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British Columbia Historical Books Collection
Marchand's voyage round the world
Fleurieu, C. P. Claret (Charles Pierre Claret), comte de, 1738-1810
"Translated from the French of C.P Claret Fleurieu, of the National Institute of Arts and Sciences, and of the Board of Longitude of France. ; Vol. II. London: Printed for T.N. Longman and O. Rees, Paternoster-Row ; and T. Cadell, Jun. and W. Davies, in the strand. 1801—Title page "A translation of the introductory essay, the narrative and the notes only." -- Strathern, G. M., & Edwards, M. H. (1970). Navigations, traffiques & discoveries, 1774-1848: A guide to publications relating to the area now British Columbia. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 96.
xiii, 633, [105] pages : map (folded) ; 22 cm
application/pdf
OF THE KNOIVN PARTS OE THE GLOBE BETWEEN THE SEEEJ&TLETEL PARALLEL NORTH AND THE SETTEE TH SOL TH, To illustrate the voyage round the wo rid performed in 1790,1791, and 1792, by Captain ETIENNE Marchand ConstructedAstronomical Observations, VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD, PERFORMED DURING THE YEARS 1790, 1791, AND 1792, BY ETIENNE MARCHAND, PRECEDED BY A HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION^ AND Sllustratct! feg Ctyxiz, etc TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH O F C. P. CLARET FLEURIEU, OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, AND OF THE BOARD OF LONGITUDE Ok' FRANCE. VOL. II. LONDON: PRINTED FOR T. N; LONGMAN AND O. REES, PATERNOSTER-ROW ; AND T. CADELL, JUN. A.VD W. DAVIES, IN THE STRAND. 1801. «^*ffRg>» H. Baldwin and Son, Printers New Bridge-street^ London* CONTENTS THE SECOND VOLUME. CHAPTER VII. Passage from ihe North-weft Coaft ^America to the Sandwich Iflands.—Captain Mar- chand 'provides hlmjelf with refrejhments there, without anchoring,—Inquiries concerning the queftion, To whom belongs the firft difcovery of thofe iflands ?—The perpendicular height of fome of the mountains of thefe iflands determined by approximation. — Run from the Sandwich Iflands to Macao, through the Archipelago of the Mary-Anne Iflands.— Occurrences at Macao.—The introduclion of furs into China, by the fouthern ports, had juft been prohibited.—General confederations refpetting the prefent flate of the fur-trade\ and what may be expecled from it in future. CHAPTER VIII. Departure from Macao. —Pajfage of the China Sea.—Reclification of the Chart of a 2 that that Sea.—The Solide paffes through Gaf- par's Strait between the Iflands of Banca and Billiton. — New Plan of the two Straits which prefent themfelves between thofe Iflands. .—Thofe. Straits preferable to that of Banca. -"Navigation from Gafpar\r Strait to the Ifle ^France.—Arrival at Port du Nord-Oueft (Port North-weft) inthel&ft-mentioned ifland. -—Tranfactions there 120 CHAPTER IX. Departure from the Ifle of France. — The Solide touches at the Ifle of Bourbon, now called the Ifle of Reunion, in order to load there with coffee.—Run from that ifland to St. Helena.—Stay at this latter ifland.— Directions for anchoring in its road.—Various confederations refpecling St. Helena.—Advantages of its fituation, and of that of Gibraltar to the nation which occupies thofe two rocks.— Navigation from St Helena to the Strait of Gibraltar.—The Solide returns to Toulon. —On the length of voyages round the World and the means which, might floor!en it. —- Praifes due to the owners of the fioip, to the Captain, and to the officers.—Utility of the new methods for determining at fea the pofition of'the Jhip.. .." ... j6i P. S. Success of the Expedition , 236 FoeABU- CONTENTS. V *AGB Vocabulary of Wahitaho (or Mend ana's Santa Chriftina) one of the Iflands of the Archipelago of the Marque fas de Mendoca. 253 Vocabulary of Tchinkitanay, on the north- weft coaft of America, in the latitude of 570 north • 258 Additions to the Narrative of the Voyage 268 Ift. For the Introduction ibid. llnd. For the Iflands called Las Marquefas de Mendoca 270 Illrd. For the Group of Iflands fituated to the ' north-Weft of the Marquefas de Mendoca : 280 - Extract from the Journal of Lieutenant ' Hergeft 285 IVth. For the Ifland of Tinian 307 Results of the obfervations for the latitude and longitude made on board the fhip Solide, in the' courfe of her Voyage round the World, Jerving to determine the changes occafioned by the Currents in the apparent courfe and rate of failing of the fhip, in the different tracts of fea which jhe crcffed, as well as the error in the calculation of the dead reckoning in the int-erval of the obfervations, and at the period of each landfall 314 Ift. Run. From the Strait (/Gibraltar to the Cape de Verd Iflands. 321 a 3 JNote Vi CONTENTS, PAGE Note I. i<)th December 1790 ...... 321 II. tfh January i^yi 322 III. gth ditto 328 IV. 14th ditto 329 Ilnd. Run. From the Cape de V£rd Iflands to within fight of Staten Land 331 Note V. iStb January ib. VI. 6th February 334 VII. Jth, %th, and yth ditto 335 VIII. 12th ditto 336 IX. i$tb ditto 33 7 X. 16th ditto ib. XI. wm ditto 339 XII. %th, yth and 10th of March .. 342 XIII. ioth, nth, 11th, and i$tb ditto 349 XIV. 2id, and 13rdMarch 1791 ... . 352 XV. i$th ditto 354 XVI. 27/^ ditto ib, XVII. i%th'ditto 3$$ XVIII. 30th ditto 356 XIX. ift April , 357 'Table of Comparison of the progrefs in longitude deduced from the obfervations, with that given by the dead reckoning in the Run from the Cape de Verd Iflands to Staten Land e.. (facing 362 llhd Run. From Staten Land to the Mar- 1 qucfas de Mendoqa 364 HI t* Note CONTENTS. Vll PAGE Note XX. utb of April 364 XXI. 19/A ditto 365 XXII. 24th and 2$tb ditto 367 XXIII. %tb and 9th May 370 XXIV. 12th ditto 1791 37r XXV. 23rd ditto 372 XXVI. 24/^, a$ih, 26th and 27th ditto 373 XXVII. 6th, ytb, and %th of June 376 . XXVIII. 10th ditto 377 XXIX. nth and 12th ditto 378 Table of the Errors of the Dead Reckoning in the IllrdRun 382 I XXX. Geographical pofition of the Marquefas de Mendoca, according to the obfervations matte in Cook's Second Voyage 383 IVth Run. From the Iflands called Las Marquefas de Mendoca to the North-weft coaft of America 385 Note XXXI. 22nd June jb. X^XII. 24th ditto f 386 XXXIII. 2stb ditto ib. XXXIV. 30th ditto . 387 XXXV. 23rd July M • JppCVI. 24th ditto 392 XXXVII. 26th ditto 393 XXXVIII. ^th Auguft ib. XXXIX. ^th ditto 394 a 4 Table p x' viii CONTENTS. PAGE 1 Table of the Errors of the Dead Reckoning in the IVth Run ............. 398 Vth Run. From the North weft coaft of America to the Sandwich Iflands........ 403 Note XL. lift Auguft ib. XLI. 23rd ditto 404 XLII. ift September , . 405 XLIII. 4th ditto 406 XLIV. Sth ditto 407 XLV. 1 yth ditto. ib. XLVI. 21ft ditto . ■. 408 XLVII. 23rd ditto 409 XLVIII, 30th September ib. XLIX. ift Oclober 410 L. 3rd ditto .. ib. LI. 4th ditto o , I 411 Table of the Errors of the Dead Reckoning in the Vth Run (facing) 414 Vlth Run. From the Sandwich Iflands to the Mary-Anne Iflands and to Macao ...... 416 Note 111. ith Oclober , ib. LUI. ir^thAitto 417 LIV. 2Qth ditto 418 LV. 23rd ditto ib. LVI. 2nd November 419 LVII. 4th ditto 420 LVIII. 16fh ditto 423 LIX. \%tb ditto 424 Table CONTENTS. IX PAGT Table of the Errors of the Dead Reckoning in the Vlth Run 428 VHth Run. From Macao to the Ifle of France 430 Note LX. nth of December. For the geographical pofitions of Macao, Pu- lo-Condore, Pulo-Aor andPulo- Sapata ib. LXI. Rectification of the chart of the China Sea 451 LXII. 21JI, 22nd, and 23rdditto. Obfervations and Bearings taken in GafparY Strait; and Analysis of the general chart of the two Straits fituated between the Ifland of"Banca andthat of Billiton, known by the name of Gafpar'j Strait, and Clements' Strait, with failing direclions relative to the two paffages .... 456 Of the various charts of thefe Straits, publifhed or known to this day 457 Of the Weft Pajfage or Gafpar'j Strait 461 Breakers to the northward of Banca ib. To fix the. latitude cf Gafpar Ifland 465 Of its longitude 472 Pofition of the Warren Haftings'j- Shoal .... 474 Of other Shoals to the north-weft and to the north of Gafpar Ifland 481 Pofition of the Eaft Point of Banca in regard to other points 494 Of x CONTENTS. PAGE Of its latitude y 495 fo fix by approximation the pofition. of the Mountain ferving as a land-mark on Banca 497 Pofition ef Middle Ifland in regard to ether points 499 Pofition of the iflands in the Bay or Gulf fituated to the northward of the Peninfula of Sel . . 503 Pofition of the North-eaft point*of the Peninfula in regard to other points 506 Bearing of the eaft coaft of the Peninfula .... 509 Shoals and Breakers to the north-eaft of the North-eaft point of the Peninfula 512 Of the two Groups of fmall iflands which form the Pajfages of Clements' Straits; the pofition of the one in regard to the other, and of the iflands between them. — Of the~ known Shoals in this part 514 Pofition of the lies de la ReconnoifTance (Shoalwater^^ and of the Shoals fituated to the fouthward of the Straits 538 Of the different Tracks of fhips marked on the chart $45 Sailing Directions, and Nautical Remarks for the Navigation of the Straits. 1. General Remarks on making the land, in coming to the Straits from the northward-, and on the Navigation in Gaf- par'j Strait, or the Weft PaiTage 551 i. General PAGE 2. Breakers to the northward of the Northern Coaft of Banca 556 3. Breakers to the north by weft </Gafpar Ifland and of the Warren Haftings'j Shoal.. 557 4. Gafpar Ifland and the Rock to the weftward of that Ifland 561 5. Tree Ifland, the Rocher-Navire of the French 562 6. Paffage between Gaspar Ifland and Tree Ifland (Rocher-Navire) 565 7. The Mountain ferving as a land-mark on Banca, {called by the Malays Tanjong Brekat) .... 567 8. Eaft Point of Banca 569 9. Middle or PaiTage Ifland, fometimes called Long Ifland (by the Malays Pulo-Leat) 570 10. Peninfula of Sel 572 11. South coaft of Banca 577 12. Irregularity of the foundings to the fouth ward of the Straits 580 13. Of Clements' Strait or the Eaft Paffage, in coming from the fouthward, or in coming from the northward 582 14. The Strait between Banca and Billiton to be preferred to the Strait of Banca .. 588 N. B. The fupplement to this Analysis is to be found at the .end of this volume, page 627. 4 VHIth xii CONTENTS. PAGE VHIth Run. From the Ifle of Reunion to the Ifland of St. Helena S9l Note LXIII ib. LXIV. $93 LXV ib. LXVI £95 LXVII 596 LXVIII 597 LXIX 598 LXX 599 LXXI 6oo LXXII ib. LXXIII 601 LXXIV. ib. Table of the Errors of the Dead Reckoning in the Vlllth Run 605 IXth and Last Run> From the Ifland of St. Helena to the Strait of Gibraltar and to Toulon . 608 Note LXXV , ib. LXXVI 612 LXXVII 614 LXXVIU 616 LXX1X 618 LXXX 620 Table of the Errors of the Dead Reckoning in the laft Run 622 Table of the effetl of the Currents on the Courfe and CONTENTS. Xlii PAGE and Rate of failing of the Solide, according to ihe obfervations of Latitude an,d Longitude, made on board the Ship in the courfe of her Voyage Round the World, in 1790, 1791, and 1792 624* Additions to the Refults of the Obfervations for the Latitude and Longitude. For the Analyfls of the general 'Chart of the two Straits fituated between the Ifland of Banca and that of Billiton 627 For Clements' Strait 640 Remarks on the courfe to be held on coming out of the Straits, when bound to the fouthward, after paffing the parallel of the South-east Point of Banca 644 Remarks on Gafpar\r Strait 647 Note for the Straits to the Eafi of Banca ... 655 Journal of the Route of the Ship Solide, during her Voyage round the World, in 1790, 1791 and 1792 1 m ******** ERRATUM. Page 16, Note f, for Plate V. read Plate VI. MARCHAND s VOYAGE. m Aug. DEGREES WINDS REMARKS of the AND AND ^iSkS THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. \bove the freezing point. »4»° Variable and faint, with On the nth, Mount Jul bore N. i or intervals ef calm ; fine 2°E. 3 leagues. weather* *4»5 From W. 9. W. to S. On the 12th and 13th, crofted trie ' faint, almoft calm; fine Gulf of Lyeris out of fight of land. weather. On the 14th, in the morning, faw 32>S From W. S.W. to W. Cape Sipet. In the afternoon of the faint; fine Weather. fame day, anchored in the in.ier Road 23,0 Weft, moderate breeze; of Toufont in 3 j fathom's, muady bot fine weather. tom. THE END. ■.iu.JMjJUgg 3r IN THE PRESS. July 20s l8oi. i. TRAVELS in TURKEY and GREECE, illuftrated by a Variety of Engravings, and a Chart of the LEVANT, in which the Northern Coaft - of EGYPT is accurately laid down from the recent Surveys of M. AN- DREOSSY, (General of Divifion, and Infpettor-General of the Corps of „ Artillery,) who ferved in the French Army in that i Country. Tranflated . from the French of C. S. SONNINI, Member of feveral Scientific and Literary Societies, and formerly an Officer and Engineer in the French Navy. 2. TRAVELS in the OTTOMAN EMPIRE, EGYPT, and PERSIA, performed by Order of the Government of France, during the firft fix Years of the Republic, by G. A. OLIVIER, Member of the National Infti- tute, and of the Society of Agriculture of the Department of the Seine, &c. &c Illuftrated by a Variety of Engravings. Tranflated from the French, under the Author's Infpection. 3. TRAVELS through the SOUTHERN PROVINCES of the RUSSIAN EMPIRE. Tranflated from the original German of Profeffor PALLAS, Counfellor of State to the Emperor of Ruffia, Member of the principal Literary Societies of Europe, &c. &c. By A. F. M. WILLICH, M. D. In Two Volumes, Quarto, embellifhed with near One Hundred Plates' and Maps, illuftrative of the Manners, Drefs, and Cuftoms of the various Tartar Nations, and of different Subje&s relative to the Natural Hiftory and Antiquities of a Tract of Country, extending feveral thoufand Miles in length, and never before defcribed. A few Copies of this fplendid Work will be printed on Fine Royal Paper, with Proof Impreffions of the Plates. 4. A TOUR in GERMANY. By WILLIAM RENDER, D. D. Two Volumes, O&avo. lll|fSl LATELY PUBLISHED. 1. TRAVELS in AFRICA, EGYPT, and SYRIA, from the Years 1792 to 1798. By W. G. BROWNE, 4to. Price il. us. 6d. Boards. 2. TRAVELS in PORTUGAL, and through FRANCE and SPAIN. ^To which is added, a Diflertation on the Literature of Portugal, and the Spanifh and Portugueze Languages. By HENRY FREDERICK LINK, ProfefTor at the Univerfity of Roftock, and Member of various Learned Societies. Tranflated from the German by J. HINCKLEY, Esq. With Notes by the Tranflator. In One Large Volume, O&avo, Price 9s. in Boards. 3. LETTERS written during a RESIDENCE in SPAIN and PORTUGAL. By ROBERT SOUTHEY. Second Edition. Price 8s. in Boards. 4. A JOURNEY over LAND to INDIA, partly by a Route never before^one by any European. By DONALD CAMPBELL, of Barbreck, Efq. who formerly commanded a Regiment of Cavalry in the Service of the NABOB of the CAR^ATIC. In a Series of Letters to his Son. Comprehending his Imprifonment and Shipwreck by HYDER ALLY, and his fubfequent Negociations and Tranfadtions in the Eaft. Handfomely printed on fine Wove Paper. Quarto. Price One Guinea in Boards. J TTVT rr~— Plate VI. ■wr -rf* JJHM Marckands Jfoyqge PlateY \MJSOp. Jlfajyihands royaoe. Plate IV Tootera '^""tolie. ^ee, o-Heeva-potto ^ ~-^oa Teebooai(Hoods I.J Wk / WailaJioo <w-Whattarre-oora g »o-Nateya (S.Pearo) IS?Christina) 4 Wha tt arretoah ' .Vada/ena l^o-Otto te M.mno ^Terowha Q> j /K.Georaes If) Oura o^Teoheow Neeo -heeva } -Rima f o-Haneanea /Disappointment) 0 o-Patai o"° (Hoggeweins Pernicious If) itbok&Pcuusek If) «<£ -TAHEITEE Masatea * o -Heeva-aooe (ffuunlj \ & ^ ParaMel of 17. South latitude. % 0 i Tatajhaieta I. Ohe Tootera JV.B. It has been thought unnece/sary to write all Ae Jfames inserted in, Tupias Chart':the Author has confined hintreft"to those ot'the ten. Mendoca Islands, and to a teiy others which, appear to have Seen revisited. The Orthography or" M' Reinhold Forster has beenpreserved,adthough it has not Seen, every where adopted in the Narrative. 6 Pitciirn if JK^Helljt-utp. I If Marchands Voyage. o-Heeva-poi o-Patai o% Wogseweijif Fen (hoksTate* iT-JyfyaU Maeatea /' <V) Mardumds Voyage. Plaxe.IL. I 'rtSffliiii mm US 11 iii i at him iff I. a JJiif&sc.SP-Johns SquT. iZtr/ce/uvAZ. STILTS of WAHITAHO or SANTA CHRISTINA, one of the Islands called'Las Marquesas de Mendoca, seen ui front and in pro file,half the size of those used bv the naiwes. A SBiw**"" Miir/iiiluli I'iu'iioc BateVll! n \)QQ*\jQYiit Noon. 40 \- u 3? W \T/^f > 1.*^y^\> -w ,•«*>• .Hi ■v jt/\ 1*1 : >,J0i *z> X jt\r» W ■Vj *9 f IpP"-* tt3v + r* <*• y- 477 nrU par T. ,v ■^ w f\ Iv.ilt I'oinl <>l' I >:inr:i /*' hot iff ]/ U\> ufi rr\ hff\ Knt" \*I te»\ U \ strm \tt' _15 Y W 10 H? .<<# .%C . 17///, / W j6 N V5 ^ }j.*/37 J/Au/dr//, Mr /yJ X t '> V if e *♦—^ I \\ V* 1 ^.} ^ \rntr\ tti \ Cmkt of the Strait Between Banca anaB-iLLiroR, comprising GaSTABS and CJL.EMENTA*' SlBAI$S, cttn/frutted'mit&r£/tetttfcc&'im {^the Author. :/fr CF.Beantemps Beaopre' HjxirogftiphicatJZngittrrr A> f/teJSiwg, tr/ttf (ti'niffii/d/tfft/'./Jftitti^///sitintt /f //// ..Yu/it'/tif/ J//a///////0/.l/IsamiSdauvs \t3 Jn jff V ■%00mmr_ is^cnikttaW .# // *9 \ %. \ !FmJEA( I/tVMffWS /i.l} /3o .¥"■ V £ ^ V ^ ^J Af )J/F ■« •» » V.EPl A /jar Ijo /"^wl IfO k k O Worth. I * p j*4tS<nrikI ~®>>&mgwMiiids' fjlahlel Saddle I. Zowltlandt ffuiSittnrt Clemeifik ierritotr l)(»di*!ni Suhvan StepVWJlKams ■Afif-. jU,..~.€«oy*r h'ur/ddr/wind.. Ctanatic.. .TO^gS ffilrrrsrJIa/lmtx, „ ^lorU n s k Softie tfaAai "I 4s /'///-//>//,-,/ ./;■/ 1.//1- Znm/mjOi i-J!.vr.J\it,-Mii*et,i-j;m A VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD, DURING THE YEARS lJCp, 179I, and 1792*. CHAPTER VII. Pjssage from the North-weft Coaft of America to the Sandwich Iflands. — Captain Marchand provides himfelf with refrejhments there, without anchoring. — Inquiries concerning the queftiGn, To whom belongs tloe firft difcovery of thefe iflands .?— . The perpendicular height of fome of the mountains of thefe iflands determined by approximation.—Run from the Sandwich Iflands to Macao, through the' Archipelago of the Mary-Anne Iflands.—Occur- . rences at Macao.—The introduclion of furs into -China, by the fouthern ports, had juft been prohibited.—General confiderations refpecling the prefent ft ate of the fur-trade, and what may be expected from it in future. rpHE run from the coaft of America to the Sandwich Iflands is equally deftitute of in- tereft and variety: Captain Marchand and Captain CHANAi^-macJe it their conftant bufinefs to vol. 11. b afcertain 3 marchand's voyage. [Sept. 1791. afcertain by frequent obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun, and by the daily obferva- tion of the meridian altitude of this latter luminary, what was the gradual progrefs of the fhip in longitude and latitude i and by this feries of obfervations, they were confident of making a more direct courfe, and of preciiely hitting the iflands which it was intended to make. In this run, as well as in all thofe which had preceded it, they^never neglected to determine the variation of the magnetic needle, as frequently as the weather would allow, either by azimuths, or by eafterly or wefterly ■ amplitudes. The refults of their different obfervations are to be found in the Notes that accompany this narrative, and in the Journal of the Route, which prefents the data of the calculation *. I fhali content myfelf with mentioning two remarks, which might give rife to a prefumption of the exiftence of fome iflands that have not yet been perceived, or rather met with again. In the night between the 14th and 15th, there was taken with the,hand, a fmall land-bird, fpent with fatigue, which had fettled on one of the yards. The latitude of the ihip, at this period, was 400 15', and her longitude, correcting it by the obfervations made five days after, mull have * See, towards the end of this Volume, Notes XLV to LI, and the Journal of the Route at the dates of the obfervations of which the Notes prefent the calculation and the refults. been Sept. 1791*] marchand's voyage. 2 been about 1330 45'. The neareft known lands, thofe which lie to the northward of Cape Mendocino, were diftant from the Ihip about a hundred and twenty leagues to the eaftward. This diftance of a hundred and twenty leagues is very confiderable for a fmall land-bird, unlefs it was of the fpecies of thofe which, as is related of fwal- lows, although belonging to the land, contrive to reft themfelves on the water, when the length of the paffage exceeds the ftrength of their wings. However, it would not be aftonifhing that, in latitudes hitherto little frequented, there fhould exift fome fmall iflands which, not being, placed within reach of the tracks that have been followed by the known navigators of thefe latter times, might not have been perceived j yet fuch iflands might have afforded a retreat to thefe little birds which, being granivorous, or living on terreftrial infects, could not fubfift on the water, and are obliged to go and feek their food on the land. It might happen too that the Spaniards, in their ancient expeditions, had difcovered in thefe latitudes, fome iflands with which they muft have been acquainted before other nations •> but it is probable that we fhall have no knowledge of the exiftence of any, and that we fhall not afcertain where they are fituated, till chance fhall have led fome navigators, of a nation more communicative than that which made the firft difcoveries, to find them again. b 2 The I -^ . j i marchand's voyage. [Sept. 179s. The fequel of the Solide's voyage furnifhes us with a fecond remark of the fame kind. On the 18th of September, in the afternoon, the ihip had reached the latitude of 320 30 north, and the longitude of about 139° weft: this pofition compared to that of the two neareft lands, placed her three hundred and feventy leagues from the Sandwich Iflands, and three hundred and thirty from Drake's New Albion. It was at this diftance from known lands, that a fmall land-bird, of the fpecies of the canary, was feen to alight on one of the fhip's yards. It could not be fuppofed that fo fmall a bird could have come even from the neareft known land, that is to fay, that it could have made, all at one flight, a paffage of three hundred and thirty marine leagues :* it was therefore prefumed that, in the north-eaft , quarter, whence the wind blew, there exifts fome ifland, ftill unknown to modern navigators, to which this little bird belonged. I have looked whether fome ancient navigator might not indicate to us in this latitude, fome folitary ifland that had not yet been found again: I fee on the Manilla galleon's chart, conftructed from the private memoirs of the Spaniards, which Commodore Anson feized upon, in 1743, when he took poffefflon of that fhip, and which he has fmce publifhed in the account of his voyage round' the world; I fay, I fee a fmall ifland under the name of Isla de los Paxaros (Ifland cf Birds), fituated ■ Sept. 1791.3 marchand's voyage. § fituated in about 260 30' north latitude, and 22° 30-'' to the weftward of San Joseph in California, or about 1340 3o/ weft from Paris*. This pofition is lefs to the northward by 6°, and 40 30' lefs to the weftward,. than that of the fhip which, con- fequentiy, was one hundred and forty-three leagues to the north-weft by north of this point. A fmall bird could not have maintained its flight towards the north-weft, in fo long a paffage, with the wind at north-eaft: which muft lead us to conclude that, if the Ifland of Los ^Paxaros exifts, as we may believe,, and if the little bird came from it, this ifland is not properly laid down on the chart of the galleon. The general chart of Captain Cook's third voyage, places it in the latitude of 260 30", like that of the galleon, and in the longitude of 1370 20' \ % know not on what authority. This fituation would bring it nearer to that of the Solide, which would be at no greater diftance than one hundred and twenty-three leagues and a half to the north 13 or 140 weft.of itf. The paffage will, no doubt, b 3 «j appear * According to the obfervations of the Abbe Chappe, in 1769, San fofeph is 112° 2' 30" weft-from Paris (Voyage en Californie, Paris, Jombert, 1772, 4-to. page 85 to 8-8.) + In preferving to the latitude of the Ifland of Los Paxaros the latitude afligned to it by the galleon's chart, fome geographical calculations had led me to place it in longitude 159° 40', on the charts which were conffodfted in 1785, and added to the inftruftions given to La Pe'roufe to direct him in his- voyage k 1 III If, if i marchand voyage. [Sept. 1791. appear ftill too long for a Canary-bird, efpecially when it is not wafted by a favourable wind which fupports its flight, but, on the contrary^ has to ftruggle againft a ftrong refiftance. All that it is allowable to conclude from this difcufllon, is, that it is very probable that the Spaniards have formerly feen an ifland in a latitude which is not very remote from the fituation occupied by the Solide on the afternoon of the 18th of September; and that this ifland muft have been diftinguifhed by the multiplicity of its birds, it the name of Isla de los Paxaros : but, at prefent, what is the true pofition of this ifland ? This is a problem which I leave to be folved by navigators who, in the fequel, may frequent thefe feas: I could only point out to them the poffibility of a difcovery. We muft, however, here recall to mind the ftory of the golden tooth* 1 might it not really happen that this little bird, whofe unexpected appearance leads the geographer into differtations, was nothing more than a canary that had, perhaps, belonged to a fhip paf- round the world. If we give this pofition to the ifland, the Solide, on the 18th of September, was diftant from it one hu$i~ dred and fifteen leagues to the north e° weft. * After fome of the greateft naturalifts and philosophers In Europe had been long employed in endeavouring to account for the exiftence of a golden tooth in a living fubject, they at length difcovered, with wonderful fagacity, that the tooth was a falfe one.— Tranflqior''s Note. finp: Sejpt. 1791-] fing by, fro marchand s voyage. hich it might have made its efcape ? On the 2 ift of September, our voyagers began to fee tropic-birds and quebranta-huejfos or giant- petrels *. On the 3rd of October, at halfpaft two o'clock in the afternoon, the longitude of the fhip, deduced from a mean between two fets of lunar obfervations, was 1550 17'30", and the latitude obferved at noon, and reduced to the period of the obfervations for the longitude, was 190 13'30" north : according to this pofition, the eaft point of O-Whyhee, the largeft and the moft eaftern of the Sandwich Iflands, muft have borne weft by north, at the diftance of thirty fix leagues; and Captain Marchand might promife himfelf to have fight of it the next day in the courfe of the forenoon. He navigated during the night with the precautions required by the fearch of land, without granting to the refult of the aftronomical obfervations, a degree of precifion above that which is admitted by the method employed for determining the longitude, and allowing fomething for the uncertainty which always remains refpecting the eftimate of the portion of the way that a navigator is obliged to introduce into the calculation, from the time of his laft obfervat'.on till he gets fight of the land. * P roc ell aria gigantea. Latham,—TranJIator, b 4 The II I f 8 marchand's voyage. [Oct. 1791. The next day, the 4th, at ten o'clock in the morning, O-Whyhee was difcovered as Captain Marchand had expected : it bore from weft by north to north-weft by weft 3 and he crowded fail in that direction. At four o'clock in the afternoon, the fhip was exactly under the meridian of the moft eaftern point of the ifland, which, according to the obfervations made on board the Resolution and the Discovery, in Captain Cook's third voyage*, is fituated in 1570 10' 15" weft from Paris: the longitude of the fhip deduced from the obfervations of the preceding day, was 1570 1'; thus, the error on making the land was only 9 minutes, or fome- what lefs than three leagues; and it is to be obferved that thefe 9 minutes of error may belong to the portion of the way that our navigators were obliged toeftimate, from noon of the 3rd, to which the lunar obfervation had been reduced, to the time of taking the bearing of the eaft point of the Ifland of 0-Whyhee-|\ As for the longitude by account at the time of making the land, fuch as it was deduced from the dead reckoning from the S.olide's point of departure oft Berkley Sound, it was found to be * The original aftronomlcal Obfervations made in the courfe of a Voyage to the Northern Pacific Ocean, l$c. By W. Bayly. London, i78,2j.;4tp. page 350. + See Note LI. Oft. 1791.] marchand's voyage 1*1 m in error i° 32' 45" or twenty-nine leagues aheads but this error would have been greater by thirty- fix minutes, or eleven leagues and one third, if the fum of the errors aftern had not balanced part of the fum of the errors made in a contrary direc- tipn *.■ . In the morning of the. 5th, the Ifland of O-Whyhee, being free from the clouds which, ill the day before, covered a part of it, (hewed itieLC plainly; Mqwna-Roa and Mowna-Kaa, two moft remarkable; mountains, fituated in the interior of the ifland, the former and the hijgheft, towards ^e-^m^jthe latter, towards, the north-eaft quarter, were diftinctly feen : but no fnow was perceived on any of the moft elevated points that pre.fente.<^ themfelves to the view. This remark does not accord with what Captain King fays in Cook's third voyage, that the furni$its..of thefe mountains arx$£onftjMrfht buried in fnow -j-: it appears that he was wrong, to infer their habitual and conftant ftate, from that in which he faw them in the month of March, that is- to fay, at the beginning of the fpring; it is certain that the French who faw them not till the beginning of the autumn, perceived no fnow on any part of them. But, doubt- lefs, in the latitude of 190 north, the fum mer funs muft produce a change, in the interval from the month of March to the month of October. * See Note LI. f Vol. III. page 103. When ?.•» I —pi 10 marchand's voyage. [0£h 1791. When the mountains, difengaged from clouds, were diftinctly difcerned from the Solide, Ihe was at the diftance of five leagues from the fouth-eaft coaft. In this fituation, Mown a - Roa fhews itfelf in a manner particularly remarkable, becaufc its fummit, which extends on an eaft and weft.line, forms a lengthened platform, in the lhape of a long dining-table ; and from this flat fummit, its .sides ftretch by a gentle declivity till they meet the fea- fhore. At eleven o'clock, the fhip doubled the fouth fide of O-Whyhee. Towards noon, Captain Marchand fhortened fail, in order to wait for a canoe that was fleering for the fhip : in it were three iflanders; but they had only fome fiih, which was, much to their fatis- faction, paid for with a nail. The Sandwich Iflands are too well known by the voyages of Cook, Portlock, Dixon, Meares, Douglas, and other Englifh navigators who have frequented them j and La Pe'rouse's journal will add too many details to thofe which we already poffefs, for me to think it neceffary to dwell on what concerns their foil and inhabitants : the Ifland of O-Whyhee, in particular, has acquired a deplorable celebrity; it bears a fpot of blood which ages will not efface*. * It is well known that Captain Cook was maflacred in this ifland. -- Thefe Oct. 1791.] marchand's VOYAGE. ll Thefe iflands may be confidered as a large car a- vanfary, placed on the route of the fhips which crofs the Great Ocean between the parts of Asia and America fituated to the northward of the line. Several of the navigators who have made them of late years, have, through the medium of canoes, without landing, and while under fail, procured the refreihments, and even the water and wood, with which they wifhed to be fupplied. The danger incurred, a few years ago, by an Englifh captain,' who, through a concerted piece of treachery, had like to have loft there both his crew and his vefTel, ought to render circumfpect -thofe that may be induced to prefent themfelves with ftrength which would not be fufficient for awing the natives or repelling an attack. We can only recommend the Europeans who frequent the Great Ocean, not to anchor at thefe iflands, but to receive from the canoes, thofe provifions which the iflanders will always be eager to bring to them on board. The health of the crews has every thing to lofe, if they go on fhore; and the natives have nothing to gain, for the preservation of their race, by a too immediate communication with the feamen of civilized nations. Captain Marchand formed the prudent refolution of making all his purchafes under fail, and confined himfelf to trading with the Ifland of O-Whyhee alone, which was fufficient for all his wants. Thence he procured hogs, a fmall quantity il 12 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. [Ocl. 1791. tity of poultry (fowls were fcarce and dear), cocoa-nuts, plantains, fweet potatoes, yams, fugar- canes, and the other fruits and productions natural to thefe iflands. It muft have been an agreeable furprife, to fee that, with the indigenous productions, were mixed pumpkins and, water-melons, fruits of a fpecies which, not belonging to the foil of the Sandwich Iflands> muft have come from the feeds fown by the Englifn or by La Pe'- rouse. More prudent, or lefs improvident than the inhabitants of the iflands fituated fouth of the line, thofe of the iflands north of it have been fenfible of what utility it would be to them to multiply this new mean of fubfiftence: and the Europeans, in making to the Sandwich Iflands this ufeful prefent have, by an act of beneficence, ferved their own intereft for the future. It was remarked that the canoes which came from O-Whyhee to traffic with the fhip, never failed to bring women intermingled with the hogs^ and offered them, conjointly with the filthy animal, among the refreihments which the natives pro- .pofed to the ftrangersj however, the Solide's crew were prudent enough to content themfelves with the eatables. Surgeon Roblet obferves that the hogs appeared to him to be of two fpecies: the moft nunjierous and the fmalleft is that defcribed by Captain Cook, and by Captain King, who continued his narrative; the only one, no doubt, with 3 which Oct. 1791.] marchand s voyage. *3 which they were acquainted: the other, lefs common, is of a large fizej and the French obferver is inclined to think that this is the former fpecies, improved by a mixture with fome European hogs. Without wifhing precifely to combat this opinion, I fhall only fay that it feems to me by no means probable that the Europeans have ever thought of depofiting hogs on iflands where they have found them fo numerous, and where they did not arrive till after long voyages which, doubtlefs, had not allowed them to make any favings out of their provifions. The fame obferver endeavours to de- ftroy an opinion which the Englifh voyagers appear to have eftablifhed, that the hogs of the Sandwich Iflands cannot live on fhipboard, and that, in order not to lofe them, it is neceffary to make hafte to kill and fait them* : on this fubject, he relates that, out of fifty of thefe animals which were kept alive on board of the Solide, not one refufed to take nourifhment: and thofe which were not killed till after having been feveral days at fea, had * Captain King has moft minutely defcribed the particular method which Captain Cook firft put in practice to fucceed in faking pork in the countries fituated between the tropics, where putrefaction makes its appe«£tnce fo quickly, that vain would be the attempt to fait down provifions in employing only the ordinary procefs. Captain Portlock and Captain Meares have likewife explained the methods which they themfelves have pra&ifed with fuccefs; thefe differ little from that of Captain. Cook.—(See Cook's Third Voyage, Vol. III. pages 11 and 12— Portlock's Voyage, pages 88 to 90—Meares's Voyages, page 277.) 0£. 1791.3 marchand's voyage. 15 faw not in the hands of any one of them, a fingle weapon, or implement made of iron. It would be a matter of curiofity to know, for what ufe and how they employ thofe large fpikes, thofe pieces of bar or fheet iron which they feek after with fuch avidity. It is not probable that they have already found out the manner of fafhioning thefe; and although the firft Englifh fhips that vifited them may poflibly have given them fome idea of the labours of the forge, this fimple notion falls far fhort of the employment of the means; a man is not a fmith from having feen fmith's work executed. If, in the fequel, European navigators fhbuld continue to perceive no weapon, no implement of iron in the pofTellion of the natives who come on fhipboard, would it be too bold a conjecture to fuppofe that the chiefs or Earees of each ifland, who appear to exercife the greateft authority, make it their bufinefs, either through, policy, or through an effect of their cupidity, to get all the iron from the hands of the iflanders, and form of it, as it were, hoards -, as we fee the Princes of Asia bury the precious metals which commerce with Europeans.annually introduces into their country ? Before we quit the Sandwich Iflands, I fhall take the liberty of making a digreffion reflecting the period of their difcovery by the Europeans. Thofe who have reap! no other account than that of Cook's third voyage muft believe that this difcp- 7 very 1 11 w Y a.u-Ulk. ft *r I 1 I ■ 1$ marchand's voyage, [Oft. 1791. very inconteftably belongs to' that celebrated navigator j but it can be proved that it belongs more anciently to the Spaniards, as well as feveral other difcoveries in the Great Ocean, which ignorance or policy had fullered to be loft, and which the intereft and activity of the navigators of our days have led them to bring to light again. I fhali not adduce as one of the titles of the Spaniards to the firft difcovery of the Sandwich Iflands, that in 1568, Mend an a difcovered in the latitude of 190 id north, and 1500 weft from the meridian of Paris, according to the Spanifh charts, an ifland by them named San Francisco*, fituated in the parallel of thefe iflands; to this, the obfcurity of ancient narratives would juftly be objected; befides, the knowledge of an ifland in the fame latitude as the group of the Sandwich Iflands, proves not the knowledge of that very j?» group -, and it might- thence merely be concluded that, in the parallel of thofe iflands, more to the eaftward or more to the weftward, there exift fome Other iflands. But I examine the Spanifh chart of the Manilla galleon-f ■, there I fee in the parallel of the Sandwich Iflands, about 180 to the eaftward of ' * Hechos de Don Garcia de Mendoca, cifr. Por el. Dr. Suares^ de Figuerca, p. 235.—Herrera. Deferlp. de las Indlas Occid. chap. 27.—Lopes Vaz and others. + See the two groups drawn on one plan and on the fame fcale. Plate V. Mendana's Oct. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 17 Mendana'-s Ifland of San Francisco, a group compofed of four principal iflands, and of fome others of fmaller extent: the moft fouthern is alfo the largeft : the middle 'of this ifland is in the latitude of about 190 id; it is called La Mesa : to the north-weft of this, are feen two fomewhat confiderable iflands, grouped with four others much fmaller : the fix together are defignated by the collective word of Los Monies* (the Monks) : from the middle of La Mesa to the middle of the group, we may reckon about forty leagues. Let us at prefent examine the eaftern group of the Sandwich Iflands : for it is well known that thefe iflands form two diftinct groups; the IVeftern group which was explored by Cook in January 1778, in his run from the Society Ifles to the north-west coaft of America, and the Eaftern group of which he had no knowledge till his return from that coaft in the month of November following. The eaftern group is, like that of La Mesa of the Spaniards, compofed of four principal iflands and of a few others of lefs extent: the fouthernmoft ifland, O-Whyhee, is alfo the largeft: the * On the copy of this map, publifhed by Commodore Anfon we read los Mojos, in lieu of los Monjes; this is a miftake; D. Tomas Lopez,_ on his Mapa de America 1772, writes Los Monjes, and it is well known that this denomination of Los Monjes (the Monks) is not rare on Spanifh Maps for defignating fjriall iflands afTeinbled in a group. - VOL. II. moft 1 I' =*** 18 marchand's voyage. [Oct. 1791, moft remarkable part of this ifland, the high mountain of Roa, is, like the middle of La Mesa of the Spaniards, fituated nearly in the latitude of 190 id: to the north-weft of O-Whyhee, as well as to the north-weft of La Mesa, are tv/o fomewhat confiderable iflands, grouped with three other fmaller iflands j only, the fmall iflands are not here three in number 5 and we reckon four in the Spanifh group : from the middle of O-Whyhee to the middle of its group, as well as from the middle of La Mesa to the middle of the group to which it belongs, we reckon forty leagues : in fhort, both groups alike occupy from two to three degrees in latitude, and upwards of three degrees in longitude. Thus, it is feen that, to defcribe the eaftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, I have had only to repeat what I had faid in defcribing the group of La Mesa : the fame latitude, the fame bearing of the iflands with refpect to each other, the fame iMsmber, the fame difpofition, the fame total extent : it is not poflihle to unite more characteriftic% of identity. To thefe geographical, and, unqueftionably, fufficient proofs, I fhall add another which is not without fome weight $ but which, however, I fhould have offered as a probability rather than as a prp.of, were it not fupported by the former. Firft, I obferve that the principal ifland of the group on the Spanifh chart is called La Mesa, in oa. MARCHAND-S VOYAGE. in Englifh the Table. I obferve, in the fecond place, that this name of Table is an appellative name which navigators are accuftomed to employ for the purpofe of defignating a mountain whofe fummit is flat: every one has heard of the Table- mountain, of the Cape of Good Hope; on the coaft of Spain, in the Mediterranean, we find Orlando's Table, &c. Thus, it cannot be doubted that the Spaniards were determined to impofe on their' ifland the name of La Mesa, becaufe it was remarkable from fome great mountain terminated by a platform, by a Table. But the Ifland of O-Whyhee which anfwers, in one group, to the Ifland of La Mesa in the other, is alike remarkable, as has been feen, from a great mountain whofe flat fummit reprefents'a long table; the natives call it Mowna-Roa, from the generic name Mowna (mountain) and from the word Roa, extended, or of a great extent. May not this fimi- litude of the two mountains, in a particularity, in a figure which is not very frequently met with, be admitted as a frefh proof of the identity of the two groups ? I am not difpofed to believe that it is meant to confider the galleon's chart as not being authentic, and deferving of no confidence -, for it is well known that this chart was intrufted only to the captain of the fhip, and it was on this chart, that, with his pilot, he regulated his courfe ■, and, undoubted 2 edly, W\ ■ft! 11 marchand s voyage. [Oft. 1791, edly, it will not be fuppofed that the Spaniards there placed imaginary iflands, efpeciaily when we fee thefe iflands defignated by fignificative names: thofe who know the jealous uneafinefs of the government of Spain in regard to her pofTeffions in America, and her ancient difcoveries in the Great Ocean, will rather be inclined to believe that they have never allowed that all the lands which her navigators have difcovered Ihould be laid down on -their charts. Thefe lands would there be improperly placed, no doubt, efpeciaily in longitude; but at leaft it would be known that they exift: and more fkilful navigators would one day contrive to find them again, and bring us acquainted with them. ' To the proofs which I have given of the identity of the Sandwich Iflands and of the group of La Mesa, will be oppofed : ift. That Cook faw no ifland, twenty-five leagues to the north-eaft of O-Whyhee, which can reprefent to us La Desgraciada, an ifland fituated on the galleon's chart, at that diftance and in that bearing, in regard to La Mesa j 2nd. That Cook difcovered to the weft-north- weft, and at the diftance of twenty-five leagues from the wefternmoft of the eaftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, a fecond group, compofed of two iflands and two iflots; and that the Spanifh chart does not indicate this group. To 061. *791*3 marchand's voyage. To the firft objection I anfwer, that, if La Desgraciada was not perceived by Captain Cook, it is not a proof that it does not exift. When this navigator, in coming from the fouthward, fell in with the weftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, he did not even perceive the eaftern group j ftill lefs could he have feen an ifland fituated twenty-five leagues to the north-eaft of the latter: and when, ten months after, in returning from the northward, he looked for the group which he had vifited the preceding year, he met with the eaftern group about the middle of its extent from north-weft to fouth-eaftj he then failed very clofely round the Ifland of O-Whyhee -, and it is not very aftonifhing that he ihould not have feen an ifland which, to judge of it from the name that has been impofed on it by the Spaniards, La Desgraciadia, the ifland unfavoured by Nature, the miferable ifland, may be a land of no great appearance, and even a low ifland. If the reader eaft his eye on the planifphere publifhed by Arrowsmith in 1794, and on which are marked the tracks of all the navigators in the vicinity of the Sandwich Iflands j he will fee no one that does not pafs too far from La Desgraciada for this ifland to have poflibly been perceived from the fhips which have fleered thefe tracks. But I fhall add that it is not proved that La Desgraciada was difcovered by the fame navigator who difcovered La c 3 Mesaj, I 22 marchand's voyage. [Oft. 1791. Mesa ; and he who met with the former, could not place it according to his difference of longitude in regard to a group which he did not fee, which perhaps he did not even know of, but in the abfolute longitude that he afligned to it according to his dead reckoning, fince he had quitted the coaft of America -, and the galleon's chart muft have placed it according to this abfolute longitude: now, in this cafe, it might probably happen that there was a great error in the longitude of La Desgraciada, and that this ifland which; on the galleon's chart, is feen to differ in longitude, in regard to La Mesa, only a degree towards the eaft, might differ from it, on the globe, feveral degrees in the fame direction, and perhaps even in a contrary one. As much may be faid of an ifland, called Ulva, which, in the galleon's chart, is laid down in the parallel, of 230 north, half a degree to the eaftward of the meridian of La Desgraciada, It is a principle which muft be admitted, that when two iflands have not been difcovered by the fame navigator, and in the fame voyage, in paffing from the one to the other, we can depend only on the latitude afligned to each ifland, that is to fay, depend on it within half a degree •, but that, in this cafe, their abfolute longitude is fo uncertain that we cannot, if we wifh to find them again, difpenfe with getting into their refpective parallel, two or three hundred leagues aftern Oft. I791.] MARCH AX D^S VOYAGE. 2 3 aftern of the place where the chart fixes their pofition, and then navigating on this parallel till we fucceed in meeting with the ifland*. To the fecond objection I anfwer, that the Spaniards who faw the group of La Mesa, the eaftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, may very poflibly not have feen the two iflands and the two iflots which form the weftern group j by the fame reafon that Cook, (which might appear more extraordinary,) when he faw for the firft time the weftern group, did not perceive the eaftern group, although fome of the iflands which compofe it can be feen at the diftance of forty or fifty leagues; by the fame reafon again, that this navigator faw not, thirty leagues to the north-weft of his weftern group, Bird Ifland and Montagu Ifland f, which, fubfequently to his laft voyage, fome Englifh navigators have difcovered: and if, as may be pre- fumed, the Sandwich Iflands are only the fum- mits of a chain of fubaqueous mountains, it might {0 happen that this chain might extend farther to the north-weft, and form other iflands, * Here we are fpeaking only of thp difcoveries of the ancient navigators who determined the longitudes nearly by chance; for the moderns can employ, for fixing the pofitions of the lands which they difcover, means that give to thofe who know how to employ fimilar ones, the affurance of finding with facility ,-tfee places where they wiftv to touch. + Thefe are laid down on the General Chart of the World, and orf the Planifphere, published by Jrronvfmith, the former in 1790, the latter in 1794. c4 beyond I I. 24 MARCHAND's VOYAGE. [Oft. I79I, beyond thofe which thefe recent navigators have difcovered. It feems to me then that the objections which, in order to do away, or at leaft to weaken the idea of the identity of the eaftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, and of that which the galleon's chart places in the fame latitude, in the fame number of iflands, occupying the fame fpace, and difpofed in the fame manner, ihould be fupported, on the one hand, on Captain Cook's not having perceived La Desgraciada, on the other, on the Spaniards not having had a knowledge of the weftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, it feems to me, I fay, that thefe objections are eftablifhed on arguments which cannot bear a difcuflion. Perhaps it will be objected to me, as a laft refource, that the two groups differ too much in longitude, for it to be poffible to -take them for one and the fame group -, and, in fact, O-Whyhee, taken at its middle, is, according to the obfervations of the Englifh, 158° weft from Paris, and La Mesa, on the galleon's chart, is 24° weft from the meridian of San Joseph in California f, and, confequently, 1360 weft from that of Paris. l But this difference of 220 is'far from being a proof againft the identity of the two groups: who •f The longitude of San Jofeph, according to the obfervations of the Abbe Chappe, is 1120 2y 30" weft from the meridian of Paris. (See Voyage en Californie, page 85 to 88.) does ' '^i 'jhiTf -*T*-i Oft. 1791.] MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. *5 does not know that, when the queftion relates to the ancient difcoveries in the Great Ocean, we look only to the latitude which cannot be affected by a very great error; to the whole, and the general difpofition of the two groups that we are comparing ■, to the number, to the diftances and to the refpective bearings of the iflands which compote them; in fhort, to a union of remarkable particularities, which is not to be found the fame in two different groups. The famous Solomon Iflands, difcovered by Mend an a in 1567, partly found again by Bougainville in 1.768, in a greater part ftill by Surville, in 1769*, vifited twice, latterly, by Dentrecasteaux-j-, and whofe . geographical * See the De'couvertes des Francais dans le Sud-ejl de la Nouvelle Gulne'e.—Paris, Impr. Royale, 4*0, 1790, page 85 to 100, 199 to 231. + France has not, hitherto, been able to gather the fruits of the voyage which D[entrexafteaux undertook in order to go in fearch of La Peroufe's frigates i but this harveft is ftill entire; and, no doubt, thofe in whofe pofleffion it has remained, will be fenfible of how much importance it is to the utility of the fciences in general, and to that of navigation and geography in particular, that the difcoveries which he made in the courfe of a long expedition, and all the labour of his co- operators, Ihould not be loft to. a nation which bore the expenfe of it, and to Europe, which ought to fhare the benefit. Dentrecajieaux, already fatigued by long and uninterrupted fervices, carried with him the germ, perhaps indeftruclible, of that fatal diforder which is with difficulty avoided by thofe whofe conftituticn has for a length of time been affedted by long voyages, rapidly repeated, and without a necefiary interval of ^ssfl^ pr MARCHAND- S VOYAGE [Oft. W 179*- geographical pofition is irrevocably fixed, occupied, for upwards of two centuries, on various hydrographical charts, pofitions in longitude, the extremes of which differed a thoufand marine leagues, or about fifty degrees. Qtri&os's Tier r a Austral del Espiritu Santo, feen and explored for the firft time in 1606, by the Spanifh navigator of that name, and found again in 1769, by Bougainville, long remained attached to New Holland, of which it was prefumed that it muft form a part: at tMs day, it has retired five of repofe: he could not withftand frefh attacks, the violence el" which was* neeefiWily increafed by a voyage of two years imder the torrid zone. He funk, and carried with him the fincere regret of all thofe fubjecl to his' authority, which he always found means to maintain without ever fuflering its weight' to> be felt. H'r-s virtue's rendered him dear to his friends, and refpe&ed by every one who knew him, as his talents, his courage, and his experience in his profeffion, and- in the detail's of adminiftration, rendered him ufeful to his country. The excefs of his zeal ihortened his days ; but,, before he terminated a career which he had fo honourably filled, he had at feaft tile fatfefafl&Qtt «# having brought the dfcttgerous expedition, with which' he was intruded, to fuch a point, that what remained to be done' might be confidered in the light of an €<rdina*y' voyage. The rtadef,-HfidoBbteclly, wiff' not difappfove of Friendfhip KtfviiBg, by the way, ftrewn a few flowers over the grave of a man, whofe memory claims from his countrymen, and from navigators of all countries, a* tribute of gratitude which they wilt be eager to pay 'Mm., as foon as circumftances (hall have allowed his labours t©' be refeued from oblivion, and Europe mall tie informed of what he has done, and1 what deferved. hundred oa. 1791.] MARCHAND S VOfAGE. 2? hundred leagues to the-eaftward of that vaft coun-* try. When a newly-difcovered group prefents feveral inconteftable charadteriftics of identity with another, which we know to have been feen in former times, let us beware of faying that it is not the fame group, from the fole reafon that it was found in a longitude different from that which the firft difcoverer had indicated only from the erroneous diftance at which he fuppofed it to be from the continent of America, whence he had been difpatched. And fuch has been the fate of part of the infulated difcoveries of the Spaniards; daring adventurers, bold in trying fortune and chances, lucky in their courfe, ignorant in tracing it, fatisfied, in fhort, with having difcovered half of the globe, they have left to others the tafk of finding again what they themfeives feemed to have forgotten. In depriving Captain Cook of the barren honour of the firft difcovery of the Sandwich Iflands, I deprive him not of the fmalleft portion of that fame which he has fo juftly acquired: I will even fay that it is adding, if poflible, to his merit -x for merit confifts in finding what we look for, in having combined the means that might lead to the difcovery; and to difcover what we were not looking for, is the merit of chance, which ought not juftly to be afligned to the fhare of the navigator whom chance has favoured; it is a borrowed. merit -, MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [oa. 1791. il '■ merit; and Captain Cook, fo rich in his own difcoveries, ought to borrow nothing, as he can have nothing to envy in the adventurers to whom we are, before his time, indebted for the fhapelefs knowledge of the globe. If difcoveries immortalize thofe who have made them, they alfo immortalize thofe who have brought them to perfection. Lieutenant Roberts, who conftructed the general chart of the third voyage of the Englifh navigator, on which are traced his three Voyages round the World, and towards both poles, has preferved the group of La Mesa of the galleon's chart, and placed it, taken at its middle, 190 eaft from O-Whyhee and on the parallel of that ifland: it fhould feem that, in thus ppeferving the group difcovered by the Spaniards, he was de- firous that no one fhould dare to conteft with the Englifh the firft difcovery of the Sandwich Iflands. But Arrowsmith, both on his General Chart of 1790, and on his Planifphere of 1794, facrificing, no doubt, national vanity to evidence, has done juftice to this double adoption. As far back as 1786, La Pe'rouse who, with a view of afcer- taining whether there exifted any iflands to the eaftward of the Sandwich group, had made a point of running, in their parallel, three hundred leagues from eaft to weft, neither perceived, over this whole fpace, any detached ifland, nor faw any Ifen oa. 1791.] MARCHAND-S voyage* 29 fign of land; though from the afpecl: of the Ifland of O-Whyhee, and its table-mountain, he had no doubt of its being La Mesa of the Spaniards. But in effacing the group to which La Mesa belongs, and which becomes the eaftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, Arrowsmith has alfa totally effaced the Ifland of Roca-Partida, fituated, on the galleon's chart, about one hundred and forty leagues to the eaft-fouth-eaft of La Mesa, and on a parallel lefs northerly by three degrees and a half: he has merely fuffered La Nublada to fubfift, whofe name indicates a high land, over which clouds hang; and it is laid down a hundred leagues to the eaftward and on the parallel of Roca-Partida. This laft-mentioned ifland was difcovered, in, 1542 by the Caftilian pilot Juan Gaetano, in the firft voyage that the Spaniards ever attempted, from the weft coaft of New Spain to the great archipelago of Asia. Before he had reached Roc a-P-artida^Gaetano had difcovered, on the fame parallel, and two hundred leagues to the eaftward, according to his reckoning, another ifland which he had called San Tomas*. This ifland, fituated to the eaftward of Roca-Partida, and which bears no name on the galleon's chart, might be that which the modern charts defignate by the name of La Nublada. * See Ramufio. Delle Navlgatloni e Vlaggl, &c. Venetla, *iunti. 1563. Vol, I. foi, 375, vertS. 4 We 3» MARCHAND s voyage. roa. 79*- We are not juftified in fuppofing that La Nublada, or Gaetano's San Tomas, are one and the fame ifland, fince the Spanifh navigator difcovered them fucceflively, in the fame voyage, in ftanding from the eaftward to the weftward, and impofed on them different names. Hitherto, neither Roca-Partida nor San Tomas, or La Nublada, have been found again i but let us not be in a hurry to efface them from our charts: let us not forget that the Solomon Iflands had thence difappeared, fince fome geographers, fupporting themfelves on the opinion of the learned Alexander Dalrymple, had fuppofed that thefe iflands muft be the eaft part of New Guinea : and at this day, the archipelago of the Solomon Iflands occupies its particular place on the globe, over an extent of two hundred leagues, forty leagues to the fouth-eaft of that New* Guinea, with which it was wifhed to be confounded*. Let us fuffer all the iflands to fubfift which the Spaniards have pointed out to us on their charts or in their narratives, till we have well afcertained their identity with others; let us preferve them, were it only as beacons, which attract the attention of the navigator, and engage him to make refearches. * See the De'couvertes des Francais dans le Sud-eft de la NouvelleJZuinee, page 4 to 19—85 to 154—201 to 231—^he voyage of Dentrecajieausc has confirmed what was. there faid of thefe iflands. 6 I fhall Oa. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 3* I fhall terminate this digrefTion, rather long perhaps, but which, however, is not void of utility, by obferving that chronological accuracy, hiftoricai truth, and juftice, alike require that in placing the Sandwich Iflands on the map of the globe, they fhould no longer be laid down with the erroneous indication of iflands difcovered by Captain Cook. There might be written above this archipelago: Sandwich Iflands, explored and named by Captain Cook in 1778; formerly difcovered by the Spanifh navigators: this would be to declare what belongs to the moderns, and at the fame time to reftore to the ancients what they have a right to claim. I return to the journal of Captain Marchand.. He took his departure from the Ifland of O-Whyhee, on the afternoon of the 7th of October, and fhaped his courfe for China. O-Whyhee and Mowee, the two eafternmoft iflands of the eaftern group of the Sandwich Iflands, both appear particularly remarkable from mountains of the greateft elevation. In order to eftimate, by approximation, the height of their fummits above the level of the fea, I fhall make ufe of the greateft diftances at which thefe mountains were perceived from the Solide, diftances calculated from the way that the fhip had made in fight of the land, and rectified by the obferva- tion of the latitude. We find by Captain Chanal's journal, that on the 9th at fix o'clock in the morning, he fet, at I I mm .32 marchand's voyage* [Oa. 1791- the fame time, the mountain of the Ifland of Mowee bearing north-eaft 2 or 30 eaft, and that of Mowna-Roa of the Ifland of O-Whyhee, eaft by north 2 or 30 eaft: he reckoned that the fhip was then at the diftance of thirty-fix leagues from both of them. At half paft five o'clock in the afternoon, he ftill perceived very diftinclily the fummit of Mowna-Roa, bearing eaft i° 30' north, although he was forty-fix leagues diftant from the weft coaft of the ifland, and, confequently, about fifty leagues from the fummit of the mountain. If, with this diftance of fifty leagues, and regard being had to the depreflion of the horizon and the effect of terreftrial refraction, it be wifhed to feek by calculation, what muft be the height of the fummit of Mowna-Roa, in order to be perceived at the diftance of fifty leagues, it will be found that it is 2598 toifes, and thence it will be concluded that, next to Chimboraco in Peru whofe height is 3220 toifes, Mowna-Roa is the higheft mountain on the globe: for Pinchincha which occupied the fecond place, is but 2434 toifes j Mount Blanc which occupied the third, 2391 ; and the Peak of Teyde or Teneriffe, which occupied the fourth, 1905 toifes only, according to the trigonometrical and barometrical calculations of JSorda*. Mowna-Roa is therefore loftier * See Note II. Oa. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 33 than the Peak of Teneriffe, by 694 toifes; and this refult would feem to confirm that given by Captain King in the third volume of Cook's laft voyage: he fays that'cc this mountain muft beat " leaft 16,020 feet high, which exceeds the height " of the Pico de Teyde or Peak of Teneriffe, Cf by 724 itet, according to Dr. Heberden's <c computation, or 3680 Englifh feet or 3452 " French feet, according to that of the Chevalier " de Borda,*" which gives 575^ toifes lefs ; this differs, in defect, only 19^ toifes, from the height that I have deduced from the data furnifhed me by Captain Chanal's journal. But Captain King obtained his refult by a method different from that which I emptoyed to arrive at mine : he took for the bafis of his calculation, according to the principle adopted by La Condamine for meafuring the heights of the Andes or Cordilleras, the elevation of the line at which the fnow remains all the year on the high mountains between the tropics. This method was not applicable to the mountains of the Sandwich Iflands, fince it has been f~en that, in the month of October, there e^ifted no fnow on any part of thefe iflands. I therefore confider it as the effect of chance that King's refult and mine agree, within a trifling difference. I obferve that Krae, ftill following the principle which he 1 * Cask s thjrd Voyage, Vol. III. pages 103 and 104. vol. 11. d adopted, 34 march.and's voyage. [Oct. 1791. adopted, adds that the height of Mowna-Roa muft be much greater than that which he afligns to it; for, fays he, <f in infular fituations, the <c effects of the warm fea-air muft neceflaprjr. " remove the line of fnow, in equal latitudes, to (t a greater height than where the atmofphere is tf chilled on all fides by an immenfe tract of per- fC petual fnow." The principle is true, and the . «i|ltfeation of it would be juft, if it had for its object iflands where the (now fhould laft the whole year; but it cannot be admitted with refpect to thofe where the fnow does not refift the fummer funs *. fe^l * In not adopting the confequence which Captain King has drawn from the principle on which he refts for deciding that the height of Moivna-Roa muft be much greater than that which he determines, and which is, within a trifling difference, the fame as that I have deduced from the diftance at which its flat fummit was very clearly diftinguifhed from the Solide, I am far from pronouncing that the height of the mountain does not exceed the 2598 toifes given me by calculation; for Captain Chanal related to me verbally that, on the ifcth at fun-rife, feveral perfons belonging to the (hip were convinced that they ftill perceived the Table of Movuna-Roa in a line with the horizon; and, at tl'is period, according to the run which had been made during the night, the Solide muft have been fifty- three leagues diftant from it at leaft; which would give to the mountain upwards of 2700 toifes in elevation above the level of the fea. Captain Chanal had not thought it neceflfary to infert this obfervation in his journal, becaufe he had not been able to fee with his own eyes; but he told me that, on other occafions, he had difcovered that feveral of the people had a fight which extended much farther than his* The Oct. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 35 The fame obferver eftimates, according to his method, the height of Mowna-Kaa, (the northern mountain of the Ifland of O-Whyhee) at half a mile or 475 toifes; and he adds, that this computation muft be too low, for the fame reafon that he has given for fuppofing too fmall the eftimation lyteeh he has made of Mowna-Roa. Captain Chanal's joyrnal affords us ho datum for deter- mfoing the elevation of Mowna-Kaa, but Surgeon Roblet thinks that the eftimation which Captain King fuppofes to be too low, is, on the contrary, very much exaggerated. In order to find the height of the mountain of Mowee, the fecond ifland of the eaftern group, we fhall calculate according to the diftance of thirty-fix leagues, eftimated by the eye, at which it was perceived on the morning of the 9th; and it will be found that jyts fummit is 1346 toifes high: this height is between that of Mount St. Gothard, 1431, and that of the convent on the Great St. Bernard, 1241 toifes. The Ifland of Atooi, the wefternmoft of the weftern group, is alfo very lofty j for, on the 10th, at noon, it bore north-north-weft 3 or 40 north; and, according to the latitude of the fhip obferved at the fame inftant, and compared with the known latitude of the ifland, the diftance from the fhip to Atooi muft have been thirty leagues : the height of the mountain is therefore 1216 toifes. d 2 In H ri ll I 36 marchand's voyage. [Oct. 1791. In the interval from noon on the 9th to noon on the 10th, the fhip had experienced the effect of a violent current, which had'carried her 29 minutes, or nine leagues and two thirds to the northward, as was afcertained by comparing the difference of the latitudes obferved on the 9th and 10th, with the difference deduced from the dead reckoning during the fame twenty-four hours. Captain Marchand had conftantly fleered weft-north- weft 30 45' north, allowing for the variation; the wind had blown very faintly and unfteadily from ;|be fouthward during the firft five hours; in the night, it had been calm •,' and, from two o'clock in the morning till noon on the 10th, the wind had ftood in the north-eaft quarter, very faint and baffling; the fhip had made very little way through the water: it may therefore be fuppofed that, as ihe was abreaft of all the channels that feparate both the two groups, and the iflands of which they are compofed, the rapid current which, no doubt, thefe channels occafion, had acted with all its velocity and ftrength againft the fhip whofe route crofted its direction; and, by caufing her to drift bodily to the northward, although her apparent route was weft-north-weft, it had carried her ten leagues in twenty-four in the former. dit-ection. On the nth, at break of day, no land was to be feen. The jgHfti Oct.. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 37 The run acrofs the Great Ocean with regular and fteady winds, prefents only a monotonous feries of remarks relative to the velocity and the direction of the currents, and their influence on the fhip's courfe: I have thought it my duty to throw them into the notes ; and I invite the nautical reader to confult them*. Captain Marchand's intention had at firft been to fteer between the twentieth and twenty-firft parallel north, and to follow this direction as far as China. This track, little frequented, and which afforded the hope of fome difcovery, is, undoubtedly the moft direct, and may, at the firft glance, appear the fhorteft; but he was juftly ap- prehenfive, (and the cainas which he had,recently met with ftrengthened this apprehenfion) of finding only faint and variable breezes, if he perfifted in keeping on the border of the trade-winds; he therefore determined to penetrate farther into the region which they occupy, and he kept between the thirteenth and fourteenth degree of north latitude, crowding fail, till, on the 2nd of November, he had reached the longitude of 1480 14' eaft from the meridian of Paris f. He then ftood again a little to the northward, and got nearly into the latitude of 150, which is the parallel of Tinian, one of the iflands that compofe the Mary-Anj^I * See Notes LII to LV. + See Note LVI. and the Journal of the Route at the date of the 2nd of November, Archipelago, 1 I 11 1 II it 3* M&torANDV voyage. [Oct. 1791. w Archipelago, which he purpofed to make, in order to crofs it between this ifland and that of Saypan. This longitude of 1480 14' on the 2nd, was the mean refolt of four fets of diftances from the moon to the fun, obferved at half paft two o'clock in the afternoon, by Captain Marchand and Captain Chanal, and reduced to noon. In allying for the fhip's progrefs by account towards the weft, in the interval from the 2nd to the 3d, it was computed that at noon of the latter H&y, fhe had reached the longitude of 1460 7' eaft if-bra Paris, at the fame time that fhe was in 150 6' north-felitude. The obfervations of Captain Wallis on board the Dolphin, in 1767, place the Ifland of TiNtAK, in 143° 35' 45"* j thus, at noon, the SOttipE muft have been at no more than i° 31' 15" to the eaftward of this ifland', and at {un-fet, Captain Marchand reckoned that he was only at the fdrft^nce of thirty-fix leagues ^pom it. He regulated hisofkil fo as tb Wifcover the ifland the netft morning, afod fufficieritly early for him to hope to crofs the archipelago during the day: but all riight there was tempeftuous weather, with rain and fquatts. v It was not till t\irtt o'clock in the afternoon that he got fight of the ifland $ and, in eftimating * See Aftronomlcal Obfervatiaut made in the Voyages for making Vyfifveries in tffi'■ Sdtitheru Hemifphere. By W. Wales, London, 1788. 4to. Introduction, page X. his Nov. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 39 his diftance from it by the eye, he judged it perfectly conformable to the refult of the obfervations which had been made on the preceding days. At three quarters paft five, the mean refult of two fets of diftances of the fun and moon, combined with that of four other fets obferved on the 2nd, gave 1430 38' for the eaft longitude of the fhip, which places the eaftern extremity of Tinian* according to the bearing that was taken of it at the fame inftant and its eftimated diftance, in 1430 33': it has been feen that the obfervations of Wallis placed it in 1430 35' 45": thus the obfervations made on board the Dolphin and thofe made on board the Solide agree in their refults, and this agreement may be confidered as the proof of a fufficient accuracy in this determination*. Captain Thomas Gilbert places Tinian in 1460 eaft from Greenwich, or 1430 39' 45" eaft from Paris-j^ ; but he does not mentiiis^aa what obfervations he has founded the pofition which he afligns to it: Dixo$r gives it only 143° io'J. As for the latitude of Tinian, Captain Marchand was not enabled to obferveit-immediately; but Gilbert has concluded from hisrobfervations, * See Note LVII. + Voyage from Nevj South Wales to Canton h By Thomas Gilbert, commander of the Chktfptte*. 4to. page 63. If Dixon's Voyage, page 284. D4 the year 1788. London, 1789. that 4? marchand s voyage. [Nov. 1791. I that the middle of fhe ifland is fituated in 150. Captain Wall is fixed the point of the road where he was at anchor, and which is lefs northerly than the middle of the ifland, at 14? 55', and the watering-place which is not far diftant' from the fouth-weft point, at 140 59'*. Dixon places the ifland, in general, in I5°f. All thefe pbfitions agree with each other. &+•*'<* .This-efe not the cafe with the latitude whidh Commodore Anson had afligned to this ifland: he places it in 150 8' J: but although, at the period when the obfervation was made, Hadley's quadrant had for ten years been in ufe in the Engfflh navy, and although it was undoubtedly employed on board Anson's fhip, I do not think that any regard ought to be paid to this determination ; and the.middle of the ifland may be fixed in 150 north. This difference Ijetween the latitudes determined by Anson, and thofe obferved by recent navigators, is again to be found nearly the fame in regard to Saypan. The Commodore's journal places this ifland, without any other indication than its name, in 150 22': we are juftified in believing that this latitude applies to the Peak, the moft remarkable part of the ifland; and, in this cafe, * Havukefworth's Compilation. Vol. I. page 500^ + Dixon's Voyage', page 284. X A Voyage round the World In the years 1740-41-42-4.3 and 44. By George Anfon. Compiled by Richard Walter. The 12th Edition, London, 4to. 1767. page 308. it Nov. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 41 it would differ by 9 minutes from that given by the obfervations made on board the Solide, according to which this mountain muft be fituated in 150 13': but if the former determination was applied to the northern point of Saypan, it differed only by 2 or 3 minutes from the refult of the later obfervations, which, as will be feen, place this point in 150 19 or 20'. At fix o'clock in the evening, the Solide was ^Stthe opening of the paffage, through which a ^{Sk^p mzj crofoithis archipelago between this ifland t&ndrthat of Tinian; but it would not have been prudent to enter it at the moment when the day -ttie^'on the point of clofing, and Captain Marchand determined to ftand to the offing during the night. He had reafon to congratulate himfelf on the refolution that-Ms had taken; for he met with frequent puff's of wind, and fome very hard ^&juklls, which >might have occasioned him embar- raflment and uneafinefs, had the fhip been engaged among lands, and there obliged to alter her courfe • according to the changes of the wind. On the 5th, at the firft dawn of day, he again ftood in'for the land. At three quarters paft fix, the paffage between the iflands bore weft-fouth-weft 6° weft, diftant about fix leagues: and although Captain Marchand carried a prefs of fail, the fhip drifted to the northward fo confiderably, that he had no hopes of being able to clear the paffage with the 7 wind 42 marchand's voyage. [Nov.' 1791. wind which blew from the fouthrfouth-eaft an# fouth by eaft. At half paft {even o'clock, he bore up north-weft by weft in order to pafs to the northward of Saypan. He ranged along the north-eaft coaft of this ifland at the diftance of about two leagues. At three quarters paft eigte, its north-eaft point,, which is the moft northern extremity, bore weft 20 fouth, dftarit two leag#3&: no land was perceived to the northward. Before ten o'clock, was diftoyered, on the weft coaft of the ifland, an iflot which bore fouth-weft 60rw<$ft in one with the north point of Saypan. At noon, this point bore fouth^eaft by fouth i° fouth, and at a diftance of about four leagues $ the weft extremity of thfdifland, Ibuth by eaft 1 or i° fojifli j and the iflot, fouth by eaft 6° fouth. Tfee ihltitude obferved at the fame inftarit was >i^? 30% and thence the northetnpoiat of Saypan was found to be in 150 19 or 20'. The peak of rtijis >ifland is fiflliated, nearly, in latitude 150 13', -Jaidin about 1430 30' eaft longitude. ;**$>&$ In comparing the latitude obferved at noon, with that whidb refulted from the dead reckoning during the preceding twenty-four hours, it was ?drfc<*y*recL, that, m this intervaijof time, the currents had carried the fhip 17 minutes,, or five leagues And two thirds, to the iwnthward*. * See the Jonrttal of the Route at the date of the g&L'lbl November. Ships :^i—^ I 111 I Nov: 1791.] MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 43 Ships which crofs the Archipelago of theMARY- Anne Iflands are accuftomed to pafs between Saypan and Tinian, or to the fouthward of the latter ifland: thefe two paflages are the moft frequented, becaufe they are the beft known. Circumftances, as has been feen, forced the Solide to pafs to the northward of Saypan ; and Captain Chanal thinks, from the remarks which he was enabled to make, that, in all cafes, this laft-men- tioned paffage would deferve to be preferred to the other two, when it is not intended to touch at Tinian. He faw no ifland, no fhoal, to the noutfe- ward of the northern part of Saypan : the charts, indeed, indicate, under the name of Farellon, a ledge or fhoal, fituated in the latitude of 160, under the very meridian of the ifland; but it is there placed at thexiiftance of twelve leagues from its northern point. Off the north-eaft coaft, and the north point, are a few breakers; but they ftlew themfelves, and do not extend a mile into the offing. A fhip may double the ifland to the northward, and range along its coaft.rwitn fafety, leaviag, between the ^and land her, a diftance of one or two leagues. The Ifland of Saypan, uninhabited like that of i Tinian, feems not, aSt&jras a judgment can be formed from coafting'its north fide} to afford the fame refrefhments to fhips that fhould touch there: only, among the trees with winch the nor^h-ea/t coaft ,Jlfc w 1 I '! 44 marchand s voyage. [Nov. 1791. coaft is covered, are difiinguiftied a great quantity of cocoa-palms. Commodore Anson, _who has given us a view of the north-weft coaft of the ifland, fays that it prefents not a lefs agreeable afpect than that of Tinian. In 1765, Commodore Byron caufed the Ifland of Saypan to be vifited; and this is the only description of any length that we have of it: the nation winch poflefies it, without occupying it, is not in the habit of defcribiiig its pqHeflions. According to him, Saypan is confiderably larger than Tinian, and, in his opinion, has a much pleafanter appearance. But this fentiment is peculiar to Byron ; and voyagers, in general, agree in giving Tinian the preference to Saypan, both in regard to extent and beauty: the Spaniards have denominated it Buena-Vista by way of excellence. The Tamar (the fhip which Byron fent to examine the Ifland of Saypan, while he himfelf lay at Tinian), anchored, he fays, <c to leeward of it, in about ten fathoms water, with much the fame kind of ground (hard land and coral rock) as he had in the road of Tinian. Her people landed upon a fine fandy beach which is fix or feven miles long, and walked up into the woods, where they faw many trees which, were very fit for topmafts. They faw no fowls, nor any tracks of catties but of hogs and guana- coes Nov. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 45 coes* there was plenty. They found no frefh water near the beach, but faw a large pond inland, which they did not examine. They fawlarge heaps of pearl oyfter-fhells thrown up together, and other figns of people having been there not long before: pof- fibly the Spaniards," adds he, " may go thither at fome feafons of the year, and carry on a pearl- fifhefy: they alfo faw many of thofe fquare pyramidal pillars which are to be found at Tlnian, * The Guanaco or Huanaeu is the wild animal that takes the name of Llama, when it is in a ftate of domefticity*. This quadruped originally came from the high mouiftains of South America, and is very common in Peru, where it performs the fame functions as the pack-horfe in Europe, and the camel in Africa. The flefli of the young guanacoes is good eating. It is aftonifhing that this animal fhould be found on the Ifland of Saypan; it certainly is not indigenous there; and it muft be fuppofed that the Spaniards have tranfported it thither from Peru, in order to try to propagate the breed. Hitherto, Byron is the only one who has feen any of the fpecies in the Maty- Anne Iflands; at leaft no other voyager makes mention of it; nor is it fpoken of in any defcription of the Ifland of Tinian; but if the Spaniards wifhed to try to naturalize it in the Mary. Anne Iflands, they muft have preferred making a trial on Saypan, the lapds of which, more elevated than thofe of Tinian, muft be better fuited to the guanaco. * This fpecies refembles the Glama in many particulars of its external form; but thefe animals never intermix, either iirthewild or domefticated ftate : befides this, the Camelus buanacus wants the protuberance on the bread peculiar to the Camelus glama ; it has a bunch on the back, which the former animal has not; and its hind legs are likewife confiderably.(borter in propor^ tion; whence its gait is a kind of bounding or hobbling—Trgnjlater. ■m and 46 marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. Jind which are particularfy'defcribecyn the account of Lord Anson's voyage *." Captain Portlock, who has given us a view of Saypan, fays that, although he coafted it within the diftance of half a mile, he could not obferve on it an animal of any kind j-. At the firft fight of the Iflands of Tinian and Saypan, and efpeciaily at the afpect of the former, Captain Marchand might have been tempted to land on it: the feafon was favourable for his anchoring there; and he might hope to procure fome of the refreihments which a long navigation under the torrid zone ocoafions to be fo ardently wifhed for by men overwhelmed by the excefs of a conftant heat, and for a long time paft condemned to privations. But thefe privations and the fatigues of the fea had not impaired the good health which his fhip's company had enjoyed during the whole voyage -, and the intereft of the expedition and of the owners required that he fhould know how to facrifice a few tranfitory enjoyments to the inappreciable advantage of getting the ftart, if poffible, in the markets of China, of the fliips of other nations which, like the Solide, were to bring thither furs from the north-west coaft of America. The crew murmured not in the leaft at a decifion, the motives of which were known * Hawke/kvortb's Compilation. Vol. I. page 121. t Portlock's Voyage, page 317. Nov. 1791-] marchand's voyage* 47 to them; they even abftained from manifefting any regret, that they might not add to that whick their commander felt for others, much more than for himfelf. While the Solide is making the beft of her way towards the continent of Asia, let us fix our eyesfott a moment on the IfkndLof Tinian, with* out giving oorfelves up to a particular infpection of the other inlands that compofe the long Archipelago of Los Ladrones (the Thieves), to which it belongs, and which form a chain of two hundred leagues under the hundred and forty^-fourth meridian eaft from Paris, between the eleventh and the twenty-firft parallel North. Mag ellan, whp difcovered this archipelago in 1521, impofed on it the name of Islas de los Ladrones; becaufe the inhabitants of thefe iflands, who had no idea of the exclufive right of property, fraternally appropriated to themfelves, on board his fhip, every thing that, came in their way: but, atcthfs rate, that name might be generic and common to all the iflands of the Great Ocean. In the fequel, the Ladrone Iflands received the name of Islas de las Velas, from the great number of failing-craft which came from thefe iflands to meet fhips, when they prefented themfelves there for the purpofe of anchoring. Laftly, towards the middle of the feventeenth century, they changed their new name for that of the Mary-Anne Iflands, iff 48 marchand's voyage. {Nov: 1791. Iflands, in honour of Mary-Anne of Austria, wife of Philip IV. In 1564, or, according' to fome hiftorians, in 1565, Andreas Miguel Lopes Legaspi took pofiefiion of thefe iflands in the name of the crown of Spain; but he made a fhort flay there, becaufe he neither found the conveniences that he could defire for a lettlement, nor the riches that could gratify his cupidity. He employed, to more advantage, the forces which he commanded, in the conqueft of Las Philippinas, the iflands named ■PJArchipelago of San Lazaro* by Magellan, who difcovered them in continuing his route towards the eaft, after having croffed his archipelago of Los Lad rones; It is well known that it was in one of thefe iflands that Magellan, a Portuguefe by birth f, then employed in the fervice of Spain, loft his life, in wifhing to favour, by the help of his arms, the projects of conqueft of the fovereign of one of thefe iflands, at war with the fovereign of a neighbouring ifland, both * This name was„given them becaufe Magellan made the difcovery of them, and landed orj them on the Saturday that preceded Ptf$w*-Sunday, a day which the Spaniards keep as a feftival in honour of St. Lazarus. + The real name of this celebrated Portuguefe navigator, employed in the fervice of Spain when he difcovered the ftrait which bears his name, is'Fernando de Magalhaens, of which the Spaniards who wifhed to naturalize him as a Spaniard, made Hernando Magallanes, and of which the French who wifh always to tranflate and who often burlefque proper names, have coatrived to make Magellan* of Nov. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 49 of whom were one day to pafs, together with their country, under the domination of another fovereign who, at the diftance of fix thoufand leagues, and without concerning himfelf about them, was to add their iflands to his vaft domains. The importance, of the Philippines had required that the Spaniards fhould make it their bufinefs to get pofiefiion of them, before they thought of the Mary-Anne Iflands : after having terminated the conqueft of the former, they formed there various fetdements; and particularly that of Manilla, in the Ifland of Luconia, with which New Spain, fubdued by the arms, or rather by the genius of Cortes, forty-five years before, opened and maintained habitual communications. The Iflands of Los Ladrones remained forgotten (and it were to be wifhed for the fake of their inhabitants that they had always been fo !) till the zeal of a celebrated Jefuit, Santivores, interefted the devotion of Queen Mary-Anne of Austria, regent during the minority of her fon Charles II. and excited her to caufe the Gopfel to be carried into thefe iflands, which Magellan had found means to annex to the fhare of Spain, by difco- vering a new route, that eluded that ridiculous line of demarcation by which a pope pretended to cut the earth in two, in order to divide between two fovereigns of Europe the exclufive pofleffion of all the new countries that fhould be difcovered in the two Worlds. * vol. 11. E In Mm 6* marchand's voyage. [Nov. ijgi In 1638, the Spaniards prefented themfelves at the Mary-Anne Iflands, with the crofs in one hand, and the fword in the other; and with thefe two weapons, which lent each other mutual aid, their pretended right to the pofleflion of thefe iflands could not fail to be acknowledged. They had no difficulty in making themfelves mafters of Guahan or Guaham, (and Guam by corruption) the principal of thefe iflands, and the moft fouthern of the archipelago * -, and, by degrees, they fub- dued all the others. Our knowledge of the Mary-Anne Iflands was derived only from the Spanifh hiftorians-j-, and this knowledge was very imperferfect 5 fome of them loft nothing by not being better known3 but Tinian deferved to be particularly defcribed, becaufe the ufurpers of the archipelago not having eftablifhed themfelves there, and this ifland being recbmmendable on account of it's fertility, it might afford valuable refources to fhips crofting the Great Ocean between the tropics, from eaft to weft. * This archipelago is compofed of nine principal iflands: Guahan, the moft confiderable and the moft fouthern, is fituated in latitude 130 at its fouth point; but to the fouthward of this ifland, alfo l'e feVeral iflots and rocks, the laft of which extends po lower than the eleventh parallel North. + Ant. de Herr era, Dec ad. 3, Lib. 7. et feg.—Argenfola Con-, fiiifia de las If as Malucas, Lib 1. Gonzales de Ovieda. Hift. »et, de las Indlas-—Gomqra HIJi. gen. de las Indias—Ultima Viage al EJirecbo de Magalhanesx &c'. page 205 et alibi. We Nov. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 5* We are indebted to Richard Walter, chaplain to Commodore Anson, in his voyage round the world, for the firft account that has deferved the attention of navigators *. The Commodore feeking an afylum for his fhip, which might be called a floating hofpital, made Tinian, on the 27th of Oflober 1742, and anchored in an open bay, fituated at its fouth-weft point: here he provided without difficulty, without expenfe, and abundantly, for all the wants of the Centurion ; here her crew recovered quickly from their fatigues : the diforder which, the very day before her arrival, was carrying off upwards ,of twenty men a day, ceafed, as by a miracle; and, in lefs than a week, the worft of the fick were fo far recovered, as to be able to walk without affiftance. It was natural to celebrate an ifland to which fo great a number of feamen had owed their lives, to extol the quality of its animals, the richnefs of its productions, the variety of its fites, the beauty of its walks, the falubrity of its air, every thing that could operate a fort of refurrection : and, indeed, Anson's hiftorian has painted to us Tinian as the garden of Eden realized. But, if it may be fuf- pected that gratitude has indulged itfelf in exag- A Voyage Round, the World In the yean 3, and 1744, Book III. Chap. II. E 1 740, 1741, 1742, BB- MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [No 1791. gerating a little the excellence of this land of pro- mife, at leaft there can be no doubt of the ocular hiftorian having reported, with exa&nefs, fads concerning which, had his narrative been unfaithful, five hundred witneffes, alfo ocular, might have contradicted him: and the comparifon of what Tinian was in Anson's time, with what it is at this day, prefents one of thofe aftonifhing contrails which the philofopher cannot fee with indifference, and without tracing back the effect to its caufe. Commodore Anson, who gives to this ifland twelve miles in length by fix in breadth, found it uninhabited at the period when he put in there (1742); but affiduous culture, regular plantations, fruit-trees in great number and variety, monuments ftill ftanding and difpofed in fymme- trical order, the labour of man fhewing itfelf every where to aid or embellifh Nature; all things announced that, at a period which muft not have been remote, a numerous population had covered a land that prefented to the human race fo many means of fubfiftence, fo much facility for multiplying their fpecies. Tinian, in fad, in a more happy time, had been very populous, in proportion to its extent, and for the honour of its new matters, we would with to refufe our belief to the motive which has completed its ruin. Anson learnt from a Spanifh ferjeant and fome Indians, 6 whom Nov. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 53 whom he had made prifoners in a proa*, of which his boat took pofleffion on going on fhore, that, fifty years before, the Ifland of Tinian reckoned upwards of thirty thoufand inhabitants \ and that, at that time, an epidemical diforder having carried off the greater part of the inhabitants of the Mary-Anne Iflands, the barbarous policy of the ufurpers turned over to the Ifland of Guahan, where they were fettled, all the Indians whom the mortality had fpared in Tinian : it unmercifully tore from a land, covered with the bones of their fathers, brothers, wives, children, and friends, unfortunate beings who had the mortification to fur- vive their extinct families; it condemned them to 1 * A Proa, which Europeans call alio a flylng-proa, is a fmall failing-veffel, remarkable for its aftonifhing lightnefs, and the prodigious velocity of its movement, which that of no other' veflel can equal, and which is afferted to be frequently twenty miles an hour. The ingenious conftruttion of the proa muft give a great idea of the intelligence and induftry of the ancient inhabitants of the Mary.Anne Iflands, who are the inventors of it. We find, indeed, in feveral of the iflands of the great archipelago of Afia and on parts of that continent, fome veflels which bear a faint refemblance to the proa; but we know of none that can be compared to it for the fimplicity of its con- ftruftion, the fwiftnefs of its failing, the celerity with which it is managed, and the readinefs of its evolutions; and it may be juftly faid, that the proa is the prototype that has ferved for other craft of the feas of Afa, which are only the imperfect copy of the moft perfect model. A very minute defcription of a proa of the Mary-Anne Iflands, with all the plans reduced to a common fcale, which can make known its dimenfions, ftrufture, and rigging, is to be feen in Anfon's voyage, Book III, Chap. V. e 3 water, u marchand's voyage. * [Nov. 1791. water, with the fweat of. their brow, a foreign foil. But cupidity was difappointed in its calculations; and thefe deplorable relics of Tinian, with their eyes incefTantly fixed on their native fhore, died in defpair. Was it then referved for a nation of Europe, for a civilized nation, to be the fcourge of the two Worlds ? In the New, they exterminate the human fpecies, in order to tear, from the bowels of the earth, metals, the object of all their wifhes, which Nature had wifely buried! And in the parts of the Old World, which remotenefs has not been able to conceal from their yoke, they degrade the human fpecies to fuch a degree, as to drive men from domain to domain, as the farmer pens up his cattle on lands which he willies to manure ! The defpair of the inhabitants of Tinian will appear natural to every man who loves his country: and what a country is Tinian, if, in fact, Richard Walter has given us a faithful picture of this ifland! It is he himfelf who is going to fpeak: I will not weaken his dcfcription: I merely referve to myfelf the liberty of extracting and abridging, without confining myfelf always to an uninterrupted tranfcript; but I fhall not take the liberty of making any change that can affect the refem- blance. Cf The foil of the Ifland of Tinian," fays Walteb, <c is every where dry and healthy, and being withal fomewhat fandy, it is thereby the lefs difoofed «79>.] MARCHAND S VOYAGED difpofed to a rank and over-luxuriant vegetation j and hence the meadows and the bottom of the woods are much neater and fmoother than is cuf* tomary in hot climates. The land rofe in gentle flopes from tne very beach where we watered, to the middle of the ifland, though the general courfe of its afcent was often interrupted by vallies of an eafy defcent, many of which wind irregularly through the country* Thefe vallies and the gradual fwellings of the ground, which their different combinations gave rife to, were moft beautifully diverfified by the mutual encroachments of woods and lawns, which coafted each other, and traverfed the ifland in large tracts. The woods confifted of tall and well-fpread trees, the greater part of them, celebrated either for their afpecl, or their fruit: while the lawns were ufually of a confider* able breadth, their turf quite clean and uniform, it being compofed of a very fine trefoil, which was intermixed with a variety of flowers. The woods too were in many places open and free from all bufhes and underwood, fo that they terminated on the lawns with a well-defined outline> where neither fhrubs nor weeds were to be feen j but the neatnefs of the adjacent turf was frequently extended to a confiderable diftance, under the hollow fhade formed by the trees. Hence arofe a great number of the moft elegant and entertaining profpe&s, according to the different blend- ings of thefe woods and lawns, and their various e 4 inter* i riff I WW IF MARCHAND S VOYAGE. TNo 1791, interferons with each other, as they fpread themfelves differently through the vallies, and over the (lopes'and declivities in which the place abounded. ff Nor were the allurements of Tinian confined to the excellency of its landfcapes only; fince the fortunate animals which, during the greateft part of the year (except, indeed, when the Spaniards come and difturb their folitude for the purpofe of fupplying Guahan with provifions) are the fole lords of this happy foil, partake, in fome meafure, of the romantic eaft of the ifland, and are no fmall addition to its wonderful fcenery : for the cattle, of which it is not uncommon to fee ' herds of fome thoufands feeding together in a large meadow, are certainly the moft remarkable in the world •, as they are all of them milk-white, except their ears, which are generally brown or black. And though there are no inhabitants here, yet the clamour and frequent parading of domeftic poultry, which range the woods in great numbers, perpetually excite the idea of the neighbourhood of farms and villages, and greatly contribute to the eheerfulnefs and beauty of the place." cc The cattle on Tinian," continues Walter, £C we computed were at leaft ten thoufand * 5 we had * This number is very confiderable for an ifland which, according to the account, is not more than four leagues in length by two leagues in breadth; for, fuppofing, which is not the cafe, that it had the figure of a parallelogram (and this is that of Nov. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 57 had no difficulty in getting near them, for they $rere not at all fhy of us. Our firft method of killing them was fhooting them j but, at laft, when, by acciderits to be hereafter recited, we were obliged to hufband our ammunition, our men ran them down with eafe. Their flefh was extremely well-tafted, and was believed by us to be much more eafily digefted than any we had ever met with. The fowls too were exceedingly good, and were likewife run down with little trouble; for they could fcarce fly farther than a hundred yards at a flight, and even that fatigued them to fuch a degree, that they could not readily rife again; fo that, aided by the opennefs of the woods, we could at all times furniih ourfelves with whatever number we wanted. <c Befides the cattle and the poultry, we found here abundance of wild hogs : thefe were moft excellent food ; but as they were a very fierce ani~ of the greateft furface), its fuperficies would yet be only eight leagues fquare; but its figure is that of a very elongated ellipfis, which is reduced almoft to nothing at the two extremities of its great axis: and if we deduct from its furface, that of the two great pieces of water which occupy the middle of the ifland, and the moft elevated parts of the woody hills, on which it is not probable that the herds fhould graze, we may reduce the furface ©f the ground, on which the cattle found their food, to four fquare leagues at moft : each league would then have fed tiao thoufand five hundred oxen I ought not alfo fome reduction to be made in the thirty thoufand inhabitants that the Spaniards fuppofed this ifland to contain before its depopulation t ' mal, Ji 48 lARCHAND S VOYAGE. [tfoV. ij$ii mal, we were obliged either to fhoot them, or to hunt them with large dogs, which we found upcfi the place at our landing, and which belonged to the detachment that was then upon the ifland amafling provifions for the garrifon of Guahan, As thefe dogs had been purpofely trained to the killing of the wild hogs, they followed us very readily, and hunted for us, but though they were a large, bold breed, the hogs fought with fo much fury, that they frequently deftroyed them -, whence we by degrees loft the greateft part of them. " This place was not only extremely grateful to us from the plenty and excellence of its frefh •provifions, but was as much, perhaps, to be ad- rnired on account of its fruits and vegetable productions, which were moft fortunately adapted to the cure of the fea-fcurvy, the difeafe which had fo terribly reduced us. For in the woods there were inconceivable quantities of cocoa-nuts, with the cabbages growing on the fame tree : thefe were, befides, guavoes, limes, fweet and four oranges, and a kind of fruit peculiar to thefe iflands, called by the Indians Rhymay, but by us the bread-fruity for it was conftantly eaten by us during our ftay upon the ifland inftead of bread, and fo univerfally preferred to it, that no fhip's bread was expended during that whole interval *♦ Befides the fruits already * At the time when Walter wrote, the bread-fruit tree and its fruit were little known j but the voyagers of thefe lattef timet Nov. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 5§ already enumerated, there were many other vege* tables extremely conducive to the cure of the malady we had long laboured under, fuch as watermelons, dandelion, creeping purflain, mint, fcurvy- grafs,- and forrelj all which, together with the frefh meats of the place, we devoured with great eagernefs, prompted thereto by the ftrong inclination which, in fcorbutic diforders, Nature never fails of exciting for thofe powerful fpecifics. Cf It will eafily be conceived from what hath been already faid, that our cheer upon this ifland was in fome degree luxurious -, but I have not yet recited all the varieties of provifion which we here indulged in. Indeed, we thought it prudent totally to abftain from fiih, the few we caught at our firft arrival having furfeited thofe who eat of them; but confidering how much we had been inured to that fpecies of food, we did not regard this circumftance as a difadvantage, efpeciaily as the defect was fo amply fupplied by the beef, pork, and fowls already mentioned, and by great plenty of wild fowl; for it is to be remembered, that, near the centre of the ifland there were two con- 1.1 times have defcribed it fo well, that I difpenfe with tranf- cribing the defcription given of it by Anfon's hiftorian. However, it might fo happen, that in reading this defcription, a naturalift might perceive fome difference between the bread-fruit tree of Tinian, and that which is a production common to all the iflands of the Great Ocean fituated between the tropics. 