that the donation of the painting to the Maritime Museum is now properly documented and that, after more than thirty years, the replacement plaque was attached reading: Capt. George Vancouver 1757-1798 Copied from the portrait in the National Gallery, London, by Robert Swan. Presented to the British Columbia Historical Federation by Dr. Donald Paterson, 1961. Donated to the Maritime Museum ofB. C. December 2000 Ted Roberts devoted much time on the project and the British Columbia Historical Federation thanks him for what he did and for his resolve to take care of this bit of unfinished history. We also thank him and the Friends ofVancouver for unknowingly starting this unexpected chain of events by arranging "Vancouver Sunday" back in 1996 and sending a report on the event to BC Historical News for publication. Arnold Ranneris—holding a copy of the spring 1999 issue ofBC Historical News in his hand—and Admiral (Ret'd) John Anderson in front of the newly-plaqued Captain Vancouver painting at the Maritime Museum ofBC. J.E. (Ted) Roberts with the Vancouver painting in Christ Church Cathedral, Victoria. Bonus for Member Societies The excecutive council has decided to celebrate the 80th anniversary ofthe Federation and the 35th year of the publication of BC Historical News by granting a free subscription of this 35th year's journal to all member societies starting with this first issue.This and the following issues will be mailed to the addresses of the societies shown on the inside cover of the journal. Council reminds member societies that 2002 membership fees for the British Columbia Historical Federation are now due. If you have not yet received an invoice please contact our membership secretary Terry Simpson at the address on the inside cover and arrange payment at your earliest convenience. Register for Revelstoke Revelstoke is ready to receive us all in May. The Revelstoke & District Historical Association has prepared an interesting and attractive program for the 2002 British Columbia Historical Federation Conference. The insert in this issue includes the program, a registration form, and information on ac- commodation.You are coming? Perhaps you could copy the insert and give it to friends and aquaintances interested in coming as well. 36 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 Honorary Patron Her Honour Lieutenant-Governor lona Campagnolo Q.C. has agreed to follow a long line of Lieutenant-Governors as the Honorary Patron of the British Columbia Historical Federation. The Federation is proud of this distinction. Lieutenant-Governors have been patrons of our society from the first year when the Federation (then Association) was formed at a public meeting in the "Archives Department," inVictoria. Armorial Design You may remember that we asked you how you would feel about using the old Arms of British Columbia as an emblem identifying the British Columbia Historical Federation, as it once identified for instance the Native Sons of British Columbia. (Editorial BC Historical News 34:3). The Alberni District Historical Society voiced the opinion of most when, after some discussion, they concluded: "Our members do not identify with this crest and would prefer something that is more graphically appealing and relevant to the Federation as it exists today." From this and other reactions it is clear that although writers reject the use if the old BC Arms, they are still interested in finding an appropriate emblem for the Federation. Mr. Rean Meyer, president of the British Columbia &Yukon Branch ofThe Heraldry Society of Canada has offered us help searching for something of a heraldic nature for identity purposes.The executive ofthe British Columbia Historical Federation has accepted Mr. Meyer's kind offer. Finding a suitable emblem seems to be a worthy project to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the Federation in 2002. Free Workshops Canada's National History Society has awarded the British Columbia Historical Federation a grant so that we are able to offer two free workshops on Thursday, 9 May 2002, in conjunction with our annual conference in Revelstoke. Subjects that will be covered are (1) oral history and (2) the restoration, preservation, and storage of photographs of historic importance. Further information will be available at your local society and in the spring issue of BC Historical News. Web site Forays by Gwen Szychter Have we forgotten the basic Web sites that are the bread and butter of our research? Thinking we've "been there, done that" so there can't be anything new to offer? I suspect such may be the case, which is my reason for returning to one of those old standbys in this issue. In truth, I've had to rediscover the Web site of the BC Archives a number of times. I keep the URL for the Vital Events Indexes in my personal toolbar, but this is the URL for the home page <http://www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/ index.htm> Exploring the Cartographic Records, I was reminded that labels and titles are only as useful as their creator. Clicking on a line for a map labelled "CM C51 New Westminster andYale," I expected to view a small map of the southwest corner ofthe Province ofBC, perhaps New Westminster District and some of the Fraser River Valley. What I found was much more of the Province, a map that extended north as far as Birkenhead, past Kamloops to the northeast, and beyond Douglas Lake to the east. Included are Indian Reserves, Timber Leases, Crown Granted Land, Railways (completed and under construction), and Government Reserves, all as of 1914. On the other hand, a cartographic record entitled "Town of Victoria Vancouver Island from the official map" by J. Despard Pemberton, in 1861, turned out to be precisely that—and it was delightful! On this voyage of exploration, a peek under the heading "Genealogy" on the Home Page brought up a long list of Government Records. A few caught my eye, the