CONTENTdm
British Columbia Historical Books Collection
Howay, F. W. (Frederic William), 1867-1943
Reynolds, Stephen, 1782-1857
"600 copies printed; 100 on special antique paper. Transcribed from the ms. in the Peabody Museum. "...most references to wind and weather, the vessel's courses and handling, and matters of daily routine without interest for the present-day reader have been eliminated": - Intro., p.v. The brig New Hazard was engaged in the fur trade. The voyage was notable for the brutality of the captain and first and second mates."-- Strathern, G. M., & Edwards, M. H. (1970). Navigations, traffiques & discoveries, 1774-1848: A guide to publications relating to the area now British Columbia. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 244.
xxii, 158 pages : illustrations, portrait, facsimiles ; 26 cm
application/pdf
The Voyage of the New Hazard The VOYAGE of the NEW HAZARD To the Northwest Coast, Hawaii and China, 1810-1813, by Stephen Reynolds, a member of the crew, edited by Judge F. W. Ho WAY, F.R.S.C. SALEM: Peabody Museum. 1938 \ Copyright, 1938, by the Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts HR Printed by The Southworth-Anthoensen Press, Portland, Maine Introduction IN the early years of the nineteenth century the ships of Salem penetrated nearly every corner of the globe, and their owners— Derbys, Crowninshields and others—ranked foremost among American merchants. Almost the only maritime enterprise untouched by Salem was the trade on the Northwest Coast of A merica, practically monopolized by Boston. Nevertheless at least two Salem-owned vessels, the brig New Hazard and the ship Packet, did engage in that trade, although they actually sailed from Boston. A journal of the New Hazard's voyage from Boston to the Hawaiian Islands, the Northwest Coast, China and back, between 10 October 1810 and 24 December 1813, was bought by the Peabody Museum of Salem in 1926. It was kept by Stephen W. Reynolds, then a mere foremast hand, for his own satisfaction, and, although not the official log, it is, so far as is known, the only account now existing of the voyage. Journals of entire voyages from New England to the Northwest Coast are rare. As Reynolds describes one of the few ever made by a Salem vessel, his not too literate narrative seems worth printing. Moreover he describes from the forecastle a type of life which, from the shore a century later, has been over romanticised. , In the following transcription most references to wind and weather, the vessel's courses and handling, and matters of daily routine without interest for the present-day reader have been eliminatedy but such of these as throw light on the living conditions in the brig or aid in identifying her position have been retained. Subject to these omissions and to some modernization of spelling, capitalization, and punctuation, the journal is given just as it was written. The reader will bear in mind that it was kept on ship's time, i.e., from noon till noon; hence the entry under any given date really begins at midday of the preceding day. [ v ] vi Introduction Stephen W. Reynolds, or Stephen Runnels as he is called in the crew list, had a long and adventurous life. He was born 18 November 1782 at And over in the then Colony of Massachusetts. His father, Enos Runnels, who changed the spelling of the family name to Reynolds, had fought in the Revolutionary War. He served at Bunker Hill, and with Arnold in the expedition against Quebec, and after many captures and escapes, was present at the surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga. In October 1810 Stephen Reynolds, then almost twenty-eight, shipped as A.B. in the new fast-sailing brig New Hazard. From his return in December 1813 there is no trace of him until the summer of 1817, when he appears to have sailed aboard the ship Ida, belonging to Boardman and Pope, on a voyage to the Northwest Coast. From an undated incomplete draft letter in the journal it is probable that he was an officer in this ship, hike many another vessel that sailed for the coast, the Ida seems to have been intended to carry on illicit trade on the shores of Chili and Peru. It appears that the Ida was on the South American coast in November 1817; and from the references in his accounts to "gave sailors in prison," and "gave Dick for prison boys" it would perhaps be a fair deduction that the Ida and her crew had been arrested for illegal trading and were then in Valparaiso. Thereafter Reynolds goes again into an umbra from which he does not emerge until he is found in the Hawaiian Islands. His arrival there is given sometimes as 1822; at others as 1823. He settled in Honolulu on his arrival and stayed there during all his life in the islands. He was a very methodical man and kept a diary during the entire time he lived in Hawaii, that is from 1822 to 1855. Seven of the nine volumes of this diary are now owned by the Peabody Museum of Salem. He was a clerk of William French of Honolulu until 1829. In that year Reynolds married Susan Jackson of Honolulu, and by her had the following five children: Introduction vn Matilda, born 8 October 1830. Eveline, born 25 December 1831, died at Boxford, Massachusetts, 19 February 1856. John Rice, born 21 November 1833, died in San Francisco, California, lb April 1855. Harriett, born 27 August 1835, married R. S. Little field. Edward Jackson, born 28 A ugust 1838, educated in New England, died at Honolulu in 1865. In 1829 Reynolds went into business for himself. At the outset he dealt in sandalwood, which he purchased and shipped to China; but that trade had been going on for nearly twenty years and the islands were almost denuded. With the dwindling of the sandalwood trade Reynolds, according to the Right Reverend Bishop Restarick, "had consigned to him, or purchased from, vessels as they arrived, merchandise of all kinds, for we find him dealing in piece goods, clothing, foodstuffs, wine, gin, rum, lumber, horses and hides from California, shells from the Gallepagos Islands, sealskins and other furs from the Northwest Coast." He appears to have been largely a self-taught man, of marked native ability, with a love of music and the better things of life. He took a real interest in the Oahu Charity School, of which he was a staunch supporter; and he even went so far as to teach dancing to its scholars. He sometimes appeared as a lawyer in the courts of the island; he served as harbour master; and he frequently acted as a pilot of Honolulu Harbour. "He was" said the late Professor W. D. Alexander, "an original character; thoroughly independent in his ways of thinking; of strong prejudices; but kind and generous to the needy and oppressed. He was a self-taught lawyer of no mean ability. He was especially devoted to the Oahu Charity School, and took a fatherly interest in its pupils." The following extracts are from an article by Gorham D. Gilman on "Streets of Honolulu in the Early Forties," published in Thrum's viii Introduction Hawaiian Annual for 1904, pp. 74-101. Though in part a repetition of what has already been said, it seems well to include them for their human interest. Gilman, on his arrival in Honolulu in 1841, noted the pilot boat which met them outside the harbour and referred to the pilot as follows: "Not the least unique figure was that of the pilot himself, Mr. Stephen Reynolds, with his broad brimmed Panama hat and white cotton shirt, with an ample collar, and a pair of nankeen trousers without suspenders, endeavouring to keep his balance in the unsteady boat until he was safely alongside and on board" Gilman wrote further of Reynolds on pp. 79—80: "On the mauka corner of Nuuanu and Merchant streets stood the store of one of the most noted characters of the town, Mr. Stephen Reynolds, originally from B oxford, Massachusetts. He had been many years at the islands, and was one of the most remarkable men in Honolulu. He was very peculiar in his dress as well as his thinking. His clothes were cut in his own fashion, generally what we know as the jacket and trousers and made of light coloured nankeen. His shirt was always of unbleached cotton cloth, destitute of any linen bosom, buttoned in front at the throat with a wide turned over collar, white stockings and low shoes, and a Panama hat destitute of any ribbon completed his costume. This style I do not recall ever to have seen changed. The simplicity of the costume was somewhat characteristic of the man. A visitor to his store went up the half dozen well worn planks to the somewhat rickety veranda and entering within found a most miscellaneous assortment of dry goods and notions in what would be to him an indescribable confusion, yet the kindly gentleman, past middle life, with a very pleasant manner to his native customers, found no difficulty in meeting their wishes, and enjoyed a large share of their confidence. It was not, however, so much as a merchant that he impressed himself upon the community, but as a man of mental ability. Naturally a student, with an evident predilection for the study of the law, Introduction ix he was, in the absence of any educated attorney residing in the town, the person who was generally consulted on matters that were coming before the courts. In two most important cases which I recall, one the trial of Mr. L. L. Torbert, and the other the celebrated case of Messrs. Ladd & Co. against the government, which forms a part of the history of those times, Mr. Reynolds was engaged as principal attorney for Ladd & Co., and his conduct of these cases was considered very remarkable for an unprofessional man. I may add here that the kindness of Mr. Reynolds' heart was shown in later years by his establishing a home for young Hawaiian girls, where he gave them the best education which could be provided for them" Reynolds returned to the United States in 1855* and died at West Boxford, Massachusetts, 17 July 1857, at the age of seventy-four years\and eight months. The New Hazard was a brig of 281 tons, built at Newbury in 1809. Her dimensions are given as 95 feet 1 inches in length; 25 feet 11 inches in breadth; 12 feet 1 ij4 inches in depth; 2815%s tons, with two decks, square stern, no galleries; and she had a figurehead. She was registered at Salem 8 February 1810, with John Gardner Jr. as owner, and Edward Stanley as master. Her first voyage was to Rio de Janeiro with Edward Stanley in command. She cleared 10 February 1810 and returned to Salem 6 July 1810 with a cargo consigned to John Gardner. She was next registered at Salem 13 August 1810 under the ownership of Pickering Dodge, Joseph Peabody, Benjamin Pickman Jr., Jerathmiel Peirce and John Derby of Salem and Eben- ezer Preble, John Prince Jr., Richard C. Derby and William Ropes of Boston. Her master was Benjamin Henderson. Five days later (18 August 1810) the New Hazard cleared for Boston, doubtless for the purpose of outfitting for her voyage to the Northwest Coast of America and to China. On that voyage, her second, the New Hazard was commanded by x Introduction David Nye Jr. who certainly does not show up at all well in the record as kept by Reynolds. This would appear to have been Nye's first command in the Northwest trade, though it seems that he had been on the coast before as an officer. He was met in command of the Brutus on the coast in July 1818 and on that occasion informed Roquefeuil that the Brutus had left Boston seventeen months earlier; and, speaking of his experience, Nye is thus reported: "Moi, j'ai fait trois voyages a. la cote comme officier avant de commander" No record of his earlier voyages has been found. If Nye was a brutal master he had two good supporters in his first and second mates: John Iverson and Samuel Gale. Of these two subordinates Iverson held the palm; doubtless every man in the brig's crew breathed a bit more freely when on 15 May 1811 he removed his hated presence to the brig Otter. The names of the other officers and the crew will be found in the list on page 1. The term "brutal" has been used in speaking of the officers of the brig. In justification of that epithet Reynolds shows that, during the voyage there were twenty-eight floggings and rope's-endings, over and above milder forms of punishment. The captain's record is a black one as Reynolds gives it. It runs thus: 1811:4 March, Bumpus flogged; 16 March, Joseph Dolbeare {fourteen-year-old boy) a catting; 11 April, cook flogged; 11 June, Reynolds and a party of four others put in irons and flogged; 3 August, Sampson flogged; 29 October, Sampson and Bumpus flogged; 16 December, cook and steward tied back to back; 24 December, cook and steward flogged before breakfast; 1812: 20 January, struck Immanuel Pinto; 1 February, threatened to shoot Sebre Pratt and put him in irons, because he threw his bread allowance overboard; op August, Bumpus put under magazine for stealing; 1 September, Jack and Pace struck with rope's-end and fist several times; 4 November, tailor and Bumpus flogged for storing rum for people forward; 1813: cook and steward each one , Denny nd mate idings to 23 /#;?£, LC I 1 &?/>- tember, gave Jack and Pace a rope's-ending; Edward A mes, a rope's- ending; 5 November, flogged the cook; 6 November, struck Reynolds; 1813: armourer beaten and abused; 3 February, Bumpus and Joe Dolbeare flogged severely; 19 April, struck cook with gun sponge and Gore with a knot of man rope; 26 September, struck steward for contradicting him in presence of the captain. It is not to be wondered at that under these conditions the crew were all anxious to make a change and get away from abuse and irresponsible autocracy. Of the nineteen foremast hands only eight escaped flogging; none escaped abuse. Of the crew of twenty-three who sailed from Boston only fourteen were in the New Hazard when she anchored at New Bedford in December 1813; and even of those three at least had done their best to leave her. Gale, the petty tyrant, was offering two hundred dollars for any one to take his place; he was the only one of the three mates to complete the voyage. Joseph Dolbeare, the boy, exchanged into the Albatross, but when he found that she was to remain on the coast chose to return to the brig as the lesser of two evils. Leonard Bowman, the armourer, tried to desert, but was detected and abused and placed in confinement. Thomas Conant left the ship, abandoning his wages. It is not a pleasant subject; but Nye and his mate Gale were tyrants of a type rarely found in the A merican merchant service. The New Hazard cleared from Boston 9 October 1810 for the Northwest Coast and China; she sailed the following day, and reached the Hawaiian Islands 26 February 1811. After a stay of ten David Nye as kept by B mand in the coast before the coast in that the Bru ing of his experience, Nye is thus reported: "Moi, j'ai fait trois voyages a la cote comme officier avant de commander" No record of his earlier voyages has been found. If Nye was a brutal master he had two good supporters in his first and second mates: John Iverson and Samuel Gale. Of these two subordinates Iverson held the palm; doubtless every man in the brig's crew breathed a bit more freely when on 15 May 1811 he removed his hated presence to the brig Otter. The names of the other officers and the crew will be found in the list on page 2. The term "brutal" has been used in speaking of the officers of the brig. In justification of that epithet Reynolds shows that, during the voyage there were twenty-eight floggings and rope3s-endings, over and above milder forms of punishment. The captain's record is a black one as Reynolds gives it. It runs thus: 1811:4 March, Bumpus ed; 16 March, Joseph Dolbeare (fourteen-year-old boy) a cat- j; 11 April, cook flogged; 11 June, Reynolds and a party of four others put in irons and flogged; 3 August, Sampson flogged; 1Q October, Sampson and Bumpus flogged; 16 December, cook and steward tied back to back; 24 December, cook and steward flogged before breakfast; 1812: 20 January, struck Immanuel Pinto; 1 February, threatened to shoot Sebre Pratt and put him in irons, because he threw his bread allowance overboard; 30 August, Bumpus put under magazine for stealing; 1 September, Jack and Pace struck with rope's-end and fist several times; 4 November, tailor and Bumpus flogged for storing rum for people forward; 1813: cook and steward each one Introduction xi dozen for fighting; 16 May, steward flogged; 3 November, Denny struck with a spy-glass. Gale, who was originally the second mate but later became first mate, has nine floggings and rope's-endings to his discredit, besides milder punishments. They run: 1811: 23 June, flogged Sampson with knots in rope; 29 October, flogged Edward Ames; 1812: 27 June, struck islander with billet of wood; 1 September, gave Jack and Pace a rope's-ending; Edward Ames, a rope's- ending; 5 November, flogged the cook; 6 November, struck Reynolds; 1813: armourer beaten and abused; 3 February, Bumpus and Joe Dolbeare flogged severely; 19 April, struck cook with gun sponge and Gore with a knot of man rope; 26 September, struck steward for contradicting him in presence of the captain. It is not to be wondered at that under these conditions the crew were all anxious to make a change and get away from abuse and irresponsible autocracy. Of the nineteen foremast hands only eight escaped flogging; none escaped abuse. Of the crew of twenty-three who sailed from Boston only fourteen were in the New Hazard when she anchored at New Bedford in December 1813; and even of those three at least had done their best to leave her. Gale, the petty tyrant, was offering two hundred dollars for any one to take his place; he was the only one of the three mates to complete the voyage. Joseph Dolbeare, the boy, exchanged into the Albatross, but when he found that she was to remain on the coast chose to return to the brig as the lesser of two evils. Leonard Bowman, the armourer, tried to desert, but was detected and abused and placed in confinement. Thomas Conant left the ship, abandoning his wages. It is not a pleasant subject; but Nye and his mate Gale were tyrants of a type rarely found in the American merchant service. The New Hazard cleared from Boston 9 October 1810 for the Northwest Coast and China; she sailed the following day, and reached the Hawaiian Islands 26 February 1811. After a stay of ten xii Introduction days, spent largely in procuring refreshment, she continued her voyage to the coast where she arrived 28 March 1811. She spent the season trading in the vicinity of Queen Charlotte Islands and the adjacent continental shores. On 8 September the brig sailed for the Hawaiian Islands for refreshments, and to obtain sailors, the high land of Hawaii being sighted on 27 September. Her purpose having been accomplished the New Hazard sailed again on 15 October for the Northwest Coast. Eighteen days later she was at anchor in Skidegate Inlet. At once she resumed her trading which continued without interruption throughout the winter. This was a change brought about by the new conditions which had made the trade one of keen competition and introduced into it'business methods. By 20 September 1812 the New Hazard had completed her trading. The journal does not state what quantity of skins she had collected; but she had been on the coast from 28 March 1811 to 20 September 1812, a period of eighteen months, with the exception of about two months occupied by her trip to "the Islands" and back. In that time she had, as the journal shows, been flitting hither and thither constantly in search of sea-otter and other skins. The Packet, the ship that was to succeed her in the trade, arrived on 10 July 1812, and as soon as possible the New Hazard took her departure, carrying not only her own peltry but also all that collected by the brig Lydia. On 20 September she left Kaigahnee, Alaska, and soon the Northwest Coast sank below the horizon. A slow passage of thirty-three days brought her once more to the Paradise of the Pacific. From her arrival, 23 October 1812 till her departure 14 November, the New Hazard was amongst the Hawaiian Islands, principally at Honolulu, taking in sandalwood on her own account as well as receiving sandalwood and sealskins from the Albatross and other vessels. Having left Honolulu on 14 November the brig cast anchor in Macao Roads on 19 December. Thence she sailed for Whampoa, the Introduction xiii port of Canton, where she arrived 24 December 1812. The interval between that date and 20 April 1813 was occupied in disposing of outward cargo, putting the brig in order for the homeward voyage, and purchasing and storing the return cargo. Finally, after almost four months in China, the New Hazard sailed for Boston by way of the Hawaiian Islands. As far as "the Islands" the ships O'Cain and Isabella accompanied her. On 29 June 1813 they sighted Maui. Nearly a month was spent in this last visit, and on 27 July 1813 the New Hazard shook out her sails and steered southeasterly from Kauai, bound for Boston via Cape Horn. This was a most unusual route for a New England vessel to take, homeward bound, and was, doubtless, dictated by reason of the existing state of war. On 24 August 1813 the New Hazard arrived at Tahiti and anchored, perhaps in a part of Matavia Bay. After a stay of four days she resumed her voyage Boston-ward, and anchored at New Bedford, according to Reynolds' calendar, on Christmas day; but according to the Massachusetts calendar, 1\December 1813. The reason for the discrepancy is that Reynolds when he arrived in China added a day and explained with meticulous care the reason for so doing, but neglected to deduct the added day when he again crossed the meridian. An examination of the New Hazard's trading goods discloses the great changes that had come about in the twenty-five years since Hanna ventured from China to try the barter that Captain Cook had discovered. Then it was largely beads and baubles and tawdry trinkets that were used. Ingraham's great trading medium in 1791 had been iron collars. Gradually articles of real utility were substituted. Now, in 1810, the clearance papers of the New Hazard show her cargo to be "musquets, bread, molasses, sugar, India cottons, wearing apparel, hardware, gunpowder, paints, iron, rice, sheetings, shot, tobacco, woolens, woodenware." And, of course, the rum was there, though, perhaps, rather as ship's stores than barter material. 1 xiv Introduction In the interval, too, other changes had occurred. Sea otter had become markedly scarcer and decidedly higher in price on the coast; hence, land skins that originally were contemned, or at any rate, not sought after were now gladly purchased. The days of leisurely trading through the season and then retiring to the lotus eaters' islands of the south for the winter were gone. It was now a matter of constant trading or seeking of trade through the entire year. This condition had not been reached at one jump. It had been, first a change from wintering in the islands to wintering on the coast; then from that to trading throughout the winter. In the journal it will be observed that the traders disposed of large quantities of bread, rice, and molasses to the natives. It was found that the winter offered a good market for these foods. The trader early learned to utilize as a medium of trade those productions of the coast which were in demand in other parts. The first of such products so used were the clamons or tanned elk skins, so easily procurable on the Columbia River and so eagerly sought for by the Haidas of Queen Charlotte Islands. These are sometimes called armour; it is said that folded they would resist an arrow. In Simon Fraser's journal they are referred to as "coats of mail." Thus that explorer writes in his entry of 1 July 1808: "The chief near the mouth of Fraser River made me a present of a coat of mail to make shoes." And the manuscript journals of the Jefferson and the Ruby contain references to visits to the Columbia River for the express purpose of obtaining these clamons. Here we find the New Hazard making the discovery that shrowton or oolachan grease was a commodity of trade. The Nass Indians caught immense numbers of this small fish, which they call shrow or sa-ow, in the Nass River. From it they extracted an oil which the natives, and especially those of Queen Charlotte Islands, regarded as a great luxury. The brig took advantage of this taste and we find her visiting Nass to trade and obtain this Introduction xv oil in order to re-trade it with the Indians of those islands. Slavery existed amongst the Indians of the Northwest Coast. It was the lot of those taken in war whose lives were spared. The traders were not averse to using slaves as a purchasing medium for skins. A number of . (^T"jl^~N^3"" instances of trafficking in human flesh will be found in this journal. c^J^ q % The reader will not of course overlook the fact that slavery was at that time an institution in some of the West Indies and the Southern / 6 fl States of the Union. The maritime trade never reached the point of unification and combination; from beginning to end it was merely a series of individual efforts and was of necessity permeated with those jealousies that are inseparable from such a condition. Towards the end signs of possible unification may be seen, but the change in the trade and the outbreak of the War of 1812 kept them from being realized. However, to prevent the dire results of keen competition the trading vessels on the coast frequently entered into arrangements whereby they divided their trade. Examples of such bargains are found in this journal in the cases of the New Hazard and the Lydia and the New Hazard and the Atahualpa. A similar arrangement was made in June 1811 between the Hamilton and the Katharine. In such cases they placed one of their crew on board the other vessel to keep an account of her purchases and, each pursuing her own course, at the end of the period they adjusted the accounts and divided the proceeds. It will be noted that the vessels were no longer engaged in the sea- otter trade, pure and simple. As already mentioned and as the journal shows land furs were being eagerly sought and purchased. Other signs of deterioration may be seen in the diversity of interests that then constituted a trading voyage to the Northwest Coast. From very early days, at least from 1793, fur-sealing had frequently formed a recognized part of the venture. The vessels bound for the coast passed within easy range of such seal haunts as Stateh Island, Juan Fer- xvi Introduction nandez, Mas-a-fuera, St. Ambrose, and St. Felix. A few weeks' delay would furnish them with twelve or fifteen thousand fur-seal skins, which at that time were worth about fifty cents apiece each. The opportunity for illicit trade on the coasts of Chili and Peru was not overlooked; some ships bound for the Northwest Coast never reached it: some Spanish guarda costa happened upon the scene and in consequence the ship was confiscated and the captain and crew detained in prison. The islets and islands off the Californian coast were also the habitat of sea otter and the haunts of fur-seal; moreover they were but indifferently patrolled and protected. The result was the addition to the trade of illegal hunting of these animals on that coast—in other words organized poaching upon a scale far beyond anything theretofore known. The O'Cain, Isabella, and Albatross which are all frequently mentioned in the journal, were some of the chief sinners in this respect. To all these were added a growing trade with the Russian settlements in Alaska, the carrying of furs from those settlements as well as from other trading vessels to China as freight, and the addition of the trade in sandalwood. John Kendrick had seen the possibility of a large trade in this odoriferous wood, so much and so widely valued in China, but he was a dreamer. He does appear to have made two attempts to institute such a trade: that is, on two occasions he seems to have left men on the Hawaiian Islands to collect sandalwood against his return; but his plans always miscarried; the effort was a failure. However by 1810 cargoes of sandalwood were found as a recognized adjunct to the maritime trade on the Northwest Coast; though, of course, some ships dealt in it exclusively. During the absence of the New Hazard from her home port the War 0/1812 broke out. This was, probably, not a great surprise to her people because of the strained situation at her departure arising out of the Berlin Decrees, the Orders-in-Council, and the claim of Right Introduction xvii of Search. The existence of the war probably accounts for the brig's taking the unusual homeward route by way of Cape Horn—the Pacific being far freer of British cruisers than the Atlantic. Normally the American traders, having exchanged their furs at Canton for Oriental goods, continued to New England by way of the Cape of Good Hope. Reynolds tells us in a matter-of-fact way that the New Hazard sighted Martha's Vineyard; at nine o'clock saw a sail bearing down upon her; at nine thirty saw another; and that after consultation Captain Nye determined to run into Buzzard's Bay. Nothing is said as to the identity of these strange ships—not even a surmise as to their purpose. It needs, however, but little imagination to see in them what Nye and his crew saw, namely, British cruisers striving to intercept the New Hazard right at the doorway of safety. Some light on the situation is thrown by the following item in the New Bedford Mercury, Friday, 24 December 1813: "Thursday, Dec. 23.—Brig New Hazard, Nye, of Salem, 8 months from Canton, with a cargo of teas, silks, etc., valued at 300,000 dollars. Yesterday forenoon off the Hen-and-C hie kens, was chased by a British brig, but falling in with a schooner, the brig of war bore away and captured her, and gave time for the New Hazard to escape." The Columbian Centinel of Boston in its issue of Saturday, 1$ December 1813, has the news item: "Fortunate Arrival! Friday, December 24, arrived brig New Hazard, Nye, from Canton 16th April; Sandwich Islands, 16th July; and Otaheite, 1st September (with a full cargo of Teas, Nankins, and Chinaware to sundry merchants of this town, Salem, and New York, consigned to Messrs. Ropes & Pickman of this town, Agents). Capt. Nye informs that the schooner Tamaahmaah, Porter, arrived at the Sandwich Islands 10th July last and sailed again the loth for N. W. Coast. Spoke nothing—was chased by a frigate. No vessel had arrivel at Canton from America since the ship Ann from Baltimore. The New Hazard has xviii Introduction been absent on the voyage from Boston 3 years and 1 months." The remainder of the life-story of the New Hazard is shortly told. In December 1813 Congress passed "Madison's embargo" act which forbade all maritime traffic. Its rigorous enforcement aroused such a clamour that Congress in the spring of 1814 repealed it; but with the repeal almost synchronized the extension of the British blockade from Long Island Sound to the New Brunswick border. Thus from one cause or another the New Hazard remained immured. The Treaty of Ghent, which ended the hostilities, was signed on 24 December 1814. After nearly a year in New Bedford the New Hazard took out a temporary register on 14 December 1814 with William Ropes, William Pickman, John Prince Jr., Benjamin T. Pickman, and John W. Rogers, all of Boston; and Joseph Peabody, Benjamin Pickman Jr., John Derby, Jerathmiel Peirce, and William Orne all of Salem as owners; and John Endicott as master. In December she cleared for the West Indies. Upon her return she sailed under Captain Bray for Canton, where she was on 17 November 1815, expecting to sail for Boston in four days. She actually sailed 28 November 1815 and reached Boston 24 March 1816 after 117 days—a very swift passage which justifies the Columbian Centinel in calling her, as Reynolds does in his entry of 19 July 1813, "the fast sailing brig New Hazard." Her claim to that title is further supported by her next voyage. On 11 May 1816 she was again registered in Salem, with Willard Peele,^ Richard Wheatland, Benjamin Dodge, and John Andrew, all of Salem as owners; and Isaac W. Andrew, master. She cleared 25 May 1816 for the East Indies; arriving at Batavia she loaded there and departing thence 30 October 1816 she anchored in Salem Harbour 11 February 1817 — 105 days later. The New Hazard sailed in command of Isaac W. Andrew, on her last voyage 18 March 1817 from Salem for Batavia by way of Antwerp. She arrived at Antwerp 19 April 1817 and resumed her voyage k! Introduction xix late in June. But her end was at hand. In the Columbian Centinel of 20 August 1817 is the following news item: "London, July 4. The elegant brig New Hazard, Andrews, of Salem from Antwerp for Batavia with 40,000 dollars, struck on the Galloper Sand on Tuesday night July 1, 1817 and sank. The master was drowned; the rest of the crew was saved and arrived at Yarmouth." The entry in Dr. William Bentley's diary does not add much to the above information, but it is given to complete the record: "The brig New Hazard was lost on the Goodwin Sands. The Capt. Isaac Andrews was drowned. She had 40,000 D. in specie insured, all lost. Owned by his brother & Co. A brother of the same man has lost his vessel in the West Indies. The elder brother John inherits by a D. of Capt. Forrester and was famous in the co-partnership of Samuel Archer, the adventurer. The insurance upon the New Hazard will take 60 th. D. from the merchants of Salem." The life of the New Hazard was ended. It was a short one—not eight years. F. W. Howay. New Westminster, British Columbia. $ FACING PAGE List of Illustrations Plate I. Brig New Hazard of Salem. Painting by George Ropes of Salem, formerly owned by the late Louis Bacon of Nahant. 4 Plate II. Stephen Reynolds, 1782-1857. Oil portrait by J. M. Stanley, Honolulu, 1848, now in the Peabody Museum of Salem. [M3831] 5 Plate III. Clearance Paper of the brig New Hazard, Boston, 9 October 1810. 12 Plate IV. A page of Stephen Reynolds' Journal of the Voyage of the New Hazard, now in the Peabody Museum of Salem. 13 Plate V. The town and harbour of Macao about 1830. Oil painting by a Chinese artist, now in the Peabody Museum of Salem. [M289] 116 Plate VI. Bocca Tigris, at the mouth of the Pearl River leading to Canton. Oil painting by a Chinese artist, now in the Peabody Museum of Salem. [ m 290] 117 Plate VII. Dutch Folly Fort, in the Pearl River, just below Canton. Oil painting by a Chinese artist, now in the Peabody Museum of Salem. [ m 718 ] 124 Plate VIII. The Foreign Factories at Canton about 1800. Oil painting on glass by a Chinese artist, now in the Peabody Museum of Salem, [m 3156] 125 Plate IX. The harbour of Woahoo (Oahu), Hawaiian Islands, in 1821. Painting owned by Charles H. Taylor, Esq., of Boston. [ xxi ] 154 xxii List of Illustrations Plates X and XI. Crew List of the brig New Hazard as she sailed from Boston, dated 9 October 1810. 154 Plate XII. Endorsement on the back of the Crew List of the brig New Hazard concerning changes in the crew, dated 23 December 1813. 155 The Voyage of the New Hazard List of Officers and Crew of the Brig NEW HAZARD in October 181 o when She Sailed from Boston for the Northwest Coast of America David Nye Jr., Captain John Iverson, First Mate Samuel Gale Jr., Second Mate William B. Hall, Third Mate Nathaniel Woodbury Jr., Clerk Ellis Mott, Boastwain Leonard Bowman, Armourer Ephraim Snelling, Carpenter John Carnee, Seaman Sebre Pratt, Seaman Thomas Conant, Seaman Stephen Runnels, Seaman William Porter, Seaman Richmond Palmer, Tailor John Hathaway, Seaman Ephraim Sampson, Seaman Perez Bumpus, Seaman Epaphroditus Lavare, Seaman Thomas Williams Jr., Seaman Joseph Dolbeare, Boy Willliam Larridon, Apprentice Samuel Lang, Seaman Robert Morris, Steward Stephen Francis, Cook FOTAGE OF THE NEW HAZARD THE brig New Hazard, of Salem, David Nye Jr., master, left Boston on 10 October 1810 on a voyage to the Northwest Coast and China. For some three weeks thereafter the log day after day contains nothing but the usual entries of courses, observations, wind and weather, with the wearying details of petty ship's duties. The first hint of the subsequent brutalities which made the New Hazard a hell on water appears on 7 November when Reynolds, the writer, says: "The mate and I had some talk. He threatened to break my head." Two days later they "spoke a Spanish ship from Cadiz, forty days out, for Havana"; and two days thereafter they met the brig Charleston Packet, twelve days from Lisbon. The weather being calm, visits were exchanged, and the next day they parted company. On 15 November the New Hazard sighted Cape San Antonio, Cape Verde Islands. That day's entry concludes, with: "Lowered the boat after the mop which Bill lost overboard." The next day we catch another hint of future trouble: "Gale [the second mate] told me I was always the last to start in the morning." On the nineteenth a Portuguese sloop-of-war bound for San Salvador sent a crew on board the brig, but, says the log: "all ended well." Occasionally it rained and a little water was caught. Home was not forgotten; on 29 November we read: "This we expect is Thanksgiving at home. We [ 3 ] 4 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1810 had a great biscuit pudding for dinner as big as this." Then follows a December circle about half an inch in diameter. On 4 December they spoke a Portuguese ship bound to the coast of Africa, and, it would seem, on the same day they crossed the equator. Shadows of coming events are seen on the fifteenth: "The mates had a jaw at 4 p.m., not over at 8 p.m. Iverson struck Sampson with a handspike." One day the captain shoots a booby; on another the crew catch a shark; both go into the pot: all is meat that comes to them, if fresh. Four days later (19 December 1810) this crisp statement is met: "Iverson struck Porter at 12 p.m." And so the time passed; some days a gale, at others calms or light winds, with the consequent alteration of the sails. By Christmas day the New Hazard had reached the latitude of Cape Horn; she met regular Cape Horn summer weather: snow, sleet, and squalls. On 3 January 1811 she touched her lowest latitude, 60 ° 04' south. Despite these conditions the log shows that on 7 January the brig was in the Pacific Ocean and heading to double Cape Horn. The entry of that date concludes with: "The first of these twenty-four hours Sampson got the cat and a scrubbing." Two days later, when in latitude 58 ° south, they sighted in those tempestuous seas a sail which on being spoken proved to be "a Spanish ship from some port of Spain bound to the coast of Lima." The sailor is fond of his liquor, especially after a hard day of reefing and handing the sails. Such a day was 11 January, and its entry has this postscript: "N.B. The watch got a dram this morning." The next day porpoises, blackfish, and albatrosses were seen. Of course that meant both sport and food—fresh meat. The captain struck a porpoise but did not hold him. Under 13 January is this laconic, but illuminating statement: "Iverson [the first mate] jawed Gale [the second mate] for letting reefs out." With varying weather the New Hazard made steady northing, and by the sixteenth was in latitude 42 ° south, well up on the coast of Chili. Steadily but surely pressing northward, the brig on 22 January was Plate II. Stephen Reynolds, 1782-1857. To the Hawaiian Islands 5 in latitude 32° south. That day's entry opens with: "Commences 1811 Iverson and Gale jawing." And so the New Hazard ploughed her January way steadily towards her destination. For another week there is nothing in the log but the ordinary remarks on wind and weather, and the regular routine of duty. This monotony is varied on 29 January by this note: "N.B. Fore part the steward and boy got the cat." Then for nearly a fortnight the brig made her 120 miles a day in the steady draught of the trade winds. This record of fine weather and fair wind is broken on 7 February by: "At 6 a.m. Iverson gave Sampson a severe flogging." On Sunday, the tenth, the log contains this unusual entry: "Ran butt against a whale!!!" On 14 February she crossed the equator and with her sails filled with a favourable wind forged steadily northward. By the eighteenth she had reached 90 29' north latitude. As the brig neared the Hawaiian Islands, the work of putting her in harbour shape went on for days: the masts were scraped and varnished, the woodwork painted. Every one was engaged (in the words of the log) in "cleaning ship for the reception of the Owyhyee lasses, as Mr. Iverson says." Gale, the second mate, who was one of the petty tyrants on the brig, on 24 February ran foul of the captain: "Captain jawed Gale, which made him take on as though all his friends had forsaken him." There is something in this situation reminiscent of the words of Kipling: The little tin gods make their big mistakes In missing the hour when Great Jove wakes. Two days later the high land of Owyhyee (Hawaii), probably the peak of Mauna Loa, gladdened the eyes of the tired mariners. It was the first land they had seen since leaving Boston, save for a distant glimpse of Cape San Antonio. Every one worked with a will; for were not the joys of the Paradise of the Pacific awaiting them? All the next day cables were being bent and all things put in order for anchoring and for the reception of visitors. The story is now continued in the words of the log itself. 6 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 Tuesday, 26 February. Commences strong breeze, warm sun, and February quick clouds. Boys scraping foremast; unbent and bent fore-sail, fore- topsail, fore-topgallant-sail, main-topsail, and main-topgallant-sail. Middle, strong breezes and squally. Latter, small jobs. Latitude observed, 180 46' north. Made the land this forenoon. Wednesday, 27 February. Commences fresh winds and pleasant weather; getting anchor over the bows; at six took in all steering sails, staysails, topgallant-sails, and royals, single reefed topsails, and hauled up fore-sail. Saw several lights toward the shore; worked all night to bend cables; cheated me out of a morning watch below. Ends, all hands clearing up decks—calm. At eleven a fanning breeze. Thursday, 28 February. Commences light fanning breeze; seizing up boarding nettings, loading guns, etc. At three, an Indian1 canoe came alongside and before night above twenty, with girls, coconuts, plantains, and potatoes. Took an Indian pilot on board with his wife. At nine in the morning the canoes swarmed again. The boatswain of the Tonquin2' came on board. At ten set topgallant- steering sails; came to an anchor about one o'clock, surrounded by canoes. Friday, 1 March. Commences very pleasant weather; came to in the roads of Karakakooa3 at about 2 p.m.; mooring ship; got the cutter out; the captain, pilot, and wife, with six hands (of which I was one) went ashore, where we saw a number of the natives, principal- 1. A name sometimes improperly applied to the Hawaiians in the early days of the maritime trade. 