4 fiderable ^^ 6o marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791'. iiderable pieces of frefh water, which abounded with duck, teal, and curlew: not to mention the whiftling-plover, which we found there in prodigious plenty. " Having briefly recounted the conveniences of this place, the excellence and quantity of its fruits and provifions, the neatnefs of its lawns, the ftate- liners, frefhnefs, and fragrance of its woods, the happy inequality of its furface, and the variety and elegance of the views it afforded, I muft now obferve that all thefe advantages were greatly enhanced by the healthinefs of the climate, by the almoft conftant breezes which prevail there, and by the frequent fhowers which fell j for thefe, inftead of the heavy, continued rains which, in fome countries, render great part of the year fo un- pleafing, were ufually of very fhort and almoft momentary duration. Hence they were extremely grateful and refrefhing; and were, perhaps, one caufe of the falubrity of the air, and of the extraordinary influence it was obferved to have upon us, increasing and invigorating our appetites and digeftion. " After giving thefe large encomiums to this ifland, in which, however, I conceive, I have not done it juftice; it is necefTary I fhould fpeak of thofe circumftances in which it is defective, whether in point of beauty or utility. And firft, with re- fpect to its water, I muft own, that, before I had feen this fpot, I did not conceive that the abfence Of m ov. 1791-J MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 61 of running water, of which it is entirely deftitute, could have been fo well replaced by any other means, as it is in this ifland j fince, though there are no ftreams, yet the water of the wells and fprings, which are to be met with every where near the furface, is extremely good ; and in the midft of the ifland there are two or three confiderable pieces of excellent waiter, the turf of whofe banks was as clean, as even, and as regularly difpofed, as if they had, been bafons purpofely made for the decoration of the place. It muft, however, be confefled, that with regard to the beauty of the] profpects, the want of rills and ftreams is a very great defect, not to be compen- fated either by large pieces of ftanding water, or by the neighbourhood of the fea, though that, from the fmallnefs of the ifland, generally makes a part of every extenfive landfcape. cc As to the refidence upon the iflartd, the principal inconvenience attending it is the vaft numbers of mufkitoes, and various other fpecies of flies, together with an infect called a tick; this, though principally attached to the cattle, would yet frequently faften upon our limbs and bodies, and, if not perceived and removed in time, would bury its head under the lkin, and raife a painful inflammation. We found here too centipedes and fcorpions, which we fuppofed were venomous, though none of us ever received any injury from them. « But 1 Trf 62 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Nov. 1791. m M But the moft important and formidable exception to this place remains ftill to be told. This is the inconvenience of the road, and the little fecurity there is, in fome feafons, for a fhip at anchor. The only proper anchoring-place for fhips of burden is at the fouth-weft end of the ifland j the peak of Saypan, feen over the northern part of Saypan, and bearing north-north-eaft half - eaft, is a direction for readily finding it j the anchoring place is then eight miles diftant. Here the Centurion anchored in twenty-two fathoms water, about a mile and a half from the fhore, oppofite to a fandy bay. The bottom of this road is full of fharp-pointed coral rocks, which, during four months of the year, that is, from the middle of June to the middle of Otlober, render it a very unfafe anchorage. This is the feafon of the weftern monfoons, when, near the full and change of the moon, but more particularly at the change, the Wind is ufually variable all round the compa&j and feldom fails to blow with fuah fury, that the ftouteft Cables are not to be confided in. What adds to the danger at thefe times, is the exceffive rapidity of the tide of flood which fets to the fouth- eaft/ between this ifland and that of Aguigan, a fmall iflot near the fouthern extremity of Tinian, which, in the galleon's chart, is represented only by a dot. This tide runs at firft with a vaft head and overfall of water, occafioning fuch a hollow and overgrown fea, as is fcarcely to be conceived j fo No i791-'] marchand s voyage. 63 fo that we were under the dreadful apprehenfion of being pooped by it, though we were in a fixty gun fhip. In the remaining eight months of the year, that is, from the middle of Oclober to the middle of June, there is a conftant .feafon of fettled weather; when, if the cables are but well armed, there is fcarcely any danger of their being even rubbed -, fo that during all that interval, it is as fecure a road as could be wifhed for. I fhall only add, that the anchoring bank is very fhelving, and ftretches along the fouth-weft end of the ifland, and is entirely free from fhoals, except a reef of rocks which is vifible, and lies about half a mile from the fhore, affording a narrow paffage into a fmall fandy bay, which is the only place where boats can poffibly land*." Such was the Ifland of Tinian, when Commodore Anson quitted it towards the end of the month of October 174*2. The only fault that could then be found with it, was, that it afforded no 1 harbours, no roadftead where fhips could anchor in fafety; and it feems that Nature, who had beftowed every thing on the land of this favoured ifland, was determined to refufe every thing to the fea that wafhes its coaft : for it has been feen that the fi(h there is not good, and the anchorage is no better. Twice had the Centurion her cables cut by the fharp coral rocks, with which' • Anfn's Voyage, Boak III. Chap, IL 64 marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. the bottom is ftrewn ; twice was fhe driven out to fea; and it was not without much difficulty that fhe could regain her anchorage, to the very great fatisfaction of that part of her officers and crew, which had been left on fhore by fo precipitate and neceffary a departure. I have not flopped to defcribe thofe ancient monuments Which were found in the ifland, thofe double fymmetrical rows of fquare pyramidal pillars, meafuring about five feet at the bafe and thirteen feet in height, each furmounted by a femi- globe, with the flat furface upwards, and which, at a diftance, prefents the appearance of a large bowl. Of thefe, a defcription may be read, and a drawing feen, in Richard Walter's narrative*. According to the account of the Spanifh prifoners, thefe pillars muft have belonged to fome Indian monafteries, and this particularity would alone be fufficient to atteft the ancient population of the ifland: in all the countries of Asia, the monks eftablifh themfelves wherever numbers of inhabitants can feed their idlenefs ; and they muft needs have been very numerous on Tinian, for there * The pillars and the femi-globes by which they were fur- mounted, were folid, and formed of a compofition of ftone and fand, covered with plafter; but as the voyagers who vifited 'Tinian 22 years after the voyage of Anfon, make no mention; of them, we muft fuppofe that, in this ^interval, time reduced them to dull. However, when in 1765, Byron caufeet the Ifland of Saypan to be vifited, the Tamar's people there found pillara fimilar to thofe of Tinian, and which were ftill ftanding. is tftfel MARCHAND s voyage is no part of the ifland on which Anson did not meet with fome of thefe decorations of pyramidal pillars. And how fhould men> addicted to contemplation, not have abounded in a Country where Nature* rich and beautiful* affords eternal verdure, fites picturefque and diverfified, trees loaded with blofifoms and fruits, meadows enamelled with odoriferous flowers, woods whofe facred fhade invites to meditation and feems to command filence; a country, in fhort, where the beauty of the climate, and the falubrity of the air* remove difeafes, and retard the fatal period in which every thing is confounded ? It is with regret that we are going to quit Anson's Tinian, in order to fix our eyes on the Tinian of which the navigators of thefe latter times have drawn us the picture. Both, no doubt, have painted what they faw j and of this fact we muft be certain, to believe that, within the lapfe of barely four luftres, the face of every thing has been changed. Commodore Byron put into Tinian on the 31ft of July 1765, and anchored in the fame road, fituated near the fouth-weft point, which Commodore Anson had occupied twenty-one years and a half before. Impatient to contemplate thofe ravifhing fcenes, thofe vaft meadows enamelled with flowers where herds of cattle of a dazzling whitenefs feed at liberty; impatient to breathe, with a pure air* that delicious per- vol. ii, f fume III 66 MARCHAND s voyage. [Nov. if§i fiime exhaled by the odoriferous productions of the earth, " as foon as the fhip was fecured," fays the Commodore; <c I went on fhore to fix upon a place where tents might be erected for the fick. We found feveral huts which had been left by the Spaniards the year before; for this year none of them had as yet been at the place, nor was it probable that they would come for fome months, the fun being almoft vertical, and the rainy feafon fet in. After I had fixed upon a fpot for the tents," continues ihe Commodore, " fix or feven of us endeavoured to pufh through the woods, that we might come at the beautiful lawns and meadows of which there is fo luxuriant a defcription in the account of Lord Anson's Voyage, and, if poflible, kill fome cattle. The trees ftood fo thick, and the place was fo overgrown with underwood, that we could not fee three yards before us; we therefore were obliged to keep continually hallooing to each other, to prevent our being feparately loft in this tracklefs wilder- nefs. As the weather was intolerably hot, we had nothing on. befides our fhoes, except our fhirts and trowfers, and thefe were, in a very fhort time, torn all to rags by the bufh.es and brambles: at laft, however, with incredible difficulty and labour we got through; but, to our great furprife and difappointment, we found the country very different from the account we had read of it: the lawns were entirely overgrown with a ftubborn kind le i79i-] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. n kind of reed or brufh, in many places higher than our heads, and no where lower than our middles, which continually entangled our legs, and cut us like whipcord* During this march we were alfo covered with flies from head to foot; and, whenever we offered to fpeak, we were fure of having a mouthful, many of which never failed to get down our throats. After we had walked about three or four miles, we got fight of a bull, which we killed, and, a little before night, we got back to the beach* as wet as if we had been dipt in water, and fo fatigued that we were fcarcely able to ftand. We immediately fent out a party to fetch the bull, and found that, during our excurflon, fome tents had been got up, and the fick brought on fhore. <c The next day our people were employed in fetting up more tents, getting the water-cafks on fhore, and clearing the well at which they were to be filled. This well I imagined to be the fame that the Centurion watered at; but it was the worft that we had met with during the voyage, for the water was not only brackifh, but full of worms. The road alfo where the fliips lay was a dangerous fituation at this feafon; for the'bottom is hard fand and large coral rocks, and the anchor having no hold in the fand, is in perpetual danger of being cut to pieces by the coral; to prevent which as much as pofiible, I rounded the cables, and buoyed them up with f 2 empty iltl I 6S MARCHAND'S VOYAGE [Nov. empty water-cafks. Another precaution alfo was taught, me by experience; for at firft I moored, but finding the cables much damaged I refolved to lie fingle for the future, that by veering away or heaving in, as we fhould have more or lefs wind, we might always keep them from being flack, and confequently from rubbings and this expedient fucceeded to my wifh. At the full and change of the moon, a prodigious fwell tumbles m, fb that I never faw fhips at anchor roll fo much as ours did while we lay here; and it once drove in from the weftward with fuch violence, -and broke fo high upon the reef that I was obliged to put to fea for a week^ for, if our cable had parted in the night, and the wind had been upon the fhore, which fbmetimes happens for two or three days together, the ihip muft inevitably have been loft upon the rocks. <f I foon found that the ifland produced limes, four oranges, cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, guavas, and paupaws* in great abundance i but we found no water-melons, fcurvy-grafs, or forrel. <{ Notwithftanding tk€ fatigue and diftrefs that , we had endured, and the various climates we had pafled through, neither of the fhips (the Dolphin * It appears that the fweet orange was no longer to be found* in the ifland, in Byron's time, for he does not fpeak of it; but he found there the papaw, of which no mention is vraAz'lhAnfon'y narrative: have the Spaniards conveyed thither the papaw- and wm MARCHAND S VOYAGE 69 and the Tamar), had yet loft a fingle man fince their failing from England; but, while we lay here, two died of fevers, adifeafe with which many were feized, though we all recovered very faft from the fcurvy, I am, indeed, of opinion that this is one of the moft unhealthy fpots in the world, at leaft during the feafon in which we were here. The rains were violent, and almoft inceflant, and the heat was fo great as to threaten us with fuffo- cation. " Befides the inconvenience which we fuffered from the weather, we were inceffantly tormented by the flies in the day, and by the mufkitoes in the night. The ifland alfo fwarms with centipedes and fcorpions, and a large black ant, fcarcely inferior to either in the malignity of its bite. Befides thefe, there were venomous infects without number, altogether unknown to us, by which many of us fuffered fo feverely that we were afraid to lie down in our beds; nor were thofe on board in a much better fituation than thofe on fhore, for great numbers of thefe creatures being carried into the fhip with the wood, they took poffeffion of every birth, and left the poor feamen no place of reft either below or upon the deck. <c As foon as we were fettled in our new habitations, I fent out parties to difcover the haunts of the cattle, fome of which were found, but at a great diftance from the tents, and the beafts f 3 were m 1 {ft 11 £ M MP PI I MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. [NoV. ljgt. were fo fhy that it was very difficult to get a fliot at them. Some of the parties which, when their haunts had been difcovered, were fent out to kill them, were abfent three days and nights before they could fucceed I and when a bullock had been dragged feven or eight miles, through fuch woods and lawns as have juft been defcribed, to the tents, it was generally full of fly-blows, and flunk fo as to be unfit for ufe : nor was this the worft, for the fatigue of the men in bringing down the carcafs, and the intolerable heat they fuffered from the climate and the labour, frequently brought on fevers which laid them up. Poultry, however, we procured on eafier terms : there was great plenty of birds, and they were eafily killed > but the flefh of the beft of them was very ill-tafted; and fuch was the heat of the climate that, within an hour after they were killed, it was as green as grafs, and fwarmed with maggots. Our principal refort for frefh meat, was the wild hog, with which the ifland abounds. Thefe creatures are very fierce, and fome of them fo large that a carcafs frequently weighed two hundred pounds. We killed them without much difficulty, but a black belonging to the Tamar contrived a method to fnare them, fo that we took great numbers of them alive, which was an unfpeakable advantage; for it not only injured our eating the flefh while it was fweet,. but enabled us to fend a good number of them on board as fea-ftores. iSI "In 31* Nov. 1791-] marchand's voyage* 71 fc In the mean time," adds the Commodore, cc we were very defirous of procuring fome beef in an eatable flate, with lefs rifk and labour; and Mr. Gore, one of our mates, at laft difcovered a pleafant fpot upon the north-weft part of the ifland, where cattle were in great plenty, and whence they might be brought to the tents by fea. To this place therefore I difpatched a party, with a tent for their accommodation, and fent the boats everyday to fetch what they fhould kill; fometimes, however, there broke fuch a fea upon the rocks that it was impoffible to approach them, and the Tamar's boat unhappily loft three of her beft men in attempting it. We were now, upon the whole, pretty well fupplied with provifions, efpeciaily as we baked frefh bread every day for the fick ; and the fatigue of our people being lefs, there were fewer ill with the fever: but feveral of them were fo much difordered by eating of a very fine looking fiih which we caught here, that their recovery was for a long time doubtful. The author of the account of Lord Anson's voyage fays that the people on board the Centurion thought it prudent to abflain from fifh, as the few which they caught on their firft arrival furfeited thofe who eat of them. But not attending fufficiently to this caution, and too haftily taking the word furfeit in its literal and common ^acceptation, we imagined that thofe who tailed the fifh when Lord Anson firft came hither, were made fick by f 4 merely -—. marchand s voyage. [Nov. 1791* merely eating too much; whereas, if that had been the cafe, there would have been no reafon for totally abftaining afterwards, but only eating temperately, We, however, bought our knowledge by experience, which we might have had cheaper; for, though all our people who tafted this fifh, eat fparingly, they were all foon after-; wards dangeroufly ill. " Befides the fruit that has been mentioned already, this ifland produces cotton and indigo in abundance, and would certainly be of great value if it was fituated in the West Indies *.'* . Such was the ftate in which the Ifland of Tinian prefented itfelf to Commodore Byron, during the- fiay that he made there in 1765, from the 31ft of July to the 1 ft of October. Captain Wallis, who vifited it in the month of September 1767, draws of it a picture neither more flattering, nor better calculated for retracing tous the charms of the Tintan defcribed by Commodore Anson. He fays, however, that tc the hunters, whom he had fent out on the day of- his arrival, brought in a fine young bull of near four hundred weight: and that in this place he got beef, pork, poultry, papaw-apples, bread-fruit, limes, oranges, and every refrefhment that is mentioned in the account of Lord Anson's voyage; * See Hawkefworth's Compilation, following. Vol. I, 116 and but e Ilk Nov. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 73 but that flefh meat could be fcarcely kept fweefr one day. There had been many cocoa-nut trees near the landing-place," continues he; " but they had been all waftefully cut down for the fruit, and none being grown up in their ftead, we were forced to go three miles into the country before a fingle nut could be procured. The hunters alfo fuffered confiderable fatigue; for they were frequently obliged to go ten or twelve miles through one continued thicket, and the cattle were fo wild that it was very difficult to come near them; fo that I was obliged to relieve one party by another; and it being reported that cattle were more plenty at the North end of the ifland, but thift the hunters being quite exhaufted with fatigue, when they got thither, were not able to kill them, much lefs to bring them down, I fent Mn Gore, with fourteen men, to eftablifh themfelves in that part of the ifland, and ordered that a boat fhould go every morning, at day-break, for what they fhould kill*." In addition to the refreihments before-mentioned, Captain Wallis obtained an ample flock of limes, which he appropriated to the wants of his people. Captain Portlock, who, on the 4th of October, 1787, crofied the Archipelago of the Mary-Anne * Hniuhfworth's Compilation, Vol, I. Wallis's Voyage, Chapter XI. page 279, Iflands It J 1 1 74 marchand's voyage. [Nov.. 1791. Iflands between Tinian and Saypan, fays that,in, the plains of the former, he obferved a number^ of white animals grazing, which he fuppofed to be the white cattle that, in Lord Anson's Voyage, are faid to be fo common there; but he reconnoitred the ifland only at a diftance, and could not judge of its prefent state *, Captain Gilbert, commanding the fhip Charlotte, pafled the beginning of the month of Auguft 1788, at the anchorage -of Tinian ; he would have been well pleafed to find there the t^rreftrial paradife reprefented in Anson's voyage; but he found only the wild country of which Byron has drawn us fo hideous a picture: his account is as as follows: cc From the obfervations I was able to make, during my fhort ftay at this ifland, the defcription given by Captain Wallis feffris to correfpond the neareft with the prefent flate of it. The ground was overgrown with underwood, and the cattle did not appear to be by far fo plenty as defcribed in Anson's voyage. The well, at which Lord Anson watered, was dry; and as for the numerous fprings there fpoken of> few of them fell in my way. The neaieft water to the landing-place lay too far off for me to receive any benefit from it, in the prefent debilita- . ted ftate of the fhip's company. Among the trees I obferved great numbers of the cotton-tree, in * Portlock's Voyage, p. 317. full Nov. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 75 full bloom ; and fell in with a village, the huts of which appeared to have been for fome time deferted. However, the little time I was there, I got great abundance of cocoa-nuts, cabbages, bread-fruit, wild hogs, fowls, &c. &c I faw large herds of white cattle, but was not able to manage any of them, except a few of their calves *." Like Commodore Anson, Captain Gilbert experienced the danger of the roadftead: the Charlotte, and the Scarborough which anchored there near her, were forced, in a gale of wind, to cut their cables, and put to feaf. I obferve * Voyage from New South Wales to Canton, In the year 1788. By Thomas Gilbert. London, 1789. pages 66 and 67. + In recapitulating what is reported of the road and anchorage in the different journals, to which we refer the reader for farther, particulars, it appears: That, on the 2 2d of September, 1742, the Centurion parted two cables and was driven to fea, dragging with her a third anchor, which (he had let go on the edge of the bank; and that {he could not regain the road till the 1 ith of October. That, on the 14th of October, being but the third day- after her arrival, a fudden gale of wind, brought home her anchor, forced her off the bank, and drove her to fea a fecond time; and fhe was five days before fhe could return to her anchorage. That, in the beginning of Auguft, 1768, the wefterly fwell forced Byron to get under way ; and that he could not take up the anchorage again for a week. That, on the 8th of Auguft, 1788, the Charlotte and the Scarborough were forced to cut their cables, and put to fea. But Anfon affirms that, during eight months of the year, that is, from the middle of O&ober to the middle of June, there is a conftan Jft 76 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. fNov 1791. I obferve that, among the large trees which Gilbert saw at Tinian, he diftinguifhed a great number of cotton-trees, and that they were in fall blofTom: we have f<ten that in 1765, Byron had already found there the cotton-tree, together with the indigo-tree. It cannot be doubted that this' ifland would have been very fertile, and that it would have been very eafy to naturalize there the ufeful productions of both Indies, if the right of conqueft had fubjected it to other mailers than the Spaniards: but the latter, incapable of cultivating, with their own hands, every part of the earth of which they have declared themfelves the proprietors, have too frequently, by a policy no lefs inhuman than contrary to their true interefts, deftroyed or difperfed, the real proprietors, the original cultivators, who alone can compenfate for the infufHciency of the conquerors. Captain Sever, commanding the Ship Lady Penrhyn, touched at Tinian, in the month of September 1788. He confirms all that Commodore Byron and Captain Wallis have reported of the prefent fituation of this ifland; but although a conftant feafon of fettled weather, and that, provided the cables be but well armed, or buoyed up, there is little danger of their being rubbed; in fhort, during thefe eight months, the road on the fouth-weft end of the ifland of Tinian is, he adds, as fecure s road as could be wifhed for. he ~-~: .e-.—^ i ^ 1P91-] MARCHAND S VOYAGE 77 he landed there at the fame time of the year as . the latter, he found the feafon very backward » moft of the fruits were not arrived at their point of maturity: however, he procured two oxen, a wild hog, and a dozen of fowls*. When we have read the two defcriptions of Tinian, which both, no doubt, equally merit our confidence, from the well-founded opinion of the veracity of the voyagers by whom they were written, we cannot avoid being ftruck with afto- nifhment, on examining the ravages which time, whofe hand is not always flow, has been able to commit in an interval that does not amount to the fourth of a century. Behold Tinian in 1742, divided between fmiling plains, and floping hills, crowned with woods whofe tall trees growing in rows, at regular diftances, and cleared of barren and obftructing fhrubs, leave to the air a free circulation, which permits it to purify itfelf in ios courfe; behold it decked out with all the gifts of the creation, which the colouring of the painter has, if you pleafe, embellifhed, but the features of which he has given; and return to Tinian in 1765 : you will fee withered rufhes, melancholy heaths, and prickly brambles, occupy in its plains, now become waftes, the places which were covered by verdant trefoil, falutary herbs, ufeful plants, • * See The Voyage of Governor Philip . Itondon, 1789. 410. page 245. and 1 I ! FT 7» MARCHAND*S VOYAGE. [NoV. 179!,, and Odoriferous flowers: feek on thofe lawns the numerous herds which conftituted their ornament and richnefs, and on which a fecundified land lavifhed food ever-reviving : at this day, a hideousj briftling, impaffable bur repels theirs and denies. them fubfiftence: attempt to penetrate into thefe woods j thick briars, flubborn and ftrong grafs prohibit you from entering them; parafitical lianes*, intertwined and intermingled, ftretch their tendrils from one tree to another, and intercept all communication; a foil, on which the down of the enamelled mofs extended into the very heart of the clumps, is now only the impure afylurn of centipedes, fcorpions, and all the venomous infects which live and generate their poifon in the rubbifh of vegetation: there no longer remains * Lianes, winding like ivy> run up the large trees which they meet with; and, there are fome which, after having reached the talleft branches, throw out tendrils which fall again prependicularly, bury themfelves in the ground, there take frefh. root, and rife again,' afcending and defcending alternately. Other filaments borne obliquely by the wind, or by fome accident, frequently fallen on the neighbouring trees, and form either an impenetrable foreft, or a confufion of cords hanging in every direction, which prefent to the eye the fame afpeci as the running rigging of a fhip. There are lianes as thick as the arm; fome, by dint of clafping the tree which they embrace, finifh by choking it. Sometimes it happens that the tree dries while flanding, rots, and entirely decays, and that there remain only the fpirals of the llane, which form a fort of twitted column, infulated and perforated, which art would find much difficulty in imitating."' ^See Bomare's Diet, de Hlft. Nat, at the word Llane.J of Nov. 1791.] Marchand's voyage. 79 of the former Tinian any of the charms which occafioned to be overlooked the importunity of its gnats, the noxious quality of its fifties, and the dangers of its roadftead : the fourth of a century has been fufficient for effecting all thefe changes! This contraft of two pictures fo different from each other, that, in comparing them, we have fome difficulty in perfuading'ourfelves that the Voyagers meant to delineate the fame ifland ; this contraft, I fay, leads us back to the obfervation, depofited in his immortal work by the fublime philofopher, whofe bold genius, traverfing the obfcurity of time, and hovering over fpace in order to aid creation, would have divined Nature, had Nature chofen to be divined, and who has at leaft marked out to us the track, which flie might have followed, if it be not, in faft, the track which fhe has followed. " Man," fays Buffon, " mafter of the domain " of the earth, has changed and renewed its " whole furface, and at all times has fhared the " empire with Nature. However, he reigns only " by right of conqueft; he enjoys rather, than <c poffefTes; he preferves only by unremitting " care: if that ceafe,every thing languishes, every " thing changes, every thing returns under the " hand of Nature \ fhe refumes her rights, effaces <c the works of Man, and leaves him nothing but " the regret of having loft, through his own <c negli- I Sd Marchand's voyage* [No 1791 " negligence, what his anceftors had conquered by <c their labours*.'* This.digreillon has made us lofe fight of the Solide ; it is time to rejoin her> that we may follow her in her route to Macao. After having crofted the archipelago of the Mary-Anne Iflands, Captain Marchand fleered between weft-north-weft and weft by north, in Order to make the fouth point of the Ifland of Formosa. The obfervations for the longitude made on the 16th of November in the morning, placed the fhip, at noon on that day, in 121° 6' eaft from Paris; and her obferved latitude was 21° 34' north. This pofition afforded Captain Marchand the hope that, on the following day, he would get fight of the land. It appeared, in faft, the next morning at half paft feven o'clock, and he diftin* guifhed the Iflands of Botel Tab ago XiMAf, fituated at the diftance of about five leagues from the fouth point of Formosa, and on the fame parallel: the large ifland is a high land which may be perceived, in clear weather, eighteen or twenty leagues. At half paft nine o'clock, the largeft of thefe iflands bore from weft half north to weft by north, and the fmall ifland, weft half fouth, diftant about twelve leagues. * Hi/}. Nat. ire Vue de la Nature. + According to Alexander Dairy m^Je; and according to others, Botel or Battel, Tahaco Xima, or Tabago Xima; and Tabaco-fima, according to D'Anvil le, i At Nov. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 81. At half paft five o'clock in the afternoon, at the moment when the eaftern extremes of both the Botel Iflands bore, in one with each other, north by weft, was perceived to the weft by north the fouth point of the Ifland of Formosa. This part of the ifland prefents a land of a remarkable height, which is to be perceived at the diftance of twenty or even twenty-two leagues. On the 18th, at noon, the Solide had left this .point to the eaft-'north-eaft half north, at the diftance of about four leagues and a half, and was Handing on for Macao. Captain Chanal, according to the obfervations of Captain Marchand, and his own, combined with various bearings taken of the land, has endeavoured to fix the geographical pofitions, both abfolute and relative, of the Botel Iflands, of the fouth point of Formosa, and of Vele-Rete, a very dangerous fhoal, lying in the track of fhips coming from the Great Ocean to the northward of the Bashee Iflands. As the pofitions given by Captain Chanal do not all agree with thofe which have been employed by Alexander Dal- rymple, in his Chart of the China Sea, publifhed in 1771; by La Pe'rouse, in the-journal of his voyage and in his chart; by George Robertson, in his large Chart of the China Sea, which appeared in 1791, and in his Table of Pofitions, which makes part of the Memoir that accompanies the chart and ferves as a foundation for it; I have thought it vol, 11. g incum- 1 §2. marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. incumbent on me to report them as given by each, to the end that navigators who may have an opportunity of making obfervations in fight of the fame points, may the more eafily verify the different pofitions, and decide which merit the preference. According to the obfervations and the bearings taken on board of the Solide in fight of the land : The -great Ifland of Botel Tabago-Xima, at its fouth-eaft point, is fituated in 110 3' north latitude, and 1190 34' eaft longitude *. This ifland is fufficiently elevated to be perceived, in clear weather, at the diftance of fifteen leagues: it may be four or five leagues in circumference. The fires which were feen blazing during the night left no doubt of its being inhabited, at leaft in a temporary manner, by fifhermen, if, however, it have not inhabitants who make it their conftant refi- dence. * According to Dairymple's Chart, Lat. 8° 1c' from Macao which is fitu- ° ' " ated (Note LX) in iu° 15'.... 22 6 30 . According t a the obfervations of La Pe'roufe ^ 21 57 OO . According to Chanal, the middle of the ifland, 220 4'and 119* 33'; and in taking away 1 minute from the latitude, and adding 1 min. to the longitude, in order to reduce tEem to the fouth-eaft. point of fhe ifland y • • 22 3 00 , According to G. Robertfou, In his . Table of Pofitions zz 6 00 , Long. or" 119 30 OO 119 32 09 119 34 OO 119 21 4£ But, Nov. i79l-l MARCHAND S VOYAGE 83 But, in order not to fuffer the opinion of fea- men to waver, I think I may venture to take the liberty of here anticipating on the publication of La Pe'rouse's voyage, for the purpofe of adding that the ifland is inhabited, that it even appears well peopled, fince La Pe'rouse, on approaching very near to it, diftinguifhed three villages within the fpace of a league. The fmall ifland of the fame name lies to the fouth by eaft of the great one*; its latitude is 2,1° 57", and its longitude 1190 36' f. It is fome- what lefs elevated than the great ifland, but however fufficiently fo to be feen ten or twelve leagues. The paffage between thefe two iflands may be four or five miles in width : the channel and both Ihores appeared equally free from rocks or fhoals.j The fouth,-weft point of the Ifland of Formosa dnay be placed in latitude n° 54, according to * On the parallel of the middle of the great ifland, according to Dalrymple's chart, and on the parallel of its fouth-eaft point, according to that of La Peroufe. + According to Dalrymple's Chart, in 89 22' eaft from Macao According to La Peroufe, from his difference of meridian in regard to tne great ifland, taken on his - chart, 5 min. more to the eaftward According to Chanal (as above) .. Lat. 21 c7 00 21 57 00 . Loi 1:9 37 06 119 36 00 that 84 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. [Nov. 1791. that of the fhip obferved on the 18th at noon, in ai° 48', and according to the bearing, which placed this point 6 minutes more to the northward than •the fhip : its longitude is about n8° 40'*. The Vele-Rets fhoal lies to the fouth 4 or 50 weft of the fouth point of Formosa, towards the latitude of n° 45', and longitude of 118° 39 f. Thefe rocks are even with the water's edge, and cannot be perceived at more than two leagues' diftance. A Ihip muft borrow on the point of the Ifland of Fo*rmosa, which is fafe, clofer than on Lat. * According to Dalrymple's chart 70 19' to the eaftward of Macao According to that of La Peroufe, 5 min. more to the northward, and 52 min. lefs to the eaftward than the fouth-eaft point of the Great Botel ::: According to Chanal (as above).. Robertfon's Memoir (in his Table .of Pofitions) 2 00 54 00 Long. 118 34 OO 118 40 OO 118 40 00 22 6 OO . . Il8 49 45 + According to Dalrymple's chart 7° 2»' 20" to the eaft of Macao.. According to that of La P. roufe? 3 min. lefs to the northward, and 40 min. lefs to the eaftward than the fouth-eaft point of the Great Botel According to Chanal (as above) .. According to Robertfon 21 48 00 .. 118 36 39 21 49 00 . 21 45 00 . 21 45 OO . 118 52 OO 118 39 00 118 47 45 No I791-] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. the fhoal, to which it is prudent to give a good birth *. On the 18th of November, in fight of the fouth-weft point of the Ifland of Formosa, I flop the calculation of the Solide's run from the Sandwich Iflands to Macao., In deducing the longitude of this point from that of the fouth-eaft point of the Great Botel Tabago-Xima, which is determined by the obfervations of La Pe'rouse, we find that the former muft be 118° 40'; and according to the bearing taken at noon of the 18th, the fhip was', with reflect to the fouth-weft point of Formosa, i2| minutes lefs to the eaftward than the point: her longitude muft therefore have been 118° 27' 40". * G. Robertfon in his Memoir of a Chart of the China Sea, page 32, gives an extract from the Journal of the Royal Captain, which prefents a few details refpecling the Vele-Rete Shoal. " On the 23d of October 1762, at 9 A. M. faw the Rock f* Vele-Rete bearing weft by north; at noon, it bore north 2§ " leagues : it feems environed with rocks, extending a mile or *f two round it, on which the fea breaks very high: I judge its " diftance from the fouth part of Formpfa to be 5 or 6 leagues; " and, appearing very fmall, it is not to be feen above 3 or 4 " leagues in clear weather. When this rock bore north.weft by " north, we perceived the water difcoloured; but in half an '} hour it changed its hue to a fea-colour. " Latitude obferved 210 38' north. " Ditto of the rock 21° 45' north." Since Vele-Rete is in latitude 210 45', nearly fouth of the fouth point of Fsrmofa, and fince this point lies in about 22°, the width of the paffage between the ifland and the ihoal muft be 15 miles or 5 leagues. g 3 But 86 MARCHAND S VOYAGE fNov. 791 But on the 16th at noon, the lohgitude of the Solide deduced from the obfervations was ni° 6''; and, from the 16th to the f 8th, the progrefs by account towards the weft had been 30 43': thus her longitude on the 18th was 118° 31'. It is feen that it differs from the true only by 4 minutes, or about a league and a quarter *: and the difference might have been more confiderable, without our navigators being juJBfced in imputing it to the obfervations of the 16th, fince they were obliged to employ the dead reckoning for the forty-eight hours elapfed between the 16th and the j8th. If, at prefent, we wifh to find the error of the reckoning on the whole of the run, we have only to compare the difference of longitude indicated by the dead reckoning between the point of departure on the 7th of October and the point arrived at on the jBth of November, with the true difference deduced from the obfervations which have fixed the pofition of thefe two extreme points. . The true difference of longitude is 830 3't; the * See Note LVIII. + Longitude of the point of departure in fight of O-Whyhee, on the 7 th of Oftober, 15 8° 29' weft—Longitude of the point arrived at in fight of the fouth-weft point of the Ifland of Formofa, on the 18th of November (as above) n 8° 28' eaft. Difference of longitude 830 3'. (See the Journal of the Route at the 7th of October and at the 18th of November, and Note LVIII.) difference •79*0 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. difference given by the dead reckoning is 76° 44/ *. The latter is therefore fmaller than the former by 6° 19', which, on the parallel of the point arrived at, anfwer to a little more than one hundred and feventeen leagues. If we divide this fum of the partial errors of the reckoning, by the number of days of the run, that is to fay, by 41^, we fhall have for the mean error in twenty-four hours, 8ro miles: and the quantity of this error confirms a remark which we have reafon to make in reading the journals of navigators; this is, that in croffing the (jreat Ocean between the tropics, the general current of the waters, from eaft to weft, carries fhips to the weftward by an imperceptible movement which may be eftimated at eight or nine miles, or about three leagues a day. But this movement, which efcapes the uncertain methods of the pilot, cannot efcape the obfervations of the aftronomer. On lofing fight of the Ifland of Formosa, the Solide directed her courfe for Macao. On the 20th, land was difcovered at half paft fix o'clock in the mornings it bore north-wreft_j but the mift did not yet allow of its being diftin- guifhed: Captain Marchand ftood on to approach it. The fog not having cleared up, he * Longitude of the point of departure 1580 29' weft—Longitude of the point arrived at, by account, 1240 47' eaft. Difference of longitude, by account, 7 6° 44/. (See the Journal of the Route, and Note LVIII.) . p 4 was I MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Nov. 1791' I was compelled to pafs the night in making fhort boards. The next morning, at half paft feven o'clock, he difcerned Pedra Branca (the White Rock) to the weft by fouth 30 fouth : he fleered fo as to pafs to the fouthward of it; and at half paft nine, it bore directly north, diftant two miles. Pedra Branca is a fmall white rock, high, and fteep, fituated eighteen leagues to the eaft-north- eaft of the Grand Lema, the moft eaftern and the moft confiderable of the group which bears that name *, and lies to the eaftward of the numerous iflands that form the roads of Macao, and the mouth of the river of Canton. Pedra Branca may be perceived at four or five leagues' diftance. The fea was covered with fifhing-boats. Cap- "tain Marchand fired a gun as a fignal for a pilot acquainted with the coaft -, and it was not long before an officious Chinefe, but we cannot fay a * According to G. Robert/on i (page 12 of his Memoir of a Chart of the China Sea) the latitude of Pedra Branca, from a good obfervation, is 220 20' 00'> north; and its longitude from Greenwich 1150 8' deduced from Macao, or 1150 14' 00", if we place Macao, as I have done (Note LX) in 1130 35' 15". Robertfon adds that its longitude was confirmed by nine fets of aftronomical obfervations (objefts eaft and weft of the moon,) made by Captain W. Frafer; whofe mean of the whole places it in 115° 4 eaft. If we choofe to take a mean between thefe two determinations, we fhall have 1 if 9/ oo" eaft from Greenwich, or 1120 48' 4$" eaft from Paris: Robertfon has adopted 1if 8 /oo" from the meridian of Greenwich, $5$h8 difin- Nov. 1791-] marchand s voyage. 89 difinterefted one, made his appearance. The weather being rather bad, he was, not afraid of rating his fervices at too high a price: he demanded 70 dollars, and required that the fum fhould be paid him beforehand : as he neither underftood French, Englifh, nor Portuguefe, and as Captain Marchand neither had the means nor the time to difpute about the fum, he paid it, and put the Solide under his direction, with the confidence that the blind man has in his guide. The wind blew from north-north-eaft to north; and, agreeably to the indication of the pilot, the fhip was brought clofe to the wind in order to keep the coaft aboard. At half paft one o'clock in the afternoon, Pedra "Branca bore eaft-north-eaft half north, diftant about four leagues; and, a little time after, was out of fight. Captain Marchand regulated his courfe by the Chart of part of the coaft of China, &c. publifhed by Alexander Dalrymple, a copy of which is to be found in D'Apres' Neptune Oriental, 2nd edition. No. 53. The weather was overcaft and mifty: at half paft five o'clock in the afternoon, the pilot pro- pofed to come to for the night; and the anchor was let go in eighteen fathoms, over a bottom of foft muds little Single Ifland bearing north-eaft half eaft, and Toneang Ifland north-eaft by north, at the diftance of two or three leagues from thefe iflands j the Grand Lema fouth-weft. On 11 na I ill! II m 1/ I 90 j marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. On the 22nd, in the morning, Captain Marchand got under way with a frefh breeze at north-north-eaft, and fteered weft-fouth-weft, in order to range along the fouth coaft of Poo-Toy, and pafs to the northward of the Grand Lema. The fhip had run eighteen miles to the weft fouth- weft half fouth : Ling-ting Ifland bore weft by fouth, and the Ifland of Poo-Toy, from north- north-weft to north-north-eaft, at the diftance of half a mile, when he hauled his wind to fteer for the Peak of Lan-Tao, and pafs to windward of Ling-Ting. But the wind came round to the north-north-weft, at the fame time blowing ftrong: as it was no longer poffible to weather the north fide of this laft-mentioned ifland, the pilot bore up in order to pafs it to the fouthward. Captain Chanal remarks, that to the northward of Ling-Ting, are feen two fhoals, even with the water's edge, which are not laid down on Dalrymple's chart: the diftance from the moft northern of thefe fhoals to the ifland is rather more t than a mile. At half paft noon, the Solide was to the fouthward of Ling-Ting j Captain Marchand hugged the wind, leaving on the larboard hand, to leeward, the SatMoan Iflands and thofe of Tsow, and fteering for Cni-CHOwIfJandi in order to double it to the fouthward: the wind blew ftrong frpnj the northward. Quite Nov. 179i.] marchand's voyage. 91 Quite clofe to the Sa-Moan and Tsow Iflands, are feen fome fmall iflots, which are not laid down on the chart; but they are not dangerous. In the mean time, the wind continued to fcant more and more : and, although the fhip carried all the fail that circumftances would allow, no hopes Were entertained of her being able to weather fome fhoals, fituated to the northward of the Chook- Chow Iflands, which the chart has not indicated. Captain Marchand determined to anchor under Chi-Chow Ifland, where he came to, at a quarter paft three o'clock, in thirteen fathoms, over a muddy bottom; the Peak of that ifland bearing flOfth- north -eaft half eaft, one mile from its fouth- weft coaft ; the moft eaftern of the Chook-Chow Iflands fouth-fouth-weft half fouth -, and the peak pf the Ifland Lan-Tao north by eaft. Chi-Chow confifts of two fmall iflands clofe to each other; although, on the chart, thefe two iflands are reprefented as one only. On the 23d, the wind blew with too much violence, from north to north-north-eaft, for the Solide to get under way: this day was fpent at anchor, and the fhip was thus detained, till the morning of the 25th, by an alternate contrariety of wind or tide. The latitude of the anchorage was obferved on the 24th, at noon, in 220 3* 30" north: which places the fouth coaft of the ifland in 220 4' or ill it I 92 marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791 or 5'*. It was high water at eleven o'clock in the morning, at the diftance of two days from the new moon : the flood fet to the weft-north-weft; and the ebb, to the eaftward. On the 25th, at fix o'clock in the morning, the weather at length permitted Captain Marchand to get under way : the wind was moderate, and the firft of the flood was favourable to the courfe : he made a fhort ftretch to the eaftward ; and, on putting about again, the fhip looked up for the road of Macao. He ranged along the Ifland of Laf-Sam-Mee, which he doubled to the fouthward; thence, he fleered for that of Chuc-Tuan, which he pafled, leaving it on the ftarboard hand at a very fmall diftance: at the moment when it bore north, Laf-Sam-Mee bore eaft-north-eaft, and Potoe (Tailow-Chow on the Englifh chart) weft-fouth- weft. With the wind which had veered to the northward, blowing frefh, he pafled between the fmall Iflands Tai-Lock and Sy-Lock : the channel that they leave between them is narrow, and its middle is obftructed by a fmall rock, which is above water j but the pilot, by figns, gave our * I obferve that, on D'Apres' chart, N° 53, and on that of Dalrymple, of which it is a copy, the latitude of the fouth coaft of Chi-Chow Ifland is 220 and about thirteen minutes, that is, 8 or 9 minutes more northerly than that given by the obferva- tion on board the Solide; but on thefe fame charts, Macao is placed in 220 18', that is, 5! minutes too much to the northward. ?ijH naviga- Nov. 1791-} marchand's voyage. 93 navigators to underftand that there exifts no hidden danger, and that a fhip may, with fafety, make free with both iflands and the rock in the middle. The Solide, in fact, pafled very clofe to Sy-Lock ; to the eaftward <5f this ifland, is feen a fmall rocky iflot, near which were found five fathoms water 5 and this is the fmalleft depth that was met with between the iflands: near Sy-Lock, the foundings were eight fathoms. After Captain Marchand had paffed the iflands, he continued to hug the wind in order to fetch the anchorage of Macao, for which he was fleering j he was obliged to make a board to the eaftward ; and, at half paft eleven o'clock, he dropped anchor in five fathoms and a half water, over a bottom of foft mud ; the town of Macao bearing weft-north- weft half weft, diftant two leagues; the eaft point of the fouth peak of Montanha (Mountain) Ifland fouth-weft by fouth; Ling-Ting Ifland north- north-eaft half eaft j and the peak of Lan-Tao eaft.: north-eaft half north. In this pofition, the latitude which was obferved on this fame day at noon, was 220 11 north. The anchors came home in this firft birth, with a frefh wind from north to north-north-eaft. Two days after, Captain Marchand took another anchorage more to the northward, in fix fathoms, with the fame bottom as that of the former. The town of Macao then bore west 8° fouth, at the diftance of two leagues, •S:S As § 94 marchand's Voyage. [Nov. 1791. As the Solide had failed round the world in taking her route by the weft, fhe had loft a day when fhe arrived at Macao, and Captain Marchand was obliged to change the computation of time; the day after his arrival, in lieu of reckoning Saturday the 26th of November, as he ought to have done in following the calculation of the fhip from the period of her departure from Marseilles, he fubftracted that day from the calendar, and reckoned Sunday the 27th. The news that Captain Marchand learnt at Macao tlifconcerted all the fpeculations which the owners of the Solide had in view in the expedition of their fhip to the north-west coaft of America -, and a failure, in the firft inftance, iniSft have had an influence on every farther operation which depended on the fale that would have taken place in China. He was informed, on his arrival, that the Chinefe government had, under ievere penalties, juft prohibited all introduction of furs into the fouthern parts of the empire, and padffi^ tlirany that of otter-fkins. The rigour of this prohibition was pretty generally attributed to fome ftipulation made in favour of the Ruffians, in the new treaty of commerce between the Emperor of China and the Emprefs of Russia, a treaty that muft neceflfarily have originated from the difputes which had occurred latterly between thefe two powers, and which were known to have been terminated to the fatisfaction of both ; but fome per- 7 ^fons Nov. 1791.] marchand's voyage. fons who thought themfelves more clearfighted or better informed, conceived that the prohibition was to be imputed folely to the avarice and cupidity of the Mandarins. From whatever caufe it arofe, the prohibition fubnfted in all its force, and it even appeared impoflible to be evaded. Already a Spanifh fhip, which had come from Manilla with three hundred otter-fkins, had been, from the impoffibility that was experienced of dealing With the Chinefe traders, forced to depofit her cargo in a ftorehoufe, on which the fenate, felf- denbminated Portuguefe, but acting only at the voice or through the impulfe of a Mandarin, were obliged to caufe the feals to be affixed : an Englifh fhip, likewife laden with furs, had, by going up to Wham-Poa or Wam-Pu, attempted to elude the vigilance of the cuftoms -, but not having been able to procure the fale of a fingle fkin, her commander refolved to carry liis whole cargo to England : a Portuguefe brig and another Englifh vef- fel were expected from the coaft of America with cargoes of the fame kind, and it was fuppofed that a French fhip which was to have been difpatched from Port 1'Orient, fince the Solide had failed from France, might have the fame deftination, and arrive at Macao in the next feafon. This union z of unfavourable circumftances left little hope of J trading with advantage, even in cafe that the pro- , hibition fhould happen to be taken off during the Solide's ftay at Macao ; for the great competi- B tion r hi, MARCHAND'S voyage. [Nov. 1791 tion of venders muft neceffarily have lowered the furs to fuch prices that the fale would yield a lofs rather than a profit. Captain Marchand, however, before he came to any determination, waited till he received an anfwer from the correfpondents of the houfe of Baux, fettled at Canton (Quang-Tcheou-Fou), to whom he had written in order to procure more precife information; but this anfwer confirmed every thing that he had heard at Macao: the impoffibility of felling at Canton the cargo of furs, on account of the prohibition -, the inutility of going up to Wham-Poa, where the fhip, although not of a confiderable burden, would be taxed by duties, the fum of which would amount to no lefs than fix thoufand dollars. A tax fo enormous was occafioned by the want of activity of foreign trade; this year, there was fcarcely reckoned in the port of Canton, half the number of fhips that had. tpme to trade there the preceding year; and the Mandarin collector, being obliged to pour, annually, into the treafury of the empire, an equal fum, whatever may have been the produce of the cuftoms, finds a very fimple method of bringing this produce to a par with his obligation, and even, it may be fuppofed, of rendering it much greater; he doubles or triples, at his pleafure, and according to circumftances, the duties to be levied on fhips that touch at Canton. The Chinefe government, whatever encomiums may 791'-] marchand s voyagej may have been pafled by feveral writers on the wifdom of its adminiftration, feems to be ftill ignorant that the augmentation of duties does not promote the increafe of the produce; and that, moft frequently* a quite contrary effect muft thence follow. From the certain information which Captain Marchand had juft received, he relinquifhed every idea of a fale, even by having recourfe to the channel of fmuggling, the only one that remained open to him, and he refolved to put to fea as foon as poflible, in order to proceed to the Ifle of France -, where, according to the instructions of his owners, money would be tranfmitted to him for a further commercial operation. The eorrefpondents of the houfe of BAux had .annexed to their anfwer, a memorandum of the prices at which furs had fold the preceding year : it was there feen that the price of otter-fkins of the firft quality had not rifen to more than fifteen dollars. In comparing thefe prices with thofe of former years, which we learn from the detail given of them by the Editor of Dixon's Journal*, there appears a confiderable decreafe in the profits with which the Europeans flattered themfelves from this new branch of commerce : in 1786, Captain Hanna had fold fkins of this defcription at the rate of fixty dollars-; in 1787, they had fallen to * Dixon's Voyage, page 316 and following. VOL. II. H an marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. fifty; but, in 1788, Captain Meares made them rife to feventy, and fome even to ninety-one; though in the fame year, and fhortly after, thofe of Captains Portlock and Dixon experienced a confiderable decreafe: the markets of China were already abundantly fupplied, and there was felt the inevitable effect of too large a ftock: the. Ikins, exported latterly, greatly exceeding the proportion of the wants forefeen, the new and the old were reciprocally depreciated. But the tafte of the Chinefe for furs is fb decided, fo general, and this nation is fo wedded to its habits, that it may be prefumed, that, if tlje prohibition be not fpeedily taken off, the activity of the venders and the eagernefs Qfthe purchafers, feconded by the cupidity of a Mandarin, will find means to evade the law, as has happened with re- ipect to the introduction of opium ; and, the avenues being then open to fmuggling, the prices will rife or fell alternately, in proportion to the difficulties, more or lefs great, which this illicit traffic may meet with. Captain Marchand, during his ftay at Macao, had frequent occafions of experiencing the injuftice and oppreffion of the Chinefe government, of which there is no voyager who does not loudly complain, if he has made ever fo fhort a ftay in the only port of China, the accefs to which is open to foreigners. Obliged to apply to a Comprador, or Chinefe broker, for the purchafe of their provifions, which tkey ^P«i Nov. 1791.3 marchand^ voyage 99 they are not permitted to procure for themfelves, they pay for every afticle double its value. The Portuguefe government of MacaO is in a ftate of debafement which can be compared only to the in- folence, the avidity, and the knavery of a Mandarin. There it is that are to be feen the conquerors of India, the fucceflbrs of the great Albuquerque, in the dependence, and, in a manner, under the ferula of a Chinefe cuftom-houfe officer, who, with the title of Hoppo, exercifes a fort of defpotic 'fovereigrlty; every moment, makes the rulers of Asia kifs the iron rod by which they are opprefled; and feems to revenge this part of the. world, for the tyranny of the firft Europeans that the ocean threw on its fhores. I fhould deem it fuperfluous to enter into any detail refpecting the government, the manners, the cuftoms, and the arts of the Chinefe: there is no voyager, no miffionary, who has n6t, on this fubject, filled whole volumes; and, probably, there is not one who has not faid too much good or too much ill of thefe various matters. We ihould imbibe an opinion undoubtedly too unfavourable of them, if we were willing to judge of the empire and its two hundred millions of inhabitants, from the report of navigators, who all, from Commodore Anson, have improved the one on the other, in order to paint by new touches, always more hideous, the difhonefty of the Chinefe government, h 2 which, i ill lit I HI 1 I loo marchand's voyage. [Nov. 179'f. which, according to their accounts, can be equalled Only by that of the individuals to whom, fays the philofophic hiftorian of the two Indies, there no longer remains that fhame common to all knaves, who choofe to be fo, but who do not furTer people to tell them of it*. But navigators abfolutely infift that we fhould judge of all China, by the city of Canton, the only one of which they can get a glimpfe, and into which they are not allowed to penetrate but with formalities that would render null the talents of the obferver the moft clear- lighted, and the moft habituated to form, by a rapid glance, a judgment of men and things. In reading what they fay of China, we recall to mind, in fpite of ourfelves, that well-known anecdote of a traveller, who having, in an inn, had an altercation with the miftrefs of the houfe, that was red-haired and ill-tempered, noted down in his common-place book, that all the women of the country were ill-tempered and red-haired. How can Europe ever fix its opinion reflecting an immenfe empire, alike fhut againil Arrangers who have not the liberty of entering it, and againft the natives who have not that of coming out of it ? Perhaps, in order to fucceed in forming an idea that would come near the truth, we muft *■ Raynal, Hlftolre Phllofophlque et Politique des Etabllffement et du Commerce des Europeens dans les deux hides. I wait, as^teSfcsaa^NIs^ '?&S&M Nov. 1701.] " marchand's voyage. 101 wait, as Raynal fays, till permiffion be given to • difintercfted and judicious men,* deeply, verfed in the language, both as to writing and fpeaking it, to make a long ftay at the court of Pekin, to vifit the provinces, to inhabit the country-places, and converfe freely with the Chinefe of all ranks*. The enumeration of every thing that would be neceflary for bringing us acquainted with China, naturally leads us to pronounce, that we fhall never know it otherwife than as we lately knew the infide of a convent, from having been admitted fome-. times into the parlour. During the Solide's ftay in Macao road, three Englifh Eaft-Indiamen pafled by without flopping, and continued their route in order to proceed to Europe. Captain Marchand availed himfelf of this opportunity of writing to his owners, -and of addrefling to them the particular chart of the Iles de la Revolution which he had difcovered, on the 22d of June 1791, to the north-weft of the group of Las Marquesas de Mendocja. We are certain that this chart reached France, and that the houfe of Baux laid it at the feet of the national Affembly upwards of four months and a half before the Solide's return; for, on the 17th of April 1792, the chart was prefented to that affembly, which decreed that honourable men- * Raynal, Hlftolre Phllofophlque et Politique des Etabllffement et du Commerce des Europeens dans les deux Indes. tpat marchand's voyage, [Nov, 1791. tion fhould be made of it in the verbal-procefs of that day *. About the fame time, arrived in the road an American brig, an officer belonging to which came to beg Captain Marchand's permiflion for the furgeon of the Solide to go on board of this veffel, in order to give his advice to the captain who was ill. Captain Chanal, being directed to repair thither with Surgeon Roblet, for the purpofe of offeiing to the American captain every affiftance in the French captain's power, had an opportunity of learning the object and the fuccefs of this yefiel's voyage. She had faikdj fifteen months before, from New England. In the beginning of May 1791, flie * Captain Chanal has procured, from the Archives of the Republic, an extract from this verbal procefs, which I tranfcribe from the original that he put into my hands. Archives of the French Republic f ExtrkS from the verbal-jfkiftefs of the National Affembly, ef the 17th of April 1792, ^.th year of Liberty. " A Member prefents to the Affembly a chart of feveral " iflands, newly difcovered in the Indian feas by the Sieur " Marchand, of Marfeiffes, commander of the fhip Solide, dif- " patched to th&ySouth Sea, by Meffrs. J. and D. Baux, fbipr *' owners; he moves that honourable mention fhould be made of l( this offer. The propofition is decreed. if Collated and found- Conformable to the Original depofited " in the Archives of the French Republic, by me, Keeper of " the Archives ; in witnefs whereof I have fgned and caufed t( to he affixed the feal of the faid Archives. Paris, fifth '* Ventofe,year five of the French Republic one and Indivlfibte.'* Signed to ttieThiginal, Camus. -•&m had • Nov. 1791-] 'marchand's voyage. 103 had put into the Bay of La Madre de Dios in the Ifland of Santa Christina of the Marquesas de Mendoca; but her boats had not been fent on fhore, and fhe had received on board wood and water, which the natives had brought in their canoes. On quitting this bay, and ftanding to the north-weft, the American Captain had difcovered a group of nine iflands on which he had impofed names j but he had not flopped there, and had not even detached a boat to examine them clofely and vifit them: he had contented himfelf with having a view of them, and had not thought himfelf bound to deviate from his route for the purpofe of acquiring a more particular knowledge of them. From the latitude which the American captain gave to the iflands which he had feen j from their relative pofitions with refpect €0 each other, and to the Marquesas de Mendoca, Captain Chanal could not doubt that the Revolution Iflands, which Captain Marchand had difcovered in the month of June of the fame year, were the fame as thofe which the American cap-tain had perceived in the month of May; or that at leaft the Revolution Iflands made part of thefe latter; " for," fays Captain Chanal, ff Captain Mar- " chand reckoned only four principal iflands, " while the American captain reckoned nine in the ■ fC group which he difcovered." K 4 I can- 104 marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. I cannot entirely adopt the opinion of Captain Chanal : I am perfuaded, as he is, that the group of the American is the fame as that of the French captain ; but I think that he has not rightly underftood the captain of the brig, and that, when he faid that his group is compofed of nine iflands, he meant that the group of the Marquesas d.e Mendoca of which till now five iflands only, LaMadalena, San Pedro, Santa Christiana, La Dominica, and Hood's Ifland, have been reconnoitred, is compofed of nine, -by the addition of the four new iflands which he has difcovered to the north-weft of the former Marquesas; and qn what follows I ground my opinion : If the reader eaft his eye on the large planif- phere which the Engliih geographer Arrowsmith publifhed in 1794, he will fee to the north-weft of the Mendoca Iflands, a new group fituated with relpect to thofe iflands, as is, in regard to them, the Revolution group: both occupy about a degree and three-fourths intatitude; both are compofed of four principal iflands and of a few iflots or rocks: and if we did not read Englifh names in the place of French names, we might fuppofe that Arrowsmith has had a knowledge of the group of the Revolution Iflands, difcovered by Captain Marchand, and which he $ has inferted in his planifphere, from fome plan where thefe iflands were not regularly placed* but merely fcattered at hazard. In comparing the group ■] rchand svoyage. group delineated by the Englifh geographer with that of which Captain Chanal has conftructed the chart, and in carrying the eye, in this com- parifon, along both groups from fouth-eaft to north- weft, it is feen that the fmall ifland, called Riou's Ifland by the Englifh, is the little Ile Plate of the Frerich ; thatTREVENNEN's Ifland of the former is Ile Marchand of the latter; that Sir Henry Martin's Ifland, the largeft of Arrow- vsmith's group, is Ile Baux, the largeft of Marchand's group; that the two rocks called Her- gest's Rocks by the Englifh, are the rocks called LesJDeux Freres by the French; and that, in fhort, the two moft northern iflands, which lie north-eaft and fouth-weft, with refpect to each other, under the fingle name of Robert's Islands, are Ile Masse and Ile Chanal, which have between them the fame bearing as the former, and whofe diftance is the fame on the two charts. It therefore appears to me proved, that if, as we muft fuppofe, the new group which is feen on Arrowsmith's planifphere, to the north-weft of the Marquesas de Mendoca, is that which the American captain difcovered, this group is compofed of a number of iflands equal to that of the Revolution Iflands; and that if this Captain has faid that the group which he faw is compofed of nine iflands, he meant to fpeak of the whole archi-* pelago of the Marquesas, of which the four new jflands (that we reckon for five) are only an integral Si io6 marchand's voyage. [Nqv. iy§t. gral part, w&igji, added to the^w? old iflands, dif* «<®¥£*ed by Mendana, and found again by Captain Cook, form, in fact, that archipelago com-* pofed of ten iflands *, which the hydrographer of the iflands of the Great Ocean, Tupia, had c4eI$Beated on his chart, before any modern navigator had explored the portion of that archipelago formerly difcovered by Mewdana. . The fcale of Arrowsmith's planisphere is too fmall for us to be able to take, with any degree of prec|£CiB> the .latitude of each of the new iflands in particular, as well as their eriative differences of tegitude, and to compare them afterwards witlj * It appears that the American Captain has not wckoned in the number of his iflands the fmall ifland called, by the Englifh. Riou's Ifland (our Ile Plate); and the new gsoup is thus compofed, according to him, of only four iflands (the four principal iflands of thofe reconnoitred by Marchand), which, with the five Mendoca Iflandfo compofe hi$ whole group of nine iflandf that we carry to ten, reckoning our Ile Plate for one. The following note is taken from the Additions to Vol. I. of the original 4*0 e&mcJQr+—Tranfl*itor. " Thus I reafoned," ^ys M. Fleurieu, " feefore I had read an account of the complete furvey which Lieutenant Hergeft made, in 1792, of the group fituated to the north-weft of the Marqaejks de Mendoca; but it may be feen, in the Additions to the Voyage-, .that, witfcojit reckoning; oar Ktde Ile Plate for any thing but an iflot or a rock, the north-weft group is, in faft, compofed of ten iflands, as I had fuppofed, becaufe Captain Marchand, from the route which he followed in fight of r thefe iijasds, couid not perceive one of them, fituated 7 leagues to the eaftwand of his lie Baux, an^. Mfhi?h was called Riou's Ifland by Lieutenant Hergeft." hSU thofe Nov. 1791,"] marchand's voyage 107 thofe which are afligned to them by the obfervations made and bearings taken by Captains Mar- chand and Chanal; but, admitting that there are differences rather confiderable in the latitudes* in the longitudes, and, confequently, in the bearings and diftances, thefe differences do not de- ftroy the proofs of the identity of the groups: for it. is. well known that the American captain had, as.'it wene, only a glimpfe of his, in paffing, and could, at moft, but give a fketch of it; whereas Captain Marchand, by numecons obfervatipnsi and bearings, has afcertained, on the one hand, the latitudes and the relative ficuations of the iflands which compofe the Revolution group; on the ©tfeej*,thejr!^^ti©a wain refpect to the group of tfce Marquesas; and as Captain Chanal has *9»flruc~r,ed a chart of it with the authorities of -whieh, big jeiwmal has made us acquainted. Captain Marchatcd, undoubtedly, canaot af- fNX£ to the honour of priority; but he has not, on that account, like the American captain who anticipated him, the lefs pretention to the honour of the difcovery; for he could not know, in the month of June 1791, while he was navigating in the Great Ocean, that a month, before, another navigator, ftanding the fame courfe with himfelf, had made the fame difcovery; We muft, however, grant to the French Captain an additional merit, j that of having made known to us -the'natives of the new iflands> and of having fixed the geogra- I 10$ mwrchand s voyage. [Nov, 79* I phical pofitions of this group with an exa&nefs" ItifEcient for the fafety of navigation. I muft not omit that the American Captain mentioned to Captain Chanal, that, during his navigation in fight of the new iflands, he conftantly perceived, to leeward, an appearance of land, the form, the diftance, and the pofition of which had not varied all the time that he was abreafl of thefe iflands. This remark, conformable in all points to that which was made on board of the Solide, in the fame track of fea, and in the fame fituation, feems to afford nearly the certainty that, to leeward of this new group, there exift other lands ftill unknown. Captain Chanal, in his converfation with the captain of the American brig, picked up a few other particulars of his voyage, which will not appear foreign to that of Captain Marchand. This veffel had traded for the fifteen hundred furs which fhe brought to Canton, partly on the coaft of America, to the fouthward of Queen Charlotte's Hlands, partly along the weft coaft of thofe iflands; but fhe had proceeded no farther to the northward than Cloak Bay, and had employed only forty days in carrying on her trade. Her voyage prefents no difcovery in that quarter. During the ftay which, on his return from the north*west coaft, the American Captain had made at Atooi, the moft northern and the largeft of the weft group of the Sandwich Iflands, he hacj jStov. 1791.] Marchand s voyage. i«$ had received on board his veffel two failors, who, two years before, had been carried off from an Englifh brig by the natives of the ifland, and were obliged to employ no fmall fhare of cunning to effect their efcape. Thefe two men reported that they had been well treated; but they affirmed that they had been convinced with their own eyes, that thofe iflanders are cannibals, and eat their pri- foners. I know not what degree of confidence ought to be granted to the teftimony of thefe two lailorS; but, it appears, on the other hand, that Captain Cook, Lieutenant King, Surgeon Anderson, and feveral of the officers belonging to the Resolution and the Discovery, who had made it their particular bufinefs to inquire whether the natives of the Sandwich iflands ought to be ac- cufed of cannibalifm, were never able to obtain ■ the certainty _of the fact; and if they have not been willing to pronounce the negative, at leaft they do not fuffer it to be doubted, that they were flrongly inclined to repel this horrible accufation. I leave others to judge whether the teftimony of two failors, however pofitive it may appear, be fufficient for deciding a queftion, which obfervers, no lefs intelligent than enlightened, and particularly bent on inquiries which might fix their opinion on this point, have not fucceeded in clearing up. Have thefe failors feen diftinctly ? Have they faithfully reported what they faw ? Have they not wifhed to make a fort of merit, have they not thought to give ! II 11 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. [Nov. 1791* give themfelves a degree of confideration and importance, in announcing themfelves as men who had efcaped the tooth of cannibals ? They may, befides, probably ha,ve been- deceived by appearances : for it is well known, that the cuftom of the natives of the Sandwich Iflands is to cut in pieces the bodies of their dead enemies, which they have been able to fcize on, to burn their flefli, and to preferve their bones as trophies, which are to perpetuate the memory of their exploits. Thus it was that they dealt with the body of the unfortunate Cook. When Captains CleRke and Gore, Lieutenant King, and the other companions of that heroic navigator, claimed the remains of their Hector, and had obtained that they ihould i>e reftored to them, thefe remains were wrapped up in a large quantity of fine new cloth, and covered with a fpotted cloak of black and white "feathers*. " We found in the bundle," fays King, t( both the hands of Captain Cook entire, which cf were well known from a remarkable fear on <€ one of them, that divided the thumb from the <c fore-finger, the whole length of the metacarpal " bone; the fkull, but with the fcalp feparated " from it, and the bones that form the face want^ " ing; the fcalp, with the hair upon it cut fhort, u and the ears adhering to it; the bones of both * arms, with the lkin of the fore-arms hanging * Cook's third Voyage. Vol. Ill, page 79. to ri|SisSP 1791-] marchand s voyage. <f to them; the thigh and leg-bohes joined toge- Cf ther, but without the feet. The ligaments of <f the joints were entire ; and the whole bore evi- " dent marks of having been in the fire, except " the hands, which had the flefh left upon them, g and were cut in feveral places, and crammed «' with fait, apparently with an intention of pre- " ferving them*." The Englifh alfo claimed the bodies of the marines who had been killed; but the natives explained that the common people had fhared their members among them, and that they were irrecoverable: they added that they would bring the remaining bones of the captain, cf thefe <c alone having been preferved as belonging to <f Terreeoboo (the principal chief of the ifland) *f and the Earees-f." In the whole courfe of this melancholy treaty, the Englifh gathered no indication which could make them fufpect that their, unfortunate companions had ferved as food to their murderers: we merely difcover, in the eagernefs of the chiefs to poffefs fome portion of a being who had feemed to them fupernatural, whom they thought invincible, perhaps even invulnerable, and who had fallen under the dagger which he himfelf had forged, we difcover, I fay, that defire natural to warlike and half-favage iilanders, to poffefs a. monument of their victory, a teftimony of their * Cook's third Voyage, t Ibld^ page 8 {. Vol, III. page 79, Marchand s voyage-/ [Nov.; valour. Perhaps too fuperftition is blended wltli thisfentiment of pride; perhaps, after having deified Captain Cook in his life-time, they wifhed,'' by iharing his mortal part, to preferve his remains in the nature of talifmans, or to expofe them, as relics, to the veneration of the people. Be this as it may; nothing proves, nothing indicates that the natives of the Sandwich Iflands are cannibals; and we fhould not be juftified in concluding that they are fo, becaufe they facrifice men in certain Ceremonies * the Taheiteans alfo facrifice men, and yet are not cannibals; while the inhabitants of New Zealand, who, no doubt, are lefs fuperftitious and more cruel, eat men, but facrifice none. The natives of the Sandwich Iflands have priefts ; they therefore have fuperftitions; and human facrifices have been in ufe among all nations over whom fuperftition has reigned; madmen as they were, they imagined that the blood which they fhed was to appeafe the angry divinity ^ or obtain from his power fignal protection, and the affurance of vic-i tory, if they marched to battle : but hiftory,- which has handed down to us the recital of thefe horrible burnt-offerings, does not tell us that the people who facrificed men, carried their blind fury fo far as to devour their fellow-creatures; one of thefe horrors is not infeparable from the other. If, however, it were true that the inhabitants of the Sandwich Iflands were cannibals, let us hope that their frequent communications with Europeans (which, Nov. I79I.] MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 113 (which, in other refpe&s, may be fo fatal to them) by foftening their ftill ferocious manners, will be the means of caufing them to renounce their execrable feftivals. Captain Cook, who, in the Ifland of Taheitee, had been witnefs of a human facrifice, flattered himfelf that the horror with which he had infpired the Taheiteans for thefe homicidal ceremonies, would abolifh the ufe of them for ever: would it then be more difficult to perfuade the former that, if it is repugnant to Nature to facrifice a man, it is ftill more repugnant to her to feed on his flefh? Ahl no doubt, the glory the moft to be coveted, the fweeteft fruits that Europeans ought to promife themfelves from their long voyages, would be, that, in vifiting every part of the inhabited earth, they might every where be able to recall the favage to the dignity of man, and deftroy, over the whole furface of the globe, the abominable remains of cannibalifm! In favour of fo great a benefit, the philofopher might forget fome of the outrages which Europeans, in difcovering the world, have done to humanity. The Captain of the American brig, during his ftay at the Sandwich Iflands, had received on board four natives belonging to thofe iflands, who \ had offered to accompany him; but it appears that they had been foon difgufted with a kind of life fo different from that of an iflander of the Great Ocean. One of thefe who had come on vol. 11. 1 board 1 tag! ■ marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791 board of the Solide, when the fhip lay to abreaft of the Ifiand of O-Whyhee for the purpofe of procuring refrefhments there, recollected at Macao Surgeon Roe-let, whom he earneftly, and repeatedly intreated to take him on board the French fhip: this requeft could not be complied with; though he knew not that to him it would have been only to change his prifon. A native of the Sandwich Iflands muft with difficulty ac- e&ftom himfelf, or rather would never accuftom himfelf, to a ftate of dependence and obligatory labour; curiofity may probably lead him to feek, employment in the fervice -of Europeans who are to him a new race of men, and muft appear to him extraordinary and fuperior, when he compares their induftry to his own: but if he have attained a certain age, if he have already known how to appreciate liberty, the life of a failor is not calculated for him; fhortly will he regret his ifland, his woods, and his hut;- and as foon as he has it in his power, he will return to his home, revertet ad Juos. Captain Chanal was informed by the American LCaptain, that the three- malted veffel, perceived from the Solide off Berkley Sound, and which had been fufpecled to be one of the frigates that the Spanifh government, under the appearance of. a voyage of difcovery, had difpatched to watch the conduct and the operations of the Englifh, was a fhip belonging to the United States, and was 6 to ^3 Nov. 1791.] marchand s voyage. to winter on the coaft: an officer of this fhip and fome of her people had fallen victims to the fury of the favages, in a harbour fituated to the fouth- j ward of Nootka Sound. He likewife learnt that j the brig which had been perceived to the eaftward of Cox's Channel, was an American, and that he had left on the coaft, another brig and a fchooner of the fame nation. Thefe three laft- mentioned veflels were to come this year to China, and intended to return to the north-west coaft of America j they had left there a boat, which, during the winter, was to be employed in collecting, for the following year, the quantity of fkins ne- ceffary for forming their cargoes. The fchooner, in her way to the coaft, had anchored at O-Whyhee: the natives had killed two of her people; and the veffel had been forced to cut her cables and make fail, for fear the natives, too ftrong in number, and become too enterprifing, fhould fuc- ceed in getting her into their pofleffion. Thefe different accounts fufficiently fhew that the Americans of the United States, whofe navigation and commerce are daily acquiring frefh extenfion, have feized with ardour, and without being difcouraged by the diftance, the new fup- port which the peltry of the north-west coaft of America offers to their fpeculations, to their in- duftry, and to their want of enriching themfelves in order to pay the public debt: to the nations of Europe, they are become formidable compe- i 1 titors; 1 ' [Nov. 1791* titors ; and their activity is by no means inferior to that of the Englifh. | It is well known too that the Spaniards, under, the name of the Philippine Company, are endeavouring to rival both; and even the Portuguefe of Macao, roufed from their lethargic languor by the feducing allurement of the enormous profits.that the firft operations have yielded, have attempted to engage in the new career which had juft been opened to cupidity.' Thus, Europe, Asia, and North-east America, by a fimultaneous movement, have directed their fhips towards the north-west coafts of the New World, and vied with each other in multiplying, without principles as well as without prudence, their bold fpeculations. But the fur-trade has limits fixed by nature and by reafon: fpeculations ought, on the one hand, to be combined with the population of a country far from favourable to the multiplication of men, and with the time neceflary for the reproduction of the animals againft which they make war, and for whofe fkins trade is waiting; on the other hand, with the annual confumption that may be made of thefe furs, when the introduction of them is free, by the people of that empire of Asia, to which the total produce of the trade of America is configned. Before the voyages of our time had made known the part of the north-west coaft, comprifed between the fiftieth and fixtieth parallel north, Rus- Nov. 1791.] marchand's VOYAGE. 117 sia had already created this trade; and it feemed likely to be to her a fort of exclufive property, which her geographical pofition might infure. The Englifh carried to St. Petersburg, as they ftill carry thither at this day, their peltry from Canada and Hudson's Bay : thence, taking the road of the interior, partly by land, partly by the lakes and rivers, and augmented on the route, by the addition of the furs furnifhed from Siberia, and by thofe which the navigation of the Ruffians has procured them, fince they have difcovered the Archipelago of the Kuriles, that of the Aleutian Iflands, and the continent of America above the fixtieth parallel, all thefe furs aflembled arrived, after a paffage of feveral months, at the frontier town of Kiatchta *, the mart of the Ruffians; and traffic was open with Maimats- chin-j-, the town, or the market of the Chinefe, which is feparated from the former only by the rivulet * Kiatchta is fituated a little to the northward of the fiftieth parallel; and it is an error of the prefs which places it in the latitude of thirty-five degrees, in the eftimabie work of William Cexe, entitled Account of the Ruffian Difcoveries between Afia and America. London, 1780. 4-to. page 212. t ffl The frontier town of China,'' fays Coxe, page 214 of the work quoted in the preceding note, " is called by the " Chinefe and Mougols, Maimatfchin, which fignifies fortrefs of " commerce;" but the Ghinefe have another emporium, that of Zuruchalta, alike fituated on the frontier of Siberia, on the weftern branch of the river Argoon, iz° 40' more to the eaftward, and about a degree lefs to the northward than Kiatchta. 13 " Formerly WiifS ll8 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. [Nov. I79I. rivulet of Kiatchta. From Maimatschin the furs reached Pekin, and thence were diftributed throughout the whole empire. It is eafy to conceive that the new introduction of furs by fea and the fouthern ports of China, by calling the Englifh, the Americans, the French, the Spaniards, and the Portuguefe to a fhare of this trade, by occafioning them to enter into competition and rivality with the Ruffians, muft make the merchan- dife that is the object of it, fall to prices which no longer hold out a fufficient profit to excite and maintain the activity of frefli fpeculations. It may therefore be forefeen, that the maritime nations will do each other a mutual prejudice, by crowding too much to the markets of China -, at the fame time that they will reciprocally injure one another in their purchafes, by a too great refort to the north-west coaft of America. Doubtlefs, they have already perceived that, if they are defirous of preferving this valuable branch of trade, and of preventing it from drying up in their hands, they muft not require from it more fruit than it can yield without being exhaufted. Let them haften then, if yet it be time, let them Wt<\\ " Formerly the commerce carried on at Zuruchalta was confi- " derable; but at prefent it is fo trifling that it hardly deferves << to be mentioned; almoft the whole traffic between Ruffia and " China is confined to Kiatchta." [Ruffian Difcoveries, by Wa Coxe, page 244. and Z45») M& haften *79*»J MARCHAND S VOYAGE. haften to relax and arrange their hitherto diforderly operations, in order to regulate their extent by the quantity of furs which it is poffible to draw annually without drying up their fource, and by the pre- fumable proportion of the vents that may be open to the general produce of the trade. The intereft of commerce and that of the fciences are here blended; and we muft wifh that a conduct far from rational and difappointed hopes, may never force the Europeans to interrupt that interefting fuccef- fion of voyages into the Great Ocean, which, by multiplying, in every direction, the tracks of our fliips, muft indubitably, and in the courfe of a few years, perfect the defcription of the parts of the globe little known, and obtain a frefh in- creafe to the ftock of our knowledge. i 4 CHAP- marchand's voyage. [Pec. 1791. ^CHAPTER VIII. Departure from Macao.—Paffage of the China I Sea.—RetHfication of the Chart of that Sea.— Vhe Solide paffes through Gafpar's Strait between the Iflands of Banca and Billiton.—New Plan of the two Straits which prefent themfelves between thefe iflands.—Thefe Straits preferable to that of Banca.—Navigation from Gafpar's Strait to. the Ifle of France,—Arrival at Port du Nord-Oueft (Port North-wejl) in this laft-mentioned ifland. *—Tranfatlions there. rpHE Solide fet fail from Macao Road for the Ifle of France, on the 6th of December, at half paft ten o'clock in the evening, and directed her courfe fo as to ftrike foundings on the Macclesfield Bank, fituated'towards the latitude of 15° 45' north, in the middle of the China Sea, On the 8th, at eight o'clock in the morning, foundings were ftruck on it, in fixty-five fathoms, the bottom broken fhells, mixed with fmall black and white gravel. Two hours before, no ground could be reached with a line of eighty fathoms. Having afcertained the fituation of the fhip by thefe foundings, which Captain Marchand could not doubt to belong to one of the limits of the bank, he fttered fouth-weft in order to get fight of Pulo-Sapata, fmall iflands fituated towards the De 79u1 marchand s voyage. the tenth parallel north, about the diftance of forty- two leagues from the fouth-eaft point of the kingdom of Camboja. On the i i th, a little time after noon, the fea, which till then had been rough, fell all on a Hidden ; and it was not without great furprife that, at forty minutes paft four in the afternoon, he perceived to the weft by fouth, at the diftance of about five leagues eftimated by the eye, an ifland in a fituation where, by the courfe which the fhip had fleered, none ought to be met with. According to the latitude of n° 14', which had been obferved at noon, and the run which the fhip had made fince that moment, the land that was in fight could be only the iflands called the Two Brothers, fituated on Alexander Dalrymple's Chart of the China Sea, at the diftance of eleven leagues weft by north 30 weft from the moft eaftern of the Pulo-Sapata. Although the land that was perceived could be no other than the Two Brothers, yet there remained fome uncertainty in this refpecl; becaufe on the fuppofition that it was the Two Brothers, the fhip ought to have pafled fo near to the moft fouthern iflands of thofe which compofe the Paracels, that it would have been impoflible for our navigators not to have feen them, and yet not one of them had been perceived. On eonfulting the Table of geographical pofitions inferred in the Connoiffance des Temps, (French ephe- meris, ■^■^■i ¥1 marchand s voyage. TDec. 1791. meris, or nautical almanac)* which gives the Ion-* gitude of Pulo-Sapata, as it was determined by the obfervations made in Cook's third voyage, Captain Marchand thought he difcovered that this ifland is placed, on Dalrymple's chart, about i° too far to the weftward: and as the Two Brothers muft have been laid down there from their, bearing and diftance in regard to Pulo- Sapata, f\e judged that the error of their pofition muft be the fame as that of the pofition of thefe latter iflands. From the moment that he had perceived the Two Brothers, he fleered fouth- weft and fouth-weft by fouth; and at fix o'clock, they bore from weft 26° north to weft 45° north. He then ftood on to get fight of the largeft of the group of the Pulo-Sapata ; and about midnight, by the help of the moon, he difcovered it < to the fouth-weft by weft. This ifland is fmall and barren, but high land; and its form, which is that of a jhoe, as its name indicates*, admits not of miftaking it and confounding it with another ifland f: in clear weather, it may be fetix ten or eleven leagues from the deck of a merchant- fhip. He fleered fo as to round it at a fuitable * Zapato and Capato, ihoe, in Spanifh and in Portuguefe, + " When Pulo-Sapata bears north," fays George Robertfon, f it is extremely carious in appearance, and looks as if it were " going to fall to the right; both fides in that point of view ?' ftand a great way off their centre." (See Memoir of a Chart •f the China Sea, Sec. London, 1791, 4to. page 6). diftance $ Dec. 1791.3 marchand's voyage. 123 diftance; and at three quarters paft midnight, it bore directly weft, diftant four or five miles. This remark of Captain Chanal has appeared to me to deferve to be examined with attention, becaufe it points out two corrections to be made : the one in the Chart of the China Sea by Alexander Dalrymple, a copy of which is to be found in the fecond edition of the Neptune Oriental of D'Apres de Mannevilette, and on which all the French navigators regulate their courfe in the China Sea ; the other on the General Chart of the World, by Lieutenant Roberts, which accompanies the account of Captain Cook's third voyage. The error in Dalrymple's chart lies in the longitude of Pulo-Sapata, reverts on that of the Two Brothers, and is owing to the difference of meridian, on this chart, between Pulo-Sapata and Macao being too great by 50 minutes of 'a degree*. The error in the chart of Cook's third voyage confifts in its placing the Two Brothers to the north about 400' eaji of Pulo-Sapata ; whereas, by the route which the Solide followed, in paffing from the former iflands to the latter, the Two Brothers muft be fituated to the north about 220 weft of Pulo-Sapata, nearly in the pofition in which they are feen on Dalrymple's chart j-. I refer the reader to the Notes which are to be found at the end of this narrative, for * Note LX. t Note LXIo the tssm II MARCHAND S VOYAGE. ' [Dec. 1791. the detail of the combinations, calculations, and trigonometrical operations, by which I have endeavoured to determine the quantity of this error. The excellent Memoir which G. Robertson pub- lifhed in 1791, for the elucidation of his capital Chart of the China Sea, has been very ufeful to me for the firft of the corrections to be made; and if my refults differ fometimes from his, I am not the lefs indebted to him for a great number of data, with which his inquiries have furnifhed me, but which have not always led me to the fame con- fequences that he thought he might draw from them- The difcuflion in which I was involved by the combination of thefe various data, has put me in the way of treating of the pofition of fome points of the China Sea, which it was important to fix with the precifion neceffary for leflening the perils of navigation, in a fea where the currents which matter fhips, leave a great uncertainty respecting their direction and velocity, and where iflots, fand-banks, and dangers of all forts prefent themfelves every moment. Captain Marchand took his'departure from Pulo-Sapata, which he fuppofed ought to be placed in the latitude and longitude deduced from the obferyations made in Cook's third voyages and he directed his courfe to the fouth-weft, in order to make Pulo-Timoan. He had the firft view of it to the fouth-fouth- weft, on the 15th at fix o'clock in the morning,, at Dec. 1791.] marchand s voyage. 125 at the moment when the foundings were thirty- eight fathoms, over a bottom of rather hard mud; and at eight o'clock, Pulo-Timoan bore fouth- fouth-weft, and Pulo-Pissang fouth half-weft. This latter ifland is the largeft of a group fituated near the Malay coaft, between the parallels of 2 and 30 north, and compofed of the Iflands or Pulo, Varela, Aor, . Timoan, Pissang and Tingi : Pissang is a high land, which may be difcerned at the diftance of twenty or twenty-one leagues. Clouds did not admit of obferving the meridian altitude of the fun; but at three quarters paft two o'clock, Pulo-Aor (or Pulo-Laor, according to D'Anville*) was feen at the diftance of four leagues and a half, bearing fouth-fouth-weft. The eaft part of this little group prefents very high land, forming two hills, which lie in regard to each other fouth-eaft and north-weft, the moft eafterly of which is the higheft. Its geographical pofition was determined by the obfervations made in Cook's third voyage, whieh fix its latitude at 20 42" north, and its longitude at 102° 19' 45" eaft from Paris j-: on deducing the pofition of the ihip * And according to the natives of the Ifland Pulo-Wawoor. , x J According to King .. X According to Bayly .. ^ > Mean 20 42' 00 "N. 44 00 3 Eaft from Paris. Long, f Accor(ling t0 *"J io2 l6 45 } Mean ioz° 19' 45" S* j According to Bayly 102 22 45 ) Eaft from Paris. Sec ia£ MARCHAND S VOYAGE. fDec I7QI. ihip from die bearing of Pulo-Aor, wc find that her latitude muft have been 2° 56', and her longitude, ioa° 26% but the dead reckoning from the laft bearing of Pulo-Sapata, on the 11 th at three- quarters paft midnight, gave 30 17' for the latitude, and 103° 19' for the longitude; and thence it was concluded that, in the interval from the nth to the 15th, the currents had carried the fhip ai minutes to the fouthward, and 53 minutes to the weftward. I muft apprize French navigators that the fituation of Pcrto-Aon, on the chart No. 49 of IXApitts* Neptime Oriatsde (fecond edition) is not conformable to the remits of the obfervations made in Cook's third voyage: if thefe be admitted, the latitude wMdh on the chart is only s° 30', muft be increafed about 12 minutes j and on the general chart. No. 9 of this Collection, where the latitude is the fame as on the particular chart, No. 49, the , longitude, which is only 102°, muft be carried to When 1N0 arcs which I i the reader rdrographer, 79'-] MARCHAND S VOYAGE When the Solide had doubled Pulo-Aor, fhe fteered fouth-fouth-eaft in order to pafs without the Dooger's Banks, which are faid to be dangerous, and the pofition of which is ftill uncertain*. On the 17th, about nine o'clock in the morning, land was perceived to the fouth-fouth-weft. It was fuppofed, according to the calculation made of § tions of Cook's voyage, which are confiderably prior to the publication of his chart, but later than that of Dairymple's chart, and yet he has not employed their refult: nor has he explained himfelf in regard to the motive that may have determined him not to make ufe of it; but merely fays, (page 9 of his Memoir) that the latitude of Pulo-Aor or Pulo-Auro Is between 2° 29' and z° 30?north. (See Note LX.) * I transcribe what Q. Robertfon fays of the Dooger's1 Banks, in the Memoir which he publifhed in 1791., for the elucidation of his chart of the China Sea, page 34. " The Dooger's Banks certainly exift, and are very danger-, " ous: they are placed on the chart, in their true fituation* " and from the following correfponding accounts: I took Mr. " D'Aprls' diftance from Pulo-Panjang (folio, No. 49nd of the " Neptune Oriental, 2nd edit.) allowing- my own longitude of " that ifland, which places- them in o* 40' north, and longitude " 1050 26'eaft: (or 103° c' 45" eaft from Paris) to confirm * which ^the Gauges faw the fhoals : her latitude of them is «* 0°'37' north, 1050 29'eaft from Greenwich ; fo that I have '* little doubt of their being nearly right." I obferve that G. Robertfon (page 34 of his Memoir) has placed, by a chronometer, the longitude of Pulo-Panjang from that which he has given to Pulo-Aor: and as the latter, according to my calculations, is more eafterly by 2 minutes than that. adopted by Robertfon, that of the Dooger's Banks muft be likewife increafed by 2 minutes. (See Note LX.) *' '• ffH/i out marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. the (hip's run, that this muft be a fmall ifland without a name which D'Apres' Chart, No. 49 (2nd) places a league and a half to the eaftward of the eaft point of Lin gin Ifland: Captain Marchand ftood to the fouth-fouth-eaft, in order to double the fmall ifland -, but fqualls and rain prefently concealed it from his view. At three quarters paft ten, he founded in twenty fathoms water, over a bottom of fand and ooze. In deducing, by the dead reckoning, the fituation of the fhip from that of Pulo-Aor, placed according to the obfervations made in Cook's voyage, it was found that, at noon, fhe was 4 north of the equino&ial line, and in 103 ° 1 h, eaft Ion* gitude. At three o'clock in the afternoon, land was again difcerned to the weft half fouth, and it. was judged to be the fame that had been feen in the morning. The winds were rather faint from the weft-north-weft and north-weft, the weather over- caft, and as Captain Marchand intended to pafs through the Strait of Banca, he hauled the wind to make Pulo-Taya. But before fix o'clock in the afternoon, land was feen ftretching from fouth to fouth-fouth-weft. He immediately determined 03 anchor in order to wait for daylight, and he came to in nineteen fathoms, over a bottom of mud and fand The next day, at fix o'clock in the morning, he difcovered that the land feen to leeward was the i)eci 179 !•] marchand's voyage. the northern coaft of the Ifland of Banca, which extended from fouth a few degrees eaft to fouth* fouth -weft* diftant feven leagues. He continued to perceive the fame ifland which had been feen the day before, and it bore north-weft 20 weft; but near this.iflandj and to the north-weft by weft* was feen another of a flat fhape, and larger than the former j it was reckoned that the diftance from the fhip to thefe two iflands might be five or fix leagues. According to thefe bearings* it could not be doubted that the currents had fet at a Very considerable rate to the fouth-eaft: and this effect does not agree with what is to be found in the failing directions of D'Apres* who fays that* in this fea, the currents fet ftrongly to the fouth-weft$ It is clearly proved that the fhip had been carried to the fouthward and eafward; for the point of Banca which bore fouth a few degrees eaft^ was certainly Point Pesant, the moft northern of the ifland, which there was foon an opportunity of verifying j and it is evident that the two iflands which lay to windward, and which, the day before; had been taken for the fmall ifland fituated to the eaftward of the eaft point of Lingen Ifland, becaufe, according to the dead reckoning, the fhip was fuppofed to be much more to the northward than fhe was in reality, it is evident, I fay, that thefe were the Rigaudiere Iflands. Captain Chanal obferves that, according to their fitua- vol, n, k tion I •T ■■■n 13® JHARCHAND ; [Dee. 1791. I ; II tion on the chart of the Neptune Orientale (fecond, edition, No. 49, 2nd of the fupplement), and according to that of the fhip, Pulo-Toty, which, however, was not perceived, ought to have been feen at the fame time : this might induce the fup- pofition that the laft-mentioned ifland is not rightly laid down on the chart with refpect to the Rigaudiere Iflands, and that it muft be much nearer to them : it is even prefumable that, of the two iflands which were in light, the one was Pulo- Toty, and the other, the higher of the Rigau- die re Iflands, if, in fact, there be two of thefe; for, although D* A pres has laid down two iflands on his chart, the denomination which he gives them of Ile Rigaudiere, would feem to indicate one ifland only: perhaps too the fecond is but a little iflot which cannot be perceived far off. Be this as it may, of the two iflands which were perceived from the Solide, at the fame time that the northern coaft of Banca was in fight, the one bore north by weft, and the other, north-north- weft half north from Point Pesant (Tong Ma- cooda,) at the diftance of about thirteen leagues from this point *. Captain * The remarks made by Captain Chanal, who navigated by D'Apres* chart, and could not be acquainted with that which George Robertfon did not pubiifh till 1791, leads us ta conceive that the French chart is defective in this part; and we are confirmed in this opinion if we eaft our eyes on the Englifh chart, which is conftrucied from the various obfervations made on board the Dec. 1791- MARCHAND S VOYAGE. Captain Marchand weighed anchor at half paft feven o'clock in the morning, and with a breeze the Eaft India company's (hips that trade to China. On this are feen two iflands, the former, under the name of Pulo-Toty to the eaft, the latter, to the weft, under the name of Docan, . both fituated at the diftance of fourteen leagues from the eaftern extremity of Point Pefant of Banca. The bearings differ, as. is feen, about a point from thofe which were taken on board the Solide, and the diftance is the fame, within a mile : but Point Pefant is not a mathematical point; and, according to the part that was fet of it, if it lie more to the eaftward or more to the weftward, the bearings of the iflands which are determined from it muft experience a change: the diftance muft be lefs affefted by it; and, indeed, that which was eftimated on board the Solide, and that given by Robertfon's chart, differ from each other but a league. On D'Apres' chart, Pulo-Toty ftands alone, at fourteen leagues' diftance, to the north by weft of the eaftern part of Point Pefant; and nothing there indicates the Ifland of Docan, which the Englifh chart places three leagues to the weft- fouth-weft of Toty ; but to the north and the north by eaft of the latter, at fix or feven leagues' diftance, D' Apres places two other iflands, Rigaudiere and Saint Pierre, which are not to be found on Robertfon's chart; and thefe two iflands are placed, in regard to each other, on the French chart, at the bearings and at the diftance which the Englifh chart has given to Toty and Docan. We are fully juftified in believing that, if we judge by the names given to the Iflands Rigaudiere and Saint Pierre, their pofition has been fixed according to the track of fome French fhip that had a miftake in her reckoning. Robertfon's. chart appears to me to merit the preference to that of. D'Apres, becaufe it prefents two routes, indicated by two fets of foundings, which pafs within two leagues of Pulo-Toty, and extend, the former to the north-north-weft, rounding the eaftern part of Toty, and the latter, to the north by weft: from the former, Toty and Docan may both have been feen at the fame time ; and the track paffes only within five leagues of Point Pefant. marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1792^ breeze from the north by weft, he plied to windward, in hopes of reaching the northern entrance of the Strait of Banca. During the forenoon, the foundings were from nineteen to eighteen fathoms over a bottom of fand and ooze. From the obfervation of the fun's meridian altitude, it was concluded that, at noon, the latitude of the fhip was i° 15' fouth -, and her longitude, fixed according to the bearings of the land, was 103*18'. Had the fhip's place been deduced from the dead reckoning brought forward from Pulo-Aor, her In continuing to compare the two charts in this part, we remark that Robertfon places an ifland called Porto-Bello, twenty- two leagues to the eaft half north of Pulo-Toty, and D'Apres lays down none. If we carry our eyes farther to the weft-north-weft of Toty, we fee that, on the French chart, Pulo-Taya lies to the fouth by weft 3 or 40 weft, and at the diftance of ten leagues from Llhgen Ifland j and that, on the Englifh chart, the bearing is fouth, and the diftance eight leagues only. This latter chart prefents a track, which muft have paffed within fight of thefe two points, and which, no doubt, has ferved to fix their relative pofition. As Pulo-Toty and Pulo-Taya are leading marks for fhips Which, in order to get out of the China Sea, ftand either for the Strait of Banca, or for that between Banca and Bllllton, I have thought that it would be ufeful to make known to French navigators who are not provided with Robertfon's chart, the differences that are to be remarked between this chart, and that of D'Aprh, of which they make ufe: it will be for them to verify, when they may find an opportunity of fo doing, which of the two charts, in this part, merits a preference. latitude Dec. 1791.] marchand s voyage. 