result no doubt of my own par ticular research interests at the moment. Unfortunately, none of these Government Records are available on-line, meaning a trip to Victoria is required. However, the good news is that we know these records have survived. Two sets of Centennial Medallion lists, one for the Canadian Centennial in 1967 (GR 1489), and one for the Centennial of British Columbia in 1871 (GR 1490), are comprised of forms filled out at the time by applicants for the medallion. Both sets of records contain genealogical information and both may be covered by the Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act. Pre-confederation marriage records, i.e., pre-1872, are located in GR 3044 and can be read on microfilm.The Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act may also apply to these. Lastly, not everything of interest is to be found where we expect. I was looking for some maps, an extension of having found aerial photographs at the University of British Columbia.The search engine turned up this site at the BC Archives, which will reveal some aerial views of Victoria at <http:// www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/exhibits/ birdseye/victoria.htm>. I wouldn't go so far as to say that" everything old is new again." However, I need to revise my thinking, perhaps shared by other researchers, namely, that once I've seen what a site has to offer I have no need to go back. So, I would encourage everyone to have another look around the BC Archives site, peeking into the corners etc. And, if it's not too much trouble, let me know of oddities that you find. I can be contacted at gwens@dccnet.com. Note that Web sites mentioned in this column and elsewhere in BC HISTORICAL News will in future be listed and linked on the BCHF Web site to facilitate access BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 37 Federation News Highlights from the Council Meeting 22 September 2001 in Surrey Richmond Conference 2001: A small profit was realized which is divided between the Richmond Historical Society and the Federation. Honorary Members: Our records show the following are Honorary Members of the BCHF. Melva Dwyer, Alice Glanville, Pamela Mar, Naomi Miller, John Spittle, Margaret Stoneberg, Anne Yandle. We would appreciate hearing if anyone is missing from this list. Canada's National History Society: A grant of $3,000 has been given to us to host pre-conference workshops in Revelstoke in May. BCHF EMBLEM: The old BC coat of arms is not considered suitable to be used as emblem for the Federation. An offer by the Heraldry Society to assist in finding a suitable emblem will be accepted. Captain Vancouver: RJ. (Ted) Roberts is thanked for making the arrangements for an appropriate plaque for the painting in the collection ofthe Maritime Museum of British Columbia. 2002 Conference at RevelstokeWb are pleased with the program arrangements by Cathy English. Subscriptions to BC Historical News: Agreed to abolish the special institutional subscription rate and increase the out-of- country mailing surcharge from $6 to $10. W. Kaye Lamb Scholarships: Nine essays were submitted. Congratulations to Kimberley Boehr of Okanagan University for her winning essay titled: "Individual Acts of Kindness and Influence of Alice Parkes: Experiences with Vernon's Women's Council."The scholarship is $750.The essay will be published in the spring issue of BC Historical News. Thanks to the judges and Frances Gundry. BCHFWriting Competition for Books PUBLISHED IN 200 E Notices went out to publishers in July. Most responses will come in towards the end of the year. Thanks to Shirley Cuthbertson. Shirley intends to leave the position as coordinator ofthe competition after the Revelstoke conference.We will need a replacement. Historic Trails and Markers: Council decided to purchase one metre of the Trans-Canada trail at a suitable historic point in BC. Publication Assistance: Nancy Stuart- Stubbs reported no applications. Web SlTE:The BCHF Web site flourishes. Congratulations to Eileen Mak. MEMBERSHIPS: The executive welcomed Lion's Bay Historical Society and the Fraser Heritage Society of Harrison Mills as new member societies. Archives Assistance Program: Cutting of the Archives Assistance Program by the BC government is regretted.The program was of great assistance to community archives. We are writing to Minister Sandy Santori voicing our concerns, with a copy to BC Archivist Gary Mitchell. BC Books for BC ScHOOLs:The provincial government has discontinued grants amounting to $250,000 annually, impacting BC publishers and schools. Appropriate letters will be written to the minister concerned with a copy to the Association of BC Publishers. Our Web site? http//:www.bchn.bc.ca MANUSCRIPTS submitted for publication Should be sent to the editor of BC Historical News in Whonnock. Submissions should preferably not exceed 3,500 words. Submission by e-mail of the manuscript and illustrations is welcome. Otherwise please send a hard copy and if possible a disk copy of the manuscript by ordinary mail. All illustrations should have a caption and source information. It is understood that manuscripts published in BC Historical News will also appear in any electronic version of the journal. W. Kaye Lamb Essay Scholarships Deadline 15 May 2002 The British Columbia Historical Federation awards two scholarships annually for essays written by students at BC colleges or universities on a topic relating to British Columbia history. One scholarship ($500) is for an essay written by a student in a first - or second-year course; the other ($750) is for an essay written by a student in a third- or fourth-year course. To apply for the scholarship, candidates must submit (1) a letter of application; (2) an essay of 1500-3000 words on a topic relating to the history of British Columbia; (3) a letter of recommendation from the professor for whom the essay was written. Applications should be submitted