2. The ship Tonquin reached Kealakekua Bay 12 February 1811. There the boatswain, John Anderson, deserted. The natives offered to bring him back to the ship ; but Captain Thorn, with whom he had had several altercations during the voyage from New York, was content to leave him behind. See Gabriel Franchere, Narrative of a Voyage to the Northwest Coast of America in the years 1811, 1812,1813, and 1814 (New York, 1854), PP* 55» 5^. 3. Kealakekua Bay, on the western side of the island of Hawaii. First Visit to the Hawaiian Islands 7 ly women, at a kind of dance.4 Plenty of girls on board and alongside. Latter, starting bread out of the forecastle; reeving running rigging with country rope,5 blacking sides, seizing rudder pendants, etc. Mr. Young6 came on board and an Indian by the name of Tom, who spoke tolerable English. Ends pleasant. No bread allowed.7 Saturday, 2 March. Commences pleasant; reeving rigging, etc., same as forenoon. Captain and Mr. Young went ashore. Middle pleasant. About thirty girls on board all night; in the morning got stream anchor in fore channels; setting up fore-topmast-stays and backstays, main-topmast backstays; reeving topgallant-sheets and halyards ; took in two casks of water, some pigs, potatoes, yams, etc. Sunday, 3 March. Commences good weather, taking in pigs, yams, potatoes, etc. At 6 p.m. unmoored ship; at eight hove short; at nine hove up and got under weigh. Lost a pig overboard; lowered down the boat to catch him, which we effected. Latter, tending ship; setting steering sails. Ends, gentle breeze and pleasant; sailing along shore bending our course towards Whahoo.8 Monday, A^March. Commences gentle breeze and rather smoky, being close in with the land. At three Mr. Young's canoe came alongside 4. Some form of hula. It was more than a dance; it was interpretation, exercise, and worship. See N. B. Emerson, The Unwritten Literature of Hawaii (Washington, 1909). 5. The native rope of Hawaii made chiefly from the fibre of the olona, the hau tree, or the husk of the coconut, though other fibres were used to a small extent. The olona was the best and most common; it was used almost exclusively for making fish nets and lines. Ropes and hawsers were possibly usually made of the bark of the hau. 6. The celebrated John Young, originally boatswain on the Eleanora, who had been resident on the islands since 1790. See Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the year 1916 (Honolulu, 1917), pp. 46,51»j#* He became the adviser of King Kamehameha and is mentioned by every visitor for thirty years. 7. Doubdess to utilize as substitutes the island products. 8. Now Oahu, on which the City of Honolulu is situated. I 8 The Voyage of the New Hazard and took him ashore; at six calm, out boat and towed her off the land. At two a heavy squall struck her; all hands called; did nothing; told to go below again, just abating; at four parted wheel ropes; from six to three setting steering sails. Captain flogged Bumpus9 for not reeving topgallant-steering sail. Very pleasant sailing along by several islands, viz., Mowee, Tahoowora, Ranai, etc. ;10 got three or four casks out of the hold and scuttled them to put potatoes in, etc.; ends pleasant breeze. Tuesday, 5 March. Commences fair breeze; fitting blocks for boarding netting and putting potatoes in cask. At ten all hands called to come to; brought to and sails furled at twelve. Several canoes came alongside. Three or four Americans came on board; one, by the name of Smith, stayed all night. At six all hands called, washed decks; getting gang casks in boat for water. Canoes alongside in plenty. Sent a boat ashore after water. Went ashore in cutter with captain; saw the King's cane mill and boiler, stores, ship—a small one hauled up of about 175 tons,11 fort, etc. Visited by a number of Americans. So ends these twenty-four hours. Wednesday, 6 March. Commences pleasant and blowing fresh. Boat went ashore after more water. Came off in cutter and one of the King's double canoes towed us. Reeving more running rigging with country rope12; taking in stores; some of the people in the water gang got too much; all chests searched, nothing found; killed big pig— killed and salted in the night watches; boat after water again; blowing fresh; small jobs, etc.; sent down the fore-royal mast; in the flying jib-boom. Ends fresh. Told the mate we had but one allowance of 9. Perez Bumpus, one of the seamen, a mere boy of fourteen when the brig sailed. He is frequently so punished. 10. Now Maui, Kahulaui, Lanai; three of the islands between Hawaii and Oahu. 11. Probably the Lelia Byrd, a brig of 175 tons, which Kamehameha had bought about 1805. 12. See note 5, ante. Towards the Northwest Coast 9 grog, double portion. Boat after another gang of water; took in a 1811 number of hogs, yams, etc.; sent up topgallant-yards. Ends fresh March wind and good weather. Thursday, 7 March. Commences fresh wind. Setting cutter in longboat and tending the traders. More hogs killed this night. In the morning got spars on deck. Taking in hogs, yams, etc. Sent up topgallant-yards. Ends blowing fresh with good weather. Friday, 8 March. Commences fresh wind. Getting under weigh from Waahoo for the Northwest Coast of America. Middle, fresh breezes and pleasant. Latter, unbending and stowing cable and killing hogs. Latitude observed, 23°25'. Ends fresh breeze and warm sun. Jos13 went in larboard watch. After leaving Oahu the log continues with its dry-as-dust entries of the s^ate of wind, weather, and the employment of the crew; but it is varied for the first few days with the mention of the killing and salting of Hawaiian hogs for sea store. With this supply of fresh food on board every one, doubtless, was inclined to commend the action of the mate as recorded in the entry of 10 March 1811: "We had tainted meat for dinner; carried the kid aft; the mate struck the cook with a large stick of wood." The monotony of weather and ship's duties is broken two days later with: "Gale threw a box cover at Williams and hit him on the head." On 16 March it blew a gale with heavy rain which kept the crew busy reefing, double-reefing, and handing the sails, and getting down the topgallant-yards; all the appreciation their efforts earned was the laconic statement: "The captain jawed us." The log at this time carries the heading: "Wilful Murder, alias Brig New Hazard from Boston (Woahoo) towards Northwest Coast of America." On that page tucked away amongst the records of the wind and weather is the concise statement: "Joseph had a catting." Joseph, as the notes show, was the ship's boy, a lad of fourteen when the New 13. Joseph Dolbeare, the ship's boy, a lad of fourteen when the New Hazard sailed from Boston. II io The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 Hazard left Boston; he must have been a mere stripling as his height March m given as four feet, ten inches. A few days later we find this illuminating remark, showing the condition on the brig: "Mr. Iverson jawed Mr. Gale and the boatswain; told Gale he lied. If he was a man he would resent it." Such quarrels between the first and second mates could not but have had a bad effect on the discipline. The New Hazard proved her fast-sailing qualities on this crossing to the coast, for at ten o'clock in the morning of 28 March, twenty- days after leaving Oahu, she sighted the shore of Vancouver Island in the vicinity of Cape Cook. The story will now be resumed in the words of the record. Thursday, 28 March. Commences squalls of snow; running along shore waiting with impatience to come to an anchor. At four came to an anchor in Woody Point Bay14 near the entrance; carried out our kedge; the bower would not hold; dragged out of the bay again; weighed kedge; carried out hawser and bent to a large rock; and bent warps till we got on board to the distance of half a mile. Mr. Gale15 lost the small kedge overboard. Suffice it to say we were bothered till twelve o'clock (squalls of snow frequent in the night) in mooring, heaving up anchor, letting go anchor, till twelve o'clock. Pleasant weather in the forenoon. Friday, 29 March. Getting out stream anchor, clearing up decks, and we are all tired enough, but we know not what we shall have to do yet before we sleep; I'll leave off and get supper, and so I did. A very pleasant night. In the morning Mr. Iverson and Woodbury16 went a-gunning. Threw spars overboard; carpenter went ashore to work; getting up boarding netting; carronades below; hawser ashore; very warm sun. A number of natives on board. Captain bought a number of salmon. 14. Nasparti Inlet, at an earlier date a favourite resort of the American traders. Woody Point is today Cape Cook, the most westerly point on Vancouver Island. 15. The second mate. 16. The first mate and the clerk. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 11 Saturday, 30 March. Getting up boarding nets; carpenter ashore; mending trysails; got a gang of water. A pleasant night. Latter, putting reef in trysail; unshipped wheel; unbent fore-sail; pleasant, warm sun. Sunday, 31 March. Bending fore-sail; getting water; a pleasant night and cold. Latter, getting wood; unmooring ship. At eleven got under weigh. Cook sick; Iverson flogged him severely.17 Monday, 1 April. Stowing anchors and righting ship; got on a shoal, depth three fathoms; a fresh breeze; cold and hazy. Tuesday, 2 April. Mending studding sails; got two casks of bread out of hold and put in bread room; coiled stream cable in forehold. Wednesday, 3 April. At six two canoes came alongside with fish. Thursday, 4 April. Sailing close in with Queen Charlotte's Island, expecting to get in this evening. Towed several times. At last came to an anchor in Skittigate Bay, Cummishaw's.18 Saw an otter in the morning. Friday, 5 April. At Cumishewa's, Queen Charlotte Isles. Commences pleasant, making several stowages in hold, peak. A little snow, middle part; latter, mending ratlines; fitting runner for boom topping- lift; a gang of water. But few skins. Saturday, 6 April. Commences snow squalls. A gang of water. Reeving topgallant-sheets, and small jobs. Middle, good weather. Hove short in the morning, and immediately several Indians came with skins; bought but few. Calm, almost. Leaving Cumishewa's. 17. The cook was a negro, Stephen Francis. He is frequently flogged. Though the New Hazard had been nearly six months on her voyage from Boston she is ready in three days to commence her trade for furs. 18. Reynolds, the author of these remarks, does not know whether the place is Skidegate or Cumshewa. It is Cumshewa as appears by subsequent entries. The name "Cumshewa" is in reality the name of the hereditary chief. Now the brig is on the trading ground. 12 The Voyage of the New Hazard Sunday, 7 April. Commences moderate. Passing by a reef19 near the entrance of sound. At three a small breeze; middle, moderate and pleasant; at four a strong breeze; reefed mainsail and topsails. In running in struck on a reef.20 At nine out reefs; moderate and warm; the boats to tow. Learnt Captain Bennett, master of brig Lydia,21 was in harbour. At eleven he came on in company with Mr. Gage, clerk of ship Hamilton.22 Monday, 8 April. Captain Bennett and boat's crew dined on board; at four came to near the Lydia; Captain B. and crew tarried till eleven o'clock. Tuesday, 9 April. Variously employed about almost nothing.23 Mr. Iverson went in boat, sounding in various places. At six hove short; at eight got under weigh from Skittigate, for some place. A breeze sprang up; parted an Indian warp and made a great outcry; all but one got out; sounded too. They came off with a few skins. Got him out. Last night Captain Nye called us everything but good. What is he?24 Wednesday, 10 April. Commences strong wind and cold; tacked ship off from a cluster of islands to leeward. At five saw a sail to windward ; at three put a light in cross-trees; fired a gun; rather cloudy and moderate. At light saw the ship at no great distance; at seven came up 19. Cumshewa rocks at the northern entrance to Cumshewa Inlet, on the eastern coast of Queen Charlotte Islands. 20. The bar at the entrance of Skidegate Inlet, some twenty miles north of Cumshewa. 21. The brig Lydia of Boston was on the coast in 1810, 1811, 1812, and 1813. Ultimately she was sold to the Russians of Alaska. She is f requendy mentioned in these remarks. 22. The ship Hamilton of Boston, Lemuel Porter, master. She was on the coast in 1809, 1810, 1811, and returned to Boston in 1812. Her log for this voyage is in the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts. 23. The crew were kept constantly busy on this brig, even to scrubbing bulwarks in the rain, as will be seen at later date. 24. This entry is in part unintelligible; something has been omitted between the words "warp" and "and." Plate III. Clearance Paper of the brig New Hazard, Boston, 9 October 1810. Plate IV. A page of Stephen Reynolds' Journal of the Voyage of the New Hazard. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 13 with her; it proved to be the Hamilton, Porter, who took us to be an 1811 English man-of-war and a little afraid of us.25 After consulting April awhile we steer towards Targonee, or some say, Massat; time will prove.26 Thursday, 11 April. Commences fresh wind and clear. At three handed topgallant-sails, reefed topsails and mainsail. Porter27 has to steer all the time. At seven out reefs; at eight entered Nass Sound28; went in boat to find anchorage, but in vain. Friday, 12 April. All hands doing—nothing. At two out boats and towed till two again in morning; went with boat two or three times to sound for anchorage; at four came to in thirty fathoms of water; cleared up decks; got a gang of water. Mr. Iverson struck Mr. Hall for leaving the lead in the boat. He asked captain if he allowed it; "Yes! Away with you, forward," which he did, without breakfast.29 Saturday, 13 April. Commences fine weather; hove up the anchors and moved farther in; moored with stream and kedge. At five boat went ashore, got some spruce.30 At nine sent for Mr. Hall, and he went aft, where he was in the morning. Latter part, snowy. Sunday, 14 April. Iverson gave the steward a smart rope's-ending. Indians on board, and bought a few skins. The steward's fault was: a 25. The War of 1812—1814 was declared in June, 1812. This entry shows the tension and, possibly, the fear of search for British seamen. The New Hazard was mistaken for a man-of-war also in China; see entry 23 December 1812. 26. Targonee is Kaigahnee, on Dall Island, a favourite resort of the maritime traders. Massat is Masset on the northern side of Queen Charlotte Islands. By the Americans it was frequently called Hancock's Harbour. 27. William Porter, one of the seamen. 28. Nass Sound is probably Observatory Inlet, in southeastern Alaska. 29. John Iverson was first mate, and William B. Hall, third mate. This is the first real trouble between the officers. Hall is sent, temporarily, to the forecastle, as an ordinary seaman. 30. Spruce beer was a recognized anti-scorbutic. J w* 14 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 hog was killed and he gave us some for breakfast without asking him. April Iverson made the cook take it out of the copper.31 Monday, 15 April. Captain gave Indians rice and molasses to eat.32 Tuesday, 16 April. Commences with April showers, but it snows. Took long-boat and underran best-bower; weighed anchor; got boats in; a turn of water. Had considerable trade: nearly thirty skins; two Indians tarried all night. Breaking out forehold; started three casks of Boston water overboard; started two casks of bread. Wednesday, 17 April. Stowing down f orehold, etc. Morning, washed deck; then had to take soap and sand and scour bulwarks in the rain until eleven'o'clock.33 Thursday, 18 April. Kanakas34 got a gang of water. Another scouring match; all hands knotting yarn, making plats and gaskets. Ends, snow squalls. Friday, 19 April. Bought five skins.35 Sundry small jobs, clearing hawser, and drawing water to put in molasses.36 At eight a canoe with two Indians came alongside, and tarried all night. In the morning snowing. Saturday, 20 April. Making tops for main-topmast-staysail; scraping 31. The steward was Robert Morris; the cook was Stephen Francis. Both were negroes and both were frequently whipped. 32. The Indians were notoriously fond of rice and molasses. 33. The officers were evidently determined that idleness should not exist on the New Hazard. 34. The Hawaiian word for "man." It was a common term for an Hawaiian. There were six Hawaiians on board. See entry for 28 February 1812 and 5 March 1812 and note thereto. 35. The palmy days of the sea-otter trade were gone. The log of the Atahualpa under date, 27 February 1812, says: "Skins were remarkably scarce and ships had been giving from four to six fathoms of duffel for a skin." 36. Anything that the natives took a fancy to was soon diluted whether it were liquor or molasses. «Uv Trading on the Northwest Coast 15 masts. Middle, wind eastward and snowy; watch kept the deck in the snowstorm. Some skins. Sunday, 21 April. Commences with April snowstorm. Knot staysail netting. Nothing to do but watch, wait on Indians. At six all hands hove up; got under weigh from Nass towards Cligarna.37 Monday, 22 April. Just after leaving Nass Sound discovered ship Hamilton38 in a small bay. He manned his boat and came out to us; soon persuaded Nye to go in with him. Wind proving baffling anchored just below. Middle, clear and pleasant. At three all hands up and got under weigh and by beating, towing (two of the Hamilton's boats assisting), kedging, we got just alongside of Porter; came to with stream. Carried grass hawser ashore; got breakfast; carried kedge and hemp hawser on opposite shore among the rocks; so we are moored. Captain flogged cook for not getting victuals enough.39 Ends a beautiful day. Tuesday, 23 April. Staying jib-boom; loosing and handing sails over; getting boat on the quarter, and frigging about all the afternoon. Porter and his Sandwich Island Lady (with her big belly) on board us; Iverson on board the ship; Gale flying about the deck, singing out like a young cock a-crowing; Hall after wood and water. Boatswain, carpenter, and armourer went on board Hamilton. Captain in the morning went in the pinnace up the river two or three miles. Mending ratlines; fitting topsail-sheets to go double. Wednesday, 24 April. Carpenter got a knee for boat. Captain at 37. From Nass Sound to Kaigahnee, a distance of about eighty miles in a general westerly direction. 38. The Hamilton had called at the Hawaiian Islands on her way to the coast which she reached on 31 October 1809. She had been trading steadily thereafter. 39. The second flogging for this poor negro. Iverson, the first mate, had flogged him "severely" on 31 March. 16 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 Iverson—a severe jaw. At eight Hamilton got under weigh for Nass April and we for Cligarna.40 Thursday, 25 April. Lang, Tom, and I sick; John sore thumb. At twelve Jack and James41 unbent the main-staysail very quick. Iverson says: "It won't do to shove work off so; scrub it after dinner." I have heard nothing since four bells. Friday, 26 April. Iverson looks blacker than the cook. Saturday, 27 April. At four Iverson, after officer of watch went below, set the watch to bending over fore-sail and mainsail. About three o'clock a small bird flew down in the forecastle and alighted on the deck, which remained one or two minutes. At five a canoe came alongside ; the Indians took a rope to drop it astern, but giving her too much sheer and we going quick she capsized, turned over, parted warp, and away she went. At ten came to, carried out warps and kedge anchor, going arse foremost with them till ten o'clock. At three all hands called to get under weigh and go up the bay, which was completed at five. A rainy night and morning. Ends rainy; quarter watch given; breakfast half past eleven. Nil. Sunday, 28 April. At Cligarna.42 Took the boats and went after the hawsers which were left last night below; carried hawser ashore and made fast to a tree. Monday, 29 April. At Cligarna. At six captain went round to the North Harbour43 where was a pile of boards and an anchor. Took the 40. Kaigahnee on Dall Island, Alaska. 41. Samuel Lang, Thomas Conant and Stephen Reynolds (or Runnalls), all seamen. James was the name applied to Sebre Pratt, see entry for 2 February 1812; Jack is probably John Carnee. 42. There are three harbours in Kaigahnee: North, Middle, and South. The latter is Taddiskey—the Indian name—corrupted by the traders into Taddy's Cove. 43. The northerly narrow bay of the three that constitute the harbours of Kaigahnee. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 17 hawser round the stern and bent to it grass hawser44 in upon larboard bow. Carried water casks ashore; sundry small jobs. Tuesday, 30 April. Unmoored ship; carried four casks of bread ashore; rainy night; calm morning. At nine sent up topgallant-yards; got under weigh. Wednesday, 1 May. Cruising towards Massit.45 As soon as outside a fine breeze; at eight backed the mainsail and lay to all night; at four filled away; at six wore ship; wind unfavourable; put back again. Thursday, 2 May. At Cligarna, North Harbour.46 Entered the harbour with a fair wind, the first we have had on the coast; came to; handed sails; got dinner; moored ship; washed decks. Carpenter ashore after spars, etc. Friday, 3 May. At Tatters Cove,47 alias Cligarna. Scrubbed decks after breakfast; slewed main-yard; got sinnet under weigh; rain beat us off; carpenter ashore. Saturday, 4 May. At Tatters Cove. Mr. Hall and Tom went after spruce in the rain.48 Scrubbing bulwarks; sending down main-topgallant-mast. Indians stole shirt and stockings. Sunday, 5 May. Making sinnet; sending up new main-topgallant- mast. At eleven a canoe came under the bows—intention unknown, un- 44. Hawaiian rope; see note 5. 45. Masset, on the northern shore of Queen Charlotte Islands about opposite to Kaigahnee. 46. North Harbour of the Kaigahnee Harbours is about a mile deep and less than a quarter of a mile wide. 47. Taddiskey or Taddy's Cove, in the Kaigahnee Harbours. It is also called South Harbour. It was the favourite anchorage. Probably Reynolds has erred in saying that the brig entered North Harbour. 48. The third mate and Thomas Conant, a seaman, ashore for spruce boughs to make the decoction called spruce beer, an anti-scorbutic. 18 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 less stealing. An Indian, by the name of Douglas,49 came on board, May wen armed with muskets, and told us an Indian chief who was aboard last evening had suddenly died in the night; in consequence of which it might be most prudent in us not to go ashore.50 This morning put on allowance of six pounds of bread per week in the forecastle; in the steerage they had a bag of bread and told when that was gone to send for more. Wait the result. Monday, 6 May. At eight got under weigh with very light wind. At half past eleven a breeze from eastward. Indians gave several shouts; supposed they were fighting, as it is war-time. Very foggy outside. At five squared away back again; came to with stream; at eight handed sails; got breakfast; moored; washed decks; then watch below. Wild geese flying plenty. And so, here we are again. Amen! Tuesday, 7 May. Sent down fore-topgallant-yard and mast; took off cross-trees; carried hawser ashore. Ends playing checkers all the forenoon.51 Wednesday, 8 May. Mr. Hall, James, and I, with two Kanakas, went ashore and cut two trees; one for a boat's chalks; one for plank. Captain with four hands in boat went out of the harbour to sound some; handed sails; went ashore and cut a big log; got best-bower in chains. Thursday, 9 May. No Indians this day or two. Continues to rain all these twenty-four hours. After breakfast all hands called to wash decks in the rain; while about it got wet through!! Amen! 49. Possibly the chief Coneehaw who in June 1789 exchanged names with Captain William Douglas, in token of friendship. See John Meares, Voyages made in the years 1788 and 1789 from China to the Northwest Coast of America (London, 1790), p. 365. At that exchange Coneehaw was an elderly man and as these names were hereditary, this may be his successor in the chieftaincy. 50. This chief was Altarge (see entry for 15 May 1811). It was he who accidentally killed Captain Newbury of the Despatch, in 1795 ; see John Boit's MS. log of Union, 13 October 1795; Richard J. Cleveland, A Narrative of Voyagesr and Commercial Enterprises (Cambridge, 1842), I, 94. 51. One of the few instances of any amusement on this brig. Trading on the Northwest Coast 19 Friday, 10 May. Rainy from three to six. Armourer bailed a draw l 8 l I bucket. At seven lowered a boat; Iverson went a-gunning—killed a May duck. At four called all hands; at six got under weigh; at nine got outside. Saw a sail to windward standing toward us; at eleven spoke her and found her to be the brig Otter, of Boston, Captain Hill. We lowered a boat and Nye went on board. We learned from them they had had a skirmish with the Indians up Chatham Strait, at a place called Chilcaht, in which they lost their second mate and boatswain and six wounded, but none, I believe, dangerous. They killed forty Indians, thirteen of whom were chiefs. The Indians followed them to the distance of fifty miles.52 Saturday, 11 May. Wind unfavourable to go to Cofflanes, our captain concluded to go again to Cligarna with Captain Hill who was under the necessity of hauling up, having since his misfortunes run his brig ashore, finding the motion of the brig made his people bleed excessively. At eight we anchored; at ten watch went below. Iverson says the steward imposed on him when captain was gone, gave him a number of strokes with a two-inch rope. Captain made enquiries and evidence in steward's favour.53 Sunday, 12 May. At Cligarna.54 Captain Hill came on board and tarried till eight o'clock; boat's crew came at three. Messrs. Iverson and Gale on board the Otter. At six Iverson came on board, when Messrs. Hall, Woodbury, and Williams on board Otter. In evening boatswain, armourer, and tailor on board Otter. Tom went after all under 52. For a full and contemporary account of this attack, see F. W. Howay, "The Attempt to Capture the Brig Otter" Washington Historical Quarterly, XXI (1930), 179-188. 53. On 29 January, Iverson had flogged this man; on 14 April he had given him a rope's-ending; and now he punishes him with a two-inch rope; and there are more punishments to follow. Cofflanes is difficult to identify, but it seems to have been somewhere in Clarence Strait, Alaska; see entry for 17 August 1811, and note 87, post, to entry of 5 July 1811. 54. Kaigahnee : Taddiskey Harbour. IF 20 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 Hall, and got high enough to be high. Captain Hill told Nye if he did May not take better care of his men, keep them dry as possible, there would not be a man able to stand the decks in a short time. At five o'clock Iverson sent word to the boatswain, by Mr. Woodbury, not to call any but the watch. Conjecture says the captain and mate had a talk last night, concerning steward, etc. The steward told Captain Nye he would give all his wages if he would let him go home. Judge how we live! Alas, hard and discontented! At nine the Otter hauled alongside ; we took in her guns; she lay off till about four o'clock when she hauled up, Mr. Gale with several of our people assisting. Monday, 13 May. Assisting occasionally the Otter. Mr. Hall and Williams quite unwell. A beautiful morning. Armourer of brig at work on board us. Rumour says Messrs. Iverson and Hewes will change places, Amen! if so.55 Pleasant night. Latter, sawing plank, etc.; staying fore-topmast. Knotting yarn and making spun yarn. Tuesday, 14 May. At 5 a. m. an Indian came on board who told us a ship was outside. At six saw her standing into the harbour. At eight went with captain alongside; she proved to be the Catherine, Blanchard, of Boston.56 Wednesday, 15 May. At three the Otter hauled off; came alongside; took her guns in again. After which unmoored ship and hove short. At seven Mr. Hewes came on board as chief officer. Mr. Iverson repaired on board the Otter, whether as an officer or passenger at present I am unable to say. At eleven all hands called to clear away the guns and trice up boarding nettings. Circumstances are as follows: the Indians are against Captain Nye, saying he killed Altarge, a chief who sud- 55. Hewes was the first mate of the brig Otter', Captain Hill blamed him for complicity in the attack upon that vessel and was anxious to be rid of him. See Washington Historical Quarterly, XXI (1930), 179 if. 56. Sometimes spelled Katharine, in command of William Blanchard. She was a ship of 287 tons, owned by Joseph Coolidge of Boston, and had been bn the coast in 1810. She is also frequently mentioned in the MS. log of the Hamilton, Trading on the Northwest Coast 21 denly died in the night of the fifth of May, after being on board in 1811 the afternoon. It was their intention to come alongside in the night May and kill the captain, not daring to attack in day time, as they are divided, some for and some against the attempt. This with the brig Otter affair will, I presume, keep us more on the lookout.57 An Indian on board the Catherine gave us the intelligence of their designs upon us. All things remaining quiet as yet—we hear nothing more of the Indians. At nine Williams went on board the Otter as third officer under Mr. Iverson. At ten got under weigh; went down about a mile where we had the wind ahead; was within eight feet of her stern striking on the rocks ashore; fortunately a flaw of wind set us off; up helm and back again. Thursday, 16 May. After coming to, mooring, etc., Mr. Gale was going to keep all hands up in the rain to wash decks. Mr. Hewes told him to let the watch go below.58 At five the people from the Catherine came on board and helped us to get under weigh a second time today. Having a fair wind we made our way towards Masset and got close in with the land in the morning. At eleven found we were going to Skittigas.59 Friday, 17 May. Had three several canoes alongside this afternoon, of which we bought a fine lot of skins, say nearly forty, besides tails. Got in and anchored at eleven.60 Watch below this cruise. Saturday, 18 May. Altered fore- and main-buntlines; reeving fore- topgallant-sheets and clewlines, down fore-rigging, clearing away 57. See note 50. His death is attributed by the natives to some "bad medicine" of the whites and they are desirous of killing Captain Nye in order to even matters. 58. The first rift between the new first mate and the petty tyrant, Gale, the second mate. 59. Leaving Kaigahnee the New Hazard steers for Masset, Queen Charlotte Islands, but ultimately rounds Rose Point and heads southward for Skidegate on the east coast of those islands. 60. At Skidegate. 22 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 after hold; sent down spring stay; fitting leading blocks for main- May buntlines to go on cat hoopings. Sunday, 19 May. Breaking out forehold; got hardware out; put up two casks of skins. At eight got under weigh.61 Took an Indian as passenger. Monday, 20 May. At two up helm and went into Cumishawas, and anchored about six o'clock. Sent down topgallant-yards; put up leading blocks on cat hoopings for main-buntlines; sawing planks; knotting yarns. Tuesday, 21 May. Knotting yarns. At 6 a.m. saw a sail in the offing; she fired a gun; called Mr. Hewes and spoke to captain; cleared away a gun and fired. At nine she anchored a little from us; proved to be the Lydia. Went on board with captain. After a short tarry returned. Both brigs got under weigh and ran up into the upper harbour and anchored about twelve. The Lydia has been to the southward; now from Newetta.62 Wednesday, 22 May. Went on board the Lydia and got the carpenter to saw plank. Watch below. I had scarce time to write before I was called to get pork out of the peak; stave up molasses cask and stow it in after hold. Captain Nye took breakfast on board Lydia. Taking down fore-trusses, and fitting to go with thimbles. Spinning spun yarn. James, Bump,63 with two Kanakas and our northwest passenger and I went after water. Jack given his grog today. 61. Going to Cumshewa, the next important trading place south of Skidegate. The sea-otter skins were usually put up in casks to preserve them from deterioration by rats or other vermin. 62. Nahwhitti, as the name is spelled in the British Columbia Pilot, is a port on the northwest end of Vancouver Island. It was a favourite place of resort of the American traders. The Lydia was commanded by James Bennett; see also note 21, ante. 63. James is Sebre Pratt and Bump is Perez Bumpus, both seamen. See the list of the crew, p. 2. Trading on the Northwest Coast 2 3 Thursday, 23 May. Putting up sister blocks for main-topgallant lift; 1811 making spun yarn. Captain Nye took tea on board the Lydia. The May brig's carpenter and ours fitting chalks for the long-boat; knotting yarn; got a turn of water; Captain Bennett dined on board. Friday, 24 May. Knotting yarn; making alteration in rigging; reeving hemp; taking down bark rope; chalked the long-boat; overhauled a range of stream cable and launched topgallant-masts. B— dined on board. Saturday, 25 May. We have three seamen, one light hand, and five Kanakas sick; captain's apprentice at work with the tailor; besides the chief mate who was wounded on board the brig Otter \ so when we muster all hands we count, including cook and steward, seventeen out of thirty men!!! At four thought the Lydia was drifting upon us, but she had only paid out her cable. Loosed sails; fitted topgallant brace blocks with straps, etc. Sunday, 26 May. Started rice kegs from forehold into cask in aft hold. Took chains off shank painter. Carpenter making booby hatch. Monday, 27 May. Captain Bennett and supercargo spent chief of the day with us. At six called all hands and got under weigh with a favourable prospect; at ten the wind worked ahead and very light. Stood to the northward.64 Lang on deck. Tuesday, 28 May. At one came so thick fog we could scarce see twenty rods. Making two nettings. At four watch went below and cleared up decks, a thing not done before since we left Boston. Watch called and after standing two glasses the sun came out when it was not twelve o'clock. Wednesday, 29 May. Fog cleared off; at four saw land; at five found 64. The movements of the brig between 27 May and 8 June, when she was at Nahwhitti cannot be traced from the indefinite notes in the log. 2\ The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 we were twenty miles to leeward of our port. Collected every block in May the brig. Thursday, 30 May. Mending cable; work upon top netting. Mr. Hall overhauling gun-carriages. Carpenter putting wheels to the arms- chests. Armourer filling them with guns, blunderbusses, and boarding pikes. A pistol went off in Gale's hands as he was drawing the ramrod and filled his eyes with powder; somehow the ball missed his head!!!! Fixing the boom topping-lift to have purchase on boom. Friday, 31 May. Warping off a netting for main-top. At one fine breeze; at three cleared up deck; having a fine breeze we came to at seven; got moored and cleared up at eight. Our northwest passengers went ashore; two stayed as pledges. In the morning got up guns and boarding nets. Indians returned at five. Yesterday in forenoon captain said one meal of victuals was more than we earned or deserved; our provisions were too good for us. Amen! Got Wakas on board65 and then went and got a turn of water; got carronades up. But few Indians on board. Saturday, 1 June. Mr. Hewes overhauled paints. At four called all hands and got under weigh; calm, and put back again. Sunday, 2 June. Came to with stream anchor; carried out the kedge to moor with, but it came home; let go small-bower and weighed kedge. Got dinner; moved rice and molasses forward; stowed beef in after hold. Got up an empty molasses cask for the Indians, but they would not have it. Put up a cask of skins, viz., sixty land otter, ninety-five sea otter, and seven sable cutsarks.66 Got breakfast and bread; Hall says boys have only five pounds a week. Bought a number of skins. 65. Wakas was a chief at Nahwhitti, as appears from the entry of 24 July 1811, post. 66. A cutsark (the word is variously spelled) was a garment made of skins shaped something like a shawl; when made of sea-otter skins it usually consisted of three —two sewn together sidewise and one sewn thereto lengthwise, so as to form a square. IL 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 2 5 Monday, 3 June. Got up a half bale of blankets; passing rice and molasses occasionally; starting rice kegs to put molasses in for Indians. Sold the Indians a barrel of sugar for two prime skins. In the morning the mate told the boatswain to wash decks, and he called all hands without ceremony. Broke out forehold; moved tobacco, rum, a cask of molasses; got the water casks up. Tuesday, 4 June. Stowing down forehold; got a turn of water; all hands knotting yarn. Wednesday, 5 June. A large canoe which came some distance sold us a number of nice skins. All hands knotting yarns; mixed sugar with bran to sell Indians f got a turn of water; went to get some spruce. Got under weigh with favourable wind. Thursday, 6 June. At one saw a sail; at three came up with her; found her to b£ the Lydia, from which we learned that Captain Porter lost his third mate and some people at Nass.68 Most all seasick last night. Friday, 7 June. Made the land. Seizing top netting; rained hard from ten to eleven; latter, fixing blocks for topgallant-backstays falls; seizing top netting. Tom sick. Saturday, 8 June. Putting up top netting; light hands all picking 67. Adulterating the brown sugar with bran. The spruce branches were used to make spruce beer, a specific against scurvy. 68. Of the ship Hamilton. The story is told in MS. log of Hamilton, in the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts, under date 21 May 1811: "Mr. fox ower thurd officer & Charles Porter & James Potter & Joseph lawrence & one sandwich islander unfortunately Went onshore after warter thinking No danger but just as they Got the warter rilled—they Received A volley of Musquit balls From sum Natives Consealed in the woods. Whitch did unfortunately Kill the islander ded on the spot & shot Mr. fox Through the boddy & broke his left arm & he fell in the bote & the others got off with her safe with the assistance of the ship's Cannon & the pinness that we sent to there assistance when wee found there A Canoe after them & Charles Porter Received 2 balls through the Rim of his hat & Joseph lawrence one slightly in his leg & Mr. fox Departed this life at 3 p.m." i 26 The Voyage of the New Hazard oakum; saw the Lydia; lay to for her; at one showed a light; she answered it; then made sail. At three went into entrance of sound; at eleven came to; handed sails; out long-boat. So now we are at New- Etta.69 Sunday, g June. Overhauling topsail-lifts, main trusses; got water ; got a chalk for the boats. In the morning got a turn of water; digging clams. Porter went after water, carried his key. Mr. Hall would not give us bread.70 Monday, 10 June. Boat with boys and Kanakas went after wood; sent for our bread bag.71 At five turned all hands to wash decks; at three turned out in my watch; was set to work; at six all hands putting up topsail-lifts, main trusses; breaking out main hold; put blankets in casks; found rats had done much damage to bales. Carpenter ashore after a knee for boat; found none. Tuesday, 11 June. Stowing new stream and sheet cable in main hold; stowing bales against steerage bulkheads; worked till three o'clock, when Gale threatened to flog me first. I told him I was ready; upon which he said he would blow my damned brains out; from that to some of our brains out; this was the second time for this day our lives were threatened by Gale. At two in the morning had the weakness to go ashore with four others; at nine we were attacked and robbed by a party of Indians hired by the captain;72 brought on board; put in irons and flogged; then part put in main hold, part in f orehold; kept 69. The writer gives no indication of the places visited by the brig since 20 May, when she entered Cumshewa Inlet. Presumably she has been in other harbours on the eastern shore of Queen Charlotte Islands; but now she is at Nahwhitti, on the northwestern end of Vancouver Island. 70. William Porter, one of the seamen; William B. Hall, the third mate. 71. The two boys on the brig: William Larridon and Joseph Dolbeare. 72. This is probably mere forecastle gossip. The captain's conduct seems to justify our author's expression of "Wilful Murder, alias Brig New Hazard" under date 17 March 1811. L Trading on the Northwest Coast 27 till nine when main hold called to stand watch. People hoisted in long-boat assisted by Lydia's people. Wednesday, 12 June. Staying masts. At eleven all taken out of irons and put to work; some cutting wood, sparring and ratling topgallant- main-rigging. Thursday, 13 June. Taking down and to pieces boarding nettings, blacking bends and sides; cutting wood. Had watches shifted; first watch at eight. Making new board nets; finishing ratling. At ten fresh wind; drifted; let go main-bower. Bennett73 and Nye out. Friday, i^June. Listing brig to starboard, blacking side; heaving up anchor; warped in shore; let go small-bower; carried hawser ashore; tarring topmast-backstays and headstays. Saturday, 15 June. Tarring, putting on swifter mats; unbent stream cable. Bought a number of skins; got a bale of blankets up. Completed swifter mats; putting up backstay mats; getting wood; seizing boarding netting. Sunday, lb June. Stowing oil in long-boat; clearing up decks. A canoe came alongside; the captain threw a billet of wood at her and stove her;74 lowered down boat; sent after her people who were sinking; several canoes came from shore which started captain; called all hands; canoes took people and no difficulty. Monday, 17 June. Told to carry our bread bags after bread; started a cask of blankets and stowed it full of shrowton (oil) ,75 Rowed Bennett and Nye ashore. Divided skins with Bennett; gave three prime. James got a girl on board. Got under weigh; just after coming out two 73. Captain James Bennett of the brig Lydia. 