133 latitude would have been only o° 20' fouth, and longitude 1020 57': in comparing this latter pofition of the fhip with the former, it is feen that, in the interval of two days and a half, the currents had carried her near a degree to the fouthward, and more than a third of a degree to the eaftward. As it was perceived, at half paft three o'clock in the afternoon, that the currents were contrary to the route, Captain Marchand determined to come to an anchor at three leagues' diftance from the northern coaft of Banca, in fixteen fathoms water, over a bottom of fand, gravel and fhells. The latitude of the anchorage, deduced> by the dead reckoning, from that at noon, was i° 13 fouth, and her longitude 1030 if. During the night, the wind blew frefh from the north-weft to the north, accompanied with fqualls* The velocity of the current was eftimated at a mile an hour. The part of the Ifland of Banca which our navigators had coafted, is of a middling height: but, towards Point Pes ant, the moft northern point of it, are diftinguifhed fome hillocks more elevated than the reft of the ground. On the 19th, Captain Marchand got under way in the courfe of the forenoon, but he was obliged to anchor a fecond time ; he made ufelefs efforts to reach the entrance of the Strait of Banca, and experienced rather ftrong currents, fome of which fet to the eaft-north-eaft, others to the eaft, k 3 and W f; til mm 34 marchand S VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791. and others to the eaft-fouth-eaft. He parted a cable in this fecond anchorage, where the fhip pitched very heavily, and he was obliged to leave the anchor behind. Perfuaded that it would be in vain to perfift in ftruggling againft thefe obftacles, he renounced the idea of going out of the China Sea by the Strait of Banca, and he determined to fail out by another ftrait fituated more to the eaftward, between the Ifland of Banca and that of Billiton. This ftrait, little frequented by the French, is known under the names of Gaspar's, Billiton's, or Clements' Strait. Captain Marchand was in pofTefTion of no plan of this ftrait but that which is to be found on the fheet No. 48 of pur Neptune Oriental, under the title of Petit Plan du Detroit a l'Est de Banca, par lequel a paffe un VaiJJeau Efpagnol, commande par le Sieur Gaspar (no date) ; but D'Apres, in publifhing this plan, appeared to doubt its corredtnefs j and, in his failing directions, he gives notice that it would be imprudent to enter this ftrait, till it is better known. Since the time of this publication, feveral French and Englifh fhips, inftead of paffing through the Strait of Banca, have taken their route, in order to get out of the China Sea, or to enter it, by the Strait Between Banca and Billiton. This ftrait is divided into two arms by an ifland, to which its fituation has occafioned to be given the name of Middle Island : the West Passage is properly Gaspar's Dec. 79u] MARCHAND S VOYAGE'. Gaspar's Strait j becaufe it is that by which the Spanifh navigator, who has given us the firft plan of it, had paffed: the East Passage, which pre- fents feveral practicable channels between the fmall iflands, is called Clements' Strait, becaufe, in 1781, an Englifh captain of that name, commanding a fleet of Indiamen, is the firft known navigator who attempted to go out of the China Sea by this paffage. A chart of the ftrait Between Banca and Billiton was conftructed in 1784 and 1785, byDoRDELiN, a lieutenant in the French navy, who pafled through this ftrait, both in going to China and on his return. This manufcript chart, which belongs to the Depot General des Carles, Plans, et Journaux de la Marine, was not publifhed at the time, becaufe Dor deli n, too fcrupulous, in regard to his own labours, and fearing to expofe the fafety of fhips that might direct their courfe by his chart, judged that it ought not to be rendered public, till a farther verification had enabled him to improve it: this chart, although not perfect in all its parts, was far fuperior to the defective plan of the Spanifh navigator, on whofe word Dordelin had not been afraid to attempt the paffage from the fouthward, in a contrary direction to Gaspar, who had found it in coming from the northward. Since then, Alexander Dalrymple, on the one hand, and George Robertson, on the other, have publifhed various plans and charts of this ftrait, conftructed at different times by Engliffe. k 4 navigators j (11 MARCHAND S VOYAGE 1791, navigators; and Dalrymple has printed in his valuable Collection of nautical Memoirs refpecting the Sear$f Jfia, the journals of the captains of his nation to whom we are indebted for the plans and charts of which we are in poffeflion. But thefe plans and charts are little known in France, and Captain Marchand, reduced, as I have faid, to the necefiity of having recourfe to the fhapelefs plan of Gaspar, in order to direct his route in a ftrait, againft which the French navigators were likely to be prepofTeiTed, hefitated not, however, to enter it, and feized with ardour the opportunity of juftifying or deftroying the uneafi- nefs that D'Apres? failing directions muft occafion refpecting the fafety of a paiTage, which, in his time, was, as.it were, only fufpected: fuccefs has proved that this uneafinefs was not well-? founded. As it is to be prefumed that the ftrait Between Banca and Billiton, at this day well known by the repeated trials of Englifh and French navigators, will henceforth be preferred? on account of its advantages, and in all cafes, to the long and dangerous Strait of Banca, I have thought that it would be of fome utility to the officers in our navy and merchant-fervice, to trace minutely the track which the Solide followed in paffing through Caspar's Strait; to report the obfervations of latitude which were made in the paffage, and to indicate the principal bearings that were taken. - from Dec. 1791 •] MARCHANDS VOYAGE. *37 from the places where, in order to ftop tide, the fhip was forced to come to an anchor. Thefe details will be comprehended more eafily, if the reader will follow them with the chart before -him*. On the 20th, at half paft feven o'clock in the xevening, the Solide got under way from the fecond anchorage which fhe had been obliged to take up in fight of the northern coaft of Banca ; and Captain Marchand could not but congratu*. late himfelf on having quitted it ■, for it was difcovered, when the anchor was weighed, thatv the , cable was ftranded near the clinch j and it was judged that if the fhip had remained longer expofed to the violence of the pitching which fhe had experienced during the night, the cable would inevitably have parted, and occafioned the lofs of a fecond anchor. On the 21 ft, at three quarters paft fix in the evening, Captain Marchand anchored to the north-weft of the entrance of Gas par's Strait, in fourteen fathoms, over a bottom of mud, gravel, and broken fhells, after having pafled between four breakers fituated -to the north-weft and north by weft Of the eaft coaft of the Ifland of Banca ; the fartheft is fifteen 4eagues diftant from this point, and the neareft, twelve. Point Brisee (Tong Byott) of the fame ifland, fituated between Point * See the Charts, Nos. VII and VJII, Pesant 53311 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. Pesant (Tong Macooda) and the East Point, bore, from the anchorage, weft-fouth-weft, four or five leagues' diftance. On the 22d, the fhip was under fail at fifty minutes paft feven in the morning, and fleered fouth-fouth-caft half eaft; the foundings were constantly fourteen fathoms, with a bottom of fand and gravel, mixed with broken fhells. At forty minutes paft nine o'clock, a fmall ifland, furrounded by breakers, and fituated more to the offing than three others, lying all together on a line, to the eaft and eaft by fouth of Point Brisee, bore weft-fouth-weft. From that moment, Captain Marchand fleered foeth-eaft by fouth; and the lead indicated from thirteen to. fourteen fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom as that which had been found in the morning. At eleven o'clock, GasPar Ifland, which is fitaated nearly under the fame meridian as Middle ISand, and eight or nine leagues north of its north point, was perceived from the matt-head : it bore eaft 6° fouth. A quarter of an hour after, the extremities of a remarkable mountain on the Ifland of Banca, ferving as a leading mark for its East point, ^hieh. lies to the eaft 9 or io° north, and at about the diftance of feven leagues from this mountain, bore from fouth 130 weft to fouth* 420 weft. At noon, the east point of Banca bore fouth 43° eaft. *«*■ Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. *39 430 eaft, and the middle of Gas par Ifland, directly eaft: in this fituation, the latitude obferved was 20 21'; and, allowing for the action of the currents, it was eftimated that the longitude of the fhip might be 1040 12'; which would carry- that of Gaspar Ifland, the diftance from which was reckoned twenty-eight or twenty-nine miles, to 1040 40'. fefill Captain Marchand fleered eaft-fouth-eaft half eaft : the lead continued to indicate twelve, fourteen, and fixteen fathoms water, till one o'clock in the afternoon when it Ihewed twenty fathoms, over a bottom of fand and gravel: he began to perceive the firft of the iflots of Rocher-Navire (Tree Island) fituated between the east point of Banca and Gaspar Ifland, At three quarters paft two, another of the iflots of Tree-Island, the fouthern iflot, bore, one line with the fouth point of Gaspar Ifland eaft 230 north: a chain of rocks was difcovered between this fecond iflot and the firft. At the fame time, a fmall iflot was difcovered to the fouthward of the east point of Banca. Captain Marchand fleered fouth-eaft half fouth till three o'clock: from half paft one, he had carried with him twenty and twenty-one fathoms water, with the fame kind of bottom as in the preceding foundings. At three o'clock, the east point of Banca bore fcuth $3° weft; Gaspar Ifland, north 530 eafti marchand's voyagi fDec. V I II eaft; and the firft-mentioned iflot between that ifland and the east point of the great ifland, north 390 eaft. He then fleered fouth by eaft, in order to get up with the' peninfula of S^l*, which, with the fouth-weft point of Middle Ifland, forms the Rarroweft part of the West Passage. Till four o'clock, the foundings were ftill twenty-two, twenty-three, and twenty-four fathoms. He then difcovered the peninfula of Sel, and the iflands which are fituated in the eaft part of the ftrait. The east point of Banca bore north 710 weft; the north-east extremity of the peninfula of Sel, fouth 320 weft. It was perceived that the currents carried the Ihip to the eaftward of her courfe $ and,' in order to counterbalance their efiedt, and draw more in with the peninfula of Sel, by entering the palfage. Captain Marchand fleered fouth by weft. At a quarter paft four, the lead announced that the water was fhoaling; there were no more than eighteen and feventeen fathoms; but it kept at this depth, and the bottom was conftantly gravel and meils. f Several charts or plans hare defignated as an ifland the land which, on Gaspar's Plan, bears the denomination of the Ile de Sel: it is at this day admitted that it is only a peninfula, connected with the Ifland of Banco by a flip of land fo low as not to be always perceived from the diftance at which the reef, that terminates this land to the eaftward, requires that fhips Ihould keep from h. As Dec. 1791/ *^ MARCHAND S VOYAGE i«^ 141 As the currents fet rapidly to the fouth-fouth- eaft, at five o'clock, Captain Marchand fleered fouth-fouth-weft half fouth: the foundings were feventeen fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom, till fix o'clock, when the east point of Banca bore north 23° 30' weft; Gaspar Ifland, north 170 eaft; the moft eaftern of the fmall iflands fituated to the northward of the peninfula of Sel, fouth 8i° weft; the norh-east point of the peninfula, fouth 770 30' weft, and its south-east point, fouth 150 weft. The Solide was then beginning to enter the paffage between Middle Ifland and the peninfula of Sel: Captain Marchand fleered fouth half eaft, under eafy fail, till forty minutes after fix, when he came to an anchor in feventeen fathoms water, over a bottom of fand and fine gravel, mixed with broken fhells. During the night, the wind varied from north- weft to weft-north-weft, the currents fet to the fouth-fouth-eafl, and then to the fouth, at the rate of a mile and a half or two miles an hour. From the anchorage, the hummock on the east point of Banca bore north 210 weft; Gaspar Ifland, north 130 30' eaft; the peninfula of Sel, from fouth 220 weft to weft i° fouth; the fouth- weft extremity of Middle Ifland fouth 840 ea&j and four fmall iflands which were perceived to the fouth-eaft and fouth-fouth-eaft of this laft-mea- 3 tioned |f rfteVJ I le;M. marchand's Voyage. [Dec. 1751. tioned ifland, from fouth 76® eaft to fouth 56° eaft. The Solide was under fail at three-quarters paft fix in the morning, and fleered fouth half eaft; but, a little time after, fhe bore up fouth- eaft by fouth, and then directed her courfe fouth- fouth-eaft half-fouth. On the eaft coaft of the peninfula of Sel, were diftinguifbed fome breakers which appear to run a mile into the offing, and to extend as far as the fouth point of this peninfula. The depth of water kept increafing from feventeen to twenty fathoms, with a bottom of fand and gravel. At twenty-two minutes paft feven, all the lands in fight were fet by the eompafs, in order that their bearings might be laid down on the plan. The south-east extremity of the peninfula of Sel then bore fouth 54*, weft. Captain Marchand fleered fouth, and the foundings increafed from twenty to twenty-four fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom. He perceived more and more the fouth part of the Ifiand of Banca, and was on the point of being clear of the Strait. He crofted fome ftrong ripplings of currents, which, at a diftance, might have been taken for chains of breakers. At twenty minutes paft eight, Middle Ifland bore from north n°3o' eaft to north 31° eaft; and the middle of the moft eaftern of the iflands fituated Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 143 fituated to the northward of the peninfula of Sel, in one with the north-east point of the latter, bore north 340 30' weft. From this point, Captain Marchand fleered fouth half weft: the water gradually fhoaled from twenty-four to twenty fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom. At feven minutes paft nine o'clock, the iflots, feven in number, which lie to the fouth-eaft and fouth-eaft by eaft of Middle Ifland, were partly fhut in, the one by the other, in the direction of north 430 eaft; and the south-east point of the peninfula of Sel bore north $3° 30' weft. Till three quarters paft nine, Captain Marchand fleered fouth-fouth-weft half fouth, and the foundings were' regular from twenty to feventeen fathoms. At this period, the extremities of the eaftern coaft of the peninfula of Sel bore from north 130 30' weft to north 440 30' weft. The Solide was then clear of the ftrait, and Captain Marchand hauled his wind, at the fame time carrying a prefs of fail on the ftarboard tack. At half paft ten o'clock, the fhip fell all at once from feventeen fathoms into nine, with a bottom of fand and gravel: this fudden diminution of the depth of water obliged Captain Marchand to navigate with precaution : he conftantly kept the lead going; it indicated the fame foundings, varying only from eight fathoms to nine, till half paft 1 eleven 144 marchand s voyage [Dec. j eleven o'clock, and from ten fathoms to eleven^ till noon. At this laft-mentioned period, no other lands were perceived than thofe to the fouthward of the Ifland of Banca, which extended from north-weft half weft to north north-weft half north. The ob- fervation of the fun's meridian altitude gave 30 30' fouth latitude; and, in allowing for the effect of the currents, which, according to the refult of the dead reckoning compared with that of the obfer- vation, had carried the fhip 25 minutes to the fouthward, in twenty-four hours, and which was alfo reckoned to have carried her i i minutes to the eaftward, it was. concluded that the longitude muft be 1040 28'. The detail of Captain Marchand's navigation in Gas par's Strait, fuch as I have juft reprefented it, as it were, hour by hour, would be a fufficient guide, by which navigators who fhould wifh to get out of the China Sea by this paffage, might direct their courfe with fafety; but, in order to render more ufeful the remarks that were made on board the Solide, Captain Chanal, affociat- ing his nautical knowledge with the talents and zeal of the Engineer Le Brun, who had embarked in the fhip, for the purpofe of going from Macao to the Ifle of France, carefully conftructed a plan of Caspar's Strait j he fubjected it, on the one hand, to the latitude that was obferved on the 22d in the parallel of Gaspar Ifland, the principal leading Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage, ||j leading mark of the two paffages for fhips coming from the northward, and that which was obferved on the 23d on coming out of the Strait, the fhip being clear of all land; and on the other hand, to numerous bearings that were taken in the different fituations, under fail or at anchor: he has accurately laid down on the plan all the foundings that were taken, from the moft northern point of the Ifland of Banca to the parallel of its fouth coaft; and each founding has been placed at the point of that track which the bearings have determined*. Captain Chanal was not able to extend his work beyond Gaspar's paffage ; and, in order to complete his chart, he copied from that of D'Apres the east paffage between Middle Ifland and the Ifland of Billiton; but he took care to give notice that he was very far from vouching for the correctnefs of this borrowed part; and this notice was the better timed, as the eaftern part of the chart publifhed by D'Apres as unwarranted, is defective in every point, and as the weft part is fcarcely more correct.: moft affuredly there would be lefs danger for a fhip to attempt the paffage * I have conceived that it Was ufelefs to tranfcribe all the bearings which were taken on board the Solide, from the time that (he Was within fight of the north point ©f Banca till after flie came out of the Strait; I have laid down thofe only which appeared to me ufeful for fixing the relative pofitions of the principal points. VOL, II, L 1 i±6 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. from the mere infpecVion of the land, and with the precautions 'that are employed in a voyage of difcovery, than to truft to a plan fuch as that of Gaspar, which could .only lead the navigator into error. I have been of opinion that the chart which was 'conftructed on board of the Solide would become ftill more ufeful, if, in order to complete it, ufe were made of the work of the Englifh,. who have given us feveral tracks in the Weft Paffage, and others in the Eaft Paffage, marked on authentic plans, fome of which have been publifhed by Alexander Dalrymple in his-Suable collection, and others by George Robertson. 1 have combined together fix different plans, two of which belong to the French, and four to the Englifh ; and I think I may venture to affirm, that the General Chart which I prefent muft have all the correctnefs that can refult from the information which we have, till .this day, acquired refpecting the two paffages or ftraits that prefent themfelves to fhips of all rates between the Ifland of Banca and that of Billiton: I re£br die reader to the Notes for the examination and analyiis of the materials which I have employed in the conftruc- tion of this new chart*. It was not without concern * See Note LXII. This note contains not a mere geographical analyfis and the difcuffion of the materials which have beer* employed Bee. 1791.J MAROSAND s voyage. concern that I found myfelf under the neceffity of criticifing fome of the plans which the Englifk have given us; but, in not always adopting their opinions and their plans, we cannot, while we are combating them, avoid acknowledging that their bold voyages into every fea, and their numerous labours concerning every coaft, have long fince acquired them inconteftable claims on the gratitude of all navigators : and if criticifm be fevere employed in the conftruction of the General Chart of the Strait hetween Banca and Billiton, comprehending Gafpar's and Clements' Straits, with the different paffages which both prefent; it likewife contains a minute defcription of the two ftraits, as well as 'failing directions for the navigation of the two paffages. I have laid under contribution the journals of feveral Englifh navigators, which have not been tranflated into our language, and with whofe names even our navigators were not acquainted: their obfervations are valuable, and deferved to be collected ; to thefe I have added thofe of our Captains Dordelln and Chanal, and I have formed of the whole a regular work, the ground of which does not belong to me, and of which I have only arranged the parts, in order to connect them together by comparing the reports of the different navigators, ftrengthening them the one by the other when they agree, and oppofing them to each other when they are at variance. This work may, with French feamen, fupply the place of a great number of foreign journals which would afford them, befides, only ufelefs repetitions. I fhall have accomplifhed my object, if, in prefenting to them the Straits Between Banca and Billiton as preferable to the Strait of Banca as well for fhips returning from China as for thofe going thither, I have furnifhed them with the information ne- ceffary for navigating there with fafety, by directing their courfe according to the tracks of the experienced navigators who have opened the way. l 2 i when 148 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791, when the queftion is to examine their productions, it is becaufe it may be feared that their weighty- authority will too ealily accredit errors. ' I have already faid that D'Apres, in publishing the Plan.of Gaspar's Paffage, fuch as it had been communicated to him, judged that it was prudent to diffuade navigators from entangling themfelves between the Iflands of Banca and Billiton; and he thought it incumbent on him to advife them to continue to take their route through the Strait of Banca ; but the experiment of the Solide, and previoufly that of the Triton, the Provence, and the Sagittaire under the command of Dordelin, that of the Englifh fhips, the Macclesfield, the Sulivan, the Hawke, the Ponsborne, the Warren Hastings, the Carnatic, the Vansittart, the Glatton, and her fleet under the orders of John Clements, &c. muft difpel for ever the fears that were maintained, and with reafon, by the impofing authority of a learned navigator, who, from a long acquaintance with the feas of Asia, and great labours, executed with fuccefs, for improving the hydrography and facilitating the navigation of them, had acquired "die right of fpeaking as a mailer, and of caufmg himfelf to be heard with attention. No doubt, his opinion would have changed, and he would have been eager to amend his decifion, had he been acquainted with tracks which have been followed only fubfequently to his work and his death: he wouldr^ 1 Dec. 1791.] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. »49 would have judged that a paffage on a ilraight • line and very fhort, like that of Gaspar, in which, throughout, if the wind be not favourable to the courfe, or if it be wifhed to pafs the night at anchor, a fhip may come to in a good depth of water, and on a good bottom, deferves every preference to a long and winding paiTage, fuch as that of Banca, the entrance of which, in coming from China, it is difficult to reach with the winds necefTary for engaging in it; in which the different directions of the lands require different winds for paffing from one branch to another; and which prefents, on leaving it, fhoals and over-falls that obftrucr. navigation and multiply its dangers. Clements' PaiTage, the moft eaftern of the two ftraits that are cornprifed between the Iflands of Banca and Billiton, affords, in many refpects, the fame advantages as that of Gaspar, through which Captain Marchand pafTed; but fhips coming from the weftward, will prefer the latter of the two ftraits; and thofe coming from the eaftward will alfo prefer it, if the wind allow of their fo doing; for Clements' Strait, in the narrower! part, is ftrewn with iflots, banks, and fhoals, which, indeed, are moftly vifible, and near which is found a good bottom fit for anchoring, but which, however, may occafion fome uneafinefs • and embarraftment in a confined paffage, where the action of the currents is commonly very violent, and where navigators muft experience fudden l 3 variations Ill In ir s II mi 150 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Dec. 1794, vafktions in their direction, in proportion as they prefent themfelves at the opening of the numerous channels1 which the banks and iflots form between them, and according to the time and the fetting of the tides. But Clements' Paffage, obftrucred as it is, appears to be frequented by the Engjifh; and this is a ftrong reafon for believing that its navigation is not dangerous, fince they have the choice between the two paffages.. I am perfuaded, however, that a navigator who neither has ufed the one nor the other, will, on an infpeclion of the chart, give the preference to Gaspar's Paffage; but, unqueftionably, he will prefer either to the Strait of Banca, if, in coming from China, he wifh to arrive more expeditiously and more fafely in the Strait of Sun da ; or if, coming from Europe, and after having palled this laft-men- tioned ftrait, he wifti to proceed with greater difpatch to the coaft of China whifiher his trade calls him. " On the afternoon of the 23d, Captain Marchand, after having doubled to the fouthward all the lands which form Gaspar's and Clements' Straits, and wifhing to make the Ifland of Sumatra, off the fmall iflands called the Two Brothers, directed his courfe towards the Strait of Sunda, {landing on clofe to the wind which blew from the nortb-weft quarter. During the whole day, the foundings were conftantly ten fathoms^ at firft a bottom of fine gray fand, then oozy fandi and im MARCHAND S VOYAGE; and they afterwards increafed to twelve fathoms. He anchored feveral times in this run, when, a calm coming on, he was* apprehenfive that the currents; might drive the fhip out of her courfe. On the 251ft*. at half paft twelve o'clock at noon, he got fight of the coaft of Sumatra, at the diftance of fix or feven leagues. The latitude obferved at noon, had been 40 25' fouth; and in comparing it with that by the dead reckoning, it was difcoverec^ that, fince noon of the preceding day, fihecurrents had carried the fhip 17 minutes or near fix leagues to the fouthward. It was , reckoned that the longitude deduced from that of Point Pedant on the north fide of Banca, was, at the moment when Sumatra was perceived, 1030 44, aa<J the latitude, 40 26''; the flhip was then in twelve fathoms water. Captain Marchand paffed the night at anchor, and weighed at half paft fix o'clock the next morning. Half an hour after he had got under faft again, he difcerned the iflands calrted Les Diuoa -Sceurs*, which he had intended to make; and they bore fouth-weft at the diftance of two or thareft leagues. He concluded .from the latitude of 50 4' °b" ferved at noon, and from the bearing that was taken at the fame moment, that Les Sceurs,' the * Thefe are the fame iflands thai are named oa the Efigllfy charts the Two Brothers. •I II l If 11 153- marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. moft fouthern of which bore fouth-weft, diftant one league, are fituated in latitude 50 6': the longitude of the fhip was then'103? 36*. The middle of thefe two iflands is placed on the chart, No. 47, c?f D'Apres' Neptune Oriental, in latitude 50; and their diftance from the coaft of Sumatra, which is feven leagues on this chart, appears to be too confiderable; it is reckoned that it might be reduced to five. From within fight of Les Deux Sceurs till he made Point St. Nicholas in the Ifland of Java, at the entrance of the Strait of Sun da, calms and contrary winds obliged Captain Marchand to anchor repeatedly : it was not till the 31ft, in the afternoon, that he reached the entrance of the ftrait; but the wind not permitting him to weather the rock fituated in the middle of the paffage between Middle Ifland and Toca or Hog's Point in the Ifland of Sumatra, he came to an anchor off Pulo Remow, or Long Ifland, three-quarters of a mile from the land, in thirty fathoms water, over a bottom of gravel and fhells. In this fituation, Middle Ifland bore from fouth-eaft to fouth-fouth-eaft 40 fouth ; the peak of Cracatoa Ifland, fouth-weft half weft; the Grand Toque, eaft-fouth-eaft; and the rock in the middle of the paffage, fouth half weft. On the 1 ft of January 1 792, at half paft feven o'clock in the morning, the fhip fet fail for the Ifle of France, For Jan. 179«-1 marchand's voyage. 153 For a few days the contrariety of the winds allowed not of her increafing her diftance from the vicinity of the ftrait; at length, on the afternoon of the 4th, Captain Marchand took his departure from Prince's Ifland, fituated to the northward of the weft point of Java, at the mouth of the ftrait, and, according to aftronomical obfervations, in 6° 36' 15" fouth latitude, and io2Q 55 eaft longitude *. On the 1 ith, at half paft four o'clock in the afternoon, the latitude of the fhip deduced by the dead reckoning from that which had been given by the obfervation of tnis fame day at noon, was ii° 37' 10"; and her longitude deduced, by account, from that of Prince's Ifland, 95°I4'ij;". At that moment, a low land was perceived to the fouth-fouth-eaft, at the diftance of fix leagues. From this bearing, the land in fight muft have been fituated in latitude 11° 54', and longitude 950 21' 15": it was judged that it could be no other than the largeft of the Iflands of Cocos, that group of fmall iflands thrown at about the diftance of a hundred and fixty-five leagues to the fouth- weft of Flat Point, the moft fouthern of the Ifland of Sumatra ; but, at the fame time, it was concluded that there was an error in the diftance efti- * Connolffance des Kemps (Ephemeris.) An VIII. de PEre francaife (1800.) mated s^i marchand s voyage LJaa^ i/asJ mated by the eye, from the fhip to thefe iflands*, - and an error in the dead reckoning fince fhe had- quitted Prince's Ifland ; for, according to aftro- Bonadcal obfervations, the-large Ifland of Cocos ise Jituated in latitude 12° 1i', and longitude 940 3'^. The * It l might alfo be fuppofed that there was an error in the latitude obferved on board the fhip; but it is more probable that the diftance from the fhip to thefe iflands had been incorrectly eftimated by the eye, an error which is very common. ■f- This is the longitude which is to be' found in the Con~ miffance des Temps of the year VIII. of the French era (1800) and the preceding years: it is there indicated' as deduced from fona-r obfervations made at fea; and is prefented- as the fituation of the middle of the largeft of the iflands. G. Robertfon gives us, refpecting thefe Iflands of Cocbs, a detail which deferves to be mentioned : it is engraved in Englifh at the bottom of his Chart of the China Sea. Memorandum for fhip leaning Java Head (the moft weftern part of the Ifland of Java) for Europe. " The true fituation of the Kelling or Cocos Iflands, deter- tc mined by an exact Arnold's box-chronometer, in a fhort run **■ from Java Head, and corroborated by three fets of lunar ob-< " fervations, objects eaft and weft. " The northernmoft is a fingle low ifland, in latitude 11° 50' ** fouth, longitude 8° 1' weft of Java Head, or 970 8f eaft from " Greenwich (940 47'45;/ eaft from Paris); and it lies, due " north from the moft weftern of the clufter of iflands, diftant " 14 miles. Between them is a fair paffage, which in the Ge- " neral Coote, Captain Baldwin, we paffed through. " The fouthernmoft are a circular clufter of low iflands, whofe " latitude is from iz° 4' to 12023' fouth. Their eaftern extreme " 7° 50' weft of Java Head, 970 19' eaft from Greenwich " (940 58' 45'' eaft from Greenwich); and their weftern extreme " under the meridian of the moft northern ifland," that is to " fay, 970 8' from Greenwich (940 47' 45" from Paris.) I In Jan. 179s-] marchand's voyage. t^ The error of nearly 17 naiflutes in the latitude which the bearing, deduced from the latitude of the fhip, gave to the Ifland of Cocos, proves that the diftance eftimated from the veffel to that ifland was not fufficiently great; and the difference of i° 1 &' 15" in the longitude, proved that, from Prince's Ifland, whofe longitude is like wife determined by obfervation, the calculation of the run made by the ihip, in the fpace of feven days, was in error all this quantity, which me had been carried to the weftward by the movement of the waters, without the ordinary methods of navigation having been able to furniih any means of eflimating its effect. <c In ranging along the north part of the clufter of iflands, *' faw no danger detached from them, being fteep-to clofe into *c the fhore, which is a beautifrrii white? beach appearing like ♦* iand* but which I believe is white coral. " A reef runs out from the north-weft corner of thefe iflands cc a fhort quarter of a mile, and they may be feen in clear weals' ther, from an Indiaman's deck, five leagues." Signed, G. R. (George Robertfon.) Robertfon, in his Table of Pofitions (page 79 of his Memoir) gives the longitude of Java Head 1050 9' eaft of Greenwich; it is only 1050 5' according to the obfervations made in Cook's Third Voyage (page 351 of the Original Afironomical Obfervations, &c.) : and if we adopt this latter determination, the longitudes of the Coces Iflands muft be diminifhed by 4 minutes. . N. B. There is an error of the prefs in the Collection of Obfervatioasj whieh I have juft quoted. We there read, Java the mofi eafterly Point of the Straits of Sunda; read the moji wefterly Point, &c. From marchand's voyage. [Jan. 1792. From the Ifland of Cocos, the Solide directed her courfe weft-fouth-weft, in order to get into the parallel of Rodrigue Ifland, from which Captain Marchand wifhed to take a frefh departure before he ftood for the Ifle of France. On the 16th, a little before nine o'clock in the morning, in the latitude of 150 47' 15" fouth, the mean between the refults of feveral obfervations of diftances of the fun and moon, gave for the longitude of the fhip 8 50 15'; that which was deduced, at the fame inftant, from the dead reckoning fince the departure from Prince's Ifland, was 16° 45': thus, in the fpace of twelve days, the fum of the errors of the reckoning was a degree and a half, which the fhip had advanced more to the weftward than was fuppofed. And as, when ihe was in fight of the Ifland of Cocos, on the nth, the error in the fame direction was only i° 1 8', it might thence be inferred that, from the 1 ith to the 16th, the error had increafed 12 minutes; but this inference would imply, that we grant to the refult of the lunar obfervations fo great a degree of accuracy that they may be employed with fafety in correcting fmall errors. What we may folely conclude, is that, from the 4th, when the fhip took her departure from Prince's Ifland, to the 16th, the day of the laft lunar obfervations, fhe was conftantly carried to the weftward by the effect of the currents; and that the quantity of this un- perceived progrefs was about a degree and a half in Jan. 1792.] marchand's voyage* 157 in the interval of twelve days, or about eight miles in twenty-four hours. On the .19th, at eight o'clock the morning, in 18° 37' 20" latitude fouth, the mean refult of four . fets of lunar obfervations fixed the longitude of the ihip at 770 59' • that which was indicated by the dead reckoning, brought forward from the obfervation of the 16th, was 7 8° 17": thus the error in the interval had been 18 minutes, or fix miles in twenty-four hours, in the fame direction as the preceding ones. Other lunar obfervations, made on the 27th, at eleven o'clock in the morning, in latitude 19° 40', gave 620 29' for the longitude; that which was deduced from the dead reckoning, brought forward from the obfervation of the 19th, was 630 21 : the error of the reckoning had therefore been, in the fpace of eight days, 52 minutes, or fix miles and a half in twenty-four hours, and ftill in the fame direction, the currents had conftantly fet the ihip to the weftward, or ahead of the reckoning. From the refult of the obfervations of that day, Captain Marchand reckoned, at fix o'clock in the evening, that he could not be more than feventeen or eighteen leagues from Rodrigue Ifland, when it was perceived as far as it could be feen, that is, at the diftance of thirteen or fourteen leagues: thus the error of the fhip's fituation by account, with refpect to her true fituation, was not more than three or four leagues in a run of upward; un -1 FBr'l *i8 marchand s voyage. [Jan. 1792. 1 ' of eight hundred; but it would have been about fifty-feven leagues aftern, that is to fay, he would have met with Rodrigue Ifland fifty-feven leagues \ fboner than was expected, had he employed, for regulating his courfe, only the arbitrary and uncertain methods of the dead reckoning: for, in recapitulating the partial differences, arifing, at various periods, between the refults of the dead reckoning and thofe of the obfervations, we find that the fhip had been carried 20 4c/, or about one hundred and fifty miles ahead of the account, and one hundred and fixty in adding thereto the fmall error difcovered on making the land. Hence it therefore refults, that the unperceived progrefs of the fhip to the weftward, had been (on an average) Jt miles in twenty-four hours. This may be attributed to the effect of the currents, "which may have had a conftant direction; but might it not alfo be confidered as the effect of a general movement of the waters from eaft to weft, which is moft commonly eftimated, in an open fea, between the tropics, at the rate of eight or nine miles for each diurnal revolution of the earth ? I have thought it incumbent on me not to throw into the Notes the refult of the obfervations which were made in the run from Macao to Prince's Ifland (Strait of Sunda), and from the Strait to Rodrigue Ifland: it is well known that the currents have a confiderable influence in the Indian Jan. 179s-] . marchand.s voyage. 159 Indian Seas: their direction, which varies according to the feafbns, ifbmetimes in the fame feafon, requires all the attention of the navigator, hecmfe their action has a material effect on the fhip's courfe, and may give rife to fatal errors. In pre- fenting to feamen jdhefe mans with minutenefs, i wifhed to enable them to appreciate the utility of the lunar obfervations for the fafety of navigation and the improvement of hydrography; the example here ftands by the fide of the precept; and if they perfift in. rejecting evidence, if they repel light, I fhall not at leaft have to reproach myfelf with nc^ having made it fhine to their eyes. Captain Marchand, after having made Rodrigue Ifland, directed his courfe towards the Ifle of France; and, on the 30th of January, the Solide anchored in the principal port in the ifland fituated on the north-west coaft. The run from Prince's Ifland had failed twenty- fix days, and the mean progrefs of the fhip had been thirty-five leagues one-third in twenty-four hours. The ihip had kept the fea for thirteen months and a half; and, with the exception of thirty-days fpent at anchor at La Praya, La Madre de Dios,Tchinkitanay, and. Macao, fhe had been conftantly under fail. The health of the crew did not appear to be impaired by the fatigues of this long voyage \ but, in order to return to the port in Europe from which the fhip had been dif- 1 Rll patched i i6c* afARCHAND's VOYAGE. [Jan* 1792. patched, there remained three or four thoufand leagues for her to run, which might occupy four months: the relaxation neceffary for preventing diforders, the repairs to be made to the fhip, the examination and the renewal of the provifions, the purchafe, the taking on board, and the ftowage of merchandife; in fhort, all the preparatives of a long voyage required that Captain Marchand fhould fpend two months and a half at the Ifle of France. CHAPTER April 1792.] marchand's voyage. 161 CHAPTER IX. Departure from the Ifle of France.—The Solide touches at the Ifle of Bourbon, now called the Ifle of Reunion, in order to load there with coffee.— Run from that ifland to St. Helena.—Stay at this latter ifland.—Directions for anchoring in its road.— Various confiderations refpe fling St. Helena.—Advantages of its fituation, and of that of Gibraltar, to the nation which occupies thofe two rocks.—Navigation from St. Helena to the Strait of Gibraltar.— The Solide returns to Toulon.—On the length of voyages round the World, and the means which might Jhorten it.—Praifes due to the owners of the fhip, to the Captain, and to the officers.—Utility of the new methods for determining at fea the pofition of the fhip. tt was on the 18th of April that the Solide got under way from Port Nord-ouest in the Ifle of France, in order to return to Europe, calling at the Ifle of Bourbon, now denominated the Ifle of Reunion, where (he was to take in a cargo of coffee. On the 20th, Captain Marchand came to at. the anchorage of St. Denis; and, on the evening of the 21 ft, he again got under fail, and directed his courfe to make the coaft of Africa, and double the Cape of Good Hope. vol. ir. m This 1M MARCHAND s voyage. [Apri This run, like that which preceded it, prefents, concerning the effect of the currents and the errors of the reckoning, feveral obfervations, which, notwithstanding the little intereft that details of this fort can afford to the generality of readers, have appeared to me- to deferve, for the inftruction of feamen and the improvement of navigation, to be mentioned at. fome length, referving to myfelf to extend, in the Notes, fuch of thefe obfervations as may appear neceffary. On the 28th, the longitude of the fhip deduced from lunar obfervations, and reduced to noon, was, by a mean between four fets, 420 44': that which was given by .the dead reckoning, deduced from the Ifle of Reunion, whofe geographical pofition is determined by aftronomical obfervations *, was 440 51': thus, in the fpace of feven days, the ihip had been carried to the weftward, or ahead of her apparent run, 20 7', or thirty-eight leagues and a half f. The daily errors in the direction of the latitude, afcertained by obfervation, were no lefs remarkable : from the 24th to the 25th, the fhip had been carried 34 minutes, or eleven leagues and two thirds, to the fouthward -y and during the laft two days, ihe had been carried 9 and 12 minutes to the northward. * Longitude of St. Denis 5-3° 10' o" eaft. Connoiffance des Temps, an VIII. + See Note LXIII. The April 1792.] marchand's voyage. 163 * The obfervations of the next day, the 29th, in like manner reduced to noon, fhewed that, in the laft twenty-four hours, the apparent progrefs of the fhip towards the weft, had been again increafed by the effect of the currents, 24 minutes or about fix leagues; and the obfervation of latitude indicated that fhe had been carried to the northward 7 minutes, or two leagues one-third *. She was again carried 13 minutes towards the north, from the 29th to the 30th; 3 minutes in the fame direction from the 30th of April to the ift of May; and 11 minutes from the ift to the 2d; but from the 2d to the 3d, fhe was carried 33 minutes or eleven leagues to the fouthward. For fome days, the weather did not allow of obfervations being made for the longitude; and on the 8th of May, at three o'clock in the afternoon, our navigators had the firft light of the coaft of Africa in the vicinity of the Land of Natal off Lagoa Bay : they could not have expected to fee it fo foon. The bearings of the land, whofe pofition in longitude, fubjected to that of the Cape of Good Hope, cannot be defective, fhewed, on the 9th, at noon, that, fince the obfervations of the 29th, in the fpace of ten days, the ihip had again been carried 1 degree to the weftward, ahead of her apparent progrefs towards this coaft f. * See Note LXIV. + See Note LXV. Thus Ir * tfARCHAND.S lGE. [April 1792'. Thus then, in the fpace of nineteen days, from the time of the Solide's departure being taken from the Ifle of Reunion to that of her making the land on the coaft of AfriGa, there is a fum of errors in longitude, of more than three degrees and a half, or upwards of fixty leagues, which Captam MaEchand would have reckoned himfelf diftant from the coaft when he got fight of it, if the obfervations made fince the departure had not corrected this error by 20 30', and reduced it to that of 1 degree, which had taken place in the interval between the'laft day of obfervation, and that of making the land. The errors in the latitude were confiderable during the latter days: from the 2d to the 3d, 33 minutes or thirty-three miles ; from the 4th to the 5th, fixteen; from the 5th to the 6th, three; from the 6th to the 7th, four; from the 7th to,the 9th, forty. The fum of thefe errors, in feven days, is i° 40', or one hundred miles, which the ihip had been carried to the fouthward beyond the quantity indicated by the dead reckoning; this is at the rate of fourteen miles two-thirds in twenty- four hours: but the differences towards that fide cannot be a matter of aftoniihment. The ihip had failed, in that fpace of time, at the opening of the Mozambique Strait; and the direction of this ftrait, which is nearly north-north-eaft and fouth- fouth-weft, muft determine that of a ftrong current the effect of which is felt at a diftance, and carries veffels f£fi!£S May 1792.] marchand's voyage. 165 vefTcls to the fouthward, declining towards the weft,' according to the direction of the ftrait. On the 9th, at noon, the latitude obferved was 330 33' i and, according to the bearing of the land, the longitude muft have been 250 57'. At two o'clock, the change of the water announced that ground would be reached in founding: at a quarter paft three, foundings were ftruck in feventy, five fathoms, over a bottom of gravel and rotten {hells. The coaft, at that moment, extended from north- eaft by north 2* north to weft 40 north; and the fhip's diftance from it might be five leagues. A dreadful ftorm came on in the night of the 9th, and lafted till the morning of the 12th. The violence of the wind, which varied from weft-north- weft to weft, joined to the extreme agitation of an overgrown fea, would have expofed to the greateft dangers a Ihip that had not pofTefTed the excellent qualities of the Solide. She was then directing her courfe to double the Cape of Good Hope ; and it feemed that the confpired elements were, in fome meafure, difpofed to juftify the old name of Stormy Cape, which the Portuguefe navigators, who firft attempted to double it, had impofed on that famous promontory. This was the feafon when the winter begins at the Cape; and it is well known that the Dutch did not fuffer their fhips to remain in Table Bay beyond the 15 th of May jj all their veflels were bound to re- m 3 pair, 111 i66 marchand's voyage. [May 1792 pair, at that period, to False Bay, where they are completely fheltered from the north-weft winds, which blow with violence, often with fury, during the whole winter. The Solide kept conftantly lying to during the gale. Captain Chanal ob- ferves, on this occafion, that when a fhip joins ftrength to other qualities, to lie to appears to him- preferable to fcudding, according to the ex* predion of the Englifh feamen; he reckons that \ the fituation of a ihip is rendered lefs critical by lying to : whereas in apparently avoiding danger, by running before the wind and fea, a veffel is no lefs expofed to the ravages of the former, and Ihe runs the riik of being overtaken and pooped by the waves which prefs and precipitate themfelves againil her ftern. The weather, which cleared up on the morning of the 12th, admitted of the land being perceived to the northward; and it was rather high : it was judged to be Mountain Cape, fituated a hundred leagues to the eaft by north of Cape Aiguillas. A calm, which had fucceeded the gale, at a quarter paft nine o'clock, allowed alfo of taking lunar obfervations, the mean refult of which reduced to noon, gave 21° 49' for the longitude, and confirmed a great error in the reckoning, an error ~ which the fight of the land had already indicated: according to the dead reckoning, deduced from the refult of the obfervations of the 8th, the longitude of the fhip muft have been 240 48'; thus, in ai May 1792.] marchand's voyage. 167 in the ihort fpace of four days, the error aftern was 20 59', or forty-nine leagues, which the fhip had been carried to the weftward beyond what the reckoning had implied. If we * recapitulate all the errors in the fame direction fince the departure from the I ile of Reunion, on the 21ft of April in the evening, we fhall find that the fum of thefe errors, in the fpace of twenty days and a half, was 6° 30', or about one hundred and twelve leagues *. When we reflect that navigation by account or dead reckoning, is ftill fubject, at the end of the eighteenth century, to fimilar miftakes, we ceafe to be afto- nifhed that the geographical pofitions, given, after paffages of feveral months, by the firft navigators of the Great Ocean, to iflands of which they made the difcovery, have been fometimes five or fix hundred leagues in error. But ought we not at the fame time, through the impulfe of juft gratitude, to pay a well-merited homage to the arts and fciences, which, by withdrawing us from the empire of arbitrary opinion, have furnifhed us with fure means of guarding againft the dreadful effects of an uncertainty, to which the moft ikiiful feaman in vain oppofed his knowledge and long experience . /lS%t :W * The Reader may convince himfelf of this, by calling up the fum of the errors afem, from the 21ft of April to the 12 th of May. {See at the end of the Notes, the Table of the effeel of the currents.) m 4 The i68 MARCHANDSVOYAGE [May 1792; The errors in the latitude had, within thefe few days, been no lefs remarkable than thofe in the longitude: the obfervations fhewed that, from the 9th to the nth, the fhip had been carried to the fouthward, i° ix'; and from the nth to the 12th, 32 minutes r thus in the fpace of three days, the fum of the errors in this direction was i° 43', or thirty-four leagues one-third. If we combine together the error of the longitude, which was forty nine leagues, during thefe •laft days, with that of the latitude, thirty-four leagues one-third, it will be found that, in the fpace of three days, the ihip, driven out of her apparent courfe by the movement of the waters, was carried fixty leagues to the weft 350 fouth : this is at the rate of twenty marine leagues in twenty-four hours, or upwards of a common league . an hour *; while, on the contrary, owing to the natural confequence of the direction, and the violence of the wind which blew from the weft, varying towards the north, the ihip, lying to, ought to have been drifted towards the eaft-fouth-eaft and/outh-eaft. We are therefore juftified' in concluding that, but for the refiftance which the direction of the wind and waves muft have oppofed to the action of the current, the effect of the latter would have been ftill greater; and it is, no doubt, to the ftruggle of thefe oppofite powers, that muft ► See Note LXVI. be 79I-] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. lb9 be attributed the excefiive agitation of the fea during the gale of wind. We may prefent, in fupport of this conjecture, what Captain Chanal mentions in his journal: that on his return from India in 1789, on board the Tufcan ihip, il Gran Duca di Toscana, he experienced in the fame latitude, an effect of the fame current, ftill much more confiderable than that of twenty leagues a day, fince, in the fpace of twenty-one hours, the ihip was carried thirty-five leagues to the fouth-weft 30 fouth. The current was no longer felt when they had paffed CapeTALHADO, fituated to the weft-fouth-weft of Muscle Bay. The Tufcan fhip had failed at the fame diftance from land, twelve, fifteen, and twenty leagues, at which Captain Marchand had kept. On the 13th, at noon, our navigators were af- fured by the obfervation of the fun's meridian altitude, that the effect of the current which, on coming out of the Mosambique Strait, ought to fet to the fouthward, had no longer acted on the fhip, fmce, being more advanced towards the weft, fhe had been iheltered by - the fouthern lands of Africa ; for, on comparing the latitude obferved with that which had been deduced from the dead reckoning, it was found that the ihip, very far from having been carried to the fouthward, had, on the contrary, been drifted 17 minutes, or five leagues and two-thirds, to the northward; this might be attributed to a ftrong fwell from the fouth- MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [May 79^ iotith-weft, which muft have driven her towards that fide. Some lunar obfervations, taken at fifty minutes after ten in the morning of this fame day, had like.wife proved that, in the interval between the 12th and the i^th, the currents had ceafed to fet to the weftward *. In the night between the 13th and the 14th, the Solide carried away her main-yard, while the watch were employed in cluing up the topfails, in a fcjuali that was not fufficiently ftrong to caufe this accident: it was fuppofed to have been fprung during the gale of wind; however, it was expe- ditioLifly replaced by a fpare yard. From feveral obfervations made on the 15th and 16th, it was concluded that at noon on the latter day, the ihip was in longitude 170 47', and latitude 350 44'. Since the obfervations of the 12th and 13th, the differences between the longitude obferved and that by account, had been fo fmall, that it might be imagined that at leaft a part, or per- fcapa the whole of thefe differences, belonged to the trifling error whkh an obferver cannot be af- liired of guarding againft in the obfervation, or to the error which may ftill be found to affect the aftronomicai tables that are employed in the cal- culation of the longitudes deduced from the moon's fUftance from the fun or ftara* We are therefore juftified in thinking that, in the interval from the iathto the 16th, the differ- * See Note LXVII. V9«0 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. ences between the refults of the dead reckoning and thofe of the obfervation, were by no means occafioned by the effect of the currents which had mattered the fhip during the preceding days *. Captain Marchand, having found by .the obfervations of the 16th, that, at noon on that day, he was under the meridian of Cape Aiguillas, and fifteen leagues to the fouthward of that cape, fleered north-weft, in order to make the Ifland of St. Helena, where he intended to pafs twenty- four hours, in order to procure fome refreihments for his crew; and, in concert with Captain Chanal, he employed himfelf in this run in afcer- taining the route of the fhip by the ufe of aftro- nomical obfervations which, in the courfe of the voyage, had conftantly guarded him againft the uncertainties and errors of the dead reckoning. The obfervations of the :25th of May gave 4° 42' eaft longitude, and proved that, in the fpace of the laft nine days, the fhip had been carried to the weftward i° 6', beyond the refult of the dead reckoningf. Thofe of the 28th fhewed that the error on the fame fide, had been, in three days, i° 9' J. On the 29th, at noon, the longitude of the ihip, deduced by the twenty-four hours' dead reckoning, from that which had, on the noon of the preced* * See Notes LXVIII and LXIX. f See Note LXX. + See LXXI, Zrfl MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [May 1792. .1 ing day, been given by the obfervations made that fame day, was o° 15' weft from Paris, and the latitude, obferved at the fame inftant, 200 52' fouth. Thence it was concluded that at half paft ten o'clock, in the morning of the 29th, the Solide had been under the firft meridian of France, under which flie had already paffed in the Mediterranean, after her departure from Marseilles, on the 19th of December 1790 : thus, in the fpace of feventeen months and ten days, or only thirteen months and a half, deducting the time paffed at anchor, at the different anchorages, and the length of the flay at the Ifle of France, the fhip had circumnavigated the globe in the direction of the diurnal revolution of the fun, or to exprefs myfelf more correctly, in the inverfe direction to the diurnal revolution of the earth : and if, on his arrival at Macao, Captain Marchand had not added a day to the computation of time, he muft have added it here, in order to agree again with the 4ate and the calendar of the meridian of Paris. The obfervations for the longitude on the 29th, proved that, in the laft twenty-four hours, the currents had acted feebly in increafing the ihip's progrefs by account towards the weft *; and thofe of the 30th even feemed to indicate a progrefs ftill fmaller by 1 minute towards that fide, than was given by the dead reckoning j-. See Note LXX;jI, + See Note J.XXIIJ. Put Ma y m2 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. But if the movement of the waters had no longer acted in the direction of the longitude, their action occafioned confiderable errors in the direction of the latitude : the obfervations fhewed that, in the interval of four days, from the 30th of May to the 3rd of June, the currents had carried the fhip 33 minutes, or thirty-three miles to the fouthward*. Haif an hour before noon of this latter day, our navigators had the firft fight of St. Helena, bearing weft by fouth, at the diftance of about twelve leagues; and it is at this diftance, and in this direction, that the ifland ought to have borne from the fhip, according to the dead reckoning, deduced from the longitude which had been determined on the 30th of May by obfervations of the diftances of the fun and moon. This fituation being afcertained left little doubt that, the next day in the courfe of the forenoon, the fhip might eaft anchor in the road of James Town, fituated about the middle of the north-weft coaft of the ifland. On the 4th, at nine o'clock in the mprning, Sugar.-Loaf Point bore weft fouth-weft, and the extremity of the moft eaftern land, in fight bore directly fouth. After having hoifted out the boats, and doubled the north point, Captain Marchand ftood in for the road under the topfails, by the help of a light breeze from fouth-eaft to eaft-fouth- * SwNoteLXXIV. *7i MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [May eaft; and at half paft ten o'clock, the Solide came to an anchor off James Town, in thirteen fathoms, over a bottom of fine gray fand; Sugar-Loaf Point bearing eaft 3i°45' north, Munden's Point, fouth 20° 30' eaft, and the flag-ftaff of the governor's houfe, fouth 90 15' eaft. Captain Marchand found at the anchorage two Englifh Eaft-Indiamen; and, a few hours after his arrival, a ihip which he had met with at fea likewiie came and anchored in the road. I fhall not here terminate what concerns the Solide's run from the Iile of Reunion to St. Helena, without ihewing, both with what ex- adtnefs fhe made the land on this latter ifland, and to what a dangerous error fhe would have been* expofed, had not the dead reckoning been rectified by aftronomical obfervations. The laft obfervations for the longitude had been made on the 30th of May; and it was from this fixed point that Captain Marchand fleered for making the land. In applying to the longitude determined by thefe obfervations, the progrefs by account towards the weft fince that period, a progrefs which he had reafon to think fufficiently exact, fince, during thefe latter days, the currents had ceafed to act on the Ihip in the direction of the longitude, we find that the longitude of the fhip, in fight of James Town agrees, to a minute, with that which had been fixed for that town byNEviL Maskelyne, the aftronomer royal of Green- I \ e. %MmSXp> June 1792.] marchand's voyage. Greenwich. This extreme precifion is, no doubt,, an effect of chance, fince Captain Marchand was obliged to employ the dead reckoning for the laft five days of the paffage, and fince this calculation might be affected by fome error: but let us fee in what longitude the fhip would have been fuppofed to be if, in failing only from within fight of the coaft of Africa, on the 9th of May, he had been under the neceffity of directing his courfe by the dead reckoning. On the 4th of June, Captain Marchand, would have reckoned that he had arrived at 30 weft longitude, when he had already reached 8° 4': the error aftern would then have been, after twenty-five days only, 50 4', which, in the parallel of St. Helena, anfwer to upwards of ninety-feven leagues : but if, as that was poffible, and has often happened, he had not made the coaft of Africa, but had made a direct run, from the Ifle of Reunion to St. Helena, the error aftern, after forty-three days, the length of a very ordinary paffage, would have been %° 35', or upwards of one hundred and fixty-feven leagues*. In order to make the reader fenfible what fatal confequences might have enfued from an error aftern of upwards of five degrees, which ftill remained, at the time of making the land on the ifland of St. Helena, notwithstanding the cor- * See Note LXXIV. iyG marchand's voyage. [June 1792 rection of 30 30', made, twenty-five days before, within fight of the coaft of Africa, it will be fufficient to obferve that, in the perfuafion in which Captain Marchand muft have been that the fhip was ftill near one hundred leagues to the eaftward of St. Helena, it'was poffible that if> in coming to feek this fmall ifland, he had not kept exactly in its parallel, he would not have perceived it during the night, and that, in the dark, he would have paffed it without fufpecting it: and it was the more to be feared that he would not be able to keep in a given parallel, as in the latter part of the run, the fhip had been conftantly carried to the fouthward, and fometimes at a con-' fiderable rate in the interval of twenty-four hours. Befides, it is well known that, in the parallel of St. Helena, the winds blow conftantly from the points of the compafs near the eaft; and it is well known too that there is no longer a poffibility of getting again to windward of the ifland, if a ihip has once paffed its meridian: I fhall add that the fteadinefs of the winds here prefents an additional danger; for if, in confequence of an error in the j longitude, a veffel ihould happen to be hemmed in during the night on the windward coaft of the ifland, this iron coaft affords no other profpect than that of ihipwreck, without any hope of fafety either for the veffel or for the people. As the road of St. Helena is little frequented by the French, to whom, however, it may be important I k> June 1792.] marchand's voyage. 177 portant to be acquainted with it, and as it is fo well known to the Englifh, that, in the accounts of their voyages, they difpenfe with entering into any detail refpecting the anchorage, I have thought that it would be ufeful to preferve the remarks which Captain Chanal was enabled to make, as well in regard to the precautions to be taken, as to the courfe to be held, by a ihip that intends to anchor in this road Head. The Ifland of St. Helena is fufficiently high to be difcerned, in clear weather, at the diftance of twenty leagues. Itprefents, at the firft afpect, nothing but a heap of fteep rocks, feparated by narrow and deep vallies. The anchorage, as has been faid, is fituated on the part of the coaft that faces the north-weft: and as the ifland is placed in the region of the trade-winds, it is always necef- fary to make the land to the northward of this part, and to fleer for Sugar-Loaf Point, the moft northern of this coaft : firft, you muft range very clofe to this point; near it, there is no danger to be dreaded; the coaft every where is bold and fafe. On Sugar-Loaf Point is feen a fmall fort, bearing this infcription, which is a warning to fhips coming into the roadftead: " Send the Jhip's boat afhore*." From this point, a boat may be difpatched in order to announce to the governor * I ha^e-been told that this notice is there written in three languages, Englilh, French, and Portuguefe, vol. ir. n the 1 Tune 79s the fhip's arrival. Captain Chanal favs he was told that if the commander of a veffel neglected to conform to what is prefcribed in this refpect, fhe would be expofed to be fired at by the fort: Captain Marchand was unable to comply with this formality till after he had anchored in the road, and yet the fort did not fire. After you have paffed Sugar-Loaf Point, you- continue your courfe under eafy fail, till you are arrived at the anchorage. From this firft point, you perceive the fhips that may be lying in the road, and you fleer for them: if there be none there, which is very fel- clom the cafe, you ihould fleer fo as to pafs at a little diftance from Munden's Point, where is built a fmall fort by which it may be known. It is neceffary to range clofe along the land, if you do not wifh to be forced to ply to windward in order to reach the anchorage : you have nothing to fear but the fqualls that come from the two vallies fituated between Sugar-Loaf and Mun- den's Points: you muft therefore carry little fail, and Hand by the topfail haliards. Each of thefe I vallies is defended by a battery of cannon. James Valley, in which Jamks Town is fituated, prefents itfelf immediately after Munden's Point. As foon as you begin to difcover the fiag-ftaff of the governor's houfe, you may let go the anchor; you will have from ten to twenty fathoms waiter, according as fon have anchored nearer to or farther June 1792.3 marchand's voyage. x79 ther from the fhore ; but if you anchor in ten fathoms, bringing the flag-ftaff of the governor's houfe to bear fouth-eaft 6 or 70 fouth, you will be nearer to the landing-place and to that for filling water. It is fufficient to moor with a ftream anchor which muft be carried to the north-weft by the compafs. The fea-breezes, from the fouth-weft to the north-weft, are here very rare: and if they happen to blow, they are always very faint: only, in this cafe, you experience a heavy fwell which caufes a violent furf on fhore. It will not, undoubtedly, be ufelefs to French navigators to add to thefe merely nautical directions various particulars important to be known, which are neither to be found in the defcriptions that have been given us of the Ifland of St. Helena, by Captain Cook*, and George For- STERf, nor in the more ancient Journals of William Dampier J, to whom maritime nations are indebted for the firft accounts of voyages from which it is poilible to obtain exact information. Jam»es Town is built in the bottom of a narrow valley, commanded by two hills. A battery which * Hawkefworth's Compilation. Cook's Flrji Voyage. Vol. III. page 794 to 798.—Cook's Second Voyage. Vol. II. page 270. + George Forjier, A Voyage Round the World, &c. Vol. II. page 557 to 570. £ W. Dampier, A Voyage Round the World, &C. Vol. I. page 544 t0 548) Knapton's edition, 1699. 8vo. N 2 occupies i8o marchand's voyage. [June 1792. occupies the whole breath of this valley, defends the approach to it, and protects the anchorage. Some redoubts, towards the fea, and forts erected on the flope of the adjacent hills, add to the defence of the place and to the protection of the roadftead. A garrifon of five hundred men is maintained for the guard and the duty of thefe different works, as well as for the police of the ifland. Landing appears impracticable under the fire of the batteries in front, the lateral redoubts", and the commanding forts. The enemy who fhould intend to attack St. Helena, can do no more than attempt a bombardment, under cover of his fhips of the line. The enterprife would at leaft be hazardous, if not altogether rafh; and the deftruc- tion of the town would not involve the furrender of the ifland; for it is doubtful whether a defcent could be effected till after having reduced the forts that command the valley: and the commanding fituation of thefe forts is fuch, that they have little to dread from the effect, of the artillery of fhips which could cannonade them only at a diftance, and firing directly upwards, while the forts would fire on the fhips directly downwards, and make ufe of red-hot balls and fhells, with a moft deci- five advantage. Neither do the other points of the north-weft coaft, more than thofe of the windward and leeward coafts of the ifland; prefent any facility for a debarkation, and on thofe which appear lefs inaceefiible, batteries or redoubts well-fituated and June 1792-] marchand's voyage. 181 and commanding the ground, ftill add to the difficulties, almoft infurmountable, which nature feems to have taken a delight in multiplying on the whole circumference of the ifland. Within thefe few years, there has been con- ftructed, as near as poffibjle to the landing-place, a new fountain, by means of which a fhip completes her water with all the facility and difpatch that can be wifhed for on the moft extraordinary occafion. The calks are landed and re-ihipped very eaiily by means of a crane, under which the long-boat comes alongfide the quay without danger. For want of a long-boat or launch, a raft or firing of cafks may be formed, and towed on ihore, and from the fhore on board, by the fmalleft boat. Each veffel pays for the duty of anchorage, five pounds fterling, or twenty dollars, if ihe fills more than twenty cafks with water; three pounds, or twelve dollars, if fhe wants only that quantity or lefs. Foreign veffels are not taxed at a higher rate than that which is required even from the fhips belonging to the Englifh Eaft-India company. This company have, in the Ifland of St. Helena, of which they are proprietors, florehoufes fupplied with all the rigging, furniture, fpare fails and mails, that a fhip can ftand in need of after a long voyage, or after a gale of wind that has oc- cafioned her fome damages. James Town is a naval ftorehoufe, in the middle of the South At- N 3 LANTIC '! marchand s voyage. [June 1792. lantic Ocean, open indifcriminately to fhips belonging to the nation and to foreigners. The company, in delivering the. articles which they hold in referve for the wants of navigators, put on them, for their own profit, an increafe of fifty per cent, on the prices of Europe. But a fhip that iliould have occafion to heave down or get in new lower mails, would not find a poffibility of making good thofe great defects; however, fhe. might there procure topmafts. The refources which this ifland prefents to navigators are not confined to fupplies of naval ftores; the attentions of the company have like.wife provided for the means of hufbanding for them fuc- cour in point of provifions. An unprecedented drought, which, in 1790 and 1791, fpread deflation through the ifland, has for a time deftroyed part of thefe refources; but when we are acquainted with the laborious activity of the inhabitants who cultivate this rock, and we calculate the intereft of the company, we are perfuaded that this wound will ere long be healed, and perhaps is fo already. Captain Chanal, who had touched at St. Helena in 1789, tells us that, at that period, were reckoned there three thoufand head of oxen, a confiderable number of fheep, goats, and poultry ; that vegetables of all forts, and of the belt quality, were to be had there in abundance; that potatoes were very common, and water-creffes propagated to fuch a degree that they were fold by the. fack. June 1792.] marchand's voyage. 183 feck. The. ifland was enabled to furniih annually to the fhips that put in here five or fix hundred oxen. The examination took place in the month of January of every year; five or fix oxen might be delivered to each veffel: and the number was carried to ten or twelve for fhips that had fick on board, or extraordinary wants. But, in order to prevent all ajbufe, and: maintain an equal diftribu- tion, the captains were bound to addrefs their demand to the governor; and the latter regulated the number of oxen to. be delivered to each ihip. Such was the flate of this colony before 17 90; but the two years of drought, and the want of fodder and grain that was the confequence of it, had occafioned the death of a third of the oxen, and deftroyed the greater part of the iheep, goats, and poultry. In 1792, there was as yet granted only one ox in cafe of the moft extreme want; and although the Governor, Mr. Brooke, had manifefted to Captain Marchand the beft difpo- lition for gratifying his requefts; although he had made him the moft obliging and the moft iincere offers, and had loaded him with, civilities, our navigators could obtain only fix fheep, a few potatoes, and fome facks of herbage, but not a fingle fowl. There is-no bazar or public market at St. Helena ; a ftranger is obliged to apply to fome inhabitant, in order to procure the provifions of which he flands in need, with the exception of n 4 oxen; 1^i marchand's voyage. [June 1792. oxen; but the price of every article is fixed by a regulation; and the governor takes the ftricteft care that ftrangers are neither cheated nor fuffer extortion *. I fhall not undertake to give a minute defcription of the Ifland of St. Helena, already known by the W \ * Captain Chanal's journal gives us the prices of eatables in the month of July, 17^9; it may be ufeful to preferve the memorandum of this, becaufe it is to be hoped that after a few years of abundance {hall have repaired the loffes of the ifland, provifions may fall again to the price at which they were obtained before the years of drought. An ox, weighed alive, coft four pence half-pennyy?<?r//«g- the Englifh pound; which amounted to 9 fous toumols. Ditto, weighed by quarters, 6 ptnce ferllng, the pound, or 12 fous toumols. A goat, fmall and lean, a dollar and a half. A fheep 2 dollars and a half. Poultry, large and fmall, 18 fhllllngs, or ^\ dollars the dozen. Water.creffes and herbage, a dollar the fack. Potatoes, 2 dollars the Englifh hundred cwt. of T05 French pounds. When Captain Chanal was at St. Helena, in 1789, he learnt that, from the month of January ,to that of July of this year, eighty mips of all nations had anchored in the road, and nine were lying there at that very time: all of them had been fupplied according to their wants, and yet the laft comers found every thing that they had occafion for; poultry only were beginning to grow fcarce; but the quantity neceffary for each of the fhips could yet be procured. When he returned thither 1792, the loffes which the inhabitants had fuftained, and the fcarcity of provifions united toraife the price of thofe which the ifland could ftill furniih ; and every thing was paid for at double the Eate of 1789 ; a fheep 4} dollars, a cwt. of potatoes z\ dollars. ournals June 1792.3 marchand's voyage. 185 journals of the Englifh navigators: George For- ster has taken particular pains to defcribe the nature and the productions of the foil; and Thomas Raynal * has collected into a fingle picture the principal paffages fcattered in the different works that I have quoted f. I mean only to prefent the ifland under general points of view, and to bring forward a few facts, a few particulars, fome of which belong to hiftory, fome to general phyfics, and others to politics. Don Joao da Nova Galego, a Portuguefe Admiral, made the difcovery of St. Helena on the 2 ift of May 1502, on the day of the faint of that name. The Dutch, who, in the fequel, conquered the conquerors of India, made themfelves matters of the fmall fettlement which the latter had formed on the ifland, whither they had already conveyed goats, hogs, and various kinds of poultry. St. Helena afforded a place for procuring refreihments, a fafe roadftead to fhips coming from Asia, or the eaftern coaft of Africa ; but the Dutch thought proper to abandon it after Surgeon Van-Riebeck had, in 1650, induced their East-India company to adopt the plan of a fettlement much more important, that of the Cape of Good Hope, a fituation which the Portuguefe had neglected, becaufe they were not fenfible of * Hlfiolre Phllofophlque des Deux hides, Vol. II. page 207 to 209. Pellet's 8vo. edition. Geneva, 17 o. t See page 179, Notes*, +, +, in this Volume. the m marchand's voyage. [June 1792. the advantage of it; a fituation, on account of which England has fince always envied Holland, which fhe has at length contrived to get pofTefTion of by furprife, and which the commercial nations muft wifh to fee foon return under, the domination of the trading company who, at- the. fouthern extremity of Africa, founded an European colony, and one of the moft confiderable towns of that part of the world* The Englifh eagerly feized on the Ifland of St. Helena, which the Dutch abandoned; but the latter, could, not fee without jealoufy, nor without uneaiinefs, their rivals in commerce occupy a poftf with the utility of which they were acquainted: ' they- endeavoured to take it from them, folely that the former might not poffefs it; and, in 1672, they fucceeded. But fhortly after, the fame motive that induced the Dutch to wifh to deprive the Englifh of it, induced the latter to make an effort to retake it. Captain. Munden. was intrufted with the expedi- . tion. He landed in a fmall cove, where it appears that the Dutch had not conceived that a debarkation- was practicable, for they had neglected to erect-there any fort of fortification; and, before the befieged fufpected that a landing was effected, the Englifh had already, reached the fummit of the hills that command the town; and, from thefe heights, they battered the little fort which foon capitulated an^furrenderjedL Since June 1792.] MARCIfAjND's voyage. m Since that period, the poffeffion of England has not been difturbed. The Ifland of St, Helena is fituated three hundred and thirty leagues from Cape Negro* of the Old Continent, and fix hundred leagues from Cape Sant Agostinhoj- of the New. It appears to be only the calcined fummit of a. large infulated mountain, the part of which that fhews itfelf above water muft, according to the dimenfions afligned to it in the journal of Cook's firft voyage, be twelve leagues in length, by fix in breadth J; and nothing * Weftern coaft of Africa, in about 16° fouth latitude. + Coaft of Brazil, in about 8° 40' fouth latitude. % I am very far from vouching for the accuracy of thefe dimenfions ; I report them out of refpeft to the name of Cook, fuch as they are to be found in Hawkefworth's Compilation, Cook's Firji Voyage, Vol. III. p. 391 ; they differ greatly from thofe which feveral charts have given to this ifland. If there be an error, as I think there is, it is far from being proved that the error belongs to Cook, whofe exactnefs is known - but we cannot have the fame confidence in the compiler, who is frequently found in fault. What might induce us to imagine that the dimenfions given in Cook's journal are greatly exaggerated, is that it is there mentioned, that, while the Endeavour lay in James Town Road, Mr. Banks " Improved the time in making the complete circuit of the <c ifland, and vl/itlng the moft remarkable places upon It." I ob- ferve that the fhip anchored on the ift of May at noon, and that fhe failed again on the 4th, at one o'clock in the afternoon : fup- pofing that Mr. Banks employed, in his excurfion, the three whole days, and that, during thefe feventy-two hours, he took no reft, this timejvill ftill appear infufficient for making the circuit of the St. Helena of Cook's journal, and vifiting the remarkable places upon it; for an ifland that is fuppofed to be twelve I MARCHAND S VOYAG [June 1792. nothing announces th; at it has belonged to a chain of high lands which has been fwallowed up by the waters; for, at a very fmall diftance all round the ifland, the fea is unfathomable: and although, for three hundred years paft, the part of the Atlantic Ocean where it is fituated, has been ploughed and croffed in every direction, by fhips of all the nations that frequent this fea, no other ifland has been met with, on a circumference of two hundred and thirty leagues radius of which St. He- twelve leagues long by flx broad, and whofe form differs little from that of an oblong fquare, muft be thirty-fix leagues in circumference, without reckoning the finuofities which muft ftill lengthen it. George Forjler, (Vol II. page 570 of his journal) fays that the greateft extent of the ifland is nearly eight miles, and the circuit above tvjenty : thefe dimenfions are fo far from agreeing with thofe afligned to it by Captain Cook's journal, that I fhould he' almoft tempted to fuppofe that Mr. Forjler, who is a German, meant German miles of fifteen to a degree; the eight miles of extent would, in that cafe, anfwer to io| French and Englifh . leagues of twenty to a degree ; and the twenty miles in circuit, to 261- leagues. If it were fuppofed that Mr. Forfter had expreffed himfelf in marine miles of 60 to a degree, the length of the ifland would be only 2* leagues: this is that which the charts of the Dutch who, formerly poflefled St. Helena, as well as , fome French and foreign charts, have given it; but I think this length too little. Dampier (a Voyage Round the World, Vol. I. p. 544) merely fays that St. Helena is nine or ten leagues in length : this navigator always expreffes himfelf in marine leagues of 20 to a degree: thefe dimenfions would come near to thofe given it by Cook'a journal. ^ ^ryaT^'7'? •79"-] MARCHAND J 189 lena would he the centre, that is to fay, on a fpace of near fourteen hundred leagues in circuit. It may be remarked that fouth of the equinoctial line, in the Atlantic Ocean, all the iflands are folitary, fcattered, and placed at too great diftances from each other for it to be poffible to fuppofe that they belong to the fame chain; while north of the line, in this very ocean, the iflands are dif- pofed in groups, known by the names of the Cape de Verd Iflands, the Canary Iflands, and the Azores or Weftern Iflands. The contrary is feen in the Great Ocean to the weft of America ; it is fouth of the equator that are fituated all thofe archipelagoes of low iflands and high iflands, with the fituation of which modern voyages have brought us acquainted; and north Nof the line, with the exception of the archipelago of the Sandwich Iflands, all the iflands are folitary, and thrown at great diftances from each other : it is only at the Mary Anne Iflands, fituated two hundred leagues to the eaftward of the Philippines, the northern part of the great archipelago of Asia, that the iflands begin "0 form a chain, or to be grouped. To what phyfical caufe is to be attributed this difference between the difpofition of the Iflands of the Atlantic Ocean which feparates Europe and Africa from America, and that of the Iflands of the Great Ocean which feparates the latter from Asia? Why, on the one hand, are the fcattered iflands, and on the other, the grouped i iflands, ig'o "eiarchand's voyage- [June 1792* iflands', to be found in oppofiticn, in the two Oceans, with tefpect to the equator, although fituated on parallels nearly equidiftant from this circle, and tinder this fame torrid zone, comprehended between the two tropics, the region of the j trade-winds throughout all the circumference of the globe ? Why, with circumftances that are the fame, do not the fimilar maiTes correfpond wfth "each other, if, in both hemifpheres, their formation be the effect of the fame caufe ? If, as it might be prefum'ed, fome great convulfion of-Nature, j by linking fome lands under the waters, has brought to view others, and has preferved of the former, only a few fummits, a few pinnacles which indicate the direction of the chains of their mountains, we muft then fuppofe that, in that part of the Atlantic Ocean fituated to the fouth of the equator, and in that part of the Great Ocean fituated to the north of this fame circle, immenfe vallies occupy the fpaces where at this day are feen thofe fmall iflands, which, in ancient times, muft have been lofty mountains, infulated on thofe vaft regions; while, in the parts of both feas reflectively oppofite, fome high lands whofe elevation expended over long fpaces, have, by ihh fummits of their great mountains, formed the large iflands which we fee united in groups. Can we fuppofe that the mines in oppbfition in the two oceans, feparated between them by half of the circumference of the earth, and placed at diftances June 1792.] marcftA'N'd'-s voyagf. diftances nearly equal on the one hand to the fouth, and on the other, to the north of the equator, are neceifary for the balance of the globe? But the neceffity of this equilibrium has difap- peared, fince navigation, pufhed by Cook beyond the feventy-firft parallel fouth, has demonftrated that the pretended Southern' Continent which was fuppofed neceifary for balancing the great lands -fituated under the Arctic polar circle and beyond it, has never exifted but in the imagination of a few natural philofophers, who, from the receifes of their clofets, wifh to fubmit to their little hypo- tfiefisj the grand fyftem of Nature and the uni- verfality of her means. At every ftep that we take on this terraqueous globe, alternately overthrown, and perhaps both by fire and by water, it feerfrs that, inftead of elucidating the theory of its formation, inftead of acquiring fome certain knowledge refpecting its primitive flate, we fee, on the contrary, darknefs thicken: and the night of time, which envelops the infancy of the world, fearcely fuifers us to get a glimpfe of the.'image of the chaos, from which it has been drawn by that univerfal Power who has placed immenfity between his action and the limit of human conceptions; that eternal, immutable caufe, which has acte'^ only once for ever; fole principle, invMbfe mover, whofe fprings, no doubt, it is not given to man to know, and whofe effects he muft content himfelf with admirjng, without pretending to explain them. I return \ 192 marchand's voyage. [June 1792. I return to Saint Helena of which the digref- fion that I have indulged myfelf in, has made us loie fight. Although folitary in the midft of the South Atlantic Ocean, the Ifland of St. Helena announces that it owes its origin to the fame caufe to which is attributed the formation of the iflands that compofe the groups fituated north of the equator: it prefents, throughout, a picture of rums: every thing there indicates the action of a fubterraneous fire, of an eruption, of an earthquake that has overthrown its furface, and dif- compofed its whole mafs. Although feparated by large vallies, the oppofite hillocks exhibit one fame aipect, fhevv the fame ftrata placed at the fame heights, and have the fame direction; while' the ftones, efpeciaily thofe which are found in the bottoms, are calcined and nearly reduced to afhes. The navigator who makes the land on the windward fide of the ifland, at firft perceives nothing but a heap of broken rocks, feparated by precipices, the height of which the eye cannot mea- fure. Captain Cook fays that, " in failing along " the fhore, he came fo near the huge cliffs, that " they feemed to overhang the ihip, and the tre- tc mendous effect of their giving way, made him jjf almoft fear the event*; and, no doubt, it will * Hawkefworth's Compilation, Cook's Firft Voyage.' III. page 392. 4to edition. June 1792.] marchand's voyage. *93 ff not be imagined that Captain Cook was eafily " alarmed." In continuing to range along the coaft that faces the north-weft, you at length difcover a deep valley; this is called Chapel Valley; it refem- bles a large trench, the opening of which is turned towards the fea, and which, growing narrower, terminates in an acute angle in the interior of the ifland. The ground of the valley prefents fome appearance of verdure; but its flopes, or rather its inclined ramparts, are as fteril, as naked, as the rocks with which the coaft is bounded. It is not till after you have cleared the firft hills, that you find verdure in the vallies, and that portions of cultivated land announce that the foil fit for vegetation waits, in order to yield fuftenance to man, only for his labour to render productive by culture, the arable intervals left between the barren rocks which compofe the furface of the ifland. The various advantages which St. Helena affords, as well from its fituation and the facility of its defence, as from the produce of its foil, which at this day fuffices for its fcanty popula^ tion, and would foon fuffice for a greater, have not efcaped the fpeculations of the modern Phoenicians : it is in Chapel Valley, in that angular ditch, that a company of merchants to whom the Britiih government gave up the property of the ifland, have built a town under the name of James Town ; it is on the ruins of an Old World, that vol, 11, o they /III MARCHAND S VOYAGE [June 1792. they have founded a colony entirely Englifh, whofe population amounts to two thoufand individuals, including in this number, about five hundred fol- diers, of whom the garrifon of the ifland is compofed, and fix hundred flaves employed in different labours. If the colony has not rifen to the degree of profperity to which it might afpire, it is on the fovereign company alone that the reproach ought to bear: in referving for themfelves or for their agents, the greater portions of the productive ground, which are left in paftures for the rearing of the cattle intended for victualling their fhips on their paffage, they have, by thefe referves, limited the progrefs of induftry, which would have employed thofe very grounds in the cultivation of corn, wines, legumes, and nutritious roots. The activity of the colonifts derives the moft advantageous benefit from the fmall quantity of land that their hands are permitted to turn to account; and as the fole traffic that is tolerated by the monopoly of the company, is the fale of fruits, herbage, and other refreihments fit for fhipping, the inhabitants muft have applied themfelves to the only kinds of culture which can in-, fure them fome profit. Accordingly all the free lands are aifickioufly cultivated; and if the crops of the ifland are not proportioned to the fertility of the foil and to the temperature of the climate, they are at leaft commenfurate to the portion of the productive furface which avarice confents ^9m 195 Juna,i792.] marchand's voyage. confents to leave to induftry: for, as Virgil fays, " Labor otnnia vincit *' Improbus, et duris urgens in rebus egeftas*.*' Thus it is that the indefatigable Maltefe labo- rioufly extends over the rock which he inhabits,, a ftratum of vegetable earth that he brought from Sicily ; and contrives to convert into a garden of Hesperides, a foil which Nature feemed to have condemned to eternal fterility. Two rocks have, by their fituation on the globe, deferved to fix the attention, and excite \the jea- loufy of trading nations: the firft, which I have juft defcribed, thrown into the middle of the Atlantic Ocean between the Equinoctial Line and the fouth tropic ; the fecond, placed for commanding the ftrait that feparates two parts of the Old World, and connected by a tongue of land to the continent of Europxe, which it terminates to the fouth. In both, the labours of art have furpaffed the work of Nature; in the former, in order to fertilize a few portions of land; in the latter, in order to convert an infulated promontory into an impregnable fortrefs againil: which, and rather recently too, the combined arms of I! : Then all thofe arts that polifh life fucceed, : What cannot ceafelefs toil, and preffing need ?" Warton. O 2 I jRm I90 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. ■ LJunei792. two great powers have, mifcarried. Both thefe important pofts are occupied by the fame nation: the one, by affording to its rich fleets from Asia, about the middle of their voyage, a port, a place for procuring refreihments, facilitates the immenfe trade which it carries on with that part of the earth; the other, by giving up to it the gate of the Mediterranean, puts it in a fituation to open or fhut, according to its interefts, the fources of the commerce of the Levant to the nations that have not poifeffions on this fea; to fetter, at its pleafure, the operations of its competitors; and, in cafe of war, to oppofe the junction of the enemy's fleets which might be affembled partly in the ports of the Levant, partly in thofe of the weft coaft of France: at the fame time that, by the maritime forces to which it affords a fhel- ' ter, it prefents an impofing mafs, ever ready to reprefs the uneafy activity and check the fudden equipments of the Barbary powers, who, not carrying on any trade themfelves, and not being able to enrich themfelves, but by piracy, are fkil- ful in creating pretexts for declaring war againft the nations whofe fhips are called by trade into the Mediterranean*.- ' -~f%^l The * Some of the Northern powers, in order to maintain peace with the Barbary States, and fave the expenfe of giving convoys to their Chipping in cafe of war, have, long fince, determined to pay to the regencies on the coaft of Africa and to the King of Morocco, a fubfidy, or rather an annual tribute, which June 1792.] marchand's voyage.. 197 The rocks of St. Helena and Gibraltar would lofe all their importance, if, as in paft rimes, the former were poifeffed by the Dutch, and the latter re-attached to the kingdom of Spain, from which it was difmembered by a furprife, prepared by treachery. But what weight they acquire in the political fcale of Europe, when they are united under the power of a nation the moft enterprifing, of a nation governed by principles inimical 'to the profperity of every other; to which, neither mutual convenience, nor the law of nations, nor a reipect for property, are obftacles to encroachment and invafion; and which, by force, by artifice, or by corruption, attempts to eftabliih itfelf wherever fome apparent benefit calls its commercial fpeculations! Have we not feen it contrive to confolidate, by treaties, the fettlements which it had ufurped on the Mus.kito fhore, 'and in the Bay of Campeachy ; and under the idle pretext of the neceffity of cutting, for its manufactures, the wood that grows on thofe parts of the New Continent, mafk the real object of its is always the fundamental claufe of every treaty of peace and friendfhip with thofe ftates; this is, what may be called contributing to the fire. However humiliating this facrifice muft appear, we cannot but approve of the conduft of the nations which have thought proper to fubmif to it: in faft, in a war with pirates, a trading people has nothing to gain, and every thing to lofe; we are forced to purchafe their friendfhip in order pot to increafe their infolence by triumphs, and their power by pillage. 0 3 demands, !il1 198 MARCHAND S VOYAGE [June 1792. demands, the prefervation, in the centre of the Spanifh poffefllons, of thofe marts for fmuggling, which infure it both the introduction of its mer- chandife, and the iffue by the fame channel of a part of the rich produce of the mines of Mexico and Potosi ? Have we not feen it ready to run the chances of a war, in order to preferve the contefted poifeflion, or rather not to make the reftitution of thofe .barren ifland*, fituated in the • latitude of the Magellanic Land, of which it hoped to make an emporium of trade in the auftral feas, and a point of fupport and a refreihing- place, when-ever it iliould wifh to carry war to the weft coafts of America ? And when Europe was fcarcely informed that, in the province of Sonora, at Qineguilla, at Cinalo, and in other regions which extend to the northward of California, the Spaniards had found new mines that furpafs in richnefs all ,thofe which had hitherto been difcovered, in the New World, already this fame nation had directed its fhips towards the coafts that border on thofe countries ; already a fettlement, which announced itfelf as having no other object than a temporary traffic for furs, was ; rifing on thofe lands fcarcely known, and threatened Spain with a fmuggling trade, the more difficult to check, as a greater diftance muft more eafiiy conceal from the vigilance of the Viceroy of Mexico and his lieutenants, fuch clandeftine operations, which never fail to be promoted by the fub- alterrj 792-3 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. altern fuperintendants [whom it is not difficult to corrupt by interefting them in the,fuccefs of the fraud. Spain has fucceeded in difconcerting this new project of the Britiih government; but let us not'imagine that it is relinquiihed: we might rather foretel that it will be refumed with ardour, and profecuted with perieverance, as foon as more favourable circumftances can infure its execution *. In fliort, we fee at this day the fame nation trea- cheroufly avail itfelf of the troubles that agitate a republic not long fince its friend, but which, weary of the yoke of an ally, become its mailer, returns to the liberty to which fhe was indebted * The treaty which Spain concluded with England, after the difpute relative to the fettlement of Nootka, is, properly fpeaking, only a palliative. The immenfe extent of the Spanifh pofTeffions in America, the difficulty which their diftance oppofes to defence, the means of attack which a power entirely maritime has always at its difpofal, no doubt, determined the cabinet of Madrid to accede to propofals of peace. The embanaffrnent of the moment-allowed not of calling an attentive look to the dangers of the future: the Spaniards wifhed for peace; they' made it. But this treaty which gives the Englifh the liberty of eftablifhing themfelves and of navigating from Cape Mendocino to Nootka Sound, over a length of a hundred and fifty leagues of coaft; this treaty which goes fo far as to permit them to approach, within the diftance of ten leagues, the coaft fubjeft -to the domination of Spain, is for England a ftep towards the exx ecution of other projefts which are ripening in the bofom of filence. Spain is not, perhaps, fufficiently convinced that, in refpeft to commerce, the Englifh are lefs formidable as enemies during war, than dangerous as neighbours during peace, o 4 for II i MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [June 1792 for the rank fhe held among the great powers of Europe, we fee it invade, both the important fettlement of the Cape of Good Hope, and the Ifland of Ceylon, ftill more important from its harbour of Trjncamalay, the only fafe port, in - all feafons, that the Indian feas can afford to European fhips; feize on the valuable iflands that produce the fpicesi perhaps, at the time I am now fpeaking, ravage the opulent city of Bat a via, if the infalubrityofits climate, formidable to ftran^ gers, and conducive to its fafety in thefe circumftances, has not protected it from attach and plua- der: and fhortly, no doubt, we fhall fee it, after having expelled the Batavians from the feas of Asia, direct its Indian fleet and army againft the 1 Philippines, which, in their ordinary ftate of nakednefs, leave little hope that they can oppofe a long refiftance to an enemy encouraged by the facility of his fucceffes, and ftrong from the ■weaknefs of the means that can be oppofed to him. So many conquefts, added to the immenfe domains which England, under the name of her Eaft-India Company, already poffefies on the continent of Asia, compofe for her an ultramarine empire, whofe territorial furface is more than double that of her three kingdoms in Europe, and thus tranfmit into the hands of her privileged company, all the rich productions which the eaft of 6 the June 1792.3 marchand's voyage. sot the Old Continent barters for the metals of the New World *. I fhall not fpeak of the Ifland of Trinadad, which ihe has recently acquired by right of conqueft: we muft expect that fhe will fet it at a very high price, if ever fhe refolve to reftore it; becaufe, being fituated at the head and to windward of a part of the coaft which fpreads over an extent of twenty leagues, and joins to the Englifh fettle ments in the Bay of Campeachy, that ifland will, in her hands, become the emporium of an immenfe fmugglingtrade, which, introducing itfelf Ipy all the points of that long coaft, will penetrate, through innumerable channels, to the very centre of the Spanifh xpoffeifions. As for her trade with the Portuguefe colonies, it is well known that fhe is not reduced to feek oblique means for fucceeding in it: fhe leaves to the fhips belonging to Portugal the care of importing to America the produce of the Englifh manufactories, and of thence exporting to England the produce of the mines of Brazil. Thofe who have read hiflory, and have reflected on reading it, cannot be miftaken refpecting the plan which Great-Britain has formed, and towards the execution of which, fince fhe has * It is proper to remark that, at the time this part of the priginal work was printed, neither was the conqueft of Egypt Achieved by the French, nor had the Englifh made themfelves jnaftere of Seringapatam and the Myfore country.-—Tranflater. occupied MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [June 1792. occupied a place in the annals of Europe, we. fee her inceifantly aiming, fometimes openly and by a rapid courfe, more frequently in the dark, and by a winding and imperceptible progrefs. To her, trade is all in all 5 and this too is the god to^which ihe has always facrificed, to which flie will facrifice every thing, even her very friends and allies: the tmiverfality of commerce which fhe attributes, and would wifh to appropriate, to herfelf; commerce without participation •, this is what was, at all times, the object of her meditations, the regulator of her enterprifes, the aim of her attempts: and the four quarters of the earth are fcarcely adequate to her cupidity and ambition —Europe is witnefs of this! And all Europe, - petrified in a manner, by enchantment, does not in a mafs take up arms againft the ufurpation of .the commerce of the world ! And the Northern Powers leave their ufelefs fhips moored in their ports! They all feem to tremble before that terrific giantefs, more impofing than real, who overhangs the frail and too narrow bafe on which fhe flands; who has none of her great means within herfelf-, whofe political exiftence is, in, fome meafure, only a prolonged illuflonj and whom it will be fufficient to attack in her navy which conftitutes her ftrength, in her trade which conftitutes her wealth, in her Afiatic poffeflions which nourifh both, to fee her defcend again to the inferior rank which the confined extent of her European June 1792.] marchand's voyage. 203 European territory, and the weaknefs of her population, have afligned to her by the fide of the great powers that divide the continent. It has been faid poetically, and a thoufand times has it been , repeated -, but, without a figure, hiftory proves it by the experience of ages, that Le trident de Neptune eft It sceptre du monde. Let all the nations that are called to fhare the empire of the feas, then awake at laft to their own intereft •, let them, \ in order to break this iron fceptreform a maritime coalition, formidable from its mafs, juft in its object •, let them unite their flags and their efforts, in order that the Ocean, which Nature meant to be the property of all, may ceafe for ever to be the domain of one alone, and that, fhortly, we may fee every nation of the continent participate, in proportion to its territory and population, in the general commerce, in the free commerce of the two Worlds *. J- + But it is time for us to rejoin the Solide in the road of St. Helena. Captain Marchand ftaid there no longer than was abfolutely neceffary for providing himfelf with water, and procuring fuch refrefhments as the ifland was in a condition * The fubjeft of the Northern Confederacy having now been fully and publicly difcuffed, we fupprefs our obfervations on the above paffage, which we fhould, otherwife, have thought it our duty to fubmit to the reader.