before 15 May 2002 to: Frances Gundry, Chair BC Historical Federation Scholarship Committee, PO Box 5254, Station B.Victoria, BC V8R 6N4. The winning essay submitted by a third- or fourth-year student will be published in BC Historical News. Other submissions may be published at the editor's discretion. BC History Web Site Prize The British Columbia Historical Federation and David Mattison are jointly sponsoring a yearly cash award of $250 to recognize Web sites that contribute to the understanding and appreciation of British Columbia's past. The award honours individual initiative in writing and presentation. Nominations for the BC History Web Site Prize for 2001 must be made to the British Columbia Historical Federation. Web Site Prize Committee, prior to 31 December 2001. Web site creators and authors may nominate their own sites. Prize rules and the on-line nomination form can be found on The British Columbia History Web site: <http:// www.victoria.tc.ca/resources/bchistory- announcements .htlm >. Best Article Award A Certificate of Merit and fifty dollars will be awarded annually to the author of the article, published in BC Historical News, that best enhances knowledge of British Columbia's history and provides reading enjoyment. Judging will be based on subject development, writing skill, freshness of material, and appeal to a general readership interested in all aspects of BC history. 38 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 British Columbia Historical News Index Volume 34 From 34:1 (winter 2000/2001) to 34:4 (fall 2001) * an article with illustrations Compiled by Nancy Stuart-Stubbs AUTHORS ALLEN, ROBERT W Frank Dwight Rice:A Veteran of Mary Wars. 34:3 (2001):14-17.* BARMANJEAN. Sex and Violence in the BC Archives: Adventures in Historical Detection. 34:1 (2000/2001):6-12.* BLACK, JOHN.The Alexandra Malaspina Research Centre. 34:4 (2001):20. CHOW, LILY. The Chinese Canners in Port Essington. 34:2 (2001):6-1L* CROSSE, JOHN. Jacinto Caamano: A Spaniard in BC's Northern Waters. 34:4 (2001):15-18.* DAVID.ANDREWTranslating Malaspina. 34:4 (2001)21-22.* DEVITO, EE. (BUDDY). Reports:Trail Celebrating its Centenary. 34:2 (2001):29. DESROCHERS, WAYNE. President's Annual Report. 34:3 (2001) :43. DOE, NICK. British Columbia's Mexican Connection: The Naval Base at San Bias 1768-1810. 34:4 (2001):4-7.* , Fraudulent Bay: Spanish Explorations of Boundary Bay. 34:4 (2001):23- 28.* DORRINGTON, DAVID. Reports: Finn Slough:A Little History. 34:3 (2001):34-35.* DUFFY, DENNIS. Archives and Archivists: British Columbia's Moving Past Preserved. 34:4 (2001):43.* DUNAE, PATRICK. Innovation and Imagination: Celebrating the Spirit of Education in British Columbia. 34:4 (2001):45. EBERLE, ROBERT. Reports: A Narrative from Friendly Cove. 34:4 (2001):29-3L* GLANVILLE, ALICE, and Alistair Ross. Richmond 2001. 34:3 (2001):39-41.* GREENE, RONALD.Token History: A.CCummins, Ferguson, BC 34:3 (2001):24-25.* , Token History, E.G. Prior Limited Liability and The Company's Tokens. 34:2 (2001):28-29.* , Token History:Two Dairies. 34:4 (2001):44.* HAIG-BROWN, MARY. Archives and Archivists: Adventures of a First-Time User of the BC Archives. 34:3 (2001):23. INGLIS, ROBIN. A Spanish Heritage for British Columbia. 34:4 (2001):2-3* KLANYVONNE MEARNS.X.That Old Rogue, the Iroquois Tete Jaune". 34:1 (2000/2001):18-21. LAPLANTE, NORM AND. Archives and Archivists:" Keeping the Past Up to Date". 34:2 (2001):30-3L* LEE, ELDON E. Pioneer James McLane and the Prince George Auto Court. 34:3 (2001):18-19.* LEONOFF, CYRIL E. Esquimau's First Graving Dock. 34:2 (2001) 12-16.* MACNAIR, RANDALL, and Robert Turner. Railway Route through the Crowsnest. 34:1 (2000/2001): 13-17X MEYERS, LEONARD W A Tribute to Van Horne. 34:3 (2001):20-23.* NEMTIN, STEPHEN. Japanese Charcoal Pit Kilns on the Gulf Islands. 34:2 (2001):2-3.* NICKOLS, SHEILA. Up with the Petticoats! Down with the Trousers! From Suffragist to Political Candidate: Mary Graves ofVictoria, BC. 34:3 (2001):2-7.* PARENT, ROSEMARIE.The Rose Murder Trial. 34:2 (2001):26-27.* PATENAUDE.VALERIE. Reports: Thinking about Museums. 34:1 (2000/ 2001):37. RAWSON, MARY. Eight Times Mayor of Vancouver: "Single Tax "Taylor: Louis Denison Taylor 1857-1946.34:1 (2001):22-26.* ROBERTS, J.E. (TED). Reports: Remembering George Vancouver. 34:2 (2001):4243.* ROGERS. A.C. (FRED) Childhood Memories ofVancouver's Cedar Cottage and Trout Lake District. 34:1 (2000/ 2001): 27-29.* ROGERS, PATRICIA A. BC History Web Site Prize. 34:3 (2001):37.* ROSS, ALISTAIR, and Alice Glanville. Richmond 2000. 34:3 (2001):39-41.* SMITH, BRENDA L. Family History 34:4 (2001):40-43. STEVENS, JULIE. Letters from Montney: An Insight to the Rural Teaching Experience in Early Twentieth Century BC. 34:2 (2001):17-25.* SUTHERLAND, RON.The Oolichan Fishery of British Columbia. 34:3 (2001):8-13.* SZYCHTER, GWEN. Ladner and the Flood of 1894. 34:1 (2000/2001):2-5.* , Web-site Forays. 34:3 (2001): 38. , Web-site Forays. 34:4 (2001): 45. TOVELL, FREEMAN. Chief Maquinna and Bodega y Quadra. 34:4 (2001): 8-14.* TURNER, ROBERT, and Randall Macnair. Railway Route through the Crowsnest. 34:1 (2000/2001): 13-17X UNGER, DEAN. Reports: Powell River's Patricia Theatre. 34:1 (2000/2001):36-37.* WILLIAMS, GLYNDWR. Archives and Archivists: William Kaye Lamb (1904- 1999). 34:2 (2001): 32. YESAKI, MITSUO. Charcoal Production for the Salmon Canning Industry in British Columbia. 34:2 (2001):4-5.* BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 39 TITLES The Alexandro Malaspina Research Centre, by John Black. 34:4 (2001):20.* Archives and Archivists: Adventures of a First-time User of the BC Archives, by Mary Haig-Brown. 34:3 (2001):23. Archives and Archivists: British Columbia's Moving Past Preserved, by Dennis Duffy. 34:4 (2001):43.* Archives and Archivists:" Keeping the Past Up to Date," by Normand Laplante. 34:2 (2001):30-3L* Archives and Archivists: William Kaye Lamb, by Glyndwr Williams. 