74. It was conduct like this coupled with the Indians' guiding principle of vicarious punishment, that caused the so-called "unprovoked attacks" of the natives upon the maritime traders. 75. Oil from a small fish called the oolachan. 2 8 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 canoes came alongside; one not liking went up to Bennett, the other June sq^ a number of skins. Captain bought two slaves in the morning.76 Tuesday, 18 June. Fine breeze; rainy morning; spinning yarns; seizing boarding nettings. Wednesday, 19 June. Spinning yarn; put netting up; got up a breaker of molasses from lower hold. At four saw land. At work upon board nets. Thursday, 20 June. Several canoes came alongside from Clew Len- nae. At three came to in a small bay with fourteen fathoms water. James lame in arm. Sold all shrowton and two slaves: one slave five skins, one, three. Got under weigh again; at eleven came to in Cum- shewa's.77 Friday, 21 June. Bent main-topsail over; then handed sails; at work upon board nets; cleared up decks; boys scraping masts; at four got under weigh, after which watch went below; seizing board net; James scraping rust off sheet anchor.78 Saturday, 22 June. At two fell in with a large number of canoes going from Skittigas to Nass for shrowton.79 At seven saw a sail to northward, beating up. Came to an anchor. The ship came up with us; it 76. The maritime traders frequently carried on trade temporarily in co-operation, so as to keep down the prices of skins. The New Hazard leaves Nahwhitti for Cumshewa Inlet where she arrives on the twentieth. They were not averse to dealing in human flesh. Two slaves were sold three days later for eight skins. 77. Probably Kliew's Point of the earlier traders, east of Atli Inlet on the east coast of Queen Charlotte Islands. Cumshewa Inlet is on the same side but farther north. It was a favourite resort for trade. 78. Joseph Dolbeare, the ship's boy, fourteen years of age, and William Larri- don, the apprentice, fifteen years old. James is Sebre Pratt, see entry for 2 February 1812. 79. Oolachan grease was obtained at Nass. See Dawson's Report on Queen Charlotte Islands (Montreal, 1880), p. 112. Trading on the Northwest Coast 29 was the Hamilton. Got under weigh and got to an anchor at twelve. Sunday, 23 June. Captain Nye dined with Porter; his mate with ours. Watch employed making grimmetts for board net. Bought harcoo. Warm night. Ends cloudy and warm. Set to scrape the forecastle. Gale flogged Sampson with knots in the rope.80 Monday, 24 June. Two or three of the Hamilton's people spent afternoon ; went ashore with Mr. Hall after water. At four o'clock five of the ship's men and carpenter came on board to go with us after a spar for a main-yard; at ten got spar on board. Carpenter at work upon it. Tuesday, 25 June. Strapping topsail brace blocks; mending service on foretop-mainstay. Sold a little girl slave for five skins; got two turns of water. At six lowered pinnace and carried captain and a boy slave on board Porter; left boy.81 Carpenter making main-yard; putting up new topsail sheet blocks; knotting yarns. Captain told us we should not sell any bread; if so he would put us one pound per week. Wednesday, 26 June. Got under weigh from Skittigas for Nass. In coming out upset a canoe by towing, three people in it. Rice and molasses gone.82 Saw a sail; did not speak her—Catherine, supposed. Thursday, 27 June. Entered and passed through Brown's Passage towards Nass, with strong breeze. At four entered sound; wind draw- 80. Captain Lemuel Porter, the master of the ship Hamilton. There appear to have been no punishments on the brig since 11 May. Ephraim Sampson was a seaman, seventeen years of age; Samuel Gale, the second mate, was twenty-one; see entry for 17 December 1811. 81. Perhaps one of those bought on 17 June at Nahwitti; though it is evident that other slaves had been bought. The entry of 20 June shows the prices at which two slaves were sold. See on the subject of slaves held by Puget Sound Indians, Washington Historical Quarterly, XI (1920), 250-253. 82. This probably means lost by the upsetting of the canoe, for there was a supply of both rice and molasses on the brig. The New Hazard now leaves Skidegate and sails for the mainland and farther to the northward. 30 The Voyage of the New Hazard ing down, put back to Clement City; came to at eight.83 At three old chief came on board. Friday, 28 June. Hauled in hawser; found it chafed off near the end on shore. Saw for these two or three days large number of dogs on shore, yelling and howling continually.84 Saturday, 29 June. The chief and three others stayed on board all night; were going to Nass, the wind proving unfavourable went ashore in morning. Mended my trousers. I suppose soon shall get breakfast—and so we did. Then had the hardest heave at the windlass of any on the coast: carried out hawsers and kedge two or three times, let go anchor once; last time we carried kedge hove about half in, a breeze came, stepped hawser, weighed kedge in boat and underran hawser; got on board about one o'clock. Sunday, 30 June. Had the chief with several others as passengers from Clement City to Nass; having a fine breeze up the sound.we anchored about 7 p.m. Fired our carronades; cast loose our guns.85 No Indians on board. Captain would not give the cook any bread this morning! Amen! Monday, 1 July. At five in morning all hands hove up; being calm let go kedge and lay till nine. Went and got a turn of water; towed a while; then a breeze came and we beat to get out. Tuesday, 2 July. Continued beating down the sound. At supper cap- 83. Brown Passage in Chatham Sound, named by Vancouver. It is near the present City of Prince Rupert. Ingraham in 1791-1792 had called it Derby Sound. The brig after entering the "sound," i.e. Nass Sound, found the wind adverse and steered for Clement City or Tomgass Harbour, on Tomgass Island. That port is only about ten miles from Point Wales. It is shown in Pacific Coast Pilot, Alaska (Washington, 1883), map facing p. 49, as Tlekhonsiti Harbour and is described on p. 61. 84. Whatever the Indians of the Northwest Coast lacked they always had dogs. 85. The New Hazard is now in Nass Sound; this appears to be Observatory In- let. It is not plain in which of its harbours the brig is anchored. l>. Trading on the Northwest Coast 31 tain sent word the cook and I must make my allowance of bread last us this week. Full allowance or none! At eight out boats to sound for a harbour; found a fine one and anchored at nine o'clock. In morning carried kedge out twice; came out in a calm. Wednesday, 3 July. A breeze springing up beat out of the sound. At sunset our Indians fired for a canoe; none came. At three a canoe came and took the Indians away. Carpenter making a new main-topsail- yard from main-yard. Thursday, 4 July. Success to Independence. Friday, 5 July. At Cofflanes.86 Overhauling rigging for main-top yard; got on board with spars; went ashore after a fore-topgallant- mast and steersail-boom; making top yard; fitting topsail halyard blocks and tie. Mr. Woodbury87 cut his leg. Saturday, 6 July. At work upon top yards; overhauling sheaves in topmasts and in blocks. Found them much injured by bushing being loose. Rigging topsail-yard. .Sunday, 7 July. Bending mainsail and main-topsail, with several small jobs. Fastened up cam boose by locking it up, because Mr. Hall's watch made a fire and boiled something they got on shore which made very good pickles. Captain threatening to turn Mr. Hall on shore!! At five all hands hove short; loosed topsails, when she dragged anchor almost ashore; payed out cable; settled topsails; carried out kedge; from that got under weigh. After getting outside was quite calm. Monday, 8 July. Out boats and towed, being near a large rock. Cap- 86. This place, much frequented by American traders, is difficult to identify; but from the MS. log of the Hamilton would appear to be Tomgass Harbour, Annette Island, Alaska. It was plainly somewhere in Clarence Strait and near the entrance. 87. Nathaniel Woodbury Jr., was the brig's clerk. 32 The Voyage of the New Hazard tain at a loss where his harbour was; at ten several canoes came off and told him. Tuesday, 9 July. At Massit.88 Came to in thirteen fathoms of water. Making new breeching for carronades out of stream cable; knotting rope yarn; getting a bale of blankets; found it much damaged by rats. Got under weigh; the tide runs so swift we cannot lie. A strong breeze; set fore-sail, fore-topsail, fore-topgallant-sail, mainsail, main-topsail, trysail by which we made shift to stem current. At slack water ran about three miles and anchored. Gale found a blanket stowed in the steersails; told of it aft; got a scolding, it is presumed, as he looked sorry. Wednesday, 10 July. Considerable trade; broke down to get molasses to make the selling cask thicker; Kanakas cutting wood. Indians tarried late. Starting in weaving gangway mats. Thursday, 11 July. Got up a cask of molasses; painting over backstay mats; wood and water; brisk trade; morning, brisk trade again; at eleven got under weigh. Friday, 12 July. Shaped course for Kegharni; being rather thick fell to leeward ;89 hauled on a wind; put about and stood to sea. Saturday, 13 July. Two or three canoes came alongside off Point Rose; sold several skins; knotting yarns; scraping trysail-mast; serving mats to backstays. Sunday, 14 July. Mending topsail; putting service on cable; seizings 88. This is the New Hazard's first visit to Masset, which is on the north coast of Queen Charlotte Islands; hence his difficulty in locating it. The ebb stream runs so fast that the anchorage in which the brig lay, opposite the village Ut te was, is a very poor one. 89. Fog is very prevalent in this vicinity. Kegharni is Kaigahnee, a favourite resort of the maritime traders; it is on Dall Island, southern Alaska. Owing to the wind, however, the brig shapes her course easterly in Dixon Entrance and rounds Rose Spit. IL Trading on the Northwest Coast 33 on pudding of sheet anchor; made the land at Milbank Sound; wind rather unfavourable; put away for New-Etta.90 Mr. Gale called the watch up; they said they had had no dinner. "I don't care," says he; they went on deck without any. Monday, 15 July. At six came to in New-Etta. The Indians told us there was a ship taken at Nootka, and was Blanchard.91 Overhauling bales to see how much the rats had eaten; stowed back again. Stinking fish for dinner. Tuesday, 16 July. Stowing away hold; put topgallant-mast in hold; mending sails; some ashore cutting wood. In morning some of Caniott's tribe were alongside; did not stay. Breaking out fore- hold to fill the water casks; cutting wood for a coal-pit; getting water. Wednesday, 17 July. Filling water casks—filled two; mending sails; getting water; cutting wood; in morning watch went ashore to set fire to a coal-pit. Thursday, 18 July. Filling water in lower hold; mending sails. Friday, 19 July. Indians went to the coal-pit; wanted the things the people had; they would not let them have them; they hailed the brig for help. The boat with four men, three Kanakas with Mr. Gale went ashore and took the armourer and John off. They held daggers to their breasts and said they would cockshuttle [kill] them if they did not 90. The brig continues her course southerly through Hecate Strait; sees the mainland at Milbanke Sound and continues to Nahwhitti, at the northwest end of Vancouver Island. 91. The first news of the capture of the Tonquin at Clayoquot Sound. Rumour said it was the Katharine, William Blanchard, master. See the entry for 31 August 1811 for the facts as later ascertained. The actual date of the loss of the Tonquin is not known; she left Astoria 5 June; supposing the tragedy to have happened ten days later this shows quick transmission of the news. The MS. log of the Hamilton in the Essex Institute, Salem, Massachusetts, 25 July 1811. 34 The Voyage of the New Hazard give them cartridge box, etc., but they saved all.92 In morning boat went ashore and opened coal-pit. Getting wood and water; mending jib and steersails. Saturday, 20 July. Got coal aboard.93 Lowered pinnace; captain went ashore. Bent main-topsail; got breakfast; cast off warp ashore and got under weigh; after going a short distance, wind ahead; put back again; got dinner, having full two hours' time!! Sunday, 21 July. Got under weigh; wind coming fresh ahead lie still. Monday, 22 July. Saw a sail through the fog; soon found it was Bennett;94 as soon as he anchored lowered pinnace, captain went on board; his [mate?] dined on board of us. Learned they had bought some of my clothes and books.95 Some knotting yarns; mending sails; going ashore for a big log. Tuesday, 23 July. Captains Nye and Bennett went to Port Bull. Mending sails. In evening went on board of Bennett and heard a fiddle. Morning, went to washing deck at four o'clock; breaking out in after hold to get a barrel of tar. Mr. Hewes went after spars to make boat oars; mending main-top-staysail. Mr. Hall asked Captain Nye last evening for his discharge; was refused.96 92. This may be the result of the captain's conduct on 16 June ; the New Hazard has been absent ever since. 93. The constant burning of coal-pits suggests that charcoal must have been used in the galley and other stoves. 94. The brig Lydia of Boston, under Captain James Bennett. 95. Reynolds' shoes and stockings were stolen; see entry of 4 May 1811. 96. Bull Harbour is a small, land-locked port on the south side of Hope Island, a few miles from Nahwhitti. Reynolds, the author of the journal, appears to have been very fond of music. See the entry of 2 May 1813. Hewes is the first mate who exchanged out of the Otter with Iverson. Hall is the third mate; he obtained his discharge at Kaigahnee on 7 September 1811; see entry for that day. Trading on the Northwest Coast 3 5 Wednesday, 24 July. Breaking out forehold to get skin casks97 and tar the heads; spinning yarn; unlaying some of stream cable for a hawser; got a gang of water. Got under weigh; just after getting under weigh bought a carcon out of a large canoe belonging to Wakas; finished splicing the hawser; foggy and almost calm. Thursday, 25 July. Foggy and calm. Tarring the new hawser. At six bells discovered a ship right under our stern by striking her bells; it proved to be the Catherine, Blanchard, who told us the Hamilton was somewhere nigh. Hill went into Skittigas yesterday. Soon after the fog cleared away we saw the Hamilton and Lydia standing into New Etta, so up helm and away with the rest. Got in about sunset.98 Captain supped with Porter. In the morning killed' the biggest pig. Captain breakfasted with Nye. Knotting yarns; paying whaleboat; mending sails. Friday, 26 July. Mending sails; spinning yarn. Captain Bennett would not dine with the others nor sup. In evening some of the Catherine's crew on board told us one of them expected to change with Mr. Hall, as he would give $200. In morning found the Indians had cut our hawser and Lydia's. Mr. Woodbury asked his discharge; was told to get another man in his room. Sawing boards; mending sails. Gentry dined on board us. Saturday, 27 July. Sawing boards; mending sails; put whaleboat on quarter; pinnace in long-boat. Mr. Hall absent about his changing ships. At nine Mr. Hall came on board with a man; told Captain Nye he had got a man to come on board in his room. "Fetch him in daylight 97. The sea-otter skins were always put up in casks for safety from rats; about 100 skins per cask; see entry of 21 May 1812. 98. Hill is Samuel Hill, master of the brig Otter: the meaning is that that brig had gone into Skidegate, a harbour on the eastern coast of Queen Charlotte Islands. The New Hazard now returns to Nahwhitti in company with the Katharine, Hamilton, and Lydia. I 36 The Voyage of the New Hazard that I may have a fair view of him." Got under weigh. Mr. Hall unwell and did not change.99 Beat out in company with the Hamilton; beat her very much. Sunday, 28 July. Making sinnet. Fog blew off so we saw Cape Scott at no great distance a little under our lee; tacked ship to make a little more offing. Passed Cape Scott with a fine breeze.100 Monday, 29 July. Looking out for Nootka Sound. At three passed by Nootka for Classett.101 Tuesday, 30 July. All hands mending sails; making swabs; saw a number of whales; saw a large smoke on the shore. Lost my knife!! Observed Mr. Hewes to be very dull for several days past, cause unknown. Saw through the smoke a sail; fired a gun; several canoes with fish alongside. Wednesday, 31 July. Weaving mats for the rail in wake of anchor ports. At four a strong breeze which lasted till we were almost in. Had a large quantity of canoes alongside, one of which when leaving fired an arrow into the fore-topsail. At nine came to an anchor. In morning canoes came alongside with fish and oil; bought oil.102 Mending sails; sawing boards. Thursday, 1 A ugust. At Classett. Mending sails; sawing. Large number of Indians on board and alongside. After clearing up decks all hands must keep a lookout, no matter for a lookout while at work. In 99. Hall got his discharge 7 September 1811 into the Albatross. His offer of $200 is eloquent. Woodbury, the clerk, never got his discharge and returned to Boston in the brig. 100. The New Hazard now rounds Cape Scott and sails southerly along the coast of Vancouver Island. 101. Classett is Cape Flattery; see George Vancouver, A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean and round the World (London, 1801), II, 389 et seq. 102. Probably whale oil. I*.. Trading on the Northwest Coast 37 morning great numbers alongside; kept a lookout for part time on the l 8 l l waist. Bought four slaves.103 Got under weigh. August Friday, 2 August. Making sinnet; mending trysail. Saturday, 3 August. At three jibed ship; the inner halyards were not rove, and several were accused of having been told to reeve them, but denied it. Sampson got a flogging by the captain, after which he jawed us, called us thieves, country boogars, infernal scoundrels; would work us up; and I told you so in Boston, but it would be an infernal long time before you see Boston again.104 Not a word was spoken to give him an occasion for a lecture at this time. He let the people have tobacco in evening. Scraped fore- and mainmasts; broke out forehold to get a cask of water. Sunday, 4 A ugust. At three fog thinned off, found ourselves abreast of Woody Point.105 Monday, 5 August. Passed Cape Scott. Bought nearly thirty harcoo. Indians said four ships were at New Etta. Tuesday, 6 A ugust. Varnishing masts. Salting harcoos; mending sail; making sinnet. Wednesday, 7 August. Sailing along the land towards Milbank Sound. Sawing boards; making sinnet. Thursday, 8 A ugust. Sawing boards; making tarpaulin for boats to keep off snow. Friday, 9 August. At four saw land. Unbent best-bower; took out worming; parcelled it. Sawing and scraping guns. 103. The second purchase of slaves mentioned in the journal; for the first, see the entry of 17 June 1811 and note 82, ante. 104. Ephraim Sampson, a boy of seventeen when the brig left Boston. This laconic account pictures a human brute. 105. Now Cape Cook: the most westerly point of Vancouver Island. 3 8 The Voyage of the New Hazard Saturday, 10 August. Weaving worming into cable and bending it again; sawing; blacking guns. Sunday, 11 A ugust. Lay to off Cluelenna; bought a number of skins; all hands knotting yarns roughly for cable plats. Stood off the land with a strong wind; tacked ship for land; saw Cumishewas under our lee-bow.106 Monday, 12 August. Head wind continues; ten days have elapsed since we put to sea, and we have had light breezes, head winds, and calms ever since. Got nigh into Comeshawas, but stood off all night, or rather off and on, with a strong breeze. Watch knotting yarns; put tarpaulins over boats. Tuesday, 13 y4 ugust. At six called all hands to overhaul a range of cable; at ten came to in Skittigas, where we learned Captain Hill had lost his second mate by being capsized when he was doing something with the kedge. Iverson had been in irons! Amen! !107 Wednesday, 14 August. Unbent mainsail, fore- and main-topsails; bent mainsail and fore-topsail; sent down main-top yard; made sheer holes for topgallant-sheets and sent it up again. In morning seized main-topmast-futtock staffs; shifting bales from starboard to larboard side to make her upright; came up stays fore and aft to get copper in cape round topmasts; getting water; payed the larboard side of deck with varnish. Thursday, 15 August. Stowing hold again. Found a cask of bread which had been broached by some ill-disposed person; bought some 106. Leaving Cape Flattery on 1 August the brig sails up the west coast of Vancouver Island, rounds Cape Scott, stretches over to the mainland at Milbanke Sound, and then steers for Queen Charlotte Islands. Cluenna is believed to be Klieu's Point east of Atli Inlet; see note 77, ante. Cumshewa Inlet is on the east coast of Queen Charlotte Islands. 107. Passing Cumshewa the New Hazard reaches Skidegate, on the east coast of Queen Charlotte Islands. Captain Hill is in command of the brig Otter to which ship Iverson had gone as first mate, on 15 May 1811. Trading on the Northwest Coast 39 skins. Broke open forehold to get out molasses; had ill luck, breaking 1811 davit, parting watch tackle. Sold a slave for eight skins.108 Languish August with cramp. Friday, 16 August. At Skittigas. Got under weigh with a southerly wind. Saturday, 17 August. At two a little to the eastward of Cape Murray109 ; up helm, made a fair wind. At seven came to in Cofflanes; Mr. Hall sent down topgallant-yards. Went ashore and got a board log. Found bread (out of cask) stowed by the mainmast, supposed by Indians. Sunday, 18 August. Went ashore; got a board log; overhauling foresail brace blocks; Nair-Coots left us; in evening several Indians came alongside; slept on board; morning, went clamming; bought several skins; sold a cask of bread. Monday, 19 August. Morning, did nothing. Tuesday, 20 August. Got under weigh. Beat until almost night; weather looking dirty, up helm; dying away, almost calm; got in near the shore; let go the anchor under a small island at the entrance of harbour; got moored at ten o'clock; sea watch; at nine got under weigh; went back to the cove. Rainy. Wednesday, 21 August. Went round to an old village; tore down several planks. Hewes with three or four men and three slaves went clamming, when two slaves ran away ;110 in morning two boats full of men went ashore to look for the slaves; were unsuccessful. At work in after hold; found a cask of molasses almost out—the head having been gnawed by rats. Mr. Hewes struck one of the Kanakas with 108. Probably one of the slaves purchased at Cape Flattery 1 August. 109. Cape Murray is probably Cape Nunez, though it may be Cape Chacon. The two capes are on the same parallel and only seven miles apart. 110. Digging clams for food. Mr. Hewes, the first mate. i 4-0 The Voyage of the New Hazard a large rope over the head so that he fainted, or rather a fit!! Thursday, 22 August. Got under weigh; beat, or rather drifted, down to the island at mouth of harbour. Came to. Got under weigh with a strong breeze, bending our course towards Masset. Got a pair of trousers from aft. Friday, 23 August. At eight just up with the land, near Masset. All hands to fetch ship to an anchor; came to anchor. At work in hold overhauling bread casks. Saturday, 24 August. Sold a cask of molasses; one slave.111 In morning broke out to get molasses. Carpenter cutting a mizzen-mast; making plats for cables. Sunday, 25 A ugust. Stowing hold; getting mizzen-mast upon beach. Strong wind, so drifted into the stream; at evening hauled in again. A large number of Indians slept ashore; after breakfast a large number of Indians on board; considerable of trade. Monday, 26 A ugust. Some trade this afternoon. Mr. Gale presented me with as many strawberries, bilberries, etc., as would suffice for two reasonable persons! At sunset found our warp ashore was parted; hauled it on board; ran it ashore again. Carpenter ashore making mizzen-mast; some cutting wood; taking land-otter skins out of sea- otter skins. Tuesday, 27 August. Searching after hold for a barrel of fat—when, behold!! it was cheese. Getting wood; carpenter at work upon mast; morning, Indians said a ship was at the village112; wooding; masting, etc. ill. Perhaps the last of the four purchased at Cape Flattery, 1 August: one had been sold on the fifteenth; two had escaped on the twenty-first; and this is the fourth. 112. This was the ship Enterprise, master, John Ebbetts. See the MS. log of the Hamilton, 23 August 1811. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 41 Wednesday, 28 A ugust. Getting mast on board; molasses out of hold. Unmoored ship and got under weigh with a fair wind for Kegharnee. Met a canoe before we got to the village with a letter from the master of the ship which was below yesterday,113 for Captain Nye. After passing the town fired a gun: no answer. Got a jacket from aft. Thursday, 29 August. Saw a sail to leeward; watch knotting yarn. Afflicted with boils. Friday, 30 A ugust. Ran by the entrance of harbour; saw a ship; fired a gun; was answered; in a short time the ship's boat came alongside. It proved to be the Albatross, of Boston, Winship, master, who was on the cape of California with a sealing party. He had entrusted his ship to his mate to go among the Russians to carry his Indians home. Mr. Smith, the mate, informed us Captain Abbot was not coming on the coast again, but proceed directly to Canton by way of the islands.114 After beating till near sunset and finding we should not get in, came to an anchor within a cable's length of an island at the entrance of the sound. At three all hands to get under weigh and tow in, it being calm —two boats and crews from the ship arriving. At six came to in harbour. After breakfast went to hoisting things out of after hold. What is going to be done as yet is unknown; got water casks off from the shore; breaking out and stowing them in after hold; getting water and filling casks. Saturday, 31^ ugust. Stowing after hold; getting water. Saw Bennett go into the Key. Bennett and Mr. Paine came into the cove, by whom 113. This was the ship Enterprise, master, John Ebbetts. See the MS. log of the Hamilton, 23 August 1811. 114. "Captain Abbot" is John Ebbetts, master of the ship Enterprise. The New Hazard is now in Kaigahnee where she meets the Albatross, a ship which left Boston in July 1809 and had been for two seasons principally engaged in hunting (or poaching) sea otter and fur-seal on the California coast with Aleuts. She is returning them to their homes. J r 42 The Voyage of the New Hazard we learned this following news, viz.: the Pedler is on the coast, George Clarke, master ;115 the ship which we were told was Blanchard at New-Etta proved to be the Tonquin, Captain Thorn. A large number of Indians came on board; he desired them to go away; they would not; he used some authority to get them off, when they attacked him; finding it in vain to regain his ship, the captain with one other ran and set fire to the magazine, which blew her stern out and she went down stern first. About one hundred Indians were killed, blown up, and sunk. One of the boats was on shore with six men, who finding they had no refuge from the Indians set out for Columbia River, it is supposed, but going ashore at Classett were shot by the natives. The place where this melancholy event happened was Wick- anenashees.116 Bennett had his hawser cut twice after we left New- etta; for which he fired upon a canoe, killed three Indians and wounded four.117 A report was in circulation yesterday that the American frigate Constitution was taken by the English; could not learn any particulars. At five all hands called to get under weigh and go round into the Key; towed out of the cove with three boats, when finding a favourable breeze set sail and ran in. Exchanged three casks of bread with the master of the Albatross. Came to at three; stowing in after hold. Carpenter making mizzen-mast. 115. The Key is probably a corruption of the Indian name of the South Harbour of Kaigahnee : TaddisKEY. Bennett was master of the brig Lydia; see note 21. Mr. Paine (or Pane) was her clerk; he left her in September and sailed in the Hamilton for the Hawaiian Islands, homeward bound; see MS. log of Hamilton, 8 September 1811. The Pedler was a brig of 225 tons which sailed from Boston January 1811; she has just arrived on the Northwest Coast; she was purchased for $10,000 in December 1813 by W. P. Hunt for John Jacob Astor. 116. This is one of the earliest accounts of the loss of the Tonquin. A shorter account is in the MS. log of the Hamilton. Wickanenashees is Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island. 117. It was thus that the maritime traders sowed the wind and reaped the whirlwind. See F. W. Howay, "Indian Attacks on Maritime Traders of the Northwest Coast, 1785-1805," Canadian Historical Review, VI (1925), 287 ff. Trading on the Northwest Coast 43 Sunday, l September. Getting water; stowing forehold. At three saw 1811 a sail beating into the harbour. Captains Bennett and Nye went with September pinnace to meet them. Found it was the Catherine, Blanchard; Hamilton, Porter; Pedler, Clarke; after Clarke (the first who arrived) came in; sent our boat to assist the farthest in getting in, which was effected about eleven o'clock. In morning hoisted in pinnace; sent our whaleboat to assist the Albatross in coming round to the Key. The captains all except Blanchard dined with Captain Nye upon pig.118 Monday, 2 September. Carpenter ashore looking for four spars forty feet long; carpenter ashore cutting spars, with Mr. Hughes to get some wood for dead-eyes, called here cypress.119 Mr. Hall went away in afternoon; not yet returned. Tuesday, 3 September. Carpenter at work ashore. Mr. Hall on board the Albatross, drunk. He returned at eleven o'clock. Tom and John at work on board Hamilton', the block-makers of Hamilton and Albatross making dead-eyes for mizzen rigging. Mr. Hall turned into the steerage; Lang given charge of the watch.120 Wednesday, 4 September. Getting out royal rigging; block-makers at work upon dead-eyes. Tom and John on board Hamilton. Last night Mr. Hewes had company, Captain Nye on board Hamilton. Coming on board he found rum and gin on the table. He said he "took Hewes on board a cripple, out of pity, yet he thinks to do as he pleases; he will take charge of the vessel I expect soon. I will let him know better. Steward, never give any spirit when I am out of the vessel to any 118. The vessels carried live hogs obtained at the Hawaiian Islands. 119. The yellow cypress (cupressus nutkaensis). It is tough, light, and fragrant, and takes a fine polish. 120. William B. Hall, the third mate is degraded and Samuel Lang, one of the seamen, takes his place. Mr. Hall got his discharge on 7 September with a free passage on the Albatross to "the islands." Tom and John are Thomas Conant and John Carnee, seamen. 44 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 one!! Mr. Hewes, why didn't you hoist the signal lantern when I was September gone?" What more I could [not] learn particularly, but understand there was considerable of talk. Amen! Bruce121 left the Lydia last night. Bennett said he would smoke the Albatross, for he was there; for further particulars, see further. Thursday, 5 September. Went on board Hamilton. Learned Bruce was on board Albatross. Bennett gave him two dozen and put him in irons. Carried a barrel of N. E. R. and three kegs gin. Got a coil of rigging for mizzen-topmast-backstays. Joseph Dolbeare, boy, went on board Albatross to return to Boston.122 Friday, 6 September. Got a spanker boom; got cross-jack yards on board. Tom and John on board Hamilton. Saturday, 7 September. Getting mizzen-topmast on board; stream anchor on board. Stowing things for sea. Hamilton towed into stream. Tom and John came on board. Mr. Hall put his chest on board the Albatross, having got his discharge and an order for his wages and a passage to the islands, gratis.123 Got a spar up for the carpenter to work upon; Mr. Hewes set me to work upon it. Sunday, 8 September. At work upon cross-jack yard. Got two casks of bread for Captain Porter. Got under weigh in company with Captain Porter for Sandwich Islands, leaving ship Albatross, Smith; 121. It is plain that Mr. Hewes' days on the New Hazard are numbered. Bruce is William H. Bruce, one of the seamen; the sequel is in the entry of 5 September 1811. And see that for 14 November 1812 of the Lydia. 122. "N. E. R." is New England rum, which, however, is not shown in the ship's manifest. Dolbeare, the fifteen-year-old boy, went on board the Albatross, but when later it was known that the New Hazard would probably return to New England before her, he re-transferred to the brig; see entry for 12 November 1812. 123. Thomas Conant and John Carnee, two of the seamen; they were probably seeking to make a change, which both later did. Of the twenty-four men who sailed from Boston on the New Hazard only fifteen returned on her. i 1 Towards the Hawaiian Islands 45 Catherine, Blanchard; brig Lydia, Bennett; Pedler, Clarke; in Kegh- 1811 arnee.124 September The New Hazard was now on her way to the Hawaiian Islands. It was the usual custom at the beginning of the maritime fur trade for vessels to winter there; but the brig was merely visiting the islands for provisions and refreshment. The Hamilton, Otter, and Enterprise also arrived; but they were en route to Boston. Sailing in company with the ship Hamilton the people of the brig were delighted to find that with topsails and courses set they "were more than a match for the Hamilton." A week after leaving Kaigahnee when far out at sea the log records an unusual occurrence: "Caught an owl." Then follows the illuminating remark: "The allowance of bread this morning was one half—nothing but dust." For three days the Hamilton was not seen; then she came into view. The brig, spreading all sail, speedily overtook her and thereafter "made and took in sail occasionally for the Hamilton." So, day by day, the log continues with the ordinary remarks upon wind and weather, varied by references to the visits of the captains when the sea was smooth and by such human touches as: "John and Sampson ate all the pudding, the watch being aboard the Hamilton"; or again: "Mr. Woodbury [the clerk] told me he would stand no more watch, by the captain's leave." It was Captain Nye's purpose to change the rig of his vessel from a brig to a ship. For this reason the timber for a mizzen-mast was cut and put on board at Massett. The carpenter was busy during the crossing to the islands in finishing the mast and its accessories. Nineteen days after leaving Kaigahnee, the island of Hawaii was sighted; this was one day less than the time occupied in the preceding March. The story is again continued in the words of the log. 124. The New Hazard now sails for the Hawaiian Islands in company with the ship Hamilton, Lemuel Porter, master. 1 46 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 Friday, 27 September. Saw the land peep over the clouds. Putting September bread into cask out of bread room; lacing up waste clothes,125 etc. At six broke off work to bend the cables. Middle, lay to most of the night for the Hamilton. At two saw a light; thought it to be the Hamilton; at four made sail; found ourselves close in with Owyhyee. A number of canoes came off, but going quick through the water could not get on board; at length one came under the bows with two men and one girl; the Kanakas gave them a rope, which the girl perceiving she leaped into the water and got hold of it and for ten rods or more she was towed all under water; after some time we got her in board—the canoe being obliged to let go. Saw a sail; lay to; found it was not the Hamilton; it proved to be the ship Enterprise,™ Captain Abbot, New York, who said he was going into Toahy.127 Saturday, 28 September. At eleven came to in the harbour of Toahy where we found the Hamilton. Just as we got moored a squall came off the land which parted our hawser; in morning went to weigh kedge when the buoy rope parted. Some sweeping for kedge; some making mizzen-topsail; some, points for topsail. Sunday, 29 September. Towards Woahoo.128 Not much work done this afternoon, being girls on board: going from ship to ship. At seven got the sheet anchor on the gunwale, and shank painter parted; at eight got under weigh in company with the Hamilton. Middle, mostly calm; at eight a strong breeze; set steersails to make the best of our way to Woahoo; the Hamilton going into Lahina, Mowee.129 125. Waist cloths of the ship. 126. The ship Enterprise, owned by John Jacob Astor, and commanded by John Ebbetts, left New York in November 1809 an(l was trading on the coast in 1810 and 1811. She returned to New York in June, 1812. This was Astor's first venture in the maritime trade. 127. This is usually spelled by the traders: Tocaigh Bay; it is the Kawaihae Bay of today, situated on the northwestern side of Hawaii. 128. Oahu. 129. Lahaina, Maui. Second Visit to the Hawaiian Islands 47 Monday, 30 September. Strong breeze; all sail set; last night lowered 1811 down the boat; went after the carpenter of Hamilton, who had been September taken suddenly ill with fits. Got jolly-boat in to calk her and pay her. At ten made the island of Wahoo; at three fired a gun; tacked ship; at six tacked ship; at eight three white men came on board; went into harbour at ten;130 went to work; got down trysail-boom and mast. Tuesday, 1 October. Getting in mizzen-mast. Being taboo131 no girls on board (a lucky charm). Yesterday morning got sheer over. Got bread out and sent it ashore; fixing mizzen rigging. Wednesday, 2 October. Fixing mizzen rigging; put cross-trees on; sending bread ashore. At nine the Enterprise fired a gun outside and came to anchor outside. At daylight went with two boats to tow her in. I wish I could see to write. The Kanakas towed her in by nine o'clock. Getting bread ashore. Boatswain got his discharge; went ashore.132 Thursday, 3 October. Rigging cross-jack yard; making mizzen-stay- sail, etc. Sunday, 6 October. Since the third up to the above date we have got cargo out, smoked ship, and got our cargo in again. Having had the ship shut tight debarred me from the privilege of writing before. The ships Enterprise and Hamilton came in. The King making great haste in going to Owhyhee. Had two fathoms of India cotton allowed. Monday, 7 October. Got the last of cargo on board. Shipped four 130. The New Hazard is now at anchor in the harbour of Honolulu. 131. For an early description of the tapu system, see James Cook, A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean (London, 1785), III, i63ff.; see too, "Overthrow of the Ancient Tabu System in the Hawaiian Islands," Twenty-fifth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the year ig16 (Honolulu, 1917), pp. 37~45- 132. The Enterprise is at anchor in Waikiki Bay. The boatswain is Elias Mott; Nye gives the date of his discharge as 30 September 1811. 48 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1810 hands to go to the northwest the first part of these twenty-four hours, October y'yl. : Joseph Wings, Samuel Pace,133 Edward Ames, Immanuel Pinto, Portuguese. Tuesday, 8 October. Sent up yards for mizzen-topsail. All hands diligently employed. Lang, Jack, Porter, John, arid armourer went on board Hamilton. Lang and Jack134 got high; talked about having a box. Armourer and Jack had a squabble; but no bones broken. Got a boatload of water; setting mizzen rigging; bending mizzen. At ten saw a sail to windward; at twelve came to; proved to be the brig Otter, Captain Hill. Wednesday, 9 October. Catharping in mizzen rigging; fixing brails. Mr. Williams came on board; had no conversation with him myself ; learned Mr. Hall was on board as first officer. Ratling mizzen rigging. Mr. Hall and Mr. Williams came on board.135 Lang with me breaking out after hold to get a pipe of bread which we had of Captain Hill, damaged. Thursday, 10 October. Variously employed about the mizzen. Stowing after hold again. Captain Hill came on board, challenged Captain Nye to fight him, which he refused; had a long talk and parted in anger. Mr. Williams went with four of our people in the boat on board the Otter after his chest. Captain Hill got on board just as he was going away; ordered him back, his things on board again; gave him a severe caning; detained him all night, but sent boat back. In the morning Williams came on board and entered his protest against 133. The first man only remained on the brig and sailed on her for Boston; see entry of 27 July 1813. 134. Samuel Lang was one of the able-bodied seamen, but was promoted to acting third mate when Hall got his discharge on 7 September; see note 123, ante. 135. W. B. Hall, formerly third mate on New Hazard. Hill had lost his second mate and Iverson had been in irons; see entry of 11 August 1811. Thomas Williams, who had been a seaman on the New Hazard, but had obtained his discharge on 13 May 1811. 1L Second Visit to the Hawaiian Islands 49 Captain Hill's proceedings.156 At nine got under weigh and ran out- 1811 side. The new men came on board. Captain and Tom—see small October place-book. Friday, 11 October. Clearing things off deck; sawed off royal poles. Captain away in boat; went on board Hamilton and Enterprise. Morning, Mr. Hewes went on board Hamilton and got a kedge anchor. At ten got under weigh for Atooi.137 Saturday, 12 October. Came to in Atooi at nine. Altering mizzen; cut a piece off the boom. Sunday, 13 October. Buying hogs. Mr. Robinson, supercargo of brig Otter, came on board. Morning, saw Hamilton standing in. Ratling mizzen-topmast-rigging and various other jobs on board. At eleven saw Enterprise. In afternoon wrote a letter to my father; favoured by John Trueman, ship Hamilton™* Monday, 14 October. Getting two large water casks out of after hold to lend to Captain Porter. Variously employed about the mizzen rigging; altering mizzen. In morning variously employed to get ready for sea. A new boatswain came on board by the name of Walker. Bump went in the steerage.139 Tuesday, 15 October. Got under weigh for the coast with pleasant breeze. Middle, fine breeze and clear. Latter, killing hogs and salting 136. Williams evidently had found the Otter not to his liking and was anxious to return to the New Hazard. 