—Tranflatar. £04 marchand's voyage. [June 1792, jEo furniih to his fhip. He had eaft anchor on the morning of the 4th of June; and on the 5th, at half paft ten in the evening, he fet fail for Europe. On the 7th, at noon, in latitude 140 $3', he ftill perceived the ifland -to the fouthward -, he muft then have been at the diftance of about twenty-one leagues from it. A paffage acrofs the Atlantic Ocean, from the ifland-of St. Helena, to the Strait of Gibraltar, can prefent no particulars that de- ferve to be mentioned : I fhall confine myfelf to a few remarks relative to navigation. On the 20th of June, at four o'clock in the morning, the Solide croffedthe line at the twenty-, fifth meridian weft from Paris. At this period, Captain Marchand began to perceive that the currents fet to the northward, as had been experienced, the preceding year, north of the line, in paffing from the Cape de Verq Iflands to Cape Horn ; and he expected that, when he could determine the longitude by aftro- iiomical obfervations, he would find that the fame < currents fet alfo to the weftward, as had been in like manner experienced in the former paffage. It was not till the ioth of July that he was* convinced of it; and he had already got into the latitude of 320 23' north. In this parallel, four fets of obfervations of diftances of the fun and moon, the mean, refult of which we reduced to noon, announced that the fhip had reached the longitude July 1792.] marchand's voyage. 205 longitude of 460 27' weft, that is to fay, that fmce her departure from the Ifland of St. Helena, fituated in oe of, the progrefs towards the weft had been 3 8° 18': and as it was only 350 21', according to the dead reckoning, it was thence concluded that, in the interval of thirty-four days and a half, the currents had carried the fhip to the weftward beyond her apparent progrefs, 2® 57', which may be eftimated at fifty-three leagues that the reckoning was aftern of the ihip's true pofition. But, at the fame time that the currents had driven the ihip to the weftward, they had alfo driven her to the northward. Their direction towards this latter quarter had "not been conftant till the fhip had reached the equator; they fome- times fet to the fouthward, and particularly between the parallels of 30 and i° fouth of the line: here they fet towards that fide, fixteen miles in twenty-four hours, for two fucceflive days; but, from the equator to the parallel of 320 23' north, their tendency towards the north was conftant, and their effect was fometimes twenty-one, twenty- two, and twenty-eight miles in twenty-four hours ; quantities which the real progrefs of the fhip ia latitude was in excefs beyond her apparent progrefs. The fiim of all the errors towards the north, deducting the errors towards the fouth, is one hundred and ninety-eight miles or fixty-fix leagues: and, in combining the fixty-fix leagues with- ec6 marchand's voyage* [July 1792* with the fifty-three leagues of the excefs of the real progrefs towards the weft beyond the apparent progrefs, it will be found, that, in the interval of thirty-four days and a half, the fhip had been carried in the direction of north-we ft 6° north (which differs little from that which fhe had followed) eighty-five leagues that muft be added to her apparent run, in order to have her real run. It may be concluded, from a mean term, that the daily increafe of her run owing to the effect of the currents, was feven miles four-tenths in twenty- four hours*. Freih lunar obfervations were, however, made on the noon, placed tude: her latitude, at the fame moment, was 410 42' north. According to this pofition, fhe was one degree and fome minutes to the weftward of the meridian of the Iflands of Corvo and Flores, the moft weftern of the Acores f, and on a parallel more northerly by two degrees than that of thofe iflands. * 6V Note LXXV. f According to the obfervations made on board the Ifis in 1769 with a time-keeper : "South point of the Ifland of Corvo 33 32 32 weft. North-weft point of Flores 33 26 34 South point of ditto -7,1 32 26 Voyage de /'Ifis a different Parties du Monde, en 1768 et 1769, . four e'prouver les horloges marines de Ferdinand Berthoud. Pans, Imprimerie Royale, 1773, 4to. Vol, I, page 57410576. The and their mean refult, reduced to Solide in 340 32' weft longi- July 1792.] marchand's VOYAGE. 2C? The obfervations of this day fhewed that the currents which, from the 6th of June, the day on which the departure was taken from St. Helena, till the 10th of July, had fet to the northward and weftward, had not ceafed to fet to the northward, between the 1 oth and the 23d of July; but that, in the fame interval, they had fet to the eaftward $ that their compound direction had been north 3% or 330 eaft 5 and that their effect on the fhip's run might be eftimated at three miles in twenty-four hours *. The obfervations of the 24th confirmed the direction of the currents towards the eaft f. Others of the 27th, made at twenty-fix minutes after four in the evening, gave 250 32' of weft longitude for noon, and the latitude obferved at the fame inftant, was 410 i3'£. On the 2nd of Auguft, at five o'clock ^in the morning, our navigators had the firft fight of the • land: of Europe, in the vicinity of Cape St. Vincent j it extended from north by eaft to fouth by weft. The haze did not allow of their diftinguifh- ing even the extremity of the cape j but yet they might conclude that their diftance from the coaft was not more than four leagues. At noon, they had a diftinct view of it, and Cape St. Vincent, which the obfervations of * ^NoteLXXVI. t See Note LXXVIII, + See Note LXXVII. Boro^ 208 marchand's voyage. [Juty 1792' Borda, in 1776, have fixed in 370 2* 20" north latitude, and n°2i'36" weft longitude*, bore eaft half fouth, at the diftance of two leagues and a half eftimated by the eye. The Solide's latitude was therefore, at that moment, 370 3' 5" (it was obferved on board the fhip 370 2') and her longitude ii° 30' 56". In comparing this pofition with that which would have been given by the dead reckoning, deduced from the obfervations made at fea on the 27th, it will be found that, in the interval of fix days, the movement of the waters carried the fhip, beyond her apparent progrefs, i° 26', or about fixty-fix miles to the eaftward, at the fame time that it carried her thirty-two miles to the fouthward. On approaching the Strait of Gibraltar, Captain Marchand expected to experience the effect of an eafterly current; but the movement of the waters towards the fouth has a very different caufe : if we recollect that it was then the beginning of Auguft, perhaps we fhall be inclined to attribute this accidental current towards the fouth, to the melting of the fnow and ice of Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, Norway, &cf. The fight of Cape St. Vincent having made known the true pofition of the fhip, Captain Mar-* * Determinations taken from a manufcript communicated by him. i See Note LXXIX. CHAND Aug. 1792.] marchand's voyage. 209 chand directed his courfe for the Strait of Gibraltar. On the 4th, at five o'clock in the morning, Cape Spartel on the coaft of Africa bore fouth-eaft, at the diftance of two miles and one-third, eftimated by the eye. This cape, according to the obfervations of Borda, made in 1776, is fituated . in 3$° 47* 20" north latitude, and 8° 14' weft longitude : the Solide's latitude was therefore 350 49' and her longitude 8° 16'. If this pofition be compared with that indicated by the dead reckoning from the 2nd at noon •, it will be feen that, in the interval of one day.and feventeen hours, the fhip had been carried to the eaftward, beyond her apparent progrefs towards that fide, 37 minutes, or thirty miles, and, confequently, at the rate of feventeen miles and a half, or near fix leagues in twenty-four hours *. The current towards the eaft runs here with its greateft force: confined between the lands of Europe, which, from Cape St. Vincent, ftreteh from weft-north-weft to eaft-fouth-eaft, and thofe of Africa, which, from Cape Cantin, extend from fouth-weft to north-eaft, the waters difcharge themfelves into the wide mouth of a fort of funnel, the orifice of which is the Strait of Gibraltar ; and in the Strait itfelf, the current acquires the rapidity of a great river flowing majefticaliy into * See Note LXXX, the 210 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. . lAug. ljgg. the Mediterranean, and whofe velocity augments ,or diminifhes, according as the ofcillation of the tides raifes the waters or lowers them : and, indeed, it is not uncommon for fhips, without being aflifted by the wind, fometimes even with a. wind contrary to the courfe, to be carried, in no great fpace of time, from the Atlantic Ocean into the Mediterranean. -At fix o'clock in the morning, the Solide entered the Strait with eight other veflels which were fleering the fame courfe : the currents carried her rapidly into the Mediterranean ; and at half paft ten, ihe was running up it with a free wind. In ten. days, flie reached the coaft of France; and on the 14th, at half paft five o'clock in the evening, flie came to an anchor in the inner road of Toulon, and happily terminated her Voyage round the World. The laft run of the Solide, from the Ifle of Reunion, to Europe, which is about three thoufand five hundred leagues, by the log, was made in one hundred and fifteen days, including a day and a half fpent at anchor off the Ifland of bT. Helena : thus, we may reckon that the fhip'3 mean ra:e of failing, during this run, was thirty leagues and a half in twenty-four hours. Captain Marchand's voyage is remarkable from the fhort fpace of time which he employed in circumnavigating the globe, directing his route by Cape Horn, and returning by China. The total Aug. 1792.] marchand's voyage. 211 total duration of the voyage, or the abfence of the fhip from the ports of France, was twenty- months or fix hundred and eight days: but if we deduct from this number the fum of the days employed in his ftay in port at La Praya, La Madre de Dros, Tchinkitanay, Macao, and at the Ifles of France and of Reunion, and at St. Helena, amounting together to one hundred and ten 3 and about ten other days loft, whether off the Revolution Iflands, in examining them, or off the Sandwich Iflands, in procuring refreihments there -, whether in lying to, or in Handing on and off on the coaft of Queen Charlotte's Iflands, while with the long-boat, Captain Chanal was vifiting Cloak Bay, Cox's Channel, and the harbours and coves comprehended between this northern part of the iflands and Rennel's Channel ; whether, in fhort, at anchor in the China Sea, in Gaspar's Strait, and in that of Sun da, to flop tide, when its direction was contrary to the route which it was intended to hold j there will remain only four hundred and eighty-eight days, or fixteen months and eight days for the duration of the voyage; and in this fpace of time, the fhip, according to the log-book, failed fourteen thoufand three hundred and twenty-eight marine leagues -, which gives, for the mean day, J twenty-nine leagues four-tenths. I obferve that the fhip was not what feamen *all a prime failer•■: buik for refilling the fatigues p 2 of 312 MARCHAND S VOYiSCI nft the waves eality as well the qualities id her malts to the body , indeed, in of a long voyage, and ftrugglinj in bad weather, fhe was Solide as by name -, but fhe pofleifed that conftitute a faft-failing fhi and yards were not in propori which her fails had to move: clofely examining the log-book, we fee but a very fmall number of days in which, with a fair wind, and carrying a p'refs of fail, the fhip's run exceeded forty Jeagues. It is not then to the fwift- nefs of her failing that we muft attribute the fhort- nefs of her voyage ; but that having always made direct courfes, in order to repair from one plac$ to another, the itinerary length of each run was materially fhortened. We may fuppofe, withoutj ftraining the calculation, that, under the fame circumftances of weather, a faft-failing veffel woul<$f have obtained a mean fwiftnefs of thirty-three leagues in twenty-four hours, and that, in the fpace of four hundred and thirty-four days, fhe would have run the fame diftance of fourteen thoufand three hundred and twenty-eight leagues, for which the Solide was obliged to employ four hundred it may oe rema Marchand made, direct courfes; althoug cal obfervations which gh c zptaia ns by aftroi lomi- errors fafety orteft line, yet 179z>'] [ARCHAN'D S VOYAGE. yet he was obliged, in order to circumnavigate the globe, whofe circumference at the equator is only feven thoufand two hundred leagues, to tra- verfe fourteen thoufand three hundred and twenty- eight : that is to fay, that he traverfed, very nearly, the equivalent of twice the circumference of the earth. When we have made this remark, and we eaft our eyes on the map of the world, we fee that, if the labour of man, or one of thofe great convul- ' lions which have feparated Calpe from Abyla, England from France, and perhaps to the northward, America from Asia, ihould ever, on the One hand, cleave the ifthmus which joins the great peninfula of Africa to the mafs of the Old Continent, on the other, that which of the two Americas makes one continued land, the Voyage round the World would be ihortened by one half; and the tjme required for the circumnavigation of the globe would not exceed feven or eight months; And we fhould be wrong to fuppofe that to open a paffage by water acrofs both continents, if not to fhipping, at leaft to merchandife, is a work above human power, and the means of which it is given us to difpofe. The unanimous teftimony of the hiftorians of antiquity and that of the Arabic authors permit us not to doubt that there has exifted a canal, by which the Mediterranean and the Nile communicated with the Arabian p 3 Gulf ill 214 marchand's voyage. [Aug. 1792* Gulf or Red Sea*. And why fhould not this communication be again opened ? Who can now be * The ancient communication of the Mediterranean with the Red Sea has frequently been an object of inquiry among Hiftorians ' and geographers. We find in the Me'moires de I'Academe des Sciences (of the year 1702, pages 83 and following of I'Hlflolre) that M. Boutler, Conful of France in Egypt, in examining the difpofition of the Delta at the beginning of this century, remarked the end of a canal ifiiiing from the eaftern branch of the Nile: and this obfervation was feized by the learned Gull- laume Del ifle who judged that this end of a canal muft have been that which anciently formed the communication of the Mediterranean and the Nile with the Red Sea. " As this ancient communication (fays Fontenelle, the Hifto- " rian of the Academy), which M. Defllle eftabliftied for an un- S( queftionable faft, is unknown at this day even to feveral of 4 " the learned* they were very glad to fee the proofs that he had *e of it; and he gave them fo clear, and taken from places fo " well known, that all the difficulty is to afcertam why every " one has not remarked them ?" We have, perhaps, more reafon at this day than they had in the year 1702, to be very glad to fee thefe proofs : there are circumftances which, by a feries of comparifons, give things the moft ancient the attraction and intereft of novelty: we have a I curiofity to know what has been done at another time, when we are anxious to know what might ftill be done. Defllle has drawn from the hiftorians of antiquity and the Arabic authors the proofs which he gave to the Academy of Sciences; I take them from the Hlftary of that Society; and it will be fufficient to mention the principal ones. Herodotus (Book II) fays that there was in the plain of Egypt, a canal cut a little above the city of Bubajlis, and below a mountain that ran towards Memphis; that this canal extended very far ffom weft to eaft; that- afterwards it turned off" to the fouth, and extended to the Red Sea. According to him, this work begun Aug. 1792.] MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 215 be made to believe that the Moderns cannot ac- compliih what it was poilible for the Ancients to perform ? begun and abandoned by Nechos, fon of Pfammetlchus, was re- fumed and completed by Darius fon of Hyftafpes : two gallies could pafs there abreaft- (Pfammetlchus afcended the throne 670 years before Chrift, and reigned 55 years : Darius, 522 years before Chrifl.J Diodorus (in the firft book of his BlbllothecaJ gives a defcription of the canal, which agrees with that of Herodotus, from which it differs only in his caufing the canal to be left imperfect by Darius, to whom fome very unfkilful engineers repre- fented that the Red Sea, being higher than Egypt, would inundate it, and in his caufing it not to be finifhed but by Ptolemy Philadelphus: he adds that the canal could be opened and fhut according as it was neceifary for navigation. (Ptolemy began to reign 285 years before Chrift.) We fhall not here enter into a chronological difcufiion: the canal has exifted, the two hiftorians agree on this point; but at what time, or under what reign was it firiifhed ? This is rather a matter of indifference as to . the queftion on which we are occupied. Strabo (ift Book of his Geography) agrees in all points with Diodorus. He informs us, befides, that at the point of the gulf which is called the Red Sea, were two cities Heroopolis, and Arfinoe, alfo named Cleopatrls; and, fpeaking of the expedition made into Arabia by AEllus Gallus, the firft governor of Egypt for the Romans, he fays that Gallus caufed veflels to be built near an ancient canal branching from the Nile. Elmanclnus, an Arabic author (Book I. Chapter III) fays that, under the Caliph Omar, about the year 635 of,the Chriftian Era, a canal was made for the conveyance of corn from Egypt into Arabia; and it is probable that he did no more than repair the old one, the navigation of which might pofiibly have been fibandoned in the decline of the Roman Empire. But, in the year 150 of the Hegira (735 of the Chriftian Era) Abuglafar Almanzor, the fecond caliph of the Abbajfides, caufed the canal to be flopped up towards the fea. r 4 " After MARCHAND S VOYAGE. rAu*. 79z> perform r Asia may again be approximated to Europe, from which the difcovery of the Cape of Good Hope feems, as it were, to have increafed its diftance: commerce may again open ancient routes, the track of which is not fo effaced that we cannot find it again ; its operations may acquire an activity Which they will never obtain while that long circumnavigation of Africa to which they are fubject, fhall be the only practicable route by which we can maintain commercial communica- " After this," fays the hiftorian of the Academy, " we may I " difpenfe with fome authorities which have alfo been mentioned " by M. Dellfle. Every one is acquainted with the intention " which fome princes had had of eftablifhing a communication'| " between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea; every one j " knows that it was overfet by the chimerical fear of an inun- I " dation; and as if moft readers had been ftruck by the fame si fear, they have not feen in authors the entire execution of the " canal. If ever this junction be renewed, the face of the world " would be changed; China and France, for inftance, would irs ; and we fhould lament the deftiny of thofe i which Europeans were obliged to make the I » order to go to Afia." who has given a complete Treatife on the I tion-canals of rivers and feas in all ages, mentions and I ledly difcuffes every thing that relates to the canal of tmy, and difpels all the 'doubts which may ever have arifen - acting the ancient communication from the Mediterranean r the Nile to the Red Sea (See fungendorum Marium Flu- umjue omms Alvi Molimlna. Autt. Jer. Jua. Oberlinus, &c. enforati. 1775, ^.to edition, pages 39 to 47.) i he reader may alfo confult the Defcription de I'Egypte by Maillet. become ne barbarous : tour of Aj 7. 7- Ob, A tions Aug. 1792.] marchand's voyage. 217 tions between the contiguous lands of the eaft and weft parts of the Old World*. On the fide of the New, we fhall not require a cut to be made in the mountains which form the ifthmus 1 of Darien, that bridge of communication between the two Americas; we have loft both the fecret of Hercu,les and that of Hanni- * The following paffage, which we have taken from that much-admired publication, the Precis des Ev.nemens Milltalres, muft diffipate every exifting doubt as to the fituation of the canal Between the Red Sea and the Nile, and convince the reader that, Ihould the French retain pofleffion of Egypt, nothing, within the compafs of human ability, will be left unattempted to reftore the long-loft communication between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean.—Tranflator. " The foliition of this problem, the exiftence of the canal, " which had joined the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, particu- xt larly occupied Buonaparte; towards the end of November, " j 799, he had detached under the command of General Bon, a <c corps of 1500 men, which had taken pofleffion of Suez; on tf the 26th of December, he went thither in perfon, accompanied " by Monge and Berthollet; he firft took a vtty particular furvey (f of the town, and adjacent coaft, ordered the conftrucftion of f fome new works, provided for the defence of this important " poft, and made various arrangements favourable to commerce. " In order to remove the remaining doubts, Buonaparte, " having afcended the north coaft, difcovered the entrance of " the canal, and followed it for the fpace of four leagues. Then f* paffing through Fort d'Algerond, croffing the deferr, and re- f* turning by Be/beis, he again found, in the Oa/is of Honoreb, ' u the veftiges of the canai of Suez, at its entrance into the cul- f* tivated and watered lands of Lower Egypt: having thus in- " difputably afcertained the two iflues, he charged Peyre, engi- " neer of bridges and highways, to take the level of ir, begin- " ning his. operations at Suez " (See the Precis des Evinemens . Milit.aires, No, IX, pages 213 and 214.) EALj I 111 ii if marchand's voyage [Aug, 1792, bal ; but, on the infpeclion of the lands which are fituated about thirty leagues to the north-weft of this rocky ifthmus, and on the fuppofition that the coafts of this part of the continent, as well on the eaft lea as on the weft, are difpofed and Falhioned as the Spanifh charts reprefent them to us, it is not fpeaking at random, perhaps, to fay that if fkilful engineers were at liberty to put in practice the means which the ftudy of hydraulics and mechanics afford them, they would contrive to render navigable the river San Juan, the mouth of which is fituated on the eaft coaft of the Province of Nicaragua, On the Atlantic Ocean, and which communicates by its fource with the great lake of that name, which itfelf communi-1 cates with the West Sea or the Great Ocean, by the fork of Rio Parti do (the divided River) ch of which appears to have its mouth in the a branch and the other in that ol :h belongs to the great fea*. And it te function of the two feas, | the river ' Nicaragua has prefented itfelf at all i:aft an obferving eye oft the continent f panifh government have not attempted I lonbtedly it is not becaufe they have not • The projefl San Juan and tf times to thofe w of America ; an< the execution of a knowledge of it of a date as old as their pofleffion of the country. Their attention muft have been roufed anew by the inftruclive Memoir which a French citizen, Martin de la Baftlde, publifhed in 17.91, under the title of Me'molre fur un Nouveau Paffage de la Mer du Nord a la Mer du Sud f Paris DidotJ, and in which be.has like an intelligent man, and with the zeal of ctitfriCtiaa*: difcuffed Aug. 1792.] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. it may even be prefumed that the labours which would be required by the direction of a canal, in order to effect, in this part, the junction of the two oceans that furround the two continents, would not furpafs, would hot equal perhaps, thofe which our RiQUET*executed fo ikilfully for crofting France difcufled the poffibility and the advantages of a communication between the two oceans. The Memoir was not favourably received by the cabinet of Madrid, and this might well be expected. Every man who takes an intereft, from any motive whatever, in the facility and extenfion of navigation and commerce, muft offer up prayers that the author of the advertife- ment, which precedes the memoir, may have rightly judged when he fays, that " it is impoffible that Spain can longer refift n the neceffity of opening a communication between the two " feas ; and that if her own intereft be not capable of deter- " mining her, the inftances of all nations niuft end by com- " pelling her to it." Let us accept the augury ; but let us not wait for circumnavigating the globe, till the project be executed, otherwife we might be condemned never to circumnavigate it at all. * Juftice here demands from us a candid obfervation. F. Andreofly was the firft who conceived the idea of the Canal of Languedoc, which was not only planned by him, but entirely completed under his immediate direction. He communicated his plan to Rlquet, who prefented it to the great Colbert, and, as foort as it had received the fanction of Louis XIV, became the contractor for all the works of that celebrated undertaking, which he did not live to fee finifhed. However, in this, as in many other inftances of the like nature, Riquet, not content with thence deriving every advantage of honours and emolument, greedily fnatched from the original projector the meed of fame, fo juftly merited by the unremitting labour of thirty long years, fpf the truth of thefe facts we have the proofs now before us, Ill I! France by the canal that joins the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean -, nor thofe which the Swedes have undertaken, for eftablilhing an interior communication between Gothenburg and Stockholm, between the Catteg at and the Baltic •, nor thofe which Peter the Great and his fuccefTors have partly terminated, partly begun, for making a communication between the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Baltic, and the White Sea: and the expenfe of thefe labours, for ever ufeful, would, no doubt, be inferior to that oc- cafioned by a tingle war in Europe, which deftroys by the fword -a million of its inhabitants, and reduces a ftill greater number to wretchednefs. But it is not Nature that would oppofe the. greateft obftacles to thefe enterprizes calculated to render the age illuftrious, and do honour to the governments to which all nations fhould owe fuch a benefit. The obftacles, in the Old World, are connected with the difficulty, perhaps infurmount- able, of carrying the canal that fhould communicate from the Nile to the Red Sea, acrofs thofe unfortunate regions* alternately laid wafte by def- potifm and anarchy, which are placed at too great a diftance from the Sublime Porte, for the looks of a Sultan, if ever he look, to be able to reach in a work entitled Hlflolre du Canal du Midi, recently publifhed,. and obligingly communicated to us by a friend of the author, General Andreoffy.—^-Tranftator. Aug. I792J MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 22i them, and for the firmans of his Highnefs to be carried into execution; and in which we fee the numerous chiefs who fhare, if not the property, at leaft the enjoyment of them, often in rebellion againft the fupreme authority, and always rivals among themfelves, difputing with each other who fhall impofe the heavieft tax on the merchandife which, on the backs of camels, fucceflively tra- verfes the different diftricts that each of the op- prefibrs, in his turn, caufes to feel the weight of his avarice and tyranny *. In the New World, a different caufe produces a fimilar effect: the fufpi- cious policy of the power that pofTefTes exclufively the mines of Mexico and Peru will never allow the commerce of other nations to open itfelf a road through poffeffions, the knowledge of which it would wifh to conceal from every eye : in thofe countries, the prefence of a ftranger is confidered as a national peril. If political diforder -which reigns on the one hand, if uneafy jealoufy which watches on the other, feem to refufe that our globe fhould be circumnavigated from eaft to weft; Nature, on her fide, has not chofen that it fhould be fo from fouth to north, either in the Atlantic Ocean between Greenland and Lapland ; or in the Great Boreal Ocean, between America and Asia by * The reader will readily perceive that the French were not in poffeffion of Egypt when this paffage was written.—Tranfla- Z22 marchand's voyage. [Aug. 1792, Beering's Strait. Every one is acquainted with the fruitlefs attempts, begun upwards of three hundred years paft, abandoned and refumed at different periods, to open, by the.north-eaft and north- weft, a paffage whence it was fuppofed (which, however, is problematical, at leaft in regard to the north-eaft fide) that fhips might repair to China and the East Indies by a fliorter route than that of the Cape of Good Hope or that of Cape Horn : but perpetual ice obftructs the feas which border on either pole; and all human in- duftry, all efforts are unavailing againft this ob- ftacle. I Let us refolve then to traverfe fourteen or fifteen hundred leagues, in order to fail round the world,, fince it has pleafed the architect of worlds to give it only feven thoufand two hundred leagues of circumference; we fhall return to the project of fhortening the route, if ever men, brought back to the principle of Nature, and confidering themfelves as one great family whofe common habitation is our globe, at length confent to a community of territory, and to a univerfal and perpetual peace ; but the philofopher who ftudies mankind, and meditates on their hiftory, will not expect that this pleafing dream of the good Abbe de Saint- Pierre can ever be realized. I fhall not conclude this account of Captain Marchand's voyage, without paying to his memory the tribute of praife that is due to him, on Marchand s voyage. on more accounts than one, for his whole conduct in the expedition which he directed as a commander, and in which he was ably feconded by the intelligence and talents of Captains Masse and Chanal, by the zeal and activity of the reft of his officers, by the good-will, fubordination, and diligence of all the feamen employed under his orders. Merchants and fhip-owners would have reafoti to congratulate themfelves, and might be eafy as to the fuccefs of their undertakings, if the Captains to whom they intruft their interefts, acquitted themfelves of their employment, like thofe belonging to the Solide, with the vigilance which forefees dangers without fearing them; the prudence which calculates and prevents accidents; the experience which knows how to repair them; and the perfeverance which ends by mattering obftacles : yet, unfortunately, it is but too common to fee unfkilfulnefs and carelefnefs expofe, at once, both the fortune of the employer and the fafety of the crew. The run. of three thoufand five hundred leagues, which Captain Marchand made, in the fpace of four months, from the Ifle of France to Toulon, without putting into any port on the route (for we.. cannot reckon fuch a ftay of thirty-fix hours at St. Helena), is an example to prefent to our captains, who, for the moft part, would think that they could not repair directly from India,'or the Isle of France, to a port in Europe without 6 to 224 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. touching at the Cape of Good Hope, where the defire of procuring'a wine in high requeft in France, the agreeablenefs of the place, the charms of fociety||||rd the picture of plenty, detain them beyond'tlie time required by the wants of the fhip; without reflecting that, to ftay in a. foreign port, is to pay a voluntary tribute to the nation to which it belongs. I fhall alfo quote to- them the firft run of four thoufand three hundred" leagues, from Marseilles to the Marquesas.de Mendoca, the duration of which was fix months, and in which the voyage was interrupted only by a ftay of fcventy hours in L i Praya Bay, in order to procure water and refreihments. Commanders lefs zealous might object that humanity dictates the neceffity of often putting into port*and allowing feamen frequent opportu- < nities of repofe ; and that it is unavoidable, in the courfe of long runs, for the crew to efcape the. attacks of the fcurvy, the progrefs of which it is fo difficult to flop, when it has once found its way into a fhip. -I know that, in fact, the ancient navigators have had a.melancholy experience of this jh and that the wifh, fo natural to man, to endeavour- to be acquainted with the different parts of the: globe which' he inhabits, has coft a great number of its inhabitants their lives; but I know too that, when in the age in which we live, we fee a fimilar calamity renewed, it can be attributed only to the carelefnefs of the captain who has neglected the . prefer- marchand s voyage; 225 prefer vation of his companions of fortune, or td the avarice of the owner who has not fupplied his fhip with thofe antifcorbutics, at this day fo well known3 with thofe efficacious prefervatives, the ufe of which Doctor Pringle in England, and Doctor Poissonnier in France, have introduced on board fhips; with a fuccefs which to them has been the moft grateful as well as the moft honourable reward for their zeal and refearches. It is with thefe &ids, that Captain Cook preferved his crews in the longeft runs, and in climates the moft dreaded on account of. the excefs of the heat or the feverity of the cold; it is with thefe fame means, that La Pe rouse, after two years of the moft laborious navigation, did not reckon a fingle fick man on board the two- frigates employed in his expedition *. Nothing had been forgotten that could contribute to the well-being of the Solide's crew, and deftroy the germ of the diforder peculiar to fea- faring people : in this refpect, juft encomiums and thanks are due to the firm of Baux, of Marseilles, whoj after having conceived the project of the firft expedition which the trade of France- directed towards the north-west coaft of America, had employed themfelves with paternal fo- licitude in providing their fhip with all the prefer- * See Vol. I. pages 29 and 30 what has been faid concern the duration of thefe runs. vol. ir. m £26. marchand s voyage vatives calculated for protecting, from the deftruc- tive fcourge of feamen, thofe valuable men, who, after. having bravely defended the flag of their nation againft its enemies, devote themfelves during peace, to the profeflion more perilous than lucrative, of enriching their country by commerce. The beneficent views of the houfe of Baux were perfectly feconded by Surgeon Rob let, of whom they had made choice to watch particularly over the health of the fhip's company : he joined to all the theoretical and practical knowledge of his ■■ j art, that fentiment of humanity which renders a - medical man fkilful in making up for what he has not, in inventing means of relief, in creating remedies*, and in infuring their fuccefs by a perfe- . vering * I have thought that it would be ufeful for the information of the officers of health who devote themfelves to ihare the I fatigues of feamen, to give an account of the treatment which ' Surgeon Roblet introduced, and employed with the greateft fuccefs, for flopping in a man belonging to the crew, the progrefs of the fcurvy, which, when the Solide quitted the Sandwich Iflands, had manifefted itfelf in this individual, with the moft 'I threatening. fymptoms, fo much as to announce a very fpeedy I diffolution : already, at the mere approach of land, three of his I teeth had mddenly fallen out. The treatment of which he made- ufe and which fucceeded, confifts in the employment of the fand* hath, dry and hot. The dry baths were known to the ancients, who employed fand, fah, and millet-feed, Cornelius Celfus, of the Cornelia family, and phyfician to Anguftus, has particularly treated of thefe forts of baths (a). In our days, they are known and (a) Sudor etiam (fays he) duobus modit eticltur, ant Jicco colore, cut lalneo I Jiccus color eft et arena catida, ei hernia, et clibanl, (Sr. Fomenta quoque valid* Marchand s voyage. vering Vigilance in obferving their effects. He obtained the reward due to his talents, his active folicitude and employed, on the coaft of Africa, and in the Weft India colonies, for certain diforders of the negroes., who are buried top to the neck in fand which the fun has ftrongly heated. I have read in a manufcript memoir of Rollin, Surgeon-Major cf the Bouffole, written in 1786, which, no doubt, will be' printed at the end of the account of La Peroufe's voyage, that the Americans who inhabit the north-weft coaft, towards the latitude of 58° 46', alfo employ fand-baths as the moft efficacious cure for the venereal complaint which is common on that Coaft. The aclion of the oblique rays of the fun on the lands of North America not being fufficient to give to the fand the degree of heat neceffary> and procure copious fweats, they heat, by means -of artificial fire, the fand intended for the bath, as well as the pit dug to receive the patient, who, on coming out of the dry bath> wafties himfelf in the fea or in a neighbouring river. But, till how, we have not heard of this kind of bath having been made ufe of on board fhip, for treating;, at fea, the feamen •among whom the fcurvy has attained its higheft degree of malignity. Surgeon Roblel wifhing to try the effect of the dry bath On the fcorbutic patient, nearly given over, as has been already mentioned, caufed fome fand to be heated in greaat boiler, and mixed with it a quantity of cold fand fufficient for moderating the heat of the former, and rendering it fupportable. The patient was put into this bath, into which he funk to the middle of his thighs. The weather was dry and fine; and at noon Reaumur's thermometer rofe to 25 degrees. The patient was left but half an hour in the fand; his legs were at that time benumbed efpeciaily the tendons of the extenfors, which Surgeon Roblet attributed to the irkfome pofition that he had kept. He <alida (adds he) funt millium, fa?, arena; auodlibet eorum calafaSium et in iinteum conjeElum, &c. See A. Cornda Celfi Medkina Libri o£lo, ex recenf. Xesn Targ£t &c, i Lug, Bat. Luchtmans 1785. 4to, lib, 11, parag. ft 2 made 628 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. folicitude, and the conftancy of his attention to the men with whofe pfefervation he had been intrulted, Jfl In made him lie down, recommending to him to keep himfelf fufficiently covered not to experience the action of the exterior air. After two hoars' reft, the condition in which he found the patient, feemed to border on a miracle j no more fwelling; no more ftiffnefs, even in the tendons; the ecchymofes almoft dif- perfed, and become yellowifh ; the foles of the feet, before very painful, no longer caufing any fenfation ; in fhort, Surgeon Roblet had the fatisfa&ion to fee his experiment greatly exceed the hopes which he had conceived from it. A week's fand-baths„ the fecond of one hour, and the others of two, were fufficient for /effecting the moft complete cure': all the fymptoms of fcurvy dif- appeared never to return ; and the, man who had been threatened with finking, in a few days, under the attacks of the diforder, enjoyed, during the laft ten months of the expedition, the moft perfect health. " It will be for experience," fays Surgeon Roblet, "to make " known the advantages which may be derived from this treat- " ment of fcorbutic diforders. Already every thing announce* t( the greateft fiiccefs: and if it anfwer, in all fubjects, to my u expectation, I fee nothing more eafy and lefs expenfive, than " tft.provide every fhip with an iron bathing-tub, with a double ** bottom, in which can be introduced, without danger, the fire ?.f intended for drying and heating the fand, and which can con- " tain the quantity fufficient for covering the legs and even the- jif loins of the patient. Commanders of fhips will take care, " befides, to fupply themfelves with three or four cafks of fine " fand j and I think that that which has been wafheH by the ** fea-water, ought to be preferred to that of rivers, becaufe it " contains faline particles, which are tonic. I am perfuaded," adds lie, ** that the ufe of the fand-bath can be extended with a advantage to the fwelling of the legs, which is the confequence " of chronic diforders; to dropfies which are beginning, &c. " *c." The MARCHAND s VOYAGE 2.2-9 In the courfe of an expedition which lafted twenty months, in the midlt of fatigues and privations, after The fuccetsful trial which Surgeon Roblet made of thefe baths, in the treatment of a fcorbutic patient in whom the diforder appeared to have attained the moft alarming period, will, I doubt not, induce officers of health employed on board fhips, to make ufe of a curative method which a decifive experiment, made by a good obferver, muft render worthy of imitation. But, at the fame time, they will confider it only as an additional curative ; and they will not neglect to affociate to it, according as neceflity fhall indicate, thofe which hav£ been already adopted in the practice of phyfic, and of which experience has alfo confecrated the ufe and proved the falutary effects : neither will they negleft the employment of the other aids which can exempt them from recurring to curatives ; and furely they will judge that, to prevent the fcurvy in long voyages, they ought to continue to employ the prefervatlves whofe efficacy is tried; fuch as herbs and legumes pickled in vinegar, coffee, muftard, wort, lemon robe, &c. &c. Sec. as well as fpirit of vitriol, mixed in a flight degree in the water that ferves for the drink of the crew. My object is not here to recall to mind all the prefervatl'ves known tp pro- feffional men ; but in treating of this article, I muft not forget to place at the head of the lift, the moft powerful, the moft em\ cacious of all, exceffive cleanlinefs : I fay exceffive, becaufe it muft extend to the moft minute particulars, and which might appear exaggerated, perhaps ewn ridiculous, to thofe who, breathing all their life the pure air of our country-places or of our cities, are ignorant to what a degree the cleanlinefs of a • fhip and of the men on board, afperfions of vinegar, fumigations, perfumes, ventilators, &c. are neceffary, for maintaining in this floating houfe, at once, a ftore room of corruptible provifions, a pig-ftye, fheep-pen, poultry-yard, and hofpital, an air that is not mephitical, and does not carry with it a caufe ever prefent, ever acting, of difeafe and deftruction. It would be fuperfluous, no doubt, to recommend to feamen, to add to the prefervatlves ajrid curatives, the ufe of legumes, herbs, fifh, meats, and other % 3 frem 230 marchand's voyage. after having traverfed every climate, and expe^ rienced every variation of temperature, the Solid$ loft only one man out of fifty who compofed her crew; and this man died of a fpecies of apoplexy; in the ordinary flate of fociety, more than one individual in fifty dies in the fpace of twenty months, fuppofing them to be thirty years of age^ which is that we muft reckon for the mean age of a fhip's company** The prefervation of the people and the intereft of the owners conftantly fhared the folicitude and care of Captain Marchand. The former object he accomplished, by the attention which he paid to the employment of every means that could contribute to maintain the good health of the companions of his labours; the latter he fulfilled, by employing himfelf affiduoufly, in concert with Captain Chanal, in altronomical obfervations, which, by rectifying the errors unavoidable in the i? frefh provifions, whenever the opportunity, always wifhed for, prefents itfelf of procuring them for the confumptien pf the crew. * It is proved, from the calculation of the probabilities of human life, founded on inquiries the moft numerous and the moft «xact, that, out of five hundred individuals whofe mean age is thirty, fifteen die in the fpace of twenty months: in following" this proportion, out of fifty individuals of the fame age, there muft die, in the fame fpace of time, at leaft one, and perhaps two, fince the calculation gives one and a half. (Note communicated by Citizen Duvlllard, affociated member of the National Inftitute of Arts and Sciences.) dead "^-ssi marchand's voyage. 231 dead reckoning, gave him the advantage of being able to fhorten his runs, and the confidence of making the land with fafety and precifion at all the places at which he propofed to touch. Each of his land-falls may be quoted as a proof of the correctnefs of his operations, at the fame time that, in order to determine the longitude, there is a necefiity for making ufe of thofe means fo long wifhed for, fo long expected, of thofe new and invaluable methods, to WMch a further degree of precifion is added by the concurrence of two ob- fervers, whofe obfervations and calculations reciprocally control and rectify each other. It may excite aitonifhment, that, in concluding, I fhould recur to a remark, which, at different periods of the voyage, I have taken care to bring forward; and, undoubtedly, there is no one who is not perfuaded that feamen have been eager to promote and employ methods, the advantage of which is manifefl, and which are refults fet within their reach, theories the molt fublime and combinations the moft ingenious. I would wifh to have praifes only to beftow; and it is painful, for a Veteran of the Navy, to have reproaches to make to thofe who are engaged in the profeffion ; but I fhould merit them myfelf, if a culpable referve induced me to keep filence. It is time to roufe French navigators from the humiliating apathy which keeps them in the fhackles of an old routine, and prevents fhem from turning to account, for the fuccefs of <L4 the 232 marchand s voyage. the enterprifes that are intrufted to them, and ftjF their own fafety, the difcoveries, which, for half a century paft, geometry, aftronomy, and mechanics, rivals in fuccefs as in labours, have added to the domain of the fcjences, and the only object of a\l which is to infirre and abridge the route of the navigator. Will it be believed that France does not reckon a hundred feamen (and I might reduce the number to much below the half) who know how to employ at fea, the obfervation of the moon's diftance from the fun or ftarsj to make ufe of the machines proper for keeping, as in truft, the time of the place from which the departure is taken •, and deduce, from either method, or from the two combined together, under what meridian, on a given day, the fhip is arrived I What ■ avails it that the Board of Longitude of France, like that of England, calculates with all the precifion required for the perfection of thefe great theories, the auxiliary tables which facilitate and abridge the calculation of the obfervations; and that thefe tables, confecrated, for the molt part, tQ the ufe of our navigators, are publifhed, for every year, feveral years in advance, in order that fhips intended for diftant expeditions, may,, on their departure from Europe, be provided with them for the whole duration of the longeft voyages ? What avails it that Ferdinand Berthoud, by opening to the French artifts a new career, by creating, for the navy, an art of clock-making, which may be called MARCHAND S VOYAGE. called tranfcendent, has found means to combine the moft finifhed execution with the moft fubtle theory*, and that Louis Berthoud, treading in the fteps of Ferdinand, has, for the ufe of feamen, multiplied thofe ingenious machines, mafter-pieces of mechanifm, with which they can daily, and feveral times a day, folve the problem of the longitude at fea, and, in a little time, correct or improve all hydrography ? What avails it that Borda has prefented to the French navy, for ob- ferving at fea the altitudes and diftances of the luminaries, an inftrument which the fmallnefs of its bulk renders as portable, as convenient for ufe, as the excellence of its principles renders it certain and exact in its refults ? What avails it, in fhort, that he and our geometricians have applied themfelves to, and fucceeded in, finding methods of * This artift, Member of the National Inftitute of Arts and Sciences, no lefs commendable from his difintereftednefs than from the fecundity of his genius, has publifhed, without referve, at different periods, the refults of his numerous refearches and immenfe labours refpecting machines calculated for meafuring time, and thofe the fpecial purpofe of which is to determine the longitude at fea. In order to make the reader fenfible of all the importance of this publication, it will be fufficient to fay, that an artift, named Armand, conftructed at Copenhagen, without any other affiftance than the works of Ferdinand Berthoud, and the plates which he has annexed to them, time-pieces, of which M. de Ld'wenb'rn, Captain in the Danifh Navy, a great proficient in aftronomy, made ufe with fuccefs for finding the longitude at fea. (See Obfervatlones Aftron. Inftltuta In Obferva- torlo Reglo Haunlenjt, tfaAuclore Thoma Lug3k&£$c. Hauni*, j784. Typis Jul* Regie? 4^0. page XCVIII.pi^ fimpli- *34 MARCHiJtNDS VOYAQJE. Amplification, by the help of which the bufihefs of computation that remains for the feaman to perform, after his obfervations for the longitude, becomes, as it were, only a manual operation, which requires no knowledge of the theories, which neither fubjects him to a calculation more long nor more difficult than that which he daily impofed on himfelf, to learn by a coarfe approximation the actual pofition of his fhip, and to attain, by a lame procefs, an erroneous refult? In the period at which we are arrived, the arts and fciences have left to the feaman to perform, for the purpofe of regulating his navigation, only what it was not pofiible "o do beforehand, in order to fave him the labour of it. And the feaman remains infenii-. ble before thefe productions of genius, of which he was the object I And the admiration with which they ought to infpire him, can neither excite his zeal nor his vanity, nor awaken in him the fentiment of his intereft! And the men of fcience and the artifts, who have devoted themfelves with equal fuccefs and ardour, to thefe laborious re- fearches, are ftill to expect the only reward that they had annexed to their labours, the fatisfaction of feeing that thofe to whom they were confecrated, fhould haften to gather the fruits of them 1 It is time that, in this reipect, our humiliation fhould ceafe : the reign of ignorance is long fince pafled for feamen, it is no longer enough for them to be brave warriors, intrepid navigator^ their 5 honour^ marchand's voyage. G35 honour, the national honour impofe on them the obligation of knowing that of which it is no longer pardonable for them to be ignorant. If it were requifite for Frenchmen to be ftimulated by the example of a rival nation, I fhould fay to our navigators, that there is not a fingle Englifh captain^, employed in Jong voyages, who does not at this day make ufe of the new methods for determining the longitude of his fhip 5 I fhould fay to them that it is with this help, that the navigation of our enemies boldly embraces the. two hemifpheres; and that every point of the globe at which an Englifh, fhip touches, now acquires a determined fituation with refpect to the other points of the earth, which ten centuries of a navigation of routine would never- have fucceeded in fixing. In fpeaking to feamen, I fhall not add to views of general utility, the particular motive of their own prefervation; I know too well that, from principle and habit, they def- pife danger j I know that, in the height of a ftorm, when the fea threatens to fwallow them up, at the fight of the fhoal againit which the plank that feparates them from the briny abyfs may be fplit in pieces, wholly occupied with the fafety of the fhip intrufted to their charge, one thought alone of the future can be afTociated in their mind with the rapid combinations which require the prefent effort of all their faculties: Hac glim meminiffe juvahit j they love to prepare for themfelves recollections. But let them learn to be fatisfted wirh the conflicts *vjiicl* MARCHAND S VOYAGE. M which the revolted elements ceafe not to wage with the navigator who wifhes to conquer them: let their indifference not make them difdain the helps that are offered for refcuing them from the dangers which it is poflible to avoid, which it is not glorious to brave: what! will not adverfe fortune always referve to herfelf too many for exercifing nobly the courage of our Argonauts, and filling the page of naval hiftory with the account of thofe terrible events, which infure to the fuperior genius who matters them, the applaufe of the prefent age, and a long remembrance in ages to come ? Paris the 20th Germinal, year V. of the French era. ijgj^j CAPril 9th* 1797-) P. S. Captain Chanal's journal, having clbJM on the arrival of the Solide in the harbour of Toulon, could not give an account of the fuccefs of the expedition as a commercial fpeculation; but .fome notes fubfequently communicated to me by the firm of Baux, have made known the final refult of the adventure. The plan had been perfectly well conceived; and if the prohibition iffued at China, which could not be forefeen, had not thwarted it in the outfet, the fhip fheathed with copper, and copper-faftened, built and equipped, in every refpect, for keeping the fea for three or four years, without needing any other repairs than thofe which accidents might neceflitate, provided with four complete fuits of fails and four fets of 4 ngging marchand's voyage. 237 tigging, with an immenfe ftock of provifions, and an affortment of articles for trade fufficient for a long feries of operations *, might, after her firft touching at Macao at the end of eight months, * The houfe of Baux, wifhing to be certain that all the works of our manufactories which they intended to be employed in traffic with the Americans of the north'-weft coaft, fhould be well-conditioned and of the firft quality, thought that they could do no better than intruft the houfe of Gulldlaud father I and fon, Manufacturers at St. Etlenne, trading to Lyons, and holders of a fhare in the Solide's expedition, with the fabrication of all the articles of hard-ware, arms for the favages, tools, and different implements, which the experience of preceding voyages had indicated as proper to be admitted with moft facility and ad- [ vantage in the fur-trade. The houfe of GuiUlaud, in executing this commiffion, exerted all the intelligence of very well-informed and enlightened merchants, and all the zeal with which they were infpired by the importance of the expedition, the object of" which was known to them. But a confiderable demand for halberts and other oftenfive arms, the fabrication of which employed feveral workfhops fcattered through the country, could not but throw an alarm among ignorant, fufpicious, and reftlefs men, whom liberty had juft fuddenly armed, and who thought [ diey faw, in this collection of arms, counter-revolutionary preparatives and means. It was net without infinite pains on the part of the houfe of GuiUlaud, nor without repeated danger to their perfons, that after feven or eight months oppofition on the I one hand, and perfeverance on the other, the municipalities of Lyons, St. Chamont, and St. Etlenne, to whom the object and the deftination of the arms were perfectly known, and who wifhed to fee them difpatched, at length fucceeded in calming the agi- tated minds of thefe men ; and, with the fupport of a corps of [twelve hundred men which was paffing through St. Chamont, jfent off from this commune and directed towards Marfelites,. I thofe terrible halberts, of the kind ufed by our parifh-beadles, I the fight alone of which had fpread alarm in the town and its Environs. I MARCHAND S VOYAGE; have eafily Undertaken, before her return 0 France, two more voyages from China to the coaft of America : and our navigators would have had the certainty of getting the ftart, at both places* of all the veffels that might have been difpatched* either from Europe, or from the United States* and- of having for competitors none but thofe which, failing from the Ports of Asia, might have been engaged in a fimilar fcheme. On her third voyage to Canton, they would have converted into teas, filks, and the other productions of China, the whole of the produce of her three trips: and it is impoflible to eftimate to what fum might have amounted the joint profit of thefe combined j operations. Fortune ordained otherwife: the produce of the firft trip not having been able to find vent, Captain Marchand gave up all thought of a fecond; every farther operation was neceffa- •rily flopped; and as a fole and wretched refoure^H the cargo of furs was brought to France* If 'was immediately fent to Lyons, where the commercial concerns of the place, and the favourable feafon might promife no inconfiderable advantagdM in the fale; but it arrived there only a few days before the period when that unfortunate city, torn by civil war, experienced all the horrors of a long fiege: in the midft of fire and devastation* the furs belonging to the houfe of Baux were feized j and, being forgotten under the feals, notwithftanding their remonftrances, which were rendered more urgent MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 239 urgent by the danger of delay, they became a prey to the worms. But the owners of the Solide, no lefs zealous for the profperity of their country, than difinterefted in their fpeculation, will think themfelves indemnified for the lofs of two-thirds of their capital, if the new path which they have opened to French merchants, who, no doubt, will take care to engage in it with prudence, and mea- fure their operations by probabilities, can one day procure an additional outlet for the national in- duftry; and, for the State, a mean of forming, in thofe long voyages which exercife courage and ripen talent, feamen who join to the intrepidity that braves dangers, the experience that teaches to avoid them. 240 MARCHAND S VOYAG1, «3 fc . O ^ s E H S S £ ^ ^ Ihe MARCHAND S VOYAGE, 24* 1 'O O O O • 3 O £ :S -g £ <cj £ U £ <J £ O C-4 C*i pSj »£i -sj h h h W PQ v« OOO 2 o .5 JS <5 t"S 2 ojg o 10 tf A o * J2 £ E S £ E S iH 2 »3 SI «? (3 te; Si ^ £j Ji Sj <4i ^3 ^j ^j *5i JSJ pSi ^ p^ pSJ ri w h S H h *^w MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 243 > ^ H 6 § 8 u w PQ «fc 1 Glafs MARCHAND S VOYAGE. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 245 .22 fiq £ ^ * O -g ^£ *v 1 s * «, * 5 I a, <g W > >W £ cq g £q <; ft, is o ^ i mmnmiimi MARCHANX) S VOYAGE. /M \iBi- fxA-n O ~C ■ o "3 o o m i« liilH b* V o ^s •s (MARCHAND s VOYAGE. 249 H-i ^; tr* w 3 o^ & •" o - -5 ^ Oh' ca «rf n oj' -h O h : • -■"£» *& • § i*? H - * ^ 5s. 1 * i : 3 ^ 1 -. "S3 i ^ <3 o & Q 1 33 i 1 « p» s. T3 *X| *■§■ c So » i S ^ NUMERICAL 11 \Ui •MARCHAND S VOYAGE. ^ s Kj i^ d o IPS o o IPS Eh S o 1 3 p o -R '6 o /O -a -R <u ips R 72,- /oS J3 i tu o 6 o o o 6 o O o fc> & PS* JD JD .£. 'JQ JD J2 Xi JO J3 1 ^ O o A* ^ if <2> i i 1 o o 1 OS i 03 o <i ce v<3 S < 6 i -R < OS < i a 1 1 & i 1 ^ OT n O | o 5 <! s 8 - '4a S .,* oj o J3 P -R OJ O O H £ H -R oi O .§ § ffi ffl 2 O -R PS > pj £ 9 b g c R PL, i ffi « pR gg • • m* g -R KSfcl Swra c fc 3; 0. "? : §i * ,S ^ rS F- •- S f^ffiS •lis MARCHAND S VOYAGE. O £ ° 2 O O if 6 -S Z K os <o <o ^ Si p <U "JS? PS ^ 6 P PQ ? c ^ X Second MARCHAND S VOYAGE H £ w | O H o 1 ■< psj U !< & fc o i i 3 •*' 5* s3 in sa P o ES OF 1 LANDS 1 VOCABULARY MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 2S3 VOCABULARY OF W A H I T A H 6, (OR MENDANA'S SANTA CHRISTIANA,] ONE OF THE ISLANDS OF THE ARCHIPELAGO LAS MARQUESAS DE MENDOCA, T have thought that it would be ufeful to pre* fent, in a comparative table, the Vocabulary which Captain Cook has given us, that for which we are indebted to John Rein hold Forster, and thofe which Captain Chanal and Surgeon Roblet have feverally compiled. The reader will remark, in the words which are common to the four vocabularies, the differences that partly depend on the different manner in which they were heard, and ftill more on the different manner in which they were written in order to fix their pronunciation, I have deemed it expedient 254 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE, pedient to preferve them fuch as each voyager has reprefented them> with the articles and the other figns that he has employed for indicating the founds which he means mould be emitted in pronouncing them. The vocabulary of Captain Cook is taken from the Table of comparifon of the languages of the iflands of the Great Ocean, which he has given us in the fecond volume of his fecond voyage, page 364. He apprizes us that the double vowels in italics, 00, ee, are to be founded as one : for the French, 00 reprefent the diphthong ou, and ee, the long vowel /. The dlarefis vowels, that is to fay, accented with two points, are to be pronounced feparately : thus, in de Englifh, which is fit for the French pronunciation, each of the vowels is to form a fyllable. ep The accent placed before the word indicates that the chief ftrefs in pronunciation is to be laid on the firil letter or fyllable of the word; but if the accent be over the firft letter, or over another letter in the courfe of a word, the ftrefs is to be laid on_ the fyllable which immediately follows the accent. A comma (or what, from its form, we mould call an acute accent), placed in the middle of a. word, either fignifies that it is compounded of two words, or that the fame fyllable repeated forms the word,: in both cafes, a fmall paufe is to be 6 made MARCHAND S VOYAGE. made in the place indicated by the comma (or accent.) A Frenchman who wifh.es to pronounce, fo as to be underftood by a Mendoqan, the names written in Cook's vocabulary, muft obferve that A Englifh there anfwers to A French—AI to E—E to /— O to O — OO to OU diphthong— OU to AOU— Y to AI. Reinhold Forster has employed, in his vo- . cabulary, accents and other figns placed over the letters in order to fignify how he wifhes they fhould be pronounced; but he gives no explanation of thefe figns'. I have preferved them as they are feen in the original, without choofing to venture to explain them : I think, however, that, by the affiftance of what is faid in regard to Cook's vocabulary, Forster's intention may be divined *. Captain Chanal has made ufe of the fign of the Latin prpfody, which indicates that the fyllable, over which it is placed, is long: he has, befides, given to the acute accent, to the circumflex accent, and to the diarefis of the French orthography, their ordinary funclion with which every one is acquainted. The words of his vocabulary are to be pronounced as if they were written in French, and all the Hy% are to be afpirated. Moft of the words, which he has there inferted, * See /. R. Forfler's Obfervations, &c. page 284. mmmmm MARCHAND S VOYAGE were collected feparately by Captain Ma r cha#t* and himfelf: the words refpecting which they have agreed (and this is the greater number) bear no mark; but thofe concerning which they have differed, are written in the two ways in which they heard them; and each word is followed by the initial letter of the name of the obferver: ■ thofe which are marked with a * were collected by Captain Chanal, and thofe accompanied by **, by Captain Marchand. The vocabulary of Surgeon Roblet is accented for the French pronunciation, and muft be read as if the words were French, but all the £Ts muft be afpirated. It muft be obferved, that the Mendoqans, in fpeaking, moft commonly place an A or an E, and fometimes, but more rarely, an o, at the beginning of a word; frequently too they fupprefs it r thefe vowels, thus employed, appear to perform the office of an article j and it is a cuftom rather general in all the languages fpoken by the natives of the iflands of the Great Ocean, to place before words, and particularly proper names, fome one of the three vowels, A, E, o: thus in the name O-Tahei^ee, one of the SociStv I Iflands, O is the article, and Taheitee the name of the ifland, &c. It may be conceived from the Vocabulary, although fo extremely concife, of the language of the Ifland of Wahitaho, that the Mendoqans i employ ' MARCHAND S VOYAGE. employ no difficult articulation, and that their language, notwithstanding the frequent afpirations, and the vehemence with which they are accuf- tomed to exprefs themfelves,' pofTeffes fweetnefs and a fort of harmony. See Vol. I. pages 206 to 211. VOCABU- MARCHAND S VOYAGE* VOCABULARY TCIIINKITANAY, ON THE NORTH-WEST COAST OF AMERICA, IN THE LATITUDE OF 57 DEGREES NORTH. a lthough the'Vocabulary, compiled by Surgeon Roblet, differs very little from that drawn up by Captain Chanal, it is not altogether ufelefs to make them both known: every obferver has his manner of writing words, and that depends on the manner in which he heard them. Captain Chanal, in order to indicate the quantity of fome fyllables, which are long, has placed above thofe fyllables the indicative fign" of the Latin profody : ff the others," fays he, ** are, for rf the moft part, fhort; and fome are doubtful. 1C The G and the Xt% preceded or followed by an a L, are pronounced with a trill, which cannot 1 be expreffed by any fign of French writing, u and which it is impofiible even to imitate, if ff the organ of fpeech have not been formed to it !t from infancy. The fyllables cha, ehi, have been r« reprefented by tcha, tchi, becaufe they are to be 4. fC pro- MARCHANB S VOYAGE. 259 <f pronounced as the Italians pronounce ce, ci, that " is to fay* tribe, ichi." Captain Chanal alfo informs Us that the words which are marked with a * Were communicated to him by Surgeon Roblet. The latter obferver, on his part, informs us, that the Words whofe quantity he has not marked by the figns " or * of the Latin profody^ either were not collected by himfelf, or were pronounced before him, by different inhabitants of the country, fo that he had it not in his power to represent the pronunciation of them with the fame certainly as he has done in regard to the words whofe quantity he has marked. " In general," fays he, " the na~ ,c tives of ToHinkitanay have a very guttural w pronunciation, making on the G a little trill, N which cannot be expreffed in our language. I " have endeavoured to reprefent their pronuncia- ,c tion of the C, which is the tche of the Italians, " but the T of which is conveyed to the ear in an *' almoft imperceptible manner. It will be con- <{ ceived, from the fmall number of words that 1 " have been able to collect, and from the varied «.c acceptations which the inhabitants give to them, " that the language of Tchinkitanay is very " copious." See Vol. I. towards the end of Chapter IV. N. B. Sound all the letters in both vocabularies; pronounc#i*».final, or in at the beginning or in the middle of a wor^as if they were written inn, or ine terminated by an e mute. s 2 English e5o | o o MAI ICHAND'S VOYAG op <; O $ n j ^ _I2 )rt z Is . "g 1 ^ -2 1 &1£? O <3 1 ID )u Yhl I 13 J4 di^ 3 x ™ o 'i-» « 2 o l& ^ • PI 3rt 7d x5 a 1 ;' < ^4 M w.w^ | 3 W ^ S I o H . <j O z '■■ssjfiigi'-f Z jjj ^ :^^ ""/^ z o. vz || O o z o 15 ^3 c n SI % N bp a vu y * 1 £ .£P * O g K^ J* w o o X 1 J - O irt i^ <rj irt ia « ks (ri < CO ^£ U W !* V i* ^ IP 1 0$ M o , > j ° z- • ^ <" . ^ 1 1 I ^ ~ ' 1 | o Z H ■x *-> j& 1 ^> ' ? ^ i s c£ ^ \> ^ *■$» * *» ^ §M 1 w^ fcq «4 k. *g ^£ <^ <u <^ <*j <*j <vs "^ <b <4J ~5j 5g _^i ^ ja 5Q r£j ^ r^ .<J . te^ t> tM G\ CM 1* i tM CM bs bi MATi'CHANDS VOYAGE. *^ O ,+j o IJ u ,.V o •bfi £ Jn o « w « « W W tea iot rt MM M 8 ^ 26-2 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. z m >lpj <w 13 c j& o «» p Irt. 3"H 2 ° G IS tflong. ghoug 4J P 13 5C< ?S 3Cd rt CJ 5«f ICtf 5crJ IO O w W W w W W M WWW is i g m.° .§ sp n w w w m y w s ft ,11 ^ ^ s f S> J^ 2» **» *** SI te ^ $ ee ^ ^ S I ^ ^ ^ J5' ^ H MARCHAND S VOYAGE. HJ cj cJ U W kh W H •« O O '2 KB O !* W H W < W 265 ' fc> • ^ : ^ C5 &* >*» « S <4i & <5S -^ | 0 0 ; 1 .K. L. .<$ <G .. 1 . ft c | | 0 .« <s "3 ill 5 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 3 4»> §3 p .s^ «2 JC3 3 O :c3 9 H W S 5 RCHAND S VOYAGI i I II il 1 1 i 1 fi'i 1 film ' Jill i i II ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE, N. B. The impreffion of the preceding part of the work was completed before the end of the year VI. (1798); but that of the remainder having occupied a rather confiderable portion of time, I avail myfelf of it in order to infert here fome Additions that have been occafioned by the recent publication of two voyages of which I had not. been able to obtain a knowledge when I was engaged in writing the Narrative of the VoYAGE'of Captain Marchand. FIRST ADDITION. For the INTRODUCTION. jn the Introduction, I have contented myfelf with giving a fummary account of the expe-! ditions to the north-west coaft of America, which are pofterior to that of La Pe rouse ; and I have announced that the Britiih government had difpatched veffels to verify and complete the difcoveries which had been made in thefe latter times between ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 269 between the 48th and the 60th parallels. The voyage of Captain Vancouver*, publifhed in London towards the end of laft year, 1798, and which did not reach us. in France till the beginning of the year VII, [1799) has perfectly accomplished that "object : and it may be faid that this part of the coaft of the New World is at prefent better known, in refpeft to geography,, than have been, and than ever wrll be perhaps, parts of the Old Continent much more within our reach, and which the Europeans have frequented fince they have applied themfelves to navigation. The Introduction to the Voyage of Captain Marchand may be confidered as the introduction to the voyage of Vancouver : the latter muft fix every uncertainty; and in perufing the epitome of the difcoveries that have been made from the year 1537 to 1790, the reader will follow with curiofity and intereft, on the valuable charts which accompany Vancouver's narrative, the tracks that the ancient voyagers have fcarcely pointed out to us; he will recognize the lands of which they had only had a glimpfe; he will know what they would have wifhed us ever to be ignorant of; and, in admiring the immenfe progrefs made in the fcience of navigation, he will not refufe a tribute of praife to the learned men who have improved that fcience, I It * A Voyage of Difcovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and round the World, &e. by Captain George Vancouver, London, }%, 3 vols, 4to. with an Atlas. and 2'/0 ADDITIONS TO' THE ^ARRATIVif. and to the indefatigable navigators who have found means to derive from its improvement, fo great an advantage in order to fucceed in completing the difcovery and defcription of the weft coaft of North America. \i w SECOND ADDITION. For the Iflands called Las Marquesas de Mendoca. TRAVELS in the United States of America*, publifhed in Paris, in the month of Veri- tofe of the^ prefent year VII, (March 17.99) gives Us an extract of a voyage performed in 1792, in the Great Ocean, by Captain Roberts, an American, commanding the fhip Jefferson, of five hundred tons burden, which failed from Boston, on the 29th November 1791. The object of Captain Roberts's expedition Was to trade for furs on the north-west coaft of America, and, as well as Captain Marchand,- he . put into the Bay of La Madre de Dios in the Ifland of Wahitaho (or Santa Christina} which he calls Whoanwow. His intention in putting into this port was not only to procure water and refreihments, but alfo to confiruct a veffel of ninety tons, the frame of which he had * Voyage dans les Etats Unls d'Amerlqiiei fait en i 795, *)6$ 97, par La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt. Paris, Du Pont, An. VII. 8 Vol. 8vo. Vol. III. pages 19 to 22, on ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 271 r*. on board ready to be fet up, and which ferved him, in the fequel, to fecond the Jefferson in the fur-trade. The extract which concerns the Iflands called Las Marques as de Mendoca, occupies only three pages, although Captain Roberts ftaid four months at La Madre de Dios, and might have given us fome very interefting details refpecting the Ifland of Wahitah6 in particular, and fome notions lefs uncertain than thofe which we have refpecting the other iflands of the group; but he fpeaks only of the inhabitants of the ifland where he had efta- blifhed himfelf, and even of them he fays very little : Captain Chanal to whom I have communicated this extract, finds, and juftly, a great deal of incorrectnefs in the little that has been faid; and I own that I have found in it nothing that ought to be added to the defcription, fuch as I have been able to give, of the ifland and of the inhabitants., from the materials which have been furnifhed us by the voyagers who had vifited it before Captain Roberts. According to the American Captain, the inhabitants of the Mendoca Iflands, " have no other " arms than flakes of extremely hard wood very <f fharp-fointed, and long flings, with which they <f throw large ftones very far, and with much **exacJnefs." I know not whether by. fakes very fharp-tQiafjtd he means lances from nine to eleven leet long, and fe/& additions to the narrative. I and pikes or javelins of which they make ufe in war ; but, independently of a fort of fab re, made of an extremely hard wood, in the form of the blade of an oar, he has omitted to make mention of the weapon the moft formidable in the hand of a native of the Mendoca Iflands, of the cafcuarina club, one of the ends of which confifts of a large knob ; and which they take a delight in ornament* , ing with carving. The ufe of the fling had been remarked by the French; they agree with Captain Roberts as to the great diftance to which thefe iflanders can throw a ftone, but they do not in like manner admit of their addrefs in hitting the mark. (See Vol. I. page 178.) . Captain Roberts, fpeaking of the attem^B which the inhabitants of the neighbouring ifland (n6 doubt O-Hivahoa, or La Dominica) made to carry off the anchor belonging to the fmall veflfel which he had conftructed, fays that they prefented themfelves fC with a flotilla of twenty t{ canoes of ninety feet in length." The French, on their arrival in the Bay of La Madre de Dios, were vifited by fifty canoes which had come from O-Hivahoa : the length of the largeft of thofe canoes did not exceed twenty-five or thirty feet at moft {See Vol. I. page 176.) The American Captain adds, that the inhabitants of O-Hivahoa are in a continual flate of war with thofe of Wahitaho : but the French found additions to the narrative. 273 found them to live on terms of good understanding ; and, on the firft vifit which they paid to the Bay of La Madre de Digs, the natives of the two iflands, affembled and mingled together, feemed to form but one tribe. I would not, however, vouch that this harmony is never difturbed; for, after the firft day, the French voyagers did not fee them keep up on fhore a communication with each other; but the canoes of the two iflands paddled pell-mell round the fhip, and no quarrels were ever feen to arife between the men of the two nations. The wounds which were perceived in feveral of the inhabitants of Wahitaho atteft, indeed, that they have wars to maintain, and it is probable that it is principally againft thofe of O-Hivahoa, their neareft neighbours : the latter, in general, appear more warlike, lefs familiar in the intercourfe of life than the former j and, as their ifland appears far from fertile, it may happen that fterility and the fcarcity which is the confequence of it, induce them fometimes to make in- curfions among their neighbours, whom a land ever fruitful maintains in perpetual plenty ; but it cannot thence be concluded that the fate of war is the habitual fate of the two tribes. <c Marriages," fays Captain Roberts, fc laft only cc as long as it pleafes the married couple, efpeciaily *' the men, who preferve a great fuperiority over " the women: they never eat with them. The fame " habitations frequently contain the fathers and vol, ii. t a the additions to thi m w ff the children, even when the latter are mar- " ried." The American Captain muft have had more opportunities than the French Captain of afcertaining whether the inhabitants of Wahitaho are acquainted with any rule in marriage; but, as I have faid, to judge of them from their conduct, it might be imagined that every man is the hufband of all . the women, and every woman, the wife of all the men. (See Vol. I. pages 164 and 165.) As to the fuperiority of the men over the women, it does not appear that they have any other than that which Nature has given to the ftronger; but the women are admitted to eat habitually with the men : Captain Chanal who has frequently been prefent at their meals, has feen the men, women and children eat in common and feed on the fame difhes. (See Vol I. pages 195 and 196.) According to Captain Roberts, f( there is in <f this ifland a King, who is hereditary, and village- cc chiefs, who are likewife hereditary; there is alfo " a certain inequality in the families, who all pay <( to the king and to the, chiefs great, marks of de- cc ference: property is acknowledged, and refpect- ct ed : the number of domefiics and ftaves is pro- Cf portionate to this property-. The ftealing of tc productions, as well as of every other thing, is " feverely punifhed, and " the punifhment is or- " dered by the chiefs according to a fentence which " they i)afs.,} It additions to the narrative. 275 It has been feen (Vol.1, pages 197 to 201,) that neither the Englifh, Cook and Meffrs. Forster, nor the French, Marchand, Chanal, and Rob- let, were able to diftinguifh what is the form of government of thefe iflanders; they all agree merely on one point, that is, that, if thofe who have fometimes the appearance of being chiefs, have indeed fome authority, it is not manifefted by any act; and that the pretended fubjedts or vaffals appear to pay no refpect to majefty or lord- fhip, this is very different to thofe great marks of refpect which, according to Captain Roberts, all the families pay to the king and to the chiefs: it may be faid that, if, in the Ifland of Wahitaho, there exift dignities, thofe who are invefted with them take a pleafure in keeping incog. Thofe voyagers who preceded the American Captain did not perceive that inequality of conditions, which diftinguifhes mafters, fervants, and flaves; we have fome difficulty in believing that, if this inequality were eftablifhed, it would have efcaped the obfervation of the Englifh and French: wherever there is a mafter, he is eager to fhew that he has fervants and flaves to wait on him. As to that tribunal of chiefs for trying thefts, and inflicting the punifh- ment of the offence, the criminal code of Wahitaho muft, fince the departure of the Solide, have been greatly improved; for it has been feen that the chief who caufed Captain Marchand's mufket to be reftored affembled not his council t 2 to 1111 27 6 narrative* to try the thief; he confulted only his club. (See I Vol. I. pages 61, 200, and 201.) Captain' Roberts does not- expatiate on the natural productions of the country ; he fays merely 1 that, " Potatoes and fugar-canes are there culti- j Cf vated; that poultry, which is far from being in j " plenty, and hogs of the Chinefe breed, which are Cf to be found in fome quantities, are eaten roafted-, I R and that fifh is^aten razv." I prefume that the potatoe, mentioned in this ex- 1 tract, is the fpecies offweet potatoe which is fpoken | of in Marchand's voyage (See Vol. I. page 123;) it is not there faid whether this root be cultivated I at Wa hit a ho, or whether it be a fpontaneous i production of the earth.. With regard to the fugar-cane Captain Chanal aflures us (See Vol. L 1 page 126,) that the natives are unacquainted with I its value: it was not therefore cultivated there il at the period of the voyage of the French. This fame Captain, whom I have confulted refpecting the fpecies of hog which is procured at the Marquesas de Men.doca, does not think that it is of the Chinefe breed. The China hog has a body thick and round; and its legs, which are fhort and flender, are not in proportion to the body: the hog of Wahitaho is, in general, of a fmall fize, but it is proportioned like that of our climates. The flefh of the Chinefe hog is fo fat, that it is thence mfipid, and foon cloys; whereas the flefh of that of Wahitaho, although fat, is of an ex- quifite \DDlTIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. quifite tafte: it is eaten with as much pleafure as that of the fheep, of which it has nearly the flavour: it is very fuperior to that of our fucking pigs, of which the fkin only is efteemed. It is probable that the excellent quality of the hogs of this ifland is due to the quality of the fruits with which they are fed, the fame as thofe that conftitute the principal food of the men who according to Cook's account, admit the hogs to their table (See Vol. I. page 170); which, no doubt, is neither frequent nor general, and it may be imagined that hogs are admitted to their table, only as dogs are admitted to ours. Captain Roberts, as well as the French, obferved that the natives of the ifland eat fifh raw: it has been feen (See Vol. I. page 172) that fome* times too they eat pork without having dreffed it. We fhould be little informed of the character and manners of the inhabitants of Wahitaho, if we were no better acquainted with them than from the account of the American Captain : we find only in the extract of. his voyage that c< during f( the four months which he ftaid at the ifland, he " lived, in general, on very good terms with the n natives, a great number of whom affifted him in <c his labours; but that one day they took a fancy " to feize upon his little veffel which was only half c* put together, and that a confiderable affemblage " of thefe iflanders, headed by their King, ma- ff nifefted fo evidently their project of making ah T 3 « attack, nwif ADDITIONS to the narrative. ec attack, that Captain Roberts fays, he found Cf himfelf obliged to ufe force in order to repel " them; that with'thirty-fix men who compofed " his crew, he fired on the natives, killed feveral, <c wounded a great many others, and routed them iC all; that the next day, they came to fue for c< peace, and to bring him fome of their wounded <c to be dreffed," It is by comparing all the known facts and the Opinions of yoyagers, that, in the narrative of Captain Marchand's voyage, I have fketched the character of this nation, who, in many ref- pects, might have to complain of the Europeans much more than the latter have to complain of them (See Vol. I, page ,189.) What I have had it in my power to fay of them will partly make up for the filence of the American Captain; but we muft regret infinitely that, having ftaid four months on fhore, having lived in habitual fociety with the natives of the ifland, he has not been more occupied in ftudying and making known to us a race of men who appear to be ftill in that period of civilization in which man is no longer favage, and in which he is not yet entirely civilized: what a rich harveft might have fc>een made by a philofophic voyager! Captain Roberts fays that ff the fermented % liquor that the natives of Wahitaho make £C with a yellow root which they call kary (and ?f which Captain £hanal thinks to be that of I pnger, additions to the narrative. 279 " itnger, (See Vol. I. page 174) is antifcorbutic, * and that they employ it as a remedy againft the cf venereal difeafe, which is very common in thefe " iflands fince the firft vifits of the Europeans, and " with which all the Jefferson's people were *! infected*." It has been feen in the narrative of Marchand's voyage (Vol. I. page 169,) that Surgeon Roblet does not fay that the ifland was infected at the period of that voyage; at leaft the fymptoms of the difeafe did not fhew themfelves among the inhabitants : however, fome made their appearance in a few individuals belonging to the Solide after the fhip had quitted the ifland; but Surgeon Roblet thought he might "attribute this as much to what they had brought as to what they might have received: a fingle year is then fufficient for this diforder to have made a frightful progrefs. What reproaches have the Europeans to make to themfelves ! What portion of the inhabited earth will be exempt from the fcourge which they carry with them ? But, on this point, we muft not hope that they will ever amend, and the leffon of the paft is loft for the time to come." The American Captain appears not to have been fo ftruck by the beautiful proportions of the in- * From what is said of it, this beverage is prepared like the ova of the Taheiteans, and in a manner equally difgufting to ^Europeans. habitants 250 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. habitants of the Mendoca Iflands as the Spaniards, the Englifh, and the French have been: he fays only, towards the end of the extract of his voyage, that Cf the race of the men and women is hand- feme." THIRD ADDITION. For the Group of Iflands to the North-weft of the Marquesas de Mendoca. Captain Roberts, on quitting the Ifland of Wahitaho, made fail for the Sandwich Iflands. cc He affirms," it is faid in the extract of his voyage*, cc that he difcovered, on his route, a group of iflands, not yet fpoken of by any navigator, lying in 8° 40' fouth latitude, and 1409 weft longitude from Greenwich (1420 20' weft from Paris) : he reconnoitred them without landing, called the clufter Washington's Group, and gave fome of the iflands the names of Adams, Jefferson, Hamilton, &c. Thefe iflands had been feen the preceding year (1791) by Captain Ingraham of the Ihip Hope of Boston ; but he had done no more than perceive them and point out their fituation. Captain Roberts fays he * See Voyage^ dans les Etats-Unls Llnncourt. Vol. III. page 23. par la Rochefoucauld landed additions tq the NARRATIVE. 281 landed in this archipelago, at Newheve, which he named Adams's Ifland, latitude $9 56', an old man of feventy-five years of age whom he had found at Resolution Bay (La Madre de Dios) in the Ifland of Wohanhow (Wahitaho), and who had been there for a long time. This old man was born in Washington's Group, at On- hawa which Captain Roberts called the Ifland of Massachusetts. He examined the coaft of fome of them*." It has been feen in the narrative of Marchand's Voyage (page 102 of this VoL) that, while the Solide lay in Macao Road, Captain Chanal was fent on board an American fhip, the captain of which was ill, and that he learnt from him that, in the beginning of the month of May 1791, in Handing from the Mendoca Iflands to the north-west coaft of America, he had difcovered to the north- weft of that group, another group as extenfive as * It is not mentioned at what period Captain Roberts examined thefe iflands. In the extraft from his voyage, there are no other dates than that of his departure from Bojisn, on the 29th of November 1791, and that of putting into an ifland in the Great Ocew, on the 5th of July 1792, namely the Spanifh Ifland <St. {Ambrofe, in latitude 260 13' fouth, where he ftaid two months and a half, and procured thirteen thoufand feal- fkins and a great quantity of oil.# He muft have arrived at La Madre de Dios about the beginning of September: and, as he there made a ftay of four months, it may be fuppofed that it was about the latter end of December 1792, or the beginning of January 1793, that he perceived the mrth-*wefi group of the Marquefas de Mendoca. 6 the jo II i\ II n 282 additions to the NARRATIV! I ill the former; that he had given names to the iflands of which it is compofed, but had not flopped there. It could not be.doubted, from the latitude and the bearing which he indicated, that thefe were the fame iflands which Captain Marchand had difcovered a month later; but we were ignorant of the name of this Captain who had feen them firft without examining them: the extract, of Cajftain Roberts's Voyage informs us that the former Captain is named Ingraham, and that he commanded the fhip Hope of Boston. It is this very group which Captain Roberts reconnoitred towards the end of 1792 or the beginning of 1793> and which he named Washington's 1 Iflands, at the fame time not informing us whethdj this be the name which had been impofed on them by Captain Ingraham, when he made the! firft difcovery of them in the month of May 1791. It is to be regretted that, in the extract of Captain J Roberts's Voyage, which I have here given at length, no mention is made of the number of a iflands of which this group is compofed. But this extract makes known to us the names which the natives of the group give to two of their iflands: Newheve, and Onhawa. At the firft glance we recognize the name of N ewheve in that of Neev-Heeva, which is written on Tupia's chart, (Plate IF.) next to the moft weftern of the two fouthern iflands of the archipelago which comprifes the Marquesas de Mendoca: and, when. additions To the narrative. 285 when we know how many different founds the proper names of the Iflands of the Great Ocean obtain in paffing through various European mouths, and what changes the different orthographies caufe them to undergo, we are not far from recognizing O-Haneanea, the name given by Tupia to the moft eaftern of the two fouthern iflands of the fame archipelago, in the name On haw a, which Captain Roberts fays is that of one of the iflands which he examined. It may therefore be faid that we know the names which Tupia gave to five 01 the iflands of the archipelago that comprifes, to the fouth-eaft, the group of the Marquesas de Mendoca. I remark that thefe two laft-mentioned names are applied, on Tupia's chart, to two of the iflands of the south-east Group, that of the Mendoca Ifles, while we fee by the- account of Captain Roberts, that they belong to iflands of the north- : west Group; and this may confirm what I had fufpected, (See Vol. I. page 259, Note*) that is, that in conftructing the chart under the direction of Tupia {and the miftake may proceed from himfelf) the names which belong to the south-east Group have been applied to the north-west Group, and thofe of the north-west Group, to the south-east Group: and, in fact, we have feen that the names of O-Niteio, O-Hiva-Hoa and Wahitaho, which are three names of the §outh-east Group or of the Mendoca Iflands, have n 1 'I ill' 684 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE, have been applied on the chart to three of the iflands of the north-west Group, that which has been fucceflively reconnoitred by Captains Ingraham, Marchand, and Roberts. In Plate III, No. I. of Marohand's Voyage, 1 have given the Plan of the iflands which com- pofe the north-west Group, named by the French Captain, Iles de la Revolution, as it was drawn by Captain Chanal, who fubjected it to the obfervations for the latitude and longitude and to the bearings taken on board the SolidE. We were then ignorant in France that in 1792, fubfequendy to the examination made by Captain Roberts, the north-west Group had been vifited by an Englifh Captain, and that it was from the plan drawn by this latter navigator that Arrowsmith had placed the group on his planifphere (See pages 104 to 107 of this Vol.) It was not, as I have already faid, till the beginning of the prefent year (1799) that we faw Vancouver's Voyage, publifhed in .London towards the end of the year VI. (1798), and in which the Englifh Captain gives an extract from the voyage of the Daedalus, under the command of Lieutenant Hergest, in the courfe of which that navigator, after having put into the Bay of La Madre de Dios, in the Ifland of Wakitaho, reconnoitred and vifited the north-west Group. The imprefiion of the greater part of my work was completed for fome months paft, and tlie Plates were worked off, when I received ■ additions to the narrative. 28,5 ceived Vancouver's Voyage; but I have added to Plate III. of Marchand's Voyage, No. II. a chart which is a copy of that of the north-west Group, conftructed by Lieutenant Hergest, and Mr. Gooch the aftronomer who accompanied him, and 1 shall now give a tranfcript of the Extract, which Vancouver has inferred in his Journal, of the part of that of Hergest, which concerns the furvey of this Group. At the end of this tranfcript, I fhall prefent fome obfervations to which the chart and the narrative of Marchand may give rife, compared with the account and the chart of Hergest. Extract from the Journal of Lieutenant . Hergest*. tc The Daedalus had anchored in the Bay of La Madre de Dios, on the 22nd of March I792t." <f In the evening (of the 29th of the fame month) about five o'clock, fhe weighed and fleered to the northward. At day-light the next morning, the 30th J fhe came within fight of fome iflands, which appeared * Vancouver?s Voyage. YoL II. page 85 to 95. + This date of the 22nd of Macchi which is to be found in. page 85 of Vancouver's Journal (Vol II.) is remarkable, becaufe, in the fcquel of the Extraft which he gives of the voyage of the Daedalus, .there appear fome evident miftakes refpecting dates. + The original (page 90 and 91) gives the dates of the -29th of OSober and of the 30th of Otiober, which are very evidently the WW ill t%6 additions, to the narrative appeared to Mr. Hergest to be new difcoveries* Thofe firft feen were three in number, one bearing by compafs* north by eaft, the other north by weft, and the third fouth-weft by fouth. She fetched the fouth-weft part of the eafternmoft, where a good bay was found with a fandy beach. Some rocky iflets lie to the fouth-eaft of it; and, from a gully in the north-weft part of the bay, there was an appearance of procuring a fupply of water. To the eaft of the fouth point, there appeared another good bay ; and along the weftern fhore, fhallow broken water. But, on rounding that point, and hauling to the north along the weft fide, the broken water was found to extend not more than a quarter of a mile from the fhore. On this fide there is neither cove nor inlet, only a rocky fhore, with two fmall rocky iflets off its north weft point. This ifland is about fix leagues in circuit, and is in latitude 8° 50' fouth f : longi- the 29th and the 30th of March, fince it appears in the nar- I rative, that the Daedalus pafled only a few days at anchor in the Bay of La Madre de Dios, where, as has been feen, (he had anchored on the 22nd of March 1792. * Hergeji's Journal makes no mention of the variation of the I magnetic needle, but from the obfervations made on board the Solide, on the 21ft of June 1791, in fight of lie Marchand (Hergeji's Trevenen's Ifland) it was 40 32'eaft, See the Journal^ of the Route at the end of this Volume. f The fcale of the original chart which is to be found in Vancouver's Voyage, is marked, by miftake, 8o° and 900 inftead of 8° and 90, tude ftt 1 additions to the narrative. 287 tude 220° 51' eaft from Greenwich (1410 29' 15" weft from Paris). It is inhabited by a tribe of feemingly friendly Indians, fome of whom vifited the fhip in their canoes. In the vallies were a great number of cocoa-nut and plantain trees, and the whole ifland prefented an infinitely more verdant and fertile appearance than thofe they had juft quitted (the Marquesas de Mendoca). Cf From hence Mr. Hergest ftood over to the fouthernmoft ifland, which appears at a diftance like a remarkably high rock, with three peaked rocks clofe to it -, thefe are about the middle of the ifland. The night was fpent in keeping his ftation near it, and, in the morning, his courfe was directed towards its fouth-weft point. As the fhore was approached, the land was feen to be well cultivated and numeroufly inhabited. More than one hundred Indians were foon aflembled round the fhip in their canoes, difpofing of cocoa-nuts, 'plantains, &c. for beads and other trifles, and behaving in a very friendly mannen At the fouth- weft end of this ifland is a very good bay, with a fandy beach in its eaftern part*. Along the fouthern fide are other bays; one in particular appeared to retire deeply in towards the fouth-eaft end of the ifland, having a fmall iflet lying off it, not unlike in ihape to the fteeple of a cathe- * See what is faid of this bay in the Voyage of Marchand, who caufed it to be vifited. Vol. I. pages 222 and 225, dral, rmfi 238 additions to the narrative. dral*, and other rocks and iflets. From the weft point of this ifland, forming alfo the weft point of the fineft and deepeft bay it affords, its fhores trend round to the north-eaft 3 and, like the weft fide of the ifland he was at the preceding day (which received the name of Riou's Island) are rocky, and bear rather a fteril appearance. This ifland obtained the name of TREVENEN'sIsLANDf, it is fituated in latitude 90 14 fouth, longitude 220° 21' eaft from Greenwich (141° 59/ 15" weft from Paris.) tc In the forenoon of the ift of April J, the fouth fide of the- third ifland was pafled, which was named Sir Henry Martin's Island §; immediately to the weft of its fouth-eaft point, called Point Martin, is a deep, well-fheltered bay, bounded by fandy beaches: this obtained the name of Comptroller's Bayj it was not examined, but, on pafling, had the appearance of a fafe and commodious port. At its head was a break in the • fhores, fuppofed by fome to be the mouth of a rivulet, but as it appeared too large for fo fmall * This is the iflot named le Pic (the Peak) by Captain Mar. chand {See Vol. I. page 220.) f This is the He Marchand reconnoitred by the Solide. J This date is the fame in the original page 93 : which confirms what I have laid (pages 285 and 286, note j, of this volume) of the error of the two preceding dates, 29th and 30th October, inftead of the 20th and 30th of March. § This is the Ile Baux of Captain Marchand* ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. a$9 an ifland to afford; Mr: Hergest was rather in^ clined to believe it only a deep cove. fc The Daedalus was here vifited by many of the natives, paddling and failing in their canoes, who behaved in a very civil and friendly manner. About two leagues to the weftward of Point Mar^ tin is a very fine harbour extending deep into the ifland, and bounded by a moft delightful and fertile country. Mr. Hergest* accompanied by Mr. Gooch, went with the cutter to take a fketch and to examine the porr, which he called Port Anna Maria. It was found to be very eafy of aecefs and egrefs,' without any fhoals or rocks that are not fufficiently confpicuous to be avoided; the depth at its entrance twenty-four fathoms, gradually deereafing to feven fathoms* within a quarter of a mile of its fhores -, the bottom a fine fand, and the furrounding land affording moft perfe<5t fecurity againft the winds and fea in all directions. An excellent run of fine water flows into the harbour* which poflefles every advantage that could be defired. u The country feemed to be highly cultivated, and was fully inhabited by a civil and friendly race of people, readily inclined to fupply whatever re- frefhments their country afforded. The Daedalus's people were induced to entertain this opinion from the hofpitable reception they experienced on landing, from the chiefs and upwards of fifteen hundred of the natives who were aflembled on the vol. ii. v fhores 1 29° additions to the narrative. fhores of the harbour. On their return to the fhip they found the fame harmony fubfifting there with the Indians, who had carried off and fold a fupply of vegetables and fome pigs*. " Mr. Hergest renewed his route along the fouth fide of the ifland to its fouth-weft point, when he hauled his wind along the weftern fide. This is a rocky iron-bound fhore without cove or bay. It had a verdant appearance, but no great fign of fertility ; nor were any habitations or natives perceived. <c About fun-fet, he difcovered what appeared like a large rock to the north-weftward, about fix or feven leagues diftant; and, during the night, they remained near Sir Henry Martin's Ifland j but, in the morning, not being able to fetch its north-eaft point, he quitted it; its north-weft fide appeared to contain fome fmall bays; and towards its north-eaft extremity, the land turned, apparently, fliort round, forming a bay fomething fimi- lar to, but not fo deep as Comptroller's Bay. Another rock juft above water now fhewed its head to the eaftward, and to the northward of that before- mentioned. Thefe rocks f Mr. Her- * Captain Marchand had met with a reception no lefs friendly at the ifland bearing his name, Hergeji's Trevenen's Ifland (See Vol. I. pages 206, 231, and 232.) + On the chart thefe are called Hergeji's Rocks: they are the rocks named Les Deux Freres in the Journal and on the Chart of Captain Marchand. a*"liar' GEST AD*DlTlON9 TO THE NARRATIVE. 29I gest reprcfents to be dangerous; they lie about weft by north, about fix leagues from the weftern fide of Sir Henry Martin's Ifland*, which is about fixteen leagues in circuit. Its centre is fituated in fouth latitude 8° 51', longitude 2200 19 eaft from Greenwich ^142° 1' 15" weft from Paris.) s< After leaving this ifland, two others were difcovered to the northward of them. On the morning of the 3d of April f, Mr. Hergest bore up to the fouthward along the eaft fide of the fouth-wefternmoft. This is the largeft of the two, its fhores are rocky, without any coves or landing- places -, and, though its surface was green it produced no trees, yet a few ihrubs and bufhes were * Tkis fituation of the rocks, in regard to Sir Heniy Mar. tin's Ifland, fuch as the Journal indicates, is far from being conformable to that in which they are laid down on the chart that accompanies the extract from the Journal: on the chart the middle of the two Rocks is placed at the diftance of eleven leagues between weft by north anchweft-north-weft, with reipeft to the north-weft point of Sir Henry Martin's Ifland, the part of the Ifland the neareft to the Rocks; the diftance is ten leagues one-third, if meafured between this fame point and the weft coaft of the Eaft Rock, that is to fay, at the fhorteft diftance; and it is twelve leagues and a half, if meafured between the point of the ifland and the weft point of the Weft Rock. If the latitude and longitude of thefe rocks were infe/ted in the Journal, we ihould determine on the pofition which Lieutenant Hergeft meant to give them with regard to the ifland; but the want of agreement between the Journal and the Chart leaves a great uncertainty refpefting this pofition. + This date is the fame in the original. u 2 thinly thinly fcattered over the face of die rocks; nof did it feem to be otherwife inhabited than by the tropical oceanic birds. Thefe were in great numbers about it, and it feemed to be a place of their general refoit. The north-weft fide, however, had a more favourable alpecl, and, although its produced, as well on the fides of the hills, as in the vallies. This fide afforded fome coves where there is good landing, particularly in one near the middle: this, from the appearance of its nor- bay, which Mr. Heegest and Mr. Gooch examined. Good anchorage and regular foundings were found from eighteen to five. fathoms waterj the bottom a fine clear land. An excellent run of frefii water difeharged itfelf into the bay near a -grove of cocoa-nut trees; here they landed, and found a place of interment, and a hut near half a mile from it by the fide of a hill} but there were no people, nor the appearance of any having been recently there ; although it were manifeft that they did, on rome occafions refbft to the ifland. This induced Mr. Hergest to forbear cutting down any cf the cocoa-nut trees as he at firft: intended to do; and ne procured by other means as many of the fruit as ferved the whole crew, with five to each perfon. ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. s93 cc After afcertaining the laft-mentioned ifland to be eight miles long and tw6 miles broad, and to be fituated in fouth latitude *f 53% longitude 2190 47' eaft from Greenwich (i42933/15* weft from Paris) they took leave of thefe iflands the next morning j and to the north-eaft of the laft, at the diftance of about a league they difcovered another, nearly round and much fmaller*, with two iflets lying off its fouth-weft point j to this was given the name of Roberts's Ifland. ft Mr. Hergest ftates that, during the time he was among thefe iflands and at the Marquesas, they were fubject to frequent heavy fqualls and much rain. i He compares the inhabitants of this group to thofe of the Marquesas, in colour and fize; but in manners, behaviour, drefs, and ornaments, ex-* cepting that of their being lefs .punctured, they more refemble the people of Taheitee and the Society Iflands. i( On the firft information of the Djedalus having vifited thefe iflands, (fays Vancouver towards the end of the extract which I have juft given from Lieutenant Hergest's Journal) I concluded that they had not been feen before, and to commemorate the difcovery of a very worthy * Here it appears that there is a tranfpofition in point of time, for Hergeft muft have feen this latter ifland when he was ranging1 along the eaft cottft of the former, and not when he had placed it between him and the latter. u 3 though 294 AUDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. though unfortunate friend * and fellow-traveller in my more early periods of navigating thefe feas, 1 diftinguifhed the whole group by the name of Hergest's Islands. But I have fince been informed, that thefe iflands had been difcovered and landed upon by fome of the American traders, and that, in fine weather, the fouthernmoft is vifible from Hood's Ifland, the moft northern of the Marquesas. Hence they are confidered by fome as properly appertaining to that group, although neither the Spanifh navigator, Mendana, who difcovered the Marquesas, nor Captain Cook who vifited them after him, had any knowledge of fuch iflands exifting." The examination made by Lieutenant Hergest, of the group of iflands fituated to the north-weft of the Marquesas de Mendoca, will ferve me to rectify in fome points that which had been made in the month of June 1791, by Captain Marchand. ift. From the pofition which Arrowsmjth's Planifphere had given to Riou's Ifland in regard to Trevenen's Ifland f, I might have fuppofed that his Riou's Ifland was the Ile Plate of Captain Marchand -, but it is feen, by Hergest.'s Chart, that Riou's Ifland is fituated at the diftance ot * Mr. Hergeft and Mr. Gooch were afterwards maflacred by the natives of Woahoo, one of the Sandwich Iflands. + See pages 104 to 107 of this volume. about additions to the narrative. about feven leagues from coaft to coaft, and directly to the eaftward of the middle of the eaftern coaft of Sir Henry Martin's Ifland (which is Ile Baux in the Solide's Chart), and about ten leagues from centre to centre: Captain Marchand, from the courfe which he held, could not therefore perceive this Riou's Ifland, which appears lefs elevated than the others; he never was nearer to it than twelve leagues -, and it was concealed from him by his Ile Baux, when he paffed to the weftward of the latter. On the Solide's chart muft be added the Riou's Ifland of the Daedalus, the centre of which is to be placed ten leagues to the eaftward of the centre of Ile Baux, where it will be fituated in 8° 54' fouth latitude, and 1410 56 or 57' weft from Paris. 2nd. Lieutenant Hergest fixes the latitude of his Trevenen's Ifland, Ile Marchand of the Solide, in 90 14', and its longitude in 2200 21 eaft from Greenwich, or 1410 59' 15" weft from Paris; and this pofition anfwers on hi&ghart to the centre of the ifland; but according to the obfervations of Marchand and Chanal in the Solide, made at a very little diftance from the moft weftern point of the fame ifland, and reduced to its centre, its latitude is 90 21', and its longitude 1420 19' (See Vol. I. page 148): the latitudes differ then by feven minutes, and the longitudes by twenty. It is not mentioned in the Extract from u 4 Her- VKIU 296 ADDITION'S TO THE NARRATIVE, Hergest's Journal whether the latitude was by obfervation t,. nor by what means the longitude was determined. I obferve that the longitude fixed by Hergest makes the difference of meridian between the north-west Group and that of the Marquesas, fmaller by 20 minutes, or about 61 leagues than the difference which refults from the obfervations made on board the Solide : for I fuppofe that Hergest, as was done by Marchand and Chanal, admitted the longitude of the Bay of La Madre de Dios in the Marquesas, fuch as it was deduced fr©m the obfervations made in Captain Cook's fecond voyage -j;, and that it is to this longitude that he has reduced thofe of the Iflands of the north-west Group. Lieutenant Hergest places on his chart the eaftern coaft of his Trevenen's Ifland (Ile Marchand) in 139? 34' weft from Greenwich, or 1410 54' weft from Paris: hut the weft point of La Dominica or (o-Hiyahoa) of the Marquesas is fituated in * It is poflible^ that it was only by account; for it has been feen in. page 293, of this volume, that Hergeft complains of having met with M frequent heavy fqualls and much rain," during the time he was among thefe iflands. f See Note XXX. But independently of the difference of meridians eftimated from the dead reckoning, Marchand and Chanal determined by direct obfervations taken on the \ iimk and 24th of June, the longitude of I'Ile Marchand, and that of the Northern iflands (See the Journal of the Route) ; and the refult of the, dead reckoning differed not from- that of the obfer- ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 297 1410 31' 15", (according to Cook's obfervations ! which piace the middle of the ifland in 14.10 2i')i Trevenen's Ifland therefore could not be eleven leagues diftant, to the north-weft, from the weft point of La DoMiWitiA: and can it be fuppofed that Captain Cook who, by his route, ftood as far as this point of La Dominica, and even a little without the point, would not have perceived a lofty ifland whofe diftance had not been eleven leagues ? I am therefore of opinion that the longitude deduced from the obfervations and the dead reckoning of the Solide, which carries the northwest group 10 minutes more to the weftward than the longitude afligned to it by Hergest's I journal and chart, ought to be preferred to the latter which brings the two groups too near to each other. If this proof did not appear Efficient for caufing the longitude of Ile Marchand (Trevenen^s Ifland), as deduced from the obfervations made on board the Solide, to be adopted in preference to that given to this ifland by the chart conflicted on board the Daedalus, I fhould obferve that Captain Ma-Rchand perceived the ifland which bears his name from the anchorage of La Madre de Dios (Vol. I. pages 214 and 215) -, and that, (for two fucceflive days, in the cleareft weather, he \et this ifland (or rather its loftieft peak) bearing •between weft-nortl$W-eft and north-weft by weft, allowing for the variation. The latitude of the Bay additions to the narrative. Bay of La Madre de Dios, according to the obfervations made in Cook's Second Voyage, is 9° 55' 3°"i anc* that of Ile Marchand, in its middle, is, from the obfervations made on board the Solide, q° 21': the difference of latitude is therefore 34^ minutes, or 34^ miles. If, with this difference of latitude, and the angle of north-weft by weft (33° 45') the oblique triangle be folved, it will be found that the difference of meridian between the two points $#hofe latitudes we have, muft be 5if miles or 52' 15", (in the mean parallel of 90 22'): that which refults from the longitude of Marchand's Ifland, deduced from the obfervations made on bongd the Solide, and compared to the longitude of La Madre de Dios, is only 50' 5"; it is therefore fmaller by 2' 10" than that given by the calculation of the triangle: it is not then too great, although it exceeds, by 20 minutes, the difference of meridian which the chart of the DiEDALus has given between Trevenen's Ifland (IleMarchand) and the Bay of La Madre de Dios : and it may be feen that the difference of longitude between the two points would be much greater ftill, if, in preferving the angle of bearing 330 45'> obferved from La Madre de Dios, we admitted the latitude of o° 14' (in lieu of 90 21') which Lieutenant Hergest has given to Trevenen's Ifland (Ile Marchand) •, for thea the difference of latitude between that ifland and La Madre de Dios, would be 41' 30" (in lieu of m additions to the narrative. 293 34' 30") -, and the difference of meridian would I be i° 3' (in lieu of 52' 15"); whereas the chart of the Daedalus (ftill taking for the longitude of La Madre de Dios, that of Cook's fecond voyage) makes the difference of meridian only about half a degree. I am therefore of opinion that we cannot hefi- tate to prefer, for Ile Marchand (Trevenen's Ifland), the longitude determined by the obferva- I tions of the Solide, to that afligned to it by the chart of the Daedalus, which is fmaller than the former by 20 minutes: I fhould not even be aflonifhed that, in the fequel, frefh obfervations fhould prove that we muft rather increafe the difference of meridian, in regard to La Madre de Dios, which was deduced from the obfervations taken on board the Solide in fight of her Ile Marchand. 3. The Journal of the D^dalus gives for the fituation of the centre of Sir Henry Martin's Ifland (the Solide's Ile Baux) latitude 8° 5i', and longitude 220° 19'eaft from Greenwich, or 1410 1' 15" weft from Paris. According to the obfervations and bearings taken by Captains Marchand and Chanal (Vol. I. page 249) the latitude of the middle of the ifland is 8° 54', and the longitude 1420 25': the difference between the determination of the D^dalus, and that of the Solide, is therefore 3 minutes in the latitude, and 24 minutes in the longitude. The difference of meridian between m \m i j lift 300 ADDITIONS. TO THE'NARRATIVE. tween this ifland and the preceding would be only 2 minutes according to Hargest, and it is 6 minutes according to Marchand and Chanal ; the latter deduced the difference of meridian of the two iflands from bearings taken of both at the , fame time, and crofs bearings; but I.am ignorant by what means the former determined this difference, fuch as it is deduced from the relative fituation given to the two iflands in his Journal and on his Chart. 4. The weft coaft of the moft weftern of Hergest's Rocks (Les Deux Freres of the Solide) is fituated on the Chart of the Djedalus, in. latitude 8° 37' 30", and 140° 20' weft from Greenwich, or 1420 40' if' weft from Paris *, and on the Solide's chart, in latitude 8° 42', and longitude I42°55/: the difference of the latitudes is 4 minutes and a half, and that of the longitudes 15 minutes. From within fight of Ile Baux (Sir Henry Martin's Ifland of the Englifh), the Solide ftood directly for the Rocks named by the French Les Deux Freres j fhe paffed, within a quarter of a mile, to the weftward of the moft weftern -, and, from this pofition, Captain Mar- O/Hand took the bearing of the rock in regard to the north-weft point of the ifland: Les Deux % For the coxnparifon I employ the pofition which the Chart affigns to thefe Rocks; for it has been feen before, (page 29\ note * ) that the pofition given to them by the Journal is very "different from that in which they are laid down on the chart. Freres additions to the narrative. 301 Freres lie, with refpect, to each other, eaft and weft. As no mention is made in the Journal of the D^dalus of the method employed for fixing the pofition of the rocks in regard to Sir Henry Martin's Ifland j arid as their diftance from that ifland fuch as it is given by the Journal is very different from that afligned to them on the Chart which accompanies it, I. think that we ought to adhere to the pofition refulting from the route and the bearings of the Solide. 5. The refult of the obfervations for the latitude and longitude made by Captains Marchand and Chanal on the 24th of June (Vol. I. page 249) combined with bearings taken of the land, places the middle of Ile Masse, that is, the moft fouthern elevated part of the little group of Roberts's Iflands in the Englifh Chart, in latitude 8° or 8° \, and longitude 1420 52': this fame point is fituated, on the Englifh Chart, in latitude 70 57', and longitude 1400 13' 30" weft from Greenwich, or 14.20 33 45" weft from Paris : the difference between the two pofitions is therefore from 3 to 4 minutes in the latitudes, and 18^.- minutes in the longitudes. It is feen that, on the French chart, the Iles Masse and Chanal occupy together 16 minutes in latitude ; while the group of Roberts's Iflands, which reprefent the former on the Englifh chart, there occupy only 10 minutes. They are placed on the Solide's chart according to a bearding (in which allowance is made for the variation of I mi 1 I im 308 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. of the compafs) taken on the 24th of June at noon, at the moment of the obfervation for the latitude, and inferted in the manufcript journal of Captain Chanal as follows: Ile Masse, from eaft 300 fouth to eaft 8 or io° fouth, diftant fix leagues: Ile Chanal, from eaft to eaft io° north, twelve leagues. If it were wifhed to attribute to an error in the Solide's bearings, the difference of 6 minutes that is to be found between the fpace which the group of thefe iflands occupies in latitude on the one chart, and that which it occupies on the other, we muft fuppofe that a much greater error has been committed with refpect to the diftance of fix leagues at which the Solide was eftimated from Ile Masse, which was the neareft to her. I there-^ fore prefumethat the difference of the parallels between which the group is comprehended, muft be larger than it is on the chart of the Daedalus. But I am, at the fame time, of opinion, that the configuration and the difpofition of thefe iflands, fuch as they are feen on the Englifh chart, is fa£| preferable to thofe which are delineated on the French chart. Lieutenant Hergest vifited them and examined them minutely j whereas Captain Marchand faw them only in pafling, and at a fufficient diftance to leave a great uncertainty respecting any other determination than of the difference of latitude of the two extreme north and fouth points, and their relative pofition in regard to ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. , 8°& to the Ile Baux of the Solide, the Sir Henry Martin's Ifland of the Daedalus. In recapitulating the differences which we have difcovered between the two charts, it is feen that all the latitudes and longitudes of the Englifh chart are fmaller than thofe of the French charts namely: in Lat. in Long* For Isle Marchand, or Trevenen's Ifland 7' 20' For Ile Baux, or Sir Henry Martin's Ifland 3 24 For Les Deux Freres, or Hergest's Rocks 4J 15 For Isle Masse, the fouth part of Roberts's Iflands 3 18 From the reafbns which I have ftated, I am of opinion that the Englifh chart, by giving to the north-west Group a longitude lefs wefterly than that which refults from the obfervations made on board the Solide, brings this group too near to that of the Marquesas de Mendoca. As for the latitudes, fuppofing that all thofe inferted in Hergest's Journal were by obfervation, of which we are ignorant; the differences between thofe obferved on board the Solide, with the exception of the firft which is 7 minutes, are fo fmall that we may imagine they are owing to the difference of the inftruments, to the manner of obferving, &c. And ,we might take for the true latitudes, the mean between 8^4 additions to the narrative; I 111 V*1 between the refults given by the two navigators* the more efpeciaily as they are not reduced to a determined point, fuch as a cape, a harbour, &c. but to the centre of each ifland/ If I wifhed to conftruct a chart of the group fituated to the north-weft of the Ma rogues a-s ds Mendoca, I would make ufe of the pofitions with which we are furnifhed by the Solide's journal $ but I would employ for the extent arid the configuration of the iflands, to which I would add Riou's Ifland, thofe given them by the chart con- ftruded in the voyage of the Daedalus -, for, with the exception of Ile Marchand (the Trevenen's Ifland of Hergest), the others were not feen from the Solide but at a diftance which admits of pre- fentihg maftes only; whereas they were moftly vifited, and furveyed more minutely by theD^DA- LuSi We are indebted to Lieutenant Hergest for a knowledge of the excellent harbour, called by him Port Anna Maria, on the fouth coaft of Ile Baux, or Sir Henry Martin's Ifland, and of a bay fituated on the fame coaft near its fouth-eaft point, which had the appearance of a fafe and commodious port: it cannot but be confidered as a fortunate circumftance to have difcovered two good harbours in a populous and ferrile ifland, in the midft of other iflands which are equally fo, and in a latitude where it was of importance to be acquainted with places of ftielter which can furniin 4 additions to the narrative. 3°5 furniih water and refrefhments to fhips crofting the Great Ocean. What we read, in the extract from the journal loftheD^DALus, refpecting the peaceable, friendly, and hofpitable difpofition of the natives of thefe iflands, agrees perfectly with what has been related of them in the Narrrative of Marchand's Voyage (Vol. I. pages 225, 226, 231, and 232,) It has been feen (pages 280, and 281 of this Vol.) by the extract from the voyage of the American Captain, Roberts, that the natives of the north-west Group fometimes have a communication with thofe of the south-east Group, fince that Captain met at La Madre de Dios in Wahitaho, one of the Marquesas, an old man I of feventy-five years of age, born atONHAWA, one of the iflands of the north-west Group, to whom he gave a paffage in his fhip, and whom he landed at Newheve *, another ifland of the fame group. It will not be fuppofed that an old man had embarked in a fhip, with ftrangers, folely for the pleafure of ramblirig over the world, of which he could have no idea; it is probable that he intimated in fome way to Captain Roberts, that he was born in a diftant land whofe fituation in regard to Wahitaho he pointed out; and that, on this * To judge from the latitude of 8° eS', which Captain Roberts affigns to the Ifland of Newheve, (page 281, of this Vol.) this muft be the He Baux of the Solide, the Sir Henry Martin's Ifland of the D&dalus. vol. ii, x indi- ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE* indication, the American Captain propofed to him to take him on board his fhip, giving- him the hope that he would foon reftore him to his native country. But Captain Roberts having met a native of the iflands of the north-west Group on an ifland of the south-east Group, does not prove that the communication from the one group to the other is habitual; the age even of this inhabitant of the north-west Group, and the determination which he ventured to take of abandoning himfelf to Arrange men, who muft have appeared formidable to him, but who promifed to carry him back to his own country, feem to indicate that the means of communication from the one group to the other are as difficult to thefe iflanders, as the opportunities of them muft be rare : Captain Cook and Captain Marchand nevet faw at La Madre de Dios any other canoes than thofe which had come thither from O-Hivahoa, Mendana's La Dominica. FOJURtH additions to the narrative. 3°7 FOURTH ADDITION, For the Ifland of Tinian. IN the Narrative of Marchand's Voyage (pages 51 to 80 of this Vol.), I have prefented two very different pictures of the Ifland ofTiNiAN: that which Richard Walter, Chaplain to Commodore Anson, has drawn us of the ftate of the ifland in 1742 ; and that of the ftate in which it has appeared in later times : in 1765, to Commodore Byron; in 1767, to Captain Wallis; in 1787, to Captain Portlock; in 1788, to Captain Gilbert and to Captain Sever, fepa- rately. I ought likewife to have mentioned the defcription given of it by Lieutenant George Mortimer, of the Marines, a paffenger on board the brig Mercury, commanded by Captain Henry Cox, who touched at Tinian on the 12th of December 1789, and came to an anchor in that very road, off the fouth-weft point of the ifland, where all the navigators of his nation who preceded him, had alfo anchored. -1 fhall repair this omiflion, and make Lieutenant Mortimer fpeak for himfelf*. i Obfervations and Remarks made during a voyage to the Iflands of 'teneriffe, &c.—North-weft coaft of America, &C.— Ot'abelte, &c.—Tinian, and thence to Canton.—In the Brig Mercury, commanded by I. H. Cox, Efq. By Lieut. George Mortimer of the Marines. London* 1791. 4to. pages 64 an4 following. X 2 "On off the' delight, with the | ling ande eturned on board • : boat with woody imes. norning we went on ihore again./ er to the northward than we had eding day. Here we found feveraf &m to procure The Spaniards, I [uitted Tiniaha val, as they had died but iatelv, and carried on d by a beaten from the huts, son and Compter it contains EDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 3°9 deferves the reproaches beftowed upon it by the •'ore, fince we neither found it brackifh nor | worms, as he afferts it to have been*. And annot help obferving, that .this gen tleman ' v.s to have taken as much pains to depreciate this ifland, as Lord Anson had been too lavifh in his encomiums on iff $ for, whatever may have been the ftate of Tinian when his Lordfhip was there, future vifiters may look about in vain for thofe delightful lawns, painted in fuch glowing colours by the author of his voyage.. " Qur people being fet to work to cut wood for fuel, and other purpofes, I fet out from the huts where they were ftationed, in company with our third mate and one of the feamen, in purfuit of game. We at firft followed the traces of a path; but it foon failing us, we were obliged to force m * Commodore Byron was at Tinian in the month of Auguft, and Captain Cox, in the month of December, the difference of the feafons might probably occafion a difference in the ftate of a well: Captain Gilbert, in the month of Auguft 1788, found it dry. + It is difficult to pronounce between two voyagers, who both declare, / faw It; we muft, however, remark, that all the navigators who have touched at Tinian fince Byron defcribed to us its prefent ftate, have confirmed what he has faid of it. The manner in which feamen view objects depends a little on the fituation in which they find themfelves when they land in a country : we are lefs difficult in proportion as we have more wants; the land has fo many charms, when, for a length of fime, we have been condemned to fee nothing but fky and water ! x3 3*° ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. our way through the thickets, in hopes, as we got into the interior part of the country, we fhould get clear of the trees and underwood: which we did, after having proceeded a confiderable diftance with great labour and fatigue; but we were ftill fo much incommoded by a kind of wood that grew as high as our breafts, by the heat, and by an intolerable number of flies, that I quitted my companions, who wifhed to penetrate a little farther into the country, and made the beft of my way back .to the wooding party at the huts, where I did not arrive till late in the afternoon, being nearly exhaufted with the fatigue of pufhing through the bufhes, and climbing trees, to fee that I was going in a proper direction, which was a very necefifary precaution, as I was at one time loft for upwards of two hours. I met with a great many wild hogs;" and I had nearly ftumbled upon an animal which, on being roufed, dartecl through the thicket with fuch velocity, that I could not diftiriguifh what it was; but fuppofe it to have been one of the gua- nacoes defcribed by Lord Anson, and which are faid to abound in the neighbouring Iflands of Saypan and Acuigan. I faw alfo fome fowls in my ramble, and fhot a pig. Our third mate, who returned about half an hour after me, reported, that foon after I had feparated from him, he fell in with a herd of cattle, and fhot one of them, a fine young bull; but, -having only one man with him, and it being a confiderable diftance from the beach, ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. beach, he was obliged to leave the carcafs in the charge of his companion, who confented to remain with it all night; being apprehenfive they might not have found the place again, had they both returned together. " Next morning, a party was fent to procure fome of the animal; but, upon their arrival, the greater part of it was found to be tainted and entirely fpoiled; however, fome pieces were cut from the parts that were the leaft affected and brought on board, which furnifhed us with an excellent dilh of foup, and fome fteaks, the meat being very tender and fine grained (we have no difficulty in believing it, quid non fames /) Wild hogs and poultry are in great abundance at Tinian ; and though the latter are fhy and difficult to come at, on -account of the underwood, it is pleafing to hear them crowing and cackling in every direction j fo that it is difficult to diveft one's felf of the idea of being in the vicinity of fome country vil- j lage, or large farm-yard. Tinian produces plenty of limes, lemons," guavas, fome cocoa-nuts, cuftard- | apples, and indifferent oranges, with a variety of beautiful trees, among which was the bramin and bread-fruit trees, but the latter had no fruit upon them; and the cotton fhrub. In our different excurfions on fhore, we met with the remains of feveral of thofe curious edifices defcribed by Lord Anson, and fuppofed to have been erected by the original inhabitants of the ifland. Thefe build- x 4 ings r^ f. Vli III 312 ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. ings are of a moft fingular ftructure, and confift^ in their prefent ftate, of two ranges of columns, either of ftone or compofition, and of a pyrami- dical form, having large femi-globes placed on their tops, with their furfaces upwards. <c If thefe ftructures are really of ftone, which I imagine them to be, it is aftonifhing how a rude and uncivilized people, unacquainted with any of the arts neceffary for the purpofe, and without proper tools, could have formed and erected them*. We meafured one of the pillars, and its femi-globe or capital, the dimenfions of which were as follow : Feet Inches, | Perpendicular height of the pyramid .. 14 oJ§ Breadth at the bafe 5 4 Diameter of the femi-globe 5 10 <f Having got on board a fufficient flock of wood, and filled our empty water-cafks, we got under way in the evening, and ftood to the weftward. The thermometer, while we lay in the road of Tinian, kept, with little variation, at 83'; but the heat was confiderably more intenfe on ^lore.'* * We are lefs aftonifhed at the circumftances, when we are acquainted with the coloffalftatues which the inhabitants of Eafter Ifle, full as deftitute of implements and tools as thofe of Tinian could be, have erected, in ancient times, on the circumference of their ifland. [See the Voyage of the Dutch Admiral Rog. geween.—See alfo Cosk's Second Voyage.—La Pe'reu/e's Voy- *ge, &c.} It ADDITIONS TO THE NARRATIVE. 3*3 It has been feen (page 64, note * of this Vol,) that Anson's hiftorian was of opinion that the pillars and maflive femi-globes by which they are fur- mounted, were formed of fand and ftone cemented together, and covered with plafter: Mortimer thought them of ftone or compOfition. Byron who caufed the Ifland of Saypan to be vifited, in 1765, tells us, that there were feen on it <c many " of thofe fquare pyramidal pillars which are to *' be found at Tinian, and which are particularly " defcribed in the account of Lord Anson's voy- <( age;" but he does not fay whether he himfelf faw any of them at Tinian: in voyages more recent than that of Byron, no mention is made of the monuments of the latter ifland; and this filence had led me to conclude that time had deftroyed them. But it is feen, by the detail into which Mortimer has entered, that they were ftill Handing at the end of December 1789; and forty-feven years which had elapfed between Anson's voyage and that of Cox, appeared not to have affected them, which may be confidered as furprifing in works expofed to the injuries of the air, to heavy rains, and to exceffive heats : it muft be imagined that their conftruclion was folid, and that excellent materials were employed in it; for it is well known that, When Anson faw them for the firft time, the Spaniards already regarded them as monuments of great antiquity. Paris, 25 Floreal, year VII of the French Era. (14th May 1799.) RESULTS 9H MARCHAND S VOYAGE. RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE, Made on hoard the fhip Solide, in the courfe of her Voyage round the World, ferving te determine the changes occafioned by.the Currents in the apparent courfe and rate of failing of the fhip, in the different tracls of fea which fhe croffed, as well as the error in the calculation of the dead reckoning in the interval of the obfervations, and at the period of each land-fall. rpHE numerous obfervations for the latitude and longitude made on board the Solide, in her Voyage round the World, have furnifhed me with the data neceflary for eftimating, with a correct- nefs fufficient for the information of navigators, the effect which the fhip experienced from the currents in the different tracts of fea that fhe croffed. I have thought that this effect might be known, at leaft by approximation, if the progrefs in latitude and longitude, fuch as it was announced by"- the refults of the aftronomical obfervations, was compared with the progrefs for the fame intervals, fuch as it was deduced from the ordinary calculation MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 3*5 calculation of the fhip's run ; and I have fuppofed that all the errors of the dead reckoning, indicated by the refults of thefe comparifons, ought to be attributed to the unperceived action of the currents which had driven the fhip out of her apparent courfe, and occafioned her to make, in a direction different from that fhe had appeared to follow, a progrefs, which, by the ufual methods of keeping a reckoning, could not be eftimated, either as to its length, or as to the degree of velocity with which it had been effected. But, in order to admit that this fuppofition has conducted me to true refults, two others muft likewife be admitted: the former, that the errors of the dead reckoning depended folely on the effect of the currents; the latter, that the obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun or ftars^ gave refults fufficiently certain for us to be able to deduce from them, as from fixed points, the refults of the calculations of the dead reckoning. I do not therefore prefent, as ftrictly correct determinations, thofe which are founded on thefe fuppo- fitions; and it muft not thence be concluded that the direction and degree of velocity impreffed on the fhip, in each tract of fea, by the action of the currents, were friclly thofe given me by the refults of my calculations: ftill lefs muft it be expected that, at all times, in the fame tract of fea they will again be found the fame. But my labour will indicate to navigators what ufeful employment they 3* MARCHAND S VOYAGE. they can make of lunar obfervations, for the purpofe of improving this branch of hydrography, which, hitherto, has been too much neglected : for, if on the one hand, from the want of precifion in the obfervations, and on the other, from the uncertainty of the dead reckoning, the errors of which may not always arife from the fole action of the currents, the determinations of the effect, of the movement of the waters on the fhip's courfe, fu.ch as I have deduced them, do not^prefent themfelves with the confidence of geometrical exact- nefs, they may at leaft be confidered as approximations, which cannot be very wide of the truth; and in their ftate of imperfection, they will ftill be of great utility to fhips that fhall traverfe the tracts of fea' which the Solide croffed in her circumnavigation of the globe *, It P The lunar method not being able to give the longitude at fea without an uncertainty of about half a degree, a precifiog fufficient when the queftion is to make the land after a long voyage, it cannot indicate with a precifion of which we are ■ cer- | tain, little differences of meridian; becaufe the error of one of the two obfervations, the compared refults of which indicate the progrefs in longitude, may fometimes exceed thefe little differences, and even indicate them in a direction contrary to the true one, This is not the cafe with the determinations which are obtained from aftronomical watches and clocks, from time- keepers or chronometers:. the fmaller are the intervals of time, the Greater is the precifion of the refult; becaufe, in a fmall interval, ihe time-keeper has more certainly preferved the regularity of )ts rate of going. We RCHAND S VOYAGE 3»? ft will be remarked that, in general, in the parts of the Atlantic Ocean and of the Great Ocean that the fhip croffed, the currents which fet to the Northward, alfo fet to the Eaftward-, while thofe which fet to theSouthward, fet at the fame time to the Weftward: but the quantities with which they act in the direction of the latitude and in that of the longitude, are neither equal in themfelves, nor conftant; whence refult degrees of velocity which differ more or lefs, and directions, which make angles more or lefs open with the Meridians or with the Parallels* When the directions, which at the fame time partake of Northing and Rafting, or of Southing and Wefting, ceaie to have place, this change appears to be owing to We cannot too ftrongly recommend to navigators to blend the two methods; they will lend to each other mutual aid; the time-keepers will correct the refults of the lunar obfervations, when it is required, in the courfe of a fhip's run, to determine the little progreffes in longitude, and to afcertain what has been the daily influence of the currents on the veffel's courfe; but, when drawing near the end of a long paffage, it is of importance to know with certainty the true pofition of the fhip with refpecl to the place where it is wifhed to make the land, the refults of repeated lunar obfervations, compared with thofe given by the chronometer at the fame periods, will fhew whether the latter have not experienced fome confiderable derangement in its rate; and fhould there be found, between the two refults, a difference which might exceed a degree, as it would not entirely belong to the error of the lunar obfervations, a mean fhould be adopted between the two refults, in order to have a determination according to which the navigator might direct his courfe with fafety. the 310 MARCHAND S VOYAGEr the particular difpolition and configuration of lands not far diftant from the fhip's track, to gulfs, to channels or mouths of great rivers, which occafion accidental and extraordinary currents, the effect of which the navigator ceafes to feel as foon as he has paffed the fpace of fea to which their action is limited; and he foon finds again the general current, that which-reigns in the offing, whofe effect it is, no doubt, lefs difficult to determine on a fhip which it mafters, than to afiign its caufe. f If, at a future period, after the obfervations which navigators will find means to mukiply for the advancement of fcience and for their own intereft, we fhould happen to be convinced, that, in the parts of the two Oceans, croffed by the So-* lide's track, the currents which carry a fhip to the Northward carry her conftantly to the Eaftward, and that thofe which carry her to the Southward, carry her at the fame time to the Weftward, this certainty would afford a mean of guarding, in part, againft the errors in the dead reckoning towards the Eaft or the Weft, on fuch days as the ftate of the weather fhould not allow of making obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun or ftars, or of having recourle to a time-keeper for determining the longitude: for if, by fome one of thofe methods of which feamen are at this day in pofleffion, the true latitude of the fhip can be known, the difference between her real progrefs in the interval from one day of obfervation to the 6 other, MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 3*9 otfoer, and the progrefs indicated by the dead reckoning for the fame interval, will fhew how much, and on what fide, in the direction of the latitude, the fhip has -been driven out of her apparent courfe; and thence will be deduced, if not how much, at leaft on what fide, fhe muft have been deranged in the direction of the longitude: as to the quantity of this derangement, it may be prefumed from the refults of the obfervations that have been made on the preceding days in the tract of fea the neareft to that in which the fhip is failing. But this apparent uniformity in the currents, this movement, which, in the Solide's voyage, prefents. to us fo few variations, muft not, howr ever, be confidered as invariable: a long feries of obfervations can alone inform us how far, in what tracts of fea> and in what feafon, we may be permitted to confider it as nearly conftant. I have comprifed in one Table, which terminates thefe Notes, the refults of all the calculations relative to the action of the currents, whofe effect the Solide experienced in the courfe of her Voyage round the World; and I am perfuaded that thofe feamen who fhall fix their attention on this Table, will wifh that every navigator may afiidu- oufly employ himfelf in fuch obfervations as may, on his return from his voyage, furniih us with one fimilar: hydrographers who had before them this feries of Tables* would there find the data neceifary 32o MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. ceffary for conftructing charts, in which might be fpecified in every tract of fea, the ordinary direct tion and ftrength of the currents j I fay ordinary j for they may experience derangements in their direction and velocity, from the effect of accidental and unknown cau'fes: and, perhaps, they even experience periodical changes : but if the changes be regular, it will be fufficient, in order to fuc- ceed one of thefe days in afcertaining the law by which they are governed, to have a feries of obfervations made in the fame tracts of fea in different feafons. Let navigators but multiply their obfervations, time and men of fcience will do the reft. The precifion with which the Solide made all her' land-falls, by regulating her courfe according to the refult of the obfervations for the longitude; fhews the degree of confidence that we may grant, to the determinations of the effefts of the currents, which has been deduced from thefe very obfervations in the courfe of the different runs. The prCW fion of the land-falls proves, at the fame time, what fafety the methods which may be employed for determining the longitude afford to navigators. Their advantage cannot fail to be appreciated, if, at every period in which the fhip touches at places whofe o-eographical fituation is determined, we compare the refult of the obfervations with that which would have been given by the ordinary calculation of the dead reckoning; and I fhall take care Dec. 1790.] Marchand s voyage. care to place this comparifon before the eyes of the reader at the end of each run: may it make our navigators fenfible that the dead reckoning is no more than a fubfidiary method, of which it is no longer allowable to make ufe but as a provifionai fupplement, and merely when it is not poffible to find in the heavens, by the obfervation of the fun, moon, and ftars, the pofition in which the Ihip muft be on the globe ! il ft N. From the Strait of GIBRALTAR to the CAPE DE VERD Iflands. NOTE I*. Ont the 2.9th of December 1790, at eight o'clock in the evening, Cape Spartel (on the Coaft of Africa) when the fhip had cleared the Strait of Gibraltar, bore directly fouth|, diftant 1} leagues. * In the Journal of the Route, On the days fpecified, will be found the elements of the calculations and refults which thefe No:ik prefent. + In all the points of the compafs mentioned in thefe Note*} allowance is made for the variation of the magnetic needle, and they are reduced to the true north, unlefs it be exprefsly men* tioned to the contrary, vol. 11. y The ■marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1790. The obfervations of Borda, in 1776, have fixed the latitude of this cape at 35° 47' 20" notch, and its longitude at 8° 14' weft from Paris*. Thus, the Solide, in taking her departure from the bearing taken at eight o'clock, failed from the latitude of 350 52' 20", and longitude of ■S6 14'.' NOTE II. On the 5th of January 1791, at three quarters paft one o'clock in the afternoon, Captain Marchand got fight of the Peak of Teneriffe; and it bore fouth 6° 30' eaft, at the diftance of thirty- five leagues eftimated by the eye. From noon to three quarters paft one, the fhip had run 8 miles weft fouth-weft 6° 3c/ fouth. Confequently, her latitude had diminished fince noon, nearly 4 minutesfeand her longitude had in* creafed about 8 minutes. The latitude obferved at noon was 30° 8': that of the Peak is 28° 17': thus at this period, the fhip was more to the northward than the Peak HP At three quarters paft one, this difference had idftninifhed 4 minutes; confequently, the fhip Was then only i° 47' to the northward of the Peak, * Thefe determinations are taken from a Mafrafcnpt commu- nicated by Borda* In 1791-'] marchand s voyage. 3*3 In this fituation, the Peak bore fouth 6° 30' eaft: the fhip. was therefore 12 miles, or about 14 minutes, more to the weftward than the Peak. The longitude of the Peak, reduced by the operations of Borda*, to that of the town of Santa.Cruz, is 190: thus that of the fhip was 190 14'. And if it be wifhed to reduce it to noon, the 8 minutes progrefs to the weftward, from that time to three quarters paft one muft be deducted, and it will then be no more than 19° 6'. Let us at prefent compare this laft-mentioned longitude with that of the point of departure, on the 29th'of December, to the northward of Cape * The longitude of the town of Santa Cruz (at the Mole), reduced to that of the obfervatory at Cadiz, is fixed at i8° 36' weft from Paris, by a mean between the determinations given by the time-keepers of Ferdinand Berthoud, on board the Ifis, in 1769 (Pingreand Fleurleu) on board the Flora, in 1771, ( Verdun, Borda and Pingre'J on board the Boujfole, in 1776 (Borda): and feveral obfervations of the eclipfes of Jupiter's Satellites, made, in 1774, by Father Feulllee (Mem. de I'Acad, des Jciences, 1776, .page 135 to 146) and in thefe latter times by Varela (Borda's MSS.J and the correfpondent ones of which have been had in the obfervatories of Europe, confirm this determination. Its latitude has been fixed by a great number of obfervations at 2S0 28' 30" north. The latitude and longitude of the Peak of Teneriffe were reduced to that of Santa Cruz by the operations of. Borda, whofe name is a fufficient voucher for the exa&nefs of the operations and refults: he has determined its latitude at 28° 17' north, and its longitude:at 19° weft from Paris. (MSS. communicated by BordaJ. 11 %H marchand's voyage. [Jan. 1791. Spartel, 8° 14'j we fhall fee that the real progrefs towards the weft, from the 29th of December to the 5th of January (in feven days wanting 8 hours) was io° 52 ; but, according to the dead reckoning, her apparent progrefs is n°32/j thus, from the effect of fome current, the fhip was carried two-thirds of a degree towards the eaft, or (reducing the parts of the equator into marine miles, on a mean parallel between the two extreme parallels) 38 miles lefs towards the welt than the reckoning indicated -, which gives for the mean effect of the current towards the eaft, 5J miles in twenty-four hours. In comparing daily the latitudes obferved with thofe which were deduced from the dead reckoning, it will be found that the fhip was drifted by the currents, fometimes towards the fouth, fome- times towards the north, and, allowing for the quantities in contrary directions which do away each other, fhe was carried 9 minutes, or 9 miles, towards the fouth: in combining them with the 38 miles eafting, we have for the imperceptible movement of the fhip, 30. miles to the eaft 13* 30' fouth, and for the mean drift per day in that direction 5.8 miles: but it may be prefumed that her progrefs towards the eaft was conftant, as it fhould be, according to the remark of all the navigators who have experienced that the waters of the Ocean let with a rather confiderable velocity towards the Strait of Gibraltar, through which they Jan. 1791 marchand s voyage. 32£ they fun into the Mediterranean, whofe receipt from the rivers which difcharge themfelves into it, does not compenfate for the expenditure that is made by evaporation *. I fhall here make a remark acceffory to the object of this Note. * In a run which I made in 1769, from Cadiz to the Ifland of Teneriffe, by a direct courfe and with a fteady breeze from north-eaft to eaft^north-eaft, I had an opportunity of afcertaining the conftant effect of the current which fets to the eaftward as long as a fhip fails in the tract of fea fituated to the weftward of the Strait of Gibraltar, and at a little'dittance from it. Clear weather permitted me, during the four days.employed in this run, to take daily obfervations for determining the longitude of the fhip by the help of the time-keepers of Ferdinand Berthoud, of which I had been ordered to make a trial, and whofe daily rate had been afcertained at Cadiz; and in comparing, every day, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft deduced from the obfervations, with that indicated by the dead reckoning, I had the following refults. On the ift day, the current had fet to the eaftward, ill'} on the 2nd, I2|'j on the 3rd, g\'; on the 4th, 1'. It is feen that, during the firft three days, the movement im- preffed on the fhip to the eaftward, carried her towards that fide, 33 f'or 27! miles, and by a mean, about 8 miles in twenty- four hours. But the aftion cf the current ceafed to be felt on the 4th day when the fhip had reached the parallel of 510: (See the Voyage de I'His, en 1768 et 1769, a differentes parties du Monde pour e'prowver les Horloges marines, cjfr. Paris Imprlm. Rle- Vol. I. page 279.) The quantities, which the fhip had been carried, in the fame interval, towards the fouth or towards the north, had nearly counterbalanced each other: 8J-' to the fouthward, 6g' to the northward. (See Ibid. Vol. II. page 290.) *3 The ■-Ill, if if IS I m 111 'nil; 326 marchand's voyage. [Jan. 1791. The latitude' obferved, at noon, was 300 8;: from noon to three quarters paft one, the period at which a bearing was taken of the Peak, the fhip's progrefs had been 4 minutes towards the , fouth i thus, at three quarters paft one, the latitude was no more than 309 4': and it was more northerly than the Peak, by i° 47' or 351 leagues. Captain Marchand had eftimated by the eye that I the diftance might be 35 leagues: and the obfervation of latitude proves that the real diftance-^^H fered very little from this eftimation: it prowM too, and this is what I wifh to conclude from it, that in coming from the northward, as from every other part of the horizon, the Peak of Teneriffe may be diftinguifhed at the diftance of JH or 36 leagues, even when the weather is not perfectly clear: for we fee, in the Journal of ffqB Route, that, from noon of the 5th to noon on the 6th, the wind was to the northward, variajaM and faint \ and the weather hazy. Thus, when the bearing of the Peak was taken at three quart|p§ paft one en this latter day, the weather could not be perfectly clear j but it had been fufficiently fo for taking the meridian altitude of the fun, arid'lr' was fufficiently fo for the Peak to be perceived at the diftance of thirty-five leagues, becaufe its" fummit was not enveloped in clouds, but towered above them. In calculating from its elevation above the level of the fea, which the operations of Borda, made in 1776, in his e?curfion to the loftieft Jan. 1791.] MAHCHAND s VOYAGE*- 3*?* loftieft point of the mountain, have fixed at 1905 toifes *, we find, that the diftance at which the Peak is feen geometrically in a line with the horizon, regard being had to terreftrial refraction, is t-2&£ minutes of a degree, or about 43 marine leagues: and if we fuppofe the eye raifed from 20 to 25 feet above the level of the fea, this diftance may be increafed 2 or 3 leagues. But the upper part of the mountain, or the Piton, forms a truncated cone on an elevation of 500 feet; and the eliptical mouth of the crater which terminates it, and into which Borda defcended, is not more. than from 3$ to 40 toifes in length in its great diameter, which inclines towards the fouth-fouth- eaft, and from 25 to 30 only in its fmall diameter; it may therefore be j>refumed that the mountain of the Peak is not eafily diftinguifhed in the horizon, except when the bafe of the Pitqn begins to make- its appearance there; therefore it may be admitted * Two barometers were placed on the higheft ^edge of the crater; the one rofe to 18 inches, the other to i8f4& lines, {Reaumur'sThermometer to 8| 4^|Fees above the freezing point. lOn comparing thefe quantities to thofe which the barometers of companion had rifen, at the fame hour, at the fea-fide, and on applying, for the corre&ions to be made, the rule of M. de Luc, [we find the height of the peak above the level of the ocean, to. be 1929 toifes. The trigonometrical meafure, takep with all [the precautions that could infure its exactnefs, gave 1905 toifes; [and it is feen that the height indicated by the barometer differs from the true only by 24 toifes. (Thefe meafures are taken from a Manufcript communicated by Bo-rdeA II 11 WW 32$ MARCHAND S VOYACE. [Jan.I that -the greateft diftance at which the Peak of Teneriffe can be perceived from a fhip's deck, is 42 or 43 leagues : I fay nothing of the little differences which depend on the variation of terref- trial refractions, which varying according to the temperature and the ftate of the atmofphere>i change the apparent height of mountains. According to thefe meafures which no one will conteft, we may judge how greatly voyagers have exaggerated, who have told us that they had perceived the Peak of Teneriffe fixty and a hundred leagues off at fea*. NOTE III. In comparing the longitude given by two fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved on the 9th, at three quarters paft three o'clock in the afternoon, and reduced to noon of that day, with that which had been deduced, on the 5th, from the bearing of the Peak of Tenerjffe, it is feen that, in the interval of four days, the progrefs towards the weft, had been 2* 40'. In reducing, in like manner, to the bearing of the Peak the longitude given by the dead reckoning on the 9th at noon, it will be found that the progrefs indicated by the reckoning, from the 5th to the 9th of the month, was 30 34': thus, the fhip had again • See the Hlftolre ge page 239, 4to edition. ale de Voyages by Prevoft, Vol. II; been Jan. 1791.] 'marchand's voyage. §29 been carried towards the eaft 54 minutes, or about 49 miles, on the mean parallel between the twa extremes. Sjik' The obfervations of latitude Ihe wed that, in the fame interval, fhe had been carried 12 minutes, or 12 miles, to the fouthward, beyond the fum of -the progrefs by account. It thence refults that the currents had fet her 50-J miles to the eaft 130 45' fouth, at a mean rate of 12r in twenty-four hours. It is very ufual, in the feas which the Solide bad croffed, for fhips to be carried to the eaftward by the movement of the waters: and, moft com-* monly, they are at the fame time carried to the fouthward. iV3b NOTE IV. On the 14th, at noon, the fouth point of Mayo, one of the Cape de Verd Iflands, bore north, diftant one league. By a mean between the refults of the obfervations which were made on board the Isis, in 1769, and on board the Flore, in 1771, the latitude of this point is 150 4' 3°" north, and its longitude 250 28' 30" weft*. Lat. north. Long, weft, * According to the obfervations made on board the Ifis icQ 3'.. 250 27' According to thofe made on board ihcFUre., 11. .... 15 6..2C 30 .Mean «-5 4f 25 The *35 3&&5CHAND 5 VOYAGE. The ftiip^s place whence the beari at noon was on the very meridian of 3 minutes more foutherly $ thus, at t latitude of the fhip iliould be 150 1' which was obferved was conformal longitude was that of the fouth po taken On comparing this longitude with that which had been obferved on the 9th at noon, we find that, in the interval of nve_days, the fhip's pro* grefs towards the weft was 30 42' 30**. According to the dead reckoning, it ought to be only 30 9'; thus the fhip was carried to the weftward 33! minutes, or 30J miles (reducing the parts of the equator into marine miles by a mean parallel.) The obfervations of latitude fhewed that, in the fame ipace of time, fhe was drifted to the fouthward, 18 minutes, or iS miles: thus, through the miles in twenty-four hours. The longitude by accoun by the dead reckoning dedu of the point of departure, c ber within fight of Cape S and in comparing it to the 1 30", we find that the erro the expiration of fixreen d ihip, 1 degree, which, on d jitude cem- 29'; fcen, Jail. 1791-] MARCHAN»V VOYAGE. 331-. feen that a cornpenfation'foad taken place in the e^^rs: in the interval from the'29th of DecerhfcteF to the 9th of January, the fum of the errors in the reckoning, ahead of the fhip, had been 87 miles qr i° 34" •, and from the 9th to the 14th, the error was 30.5 miles or o° 34' aftern. SECOND RUN. From the CAPE DE VERB Iflands towfflm- ' fight of STATEN* LAND. NOTE V. The longitude of La Prava, in the Ifland of St. J ago, was determined by the obfervations^ made with the help of the time-pieces of Ferdinand Berthoud, in 1769 on board the Isis; in 1771, on board the Flore, and reduced to the longitude of Cadiz*: it is 250 2i< weft fron* Paris. i*fc It is from this point that the Solide failed, ©n the 18th of January, in order tcf get under the Lat. North. Long. Weft. » LaPraya \ 0hkly'on board the *f" '4° 52' 33'• ■ - C Obferv. onboard thcFlorei^. 43 40 .. Mean 14 5$ 06.5 . 25" 50 00. 25 5r 3o 25 50 451 meridian ■m MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Jan. 1791. meridian of Staten Land, which Captain Marchand intended to make before he entered into the Great Ocean, becaufe it was poffible, as really happened, that the contrariety of the*winds might not permit him to get fight of Cape Horn. No obfervation of longitude could be taken till the 6th of February ^ but the refults of the obfervations of latitude compared to thofe of the reckoning fhewed that, in the interval from the 28th to the 31ft of January, the fhip was carried to the northward 50 minutes beyond the run by account, that is, i6| miles in twenty-four hours. This great effect of a current coming from the fouthward took place between the parallel of 30 36' and that of i° 26' north, and between 209 3$' and 210 29' weft longitude. From the time of the departure being taken from La Praya to this period, very inconfiderable differences only had been remarked between the latitudes by account and the latitudes by obfervation: during the firft three days, there had been no difference: from the 2ift to the 22nd, the fhip appeared to have been carried by the movement of the waters, 4 minutes to the fouthward; but on the following days, fhe appeared to be fet to the northward: from the 2id to the 23d, 3 minutes; from the 23d to the 24th, 4 minutes, and from the 24th to the 28th, 1 minute only. If Jan. 1791.] marchand's voyage. If the reader will eaft his eye on the chart of the Atlantic Ocean, he will fee that, in the interval from the 28th to the 31ft of January, during which the fhip experienced the effect, of a ftrong foutherly current, fhe was failing in the part of that ocean where the waters are confined between the two continents. It is well known that, on the coaft of Brazil and Guiana, from Cape St. Roque to the Antilles, the waters have a conftant movement from the fouth to the north, declining more or lefs towards the weft, according to the direction of the land. As no obfervations were made for the longitude fince the time of the departure being taken from XiA Pray a, it cannot be known whether the current which fet to the northward, fet at the fame time to the eaftward or weftward -, it might be prefumed that its direction was, rather towards this latter fide, firft, becaufe it is well known that the waters, between the tropics, have a general tendency from eaft to weft, and in the fecond place, becaufe the obfervations which were made on the 6th of February following, indicated that, in the interval from the 18th of January to this latter day, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft had been greater by i° 3", or about 21 leagues, than that which was deduced from the dead reckoning. NOTE pu MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Feb. i 79l NOTE VI. The mean refult of four fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved on the 6th of February, 4it forty-feven minutes j>aft four o'clock in tife l^^rnoon and reduced to noon, gave for the longitude of the fhip at that memento 270 58^ and, •on comparing it to that of La Pray a 250 51', it, was found that, from the 18 th of January to the 6th of February^ in nineteen days, the fhip's.pdB grefs towards the .weft had been 20 27'. According to the dead reckoning, it had been only i° 4; triUS tne fhip had been carried to the weftward, beyond the progrefs by account, i° 3, or 62 miles. On comparing the fum of the progrefs in latitude deduced from obfervation, wirh that of the progrefs by account, it will be found that from the 18th of January to the 5th of February, the fhip had been carried to the northward, i° 34', which ;are reduced to i° 30', becaufe, from the 21ft to ■;.the:22d flie had been carried 4 minutes to the fouthward; and as from the 5th to the 6th of February, fne had been alfo fet to the fou,$rward, 9 jSminutes, her restive movement towards the north, in the interval from the i"8th of January to the 6th ,of February, is reduced to i° 21' or 81 miles. Thus, after having combined the progrefs in latitude with that which was made in longitude, it is feen that the fhip was carried to the north 370 weft, j-^-^T**-— .Feb. 1791.] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 335 weft, 103 miles in nineteen days; which gives a unean progrefs of 5.4 miles in twenty-four hours in that direction. NOTE VIL Frefh obfervations for the longitude made on the 7th, 8th, and 9th; namely; on the firft day, two fets of diftances of the fun and moon; on the fecond, two others; on the third, two more, gave for each of the days, a refult which was reduced to their refpeclive noon. On comparing the progrefs towards the weft in twenty-four hours, deduced from the obfervations, with that indicated by the dead reckoning, the following differences were found: From the 6th to the 7th, the progrefs by obfer* nation was /greater than that by account, by # 3tlhittt€S; From the 7th to the 8th, lefs by 1 minute; From the 8th to the 9th, greater by 23 minutes; And in comprifing the three days, from the .6th to the 9th, the progrefs towards 'the -.weft was greater, according to the obfervation thaa according to the dead reckoning, by 30 minutes, or-acjf miles. The progrefs to^atfds the fouth, from the 6th to the $>th, was, daily, greater by obfervation''than by account, by 3 minutes, and 9 minutes, or nine miles, for the three days. Thus, i 336 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Feb. 1791. Thus, in that interval, the fhip way*carried 31 miles to the weft 28° fouth; which gives a mean movement of iOy miles in twenty-four hours in this direction. If, on the 9th the abfolute longitude by obfervation, 310 8*> be compared with the longitude deduced from the dead reckoning, which is 290 35' in reducing the calculations to the longitude of La Pray a, it is feen that after twenty-two days' navigation, the accumulated errors in the reckoning produced one of i° 33', or upwards of thirty leagues, aftern of the fhip's true fituation. NOTE VIII. On the~ 12th, at nineteen minutes after four in the afternoon, four diftances were taken of the fun and moon, and, at night, a fet from the moon to j3 of Pollux. The mean between the five refults, reduced to noonj gives for the longitude of the fhip at that moment, 330 41'; and in deducting the latter from that of the 9th at noon, there remain • 20 33' for the fhip's progrefs towards the wefti?S the interval of the three days. This progrefs, according to the dead reckoning was only 20 11'; thus, the fhip was carried to the weftward 23 minutes, or 21.4 miles. In the fame interval, fhe had been carried to the fouthward 24 minutes, or 24 miles. On Feb. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 337 On combining the movement, we find 32.2 miles to the weft 48^° fouth; and for the mean drift in twenty-four hours, io| miles. At the period of the 12th, the dead reckoning was in error refpe&ing the longitude* i° 55', or about 37 leagues aftern, NOTE IX. The mean refult of two fets of diftances obferved from the moon to Regulus, and from the moon to Aldeharan, on the 15 th, at half paft eight o'clock in the evening, and reduced to noon of that day* fhewed that, fince the 12th, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft had been 20 15', but it was only i°42/, according to the dead reckoning: thus, the fhip had been carried to the weftward 33 minutes* or 31.5 miles. In the fame interval, according to the obfervations of latitude, fhe had been carried 29 minutes, or 29 miles, to the fouthward, beyond her progrefs by account towards that fide. On combining thefe two movements, we find that the compound movement was 42.9 miles td the weft* 420 30' fouth, and the mean drift* 143 miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE p Freih obfervations made on the 16th, at nine o'clock in the evening (two fets of diftances from vol.in 2 the fillil' If 111 338 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. TFeb. 179^ the moon to Aldeharan, and one to Regulus), gave for the longitude reduced to noon, 370 6 ; and confequently, i° 10', for the progrefs towards the weft, from the 15th to the 16th. According to the dead reckoning, this progrefs was only 44 minutes: thus, in twenty-four hours, the fhip was carried to the weftward, 26 minutes, or 24.5 miles. According to the obfervation of latitude, fhe was at the fame time carried to the fouthward 10 minutes, or 10 miles. The compound movement was therefore 26.5 miles to the weft, 220 30' fouth. It is feen that, in thefe twenty-four hours, the movement towards the weft differs greatly, in regard to the movement towards the fouth, from the agreement that had been remarked during the preceding periods. This difference may be owing to the variation which the current had experienced | in its direction and velocity; but it is more probable that it is occafioned by the error in the obfervations in one of the two days, or perhaps an error in both : it is well known that the Lunar Method cannot aflign with fufficient precifion fmall differences in longitude for the refuks that are deduced from them to be/ in that cafe, confidered as fixed terms of comparifon*. NOTE * I obferve that the effeft cf the current towards the fbtith, was, from the 12th to the 13th, 5 minutes; from the 13th to the SB" Feb. 1791.-3 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 339 NOTE XL On the 25th, fix fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved at feven o'clock in the morning, gave for .the longitude at noon, 47° 56': by thofe of the 16th, at noon, it had been 370 6': thus the progrefs towards the weft, according to the obfervations* had, in nine days, been io° 50'. According to the dead reckoning, it was only 90 5'; and thence it was concluded that, in the interval, the fhip had been carried to the weftward i° 45', or 941 miles, beyond the apparent run. The fhip's movement towards the fouth, beyond the progrefs indicated by the dead reckoning, had been confiderable during this period; according to the daily obfervations of latitude, it had amounted the 14th, 10'; from the 14th to the 15th, 14'; from the 15th to.the 16th, iof: its effect in the direction of the latitude therefore experienced no great variations, efpeciaily during thefe laft-- mentioned days; and it might be fuppofed that the effect towards the weft did not proportionably undergo more confiderable ones. We wojild then fay: if, from the 12th to the 15th, with a total effedl towards the fouth of 29', the Ihip experienced an effect towards the weft of 33'; with an effect of 10' towards the fouth, what muft have been the effect towards the weft ? We fhould find that the laft term of this proportion is 11-|- minutes, which muft be added to 44 minutes, the (hip's progrefs towards the weft, according to the dead reckoning, from the 15 th to the 16th: we mail have 54^ minutes for the prefumed progrefs, fmaller by 14 or 15 minutes than that indicated by the obfervations. Z 2 to ^340 marchand's voyage. [Feb. 179W to 20 minutes, from the 17th to the 18th; to 14 minutes, from the a2d to the 23d; to 20 minutes, from the 23d to the 25 th. The fum of thefe differences, relatively to the dead reckoning, was 1* 7', or 67 miles, which fhe had been carried to the fouthward. The combination of thefe movements for which the dead reckoning had not been able to account, towards the fouth and towards the weft, gives. 115T miles to the weft 360 fouth : and the fhip had been carried in that direction at the mean rate of 12.8 miles in the twenty-four hours. Obfervations for the longitude, made on the $6th (fix fets of diftances of the fun and moon, at eight o'clock in the morning), announced that, in the interval from the 25th to the 26th, the calculation of the dead reckoning agreed with the refult of the obfervations. But the obfervation of latitude fhewed that, in the fame interval, the fhip had been carried 22 minutes to the fouthward. At the period of the 26th, the longitude by account, deduced feom that of La Praya, at the expiration of thirty-nine days, was aftern of that, given by the obfervations, 40 39, or upwards of 78 leagues on the parallel of the point arrived at. It may have been remarked that, from the 6th of February, the: period at which the fhip, haying arrived at 50 30' fouth of the- ftne, had paffed be yond >w Feb. 1791.] marchand's voyage. yond the parallel of Cape St. Roque, whence the eaftern coaft of South-America begins to trend towards the fouth-weft, and extends in that direction as far as the Strait of Magellan, fhe was eonftantly carried to the fouth-weft, declining fome- times towards the weft, fometimes towards the fouthj and with degrees of velocity which kept increafing, in proportion as fhe increafed her latitude. I If it be wifhed to afcertain what was, in the interval of the laft twenty days, from the 6th to the 26th of February, the total effect, of the fetting of the currents on the courfe and rate of failing of the fhip, we may eaft up the fum of the imperceptible progrefs towards the weft, and of that towards the fouth, which the refult of the obfervations indicated at different periods; it will be feen that the fhip was driven out of her apparent Mlurie, 161 miles (20 41') towards the fouth j and 201.3 miles (30 47') towards the weft; and on combining thefe two movements, it will be found that the unperceived mean movement of which thefe were no more than the decompofition, was 266.6 miles to the fouth-weft 70 45' weft: which implies a mean drift, relatively to the duration of the period, of 131. miles, in twenty- four hours in that mean direction. 23 342 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Feb. 179*, NOTE XII. The mean refult of four fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved on the 8th of March, at fifty-two minutes paft three o'clock in the afternoon, and reduced to noon of that day, gave for the longitude of the fhip, 48* 6'; and on comparing it with that which had been obtained on the 26th of February by fix fets of fimilar obfervations, and which was 480 23' 30", it will be found that, in the interval of ten days, the fhip had been driven back to the eaftward, iyk minutes, or, 14! miles. . But, on decompofing the different courfes which the fhip had followed in this fame fpace of time; and on calculating according to the apparent degrees of velocity with which fhe had run them, it will be feen that fhe ought to have advanced 173 miles, or 30 29', to the weftward ; and this is the difference which is to be found between the longitude by account of the 26th of February, 430 44', and that of the 8th of March, 47013'. The fum of the apparent progrefs towards the weft and of the real progrefs towards the eaft (30 40' 30", or 187.5 rn^e§) is the difference between the refult of the obfervations made on the two extreme days of the period, and that of the calculations of the dead reckoning in the interval of the ten days. The fhip's progrefs in latitude towards the fouth was, in the fame interval, according to the obfervations, Feb, 1791.3 marchand's voyage. 343 vations, 40 18', or 258 miles, and that which the dead reckoning would have given, would, by the accumulation of its daily errors, have been greater than the obferved progrefs, by i° 20', or 80 miles *. but it was corrected by every obfervation of latitude ; and the true latitude was daily employed as an element in the calculations of the dead reckoning. e If, with the real progrefs towards the fouth, 258 miles, and the eftimated or apparent progrefs towards the weft, 173 miles, if it be wiftied to ascertain what were the apparent courfe and rate of failing of the fhip, it will be found that fhe appeared to run 311 miles to the fouth 330 ^fweft-, while in reality, with the fame progrefs of 258 miles to the fouthward, and the progrefs by obfervation of 14I miles to the eaftward, fhe advanced 258.1 miles to the fouth 30 15' eaft. Thus, the effect of the currents, in ten days, occafioned an error of 370 on the angle of the courfe. I It occafioned another error of 187I miles (or 3° 46' 30") in the fhip's progrefs in longitude. This effect of the currents carried the fhip only 17'', or 145 miles to the eaftward of the pofition fhe was in on the firft day of the period; becaufe the action of the wind which drove her to the weftward, nearly balanced that of the body of the waters which carried her to the eaftward; and the j 4I- miles exprefs the excefs of the ftrength of the z 4 current il 344 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Feb. 1791. current beyond that of the wind, relatively to the progrefs in longitude; but its abfolute ftrength, with refpect to this fame progrefs, or the error of the dead reckoning, is expreffed by the whole of the 187 miles of difference between the fum of the progrefs by account each day of the period, and the real progrefs deduced from the obfervations made on the firft and laft day. It has been feen that, while the fhip was carried to the eaftward, fhe was alfo carried to the north- - ward, and that the fum of the daily errors of the dead reckoning with refpect to the progrefs in latitude, gives a total error of i° id, or 80 miles in excefs, towards the fouth. If we combine the 80 miles which the fhip was carried to the northward, with the 187I- miles which fhe was carried to the eaftward, it will be found that, by an unper- ceived effect which muft have efcaped the calculations of the dead reckoning, the fetting of the currents had caufed the fhip to make, in the interval of ten days, 204 miles in the direction of eaft 230 north. In dividing the number of miles by that of the days of the period, we fhall have for the mean degree of velocity which the current impreffed on the fhip in twenty-four hours, 2o'.4, or upwards of 61 leagues. Thus, the currents which, from the 6th of February, when the fhip had reached the latitude of 50 40' fouth, and the longitude of 28° weft, till the 26-th of the fame month, when fhe had arrived at March 1791.] mapjchand's voyage 345 at the latitude of 320 30', and longitude of 480 20/, had conftantly fet to the fouthward and weftward, irom the latter day, fet, with confiderable ftrength, to the northward and eaftward. Although, in the courfe of this period, the Solide had fometimes contrary and rather ftrong winds, at other times calms, and almoft always a fwell which came from the weft and fouth-weft ; yet it is not folely to the difficulty of correctly eftimating the courfe and rate of failing of the fhip in fimilar circumftances, that we may attribute the whole amount of the partial errors refpecting the latitude, which the daily obfervations caufed to be difcovered, or the total error refpecting the fhip's progrefs in longitude, which the obferva- Jtions of the laft day of this period brought to light. We muft therefore feek® another caufe for thefe errors; and we find it if we eaft our eyes on the South Atlantic Ocean, and there fet off" the fhip's place on the firft and laft day of this period. On the 26th of February, in 32* 30y fouth latitude, the fhip was in 480 23'30" weft longitude, and on the 8th of March, in latitude 36° 48', in 480 6J longitude: thus, in her route, flie had, within a few minutes, followed a meridian: fhe had run 258! miles to the fouth 3* 30' eaft. The meridian on which the balanced effect of the wind and current had nearly kept her, is only about a hundred leagues diftant from that of the vaft mouth iwfftqp^1- 346 marchand's voyage. [March 1791 mouth of the great River of La Plata, the middle of which is fituated on the parallel of 350 30', and which occupies i° 40' in latitude, if we meafure this mouth between Cape Antonio, to the fouth, and Cape Santa Maria, to the north: now, from the 26th of February to the 8th of March, the fhip had failed between the parallels of 32 and 37 degrees; fhe therefore croffed the ftrength of the current whofe effect, in iffuing from the Rio de la Plata, extends, like that of the Maranon, or River of the Amazons, to a great diftance at fea; and as this current fets to the eaftward, declining towards the north, it is not aftonifhing that the fhip fhould have been carried in a direction analogous to that of the movement of the waters, and with a degree of velocity proportionate to that of the current, or rather to the excefs of the ftrength of the latter beyond that of the wind which drove the fhip in an oppofite direction. It might be imagined that the ftrength of the current for carrying the fhip to the eaftward, was greater on the laft days of the period, than on the firft, were we to judge by that with which fhe was driven to the northward; for it may be feen in the Journal of the Route, that, from the 5th to the 7th of March, her progrefs in latitude, according to the dead reckoning, ought to have been no more than 12 minutes towards the north, and that, according to the obfervations it was i° 4', which proves that, in two days, the 6 (hip March 1791.] marchand's voyage. fhip, by an imperceptible movement, had been carried 52 minutes, or 17} leagues to the northward. But I remark that, on the 5th, the fhip was, according to the obfervation of that day, in latitude ; 37*39/> that is, about i°3o/ more foutherly than the parallel of Cape Sant Antonio, the fouth point of the mouth of the Rio de la Plata; and that it is from this pofition that, in the interval from the 5th to the 7th, as was fhewn by the obfervation of this latter day, that fhe was carried by the movement of the waters, 52 minutes to the northward: which again placed her 25 minutes only to the fouthward of the parallel of Cape Sant Antonio : fhe had therefore paffed beyond the parallels of the mouth of the river, when fhe Hpjperienced this fecond movement towards the north; and it is prelum able that the great effect of the current of the Rio de la Plata for fetting to the eaftward, muft be principally felt when a fhip is crofting the parallels between which its mouth is fituated. This current towards the north might therefore be an accidental current, a confequence of winds from the fouthern quarter which had previoufly reigned, as the fwell from the fouth- weft feemed to indicate. But the effect of the accidental current ceafed on the 8th; for the refult of the obfervation of latitude on the 9th, compared with that of the dead reckoning, proved that, from the 8th to the 9th, the fhip had been fet to the fouthward 26 minutes, marchand's voyage. [ March 1791. minutes, or 8§. leagues, beyond the progrefs by account: and from the 10th to the nth, the error in the fame direction was 38 minutes, or i2| leagues. Let us at prefent examine how the longitude by account according to the calculation of the fhip's run'from La Praya, whence her departure was taken on the 18 th of January, agreed, on the 8th of March, with the longitude deduced from the obfervations of that day. It will be feen in the Journal of the Route, that the longitude by account which, on the 26th of February, was aftern of the longitude by obfervation, 40 39', differs from it in the fame direction, on the 8th of March, no more than 53 minutes. This approximation is the effect of Ae error of 30 46' ahead, which was committed in the dead reckoning in the interval from the 26th of February to the 8 th of March 5 the diminution of the error is therefore the effect of a compenfa- tion which the oppofite currents effected without the knowledge of the navigator; but it is not, on that account, lefs evident that the fum of the abfolute errors of the dead reckoning, in the one direction or in the other, in forty-nine days, is nearly ehbt degrees and a half NOTE nW March 1791-] march an d 's voyage. 349 NOTE XIII. The longitude deduced for the noon of the 10th, by four fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved in the afternoon, and two fets of diftances from the moon to |3 of Pollux, obferved in the evening, was, by a mean, found to be §3° 16'i and in comparing it to the longitude obferved on the 8th, 480 6', the fhip's progrefs towards the, weft was, in the interval of the two days, 50 jo'. It is only 40 56', by the dead reckoning: thus the fhip was carried 14 minutes, or 11 miles, to the weftward. The fhip's progrefs in latitude towards the fouth, in the fame fpace of time, was greater by obfervation than by dead reckoning, by 29 minutes, or 29 miles. I On combining the difference towards the weft with the difference towards the fouth, it will be found that the current which drove the fhip out of her apparent courfe, carried her in the direction of fouth 200 45' weft, at the rate of 31 miles, in two days, or of 15^ miles in twenty-four hours. By going through the fame operation for the following days, and comparing the refults of the obfervations with thofe of the dead reckonin as well for the progrefs in longitude as for the progrefs in latitude, it will be found: That, from the nth to the 12th, the fhip appears to have been carried 44minutes, or 34 miles, 5 to marchand's voyage. [March 1791. to the weft, and 38 minutes, or 38 miles to the fouth; which gives fouth 420 weft: That, from the nth to the 12th, fhe was carried 24 minutes, or 18.5 miles to the eaft; and 4 minutes, or 4 miles to the north; which gives 18.6 miles to the eaft 120 30' north. And that, laftly, from the 12th to the 15th, fhe was carried 1 minute, or 1.76 miles to the weft, and 23 minutes, or 23 miles, to the north; which gives 23 miles to the north 1 or i° weft, and 7.6 miles as the mean drift in twenty-four hours. The action of the currents, in the direction of the longitude, appears rieither to have been confiderable nor conftant in the interval from the 8 th to the 15th of March j for the fum of the differences towards the weft, between the obfervation and the dead reckoning, is only 45.75 miles, 18.5 of which were done away by a difference of the fame quantity towards the eaft; and there remain only 27.25 miles, or 35 minutes, for the excefs of the fum of the differences towards the weft. Lunar obfervations, made with fextants, as was the cafe on board of the Solide, may leave an uncertainty of about half a degree refpecting the correctnefs of the refults: and, fhort of that term, we may be in doubt whether the error belong to the dead reckoning or to the obfervation. But the action of the currents, in the direction of the latitude, is not doubtful, becaufe the obfervations March 179'i.] marchand's voyage. 351 vations which determine it, leave not more than 1 or 3 minutes of uncertainty refpecting their refults : now, the currents acted in this direction with rather confiderable ftrength, and in an inverfe direction to each other. From.the 8th to the 10th, they carried the fhip 29 minutes, or 29 miles to the fouth, and from the 10th to the nth, 38 minutes towards the fame fide : they afterwards carried her to the north, from the nth to the 12th, 4 minutes, and from the 12th to the 15th, 23 minutes. Kere then, in the firft three days, from the 8th to the nth, is an unperceived movement of a degree, or 60 miles, towards the fouth; and I obferve that, if we judge from the refult of the ohfervations compared with that of the dead reckoning in the fame days, the fhip was carried at the fame time towards the weft 58 minutes, or 45 miles: thus we here find again the fetting of the currents fuch as we had previoufly remarked in the part of the South Atlantic Ocean which the Solide croffed, where the currents that fet to the fouthward fet at the fame time to the weftward, and where their tendency towards the former fide, which it is eafy to afcertain by the obfervation of the latitude, announces their tendency towards the latter, refpecting which it is not fo eafy to determine their effect. From the nth to the 12th, their tendency was towards the north and towards the eaft, and the fhip jrMRf: MH 352 marchand's voyage. [March 1791. fhip was carried 4 miles on the former fide, and 18.5 on the latter. But, from the 12th to the 15th, their effect is nearly null in the direction of the longitude, and their action only carries the fhip 23 miles to the northward. The Solide, on thefe laft-mentioned days, and for fome time paft, was failing at a diftance from the land which did not exceed ico leagues; fhe muft have experienced all the variations of the current that depend on the winds which reigned or on thofe which are reigning, and on the action of the tides, combined with that of the particular currents of the coafts: for it is well known that, in the vicinity of lands, and efpeciaily of great continents, the currents vary infinitely in their velocity and direction; that thofe which are produced by the winds change their direction with them, without in other refpects changing their extent and velocity; and that, in fhort, currents are met with fetting in a contrary direction, which are occafioned by the horizontal ofcillations of the open fea in the flux and reflux. NQTE XIV. From the 15th to the 22nd of March, the obfervations of latitude fhewed that the (hip was daily carried to th& northward: the fum of thefe movements, contrary to the apparent courfe, amounted to March 1791.] marchand's voyage. to i° 12' on the 22d at noon, that is to fay, after an interval of feven days: during the laft three days, the movement had been 19, 21, and 12 minutes in twenty-four hours; but, on the 23d, it was difcovered that, from noon of the day before, the currents had ceafed to fet to the northward; and that, on the contrary, they had fet 12 minutes to the fouthward. It was expected that, fince the tendency of the currents had, in general, been to the northward with a rather confiderable degree of velocity, they would have fet at the fame time to the eaftward; and the refult of the obfervations for the longitude which were made on the 23d at twenty-eight minutes paft feven o'clock in the morning (a fet of diftances obferved from the moon to x of Aquilay) confirmed what had been prejudged from the experience of the run. On comparing the refult of the 23d to that of the,n55th of the fame month, it will be found that, in the interval of eight days, the progrefs towards the weft was 4® 29'; but, according to the dead reckoning, it ought to have been 50 43'; thus the fhip had been carried to the eaftward by the fetting of the currents, i° 14', or 58.4 miles. It has been feen that, in the fame interval, flie had been carried by the fame adfion, 1 degree, or 60 miles to the northward, deducing the 12 minutes which fhe had been carried to the fouthward on the laft day of the period. vol. 11. a a Thus A I 354 marchasb's voyage. [March 1791* Thus the velocity of the movement which the current had imprefied on the fhip was 83.75 niiles in eight days, in the direction of north 44° 15/ weft, and her mean drift in tweny-four hours, 10.4 miles. NOTE XV. Four fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved on the 25 th at thirty-four minutes paft eight o'clock in the morning, gave for the longitude at noon, 630 23': and as that of the 23d was 62015', the progrefs towards the weft, in two days, had been i° 8'. That which was- indicated by the refult of the dead reckoning, for the fame interval, was only 18 minutes: thus the unperceived movement of the fhiri towards the weft had been 50 minutes or 36 miles. According to the obfervations of latitude, the fhip had been carried, during the fame time, 11 minutes, or 11 miles to the northward. Thus the compound effect of the current had caufed the fhip to make 37 miles in the direction of weft r30 15' north, at the mean rate of 18.5 miles in tWenty-four hours. I<; I NOTE XVI. By two fets of diftances of the fun and moon, on the 27th at 9h1' 40" A. M. and thie refult of ?M. which ■ttiii March 1791.] marchand's voyage, 355, which was reduced to noon, it was found that, from noon of the 25th, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft had been i° 25'. According to the dead reckoning, it ought to be 20 ii7: thus, the currents had carried her 46 minutes, or 82.2 miles to the eaftward. The progrefs in latitude towards the fouth was greater according to the obfervation than according to the dead reckoning, by 2 minutes or 2 miles. The effect of the current is therefore reprefented by 32.3 miles in the direction of eaft 30 30' fouth ; and the mean drift of the fhip, in that direction, was 16.1 miles in twenty^four hours. NOTE XVII. The refult of four fets of diftances from the fnoon to the fun, and of one fet from the moon to Ant ares, obferved on the 28 th and reduced to noon, fhewed that, from the 27th to the 28th, lite progrefs towards the weft had been 20 minutes: it therefore was 24 minutes according to the dead reckoning: thus the difference was only 4 minutes or 2.5 miles. The progrefs towards the fouth was fmaller according to the obfervation than according to the reckoning by 5 minutes or 5 miles. Thefe differences are too fmall for us to be able thence to draw any conclufion relatively to the •• a a 2 effefl ill i. 3<5° marchand's voyage. [March 1791* effect of the currents : the refult of the calculation merely indicates an unperceived movement in twenty-four hours of ^.6 miles to the north 260 30' eaft, NOTE XVIII. On reducing to noon of the 30th the refult of four fets of diftances of the moon from the fun, and of one fet from the moon to Ant ares, obferved that fame day, it was found that, fince noon of the 28th the progrefs towards the weft had been 20 33' •, and that indicated by the dead reckoning was the fame. But the progrefs towards the fouth, in the interval of the two days was greater according to the obfervations than according to the dead reckoning, by 22 minutes, or 22 miles. It thence refults that the fhip had been carried 22 miles in two days, or 11 miles in twenty-four hours. It is feen that, from the 23d the fetting of the currents and their effect on the fhip's courfe, no longer indicate the fame directions as thofe which had been remarked in the early part of the run, after the (hip had reached the latitude of 50 fouth. But the irregularities which are obferved at prefent will no longer occafion furprife, if we confider the difpofition of the lands to the eaftward of which the Solide recently failed : they here form a long gulf,, at the fouthern extremity of which is fituated the March *£9i.] marchand's voyage. 357 the Strait of Magellan ; and to the eaftward of this ftrait lies the archipelago of Falkland's Iflands which forms with the coaft of the continent a channel eighty leagues in width'. Since the 17th of the month, the fhip had reached the 60th meridian weft, and, on that very day, had begun to Hfike foundings in feventy fathoms : having arrived at this longitude, fhe failed at too fmall a diftance from the land, for her to feel the general effect of the currents which act in the open fea; and fhe muft have experienced the irregularities, the variations of thofe which the ofcillations of the fea impelled horizontally by the alternate motion of the flux and reflux, the little depth of the waters, the inequalities of the bottom, as well as the dif- pofition and configuration of the lands, muft ne- ceffarily produce in a tract of fea where fo many caufes of irregularity, which may either act fepa- rately or combine their effects, are thus united. NOTE XIX. It had been obferved that, from the 28th, the currents fet to the Eaftward at the fame time that they fet to the Southward: and the obfervations of the 30th having fhewn that this tendency to the fouthward continued, it was judged that that which the waters had at the fame time kept to the eaftward might probably not ceafe while the fhip was crofting the parallel of the mouth of the a a 3 Strait —: 35* marchand's voyage. [March 1791. Strait of Magellan: it was, in confequence, decided, that, in the dead reckoning till fhe came within fight of Staten Land which Captain Marchand intended to make, 15 minutes per day fhould be allowed for the effect of the currents, that is, that 15 minutes fhould be deducted from the daily progrefs to the weftward which the'calcu- lations of the fhip's run might appear to indicate. On the iff: of April, at noon, Staten Land was difcovered from the tops; but it was not till four o'clock in the afternoon that Captain Marchand ; very plainly diftinguifhed Cape San Juan, the moft eaftern point of that land, which bore fouth 1 or 20 weft, at the diftance of thirteen or fourteen leagues eftimated by the eye. On adopting the longitude of that cape, fuch as ft was determined in Captain Cook's fecond voy- , age *, 2960 13' eaft from Greenwich, or 66° / 15" weft from Paris, that of the fliip, according to the bearings, fhould not differ from it in a quantity to which it is neceflary to pay attention 5 and we may confider the Solide as being, at four O'clock, under the very meridian of Cape San Juan. From noon on the 30th of March till four o'clock on the 1 ft of April, the progrefs in lon- I IH * See The original Aflronomlcal Obfervations made in the eourfc of a Voyage towards the South Pale and round the World, ' &c, by W. Wales, London, 1777, 4to. page 329. gitude, April 1751-] MARCHAND'S WM&ttJSi 359 gitude, fuch as it was indicated by the dead reckoning, uncorrected, was 43 minutes towards the e«ft; and >by deducting *&at quantity from €7° 41', tfee longitude by obfervation of the 30th at noon, that of die ift of April at four o'clock was 66° 5 8'5 Jjlfc it ought to have been only 66° f 15": thus tfce error on making the land was 50! minutes ahead, or about 10 leagues on the parallel which the fhip had reached. But if, regard being had, as was the cafe, to the correction relative to the effect of the currents, which tfhe experience of the preceding days had fjltieated, we add 15 minutes lor c-very tfwenty- faur hours, •gfeat is, 30 minutes, fromche 30th of March to the ift of April, to the progrefs towards the eaft which the dead reckoning indicated, we fhall have i° 13' to4educt from the longitude by Obfervation of the 30th at noon j and that of the ift of April, at four o'clock, will be 66° 28'. Thus the error of this determination, compared with the 'longitude of Cape San Juan, is only 2of «trinutes, or about 4 leagues: &nd, indeed, Staten Land was perceived at noon on the firft of April, at -the moment when the dead reckoning, corrected and deduced from the longitude by obfervation of the 30th of March, announced that it ought to be difcerned. If, in order to afcertamthe effect of the currents 'in the interval from the 30th of March to the ift of April, we compare the longitude by " AA4 abfervation 111 ! e ■ \ 3^° marchand's voyage. [April 1791c obfervation of the 30th at noon, 670 41', with 66° 8', the longitude of the ift of April at noon, according to the bearings of Cape San Juan, taken at four o'clock -, it will be feen that the progrefs towards the eaft was i°33': and according to the dead reckoning, it ought to have been only 42 minutes: thus the fhip was carried, by the currents, 57 minutes, or 3P.8 miles to the eaftward. On comparing with each other the latitudes by obfervation and thofe by account on thefe two days, we find that the fhip was carried to the northward 1 minute from the 30th to the 31ft, and from the 30th to the 31ft, 11 minutes: in all 12 minutes. Thus, in the interval of the two days, the movement of the waters caufed the Ihip to make 33.25 miles in the direction of eaft 170 30' north,, at the mean rate of 16.6 miles in twenty-four hours. • It is feen that, from the 25th of March to the ift: of April, between the parallels of 44 and 54 degrees, and between the 63rd and the 66th meridian weft, the direction of the currents was conftant towards the eaft, declining fometimes towards the fouth, fometimes towards the north. If we wifh to comprize in a fingle calculation this whole period, in order to know what was, pending its duration, the mean effect of the currents on the ' fhip's courfe 3 it will be found that flie was carried, April 1791.] marchand's voyage. in the interval of feven days, 7 miles to the fouthward, and 65.5 to the eaftward: and on combining thefe two elements, it will be feen that fhe was carried 66 miles in the direction of eaft 6° 15' fouth, at a mean rate of 9! miles in twenty-four hours. The longitude by account, fuch as it was deduced from the calculation of the fhip's run from La Praya, whence her departure was taken, on the 18th of January, till fhe came within fight of Staten Land, on the ift of April at noon, was 66° 45': and if we thence deduct 1 minute for the progrefs towards the eaft from noon till four o'clock on this latter day, we fhall have 66° 44' for the longitude by account at the moment Bj&: taking the bearings, which placed the fhip under the meridian of Cape San Juan, and con- fequently in 66° 7'. Thus the dead reckoning, at the time of making the land, was in error only 37 minutes, or about 7 leagues ahead. But the following Table will fhew that this exactnefs is not a proof that the fhip's courfe and diftance run were well calculated in the courfe of the run; it is folely due to compenfations, by means of which, by a fortunate chance, great errors in one direction were done away by equal errors in an oppofite direction. 362 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [April I79I. After having deducted from the fum of the differences plus, or in excefs, which is 70 6', that of the differences minus, or in defect, 6° 29', the error of the dead reckoning on making the land is reduced, by the chance and effect of com- penfations* to 37 minutes in excefs, or ahead of the fhip. But the fum of the errors, in the one direction or in the other, was 130 35' in the courfe of a run of feventy-three days. A time-piece or chronometer, fuch as thofe which are at this day to I be procured in Francs, would not have left, at; the clofe of this period, an uncertainty of a quarter of a degree refpecting the longitude-which k would have indicated: and in d\ cafes, the error that: (S&ay be apprehended from the method of diftanoes from the moon to the fun or ftars, commonly called the lunar method, will not amount to half a degree^ if, in taking fobe obfervation, the na*- 'vigator make ufe of Borda's reflecting circles. I infift, and fhall never ceafe to infift, on this comparifon of the refult of the common methods ] with that of the new: we cannot too .frequently j repeat, that if, at the end of the eighteenth century, when men of fcience and ;artifts have employed themfelves, with fo much fuccefs, concerning the problem of the longitude at fea, feamen know not how to guard againft great errors * Set Vol. I. page 3, Note *. la O e a. n o i 5 i- 7 s* ° 3 n 3 m 5* "S- 3 I ^1 Rt •—. J? g ^ < n a a «"*!? ft ft < a o g n> Jr. ft ft ffl o -4 SO CO 1 *H ^* k. <$§ cfc S H I tu «* *^ ^ b <^ t> s .s H to" • > td 58 A<5 i w ^ Hawaii **. ^ o S > *S- 5^ 50 «* g" m o >a 5^ i 52* i m tJ > 1 o < 1 & I O > w ^ o m ^ c3 > i—j! P to § o >* 55- ^H to ** g r $* *•* 53 B* <** *0 t»*„ w. Ml! ms «i ypi is Sooooooooo 3333333333 ' S 2. 2? ><% £>-££ i^.hlj. *aj J! 5^ ^ 5 5^ ^ oo-o on 1*«» OoOOoO°0°i loo-uojjovj Msiviww OO O ooo\ « '. ■> CO % \ b\^ <j» oo bc>>» Ca v*, oi «vb oo^a ■+- -t^.r-fce i40«->m^.mOMV^o 0-NM"00 n w O^ ocvO oo~J "*> O --* ~-» O O ****** O Oi-f^ •*>$ o 3 I j ^j m ■- ON^O n******** $$$$*$$$ $ ++I+I+I I + OOOO'-'OOOOV*) 3 3 b' 33' 3 3 3 r N M 0OV» « w N O 1 I I I I + ! I o-oooooo pfc SJ'3'tJ' 3' 3' 3 99 r£o o eo ^ e* ^ *H. ^ s fc" tu **> N^ * toi n » 3 £ *.% H ? >3 S- > C5 «» w f ^ is w "*■ *5- ft. o * IT *a >a ft. ■ * o 1"3 o 1 §. s ST O *ti ** v^ J> W <2 J* *e ft 1—1 <3* C/3 to S 69 *■ O ? 1. 2 5 ml 3(1 mvl April 1791.] marchand's voyage. s$3 in their route3 it is neither Science nor Art that we muft blame, but the unpardonable indifference of thofe who are either ignorant of them, or call them in queftion, IM 1 364 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [April 1791. THIRD RUN From STATEN LAND to the Iflands called LAS MARQUES4S de MENDOCA. On the ift of April, at noon, the Solide took her departure from within fight of Staten Land, in latitude $3° $6' fouth, and longitude 66° 8* weft. NOTE XX. On comparing to the longitude of the place whence the departure was taken that of the nth at noon, fuch as it was deduced from two fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved at four o'clock in the afternoon, that is to fay, on comparing 770 3' to 66° 8', we find that, in the interval of ten days, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft, was, according to the obfervations, But on failing from the' fame longitude of the point whence the departure was taken, the fum of the fhip's daily progrefs towards the weft, calculated according to the dead reckoning, gives for the total progrefs, 130 1': thus the fhip was carried to the eaftward, and her perceived progrefs towards the weft, diminilhed, 2° 6', or 68.6 miles. 1 ■"3SHK April 1791.] MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 365 At the fame time flie was carried to the northward, beyond the progrefs by account towards that fame fide, 28 minutes, or 28 miles. The movement of the -waters therefore caufed her to make, in ten days, 73.5 miles to the eaft 220 30' north, at the mean rate of 7^ miles in twenty-four hours. In the interval from the ift to the nth of April, the fhip had doubled Cape Horn without- going in fight of it, after having got nearly as high as the parallel of 6o°. NOTE XXI. The refult of the obfervations for the longitude. made on the 19th (a fet of diftances from the moon to Spica Virginis)y reduced to noon of that day, and compared to the longitude on the nth at noon, gives for the fhip's progrefs towards the weft, in the interval from the nth to the 19th 16° 16'j and that which was deduced from the dead reckoning, being only 140 f the difference of thefe two progreffes, 20 9', or fM miles, is the quantity which the currents had carried the fhip towards the weft beyond her perceived movement. The comparifon of the latitudes obferved with thofe which were deduced from the dead reckoning, proved that, in the fame fpace of time, the fhip was carried to the fouthward, and the progrefs MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [April 1791* grefs by account towards the north diminifhecl jQ 10', or 80 miles: and of this quantity, 36 minutes belong to the interval from the nth to the 18th, and 40, to that from the 16th to the 18th. The direction impreffed on the fhip by the j current was therefore fouth 410 45' weft, and the; diftance run in that direction was 107 J miles; which gives a mean rate of 13.4 miles in twenty-* four hours. We here find again the fetting of the currents the fame as it was obferved in the South Atlantic Ocean, when the fhip failed at a fufficiently great diftance from the land not to feel the action of the currents of the coaft, or of accidental currents: we fee that, from the ift to the nth of April, at the fame time that they fet to the Eaftward, they alfo fet to the Northward*, and that, from the nth to the 19th, when they fet to the Weftward, they at the fame time fet to the Southward. It may be remarked that, from the ift to the nth of April, the fhip's progrefs by account towards the weft had been too great by 20 6', and that from the nth to the 19th it is too fmall by 20 cf \ it refults from this compenfation that the- longitude by account, deduced from that of Cape San Juan in Staten Land, was, on the nth, in error 20 9' towards the Weft; and that, on the 19th, it was in error 3 minutes towards the Eaft: thus -^gSaSSSS^ April 1791-] marchand's voyage. 367 thus the chance of compenfations brought the longitude by account to agree, very nearly, with that which Was deduced from the obfervations. NOTE XXII. Two fets of diftances of the fun and mooi?s obferved on the 24th at thirty-five minutes after eight in the morning, gave for the longitude of that day at noon, 95018'. Two other fets obferved the next day, at twenty- three minutes paft nine o'clock in the morning, gave for the longitude of the 25th, at noos, 96° f It refults from thefe obfervations, that the fhip's progrefs towards the weft had been o° 51' in the twenty-four hours; and, according to the dead reckoning, this progrefs appeared to be only 5 minutes. If, from the 19th to the 25th, the latitudes obferved be compared with thofe which were deduced from the calculation of the courfes which deviated little from the direction of north for a diftance of 128 leagues m latitude, it will be remarked, that, with the exception of the interval jfrom the 20th to the 23d, during which the fhip Was driven back to the fouthward, 17 minutes in three days, or 5! minutes in twenty-four hours, the difference between the refult of the dead reck- ' oning and that of the obfervation, in all the other 1 days 368 marchand's voyage. [April 1791. days of the period, was almoft nothing j and it may be concluded that the currents, if any exifted, acted but with little ftrength, and only in the interval from the 20th to the 23d: it may therefore be admitted too that, in that from the 24th to the 25th, when the difference between the latitude by account and the latitude by obfervation is only 1 minute, the currents, acted no more> towards the eaft or towards the weft, than towards the north or towards the fouth; and we are authorized to confider the progrefs by account of 5 minutes in longitude towards the weft as nearly exact, and that of 51 minutes which the obfervations indicated, as much too great. But as it is not poffible to difcover whether the error belongs wholly to one of the obfervations, or whether both participated in it, we deem it expedient to take a mean between the refult of the 24th and that of the 25th, admitting as exact the progrefs. by account in longitude in the interval of the two days. Thus, the longitude by obfervation of the 24th is 950 18', add to it the progrefs by account, 5 minutes, you will have, for the 25th, a firft longitude deduced from the longitude obferved of the 24th, and it will be 950 23': take a mean between the latter and that given by the obfervations of the 25th, 960 9', you will have for the latter day, a corrected and mean longitude which will be 95° 46'- 6 Now, ■«aS£ass- April 1791.] marchand's voyage. 