34:2 (2001):32. British Columbia's Mexican Connection: The Naval Base at San Bias 1768-1810, by Nick Doe. 34:4 (2001):4-7.* Candidates for the 18th Competition for Writers ofBC History. 34:2 (2001):33. Charcoal Production for the Salmon Canning Industry in British Columbia, by MitsuoYesaki. 34:2 (2001):4-5.* Chief Ambrose Maquinna 1928-2001, by Richard Inglis. 34:4 (2001): 47.* Chief Maquinna and Bodega y Quadra, by Freeman Tovell. 34:4 (2001): 8-14.* Childhood Memories ofVancouver's Cedar Cottage andTrout Lake District, by A.C. (Fred) Rogers. 34:1 (2000/2001):27-29. The Chinese Canners in Port Essington, by Lily Chow. 34:2 (2001):6-1L* Eight Times Mayor ofVancouver: "Single Tax"Taylor: Louis DenisonTaylor 1857- 1946, by Mary Rawson. 34:1 (2000/ 2001): 22-26.* Esquimau's First Graving Dock, by Cyril E. Leonoff. 34:2 (2001)42-16.* Family History, by Brenda L. Smith. 34:4 (2001)40-43. " Federation News. 344 (2000/2001)42: 34:2 (2001)44; 34:3 (2001)44; 34:4 (2001)48. Frank Dwight Rice: A Veteran of Many Wars, by Robert W Allen. 34:3 (2001)44-17.* Fraudulent Bay: Spanish Explorations of Boundary Bay, by Nick Doe. 344 (2001):23-28.* " Innovation and Imagination: Celebrating the Spirit of Education in British Columbia, by Patrick Dunae. 344 (2001)45. Jacinto Caamano: A Spaniard in BC's Northern Waters, by John Crosse. 344 (2001)45-18.* Japanese Charcoal Pit Kilns on the Gulf Islands, by Stephen Nemtin. 34:2(2001):2-3.* Ladner and the Flood of 1894, by Gwen Szychter. 344 (2000/2001):2-5.* Letters from Montney: An Insight to the Rural Teaching Experience in Early Twentieth Century BC., by Julie Stevens. 34:2 (2001)47-25.* The Oolichan Fishery of British Columbia, by Ron Sutherland. 34:3 (2001):8-13.* Pioneer James McLane and the Prince George Auto Court, by Eldon E. Lee. 34:3 (2001)48-19.* Rail Route through the Crowsnest, by Randall Macnair and RobertTurner. 344 (2000/2001)43-17.* Reports: Finn Slough: A Little History, by David Dorrington. 34:3 (2001):34-35.* Reports: A Narrative from Friendly Cove, by Robert Eberle. 344 (2001):29-3L* Reports: Powell River's Patricia Theatre, by Dean Unger. 344 (2000/2001):36-37* " Reports:Thinking about Museums, by Valerie Patenaude. 344 (2000/2001):37. Reports: Trail Celebrating its Centenary, by E E. (Buddy) Devito. 34:2 (2001):29. Richmond 2001, by Alice Glanville and Alistair Ross. 34:3 (2001):39-45.* The Rose Murder Trial, by Rosemarie Parent, 34:2 (2001):26-27X Sex and Violence in the BC Archives: Adventures in Historical Detection, by Jean Barman. 344 (2000/2001):6-12* A Spanish Heritage for British Columbia, by Robin Inglis. 34:3 (2001):2-3* "...That Old Rogue, the Iroquois Tete Jaune", by Yvonne Mearns Klan. 344 (2000/2001)48-21. Token History: A.C. Cummins, Ferguson, BC,by Ronald Greene. 34:3 (2001):24-25.* Token History: E.G. Prior Limited Liability and the Company's Tokens, by Ronald Greene. 34:2 (2001):28-29. Token History:Two Dairies, by Ronald Greene. 344 (2001)44.* Translating Malaspina, by Andrew David. 34:4 (2001):21-22.* " ATribute to Van Horne, by Leonard W Meyers. 34:3 (2001):20-23.* Up with the Petticoats! Down with the Trousers! From Suffragist to Political Candidate: Mary Graves ofVictoria, BC, by Sheila Nickols. 34:3 (2001):2-7.* Web-site Forays, by Gwen Szychter. 34:3 (2001):38; 34:4 (2001)45." SUBJECTS AKRIGG PHILIP Yandle, Anne. Memorial Notes. 34:2 (2001): 41. ARCHIVES Haig-Brown, Mary. Archives and Archivists: Adventures of a First-Time User ofthe B.C. Archives. 34:3 (2001):23. Laplante, Normand. Archives and Archivists:" Keeping the Past Up to Date". 34:2 (2000): 30-31. BC HISTORY WEB SITE PRIZES see WEB SITES BODEGAY QUADRA, JUAN FRANCISCO DE LA Tovell, Freeman. Chief Maquinna and Bodega y Quadra. 344 (2001):8-14.* BOSTONAIS, PIERRE see TETE JAUNE BOUNDARY BAY Doe, Nick. Fraudulent Bay: Spanish Explorations of Boundary Bay. 344 (2001)4-7. BRITISH COLUMBIA ARCHIVES Barman, Jean. Sex and Violence in the BC Archives. 344 (2000/2001):6-12.* Duffy, Dennis. British Columbia's Moving Past, Preserved. 344 (2001)43. Haig-Brown, Mary. Adventures of a First- Time User of the BC Archives. 34:3 (2001):23. News and Notes: BC Archives Action Group; Friends of the BC Archives. 344 (2001):39. CAAMANO, JACINTO Crosse, John. Jacinto Caamano: A Spaniard in BC's Northern Waters. 344 (2001)4519.* CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY Meyers, Leonard W ATribute to Van Horne. 34:3 (2001):20-23.* Turner, Robert, and Randall Macnair. Railway Route through the Crowsnest. 344 (2000/2001)43-17.* 40 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 CEDAR COTTAGE AREA.VANCOU- VER Rogers, A.C. (Fred). Childhood Memories ofVancouver's Cedar Cottage and Trout Lake District. 344 (2000/ 2001):27-29. CENSUSES Smith, Brenda. Family History. 344 (2001)40-43. CHARCOAL Nemtin, Stephen. Japanese Charcoal Pit Kilns on the Gulf Islands. 34:2 (2001):2-3* Yesaki. Mitsuo. Charcoal Production for the Salmon Canning Industry in British Columbia. 34:2 (2001)4-5.* CHINESE CANADIANS Chow, Lily.The Chinese Canners in Port Essington. 34:2 (2001):6-1L* CONFERENCES Ross, Alistair, and Alice Glanville. Richmond 2000.34:3 (2001):39-4L* CORRESPONDENCE Stevens. Julie. Letters from Montney: An Insight to the Rural Teaching Experience in Early Twentieth Century BC. 34:2 (2001)47-25.* CROWSNEST PASS Turner, Robert, and Randall MacNair. Railway Route through the Crowsnest. 344 (2000/2001)43-17.* CRYSTAL SPRINGS, B.C. Stevens, Julie Letters from Montney: An Insight to the Rural Teaching Experience in Early Twentieth Century BC. 34:2 (2001)47-25.* CUMMINS, ALEXANDER CHRISTIE Greene, Ronald.Token History: A.C. Cummins, Ferguson B.C. 34:3 (2001):24-25.* DELTA, B.C. Szychter, Gwen. Ladner and the Flood of 1894.344 (2000/2001):2-5.* DRY DOCKS Leonoff, Cyril E. Esquimau's First Graving Dock. 34:2 (2001)12-16.* EDUCATION - BRITISH COLUMBIA Dunae, Patrick. Innovation and Imagination: Celebrating the Spirit of Education in British Columbia. 