137. Kauai, "the garden island," and even then a favourite place to obtain provisions. 138. The Hamilton was then homeward bound; she arrived in Boston on 25 April 1812. 139. Mott, the original boatswain, had received his discharge on 30 September 1811. Walker's name is not found in the list of the crew in the entry of 27 July 1813. From the remarks on 1 October and subsequent days it is plain that the New Hazard came to "the islands" on this occasion as a brig, but is returning to the coast as a ship. 50 The Voyage of the New Hazard pork. Overhauled what was salted before. Making mizzen larger. Captain gave us all grog. The next day the log says: "Captain sent for Lang and made him third mate." He was then thirty-three years of age; the oldest man on the ship. The New Hazard had been without a third mate since Mr. Hall had obtained his discharge in September at Kaigahnee. On the return passage to the coast the log again drifts into the uninteresting details of the weather, and the various jobs on which the men are employed. Whatever may be said of Captain Nye, it seems clear that he believed idleness to be the mother of trouble on shipboard. The log details the steady employment of killing and salting hogs for sea store; of making and knotting spun yarn; of fleeting the rigging; and tarring the awnings in fine weather; and the reefing, double-reefing, and handing the sails, and the sending down of the topgallant-masts and yards in bad weather. But on 29 October the log has a black record: "Ned [i.e. Edward Ames, one of the new hands] let go his brace block twice. Gale flogged him with a piece of ratline stuff. Captain flogged the steward for letting a lantern get broken, and Bump for not keeping the steerage clean; so we go today!!!" The next day, 30 October, the log records: "At daylight saw Cape St. James, bearing northeast." The passage from Atooi (Kauai), one of the Hawaiian Islands, had been made in eighteen days, which was less than the time occupied in either of the other two crossings. The story will be again continued in the words of the log. Saturday, 2 November. At daylight ran in for land, which proved to be Skittigas.140 At eight got over the bar; beat up with a fresh wind till past the island; then calm; out boats; by the help of a light breeze we got in so as to anchor at six in the evening. Sunday, 3 November. Calm; towing; a light breeze helped us in to anchor at six o'clock. So here we are on the Northwest Coast again 140. Skidegate, on the east coast of Queen Charlotte Islands. Trading on the Northwest Coast 51 after a passage of nineteen days from Atooi. The Indians all gone to Nass a-hunting otter. Got water; got allowance of bread again.141 Monday, ^.November. Unbent mizzen, mizzen-topsail and staysail; cackling stream cable; getting water; altering mizzen-topsail. At Skittigas. Tuesday, 5 November. Getting water; unshipped the wheel; making a board netting; cutting wood; at work upon mizzen-topsail; getting up molasses for trade. Wednesday, 6 November. Making board net; water; cutting wood. Set up a coal-pit. Loosed sails to dry today; got six rolls of cloth out of bale number twenty-nine. In morning set fire to coal-pit; getting water ; making board net; cutting wood; altering mizzen-topsail, making longer. Bought a few skins. Thursday, 7 November. Seizing board net; cutting wood. John and Sampson142 ashore with coal-pit. Friday, 8 November. Put the board net up; getting wood; rigging gaff and bending sail; bending mizzen-topsail; getting wood and water. Saturday, 9 November. Scraping topmasts; getting wood, water, etc. At eight hove up; got under weigh; went down as far as the island143; looked very likely for a gale of wind and storm; put back again. Sunday, 10 November. All hands scrubbing bulwarks to please Mr. Gale!! All hands called to get under weigh with light breeze. Mr. Gale swearing the captain told him to hold his tongue. Mr. Hewes 141. Atooi is the old form of Kauai, one of the Hawaiian Islands. Nass seems to have been a general name for Observatory Inlet. The reference to bread appears to mean that since leaving "the islands" they had been fed on yams and sweet potatoes. 142. John Carnee and Ephraim Sampson, two of the seamen. See original list ante p. 2. 143. Probably Bare Island at the entrance of Skidegate Inlet. n\ 52 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 took it up; it being something about keeping cable tiers clean—and November knocked him down. Captain told Hewes to rope's-end him, take him to capstan.144 Captain sent him below where he has been since eleven o'clock. Monday, 11 November. At one found ourselves in seventeen fathoms water; and close in with the land; made sail; beat off; at five made sail; passed through Brown's Passage145 at twelve. Tuesday, 12 November. Came to at three o'clock at a place called Lunnakoon, where the Nass Indians passed the winter last year and where Captain Hill got a great number of skins. Took board net to pieces to make a long one; knotting yarn. Wednesday, 13 November. Called all hands; got under weigh, having seen no Indians since we anchored; all hands employed in knotting yarns, mending ratlines. Yesterday morning Mr. Gale handed the captain a letter requesting to know if he should challenge Mr. Hewes for striking him, an officer. The captain called him and talked to him severely—a molly boy—a scoundrel—and threatening to flog him at the capstan.146 Thursday, 14 November. Calm; out all boats and towed clear of a large ledge of rock. Steering towards Cofflanes. Great numbers of whales, spouting. Passed between Capes Northumberland and De Chacon.147 144. The brig leaves Skidegate and steers for Observatory Inlet where the Indians are supposed to be. Gale, the petty tyrant, meets his deserts, though we have no information as to whether the rope's-ending was ever administered. 145. Brown Passage, named by Vancouver after William Brown the commander of the Butterworth squadron of trading vessels, lies between Dundas Islands and Stephen Island, near the Alaskan boundary. 146. The aftermath of the incident of 10 November, when Hewes struck Gale and knocked him down. 147. Finding no Indians in Portland Canal or Observatory Inlet the brig now heads into Clarence Strait. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 53 Friday, 15 November. Lowered down jolly-boat; the tide ran four 1 8 1 l knots against us. Anchored just below the island at the entrance of November Cofflanes. At dusk a canoe came alongside with several Indians (one of whom stayed all night) and told us the two slaves who ran away from us had been found; they had killed two women and a child; stole a canoe; made off and not been heard of since. At seven all hands called; got under weigh. Saturday, 16 November. Unbent mizzen- and mizzen-topsail, for another alteration; knotting yarn; got up molasses for trade. Altering sail; knotting yarns; breaking out in forehold to get a cask of rice; not allowed to scuttle any cask, start any rice kegs, nor stave any cask. The reason is at present unknown. Smoaket148 keeps all to himself. Sunday, 17 November. At Cock Lanes. Got cross-jack yard down to reduce it. Knotting yarns in forecastle; spinning yarn. Bought a few skins; small trade. Monday, 18 November. Went after a turn of water. This morning we expect to get the mizzen-mast out and cut it shorter; got mast out; cut off four feet. Tuesday, 19 November. Overhauling mizzen rigging; getting mast in; getting rigging over mast-head. Wednesday, 20 November. Setting up rigging; getting up topmast; setting up topmast-rigging; getting up gaff; bending sails; getting wood and water. Thursday, 21 November. Doing small jobs about the ship, getting ready for sea. Came to an anchor by the island at the entrance of the harbour at eight. I have written the above since Monday. At seven got under weigh, went into Chucknahoo Straits. Note : The above contains the transactions for Thursday and Friday. 148. According to Bishop's MS. log of the Ruby this word means "Chief." 54 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 Saturday, 23 November. Watch below; beating up to Chucknahoo. November Light wind; in morning went into harbour; fired a gun; clewed up topsails; saw no Indians; made sail again, and steered by Cape Murray with fair wind and clear weather. No work going on!!! !149 Sunday, 24 November. Steering for Massit. At four o'clock, sunset, saw a sail a little to southward of Cape Murray and Point Northumberland ; at five-thirty saw the vessel upon our lee-bow, lying to ; came up with her; found her to be the Lydia, who told us Captain Clarke was nigh by. Captain went on board Captain Bennett, who concluded to go to Massit with us; Clarke to Nass; head wind, bore away for Kegharnee. Monday, 25 November. Anchored in the Key at five o'clock. Tuesday, 26 November. At Kegharnee. Got a kedge from Bennett. Put a pudding on kedge; cutting wood. Wednesday, 27 November. Cutting wood; a Kanaka cut his foot at the ankle badly. Some making sinnet; some knotting yarn, below. All hands below. Thursday, 28 November. Rainy night; forenoon blowing fresh, with rain. Friday, 29 November. At six captain came on deck; ordered all hands up; cleared away the long-boat and go after ballast; none knew where it was to go; at length the forehold must be cleared away and the ballast put down. Saturday, 30 November. Getting ballast; putting it in forehold; morning, shifting ballast into main hold. Sunday, 1 December. At Kegharnee. Shifting ballast and stowing 149. Again finding no Indians the brig leaves Clarence Strait and steers for Masset; but, as appears by the next day's entry, meeting the Lydia they both sail for Kaigahnee. For identification of Chucknahoo, see note 179, post. Trading on the Northwest Coast 5 5 hold. In forenoon Joseph Wing, Thomas Conant, and Immanuel Pinto went gunning.150 Monday, 2 December. Carpenter ashore getting plank logs; tolerable pleasant. Tuesday, 3 December. Carpenter ashore siding down plank logs in the Key. Several canoes alongside, the first since we came in.151 Some frozen stuff fell and whitened the decks for the first time. Wednesday, 4 December. Hauled into the Key; let go best-bower; carried hawser ashore and made fast to a tree. Thursday, 5 December. About six inches of damp snow fell from southeast. In the morning let go hawser; carried stream cable ashore; so now we are moored fast to a big stump of a tree. Friday, 6 December. Carried some cedar logs ashore to saw, that we got in August at Cofflanes; sold two barrels of bread. Carpenter ashore after a mizzen-topmast. Making gaskets, bunt cloths to sails, etc. Saturday, 7 December. Hove in some of cable to keep her stern from the rocks. Some cutting wood; John and I were sawing boards.152 Carpenter making a mizzen-topmast, carpenter of Lydia with him. Sunday, 8 December. At Kegharnee. Cutting wood; sawing boards; making mizzen-topmast, and tarpaulins to cover the bunt of the sails. Got up a keg of island rum.153 150. Three of the seamen; Conant had been in the crew from leaving Boston, but the other two were new hands, shipped at the Hawaiian Islands on 7 October 1811. 151. The New Hazard has been on the coast a month and these are the first Indians she has met for trade. 152. John Carnee is the author's co-sawyer. Doubtless the boards are whipsawn. Such work requires a saw-pit and hence was usually done ashore. 153. Probably the liquor distilled from the Ti plant and known as Okoolahau* This is the earliest reference to Hawaiian liquor on the coast that has, as yet, been met. 56 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 Monday, 9 December. Expecting to get under weigh, but no wind. December Sawing boards; cutting wood for a coal-pit, two people from the Lydia helping; making mizzen-topmast; spinning spun yarn; getting water; making tarpaulins, etc. Tuesday, 10 December. Employed as above. In evening Lavare and I went on board Lydia; two or three inches of frozen stuff fell in evening. By order of captain boat went outside to see how the wind was; found it ahead. Sawing; cutting wood for coal-pit; getting out a barrel of tar and a piece of timber from the main hold; putting down fore-topgallant-yards and mast. Wednesday, 11 December. Setting coal-pit; sawing boards. Mr. Hewes ashore all afternoon. Two girls on board all night. Mr. Bruce sent me a fathom of India cotton last evening, for which I very much thank him. At eight got under weigh, towed out of the Key where we left some thin ice.154 Thursday, 12 December. Towards Massit. At five double reefed topsails being close over to Massit; tacked ship; stood off during night. Spoke Lydia. Concluded to steer again for Massit. We made the entrance of harbour at eleven. Friday, 13 December. Entered the river155 at three upon ebb tide; could but little more than stem the current; anchored abreast of the old anchoring place, out in stream. Opened bale number ten, took out five bunches of blankets and put in five of duffel. Tarring cloths for topsails to keep out rain and snow. Saturday, 14 December. Hove up and towed in shore; carried hawser 154. The New Hazard has been in Taddiskey, the South Harbour of Kaigahnee Harbours. She now sails for Masset. Mr. Bruce of the brig Lydia. 155. The river is Masset Sound, a river-like stretch of water which connects Masset Harbour with Masset Inlet. The ebb tide runs so fast that the brig is forced to anchor near the village Ut te was. Trading on the Northwest Coast 57 ashore. Getting water; sometimes snow, sometimes clear and warm 1811 sun. Carpenter making mizzen-topmast cap. December Sunday, 15 December. At Massit. Putting Scotchmen on mizzen rigging lanyards; sold several buckets of rice and molasses. Monday, 16 December. Several canoes with skins; sold one hogshead bread, eight or nine barrels. Mr. Woodbury and Mr. Sturgis changed ships (clerks each) ; both ships will divide skins in March when they are to meet.156 Got under weigh with a strong wind. Cook and steward tied back to back. Tuesday, 17 December. Steering northwest by north for Kegharnee. At five came to in Tatters Cove.157 Cutting wood; getting out vinegar and rum. Mr. Gale twenty-two years old. , Wednesday, 18 December. Yesterday's storm continues to blow and rain. Several people sick. Thursday, 19 December. Storm abates. Friday, 20 December. Some snow; got wood and water; wind blew in again. Saturday, 21 December. Stormy. At ten broke away a little; got under weigh for Tahhoozene.158 Sunday, 22 December. Light wind from southwest. At twelve saw a boat rowing towards us; Captain Bennett159 soon came on board us and told the same tide we left Massit he drifted ashore on the 156. The Lydia and the New Hazard agree to pool their purchases; for the purpose of adjusting them Mr. Sturgis, the clerk of the Lydia, comes aboard the brig. See entry of 25 December 1811; also that of 28 January 1812. 157. Taddiskey, the South Harbour in the Kaigahnee Harbours, Dall Island, Alaska. 158. Apparently an anchorage farther up Kaigahnee Strait. The brig reached it after five hours sailing with a light wind. See too entry of 11 January 1812. 159. Captain James Bennett of the brig Lydia. 5 8 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1811 flats and lay three or four tides; throwed overboard ten casks of December rjce an(j molasses; cut a small cable and lost the anchor. We got into anchor at three o'clock, but had to heave up and anchor better; morning we had to heave up and anchor better still; but this we are used to. Monday, 23 December. Expect we are to lie some time as Bennett says he will not cruise any more for six weeks. We must do likewise. Cutting wood; setting up coal-pit; stowing over the between decks, captain superintending. Tuesday, 24December. Hauled cables on deck; cutting wood; stowing hold; got long-boat out; heard the captain had ordered the meat off the supper table from the mate. Pleasant night. Morning, set coalpit, men and woodmen ashore. Breaking out hold to get out a large anchor. Mr. Hewes went to get breakfast to relieve Mr. Gale. I went to work in the forehold; heard a noise on deck; jumped up; saw Mr. Gale with his face bloody, sitting on the arms-chest—the captain hold of him, calling for irons, shaking him, and then ordered both first and second mate below, called the boatswain to get the irons—; the boatswain called the tailor and walked forward. What this attack was for I cannot tell. The [captain] flogged cook and steward before breakfast.160 Mr. Lang now chief officer. Got the large anchor up, unbent the best-bower, shifted it end for end. Snowing easy. Wednesday, 25 December. Coiled cables below; moved rice and molasses casks into main hold; stowing and putting things back again. Mr. Woodbury moved back again.161 Morning, began the fire in coal- 160. Both of these negroes are frequently punished. The record up to this date runs: 31 March, cook "flogged severely"; 22 April, "captain flogged cook"; 29 January, "steward . . . got the cat"; 14 April, steward got "a smart rope's- ending"; 11 May, steward got "a number of strokes with a two-inch rope"; 29 October, "captain flogged the steward." On 16 December the cook and the steward were tied back to back. Now they are both flogged. It is a dark record. 161. Mr. Woodbury moved back temporarily from the Lydia, where he had gone on 16 December; see note 156, ante. \\ Trading on the Northwest Coast 59 pit. Got cable and anchor under weigh for puddening and bending. 1811 Drifted almost ashore; carried out kedge, got Lydia's kedge and December hawser also both to windward; hove taut and lay. Thursday, 26 December. At one Lydia's people came on board to help us heave ahead; ship swung; caught upon a stone just abreast her main-rigging, and held her fast; carried out small-bower cable's length; hove taut; at eight tide flowed; hove in cable; carried out kedge and all was quiet. Morning, puddened anchor, parcelled cable. Captain Nye and Mr. Hewes had a long conversation below—tailor out cabin—Mr. Hewes having asked liberty to take his things away.162 Friday, 27 December. Stowed rice and molasses casks; got molasses out. Mr. Hewes and Captain Nye had more talk last evening, after which Mr. Hewes came on deck again. Saturday, 28 December. Got out a breaker of molasses for steward. Hawser got foul of Lydia's anchor; weighed kedge, cleared hawser, and carried kedge out again. Sunday, 29 December. Raining most of time very fast. Monday, 30 December. Mr. Gale on duty again.163 Armourer drew his coal-pit, had little coal; some cutting wood. Tuesday, 31 December. Cleared out coal hold; got boatload of wood. Carpenter got spars for oars. Plenty girls on board. Pleasant night; morning got coal and water off; made preparations for getting under weigh, but wind being light remained fast. Cutting wood; breaking out forehold for a hogshead of fish. Girls stole allowance of pork!!! 162. Evidently Mr. Hewes is finding life on the New Hazard no pleasanter than it was on the Otter. 163. His absence was the result of the trouble on 24 December. 60 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 Wednesday, 1 January. Stowing away forehold; getting wood. Sold January a pipe 0f bread and several barrels. Stowing after hold; opened bale number nineteen, took out two bunches of blankets, put in two more. Cutting wood. Ends warm. Thursday, 2 January. Warm. Cutting firewood. Sold some bread. Morning, cutting firewood; set coal-pit; put cackling on cable ashore. Friday, 3 January. Got wood and water; set fire to coal-pit. Morning, cutting wood; got water, etc. Last night Black Jo164 on board the brig stole a quarter of fresh pork off the stern; we bore blame; had grog stopped. Saturday, 4 January. Captains Nye and Bennett went for a row in jolly-boat; Captain Nye killed a crow. Sunday, 5 January. James and Pease burning coal-pit.165 No grog yet. Indians stole an axe from coal-pit, powder and shot, etc. Sold a pipe of bread. Monday, 6 January. Open bread for sale; got tobacco out. Mending sails. Tuesday, 7 January. Rainy. Got up molasses; scrubbed bulwarks. Wednesday, 8 January. Passing wood out of forepeak into hold. Drew coal-pit; got off coal; got water; loosed sails. Thursday, 9 January. Coiled stream cable below; handed sails; got off remainder of coal. Mr. Gale sent ashore for Mr. Lang to come on board. In evening Mr. Woodbury told Captain Nye, Bill, his apprentice,166 had a bad swelling in his testicles. Nye says: "I'll cut him to-morrow." Called tailor in cabin to know who had girls in the ship, 164. Evidently the cook on the brig Lydia which is anchored beside them. 165. Probably the reference is to Sebre Pratt (alias James) and Samuel Pease, one of the new hands shipped at Honolulu, 7 October 1811. 166. Nathaniel Woodbury, the brig's clerk; William Larridon, the captain's apprentice, now a boy of about seventeen; Richard Palmer, the tailor. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 61 but gained no information. Morning, some ashore cutting wood; knotting yarns. Friday, 10 January. Scrubbing bulwarks inside and out. Captain Nye dined, spent afternoon, and supped on board Captain Bennett. Got wood off. Not much work this forenoon. Strange! Saturday, 11 January. At Tarkoozene. Went ashore after a plank log to put under cables. Spinning spun yarn. Morning, Porter and I were sent ashore to side down the plank log; raining very hard. Captain jawed Mr. Hewes for sending us ashore in rain; came off at twelve. Sunday, 12 January. Bumpus sick with fever. At eight got under weigh; found pudding of the anchor capsized; fitting another. Monday, 13 January. Putting pudding on anchor. Wore away round Cape Murray,167 towards Cofflanes. Tuesday, 14 January. Very thick snow so we could not see the land but short distance; ran inside of island; came to anchor and lay all night. At seven got under weigh and beat up to the harbour. Wednesday, 15 January. At Cofflanes. Rainy, all hands allowed below. Captain went a-gunning. Thursday, 16 January. Bought a few skins; got a turn of water. All hands got soles for their boots. Mostly below, rainy. Friday, 17 January. Got a turn of water. At eight heard a gun; answered it; shewed a light. Vessel came, the Lydia, not having made a harbour before since we came out together. Got a board net as far as main-rigging on stretch. Mr. Hewes, John Pratt,168 and myself cut a cypress log to make a gun-carriage. 167. Point Nunez. Cofflanes cannot at present be identified, but it was plainly somewhere close to the entrance of Clarence Strait. See note 87, ante, suggesting that it was Tomgass Harbour, Annette Island, Alaska. 168. Properly Sebre Pratt, but usually called James. See entries 2 February and 11 November 1812. 62 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 Saturday, 18 January. Ashore cutting cedar log; fixing saw-pit; seiz- J a n uary jng board net. Got under weigh with light wind. Sunday, 19 January. Completed board net. Growing dark got abreast of Tatters Key. Mr. Hewes went in boat with a lantern to see the entrance; the Indians fired upon boat several times thinking it was an enemy's canoe as they said. All snug at ten o'clock. Monday, 20 January. Got a turn of water. Heavy rain. Captain saw a canoe alongside with girls; was much vexed; struck Immanuel.169 Tuesday, 21 January. Carpenter and I were ashore sawing plank for gun-carriage. Mr. Hewes along with Indians. Wednesday, 22 January. Carpenter, John, and I were ashore, sawing; Captain Nye went with us ashore; asked me to go to the coal-pit with him, which we left some time since. He asked me several questions: "De Bello in Navem Comites"170—wished me to give him information if anything should transpire. Night clear with light winds. John and I sawing; a crew cutting wood; some making cartridges. Thursday, 23 January. Got off a boatload of wood. John and I ashore. (Did not saw much for rain.) Carpenter and John sawing. Friday, 24 January. Some cutting wood; put up board net. At eleven rain; got arms-chest in steerage. Saturday, 25 January. Rainy; got a boatload of wood; night rainy; ends do. 169. Immanuel Pinto, a Portuguese, shipped at Honolulu 7 October 1811. The brig has now returned from Clarence Strait and is again at Taddiskey (Tatters Cove), Kaigahnee Harbours. 170. "Concerning the war in the ship's company"—the Latin is poor, as was to be expected. Though there were two Johns on the brig the reference under "John" is believed to be always to John Carnee. He and Reynolds, the writer of the journal, are whip-sawing lumber for use on shipboard. IL 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 63 Sunday, 26 January. Got under weigh; calm; towed out. Douglas 1812 came alongside from Steakene.171 January Monday, 27 January. Saw a sail under the land beating into Lenna- coon. At a little before sunset came to in seven fathoms water, fine holding ground. Found the sail to be Captain Bennett, who had been lying at Cape Murray since we left Cofflanes.172 Morning, some canoes and some trade; making a board net. Tuesday, 28 January. Seizing board net; got a cask of rice and molasses out of the hold. The clerks change ships to share skins.173 Wednesday, 29 January. Seizing board net; bought some skins. At four snowed; ends with moderate snow. Considerable trade. Thursday, 30 January. Considerable trade. Cloudy weather; ends moderate wind. Friday, 31 January. Put 100 land otter, 90 beaver skins in cask; one cask sea-otter skins in hold. Finished board net; mending fore-sail. A Nass chief on board who killed Khou, Kegharnee chief.174 Put up board net; putting skin cask in after hold. Indians in whaleboat with two Kanakas got us a turn of water. N.B. A mistake was made from Wednesday to Friday in the above, but being about the same it was thought best not to make any more alterations. 171. The New Hazard leaves Taddiskey. Douglas-Coneehaw the chief who exchanged names with Captain Douglas twenty-three years before; though as the names of chiefs are hereditary this may be a different man. He is chief .at Kaigahnee. Steakene is Stikine River. 172. Captain James Bennett, in command of brig Lydia. Cape Murray is Nunez Point. 173. Mr. Woodbury goes to the Lydia and Mr. Samuel Sturgis comes to the New Hazard as the trading is resumed in co-operation. See entries of 16 and 25 December 1811. 174. Usually spelled Kow, the well-known chief of Kaigahnee, mentioned by all the traders from Ingraham in 1791 down for twenty years. I: 64 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 Saturday, 1 February. Stowing away after hold. Snowed through the ^ ebruary night. All hands set to sweeping snow off sails, rigging, etc. Got out log from main hold to make axles and trucks*for gun-carriages. Sunday, 2 February. Sawing log with carpenter for axles. James, alias Sebre Pratt, was dissatisfied with his allowance of bread. Mr. Hewes weighed it; said the allowance was full; upon which Sebre threw it overboard. He was shortly called aft; was ordered to be tied up. He cried out "Help! Help!!" All hands went up to release him; the captain threatened to shoot them. Sebre was taken in the cabin; put in irons. Captain told them he had been told they were going to take the ship from him. I was charged with telling the news to captain because I was in cabin a few nights since after a shirt. All is Monday, 3 February. In evening captain called Tom176 in the cabin. All the talk forward is about the d—d. ship; the d—d tell-tale; d—d captain; d—d Hewes. Morning, broke out in forehold; got two guns up; put second bower below. Tuesday, ^.February. Stowing hold again. Captain Bennett stayed all night.177 Making stops on cable; drawed a few yarns; Indians got in a turn of water. Wednesday, 5 February. The Skittigats Indians on board were sent for because the Nass Indians had killed Aligosh (cause unknown). Making cable stops. Sold a cask of bread. Thursday, 6 February. Sold several muskets to the Skittigas Indians for a Coatluster (fish) ,178 175. A near mutiny: a good sidelight on conditions in the New Hazard. 176. Thomas Conant, a young seaman, twenty years of age. 177. The Lydia and the New Hazard are lying at Lennacoon, a place not yet identified, but apparently somewhere inside of Clarence Strait. 178. Perhaps a cutsark: a mantle usually of three sea-otter skins. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 65 Friday, 7 February. All hands making cable bends. Lame with boils 1812 on my foot. February Saturday, 8 February. At five all hands got under weigh. Pleasant forenoon. Sunday, 9 February. Towards Kegharnee. Could not see the land; wind very fresh; saw Cape Murray; could not clear; bore away for Chucknahoo.179 Monday, 10 February. At one saw breakers ahead; land on both sides; wore ship, just cleared rocks; hauled the weather shore; ran in a small cove; let go anchor; did not bring up; shot astern; just cleared an island of rocks; anchor got good hold; paid out all small-bower; sent down lower yards; just after, she began to pound on the rocks; tried to get out the kedge; all to no purpose; wind strong. Tried to shoot out with jib; all would not do, she lying alongside the island of rocks, striking very hard.150 At six clear and calm. Got kedge out; hauled off the rocks; let go best-bower; tried pumps; found she leaked; parted line, lost kedge; leak so we kept both pumps going all night; at nine sucked the pumps, after pumping five feet four inches water; but found the water came in as fast as we could clear it with the best pump. Moving casks upon the leaky side to find the leak, but to no effect. Fine pleasant weather; sent up yards. Tuesday, 11 February. Pumps still going. Fixing blankets to haul under the bottom. At sunset got blankets under the bottom. Found some small benefit. Pleasant weather. Morning, got lower studding sail lined with blankets, oakum, etc., under bottom. Found it of 179. The intention was to sail westward to Kaigahnee; but owing to the gale the brig was headed eastward and up Clarence Strait. Chucknahoo is frequently mentioned in the MS. log of the Hamilton. It is difficult to identify, but appears to be the Indian village at the entrance to Cholmondeley Sound, Alaska, now called Chasina. (See the Hamilton's MS. log, 13 May 1811.) 180. There are no means of identifying exactly the scene of this disaster except that it was in Clarence Strait, not far from Wedge Island. " \ 66 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 service. Breaking out cargo to lift the timber board to see if water February came in; could see none. Wednesday, 12 February. Pumping steadily; breaking out. Captain went in boat to see if he could haul ship ashore; met with success. Morning, prepared to get under weigh and go about a mile into a small bay to haul ashore. Slipped small-bower; got under weigh; anchor kept kedging on bottom as water shoaled. Anchored safe in destined port. Leak a little more favourable. Thursday, 13 February. Got stream anchor in long-boat; carried it out; carried hawser ashore head and stern, being long enough to reach across the bay. Snowy afternoon. At ten fine weather. Fair morning. Getting cargo ashore. Friday, 14 February. Getting cargo ashore. Left long-boat aground; covered bread and rice with sails; at twelve brought long-boat off; Mr. Hewes got stream cable ashore. Very pleasant forenoon. Saturday, 15 February. Carrying provisions ashore; starting water in after hold. Shower of snow; leak more moderate; at eight o'clock left long-boat ashore. At half past one brought long-boat off; snowing fast. Sunday, 16 February. Carried goats ashore. Armourer at work ashore. Begins to rain fast. At three tide left ship very well ;181 found about sixteen sheets copper torn off, rucked up and planks jammed; forefoot broomed considerably; rudder irons broke. At one snowed fast till four; hauled ship more in. Morning, began to repair the copper, etc., took guns out of long-boat; very heavy rain. Pace saw an eagle in the water, making for shore; caught him.182 181. Having lightened the brig she is now laid on shore. 182. This man's name is given in the entry of 7 October 1811 when he joined the brig at the Hawaiian Islands, but he does not figure in the list set out on 27 July 1813. Any fresh meat was always acceptable. The goats referred to earlier were from the Hawaiian Islands. k Trading on the Northwest Coast 67 Monday, 17 February. Clearing snow off deck, of which there was 1812 eight inches. Cook sick; tailor cooked. Carpenter burnt the side where February the copper was off; put several sheets on; at three hauled up farther; tides do not drain out. Morning, at work upon bottom; preparing for a coal-pit; taking wood out of ship. Tuesday, 18 February. Leak small; had but two spells when she righted. Found with little work we might set her up by the side of rocks. James and John183 cutting sticks fell one which struck the ship, broke the upper rail. At nine carpenter finished putting on copper; at four hauled out a small distance. Morning, at work getting sticks for fenders by side rocks. At work stowing water cask in after hold, etc.; got wharf built alongside rocks. Armourer making rudder brace. Wednesday, 19 February. Wharf swum. Shifted end of new cable into after port; stowing in after hold. Fine weather these two days. Two hands have light work to keep ship free. Morning, loosed sails which were frozen hard; set fire to coal-pit; stowing water cask in after hold. Unhung rudder; found both lower pintles broken, rudder split, etc. Made wharf again.184 Thursday, 20 February. Working in hold; carried rudder ashore; had the misfortune to break my ink bottle this morning. Friday, 21 February. Carpenter taking ceiling plank out to see if could find leak, she making no water after tide left her three feet: could see no place. Securing ship alongside wharf; snowing moderately. Night, continues snowing easy. Morning, snowing, cleaning up dirt in hold; quite cold. Saturday, 22 February. At work in hold. Leak mostly stopped. Longboat and jolly-boat went to sweep for anchor. Breaking in under fore- 183. Sebre Pratt and John Carnee. See note 168 to entry 17 January 1812. 184. The resourcefulness of the maritime trader cannot be better shown than in the record of this success. I 68 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 deck to look for a cask of oil; found several barrels of tar. Jammed February tnree 0f my fingers. Sunday, 23 February. Stowing under fore-deck. At dusk boats returned after finding cable and getting end ashore. Mr. Gale stowing bales. At eight in the evening hauled from wharf. Monday, 24 February. Working in hold; fair weather, clearing decks of snow. Morning, got main-yard up. Six bales of India cotton from shore. Tuesday, 25 February. Went ashore; got beef. Morning, eighteen inches of snow on deck; continues to snow easily, but fast. Wednesday, 26 February. Hauled up rudder found it sprung; fished it with a spare anchor stock. Getting cargo off; got off two loads. Thursday, 27 February. Went after kegs in long-boat; being ebb tide got aground. Took kegs off in jolly-boat and pinnace, putting pots, kettles, axes, lead in long-boat. Looking likely for a thaw. At nine an eclipse of the moon. At twelve brought long-boat alongside. Morning, unloaded boat; got off rest of bread; carried fifty-five or sixty casks ashore. Friday, 28 February. Got off sails, rigging, etc. Swayed up main-topmast. Boats went after anchor. All people out of ship but second and third mates, sailor, and myself with three sore fingers, cook, steward, and five Kanakas. Saturday, 29 February. Boat came with anchor after hard work; hooked cat, let it hang. Morning, took in cable; found it badly chafed in several places. Watering. Carried an anchor ashore when high water, bare at low water. Sunday, 1 March. Filling water in after hold; brought old junk from shore. Setting up fore-topmast-rigging. Trading on the Northwest Coast 69 Monday, 2 March. Sunshine, rain, snow, hail, gusts of wind, thunder 1812 and lightning. Moderated. Putting water in after hold; got guns on March board. Weather continues the same. Morning, water. Putting rigging in order for sea. Lame hand. Tuesday, 3 March. Small jobs about the ship's rigging. Completed filling water. » Wednesday, 4 March. Stowing water in gang cask in forehold. Cutting wood. Morning, went grappling for kedge with long-boat and jolly-boat. Put up a cask of skins. Thursday, 5 March. Cutting wood. Armourer waiting for coal. At dusk boats returned from sweeping—no success. Carpenter making davit. Three boats fitted off for grappling after kedge, viz.: Pinnace: Captain Nye; Samuel Sturgis, clerk; John Carnee; Samuel Pace; Epaph. Lavare; Edward Ames; Will. Porter; Wm. Lari- don. Jolly-boat: Sam'l Gale, second mate; Boatswain; Thos. Conard; Jos. Wings; and Perez Bumpus. Long-boat: Samuel Land, third mate; Immanuel Pin too; John Hathway; Richard Palmer; Ephraim Sampson; and two Kanakas.185 After a short trial gave up. Captain went to Wedge Island186; returned at twelve without success. Mr. Hewes and I blowed off guns, etc. Fine weather. Friday, 6 March. Cutting wood. At four o'clock snowed, continued 185. After equipping the boats with these twenty men there were still thirteen persons on the brig, viz.: Hewes, first mate; Bowman, armourer; Snelling, carpenter ; Sebre Pratt; Reynolds; Palmer, tailor; Dolbeare, boy; cook; steward; and four Kanakas. 186. Wedge Island named by Vancouver in August 1793, is on the western side of Clarence Strait, about six miles beyond Moira Sound. Thus it seems that the disaster must have occurred in some cove up Clarence Strait. See as to Wedge Island, George Vancouver, A Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean (London, 1798), II, 380-381. II jo The Voyage of the New Hazard till eight, when we had fifteen inches of snow to shovel off deck; decks to wash. Shifted end of new cable from stern to hawsehole; got small- bower on board with long-boat. Saturday, 7 March. Coiled cable. Weighed stream anchor by stern; unbent cables; hove up best-bower; found one side of palms gone. Sunday, 8 March. Rudder completed and hung; wood and water off. Now we are able to go to sea again being four weeks since our misfortune ; in which time we have taken out most of the cargo, hauled ashore, made a wharf, set alongside of it, repaired her side by putting sixteen sheets new copper on, making one new rudder brace and three spindles, burnt coal incessantly sixteen days, with various small matters too numerous to mention. The leak at present is no more than six or seven hundred strokes in twenty-four hours. At four all hands to unmoor ship; at seven towed out into sound; there fresh wind; took in boats. Then made sail towards Lennakoon. Rudder moves so hard it takes two hands. Monday, 9 March. Fair wind and weather. At five got off passage (Brown's). At six up helm—stood for Skittigas with fair wind and weather. Tuesday, 10 March. At two o'clock on the bar.187 A number of canoes alongside. At six let go anchor. Carpenter ashore cutting spars for steering-sail booms. Wednesday, 11 March. Carpenter cutting spars; got a turn of water. Thursday, 12 March. Sold two casks of bread; considerable trade this day. The Indians say Captain Whitmore is on the coast.188 At eight 187. The bar or spit in Skidegate Inlet. 188. Isaac Whittemore, the master of the ship Charon of Boston. This vessel sailed from Boston in November 1811. She was principally engaged in hunting sea otters illegally on the Californian coast. She was captured by the British ship-of-war Cherub off Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, 19 June 1814. Trading on the Northwest Coast 71 hove up; wind light; Indians on board early, traded quick for Skitti- gate Indians. About 100 skins; 130 tails.159 Friday, 13 March. Lying off and on near Point Rose. Morning, found we had fallen a long way to leeward. Saturday, 14 March. Tacked ship. Spinning spun yarn. At two tacked her up for the passage, wind light; lie off and on during the night; morning, ran in; came to at eleven. Bent topsails and courses over. The coldest this season. Sunday, 15 March. No signs of Indians. Captain cut a new trysail of canvas, so we expect to make a brig of our vessel again. At five got under weigh for Massett. Monday, 16 March. At six were abreast Rose Point.190 Hauled up courses, in topgallant-sails, backed mizzen-topsail; hauled on a wind; lie off and on; morning sun very warm. Indians came on board and said Clarke had been here and gone on for Hudsonhou (Chatham Strait).191 Tuesday, 17 March. Made hawser ashore at a big tree; got a boatload ■ of wood. Lavare192 making trysail. Cutting wood; carpenter making steering-sail boom; four hands making trysail. No Indians. A great plenty of geese about us; do not kill any. Wednesday, 18 March. Getting wood and water on board; making booms, sails, etc. Indians say a heavy northwest wind this winter 189. The tails were always sold separately from the sea-otter skins. They were always well furred and at this time sold in China for about $2 each. 190. The New Hazard now returns from Skidegate Inlet around Rose Point for Masset, on the north side of Queen Charlotte Islands. 191. The brig Pedler, under George Clarke. She was last mentioned on 24 November 1811, when she was near the entrance of Clarence Strait. For different forms of "Hudsonhou," see Pacific Coast Pilot, Alaska (Washington, 1883), pp. 175 ff. At this time it was used to represent Chatham Strait by the traders. 192. Epaphroditus Lavare, one of the seamen. I 72 The Voyage of the New Hazard drove three large whales on shore which they have cut to pieces and tryed out. Seven o'clock got under weigh; beat out; wind about north; got on the bar where we found a heavy swell setting in—so heavy could made no headway, so we made the best of our way up to harbour again, where we arrived about one o'clock without damages.193 Thursday, 19 March. At seven or eight got under weigh; drifted down against village; let go anchor. Sold a hogshead of bread, some rice and molasses.194 Wind breaking, got over the bar about twelve o'clock. Friday, 20 March. Steering for North Island. When almost up with it a canoe came alongside and told us Captain Clarke was there; fired once or twice; heard no gun; steered for Kegharnee. Morning, stood in again for Kegharnee.195 Squalls of snow and so thick at times could see nothing; hauled up courses; stood off; at eight clear; west wind; steered for Cofflanes. Saturday, 21 March. Got in safe and up to an anchor about six o'clock. Morning, carpenter went after spars for trysail-mast and boom. Cutting wood for a coal-pit. Sunday, 22 March. Snowing fast. At two a canoe came alongside; snowing hard; went ashore. Got snow off deck, being nearly twelve inches. Monday, 23 March. Eight or ten of people clamming for pleasure— brooming for toil—boat returned at four with great success. Sold some bread, rice, molasses. Morning, cutting wood for coal-pit. Car- 193. The New Hazard tries to get out of Masset Harbour, but fails. 