3% Now, if we compare this laft-mentioned longitude with that deduced from the obfervations of the 19th at noon, we fhall find that, in the interval from the 19th to the 25th, in fix days, the progrefs towards the weft had been 2° 27': and if we compare with each other the determinations of the dead reckoning for the fame days, we fee that it indicates a progrefs of 20 26' in the fame direction: the difference therefore is only 1 minute, or two-thirds of a mile on the fide of the dead reckoning: thus, it does not appear that, in the interval of thefe fix days, the fhip experienced, from the currents, a perceptible derangement in the direction of the longitude j but, in the fame fpace of tame, fhe was carried 17 minutes, or 17 miles to the fouthward -, which indicates, for the direxSrion of the current, fouth 20 i|' weft, and for its effect on the fhip in that direction, 17.02 miles or:a.84 miles a day. The longitude by account, deduced from that of Cape San Juan in Staten Land, continues, as is feen in the Journal of the Route, to agree, within 4 minutes, with that which refulted from the obfervations3 but it is well known that this agreement is the effect of the fortunate com- penfation that took place, between the error of the former period, from the ift to the nth of April, and that which occurred in an oppofite direction, in the latter, from the nth to the 19th of the fame month. vol. II. b b NOTE 37» marchand's voyage. [May 1791. . in Il B If/!1 if NOTE XXIII. Obfervations made on the 8th of May, at forty- eight minutes paft eight o'clock in the evenkiw and reduced to noon of that day, gave 960 44' for the longitude; and other obfervations made on the 9th at feven minutes after four in the afternoon, and, in like manner, reduced to noon, gave 960 55': thus, in the interval of twenty-four hours, the fhip's progrefs in longitude was, according to the obfervations, 11 minutes towards the weft. That which was deduced from the dead reckon- I ing, for the fame interval, was, on the contrary, 3 minutes towards the eaft. As the progrefs in latitude according to the dead reckoning had differed only by 3 or 4 minutes, from the progrefs by obfervation from the 7th to the 8th, and from the 8th to the 9th, it was prefumed that.the action of the currents had been fcarcely perceptible in the laft two days of this period, and the progrefs by account of 3 minutes towards the eaft. in the interval from the 8th to the 9th was admitted. [&SP^ ££ On applying this progrefs by account to the : longitude by obfervation of the 8 th at noon, Which was the mean refult of fix fets of diftances of the fun and moon, a frefh refult, which was 960 41', was had for the longitude of the 9th at noon: then taking a mean between the latter and, that of 960 55' given by the obfervations of the 9th for May 1791.] marchand's voyage." for noon of that fame day, we have 06° 48', a mean refult which partakes of the obfervations of the 8th and thofe of the "9th. Now, if, by a proceeding fimilar to that which we have juft employed, we compare this latter refult with the longitude' of the 25th of April, 95° 46', we fhall find that, from the 25 th of April to the 9th of May, the fhip advanced towards the weft, i° 2'. But, according to the dead reck- ^ing, this progrefs ought to be 30 o': the error of the reckoning was therefore, in fourteen days, i° 58', or 93 miles ahead, that is to fay that, in this interval, the fhip had been carried this latter" quantity towards the eaft : and as the comparifon of the latitudes by obfervation and thofe by account, announced that, during the fame time, fhe had been carried to the northward a quarter of a degree, or 15 miles, it thence refults that the current which had driven the fhip from her apparent courfe, caufed her to make 95-^ miles in the direction of eaft 90 15' north, at the mean rate of 6.8 miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE XXIV. Two fets of diftances of the fun and moon obferved on the 12th at twenty minutes paft three o'clock in the afternoon, and two fets of diftances from the moon to Spica Virginis, obferved on the evening of the fame day, both reduced B B 2 tO **m H^ 37* MARCH AN 3 5 VOYAGE. [May 1791. to n66n, gave* by a mean, 980 51' for the longitude. On comparing it to that of the 9th at noon, 96* 48', we find 20 3' progrefs towards the weft. The progrefs by account towards the fame fide, in tht fame interval, is i° 55'} the difference Which is only 8 minutes, or 7 miles, would indicate that the fhip was driven that quantity towards the weft beyond her apparent run: and as the obfervations of latitude prove that fhe was, at the fame time, carried 10 minutes or 10 miles to the fouthward, it may be concluded that the effect of the currents was i2| miles to the fouth 340 45'welt, and 4 miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE XXV. On the 23d, a mean between the remits of fix fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved at thirty-one minutes paft eight in the morning, gave for the longitude at noon, m° 56/: that of the 12th at noon, was 98° 51': thus, in the interval of eleven days, the progrefs towards the weft* was according to the obfervations, 130 5'. According to the dead reckoning, it was only 9* 53': thus the fhip had been carried to the weftward 30 12'; and the error of the reckoning aftern, had been this quantity, or 173 miles, in the interval of eleven days. If May 1791.] marchand's voyage. 373 If we compare the latitudes obferved every day with thofe indicated by the dead reckoning, we fhall find that, in the fame fpace of time, the fhip was carried by the movement of the waters, 52 minutes, or 52 miles, to the fouthward. On combining the 173 miles Wefting with the 52 miles Southing, it will be feen that the effect of the current on the fhip's courfe was 180.5 miles, or 6o| leagues, in the direction of weft 160 45' fouth; and the mean drift 16.4 miles, or about 5 J leagues, in twenty-four hours. NOTE XXVI. If we wifh to make, for the following days,, the 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th, when fets of diftances of the moon from the fun or ftars were obferved, the fame calculations which we made for the 23d, the following refults will be found, /-According to the Ob-^ The fhip was FromtheV fervationsIo45'W. / carried to the 2 3 t0 ^According to the D. C weftward in 24 the 24th I ^gbning jo iy' w ) hours> j 1 Qo 2g/> According to the obfervations of latitude fhe was carried to the fouthward o° 10' t-, , /-According to the ob--y ■. ■ From the ( & } , 1 fervations 1 16 W. 24th to < . , 1 According to the D. | the 25th/ , . n , , H reckoning 100 W.J According to the obfervations of latitude To the fouthward o° 14' b b 3 From Carried to the weftward o° 16 374 marchand's voyage. [May 1791. ■p, , ^According to the ob- . \ fervations o° 41'W. 25th to J . * the 26th) According to the D. ^ reckoning o° 3 5 W. - According to the obfervations of latitude To the northward .. o° 2 Carried to the weftward . . o° 6' FromthefAccordinStotheob-) } fervations o° 56'W. f -26th to . Carried to the 30m to j s. the 27th /According to the D. f weftward.. o° 8' ^- reckoning o° 48' W/ According to the obfervations of latitude To the fouthward o° 4' The fum of the quantities which the fhip advanced towards the weft beyond the progrefs by account, from the 23d to the 27th, was o° 58'or 54 miles, and that which fhe was carried to the fouthward 26 minutes, or 26 miles: on combining thefe two fums, we find that the action of the current carried the fhip, in the interval of four days, 59 miles, to the weft 230 30' fouth; this is, at the rate of 14.75 miles, or about five leagues in twenty-four hours. If it be wifhed to embrace a longer period, that from the 12th to the 27th, it will be found that, in the interval of thefe fifteen days, the fhip Was carried to the weftward, beyond her, apparent progrefs, 40 io' or 228 miles; and to the fouthward, ic 18' or 78 jniles*.. and on combining thefe two May 1791.] marchand's voyage. 37£ two quantities, we find that the error of the courfe (was 242 miles or 8oj leagues, to the weft l8° 45' fouth -, which indicates a mean effect of the action of the currents in that direction, of about 16 miles in twenty-four hours. It is feen, that from the 9th to the 27th, between the parallels of 300 and 190 30' fouth, the [ currents carried the fhip conftantly to the fouthward, at a rate which varied from 4 to 16 miles in twenty-four hours; and it will be recollected that, in the South Atlantic Ocean, between the fame parallels, we had found the fame direction in the currents and a velocity which had varied from 10 to 18 miles a day. It has been feen (Note XXII) that the longitude by account from the time of the fhip being in fight of Staten Land, according to the calculation of her run, had, on the 25th of April, drawn near the longitude by obfervation, and, through the effect of compenfations, differed from it no more than 4 minutes aftern ; from the 25th of April to the 9th of May (Note XXIII) the error of the reckoning had been i° 58' ahead, the longitude by account was at this latter period, i° 54' ahead-,but the error having been 8 minutes aftern from the 9th to the 12th of May (Note XXIV); 30 12', from the 12th to the 23rd (Note XXV); and 58 minutes, from the 23rd to the 27th; thefe accumulated errors in the fame direction, deducting i° 54' ahead, produce, on the laft b b 4 day, I ill il Mie 37^ MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [June 1791; day, a total error of 20 24' aftern in the longitude by account. NOTE XXVII. On the 6th of June, the mean between.the | mean refults of four fets of diftances obferved from the moon to the fun, and two fets of diftances from the moon to Spica Virginis, reduced to noon of the fame day, gave for the longitude of the fhip, at that moment, 1270 io': and on comparing it with that which had been deduced from the obfervations of the 27th of May, it is feen thai the fhip's progrefs towards the weft, had been io° 36'. That which was indicated by the dead reckoning, for the fame interval, was io° 23': thus the difference was only 13 minutes, or 12.5 miles, which the fhip appeared to have been carried to the weftward beyond the progrefs by account. On examining the fhip's daily progrefs towards the north, according to the dead reckoning, and the progrefs according to the obfervations, we find that the fum of the former is equal to the fum of the latter: the differences in the one direction and in the other are exactly counterbalanced. We may therefore conclude that, from the 27th of May to the 6th of June, the currents effected no perceptible change either in the fhip's apparent courfe or rate of failing : for the 13 minutes, or 12.5 mites,.difference towards the weft, might proceed June 1791.] marchand's voyage, eeed from the obfervations as well as from the dead reckoning. The fame agreement between the refults of the obfervations and the calculations of the reckoning continued for the two following days. '&&■ From the 6th to the 7th, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft, according to the obfervations was 20 15'; and 20 14', according to the dead reckoning. From the 7th to the 8th, i° 43' according to the obfervations, and i° 52' according to the dead reckoning: the difference therefore is only 9 minutes, but in a contrary direction to thofe of the preceding days. The progrefs in latitude deduced from obfervation, and compared with that given by the dead reckoning fhews that the apparent progrefs of the fhip, in this direction, differed little from her real progrefs: from the 6th to the 7th, the dead reckoning gives 3 minutes lefs towards the fouth than the obfervation, and 1 minute only from the 7th to the 8th. It therefore appears that, in the interval of thefe laft two days, the fhip experienced no effect from the currents. NOTE XXVIII. The action of the currents was again felt from the 8th to the 10th. 1 37* marchand's voyage. [June 1791. Eight fets of diftances of the fun and moon obferved on the 10th two fets of diftances from the moon to Regulus, and two others from the moon to Antares, gave, by a mean between the three mean refults, for the longitude of the fhip, reduced to noon of that fame day, 1350 52'; and on comparing it with that of the 8 th, we find that, in the interval of the two days, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft was, according to the obfervation, 40 44': it is only 3° 51', according to the dead reckoning : thus, the fhip was carried"jjfe minutes, or about 52 miles, to the weftward. From the 8th to the 10th, according to the obfervations of latitude, the fhip was carried 7 minutes, or 7 miles to the fouthward: thus the current had caufed her to make an imperceptible drift of 52^ miles to the weft, 7 or 8° fouth, or 26} miles in twenty-four hours in that direction. NOTE XXIX. The obfervation of latitude of the nth proved that, in the twenty-four hours which preceded the noon of that day, the action of the currents had again carried the fhip jo minutes to the fouthward. It had been almoft conftantly found in crofting the Great Oceans that, when they fet towards the South, they alfo fet towards the Weft, and in a more confiderable quantity: and as our navigators, the nex^day, expected to difcover the Iflands B^W^j June 1791-] marchand's voyage. 379 Iflands called Las Marquesas de Mendoca, they judged it expedient to add to the daily progrefs in longitude which the dead reckoning indicated towards the weft, from the time of the obfervations of the 10th till they made the land, the quantity of 26 minutes in twenty-four hours, in order to compenfate for the effect of the currents which they fuppofed muft drive the fhip towards that fide, in the fame proportion as they had carried her thither on the preceding days at the fame time that they carried her to the fouthward. On calculating the run according to this fup- pofition, they expected to difcover the Mendoca Iflands towards noon of the 12th, and, in fact, at half paft ten in the morning of that day, they began to perceive the Ifland of La Mada- lena, the moft eaftern and moft fouthern of the group. At noon, it bore fouth-weft; and the Ifland of San Pedro bore directly weft at the diftance of fourteen leagues eftimated by the eye. i The longitude of this laft-mentioned ifland, determined by the obfervations" made in Captain Cook's fecond voyage*, is 2210 9' eaft from Greenwich, or 1410 11' 15" weft from Paris. If we take from this quantity 42 minutes, which * See the Original Afironomlcal Obfervations made voyage towards the South Pole, &c. Page 323, MARCHAND S VOYAGE) [JUS? tjMm are equivalent to the diftance of 14 leagues eftimated at the time of taking the bearing, we fhall have 1400 29' 15" for the longitude of the fhip which was exactly on the parallel of the ifland: on adding to the refult of the obfervations of the 10th the progrefs by account towards the weft fmce that period, 40 23' (30 21', according to the dead reckoning, plus 52 minutes for the effect of the current) it will be found that the pre fumed longitude on making the land, was only 140° 15': the error of thjs determination was therefore 14I minutes, which anfwer to no more than 41 leagues; but, according to the calculation of the fhip's apparent courfe and diftance, paying .no regard to the forefeen effect of a current towards the weft, the progrefs towards that fide would, j from the 10th to the 12th, have been only 30 31'; and on adding it to the longitude of the 10th, it | would have made only 1390 23': thus the error would have been i° 6' 1$" or 2if leagues. In regard to the latitude of San Pedro, the obfervations of Captain Cook's voyage give for it 90 59': and this is exactly the fame as that which was obferved on board the Solide. Let us fee what was the error of the dead reckoning in the interval of the laft two days. On comparing the longitude obferved on the 10th with that of the fhip at the time of making the land on the 12th, that is, 1350 $1 wkh 1400 59', it is feen that the real progrefs towards the weft June 1791.3 marchand's voyage* 381 weft was 40 37'; but, according to the dead reckoning, it was only 30 31': thus, in two days, the currents carried the fhip towards the weft i° 6', or 6$ miles. The compound and unexperienced movement was therefore 67.25 miles to the weft fouth, and 33% miles in twenty-four hours. Let us examine at prefent what would have been the error of the dead reckoning on making the land of the Mendoca Iflands, if, from the time of her being in fight of Staten Land, our navigators had adhered to its refults, and had not corrected them every day that the ftate of the weather allowed of determining by obfervation the longitude of the fhip, and of afcertaining the errors which the action of the currents, or any other caufe, had introduced in the direction which fhe appeared to have followed and the diftance which fhe feemed to have run. Periods Ill 382 marchand's voyage. ' June to the 6 th From the 6th to the 7 th From the 7th to the 8 th From the 8th to the 10th From the xeth to the 12 th 1 n fig May to the 9th From the 9th to the 12th From the 12 th to the 23 rd From the23rd to the 24th From the 24th to the 25th From the 25th to the 26th From the 26th to the 27 th From the 27 th 1791. April the ift From the ift to the nth From the 11 th to the 19th From the 19th to the 25th From the the 25 th Periods OF THE Observations. sUo 3 I 5 Is*ass VO O H H^ Sl^O ('•[ ffl 4*. -f>. - W O O O <- « ol N w N 0\ O c W O O >-> S O m o> N -f* OJ 9 (II! i 1 + 1 I « 0 0 0 0 Os^ vo « o» i 1 1 1 ! 1 + 0 0 0 0 0* 0 ►- i 1 + O b» N O Differences ot theP rogrcls towards theWeft accord8, to the D. Reckoning compared to the Progrefs accordg. to the Observations N t) * - O JJg| M Sum of the errors towards the Eaft 8° 41* Sum of the errors towards the Weft. 4 13 Remainder in error towards the Eaft or aftern after the compenfation ,.,...,,,.,, 4 28 It June 1791.] marchand's voyage. 2&3 It is feen that the fum of the errors of the dead reckoning, towards the one fide or towards the other, in the fpace of feventy-three days, is 120 54': and although fome fortunate compenfations had taken place, the error at the time of making the land is ftill 40 28', or 871 leagues to the eaftward, that is, aftern of the true pofition of the Ihip : now it is well known that an error aftern is always dangerous, fince it is poffible that a navigator may fall in with the land in the night, while he thinks himfelf ftill at a diftance from it. NOTE XXX. The obfervations made in Captain Cook's fecond ivoyage have given the following determinations for the Iflands called Las Marquesas de Mendoca : Latitude South. Long, weft from Paris,, , Hood's Ifland. 9 26 00 . San Pedro, or O-Nitei'6.. 9 58 co . Santa Chriftiana or Wahi- tahdj at the Harbour of La Madre deDios.. .9 55 30 . LaDominica or O-Hivahoa 9 40 371 La Madalena ........ 10 25 30 . No obfervations were made for determining immediately the longitude of the harbour of La Madre de Dios in the Ifland of Santa Christina, .. 141 12 15 I. 141 11 15 ,141 28 55 , 141 21 52I ,141 09 15 M 1 marchand's voyage. [June 1791* tina, to which the others are fubjecled: but on the days, which preceded, and on thofe which followed the Resolution's arrival at this port, Mr.. Wales had taken feveral obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun, and he reduced them by calculation, and with the help of a chronometer to the pofition of the harbour of La Madre 0% Dios*. The meridian altitudes of the fun which were employed for determining the latitude of the fame harbour, were taken on the 9th and 10th of April 1774 from a quickfilver horizon with a Hadley's lextant, and by the back obfervation: they gave for the latitude of La Madre de Dios, the former 9° $5' *s"> an^ l^e latter 9° 55 45"t« * See The Original Agronomical Obfervations made In tt Voyage towards the South Pole, &c. Pages 322, 323 and 82. The Longitudes are there reckoned from the Meridian of Green* wich; we have reduced them to that of Paris, admitting this city to be fituated z° 20' 11" to the Eafl of Greenwich. f See The Original Aftronomlcal Obfervations made in et woy* age towards the South Pole, page 81. FOURTH Jane 1791.] marchand's voyage. . 38^ FOURTH RUN, From the Iflands called LAS MARQUESAS DE MENDOCA to the NORTH-WEST Coaft of AMERICA. On the 20th of June, at eleven o'clock at night, the Solide took her departure from the Harbour of La Madre de Dios, in 90 55' 30" fouth latitude, and 141 ° 28' 55'' weft longitude; NOTE XXXI. On the 22d, in fight of Ile Marchand (Marchand's Ifland) the longitude of the fhip, reduced to noon, was determined by fix fets of diftances of the moon from the fun and two fets of the moon from « of Aquila at 1420 27': thus the progrefs in longitude towards the weft, fince the departure taken from La Madre de Dios, had been o° 58'. That given by the dead reckoning differed from it only 3 minutes or o..g6 miles in excefs. The latitude by account agreed with the latitude by obfervation. It may be concluded from the refult of thefe comparifons, that the currents which had fet with a great velocity to the weft 180 30' fouth, while the fhip was failing to the eaftward or to windward vol. 11. c c of 386 marchand's voyage. [June 1791, of the Mendoca Iflands, had not been felt while fhe was ftanding to the north-weft or to leeward of them. NOTE XXXII. Two fets of dift#?£es of the fun and moon gave for the longitude of the 24th at noon, 1430 10'. And on comparing it with that of the 22nd it is feen that, in the fpaCe of two days, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft was o° 43'. That which was indicated by the dead reckoning ' was only o° 36': thus it would appear &&& in two days, the fhip was carried to the weftward, 7 minutes or 6.9 miles. According to the obfervations of latitude, fhe was carried, in the fame fpace of time, 6 minutes or 6 miles to the fouthward. The effect of the currents had therefore been 9.1 miles or 4.56 in twenty-four hours* to the weft 4° fouth. NOTEXXXin. By the obfervations of the 25th, the longitude of the fhip, at noon, was i43°49'; and her progrefs towards the weft had been, fince the 24th,. 39 minutes. It was only 21 minutes, according to the dead reckoning : thus, in twenty four hours, the fhip had been carried 18 minutes or 17.8 miles to the weftward. 6 The July 1791.3 ftfAR'CHAND S VOYAGE. 3*7 The obfervation of latitude fhewed that, during the fame time, fhe had been carried 12 minutes or 12 miles to the northward. Thus her unperceived movement had been 21.5 miles to the weft 33*45' north. At this period our navigators had loft fight of the Iles db la Revolution (the Revolution Iflands), and were on a parallel more northerly by about n\ degrees than the moft northern part of the group. NOTE XXXIV. On the 20th of July, four fets of obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun gave, by a mean, for the longitude of the fhip reduced to noon, 1560 2': and on comparing it with that of the 25th of June, we find that, in the fpace of twenty-five days, the progrefs towards the weft Was 12013'. According to the dead reckoning, she progrefs in the fame interval had been only 1 o° 27'; and thence it was concluded that the fhip was carried i° 46', or 101.2 miles to the weftward. If we compare on each day the latitude deduced from obfervation with that indicated by the dead reckoning, it is feen that the action of the currents carried the fhip almoft uninterruptedly to the northward, except on the laft four days of the period : the fhip's imperceptible pro- c c 2 grefs 111 y L 4 r III Ih »W MARCHAND S VOYAGE [Ju*y »/9*. grefs towards that fide was frequently 10, n, icf and as much as 16 miles in twenty-four hours. Their fum is 2° 13'': and if we thence deduct that of fome accidental differences towards the fouth, amounting to 19 minutes only, there remain 1 degree 54 minutes, or 114 miles, which the currents had carried the fhip to the northward. On combining the two movements, we find that, in twenty-five days, the fhip made, by a compound and unperceived movement, 152.8 miles in the direction of north 410 45' weft; that is, that her mean drift in that direction was 6.1 miles in twenty-four hours. It appears therefore, that, in this latitude, contrary to what we had obferved in the South Atlantic Ocean, and in the Great Austral Ocean, the currents which fet to the Northward, fet at the fame time to the Weftward. It appears too, as may be feen in the Journal of the Route ; that errors fome what confiderable in the latitudes took place from the parallel of 8° fouth, as far as beyond the Tropic of Cancer, between 1420 30" and 1520 40' of weft longitude ; and that, in crofting this part of the Torrid Zone, the waters, during a month, conftantly fet to the northward and weftward. But the quantity of the error of the dead reckoning in both directions, fuch as we have before determined it, does not exactly indicate the quantity which the fhip was carried to the weftward, 5 nor Jaly 1791.] marchand's voyage 3*9 nor tha£ which fhe was carried to the northward : for it appears by Captain Chanal's Journal, that being aftonifhed at the conftant errors in latitude which had been difcovered for fome time paft, and almoft always on the fame fide, Captain Marchand directed that the half-minute glafs, which is employed in meafuring time while the log is meafuring the fhip's way, fhould be carefully examined : on comparing it with a watch with a fecond hand, which was well regulated, it was afcertained that the time which the fand took to run out, was not exactly thirty feconds, as in the former part of the voyage, and that it was too mort by 2 or 3 feconds. It refulted from this error of the glafs refpecting the meafure of time, that the fhip's way eftimated by means of the log, was fhorter than the way which fhe actually made, by about a twelfth -, and that the fhip's courfe being between the north and the weft, her progrefs in latitude and longitude according to the dead reckoning, ought to have been fmaller by a twelfth than that which would have been found if the fand-glafs had exactly indicated the duration of thirty feconds. On applying to the calculations of the dead reckoning the correction required by this acknowledged error, we fhall have freih. refults. According to the obfervations, the progrefs in longitude, in the interval from the 25th of June to the 20th of July, was 120 13'. The error of cci the I 39® marchand's voyage. [Juty 1791* the dead reckoning in defe5t ought to have been only a twelfth of this quantity, that is, i°i': we fhall find it i° 46^ therefore there remain ftill 45 minutes in defeft, which may be attributed to the action of'the currents that fet the fhip to the weftward. If we examine the error in latitude during the fame period, we fhall find that the fum of the partial errors (a compenfation having taken place between thofe which,, being in a contrary direction, do away each other) is only i° 54' towards the fouth : but as the fhip's real progrefs in latitude towards the north is, according to the obfervations of the two extreme days of the periods 340 24' j the fum of the daily errors of the reckoning, in defecl or towards the fouth, ought to have been* in proportion to the error of the half-minute glafs, a twelfth of the real progrefs, that is, 2° 52': however, it is but i°54', that is, fmaller by 58 minutes than it ought to have been : this diminution can proceed only from a caufe, which, acting in a direction contrary to the error of the glafs, carried the fhip to the northward, and it muft be believed that it is the effect of a current, which, in the interval from the 25th of June to the 20th of July, carried the fhip $8 minutes towards that fide. It will foe feen that the tendency of the waters towards the north was conftant, from the eighth parallel fouth to the land-fall on the north* July 1791.] NDS VOYAGE. 39I 2 A, in the latitude of 57 west coaft of A mer 15' north. If, with thefe new data, 45 minutes, or 43 miles, towards the weft, and 58 minutes, or c8 miles, towards the north, which the currents appear to have driven the fhip out of her apparent courfe, ft were wifhed to calculate what were the velocity and direction of her unperceived movement, it would be found that fhe made 72.3 miles to the north 36° 30' weft; which gives for the mean drift in that direction 2.9 miles in twenty-four Sfours. NOTE XXXV, The mean refult of four fets of obfervations ot diftances of the fun and moon, gives for the longitude of the 23d at noon, 1 540 25'j and on Comparing it to that of the 20th, it is feen that the fhip's progrefs was i° 37' towards the eaft: and, as according to' the dead reckoning, this progrefs appears to have been i° 40', it follows that, in the fpace of three days the currents may have carried the fhip 3 minutes, or 2.6 miles to the weftward. The comparifon of the progrefs towards the north, according to the obfervation and according to the dead reckoning, fhews that the th' was carried, during the fame time, 11 minutes, or 11 miles to the northward. c c 4 Thus ftp* 392 • marchand's voyage, [July J79*» Thus the unperceived movement was 11.3 miles to the north 130 15' weft -, and the mean drift in that direction 3.76 miles in twenty-four hours. The difference between the progrefs in longitude by obfervation and the progrefs by account, is too fmall for us to be able thence to conclude that the currents fet to the weftward j but the obfervations of latitude afforded the certainty thag | they continued to fet to the northward. ;Wl 1 u / ■■ [m NOTE XXXVI. The obfervations for the longitude and latitude, made on the 24th, lead to a refult fimilar to that of trie preceding note. The progrefs towards the eaft, according to the clead reckoning, differs, in the interval from the 23d totfie 24th, from that deduced from the obfervations, only by 2 minutes jn excefs; that is, that the obfervation carries the fhip 2 minutes, or j.67 miles, to the weftward. But the obfervation of latitude proves that, in the fame fpace of time, fhe was carried 21 minutes^ or 21 miles, to the northward. If we choofe to take notice of 1.67 miles to the weftward, the unperceived movement in twenty- four hours will have been 21 miles in the direction of north 40 30' weft. NOTE Auguft tygif] marchand's voyage. NOTE XXXVII. The longitude for the 26th at noon, deduced from two fets of diftances of the fun and moon, was 152° 17': and in comparing it to that of the 24th, we find that the progrefs towards the eaft was i° 15'. The dead reckoning gives for this progrefs i° 32'. Thus, on comparing it to that of the obfervation, the fhip had been carried to the weftward 17 minutes, or J3.6 miles. According to the obfervations of latitude fhe was carried 15 minutes, or 15 miles to the northward. The unperceived movement in the interval of two days, was therefore 2p|: miles to the north 42- 30' weft; and her mean drift in twenty-four hours was 10.12 miles. NOTE XXXVIII. The mean refult of four fets of obfervations of diftances of the fun and moon, reduced to noon, of the 5th of Auguft, gave for the longitude of the fhip at that period, 1430 46'; and on comparing it to that of the 26th of July, we find that, in the interval of ten days, the progrefs towards the eaft had been 8° 31': According to the dead reckoning, it was only 7*27': the difference, i° 4', or 43.9 miles, ex- preffes Mm 394 marchand's voyage. fAugaft 1751; prefTes the quantity which the fhip appears to have been carried to the eaftward by the fetting of the currents. It is feen, on comparing ipn each day the latitude by account wkh that by obfervatiisn, that, ia the fame ipace of time, ihe was carried 54 miniates or 54 miles to the northward. It will be found, by calculation, that the unperceived movement was 69.25 mikes to the aaorth 39* eaft; and that the mean,4rift in that direction was about feven miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE XXXIX. On the 7th at noon, the latitude, according to obfervation, was 370 20'; and on deducing from the longitude obferved on the 5th the eftimated progrefs towards the eaft in the interval of the two days, 30 50', the longitude of the 7th at noon was 1390 56'. In this pofition, the fhip was 15? minutes more to the northward, and i°40yi5"©r 94 miles more to the weftward than Cape -del En- gano (Cook's Cape Edgecumse) which ought to have borne eaft about 150 fouth, at the diftance of 18 or 1^9 leagues. In this fuppofition, Captain Marfan© ftood on in the direction indicated, and at half paft five o'clock in the afternoon, he perceived the ooaft of America. At Auguft 1791-] marchand's voyage. 395 At fix o'clock, Cape ©el Engano bore eaft 190 30'fouth, diftant 13 or 14 leagues. From noon till fix o'clock, according to the traverfc table*, the Ihip had advanced 4.89 miles, or 4' 53" towards the fouth, and 15.34 miles or 28'30" towards the eaft. On fubtracting thefe quantities, the former from the latitude, the latter from the longitude of the fhip at noon, we have for her pofition at fix» o'clock, Latitude 570 15' 7" Longitude 139* 27' 30". Let us fee what muft be her true fituation according to the bearing of Cape del Engano, taken at the fame moment. Since the Cape bore eaft 190 30' fouth, diftant 13 leagues, the fhip was 13' 13"more to the northward than the Cape, and ic 10'48" more to the weftward. Let us apply thefe differences to the latitude of the Cape 570 4' 30", and to its longitude 138* 15' 45", fuch as they were determined by the obfervations made in Captain Cook's third voyage j*, * The ^hip had run ; eaft 70 43' fouth, 3 miles—eaft 170 30' 10 miles—eaft 240 36' fouth $\ miks. + The original ^efironomteal shferoatums made in a 'voyage to ihe Northern Pacific Ocean, £5V. page 349. Latitude according to Cook and King 570 3'; according to Bayly 570 6'—Mean 57° 4|'. Longitude according to Cook and King, 224° 7'; according to Bayly, 2240 27—Mean 2240 4' 30" eaft from Green- wleh, or ij-80 ie' 45" weft ftorri Paris. ^9.6 marchand s voyage. [Auguft 1751. we fhall find that the latitude of the fhip muft be 57° 1 8' o", and her longitude 1390 26' 33". In lieu of thefe quantities, we have found 570 15' 7" for the one, and 139* 27' 30" for the other; the error on making the land was therefore : In Latitude, 2'53", or about 1 league too little to the northward; In Longitude o' 57'', or about one fixth of a league too much to the weftward. Let us examine, at prefent, what was the error of the reckoning in two days and a quarter, from the 5th at noon, to the 9th at fix o'clock in the evening, the period at which the bearings were taken of Cape del Engano. According to the obfervations of the £th anc| the bearing of the 7th, the fhip's progrefs in latitude towards the north was 20 6' -, and according to the dead reckoning, ip 40' 7" only* : the difference, if 53", or 25.9 miles, is the quantity which the fhip was carried to the northward, by the action of the currents, in the interval of two days and a quarter. * From noon on the jth to noon on the 7th, the progrefs by account towards the north had been i° 45' (fmaller by 23 min ; nutes than the progrefs by obfervation in the fame interval): from noon to fix o'clock in the evening of the 9th, the pro, grefs by account towards the fouth was 4' 53", which muft be deducted from the progrefs by account towards the north; and the remainder, i° 40' 7", will be the progrefs by account towards the fame fide, from noon of the 5 th to fix o'clock in the evening of the 7th, the period when the bearings were taken. The «& Auguft 1791.] marchand's voyage. 397 The progrefs in latitude towards the eaft, in the fame fpace of time, was 40 19'27"; and according to the dead reckoning it is 40 18' 30"*: the difference therefore is only o' 57" and may be confidered as null. Thus it is feen that, if, from the 5th to the 7th, the currents carried the fhip to the northward 0.6 miles in 54 hours, or 11.5 miles a day, they produced no material change on the fhip's courfe in the direction of the longitude. As for the longitude by account given, on making the land, by the dead reckoning, deduced from the Bay of La Madre de Dios, it was 138® 30', at noon on the 7th, and 1380 n' 30" at the moment of the bearing being taken at fix o'clock; and as the true longitude at this latter period was i39°26/3o", the difference was only i° 25' or 151 leagues ahead: I fay ahead, with refpect to the land, at which it was intended to touch, and which was fituated to the eaftward of the fhip: but this exactnefs is the effect of the compenfations of partial errors in contrary directions, which took place in the courfe of the run. The following table exhibits the partial errors of the dead reckoning in either direction, at the different periods of the obfervations that were employed for determining the longitude of the fhip. JFrom noon of the 5th to noon on the 7th, 30 50'; and 28' 30" from noon on the 7th to fix o'clock in the evening of the farae day. It 39» MARCHA&I>'S VC*VAGE» m ft £ 3 S 3 B ft "^ || o 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 I I 3 3 **<*>.*: os v» O «J ifl vO 3 ? |-^<»-o-^«o OO ££ 1 5 * i -r* s 1 ~ Longitude m the interval - of the . Obfervations, according to Obfervation, ^4^^» wO-« OO O <-t 0 £? •-• N Oi "-^i -£- b» 0 b> N U* g OO M N Vo O OO % -J « ON" ^ S*w cn ft w w j£ 1 p ^ f£| Longitude in the interval of the Obfervations, accord8, to the D. Reckoning. M ' 1 + + + 1 M 1+ | s»o w oooo >-• o OO o 2* 8 2 £ ~ ft ft ft ft ft ^ jjgjgl #^ ^ §■.. g<S R £ o Eo «J f-l M O Intcrva of the Obfervatk Auguft. 1791.] MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 399 It is feen that, in the courfe of this run* the errors of the reckoning; refpecting the longitude were inconfiderable, either in the one direction, or in the other, and in part counterbalanced each other. The fum of the errors aftern, relatively to the weft, that is to fay, the fum of the quantities minus Weft and plus Eaft, is i° 331* : that of the errors ahead, or of the quantities plus Weft and minus Eaft, is i° 8': and it is remarkable that the longitude of the point arrived at differing from that of the point of departure, only about 2 degrees (La Madre de Dios in, 1410 29' weft, and the point from which the bearing was taken Cape del Engano in 1390 26' 33" weft) the fum of the errors of the reckoning is almoft double the difference of the meridians. But if we deduct from the fum of the errors aftern that of the errors ahead, there remains, after the compenfation, only i° if aftern, a quantity which becomes an error ahead relatively to the land fituated to the eaftward of the fhip, towards which fhe is directing her courfe. The examination of this run leads us to make a few remarks. 1. From the 25th of June to the 5th of Auguft,' the progreffes fometimes towards the weft, fome- * I take for the Dlff&mee from the 2,4th of June to the 20th of July, that of i°'\6', becaufe this is the error (uncorrected) with which the progrefs in longitude, eftimated in the interval of thefe two days, was really affected, whatever was the caufe 400 . marchand's voyage. [Auguft 179^ times towards the eaft, fuch as were indicated by the obfervations, nearly balance each other, and the direct courfe of the fhip deviates little from a meridian; for, according to the bbferva- tions, the longitude of the 25th of June was 143^ 49', and that of the 5 th of Auguft, 1430 46'': the difference is therefore only 3 minutes, which- the Ihip was lefs to the weftward the laft day of this period than the firft. 2. From the 24th of June when the Solide had reached the latitude of 8° fouth, till the 7th of Auguft when fhe arrived at the latitude of 570 18' north, between meridians, the moft weftern of which is i° 10' to the weft, and the moft eaftern' 2° 34' to the eaft, of the 142nd meridian weft from Paris,, the currents, for forty-four days, conftantly carried the fhip to the northward beyond her apparent progrefs. The daily quantity of this movement varied according to the following indications: From 8° fouth of the equator, the unperceived movement towards the north was 12—10—15— and 13 miles in twenty-four hours: From the equator to 120 north, 10-—5—5—2— 11—6—6 miles : From 120 to 140 30', little differences of 3 and 4 miles took place in a contrary direction to the former: From 140 30' to 26°, the movement toward* the north was 6—9—6—3—16—5 miles per day; Form Auguft 1791.] marchand's voyage. 401 From 2 6° to 2 8Q 40', no difference : From 2 8° 40', a difference, in a contrary direction, of 11 miles : From 280 4c/ to 320, the daily movement towards the north, 5 or 6 miles: From 3 20 to 34 , 21 miles towards the north: 40, 7— miles 1 mile in a contrary di* From 340 to 420 towards the north: From 42* 40' to 43° rection : ^rom 430 to 440, 8 miles towards the nottlv: From 440 to 550 1—2|. miles towards the fame fide: Laftly, from 55" to 570 15', on approaching the coaft, 13 miles a day, towards the north. If we fum up the daily and unperceived progrefs towards the north, which took place, in forty-four days, between the parallel of 8° fouth and that of 570 north, in a run of 65® or 1300 leagues in latitude, we fhall find that the fum of thefe unperceived progreffes, occafioned by the action of the currents towards the fame fide*, is 253 miles or 84$ leagues; and on taking a mean term, 5J miles^ or near 2 leagues in twenty-four hours. Some little differences obferved in the courfe of this period of forty-four days, which indicate ™ Mi- Mr * See at the end of the jlotes, the Table of the Efe3 of .the Currents, ejh Run. • MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Auguft 1791 an accidental tendency of the waters towards the South, deferve no confideration; for it is not proved that the greater part of thefe differences do not belong to the obfervation of latitude, which, as is well known, may leave an uncertainty of 2 or 3 minutes in its refult, when the obfervation is made with a fextant: and we ought not thence to conclude that the general tendency of the waters carried them towards the North. 3. It may be remarked too that, from the 22nd of June to the 7th of Auguft, during forty-fix days, between the parallels of cf 20' fouth, and 570 15' north, and between the longitude of 1420 30' and 1390 30'weft (the extreme limits of the progrefs towards the eaft and towards the weft), the currents conftantly carried the fhip to the weftward, except on one occafion (from the 26th of July to the 5th of Auguft, between 370 45' and $$° 15'of north latitude, and 1520 if and 1430 45'of longitude) when they carried her to the eaftward, 44 miles in ten days. The fum of the quantities towards the weft amounts to 144 miles or 48 leagues j which gives for the mean effect of the currents towards that fide, a little more than 3 miles in twenty-four hours. If we combine thefe 144 miles to the weft with the 253 to the north, we find that the compound direction of the currents was north 290 40' weft, the way made in this direction 291.5 miles or 97.2 leagues, Aggaft'179**] marchand's voyage. 403 leagues, and the mean drift 6.3 miles in twenty- four hours. Thus, a navigator who might follow the track of Captain Marchand., in the fame feafon, and who fhould employ for directing his courfe only the ordinary methods of navigation, might reckon, in general, that the currents carried the fhip, by an unperceived movement, 2T'o leagues per day < in the direction of north 300 weft. 1 I FIFTH RUN, From the NORTH-WEST Coaft of AMERICA to the SANDWICH ISLANDS. NOTE XL. On the 21ft of Auguft, the Solide took her departure from Tchinkitanay Bay, in latitude 570 4 north, and longitude 1370 59' weft. On the 22nd, the Obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun gave for the longitude of the fhip, reduced to noon, 137* 10': thus the progrefs towards the eaft had been o° 49'. The longitude according to the dead reckoning was 1370 i6'i the difference of the progrefs by account towards the eaft, compared to that which D D 2 IS n n ^mmmm 4S4 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Auguft. 1791 is deduced from obfetfvbtion, is only 6 minutes or 31 miles, which the obferved progrefs is greater. On comparfftg ^fee dat*ttreie% we fflnd that the progrefs towards the fouth is greater [acctJrding to obfervation than according to the dead reck* feeing, by 3 minutes or 3 miles. Thus, it fhould appear that the currents fkt about 41 miles to eheceaft 420 30' fo^th* m 11 PTE XLI. On the 23rd, at three-quarters paft five in the morning, the Solide was in fight and to the weftward of the northern part of the weft coaft of thofe lands which La Pe rouse difcovered in 1786, and which, fubfequently to his difcovery, Captain Djxon has named Queen GHA'fe4tfT.3&'$Iflands. On pricking off the fhip's place on the chart of the Englifh navigator, Captain Marchand deduced from his "aufefer^ations of the preceding day, that thd-:isiddle~ -'-of the entrance of Cloak | Bay is fitustedgIn latitude 54° 10' north* and longitude-' 13 50 §Q' weft from Farts ; and this longitude differs by fd 'minutes in excefs from that affigried to it by Di-xow's original chart, which places the entrance in 1330 20' weft from Grus* WiCH. But, accorcftftg to the ©bfefvations made in the voyage? of La Pe-r-.ouse, we are of opinion that Captain IE Sept. 1791.] W&&CHAND S VOYi&gE. ^Captain Marchand's longkade mentioned in Captain Chanal's Journal ought to be fjaacreafed 8 minutes -, and on applying this correction to the longitude of the point whence the bearing was taken, which was, at noon, 1350 $3', we have carried this Jongitude, in the Journal of theRoute, to 1360 1'. NOTE XLII. On the ift of September, at noon, the Solide took her departure from a point from whence bearings were taken of the land in latitude 51" 56' by obfervation; and Captain Marchand had fixed the longitude of this point at 135° 20', according to the General Chart of the NORTHWEST COAST OF AMERICA, which is prefixed to DIXON'S VOYAGE. But the obfervations made in La Pe rouse's voyage place in 1350 5' the portion of the coaft fituated in latitude 520 56': and, as at the moment of taking the bearings, the Solide was 5 or 6 leagues, or about 30 minutes to the weftward of the coaft, the longitude of the point whence the land was fet will be 1350 3^, that is, greater by 15 minutes than that afligned to it by Captain Marchand and the Journal of Captain Chanal. In confequence, I have (in the Journal of the Route) increafed by 15 minutes the longitude of the point whence the bearings of the ift of d d 3 September marchand's voyage. [Sept. 1791, September were taken; and the longitudes by account of the 2nd, 3rd, and. 4th. NOTE XLIIL On the 4th, the longitude deduced from the obfervations. of the moon's diftance from the fun, and reduced to noon, was 1300 40' -, and on comparing it with that of the ift corrected, as in the preceding Note, we find that the progrefs towards the eaft was 40 5 f. That which was deduced from the dead reckoning compared to the fame longitude is only 4* 36': the difference in three days is therefore 19 minutes, or about 12 miles, which the fhip appears to have been carried to the eaftward. In the fame interval, the progrefs towards the fouth was greater according to the obfervation than according to the dead reckoning, from the ift to the 3rd, 11 minutes; but from the 3rd to the Ath, it was fmaller by 4 minutes: thus from the ift to the 4th, the currents, from a compenfation having taken place, fet 7 minutes, or 7 miles, to the fouthward. In might be concluded that the fhip was carried about 14 miles, in three days, at 4! miles in. twenty-four hours, to the eaft 30° 30' fouth. NOTE -XJW--miP.!;. mj.JW Sept. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 407 NOTE XLIV. On the 8th, before he loft fight of the coaft of America, Captain Marchand took a bearing off Berkley Sound. At half paft fix o'clock in the evening, the entrance of this bay bore north-eaft half eaft diftant fix leagues: and, on fetting off the bearing on Dixon's Chart, where Berkley Sound is placed in latitude 480 57' north, and longitude 128° 28' weft from Paris, it was concluded that the point whence the bearings was taken, which was made the Point of departure, was fituated in Latitude 480 46' North. Longitude 128° 48' Weft. 1 \ II NOTE XLV. The refult of the lunar obfervations of the i^th in the morning, reduced to noon, placed the fhip in longitude 1390 3'; and, on comparing it to that of the point of departure (preceding Note), it will be feen that the progrefs towards the weft was io9 1$'. i^l&eii According to the dead reckoning, it appears to have been 120 3'. Thus in the fpace of eleven days, the fhip was carried aftern or to the eaftward, by the action of the currents, i° 48', or 83.6 miles. d d 4 She 408 marchand's voyMe. [Sept. i?$Kl| She was carried to the fouthward a ftill more confiderable quantity: the daily differences between the latitude by account and the latitude by obfervation, were 2, 4, 8, 9, 15, 16, and 17 minutes j and the fum of thefe differences is 2° 6', or 126 miles, which the fhip was carried towards the fouth in the interval of eleven days. On combining thefe quantities towards the fouth with the quantities towards the eaft, we find that the currents carried the fhip by an unperceived movement, 151.5 miles in eleven days, or 13.77 miles in twenty-four hours, to the fouth 330 if em NOTE XLVI. The progrefs towards the weft, according to the compared refults of the obfervations of the 19th and 2ift, was 2° 36'; and as, according to the 4»gad reckoning, it is only 20 17', it may thence be concluded tfe$t, (in the interval of two days, the Unperceived progress towards the weft was 13 minutes or 11.2 mites. The unpereeived progrefs tdtyferffe the f&titfti was, in the fame fpace of time, 8 minutes or 8 mites* And, on combining the two moveftfgfilts, we •frfid that the fhip was carried 13.8 miles in two tfeys, or 6.9 miles & day, to the we it 350 30' fouth. NOTE Sept. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 409 NOTE XLVIII. From the 21ft to the 23rd, the progrefs towards the weft was, according to the obfervations, 2° 14', and 20 8', according to the dead reckonings the difference is 6 minutes or'5.22 miles, which the fhip appears to hsve been carried to the weftward in two days, or 2.6 miles in twenty-four hours. The difference between the latitudes by obfervation and by account have compenfated for eaclr other, and were only 2 minutes in the one direction, and as much in the other. NOTE XLVIII. According *tb the compared refults of the lunar obfervations of the 23rd and 30th, the progrefs in longitude towards the weft, in the interval of feven days, was 50 40'; and the progrefs according to the dead reckoning, was 6° o'. It follows that the fhip was carried to the eaftward, 20 minutes, or 1 8 miles. The differences of the latitudes by account, compared to the latitudes by obfervation, counterbalanced each other within 3 minutes, or 3 miles, which the fhip appears to have been carried to the fouthward. On combining the two unperceived movemefife,, towards the eaft and towards the fouth, it will fe£ found 410 marchand's voyage. [0&. 1791. found that the fhip was carried 18.3 miles in feven days, or 2I miles, in twenty-four hours, to the eaft: io° fouth. NOTE XLIX. Frefh obfervations for the longitude made on the firft of October gave for the progrefs towards the weft, in twenty-four hours, i° 32'; and the dead reckoning differed from it only 1 minute or 0.93 miles, in excefs, which it might be imagined that the fhip had been carried to the eaftward, if the refults of the lunar obfervations to which are com>- pared thofe of the dead reckoning, could attain that precifion. The obfervation of latitude proved that, in the fame fpace of time, the fhip had been carried to the fouthward 5 minutes or 5 miles, beyond her apparent run. She was therefore carried 5.1 miles to the fouth ic4° eaft. NOTE L. By the lunar obfervations which were made on the 3rd, the day before the Solide got fight of the Sandwich Iflands, it was concluded that the ihip had reached the longitude of 1550 ja& and her progrefs towards the weft, from the firft of the month, had been 40 8'^ greater by 8 minute^, 6 or mmm Oft. 1791.] marchand's voyage. Is 411 or 7.53 miles than that indicated by the dead reckoning. The progrefs towards the fouth, in the laft two days, was greater according to the obfervations, than according to the refult of the dead reckoning, by 3 minutes, or 3 miles. Thus the compound and imperceptible movement had been 8.1 miles, in two days, or 4 miles, in twenty-*four hours, to the weft 21° 45'fouth. NOTE LI. On the 4th at four o'clock in the afternoon, the Solide was exactly under the meridian of the moft eaftern point of the Ifland of O-Whyhee, which the obfervations made in Captain Cook's third voyage* have fixed at 1570 io' 15" weft from Paris; and the longitude of the fhip, at that period, ought to have been the fame as that of this point. On the 3rd at noon (preceding Note), the longitude of the fhip deduced from obfervation, was 1550 7'. From the 3rd to the 4th at noon, the dead reckoning indicated a progrefs towards the weft of iQ 37'•, and, from noon to four o'clock in the evening of the latter day, a progrefs of 17 * See The Original Aftronomlcal Obfervatlon% made in a voyage to the Northern Pacific Ocean, Sec. by W. Bayley, page 350. The longitude of this point is there lak} down 205° iq' jv«ft from Greenwich. minutes 1 ill /*5*i 4i« MARCH Aim's, VOYAGE. [Oft. 1791. minutes towards the fame fide* : thas the longitude deduced from obfervation of the 3rd and increafed by the progrefe by account towards the weft, in the interval of 28 hours, was on the 4th at four o'clock in the afternoon, 157® 1'. It was therefore fmaller than the true fcngitude^ of the point at which fhe was arrived* and 9? minutes aftern j and the err©* was 81 males. But it will be feen hereafter £hat this trifling error of o\ minutes belongs to the dead reckoning, which* in the interval from noon to three or four o'clock in the afternoon of the 4th, indicates a progrefs towards the weft too fmall by this quantity: and if, in thefe twenty-eight hours, the real progrefs* &f the fhip had been the fame as her apparent progrefs, the longitude on making the land would have been precifely the fame as that of the eaft point of O-Whyhee, on the meridian of which the fhip was placed. In order to afcertain the error which occurred in the reckoning, in the interval from noon to three or four o'clock in the afternoon, it will be obferved that the longi&ide by account of the 4th at noon (Journal of the Route) was 15b0 26', to which mufi: be added the progrefs by account towards the weft, from noon to four o'clock * Frert *oon to four o?clock, the .fhip fteered weft 140 30' €oufti--^weft- -37°^outh.-—w-eft gi° 30' fouth—weft T90 Jjf'fauth : and fhe ran 4I miles on each of thefe courfes. ,*sK in. HUB Oft. 17^3 v marchand's voyage. 413 in the afternoon of the 4th which is 17 miles towards the weft -, and we lhall have, for the longitude by account at this latter moment i58°43'. On comparing thi$,longitude to the longitude by account of the 3rd, we find that, according to the dead reckoning, the progrefs towards the weft, in the interval from noon to three or four o'clock in the afternoon of the 4th, is i° 54'. But if we compare the true loggj^ude of the 4th at four.o'clock, 157* 10' 15" to the longitude deduced from the obfervation of the 3rd at noon, 1550 f, it is feen that the real progrefs was 20 3' if': thus the error of the dead reckoning was, in twenty-eight hours, 9* minutes or 8.66 miles, which it appears that the currents fet the fliip to ""the weftward. At the fame time, they carried her, according to the obfervations^ 4 minutes, or 4 miles to the northward: thus the unperceived movement of the fhip was 9.6 in twenty-eight hours, or 8.2 miles, in the direction of weft 240 45' north. If, at prefent, we wifh to find what was, on making the land, the error of the longitude by account deduced by the dead reckoning, during the paffage, from the longitude of the 8th of September in fight of Berkley Sound, we muft add i° 54' (progrefs by account towards the weft, from noon to three or four o'clock in the afternoon of the 4th) to 1560 49' (longitude t>y account of the 3rd at noon -y and we fhall have 15 8° 414 marchand's voyage. [Oft.. 1791. 43 for that of the 4th: it is greater than the true longitude, by i° 3 45", or 87^ miles or 29.2 leagues ahead. It would have been greater by 36I minutes, if no compenfation had taken place; it will be feen by the following table, that from the 8th of September to the 4th of October, the fum of the errors plus weft was 20 cj; but that of the errors minus weft being 36% minutes, there remained, deducting the latter, only i° 32' 45" for the former. > 2 a.W* i I? o 3 o e.s I O " ga n O »3 13* tr Cf s* ' s* . Br* ' O O O* CL. • PP D. S> fr* . _ M _ N to L Oo-t* vO VO VO •"* 00 VO o o _ -^ OO -^ v*»4* ON -f^ * o WJBt w _ _ y gjj L M v*i Vn -^ -t- 4* OO N »4 V, O VO OJ VO OO M • v*-t (4 ■»•> 4»- o • *"* '. vO ■ ~J ' o» 00 OO ££ 9 I OO !>• r • « ~ P-k 2$ OvO «~<< .K. M OO P-. O -^ O va, 3 3 3 * f* 3 * S 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 I o VO 3 "Ml "r^ Ill 1 'Al 11 !| i 1 Ni si 1 1 fin} **T3& Oft. 791'J MARCHAND s voyage. m It may be remarked, in the run from the north-west coaft of America to the Sandwich Iflands, that, when the Solide was ftanding to the northward, from the 19 th to the 57th parallel (between the 13th of July and 7th of Auguft)* the currents conftantly fet to the northward, 2f, 3f* 21, 71, 51, and 111 a day: and that, on the contrary, in running from the 57th to the 19th , parallel (between the 21ft of Auguft and the 4th of October,) they fet to the fouthward, 3, 2|, 1 if, 4, 5, and 1 miles a day*. In the former period, the Solide had failed between the 150th and 140th meridian weft from Paris ; and in the latter, fhe had failed between the 140th and 157 th. It does not appear to me, therefore, that it is to the difference of meridians, which is not very confiderable, that we ought to attribute the change in the direction of the currents; it would appear rather to depend on the difference of the feafons. It will be for navigators who fhall, in the fequel, fail in thefe latitudes, at the fame periods when the Solide croffed them, to afcertain whether the II * In the laft twenty-four hours only, they fet 4 miles to the northward; but the Ihip was then at no great diftance from the archipelago of the Sandwich Iflands ; and it is well known that the channels which feparate iflands, occafion currents that vary according to the tides, according to the wind which has blown, and whofe efFecl is frequently felt at rather confiderable diftances from the lands between which they have begun to form. direction 4*6 marchand's voyage [Oft. 179U direction and the velocity of the currents will again prove the fame as thofe which we have thought ourfelves juftified in deducing from the obfervations for the latitude and longitude made by Captains Marchand and Chanal, in (landing up and running down, between the two extreme parallels, which, in the latter period, limit the courfe of the Solide. SIXTH RUN, From the SANDWICH Iflands to the MARY* ANNE Iflands and to MACAO. NOTE LII. On the 7th, at fix o'clock in the evening, a laft bearing was taken of the Ifland of O-Whyhee, in order to fix the point of departure, at that moment, the two extremities in fight bpre from north 50 eaft to eaft-fouth-eaft 20 30' eaftj and the fhip was at the diftance of two leagues from the neareft fhore. From thefe bearings was fixed the _ . ( Latitude 190 4' North. Point of Departure ■< T . , 0 ,„ *. r £ Longitude.. 158 29 Weft. NOTE i^a-^Wr 0&. 1791.]] marchand's voyage. 417. NOTE LIE. The refult of two fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved on the 19th at forty-two minutes after nine in the morning, gave for the longitude of that day at noon 17 8° 48' weft from Paris; and on comparing it to that of the point of departure, we have for the fhip's progrefs towards the weft in the interval of nf days, 200 19'. The progrefs, according to the dead reckoning, was only 18° 54': thus the currents had driven the fhip to the weftward i° if, or 8i§ miles. In the fame fpace of time, except the 2nd, %ro\, and 4th day of the period, the currents had conftantly carried the fhip to the fouthward, and this movement had been fometimes 10, 11, and 15 Mes in twenty-four hours; but from the 8th to the 9th of the month, the unperceived movement had been 10 <miles towards the north, and, from the 9th to the 10th, it was 29 miles towards the fame fide: in thefe two days the fhip had failed between the latitude of 190 30' and 200 north, and between the longitude of 1590 40' and i6o°4o' weft. On deducting the fum of the unperceived movement towards the north, from the fum of the ;movement vtowards the fouth, we find as the refult, that the fhip, in the courfe of the period, had been carried, 12 minutes, or 12 miles to the ■fouthward. vol. 11. e e And Tt^^^^m 418 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Oa. 1791. And on combining the movement towards the fouth, with that which the obfervations for the longitude indicated towards the weft, it will be feen that the fhip was carried 82.5 miles in 11 f days, or about 7 miles in twenty-four hours to the weft 8° 2c/ fouth. NOTE LIV. , The refult of the lunar obfervations, made on the 20th, confirmed that of the obfervations of the 19th. The progrefs towards the weft in the twenty- four hours had been i° 31' according to the obfervations, and i° 25' according to the dead reckoning; the difference of 6 minutes or 5.8 miles, in defect, on the fide of the reckoning, would indicate that the currents may have carried the fhip to the weftward that quantity; at the fame time that the obfervation of latitude announces that they effected no change in the fhip's courfe in the direction of the latitude. NOTE LV. The progrefs to the weftward, from the 20th to the 23rd, was, according to the obfervations, 70 8', while, according to the dead reckoning, it ought to have been only 50 54': the currents therefore drove the fhip, in three days, 74 minutes, or 72 i^i-S******- Nov. 1791.] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 72 miles, to the weftward: this is at the rate of 1 mile an hour, or 8 leagues a day. The effect of the currents was nearly null in the direction of the latitude: 2 minutes to the fouthward, the firft day j 2 minutes to the northward, the fecond; no difference, the third: thus, the little effect of the currents, if this effect be real and belong not to fome fmall errors in the obfervations, was counterbalanced and done away in the courfe of the period. * NOTE LVI. The currents continued to fet to the weftward from the 23rd of October to the 2nd of November. On comparing the refult of the obfervations for the longitude of the latter day, with that of the obfervations of the former (1720 33' with 1480 14') it is feen that, in the interval of ten days, the progrefs by obfervation towards the weft, 240 19', exceeded by i° 3^, or 97 miles, the progrefs by account which was only 220 40'. The effect of the currents, fometimes towards the north, fometimes towards the fouth, was in- confiderable, and, after having fubtracted the one from the other, is reduced to 3 minutes, or 3 miles towards the north. The compound effect is 97 miles in ten days, or 9.7 miles in twenty-four hours, to the weft i° 40' north. e e 2 NOTE MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Nov. 1791. NOTE LVII. *fwb ftts of diftances obferved on the 2nd, at twenty-feven minutes after two ift the afternoon, and reduced to noon, had given 1480 14' for tfot longitude (preceding Note.) TWo other fets obferved on Ae 4th, at one minute after five in the evening, gave for the Jongi- tude at noon of that day, 1440 34'. On comparing this hffler longitude with the former, it will be found that, according to the obfervations, the fhip's progress towards the weft in two days, would have been only 30 40'. But, according to the dead reckoning, the progrefs towards that fide is 40 23'; which would imply that, in 48 hours, the fhip had been carried i4> the eaftward, 43 minutes, or 41 .<5 miles* that is, about feven leagues a day. This extraordinary effect of the movement of the waters which, between the tropics, conftantly fet to the weftward, tinlefs the vicinity of fome great land or of an archipelago occafion a change in their direction, fuggefted the idea that there might be an error in the obfervations of the 2nd or in thofe of the 4th; and our navigators determined to take a mean between the refults combined with the progrefs which had been deduced from the calculation of the fhip's run. According to this calculation, the progrefs to- I ward! the weft, from the 2nd to the 4th, was 40 23.'> Nov. 1791.] MARCHAND S 'VOYAGE, 4*1 ' 23': on deducting this quantity from the longitude by obfervation on the 2nd and reduced to noon of that day, there remains for that of the 4th at noon, 1430 5/. Now, if we take a mean between this longitude and that whiqh the obfervations gave for the fame period, we fhall have 144® 12' 30", a longitude which partakes both of the obfervations of the 2nd and 4th, and of the progrefs by account in the interval of thefe two periods. Bprom noon to three quarters paft five o'clock in the evening of the 4th, the progrefs by account towards the weft was 35 minutes: and on fubjecting it to the longitude obferved and corrected of the fame day at noon, which was 1440 13'; we have for the longitude of the fhip at three quarters paft five o'clock, 1430 38'. At the fame moment, the Ifland of Tinian ■pf the archipelago of the Mary-Anne Ifles) bore from weft fouth-weft half weft to north-weft by weft, diftant two leagues. The ifland was therefore about 5 minutes to the weftward of the fhip; and on deducting this quantity from the longitude at three quarters paft five, we fhall have for that of Tinian, 1430 33'. Obfervations made, in 1767, by Captain Wallis, on board the Dolphin, give for the longitude of this ifland 1430 34' 45"* : the difference between Tonomical Obfervations made In the Voyages for making- K- e 3 Difcoveries 422 marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. between the one determination and the other is therefore only 3 minutes. If we wifhed to take the mean longitude ob- lerved of the 4th at noon, 1440 13', for the term of comparifon, and we compare to it the longitude obferved of the 2nd at noon, it will be found that, in forty-eight hours, the progrefs towards the weft was 40 1 : but the progrefs by account is 4° 23': thus the fhip appears to have been carried to the eaftward by an unperceived movement or has advanced lefs to the weftward than her apparent progrefs indicated, 22 minutes, or 21 £ miles. In the fame fpace of time, fhe was carried 7 minutes to the northward, from the 2nd to the 3rd, and 3 minutes to the fouthward, from the 3rd to the 4th: there remains a movement to the northward of 4 minutes, or 4 miles. On combining the effect of the action of the current, we find that there was an unperceived movement of 2if miles in forty-eight hours, or 10.87 miles, a day, to the eaft 110 north. Difcoveries In the fouthern Heml/phere, by W. Wales, London, 1788. 4to. Introdualon, page x. Mr. Wales gives for the longitude of Tinian 2140 4' weft from Greenwich, 1430 35!' weft from Paris. NOTE Nov. 1791-] marchand s voyage. NOTE LVIII. 42# The longitude deduced from the obfervations of* the 16th and reduced to noon, is 12 2° 6'; and on comparing it to the longitude obferved and corrected of the 4th at noon, it is feen that the progrefs towards the weft was 220 f. It was only 190 54', according to the dead reckoning; and the difference i° 13', or 126I miles, is the quantity which the fhip was carried to the weftward by an excefs of the real progrefs beyond the apparent. flu the period of twelve days, the effect of the currents on the latitude prefents variations fome- what confiderable : from the 4th to the 8th, they carried the fhip to the northward 17, 4, 5, and 16 minutes in twenty-four hours; from the 8th to the 10th, 9 and 5 minutes to the fouthward; from the 10th to the 12th, 7 and 2 minutes to the northward; from the 13th to the 14th, 8 minutes to the fouthward; from the 14th to the 15th, 8 minutes to the northward; laftly from the 15th to the 16th, 16 minutes to the fouthward. After having fubtracted the fum of the errors on the one fide, from that of the errors on the other, there remain 21 minutes, or 21 miles to the northward. Thefe 21 miles combined with the 126J miles towards the weft, produce a compound and un- e e 4 perceived 4*4 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Nov. 1791. perceived movement of 128 miles in twelve days, or 1 of miles in twenty-fbtff hours, to the weft 9* 30' north. M NOTE LIX. 6ft the" 18th at noon, the fouth-weft point of the Ifland of Formosa bore eaft-riotth-eaft half north, diftant four leagues and a half. The fhip was therefore lefs to the northward than this point by 6' 1", and lefs to the eaftward, by 12' %{'. The latitude of the fhip obferved at the fame inftant, was 210 48'; and it may be concluded tb#t the latitude of the point of Formosa is if 54'. It is 22° 2' on the Chart of the China Sea, coiw ftructed in the voyage of La Pe rouse, if we there take the difference of the parallel of this point in regard to the fouth-eaft point of the great Botel-Tabaoo-XiAia tht pofition of Which is fixed by the Obfervations made in tha^ Voyage: Alexander DalrVm>£e places the fouth point? of Formosa, on the Chart of the China Sea, publifhed in 1771, in latitude 220 2' 30". I prefent thefe differences only for the purpofe of inducing navigators to afcertain which of the latitudes ought to be adopted. In order to eftablifh the true longitude of the fouth-weft point of Formosa, which is now to lerve as a term of comparifon to which we fhall reduce1 the calculations of the Solids run from r— H Ndv. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 425 the Sandwich Iflands to abreaffc of this point, I o'bferve that the fouth-eaft' point of the great Botel-Tabago-Xima is fituated, according to the obfervatots made in La Pe rouse's voyage, of which I ta&e tfte liberty of making ufe by asa- ticipation, in 119° 32' eaft longitude* and that, ow the chart of die Cbirkt Sea coaftru&ed in this voyage and intended to form a part of the Atl/m£ Which will ace^mpany the nftftarive, the fouth-weft point of Formosa is lefs eafterly than the fbtitb* eaft point of the1 Great JJotel, by 52; minutes: the longHudtf of the point of Formosa is therefom 118° 40/. But on the 18th of November, at noon, the Solide, according to the bearings of the land, was 12! minutes kfe to the eaftward than the point of Formosa : the longitude of the ihip,. at If this period, was therefore 118° 27' 40". Let us firft fee what was the error of the dead reckoning in the Interval compriied between the obfervations for the longitude made on the 16th and the land-fall on the 18th. The longitude deduced from the obfervations of the 16th was (preceding Note) 1220 6': that which was deduced from the bearings of the 18th isn8°28/(in round numbers): thus, in the interval of forty-eight hours, the fhip's progrefs towards the weft was 30 38'. But, according to the dead reckoning, this progrefs appeared to be only3°j}4/: and the difference of 4 minutes, or 3'72 426 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. [Nov. 1791. IWI\ 3.7.2 miles, is the quantity which it may be fuppofed that the currents carried the fhip to the weftward. During the fame time, they carried her, according to the obfervations of latitude, 17 minutes, or 17 miles, to the northward. The compound movement of the fhip out of her apparent courfe, was therefore 17.4 miles in two days, or 8.7 miles in twenty-four hours, to the north 120 30' weft. As the Solide's voyage, on leaving the fouth-. weft point of Formosa, no longer prefents any point of comparifon till her arrival at Macao, and as, in fight of this point, the calculations of the dead reckoning, made during this latter part of the run, are rectified, I can fuppofe it terminated on the 18th of November; and I fhall examine what was, on. making the land of Formosa, the error of the longitude deduced from the obfervations of the 16th, and what was the error of the longitude deduced from the dead reckoning fince her departure from the Sandwich Iflands. The' longitude of the fhip, on the 16th at noon, according to the obfervations made on that day, of 1220 6'eaft; and the progrefs by account towards the weft, from the 16th at noon, to noon of the 18th, the period of the bearings being taken off" the Ifland of Formosa, is 30 34': thus the longitude of the Solide, on the 18th at noon (according to the reckoning of a courfe of forty- eight Nov. 1791.I marchand's voyage. 427 eight hours, deduced from the refult of the obfervations of the 16th) was 118° 32'. We have feen j that her true longitude deduced from the bearings was 1180 28;: the fuppofed longitude was therefore in error only 4 minutes, or about i£ leagues aftern of the true; I fay aftern, relatively to the courfe of the fhip which was failing towards the weft. Let us fee, at prefent, what would have been the error on making the land, if, in order to regulate the courfe of the Solide, aftronomical obfervations had not been made ufe of, and if the ignorance of the captain had condemned him to employ only the ordinary methods of navigation. The longitude deduced from the dead reckoning from the point of departure taken from the Sandwich Iflands, on the 7th of October, was at the moment of the bearings being taken off the Ifland of Formosa, on the 18th of November, 1240 47/: and as we have feen that the true longitude of the fhip, at that period, was 1180 28', it follows that after 41! days' navigation, the longitude by account was in error, aftern (fince it is eaft) 6° 19', which, in the parallel of the point arrived at, anfwer to a litde more than 117 leagues. The following Table prefents the partial errors of the dead reckoning, fuch as they may be reckoned in each of the periods which divide the run, confidering the refults of the obfervations for the longitude made at the extreme limits of each period, as fixed points of comparifon. Periods MARCHAND & VOYAGE. [Nov. 1791. Caober On the 7th at 6 P. M. From the 7th to the 19th From the 19th to the 20th From the 20th to the 23rd From the 23 rd November to the 2nd From the 2nd to the 4th From the 4th to the 16th From the 16th to the 18th Inf point Periods of The Observations. ft-** S> U " w ww wwS 5 EL 4- «*> ^ m 4*. u» o» "^Jf H-» ... -. ,. , ^<^> ,. Latitude by Obfervation North. S,S««-« WW WW ^£ kwS* M hi 4^ 4» «J ^J M ■<» V*| §~f3 0 oJ> OQ N 4* CO N vet ► 00 00 ,» h || N ww 0*4^^-^^ S?-^ ^S » 0\U f 0> w • OO k© » Longitude by Obfervation j West. 0*^4^4^ *Jw 0 ° Oi w OJ w CO «-J w VO CCw VO » $ $ P £ #*$ |A Progrefs in Longitude in the interval of the Obfervations accord6 to Observation. U VO ^ to Wtxm 00 O v* v^t w 4^. v^t s> {^i 4»-4>OiO 4* v<n 4»- ^ P * .3 ^ |Sj .3 Progrefs in Longitude in the interval of the Obfervations accord8. to the Dead Reckoning. 1 I + 1 i 1 1 ONO«-> -O g M hi <J>> W M + W n vO 4*. O* vji 1 | g | £ 4 $ 4 Differences of theProgrefs towards theWeft accords, to the D. Reckoning 1 compared to the Progrefs according to Observation. I ? - 9 ^ ? 1 Interval of the Obfervations. It is feen that, except in the interval from the 2nd to the 4th of November, during which the fhip appears to have been carried to the eaftward*, the currents, in all This effect of the currents is extraordinary: perhaps it ought to be Nov. 1791.3 ma&chand's voyage, all the other periods of the run, conftantly fet to the weftward. The fum of the imperceptible movements towards that fide, deducting that which, was made towards the eaft, amounts to 6" 19', or 351.6 miles. If this quantity be divided by the number of the days, 411, it will be found that the mean effecl of the currents carried the fhip to the weftward S.4 miles in twenty-four hours. It is well known that this movement of the waters, from eaft to weft, is conftant between the tropics, in crofiing the Great Ocean. be attributed to an error in the obfervations of the 2nd or m ' thofe of the 4th. It has been feen (page 420) that, but for the correction which it was thought proper to make, and which is juftified by the precifion of the iand-tfaffl. ton Formofa, the efferft iwould have been 43 minutes or about 42 miles in two days, or 7 leagues in twenty-four hours. Perhaps too, if we obferve that it took place between the 148th and the 144th meridian, on approaching the Mary-Anne Iflands, -fituated in 143° 30', we might fuppofe that the wsatecs, sifter .having been impejfcd'fey the general current, and heaped up, df we may ufe the com- parifon, in the great gulf which fpreads between the Iflands of Japan and thofe of New Guinea, flow back in a contrary ■direction, aarLcrofling the archijielag^fcjfthe Mary-Amze Iflands, the range of which extends on a .meridian, acquire, by their confinement in the channels between thofe iflands, a velocity towards the eaft, which is full as far as 4 or e degrees beyond the meridian of that archipelago. I prefent this idea t©n^r'«s a bold <>onjedittre. SEVENTH 43° marchand's voyage. [Nov. 1791. SEVENTH RUN, From MACAO to the Ifle of FRANCE. NOTE LX. It has been feen in the Narrative, that the Solide having failed from Macao on the 6th of December, on the .nth made the iflots called the Two Brothers, and fucceffively the group of Pulo-Sapata : this unexpected land-fall, at the time when Captain Marchand reckoned that, he had ftill a rather long run to make before he fhould be near enough to perceive them, gave him reafon to think that they are carried too far to the weftward, in regard to Macao, on the Chart of the China Sea, publifhed in 1771 by Alex- . ander Dalrymple, and on the copy which .ID'Apres has given of it in the fecond edition of his Neptune Oriental. As it is by this chart that all the French navigators regulate their courfe in this fea, I have conceived that it would be ufeful to examine the "queftion; to fee whether the modern voyages did not furniili us with data fufficient for determining, with the precifion required for the fafety of navigation, the difference of meridian which ought to be admitted between Macao and Pulo-Sapata, and to compare to it that at which thefe two points are placed on Mr. Dalrymple's chart. 1. Bayly, Nov. 1791-3 marchand's voyage. 1. Bayly, the aftronomer, in Cook's third voyage, obferved diftances of the fun and moon, in the Typa (Macao Road) on the 2nd, the 28ths and the 29th December 1779, and on the 13th of January 1780. Thefe four fets of obfervat^bs , furnifhed him with fixteen particular refults, the extremes of which differ 52 minutes. On combining thefe fixteen refults with thofe of the lunar obfervations which he had taken at fea, before and after the fhip's arrival in the Typa, and which he reduced to this road by means of a good chronometer, he, by a mean between all thefe refults, fixed the longitude of the Typa at 1130.37- 15" eaft from Greenwich*: and as, according to the fame aftronomer, the town of Macao is more eafterly than the Typa by 1 minute f, it refults that, according to his obfervations, the longitude of Macao is 1130 38/ if J . Lunar obfervations, made at the fame period in the Typa by different officers belonging to the Resolution, furnifhed thirty-fix other refults the extremes of which differ i° 45' 30" -, and the mean refult, after having been combined with that of fourteen other obfervations, made before and after the fhip's arrival, gave for the longitude of the Typa 1130 48' 34// eaft from Greenwich j and 1130 49' 34/; for that of Macao. * The original agronomical obfervations made in a voyage to ? Northern Pacific Ocean, By W. Bayly, page 77.- t Ibid, page 76. % Ibid, page 78. The 4$2 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE, fj^oV. 179I. The mean between the mean refults of two fets of obfenratioos made in Cook's voyage, would therefore be for Macao 1130 43' 54^: but as the ©fjfervations of the firft fet agree better with each other-than thofe jq£ the fecond, it is expedient to place greater confidence in them; and we may admit Ibr the mean refult cf the two fets, 113*40^ eaft from Greewwlch. We may alfo determine the longkude of Macao fey its difFerenoe of meridian from Canton. 2. George Robertson, in the excellent Memoir which lie has publifhed for the elucidation off his Jange Chart -of the China Sea (177*) gives an account of various obfervations from which he has determined the longitude of Canton* : J5y the obfervations of theHon.Thomas Howe, (Determined by the emerfion of Jupiter's firft fatellite) 113° 33' po* Ditto of Captain Joseph Hud dart (emerfion of Jupiter's firft fatellite) 113 16 00 By a great number of obfervations made by Henry Brown, during his long refidence at Canton, as Supercargo 113 10 00 By the obfervations of Captain Lestock Wilson, by time-keeper made by Arnold .....113 21 15 * Memir-of a Chart of the China Sea. London, 1791. 4to. page 2. r The Nov. 1791'] marchand's voyage. The refult of the Hon. Thomas Howe differs too much from the other three for it to be admitted *. The mean of thefe would give.... 1130 15' ^f But if we are willing to adhere to a mean refult between Mr. Brown's longitude and that of Captain Huddart, both deduced from the emerfion of Jupiter's firft fatellite, we fhall have 1130 13'oo^eaft from Greenwich, or uo° 52'45/; eaft from Parisf. The difference of meridian between Canton and Macao was determined by three different chronometers J. By Mr. Henry Brown, at different times 18'W. By Captain Wilson, outward bound.. .17' By Ditto homeward bound.. 16' By Captain Joseph Hudson 16' Difference of meridian by a mean (Macao eaft) 16' 45" The * Robertfon obferves that the Hon. Thomas Howe has determined the latitude of Canton at 220 52' 50" ; and that Captain Jofeph Huddart and Captain Lefiock Wllfon, both excellent ob- fervers, make it, the former 230 6' 57", and the latter, 2 30 6' 53": which differs near 15 minutes from that of Mr. Howe; and he adds that " if in Mr. Howe's latitude there is u fo great an error there is reafon to conclude that the longitude by the fame obferver cannot be exact." f The Connalffance des Temps (Nautical Almanac) of the year VIII. of the French era, 1800, gives for the longitude of Canton, 1 io° 42y 30": this is the mean refult of feven emer- fions of the firft fatellite, obferved towards the end of the laft " vol. 11. f f century 434 marchand s- voyage [Nov 79*'- If we add this difference to the longitude of Canton 1130 13j eaft from Greenwich, we fhall, have for the longitude of Macao (in round numbers) ii3°3o'. We had, farther back, by the obfervations in Cook's voyage. 1130 401 Longitude of MACAO by a mean 113 35 (or in° i4/45//, and 111° 15' in round numbers,, eaft from the meridian of Paris*.) 3. The third voyage of Captain Cook furniili|M us with obfervations which may ferve to determine the difference of meridian between Macao and Pulo-Sapata. The obfervations of the aftronomer Bayly, and a chronometer whofe rate was afcertained feven days before at Macao, gave for the longitude of Pulo-Sapata eaft from Greenwich j* 1090 16', and thofe of Captain King io9°io'J: the mean is 1090 13': And century by Father Fontenay, a Jefait, for which there were no correfpondent obfervations in Europe. J G. Robertfon's Memoir, page 9. * The longitude of Macao is likewife 111° 15' in the French nautical almanac or Connalffance des Temps', but the refult was obtained by another means; for it has been feen (preceding Note) that it places Canton about 10 minutes"lefs to the eaftward than the determination which we have adopted. + The Original Afironomlcal Obfervations, &c. page 351. £ Cook's third voyage, Vol. III. page 449. King fays that his obfervations compared wifh Mr. Bayly's time-keeper, place Bee. 1791.] marchand's voyage. And as it has been feen (farther back, Remark ift) that the mean refult of all the obfervations of Cook's voyage made in the Typa, placed Macao 1130 40' eaft from Greenwich, it follows that the chronometer indicated for the difference of meridian of PULO-SAPATA, 4° 27' weft from MA- CAO. We may feek this difference by another method. The obfervations made in the third voyage of Captain Cook during the ftay of the Resolution and Discovery at Pulo-Condore, give us for the longitude of that ifland * : By a mean between 49 refults of obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun or ftars (the extremes differing i°23'i5*) made by Captain King and another officer, we have for tfre longitude of Pulo-Condore, eaft from Greenwich 1060 18I 46" place Pulo-Sapata in longitude 1090 \d eaft from Greenwich; and he adds that, during the laft three days,the fhips bad outrun their reckoning at the rate of twenty miles a day: as he could not attribute the whole of this to the effects of a following fea, he imputed it in part to a current, which, according to his own calculation, had fet forty-two miles to the fouth-fouth- weft, between the noon of the 19th and the noon of the 20th of January. * The Original Afironomlcal Obfervations, &c, pages 79 and 436 marchand s voyage. [Dec. 1791. By a mean between 22 refults of fimilar obfervations (the extremes differing o°4o'7//) made by the Aftronomer Bayly, we have 1060 44' i<f> By a mean between all 1060 31' 3^ On the other hand, we have the eaftern difference of meridian of Pulo-Sapata, in regard to Pulo-Condore : e t II By Bayly's Chronometer* 2 31 31 By that of Captain Hodgson-)-. ... 2 39 co And by a mean 2 35 15 If we add this difference of meridian to the longitude of Pulo-Condore, 1060 31' 38", we- fhall have for the longitude of Pulo-Sapata, 1090 oo' 53": and, on comparing it to that which we have adopted^ for Macao, which is 1130 3f eaft from Greenwich, we fhall find for the difference of meridian of PULO-SAPATA 4° 34' 1" weft from MACAO. A third method prefents itfelf to us for determining this difference; and G. Robertson fur- nifhes us with it in his Memoir of a Chart of the China Sea. On the one hand, the longitude of Pulo-Aor is determined by feveral obfervations j and other obfervations give us its difference of * The Original Afironomlcal Obfervations, pages 79 and 351 —Pulo-Condore 1060 44' 29"; Pulo-Sapata, 1090 \6' by the obfervations of Mr. Bayly. f Robertfon's Memoir, page 7. meridian Dec. 179LJ marchand s voyage. 104 40 meridian from Pulo-Sapata: we may thence deduce the longitude of the latter •, and on comparing it with the longitude which we have given for Macao, we fhall find for their difference of meridian: For the longitude of Pulo-Aor, eaft from Greenwich, according to Mr. William Brown, 1767, fun and moon, mean of 3 obfervations .., 1040 35' Captain Joseph Huddart, by chronometer * || 104 40 Cook's third voyage, by a chronometer regulated at Macao 19 days before. By Bayly's obfervationsf 1040 43' By thofe of King, &c. J 104 40 Captain Wilson, from Macao, by chronometer 104 40 Ditto from Batavia, ditto 104 40 George Robertson, from Madras, by chronometer 104 36 By a mean between 7 Refults : Longitude of PULO-AOR, eaft from GREENWICH 104 3 . Or rather in adhering to the four refults which agree to a minute 104 40 But, according to fhe account of G. Robert- . * Robertfon's Memoir, page 20. "T The Original Afironomlcal Obfervations, page 351. % Cook's third voyage. Vol. III. page 466. F F 3 SON m 5 marchand's voyage, (Dec. 1791, son, page 7 of his Memoir, " by admitting Pu« Cf lo-Auro's extreme eaftern longitude 104* 40' 9 from it up to Pulo-Sapata, the meridian,' <f diftance is 40 14' meafured by a well-regu-» *c lated box-chronometer, made by Arnold, f* having this advantage of the iflands bearing " due north, when the altitudes for time were c' made, fo that no error could arife in the efti- €c mation of diftance, which is more frequently *c the caufe of difference in obfervation, than any fC error in the obfervations themfelves*.'* If we add the 4* 14' meridian diftance to the longitude of Pulo-Aor, which we have fixed at 1040 40', we fhall have for the longitude of Pulo-Sapata, eaft from Greenwich, 1080 54', And, on comparing this longitude to that which we have adopted for Macao, 113*35'eaft from Greenwich, we fhall have for the difference of meridian from Pulo-Sapata 4°4i/ weft from Macao, We have therefore three refults for this difference of meridian: The firft, by the obfervations of Cook's third voyage, made at Macao and Pulo- Sapata (page 435) , 40 27' The fecond, by the longitude of Pulo-Sapata, deduced from that of Pulo-Condore, and compared to our longitude of Macao (page 436) G. PLebirtfoti's Memoir, page 7. 4 34 The 23ec, 1791.] marchand's voyage. The third, "by the longitude of Pulo- Sapata, deduced from that of Pulo-Aor, and compared to that which we have admitted for Macao (as above) .., The difference of meridian between Pulo Sap at a and Macao, by a mean between all, will be ,.,. 4. Let us now compare this difference of meridian, the mean refult of a great number of obfervations combined in which the errors of the one muft have compenfated for thofe of the other, with the difference which the Chart of the China Sea by Mr. Dalrymple has given between Pulo- Sapata and Macao. On this chart, Macao is placed 3°22''30//, and Pulo-Sapata 8° 57' weft from the meri- * The abfolute longitude of Pulo-Sapata eaft from Greenwich, deduced from the various differences of meridian weft from Macao will be as follows, admitting Macao to be 1130 35' faft from Greenwich: 0 ; o , By the ift difference 4 27.... 109 By the 2nd 4 41 108 54 By the 3rd. 4 34 109 1 Longitude of Pulo-Sapata, by a mean 109 1 Difference of meridian, by a mean. . 4 34 Longitude of Macao 113 3^ Robertfon, in his Table of Pofitions (page 81 of his Memoir) places Macao in 1130 30'—Pulo-Sapata in 1080 55'; and on his Chart of the China Sea, Macao is laid down in 113^30', and Pulo-Sapata in 1080 52'; the difference of Meridians is by the Table, 40 39, and by the Chart, 40 32'. f f 4 dian marchand s voyage. fDec. i7Q> dian of the Ifland of Banguey : thus Pulo-Sapata is there laid down 50 24' 30" weft from Macao : but as this difference of meridian ought, according to the obfervations, to be only 40 34", the error of the pofition of Pulo-Sapata, in regard to Macao, on Mr. Dalrymple's chart, would therefore be 50^ minutes, which this ifland is there carried too far to the weftward. In attributing this error to the chart, I fuppofe, as I ought, that the difference of meridian between the two points compared, fuch as I have deduced it from a mean between feveral refults of obfervations, is fufficiently exact -, but it may be .remarked that the Solide having failed from Macao, and made a direct courfe in order to get fight of Pulo-Sapata, fell in with it much fooner than fhe ought to have done, if the difference of meridian was as great as it is on Mr. Dalrymple's Chart; and the calculation of the Solide's run, regard being had to the effect of the currents, gives this difference nearly the fame as that which refults from the obfervations: moft affuredly, this is not a decifive proof of the ex- actnefs of this determination j but it is at leaft an additional prefumption which muft induce French navigators who fhall make ufe of Dalrymple's chart (or that of D'Apr is. which is the Copy of it), for regulating their courfe in going from Macao to Pulo-Sapata, to keep a good lookout Dec. 1791O marchand's voyage. out when the chart places their fhip, at no more than a degree to the eaftward of that ifland. j$q I obferve that, as it is probable that the iflots The Two Brothers have been fubjected on the chart to the pofition of Pulo-Sapata, they ought to be carried with the ifland about 50 minutes to the eaftward. ' French feamen will not have thefe corrections to make, if they ufe the Chart of the China Sea publifhed by G. Robertson, which has been conftructed from the obfervations which the Englifh navigators have multiplied fo ufefully in thefe latter times, and which require to be fo ftill in order to fix with the fame certainty the relative pofition of that confiderable number of fcattered iflots, overfalls, and dangers of all kinds which obftruct the China Sea. If there is matter for aftonifhment, it is that Mr. Dalrymple fhould have been able to make fo good a chart as that which he publifhed in 1771, with courfes and diftances by account, always fo uncertain in the midft of currents, and yet thefe were the only data that he then had at his difpofal. Since the difcuflion into which I have entered, in order to fucceed in determining the difference of meridian of Pulo-Sapata in regard to Macao has led me to inquire into the pofitions of fome points of the China Sea, it will not be ufelefs to French navigators who neither poffefs G. Robertson's 44* marchand's voyage. [Dec. W Bert son's Memoir nor Chart, to compare the pofitions which I give to thefe points, both with thofe which he afiigns to them in his Table, and with thofe which are to be found in the Connaissance des Temps (Nautical Almanac) of the year VIII of the French era, r c4 m 2 r F o 1 M r* r c w o o o to p o OO 3 IO ° o 2 9 t^i »o -^ 4» _ M -3 > *o -^ o to O Crt »o v o Co o O Go O O ■^ 5S § £ o O o O --4 o c -f>> • r> Macao, Dec. 1791*] marchand's voyage. 443 1. Macao. The latitude which is given to it in the Connaiffance des Temps is 2 20 12' 44*5 and according to a note which was formerly communicated to me by Citizen Me chain, Aftronomer of the Navy, Member of the National Inftitute and of the Board of Longitude of France, it appears that this latitude is founded on the meridian altitude of the fun, taken in the College, on the 17th of June 1685, by Father Thomas, a Jefuit, with a gnomon of 48 feet*. Father Gouie f made it only 220 12' 14^ but Father Chaus- Seaume, who obferved this latitude at the College of St. Paul, in the fummer folftice of 1753, by a gnomon of 25 feet, carefully fet up, found it 22° i2/40//: and in 1712, Fathers Ureman and d'Alcui had found it 220 13' 00". The obfervations made in Cook's third voyage Wmft for the latitude of the Typa 220 <f 11"\ and W. Bayly fays that the Typa is lefs northerly than Macao by 3 minutes: the latitude of Macao would therefore be 220 12' 22/;. I know pot why, according to the fame data, W. Bayly has made it only 220 12' qo"%. G. Ro- * Ane. Mem. de V Academle des Sciences. Vol. VII. page 705. t Firft volume of his obfervations, 1682, 8vo. page 214. % The Original Afironomlcal Observations, 8cc. page 76. " By a mean" fays Bayly, " of a number of obfervations of f( meridian altitudes of the fun taken with my aftronomical " quadrant^ I d If I 444 marchand s voyage. [Dec. 1791. ?! If G. Robertson (page 3 of his Memoir) has made it from his own obfervations 22° iif 00", and he fays that they have been corroborated by thofe of Captains Fraser, Cumming, and others. If we take a mean between the feven determinations which I have juft mentioned, we fhall have 220 11' 31" for the north latitude of Macao ; and this it is which I have adopted. I have determined its longitude at 111° if od' eaft from Paris (page 434 of this Vol.) by. a mean between the refult of the obfervations made at Canton, and that of the obfervations made in the Typa, by W. Bayly, Captain King, and feveral officers belonging to the Resolution. I remark that this determination agrees with that in the Connaiffance des Temps, obtained by a very different method: for in the Note communicated to me by Citizen Me chain, it is mentioned that the longitude inferted in the Connaiffance des Temps is determined from ancient obfervations of eclipfes of the moon, of the 30th of November 1686, and of the 21ft of November 1695, obferved at Macao by the Jefuits. But I am very far from pretending that this agreement, <( quadrant, and Hadley's fextant, the latitude of the Typa is " 220 9/ 22" north, and that of Macao harbour by the town i( 220 12'north. The Typa is 3 miles fouth from the town, (( and it is one mile weft of it." which mmm Dec. 179I'] marchand s voyage. Which is due only to chance, ftrengthens the determination which I have adopted: every one knows what little reliance is to be placed on the refults of the moon's eclipfes, ftill lefs on obfervations which are dated a century ago. Robertson's longitude differs from mine by 5 minutes in defect j but, to obtain it, he employed only the obfervations made at Canton with the difference of meridian of Macao in regard to this former city; whereas I have thought that the longitude of Macao fhould be made to l^^eipate in the numerous obfervations which were made in the Typa in Cook's third voyage. The longitude which Dagelet has deduced from his obfervations made at Macao is ii^iq^o" eaft from Paris, that is,i4°30/ more to the eaftward than the \ determination on which 1 have fixed, and 90 45' more than that adopted by Robertson. 2. Pulo-Condore. In Robertson's Memoir, page 8, it is- feen that the 'latitude of this ifland is between 8° 38' and 8° .40'5 and he has fixed it at 8° 40', in his Table of Pofitions. That which I have adopted is the fame, and this is the latitude given by the obfervation of the fun's meridian altitude, taken with fextants, at Pulo-Condore, by W. Bayly, and by Captain King and other officers belonging to the Resolution, on the 21 ft, 26th, and 27th of January 1780 : the mean refult «f 446 marchand's Voyage. [pec. 1791* refult would even be rather above than below 8° 41'*. As for the longitude, I do not differ a quarter of a minute of a degree from that in the Connaiffance des Temps, but 13 minutes 38 feconds from that which Robertson has given in his Table of Pofitions. He fays (page 8 of his Memoir) ff that, by the cc chronometers in the Resolution, Pulo-Condore lies in longitude 1060 18' eaft of Green- €c wich, i° 42' eaft of Pulo-Aor ; 20 4' eaft of cc Pulo-Timoan; and 2e 5'weft of Pulo-Sa- cc pata:" and he fixes on the longitude of 1060 18' oc/ eaft from Greenwich. It appears that Robertson has adhered to the mean refult of 49 fets of lunar obfervations made at Pulo-Condore by Captain. King and other officers belonging to the Resolution, which is 1060 18' 46": but the mean refult of the 22 obfervations by the aftronomer Bayly, is io6°44,29//i and I have had the more reafon to take the mean between the two mean refults, as, if the one appeared to deferve a preference to the other, it would be that of Bayly, fince the extremes of his 22 individual refults differ between them only o° 40' 7*, while the extremes of the 49 particular refults of the obfervations in the Resolution dif- * See The original afironomlcal obfervations, &c. By W. Bayly, page 80. fer Dec. 1791-] MARCHAND S VQYAGE. fer i°23' 15^*. I have therefore placed Pulo- Condore, according to the mean of the refults of all the obfervations made in the harbour of that ifland in Cook's voyage, in 1060 31*38^ eaft from Greenwich, or 1040 n' 23^ eaft from Paris. In the fheet No 51 of the fupplement to the fecond edition of D'Apres' Neptune Oriental, is a plan of Pulo-Condore j and under the title, (lands a note which may lead into error fuch French navigators as are acquainted only with this Neptune for directing their route in the feas of Asia : ci This Ifland (it is there faid) is fituated i( in 8° 40' and 45' north latitude, and 1030 40' weft <f longitude from the meridian of Paris :'* the firft of thefe latitudes is the true one; but the longitude indicated is too fmall by at leaft two-thirds of a degree. 3. Pulo-Aor. The latitude which I give to it is the fame as that in the Connaiffance des Temps; and each is the mean refult of the obfervations made in Cook's third voyage. That of Robertson differs from it by upwards of twelve minutes in defecl-, and this difference is too great in a determination in latitude, for us not to have reafon to be furprifed at it, and to be * The original afironomlcal obfervations, Sec. page 351. apprehenfive MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Dec. ■791* apprehenfive of an error on the one fide or the other. | Robertson fays in his Memoir (page 9), that the latitude of Pulo-Aor is between 20 29' and 2d 30' north; in his Table of Pofitions (page 77) we find alfo 20 30'; and the ifland is laid down on his chart in 2° 30': thus, there is no error of the prefs. But W. Bayly, in his Table of Pofitions, gives for the latitude of Pulo-Aor, according to his own obfervations i° 44' oc/: and according to thofe of King, 2° 40' oo/;; mean i° 42' oo'': and Captain King, in the narrative of the voyage fays that, on the 31ft of January 1780, " at nine cc o'clock in the evening, the weather being thick cc and hazy, and the fhips having outrun their •f reckoning from the effect of fome current, cc we were clofe upon Pulo-Aor, in latitude £c 20 46' oc/ north, before we were well aware of iC it*:" thus, neither is there here an error of the prefs. On which fide lies the miftake ? I dare not pronounce. I remark, however, that Robertson merely fays that the latitude of Pulo-Aor is between i° if, and 20 30' north; but he neither quotes the obfervation nor the obferver; and as he is tolerably exact, and with reafon, in quoting both, when the determination is founded on * Cook's third voyage. Vol. III. pages 463 and 464. ***■- m S3S=SK ' Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 449 an obfervation, it may be fuppofed that he knew of none that could fix the latitude of Pulo- Aor*. Perhaps, for want of an obfervation, he has taken the latitude of this ifland from Mr. Dalrymple's Chart of the China Sea, where it is placed, as well as on the charts Nos. 47 and 49, 2nd of the fupplement of the 2nd edition of D'Apres' Neptune Oriental, in the fame latitude as that afligned to it by Robertson. We muft requeft the navigators who frequent •this fea to afcertain, whenever they have an opportunity, which of the two pofitions is the true one. 85^' 4. Pulo-Sapata. My latitude, which will be found conformable to that given in the Connaiffance des Temps, is the mean refult of the obfervations made in Cook's third voyage: io° 4' oo'7 by thofe of King-}—, and by thofe of Bayly J, mk£ f o". Roberson (page 6 of his Memoir) fays ff The latitude of Pulo-Sapata I make by fl 1 \u ' * The publication of the narrative and of the original obfervations of Cook's voyage is, however, prior by feveral years to the publication of Robertfon's Memoir and Chart 1 Why does he not make ufe of thefe obfervations ? Why does he not quote them ? I am ignorant of the reafon. Has he confidered that they ought not to be admitted ? In that cafe, he ought to have faid fo, and expofed his motives for rejecting them. + Cook's third voyage. Vol. III. page 447. % The Orlg. Afiren, Obferv. &c. page 351. vol. ii. g g " fatis- 4^0 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. Cf fatisfaftory obfervations to be io° 1' 3o// north;" but as he neither adds whether thefe obfervations were made by himfelf, nor by whom they were made, I have thought it my duty to ad-i here to thofe the obfervers of which are known; and I have placed Pulo-Sapata in io° 4' 30// north latitude. It is in io°.oo' on Dalrymple's Chart of the China Sea, and on the copy which D'Apres has'given of it. In order to fix the longitude of this ifland, Robertson has had regard only to its mean difference of meridian, i° $f oo/y with refpect to Pulo-Condore, which he places according to the obfervations made in Cook's voyage, in 1060 i8'co// eaft from Greenwich, or J03°57y45// eaft from Paris, which would give 1080 $3'od1 eaft from Greenwich for Pulo-Sapata: how- m M io8°55/ooy, or 1060 34' A-f ea^ from Paris. He adds (page 7 of his Memoir) that <f there is tf little doubt of its true longitude being fome- <c where within ro8° 53' and 109® eaft from 11 Greenwich." In placing Pulo-Sapata 1060 4c/ 45/; eaft from Paris or 1090 i" oo/7 eaft from Greenwich, I dp not recede from the opinion of Ro bertson ; but I obtain this refult by making th _ longitude of Sapata depend on the longitudes obferved of Macao, Pulo-Condore, and Pulo-Aor, 6 Dec. 1791.] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. m. lo-Aor,, and taking a mean between the three determinations which refult from the differences of meridian obferved between Pulo-Sapata and each of the three other points (page 333 of this Vol. Notef.) ■ NOTE LXI. On examining the diftance and the bearing of the iflots called The Two Brothers with refpect to Pulo-Sapata, on the Chart of the China Sea by Alexander Dalrymple, and on the General Chart of the World, xonftructed by Lieutenant Roberts to accompany the narrative of Cook's third voyage, we find a fomewhat confiderable difference refpecting the ^relative pofition which the two charts have given to the iflots and the ifland. On Dalrymple's chart, The Two Brothers are fituated at the diftance of 33 miles, to the north if weft of the largeft of the Pulo-Sapata : and according to Roberts's chart, that would be to the north about 400 eaft, and at a greater diftance than according to the former, by 10 or 15 miles, as far as the fmallnefs of the divillons of the fcale admit of its being eftimated. The bearings which were taken on board the Solide in fight of the iflots and in fight of the j ifland, the courfe which flie followed in order to repair from one point of bearing to the other, © g 2 and i 11? if i ■All 45* marchand s voyage. [Dec. 1791. and the number of leagues which (he ran on this' courfe, furniih us with the data neceffary for determining, by approximation, the relative pofition of The Two Brothers and Pulo-Sa- eata. On the nth at forty minutes paft four o'clock in the afternoon, The Two Brothers bore weft by fouth, at the diftance of about 5 leagues or 15 miles : thus, comparatively to the point where the bearings were taken they were 2.9 miles more to the fouthward, and 14.7 miles more to the weftward than the Ihip. At three quarters paft midnight, the largeft of the Pulo-Sapata bore directly welt, diftant 5 miles. On reducing into a fingle courfe all thofe which the Solide ran in the interval from one bearing to another*, we find that fhe made 18.5 miles fouthing and 3.25 miles eafting. But I remark that, on comparing the latitude obferved on the nth at noon (Journal of the Route) ii° 14', with that of Pulo-Sapata (on the parallel of which the fhip was at the moment of the bearing being taken at three quarters paft hours. mile; * From 4f to 5 SW 40 S.. 2.0 From 5 to 6 SWby S.. 6.; From 6 to 7 SSE \ E.. 1.2 From 7 to 8 SE by S... i.c hours. miles. jFrom 8 to 9 SSE 1.5 JFrom 9 to 11 SE 6.0 j From 11 to 12 SE by S.. 3.0 iFrom 42 to izl SSE .... i.i midnight, Dec. 1791..] MARCHAND s voyage. 