344 (2001)45. ENDOWMENT FUND BCHF Endowment Fund. 344 (2000/ 2001)41. ESQUIMALT, B.C. Leonoff, Cyril E. Esquimau's First Graving Dock. 34:2 (2001)12-16. EULACHON see OOLICHAN FEDERATION NEWS Federation News. 344 (2000/2001)42; 34:2 (2001)44; 34:3 (2001)42-44; 34:4 (2001)48. FERGUSON, B.C. Greene, Ronald.Token History: A.C. Cummins, Ferguson, BC. 34:3 (2001):24-25.* FILMS see MOTION PICTURES FINN SLOUGH Dorrington, David. Reports: Finn Slough: A Little History. 34:3 (2001):3435.* FLOODS Szychter, Gwen. Ladner and the Flood of 1894344 (2000/2001):2-5.* FURTRADE Klan,Yvonne Mearns."...That Old Rogue, the Iroquois Tete Jaune." 34:1 (2000/2001)48-21. GRAVES, MARY Nickols, Sheila. Up with the Petticoats! Down with the Trousers! From Suffragist to Political Candidate: Mary Graves ofVictoria, BC, 34:3 (2001):2-7.* HISTORICAL WRITING COMPETITION Candidates for the 18th Competition for Writers ofBC History. 34:2 (2001):33. Winners ofthe Competition for Writers. 34:3 (2001):27. JAPANESE-CANADIANS Nemtin, Stephen. Japanese Charcoal Pit Kilns on the Gulf Islands. 34:2 (2001):2-3.* Yesaki, Mitsuo. Charcoal Production for the Salmon Canning Industry in British Columbia. 34:2 (2001)4-5.* KOOTENAY AREA Turner, Robert, and Randall Macnair. Railway Route through the Crowsnest. 344 (2000/2001)43-17.* LADNER, PAUL Szychter, Gwen. Ladner and the Flood of 1894.344 (2000/2001):2-5.* LAMB,WILLIAM KAYE LaPlante, Normand. Archives and Archivists. " Keeping the Past Up to Date." 34:2 (2001):30-31. Williams, Glyndwr. Archives and Archi- vists:William Kaye Lamb (1904-1999). 34:2 (2001):32. LAND SURVEYORS Allen, Robert W Frank Dwight Rice: A Veteran of Many Wars. 34:3 (2001)44- 17.* LATIMER, EDGAR COVERT Stevens, Julie. Letters from Montney: An Insight to the Rural Teaching Experience in Early Twentieth Century B.C. 34:2 (2001)47-25.* LYNCH, MARTIN Miller, Naomi. Martin Lynch, 1924-2000. 34:2 (2001)41. MACDONALD, RANALD Glanville, Alice. Ranald MacDonald Day. 34:4 (2001)47. MALASPINA.ALEJANDRO David, Andrew.Translating Malaspina. 34:4 (2001):21-22.* MALASPINA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE Black, John.The Alexandro Malaspina Research Centre. 344 (2001):20. MAQUINNA, CHIEF, 18™ CENTURY Tovell, Freeman. Chief Maquinna and Bodega y Quadra. 344 (2001):8-14.* MAQUINNA, CHIEF AMBROSE Inglis, Robin. A Spanish Heritage for British Columbia. 34:3 (2001):2-3.* MAYORS Rawson, Mary. Eight Times Mayor of Vancouver: "SingleTax"Taylor: Louis Denison Taylor 1857-1946434 (2000/ 2001):22-26.* MCLANE, JAMES Lee, Eldon E. Pioneer James McLane and the Prince George Auto Court. 34:3 (2001)4819. MINING Turner, Robert, and Randall Macnair. Railway Route through the Crowsnest. 344 (2000/2001)43-17. MONTNEY, B.C. Stevens, Julie. Letters from Montney: An Insight to the Rural Teaching Experience in Early Twentieth Century BC. 34:2 (2001)47-25.* MOTION PICTURES Duffy, Dennis. Archives and Archivists: British Columbia's Moving Past, Preserved. 344 (2001)43.* BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 41 MURDERS Barman, Jean. Sex and Violence in the BC Archives: Adventures in Historical Detection. 34:1 (2000/2001):6-12.* Parent, Rosemarie.The Rose Murder Trial. 34:2 (2001):26-27.* MUSEUMS Patenaude.Valerie. Reports: Thinking about Museums. 34:1 (2000/2001):37. NAKUSP Parent, Rosemarie.The Rose Murder Trial. 34:2 (2001):26-27.* NEWS AND NOTES News and Notes. 344 (2000/2001):38- 40; 34:2 (2001)40-41; 34:3 (2001):36- 37; 34:4 (2001)46-47. OBITUARIES [Obituaries] 34:2 (2001)41; 34:3 (2001):36; 34:4(2001)46-47. OLIVER,ALBERT Miller, Naomi. Albert Oliver, 1911 -2001. 34:4 (2001): 46. OOLICHAN Sutherland, Ron.The Oolichan Fishery of British Columbia. 34:3 (2001):8- 13.* POWELL RIVER, B.C. Unger, Dean. Reports: Powell River's Patricia Theatre. 344 (2000/2001) :36- 37.* PRINCE GEORGE, B.C. Lee, Eldon E. Pioneer James McLane and the Prince George Auto Court. 34:3 (2001)4819.* PRIOR, EDWARD GAWLER Greene, Ronald.Token History: E.G. Prior Limited Liability and the Company's Tokens. 34:2 (2001):28-29. RAILWAYS Turner, Robert, and Randall Macnair. Railway Route through the Crowsnest. 344 (2000/2001)43-17.* REKSTEN.TERRY Terry Reksten, 1942-2001. 344 (2001)46. RESEARCH Barman, Jean. Sex and Violence in the BC Archives: Adventures in Historical Detection. 34:1 (2000/2001):6-12.* Haig-Brown, Mary. Archives and Archivists: Adventures of a First-Time User ofthe BC Archives. 34:3 (2001):23. Smith, Brenda L. Family History. 344 (2001)40-43. RICE, FRANK DWIGHT Allen, Robert W Frank Dwight Rice: A Veteran of Many Wars. 34:3 (2001)44- 17.* ROSE, HENRY Parent, Rosemarie.The Rose Murder Trial. 34:2 (2001):26-27.* SCHOOLS Stevens, Julie. Letters from Montney: An Insight to the Rural Teaching Experience in Early Twentieth Century BC. 34:2 (2001)47-25.* SCHOOLTEACHERS Barman, Jean. Sex and Violence in the BC Archives: Adventures in Historical Detection. 34:1 (2000/2001):6-12. Stevens, Julie. Letters from Montney: An Insight to the Rural Teaching Experience in Early Twentieth Century BC. 34:2 (2001)47-25.* SPANISH IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Crosse, John. Jacinto Caamano: A Spaniard in BC's Northern Waters. 344 (2001)4518. David, Andrew.Translating Malaspina. 34:4 (2001):21-22.* Doe, Nick. British Columbia's Mexican Connection: The Naval Base at San Bias 1768-1810. 344 (2001)4-7. , Fraudulent Bay: Spanish Explorations of Boundary Bay. 344 (2001):23-28. Inglis, Robin. A Spanish Heritage for British Columbia. 34:3 (2001):2-3.* SUFFRAGISTS Nickols, Sheila. Up with the Petticoats! Down with the Trousers! From Suffragist to Political Candidate: Mary Graves ofVictoria, B.C. 34:3 (2001):2-7.* TAYLOR, LOUIS DENISON Rawson, Mary. Eight Times Mayor of Vancouver: "Single Tax "Taylor: Louis Denison Taylor 1857-1946.344 (2000/ 2001):27-29.* TETE JAUNE Klan,Yvonne Mearns."...That Old Rogue, the Iroquois Tete Jaune." 34:1 (2000/2001)48-21. THEATRES Unger, Dean. Reports: Powell River's Patricia Theatre. 