194. The trade in food stuffs was comparatively new; but from the earliest times rice and molasses were favourite refreshment of the natives. 195. Having succeeded in crossing Masset bar the brig now heads for North Island. She finds that the brig Pedler, George Clarke, master, is in Parry Passage ; not seeing her the New Hazard crosses Dixon Entrance to Kaigahnee. Trading on the Northwest Coast 73 penter and Mr. Hewes went after trysail-boom and mast; returned at twelve without success. Small trade. Tuesday, 24 March. Captain Nye went after spars; cut two very indifferent ones. Mr. Gale and I opened two or three casks bread— found it wet considerably. Sold some barrels, one hundred. Some making coal-pit; some cutting wood; some sail-making, and some clearing decks of snow. Bought harcoo for three or four days past in great plenty. Wednesday, 25 March. Some at work upon coal-pit and some cutting wood. Carpenter making gaff. Night clear; wind west; and coldest weather this season. Went and got the spar for mainboom. Left it on shore abreast the ship. Set fire to coal-pit. Thursday, 26 March. Wood-cutters came down upon beach before they were sent for; kept without dinner and scrubbing bulwarks!!! Carpenter at work upon boom. Carried trysail ashore to cut it. Morning, got long-boat out to get ballast. Carpenter at work upon boom; getting ballast; cutting wood. Captain found a mistake in trysail; carried it ashore—away through the gut. Friday, 27 March. Found about six feet wanting upon bottom of sail. Drew coal-pit. Making boom. No fire allowed after eight o'clock; clear, extremely cold. Ballast again in morning. Cutting wood. Saturday, 28 March. Got boom and trysail-mast on board, wood, coal, etc. At six got under weigh. Sunday, 29 March. At two off Clement City,196 Cotenna with several Indians came on board wanting to go to Nass (being impolitic did not go). Entered sound at sunset; beating up; came to at eleven o'clock. Monday, 30 March. A canoe came from village with three or four chiefs who stayed all night. Considerable of Indians on board. 196. Clement City is Tomgass Harbour on Tomgass Island; see note 83, ante. 74 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 Tuesday, 31 March. Snow, sunshine, and trading with Indians. Knot- March tmg yarns, trading with Indians. Wednesday, 1 April. Stowing away forehold, found we had sold about five casks of bread at this place. No Indians this afternoon, cut and split up the sticks; cut for trysail-mast, warm sun, snow on. Morning, cleared decks of snow, got bread, rice and molasses ready for sale; sold several barrels bread to Indians. Thursday, 2 April. Snow, sunshine, etc., some trade. Carpenter making boom. An Indian, who has been to the southward towards Newhetty197 says, that a Spanish ship has got ashore in a gale of wind upon the Shebasher shore, part of the people were drowned; some were still alive; but the Indians were going to kill them. Dusk, two or three canoes came alongside; some of chiefs stayed all night. Morning a little snowy, unbent all mizzen-sails, so as to get mast out; at nine fine weather. Friday, 3 April. Swayed mizzen-mast out, so we are a brig again!! !19s Report says we are going to rig her into an hermaphrodite before we reach Canton. Morning, pleasant sun; getting bread, rice, etc., ready for sale. Got turn of water. Saturday, 4 April. Sold several buckets of clear molasses to Indians; pumping molasses and putting into cask with scuttles. Captain says no more casks must be scuttled. Night very cold; morning clear and pleasant; got mizzen-topsail up to dry; loosed sails. Carpenter making trysail-mast of mizzen-mast. At 5 a.m. Cotenna came alongside 197. "Newhetty" is Nahwhitti, the favourite place of resort on the northwestern end of Vancouver Island. The identity of this ship has not been discovered. "Shebasha shore" is the mainland near Milbanke Sound; see Jonathan S. Green, Journal of a Tour on the Northwest Coast of America (New York, 1915), p. 14. 198. The mizzen-mast which had changed the New Hazard from a brig to a ship had been put in at the Hawaiian Islands on 1 October 1811; now it is removed after being in position for six months. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 75 in a canoe with ten Indians, in order to make peace with the Nass tribe; at nine a Nass canoe; after some talk Cotenna got affronted and went off without success. Sunday, 5 April. Got a turn of water; stowing away empty bread casks, having sold eleven here; bought a canoe load of wood. An Indian by the name of Skegwort stayed all night. Morning, carpenter making trysail-mast, several small jobs, etc. Monday, 6 April. Fine warm sun; Indians got a turn of water. Morn- ning, four hands went ashore cutting wood. Got try-mast up; making reef plates. Governor General chosen in Massachusetts. Tuesday, 7 April. Got off wood; sold a cask of bread. Morning, got a boatload of wood; rigging mainboom and gaff; bending sail. Warm sun; east wind. Wednesday, 8 April. Got under weigh, with fine breeze, northwest. At three o'clock off Clement City, fired a gun; not sure of an answer; fired a second, no answer. Stood on with fine breeze; at eight ran up sound at Kegharnee; fired a gun, no answer.199 Stood for Chatham Straits with wind northeast fresh. At nine split jib in two, by aft leech rope parting; got mainboom in, reduced it some. At eleven reefed topsails, took a strand of rope out of a piece of mainspring stay stuff for to make peak halyard. Thursday, 9 April. Drawing and knotting yarns; got boom out. At seven double reefed topsails; at nine entered the straits with a scant leading wind. At twelve tacked ship; at two tacked again; wind ahead; at seven lee fore-topgallant-brace got off; jib halyard parted, etc. Wind fresh ahead; beating. Friday, 10 April. Wind a little more moderate, clear sun; in fore- 199. From Tomgass Harbour the New Hazard sails for Kaigahnee, but finding no trade continues her course towards Chatham Strait. , If 76 The Voyage of the New Hazard noon split main-topgallant-sail from the foot to the head, bent old fore-topgallant-sail. At ten saw a smoke ashore upon King's Mill Point,200 at eleven a canoe came alongside, with two or three skins not stretched; at twelve, two other canoes came alongside, some of the Indians spoke Kegarnee tongue; said no vessel had been here for a long time; had very near upset a canoe with a woman and her infant; lowered boat and picked her up. Prince Frederic Sound. Saturday, 11 April. Wind pleasant, but not fine. At six, four canoes came alongside. Indians ask dear for skins. Sunday, 12 April. Calm, clearing away board nets ready for tricing up. At nine lowered boat to tow; at ten hoisted out pinnace; came very near getting upon a reef; came to at twelve, yhe boat went to sound; a canoe was about to fire upon her, but the Indians on board said they would all be killed, if they fired; and so prevented it; put swivels on bitt. Very warm.201 Monday, 13 April. Bent hawser to stream anchor and carried it out in jolly-boat. Morning, the stove was taken from us.202 Boat went to sound and look about the reef; found only one fathom at low water. Carpenter making topmast-steersail-boom. Tuesday, 14 April. Getting rice, molasses, etc., ready for trade. At five Indians began trade and traded very brisk till seven, when we had thirty-four prime skins. Night cloudy. Morning, Indians came on board early. Traded briskly. Sold pipe of bread. Carpenter making swinging-boom. 200. At the southerly entrance of Prince Frederick's (now, Frederick) Sound, a branch of Chatham Strait. 201. The brig Otter, Samuel Hill, master, was on 2 April 1811 attacked by the natives on Lynn Canal, but succeeded in beating off the assailants with heavy loss; see Washington Historical Quarterly, XXI (1930), 179ft. Lynn Canal is the extension of Chatham Strait. 202. An aftermath of 27 March when it is recorded that no fires were to be allowed after 8 p.m. Trading on the Northwest Coast 77 Wednesday, 15 April. Not much trade this afternoon. Lavare mend- 1812 ing jib; Jo and Jack fore-topsail.203 Cleared deck by five o'clock!!!! April Morning, set up mainspring stay; several small jobs. Armourer running shot. Thursday, 16 April. Small jobs. Mr. Hewes very particular that we should not clear decks before six o'clock. At six, two canoes came alongside from below; said a vessel with three masts was in the straits.204 Morning, Mr. Gale fixing manropes. John and I pumping off a cask molasses; small jobs; a few skins. Hear nothing more of the vessel. Friday, 17 April. Making sinnet; variously employed. Night, some squalls of snow from east. At nine o'clock got under weigh; hove up the anchor almost to the bows, when it caught a rock; paid out cable; handed topsails again; passed forenoon idly. Saturday, 18 April. Set to work by Mr. Hewes; sent below by Captain Nye.205 Squally. At four got under weigh with wind east, snowing easy, at ten calm. At eleven a breeze north, snowing easy. Sunday, 19 April. Fair wind, fresh; snow squalls. Night mostly calm, lying to till twelve. Morning wind light, called all hands at six to get ship to an anchor in Chuckanue Harbour; got stream out; got cask molasses and rum. Monday, 20 April. Wind fresh, southeast. All hands called to send down main-topgallant-yard!!! But few Indians on board; less skins. Morning, overhauling rigging main-topgallant-yard; picking oakum; breaking out under fore-deck to see what was there. Found an 203. Epaphroditus Lavare, one of the seamen; Joseph Dolbeare, the ship's boy, and John Hathaway, another sailor. 204. The vessel is either the Charon or the Katharine, but probably the latter. 205. More of the incipient trouble between Captain Nye and his first mate Mr. Hewes, which ends when Hewes leaves the New Hazard at the Hawaiian Islands in the following November; see entries of 1 and 2 November 1812. W~" w 78 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 empty cask by the larboard side of foremast in ground tier, marked April rice. Tuesday, 21 April. Stowing hold again. Raw and cold. Wednesday, 22 April. Wind fresh; ship drifted; let go best-bower. All hands broke off from work by three o'clock. At six housed topgallant-masts. Morning wind more moderate. People below. Thursday, 23 April. Some trade; more moderate; at eleven calm. Some trade; small jobs about deck, looking after a bale of two-point blankets; hauled sails out. Stowed sails again. Stove taken out of steerage to keep for next year. Friday, 24 April. Hauled out sails again to have a- second look at blankets; stowed sails again. News of the day: to get under weigh first wind, bound towards Kegharnee. Head wind. Small jobs. Saturday, 25 April. Cold and raw, uncomfortable weather, with some wet; people mostly below, except sail-menders, who are much vexed about it. Drawing and knotting yarns; spinning spun yarn. Sunday, 26 April. At eleven calm, hove in slack cable. Mr. Gale's watch. Morning calm. Raw and cold. Monday, 27 April. Raw and cold, moderate rain. Got under weigh; after several tacks got into straits. Bought but few skins at Chucka- nuk. Toward mouth of straits. Tuesday, 28 April. Clear and pleasant, light wind. At two made sail. Morning, bought three or four skins; wind baffling. Put up three cask skins this forenoon. Wednesday, 29 April. Warm sun, light wind. Helped Mr. Gale stow casks of skins; get water, etc., put up three casks of skins and stowed them. A pleasant wind down the straits, great flocks of geese passing. At 8 a.m. calm. Unbent small-bower. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 79 Thursday, 30 April. A light wind. At eight took in topgallant-sails. At nine took two reefs in topsails. At twelve took in mainsail. At two close reefed topsails. At six down topgallant-yards. At three wore ship; stood eastwardly. At ten set mainsail. At eleven a reef out topsails. Thick fog; sun appearing at times. Friday, 1 May. Wind moderate; swell heavy; continues foggy. Morning, sent up topgallant-yards. Scrubbed bulwarks in our watch. Larboard watch did nothing but put ship about. Saturday, 2 May. Sunshine; at five saw land, viz., Cape St. Bar- tholomo.206 Looking like a gale. At eleven took in topgallant-sails. At three single reefed topsails. At five set topgallant-sails. At eight took in topgallant-sails. Rain. Wind fresh. At nine double reefed main-topsail. At eleven close reefed fore-topsail. Got a keg of rum. Sunday, 3 May. Misty. Wind more moderate. At one made sail. At five wind fresh. Called all hands double reefed topsails. At ten wore ship; split foretop-staysail. At twelve wore ship; wind strong. At six clears up. At seven saw land bearing east by south. North Island.207 Made sail; wind fresh southeast. At nine saw a sail ahead of us, near Khou's Point.208 At eleven wind east. At twelve tacked ship towards North Island. Clear sun, fresh wind. Monday, 4 May. At one tacked ship toward Khou's Point. At four loosed staysails. At five saw the ship in the Key,209 ran in, found the 206. The New Hazard is now returning from the north. Cape St. Bartolomo is Point Chirikoff on some Russian maps. It is the southerly point of Baker Island, and marks the entrance of Bucareli Port, Alaska. 207. North Island, the northernmost of the Queen Charlotte group. 208. Cape Muzon, the southern point of Dall Island, and the entrance to Kaigahnee Strait, where lie the Kaigahnee Harbours to which the brig is bound. Sometimes called Kaigahnee Point. 209. Taddiskey or Tatters Cove, the South Harbour of Kaigahnee. ■ t ! 80 The Voyage of the New Hazard Lydia, Bennett; Pedler, Clarke; Atahualpa, Suter,210 which was the ship seen in the morning. People from other ships denied to go on board Suter!!! Morning, sent long-boat after ballast; had Lydia's boat. Carpenter assisting Pedler to get new mainmast. Mr. Lang watering. Tuesday, 5 May. Ballasting, watering, etc. All the news I have heard by Atahualpa, is a war with Great Britain was expected, or an embargo or something worse; another Minister had arrived in America just before ship sailed. Four or five other ships talked of coming on the coast.211 Got long-boat in. Captain supped on board; broke up at twelve. Captain jawed steward after captains went away; cause unknown. Morning, wooding and watering. Carpenter assisting the Pedler to make a new mainmast. Learned a non-intercourse was on with Great Britain, that a skirmish had taken place between one of U. S. frigates and an English sloop-of-war, near Halifax.212 Wednesday, 6 May. Getting wood, etc. Morning, getting wood. Got carronades up and mounted; overhauled all bales, to see how many and what numbers; took bales of blankets from Captain Bennett.213 Thursday, 7 May. Scraping wood, etc. Boatswain and two hands went to assist in getting in Pedler's mainmast. The Indians mostly drawing off from Kegharnee. Heard pleasant news (viz.) Miss Caro- 210. The ship Atahualpa, John Suter, master, of Boston, had arrived at Sitka 16 April 1812. She traded on the coast until 1813 when she was sold to the Russians who renamed her Behring. She was driven ashore and wrecked at Wymea Bay, Kauai, 31 January 1815. 211. In 1812 there were thirteen or fourteen ships on the coast, viz.: Albatross, Amethyst, Atahualpa, Beaver, Charon, Isabella, Katharine, Lydia, Hamilton, O'Cain, Mercury, New Hazard, Packet, Pedler, and, possibly, Sylph. 212. The allusion is to the attack of the U. S. frigate President, of forty-four guns upon the British sloop-of-war Little Belt, of eighteen guns, resulting, of course, in the capture of the sloop. 213. The Lydia, James Bennett, and New Hazard, David Nye, were still acting in co-operation. Trading on the Northwest Coast 81 line Matilda Fanning, late the intended of our old shipmate, Thomas 1812 Williams214 was married in less than a year after he left Boston!!! May Boatswain ashore making rope; stowing ballast in after hold. Two men, sail-makers by trade on board altering our trysail.215 Friday, 8 May. Stowing after hold away, getting wood and spruce. Morning, bent trysail found it worse for altering. Making rope. Carpenter getting a boom; cutting a knee for brig between decks. Saturday, gMay. Carried trysail ashore; spread and altered it. Making rope; making mainboom; got a bolt of canvas from Bennett; let him have main-staysail. At 4 a.m. Atahualpa got under weigh, almost calm. Went to help tow out; at the entrance wind breezed southeast put back again. Mr. Lang went on board to keep an account of skins;216 carried spars ashore. Unbent mainsail. Sunday, 10 May. Bent mainsail; completed and bent trysail. Got a small log for boards. Night misty. At two A tahualpa got under weigh. Mr. Lang went on board again. Mr. Hooper, third mate, came on board. Pedler got under weigh after Suter, for Chatham Straits; looking likely for rain. Monday, 11 May. Sun came out, went outside in jolly-boat to see how the wind was, found it very light at southeast. Nothing further occurred till 2 a.m. ; called Mr. Hughes; calm. He said call me again at three!! When a light southwest wind got under weigh. Also Cap- 214. Thomas Williams had obtained his discharge on 13 May 1811 at Kaigahnee and on the fifteenth had gone on board the Otter, Samuel Hill, master, as third officer. See entry of 15 May 1811. 215. This trysail has been in process of construction since 26 March when it was cut; see entry for that day. 216. An agreement is now made with the Atahualpa for sharing skins purchased, and Mr. Lang and Mr. Hooper the third mates of the two vessels change places to keep accounts of purchases. They remained until 28 July; see entry for that date. A similar agreement was made in January 1813 between the Atahualpa and the Packet. 3 82 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 tain Bennett.217 Continues cloudy, wind light and fair. Carpenter at May work upon mainboom. Tuesday, 12 May. Whipping nettles for trysail. At seven made land ahead near Brown's passage; stood to the northward, for Clement City, where we anchored at twelve.218 Mr. Gale let reef out main- topsail; set fore-topgallant-^ail. Captain ordered topgallant-sail in and no more reefs out without his orders.219 Wednesday, 13 May. Got hawser ashore; got a turn of water; washed decks; got out tobacco. Carpenter is charged with middle watch. Sawing boards. Mr. Gale pumping off rum. Carpenter ashore looking after spars for royal masts, flying jib-boom, etc. Bought a few skins. Thursday, 14 May. Rainy. Some trade. Sold hogshead bread and carried it ashore in our boat. Morning continues rainy and wet. Capsized cables and coiled them afresh. Sawing. At eleven got under weigh; had very nigh left carpenter and one man ashore! Friday, 15 May. Wind light and baffling. At three stood for the harbour again; wind light; got boat ahead; so much current could not stem it; came to outside. Calm, rainy. Morning, thick fog. At nine o'clock light wind southwest. Got under weigh. Saturday, 16 May. Clear and fresh breeze. Came to at four o'clock. At twelve a canoe came in and came alongside. Said they had plenty skins and shrowton (an oil made of small fish).220 At two o'clock Cotennah with a large canoe full of Indians from Clement City, came alongside; at seven the Nass Indians came alongside; when after a 217. The Lydia, James Bennett, sails in company. The New Hazard leaves Kaigahnee for Clement City. 218. See notes to entries for 27 June 1811 and 29 March 1812. 219. Despite these constant evidences of friction Gale remains first mate to the end of the voyage. 220. Oolachan grease was produced in large quantities by the Tsimshians of Nass. It was a staple article of trade. See note to entry of 22 June 1811, and Dawson's Report on Queen Charlotte Islands, p. 136. Trading on the Northwest Coast 83 little talk they exchanged the pipe and other ensigns of peace, one of 1812 which was a piece of board set full of small pieces of ivory upon one May side representing some kind of figure which I could not see so as to describe it. When these were exchanged four shouts were given by both parties together, then the chiefs went up to the village, and all appeared to be harmony. Sawing boards; making brooms. Some trade. Sunday, 17 May. Stowing away the hold; variously employed about decks. Morning, breaking out after hold to get out bales of India cotton to dry. Cotennah returned in pomp with the Nass chief. Spreading cotton about decks. Fine sun, etc. Monday, 18 May. Indians trading briskly. Tending cotton. Morning, called all hands early; getting in large anchor; getting another out of hold. Drying cotton. Tuesday, 19 May. Trading. Tarring hawser and hanging it up to foretop-cross-trees. Stowing hold; bent stream cable to the best- bower. Cotton, etc. Morning, Mr. Hughes221 set Thos. Conant and Samuel Pace to scrape trysail-mast for not turning out quick. Stowing skin cask in after hold. Hauling best-bower up on deck; drying cotton. Wednesday, 20 May. Capsized best-bower and put the old end up; cut off four or five fathoms, parcelled and wormed as far as hatch. Putting things away in forehold. Tarring hawser. Blacking vessel round outside. Painting waterways inside. Thursday, 21 May. Blacking vessel; knotting yarns. Preparing to get under weigh. Bought seven or eight boxes shrowton. At six got under weigh222 with wind east but light; got up all skins from cabin, and wiped and put them in cask 500 in number (five casks). 221. This name has usually been spelled Hewes. Samuel Pace came on board at the Hawaiian Islands 7 October 1811. 222. The journal gives no means of identification of this place. The brig left Tomgass Harbour on the fifteenth; but she seems still to be in the vicinity. 84 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 Friday, 22 May. Painting binnacle; tending ship. At seven two large May canoes came out from Clement City with some skins; sold several pieces of India cotton per piece. At twelve a sudden fog o'erspread the horizon till two o'clock; wind very light; morning wind fair, ahead, abeam. At nine southwest, light; drawing and knotting yarns. Sawing anchor stock to make jaws for mainboom. Saturday, 23 May. All hands, some knotting yarns, some fixing gear for swinging-boom; painting waist cloths with tar and lamp-black. Wind very light. At six a light breeze from north round to east northeast. Night clear, warm and bright moonshine. Some blacking round bows above the white stripe. Remarkably clear and warm. No clouds to be seen, no wind. Lying along from Point Rose towards Skittigas.223 Sunday, 24 May. Wind light, small matters on hand. Two or three canoes came off, bought no skins. Let go anchor. At four got under weigh, with light wind southwest. At twelve got up to an anchor in Skittigas. Monday, 25 May. Warm, a few Indians on board. Indians say it is very sickly among them. A large number have died. Tarring rigging; shipping new mainboom, sawing up old one. Tuesday, 26 May. Painting boom. Tarring, etc. Hauled small-bower cable on deck to tar; getting out tar. Setting up headstays. Captain went ashore. Wednesday, 27 May. Tarring cable. Getting bread-pipes out main hatch. Sold two for three skins each. Morning, worming cable where chafed. Starting bread for to sell. Carpenter cutting royal masts, flying jib-boom, etc. Thursday, 28 May. Success to Massachusetts Election, while we are on the Northwest Coast of America, buying skins, very moderately. 223. The New Hazard now sails southward in Hecate Strait for Skidegate where she arrives on the twenty-fourth. I Trading on the Northwest Coast 85 At four o'clock got under weigh, wind light, north.224 After watch below at eight o'clock, one of the people set up several articles of clothing, etc., at auction, for grog. I bought one duffil jacket for thirty-four days' allowance, one guernsey frock at two, Friday, 29 May. Carpenter making flying jib-boom, knotting yarns. At nine lay to; almost calm, at two light wind from westward; rainy; made sail. At six fired a gun at entrance of harbour. At ten came to; moored ship; being rainy, watch and watch; discharged Pinto for six drams of his jacket.225 Saturday, 30 May. Cumishewas. Rainy, watch and watch. Bought three or four skins. Indians want shrowton.226 Rainy night; at six began to clear off. Watch and watch. Rainy. Sunday, 31 May. Continues rainy; bought a number of skins. Monday, 1 June. Clearing away. Large number of Indians on board. Morning rainy; at seven clears off, wind continues eastward. Knotting yarns, overhauling flying jib-rigging, etc. Tuesday, 2 June. Getting out flying jib-boom, spinning spun yarn. Morning foggy, which the sun burnt off with ease and rapidity. Scraping fore- and mainmasts, bowsprit and varnishing, etc. Sawing boards. Carpenter making main royal mast. Wednesday, 3 June. Sawing boards, etc. At nine in morning got under weigh with wind ahead.227 Lavare lost his hat. Boatswain gave me two 224. The brig continues southward to Cumshewa Inlet, the next important trading place after Skidegate. 225. This unintelligible remark is in some way connected with the auction for grog on the preceding day. 226. Shrowton or oolachan grease was prepared by the Indians near Nass River. The great market for it was Queen Charlotte Islands. The maritime traders entered into this barter also. References to the trade in this grease will be found in MS. log of the Hamilton, 21 and 30 June 1811. 227. The brig heads from Cumshewa northward towards Portland Inlet and Tomgass Harbour, but in the end sails for Kaigahnee. J 86 The Voyage of the New Hazard hands tobacco to get it from the Indian who picked it up. Captain drove me forward in a passion. Thursday, 4 June. At three past the reef outside. Morning wind east. Almost calm. Friday, 5 June. Calm; knotting yarns. At three a Kegharnee canoe full of Indians came alongside, in which was Douglas, wanting to go to Nass, to which the captain agreed, if he would send the canoes to Kegharnee, which he did, nineteen in number. Very light wind and calm all night with showers of rain. At eight, four canoes came alongside, between Cape Fox and Clement City, who said the Nass Indians were going to Chinene. Upon this intelligence, stood toward the westward.228 Saturday, 6 June. At three fired a gun at a parcel of seals, upon Seal- Rock, off Cape Northumberland.229 Tacked ship; stood towards Rose Point. Morning, wind hauled to westward, but continues light. Sunday, 7 June. A canoe from Masset came alongside; the Indians told us the Indians were gone; that they saw two days before a vessel with two masts stand towards Kegharnee.230 Wind coming northeast stood for there. At six came to in cove. Wind very fresh. Douglas went to Khou's Point.231 Raining hard. Let go small-bower. Monday, 8 June. Raining very fast. Hove up anchor. Carried out kedge. At twelve wind east; rained very fast; let go anchor; at nine hove up anchor; went watering. Continues raining. 228. Douglas-Coneehaw, a chief of Kaigahnee; see note to entry 26 January 1812. Nass Harbour is believed to be Portland Inlet and its continuation, Observatory Inlet. Cape Fox is the southwesterly point of Revillagigedo Channel. Clement City is Tomgass Harbour, about five miles east of Cape Fox. Chinene has not been identified. 229. Cape Northumberland, the southern point of Duke Island and the westerly entrance of Revillagigedo Channel. Numerous rocks lie off from it. 230. The two-masted vessel is the Lydia. 231. For Douglas and Khou's Point see note 228 to 5 June and note 208 to 3 May 1812. The New Hazard is again in Kaigahnee. L 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 87 Tuesday, 9 June. Got a turn of water. Rained extremely hard. Wooding and watering. Wednesday, 10 June. Getting wood; some trade. Cutting wood; sawing boards. Considerable trade. Thursday, 11 June. Got wood off. Calm all night. At five all hands got under weigh; towed out; remains calm. Carpenter fixing main royal mast. Friday, 12 June. Calm; at three tide swept us close upon Khou's Point; called all hands; out boats to tow off; a light breeze from southeast favoured us. Stood towards North Island.232 Saturday, 13 June. Reeving main royal rigging; getting yard up. At five got jolly-boat in; cleaned inside. Some Indians came off. Turned jolly-boat over and scraping her bottom; warm. Sunday, 14 June. Wind light; going into Skittigas.233 Up with islands at one o'clock; wind breezed. Got rice and molasses for trade. Painting jolly-boat, etc. Calm all night; mosquitoes and small flies very thick and troublesome. Some trade. Monday, 15 June. Warm and pleasant. Selling thick molasses to the Indians. Morning cloudy. The Indians stole the cartridge out of one of the carronades. Tuesday, 16 June. Captain went ashore in pinnace and got breakers full of water. At two all hands called to get under weigh ;234 wind very light northwest; at eight, light, east. Wednesday, 17 June. Weenets, an Indian, on board upon a cruise 232. The brig now leaves Kaigahnee and passing close to Cape Muzon, steers southward to cross Dixon Entrance, but alters her course and sails up the entrance. . 233. Skidegate Inlet on the east coast of Queen Charlotte Islands. 234. The New Hazard leaves Skidegate and steers for the opposite mainland. J 88 The Voyage of the New Hazard with us. At six o'clock wind northeast. Looking like dirty weather. Course northeast towards Shebas shore.235 Two canoes of Masset Indians came on board at eleven. Thursday, 18 June. At one hoisted out the pinnace. Mr. Hughes went in her to look for the harbour. After looking for some time we entered a sound of considerable depth, four fathoms water, level sticky bottom and about twenty rods in breadth. Returned on board at five, ran in, anchored at seven,236 carried hawser ashore, took in pinnace; got supper and turned in. A little rainy; at four steady rain; continued rainy till twelve. Friday, 19 June. Hoisted out pinnace; captain took a row; filled up all the water; got a turn of wood. At 8 a.m. got under weigh; towed out of gut; got out clear of land; hoisted in pinnace. Saturday, 20 June. Stood towards Newhetty237; set staysails and steering sails; stitching fore-sail. Middle, light wind. Latter, calm. Sunday, 21 June. Took long-boat out of chalks; took up camboose- house to pitch the deck, etc. At 4 a.m. saw Scot's Islands. At eleven saw a sail close under the land, standing northerly; we steering east. Monday, 22 June. At one spoke the Lydia. Captain Bennett came on board. After a short conference stood in for Newhetty again; anchored at eight. Morning a little rainy; slued up fore-yard; found it sprung; drawing yarns; making swabs and wads. Tuesday, 23 June. Got under weigh—wind very light. Mr. Hughes got vessel under weigh. Captain Nye on board the Lydia, bound to Port Bull; towed halfway; came to an anchor at seven in six fath- 235. Shebas or Shebashas shore was in the vicinity of Milbanke Sound. 236. From this unidentified harbour the New Hazard sails the next day for Nahwhitti, where she arrived on the twenty-second. 237. Nahwhitti, on the northwest end of Vancouver Island. Trading on the Northwest Coast 89 oms.238 Morning, went ashore after a fore-yard; cutting wood for coal-pit; stowing molasses casks in main hatch to put ballast out of after hold. Wednesday, 24 June. Siding fore-yard ashore; at work upon coal-pit, etc.; morning, at five o'clock got breakfast. Went and dragged fore- yard out of the bushes. At nine got abreast of vessel upon Point; setting coal-pit. Overhauling rigging for fore-yard; captain sent grog ashore for C. Thursday, 25 June. Mr. Gale putting skin cask in after hold. At work upon sails, yard, coal-pit, etc.; making yard. Coal-pit. Cutting wood. Friday, 26 June. Finished fore-yard; blacked it; cutting wood; set fire to coal-pit. Three of quarter watches shifted to follow in succession. Morning rainy, cutting wood. Carpenter and I in search of spars for sweeps. Met with no success. Raining fast; sent for people to come on board. At eleven called up to wash decks. Weenets, the Indian, bought a boy slave.239 Saturday, 27 June. Raining fast. Carpenter and I went after sweeps. Met with success. Got fore-yard off, wood off, etc. Cleared off at 2 a.m. Carpenter getting spars out of woods; got fore-yard up. One or two of islanders had a dust with Mr. Gale, he struck one of them with a billet of wood. Captain ordered peace or go ashore. Sunday, 28 June. Got a main-yard of Captain Bennett for a fore- topsail-yard and spars for sweeps on board; drew coal-pit; had seventeen hogsheads coal; went after sand to put on deck after paying it with tar. At' two found the little slave had run away. At five all canoes but one had left cove. Lowered boat and after her; she gained 238. The Lydia and the New Hazard remove to Bull Harbour, near Nahwhitti. See note 96 to entry of 23 July 1811. 239. The entries up to date only show the purchase of six slaves —all of whom are accounted for; see entries of 17 and 20 June; 1, 15, 21 and 24 August; 15 November 1811. This would seem, therefore, another purchase. go The Voyage of the New Hazard shore and left canoe. Took the canoe; found in it about one barrel eggs, one musket. After we came on board the Indians came on the beach and made a fire, which they put out shortly after, upon our boats going towards the shore. Monday, 29 June. A canoe with two Indians (and plenty of harcoo240) came alongside; the captain wanting to take one of them, manned the boat and went in himself. When the canoe came up he shoved off after the same, when she pulled ashore and the Indians took to the woods and got clear; made a second prize of a canoe and seven harcoo. At eight went and cast off the hawser and hauled it in. All things remained quiet during the night. At six got ready for heaving up. Got breakfast. After heaving up and our boats ahead, saw two Indians come upon the point of the island near the water; several upon the hill in the bushes. When got so far out as to see the entrance, saw several canoes pulling out. When we thought we had got so far as to be almost out of their reach, they began to fire upon us from the point. A light breeze favouring us just at that instant, dropped alongside with the boat (the shot passing over us) and fired a volley of musquetry, blunderbusses, and a broadside of large guns, but as good fortune favoured we received no damage, except from kicking of muskets.241 Captain Bennett getting under weigh before us, made all haste with his sweeps and boat, seemingly not caring what damage or hazard we should receive. He must have seen the canoes which lay behind the islands, and might easily have given us notice. Captain Nye says he will have his satisfaction within a month. (This I think is paying for my clothes!) At twelve let go anchor just above the village; it being calm, the tide set in so strong as to carry us up. 240. Harcoo is evidently the Indian name for some, kind of fish —possibly halibut. Harcoo are previously mentioned in the entries for 5 and 6 August 1811. 241. A good example of the ordinary conduct of the maritime traders. Nye had lost his slave; he charged the Indians with concealing her. So on the twenty- eighth he takes some of the Indians' property and now he takes more. See for similar conduct the entries for 16 June and 31 August 1811, and notes thereto. 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 91 Tuesday, 30 June. At five got under weigh. Stood northerly; tacked ship; ran in shore and fired several guns, but whether did any damage or not cannot say. We saw the Indians running into the woods in large numbers; two canoes went off to Captain Bennett, who anchored some distance out. In their return we tried to run them down with vessel, but wind light they got in shore safe. We put off to sea.242 At eight came up with Bennett who said the two canoes came within hail, and told him Cancanboler243 had got the slave. Wednesday, 1 July. Steering northwest. Altered course stood upon wind; at three bore away and made sail, raining fast. At nine hauled upon wind to the westward; thick with fog and rain. From nine to ten saw the land; bore away; made sail. At eleven fog began to blow off. Thursday, 2 July. Saw several small islands through the fog, which proved to be off Cluelennas ;244 at one fired gun; at two fog settled away; made sail for Comishewas; at three a canoe came off; at four entered the sound to go up to the harbour. Wind getting southwest, had to beat up from village, showery, at eight anchored. Showery most of night; in morning, rainy. After breakfast carpenter at work upon sweeps; armourer making loggerheads for guns, instead of matches; a great number of canoes and Indians. An Indian being wranglesome captain ordered him put into his canoe and the blunderbusses shipped, board nets triced up, which set them trading; sold thick molasses. Friday, 3 July. Indians appearing peaceable (and raining), unshipped blunderbusses; all work turned by. Indians went ashore 242. Typical conduct of maritime traders. Not content with taking the Indians' property Nye fires upon them and tries to run them down. Little wonder the Indians took revenge upon the first white man who arrived after they had had such treatment! 243. Evidently a chief of the vicinity. 244. From Nahwhitti the brig returns to the northward up Hecate Strait. Cluelennas is probably Klieu's Point, east of Atli Inlet; see entry of 20 June 1811 and note thereto. \ 92 The Voyage of the New Hazard carrying more than one hogshead molasses with them. Went sawing boards; knotting yarns. Carpenter making sweeps. Indians want shrowton. Showery. Saturday, 4 July. Warm sun; sawing boards. Waiting upon Indians who trade briskly for shrowton, forty kelp,245 one small blanket, rice and molasses for one skin. Morning, got breakfast; sawing boards; knotting yarns, etc. At eleven got kedge in for getting under weigh. Sunday, 5 July. Sold the canoes which we took in Newhetty. Got under weigh. Took two Indians with us. Stood for Skittigas.246 Got abreast of harbour at eight; made easy sail. At seven got over the bar. Rather cloudy. Monday, 6 July. Came to abreast of village.247 Wind southwest. At five flood tide. Got under weigh; went up to the harbour. Morning, called all hands at five o'clock to scrub bulwarks; got breakfast. Went watering. Carpenter making sweeps. Tuesday, 7 July. Stowing water, with many small jobs, etc. No trade. At five in morning got under weigh, wind fresh southwest. Hove to at village for Weenets to go ashore sick. Wednesday, 8 July. Light wind southeast; two or three canoes alongside ; bought a few skins. Carpenter at work upon fore-topsail-yard. Thick weather. At eight tacked ship, stood southwest; wind fresh and variable. Myself unwell. Thursday, 9 July. Wind fresh from west; tacked ship occasionally; weather thick with some rain. 245. At Cumshewa Inlet. Shrowton is oolachan grease; see entry of 30 May 1812 and note thereto. "Forty kelp" is unintelligible to the editor. 246. The stolen canoes are sold; yet the trader fired upon the Indians who stole from him. "Newhetty" is Nahwhitti, at the northwestern end of Vancouver Island; "Skittigas" is Skidegate on the east coast of Queen Charlotte Islands. 247. The brig is at Skidegate Village; then goes up Skidegate Inlet; and then returns to the village and enables Weenets, the chief who bought the slave on 26 June 1812, to go ashore. Trading on the Northwest Coast 93 Friday, 10 July. At seven cleared away; found we were well to windward of Masset; bore away; made sail. At eight abreast of village; saw a vessel at anchor up at the anchorage. At half past eight hailed her. She was the Packet of Salem,248 Captain Bacon, who immediately came on board, when we learned it was the long-wished-for vessel come to relieve us. Upon hearing this, the joy was so great that it almost made the dumb to speak. At six hoisted out pinnace, captain went on board. So far so good; weather raw and cold. Saturday, 11 July. Raw and cold; wind'west. At 3 a.m. got under weigh. The Packet got under weigh in company; in beating over the bar the Hazard gained the day; after passing the bar, bore away for Point Rose. Lowered the boat, captain went on board Packet, when both ships made sail before the wind.249 After doubling the Point, the wind very fresh the ship held us a tort sail; at two the wind headed off when we ran by them, after trying with a strong wind in all directions. It is thought two vessels could scarce be more equally matched; but the Hazard is given the palm of the two. Sunday, 12 July. Fine weather, wind gently blowing from the south. At nine carried Captain Bacon on board his ship. At four got on the bar. Mr. Gale was carrying the ship up in great state when the captain came on deck and backed main-yard; ran down to the ship; sent for Captain Bacon to come and take breakfast. Monday, 13 July. Came to anchor twelve to one. After dinner tarred the decks. Got a bale of blankets out and sent on board ship, some muskets, axes, etc. At four called all hands; got under weigh. Mr. Woodbury went oh board ship. Mr. Hayward, clerk of ship, came on board us. Left one of our people on board ship and kept one of theirs, a joiner to do some work in cabin. 248. The brig is in Masset Harbour where she meets the Packet, which left Boston in 1811. This ship traded on the coast in 1812 and 1813. 249. Together they sail around Rose Point for Skidegate Inlet. 