45£ midnight), that is to fay, with 10s 4' 30''*, it is feen that, from noon to three quarters paft mid- I night, the fhip's real progrefs towards the fouth had been i° f 30", or 69.5 miles: and, as according to the dead reckoning, the apparent progrefs towards the fame fide, andNin the fame interval of time, had been only 41.5 miles j-; it follows that the dead reckoning had been in error 28 miles, in the fpace of 12| hours; and propor- tionably, in the fpace of 8 hours and 5 minutes, elapfed between the time of taking the firft bearing and that of taking the fecond, the error muft have been 17.74 miles: adding this latter quantity to 18.5 miles apparent progrefs towards the fouth, we fhall have the real or corrected progrefs, in the interval from one bearing to the other, 36.24 miles. The parallel of the point whence the fecond Blaring was taken, which is the parallel of Pulo-Sapata, is therefore lefs northerly than the * According to the obfervations made in Cook's third' voyage foage 351 of the collesflfion) the latitude ol Pulo-Sapata is, according to King io° 4'; according to Bay:? io° 5'; by a mean 1 o° 4!'. + From noon to 40 minutes paft four o'clock on the nth the courfes had been SW 28 miles and SW. 40 S. 4 miles, which gives 23 miles fouthing, and as the progrefs towards this fame fide from 40 minutes paft 4 to three quarters paft midnight had been 18.5 miles, that the whole of the progrefs from noon to three quarters paft mftlnight, was 41.5 miles. g g 3 parallel 454 MARCHAND S VOYAGE {Dec. 1791. ^parallel of the point whence the firft was taken, by 36.24 miles; but The Two Brothers were lefs northerly than the point of the firft bearing by 2.9 miles : they are therefore more northerly than Pulo-Sapata, by 36.24 miles minus 2.9 miles, or 33 34 miles. Admitting the progrefs towards the eaft, in the interval of the two bearings, from 40 minutes paft four o'clock to three quarters paft twelve, fuch as it is given by the run by account, the point of the former is more wefterly than that of the latter by 3.25 miles: and as Pulo-Sapata is more' wefterly than that of the latter, by 5 miles, it is more wefterly than that of the former, by 1.75 miles. But The Two Brothers are more wefterly than the point of the former bearing by 14.7 miles: therefore they are more wefterly than Pulo-Sapata, by 13 miles in round numbers. On the other hand, we have feen that the Two Brothers are more northerly than Pulo- Sapata, by 33.34 miles: on combining this quantity which they are more to the weftward with that which they are more to the northward • than the ifland, it will be found that The Two Brothers are with refpect to the great Pulo- Sapata, north 210 2c/ weft, and at the diftance of 3-jf miles. This relative pofition differs from that given them Dec. 791-. them by Dalrymple's chart, which pjaces th« iflots to the north if weft of the ifland, and at the diftance of 33 rniles. Although by the method which I have employed for afcertaining this pofition, there can be obtained only a refult of approximation, that refult, however, is fufficiently exact for concluding with certainty, that thefe two points are better placed, with regard to each other, on Dalrymple's chart than on that conftructed by Roberts for Cook's voyages, fince on the latter, we fee The Two Brothers fituated at the diftance of 40 or 50 miles, to the north 400 eaft of the great Pulo-Sapata. N. B. The remarks which Captain Marchand and Captain Chanal had an opportunity of making on the ftrength and direction of the currents in the China Sea, till they quitted that Sea by the Strait Between Banca and Billiton and that of Sunda, are to be found in the Narrative itfelf, under the dates of the 15th, 18th, 19th, and 25th of December. G G 4 NOTE I 1 ||ii lw marchand s voyage. NOTE LXII. [Dec. 1791.; ANALYSIS of the general Chart of the two Straits , fituated between the Ifland of BANCA and that of BILLITON, known by the name of G4S- PAR'S STRAIT and CLEMENTS' STRAIT, with failing directions relative te the two paffages. (See the general chart Plate VII, and the particular Chart Plate VIII), The eaft coaft of the Ifland of Banca and the weft coaft of the Ifland of Billiton leave between them a large paffage which was at firft known only by the name of Gaspar's Strain, becaufe D'Apres de Mannevillette publifhed, in 1775, the firft Plan of this Strait (No. 48 of the fecond edition of his Neptune Oriental), under the title of ff Petit Plan du Detroit a l'Est de ec Banca, par lequel apaffe un navire Efpagnol cow* \ " mande par le Sieur Gaspar," no date *. But, ini78i, Captain John Clements, commanding a fleet of Englifh. Eaft-Indiamen, croffed between Banca and Billiton by another paffage than that through which Gaspar had pafled; and, fince, feveral Englifh and French navigators have paffed through both, and given us particular charts of them. This ftrait has long been frequented by the Portuguefe; but it is well known that the navigators of that nation publifti nothing. * Alexander Dalrymple has given a copy of it in his collec* tion of Plans of the Seat ofAfta, The Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 457 The great Strait Between Banca and Billiton, whofe width is about fourteen leagues from the one ifland to the other, is divided into two arms by a fmall ifland which the Englifh have named Middle Ifland, and which is alfo called Passage Ifland. This Strait therefore affords two Paffages: the former, or the west Passage, between Banca and Middle Ifland; the latter, or the east Passage, between Middle Ifland and Billiton. We have five charts of the west Passage : the firft is that of Captain Gaspar, which alfo comprehends the east Passage: but the latter is there reprefented in a manner which muft anduce the belief that it is impracticable, Kf he fecond is a manufcript chart of Dorde- lin, an officer belonging to the French navy, commanding the fliips Triton, Provence, and Sagittaire, who paffed through the west Passage, ingoing to China, in 1784, and on his return in 1785: he has annexed to it views of the land and a few remarks. The third is that of Captain Lestogk Wilson, an Englifhman commanding the fhip Carnatic, coming from China in 1787 : Mr. Dalrymple has publifhed it in his collection of Plans, and has printed the journal and obfervations of Captain Wilson, in his collection of Memoirs, &c This chart deferves particular attention, becaufe the intelligent and enlightened navigator by whom it was 45S marchand's voyage. [Dec. ijgi. was conftructed, has there drawn all the angles of bearing inferted in his journal, to which the chart is faithfully fubjectedj and the different points are connected with each other by trigonometrical operations : we remark above all that frequently, from the fame ftation, two points are fet by each other or by oppofite ^rhumbs : as, for inftance, one point by another, north by eaft j or elfe, a point north by eaft, at the fame time that he fet another fouth by weft : and it is well known that bearings of this fort are the only ones which, for fixing relative pofitions, prefent an inconteftable exactnefs. jiwtffi -vTh.£ fourth chart is that of Captain John Pascal Larkins, commanding the fhip Warren Hastings, coming from China in 1788; it was publifhed in the collection of Mr. Dalrymple's plans, and the Journal, in his collection of Memoirs. I wifh it were in my power to beftow the fame praife on this chart as on that of Captain , Wilson j but it is feldom found to agree with the Journal, according to which it ought to have been conftructed; and the lands on it feem fcattered and reprefented at random : fortunately, his journal furnifhes data which may be employed very ufefully in the plan of Gaspar's Strait. The fifth, m fliort, is the chart which was conftructed in 1791, by Captain Chanal, and the Engineer Le Brun, on board the fhip Solide, commanded by Captain Marchand, coming Dec. 1791.3 marchand's voyage. 459 jngfrom China, and the data of which are to be found in the NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE vol. I at the date of the 21ft, 22nd, and 23rd of December, 1791. We have but three plans of the East Passage ; and they can be reckoned only as two. The firft is that of Captain John Clements, commanding a fleet of Indiamen: he is, as I have already faid, the firft known navigator who attempted in 1781 to pafs through the East Passage, and ftruck out this new track to the fhips . of his nation. The name of Clements' Strait distinguifhes it from the West Passage or Gas- par's Strait. The plan of this Strait was conftructed by George Robertson, an officer employed on board the Commodore's fhip, the Van- sittart #; Mr. Dalrymple was the firft who publifhed it, in his Colleclion in 1786: and, in 1788, RoEERTsoN^brought out a Plan of Gafpar^s and Clements' Straits together, without any fcale of latitude, like that of 1786, but with a fcale of marine miles of i\ lines to a mile. In the fame year, he publifhed a chart of the Straits of Banca, Gafpar, and Clements, united in the fame fheet on a fcale of fix inches to a degree. On both are drawn the tracks of the different Englifh navigators who have pafled through.thefe Straits. From this expofition of Robertson's labour, * This is a miftake : though Robertson was onboard th Vanfittart, the Commodore's fhip was the Glatton. Tranfiator. which -ii 1 ill if \M m «s= 460. marGhand's voyage. [Dec. 1791, if hieh appears to have been performed with equal care and intelligence, it feems that it might have been fufficient to copy his chart or his plan, and to add to it the track of the French navigators; but I hope that the feamen who fhall read the analyfis of the new chart which I prefent to them, will be of opinion that Robertson's chart and plan ftood in need of fome corrections; and, no , dcHibt, a longer acquaintance with thefe ftraits will foon prove that this new chart itfelf is fufceptible o4 improvement. I will not diflemble, that it ,#31 reaves much to be wifhed for: what! does not every one know that a fea chart is never frfttflied ? The fecond plan of the East Passage is a chart of Captain Allen Cooper, commanding the fhip Atlas, in 1785, and coming from the fouthward. This chart is comprifed in the Col- kctionof Mr. Dalrymple who has alfo publifhed, in his collection of Memoirs, Captain Cooper's Journal; all the points there correfpond very exactly with the bearings inferted in the journal. Of thefe frx charts or plans (for that of Caspar is too defective in every part for it to be made any ufe of), I have formed a general chart which comprehends the two Passages, and prefents the Whole of the great Strait Between Banca and BrLLFTON: the plans of the West Passage are conne6ted to thofe of the East Pas* sags, by G.*s#^r's and Middle Iflands which are Dec. 1791.} MARCHAND s voyage. 461 are common to the two paffages, and from which bearings have been taken on the two routes. But in order to enable enlightened navigators to judge of this new chart, I muft difcufs the materials of which I have made ufe, and' examine, point by point, and contradictorily, the journals and charts, which, till this day, have come to my knowledge. I begin by the analyfis of the West Passage j and, in going from the northward to the fouthward, it will lead us to the points which are common to the two paffages. I; The northern coaft of Banca, from Point Pesant to its East Point, was drawn from the journal and chart of Captain Chanal, who took bearings of the different points. The four Breakers fituated to the north-eaft of Point Brisee of Banca and marked on my chart a, b, c, d, as well as the ifles and iflots to the eaftward of that point, were in like manner fub- jected to bearings taken on board the Solide* which, * On the 2ift of December 1791, at three quarters paft 4, P. M. Point Brlfe'e, borg S. 300 W. the firft ifland on the coaft, to the eaftward of this point, S. from 17 to 20' W: the fecond 'ifland S, from 10 to 120 W. Captain Marchand hauled clofe on a wind on the larboard tack, with a fr.efh breeze at N. N. W. in order to avoid a breaker which was perceived to the fouthward. At 4 minutes after e, this breaker bore S. 18° W. 2 or 5 miles. At 12 minutes after e, a fecond breaker fhewed itfelf to the north 1 $° .«aft diftant 1§ or 2 miles. At 4»2 marckand^s voyage. [Dec. 1791* which, as is feen by her track drawn on the chart and mentioned in the narrative, paffed between At the fame inftant, a third w&s. feen to the fouth 30 30' weft, at the diftance of 3 or 4 miles. - The Solide bore up to the fouth-eaft in order to clear a fourth breaker which was feen ahead. At 50 minutes after c, the firft ifland that had been fet, bore from fouth 430 to fouth 490 weft; the fecond, from fouth 38 to 4o°weft. At 2 minutes after fix, the fourth breaker which had been feen, bore fouth 670 eaft, diftant 4 or c miles. From three quarters paft four, the foundings had been 12, 13, and 14 fathoms, "over a bottom of fand, gravel, and broken , fhells: the fame bottom continued till \ paft 6, when Captain Marchand came to an anchor, in 14 fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom. During the night, there was a moderate breeze from the north-weft with clear weather: the currents fet faintly"to the fouth-fouth-eaft and eaft-fouth-eaft. On the 22nd at break of day, the following bearings were taken: Point Brife'e S. £ W. the third ifland, from fouth 3>° 3°' to fouth 38° weft—the fourth ifland, from fouth 2 to fouth 40 30' weft. Captain Marchand got under way at 50 minutes paft 7, and' fteered S. S. E. \ E: ftill carrying 14 fathoms, over a bottom of fand, gravel, and broken fhells. At 50 minutes after 8, Point Brlfee weft i° 30' fouth—the third ifland, from fouth 560 to fouth 670 30 weft—The fourth ifland,- from fouth 340 30' to fouth 350 30' weft—at 40 minutes paft 9, the third ifland from fouth 830 to fouth 840 weft; and the fourth or laft ifland, from fouth 670 to fouth 700 weft. This laft appears to be furrounded by breakers. From that moment, Captain Marchand ftood fouth eaft by fouth—foundings from 14 to 13 fathoms, conftantly the fame kind of bottom, till 4 minutes after 11, when having perceived from '""*#] Dec. 179 ARCH AND s voyag tween the four Breakers to the north of Banca, in the midft of which fhe anchored. The Mas- carin, commanded by our Captain Crozet, 1773, had paffed and anchored there like the Solide*; and itappears that, as far back as 1702, the Englifh galley the Macclesfield had taken her route through thefe Breakers-}-. These two are the fame that Captain Williams in the Su- livan faw and took bearings of in December 1784; but it appears, from what is faid in his journal, that he faw three only; and, on fetting off thefe bearings on my chart, we conceive that the Breakers which he'faw are the three wefterly ones, and that he did not perceive the fourth, fituated to the eaftward of thefe. The Journal of from the mafthead Gafpar Ifland to the eaft 6° fouth, he fleered S. £. by E. At a quarter paft n, the high mountain of Banca bore from S. 130 to S. 42° W.: ftill 14 fathoms, with the fame kind of bottom. . * See her track drawn on the chart No. 49 2nd of the fecond edition of D''Apres Neptune Oriental: a copy of it is to be found in Alexander Dalrymple's collection of Plans. Mr. Dalrymple has publifhed, under the date of the 17th of December 1781, aVlevj of Banca, of the iflots and the breakers, taken from the point where Crozet had anchored. This plan, which is inferted in his Collecllon, is to be found there under the title of Plan of the Place vohere Monfieur Crozet anchored (latitude i° c6' fouth) on the eaft fide of Banca, on the 23rd of March 1773. I Farther on will be found-an extract from his journal, taken from the collection of Memoirs, publifhed by Alexander Dal- ■rymple. the iHtfllr? 464 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. the Sulivan makes no mention of the fmall iflands : it is only faid there that, at noon of theday on which, in the afternoon, the Breakers were difcovered, there was feen, from the maft-head, an ifland to the fouth-fouth-weft -, but the weather was fo over-caft, that Banca could not be feen*. 1 In following on D'Apres' Chart (No. 49 2nd) the Track of the Mascarin which came from the eaftward, it is feen that Crozet had firft perceived the Breakers which are fituated to the north by weft of Gaspar Ifland (the principal , leading mark in the Strait); and that before he had reached the four Breakers to the northward * Extract from the journal of the Sulivan, Captain Stephen Williams, coming from China, taken from the Collection of memoirs publifhed by Alexander Dalrymple, Appendix to memoirs of Charts of Sunda and Banca, pages 15 and 16. " On the 25th of December 1784, At 6 A. M. the wea- " ther clearing a little, faw the ifland of Banca S. W. by W. I At 8 A. M. faw a high body of land from S. by W. to " W. by N. which is the land we firft fawj diftant from the *f neareft fhore about 5 leagues.3' fi At noon faw an ifland from the maft-head S. S. W. being u very cloudy could not fee Banca." " At half paft'2 P. M. faw three fhoals of Breakers, one « bearing about S. S. W. 3 miles diftant—another S. E. by " S. 3 miles, and another E. N. E. about 4 miles." *f I immediately hauled my wind to the northward. (Wind «< N. W. courfe N. N. E.)" " At half paft 4 P. M. the northernmoft breakers bore S. E. " by E. \ E. diftant full two miles; on the breakers there ap- ** peared two or three rocks above water." 4. of Dec. 1791-! marchand's voyage. 46^ of Banca, he had feen in the interval a folitary Breaker which is laid down on D'Apres* chart, and which I have thought neceffary to preferve on mine, becaufe, if its pofition be doubtful, its ex^ iftence is certain. The Solide's track paffes three leagues to the eaftward of this folitary Breaker: it was not feen by Captain Marchand ; but a Breaker which, perhaps, does not always break, may probably not be perceived at three leagues' diftance. II. Let us endeavour to fix the latitude of Gaspar Ifland, the principal leading mark for fhips that are bound through the ftraits from the northward. On the old Plan publifhed by D'Apres, No. 48 of the fecond edition of his Neptune Oriental, Caspar Ifland, under the name of lie du Passage (Passage Ifland), is placed in i° 6' fouth latitude. This latitude is certainly fmaller than the true, by upwards of a quarter of a degree: but how had it been obferved ? by whom ? and with what inftrument ? On D'Apres' Chart No 49 2nd, a copy of which is to be found in Mr. Dalrymple's Collection, and on which is marked a track of Crozet, in 1773, which paffes to the northward of the ftraits and pretty near Caspar Ifland, the latitude of the middle of this ifland is 20 if; VOL. II. H H but i 1 466 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. If it but we are ignorant by what proceeding it was determined. Robertson's Plan, inferted in Mr. Dalrymple's collection, under the date of 1786, has no fcale of latitude : in that which Robertson himfelf publifhed in 1788, and which differs from the former only by its being on a larger fcale, and alfo comprehending Gaspar's Strait, we read in the parallel which paffes through the peak of Gaspar's Ifland, Latitude South i° 101; but it is not mentioned that this latitude was obferved; we are even juftified in thinking that it was not; for we remark that the fmalleft diftance at which Clements was from the ifland, is' 16 miles to the fouth-eaft: and if, in this pofition, he had deduced the,.^titude of Gaspar Ifland from fo difadvantageous a bearing, efpeciaily when it is combined with fo great a diftance, this determination could not but be very doubtful. Indeed, it does not appear that Robertson has adopted it exclufively: for in his Table of Latitudes and Longitudes which is to be found at the end of the Memoir that he publifhed with his hand- fome Chart of the China Sea*; the Peak of Gaspar Ifland is placed in latitude i° if, though, on his Plan of the Strait, it is laid down in 20 30', and though, in his chart of the * Memoir of a Chart of the China Sea, &c. by George Ro- bertfon, London, 1791, 4to, page 123. 4 Straits . Dec. 1791.] marchand's VOYAGE. 467 Straits of Banca, (Safedr m4 Clements, \t is alfo 1°3d: and, in the fame Table, he gives a fecond latitude of the fame point of Gasper J#and> $£ 2° i$'3$": this laft is accompanied by the mark f, which indicates the pofitions deduced fr^gi the obfervationg of Captains Huddart, HoD0r- son, and Wilson, " which," he %s> cc afe <f feemingly well deterj»iapd." Dordelin, in a manufcript Memoir, relates that, on the 3rd of Auguft 1784, Gaspar Ifland bore from him at noon, from north-$|ft by north 30 45'north to norrii-north-eaft,diftant 5 leagues: which places the fouth coaft of jthe ifland in i° 22^ and its peak in 20 i\' if. On the 23rd of February 1785, on his return &pm China, the obferved latJuicle of the fhip was 2° 24', and Gaspar Ifland bore at the fame moment, from eaft 150 fouth to eaft 260 foujfc, at the diftance of 3 or 4 miles at moft: whicfa gives 2° 24' 30* for the north coaft of the ifland, and 2° if if for the Peak. On the fame day the captain of the fhip the Provence (a man of great reputation, fays Dordelin), which was failing in company 4wit& tfae Triton, had an obferved latitude of i° 21, whw?h would give for the Peak of the ifland i° 131 %f. Captain Cooper, in. 1785, jkys, in his printed Journal, page 24, that, pn the 8th of Auguft, he toofc his departure from Gaspar Iflands as it h h 2 bore m 468 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Dec. : bote at noon of that day, north 190 eaft diftant 4 or 5 miles. The latitude of the fhip, obferved at noon, was 20 33', whence we conclude that the latitude of the ifland, according to the bearing, is 2° 28' 45^: but the obfervation is marked indifferent, that is neither good nor bad, doubtful; and we muft imagine that Cooper did not confider himfelf bound to adhere to it; for, after having faid in his Journal, that he places Gaspar Ifland in latitude i° 3d fouth, we find it placed on his chart, in i° 21' 20/;, at its middle. Captain Wilson, in 1787, deduced from his ,-obfervations and from his bearings in the Strait the latitude of Gaspar Ifland i° 11' od' (page 28 of his printed Journal) but it is not mentioned to what point of the ifland he applies it: on his chart, the north coaft of the ifland is in i° if, the Peak, in i° id, and the fouth coaft, in 2° 21'. Captain Larkins, in 1788, having got aground on the Shoal which he difcovered to the north- weft of Gaspar Ifland, there obferved the latitude (page 16 and 17 of his Journal): on the 2nd of May 20 22'; on the 3rd, i° if •, on the 4th, 20 22y; by a mean, i° 11' 10", and the point where he ftruck is laid down on his chart of the Str&C in 2° 23'. But he fays (page 16,) that from this very point, the centre of Gaspar Ifland bore fouth 700 eaft, diftant 6 miles: this ifland would therefore be according mm h Dec. 1791.} marchand's voyage 4€9 ward than the point where he ftruck, and confe- quently in 20 28' 407'; but, on his chart, it is placed in i° if^f. I am ignorant of the caufe of this difference; but it will be feen hereafter that there muft be an error in the diftances eftimated by the eye; for it is impoflible to make thefe diftances agree with the angles of bearing taken, from the place where the fhip got aground, to the middle of Gaspar Ifland and to the middle of Rocher Navire, the Tree Island of the Englifh. On the 22nd of December 17 91, Captains Marchand and Chanal deduced from their obfervations at noon the latitude of the Solide, 2° 21', and as the Peak of Gaspar Ifland bore, at the fame inftant, directly eaft of the fhip, its latitude is the fame as that of the Solide*. On recapitulating all the latitudes of Gaspar Ifland which I have mentioned: Gaspar's Plan 2 5 00 Crozet's Track 2 ty - 00 CMemoir 52 2? <=o Robertson's < 4 2 25 35 (Plan and Chart .. j 2 30 00 * See the Journal of the Route at the date of the 22nd of Dec. 1791. H H 3 DOR- 11 I h 47* marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791 DORDELIN, I784 2 fl if Dordelin, 1785 2 25 15 The fhip the Provence 2 23 15 CoOPBR }J0Urnal '•• 2 30 OO j On his chart 2 21 20 C Journal 2 22 00 Wilson i~ ,. , tOn his chart........ 2 20 00 LarkIks jJ°urnal 2 28 +° (.On his chart 2 25 45 MarchandI "Y and ^Journal and chart y 2 21 00 Chanal \ 1 it is feen that, with a great number of determiiiak tions, the latitude of Gaspar Ifland cannot be determined in an intonteftible manner. Navigators, no doubt, will not be willing to admit the firft two, the foundations of which are unknown, aftd which befides differ too much from thofe that have been fubfcquently obferved; thofe of Dordelin and of the fhip the Provence depend on eftimated diftances: thofe of the Englifh prefent, in general, one quantity in their Journals, and another quantity on their charts; die latitude determined by Captains Marchand and Chanal is the only one againft which no objection can be made; the fhip was exactly on the parallel of the Peak of Gaspar Ifland, at the moment when a good obfervation gave 2° 21' for **wj$esb Dee. 1791.] marchand s voyage. 47i for the latitude ; I remark, befides, that this determination is the fame as that of Dordelin in 1784; the fame as that which Cooper has employed on his chart; the fame, within a minute,, as that given by Captain Wilson whofe obfervations are reputed correct. I add another remark to the firft. Navigators know that it is very difficult to determine with exactnefs the latitudes of points fituated near the equator, efpeciaily in the months when the fun has little declination, becaufe the meridian altitude of the fun cannot be obferved with precifion, when the luminary culminates near the zenith of the obferver* : now the obfervation of Captains Marchand and Chanal was made on the 22nd of December, a day of the fummer fblftice in the auftral heaufphere, that is, at one of the periods of the year the moft favourable for having, at noon, the fun lefs near the zenith, when the obferver is in the parallels in the vicinity of the equator; whereas Cooper having obferved on the 8th of Auguft; Dordelin, on the 3rd of Auguft and 23rd of February; Larkins, on the 2nd of May and following days; thofe navigators muft have had the * It is to this difficulty of ohferving exactly the meridian altitudes of the fun near the zenith, that muft he attributed the great diffejjences that are remarked between the latitudes which different feamen, good obfervers, have given to the fame points of the weft coaft of Africa fituated in the vicinity of the equinoctial line, h h 4 fun 1 i If M 1 I 472 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791, fun much nearer the zenith than the obfervers of the Solide had, I am therefore of opinion that, without fearing to be fufpected of too favourable a prepoffefiion for the obfervation of thefe laft, I can grant it the preference to the others, and place the Peak of Gaspar Ifland in latitude 20 21' fouth. As for its longitude, it may be determined by approximation. In G. Robertson's Table, we find two pofitions which differ little from each other: the firft, marked *, 1070 4' eaft from Greenwich, or 1040 43'45//eaft from Paris, is that which Robertfon has difcufTed and which he has employed in his chart of the China Sea* : the fecond, marked f; 1070 7' 15' eaft from Greenwich, or 1040 7' eaft from Paris, is that which Wilson's obfervations have given; but it will be 1040 48' 45" if we place Pulo-Aor, from which he deduced its longitude by a chronometer, in 102° 19' 45" weft from Parisj-. Hi ft' * Mr. Robertfon has varied refpecting the longitude of Gafpar ifland: for it has juft been feen that, in his Table of Pofitions, publifhed in 1790, he gives this longitude 1070 4' eaft from Greenwich, and this is within 2 minu es, that of his Chart of the China Sea, publifhed the fame year on which Gap* far is placed in 107° 2'; but on his chart of the Straits of Banca, Gafpar, and Clements, 1788, and on his large Plan of Gafpar s and Clements* Straits, the fame year, it was 1060 $3', and 1060 54'. Captain Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 473 Captain Cooper (page 24 of his Journal) fays that he has placed Gaspar Ifland, by his chronometer corretled, in longitude 1060 55' eaft from Greenwich, or 1040 34' 45^ eaft from Paris. But Mr. Dalrymple, who in his collection of Memoirs, has printed Cooper's original Journal, obferves, in an introduction which he has prefixed to this Journal (page iv) that at the time when this navigator paffed the Strait, his chronometer did not give the longitude with competent precifion. Captain Chanal, in comparing his dead reckoning, corrected by allowing for the effect of the currents, to the longitude of the North point of Banca, fuch as it is given on D'Apres' chart, reckoned that the longitude of the fhip, on the 22nd at noon, was 104012'eaft from Paris : and, as at this period, the diftance from the Peak of Gaspar Ifland, eftimated by the eye, was 28 or 29 miles eaft, he makes, the longitude of the Peak 1040 40' or 41. In taking a mean between the determinations which I have juft mentioned; but excluding the third, which differs too much from the other three, and granting fomething more to that of Wilson than to the firft two, we might place the Peak of + See Note LX. pages 437 and 442 are the longitude which Robertfon has given to Pulo-Aor and that which I have deduced : Wllfon's chronometer gave him for Gafpar z° 29'eaft from Aer. (See his Journal page 28.) Gaspar in i IHP* m\\ 1 (I! If 474 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. Gaspar Ifland in longitude 1040 45' 00^ weft from Paris, or 1070 ftf weft from Greenwich. III. After Gaspar ifland, which as I have laid, is properly the leading mark for the entrance of the ftrait, in coming from the northward, the point that it is of moft importance to fix, is the dangerous fhoal which Captain Larkins difcovered in 1788, on which his fhip remained aground for three days, and which may be called the Warren Hastings' Shoal, from the name of his fhip: unfortunately, the contradiction that is to be found between his journal and his chart leaves a great uncertainty refpecting the real pofition of this fhoal in regard to Gaspar Ifland and Tree Ifland; but at leaft navigators will be ap- prifed that they have to avoid a fhoal fituated to the weft-nprth-weft of the ifland. I fhall compare the bearings and diftances, fuch as^they appear in the Journal taken from the point where the fhip ftruck on the eaft edge of the fhoal, with the bearings and diftances of the fame points fuch as they ftand on the chart. In the Journal fpage 16.) On the Chart. The high land of Ban-7 T , , i Is not on the chart. pT he eaft point of Ban- The extremes of Banca, from S. 22PW. to M 62° W. I 1 ca, S. 58° W. ca S. u° W. The lands more to the weftward are not delineated on it. The Dec. 1791.3 marchand's voyage. 475 On the Chart. S. 6o°E. 6 miles. In the Journal (page 16) The centre of Gaspar 1 ifland S. 70* E. diftant 6 ( I miles. Tree Ifland; or R°0Direal)r fouth of the cher-Nav.re S. i7 I ^ j§mUes< E. diftant 9 miles. j The comparifon of the pofitions given in Lar- kins's Journal and of thofe which he has employed in his Chart,'is fufficient, without any obfervation, to fhew the want of agreement. Let us firft endeavour to place Trie Ifland (Rocher Navire) in the pofition which it ought to have with refpect to Gaspar Ifland; we fhall afterwards fee how it will be poffible to fubject the Warren Hastings' Shoal to thefe two points, by the bearings which Larkins took of them, while he lay aground. Wilson, page 4 of his Journal, fays that, paffing to the weftward of Tree Ifland, Gaspar Ifland bore in one with it, north 6 2° eaft, or eaft 2%° north; but this linear direction, on his chart, is that of the centres of the two objects; and the moft fouthern part of the ifland there lies, with refpect to the moft fouthern part of Tree Ifland, eaft 22^ or 230 north. The bearing of thefe laft two points is exactly the fame on Dordehn's manufcript chart, on Robertson's large plan, and on Larkins's chart: and the Solide, in paffing 476 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. pafling to the weftward of Tree Ifland, at the diftance of about five miles, had the fouth point of Gaspar in one with the fouth iflot of Tree Ifland, bearing eaft 230 north*. On Robertson's large Plan, the centres of the two objects, as well as their moft fouthern points lie in like manner, with refpect to each other eaft-north-eaft and weft-fouth-weft. This bearing of the centre of Tree Ifland, to the fouth 6i° weft, or weft, 280 fouth, from the centre of Gaspar Ifland, therefore, appears afcertained in fuch a manner that it may- be employed with fafety; and it is, no. doubt vaguely, that Captain Cooper fays, - in his Journal, that Tree Ifland is to the fouth-weft of Gaspar Ifland ; for, on his chart, he has placed the fouth iflot to the weft 22 or 230 fouth of Gaspar. ^i^^ As to the diftance of Tree Ifland from Gaspar Ifland, the Plan of Dordelin j- who pafled between them both, in going to and coming from China, and anchored there, gives us the width of the channel, from coaft to coaft, 5 J miles, and it is the fame on Robertson's, large plan, and there are feen four tracks of fhips, marked between Gaspar Ifland and Tree Ifland. Captain Wilson, (page 28 of his Journal) has * See the Narrative, vol. II. at the date of the 22nd of December, 1791. + The fcale of this Plan is 7 inches 7 lines to a degree.. concluded Dec. 1791.] marchand s voyage. '477 concluded from his different bearings, taken from a bafe which he meafured by the fhip's way, that this width was 6.64 miles; but he does not fay whether it be from coafi to coaft, or from centre to centre -, on the chart, this diftance of 6.64 miles, is that from coaft to coaft; and that from centre to centre is there about 7^ miles. The method which he employed for meafuring the width of the channel is not fufceptible of very great precifion : but, in combining fome other bearings which he took in the ftrait, and particularly thofe from his ftation a, we find that the diftance from Tree Ifland to Gaspar Ifland, taken from centre to centre, may be reduced to 7.2 miles in lieu of 7.5. I obferve, befides, that there is never any inconvenience in presenting on a chart a channel a little narrower than it really is, and that there is a great deal in prefenting it too wide. In faying that there is no danger in dirninifh- ing a little the width of the channel between Gaspar Ifland and Tree Ifland, I fhall not pro- pofe however, to reduce it to 3J miles, as it is feen on Captain Larkins's chart: this navigator did not pafs through the channel; from afar he eftimated the diftance from the one ifland to the other, while he lay aground on the Warren Hastings's Shoal. It appears that he has judged no better of the diftance from his fhoal to Tree Ifland, on the one hand, and to Gaspar Ifland, on 478 marchand's voyage. [pec. 1791. on the other: and we muft choofe between his angles of bearing and his eftimated diftances, which it is impoflible to make agree. But we cannot hefitate refpecting the choice; the angles were meafured by the compafs, and this meafiire muft be as exact as the nature of the inftru- ment allows of,'whereas the diftances were emulated hy the eye, and all feamen know that, efpeciaily when fmall iflands are in queftion, errors fbmewhat confiderable may be committed in efti-. mations of this nature. We are convinced that the diftance which Lar- kins has eftimated between Tree Ifland and Gaspar Ifland, is too fmall, and thofe which he has fuppofed between each of thofe two points and the Warren Hastings's Shoal, are fo too. In order to learn by approximation thefe two laft- mentioned diftances, I have made ufe of the diftance between the two iflands, which I have before eftablifhed of 7.2 miles from centre to centre, and of their bearing fouth 62° weft and nortii $2° eaft, which has been well afcertained. With thefe data and the angles of bearing taken by Captain Larkins, from the place where he lay aground on the Warren Hastings's Shoal to Tree Ifland, on the one hand, and on the other to the centre of Gaspait Ifland, we may fix tke diftance of the fhoal to each of thefe points. In order to abridge the.difcuffion, I employ a figure Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 479 figure which will be found on my chart Plate VII. In the figure, let w be the Warren Hastings's Shoal, r, Tree Ifland, g, Gaspar Ifland. The data are: i. The angles of bearing rnea- fured from the fhip when aground on the fhoal, by Larkins, namely, the angle s w r, from the Warren Hastings's Shoal to Tree Ifland., from fouth to eaft 170. The angle s w g, from the Shoal to tu€i Island, from fouth to eaft 7o°. 2. The diftance of the objects, r, o, from centre to centre, 7.2 miles.,, 3. Laftly the angle e r g of bearingi ft"0«l Tree Ifland with refpect to Gaspar Ifland, from eaft to north 280 the complement of 61 degrees, the angle of bearing from north to eaft. We fhall then know the three angles in the tri- angle r w g. For, we have the angle r w g=jo°—17°=53°: the angle 1v g a (the complement of aw g 70°)=^ 70; the angle a g r (alternate of g r e, 28°)=:2$0$ and confequently the whole angle r g wzz^o10 : And the third angle g r w (fupplement of the- fum Of the two former) equal to 790. In calculating the triangle according to the formulas of trigonometry, we fhall finds w g, diftance from the Shoal to the centre of ' |Gaspar Ifland:=8.85 miles. II 480 marchand's voyage. [Dec. i79f* w r diftance from the Shoal to Tree Ifland= 6.7 miles. The former of thefe diftances is, in Lar- kins's Journal, 6 miles, and alfo 6 miles on his chart: the latter is 9 miles in the journal, and 5§ on the chart. As thefe diftances were eftimated by the eye, it is not furprifing that there fhould be an error in both; but we may be aftonifhed that the chart does not agree with the journal, neither as to the diftances, nor as to the angles of bearing. I have, as I have faid, thought it proper to preferve thefe angles fuch as they were inferted fn the Journal; they were obferved, and thefe are the only data of Larkins on which it is poflible to rely: but why did he not make ufe of them in conftructing his chart ? He gives no reafon, and it is not poflible for me to atone for his filence : it were to be wifhed that Mr. Dalrymple, who has publifhed the Journal and the chart, had explained himfelf refpecting this want of agreement which certainly has not efcaped him; and no one better than he could aflign the caufe of it, and rectify the chart and the journal. It is eafy to conceive how greatly fuch contradictions muft embarrafs a navigator who has before him both the Plan, and the written data, according to which the Plan ought to have been conftructed; they leave him in doubt to determine on which fide the truth lies; he Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 481 he may even fufpect whether it be on either: and his embarrafsment here muft be the greater, as, till now, the Warren Hastings's Shoal is laid down Only on Larkins's chart, unlefs it be on fome chart with which I am not acquainted, more recent than thofe publifhed by G. Robertson in 1788 and 1790. iv. On the chart No. 49, 2nd, making part of the Supplement of the fecond edition of D'Apres' Neptune Oriental, and of an earlier date than all |Pie charts which I have quoted, is feen another fhoal fituated to the northward of the north point of Gaspar Ifland, at ten miles diftance, meafured between this point and the fouth part of the fhoal. Crozet's Track in the Mascarin, in 1773, which is marked on this chart, paffes only at the diftance of 4 miles from the north part of the fhoal which occupies 1 mile; and it may be fttefumed that it is from the account of this navigator, that D'Apres has placed it: Crozet ■having paffed only at the diftance of 16 or 17 miles from the north point of Gaspar ought to have feen at the fame time that ifland and the breakers of the fhoal. I find on Dordelin's chart, (track going to China) a fhoal nearly in the fame pofition: he places it to the north by weft of the moft northern part of Gaspar Ifland, and at the diftance of about 10 miles, meafured from the fouth extremity tol. 11. 11 of 482 marchand s 1 3YAGE. [Dec. 1791. of the fhoal; he gives it 4 miles in extent from north by weft to fouth by eaft. At its north extremity is delineated an iflot; and Dordelin fays, in a note written on the chart, that thefe are Rocks and Breakers even with the water's edge, and that the Rock is always above water. Dordelin's track, marked in the chart, extends along the fhoal at the diftance of about a mile from the breakers: and as he faw at the fame time Gaspar Ifland, we may admit the pofition which he afligns to the fhoal on his chart, relatively to the ifland, as well as the extent which he has given to it. •Robertson's large Plan prefents to us two fhoals in the fame quarter, under the name of Breakers: the firft to the north by weft 1 or i° weft of the Peak of Gaspar Ifland, 7 miles from its north point: the fecond to the north by weft ^4° weft of the fame Peak, and at 10J miles from the fame point. The extent of thefe fhoals is left undetermined on the Plan ; they are merely indicated by a f furrounded by a dotted circle. It is very probable that the moft diftant fhoal is the fame as that which Dordelin examined and ranged along throughout its whole length : as for the fecond, its exiftence might appear doubtful. The French navigator had pafled through the channel which feparates Gaspar Ifland from Ro- cher Navire or Tree Ifland; it was in ftanding to the north 50 weft, that he perceived the breakers and W^K^OQ?~m Dec, 1791.] marchand s VOYJ! and the rock above water which he has laid down on his chart; and it would be aftonifhing if he had not. alfo perceived the breakers neareft to ' the ifland, which are laid down in Robertson's Plan, in the fame direction as the moft diftant ones, relatively to the ifland. I prefume that Robertson has placed this fhoal according to the Journal of the Sulivan, Captain Stephen Williams, who, in 1784, on his return from China, paffed through Gaspar's Strait *. It is there mentioned that the following bearings were taken. (C At \ paft 9, A. M. faw Bredkers, bearing " N. j E. diftant about 3 miles, and appearing to tc be about 3 miles north from Gaspar Ifland, " and fome others bearing W. S. W. about 6 1 miles. Like wife faw an Ifland making like a | fail (this is RocherNavire or Tree Ifland,) I S. fE. diftant about 2 leagues, Gaspar Ifland I then bearing S. E. diftant 3 leagues. A rock, | off it, with Breakers all round it, bearing from I the fhipS. E. by S." Thefe bearings, taken at the fame moment^ give room to make a few obfervations. 1. From the point whence Gaspar Ifland bore fouth-eaft diftant 3 leagues, the Sulivan ought to have feen Tree Ifland to the fouth half * Mr. Dalrymple has given an extract from this Journal in one of the Memoirs of his Collection, the title of which is, Ap- of Sunda and Banca, page 16. I j 2 ™fl- S Jendix to Memoir of Char, 4*4 marchand s VOYAGE. n ED. ec. 17514 eaft; but the diftance of this rock, which carrict it only to 2 leagues, has been badly eftimated * it was at 3, as well as the, diftance from Gaspar Ifland : in order to be convinced of this, it is fufficient to prick off the bearings of Gaspar Ifland on our chart where the relative pofition of this ifland and of Tree Ifland is fixed according to the Bearings of Wilson, Chanal, &c. It will be feen that the point of bearing of the Sulivan is at three leagues' diftance from Tree Ifland. 2. The point of this bearing may be equally well determined by the two bearings and the diftance alone from Gaspar Ifland, although there is an error refpecting the eftimated diftance from Tree Ifland; for it is well known that it is very ufual to eftimate the diftance too fmall, when bearings are taken from a little ifland which is lofty; and the bearing with refpect to Tree Ifland is exact, as well as the bearing with refpect to Gaspar Ifland. In therefore admitting this bearing, le$ us look for the pofition of the firft Breakers. It is faid that they [were about 3 miles to the north half eaft of the fliip ; and that Gaspar Ifland bore fouth-eaft, diftant 3 leagues or 9 miles, the (hip was therefore about 6-J miles more to the northward than Gaspar Ifland: and as the breakers were ftill about 3 miles more to the northward than the fhip, they muft therefore be o\ miles I more to the northward than Gaspar Ifland. It is Dec. 1791] marchand's voyage. 485 is therefore evident that there is an error in the Journal, when it is faid there that the Breakers are about 3 miles to the northward of Gaspar Ifland ; it was, no doubt, meant to fay 3 leagues or 9 miles. 3. At prefent, I remark that the fouth part of the breakers feen by Dordelin, the fame, according ||o every appearance, as thofe feen before by Cro- Swet, is diftant about 10 miles from the north point of Gaspar; and that th$ extent of fea which they occupy in breadth, is fituated, with refpect to the ifland, between the north by weft and the north: thus, from the pofition where the Sulivan was in regard to Gaspar Ifland, thefe breakers, if they be at the point where they are laid down on Dor deli n's chart, muft have borne from the Sulivan, from north-north-eaft to north-eaft, their fouth part about 6 miles diftant: and yet thofe which he faw bore, it is faid in his ■ournal, north half eaft diftant only 3 miles. We cannot therefore affirm pofitively that thefe breakers were the fame as thofe which Dordelin few; but ftill lefs can we fay that they are not the fame; the Sulivan's bearings appear not taken, or at leaft fet off with exactnefs, and can infpire no great confidence : her commander may have been miftaken here as elfewhere. It has been feen that her journal places thefe breakers 3 miles to the northward of lGaspar Ifland; and 113 from t 486 MARCHANI [Dec. 1791. I from thofe very bearings is taken the proof that they muft be diftant from it 3 leagues or 9 miles-, We cannot therefore place the Sulivan's breakers I 3 miles to the northward of Gaspar Ifland; and if, as we muft conclude from her bearings, we carry them 9 or 10 "miles, we fall on Dordelin's Breakers, at leaft as to the diftance from Gaspar Ifland. I obferve that if, independently of the latter, there exift others to the north half eaft of the point from which the Sulivan's bearings were taken of Gaspar Ifland and Tree Ifland,. Dordelin who, on failing from the middle of the channel which feparates them, conftantly held a northerly courfe, muft have paffed very clofe to the eaftward of the Sulivan's Breakers : and as he has laid down none on the chart, we are affured that he faw none. . However, as it is always a matter of confidera- tion to fupprefs a fhoal, even when there are the moft juftifiable doubts refpecting its exiftence, I have thought it proper to preferve, on my chart* that of the Sulivan, becaufe I cannot fuppofe that Captain Williams has committed errors refpecting all his bearings and all the diftances which he has eftimated: but, in order to place this Shoal, 1 have paid no regard to the diftance of 3 miles, evidently erroneous, at which he fuppofes Gaspar Ifland; but only to the pofition of the fhip deduced from the angles of bearings taken, at V-)A the *>* V* Dec. 1791*] marchand's voyage. 487 the fame time, from Gaspar Ifland, Tree Ifland, and the Shoal. What determines me to preferve it, is, on the one hand, the bearing of the Shoal with refpect to the fhip, a bearing which does not agree with Dordelin's Breakers: it is, on the other, becaufe Dordelin tells us that the rock to the northward is always above water, and that, doubtlefs, Captain Williams of the Sulivan would not have failed to make the remark; yet I admit that this laft motive is weakened, if we notice that Dordelin fpeaks but of one fugle rock above water; that he does not fay that it is lofty ; that he might probably have perceived it, becaufe he ranged along the Breakers from fouth to north throughout their whole length; but that this rock may probably too not have been perceived by a fhip that was at a fomewhat great diftance to the fouthward of the Breakers. Be this as it may, I have laid down on my chart thefe Breakers of the Sulivan, under her name; I am, however, far from believing their exiftence, and much further ftill, from vouching that I have not laid them down twice. Let us now endeavour to fix our opinion refpecting fome other Breakers which bore from the Sulivan weft-fouth-weft, at about 6 miles' diftance, at the fame time that the former bore from her north half eaft, diftant 3 miles. Admitting the pofition of the fhip to be 3 114 leagues i inr 488 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791* leagues or 9 miles to the north-weft of Gaspar Ifland, fuch as it is given by the Sulivan's Journal, fhe ought to have been to the weft-fouth-weft the northern part of the Warren Hastings's Shoal; but the diftance would be only 3 mMesw'l and hot 6, as it was eftimated by the eye: for, if we chofe to admit this diftance of 6 miles, the track of the fhip Warren Hastings which rounded the Shoal to the northward, after fhe had been got off, would pafs over the fhoal feen by the Sulivan, if placed according to that fhip's Journal *. It appears to me nearly proved that thefe fecond Breakers, feen from the Sulivan to the weft-fouth-weft of her pofition, are no other than a portion of the Warren Hastings's Shoal, which may either be connected with the Shoal, or be feparated from it only by a channel. This opinion is alfo that of Mr. Dalrymple, who fays, in a note, that he has added to the Journal of the Carnatic, Captain Wilson, of which he is the Editor f, that "Captain Larkins gives the " Bearings of Gaspar fouth 700 eaft and Tree * In fpeaking of the track of the Warren Hafilngs, I do not mean that which is marked on Captain Larkins''s Chart, but that which he ought to have followed, in fact, according to the data configned in his journal: thefe tracks differ rather con. fiderably from each other. t See page 35 of Captain Wilson's Journal. " Ifland Dec. 1791-] marchand's VOYAGE. 489 Cf Ifland fouth 700 eaft when aground {in the War- m ren Hastings in 1788) on an extenfime Reef, " probably the Breakers feen by the Sulivan, *' bearing weft-fouth-weft 6 miles diftant, when I Gaspar bore fouth-eaft and Tree Ifland fouth fC half eaft." Captain Wilson, who paffed through Gaspar's Strait in 1787, and was not acquainted with the fhoal on which the Warren Hastings ftruck in 1788, was not willing to admit the exiftence of the Breakers which had been feen from on board the Sulivan in 1784. Jn page 37 of his Journal he tells us, <f In re- xc fpect to the Breakers which they fet weft-fouth- <c weft 6 miles from them, when Tree Ifland bore <c fouth half eaft and Gaspar Ifland fouth-eaft, I <f cannot but think they were miftaken, as, where *c there any exifting, I muft have paffed very near <f them and have feen them." I obferve that, in fact, on examining Captain Wilson's Track in the Carnatic, it appears that he paffed very clofe to the weftward of the Warren Hastings's Shoal: but though he had paffed clofer to it ftill, provided he did fo without ftriking, it would have been very poflible that he might not perceive it, fince Larkins had no knowledge of it till he ■ ftruck on it. We may conclude, however, that, if the Breakers feen by the Sulivan to the weft-fouth-weft of her pofition, 3 leagues to the north-weft of Gaspar, 490 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. Gaspar, are, indeed, the fame as the Warren Hastings's Shoal, thefe Breakers, as the Capatin of the Sulivan terms them, muft needs not break at all times, fince Captain Larkins, who got aground on them in the open day and at low water, had 'not been apprized of their prefence by any ijpling, nor even any change in the colour of the water : and his journal does not mention that, during the three days which he remained aground, he ever faw the fea break on it. Neither does it appear that Wilson, who pafled through Gaspar's Strait with the intention and the charge of examining every thing, and who muft have paffed very near the fhoal, perceived, in this quarter any appearance, any indication of danger. If thefe fhoals or thefe breakers met with by the Warren Hastings, and feen by the Sulivan, never break, or do not always break, they are the more dangerous on that account: and, no doubt, it will not be matter of furprife that I have takeil I fo much pains in endeavouring to afcertain their exiftence and fix their pofition. From every presumption, which appears to unite in order to indicate the identity of the Sulivan's Breakers and the Warren Hastings's Shoal, I have thought it proper to confine myfelf to laying down the latter on my Chart; but as nothing proves that the extent which Larkins has given it on his, is exactly that which the Shoal Jias received from Nature^ Dec. 1791.] .marchand's voyage 49* Nature, I have likewife thought that I might take the liberty of altering it a little, in order that Wilson's Track, drawn according to his Journal, might not pafs over the weft part of this fhoal. A note of Mr. Dalrymple, inferted in Captain Wilson's Journal, page 35, would feem to ■Kdicate other dangers to the weft-north-weft of Gaspar Ifland. " The Belvidere, "fays he, " being at anchor 1 in 10 fathoms in latitude 20 24' fouth by ob- ff fervation, Gaspar eaft-fouth-eaft 3% leagues, <f Tree Ifland fouth by eaft, had the Shoal about 1 a cable's length diftant; north-north-eaft and £ fouth-fouth-weft from the fhip." They found the " fhoal about 2 miles in length, in fome I places from 6 to 10 feet water, and within I twenty yards' diftance 15 fathom hard coral." If we wifh to look in the chart for the pofition of the Belvidere, fuch as it is given in this note, with refpect to Gaspar and Tree Ifland (without concerning ourfelves about her latitude *), we fhall find * I obferve that, if the latitude of Gafpar Ifland, as I think I have proved (farther back) page 466 to 472) muft be very near' z° 21' fouthi^. that of the Belvidere, of z° 24', although being announced -a s deduced from an obfervation, was not correct: for finceliGk^&r bore from her eaftfouth--eaft, diftant 3 i leagues, fhe wa£> lfefrto the fouthward than the ifland by 4 minutes, and her latitude muft be only z° 17'. It might be objected that her obferved latitude does not deviate- 49a marchand s voyage. [Dec. 79«- find that the fhip was at anchor to the north-eaft of the point where the Warren Hastings got aground, and at the diftance of half a mile from that pofition : and it does not appear to me doubtful that the fhoal feen and founded by the Belvidere, was the fame as that on which Captain Larkins got aground. Mr. Dalrymple continues: " Being at anchor in 16 fathoms, Gaspar eaft-fouth-eaft, 12 miles diftant; Tree Ifland fouth 20'eaft, about 10 miles diftant, a Shoal of Rocks weft-north- weft, with not more than 3 fathoms in fome places : it appears to be the length of half a mile." If we fet off thefe bearings and thefe diftances on the chart, we find that this fhoal is fituated to the north-weft of the place where the War- ate much from that of Larkins, who, by a mean between 3 obfervations taken on three fucceffive_days, found 20 22^'for the point of the fhoal on which he was aground, nearly about the middle of its length; which would give the fame latitude for the place of the Belvidere: but as it has been proved by tEe comparison of other obfervations, made in more favourable dr. , cumftances, the latitude of the place where the fhip. got aground, compared to that of Gafpar, by Captain Larklns't bearingv muft be about z° 18', and if there be any doubt refpecting this pofition, it would be better for the fafety of fhips coming from the northward, that the fhoal fhould be laid down too far to ihe northward, than that it Jhould be placed too far to the fouth. ward* - £ REN ■ W<«Mt-$P»vfiS Dec. 1791.3 marchand's voyage. 493 ren Hastings grounded, and at the diftance of about a mile. This fhoal appears to be alfo the north part of the Warren Hastings's Shoal, the fame point that had been fet by the Sulivan to the weft- fouth-weft of her pofition, when Gaspar bore Mkith-caft 3 leagues, and Tree Island fouth half eaft. I would not, however, vouch for the ^Identity; and I am entirely of the opinion of Mr. -Dalrymple, who concludes his Note by faying mat <f Thefe feem to be ftraggling Shoals with ** channels between, and therefore, in the day- <( time, dangerous only by neglecting to keep a B good look-out from the maft-head." The inftance of the Warren Hastings might, however, prove that this precaution is not fuffi- cient, for fhe got aground in the day-time. I think, with Mr. Dalrymple, that the great fhoal fituated about 3 leagues to the weft-north-weft of Gaspar Ifland, is not a continued fhoal, but, if I may ufe the expreffion, an archipelago of fhoals the extent of which is not perhaps yet well known, and which leave, by intervals, deep channels through which fhips might pafs, if fome rocks above water ferved as Beacons and pointed out to them the paffages : but as the grounding of the Warren Hastings proves that, at leaft in fome circumftances, no rock breaks, we cannot but recommend to fhips which fhall have got fight of Gaspar 494 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791* Gaspar Ifland, and been able to fix their pofition in the chart, to pafs at fuch a diftance from the place that the fhoal there occupies, as not to have to dread it. The marked tracks of the navigators who have not met with fhoals, and have not had fight of them, may determine on that which a fhip will have to keep in order §to be certain of avoiding them. I have thought it proper to lay a ftrefs on the pofition of the fhoals that may -be fituated from the north to the weft-north-weft, relatively to Gaspar Ifland, becaufe the uncertainty of their, pofition and the fear of falling in with them during the night, in looking for the Strait Be* tween Banca and Billiton, muft have hindered feveral navigators from preferring it, not- withftanding its advantages to that of Banca, which, befides its inconveniences, has its dangers too : but as thefe dangers are better known, they were lefs feared. I proceed to the difcuffion of the other points of the Weft Paffage or Gaspar's Strait, of which it is neceflary to fix the bearings and dif- - tances, in regard to each other. V. The East Point of the Ifland of Banca, which fome navigators call its north-east Point, forms with Gaspar Ifland the entrance of the west Paffage; and, in the interval, lies Tree Ifland, nearer to Gaspar than to Banca. The 6 bearing Dec. 1791.3 .marchand s voyage. bearing of the east Point of the latter, with refpect to the Peak of Gaspar, has been exactly determined by bearings taken when the two points were in one. Wilson (page 2 of his Journal) fays that <l in paffing betwixt the Eaft point of Banca I and Gaspar Ifland, he fet at the fame moment, I the Peak of the latter north 500 30' eaft, and <c the point of the formenfouth 500 30' weft." Larkins, in the fame pofition, page 20 of his Journal, fet the Point of Banca fouth-weft half weft, and Gaspar north-eaft half eaft, or, in other words, fouth 500 45' weft and north 500 45' eaft : and the bearing is the fame on his chart. Captain Chanal, in a fimikr pofition with refpect to the two points, found that their bearing was north $3° eaft, and fouth 530 weft: this bearing was taken from the Peak of Gaspar, on the one hand, and on the other, from the hummock that rifes on the middle of the point of Banca, which comes to nearly 570, if we reduce this bearing to the eaftern extremity of the coaft. We fhall place the hummock of the East Point of Banca with refpect to the Peak of Gaspar, fouth 530 weft and north $f eaft. This bearing is the fame on Robertson and great Plan, and on Larkins's Chart; that of Dordelin, it is fouth 590 weft. VI. Captain Wilson, in employing various bearings 's Chart but on mim h ■* Hffif 496 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. [Dec. lygu bearings taken from his Station b *, where he had obferved the latitude i° 49', and in taking for a bafe a portion of the diftance run by the fhip in a determined direction, has made the latitude of the East Point of Banca, 2° 33'; and it has been feen that he places Gaspar Ifland in his journal in 20 22', and on his chart in 20 20'. The operations of Captain Chanal gave him the fame latitude of 2° 33' for the East Point of Banca j and this is that which he has employed on his chart where Gaspar is in 2° 21', as he deduced it from his obfervations. The latitude of the fame point is 20 3'30^ on the chart of Dordelin, who places the middle of Gaspar in i* if if (i° 21' 15" according to his obfervations of 1784): 2° 38' 30" on that of Larkins who places Gaspar in 20 25' 45": and in 20 42' on that of Robertson, who has given 20 30' for the latitude of Gaspar f. The refults of thefe feven determinations give for the difference of latitude between the middle of Gaspar Ifland and the east Point of Banca : 11'—13'—12'—of—12'—12}': the mean is 11' $f or 12 minutes in round num- I bers; this is the difference of latitude that refults from Chanal's operations : this is that which Robertson's Chart gives; and it is a mean between the two differences of Wilson. We may * See farther on thefe Bearings. + See farther back, page 469. therefore Dec. i 791.J MARCHAND S VOYAGE. therefore confider this difference of latitude as exactly determined. . If, with this difference of latitude of 12 minutes, or 12 miles, and the angle of bearing of 530 from north to eaft; equally well determined (page 495) we wifh to find by the calculation of the oblique triangles, the length of the hypothe- nufe, we fhall find 19.8 miles for the diftance from the Peak of Gaspar to the hummock which rifes on the East Point of Banca. The diftance is the fame on Wilson's Chart, on that of Chanal, on Robertson's Chart and Plan ; but it is from 21 to 22 miles on Larkins's Chart and on that of Dordelin. This bafe whofe length and direction are equally well determined, is that to which we fhall reduce, by trigonometrical operations, all the gBoints of the West Passage whofe pofition it is of importance to fix. VII. A mountain fituated inland on Banca, Berving as a land-mark to fhips coming from the northward. The pofition of this mountain is not fufceptible of great precifion. Wilson, being in a line with the Eaft Point of Banca and the mountain, fet them, in one with each other, fouth 81° weft: Chanal, in a fimilar pofition, had fet them fouth 7 8° 45' weft. The difference of 20 15' in the bearings of thefe two obfervers makes us pre- vol. 11. k k fume 49S marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. fume (and other bearings of the mountain, taken from other points of the Strait, alfo indicate it) that it prefents two fummits which lie nearly eaft and weft in regard to each other *, and it is not proved that the two obfervers have pointed to the fame : befides, they may not have fet the fame point on the east Point of Banca, which is a large round point, unequally elevated in its middle. Be,this as it may, I have placed the hummock, or the Peak, the moft eaftern of the' mountain, with refpect to the point of the ifland, weft 9* fouth, or fouth 8i° weft. This bearing i^ cp|||| firmed by another bearing of Wilson, who, from a ftation G. which is feen marked on his chart (in i&. fathoms), having Gaspar Ifland eaft-fouth- eaft half eaft, diftant q\ miles, and Tree Ifland fbuth-fouth-eaft 6'- miles, fet, at the fame .UJB§*J the mountain of Banca weft 330 fouth. As to the diftance from the mountain to the east Point of Banca, Wilson, page 28 of his Journal, has made it, from his trigonometrical operations, 21.26 miles: this diftance, on his chart, is that of the point of the ifland at the fummit of the mountain ; but that fron^ she- fame, point to the point of junction of his lines of bearing on the mountain, is 20.5 miles. I have plag^ * This remark is confirmed by a Flew of this .mountain, taken by Captain Chanal, and which is to be found on my ■Chart, Plate VU. the Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. the fummit of the eaftern hummock at 19.5 miles, becaufe that is the diftance given me by crofs bearings, taken from different ftations in the Strait. ^jTfe!stftttinfain is not comprehended in Robertson's Plan. It is placed on Dordelin's chart to the fouth 550 weft, and at 33 miles' diftanoe^ from the east Point of Banca': this diftance and this bearing differ too much from the refult of the operations of Captains Wilson and Chanal, for us to pay any regard to a pofition which, no doubt, ##s determined from a mere view. VIII. Middle Ifland, (and according to Wilson, Passage Ifland.) This navigator from his ftation a* at anchor (in 8 fathoms water, to which: the fhip had fhoaled, * The bearings which Captain Wllfon took from his ftation a, are too important for any of them to be omitted. <f Gafpar Ifland N. 370 30' E. ■ The South-weft point of Paffage Ifland, and the Eaft Point of Banca in oppofite bearings, eftimated diftance from the eaft point 5 miles .. N. 280 w\ & S. 28°E( <c The northern extreme cf Palfage Ifland S. 500 30' E. " Mount Parmafan N. 870 W. f The fouth-eaft point of Banca S. 50 15' E. " One Ifland in the Bay S. io° W. j The other S. 220 WV " Tree' Ifland j*$ vifible from the poop N. if 3o<E. [Wllfon's Journal, page i.\ k k 2 . in HiW 500 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. in three cafts of the lead to 20 fathoms) fet the South-west Point of Middle or Passage Ifland fouth 280 eaft, at the fame time that he fet the east Point of Banca north 28° weft, which comes to 300 30' reducing the bearing to the foutnmock of the point; and he has (page 28 of his journal) made their diftance 21.11 miles. The Solide's journal -gives us no bearing in the fame pofition; but, on the chart that Captain Chanal has conftructed from thofe which he took in other points of the Strait, the fouth-weft point of Middle or Passage Ifland lies, with refpect to the hummock of the east Point of Banca, fouth 31 or 320 eaft, which gives 28 or 290; reducing the bearing to the eaftern extremity of the point; and the diftance is 24 miles. The angle of bearing is 280 on Robertson's Plan, and the diftance is 16% miles only: on Dordelin's chart, the angle is 340 30', and the diftance 22^ miles: on that of Larkins, the angle is 38°, and the diftance about 18 miles; but refpecting this laft, the South-West point of Middle or Passage Ifland is reprefented by a large mafs of fhapelefs land which is loft in the frame of the chart. I have preferved the angle of 280 of Wilson's bearing, which was taken in a line with the two points, and which is 300 30', when reduced to the hummock; but having regard alfo to the angle from Gaspar and to other angles taken, other ftations, as I '. >ec. 1791.J MARCHANDS VOYAGE. ftations, in different points of the ftrait, I have thought it proper to diminifh to 20.2 miles the diftance carried to the hummock, which in Wilson's Table of refults, is 21.11 miles, reduced to the eaftern extremity of the Point. ; From the fame ftation, this navigator fet the Northern extreme of Passage Ifland, fouth 500 30' eaft; which would place it fouth 440 eaft of the East Point of Banca, and at the diftance of 18.1 miles. But the fequel of Wilson's operations combined with thofe of Chanal, allows not this refult to be adopted : it appears that, in reading the card of the compafs, the obferver has taken the complement of the angle'for the angle itfelf, which he meant to infert in his journal, and which muft have been Eaft 500 30 fouth, orfouth 390 30' eaft. What proves it, is that, in employing conjointly the bearings of Wilson from his ftation at fti o'clock*, thofe from his ftation b at noonf; a bearing * Wllfon's Journal, page 26. The bearings from this ftation will be mentioned hereafter. + Wllfon's 2nd ftation marked b, is that of the 25th of Fe-, bruary at noon : the latitude obferved there was 2° 49' fouth. I The bafe a b," fays Wllfon, " is affumed upon a fouth 130 "eaft courfe, diftant 13 miles." We have before given the bearings taken from the point a; here are thofe which were had from the point b. " The tivo Iflands in the Bay, in one Weft " The north-eaft end of Paffage Ifland N. 640 41' E. k r 3 " And go% marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. % bearjng which he took, fubfequently, from the feuth-weft Point of Passage Ifland and the north- eaft point of the fame, north 260 eaft*, and a paging taken by Chanal at 5 o'clock in the evening f, I have deduced the pofition of the moft northern point of Passage Ifland, as follows: with refpect to Gaspar Ifjand, fouth $° 45' weft, in re* gard to the humm§§fe.on the East Point of Banca, §>uth 400 3d-$a& at the diftance of 18.2 from thi$ laft point; and 17.2 miles from the eaftern extremity of the Point. On Robertson's Plan, the chance to the l$ummo£k on Banca is 17.75 rniles, and the angle of the bearing 5 8°; and in meafuring from,^e e^ tremity of th« Point 13J miies and 4$° 3$'1 on « And the fouth-weft end of // S, 65° E. tf Gafpar Ifland juft vifible from the balcony).. N. 17° E. " And the fouth-eaft point of Banca in oppofite bearings eftimated diftance 5 miles. S. 170 E. t( Mount Parmafan A,*<The hummock over the eaft point of Banca.. €t The extreme Point not vifible from the deck « The Eaft Point is bid down by its. bearings from Gafpar Ifland which I obferved in paffing betwixt them, S. 50° 30' W. and N. 50° 30' E," ;j (Wllfon's Journal page 2.) * Wiffoft'i Journal, page 28* left line of the Table. . + At c o'clock^ ift the evening of the 22nd December, the Solide had the Eafi Point of Banca bearing N, 5'?° W.—Gafpar Ifland N. 2 1 ° K. The north-eaft poi n t of the pe n i nfula S.9.0 3 o( W. An ifland to ihe northward of this point from S. 40° to S. 48° W. —Middle or Paffage Ifland.from S. 250 to S. 520 E. Dorde- Dec. 1791.J marchand's voyage. 503 Dordelin's chart, the diftance to the extreme Point, 18 miles; the angle 470: on that of Larkins, diftance, 15 miles j the angle 480 30'. IX. Islands in the Bay or Gulf, fituated to the northward of the Peninfula of Sel. Wilson, from his Station b (page 501, note f) had the moft eaftern of the two iflands which are fituated to the northward of the peninfula bearing directly weft; and, from this pofition, it concealed from his view the weftern or fmall ifland. From his Stations (fee farther on), the fouth-eaft point of Banca, in one with the north-east of the peninfula, or, as Wilson exprefles himfelf, the Outer Ifland in the Bay, north 340 weft. Other bearings, taken prevloufly from his ftation a (farther back page 499, note *) of each of the two iflands, of the fouth-eaft Point of Banca or north- eaft Point of the peninfula,. and at the fame time, Br the fouth-weft Point and northern Extreme of Paffage Ifland, combined with the former and with the bearings taken by Captain Chanal *, * On the 22d, at e P.M. the Solide had the following bearings: the Eafi Point of Banca N. 350 W.; Gafpar Ifland N. 220 E.; the North-ea.fi Point of the Peninfula S. 90 30' W. ; an Ifland to the Northward of the Peninfula, from S. 400 to S. 480 W.; Paffage Ifland, from S. 25*° to S. 520 E. She anchored set 4s rtiin. paft 6 ; and from the anchoring place, the hummock on the eafi Point of Banca, N, 2i° W. G, Ifland N. 130 30' E.; the Great Ifland in the Bay or Gulf, from N. 68° W. to N. if w\ k k 4 have ,5°4 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 179!' have furnifhed the data necefiary for placing exactly the two Iflands in the Bay, as well with re- fpecl to the fouth-eaft point of Banca, as with refpect to Passage Ifland, and the other Points determined in the Strait, by bearings already mentioned, or by thofe which will be fo hereafter. It refults from thefe operations, that the eaft coaft of the large ifland is fituated fouth 6° 15' eaft of the hummock of the east Point of Banca ; north 34* weft of the north-eaft point of the peninfula; fouth 26® 30' weft of the Peak of Gaspar ; weft 90 30' north of the South-west Point of Passage Ifland: that the centre of the Ifland is diftant 16 miles from the east Point of Banca; 31^ from Gaspar ; and that it is, from coaft to coaft, diftant 8§ miles from Passage Ifland. The fmall or weftern ifland, has been laid down, in regard to the large one, from a bearing taken, by Wilson from his Station a, and a fubfequcnt bearing when the middle of the fmall ifland bore weft of the northern part of the large one. Dordelin has laid down three iflands, on an eaft by north and weft by fouth line, in lieu of the two which are feen on Wilson's Chart and on that of Chanal : the bearing of the moft eaftern of thefe iflands, in regard to the north-eaft point of the peninfula, differs little on his Chart from that given by the bearings of the two others; but thofe of the ftation a of Wilson who fet, at 6 the Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. i«>5 the fame time, the moft eaftern of his two iflands, fouth io° weft, and the weftern, fouth 220 weft, (farther back page 499 note *) do not allow me to admit three iflands in the direction which Dordelin has given to them, fince Wilson could not but have feen the third, when, from the northward whence he beheld them, he fet the two iflands which he has laid down on his chart. However, it is poflible that there may be a third ifland; but, in this cafe, it muft be much nearer gp main lancP of the large ifland than the two others, and at the fame time be fufficiently near, for it to be confounded, to the eye, with the land, when Wilson at the fame time fet the two iflands. , I pay no attention to the chart of Larkins, who has laid down at random three large iflands, occupying a fpace of about 9 miles, between the north by weft and north-weft by weft from the north-eaft point of the peninfula of Sel, from which they are 8 miles diftant. On Wilson's Chart and on Robertson's Plan, between the north-north-weft and north-weft by north of a point which might be taken for the north-east Point of the Peninfula, and at about the diftance of 6 miles from this point, are feen twd iflands which almoft touch each other; but we are certain by the bearings taken by Wilson from his ftation a, that thefe two iflands muft be feparated II I i hlW; £of> marchand s voyage. [Dee. 1791. feparated by a channel of ij miles or 2 miles in width. X. North-east Point of the Peninfula of Sel. This Point forms with the South-west Point of Passage Ifland, the narrower!: part of the West Passage or Gaspar's Strait. Captain Wilson from his ftation b (fee page 501 note f) fet Gaspar Ifland north 170 eaft; at the fame time that he fet the fouth-eaft point of Banca, in oppofite bearings, fouth. 17° weft: and, from this fame pofition, the fouth-weft end of Passage Ifland bore from him fouth 66° eaft. There is here a fmall error in the bearing of the north-eaft point of the peninfula: the fequel of the operations of Wilson proves that the point vmrcrr he fee is the south-east, and not the north-east Point. In the pofition he was in, they muft have borne from him almoft in one with each other, fmce the angles fcarcely differ a degree; and, no doubt, Wilson fet the latter point. It therefore is the South-east point of the peninfula wnieh I have placed fouth 17* eaft from trre-Pta-k of Gaspar, and the North-east pomt' is nearly rSV The proKTH-east Point, on Chanal's Chart, is fftuatecK in 18* 30'; it is 20 or 2ia on that of Dordelin, and m 270 on that of Larkins# The con- Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. $07 configuration of the lands, in this part, is fiich, on Robertson's Chart and Plan, that k is not poflible to diftingu&fh a north-east point; we fee only that, in taking in a lump this projecting part of Banca, its bearing with refpect to Gaspar Ifland agrees '^arly with that which refults from the Bearings of Wilson and Chanal. According to the pofition before given to the sgutb-west Point of Middle or Passage Ifland, this Point and the north-eaft point of the Peninfula of Sel, ought, according to Wilson, to bear, with refpect to each other (page 28 of his Journal) fouth 740 weft and north 740 eaft; but, to adopt this bearing of the one point in regard to the other, :|J5e ihould neceffarily alter the pofitions already fixed by other bearings, as well with Fefpeet to Gaspar Ifland, as with refpecl to the East Point of Banca, and particularly that of the southwest Point of Passage Ifland which is one of the moft certain; and we have no reafons that can dictate, or even authorize thefe changes. In maintaining t&e $rft pofitions, I found that the two points which we wifh to place, lie with refpecl to each other fouth $6° if weft and north 560 15' eaft: the difference, on a comparifon with the bearing given by Wilson, is conflagrate, it is 170 45' ■, but the width of the paffage, from coaft to coaft, which is the efle-ntial point, differs- on my ckm> from that ^v^n by Wilson's refult, obIjt by 508 • marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. by being 6 miles inftead of 6.2 miles, fothat they may be faid to be the fame. On examining whence this difference of if 45' may arife, between the bearing indicated by Wilson, in his 'Table of Bearings and Diftances (page 28 of his Journal) and that which I have employed on my chart, I havie thought I difcovered that it proceeded from a bearing taken from his ftation b (fee page 501 note j-) from which he fet the southwest Point of Paffage Ifland South 66° eaft. In the pofition he was in with refpect to this ifland, the fouth-weft point and fouthernmoft point muft have borne from him, nearly, in one with each other; and furely he fet the laft point that he had in fight, fince he mentions but one : now the laft point muft be the fouthernmoft, and not the southwest point: and they are diftant from each other, 3 miles, in the direction of 66° fouth-eaft, and 66° north-weft. The fequel of Wilson's operations, Combined with thofe of Chanal, will prove that the prefumed error muft have taken place. The width of the ftrait is greater on all the other charts than on Wilson's and mine; on that of Chanal who places the north-eaft point of the peninfula with refpect to the fouth-weft Point of Passage Ifland, nearly in the fame bearing as that which I give to them, the diftance is 9 miles; it is upwards of 10 miles on that of Dordelin ; 12J miles on that of Larkins's, and 9J miles on Robert- Dec. 1791.] marchand s voyage. 509 Robertson's Chart and Plan. But we may be certain that all thefe diftances are too great; for the bearings of the two points which form the narroweft part of the paffage, taken in oppofite fituations, namely; on the one part, the north- eaft point of the Peninfula of Sel and the Peak of Caspar fouth 18° eaft (farther back page 506) and on the other the south-west Point of Passage Ifland and the eaft Point of Banca fouth 280 eaft and north 28° weft (farther back page 500), admit not of giving more than 6 miles openings® the paffage between the North-east Point of the Peninfula of Sel and the south-west Point of •Passage Ifland. XI. East Coast of the Peninfula of Sel. Bearings taken by Wilson from his ftation c f give * u c Wilson's third Station of which is aflumed from the Bearings * Of the South-eaft point of Banca .. .. N. 560 W. ?:y. And the Southernmoft Point of Paffage -' Ifland N. c° W. I by which," fays he, " we muft have had a ftrong current to the S. E. Hence I The Eaftern Extreme of Paffage Ifland bore N. 33° E. " And the South Point of Banca bore.. Weft which had before been obferved in one with the South-eaft Point S. r i° W„ « The South-weft Point of Banca S. 730 W. which had been obferved in one with the South Point S. 670 20' W. « A fmall m lip 510 marchand's voyage* [Dec. 1791. give in lor the extent of the eaft coaft of the Peninfula 4^ miles; and a preceding bearing of kinorth-eaft and fouth-eaft points, in one, determine their relative pofition, fouth n° weft, and north ii° eaft. This bearing is the fame, within one degree, by the bearings and on the chart of Chanal ; but the diftance of the two Points, or the length of the* coaft is there carried to 85 miles : on Dordelin's flhart, the bearing is that of Wilson, and the diftance 7 miles t on Robertson's chart and plan, the bearing, if the configuration of the lands admitted of afligning one, would feem ib be fouth 110 eaft and north n° weft, rather thah fouth ii° weft and north 11° eaft; but the diftance cannot be meafured there,, for we are at a Iofs where to find the north-eaft point. The bearing is ftill more erroneous on Larkins's chart than on the preceding; the two points are placed, in regard to each other, fouth 220 eaft, and north 220 weft: but it appears, in general, that this navigator had no other intention than to mark his track «* A fmall Ifland. « Another " Another ...... « Another u And another .. ...,. N.E. by E. .... N.E.by E. I E. E.N.F. E. byN. fiom E. \ N. to E. by S." (ffilfiH's Journal, page 2.) J Dec. 1791J marchand's voYMWk. 61* on his chart, and to lay down on it tne jjs&rBleTgs which he took in the west PAssA^^^^c^-sims cerning hinj^^; in any way, with the relative bearings of the points, and the configS3ratiQm.i&f the lan^l$ wjitf-h; feem to be traced nearly at rando m. itupMi. $$>-.$( Captain Chanal obferves tftat, in the Chartbof (jgfpafs Strait i-nferted in D'Apres' Neptune Oriental (N°. 48 of the 2d Edition) by which: the Solide regulated her courfe, and of which all the French navigators make/Ujfe, is laid .•down a gj&at number of iflands on the eaft coaft of tbe: pcrrim- fula; but that he perceived none, although the fhijp had failed at no great diftance froraUhstSoafts he only faw a few breakers or r(tek&jQti(e clofe m fhore: Dordelin's chjafit, Wilson's,. Lakk£K»'a» and thofe of Robertson indicate no ifland on the eaftern coaft of the Peninfula; and we are at a lofs to conceive how Captain Gaspar couJd have feen any : the different time of tide may occafion a navigator, ift pa$8g> to fee or not to fee Breakers very near the ihore, whicfc are either under or above the furface of the fea, according as it is high or low water; but an archipelago,. icch as that which Gaspar has rep|)erfeni#4 o&nkl&chart, is vifible at all times* if, in-fact, it exift. We fhal(i confider the diftance of 6 miles, from the north-eaft Point of the Peninfula of Sel to the fouth-weft point of Middle o^-Passage Ifland as 4 a new I ^12 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791"' a new Bafe the direction of which is north 5 6° if eaft and fouth 560 15' weft. % .IWTitsoN's ftation c has been fubjected on my chart to the pofition which his bearings give relatively to thefe two points: to fouth 5 6° eaft from the north-eaft point of the peninfula; to fouth 50 eaft from the moft fouthern point of Passage Ifland. I fhall reduce to thefe fame points,the dif- feisent points whofe pofitions we fhall now endeavour to fix. XII. Shoal and Breakers to the north-eaft of the north-eaft point of the Peninfula of Sel. We are-indebted to Captain Larkins for a certain knowledge of thefe fhoals on which his fhip tsdtiched, but without flicking faft. Having im- ifrediately come to the wind, and dropped an an- cllOr, he took from the anchoring-place the following Bearings (page 21 of his Journal.) The South-east of the • Peninfula S.S.W. Its North-east Point. ... S.W. by S. A clufter of Rocks S.byW.f W. A fingle Rock S. by E. Northermoft extremes of the Ifland (the eaftern ifland in the gulf) off the N.E. end of Sel N.W.byW.f W. Diftant from the Peninfula 4 miles (eftimated by the eye.) He S&zm&m- Dec. 1791-] marchand's yOYAGE. 513 He got under way again, and, ftanding on, he had the clufter of Rocks, in one with the Northeast Point of the Peninfula, bearing fouth-weft. It is from thefe bearings that I have laid down on my chart Captain Larkins's reef, or the Warren Hastings's Shoal, by reducing it to the points already determined of the Peninfula; and it refults from the pofition which this operation has given them, that the middle of the clufter of rocks is fituated to the north-eaft of the North-east Point at the diftance of i\ miles. As for the detached and folitary rock, its bearing with refpect to the North-east Point is not certain; but its diftance from this Point ought not to be lefs than 2-J miles. Captain Larkins, from an ocular eftimation, has placed on his chart the clufter of Rocks, taken at its exterior north-eaft part, at the diftance of 3\ miles from the North-east Point of the Peninfula; but his bearings, reduced as well to this Point as to the South-east Point and the large ifland in the gulf, admit not of carrying this diftance to more than 2\ miles. On Dordelin's chart is feen a fomewhat confiderable extent of Breakers laid down at about the diftance of 3% miles to the north and north by eaft of the North-east Point of the Peninfula : there can be no doubt of thefe being the fame as thofe on which the Warren Hastings rubbed her vol. 11. l l keel, III Witi' Up i1 SH marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. keel, which, fortunately former, touched only on the .edge of the Shoal. It appears that the fea does not always break on the north-eaft extremity of the fhoal, fince Larkins touched on it, without any thing having announced to him the vicinity of danger. XIII. We are come to the group of fmall iflands, fituated to the fouth-eaft of Middle or Passage Ifland, which, with the fmall ifland, forms the east Passage; or Clements'Strait. This group is compofed of feven iflands which may be feparated into two groups : the firft or Weft group, comprifes four iflands; the fhip Atlas, Captain Cooper, and the Royal Admiral, paffed between this group and Middle Ifland: the fecond, or east group, is compofed only of three iflands; the fhip Vansittart, Captain Clements, and the fleet under his command, paffed between this fecond group and the weft group. But, before we endeavour to fix the pofition of both groups with refpect to Middle or Passage Ifland, and their pofition relatively to each other, it is proper to fettle the name that is to be applied to each of the iflands; for the want of agreement between the Englifh navigators, who have im- pofed names on them, might lead to an error. In the weft group, compofed of four iflands, the moft weftern of the two northern iflands is named by Robertson, Sandy Ifland, and by Cooper,) Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 515 Cooper, Sandy Beach Ifland: the moft eaftern is called Button Ifland by Cooper and Barn Ifland by Robertson. The difference between the names given to thefe two northern iflands is of no confequence; it may eafily be remembered Ktat the ifland called by the one Button Ifland, is called by the other Barn Ifland, &c. But this is not the cafe with the two fouthern iflands of this fame group, becaufe the two navigators have impofed the fame names on the two iflands, but not the fame name on the fame ifland; which would lead into an error the geographer or the feaman who, wifhing to reduce to thefe iflands, on Robertson's Chart and Plan, the bearings which are to be found in Cooper's printed journal, fhould apply them to the one ifland, while they ought to be applied to the other. Cooper gives to the moft fouthern ifland of the weft group, which is alfo the moft fouthern of the feven iflands, the name of Saddle Ifland, " fo called," fays he (page 21 of his journal) cf from having that ap- " pearance :" and " to the north-eaft of Saddle I Ifland," adds he,tc there is a low ifland," which, -on his chart, he names Flat Ifland. Thefe two names are interchanged on Robertson's Chart and Plan: he gives the name of Saddle Ifland to the fmall low ifland to the north-eaft Cooper's Flat Ifland, and that of Low Ifland to the fouth ifland, the largeft of the two fouthern iflands, which is Lt2 remark- ™^ .516 •marchand s voyage. [Dec. lygi. remarkable from a particular configuration, info- much that it has induced Cooper to impofe on it the fignificative name of Saddle Ifland. I am of opinion that the denominations employed by Cooper ought to be preferred to tho£ of Robertson ; and I ground the preference on the following circumftances. Firft, I fee that Cooper has drawn on his chart, at the northern extremity of his Saddle Ifland, two hummocks, at no great diftance from each other, which may, in fact, prefent themfelves under the form of afaddle; while the ifland to which Robertson has given on his charts the name of Saddle Ifland, is there preceded, in its eaft part by a fand-bank adjoining to the ifland, and fhewing fome rocks off which the Vansittart anchored: does not this latter ifland appear likely to be a low or flat ifland, rather than that which is remarkable from two hummocks? In the fecond place, I fee on the chart of Dordelin who, like Cooper, had entered from the fouthward, that on the moft fouthern ifland of the weft group which the latter has named Saddle Ifland, the French navigator alfo reprefents two hummocks, and that he calls it l'Ile aux Mammelles, and I obferve that this is the only one of the fmall iflands fituated to the fouth-eaft of Middle Ifland, on which Dordelin has impofed a name, becaufe, ho doubt,-it is the only one that is remarkable : I obferve too that it is the moft 6 fouthern i^^N Dec. 1791.] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. fouthern ifland of the two groups taken together, like Cooper's Saddle Ifland, like Robertson's Low Ifland, I am therefore of opinion that there may have been a miftake in writing the names on the charts of this latter navigator; and I fhall name on my chart, and in the fequel of this ana- lyfis, Saddle Ifland or Ile aux Mammelles, the' moft fouthern of the iflands of the weft group; and Flat Ifland, that which lies to the north-weft of the former. Of the two northern Iflands of the fame group, the weftern one will be named Sandy Beach Ifland, and the eaftern Button Ifland, a denomination which appears to me to be more fuitable than that of Barn Ifland, becaufe Cooper fays that this ifland has a round form. It may be remarked that this navigator (page 21 of his Journal) obferves thatff Saddle Ifland lofes fc that form as it draws to the eaftward, and then Cf looks moderately high and well wooded." It is probable' that Roeertson who may have feen it when it bore weft of him, and who thence ftood to the fouthward, may not have remarked the two hummocks which prefented themfelves to Dordelin and Cooper, when, in coming from the fouth-wevft, both of them had the ifland bearing north-eaft : we may, however, be furprifed at the hummocks not having been perceived and noticed by Robertson, who anchored at about the diftance of 4 miles to the fouth-eaft by eaft of his l l 3 Low .1 518 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. Low Ifland, Dordelin's Ile aux Mammelles, Cooper's Saddle Ifland *. The denominations of the three iflands which form the eaft group alfo give occafion for a few remarks. They are difpofed in the form of a triangle : of the two weftern iflands, the moft northern is named on the charts North Ifland and fometimes Thwart-the-way Ifland ; the fouthern is called every where South Ifland; the third ifland, fituated to the eaftward of the middle of the firft two, bears on Robertson's charts, the name of Table Ifland. This laft, which its name indicates as likely to be a flat and level ifland, is not laid down on Cooper's chart, nor is it mentioned in his journal: it was concealed from his view by the firft two, and may not have been perceived at the diftance at which, by his track, he muft have paffed from it. Cooper's Track paffes, as I have faid, between the weft group of the fmall iflands and Middle Ifland : it leaves to the eaftward Sandy Beach, and to the northward of this ifland, the breakers which I have laid down on my chart, and which are not inferted in Cooper's. Thefe breakers are ' * The difference of the names given by Robertfon, and of thofe which are met with on the Chart and in the Journal of Cooper, is to be found the fame on the copy of Robertfon's Plan which Mr. Dairymple had publifhed in 1786, in his Cdllecllon of Plans. taken Dec. 791 -J marchand s voyage. 5 »9 taken from the chart and plan of Robertson, who has there marked the track of the Atlas, Captain Cooper -, they are placed to the eaft-fouth- eaft of the fouth-eaft point of Middle Ifland, and to the north-north-weft of Button Ifland (Robertson's Barn Ifland.) There appears only, in Cooper's chart, nearly in the fame pofition with refpect to Middle Ifland, a place indicated by a dotted circle; and it is faid in the Notes which are engraved on the chart, that in this place, Co-op er faw the water of a green colour : but St. Bar be, commanding a Portuguefe fhip in company with which he pafled through the ftrait, told him that the fea was often feen to break there. Robertson lays down, two miles to the northward of Mthefe breakers, on the very track of the Atlas, an anchor which indicates that this fhip anchored in the place which it occupies; and there are other breakers marked within lefs than the diftance of a mile to the weftward of the pofition indicated by the anchor. As Captain Cooper has neither marked, on his chart, this anchoring-place, nor the fecond breaker to the eaftward of it, I have thought it proper not to lay it down on mine; and I have preferved there only the firft breakers of which the Portuguefe captain has furnifhed the indication. I obferve that, between Sandy-Beach Ifland and the fouth part of thefe Breakers, there is drawn on Robertson's chart and plan the track l l 4 of I mi £26 *IARCHANB'4 VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791. of the Royal Admiral, which paffes between the breakers and the ifland, crOffing from north-eaft to fouth-weft*. The relative pofition, with refpect to each other, of the two groups which I have juft defcribed, and their refpective pofition in regard to Middle Ifland, is what it is of moft importance to fix, in order to fucceed in drawing a Plan of the East Passage or Clements' Strait. Unfortunate]y the charts which have been given us by Robertson, Wilson, and Cooper differ confiderably from each other refpecting the relative pofition of the fmall groups and of Middle Ifland. The Journal of the fhip Vansittart, Captain Clements, on board of which G. Robertson drew his plan of Clements' Strait, has not been publifhed,,at leaft this journal is not com- prifed in the number of thofe for the publication of which we are indebted to the zeal of Mr. Dal- * Captain Cooper certainly mentions, in his log-book (page 20 of his Journal) having come to an anchor in 22 fathoms, on th6 7th of Auguft,.at 8 P.M. but, on calculating the courfes given in this fame log, from his firft ftation, at noon of this day, in 30 26'latitude obferved, till 8 P. M. and in fetting off the refult on his chart, we find tha,t he muft have anchored 1 of miles to the north 8° eaft of the northern Point of his Sandy Beach Ifland ; whereas, bn Robertfon's chart and plan, the indication ef the anchorage is 6\ miles diftant from this fame point, and directly north. Cooper does not fay that, from the place where he brought up, there were breakers to the eaftward at lefs thafe tlielfiftSftcl bf a mile, as they are feen on Robertfon's chart. Dec. 179!'] marchand's voyage. 5*1 rymple; and we are reduced to take from the very charts of Robertson, the bearings and diftances j but it cannot be doubted that this navigator fiabjected them to the angles which he had meafured. It has been feen (farther back, page 509, note*) that Wilson, from his ftation c, whence he fet the fouth-weft point of Middle Ifland north 50 weft, and the fouth-eaft point of the peninfula of Sel directly weft, had at the fame time the eaftern extreme of Middle Ifland bearing north 330 eaft, and an ifland, which is Sandy Beach Ifland, aorch-eaft by eaft, or north 56015' eaft. From his ftation d*, whence he fet the South- * From the ftation d, Wllfon had the following bearings (page 3 of his Journal) The in one with the north-eaft end of the Outer Ifland in the Bay N. 34.0 W. The fouth-weft of Paffage Ifland. North. The fouth-weft point of S. 870 W. A remarkable hummock upon Banca (which had been obferved in one with the Outer Ifiand'm the bay S. 500 W.) N. 8r° W. A very fmall ifland N. E. by N. Another larger N. E. | N. Another N. E. 1 N. Anothe* ftill larger, with one beyond it, in one with it N. E. by E. Another (from the maft head) about........ E. by S. Another (from the deck looking like a fail) yery diftant S. E. f E. WEST m^wmtFAVgr-jfr- - ill m\ I ^22 - MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791. west point of Passage Ifland directly north, and the South-east point of the peninfula (in one with the north-eaft end of the Outer Ifland'in the Bay) north 3 40 weft,, he had, at the fame time, a very fmall ifland (Sandy Beach) bearing north- eaft by north, or north 33° 45'eaft. It is from thefe bearings that Captain Wilson .muft have conftructed the part of his chart that prefents the channel or open paffage between Middle.or Passage Ifland and Sandy-Beach ,Ifland, which is the neareft. The fouth part of Passage Ifland prefents on this chart a ftraight coaft which extends about 5 miles on an eaft and weft line, declining only 2 or 3 degrees from the eaft towards the north : this configuration differs from that which all the other charts have given of this part of the ifland, and from that which it muft have from good bearings, that determine the pofition of the fouthernmoft point of the ifland in regard to its fouth-weft point. Be this as it may, if we take, on Wilson's chart, the fhorteft diftance from Passage Ifland to Sandy Beach Ifland, and the relative bearing of the two points of the fhorteft diftance, we find that the width of the channel there is 31. miles, and that the bearings, on this line, is fouth 50 30' eaft, and north 50 30' weft. On Cooper's chart, which is exactly fubjefted 1^ 11 v-fopl Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. £83 to the bearings which he took*, the width of the channel is 5 miles, and the bearing of the two points at the fhorteft diftance, fouth-eaft and north-weft, or 45 degrees. On Robertson's chart and plan, the fhorteft diftance is, on the Plan, 6| miles, and 7 miles on the chart; and the bearing, fouth 2 8° 30' eaft, and north 28° 30' weft on the Plan; and 370 30' 'on the chart. But on Robertson's Plan, publifhed by Mr. Dalrymple in 1786, the diftance is 5§ miles, and the angle of bearing 190. Ill r vv * Station II. Saddle Ifland diftant 6 leagues N. 450 E. Station III. Saddle Ifland E. 260 N. Sandy Beach Ifland N. 280 E. Middle Ifland from N 90 E. to N. n° W. Station IV. Saddle Ifland from S. 75° E. to E. 50 N. Plat Ifland E. io° N. Middle Ifland frdm N. 50 E. to N. 250 W. Station V. Sandy Beach Ifland S. 320 E. Saddle Ifland E. 390 S. Button Ifland E. 25° S. Middle Ifland from N. z° W. to N. 430 W. Station VI. Sandy Beach Ifland S. 8|° W. Button Ifland S. 6° E. Flat Ifland S. 320 E. (Cooper's Journal page 20 to 23) 4 Thus U# marchand s voyage. [Dc *?$& Thus the four Plans or Charts which I have <q#e>ted give us the following refults : Width'of tke Bearing of the Points at Channel. the fhorteft Diftance. , Miles. Degrees. | 3-66 | •• 5-°° 45 f^i786 .... 5.50 19 Robertfon's\ Xygg $"Plan 6.33 1%% (.Chart 7.00. ..... 37§ fVilfon's Chart , r's Chart 1 Thefe determinations differ too much between them for us to endeavour to reconcile them, or for us to be able to content ourfelves with taking a mean between the refults. It has therefore been neceifary to recur to other means for fixing the pofition of Sandy Beach and Saddle Iflands with refpect to Middle Ifland: thefe Iflands which are the wefternmoft of the group of the feven iflands which form the East Paffages, will -be found connected in a manner fufficiently exact, as well to Middle Ifland as to the Peninfula of Sel, which are themfelves connected by good operations to the East Point of Banca and Gaspar Ifland; and die Pofition of the group very well determined will identify, if I may ufe the expref- fion, the Plan of Clements' Strait with that of Caspar's Strait. Let Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 525 Let us begin by fixing the pofition, with refpect to the Peninfula of Sel, of the fouthernmoft Point of Middle Ifland, which is not its fouth- weft Point, and which may be faid to belong equally to both Straits. On the 23rd of December 1791, at 22 minutes £aft 7 A. M. Captain Chanal, from on board the Solide, fet at the fame time the South-east Point of the Peninfula of Sel fouth 540 weft, and the fouthernmoft Point of Middle Ifland north 550 eaft; and as, at that moment, the fhip was at nearly an equal diftance from the two points fet, we may admit that thefe two points lie, with regard to each other, north 540 30' eaft, and fouth 540 30' weft. An hour after this firft bearing (at 20 minutes paft 8) the fouth coaft of Middle Ifland, comprised between its South-west Point and its moft eaftern Point on the fouth fhore, bore from north ii° 30' eaft to north 320 eaft. The bearings taken at thefe two periods being combined, they fix both the extent of the fouth coaft of Middle Ifland, which prefents itfe\f to a fhip coming from the fouthward, and the pofition of the Southernmost Point of that ifland in regard to the Points of the Peninfula of Sel, already determined, and more immediately, in regard to its South-east Point: we find that the 526 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791, latter point lies, with refpect to the fouth point of Middle Ifland, fouth 430 weft and north 430 eaft: that their diftance is 10J miles, and that the extent of the fouth coaft of Middle Ifland is 3.6 miles. On the other hand, Wilson, from his ftation h (farther back, page 501 and 502, note f, and 507) fet the fouthernmoft end of Middle or Passage Ifland in fight fouth 66° eaft; and as this ftation is fixed by good bearings, as well in regard to Middle Ifland and the Peninfula of Sel, as with refpect to the hummock on the East Point of Banca, and with refpect to Gaspar Ifland; it follows that, if, from this ftation, we draw a line whofe direction is fouth 66° eaft, we cannot carry any portion of the fouth coaft of Middle Ifland ' more to the fouthward than this line of bearing, which agrees perfectly, with the refult of Chanal's bearings. This argument confirms the neceffity of the correction which I have before made (page 507) to one of Wilson's Bearings, by fubftituting the fouthernmoft Point of Passage Ifland (that which he muft have feen from his pofition) to the Southwest Point mentioned in his Journal; and, in fact, if the bearing of north 74s eaft, and fouth 740 weft, afligned by Wilson, between the northern point of the Peninfula of Sel and the Southwest Dec. 1791.] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 527 west Point of Passage Ifland, be applied on my chart to the North-east Point of the peninfula and the fouthernmoft Point of the ifland, it will be found that this bearing agrees with all the refults of my labour. BP&' Wilson, from his ftation c (farther back, page 509, note *) fet the eafternmoft entrance in fight of the fouth coaft of Passage Ifland north 330 eaft; but the agreement of the bearings which I have mentioned above, proves that there is an error in the meafure of the angle, or rather a fault in the copy, and that this angle fhould be 23 degrees in lieu of 33. ^^&|^t. After having thus fixed the extent of me fouth coaft of Passage or Middle Ifland, and the pofition of the fouthernmoft Point in regard to the EpuTH-EAST Point of the Peninfula of Sel, it remains for us to determine the bearings in regard to Middle Ifland of the wefternmoft iflands of the group which forms the East Paffages : in order to accomplifh this, I fhall make ufe of various bearings taken from the Journals of Captains Wilson, Cooper, and Chanal. Wilson, .from a Station of the 26th of February, at 11 A. M. which is well fixed by bearings taken at the fame time of four Points already determined (the eaft Point of Banca, Gaspar Ifland, the eaftern ifland in the gulf, and the north- i 5*8 marchand s voyage. [Pe 179** north-eaft point of the Peninfula of Sel *) alfo fet the weft coaft of Middle or Passage Ifland, namely, the northern extreme in fight, fouth 790'. eaft, and in one with the fouthern extreme (which from his pofition muft be the South-west Point of the ifland) a fmall round ifland fouth 420 eaft : this was the only land that he then faw more to the. eaftward than Passage Ifland. This fmall ifland which was feen in the direction of fouth 420 eaft with refpect to the South-west Point of Middle. Ifland, could be no other than Sandy Beach, or Saddle Ifland, or perhaps both in one ; for trie^ lie from each other on the fame point of the com- pais. E. W. w. * a Gafpar Ifland feen from the Stem Gallery N. 190 The Paft Point of Banca breaking away into trees N. 22^ The north-eaft point of the Peninfula^ Sel S. 90 The extremes of an Ifland in the Bay (which extreme is in one, with a remarkable hummock upon Banca) from S. 500 The extremes of Paffage Ifland from W. 420 E. to S. it- which laft extreme (that of the 8 W) is in one with a fmall « round ifland a long way oftj and is the only land we fee to " Ae eaftward of Paffage Ifland. " At this time, viz. n o'clock, the fliip is nearly mid-chan- " nel betwixt the ifland in the Bay, and Paffage Ifland, rather « nearer to the former, in 15 fathoms water." (See Wllfon's Journal, page 26.) The 620 w. E. Ta»4~ Dec. 1791O MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 6*9 The linear direction which this laft of Wilson's bearings gives us, fixes the limit of the fmall wefternmoft iflands of the fouth-eaft group ; they cannot be carried within the line of fouth 420 eaft, down from the South-west Point of Middle Ifland nearly through the middle of thefe two iflands. Captain Chanal, from the anchoring-place of K§r-22nd of December in the evening, the point of which is fixed by his bearings of Points already determined, had in fight four of the iflands of the fouth-eaft group, an4 the fouthernmoft bore from him fouth 56° eaft*. This .linear direction from the point where the Solide lay at anchor, paffes through the middle of Saddle Ifland, which is, in fact, the fouthernmoft of the iflands. It is from thefe linear directions combined with the bearings of Wilson's Stations c and ^(farther back, pages 509 and 521) and with thofe of Cooper's Stations IV, V, and VI (page 523) that I have placed on my chart the four weftern iflands of the fouth-eaft group, Sandy-Beach, Saddle Flat, and Button Iflands: and the pofitioas which I affign to them are confirmed by bearings taken from on board the Sullivan which, being in a pofition whence the weft coaft of Middle Ifland bore from her from fouth 650 eaft to * See pages 141 and 142 of this volume. vol. 11. m.m north £3© marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. north 450 eaft, had an ifland (this' is Sandy- Beach) bearing fouth 450 eaft; another (this is Saddle Island in its higheft part, as the hummocks on the north fide) fouth 5 i° eaft ; and a third (this is Button Ifland) fouth 550 eaft*: in her pofition Flat Ifland was concealed from her by Button ; and, indeed, he makes mention only of three iflands which he perceived and fet. If the Sulivan's pofition at the time of thefe bearings be pricked off on my chart, it will be * See the Sulivan's Journal, in the Appendix-to Memoir of Chart of Sunda and Banca, publifhed by Mr. Dalrymple, page 18. According to the Journal, the diftance of the fhip from Mid- die Ifland was about four miles; but it is evident that this diftance was eftimated too great, and cannot be, as it is feen on my Chart, but about a mile and a half; and, if it had been 4 miles, the Sulivan which, from the point of her bearings, fleered, according to her logbook, (page 17 of her journal) S. ~ E.