344 (2000/2001):36- 37/* TOKENS Greene, Ronald.Token History: A.C.Cummins, Ferguson, BC. 34:3 (2001):24-25. , Token History: E.G. Prior Limited Liability and the Company's Tokens. 34:2 (2001):28-29.* , Token History:Two Dairies. 34:4 (2001)44.* TRAIL, BC DeVito. EE. (Buddy). Reports:Trail Celebrating its Centenary 34:2 (2001): 29. TROUT LAKE DISTRICT.VANCOU- VER, B.C. Rogers, A.C. (Fred). Childhood Memories ofVancouver's Cedar Cottage and Trout Lake District. 344 (2000/ 2001):27-29.* VAN HORNE, CORNELIUS Meyers, Leonard W ATribute to Van Home. 34:3 (2001):20-23.* VANCOUVER., BC Rawson, Mary. Eight Times Mayor of Vancouver: "Single Tax Taylor": Louis Denison Taylor 1857-1946.344 (2000/ 2001):22-26.*. VANCOUVER, CAPTAIN GEORGE Roberts. J.E. (Ted). Reports: Remembering George Vancouver. 34:2 (2001)42- 43.* WEB SITES Roger, Patricia A. BC History Web Site Prize. 34:3 (2001):37.* Szychter, Gwen. Web-site Forays. 34:3 (2001):38. , Web-site Forays. 344(2001)45 WEBBER, BERNARD GEORGE Bernard George Webber 1914-2000.34:2 (2001)41. WOMEN Nickols, Sheila Up with the Petticoats! Down with the Trousers! From Suffragist to Political Candidate: Mary Graves ofVictoria, B.C. 34:3 (2001):2-7.* YELLOWHEAD PASS Klan,Yvonne Mearns. "...That Old Rogue, the Iroquois Tete Jaune." 344 (2000/2001)48-21. YUQUOT Eberle, Robert. A Narrative from Friendly Cove. 344 (2001):29-31. Reports : Re-establishment of a Historical Relationship. 34:4 (2001):29. 42 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 BOOK REVIEWS AFFLECK, EDWARD L.A Century of Paddlewheelers in the Pacific Northwest, the Yukon and Alaska. Reviewed by Tom Lymbery.34:2 (2001):35-36. BUMSTED, J.M. The Fur Trade Wars: The Founding of Western Canada. Reviewed by Brian Gobbett. 34:3 (2001):29-30. CAMERON, LAURA. Opening: A Meditation on History, Method, and Sumas Lake. Reviewed by Susan Stacey. 34:3(2001):32. CHALMERS.WILLIAM. George Mercer Dawson, Geologist, Scientist, Explorer. Reviewed by Ken McTaggart. 34:2(2001):39. CLAYTON, DANIEL W Islands of Truth: The Imperial Fashioning ofVancouver Island. Reviewed by Phyllis Reeve. 34:4(2001):32-33. COLE, DOUGLAS. Franz Boas.The Early Years, 1858-1906. Reviewed by Brian Gobbett. 34:4 (2001): 38-39. COLEMAN, E.C. Captain Vancouver, North-West Navigator. Reviewed by J. E. Roberts. 344 (2001): 39. DE COSMOS, MRS. AMOR. Notes from the Netshed. Reviewed by Susan Stacey. 34:3 (2001):30-31. DJWA, SANDRA. Professing English at UBC:The Legacy of Roy Daniells and Garnett Sedgwick; the 1999 Garnett Sedgwick Memorial Lecture. Reviewed by Phyllis Reeve. 344 (2001): 35. DUNFORD, MURIEL POULTON. North River:The Story of BC's Thompson Valley &Yellowhead Highway. Reviewed by Melva Dwyer. 34:2 (2001): 36. FRANCIS, DANIEL, ed.The Encyclopedia of British Columbia. Reviewed by Dave Parker. 34:2 (2001): 35. GREEN, LEWIS. The Great Years: Gold Mining in the Bridge River Valley. Reviewed by Robert Cathro. 344 (2000/ 2001): 32-33. GREEN.VALERIE. Upstarts and Outcasts: Victoria's Not-so-Proper Past. Reviewed by Arnold Ranneris. 34:2 (2001): 39. GREIG, MURRAY.Trail on Ice: A Century of Hockey in the Home of the Champions. Reviewed by Barbara Schrodt. 34:3 (2001): 28-29. GUPPY, WALTER. A Place for Gold. Reviewed by Werner Kaschel. 344 (2001): 37-38. HAK, GORDON.TurningTrees into Dollars: The British Columbia Coastal Lumber Industry, 1858-1913. Reviewed by Ken Drushka. 34:4 (2001): 34-35. HARPER,VIRGINIA JONES. Wing of the Raven: A Novel ofVancouver's Heritage. Reviewed by Richard J. Lane. 34:3 (2001): 31-32. HORSFIELD, MARGARET. Cougar Annie's Garden. Reviewed Jim Rainer. 344 (2000/2001): 33-34. HUME, STEPHEN.Bush Telegraph: Discovering the Pacific Province. Reviewed by Kelsey McLeod. 34:2 (2001): 38. HUMPHREYS, DANDA. On the Street Where You Live: Pioneer Pathways of Early Victoria. Reviewed by George Newell. 344 (2000/2001): 35. HUTCHERSON.W Sparks in the Parks. Reviewed by Philip Teece. 341(2000/ 2001):31-32. KELLER, BETTY. Pender Harbour Cow- boy:The Many Lives of Bertrand Sinclair. Reviewed by Richard J. Lane. 344 (2001): 33-34. LEBOWITZ, ANDREA, and GILLIAN MILTON. Gilean Douglas: Writing Nature, Finding Home. Reviewed by Marie Elliott. 34:2 (2001): 36-37. LEDERMAN, JEFF. Cries of the wild: a wildlife rehabilitator's journal. Reviewed by Susan Stacey. 34:3 (2001): 30. LEE, ELDON.They were giants in those days: Stories from the Heart of the Cariboo. Reviewed by Esther Darlington. 34:2 (2001): 37-38. MACDONALD, IAN, AND BETTY O'KEEFE.The Mulligan Affair. Reviewed by George Newell. 344 (2000/ 2001): 31. MACKIE, RICHARD SOMERSET. Island Timber: A Social History of the Comox Logging Company,Vancouver Island. Reviewed by Ken Drushka. 344 (2001): 34-35. MCCART, JOYCE and PETER. On the Road with David Thompson. Reviewed by RJ. (Ron) Welwood. 34: 4 (2001): 37. MCDEVITT, MICHELLE.The Last Enemy: A Novel. Reviewed by Richard J. Lane. 34:3 (2001):32-33. MCTAGGARTK. Golden Fleece; Mine- finding and Adventure in the Pacific Northwest. Reviewed by led Affleck. 34:2 (2001): 38. MURRAY, JEAN. Music of the Alaska- Klondike Gold Rush: Songs and History. Reviewed by Philip J.Thomas. 34:2 (2001): 34. NG.WING CHUN. The Chinese in Vancouver, 1945-1980: the Pursuit of Identity and Power. Reviewed by Paul Yee. 344 (2000-2001): 34-35. PATTERSON, FRANK PORTER.The Cutting Edge: Reminiscences of Surgery at theVancouver General Hospital and the University of British Columbia. Reviewed by Phyllis Reeve. 344 (2001): 36. PHILLIPS, SALLIEYou're on the Air. Reviewed by Jaqueline Gresko. 344 (2000- 2001):35. PIFFKQKAREN.The Life andTimes of Texas Fosbery:The Cariboo and Beyond. Reviewed by Donna Jean MacKinnon. 34:4 (2001): 35. PRATT, MARJORIE BARR. Recollections of a Homesteader's Daughter. Reviewed by Susan Stacey. 34:3 (2001): 31. PRYCE.PAULA. Keeping the Lake's Way: Reburial and Recreation of a Moral World Among an Invisible People. Reviewed by Barb McPherson. 344 (2000/ 2001):31. RAYNER, WILLIAM. British Columbia's Premiers in Profile. Reviewed by Adam C.Waldie. 