94 The Voyage of the New Hazard Tuesday, 14 July. Making a main-topsail of the mizzen-topsail. Carpenter fixing gun-carriages. At six abreast Comishewas. At ten main-topsail tie parted, carried away topgallant-steersail-boom. The rest of our spars being in Kegharnee, took fore-royal yard for a boom; fixing the breeching of the guns. Armourer and carpenter ironing new carriages. Wednesday, 15 July. Steering east southeast from Cape St. James. Painting new gun-carriages bright red. At three came on thick, saw the land close under the lee; made sail, wind very fresh, to clear the land, wind north northwest. At ten came to at Suseta.250 Sewing up the holes in the bales. Thursday, 16 July. Two canoes came alongside, enquired if it was Nye's ship; they ventured on board and sold each two skins. Drawing yarns, mending bales. Morning, knotting yarns for rope. Carpenter and armourer fixing gun-carriages. At eleven the Atahualpa came in; learned she had made out lightly, collecting only about 200 skins, to our five.251 Friday, 17 July. Mending bales. Knotting yarns. Getting up the two guns out of after hold. Put them in carriages. Morning a little wet— mending bales—knotting yarn; with many small jobs. Saturday, 18 July. Got two turns water in company with Athahual- pa's boat; with many small jobs. Morning, at six got under weigh; after getting in sound became calm; got our sweeps at work for the, first time; at eleven wind northwest and fine breeze; beating out. Sunday, 19 July. Wind north northwest, with fine breeze. At four abreast of village the Indians not forgetting us, felt afraid we should 250. A harbour in Nahwhitti: "Three Rivers Bay," the MS. log of the Atahualpa calls it. 251. Under date 16 July 1812 the MS. log of the Atahualpa says: "At eleven came to in Three Rivers Bay in Newitty—found lying here the brig New Hazard, Captain Nye." 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 95 again beset them; fled in great precipitation into the woods.252 Wind dying away came to an anchor. At seven got under weigh with wind west. At two wind northwest; stood for Cape Scot, which we passed at six. Wind fresh; at ten came on foggy. Hauled upon a wind westerly. Monday, 20 July. Tacked ship to northward and eastward. At five fog cleared away; saw the land; made sail for Nass Port.253 Saw a sail under the land; at seven sent boat after Captain Bennett; wind died away, and left a heavy swell. Came to at twelve. Tuesday, 21 July. Nass Port. Wind fresh, let go best-bower. At four hove it up again; got spars from shore which we left here when we first came on the coast; varnished them. Carpenter looking after spars ashore; but found none. At nine let go anchor again. Morning, carpenter siding board logs, cutting wood, getting water, making rope, etc. Wednesday, 22 July. Got logs on board. Water, etc., got on board at eight o'clock. At four all hands called; hove up anchor. Captain jawed because they cut such small wood; ordered it carried ashore again; getting water, cutting wood; with many small jobs under way. Thursday, 23 July. Got sand, wood, etc. At 5 a.m. got under weigh; got just outside; it was calm. At nine a strong breeze.254 At twelve tacked ship northerly. Friday, 24 July. At sea. Wind fresh; swell heavy; sun warm. At three 252. For similar conduct compare the entries for 16 June and 31 August 1811. The reference is to the events recorded in the entry of 28 and 29 June 1812. 253. From Nahwhitti the New Hazard sails westward till she sights Scott Islands, off the northwestern end of Vancouver Island; she then turns northward up Hecate Strait and reaches Port Nass (Portland or Observatory Inlet) on the twenty-first. 254. Leaving Nass Port the New Hazard heads again southward through Hecate Strait; sees Scott Islands on the twenty-sixth and anchors that day in Nahwhitti. J 96 The Voyage of the New Hazard tacked ship southwesterly. At eight some distance from the land— swell greatly decreased. Saturday, 25 July. Wind moderate; thick over the land. Carpenter making topgallant-steersail-boom of old flying jib-boom. Cloudy. Watch making oakum. Sunday, 26 July. Wind moderate and baffling. Almost up with Scot's Islands. Have not seen Bennett since we came from Nass Port. At ten past the islands, stood northwest; at two bore away for Newhetty. At ten anchored.255 Monday, 27 July. Sawing boards; gave Suter256 one log; sent some of people ashore to cut wood; but they could find none. Tuesday, 28 July. Sawing boards. At eleven received on board from Captain Suter, ten bunches of blankets (viz.) eight, two and one half pts., two of three pts. and four blankets, eight or nine rolls of duffel, etc. Suter received about 100 skins. Messrs. Hooper and Lang returned on board their respective ships.257 At five got under weigh, wind light, east. At nine got down abreast village; becalmed; let go anchor; went to sawing boards. Mr. Gale stowing blankets and duffel; at twelve got under weigh with light wind, northwest. Wednesday, 29 July. Calm. Sawing boards. Thursday, 30 July. At nine made the land although very thick; stood off till twelve; tacked ship; stood in. At four made sail; at nine anchored in the lower harbour, Comishewas;258 before we handed sails 255. At Nahwhitti. 256. Captain Suter of the Atahualpa. The Atahualpa had remained at Nahwhitti whilst the New Hazard went to Nass Port and back. 257. The end of the co-operative plan; both third mates return to their ships, which then sail in company for Cumshewa Inlet, where they arrive on the thirtieth. 258. Cumshewa Inlet. Captain James Bennett in command of brig Lydia; Captain John Suter in the Atahualpa. Trading on the Northwest Coast 97 Indians told us Captain Bennett was in the upper harbour; got under weigh; went to the upper harbour; saw Captain Suter coming in just after three o'clock; washed decks. Friday, 31 July. Got up the mizzen-stay; drew the yarns and knotted them. At five got under weigh in calm, got boat and sweeps out. At nine a light breeze, east. Mr. Lang went on board Lydia, Sturgis on board us.259 Came to. Saturday, 1 August. Wind eastward; at four got under weigh. At seven wind west though light. Stood towards Skittigas.260 Made sail for the bar.. Wind light, made but small way. Sunday, 2 A ugust. Flood tide and leading wind carry us up slowly. At four calm; got boat and sweeps out; sprung sweeps. At six a light breeze from northward, carried us up to an anchor. At seven in morning went watering; but few Indians about. Monday, 3 August. Watering. At seven Athahualpa came in. Morning, carpenter getting spars; cutting wood; making small line to make waist netting. Weenets came alongside, slung a chain, whipped him in, being very weak.26,1 Tuesday, 4 A ugust. Carpenter getting spars off. Sold some rice and molasses. Got wood off. At seven in morning got under weigh.262 Took down board nets and took the net to pieces. Carpenter making spars. Wednesday, 5 A ugust. Taking board net to pieces; making swinging- boom, all hands. At six o'clock the watch went below before they were 259. The Lydia and New Hazard are to work in co-operation; Lang is the third mate of the latter while Samuel Sturgis is the clerk of the other. 260. Skidegate Inlet. 261. Weenets seems to have been a chief at Nahwhitti. He bought a slave; see entry of 26 June 1812; he was landed sick at Skidegate on 7 July 1812; see entry for that date. 262. Leaving Skidegate the brig crosses to the mainland, then continues around Rose Point and on the sixth reaches Masset. 98 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 all up of starboard watch. Mr. Hewes came forward in a passion, August struck two or three of them. At four was near to the Sebashes' shore. Thursday, 6 to 7 August. At seven came to an anchor at Masset bar. At six in morning all hands. Got under weigh to beat into the harbour. At nine bore away and stood for North Island, where we anchored at six. At eleven got under weigh for Kegharnee. Saturday, 8 A ugust. Stood off and on all night. At nine abreast the Key263; saw Captain Bennett; he fired a gun and came off in his boat. Put all our spars ashore. The Packet sailed twenty-four hours before we arrived. Sunday, 9 August. Thin fog; light wind; beating for Masset. At one fog blew off; found ourselves close in with Khou's Point.264 When fog cleared off we were standing directly for the land; tacking ship; steered southeast. Anchored in Masset at ten. Monday, 10 August. No trade. Very busily engaged in reading Sir Charles Grandison, and the Honourable Miss Byron.265 At four all hands called; got under weigh. Soon after we got clear of land saw a sail standing in for Kagharnee, which soon stood for us. Hauled up our courses and lay to; at nine wind light; fog from west; at ten clear; the ship came up, the Packet. Captain Bacon came on board. At eleven made sail, stood for Point Rose.266 Tuesday, 11 August. Went to Sebashes' shore.267 At three hove to. 263. From Masset the brig goes on to North Island; then across Dixon Entrance to Taddiskey; thence back to Masset where she arrives on 9 August. 264. Cape Muzon, at the entrance to Kaigahnee Strait. 265. Sir Charles Grandison, a novel by Samuel Richardson (1754) ; the Honourable Miss Byron is Miss Harriet Byron, one of the characters in that novel. 266. Finding no trade at Masset the brig sails eastward around Rose Point in company with the Packet. 267. The mainland shore on the eastern side of Hecate Strait in the vicinity of Milbanke Sound: Jonathan S. Green, Journal of a Tour on the Northwest Coast of America (New York, 1915), p. 49. V^-J^^^iu^ JUiJ*^ tfrif. - 3^, l.^/2" *"y ■^ S*^— tAyoj^ ./, /ft. 3^ * Trading on the Northwest Coast 99 Captain Bacon went on board his own ship. Stood upon wind under topsail; at twelve tacked ship, stood in. At six lay to. Packet sent boat, Captain Nye went on board; Mr. Woodbury came on board.268 Packet boat went in to view harbour with an intention of wintering. Wednesday, 12 August. Stood out of the harbour towards Comisewas where we anchored outside the bar at three o'clock;269 kept sea watch. At nine in morning got under weigh. Went up to the lower harbour, anchored at eleven. Got up a pipe of rice. Thursday, 13 August. Armourer leveling toprails by shortening stanchions. Carpenter putting bead on rail; got some Island rope270 for main braces and fore-sheets; tarring the deck; with a number of small jobs. At four in morning called all hands. Mr. Hewes went on board Packet. Mr. Stetson came on board us ;271 got under weigh, wind west. Repairing the old mainsail. Carpenter putting a bead on top- rails; at eleven fired a gun, lay to, off Clulennae.272 Packing skins. Friday, 14 August. No Indians. Hauled upon wind to the northward. John and I stowing five casks of skins in main hold. Carpenter beading rails; light wind, all hands. Morning, saw ship come out of Comishewas. Stood into the land towards Skittigas.273 Saturday, 15 A ugust. At four hauled upon wind; stood into Skittigas. At ten wind light; anchored; at four got under weigh. Anchored at 268. Mr. Woodbury had gone on board the Packet on 13 July at Skidegate; and Mr. Hayward, clerk of the Packet, had gone on board the brig. It was early to think of wintering. 269. From Skidegate to Cumshewa. 270. See as to this rope the note to entry of 1 March 1811. 271. An exchange of second mates; they return to their ships 10 September 1812. 272. Klieu's Point, east of Adi Inlet; see entry of 20 June 1811 and note thereto. 273. Finding no Indians the brig returns northward, passes Cumshewa and heads for Skidegate. ioo The Voyage of the New Hazard nine. Passed Suter blankets and duffel into the cabin. Watering. Carpenter went ashore after piece to lengthen toprails. Sunday, 16 August. Got a turn of water. Rainy. Bought several skins. Morning, got a turn of water. Fair weather. Some trade. Monday, 17 August. Some trade. Estakuhna274 bargained for a cask of bread; got offended; went off and left it and the skins. Carpenter wanted to go ashore after some small spars, captain said he should let no more of people go ashore as the Indians were mad. Sawing boards; making rope. Showery. Tuesday, 18 August. Sawing boards. Serving stanchions for toprails, etc. Mr. Gale mending bales. At six in morning got under weigh. Estakuhna came after his bread, just below village. Rainy; beating over bar. Wednesday, 19 August. Mending sails; making sinnet, etc. Thursday, 20 August. Making sinnet. At four wind inclining westerly. At eight hauled up mainsail, being between Capes Murray and Northumberland275— tacked ship southerly. Friday, 21 A ugust. Making a new waist cloth. At five came to an anchor. Carried out the kedge and no Officer in the boat for first time. Morning, a gang went ashore; set up a coal-pit; on board, making waist net.. Saturday, 22 August. At work upon net. Set fire to coal-pit. Morning, cutting wood. Got six skin casks out of forehold; stowed them between decks against steerage bulkhead. Some trade; rainy. Sunday, 23 August. Cutting wood; small jobs, etc. In morning went 274. Probably a chief of Skidegate, but not mentioned by any other trader. The New Hazard arrived here (Skidegate) on the fifteenth and remained until the eighteenth. 275. Cape Murray is Nunez Point near Cape Chacon. Cape Northumberland is the southern point of Duke Island, Revillagigedo Channel. Trading on the Northwest Coast 101 clamming; after breakfast starboard watch went ashore upon liberty —first time anything of the kind. Monday, 24 A ugust. Larboard watch ashore. Morning, stopped coalpit ; cutting wood. Carpenter getting board-logs; mending sails, etc. Tuesday, 25 A ugust. Getting wood on board, coal, logs, etc. Worked till nine. Morning, at eight called all hands, got under weigh; calm; towed out. Had liked to got on the Point; after almost out a light breeze from north; after got out, calm; let go anchor. Captain painting stern.276 Wednesday, 26 August. At two got under weigh. Night calm. At ten bore away for Kegharnee. Making waist net. Thursday, 27 August. Calm, making net. At two, a breeze, west; bore away for Rose Point. At three a light breeze from west. At six doubled the Point; at eight almost calm; making waist net. Friday, 28 A ugust. Light breeze. Captain sent me to get paint and paint waist cloth. Making net. Passed Rose Point at six in morning; at four in afternoon abreast of Bald-Head,277 only perhaps one hour's sail with good breeze. Stood off and on till six in morning. Made sail, stood in for bar. Came to at twelve. Saturday, 29 August. At work upon waist net, etc. Morning, sawing; waist net. Sunday, 30 A ugust. Sawing. At four in morning got under weigh; bought but few skins. At twelve passed the bar. Bump put under magazine for stealing.278 Monday, 31 August. Saw a sail to windward; hauled upon wind 276. The anchorage in which the brig remains from the twenty-first to the twenty-sixth is not identified. It seems to have been in Clarence Strait. 277. Bald Head is probably Bald Cape, the present Cape Chacon. 278. Perez Bumpus, a boy of about sixteen, but always in trouble. !t - 102 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 towards her as much as possible. Wind southeast, light; at four spoke September the Lydia. Captain Bennett came on board; took supper; we stood upon wind eastward for Comishewas; at four in morning stood in.279 Wind freshening; at six in topgallant-sails. At seven single reefed topsails; half past seven bore away before the wind; set steering sails. Topmast steering-sail tack parted, carried away the boom. At nine took in topgallant-sails. At ten single reefed topsails. At eleven handed mainsail. At twelve double reefed topsails. Tuesday, 1 September. Close reefed topsails, off Point Rose. At one let close reef and double reef out, set main-topgallant-sail; at three took in topgallant-sails. Closed down main-topsail to reef it, and it split. Handed fore-topsail and fore-sail; bent the new main-topsail; close reefed and set it. At four came on rainy, drifting westward. At eleven wore ship. Set fore-topsail (reefed and set fore-sail at eight) ; at two wore ship again; at three let reef out fore-sail. At half past Mr. Gale ordered reef out trysail. Jack and Pace not hearing did not go aft. Gale jawed them, called them sons of bitches, etc., was very censorious. Jack said he was neither son of bitch nor boozef upon which Gale struck and clinched him. Jack made his defense and soon got the better, when Gale called on the boatswain, who took Jack away, who ran forward, Gale after him, got a handspike and struck him two or three times. Pace took the handspike away; he got it again and after Pace with it. The captain hearing the noise came up I struck Jack and Pace several times with the end of a rope and his fist. After the trysail was hoisted the criminals were sent to the mast-heads till eight o'clock, when Gale called them down, made them take off their jackets and gave them a severe rope's-ending; so here it ended for the present.280 At eight saw Cape Murray bearing north northwest. Thick and rainy. 279. The New Hazard sails as far as Cumshewa Harbour and then returns and on 1 September is off Rose Point. 280. Jack is John Hathaway; Pace is Samuel Pace. L 1 Trading on the Northwest Coast 103 Wednesday, 2 September. At five saw Cape Murray281 bearing north- 1812 west. At four saw land a little to leeward of Masset; wind gentle, September some swell; beating up to Masset. Thursday, 3 September. Got up against the bar—wind free; passed the village at half past one. Rainy. Came to at five.282 At seven in morning got under weigh. Repairing the topsail which we split in the gale. Friday, 4 September. At five wind southwest—squally; so heavy abreast the Key, durst not go in; rained hard; put away for Tarkets- end.283 Came to at nine. At seven got under weigh, wind northwest, very light. Saturday, 5 September. Towed into Key. Captains Clarke and Bennett284 came on board. Anchored at two. Morning, some cutting wood; sawing boards. Carpenter looking for spars. Getting water. Sunday, 6 September. Sawing, wooding, watering, etc. At three all hands. Got under weigh, towed up to the Key.285 Captain Bennett hauled off shore. Clarke on. Monday, 7 September. Wooding. Morning, sun dull, left sawing, wooding, fetching wood on to the Point to have it handy. Carpenter at work for Pedler. Armourer making royal cross-trees. Tuesday, 8 September. Wooding. Rigging new fore-topsail-yard; sent it up. Mr. Gale breaking out under the fore-deck, to stow wood; captain ordered to let the cargo stand; sent for Gale, who came back. Told me to stow away again, he came no more in hold. Morning, went 281. Nunez Point. 282. The brig anchors in Masset Harbour, but only stays a few hours and sails for Kaigahnee. 283. Taddiskey or Tatters Cove, the South Harbour of Kaigahnee. Tarkets-end is probably another harbour in the same vicinity. 284. Of the brig Pedler and the brig Lydia. 285. He had towed into the Key on the day before; see note 115. J 104 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 with carpenter to make spars; collecting wood together on Point. Cut- September ting for coal-pit; got long-boat out; got a load of ballast.286 Wednesday, 9 September. Making spars. Carpenters of brigs Pedler and Lydia assisting wooding; getting in shingle ballast. Pedler hauled off. Two of our crew changed with the Lydia's crew. Captain Nye paid them off with goods I Cotton287 at $2 per fathom, cloth 10, blankets 8, etc. John Carney who shipped in Boston, Immanuel Pin- tor, Portuguese shipped in Woahoo. Came on board Lawrence and Stephen. Ephraim Sampson shipped on board the Lydia, for $12 per month, a present of a suit of cloathes.288 Morning, sparing, coal-pitting, breaking out under fore-deck, filled up with wood. Ephraim Sampson settled had $60 due; took his pay in goods. Boy by name of Charles came on board from Pedler to go down to the Islands. All the rage is change, change. Thursday, 10 September. Rained very hard. Spar-making, coal-pitting, getting wood on board. At dusk just come on board when the Packet came in sight. All the boats in harbour were sent to tow her in, although she had a light wind in. Captain stayed until ten o'clock; rained very hard all night. Morning, rained fast till nine. Early got derrick up to take out cargo; taking out cargo. The carpenters assisting us went ashore to make mainboom and topmast. Our carpenter cut his foot just after landing, very bad. Messrs. Hewes and Stetson returned to their vessels.289 Unhung rudder; stript it; condemned it; 286. Preparing to sail for China, via the Hawaiian Islands. 287. India cotton. 288. This is a little involved, but it seems to mean that John Carnee and Immanuel Pinto of the New Hazard exchanged with Lawrence Hanson and Stephen Finear of the Lydia (see the list of brig's crew in entry of 27 July 1813). Ephraim Sampson got his discharge and joined the Lydia also. 289. These men had changed places on 13 August previous. Why it was done is not indicated. The Packet was to relieve the New Hazard; see entry of 10 July 1812. ii Trading on the Northwest Coast 105 ordered to make a new one. Mr. Lear, mate of Pedler, ordered below 1812 into his stateroom, to be fed on bread and water. Armourer making September new rudder spindles. Friday, 11 September. Discharging cargo. At work on spars, etc. Morning, discharging cargo. Making mainboom. Set fire to coal-pit, etc. Saturday, 12 September. Discharged all cargo. Armourer making rudder irons. Spar-making. Mr. Lear, mate of Pedler, got his discharge, and came on board us for a passage. Night rainy; very rainy forenoon. Carpenter could not work. Got ballast, ship's boat assisting. Sunday, 13 September. Raining hard, watering, stowing hold, etc. Captain Bennett and Mr. Ford290 had a falling out, by which Mr. Ford got his discharge, and a passage with Captain Nye. Morning, fair weather; at work upon rudder; ballasting. Mr. Ford came on board. Monday, i^September. Completed ballasting and watering. The carpenters waited very late for dinner, then went on board their own ^ ships. Mr. Dorr, an Indian, lost his slave girl; she went on board Captain Bennett to sleep with Mr. Butler, second mate. Dorr says he will have revenge.291 Morning, coppering rudder. Getting wood, etc.; taking Captain Bennett skins on board.292 Tuesday, 15 September. Getting wood and armourer's forge on board. The Indians told us Dorr was coming with plenty of people to take somebody till he could get his slave; that we must make haste on 290. The captain and mate of the Lydia. 291. Probably an Indian who had exchanged names with Mr. Dorr, just as in the cases of Captain Hanna and Captain Douglas. Such exchange was a token of friendship. The sequel of the amour is in the following day's entry. 292. The skins collected by the Lydia are being taken to China as freight; for that brig, "being a foreign bottom," was to remain on the coast until 1816. r 106 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 board the vessel. About sunset we were waiting for the boat to come September 0ff (tne people at the coal-pit having been sent for) after the rudder. The Indians to the amount of fifty or more came upon us. We took to the water, and swam for the vessel, who kept up a brisk fire. The Indians fired at the boats which were making for the shore, wounded Captain Nye in the arm. When I had gained half the way to the brig Mr. Butler and one man came with boat, took me up. Mr. Butler received a buckshot in his shoulder. Captain Nye tried to buy his rudder, but nothing but the slave would answer. Captain Bennett sent for his people, examined them, but they pretended not to know. Mr. Butler was examined; he said he knew nothing of her. Morning, all methods were tried to get the rudder; but nothing but slave would answer. When we were about to try our force, Mr. Ford told Captain Nye Mr. Butler knew where the girl was. He was sent for. Captain Nye threatened to put him in irons and carry him to America. He said he would try and find her. He took the boat,1 sculled ashore; in less than half an hour returned with the girl; sent her ashore and went after the rudder with four boatsfull of people. The Indians appeared rather afraid. After hanging the rudder, dropped out of the Key.293 Wednesday, 16 September. Hoisted in long-boat; clearing decks. At eight o'clock Captain Nye sent for to know if I would go on board Packet as third mate.294 Sent Captain Nye word I would choose to go home. In the evening Captain Bennett sent for Mr. Ford, beat him and abused him very much.295 293. Compare this Indian's conduct with that of Captain Nye when his slave disappeared at Nahwhitti, 29 and 30 June 1812. The rudder had been injured when the New Hazard struck the rock 10 February 1812. 294. The New Hazard being homeward bound Reynolds, our author, prefers to remain on her. The New Hazard reached home on 24 December 1813; but the Packet did not arrive until 7 September 1815. 295. Ford had been discharged on the thirteenth and yet Captain Bennett beats him on the sixteenth. Surely there was no law of God or man that ran north of fifty-three, as Kipling says. m 1 1 Towards the Hawaiian Islands 107 Thursday, 17 September. Rainy night. Ship's carpenter fixing wheel. 1812 Armourer making new strap for rudder upon stern-post. September Friday, 18 September. Rain very fast. Clear weather. Rainy night. Morning, went cutting wood. James296 and I sawing. At ten rained hard. Saturday, 19 September. Rained hard; got board-log and wood off in the rain; sawing boards. Sawing; getting water. Sunday, 20 September. Getting broomsticks; finished sawing log; squared another. Sunset looked like fair weather. Fired a gun; towed out, as did the Lydia and Packet. Got out in sound; Captain Bacon came on board, as did the man who had been so long in irons. Light wind; foggy; calm. Saw a sail over towards Masset; captain dined on board Packet; changed jolly-boats with Packet.291 The season now being ended, the New Hazard sailed from the Northwest Coast for the last time. Though the journal does not give the date, the succeeding entries show that she took her departure on 21 September for the Hawaiian Islands. Every day brought its work and the record is deadly dull. Besides the necessary changes of the sails to suit the weather, it shows the infinite variety of ship's duties on which the crew were employed: scraping the masts and varnishing them; scraping the guns and painting them; scraping the ship's sides and painting them. The tiresome monotony of these entries is varied on 11 October by the following revealing statement: "Mr. Gale lost the key to the fore-hatch. He charged Edward Ames with stealing it; two • girls having left it in the hub of windlass. At six he called him upon deck, gave him a severe rope's-ending; told the captain who sent him to the main-top cross-trees till twelve o'clock in the morning. The 296. Sebre Pratt. 297. The broomsticks were probably for making besoms rather than brooms. It appears from the entry of 8 November 1812, post, that this sailor belonging to the Packet was Samuel Dill. The New Hazard never returned to the Northwest Coast. 108 The Voyage of the New Hazard armourer found the key among the dirt that came out of his forge just by the foremast." Two days later Mr. Gale got a log up out of the hold to be sawn up, presumably for the galley fire; the captain ordered it to be put back. They were surely a happy family on the New Hazard! Calms and gentle breezes were the prevailing conditions on this crossing, with the result that, even with studding sails set whenever possible, it was not until 22 October that they "saw the land, very thick over it." We resume the journal entries from this date. Friday, 23 October. Rolling along towards the land; got stream anchor out of hold; completed net, cables, etc. At seven in light sails, almost up with the Point of Owyhee.298 At nine lie to till twelve then stood off and on; at four made sail. At nine near in with Toahi,299 where was the ship Albatross,300 Captain Smith; his mate came on board; at eleven Captain Smith came on board; came to at twelve. Found the King of the Islands was residing at Owyhee. Our old boatswain at Toahi.301 Saturday, 24 October. Got the ship's long-boat; carried out stream anchor; learned the ships Isabella, Captain Davis;302 Ocane, Win- 298. Kohala Point, the northern point of the island of Hawaii. 299. Kawaihae Bay, a favourite resort of the traders, on the northwesterly side of Hawaii. 300. The Albatross had been on the Northwest Coast, principally engaged in illegal fur-seal and sea-otter hunting on the coast of California. The New Hazard had met her at Kaigahnee on 30 August 1811, see entry for that date and note thereto. 301. The old boatswain is Elias Mott who received his discharge on 30 September 1811 at Honolulu; see entry of 2 October 1811 and note thereto. 302. The Isabella was on the Northwest Coast from 1810 till 1815. She is frequently mentioned in this journal. During 1812-1814 she was usually around the Hawaiian Islands in the sandalwood trade between those islands and China. She sailed from Canton in April 1816 and reached Cowes, England, on 9 October 1816. Third Visit to the Hawaiian Islands iog ship ;303 brig Sylph, LaBell f04'Lily-bird, the King of Woahoo's ship,305 1812 bought by Davis, were in Woahoo collecting sandlewood for Canton. October At nine Mr. Gale sent down royal yards, housed masts, looking likely for wind. Morning, scraping masts, putting up top-cloth; blacking bends, buying potatoes306 and other stores. Sunday, 25 October. Weighed stream anchor. Mr. Hewes went ashore after the kedge anchor which we lost last year.307 At nine got under weigh with a fine breeze off the land; lying off and on. In morning, calm. The Albatross out of sight. Captain jawed Mr. Hewes because the fore-topgallant-sail and royals were not set; he told him he was almost ashore and he would not be troubled with him much more. Mr. Hewes was silent.308 After breakfast all hands called to scrub bulwarks!!! but one week after painting.309 Took in twelve hogs. Captain said he would put some of the people on board their own country ships, meaning English vessels. Monday, 26 October. Light wind, calm, etc. At three set steering sails. All hands sick of the vessel, wanting to leave her. Wind very fresh; at ten wind moderate. At four calm. End calm. 303. The O'Cain left Boston in May 1809 an(l owing to the war of 1812-1814 and other causes did not return for eight years: on 13 July 1816 she arrived at the Hawaiian Islands on her way homeward; and on 8 June 1817 reached Cowes, England, still homeward bound. 304. The master of the Sylph is usually named DuBell. This brig was owned or operated by John Jacob Astor. 305. The Lelia Byrd. For information regarding this vessel, see Richard J. Cleveland, A Narrative of Voyages and Commercial Enterprises (Cambridge, 1842), I, 153-249; "Journal of a Voyage between China and the North-western Coast of America made in 1804," The American Register, III (1808), 137 ff. 306. Sweet potatoes—probably yams. 307. See entry for 28 September 1811. 308. The end approaches. 309. Captain Nye believes in keeping every one at work. no The Voyage of the New Hazard Tuesday, 27 October. Wind light, baffling, worse than calm. All hands employed about nothing!! At three a breeze from east northeast, fresh. Woahoo bearing north northeast, we having fallen a long way to leeward. At five in topgallant-sails; at six reefed topsails; at eight hauled up mainsail; beating up for land. At 8 a.m. housed royal masts. Split jib, got it in; another out in first watch; watch below. Wednesday, 28 October. Beating up for harbour, making good way.310 Fired a gun. Hoisted colours at two. At four Captains Winship, Davis and Smith,311 John Young and Maneng came on board. At seven wind fresh; hoisted in the whaleboat of company and single reefed topsails. Making short tacks during night. Morning, up as far as Diamond Hill312; run down abreast harbour and anchored at eight. Doing nothing all forenoon. Joseph Wing went ashore and Edward Ames. Thursday, 29 October. After dinner boat went ashore after captain; carried him aboard, then ashore again to sleep. At nine wind moderate. At five went ashore for captain; calm, got under weigh towed in to harbour313—as also Albatross and Lelia Byrd; got stream anchor ashore to moor ship with. Friday, 30 October. Reeving new running rigging. Carpenter making trysail-mast. At supper heard all the company were to dine on board tomorrow morning. Sent a barrel of bread ashore; went after watering. Carpenter got up new mainboom; found it was ruined for a boom. Captain said condemn it. Carpenter on board Lelia Byrd to examine 310. The brig left Kawaihae Bay, Hawaii, on afternoon of the twenty-fourth, and does not reach Waikiki Bay Harbour until the morning of the twenty-eighth. 311. Jonathan Winship, William H. Davis, and William Smith in command respectively of O'Cain, Isabella, and Albatross. 312. Diamond Head. 313. Honolulu Harbour. L Third Visit to the Hawaiian Islands in her; found her very rotten.314 Company came to dine. Took the boom 1812 which we condemned to saw boards for sheathing to her bends, and all October the boards we had on board. Saturday, 31 October. Ordered to get ready to discharge ballast in morning. Morning, hauled close in shore, hove ballast over stern— a number of Kanakas at work discharging ballast. At eleven hauled off; carried ballast in boats alongside Manena's fish-pond. Report in circulation we are coming back to Sandwich Islands again. Laurence315 and I stowing cask. Carpenter making main-topgallant-mast. Sunday, l November. Discharging ballast. At sunset a heavy shower of rain. Captain slept on board. In morning discharging ballast.316 News by Mr. Ford: Captain Nye asked him yesterday to go second officer down to Canton and home; he should discharge Mr. Hewes. Mr. Gale would be chief officer. Carpenter at work on board Lelia Byrd. I am planing main-topgallant-mast. Stole away to write. Monday, 2 November. Mr. Hewes went ashore. Discharging ballast. I was planing main-topgallant-mast. Morning, Mr. Hewes came on board; asked for his discharge. Captain told him he never belonged to her, he might go to the Devil if he liked.317 Taking in sandlewood, blacking yards. This of Mr. Hewes should have been Tuesday morning. 314. This is not surprising in view of her condition as given in The American Register, III (1808), 148, where it is stated that in 1805 the worms had nearly destroyed her sheathing and were in her bottom planks, and her keel and stern- post were almost reduced to a honeycomb. It was then feared that the Lelia Byrd would not be able to reach China. 315. Lawrence Hanson, one of the sailors who had exchanged from the Lydia on 9 September 1812. 316. The ballast is being discharged to make room for the cargo of sandalwood which she is to take on board. 317. Exit Mr. Hewes. He had been chief officer on the New Hazard since 15 May 1811. Mr. Ford of the Lydia did not become second officer; that position went to Mr. Lang. See entry of 9 November 1812. J ii2 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 Tuesday, 3 November. Taking in sandlewood. Morning, I and Jphn November went watering; taking the sandlewood. Putting new strap to main- yard. Captain dined on board. Wednesday, 4 November. Taking in sandlewood, watering. Tailor got noisy. Captain flogged him and Bumpus for storing rum for people forward.318 Had the teeth ache most intolerably, all night. At eight a gun was heard in offing. All was fish in morning; getting water; taking wood and skins from Albatross.819 Thursday, 5 November. Filling water on fore-deck. Taking in wood and seal skins, one long-boat employed. Tom, Lavare, Jack, Stephen,320 liberty to go on board Ocain, went ashore. Cook swam ashore without liberty. At twelve they came on board; in morning Gale flogged him.321 James and I ordered ashore to sawboards for sheathing for Lelia Byrd. They sent two men in our room. Captain jawed the men who were sawing before, belonging to Ocain and Isabella; said he had a Dutchman who would saw more in three hours than they in three days, so he intermeddles with others. Getting water, wood, and skins. Carpenter fixing main-topgallant-mast; yesterday trysail-mast. Friday, 6 November. Work going on as above. Got up new trysail- mast. Morning, James322 and I were called to go and saw. John asked to go instead of James. Mr. Gale said James was sent for and he would go. As I was told to go in boat, I said I thought it was hard for me to 318. Richard Palmer, the tailor; Perez Bumpus, though now only a boy of about sixteen is always in trouble—or at any rate being punished. His last offense was 30 August 1812 when he was put under the magazine for stealing. 319. The Albatross was to remain; her sandalwood and skins go by freight on the New Hazard to China. 320. Thomas Conant, Epaphroditus Lavare, John Hathaway, Stephen Finear— the latter a new man taken in exchange from the Lydia. 321. This poor negro, Stephen Francis, is flogged again- For the list of his earlier punishments see the note 160 to the entry of 24 December 1811. 322. Sebre Pratt. Third Visit to the Hawaiian Islands 113 go and saw for other vessels, when they had men could saw better 1812 than I, for I was scarcely able to walk about decks. Mr. Gale told me November to go in boat. I told him I was going, but I could not if I was not better than today. He caught up a piece of board nearly three and one half feet long and three or four inches wide, struck me two or three times. I got in boat; I told him I would like to have him strike me ashore. He ordered me out of boat on board; he says you would like to see me ashore, you—! He took up the bit of a rope to strike me. I put it off, defended myself, shoved him partly down over a cask by the rack of main-rigging, larboard side; after which he got up struck me a number of times with his fist. We were then alongside the camboose, starboard side. The people came aft; told him to let me alone I was unwell. He did not care.323 I went ashore sawing. Taking in sandlewood ; the Isabella taking out 8000 pieces to put on board us. Saturday, 7 November. Sawing; taking in wood. Carpenter at work on board Lelia Byrd. At three captain sent word on board, that it would be the other ships Sunday and we should keep it, to sway up royal masts, topgallant-yards and hoist colours. At five all hands swayed up masts, yards, etc. A sail seen in offing; she appeared a brig, supposed the Lydia. All hands liberty to go ashore, only enough stay to man the pinnace and there was found three!!! At ten the boat was manned; went out; brought Captain Bennett in.324 Bumpus and I alone. Sunday, 8 November. People mostly ashore. At seven the captain hailed for his pistols and a pair of irons. When the boat came back Samuel Dill, the man we brought from the coast, was brought aboard to be taken care of, being very drunk and cranky had offered abuse to 323. Up to this time, though threatened, Reynolds in this orgy of brutality, has succeeded in escaping unscathed, save for the one instance when he was to blame; see entry for 11 June 1811. 324. The brig Lydia just arrived from the Northwest Coast. Though her master comes ashore she is not towed into harbour until the next day. ii4 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 captain.325 At eight people all aboard. Morning, James and I sawing; November taking in sandlewood; towed in Lydia at four. Monday, 9 November. Sawing; sandlewood. Taking up cask from after hold to put wood cask in main hold. Morning, sawing; sandlewood. Mr. Lear acting as second mate, made yesterday. Mr. Ford took his things ashore.326 Tuesday, 10 November. Completed sawing; taking in wood. At dusk took six barrels of pork from shore. In forenoon the ship Katharine came down; anchored.327 Came passengers Captain Meek and crew of ship Amethyst which was sold in Schidga.328 Morning, towed in Katharine; bending sails. Wednesday, 11 November. Bending sails; taking in potatoes and other stores. Morning, sawing again. Captain Bennett asked James alias Sebre Pratt to go on the coast with him.329 Said he had talked with Captain Nye about it. Took some hogs on board. Thursday, 12 November. Sawing for Lelia Byrd, the brig dressed in colours. Morning, went ashore to saw. Was sent for off before breakfast; some were going to sea. Fired a gun; loosed topsail; hoisted colours. At nine wind blew in the mended sail; getting steering-sail gear complete; took in some hogs, etc. Joseph Dolbeare came on board, to go.home, from Albatross.880 325. This appears to be the man brought aboard by Captain Bacon of the Packet; see entry for 20 September 1812. 326. Mr. Lear seems to take Ford's place. Lear was the mate of the Pedler who was discharged at Kaigahnee and came passenger on the New Hazard from the coast; see entries for 10, 12, and 13 September 1812. 327. The Katharine was a ship of 287 tons, owned by Joseph Coolidge and others, commanded by William Blanchard. She cleared from Boston April 1809, and traded on the coast in 1810, 1811, and 1812. 328. Sitka, Alaska. Amethyst was sold to the Russians. 329. Sebre Pratt accepted as appears from the entry of 14 November 1812. 330. Dolbeare, the ship's boy, had taken his discharge and gone on board the Albatross; see entry for 5 September 1811. He now returns to the New Hazard. From Hawaiian Islands to China 115 Friday, 13 November. Wind fair. At two got under weigh, accom- 1812 panied by the several captains outside the reef, Mr. Young, Mr. November Davis, the pilot, and Mr. Marena.331 Stowed our anchors; cleared decks. At sunset Mr. Gale took charge of larboard watch; took his two watches on deck. Morning, unbent cables, housed guns. Moved the two forward guns aft to trim ship. Saturday, 14 November. Wind very light, little better than calm. One of main-top backstays parted, knotted it, and fleeted dead-eye; spliced main-topgallant-stay. At five killed two hogs. At six gentle breeze. At nine jibed ship. Showery. Fine breeze in morning. Lost sight of land yesterday afternoon. Forenoon watch below I was called to saw with carpenter; cut junk off small-bower. At two Wm. H. Bruce came on board from Lydia. Sebre Pratt and John Hathway went on board Lydia. This should have been written in Friday's work. From Honolulu Harbour the New Hazard now steered for China; and again the journal contains the dry record of the varied employments of the ship's crew: killing and salting hogs; overhauling the peltry; altering the sails from day to day; repairing the rigging; and doing the thousand and one tasks that were necessary on a sailing ship that had been nearly three years from home and out of touch with civilization. So day after day with, usually, pleasant weather, the brig made her way steadily towards the Oldest East. On the morning of 3 December the island of Agrigan, one of the Ladrones, was sighted. The entry of the next day reads: "Breaking out the forehold to get the seal skins aft and casks forward so the people shall not steal furs!!!!!! Amen—" At two o'clock in the afternoon the brig was abreast the island. But from this point it will be well to quote the words of the journal. "At three, two canoes came off, in which were a Mr. Rogers, Mr. 331. The pilot was John Harbottle. The writer of this journal during his long residence in Honolulu frequently acted as pilot. 116 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 Young [Jones'?], and John Pearson, who came on board naked ex- December cept he had a marre (a strip of country stuff six or eight inches wide, three yards in length). Captain Nye gave them clothes, axes, saws, hammers, etc., with which they were much pleased. There was a large number of settlers upon the south side of the island, brought down the last season by Captain Porter. These men were brought here by Porter and Sturgis five years since; for the first three no vessel ever touched at the island. "History. This island was discovered by the Spaniards who gave it the name of Agregann. It is small—to appearance about fifty miles in circumference. It has several small streams of good water. There is tolerable anchorage upon the south side where the land is flat. The island, generally speaking, is no more than a mountain in the sea. It may be approached on the northern side within half a mile of the land with safety. There are plenty of hogs which have run wild, which they hunt with their muskets. These are the only flesh on the island. It produces yams and potatoes, coconuts; the plantains and bananas grow wild in abundance, but are full of small black seeds which render them unfit for use." At sunset the brig continued her course westward to the East. The next day the journal says that a bulkhead was being built in the hold "so the people, as I suppose, should not steal the skins." The entry for that day concluded with: "Mr. Woodbury stood watch last night. Captain Nye jawed him very hard the night we left Agrigan." The entries show the crew constantly at work and it would appear that the officers exercised much ingenuity in finding something to keep them employed. On 9 December the journal states: "Mr. Gale looking about after work as there is but little now left to do." That day a heavy gale was experienced, which continued during a large part of the following twenty-four hours. The relations between the officers appear in the entry of the tenth: "At eight Mr. Gale wanted to sway up royal masts. Captain said he would tell him when he wanted them up. Mr. Gale called all hands; captain told them to go below!!!" i HI i Trading and Refitting in China 117 And so the New Hazard with her happy family continued her way westward and homeward. On the thirteenth at six o'clock in the morning "saw land about twenty miles northwest Tobaco Sinnan Island; at eight saw Formosa." Four days later they encountered the first Chinese junks, busily engaged in fishing. On the afternoon of the seventeenth they saw "the rock Pedro Branca looking like a large house, bearing north." On the next morning the New Hazard's signal for a pilot, which had been flying for twenty-four hours, brought results: the wished-for pilot came aboard. At six o'clock in the afternoon of the nineteenth the brig dropped anchor in Macao Roads. Saturday, 19 December. Wind hauled ahead. All hands washing decks. At eight came to an anchor in Macao Roads; being thick let go anchor four miles to windward. Wind fresh. At six in morning got under weigh; ran into the harbour. Captain went up to town in pilot's boat. Sunday, 20 December. Blowing very fresh, continues cloudy and very cold. Preparing to strip the vessel when we get to Whampoo.332 Cannot find there are any American vessels in Canton which causes many conjectures about affairs at home, but hope the best.333 Latter, wind fresh; clear sun. Monday, 21 December. Clear sun; cool fresh wind. At four captain returned with a pilot. Immediately got under weigh, to beat up to town. At twelve came to at Linteen.334 Divided watch into quarter watches. Captain not good humoured. At eight got under weigh with a strong tide in favour, and wind ahead. Tuesday, 22 December. Wind hauled a little more easterly. Captain 332. Whampoa, the port of Canton for foreigners. It was twelve miles below Canton. 333. They had learned from the A tahualpa that war was imminent; see entry for 5 May 1812, and notes thereto. 334. Lantao Lintin, one of the islands between Macao and Canton. i 118 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 Nye a little better humoured told he learned an Embargo at home laid December on last summer, for ninety days, learned nothing further. At five got almost up to Bogs-of-Tigris335; tide against us; came to; saw an English frigate lying at anchor at the bogs. Morning, got pinnace, hoisted her to the quarters. Quite pleasant, wind light. At ten got under weigh. Wednesday, 23 December. A lieutenant of the frigate came on board; enquired where we were from; said they took us to be a man-of-war brig from Bombay ;336 immediately returned. As we beat up, another officer came on board, told us to go near the frigate, when we came to. Captain went on board; the officer stayed and overhauled us. After detaining us about two hours got under weigh; the pilot got us a chop or pass; came to at six. At eleven got under weigh with a leading wind; passed twelve sails of the English Indies' Company ships. At ten the Mandarin came on board, but soon left us. Thursday, 24 December. Wind light and baffling; got boats ahead and towed her up to the anchorage; let go anchor at three. Captain went up to town in a country ship's boat, manned by Lascars; moored ship. Set our watch; two in a watch. Morning, got spars on forecastle. Unbending sails; blacking sides. Carpenter making topmast. Friday, 25 December. Orders from captain for pinnace to go to town tomorrow. Unreeving rigging in order for stripping the vessel. Worked very late, as usual. Mr. Gale forbade us buying any liquor. Jack and armourer337 said they would buy it when they wanted and could get it. A good deal of talk took place. Mr. Gale called Jack up 335. Bocca Tigris, thirteen leagues from Macao; see Plate VI. 336. The New Hazard had been mistaken for a man-of-war before; see entry for 10 April 1811, and note 25 thereto. 337. John Rasdigh, according to entry for 30 December, is the person referred to as "Jack," but when this man was mustered into the ship's crew is not known. The armourer is Leonard Bowman, who has occupied that position since the sailing from Boston. Perhaps his treatment was due to the fact that it would be more difficult to replace him than an ordinary seaman. k Trading and Refitting in China 119 after supper; they had some scuffle; Jack struck Mr. Lear.338 The 1812 people went up; after some peeping saw two men down on deck—it December proved to be Mr. Gale and Jack. After they got up all were ordered forward where we all returned with quiet. Mr. Gale threatening to put Jack on board a man-of-war. It is now almost eight o'clock and then it is my watch. It is all buzz about the row here in forecastle; the following are the propositions (viz.) One goes in irons—all. On board a man-of-war—all. One flogged—all—etc., etc. After supper the boat's crew were called to go up to town; at three o'clock bent boat's sails, etc. At three all hands were called to get the boat ready and but one turned out besides boat's crew and watch. After breakfast sent down topgallant-masts and rigging. Two or three very elegant boats with China merchants came to see our cargo. About eleven captain came down and a Mr. Sturgis. Mr. Gale immediately told him that about four in morning the cabin was robbed of colour bag and colours, bottles of porter, clothes, glass, carpet, etc., and of the rupture last evening—that it was that d—d Jack and boogger of armourer. They were called. Jack ordered to get in boat and two men to set him ashore in paddy fields, which was done without his being allowed to wait for his chest and bedding or money. The people gave him four dollars. Armourer was jawed and set to work at his trade. Saturday, 26 December. Getting skins up and overhauling them. Overhauling topgallant-rigging. Captain went to town again. When he went away told Gale to flog any one and then put them in irons, who did anything contrary to his liking!!!! Morning, getting up skins, etc. Sunday, 27 December. Overhauling rigging, skins, etc. Sunset a harpoo,339 or provision boat came alongside—had allowance of bam- 338. Mr. Lear is apparently the second officer. It will not be overlooked that the petty tyrant, Gale, is forbidding sailors to have liquor in port on Christmas day. 339. The Hoppo is the principal officer of customs, who grants the necessary chops or permits. This doubtless accounts for our author's use of "or provision boat" as a synonym for hoppo. 120 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1812 boo bread weighed full of worms, weevils, etc. Morning, sent down December fore-topsail-yard. Three merchant boats with about twenty merchants came to overhaul our skins. Monday, 28 December. Overhauling rigging fore-topsail-yards. Merchants; skins. The captains of several of Company's ships passed by to take charge of their, ships which were ready for sea. Morning, six o'clock, sent the pinnace up to Canton for captain. Overhauling skins. Tuesday, 29 December. Captain Nye, Captain McGee, Captain Black and Mr. Sturgis came from town in McGee's boat and our people. At four returned to town again—armourer asked for his discharge.340 Captain Nye said he would flog him or any one else, who should ask for their discharge. Sent down main-topsail-yard and stripped it. Overhauling, rigging main-topsail-yard. Boat returned at twelve. Wednesday, 30 December. Just after dinner John Rastligh, the man put ashore, came alongside in a san-pan; came on board; asked liberty to take his chest and clothes out; it was granted. He informed us he went into the town of Wampoo, where he met two or three Englishmen who treated him politely, or he should have fared very hard if escaped with his life. When he got his things on deck Mr. Gale ordered them to be opened that he might see them!!! !341 Morning, sent fore-topmast down. At work overhauling the rigging. Note. Astronomy and geography have taught that the earth revolves round the sun from east to west. Consequently a vessel sailing from any meridian, easterly, till she arrives at the same meridian will gain one day, and upon the same principle, sailing westerly must lose one day. Therefore, as we sailed westerly from Boston till we arrived at Canton we have lost a day. I now according to the usual custom, 340. As a result of the trouble on Christmas day, doubtless. 341. Doubdess to see if any skins were secreted therein. I I Trading and Refitting in China 121 add one to the date, and call the thirty-first of December, our ac- 1813 count, to be the first day of January one thousand eight hundred and January thirteen. Done at Whampoo this sixteenth day of January.342 Friday, 1 January. Overhauling the rigging. At dusk an English boat came alongside with a small boy midshipman and two men in her. They came on board. Mr. Gale enquired their business. They answered it was to enquire whether any men were on board from Philadelphia as one of the men said he belonged there himself. Mr. Gale made some pertinent remarks. When they jumped into their boats and were shoving off, the armourer got in fore chains in order (as I supposed) to get in the boat and go with them on board the ship Thames. Mr. Lear saw him; ran forward and ordered him to come in, which he did. Mr. Gale ordered him aft; he said he would not go. Mr. Lear told him he should and shoved him, when Mr. Gale secured hold with Mr. Lear and dragged him aft. Mr. Gale told him he should be put in irons. Armourer said he would not. Mr. Lear said he should —he would have a pair of irons on him. After beating, thumping, shoving, etc., the irons were brought. When they wanted a hammer, the carpenter told them he had none. Mr. Gale, Lear, Woodbury, and Negro steward could not hold him to get irons on him. Mr. Lear said, "God d—n. Mr. Gale I can't get the irons on unless you hold him still,—knock the boogar stiff with a stick or hammer or some d—d thing or other, a boogar." At length they got them on. Mr. Lear frequently called out to knock him stiff!!! Strict orders for no boats to come alongside.343 Morning, the boat went to town. Mr. Woodbury, Mr. Sturgis, Lavare went up to have his arm dressed. The doctor said it should have been attended to before. Overhauling fore-topmast- rigging. 342. This note has been added in a blank left for the purpose. The handwriting is markedly different from other entries, indicating that Reynolds wrote these remarks with great deliberation; perhaps the result of the sixteen days' thought. 343. Having been refused a discharge the armourer tries to desert, but is caught and then there is this brutal scene. The armourer, Bowman, returned to Boston in the New Hazard. 122 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 Saturday, 2 January. Armourer moved in to the main hold in morn- January ing. Morning, got mast rope up for main-topmast. At eight a chop came after the skins. Mr. Woodbury, Wm. H. Bruce and myself went to look out for them; arrived at Dutch Folly at twelve.344 On board housed main-topmast. Remained at anchor till nine in morning, when skins went ashore. Sunday^ 3 January. Overhauling rigging. Morning, sent down fore- yard; got long-boat out and jib-boom in. Boat went to town. Monday, 4 January. Shipping fore-yard. Mr. Woodbury tarried at Canton. Morning, overhauling fore-stay and fore-yard; cut a piece off stream cable for spun yarn. At twelve Mr. Sturgis came from Canton. Tuesday, 5 January. Overhauling rigging. Morning, two or three chops came alongside to take out seal skins, sandalwood. Put seal skins,345 sea-otter skins on board one chop. Wednesday, 6 January. Armourer released.346 Mr. Lear, Steve347 and I went in chop with skins and up at Canton. Morning, sent ashore to give information of our arrival. At twelve cargo discharged. On board, got down fore-royal yard. Thursday, 7 January. Mr. Lear tarried at Canton; Bruce348 and I re- 344. Nathaniel Woodbury, the clerk of the brig; William H. Bruce came on the New Hazard from the Lydia on 14 November on the eve of her departure from Honolulu ; see entry for that date. The Dutch Folly Fort was just below Canton. A Chinese painting of the fort, owned by the Peabody Museum, is reproduced on Plate VII. 345. The sealskins came from the Albatross; the New Hazard had not secured any. 346. The armourer has been in confinement since the trouble of l January. 347. Stephen Finear, one of the men who were obtained in exchange from the Lydia. See entry for 9 September 1812. 348. William H. Bruce who had joined the brig in Honolulu on the eve of her departure. Trading and Refitting in China 123 turned in Captain Black's boat. At three Bruce and I with three 1813 Malays from ship went up to Canton in our boat. At nine set out for January Whampoo. Captain Nye with three gentlemen came down. On board, getting out sandalwood and overhauling rigging. Friday, 8 January. Returned in boat. Tarried all night at Canton. Morning, came in boat, with Messrs. Greason (chief mate of country ship) and Woodbury. Chop taking sandalwood.349 Saturday, 9 January. Overhauling rigging; taking out sandalwood. Morning, sent down main-topmast and found it was rotten about the hounds—one pair of shrouds gone; setting taut fore rigging. Chop alongside. Sunday, 10 January. Overhauling main-top rigging. Morning, Mr. Woodbury went to Canton in ship's boat; carried up the composition rudder spindles to have new ones cast, having got rudder on deck, two days since. At work upon rigging. Getting sandalwood, the last load. Monday, 11 January. Got out all wood, sent up about sixteen hundred-weight of bar lead. Night, rainy; morning, rainy. Getting out ballast, fixing fore-topmast, getting sheers up to lift bowsprit. Tuesday, 12 January. Getting out bowsprit and ballast. Carpenter fixing new main-topmast. Morning, getting out ballast; lifted bowsprit ; overhauling rigging; got bowsprit in again. Wednesday, 13 January. Getting fore-topmast up; at work upon rigging, etc. Immediately after dinner Lavare came from Canton; set him to work to make coats for masts, pumps, etc.; setting up bobstays. Morning, Bruce and I set to clean main hold, get out provisions; others making the [rigging] ready to go over mast-head, etc.; fitted the broken main-top backstays for forward. 349. A chop in China was an official stamp or seal; hence a chop-boat, one licensed to transfer freight or passengers from ship to shore. J 124 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 Thursday, 14 January. Got provisions out; found thirteen barrels January beef, thirteen do Boston pork, eleven Island do, four barrels beef on the half deck, six under the magazine, making forty-seven—got main- topmast on end. Morning, got all ballast out; swept the hold; got main-rigging down. Friday, 15 January. Overhauling main-rigging. At sunset John Young one of the harpoo boatmen said he had bought the said skins for $1580, Mr. Woodbury was coming to deliver the same; in half an hour he came. At ten the skins were passed upon deck. A boat with about sixty men came alongside, thirty pulling; took skins in, and were off almost instantaneously. Overhauling rigging. Mr. Gale with four of the people went to Canton. Saturday, 16 January. Got main-rigging over mast-heads. Morning, got main-topmast-rigging over mast-head and overhauling main- yard. Sunday, 17 January. Setting up main-rigging. Catharping fore-rigging. Boat returned at dusk. Morning, washed decks. Until now we have had no Sunday since we came to Whampoo. The news of the day is the bulwarks are to be lined with cork; the board nets to be taken away and boarded up, and a roundhouse to be built. Monday, 18 January. Mr. Gale with six men went ashore on liberty. Morning, a chop came with 115 boxes chinaware. Got water out of after hold; hoisted some on deck. Early, got fore-yard up. Tuesday, 19 January. Knocked palm off the big anchor and stowed it under a platform aft, stowing down China boxes on platform. Got out jib-boom. Morning, got cables on deck. Cleared out steerage. Catharping main-rigging. Wednesday, 20 January. Stowing boxes of ware. Got f oretop-yard up, etc. Morning, got main-topmast up. Just as were eating breakfast, a stranger came on board; said he had left one of the English India Trading and Refitting in China 125 ships, Winchelsea, with three others; had been eight days away. Mr. 1813 Gale told him men were wanted; he would send to the captain. After January an hour or two stay, he went for his shipmates. Got the rudder into long-boat with armourer's forge, in order for Canton. Thursday, 21 January. Started for Canton with long-boat, second mate, armourer, steward, and three people. About four o'clock the boat came with the strangers. Their names, Wm. Gibbons, Richard McKing, John Taylor, the man who came on board first, George Hutchins. Morning, getting main- and main-top yards ready to go aloft. The boat returned; smoking ship. Friday, 22 January. Got yards up; set up stays and backstays. The Chinamen told us Captain Blanchard350 was in the river. John Tuck351 was on board to measure the ship this forenoon. This afternoon sent two very poor bullocks, six or eight bags of flour, and several jars of wine—all taken aft. Morning, opened hold found several rats. Got flying jib-boom out, etc. Saturday, 23 January. Rigging new main-topgallant-yard, ratling rigging, various small jobs. At four the ship Katharine hove in sight. Came to at half past five. Killed one of the bullocks. The second mate jawed the cook because he wanted to give his wash girl the intestines and stood by to see them given to the chief mate's wash girl!! At 3 a.m. Mr. Lear with four of people went to Canton in pinnace and towed the jolly-boat. Ratling the rigging, with many small jobs. Sunday, 24 January. For this week past we have had very raw cool weather. Small jobs; ratling the rigging. Morning, scrubbing the vessel till very late. Mr. Gale sold one of the bullocks to the harpoo men. 350. Captain William Blanchard of ship Katharine; the next day she came in and anchored at Whampoa. 351. The Superintendent of Customs—John Tuck as the Chinese usually called him —whose duty it was to measure the ship. 126 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 We put him up on French Island352 for which they gave us a pot of January Samshu. Captain Nye and Captain Blanchard came in jolly-boat from Canton. Monday, 25 January. The captains went to town in Blanchard's boat with two of each ship's company. The carpenter went up to have his foot doctored which he cut on the Northwest Coast.353 Morning, striking water out of hold; stowing the boxes over for the ground tier. Boat returned; small jobs about rigging. Tuesday, 26 January. Boat brought paints down. Tom fixing for cabin. Morning, Tom and I painted cabin. Stowing wood in f orepeak, making it to come aft to the foremast. Wednesday, 27 January. Very cold uncomfortable weather; small things about rigging; got main-topgallant-mast up. Morning, boat went to Canton; carried up a barrel of beef. Got a China painter to paint the cabin; scraped off most of what was put on yesterday. All hands painting; made slow progress. Thursday, 28 January. Morning, painting. Captain Blanchard's boat came with two people and got two of ours to go to Canton. A chop with teas, nankeens and chinaware alongside; discharged her. Friday, 29 January. Painting. Getting wood and all manner of lumber out of hold. Morning, painting; stowing teas. Saturday, 30 January. Painting. Stowing teas. At four a sail hove in sight. At five Mr. Gale went aboard her—found her to be the Hunter of Salem, Captain Rogers,, who went up to Canton in our jolly- boat, which went up purposely with five men—Lavare went up much out of health. In morning captain came down in Captain McGee's 352. Otherwise Frenchman's Island. 353. See entry for 10 September 1812: "Our carpenter cut his foot just after landing, very bad." This was at Kaigahnee ten days before the New Hazard sailed. Trading and Refitting in China 127 boat. At sunrise a chop came with 508 boxes tea, 37 £ small bundles 1813 cassia. January Sunday, 31 January. Got a long-boat of ballast to stow in hold; stowed teas in aft hold. At sunset the jolly-boat came down; the armourer came. Tom, Lawrence, and Stephen354 stayed to come in pinnace. A part of Katharine's people came in jolly-boat. Morning, a chop came with 366 boxes tea. It being rainy would not take it in; after breakfast not much rain; took in tea. Stowing teas in hold. Monday, 1 February. Stowing teas, and unloading chop which we effected between the showers. At six rained hard. Orders were for three persons to go to Canton to make a crew for pinnace, as captain with several gentlemen were coming on board to dine—jolly-boat started at three in morning, did not arrive at town till nine, having to pull against the tide. The pinnace came away half an [hour] before without company. Went ballasting again. This being the China New Year all persons high and low are celebrating it by displaying fireworks, decorating their boats with orange coloured paper, in honor of Josh (their God) entirely giving themselves up to merriment. Got topgallant-masts on end. Tuesday, 2 February. Unloading ballast; stowing cargo. At seven jolly-boat returned with orders for pinnace to be at Canton early in morning. At four called three to go in boat and go alongside ship Katharine and take in three more and go to Canton. They got as far as the Dutch folly, met the captain in a passage-boat with four others among whom was Mr. Cushing,355 the Consul, etc. Wednesday, 3 February. After dinner the captain and company returned. Work: stowing teas, passing in ballast, overhauling blocks, the larboard pump. Carpenter of the Kate sheaving royal masts. Mr. 354. Thomas Conant, Lawrence Hanson, Stephen Finear—the two last-named being exchange men from the Lydia. 355. John P. Cushing, the most prominent American merchant in Canton. 128 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 Gale went on board the Katharine. Bump and Jo356 went in boat, and February for some misdemeanor he flogged them, severely, upon their return at half past nine. Morning, getting ballast out of long-boat that she might go for the rudder. Thursday, 4 February. Boat went alongside Katharine, took in three boxes of dollars, Mr. Smith, chief officer and three people went up in boat. Got rudder and some rigging for Captain Blanchard and returned the same evening, leaving Mr. Smith. Getting up royal rigging. Morning, got up royal masts, hung rudder, putting a cloth in main-topsail. Friday, 5 February. Long-boat went to Canton after water. Mr. Gale gave me charge of boat; got water and returned to factory at eight o'clock; slept all night; started away at sunrise. Captain came down in morning in Magee's boat,357 with Lascars on board; setting up main-rigging. Saturday, 6 February. Setting up main-rigging; hoisting water out of boat; putting it in steerage; starting bread out of cask into bags. Morning,.a chop came with 463 chests of tea; unloaded her. Sent long-boat alongside of the ship A merica, after ballast. Sunday, 7 February. Long-boat came alongside, deep-loaded—discharged her; stowing teas, put most of ballast on deck. Chief officer of America came on board, tarried till 2 a.m. At three put seven barrels beef, five of pork into long-boat to carry to Canton; at four called Mr. Gale. Started at five; arrived at half past nine. 356. Perez Bumpus and Joseph Dolbeare. Bumpus had been flogged on 4 November 1812, and on 30 August 1812 he had been put under the magazine. 357. Captain William Magee, a native of New England, for many years kept a select boarding house in Canton in a large factory rented from Paunkeiqua, and maintained several fast river boats, rowed by Malays. He is often referred to in the MS. journals in the Peabody Museum of Salem of Bryant Parrott Til- den, supercargo of the ship Canton from 1815 to 1819, who lodged with him several times. Trading and Refitting in China 129 Monday, 8 February. Several of people ashore at Canton heard the 1813 following: a ship, the A nn of Baltimore, arrived at Whampoo, having February been to London with dispatches, from thence to the pilot ground. At Baltimore had orders for Canton as fast as possible. A rebellion of 26,000 people. Mechanics had sent in to Parliament for a free trade. In consequence the orders in Council were taken off; Bonaparte had taken off his decrees; the embargo was off; free trade, etc. Morning, set off from Canton, arrived at Whampoo at eleven, where the news was, War—War—War.31 . 358 Tuesday, 9 February. Sent long-boat down to Dean's Island, for water. At six the several captains came on board. Manned pinnace, carried them on board the Ann. Came and found all hands employed in clearing away the guns and loading small arms by the orders of captain. At eight sent boat after captain. At half past nine boat returned with Captains Nye and Blanchard to sleep, as they were painting his cabin. With them they brought a newspaper; have not seen the paper as captain sent for it. War—War—War with its concomitants the news of the day. At twelve they came on board to dine. Captain gave orders for the hold to be levelled off with the nankeens. As' it was full to the beams, no more cargo would be taken in this week. Several prizes we learn have been taken on both sides. Wednesday, 10 February. Captains returned to Canton. In morning wet. Reeving running rigging, etc., making coats for masts, of canvas. At dinner boat returned—nothing special. Thursday, 11 February. Getting steering-sail gear in tops. Mary- wash-woman—having been down the river to second bar, returned at five with news of the ship Beaver being there.359 Turned to, washed decks, being wet. In evening went on board the Ann, with Wm. H. Bruce, when we got the loan of a newspaper of 5 August 1812. Morn- 358. War was declared on 19 June 1812. 359. The ship Beaver, Cornelius Sowle, master, left the Hawaiian Islands on 1 January 1813. J 130 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 ing, getting everything off deck, putting boards over the hold. Cooper February 0f Katharine repairing water cask. Early in morning Mr. Gale called Wm. Gibbons, George Hutchins, Richard MacKennie and John Taylor in cabin;360 told them Captain Nye could allow no wages while he lay here in suspense, advised for one to go on board of the different vessels in harbour. They went to Canton with intention of going in a caravan to Russia—several of our people contributed to the amount of four or five dollars. Friday, 12 February. Rainy and wet so we were obliged to shut the hatches. Washed the deck; fitted a pair royal steering-sail booms of bamboo. Morning wet. At nine saw the ship Royal George under weigh for second bar. The small country ship got under weigh, went down to junk river, came to. At ten the Beaver of New York came up and anchored just below us. Scraping swing booms. Saturday, 13 February. Making swabs. Being wet, doing but little about decks. Morning, stowing water in steerage and passing things off deck. Sunday, 14 February. Building a bulkhead in steerage; clearing decks. At three Captains Nye, Blanchard, and Bossum came from Canton. Carpenter and Lavare returned, with one of the four men, who informed they were going to live with Magee. Morning, captain went to Canton. Heard Captains Davis, Winship, Thomas (master of Lelia Byrd) and an American schooner were at Bocca-Tigris. Received three barrels of bread this morning. Monday, 15 February. Raw and cold—most of crew ashore. Morning rainy. At twelve o'clock vessels came to. At daylight found them to be the ships Ocain, Winship; Isabella, Davis; Levant, Proctor, from the 360. These are the four men who are mentioned in the entries of 20 and 21 January as deserters from East India Company's ships. They appear to have been on the brig since 21 January. Trading and Refitting in China 131 coast of Peru. The Lelia Byrd got aground in evening; came up at ten. 1813 Mr. Hewes came chief officer of Levant.861 February Tuesday, 16 February. Rainy and cold; sent below. Morning, housed royal masts, flying jib-boom under run and scrubbed stream cable; weighed the anchor. Cut the small-bower in two and bent one piece to the stream anchor; carried it out. Wednesday, 17 February. Cackling the cable; washing the stream cable and coiling it on the spars on forecastle. At eight a letter came from Canton to Mr. Gale. Mr. Lear sent pinnace for him. At nine came on board. Ordered four hands in the pinnace to go to Canton, sending me to take charge of boat. In morning, Captains Nye, Davis- and Meeks362 came down to Whampoo in boat. Thursday, 18 February. Captains dined on board Isabella. Sailing from vessel to vessel. Captain Nye slept on board Isabella. In forenoon captains went to Canton. Putting a cloth in mainsail and trysail. Middle, stitching trysail—putting staves to board-pikes, etc. Friday, 19 February. Boat came from Canton in evening. Came passenger, Franklin, having taken his discharge from Captain Davis, entered on board the English ship David Scott, as midshipman. Morning, fresh wind from north, and sunshine, the first day for some time —having been cloudy, rainy, and cold. At work upon sails. Saturday, 20 February. Wind strong; cold; got yard tackles up on starboard side. Carpenter making false ports. Captain Rogers, ship 361. Mr. Hewes has been chief officer on the brig Otter until 15 May 1811 when he joined the New Hazard; see entry of 15 May 1811; he remained chief officer on the New Hazard till 2 November 1812; see entry for that date. 362. Thomas Meek, late master of the ship Amethyst, sold to the Russians; see entry of 10 November 1812. This is presumably the Captain Thomas Meek of Marblehead, who, before 1821,'presented various objects from the Northwest Coast and the Hawaiian Islands to the Museum of the East India Marine Society. These gifts, with the other collections of the Society, are now in the care of the Peabody Museum of Salem. 132 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 Hunter, discharged three men, with privilege to stay on board as February long as they chose, but could promise no wages. Morning, painting guns and carriages; set jolly-boat into long-boat to paint her. Sunday, 21 February. Painting gun-carriages, mending sails. At six a letter from Canton with orders to unreeve the running rigging. Morn- ning, Young came from Canton, dined on board. The mates dined on board America; had our boat to row them about after dinner. Monday, 22 February. Pleasant sun, cool wind. Morning, unreeving rigging, pointing, mending sails. Heard an English frigate was at Macao. Tuesday, 23 February. Painting, etc. Morning, painting jolly-boat, gun-carriages. Captains Nye, Blanchard came down in Magee's boat. Mr. Woodbury went to Canton. Tom asked for his discharge,363 was told he should have an answer the last of week. Wednesday, 24 February. Fine weather; mending sails. Morning, Captain Magee with captain of Ann came from Canton, brought a letter in which Tom was left to go or stay; but if he went he would get no wages—he left the brig—went to Canton with Captain Magee. Thursday, 2$ February. Carpenter caulking underneath the cam- boose house. Ship Levant hauled above in—moored with chains. Morning, painting outside, round the bows inside. Captain Magee, Mr. Woodbury, and a Mr. Brown, a young man belonging to ship Ocain, came from Canton. Friday, 26 February. Warm suri. At five the ship Meridian hove in sight. This ship was late commanded by Captain Woodward, who went to New Holland in search of the money belonging to the ship Rapid cast away there. Found some money, a schooner having taken 363. Thomas Conant. Despite the statements in this and the next day's entries Nye on his return certified that Thomas Conant got his discharge at Canton 15 March 1813. Trading and Refitting in China 133 most of it out. The schooner was French and taken by the British 1813 frigate Huzzar, found her in Madras, got the money paying salvage. February Captain Woodward died in Madras. Morning, painting; mending sails, etc. Saturday, 27 February. Painting, outside. Foggy night. Morning, long-boat watering. Making sails; large and small jobs. Sunday, 28 February. Hoisting in water; took long-boat in. Morning, the steward said a Chinaman woke him in cabin; missed a tumbler and decanter. Our harpoo man brought us stinking beef; the mate hove it into his boat. Monday, 1 March. On board several ships in harbour. In one saw several officers apparently drunk, wanting to fight; some said a country ship was at second bar. Morning, two of our people went on board the Meridian, and sent a cooper to make buckets and a painter. Tuesday, 2 March. The painter went aboard of his ship—armourer returned. Morning, painting again inside and out. The country ship came up yesterday afternoon. Tom who left us, went yesterday on board the Royal George. A boat crew came of people discharged. Said two frigates were expected by the fourth to blockade; news by country ship. Wednesday, 3 March. Painting posts inside. Making sails large, etc. Morning, rainy, scraping decks; went ashore after sand. Thursday, 4 March. An English boat with Tom and second mate came on board after Tom's wages.364 Mr. Gale said he could do nothing about it; they left us. Sunday morning our harpoo man brought us tainted beef, since which time we have had none, nor the harpoo boat been alongside. The boat's crew before mentioned, said a frigate arrived at Macao last night. Painting. Armourer went on board Lelia Byrd. 364. Thomas Conant. See entries of 23 and 24 February 1813. 134 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 Friday, 5 March. Painting. Morning, Captain Nye came on board; March gave orders for discharging eight nankeens and be in readiness to take in teas. Mr. Woodbury went to Canton. Porter went on board Meridian; their sail-maker came in his stead. Saturday, 6 March. Staying masts by altering wedges. Morning, altering bulkhead; in steerage moving water farther forward so as to make two berths on each side. Sunday, 7 March. Stowing water, etc., in steerage. Lawrence and Morris come home. Stephen and Porter out of ship.365 At nine a boat came alongside from Canton; brought us a barrel of rack and do. tar. Morning, went alongside several vessels in order to get something to eat having had nothing but salt meat for the week past in cabin, forward, etc. Monday, 8 March. Went ashore upon French Island with Mr. Gale who agreed with a man to fetch us provisions—to be smuggled. At five in morning boat went ashore and brought on board beef, yams, greens, etc. Captain sent a quarter from Canton last evening—and we are well supplied for a day or two. Getting nankeens ready to discharge, such as are at hand. Sent four hands for water—making preparations for going home. An English transport ship came up. Tuesday, 9 March. Got all rigging out of hold, rubbish, etc., hoisting. Turn water till late. After which Mr. Gale sent a bottle of rack forward. Morning, took down bulkhead of forecastle moved it foot farther aft and putting five casks of water and fourteen barrels provisions, packing up two berths leaving four for thirteen people. Several captains came to Whampoo from Canton among whom Captain Nye. Wednesday, 10 March. Put up our bulkhead again. Two men went to Canton with captain. Reeving running rigging; others being my- 365. Lawrence Hanson and Robert Morris, the steward. Stephen Finear and William Porter, two of the seamen. 1 Trading and Refitting in China * 135 self and three boys to work about ship; some sick; some at Canton; 1813 some on board other ships, and some sail-mending!!!!! Vessel for March sea!!!! ' ' | Thursday, 11 March. Completed reeving running rigging; some came from Canton in a boat belonging to the Lelia Byrd's long-boat with about twenty others of different vessels. Morning, setting up rigging to rake masts. Friday, 12 March. Setting up main-rigging. Morning, putting spreaders on the rigging. Painting, etc. Carpenter on board Isabella. Saturday, 13 March. Painting camboose house. The Meridian painter came on board to paint. Morning, Porter went on board the Meridian. Painting long-boat black. Sunday, 14 March. Varnishing decks. Mr. Gale went to Canton in morning. I had liberty for the day. Monday, 15 March. Went on board ship A merica to dinner then went on board the English transport ship Indefatigable, ashore, on board A merica! took supper, etc. Morning, sail-maker of Meridian came on board to make topgallant-sail. Bumpus went in his stead. Painter painting cabin; I was painting about fore-mast. Tuesday, 16 March. Painting, with small jobs. In evening went on board America. They told us they had knocked off work in consequence of something said by mate just at sunset. He sent a letter to Canton at seven in evening. Morning, saw captain of A merica come from Canton. Painting. Wednesday, 17 March. Very warm; spread awning over main-deck. Last evening cook and steward had a battle. Cook for victor. In morning they were tied up; took a dozen each.366 Painting water-ways and cabins. Sail-maker making main-topgallant-sail. 366. A fight between the two negroes; Stephen Francis, cook, and Robert Morris, steward. 136 The Voyage of the New Hazard Thursday, 18 March. In morning saw colours hoisted half mast, on board several vessels, as a signal of the death of some person. About ten heard an elderly man belonging to the ship A merica of New York had died at Canton. Near 11 a.m. the corpse passed by from Canton to the ship and was interred on French Island. Rainy night. Friday, 19 March. Scraping off the paint over the side where it blistered and painting over. Carpenter made two berths in forecastle. Thursday, 25 March. Since the last, captain came from Canton. Went up in pinnace, left him up at Canton. Overhauling mats, sails, etc., with many small jobs. No potatoes or yams but once since Sunday. Mr. Gale unwilling to give any bread extra. Mr. Brown of ship O'Cain has procured a passage in the English transport ship to London, by whom I intend writing to my friends. Sunday, 28 March. Nothing of consequence since the last. At painting cabin floor in marble diamonds. Monday, 29 March. Mr. Gale received a letter by Captain Magee's boat for four men to go to Canton in morning. Captains Nye, Davis, Winship, and Blanchard came to Whampoo. On our passage had a very heavy shower of rain attended with thunder and lightning. Tuesday, 30 March. Rainy afternoon. Morning, a harpoo boat came alongside saying John Tuck367 sent them. Got an old topmast out to make a jib-boom; would not answer. Took off vanes from masthead for fear of lightning; rainy. Lent Captain Davis jolly-boat. Wednesday, 31 March. Rainy. Morning, captain came on board, told Mr. Gale to find fifteen or twenty men, a boatswain and a gunner. Carpenter making jib-boom of the topmast. Thursday, 1 April. Pleasant weather, small jobs. A man from ship Hunter came on board to see if we were going home. Mr. Gale told 367. The usual Chinese name for the Superintendent of Customs. Trading and Refitting in China 137 him twelve or fifteen men would be shipped. He had better go to Canton in the morning and see Captain Nye. Morning, Wm. Bruce having asked Captain Nye if he might leave this vessel for a man in his stead, was answered yes or without; but would give no order nor discharge. This morning Mr. Lear told him to take a paint bucket and paint the foremast. He answered he was going away; he should ask Mr. Gale for captain told him he might go. Mr. Lear went aft, came forward, told Bruce to go paint the mainmast. Mr. Gale jawed him; told him to go to hell if he could better himself; take all your things and never come back again. He went accordingly.368 Friday, 2 April. Painting masts. Several people came on board to see about going home; none shipped yet as can learn. Saturday, 3 April. Some news of a chop coming alongside with teas; came at sunset. Morning, chop hauled alongside at daylight with 44 chests tea, 194 bundles cassia. Sunday, 4 April. Stowing cargo; sawing boards; rainy toward night with fresh wind. Morning, captain came down; ship Albatross came in. Mr. Butler late chief officer of brig Lydia came passenger with two or three others. Monday, 5 April. Nothing worthy remark. Morning, sawing boards. Tuesday, 6 April. Finished sawing. Cleaned decks early on account of chop tomorrow. Morning, chop came early—two men from O'Cain came on board last night, viz. Daniel Bemis and Sam'l Canterbury.369 Wednesday, 7 April. Stowing off hold with 529 chests which the chop boat [brought]. At four in morning long-boat went to Canton after small stores. Putting mats on backstays, etc. 368. William H. Bruce had only come on board on 14 November last, at Honolulu, from the brig Lydia. See the entry of 11 April, post, for further information. 