344 (2000/2001) 30." SLEIGH, DAPHNE, ed. One Foot on the Border: the History of Sumas Prairie and Area. Reviewed by Morag Maclachlan. 34:3 (2001): 30. STANGOE, IRENE. History and Happenings in the Cariboo-Chilcotin: Pioneer Memories. Reviewed by Esther Darlington. 344 (2001): 36-37. TAYLOR, JEANETTE. River City: A History of Campbell River and the Discovery Islands. Reviewed by Ian Kennedy. 34:3 (2001): 29. THOMPSON, MARGARET. Eyewitness. Reviewed by Margaret Owen. 34:1 (2000/2001):33. WHEELER.WILLIAM J., ed. Skippers of the SkyThe Early Years of Bush Flying. Reviewed by Robert Allen. 34:2 (2001) 37. YESAKI, MITSUI and SAKUYA NISHIMURA. Salmon Canning on the Fraser River in the 1890s. Reviewed by Arnold Ranneris. 344 (2000/2001): 32. YESAKI, MITSUI, and KATHY STEVES. Steveston: Cannery Row, an Illustrated History. Reviewed by Arnold Ranneris. 344 (2000/2001): 32. YORATH, CHRIS. A Measure ofValue: The Story of the D'Arcy Island Leper Colony. Reviewed by Marie Elliott. 344 (2001): 35-36. BC HISTORICAL NEWS - WINTER 2001/2002 43 BRITISH COlUfflBlfl IIISTORICM TEDERflTIOn Would You Like to Help History? Knowledge of history has many benefits, not the least of which is to know who we are and why we are here. And who was it that said that if we don't know our history we will be doomed to repeat it? Unfortunately the study of history is not a matter that raises great interest in the political arena. It seems a lot less important than medical care and a whole host of other current topics, with the result that our history is ignored, and treated as something to be done away with. But you, as a reader of our journal, know this. Hopefully you will want to help reverse this trend, and thus we are appealing to you.The British Columbia Historical Federation has started an Endowment Fund to help promote a wider interest in the history of this province. There are many ways by which you could help, small annual donations, occasional gifts or bequests of cash, shares, or property can be made. There are other ways, such as purchase of an insurance policy with the British Columbia Historical Federation named as beneficiary. We can provide receipts for income tax purposes. Some of the many uses to which the income from an endowment could be put are: ♦Scholarships for university students; ♦Grants in aid for current teachers of history to enable them to take a specific course to upgrade their teaching skills; ♦Support for pre-conference and stand-alone writing and research workshops; ♦Research grants for writing and cataloguing (we would treat these as loans, which would be forgiven if the work is published or the catalogue is made available to the public); ♦enlarge the publication fund and include books, transcriptions of oral histories, tapes, and compact discs as eligible for loans; ♦Competitions in schools on historical themes; ♦Matching grants to Libraries to develop and enlarge their British Columbia history sections. Or you may have ideas of your own you would like to suggest. Interested?Please contact Ronald Greene, Treasurer BCHF, PO Box 1351, Victoria, B.C. V8W 2W7E-mail: ragreene@coastnet.com In 2002 we celebrate our 80th birthday. Are you interested in our British Columbia history? You can help us celebrate in a number of ways. ♦ Join and become active in one of our member societies or become a member of any other organization interested in the advancement and protection of the past of our province, in particular our recorded history. ♦ If your favourite historical association is not yet a member of the Federation, recommend that they become a member. Membership starts as low as $25 for small organizations with a maximum of $75 for societies with more than 75 members. ♦ Our journal, BC Historical News, starts its 35th year with this winter issue. We celebrate this festive year by sending a one-year free subscription to all our member societies. Perhaps you should think about giving a subscription to a friend, a colleague, a family member, your favourite library or school, or to yourself. ♦ Would you like to help history? The Federation has started an endowment fund to help promote a wider interest in the history of our province. 44 BC HISTORICAL NEWS -Vol. 35 No. 1 British Columbia Historical Federation Organized 31 October 1922 Affiliated Groups Archives Association of British Columbia British Columbia Genealogical Society Member Societies Alberni District Historical Society PO Box 284, Port Alberni, BC V9Y 7M7 Anderson Lake Historical Society PO Box 40, D'Arcy BC VON 1L0 Arrow Lakes Historical Society PO Box 819, Nakusp BC VOG 1R0 Atlin Historical Society PO Box 111, Atlm BC VOW 1A0 Boundary Historical Society PO Box 1687, Grand Forks BC VOH 1H0 Bowen Island Historians PO Box 97. Bowen Island, BC VON 1G0 Bulkley Valley Historical & Museum Society Box 2615, Smithers BC VOJ 2N0 Burnaby Historical Society 6501 Deer Lake Avenue, Burnaby BC V5G 3T6 Chemainus Valley Historical Society PO Box 172, Chemainus BC VOR 1K0 Cowichan Historical Society PO Box 1014, Duncan BC V9L 3Y2 District 69 Historical Society PO Box 1452, Parksville BC V9P 2H4 East Kootenay Historical Association PO Box 74, Cranbrook BC VIC 4H6 Finn Slough Heritage & Wetland Society 9480 Dyke Road, Richmond BC V7A 2L5 Fraser Heritage Society Box 84, Harrison Mills, BC VOM 1L0 Galiano Museum Society 20625 Porlier Pass Drive Galiano Island BC VON 1P0 Gulf Islands Branch BCHF c/o A. Lovendge S22, Cll, RR # 1 Galiano Island BC VON 1P0 Hedley Heritage Society PO Box 218, Hedley BC VOX 1K0 Jewish Historical Society ofBC 206-950 West 41st Avenue, Vancouver BC V5Z 2N7 Kamloops Museum Association 207 Seymour Street, Kamloops BC V2C 2E7 Koksilah School Historical Society 5213 Trans Canada Highway, Koksilah, BC VOR 2C0 Kootenay Lake Historical Society PO Box 1262, Kaslo BC VOG 1M0 Langley Centennial Museum PO Box 800, Fort Langley BC VIM 2S2 Lantzville Historical Society c/o Box 274, Lantzville BC VOR 2H0 Lions Bay Historical Society Box 571, Lions Bay BC VON 2E0 London Heritage Farm Society 6511 Dyke Road, Richmond BC V7E 3R3 Maple Ridge Historical Society 22520 116th Ave., Maple Ridge, BC V2X 0S4 Nanaimo & District Museum Society 100 Cameron Road, Nanaimo BC V9R 2X1 Nanaimo Historical Society PO Box 933, Nanaimo BC V9R 5N2 Nelson Museum 402 Anderson Street, Nelson BC V1L 3Y3 Nicola Valley Museum Archives Association PO Box 1262, Merritt BC V1K 1B8 North Shore Historical Society c/o 1541 Merlynn Crescent, NorthVancouver BC V7J 2X9 North Shuswap Historical Society Box 317, Celista BC VOE 1L0 Okanagan Historical Society PO Box 313,Vernon BC V1T 6M3 Princeton & District Museum & Archives Box 281, Princeton BC VOX 1W0 Qualicum Beach Historical Society 587 Beach Road, Qualicum Beach BC V9K 1K7 Revelstoke & District Historical Association Box 1908, Revelstoke BC VOE 2S0 Richmond Museum Society Minoru Park Plaza, 7700 Minoru Gate, Richmond BC V6Y 7M7 Salt Spring Island Historical Society 129 McPhillips Avenue, Salt Spring Island BC V8K 2T6 Silvery Slocan Historical Society Box 301, New Denver BC VOG ISO Surrey Historical Society Box 34003 17790 #10 Hwy. Surrey BC V3S 8C4 Terrace Regional Historical Society PO Box 246, Terrace BC V8G 4A6 Texada Island Heritage Society Box 129, Blubber Bay BC VON 1E0 Trail Historical Society PO Box 405,Trail BC V1R 4L7 Union Bay Historical Society Box 448, Union Bay, BC VOR 3B0 Vancouver Historical Society PO Box 3071,Vancouver BC V6B 3X6 Victoria Historical Society PO Box 43035, Victoria North Victoria BC V8X 3G2 Yellowhead Museum Box 1778, RR# 1, Clearwater BC VOE 1N0 The British Columbia Historical Federation is an umbrella organization embracing regional societies. Local historical societies are entitled to become Member Societies of the BC Historical Federation. All members of these local historical societies shall by that very fact be members ofthe Federation. Affiliated Groups are organizations with specialized interests or objects of a historical nature. Membership fees for both classes of membership are one dollar per member of a Member Society or Affiliated Group with a minimum membership fee of $25 and a maximum of $75. Reminder: Membership fees for 2002 are now due. Questions about membership should be directed to: Terry Simpson, Membership Secretary, BC Historical Federation, 193 Bird Sanctuary, Nanaimo BC V9R6G8 Phone:250.754.5697 terryroy@nanaimo.ark.com Please keep the editor of BC Historical News informed about corrections to be made to this list. Return Address: British Columbia Historical News JoelVinge, Subscription Secretary 561 Woodland Drive Cranbrook, BC ViC 6V2 Canadian Publications Mail Product Sales Agreement No. 40025793 Publications Mail Registration No. 09835 CanadS We acknowledge the financial support ofthe Government of Canada, through the Publications Assistance Program (PAP), toward our mailing costs. Contact us: BC Historical News welcomes your letters and manuscripts on subjects dealing with the history of British Columbia and British Columbians. Please send stories or essays on any aspect ofthe rich past of our province to the Editor, BC Historical News, Fred Braches, PO Box J30, Whonnock BC, V2W JV9. Phone: 604.462.8942 E-mail: braches@netcom.ca Send books for review and book reviews directly to the Book Review Editor, BC Historical News, Anne Yandle, 3450 West 20th Avenue, Vancouver BC V6S JE4, Phone: 604.733.6484 E-mail: yandle@interchange.ubc.ca News items for publication in BC Historical News should be sent to the editor in Whonnock. Please send correspondence about subscriptions to the subscription Secretary, Joel Vinge $61 Woodland Drive Cranbrook BC ViC 6V2 Phone/Fax: 250.489.2490 E-mail: nisse@telus.net Subscriptions Individual $15.00 per year Institutional $20.00 per year For addresses outside Canada add $6.00 i 2001 The British Columbia Historical Federation invites submissions of books for the 19™ annual Competition for Writers of BC History. Any book presenting any facet ofBC history published in 200J, is eligible. This may be a community history biography record of a project or an organization, or personal recollections giving a glimpse ofthe past. Names, dates and places, with relevant maps or pictures, turn a story into "history" Note that reprints or revisions of books are not eligible. The judges are looking for quality presentations, especially if fresh material is included, with appropriate illustrations, careful proofreading, an adequate index, table of contents and bibliography from first-time writers as well as established authors. The Lieutenant-Governor's Medal for HistoricalWriting will be awarded to an individual writer whose book contributes significantly to the recorded history of British Columbia. Other awards will be made as recommended by the judges to valuable books prepared by groups or individuals. Winners will receive a Certificate of Merit, a monetary award and an invitation to the BCHF annual conference to be held in Revelstoke May 2002. SUBMISSION REQUIREMENTS: All books must have been published in 2001 and should be submitted as soon as possible after publication. Two copies of each book should be submitted. Books entered become property ofthe BC Historical Federation. Please state name, address and telephone number of sender, the selling price of all editions ofthe book, and, if the reader has to shop by mail, the address from which it may be purchased, including applicable shipping and handling costs. SEND TO: BC Historical Federation Writing Competition c/o Shirley Cuthbertson #306-225 Belleville Street Victoria BC V8V 4T9 DEADFINE: 31 December 2001
Titled "British Columbia Historical Association Report and Proceedings" from 1923-1929; "British Columbia Historical Quarterly" from 1937-1957; "BC Historical News" from 1968-2004; and "British Columbia History" from 2005 onward.
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British Columbia Historical News
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