369. Samuel Canterbury formed one of the crew for the remainder of the voyage. 138 The Voyage of the New Hazard Thursday, 8 April. Boat returned with a quantity of small stores for various ships. Morning, putting mats on rigging. Friday, 9 April. Clearing decks of lumber, etc. Morning, bending staysails, jib. John Lovering from ship Levant870 came on board. Saturday, 10 April. Morning, bending foresail and fore-topsail. Rainy; captain came on board at nine. Sunday, 11 April. Clearing decks. Heard three English frigates had arrived at Macao. Heard also Captain Nye charges Wm. H. Bruce with absconding in a clandestine manner. I have spoken to the carpenter what he heard Mr. Gale say to him. He says he heard Mr. Gale tell him to take all his things, if ever he came alongside he would drive him off and if ever he came again he would shoot him, so says the carpenter. I did not like to insert before, because I would not trust my own memory.371 Monday, 12 April. Got liberty for afternoon. Morning, shifting nankeens, in forehold; moving larboard side bulkhead farther aft, but not water, etc. Tuesday, 13 April. Very warm sun. Morning, bending mainsail, main-topsail, topgallant-sails, etc. Wednesday, 14 April. Scrubbing the cable which had been down ever since we arrived. Got under counter; vessel took a sheer; swamped; filled; people jumped on board harpoo boat; the cable caught under the rudder, which brought her broadside to the stream; set her adrift. At eight hove short on stream cable. At nine weighed and carried it out again. Chow-Chow chop came alongside. At eight Wm. Porter and myself watched in her; at sunrise unloaded chop; stowing things; had a new cable come. 370. John Lovering continued in the crew for the remainder of the voyage. 371. The other portion of the story is told in the entry of 1 April 1813. I Trading and Refitting in China 139 Thursday, 15 April. Clearing decks. At five Captain Nye, Mr. Snow, Mr. Sturgis came from Canton in a passage boat. In evening had violin going,372 and a pitcher of rum forward. Morning, captain went to Canton. Unmoored ship. G. Gore came on board. Friday, 16 April. Several boats came to assist us; got under weigh; towed down373 to Junk river; came to. Morning, got pinnace into long-boat; making wads. Saturday, 17 April. Carpenter making berths—O'Cain and Isabella came down. Armourer came on board from Canton. Went on board Lelia Byrd again. Morning, fixing relieving tackles for guns, etc. Two black men from ship Ann came on board. Sunday, 18 April. Mr. Mumford374 late chief officer of ship Tonquin from New York sent his things on board. Bending steersails. At five Captain Nye came from Canton; spent evening on board Isabella in company with Captain Magee and several other gentlemen from Canton ; sent on board us for clarionett, violin, and drum. At 4 a.m. broke up. Morning, dressed ship in colours.375 Mr. Gale had an English Jack hoisted at the fore royal mast-head. Captain came on board. It was taken down and a proper one in its stead. Company dined on board. Monday, 19 April. Fired a salute. Blowed off one of the swinging- booms; fitted another. Went on board Isabella to supper; sent for music; dismissed at ten, being well gone. Morning, rainy and I was 372. An outcrop of the writer's fondness for music. 373. The New Hazard is leaving China. 374. John M. Mumford. This man was the second mate and not the chief officer of the Tonquin, as here stated. The chief officer was E. D. Fox who was drowned at the entrance of the Columbia River. Mumford owed his life to his inability to work with a man of Captain Thorn's irascible disposition; he was therefore allowed to remain at Astoria when the ill-fated Tonquin sailed. 375. The writer's fondness for music shows in this and the next day's entry. It is difficult in reading these entries of the stay at Whampoa to realize that there is a war between the two nations. 140 The Voyage of the New Hazard sick. Mr. Gale struck cook with gun spunge; Gore with knot of man rope; cut Gore's head very bad.376 Whampoo, 17 April 1813. For value received, I promise to pay Stephen Runnels, or bearer, forty dollars on demand in the United States of America—Being for value received at Canton. $40.00 As witness my hand. Attest. Robin Morris vs. Captain, Officer. Dates: 11 January, 14 April, 11 May 1811; 29 October, 24 December 1812; Feb., 17 March, 15 May, 26 September 1813.377 Tom vs. Captain, First and Second Officers, Brig New Hazard. 9 October 1811. Whampoo, 17 April 1813. For value received I promise to pay Stephen Runnels, or bearer fifteen dollars on demand in the United States of America as witness my hand. Attest. $15.00. Tuesday, 20 April. Very rainy. Captain on board O'Cain. Morning, captain came on board; unmoored. Got under weigh, with a favourable wind, but rainy. The New Hazard now sails from China for the Hawaiian Islands in company with the ships O'Cain and Isabella. The dull details of wind and weather are varied on 26 April by the following: "Carpenter moved forward again. Captain went on board Isabella; sent boat after two boards each forty-two feet in length. Several people complaining of ill health. Morning, Gale told them to go on deck. ... It may be proper to add the O'Cain rather outsails us." 376. The negro cook had been flogged on 17 March previous. Gore was a new hand who had only come aboard four days previous; see entry for 15 April 1813. 377. This list, it is believed, is intended as a record of the punishments inflicted on Robert Morris, the steward. Only four of these dates contain any reference to punishment of this man: 14 April, 11 May 1811, 17 March 1813, and 15 May 1813. From China to Hawaiian Islands 141 On 2 May, Reynolds, the author of the journal, was, with another 1813 man, Samuel Canterbury, sent on board the Isabella with fife and May drum, fiddle and clarionet. He soon found to his intense delight that they were to remain until the ship reached the Hawaiian Islands; two white men and three Hawaiians were sent as substitutes. A week later the little fleet encountered "a most violent tornado attended with wind and rain from southeast. All hands were called in afternoon to take in sail." In that gale the New Hazard lost her jib-boom, her stern boat, and her main-topmast, which was broken off about five feet above the cap. One man was thrown overboard but was, fortunately, rescued. Two others were cast violently upon deck, one of whom had his head injured ("broken," says the journal) and the other had his arm fractured. The entry of 16 May is illuminating and no apology is offered for quoting it: "One of the men on board the New Hazard from Isabella was told the captairi flogged the steward in the morning for not weighing out island pork, rotten or not rotten. Forenoon, Captain Davis called him and asked him if he would go on board the brig again when he got well. He told him cNo, not for fifty dollars per month!' —giving her a bad name." Two days later there was much-to-do over a signal of land made by the O'Cain, for the three vessels, O'Cain, Isabella, and New Hazard were still in company. They consequently stood off and on all through the night; but no land. The journal records that "Davis [of Isabella] said to Winship [of O'Cain] 'Nye is an odd stick.' " On the twenty- third the Isabella spoke the New Hazard and learned that Nye was sick, confined to cabin. One can readily believe that many on his brig would have hailed his demise with ill-concealed (if not, open) delight. Two days later Captains Davis and Winship, learning that Captain Nye was very ill, visited him on the New Hazard. On 27 May the O'Cain gave signal for land. The journal says: "It proved to be an island discovered by the Spanish a.d. 1650, named 142 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 Todos de Santos378: lat. 30 ° 30' north, nearly, and long, about 140 ° May east, by chronometer. At two lowered boat; went alongside Winship and Nye to enquire his health, which was more favourable. Winship sent his boat with an officer and four men in her, who found very difficult landing, being high bluffs of rock with considerable surf. It is of a circular form rising gradually from the northward, covered with a coarse grass, but few shrubs; the southern part is almost perpendicular—the top broken. The officer, Mr. Lavarre, who went in the boat thought from what he saw it was rather a barren place than otherwise. Its circumference is thought to be about twelve miles." The journal on 29 May records that Captain Nye's health is improving. That day the journal states that its author, Stephen Reynolds, went aft on the Isabella to play; but with a charming frankness he admits that he played worse than usual and so only stayed a short time. The entry for Sunday, 30 May, says: "Lie close upon the wind, trying to make an island lately discovered by Captain DuBell, brig Sylph, bound from Canton to Kamchatka, in the spring of 1812. Lat. 31 ° 25' north, long. 1420 east." The effort was, however, unavailing. Then, day after day, the journal shows uninterrupted fine weather and gentle breezes steadily driving the three towards Hawaii. The captains exchange visits and dinners; the journal goes on through the pleasant weather varied with calms and occasional fogs until 29 June when land is sighted. Here then the narrative is continued in the words of the journal. Tuesday, 29 June. Ship Isabella. Fresh breeze. At four saw land bearing southwest distant forty miles, judged suspected to be Mowee. At seven found the fore-topmast was sprung in wake of cap. Rigging very slack. At one tacked ship. Stood off and on till three. Stood in to 378. This is the island shown on Anson's chart as Todos los Santos in latitude 30°i2r; see James Burney, A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean (London, 1803-1817), V, 160. It lay in the route of the Manila galleons from the Philippines to New Spain. Fourth Visit to Hawaiian Islands 143 the land, brought in against the high land upon the northeast side; saw snow upon the mountain.379 A canoe came off; said the King was at Karakakooa.380 Bent cables. Captain Davis gave Kanakas each a suit of clothes. Wednesday, 30 June. Fine breeze. At two up with Kohalla Point.381 At five got into the Bay of Tohai.382 Mr. Young, with Captain Winship came on board; sent for Captain Nye; thought it best to go on to Karakkooa. Light winds. O'Cain lay at anchor. Morning, light, baffling airs. Thursday, 1 July. Light winds. At nine in evening a strong breeze off the land. At sunrise saw the brig entering the bay. At ten came to. Sent ashore for Mr. Munroe and Captain Nye. A taboo of today, being on, no person is allowed to go on the water this third day. Friday, 2 July. Nothing of consequence going on. Morning, loosed sails, scraped topmasts, mending topgallant-sails. Saw the O'Cain at eight standing for harbour. At eleven Captains Davis and Nye, etc., went out to meet her. Saturday, 3 July. O'Cain came to at one to two o'clock. Got a small anchor and hawser out. Brig's tailor on board making clothes for some Lascars left by the brig Brutus.888 At daylight the boat with Mr. Young and four men from O'Cain, boat and brig's boat went after the King. Overhauling topgallant-yards. Sunday, 4 July. Making preparations for the captain's dinner on board tomorrow. A number of women on board this night. Captain 379. Mauna Kea, height 13,825 feet. 380. Kealakekua Bay, the scene of Captain Cook's death, February 1779. 381. Kohala Point, the northwestern extremity of the island of Hawaii; sometimes called Upola Point. The Toyahyah Point of the early traders. 382. Kawaihae Bay. Mr. Young is the celebrated John Young, the adviser of Kamehameha. 383. The brig Brutus arrived in Boston 13 June 1816, under Thomas Meek, from the Northwest Coast and Canton, after an absence of seven years. 144 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 Nye told me I might stay on board Isabella—he would pay me my July wages. No comments. Morning, at nine the King arrived; such of people went ashore. Captain Davis gave liquor and small trade. Monday, 5 July. Ship Isabella. The captains with King, several others dined on board. At twelve fired six guns from each vessel. Played "Hail Columbia" with several other marches. The day was spent in mirth and entertainments and closed with firing guns at sunset. Heard of the arrival of ship Albatross at the windward side the island.384 Morning, those of the several ships' companies who did not go on shore yesterday went today, receiving as a present looking glasses, etc., and liquor. Had a dinner such as could be procured in the place. All was harmony. Now of the brig: Mr. Lear got his discharge for misconduct on board yesterday.385 Mr. Mumford being in liquor turned out about ten in evening, insisted on Captain Nye's drinking some drink with him.386 He called the people aft to take care of him as he was afraid. They persuaded him into his berth—then the heads — more hereafter. Mr. Lang was immediately made second officer.387 Mr. Munroe, a passenger was discharged as I learnt by port.388 Shipped on board as boatswain, David Christi. Tuesday, 6 July. Repairing sails and other small jobs on board ship. 384. The New Hazard had met the Albatross at Kawaihae Bay on 23 October 1812; see entry for that date, 29 October and 4 November 1812. 385. Mr. Lear had been second mate since 9 November 1812. Before that he was mate of the Pedler, was discharged at Kaigahnee, and on 12 September 1812 came aboard the brig for a passage to "the islands." After Mr. Hewes' discharge on 2 November 1812 at Honolulu Mr. Lear became second mate. 386. The trouble regarding Mr. Mumford was arranged on the seventh and he sailed on the brig for Boston on the twenty-seventh as "third officer and passenger." It is strange that our author has not changed his dates; he is celebrating 4 July on the fifth. 387. Samuel Lang who sailed from Boston as tible-bodied seaman, became third mate in September 1811 when William B. Hall obtained his discharge; and is now promoted to second mate. 388. Joseph Munroe. This man was allowed to go as passenger; see the entry for next day and also that for 27 July. Fourth Visit to Hawaiian Islands 145 At sunset those who went ashore returned well pleased with the diversions of the day. A man having his discharge from Isabella went on board the brig, James Rogers.389 Captain Nye sent Messrs. Mumford and Lear word it was uncertain whether the brig would go to Woahoo. They had better get their things out. At ten Mr. Mumford came on board Isabella; spoke to Captain Winship about his situation, stating the condition he was in at the time; that he had offered to Captain Nye any concession he should think fit to ask—but was not admitted to anything of kind—requesting his and Captain Davis' interposition in his behalf that he might yet be allowed to go home in the brig. Mr. Munroe permitted to stay on board during good behaviour!!! Overhauling ship, provisions, etc.; found thirty-eight barrels bread—what else I don't know; paying off Kanakas. Wednesday, 7 July. Captains dined on board brig. By the influence of Davis and Winship Mr. Mumford was permitted to remain in brig. Ships O'Cain and Isabella carrying things ashore for King: a sedan chair, two bedsteads, nankeens, shoes, hats, bread, etc. Swayed up topgallant-yards. Unmoored ship. At ten got under weigh, with fine breeze, for Woahoo.390 Morning, light breeze; making an awning; passenger, a head man for Woahoo, sent by the King, with several women. Thursday, 8 July. Light wind. Passed Lanai at eight in evening. Morning, hoisted signal. Captains Whittemore and Winship, who was left to collect wood and a Mr. Hunt, commander-in-chief, came on board.391 Came to at nine; captains went ashore. Friday, 9 July. Ship Isabella. Making an awning for the after part 389. James Rogers is listed as one of the seamen for the return to Boston; see entry for 27 July 1813. 390. Oahu. 391. Isaac Whittemore, the master of ship Charon; Jonathan Winship, master of ship O'Cain; Wilson Price Hunt, the representative of Astor in connection with Pacific Fur Company affairs. Hunt had been left at Oahu by the Beaver in January 1813 when she sailed for Canton. "Wood" is, of course, sandalwood. 146 The Voyage of the New Hazard quarter deck. Learned by the Indians that the captains had been abusing Mr. Holmes,392 a resident of the island—in authority by the King: that Whittemore fired, or attempted it, at him with one of his pistols; some others kicking and abusing him with abusive language—saying they were Kings of this island (Woahoo). The Indians very angry, wanting to fight and kill the white people. At seven in evening sent of express for the music to go ashore, where they kept us playing till two in morning.398 Slept ashore all night. At eight went down to the water, found Isabella was in and moored; O'Cain was towing in. Being late brig stayed outside; after breakfast clearing decks. Making scallops for awning, etc. Saturday, 10 July. News from shore: the captain had sat in judgment upon Jackson, a man collecting wood for Captain Winship, decreed eight dozen—he having timely notice secreted himself. Brig having a topmast made ashore out of an old trysail-mast of hers. Morning- brig towed in ;894 sent down her main-topmast. Overhauling purchase blocks. Sunday, 11 July. Got up derrick. At work on awning. Captain Davis sick. Went ashore with armourer and slept at the cooper's. Morning, got out some boxes of beads and other things for Mr. Hunt, superintendent and commander-in-chief at Columbia River.895 Captain Davis much recovered so as to be on board. Three people spoke for discharge to go in brig—a final answer tomorrow. All but four ashore. Canterbury shipped on board Isabella896— is false. 392. Probably Oliver Holmes, who in October 1793 had been left there honourably discharged from the ship Margaret. See Thirty-eighth Annual Report of Hawaiian Historical Society for»the year 1920 (Honolulu, 1930), p. 38. 393. Again, Reynolds' fondness for music. 394. Into Honolulu Harbour. 395. It would seem from this that Hunt still believed the Astoria venture would proceed. 396. Samuel Canterbury shipped on 6 April 1813 at Whampoa, on the New Hazard and continued with her to the end of the voyage. See the list of the crew in entry for 27 July 1813, post. Fourth Visit to Hawaiian Islands 147 Monday, 12 July. Two men on board, others ashore. Captain Davis sent for his organ. In evening myself with the person, Thos. H. Vose, went ashore for an hour or two. Morning, saw a sail off—a schooner. She hoisted a private signal, a white flag with letter K in center. Some thought she had an English Jack at her peak. Mr. Davis, the pilot, went off; soon after he got on board she hoisted the brig's private signal. Captain Nye thought otherwise but proved so. All ships were shooting guns. When she got in hail found it to be the schooner Tamaahmaah, Captain Porter, who brought out orders for the ships on the Northwest Coast (viz.) brig Lydia, Bennett; brig Pedler, Clarke; ship Athahualpa, Suter; ship Packet, Bacon. Tuesday, 13 July. Isabella. Guns firing briskly on board the different vessels. Music playing ashore, fifing, drumming, etc. Captain Porter would disclose nothing important unless he might be paid, at what price did not learn. Slept ashore. Morning, had orders from Mr. Tyler to go on board the brig again. Jona. Pierce shipped as did several others—names yet unknown. Judah Wings, a man belonging to the Charon, Whittemore, have the liberty of the day in company with Saml. W. Fales and armourer of Isabella. Wednesday, 14 July. Brig New Hazard. Took a walk up into the country. Morning, went aboard brig again; found several people who had shipped on board brig. Lovering and Gore were ashore. Gore came after his chest; said he was turned ashore—not so.897 Getting water; putting rigging in order, having got a new topmast and jib- boom. Thursday, 15 July. Variously employed in small jobs. In evening found on board the schooner Tamaahmaah, who knew several persons of our vicinity; learned from him, some of them were settled in life, others in way for it. Stowing water, provisions, etc., in steerage. 397. Nevertheless Gore did not sail with the brig; see entry for 18 July, post; also 19 July. 148 The Voyage of the New Hazard Morning, employed watering and preparing for sea. J. Wings on board. Let schooner have a Canton cable. Friday, 16 July. Making preparations for sea. Got liberty to go ashore in evening. Morning, clearing up decks, unmooring ship. Got bread, beef, clothes, shoes, and boots from schooner, various stores, etc. Saturday, 17 July. Got in mooring lines; cleared decks; some went ashore. Carpenter of ship Pennsylvania Packet came on board and who else I don't know. The present crew are not on board, who they are I am unable to say; after we get to sea we shall endeavor to enumerate. Morning, cleared decks; hoisted colours, some said it was Sunday. No persons allowed to go out of ship—all hands mustered— found twenty-seven forward.898 Sunday, 18 July. Fifing and drumming the most of anything going on. Several persons went ashore in evening. Gore came on board again. Morning, unmoored, got under weigh, ran outside; came to. Cleared decks; sent boat with six people ashore; had orders got immediately under weigh again; lay off and on. Christi, the boatswain, went ashore; got drunk; abused Hunt and Whittemore; they beat him; in morning had to go ask their pardon; leave the brig. Monday, 19 July. Brig New Hazard. At 3 p.m. Captains Whittemore and Porter came off with Captain Nye. Fired five guns each. Bore away for Attooi. Left Isabella, Davis, O'Cain, Winship, Albatross, Smith, in Woahoo. The schooner sails very fast, beating the fast sailing brig New Hazard!!! !899 as also the Charon—Christi not coming off, I presume he would not ask the gentlemen's pardon.400 Gore went 398. The larger number, thirty-four in all, on the return, against twenty-four on the outward voyage is, doubtless, owing to the war. 399. The schooner Tamaahmaah outsails the New Hazard. 400. David Christi, the boatswain mentioned in entry of 5 July, as having been engaged for the return voyage. See entry for 18 July also. Fourth Visit to Hawaiian Islands 149 on board Whittemore to get some clothes, which he said was to be given to him; did not come off. Sailed along very well till dark, when schooner and ship bore away for Northwest Coast and California. At twelve hauled up mainsail, single reefed topsails. At eight close in with land. Came to at nine; drifted; got under weigh. Captain Nye had gone ashore; came off; brought to at twelve. Tuesday, 20 July. Captain went ashore,watch and watch. Morning, saw two sail coming down before the wind. At eight came to. The Isabella and Albatross; at seven O'Cain in sight. At nine came to. Went with our boat, carried captains ashore. Drawing yarns, etc. Mr. Lear401 chief officer Albatross. Wednesday, 21 July. Knotting yarns, making swabs, etc. Morning, chief officer sent boat ashore with girls; people made jump overboard and swim through surf. Went ashore with captain; sent boat to get axes and cut up some wood. Taking cloth out fore-sail; getting in hogs; killing and salting pork. Thursday, 22 July. Went ashore with our instruments to play. Slept ashore. Came off early in morning. Salting pork; mending fore-sail. Boat carried girls ashore. Got off wood. Friday, 23 July. Variously employed in ship's duty. First part night employed killing hogs. Morning, salting pork; mending sails. Wind fresh; taking in produce. Saturday, 24 July. Blowing fresh. Stowed seven barrels pork; trimmed by cooper of Albatross; night killed fifteen hogs. Wind continued fresh. Morning, salting pork. Captain came off; with him Captain Smith. At ten cleared starboard anchor and let go. Salting pork. Mending fore-topsail. 401. Mr. Lear who had been second mate of the New Hazard from 9 November 1812 until his discharge on 5 July at Kealakekua Bay. 150 The Voyage of the New Hazard Sunday, 25 July. Brig New Hazard. Went ashore to cut up some firewood. Captain gave me liberty to sleep ashore. Morning, hove up the small-bower. Got off wood. Captain came off; went ashore; gave orders for boat to be hoisted in. Everything ready for getting under weigh. Monday, 26 July. Hoisted in boat, etc. At three calm; hove in slack cable. At four Captains Winship, Davis, Smith, and Mr. Hunt, governor of Columbia River Company, came on board; after taking a parting glass fired five guns and company parted. Got under weigh,402 wind light. At eight squally; split flying jib. A pleasant morning; got in flying jib; stowed anchors; housed guns. Tuesday, 27 July. Now we are homeward bound. The following is a list of the brig's company (viz.) : Cabin: David Nye, master Samuel Gale, first officer Samuel Lang, second officer Mr. Mumford, third officer and passenger Nathaniel Woodbury, clerk Joseph Munroe, passenger Mr. Brown, passenger Robin Morris, steward Forward: William Loridon, captain's apprentice Perez Bumpus, captain's apprentice Joseph Dolbere, boy Stephen Francis, cabin cook James Williams, ship cook James Traverse, ordinary seaman Perry, ordinary seaman John Lovering, ordinary seaman John Newman, blackman Ephriam Snelling, carpenter Leonard Bowman, armourer Richard Palmer, tailor Thomas Wilkinson, carpenter of ship Packet Epaphroditus Lavare, seaman Lawrence Hanson, seaman Stephen Finear, seaman Alexander Denny, seaman John Cummings, seaman Jude Wing, seaman Joseph Jordan, seaman Jonathan Pierce, ordinary seaman James Rogers, ordinary seaman William Porter, ordinary seaman Samuel Canterbury, ordinary seaman Stephen Runnels, ordinary seaman Robert Bancroft, ordinary seaman 402. The New Hazard leaves Kauai for Boston by way of Cape Horn —a most unusual course for a New England vessel to take, homeward bound. 1. Towards New England 151 Allowance of water three quarts. Mending flying jib. Coiled down cables. Morning, sent up fore-royal mast. Mending fore-topsail. Saw land; supposed to be Owyhee. From Atooi (Kauai) the New Hazard took her departure; and on 27 July, as the extract shows, saw land which was plainly Hawaii. Each day the brig made her regular southing, through pleasant seas with easy breezes and just enough squally weather to break the monotony. On 2 August the journal has the following: "In serving water captain said give two quarts—if it should not be enough come for more. At eight he said no need of mast-head watch in night." It is difficult in this conduct to recognize the Captain David Nye with whom we have been shipmates for the past three years. Then light winds and moderate breezes carried the New Hazard steadily easterly and southerly towards the equator. On 16 August the meridian observation gave o° $$' south. "By observation we crossed the line about three o'clock a.m." There followed a week of strong breezes and fresh gales. By 21 August the brig was in latitude 13°42/ south. The next day the journal says: "Looking out for two or three islands, small and low—one called Recreation. At five saw one on the lee-bow about five miles distant; about two miles in length; low; could not see the breadth—judged half a mile." This island had been discovered by Roggewein in June 1722, and by him called Verquikking. Its identity has not been determined, but it may be Captain Cook's Ulietea (Raiaetea), one of the Society Islands. The New Hazard ranged along and appears to have reached Tahiti. The narrative is again resumed in the words of the journal, as the New Hazard made a stay of about five days. Tuesday, 24 August. Fine breeze, running along the land. At five came to in a fine bay. An English boat came alongside belonging to a brig from Port Jackson, Botany Bay. Learned an English letter of 152 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 marque had left here six weeks since. The captain of the brig per- August suaded our captain to go farther to leeward for a harbour. At daylight got under weigh; ran down to the harbour; the entrance is very narrow. Just after passing by the narrows got upon a rock and stopped. Started several casks of water which was on deck; got boats out; carried out kedge; got a hawser from brig, carried out astern, hove it home. Got out small-bower; hove off; came to in eight fathoms good bottom. Got anchors and cables on board again. Carried out small-bower for mooring anchor. Wednesday, 24 A ugust (sic). Getting down topmast to fix main cap. Taking off a cloth from after leach trysail. Carpenter went ashore to cut a piece for new main cap. Morning, carried water casks ashore to fill. Armourer went ashore; set up a forge belonging to Captain Walker. Carpenter making cap; setting up bobstays, headstays, etc. Thursday, 25 August. Saw a sail coming from the westward; proved to be the Queen Charlotte brig belonging to Port Jackson; came to in Upper Harbour. Captains Walker and Nye went up. At sunset they came on board us and supped. Each was afraid of the other. A story in circulation Walker was going to set the Indians against us and act in concert with the other brig and make us a prize; sent for Walker at eight; denied the whole as groundless; shotted our guns. Morning, got off water. Put two casks of water in forecastle. Kept a guard for natives. Captains Walker and Shelly with Mrs. Walker dined on board. Bought a violin for our amusement. Friday, 26 August. Bent the fore-sail and fore-topsail over; with sundry small jobs. The crew of Captain Walker went ashore and got the person who told us about Captain Walker's setting the Indians- to take us. All hands cobbed him. Then put him in irons with an intention to carry him to Port Jackson. Morning, towing off water; at nine main cap came off; swayed up topmast. Saturday, 27 August. Setting up rigging. At four in the morning: Towards New England 153 called all hands; went in long-boat; weighed small-bower; hove up; towed out; Captain Walker came in his boat; got out; went ashore with long-boat; got eleven hogs and cask of pork out of brig; got boats in; lay off and on for some hogs. Sunday, 29 August (sic). Wind fresh. At one a canoe came alongside with several hogs, in which the King and company went ashore. Filled away; set topgallant-steersails. At two wind light from westward. At five gentle breeze. At eight, passed the small island to the southward of Otahite. At twelve calm; at three a light breeze, southeast. Morning, a fresh breeze. The watch employed in overhauling, stowing in casks, and squeezing limes. Latitude observed 180 29' south. Monday, 30 A ugust. Fine breeze; wind southeast. Squeezing limes. Middle, strong breeze. Morning, all hands housed guns. Built hogpen by placing spars cop-house fashion each side the long-boat, about halfway between the side and boat. Latitude observed, 21 ° 18' south.' Tuesday, 31^ ugust. Pleasant weather, light breeze. Watch paying cables below, with sundry small jobs, but mostly eating coconuts. From four to six all attention to hear the violin—nothing else to do. Who would have thought to have seen such times fifteen months ago? Morning, mending lower steering sail; drawing yarns; setting steer- sail. Next to calm. At daylight saw land to leeward, supposed to be the island where the crew of Governor Blythe resorted to, putting him and his boat's crew into the boat and turning them adrift. Second mate, Mr. Lang, sick. On 1 September 1813 the New Hazard is "drifting along the land" which, if the surmise of the day before be correct, is Pitcairn Island, though that is only six or seven miles long. The latitude that day was 23°33' south. In squally broken weather the brig makes steady south- 154 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 ing and on 6 September sees the island of Rapa (Oparo). This would September seem to show that the guess of 31 August was wrong. Day by day in calm and storm the New Hazard slowly makes her way Cape Horn-ward; and by 24 September had reached 41 ° 35' south latitude. That day's entry has the following human touch: "Captain Nye and Mr. Gale have not spoken in good terms for near a fortnight. Now Mr. Gale goes not into the cabin to get his victuals with the captain, nor, as I learn, at all." Two days later, their relations seem less strained. The journal says: "Captain Nye and Mr. Gale in better terms; told Mr. Gale to rip up one of boat's sails, draw it for twine to mend fore-sail Captain Nye asked steward if people had eat two barrels molasses since leaving Canton. He said, 'No, one barrel had leaked out.' Mr. Gale said: 'No there was not two quarts leaked.' After some words with the steward struck him for contradicting him before the captain. Captain said if the molasses leaked he would give people sugar and do without himself!!!! How good! ain't he?" Our author on 2 October has a long account of a wordy strife between Captain Nye and Mr. Gale: "Mr. Gale called people everything. Captain and he had nearly the following dialogue: "Captain: Don't let me hear you talk so about the people; they do as they are told as far as I can see. "Mr. Gale: I don't care. I can do my duty as well as anyone inside the vessel! "Captain: None of your hints. When you mean me speak out. If you know as much as I do it is time for you to go below. You want to be confined to your stateroom. If I hear any more of your jaw I'll confine you there till you get to Boston. "Mr. Gale: I don't want to be confined there. I wish to do my duty on deck. "Captain: I wish I had discharged you when you asked me. You would not ask me when I was where I could get anybody else. I told you you might go on the coast if you would get one in your room. (ftt Plates X and XI. Crew List of the brig New as she sailed from Boston, dated g October 1810. Plate XII. Endorsement on the back of the Crew List of the brig New Hazard concerning changes in the crew, dated 23 December 1813. Towards New England 155 "Mr. Gale: I would have given $200 for somebody in my stead 1813 but could get no one. September "Captain: You would not ask me in Canton, where I could get enough in your stead. "Gale: No sir, there was no chance of getting home. "Captain: Nor the Sandwich Islands where I could get people. Where there was no one then you would ask. "Mr. Gale: I wished to get home. "Captain Nye: If ever I go to sea again I will discharge any man whenever he requests it. I want no more talk. Take and reeve some new sheets. "One was rove. "N.B. Much more about discharge, duty, work, helping on deck, in watch below—threats about future behaviour passed, which is here omitted, but served at the time to heighten the discourse considerably and add to the satisfaction which sailors have in hearing such conversation between captain and officers." The health of the crew is always of prime importance and the fol-. lowing from the entries of 25 and 29 September are quoted: "The following are invalid, viz.: Jude Wing, piles; Leonard Bowman, humours; John Newman, blackman, feverish; Jona. B. Pierce, do; Alex. Denny, do; myself, sore feet; William Porter with his broken arm/' Four days later our author enters upon this subject once more. He says: "Being bread day received five pounds, those who are invalids three pounds, viz., Jude Wing with piles; William Porter, broken arm; A. Denny, cold; armourer been taking mercury and other physic for humours." On 8 October the brig reaches her farthest south, latitude 59 ° but while south of Cape Horn she is 550 miles west of that dreaded point. That day the New Hazard finds herself in a Cape Horn gale. The record is eloquent because it is so laconic: "At five a sea came in on larboard quarter; knocked down the man at the wheel (the same who fell overboard when the topmast was carried away) cut a large gash over 156 The Voyage of the New Hazard one eye and bruised him badly. Broke the wheel to pieces, necessary bulwarks, etc. Called all hands, set trysail and fore-topmast-staysail. At six shipped a sea upon larboard bow, knocked away bulwarks as far as forward part fore rigging and broke the tiller. Set fore-sail. Kept before the sea which was most tremendous, but we made excellent weather all things considered. Set main-topsail; it one half tore from foot rope; unbent and bent another; rainy most of time. Spliced main brace twice!! !" Though this was the heaviest of the gale it continued for the next five days; but in that time the brig had rounded Cape Horn and reached 51 ° 19' south latitude. Twenty-one October found them well up on the Argentine coast in latitude 38°. The journal for that day says: "Found by calculation we have run 5000 miles in thirty days." The next two weeks the journal shows the brig steadily pressing northward though sometimes very slowly; for example, on 31 October it was "calm, Calm, Calm, Calm," and only thirty miles were covered in that twenty-four hours. On 27 October the record shows that they opened the fore hatch to get bread and found a quantity of "Canton bread, brought out to Sandwich Islands in ship Albatross in 1812." By 3 November, the brig had reached 150 45' south latitude. The day before they had just got their guns "in strict readiness" when the man at the mast-head sang out: "Sail O! upon weather bow, north northeast bearing," and immediately the brig tacked to the southeastward. The strange "sail having stood on the same tack now bore north northeast hull up. At half past twelve (noon) in steersails, staysails, etc., close-hauled upon wind. She appeared to show colours; hoisted ours; tacked ship southeast; fired a gun to leeward which was answered; hauled up courses. At four she hove about to northward, hoisted English Jack at main royal mast-head; hove about to north northwest; set staysails and royals; soon left her astern, upon which she tacked about to southeast; we kept on." That day (3 November) there was some trouble on board which the journal describes in this wise: "At four steward and Alexander Towards New England 157 Denny had some words about allowance of bread; upon which Denny 1813 struck steward. The captain struck Denny several times with spy- November glass; sent him to fore-topgallant-mast-head; and a man (Perry) to main-topgallant head because he went to see what was the matter." All was uneasiness now; and every sail was evaded. On 4 November the journal records: "At half past four man at mast-head espied a sail on the lee-bow, bearing west southwest appearing to stand southerly. At six was out of sight (off deck). . . . N.B. The above sail appeared to have a very short mast standing forward, rather taut aft." The sight of these two sails in two days has its effect: on the fifth the journal reads: "Got waist cloths for a review when we shall see John Bull." On 7 November Cape St. Augustin bore about northwest, distant nearly 223 miles. On the tenth along the coast of Brazil several catamarans were seen, engaged in fishing. When abreast of Pernambuco a sail was sighted, which the New Hazard soon overhauled. She proved to be Portuguese and informed them that the war was still on, between the United States and Great Britain. The equator was crossed on the morning of 15 November. Two days later at ten o'clock at night they had the first sight of home—the polar star. Provisions were running low; the bread was reduced to five pounds per week. On 13 December a sail was seen. The New Hazard was not anxious to be overtaken by any vessel and crowding on all sail soon put her down the horizon. Nearing home its pleasant anticipation was clouded by the thought of possible capture and all that that then meant. On 22 December another sail was seen. Again the same tenseness. The stranger hove to and showed Swedish colours; the New Hazard ran up the English Jack. Now let the journal speak: "When we were within gunshot of her she filled away. Fired a gun at her upon which she hove to. Captain Nye ordered the boat to come on board with his papers, which he did when we hoisted American colours. Captain Nye went on board. Got our boat out, went on board. Captain bought a barrel of flour, of bread, of ham, of potatoes, a keg of 158 The Voyage of the New Hazard 1813 cider, a few bottles of porter, a box of candles, etc. This proved to be December the brig Robert, Captain Clarkson. News: Several English men-of- war were in Long Island Sound. The principal harbours in the United States were blockaded, etc., together with such other news as might be expected from the situation of the country." It seems well to quote verbatim the entries for the last two or three days: Friday, 24 December. Driving the vessel in order to be in with the land by evening. Reefed topsails at ten. Split fore-topgallant-sail; sent down yard; bent another; wind fresh; kept it below. Took several latitudes of north polar star; proved correct. Sunrise saw land which was called Martha's Vineyard, bearing northeast. At eight, more land east. At nine saw a sail standing down before the wind towards us; called all hands; made sail; up royal masts. Half past nine saw another sail standing for us. Being in with land Captain Nye consulted one of the foremast hands who told him he might run into Buzzard's Bay, by which means we got under the blessing of Almighty God. Took a pilot at eleven. In entering by New Bedford lighthouse got aground. Captain went directly ashore. Saturday, 25 December. Captain came off at two. At six floated off; ran nearly up; anchored. At seven got under weigh; ran alongside the wharf at half past eight o'clock. Unbent sails; sent down topgallant- masts. THE END 1 The Voyage of the New Hazard to the Northwest Coast, Hawaii and Chinay 1810-1813, by Stephen Reynolds, a member of the crew, edited by Judge F. W. Ho way, f.r.s.c, has been printed for the Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts, by The Southworth-Anthoensen Press, Portland, Maine. The edition consists of one hundred copies on Sterling antique paper, numbered from 1 to 100, and five hundred copies on a special rag paper.
Includes bibliographic references Copy digitized appears to be the editor's personal copy. Tipped in addendum to page xi Other copies : http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30145537 Part of: Wallace B. Chung and Madeline H. Chung Collection
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English
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Salem : Peabody Museum
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Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. FC3821.1 .R495 1938
New Hazard (Brig)
Voyages to the Pacific coast
Voyages and travels
Seafaring life
The voyage of the New Hazard to the Northwest Coast, Hawaii and China, 1810-1813
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