—S by E.—S by- W. and rarrfrom § paft c to 9 P. M. upwards of 6 miles on thefe courfes, would have paffed over the breakers and the fhoal of the north-eaft point of the Peninfula. It appears that G. Robertfon thought, like me, that there was an error refpectng the diftance eftimated by the Sulivan ; for, on his Chart and on his large Plan, he makes his fhip's track pafs at about two miles, and not at four miles' diftance from the fouth-iuefi Point of Middle Ifland which bore from the Sulivan fouth 650 eaft, at the fame time that the north extreme bore north 450 eaft. But the relative pofition of thefe two Points, fuch as it has rcful ted from the fequel of my labour, allows me not to give more than the diftance of z mile and et half, from the point where the Sull--van's bearing* were taken to the.fouth-weft Point of Middle Ifland. found Dec. 1791.] RCHAND S VOYAGE. found that the three iflands which I have defig- nated, the only iflands that could be perceived from her, fall very exactly in the linear directions in which fhe faw them. In regulating on my chart the pofition of the weft iflands of the fouth-eaft group according to what has been eftablifhed above, the width of the paffage between thefe iflands and Middle Ifland, meafured at the narrowefl: place is 4.1 miles ; and the. bearing of the two Points at the fhorteft dif- ftance from Middle Ifland on the one hand, and, on the other, from Sandy-Beach is fouth 280 eaft, and north 280 weft. If thefe refults be compared with thofe of page 521, it will be feen that the diftance comes near to that of Wilson, 3I miles, and that the angle of bearing is nearly that ■^Robertson's Plan, (1788) 28 degrees and a half. I have quoted my authorities, the journals whence I have taken the data on which my chart is grounded; I have detailed the operations by feiich I have fucceeded in fixing the width of the paffage at 4TV miles, and the bearings of the neareft points, at an angle of 280 from fouth to eaft and 280 from north to weft: I leave to the intelligent reader to afcertain whether the ufe which I have made of the data, has led me to an exact refult, and whether the new chart deferves in this refpect a preference to the older charts. m m 2 In 111 V m marchand's voyace. [Dec. 1791. In order to place North or Thwart the Way, South, and Table Iflands, compofing the lit le eaftern group which, with that of the four weftern iflands, form the paffage through which paffed the Vans it tart and the fleet under the command of Captain Clements, I have made ufe of Cooper's bearings at his Stations IV and VI (farther back, page 523). The relative pofition which the two groups take between them, according to thefe bearings, is confirmed by that which Captain Chanal took on the 23rd of December at feven minutes paft nine o'clock *; from the point where the Solide was at this period, the fmall iflands, feven in number, partly fliut in by each other, formed a group, the general direction of which was north 430 eaft. If, on my chart a line be drawn from the fouth point of Saddle Island, the fouthernmoft of the feven iflands, to the middle of North Island, the northernmoft, this line will have the direction of north 43 ° eaft. Thus it may be concluded chat Saddle and Flat Iflands on the one hand, and-on the other, North and South Iflands, which form the Vansittart's Paffage, are well fituated on my chart, with refpect to their relative bearing. As to their diftance, which is the width of the paffage, it is there fuch as it is given by the crofs bearings of Captain Cooper's Stations IV See page 143 of tins volume. and Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. ,533 and VI, taken to the fouthward and to the northward of thefe iflands. This diftance, at the narroweft part of the paffage, between the north-eaft Point of Flat Ifland and the fouth-weft Point of South Ifland, is, on my Chart, iT%- miles; and the bearing of the two Points, in regard to each other, is eaft if north and weft if fouth. On Robertson's chart, the diftance is 4J miles and the angle 170; and3 on his great Plan, the diftance is 4f miles and the angle 16°. The comparifon with the other charts would be ufelefs; the navigators who conftructed them took not their route through this Paffage. After having placed the feven iflands of the fouth-eaft Groups, as well in their pofitions re- 'f$$&t to each other, as in their fituation in regard to Middle Ifland, it remains for me to fix the pofition of a Shoal which may be called the Van- sittart's Shoal, and which merits all the attention of navigators who may be defirous of paffing through Clements' Strait between the feven iflands, leaving, like him, three of them to the eaftward, and four to the weftward. This Shoal is fituated to the northward of our Flat Ifland, Robertson's Saddle Ifland. Captain Clements* who had anchored with his fleet at a litde diftance to the fouth by weft of the Shoal, fent his boat to take the bearings of the iflands m m 3 from I m 524 1791. from the Shoal itfelf, on which there was not found more than a foot and a half of water. Thefe bearings make part of the failing directions which Mr. Dalrymple has engraved on the Plan itfelf of Clements' Strait drawn by Robertson, which he inferted, in 1786, in his great Collection of Plan's of the Seas of Asia, before Robertson had publifhed his general Chart and his particular Plan of Gaspar's and Clements' Straits. From the fhoal, the Vansittart's boat fet North Ifland or Thwart the way, eaft by north, at 3^ or 4 miles' diftance eftimated by the eye—Robertson's Saddle Ifland, which is Cooper's Flat Ifland, and the fame on my Chart, fouth by weft half weft 3% or 4 miles diftant— Barn Ifland, which is Cooper's Button Ifland, and the fame on my Chart, weft by fouth —The fouth Point of Middle Ifland weft-north-weft. Robertson has fubjected with tolerable exacr- nefs the Vansittart's Shoal to the diftances eftii mated by the eye; namely, to 3\ miles from North Ifland, and to fk miles from Flat Ifland : he has alfo placed it in its bearing with refpect to the Touth Point of Middle Ifland, that is to 'fay, to the eaft 220 30' fouth from this Points but he has given up the bearings which were taken of three of the fmall iflands; he has placed the fhoal weft of North Ifland, inftead of weft ii° Dec. a marchand s voyage. 535 ic' fouth—north 20° eaft cf Flat Ifland, inftead of 140 15' —eaft of Button Ifland, inftead of eaft n° 15' fouth. I am ignorant what motive can have determined Robertson to give to diftances of fmall iflands, eftimated by the eye, and confequently, fo erroneous, efpeciaily when the obferver is placed in a boat near the level of the fea, the preference to angles of bearing meafured with care, which always afford more certainty as to correctnefs, efpeciaily when the magnetic needle has no variation. I could not adopt his proceeding, and I have fubjected the Vansittart's Shoal to all the bearings taken, from the fhoal itfelf, with refpect to the fouth Point of Middle Ifland, North Ifland, Flat Ifland, and Button Ifland: the point where thefe four lines of bearing met, has fallen 2T7^ miles from North Ifland, inftead of 3^ or 4 miles, men^ tioned in the note engraved on the Plan publifhed by Mr. Dalrymple; and iT8„. miles, inftead of 3\ or 4 miles, from Flat Ifland. My diftance to the firft ifland differs from the diftance indicated in the Note, only in the proportion of 11 to 14; but the diftance to the fecond differs in the proportion of 18 to 35. I obferve that, to reduce thefe diftances to thofe which were eftimated from the boat that took the bearings, it would be ne- ceffary, either to alter confiderably the obferved bearings which do not, like diftances eftimated m m 4 by mil' i i s& MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791. by the eye, depend on a computation always arbitrary and very uncertain, or give to the fmall Iflands pofitions relative to each other and with fefpect to Middle Ifland, very different from thofe which it is impoflible not to affign to them according to the Bearings of Wilson, Cooper, and Chanal, which, in general, reciprocally fervt each other as a verification and a proof. I know of no other than Robertson's Chart and Plan that prefent the eaft part of Clements' Strait, that is to fay, the weft coaft of Billiton, and the fmall neighbouring iflands, and which can be-employed for delineating this parti But, in making ufe of the work of that navigatofy I was obliged to fubject this portion of it as well to the pofition which I have given to Middle Ifland, as to that affumed by the feven iflands which compofe the fouth-eaft Groups. I obferve firft that Robertson anchored to the fouth-weft, at the diftance of about 8 miles froni the north-weft Point of Billiton Ifland; and that, from this Point, to abreaft of Middle Ifland and within fight of North Ifland or Thwart the Way, he made a direct courfe of about 8 leagues: and it is, no doubt, partly from the re- fult of this courfe, and the bearings which muft have been taken of its two extreme points, that he has kid down North Ifland 26} minutes more to m^>m Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 537 to the fouthward than the north-weft Point of Billiton. |g$NbRTH Ifland, at its middle, according to the refult of the triangles of which I have made ufe for conftructing my Chart, is fituated in latitude 2° 53' 2o// (the Peak of Gaspar being in 20 21'): and fince the north-weft point of Billiton is lefs foutherly by 16| minutes than North Ifland, and fince its latitude is fouth, this point muft be in 2° 27' lO'7: and it is thus that I have laid it down on my Chart. On that of Robertson ' it is in B^f?'* and its pofition in latitude differs on our charts 9 minutes and 50 feconds. This difference, which is the fame, within lefs than 1 minute, as that which we have had in our latitudes of Gaspar Ifland (between 20 21' and 2° 30' farther back, page 466), may make us pre- fume that, from his anchoring-birth under the north-weft point of Bi&xiton, Robertson had fight of Gaspar*; and that, not having obferved the latitude of the anchorage, he fubjected it to that which he applied to Gaspar. What confirms me in this opinion is, that having, by a feries of triangles, fubjected in my work the la- bertfon anchored to the fouth-weft of the north-weft Point of Billiton, at the diftance of about 8 miles: from this anchorage, he could perceive Gafpar Ifland 8 or 9 leagues dm&fit, as Wllfon perceived- it at this diftance, from his ftation at 11 A. M, in Gafpar's Strait (farther back, page 528 note *). m! d&> \nd's voyage. [Dec. ifland to that of Gaspar, I found that their difference of latitude was 32' 30*; and, on Robertson's Chart, this difference is 33* 30", that is to lay, the fame within a minute. In giving to North and South Iflands the pofition, with refpect to Middle Ifland, which remited from the feries of our triangles, and which differs from that given them by Robertson, I was forced to bring nearer to the fouth- eaft group the points of the anchorage where the -Vansittart's anchor is marked off Middle Ifland; and this. Was' the fole method of preferv- ing to thefe points their pofition in regard to this ifland, the extremes of which muft have been fet from each andibring^plaiGe. U Long Ishaxd, that large ifland fituated to the • north-eaft of the Groups, as well as the Points of the coaft of Billiton.which correippnd -there ^ to, muft, for the famei.realbn, have experienced a general movement towards the;fouth, in order to preferve to them, with refpect to Middle Ifland, the pofition w'hich. Robertson has given them. XIV. Ile de la Reconnoissancs, Shoalwater Island, and the fhoals fituated to the fouthward of the Straits. I have fixed with all the exactnefs that the materials at my difpofal would admit of, the northern part of the Straits, and principally Gaspar I 6 Ifland | tDec. 1791.] marchand s voyage. 539 Ifland and the East Point of Banca, which ferve as a land-mark for fliips that are coming to the Straits from the northward; it remains to fix the land-marks for thofe coming to them from \ the fouthward. The Ifland or>rather the Iflands of la Recon- noissance *, which Captain Clements calls Shoal-water Ifland, is the firft point which it is proper to determine, becaufe- it is that which muft be made by fhips coming from the fouthward, whether it be intended to enter by the east or the west Passage. Dordelin, in going to China, in 1784, got fight of thefe iflands in the morning, and, in reducing, by the computation of his run, their pofition to the latitude which he obferved at noon, he made the latitude of the fouthern ifland 30 18' fouth. Wilson's chart places the fouth point of this ifland in 30 16' f, but he determined its pofition only by a bearing taken from his ftation d, as far off as he could difcern it: and we can only make * All the Charts and Plans .agree in making of them two fmall if]and3, on a N.E. and S. W. line, about i or 2 miles diftant from each other, and connected by a circular fhoal- + I obferve that, on this chart, the latitude of Gafpar is only 20 20'; and that as Shoal-water muft have been fubjected to Gafpar by -Wllfon's feries of bearings and trigonometrical operations, it muft have been placed 1 minute lefs foutherly, than if, as I have placed it, Gafp.ar is laid down in latitude z° 21'. ufe 540 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Dec. 179*. ufe of this linear direction for fubjecting this ifland to the fouth Point of Middle Ifland, by preferv- ing to it its latitude of 30 18', confirmed, as will be feen, by the Plan which was conftructed by Robertson, at the time of the difcovery of the Eaft Passage by Clements. This Plan, fuch as he himfelf publifhed it in 1788, has no fcale of latitude, but the difference of latitude between the middle of Gaspar Ifland and the fouth .part of Shoal-Water Ifland or Iflands, is there 57 miles, Or 57 minutes ; and it Gaspar is in latitude 20 ai', Shoal-water muft be, according to this Plan, in 30 18'. It is true that Roberctson, on his Chart cf the Straits of Banca, Gaspar and Clements, 1788, and on his large Chart of the dhina Sea 1791, places Shoal-water Ifland in 30 if, that is to fay, 9 minutes more to the fouthward than Dordelin ; but, on thefe very charts, he places Gaspar in 20 30', in lieu of 20 21', that is, 9 minutes more to the fouthward than the latitude which, it appeared to me, ought to be adopted for Gaspar Ifland (farther back, page 469) : the difference of latitude is therefore the fame on the two charts. As all the Charts and Plans agree in general, refpecting -this difference of 57 minutes*, it * Rshenfiifs Plan, publifhed by Batrymfle, as far back a* the year 17 85* ta bis Collection, gives this difference of latitude fmaller Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 54* it appears that it ought to be admitted; and on adding it to the iQ 21' of Gaspar, we fhall have for Shoal-.water., 30 1 o', as Dordelin made it from his obferrvatidn and his route; Captain Cooper's Journal (page 19) comes to the fupport of this determination. On the 6th of Auguft, at noon, at the point of his firft ftation, his latitude obferved was 3* ai'; and, at the Tame Snftant, the remarkable hummock on the fouth coaft of Banca bore north a6Q weft—Middle Ifland north if eaft—-and a kw ifland, eaft half north : from the pofition of his fhip, and the direction in which this ifland bore, it could be no other than Shoal-water Ifland: but fince it bore eaft half north, it is therefore lefs to the fouthward than the fhip; its latitude is therefore under 30 21', and confequently nearer to 30 18', the latitude affigned by Dordelin to the Ifland of La Reconnoissance, than 30 27* the latitude give* by Robertson. I take-the opportunity of obferving that, tf the difference of latitude between Shoal-water and Gaspar is, in fact, 57 minutes, as all the charts have made it, and if the latitude of 3? 1 f or 20*, i fmaller by 2 minutes: but as this Bka is, no doubt,, only a copy of that of Robe rifon who d rew it, to, whatever confidence a Plan publifhed by Mr. Dalrymple, may be entitled* ftill more muft be due to the original. fuch . marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. fuch as it is deduced from Cooper's obfervation and bearing in regard to Shoal-water Ifland, is exact, Gaspar Ifland muft be in i° 11' or 23'; which is far enough from i° 30', adopted by Robertson, and near enough to 20 21', given by the Solide's obfervation, taken on the very parallel of Gaspar. Robertson's two Charts and Plan, which I have quoted, agree in placing, very nearly to the fouthward of Shoal-water Ifland, two fhoals, under the name of Breakers; and the fouthernmoft extremity is there at the diftance of 11 miles from the fouth extreme of thefe iflands. It is written on the Plans that a fmall portion of the latter is dry, that it appears white, and is very low. I have thought it proper to preferve thefe fhoals in the pofition that is given to them on the Charts and Plans which the Englifh have publifhed. within thefe four years, and which merit the confidence I of navigators. Dordelin's chart indicates a third fhoal to the weft 330 fouth, and at 18 miles' diftance from the Iflands of la Reconnoissance (Shoal-water Ifland). He anchored 11 or 12 miles to the fouth- weft by weft of this fhoal, in 10J fathoms; and it appears that he examined it well; for on his chare is written the following phrafe: <c Sand-bank and rocks even with the water's edge, feen by the fhip Triton bound to China in Mfe Dec. 1791.3 marchand's voyage. 543 in 1784, near which were found 7 fathoms water. It muft be covered at high water. This bank is laid down on the charts of D'Apres' old Neptune Oriental. But it is not laid down on thofe of the new edition." As this fhoal, on Dordelin's chart, is 7-J miles more to the fouthward, and upwards of 16 miles to the weftward than the fouth part of the Iflands df •La Reconnoissance (Shoal-water Ifland), or about 17 miles I to the weft-fouth-weft half weft of thefe iflands, while the fouthernmoft part of the Breakers which are feen on Robertson's Charts, is carried 11 miles direddy to the fouthward of thefe fame iflands, of which Dordelin had* got fight, and determined the latitude; it does not appear that we ought to confound thefe fhoals, and fuppofe that Dordelin's Shoal and the Breakers marked on Robertson's charts, are but one and the fame fhoal: I have therefore pre- ferved and laid down both on my chart; it will there be feen that in placing them in the refpec- tive pofition which has been given to them, the one. on the French Chart, the others on the Englifh Charts, the track of Captain Clements, borrowed from Robertson's Chart, paffes in mid-channel, between the two pofitions, at 6| miles diftance from both: and, at this diftance, Dor deli n*s Shoal, that fand-bank and rocks even with the water's edge, which mttft be covered at high water, could not II II ill 1 II ^44. marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. be perceived by Clements, as Robertson's Breakers of which a fmall portion only becomes dry and is very low, could not be perceived by Dordelin, fince having pafled to the weftward of his fhoal, and thence fleered to the north-eaft, he came no nearer than 9 miles to Shoal-water Ifland, and he muft have pafled at a greater diftance from the Breakers which extend 11 miles to the fouthward of thefe iflands. Cooper's track, drawn according to his bearings and his chart, paffes not at more than the diftance of a mile to the weftward of Dordelin's Shoal : but if, as we muft believe from the report of this captain, his Shoal is not dry at low water, Cooper may have paffed very clofe to it without getting fight of it. I here terminate the Analyfis, too long perhaps, of the Charts which I have conftructed of the two Straits comprifed in the great Strait Between Banca and Billiton ; in taking the liberty to make corrections in thofe which have, within thefe few years, been pubUflied by the navigators who have frequented this Strait, it was incumbent on me to enter minutely into the motives of the alteratioss j and I muft expect from time and experience to learn whether my labour has led me to refults, the correctnefs of which ix Sufficient for the fafety of navigation. • I have thought thatk might be ufeful to French navigators, w&o do not poffefs the Plans of the 4 Englifh, D. 'ec. 1791.J MARCHAND S VOYAGE. Englifh, and that it would be agreeable to them to fee marked on the Charts of the Strait all the tracks of the fhips which, till 1791, have frequented the two Paffages: the traveller loves to fee a beaten path : he is then certain of not lofing his way. In Gaspar's Strait or the West Passage will . be found * : 1 ft. Dordelin's track (the Triton, the Provence, and the Sagittaire) going to China in Auguft 1784. n. b. I might alfo have delineated there his track on his return, but it would be confounded with others, without being of any ufe. 2nd. The track of the Sulivan (Captain Stephen Williams) coming from China in December 1784, taken from his Journal. 3rd. The track of the Carnatic (Captain Les- tock Wilson) on her return from China in February 1787, fubjected to the Bearings mentioned in his Journal. 4th. The track of the Warren Hastings (Captain John Pascar Larkins) coming * I have thought it proper to difpenfe with marking the track of Gafpar-whok chart is to be found in D5 Apres' Neptune Oriental, which is in the hands of all our navigators, and of. which Mr. Dairymple has given a copy in his Colledlon. This track prefents nothing particular, and Gafpar's Chart on which it is marked is fo defective, that it would not be poflible to delineate his track on a more correct chart. vol, 11. n n from 546 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. from the northward in May 1788, fubjected to his Bearings and his log-book. 5th. Laftly, the track of the Solide (Captain Etienne Marchand) on her return from China, in December 1791, drawn from the Bearings mentioned in the Account of her voyage, and the Chart which was conftructed by Captain Chanal, conjointly with the Engineer Le Brun. N. B. I have not inferted in my Chart the track of the Macclesfield Galley, coming from China, in March 1702, which Robertson has drawn on his large Plan : it prefents nothing particular, and would only crowd the Paffage. From the parallel of the East Point of Banca, and 2J miles from this Point, this Track runs fouth and fouth by eaft, and flops at the parallel of the South-east Point of the Peninfula of Sel at the diftance of i\ miles from that Point. The depth of water is the fame as that which is feen on the other tracks that pafs in mid-channel in the West Passage. It might be pre fumed that it has been marked on Robertson's large Plan, only to fhew a track made in this Paffage, by an Englifhman, previoufly to the publication of Gaspar's Chart by D'Apres *. In * Mr. Dairymple has given us in his Collection of Memoirs (Appendix to Memoir of Chart of Sunda and Banca, page 1 to 10;) Dec. 1791.3 marchand's voyage. In the East Passage or Clements' Strait will be found : ift. The 10), an Extract from the Journal of the Macclesfield Galley, which in coming from the northward, in March 1702, paffed unintentionally through Gafpar's Strait: no help can be derived from it for drawing the Plan of the Strait: but it appears that fhe is the firfc veffel known that chance has led to p..fs it. After having been long doubtful refpecting the land in fight of which he found himfelf, the Captain difcovered that it muft be .the Ifland of Banca. u Yefterday (the 13th of March)" it is faid in the Journal, f£ fleering along the coaft of Banca, we found it altogether as <c good as the Plalet fheweth ; the foundings as per Collumi " there is many fmall Iflands near the Ihoar, from which we i faw many Breakers, and from the fhoar itfelf, but they are u all fo near and vifible that none have any occafion to come {o 1 near. Laft night in the evening at 6 we got under the north u Point of the Eaft end of Banca anchored in 18 fathom, in ** the night it was calm; we found a fmall current along the £ fhoar to leeward, the Ifland N. E. from this point or there- B abouts dift. 7 leagues is very remarkable." (Mr. Dairymple judges that this muft be Gafpar Ifland, becaufe in the original manufcript, is drawn a Peaked Hummock) " In the morning at E day-light weighed and fent our pinnace on head of the fhip to P found, and the yawle I fent towards Banca into the Bay, " being inclined to have borrowed on that fide, but going right " in fhe foon fhoaled the water to 10 fathom. I ordered them I on or towards the great Ifland," (This, muft be Middle or Paffage Ifland) " and refolved to keep the middle : fleered I through S. by E. £ E. had not lefs than 13 fathom nor more § than 18 till the eaft part of the Great Ifland bore E. by S. " and the South Point of Banha S. by W. then 24, 26 fathom j 1 foon after fhoaled down to 12, 1 if, &c." " I conclude that the South Part of Banka is on the latitude *' of 3? 2' fouth/' (This latitude can agree only to the fouth- marchand's voyage. [Dec. ift. The track of the Vansittart and the Fleet commanded by Captain John Clements, coming'from China, in the beginning of July 178 1, delineated from the Plan drawn and publifhed by George Robertson : 2nd. The track of the Atlas (Captain Allen Cooper) going to China, having entered the Strait from the fouthward, in Auguft 1785; it is drawn from his Journal: 3rd. The track.of the Royal Admiral, taken from Robertson's large Plan, where it appears without a date, and without any other indication. Independently of thefe eight tracks which are marked at full length on my chart, I have alfo in- ferted there, from the Journals, thofe of the Hawk (Captain Robert Rivington) and of the Pons- eaft Point of the Peninfula, and not to the fouthernmoft Point of Ba " On the 15th, at 6 in the evening, the fouthermoft part of S the Great Iflands bore S. E. and the fouthmoft part of Banca u in fight, N. W. by W. dift. 5 or 6 leagues; the fhip drove " to the eaftward with the current a fmall matter." We are at a lofs to conceive how a fhip that has the fouthernmoft part of Banca nerth-tuefi by <wefi 5 or 6 leagues diftant, can have the Great Ifland fouth-eaft. The Captain of the Macclesfield terminates this article of his Journal by faying: " I like the coming through this way much " better than through the Straits of Banca, it's more fecure t( and much nearer." 4. BORNE Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 549 borne fCaptain William Hammett) failing in company, and coming from the northward in January 1785. I have difcontinued thefe laft- mentioned tracks above the parallel of Caspar Ifland: to trace them beyond that, would.create confufion in the Paffage between Gaspar and Tree Ifland, by which thefe two fhips entered the Strait. Thefe two tracks have appeared to me ufeful to be preferved, becaufe they may indicate the places that are clean amidft the fhoals fituated from the north to weft-north-weft, in regard to Gaspar Ifland. This fame reafon has determined me to mark the track of the Mascarin (Captain Crozet) in 1773, fuch as it is feen on the Chart N° 49, 2d. of D'Apre's Neptune Oriental, 2nd edition, a copy of which Mr. Dalrymple has given in his Col- feclion of Plans. This track of Crozet crofles the part of the fea fituated to the northward of the two Straits, and paffes very clofe to the Northern Shoals which this navigator has made known , it likewife paffes between the four Breakers north of Banca, which were feen by the Macclesfield, in 1702, and the Sulivan, in 1784, and between which the Solide pafled in 1791. Although Views of Land are, in general, of no great ufe to navigators, becaufe they neceflarily vary, and often in fuch a manner as to be incognizable according to the different points from n n 3 which 550 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. which the lands may be feen j yet that I may neglect, nothing that can add any advantage to the general Chart which I publifh of the Strait Between Banca and Billiton, I have caufed to be engraved a View, drawn by the Engineer Le Brun, of the northern Part of Banca, which comprehends the Mountain ferving as a land-mark, fuch as, in the pofition indicated, this part pre-: fents itfelf to fhips coming from the northward; various views of Gaspar Ifland taken from different Points j laftly, a General View of the fouthern lands of the Strait, fuch as they appeared to Dordelin, in Handing.for the Paffages when coming from the fouthward. N. B. The figures of the foundings indicate, on the tracks of. the Englifh, fathoms of 6 English feet: to convert the fathoms into Braffes (fathoms) of 5 French feet, it is fufficient, in practice, to add an Eighth to the quantity of the Englifli foundings. If I had wifhed to make this reduction on the Chart itfelf, I fhould have been obliged to employ fractional quantities at the end of the whole ones; and this multitude of figures, crowded and heaped together, would not have, failed to caufe a great confufion in the foundings, and to crowd the Plan which was already but too much fo. After having thus analyzed the materials of which I have made .ufe for conftructing a general Chart of Dec 3] MARCHAND s VOYAGE. 55* of the Strait Between Banca and Billiton, by appropriating to its execution the Bearings and the Obfervations of the navigators who, till 1791, have publifhed the Journals and Plans which brought us acquainted with the two Paffages, it remains for me to unite in a general point of view the particular remarks which each of them has made on the depth of water and the quality of the bottom in the channel, on the iflands, the points of land, the fhoals, &c. which are met with in the Strait, or which lie to the northward or fouthward of it, and to mention the Sailing Directions relative to both Passages, for which we are indebted to their experience, and which their zeal for Navigation has induced them to publifh. I have thought it the more neceifary to prefent them at fome length, as this Strait being little known when D'Apres publifhed his directions refpecting the navigation of the Sr.AS of Asia, and French navigators being fcarcely acquainted with any other work than his, it was requifite to fupply what is deficient in this particular in the directions to which, in other refpects, they have every reafon to conform themfelves in order to regulate the routes that they have to follow according to the feafon, if they wifh to repair with fafety and difpatch, from one place to another. 1. Gene ra l Remarks on making the land,. in coming' N N 4 tO 4ARCHAND S. VOYAQE. [Dec. 1791. to the Straits from the northward-, and on the navigation in Gaspar's Strait, or the Wes? Passage*. ic I would advife every fhip intending to come €C out of the China Sea by Gaspar's Strait" fays Captain Larkins, page 2 of his Journal, ff to make Pulo-Toti (a fmall ifland fituated " °° S3' f°uth latitude, and at 45 miles diftance " to the north 170 eaft of Point Pes ant, the <c moft northern of the Ifland of Banca|) : and Cf from thence to fteer a courfe midway between Cf Gaspar Ifland, and the East Point of Banca." But Mr. Dalrymple thinks otherwife; and it is well known of what weight is his opinion. " Ships intending to pafs to the Eastward " of Gaspar,'1' fays he in a note, " cannot, at * I refer the reader to the Narrative of Marchand'% voyage for the track which the Solide followed in her paffage through the Strait .•> he will there find the beft dire&ifcns that can be given to fhips which intend to pafs Gafpar's Strait in coming from the northward, pages 133 to 144 of this volume. + On the Chart of the Straits of Banca, Gafpar, and Clements, publifhed in 17^:8, by G. Robertfon, it is faid that the hill which rifes above Point Pefant, is feen from Pulo-Toti, and from Pulo- Decan, fituated about 10, miles to the fouth-weft by weft and weft-fouth-weft of Totl. This, doubtlefs, implies very clear weather: the diftance from coaft to coaft is ic leagues, on B-phert/bn's chart, and 16 or 17 leagues, tf the diftance be meafured to the fummit of the hill, and it feems to' me that in general, it is reckoned that Point Pefant can be feen only 8 or 10 leagues. " the Dec. 1701 marchand s voyage. 553 c any time, but efpeciaily late in the Seafon, when f the fouth-eaft winds may be expected to prevail, c have occafion to go round to leeward by Pulo- c Toti. It is proper, indeed, to have daylight c for making Gaspar, and fhips fhould not approach it till they are in the fair-way between // and Banca ; I mean in the prefent ignorance of the exact pofition and extent of the Shoals on f the weft and north-weft of Gaspar." According to Captain Wilson, cc Gaspar Ifland bears from Pulo-Toti fouth-eaft exactly, diftance 42 leagues," (On Robertson's chart, the diftance is only 40 leagues, and the bearing fouth-eaft 3® fouth), " for which," continues Wilson, " you may fteer almoft direct upon " leaving Pulo-Toti ; the foundings are more 1 regular, and it feems advifable not to approach I Banca nearer than 17 or 16 fathoms." (Wilson's Journal, p age 35.) With this precaution, you will avoid getting entangled among the breakers fituated to the northward of Banca, which, however, are by no means dangerous, fince they all fhew themselves (more or lefs, no doubt, according to the time of tide)* and fince the Mascarin and the Solide pafled between the four breakers: for greater fafety, it is expedient to go to the eaftward of all thefe fhoals. But as soon as you get fight of Gaspar, you ought, as Mr. Dalrymple advifes, to fteer fo as to 1 I p, 554: marchand s voyage. [Dec. i79i. to get into mid-channel between that ifland and the ! East point of Banca. iff Steering for mid-channel," fays Wilson, p. 2$, " betwixt Caspar Ifland and the east Point of H Banca/ you may pafs (as he did) Tree Ifland, <s within a mile or nearer, to the weftward of It, ■es and then the winds or currents, prevailing at cc this feafon (Wilson was in the ftrait on the <c 26th of February), will incline you to borrow <c upon Banca; but you muft avoid entering the " Bay, which is formed by the eaft nd fouth-eaft " Points, (or the Gulf formed between the East cc Point of Banca and the north-eaft Point of ic the peninfula of Sel) : and having paffed the tf eaft point, you muft not bring it to the north- *c ward of north north-weft half weft*; the found-. * Captain Wllfon being nearly abreaft of the Eafi point of Banca, fays that " feeing nothing like danger, and having fuch " regular foundings, hauled inSSW, SW, and S W by W, " wifhing to borrow upon Banca, the weather fhore to anchor. " At | paft 6, while preparing to anchor, fhoaled in a eaft of the deep fea-line, from 20 to i8£ fathoms, next eaft to 15'j, anchored immediately, and when the {hip was brought up, found only 85 fathoms muddy bottom." g Sent an officer to found round the fhip, whofe report is as follows." S b E. from the fhip 6£ to 7 fathoms—S S E f E from 8f to pi—SbE \ E. from 13 to 15—SbE from ~]\ to 6—S from c\ l0 5_S I W from 4 to 3I—S b W 3f—S b W i W from 3i to 3| S b W I W. from 4 to 3!—SS W | W from 4^ to 4I— SWiS from 4^ to \\—S W b W 5—W S W. rowing towards the 1791-] marchand s voyage. 555 (f ings betwixt thefe two points are the belt guide j <l you may range betwixt them in 14 and 15 ct fathoms water very regular depths, till the sc ifland, in the Bay, bears weft of you, and then fC you will fee the reef, which runs off the fouth cc eaft point a mile and a hah0 at leaft. You muft (C edge over to the eaftward, fo as to pafs without •" the reef, and having brought the South-West <c Point of Passage Ifland to bear north of you, " you may fteer to the fouthward, not bringing ie it to bear further to the eaftward than north by p eaft, while it continues in fight". Captain Wilson,, other navigators, and latterly Capcain Marchand, have experienced that, when a fhip is out of the ftrait, but has not yet pafled the parallel of the South-East Point of the pe*- ninfula (of Sel) the currents fet to the fouth-eaft, at the rate of about a mile an hour ; but this rate, and even the direction of the current, muft experience fome variations according to the time of tide. ml. g|be;ftiip, from 5 and 51 to 4 ; then, from 4 to 7- all hard fand —A. M. Sent the boat again to the diftance of f of a mile from the fhip. W. N. W. from her, from 7^ to 9 [—W *• N. from 8| to 71 foft bottom—Weft, from 7-7 to 7 hard fand —Rowing to the fouthward he found the foundings as over night, and SbE ~ E. from the fhip he found 13, 14, •deepening faft to the eaftward. See Wllfo and 20. ;, and 16 fathoms Jdirnal, pages 24 2. Breakers marchand s voyage. [Dec. 791 2. Breakers to the northward of the Northern Coaft of Banca. I have before mentioned (pages 461 to 465) every thing that can indicate the pofition of thefe breakers and their diftances and refpective bearings, as well from each other as with refpect to the fmall iflands which are clofer in fhore, and to Point Brisee of Banca. According to the report of Captain Chanal, thefe Breakers are above water ; but it may happen that at certain times of tide, and efpeciaily at the times qf the equinoctial fpring tides, they do not fliew themfelves at high water. Captain Stephen Williams of the fhip Sulivan, who faw and fet three of thefe Breakers (farther back, page 463, notef), fays, in his Journal, that <c on the breakers tf there appeared two or three rocks above water." I would not, continues he, cc advife any II one that cc fails along the north coaft of Banca to come <c under 15 or 16 fathoms water, then they will " have muddy ground, but, within that," fays he, <c I found it hard and rocky.,y Captain Crozet, commanding the Mascarin, who, in 1773, croffed in the middle of the four (patches of) Breakers, from eaft to weft had foundings at 17—16-—15—14—1 2 —10—11—12, and 14 fathoms (&?£ D'Apres' Chart, N°. 49, 2d. Edition of the Neptune Oriental.) Captain Marchand, in the Solide, who, in 1791, croffed the four Dec. 1791-] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 557 four Breakers from welt to eaft, had 12—13—12 —14—13 and 1.4 fathoms, a bottom of fand, gravel, and broken fhells: he anchored in the latter foundings of 14 fathoms, with a bottom of the fame quality. See farther back, pag. 461,2, note *. 3. Breakers to the north by weft of Gaspar Ifland, and of the Warren Hastings's Shoal. I refer the reader to what I have faid (farther back, paragraph IV. pages 481 to 487) refpecting the breakers fituated to the north-weft by weft of Gaspar Ifland: there may remain fome doubt as to their true pofition, and their number, but not as to their exiftence. The pofition of the Warren Hastings's Shoal (paragraph III. pages 474 to 481) is better determined by the Bearings which Captain Larkins took from the point where he remained aground for three days, and from which he at the fame time fet Gaspar Ifland and Tree Ifland: I fhall not here repeat what I have faid of the prefumed identity of this Shoal and of the Breakers which Captain Stephen Williams of the Sulivan perceived at about the diftance of 6 miles to the weft fouth-weft of his fhip, from which, at the fame moment, he fet Gaspar Ifland fouth-eaft diftant 3 leagues, and Tree Ifland fouth half eaft (pages 488 to 491). The Shoal to which I have given the name of the fill f 55* marchand's voyage. [Dec. i7gt. the Warren Hastings, lies, bv Captain Lar- Kins's account, nearly north and fouth; it is about i:§ or 2 miles in length, but with an arm extending to the eaftward, about the middle of the Rock-, and it was on the extremity of this arm that the Warren Hastings ftruck (page 1 and following of his Journal.) cc Our endeavours to get the fhip off," fays he, u proving ineffectual before the tide fell, I went in tf the cutter, and founded many parts of the Shoal te to the northward afrd weftward of us, and had <c in many parts of it only 2 fathoms, and in two " places ii fathoms." (Ibid, page 1.) " The next day," fays Captain Larkins, <c the <c winds prevailing northerly, and not being able " to attempt getting to the northward of the Shoal, ,f I went in the cutter to found between-the Ifland % (Gaspar) and the Shoal; fleering from the fhip " S. S. E. until the Ifland bore eaft ; then eaft, <c until the fhip bore N. W. then N. W. on tc board; having the whole way had regular found- <c ings from 16 to 18 fathoms: from which I was <c fo far convinced there was Channel between *e them, that had the wind remained northerly, I te was determined to go, efpeciaily as the Hawke U and Sulivan had gone that paffage before, and tc by their Bearings muft very narrowly have " efcaped that Rock. A breeze fpringing up " fouth- Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 5^ £C foutherly, I founded the north end of the ihoal, CQ and anchored on the Banka Shoar in 18 ' " fathoms." (Ibid, page 2.) Although Captain Wilson, in the Carnatic, did not pafs between Gaspar and Tree Ifland, but at about a mile to the weftward of the latter, he muft, as well as the fhips quoted by Larkins, have pafled at a very little diftance to the eaft-' ward of the Warren Hastings's Shoal. <c After making Pulo Toti," continued Captain Larkins, ff I would advife every fhip to jf fteer from thence a courfe midway between |c Gaspar Ifland and the eaft Point of Banka, <c there being about 7 leagues between them p (more exactly 8 miles from coaft to coaft); "fhe will moft likely fee them both together, I I would then advife her to keep the East Point h of Banka between fouth by eaft and fouth by p weft, as, by our bearings, fhe will avoid the 1 Shoal, on which we unfortunately ftruck, and by \ " the other, the very dangerous Rocks on the <f Banka Side. We rounded the East end of I Banka between 3 and 4 miles diftance and car- . (C ried very good foundings. In the evening we " anchored as per log, about 3 leagues fliort of cc the narrow entrance of the Straits of Gaspar." (Page 4 of his Journal.) It appears from thefe directions, that Captain Larkins is particularly anxious to warn fhips of 6 the ifejlllfpllp M- ill ^fJo marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. the fhoal on which he ftruck; and he is in the right, for this fhoal is the more dangerous as it is not vifible, and as a navigator can have no knowledge of it till his fhip ftrikes. But he need no longer be under any apprehenfion of it as foon as he has brought Gaspar to bear eaft; for this ifland is more to the fouthward than the Shoal; and then he ought to fteer fo as to pafs in mid-channel between Tree Ifland and the East Point of Banca, and borrow nearer to the Rock than to the Ifland, if he perceive th^t the currents fet into the gulf. Captain Stephen Williams of the Sulivan, anchored in 15 fathoms, fine ftiff clay, Gaspar Ifland bearing fouth-eaft by fouth, diftant about 4 leagues. From this point, he fays that he <c kept ftanding in for the Strait of Billiton, " with Gaspar Ifland about 2 points on the lar- " board bow (in the eaft-fouth-eaft) had very re- tc gular foundings, but moftly rocky ground, until <c abreaft of the ifland, when we ha&mud." (See his Journal *.) It may be remarked that this track of the Sulivan paffes between the Warren Hastings's Shoal and Gaspar Ifland, which lie, with refpect to each other, weft-north-weft and eaft-fouth-eaft; and it is probable that fhe «pafled within a very little diftance of the fhoal, when Gaspar bearing * Memoirs publifhed by Alexander Dairymple. Appendix to 'Memoir of Chart of Sunda, and Banca page 16. eaft- Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 561 eaft-fouth-eaft, fhe found rocky ground; but having "got abreaft, or to the weftward of Caspar, and having pafled beyond the rocky ledge, fhe met with a muddy bottom. 4. Gaspar Ifland and the Reck to the weftward of that Ifland. <c Gaspar Ifland," fays Captain Wilson, " is " pretty high; covered with trees, with a hum- " mock in the middle, and may be feen 10 cf leagues. There is a fmall Rock off Gaspar 1 Ifland, which in one with the fouth end of it <£ bore eaft by fouth J fouth. It feems to be fome " diftance off, as, fhut in upon the ifland, it ap- P peared very plain, a black fpot in the front of cc it, it may probably be 3 or 4 miles off." (Page 22 of his Journal). But he fays in another place (page 4 ibid.) that " the Rock off Gaspar p Ifland is laid down by its bearing from It i the 1 two in one, weft. I guefs," adds he, fC its dif- 1 ance off to be about 2 or 3 miles. It is larger " than a long-boat, and has fome trees on it." By Captain Cooper's account, Gaspar Ifland is moderately high; it feems to be five miles (two miles*) in extent from fouth-eaft to north- weft;' ■ * The length indicated by Cooper appears much too great. Captain Wilfon does not fix it; but it is feen in his Journal, (page 23) that at the moment when Tree Ifland bore in one with VOLi 11. o o th MI 56a marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791 weft; it is well wooded, with many waterfalls * ; he faw no Breakers, but thofe on the Rock weft- north-weft of it. (Page 24 of his Journal.) An officer difpatched by Dordelin to vifit Gaspar Ifland, while he lay at anchor in the channel between Gaspar and Tree Ifland, there difcovered a deep cavern, full of thofe birds' nefts which the Chinefe confider as fuch a dainty and for which they give a high price f. 5. Tree Island, the Rocher Nafire of the ■ rrench. Of this ifland Captain Wilson's Journal gives us a gradual defcription that indicates the different the Hummock or Peak on Gafpar Ifland N. 620 E. the extent of Gafpar, meafured with a fextant, was feen under an angle of 8° 58': the fhip was then 1 mile to the weftward of Tree Ifland. From another point, being 7 or 8 miles' diftance from the ifland, it bore from N. 760 E. to S.. 870 E.: the ifland was then feen entirely under an angle of 170. According to this latter bearing, we cannot give it more than 2 miles in' length; and it would have lefs by the former. * Thus fays the original: yet I do not prefume that thefe are cafcades. -f Thefe are the nefts of the Salangane, a fpecies of alcyon, theftwaltpw peculiar to the fhore of Conchin-China.- Num-: berlefs ftories have been told and repeated refpe&ing the nature and the properties of thefe-nefts: it appears at the prefent day beyond all doubt, that this bird compofes its neft with the fifa fpawn, which, in the feas of Afia, covers the furface of the water in certain times of the year. marchand s voyage. 5°"^ Dec. 1791.] afpects under which it prefents itfelf to fhips coming from the northward, in proportion as they approach it. cc At 2 P. M." fays Wilson, " we faw a fmall Cf ifland from the maft-head, bearing fouth-fouth- | eaft, which looked like a fhip failing before the I wind, and was for fome time taken for one. " At J paft 3, this ifland, which is a very re- g markable one, having two or three trees at the <c very t0p 0f ^ [t is formed like a dome, and <c is about as high out of the water as our poop, " having a fmall rock, a cable's length or fo dif- P tant, bore fouth-fouth-eaft: at the fame time <c Gaspar Ifland bore fouth 730 20' eaft. " At § paft 4, Tree Ifland bore eaft by fouth diftant 1 mile : the Rock off it open to the fouthward eaft by fouth J fouth. " Breakers feem to extend about half a mile I to the northward, and the fame diftance to the I fouthward of this Ifland, but beyond that dif- I tance the paffage is apparently quite clear 1 I excepting a patch of green mofs, with the two I or three trees which are on the top of it, it t{ is a hoary, barren, clefted rock ; the trees upon ct it are pretty high, fo that it may be feen 5 <c leagues off. (At that diftance, as he fays, it cc looks like a fhip failing before the wind). The rf Rock, which lies to the fouth-eaft of //, is about 002 "as Il^^- *§64 marchand s voyage. [Dec. 791. <c as high out of the water as a fhip's long-boat." {See Wilson's Journal, pages 21 to 23—and alfo page 4). A fhip coming from the northward, fays Captain Chanal, at firft difcovers the firft iflot of Rocher Navire (Tree Ifland), and an hour and a half after, its fouthern" iflot. When the latter and the fouth Point of Gaspar Ifland bore, in one, eaft 230 north, we diftinguifhed from the Solide a chain of Breakers which connect the firft iflot to the fecond. *. Captain Cooper, who made Tree Ifland when coming from the fouthward, merely fays (page 24 of his Journal) that when feen from that fide, it appears like a fail, and has " a large tree on the middle: other navigators fay a clump of trees. If they do not agree as to the number of trees, they at leaft agree as to the figure of the ifland; all the defcriptions accord in giving it, when feen at a certain diftance, the appearance of a fhip under fail. It feems to me that the name of Rocher Navire, which may be expre'ffed in Englifh by Sail Island, ought to be adopted in preference to Tree Island, which in French fignifies Ile de l'Arbre or Ile aux Arbres; for the rock will always preferve its form of a fhip under fail, while the remarkable trees will fall with age, and with "v?^?l^E?^ Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 565 with them will fall the diftinctive fign by which HO's known *. 6. Paffage between Gaspar Ifland and Tree Ifland (Rocher Navire.) . We might, confider it as certain that the Paffage is clear ort both fides of Tree Ifland. Captain 'Wilson who, as has been feen, pafled to the weftward of it at the diftance of a mile carrying from 19 to 20 fathoms; on the other hand, Dordelin, who paffed between Tree Ifland and Gaspar, as well outward as homeward bound, and anchored on coming out of the channel, had conftantly 20 fathoms, whether he paffed farther from or nearer to the one or the other. Cooper, who paffed there when coming from the fouthward, lifcewife had 19 or 20 fathoms ; and four other fhips known, the Royal Admiral, the Hawke, in company with the Ponsborne, and the Sulivan, found the fame depth of water. However, Captain Larkins tells us in his Journal (page 4) that ec having had fome conver- - tf fation on the fubje£t of this paffage with Don <f Juan d'Urella, who commands the St* * It appears to me the more expedient to adopt the name of Rocher Navire, or Sail Ifland, as, at no great diftance from the Strait Between Billiton and Banca, in latitude 40 50' fouth, .on the eaft coaft of Sumatra, is fituated another Tree Ifland, which, on the French charts, bears the name of Ifle aux Grand Arbres (Great Tree Ifland.) oo-? *f Louis, I mil w 566 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. " Louis, fhe had been through Gaspar Straits, <c feven times, Twice having paffed to the eaftward cc of Tree Ifland, one of which times fhe had fe- cc veral cafts of 4 fathoms, fo that although the Cf Sulivan and Hawke paffed that way without cc meeting with any accident, it can by no means <c be an advifable paffage." To this conclufion we may oppofe, that, out of twelve known tracks in Gaspar Strait, five only pafs between Tree Ifland and the East Point of Banca : and the feven others between Gaspar and Tree Ifland; and that none of the fhips that have taken this laft-mentioned paffage found there lefs than nineteen fathoms. Is it not poflible that Larkins andURELLA might have mifunderftood each other ? that the latter may have had, as he laid, fome cafts of four fathoms, but that he did not get them //// after he was clear cf the paffage? and, in fact, he may have had, this little depth of water, if, after having cleared the paffage, he continued to fteer north and north by weft, and approached too near the fhoals, which are fituated in thofe directions, for a fhip that comes out by the channel between Tree Ifland and Gaspar. Moreover, I fee no reafon for preferring this narrow paffage to the fine and wide paffage which is open between Tree Ifland and the East Point of Banca, unlefs the direction of the wind, or fome particular circumftance^ fhould determine a 1 preference ^t^^mmg^mmmmmgt Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 567 preference to be given to the former. The rather doubtful pofition of the large fhoal on which the Warren Hastings ftruck, and the fufpected exiftence of fome others in its vicinity, muft deter fhips that come from the northward from taking the paffage between Gaspar and Tree Ifland; which, befides, ferves only to lengthen the way to no purpofe: and thofe that come from the fouthward, if they fail out of it at the clofe of the day, muft be afraid of finding themfelves entangled in the night among the Breakers to the northward of Gaspar, the number and pofition of which are not yet well determined. But it was expedient to eftablifh as a truth, in oppofition to the doubt fiiggefted by Captain Larkins from the account of Don Juan d'Urlela, that fliips which fhould be obliged to pafs between Gaspar and Tree Ifland might run through there with fafety, and that, throughout, they will find a good depth of water. 7. The Mountain ferving as a land-mark on Banca, (called by the Malays Tanjong Bre- kat). Captain Wilson appears convinced that the mountain which ferves as a land-mark on Banca for fhips coming from the northward, is " the P fame, both from its fhape and fituation," he Cf fays, fC as the one which he has called Mount Cf Parmasan (or rather Parmissang or Permis- o o 4 sang), 1 j68 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. c sang), which is feen in the Strait of Ban-" fC ca." (Pages 5 and 21 of his Journal). I cannot coincide in this opinion. The two mountains are, indeed, fituated on the fame parallel (about 20 36' fouth), at leaft to judge of them by the latitude which the charts aflign to the Permissang of the Strait of Banca and by that which various bearings give to the remarkable mountain of Gaspar's Strait; but, on confult- ing the fame charts, we fee that the mount Permissang of the Strait of Banca, fituated to the fouth and very near the river that bears the fame name, is at a very little diftance from the coaft of the Strait: and if we admit that its fituation is well laid down on the charts, it would be at a diftance of upwards of fifty miles from the east point of Banca in Gaspar's Strait; and yet the crofs bearings of Wilson, as well as thofe of Chanal, give but twenty or twenty-one miles at moft, for the diftance from the east point of Banca, to the mountain ferving as a land-mark; there remains therefore between this mountain and Mount Permissang of the Strait of Banca, a diftance of twenty-nine or thirty miles. Be it as it may with refpect to this opinion of Captain Wilson, this much is certain, that he perceived -the mountain of Gaspar's Strait, from the parallel of 20 f, that is, about the diftance of 10 leagues* and he adds that " it may be feen " much Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 569 <( much farther off," (page 4 of his Journal). " The Solide," fays Captain Chanal, " was at, g the diftance of no more than 7 leagues from <f it, and 3 or 4 leagues only from the coaft, when <f he began to difcover the mountain from the (t deck." It appears that the diftance at which it may be perceived varies confiderably according as the weather is more or lefs clear, more or lefs hazy; for Captain Cooper in the Sulivan faw the Breakers fituated to the northward of the northern coaft of Banca, and one of the fmall iflands which are more to the fouthward than thefe Breakers, without its being poflible for him to fee the land of Banca (farther back, page 464). Tanjong Brekat is a high regular mountain (Wilson's Journal, page 5). 8. East Point of Banca. <c The eaft point has a high hummock over it, H covered with trees, which makes it feem a long iC way off; and, at firft, whether from the north- 1 ward or fouthward, it makes like an ifland." (Wilson's Journal, pages 5, 21, and 27). " Off this point is feen, in coming from the " northward, a remarkable white perpendicular iC rock, looking like a fail." {Ibid, page 25). <c High, white, needle rocks, bound the coaft off " the East Point of Banca, but do not feem to €C extend far off." (Ibidpage 4.) x Cap tain m £7^ marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. Captain Chanal, at the moment when Gaspar in one with Tree Ifland bore eaft-north- eaft, and the east point of Banca fouth-fouth- weft half fouth, perceived an iflot to the fouthward of this point. 9. Middle or Passage Island, fometimes called Long Island, (by the Malaysnamed Pulo-Leat.) It is here, between the fouth-weft point of Middle Ifland and the north-east point of the peninfula of SEt, that is properly the West Passage or Gaspar's Strait. Its length, is about 6 miles, and the two points lie, in regard to each other, fouth 560 15'weft and north 560 15 eaft. The Solide anchored in the middle of the paffage in 17 fathoms water, over a bottom of fand and gravel. Wilson, who, like Captain Marchand, took his route through the middle of the channel and kept in it, had very regular foundings; and the boat, which founded a cable's length within the fhip, had the fame foundings. (Page 25 of his Journal) cc Middle or Passage Ifland is a long ifland " covered with trees, having many hummocks " or rifings on it, which makes its firft apjpearance I like feveral iflands." (Ibid). tf The ifland off of Passage Ifland does not <( appear as one till you are to the fouthward of Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 57* ec it, and then the Rocks are feen projecting from *f fome diftance off to the weftward. They are cc high, white, needle rocks of the defcription of <f thofe which bound the coaft of the east Point <c of Banca," Ibid, page 5. It is, no doubt, thefe very rocks that Wilson means, when he - fays, page 27, wt There are feveral curious white <c rocks, which feem detached from the fhore of Cf Passage Ifland to fome diftance, they are erecl: u fpirally rocks, like needles." Captain Chanal in like manner remarks that he did not fee the fmall illand begin to appear detached from the large one, till the former bore north 170 eaft. Captain Stephen Williams of the Sulivan (being nearly in the middle of the Paffage) had Middle Ifland, which he calls Long Ifland bearing from fouth 90 weft to fouth 79° eaft, and from this angle of bearing, fc Long Ifland'^fays he, fC was fhutting in with it a fmall ifland which tc lays off the fouth end of Do. diftant off fhore 4 <f or 5 miles." (This diftance is not 2 miles taken from the fouth-weft point of the large ifland to the north point of the fmall one). cc A ridge of <c rocks," continues he, tc runs off the fouth end <c of Do. i§ mile, and another off the north end, tf about 1 mile, with a fmall white fandy ifland in u the middle. Found a current fetting fo ftrong t( right Hill! 57* MARCHANDS VOYAGE. [Dec. 791 «ff right in fhore that I could but juft weather the % fouthernmoft extreme*." Captain Cooper fays, in a Note written on his chart, that the south-east point of Banca is formed by rocks on which the fea beats and that they feemed perfectly white, as if covered with fait. This fouth-eaft point is remarkable only for fhips which take the east Passage, called Clements' Strait to the eaftward of Middle Ifland. 10. Peninfula of Sel. Several old charts and plans make of this peninfula an ifland under the name of Ile de Sel (Salt Island of the Englifh); but the bearings and remarks of modern navigators have nearly reduced it to a certainty that this portion of land is connected to the main land of the ifland of Ban^ca, by lands fo low that, from a certain diftance, they cannot be perceived : this is particularly the opinion of Captain Cooper who entered the ftraits from the fouthward; he fa\s i: the <f Land forms a confiderable projection, from the " South point of Banca to the Eaftward, Mr. " Gaspar makes this land, an ifland; I think to " the contrary, as low land was feen to join to the g high land." (Page 21 of his Journal). * Memoirs publifhed by Alexander Dalrymple, Appendix to Memoir of Chart of Sunda and Banca, page 18. The Dec. 1791.3 Marchand s voyage. ■-&% The two iflands fituated to the northward of the northern coaft of the peninfula of Sel afford not room for any particular remark : I refer the reader to what I have before faid of their pofition in regard to the main land of Banca (page 503, paragraph ix.) " The largeft, which is the eafternmoft, " is moderately high, and is covered {( with trees." (Wilson, page 25). The gulf or bay which runs far inland between the east point of Banca and the north-east point of the Peninfula of Sel has not yet been examined; but there is reafon to believe that it is full of overfalls and ftrewn with fhoals, if we may judge of it from the foundings which Captain Wilson had, when, wifhingto borrow upon BAn- ca, the weather fhore to anchor, he^hauled in too much to the weftward to the fouth-eaft by fouth of the east point of the ifland; but, fhoaling his water very fuddenly, he was obliged to anchor and relinquifh the project of ftanding into the bay. (Farther back, page 554, note *). On Gaspar's chart (N° 48 of the 2nd edition of D'Apres' Neptuue Oriental), the Peninfula of Sel is reprefented as an ifland feparated from Banca by a channel from 10 to 12 miles wide; its eaftern coaft is furnifhed with a great number of iflots; and, between its weftern coaft and the eaft coaft of Banca is fcattered an archipelago of other fmall iflands; but it appears that thefe iflots and 6 this 574 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791* this archipelago are the produce of Gaspar's imagination ; and it is feen, from his track marked on his chart, that he had it not in his power to examine the Gulf, nor to fee diftinctly a part of the eaft coaft of Banca, which modern navigators affirm cannot be difti-g ifhed from the middle of the channel. Wilson tells us that when " the " east point of Banca bore north 840 weft of *■ him eftimated diftance 5 or 6 miles, there was " no land vifible betwixt the fouth-weft and fouth- <c fouth-weft j weft, and that the coaft trenches cc away into a deep bay," (page 23 of his Journal). It was not till he brought the east point of Banca to bear north 28° weft that " the land at (C the bottom of the bay was feen from the maft- C£ head, but .not from the deck." (Ibid, page 25). The reef off the north-east point of the peninfula of Sel merits particular attention. <c High, white, needle Rocks" fays Wilson (Ibid. page 4) <c bound the coaft of the eaft point and " fouth-eaft Point of Banca, but do not feem to <c extend far off. They are the moft ftriking pe- «c culiarity belonging to this coaft and the iflands *c about it; they fhew themfelves in front as white <c patches upon the land, which forms the back- <c ground*, and appear off the points, high, bold, * It is probable that the colour of thefe rocks, which have the appearance of rocks of fait, occafioned the name of Ile de Sel to be originally given to this projecting part of Banca, which was taken for an ifland. " and Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 575 " and fpirally; but as they are vifible, they are fC not dangerous." This is not the cafe with the reef, which takes its rife at the fame point. It runs off a mile and a half, at leaft, to the eaftward," fays Wilson (Ibid, page 32), <c and makes the Paffage (s betwixt // and the fouth-weft end of Passage <c Ifland not more than 5 miles; wide many of the " rocks are as high out of the water as a pinnace, t{ though they may be more covered at a different " time of tide, as, whether it was high or low " water," continues Wilson, tf when we were " abreaft of them, I know not. The foundings " abreaft of the reef are upon a rocky bottom, Ci which, probably extends all the way acrofs to cc Passage Ifland." We are very much inclined to adopt this opinion of Wilson, when we fee that off the fouth part of Passage Ifland, oppofite to it, lie rocks detached fromjthe ifland, which have the fame form, and the fame appearance as thofe which furround the north-east j point of the peninfula of Sel. (Wilson's Journal, fe32.) We are ignorant how far the reef may extend to the fouthward ; but its extent to the northward is better known: Captain Larkins had it in his power to examine it much clofer than he would have wifhed ^ for his fhip ftruck on the head of the Reef. After i II ill I 576 marchand s VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791. After having, with confiderable difficulty, fuc- ceeded in heaving his fhip off the reef, which we have termed the Warren Hastings's Shoal, he fays cc In the morning at day-light I weighed, <£ and, at firft, fleered a mid-channel courfe; but «c getting a eaft of 10 fathoms, I then determined <c to keep at the diftance of about five miles from ,c the weathermoft fhore*, or Salt Ifland (the Pe- *c ninfula), and fleered accordingly, with very re- ** gular Soundings, of 15 from 16 fathoms, for 3 w leagues, the Deep-Sea-Lead conftantly going> <c in one Chain, and a Hand-Lead in the other. <c We had a very fine breeze at N. N. E. was <e going 5 Knots, and was from 15 fathoms alarmed " by the Ship taking the ground, although it ftopt <c her way very little. The Man in the Starboard <c Chains had four fathoms, and the Man in the <c Larboard Chains (next to the peninfula) eleven <c fathoms. I immediately brought up with a * Captain Larkins tells us, a few lines farther on, that th^ wjnd was at north-north-eaft ; therefore the nveathermofi fhore, with refpect to the fhip, would be rather that of Middle Ifland than that of the peninfula; no doubt, by the expreffion of <wea- thermofi fhore, he means that part of the peninfula which, with the wind from the north-eaft quarter, is to windward of the reft of this fame land, that is to fay, its north-ea.fi point. But we do not yet well underftand how Larkins, who by his own account, intended to keep in the middle of the channel, which » fcarcely fix miles wide would keep at the diftance of five miles from one of its fides; all that can be concluded from his account, is that he had got too much to the weftward. " Bower- *^f /J Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. ,577 fjj Bower-Anchor in o\ fathoms. I fent the Cut- " ter to found in fhore of us, and had 7 and 10 <c fathoms : but obferving a Rock, not before feen, " bearing S. by E.; called the Boat back, and de- ,f termined to eaft to the Eaftward, and keep more " mid-channel, by which we fortunately got out <c fafe." (See Larkins's Journal, pages 3 and 4). II. South Coaft of the Ifland of Banca. Captain Cooper has laid down on his Chart, parallel to the fouth-eaft coaft of the Ifland of Banca, and at 3 or 4 miles' diftance, a line of foundings, varying from 8 to 12 fathoms: he has _ drawn it from the account of a Portuguefe Pilot, Sr. Barbe *, who likewife indicated to him two long fhoals parallel to this line, and about 3 miles more to the offing. The Portuguefe told him that fometimes the fea breaks on thefe fhoals. (Note written on Cooper's Chart.) It will not be ufelefs to indicate here the different lands which prefent themfelves to the view, when a fhip gets out of Gaspar's Strait in coming from the northward : this indication may likewife ferve for fhips that are bound through the Straits from the fouthward. At the moment when Captain "VYilson fet the moft eaftern of the two iflands fituated to the * Thus written in the original: Sr. is, no doubt, the abbre-' viation of Senhor, Monfieur in French, Mr. in Englifh. vol. 11, p p north- K 578 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791 northward of the Peninfula of Sel in one with the North-eaft Point of this Peninfula, north-weft by weft, and that the fmall ifland fituated to the weftward of Passage Ifland, barely vifible, bore north half weft, he alfo fet: A very fmall low ifland covered with trees.... N.E. by N. Another N.E. \ N. Another at a diftance .... N.E. f E. Another larger; and one, beyond it, in one with it N.E. by E. An ifland alfo in fight, from the deck, looking like fingle trees *, bearing S.E. f E. - The Extremes of Passage Ifland, almoft hidden in a mift from N. to N. by E. § E. At the fame time, he fet on the weft fide, the South-weft Point of B.anca in fight, fo diftant as to be disjoined W. \ S. The fouth end of Banca, which extends from the fouth-eaft Point of the Peninfula to the laft- mentioned fouth-weft Point of Banca, in fight, * Thefe fmall iflands compofe the two groups fituated to the fouth-eaft of Paffage Ifland,-and form with this ifland the Paffages of Clements1 Strait. forms 1 Wj^J* ■* Dec. 1791-] marchand's voya $fm forms a Bay which muft be rather deep; for, from the deck, the land did not appear to join; and it was only from the maft-head that the head of the bay could be perceived. This part of the Ifland of Banca prefents a fomewhat wide opening, in the midft of which rifes a very remarkable hummock that bore weft by north J north from the fhip: Wilson had fet it previoufly, before he had paffed the Strait fouth 500 weft in one with the moft eaftern of the two iflands which are fituated to the northward of the Peninfula. This hummock ferves, with the Iles de la Reconnoissance (Shoal-water Ifland) which bear nearly eaft-fouth-eaft from it, to diftinguifh the two Straits, when bound through either from the fouthward *. From the pofition where Wilson was, there was alfo in fight from the maft-head, an ifland about half a point of the compafs to the fouthward of what he fet for the fouth-wefl Point of Banca, which bore weft half fouth. Two hours and a half after having taken the Bearings which I have juft mentioned, and at the * On calling an eye on the View of thejbuth part of .the Straits, taken by Dordelin (Plate VII), it is feen that it is eafy for a fhip coming from the fouthward to diftinguifh Gafpar's Strait which is the firft opening that prefents itfelf to the nuefi- ivard, and through which is perceived in the diftance the open £a to the northward of the Straits. p p 2 moment if 10$*m lot ,580 marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. moment when the fouth weft Point of Banca bore weft-north-weft half north, and Passage Ifland, appearing in lumps, like feveral fmall iflands, north by eaft, Wilson fet a fmall ifland juft vifible, north-eaft half north, and another eaft half fouth. He adds that the officer from the maft-head reported that he faw high land bearing about eaft, wnich muft be Billiton. In thispofition, the foundings were 13 fathoms. (See Wilson's Journal, pages 31 and 32"). 12. Irregularity of the foundings to the fouthward of the Straits. Captain Larkins, from his experience, points out to navigators the track which they have to follow when, coming from the northward, they have pafled through Gaspar's Strait.- <f I cc would advife fhips that are bound through the t( Straits," fays he, cc not to fteer too foutherly a courfe, as it is to that I impute the very irre- c gular Soundings we had, which fo alarmed us that we came to an anchor; and from the cut- r< ter's Soundings in fhore (near Banca) it may :c be concluded that c-J or 4 leagues' diftance. f from the fouth coaft of Sal (the Peninfula'of Sel, he does not fay in what bearing), there is very good foundings. I would therefore a,dvife any- fhip after having an offing of 4 f leagues from the Straits' mouth, (no doubt to " the ■ate Dec. 1791.] marchand's voyage. 581 " the fouthward of the mid-channel where he had <c determined to keep, (farther back, page 576), If not to fteer to the fouthward of South-weft*, f< until fhe meets with a muddy bottom." ( ,ee Lar- kins's Journal, page 4). It has been feen in the ?iarrative of Captain Marchand's Voyage (page 14.3 of this Vol.) that, on the 23rd of December, the Solide after having cleared the Strait, and being to the fouth- fouth-caft and fouth by eaft of the fouth Point of the Peninfula of ^el, fhoaled her water fuddenly from 17 fathoms to 9, bottom of fand and gravel, and that from half paft 10 in the morning to half paft 11, the foundings varied only from 8 to 9 fathoms; and from 10 fathoms to 1 [ till noon : at this laft period, fhe had, by obfervation, reached the latitude of 3* 30', and no longer perceived any other lands than the fouth coaft of Banca extending from north-weft by weft to north-north- weft half north. * Thefe are the words of the Original.—I own that I do not underftand what Captain Larkins means, when he advifes a fhip not to fteer to the fouthward of South-weft, which fignifies, in other terms, that taking the Seuth-weft as a fixed point, you muft fteer, with refpecl to ir, rather towards the Weft than the \South: for, on looking at the chart of the Straits, it fhould feem, on the contrary, that one ought to fteer more to the fouth~ ivard than fouth-weftt fince a courfe to the weft-ward of fouth- nueft would bring a fhip too near the fhoal the vicinity of which, it appears, ought to be carefully avoided. (See farther on what WUfon fays on this fubjeft.) p p 3 Captain* 5»2 M^CHAND 5 [Dec. 1791. Captain Wilson, after having given the bearings from his ftation e *, which place it on his chart fouth 140 eaft, and at about the diftance of 16 miles from the south-east Point of the Peninfula of Sel, adds: <c South-fouth-weft half weft " 3 miles from this ftation, fhoaled our water cc fuddenly to 7 fathoms, hard bottom, hawled <f the point off fouth-eaft by fouth, for about 10 " minutes, and then deepened to 11 fathoms, <c muddy bottom ; fleered afterwards fouth. By ec thefe irregularities in the foundings, the Jboalmfs <c of the water, and the hard bottom, I take it," *f adds he, {C that We muft have been upon the <c edge of the fhoal, which ftretches fo far to the cc fouthward of Banca." (Page 3 of his Journal.) Mr. Dalrymple obferves in a note, thatfC the <{ Extent and Nature of this Shofil is not well afcer- " tained, nor is it certain that it unites to Banka." 13. Cf Clements' Strait, or the East Passage in coming from the Southward, or in coming from the Northward. The track of Captain Cooper, in coming from the fouthward, is that which pafles the neareft to * The fouth-weft Point of Banca N. 6z° W.—The land between the North-eaft Point and fouth-eaft Point of the Peninfula N. ii° W.—And Paffage Ifland, appearing in lumps like feveral fmall iflands, N. n°E. (Wllfon's journal, page 3.) Middle ^ ^r 791-1 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. <5«3 Middle Ifland, at the diftance of 2 miles only from its fouth-eaft Point, and leaving on the ftarboard hand, on entering, all the fmall iflands which are feen at the fouthern mouth of Clements' Strait or the East Passage. Cooper fays that the channel, by which he entered, is very good; that he had conftantly from 19 to 13 fathoms, and that he paffed within ij mile of the fmall ifland, which he names Sandy- Beach Ifland, but which Clements or Robertson, Amply calls Sandy Ifland. He adds that to the fouthward of this ifland, he faw the water of a green colour, and that the Portuguefe Pilot, Sr. St. Barbe, in company with whom he was failing, told him that the fea was frequently feen to break in this part. (Page 22 of CooPER'sJournal.) I obferve that it may be true, as the Portuguefe Pilot faid that, fome where to the northward of Sandy-Beach Ifland, the fea breaks fometimes; but that, however, the track of the Royal Admiral which is marked on Robertson's Charts and large Plan, does not pafs at the diftance of more than 1 mile to the northward of Sandy-Beach, with a depth of water of 19 —20—19 and 22 fathoms; and that this fhip anchored in 19 fathoms, to the north-weft of this ifland, and 1 mile only from the fand-bank which furrounds it. But in Robertson's fame charts is laid down to the northward of the ifland, at 2 miles diftance PP4 from I 11 , 5&4 MARCHAND s VOYAGE. [Dec. 1791. from the northern part of its fhoal, a ftrino* of Breakers which occupy a fpace of upwards of i\ miles on a north and fouth line: and this Reef is placed between the track of the Atlas, Captain Cooper, and that of the Royal Admiral, Captain , at about the diftance of half a mile from each other in their greateft proximity. It appears therefore that, in fact, there exifts a Reef to the northward of Sandy-Beach Ifland, as the Portuguefe Pilot told Captain Cooper, but that this Reef leaves between it and the ifland, a good paffage, over 19—2c—22 and 23 fathoms, through which the Royal Admiral- paffed. Cooper thus defcribes the paffage by which he entered; in going from the fouthward to the northward, " you pafs within \\ mile of a fmall tc fandy beach Ifland, on the ftarboard hand, with a cc clufter of iflands well wooded ; on the other " hand, you have Middle Ifland*, which is of confiderable extent." (Page 22 of his Journal). * On Cooper's Chart, is written Middle Ifland ox Salt Ifland; it is improper in him to confound thefe two denominations, and fuppofe that Middle Ifland and the Peninfula of Sel are a fame land, a fame ifland. The former, which the Englifh commonly^ call Paffage Ijland and fometimes Long Ifland, is the largir ifland which divides into two arms the whole Strait between Banca and Billiton, and the ifland, or rather the Peninfula of Sel, is as has been feen, that projecting part of Banca, which, with Middle Ijland forms the Weft Paffage, oi-Gafpar's Strait. It Dec. 1791-] marchand's voyage. 385 It appears that the Strait Between Banca and Billiton was knov\n to Captain Cooper only by the copy which Mr. Dalrymple had caufed to be engraved on the defective .chart of Gaspar, 'publifhed by D'Aprxs in his Neptune Oriental', for he tells us in his journal (page 22) before he had reached the Paffage through which he paffed that || there feems to be a good Paffage between Middle cc Ifland and Banca (this is Gaspar's Strait). cc It feems to me,'*' adds he, " to deferve the pre- " ference ; it being wide, I fhould have purfued " this track, but my friend, the Portuguefe (Sr. " St. Barbe) faid it was not good." It may have been conceived from the defcription which has been given of the West Passage, and it may be feen, by the inflection of the Chart, that the Portuguefe, although a Pilot for thefe feas, was ill informed; but doubtlefs that, like many others, his lazinefs, and his indifference found it more convenient to take the paffage ' which he had always ufed, than to afcertain whether that with which he was not acquainted was not lefs difficult and better : Captain Cooper who paffed the Strait for the firft time, faw and judged better than the Portuguefe Pilot; inftead of following the Senhor St. Barbe he ought to have guided him. On Robertson's Charts and Plan, I remark to the north by eaft J eaft of Saddle Ifland (which 6 ^tfrntrw^"' .5«6 marchand s vovaoe. [Dee. 1791. is Cooper's Flat Ifland), and on the parallel of Robertson's Barn Ifland (Cooper's Button Ifland) a dangerous Rock which is not at the diftance of a mile to the weftward of Clements's track. We find on this fubject, what follows in the Sailing Directions which are engraved on the Plan of Clements'' Strait which Mr. Dalrymple had inferted, in 1786, in his Cdlettion, two years before the publication of the fame Plan by Robertson : " The paffage through the fmall Iflands is be- f< tween Thwart-the-way and South Ifland to " the eaftward, and Saddle Ifland to the weft- " ward, about mid-channel, or rather nearer to Ci Thwart-the-way fide, on account of a rock " with one foot and a half water on it: the " rock is mot bigger than a long-boat, and has 5 Ci or 10 fathoms all round it, with no appearance £c of danger. Bearings, Thwart-the-way eaft " by north- 3^ or 4 miles ; Saddle Ifland " (Cooper's Flat Ifland) fouth by weft f weft IC $k or 4 miles > Barn Ifland (Cooper's But- % ton Ifland) weft by fouth ; fouth point of Mid - <f dle Ifland weft-north-weft. In going through <f this Strait, it is neceifary to have a boat always " ahead founding." Captain Clements, in coming from the northward, in order to pafs between the Iflands of Billitok and Banca by the Paffage or Strait which Dec. 1791-] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 5*7 which has received his name, made the land on the north-weft point of Bixliton, and found himfelf entangled, with the fleet which he commanded, in a Bay fituated to the fouth-weft of this point, which he named, with reafon, Treacherous Bay. cc In coming through thefe Straits from the northward, you muft take care, and not get far c into Treacherous Bay, as it is all over foul, f fome of the banks juft appearing at low water : others if and 2 fathoms underwater; they are fmall with good foundings between them, as c 10, 9, and 8 fathoms fand, and without the leaft f appearance of ripplings, or danger owifag to c the fmoothnefs of the water, which led us to f believe it to be a fafe bay, till the Earl Mans- c field ftruck upon the rock to the fouthward c of the Vansittart's anchorage in the bay, c diftance about 2 cables' length. The Pigot, c in failing out, half a cable's length to the north- s ward of the Vansittart at anchor, ftruck and I with fome difficulty, got off, it being ebb ride f at the time fhe got on. At the ikme time faw c the reef to the north-ward of the Pigot's I rock, in many places dry, to which he muft f have pafled verv clofe in coming in." 4.. The £S§ MARCHAND*S VOYAGE., [Dec. 1791. Wil 14. The Strait Between Banca and Billiton, to be preferred to the Strait of Banca. The opinion of Captain Wilson muft here be of great weight. This navigator had been fpe- cially charged by InftruEiions from the Court of Directors of the Eaft-India Company, to examine carefully the Strait to the East of Banca, in order to fix a yet doubtful opinion, and to ascertain whether this Strait ought to merit a preference to that of Banca', as well for fhips bound to China, as for thofe returning thence. Captain Wilson, in a letter which he writes to Mr. Dal- rymple, on addreffing to him his chart of Gaspar's Strait and his remarks on this paffage, obferves that, <c the knowledge of this track at " the back of Banca is now become doubly de- " Arable, fince the Flonourable Company have " come to the refolution of employing fuch large " fhips in their CHiNA*Trade. The danger of the fC paffage by Lucepara (Strait of Banca) is <c obvious from the many fhips which have <c grounded near it, particularly this laft feafon." (See page iv of his Journal). This letter is dated in November 1787. " For myfelf," fays Wilson, Cf I prefer' this cf paffage coming from China, to the one through " the Straits of Banca. This ftrait is very fhort (i compared grgfttgf Dec. 1791.] marchand's VOYAGE. 589 u compared with that, and it is even poflible for fc a fhip to pafs it without anchoring at all; but fc at moft fhe can have no occafion to anchor <c more than one night, if fhe has wind and clear " weather." (Page 34 of his Journal.) " The eligibility of this paffage, for fhips out- <e ward bound, is another consideration, and here f I muft confefs," fays Wilson, " I cannot give <{ it the fame preference. Befides, that I believe tc fliips would hardly ever be able to fetch it from " the Brothers * (thefe are Les Deux Sceurs en " the French Charts) ; till the extent of the dan- <c gers of the South end of Banca are better <f known, the approach to it muft be very dan- tc gerous, and we feem to be equally ignorant of tf what dangers may lie off the numerous iflands Cf lying to the fouth-eaft of Passage Ifland, which I make the Eaft fide of the Strait. Were the h entrance once explored and found fafe, the I Paffage would deferve every preference." It appears that Captain Wilson at the time when he wrote, had no knowledge of the tracks of the fhip Triton, commanded by Dordelin, having under his orders the Provence and the * Mr. Dalrymple obferves in a note, that " The fhips outward bound, that have gone this way, did not find any difficulty; k but certainly fhips, intending to go this paffage ought to pafs to the eaftward of the Brothers." (Page 36 of Wllfon's Journal,) t m III Sagit- 1 59° marchand s voyage. [Dec. 79u Sagittaire, of the Royal Admiral, Captain , of the Atlas, Captain Cooper, and of all the Portuguefe fhips of whofe names we are ignorant, all which, and in different feafons, have entered the Straits from the fouthward, and experienced no difficulty, nor run any danger in the paffage. We muft even obferve that they were not aflifted by the information of their pre- deceffors, and that, at this day, when the inftruc- tive journals, and plans drawn by intelligent and enlightened navigators have made known minutely the different Paffages which are open between Banca and Billiton, a fhip may enter them with fafety from the fouthward as well as from the northward. The uncertainty which ftill prevails refpecting the real extent of the fhoals fituated to the fouthward of the Peninfula of Sel, and of thofe which may exift to the fouth and to the fouth-weft of Shoal-water Ifland, requires that navigators fhould be cautious in making the land when they come from the fouthward; as the Breakers fituated to the northward of Banca, to the north by weft and we-ft-north^weft of Gaspar Ifland require that they fhould navigate with prudence, and keep a good look-out, when they are bound through the Straits from the northward. But has not the Strait of Banca alfo its dangers and its fhoals, to which muft be added the difficulties and the length of its navigation ? At leaft thefe Dec. 1791O marchand s voyage:. 59* thefe two laft mentioned inconveniencies are not annexed to the firft, in the Strait Between Banca and Billiton, whether the navigator take the East Passage (Clements' Strait) or prefer the West Passage (Gaspar's Strait) which, in general, appears to merit the preference to the other, as well by fhips coming from the fouthward, as by thofe coming from the northward. 1 1 If EIGHTH RUN. From the Ifle cf REUNION to the Ifland of ST. HELENA. 1. From the Ifle cf Re union to witkin fight of the Coaft of Africa. 2. From within fight of the Coaft of Africa to within fight of the If and of St. FIelena. NOTE LXIII. On the 2ift of April, at half paft feven in the evening, the Solide took her departure from within fight of Port St. Denis in the Ifle of Reunion, in longitude 53° 8' oo/7 eaft from the Meridian of Paris (Port St. Denis is in $3° io'oo* Connaiffance des Temps, Year VIII.) 4 On II m ,59a marchand's voyage. [Dec. 1791. On the 28th, the refult of four fets of diftances of the fun and moon, obferved in the morning, and reduced to noon of this day, gave for the longitude of the fhip, at that inftant, 420 44'eaft; and, on comparing it to that of the point of departure on the. 21 ft in the evening, which was 53° &'* we fee that her longitude had j diminifhed, or, which amounts to the fame thing, that her progrefs towards the weft had been io° 24'. According to the dead reckoning, this progrefs was only 8° 17': thus the fhip had been carried to the weftward, or ahead of her apparent run, 2°7/, or 115.5 miles. In the firft five days of this period, the currents had carried the fhip to the fouthward: 1—6— and 2 minutes, from the 21ft to the 24th, 34 minutes from the 24th to the 25th, and in the laft two days, 9-and 12 minutes to the northward. A compenfation having taken place of the quantities which do away each other, the movement had been 23 minutes, or 23 miles to the fouthward. On combining the 23 miles fouthing with the 115.5 miles wefting, we find that the mean direction of the current had been weft 110 15' fouth, and its effect on the way of the fhfp which it carried in that direction, 117.2 miles in 6 days •§ 16 hours, or, mean term, 17.57 niiles in twenty-four hours. NOTE May 1792,] marchand s voyage* 593 NOTE LXIV. On the 29th of April, frefh lunar obfervations, the refult of which was reduced to noon, fhewed that the longitude of the fhip ought to be 390 n1- eaft, and on comparing it to that of the 28th, it was concluded that the progrefs towards the weft, in twenty-four hours, had been3° 22'. The reckoning gave only i° 58'thus the fhip had made an imperceptible progrefs towards the weft, beyond that of the dead reckoning of 24 minutes, or 21.25 miles; at J$B fame time that, according to the obfervation of latitude, fhe had been carried 7 minutes or 7 miles to the northward. The direction of the current had therefore been weft 180 30' north, and its effect on the fhip's way 22.25 miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE LXV. On the 9th of May, a bearing of the land taken at noon, in fight of the eaftern coaft of Africa, at a little diftance from the meridian of the Cape of Good Hope, whofe longitude is, determined by good obfervations, fhewed that the longitude of the fhip, at that period, was 250 57' eaft ; and on comparing it to that which had been given by the obfervations made at fea and reduced to noon of the 29th of April, that is, to 390 11', we find vol. 11= 0^0^ thatj f mm m II 594 MA&CHANDS VOYAGE. [May 179*. 11 that, in the interval of IO days, the longitude diminifhed, or that the progrefs towards the weft was 130 25'. If we compare with each other the longitudes deduced from the dead reckoning for the fame periods of the 29th of April, and the 9th of May, 4*° S3' *n<3 29° 2§', we find that the apparent progrefs towards the weft was only 120 25'; that is, that it was fmaller than the progrefs deduced &0m the obfervations of the 29th and of the bearing of the 9th by 1 degree, or 51J miles. In the beginning of this period of ten days, the currents had fet to the Northward-, 13 minutes^ from the 29th to the 30th of April p—3 minutes,; from the 30th of April to the ift of May;—and 11 minutes from the ift to the 2nd; but, on the following days, they had fet to the Southward with great velocity, and partteiakrty from the 2nd to the 3rd, 33 minutes; from the 4th to the 5th, iG minutes; from the 7th to the 9th 40 minutes. The fum of the errors towards the South Was 100 minutes, and if we deduct the 27 minutes Northing, there will remain for the effect of the'l current towards the South, i° 13', or 73 miles. On combining the 73 miles foutfotflg with the 51-I miles welting, we find that the ditectioft of the current was fouth 3 50 15 weft, and the wbe4* of its effect on the fhip's way had been 89.3 miles, May 1792.] marchand's voyage. S9S miles, and its mean effect, near 9 miles in twenty- four hours. This rapid motion of the waters towards the fouth, declining towards the weft, cannot be mat~ ter of aftonifhment, if we take notice that, during this period, the fhip was croffing the great current which iffues from the Mozambique Strait, whofe general direction is nearly north-north-eaft and fouth-fouth-eaft. The longitude given by the dead reckoning, followed up from the departure taken from the Ifle of Reunion, on the 21ft of April, to the bearing of the coaft of Africa, on the 9th of Ma^ was, at this latter period, 29° 28'and if we compare it to the true longitude deduced from the bearing, 250 57', we fee that, in the interval of 18 days, the error of the reckoning was 3*31', or 181.5 miles aftern, owing to the effect of the currents which daily carried the fhip to the weftward beyond her apparent progrefs towards that coaft. NOTE LXVL According to the obfervations for the longitude jnade on the 12th of May in the morning and reduced to noon of that day, the progrefs towards the weft, fince the bearing taken of the tend, on the 9th in fight of the coaft of Africa, was 40 $ -, and according to the reckoning, i° f, 0^0, 2 thence Nt'ii $96 marchand's VOYAGE. [May 1792. thence it was concluded that, in the interval of 3 days, the fhip had been carried to the weftward, beyond the apparent run towards that fide, 20 59', or 147.4 miles. During the fame time, the fhip according to the obfervations of latitude, had been carried i° 43', or 103 miles to the fouthward. On combining the 147.4 miles wefting with the 103 miles fouthing, we find that the direction of the current, during thefe three days, was weft 350 fouth, and its total effect on the fhip's way in that direction, 180 miles, or 60 miles in twenty- four hours: this is at the rate of 2§ miles an hour. NOTE LXVIL Freih obfervations made on the morning of the 13th and reduced to the moment of noon, indicated that, from the noon of the preceding day, the progrefs towards the weft had been o° 48': and as it was o° 45' according to the dead reckoning, we may conclude that the current, whofe tendency had before been towards the weft and towards the fouth, had been nearly null during the laft twenty-four hours, in the former direction, fince the difference is only 3 minutes or 2.45 miles. At the fame time, it had ceafed to fet to the fouthward, and had even fet, from the one noon to urn* ...» n,. May 1-792.3 marchand's voyage. 597 to the other, 17 minutes, or 17 miles to the northward *; and this fetting of the current, in an oppofite direction to the former, may be attributed to a heavy fwell from the fouth-weft, which muft have fet to the northward^ and, perhaps, had fet to the north-eaft; but the part of the movement which belonged to the eafting might have efcaped obfervation. It ought to be remarked that the fhip having now advanced fufficiently to the eaftward to be flickered from the action of the Mozambique current, fhe muft have ceafed to feel its effect on the direction of her courfe and on the velocity of her progrefs. NOTE LXVHI. By the obfervations of the 15 th of May, in the morning, reduced to noon, the progrefs towards the weft, from the 13th to the 15th, had been 10' f, and according to the dead reckoning, i° 22': it would therefore appear that, in the interval of thefe two days, the fhip had been carried 18 minutes, or 14.7 miles to the eaftward. In the fame interval, fhe appears to have been carried 3 minutes, or 3 miles, to the northward. * If we wifhed to combine thefe 2.45 miles, wefting, with, the 17 miles northing, we fhould find that the fhip had been carried 17,2 miles to the north 8° 30' weft: but this would be to fuppofe that the obfervations may be fufficiently exact for leading to the difcorery of very fmall errors in longitud*. q^q^ 3 Thefe 598 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [May 179a. Thefe differences are, perhaps, f© fmall as not to deferve attention 5 for the obfervations of lon- gitude, on the one hand, and, on the other, thofe of latitude, are not fufceptible of a degree of precifion fufficiently great to enable us to attribute decifively the differences to the error of the reckoning : and it cannot be doubted that, in thefe feas, the currents fet to the eaftward. If, however, we are willing to admit the refults of the obfervations as fixed terms of comparifon, and combine the 14.7 miles eafting with the 3 miles northing -, we fhall find that, in the two days, the fhip was carried out of her apparent courfe, . 15.2 miles, or 7.6 miles a day, to the eaft 120 20 north. m NOTE LXIX. From the 15th to the 16th, at noon, the progrefs towards the weft was, according to the lunar obfervations made on the two days, 2° io'» and according to the dead reckoning, 2° 12': it is therefore greater by dead account than by obfervation, by 2 minutes or 1.6 miles. Thus, the obfervations of this day confirmed thofe of the preceding, and indicated a fmall effect of the current whofe tendency would be towards die eaft, in a contrary direction to the general tendency of the currents in thefe latitudes. The May 1792.] MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 599 The obfervations of latitude proved that, in the twenty-four hours, the fhip had been carried to the fouthward 9 minutes, or q miles, beyond the apparent progrefs towards that fide. On combining the two differences, 1.6 miles towards the weft, and 9 miles towards the fouth, we have, for the action of the current, 9.2 miles to the fouth io° eaft. NOTE LXX. The refult of the lunar obfervations of the afternoon of the 25th of May, reduced to noon of that day, and compared to that of the obfervations of the 16th likewife reduced to its noon, give 13° 5' progrefs towards the weft; and according to the dead reckoning, the progrefs was only u° 59': thus, in the interval of nine days, the fhip had been carried to the weftward i° 6', or 56.5 miles beyond her apparent progrefs. The obfervations of latitude fhewed that, at the fame time, the fhip had been carried almoft conftantly to the northward beyond her reckoning; fhe had been accidentally carried to the fouthward, 1 minute, from the 17th to the 18th, and 9 minutes from the 22nd to the 23rd: after having deducted the 10 minutes fouthing, from 50 minutes, the fum of the errors of northing, > there will remain 40 minutes, or 40 miles, for Qja 4 the 6oo MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [May 1791. the quantity which the fhip was carried to the northward by the currents. On combining thefe 40 miles northing with the 56.5 miles wefting, it will be found that the currents fet to the weft 350 25' north that their effect on the fhip's way was 69.3 miles in the courfe of the period; and their mean effect, 7.7 miles in twenty-four hours. NOTE LXXI. From the 25th to the 28th of May, at noon, the progrefs towards the weft had been, according to the lunar obfervations, 30 44' -, and according to the reckoning, 2°35/: the difference of thefe two quantities, i° f or 62.5 miles, expreffes the quantity which the fhip had, in three days, been carried to the weftward, beyond her apparent progrefs. In this fame interval, the fame caufe had, according to the obfervations of latitude, carried her 35 minutes or 35 miles to the northward. The 62.5 miles wefting, combined with the 35 miles northing, give for the direction of the current, weft 290 20' north; for its effect on the fhip's way, in three days, 71.5 miles; and for its mean effect in twenty-four hours, 23.8 miles. NOTE LXXII. From the 28 th to the 29th of May, at noon, 31 progrefs June 1792.] MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 601 progrefs towards the weft, according to the lunar obfervations, i° 13', and according to the dead reckoning i° f: the fhip had therefore been carried to the weftward 8 minutes, or 7.27 miles. The latitude by account, on the 29th, agrees with the latitude by obfervation. We may therefore confider the action of the currents as null during thefe twenty-four hours 1 for the difference of 8 minutes, between the account and the obfervation, in the progrefs towards the weft, may be attributed to the one as well as to the other. NOTE LXXIII. The obfervations for the longitude made on the 30th, gave for the progrefs towards the weft in the laft twenty-four hours, i° 28', and the dead reckoning gave i° 29'. This trifling difference of 1 minute or 0.94 miles, in excefs on the fide of the reckoning, is not worth attention; but if we chofe to combine it with the 6 minutes or 6 miles, which the fhip had been carried to the northward in the fame interval, we fhould find that the current fet to the north 8° 30' eaft, and that its effect on the fhip's way was, in this direction, 6.1 miles. NOTE LXXIV. The obfervations of latitude fhewed that, on the •30th 6e& MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [Ju 1792. 30th Of May, the currents had continued to fet to the northward: from the 30th to the 31ft, 13 minutes;—from the 3 ift of May to the 1 ft of June, 6 minutes;—from the 1 ft to the 2nd, 11 minutes 5 j—from the 2nd to the 3rd, 3 minutes:—in all 33 minutes or 33 miles in the interval of four days. On the 3rd of June, half an hour before noon, our navigators got fight of the Ifland of St. He- xena ; and its eaftern extreme bore weft by foutfc,. at about the diftance of 12 leagues; thus the ffefjfr* was 6 or 7 minutes to the northward of the point whence the bearing was taken. But this Point is fituated nearly in the Parallel of James Town, the principal place in the ifland, whofe latitude the obfervations of the aftronomer royal Nevil Masjoline have fixed at 150 55': the latitude of the ihip muft therefore be 150 49* or 48', and it was obferved in 150 49'. On the 4th, at nine o'clock in the morning, Su * gar-Loaf Point bore weft-fouth-weft; and the eaftern extreme in fight, directly fouth. From the point whence this bearing was taken till the moment when the Solide dropped anchor in the road of James Town, me (hip had advanced 4 or 5 miles, or about 5 minutes to the weftward: we may therefore reckon that the point on whofe meridian fhe was, is fituated 5 minutes to the eaftwaxd of Jamu* Town s and as the longitude of _j June 1792.] marchand's voyage 603 of this town, fixed by the obfervations of Mas- keline, is 8° <f 00" weft from Paris, the longitude of the point fet which was alfo that of the fhip, is 8° 4'. \ Since the 30th of May there had been no opportunity of making lunar obfervations % but as two fets of obfervations, on two fucceflive days, proved that, from the 28 th to the 30th, the currents had in a very fmall degree affected the apparent progrefs of the fhip to the weftward, we may with fome confidence employ the dead reckoning, from the 30th of May, the laft day of obfervation, to 9 o'clock in the morning, on the 4th of June, the period at which the calculation was flopped. The progrefs of the fhip towards the weft, in this interval, is, according to the reckoning, 6° 21' (See the Journal of the Route, on the 30th of May and 4th of June): if we add thefe to the longitude deduced from the lunar obfervations, for the noon of the 30th of May^ which was i° 43' weft, we fhall have for the longitude of the fhip, on the 4th of June, at 9 o'clock in the morning, 8° 4'; and this is exactly the fame as that which was given by the bearing: which proves that the refult of the obfervations of the 30th from which our navigators had begun to regulate the courfe in Handing to make St. Helena, was as correct as can be defired for the fafety of navigation. f 604 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. [June 1792. Il I li This is not the cafe with the longitude which they would have fuppofed, if, for directing their route, they had had only the refult of the dead reckoning from the point of departure taken in light of the coaft of Africa, on the 9th of Mav, in 250 57' eaft longitude: for, according to this calculation, the longitude of the fhip, on the 4th of June, at 9 o'clock in the morning, ought to_be 30 weft: and as it has been feen that the true Ion - gitude, at this period, was 8° 4', it follows that the longitude by account was aftern, after twenty- five days only, 5° 4' or 97- leagues on the parallel of St. Helena. If we add to this e'rror that of 30 3i', which the dead reckoning was already aftern when it was corrected on the 9th of May, in fight of the coaft of Africa, we fhall have for the total error of the Run, till the period of the laft obfervations, on the 30th of June 8° 35V or upwards of 167 leagues in thirty-nine days. On recapitulating all the errors of the reckoning in the courfe of the Run, from the Ifle of Reunion to the ifland of St. Helena, we fhall have the following Table, the refult of which} agrees with the account that I have juft prefented. 1. From sJ June 1792.] marchand's voyage. 605 Errors towards the Weft or Ahead*. 1. From the Ifle of Reunion to within fight of the Coaft of Africa. Errors towards the Eaft or Aftern. \ Days. ° ' From the 21ft to the 28th in 7.. .2 7 From the 28th to the 29th in 1.. .0 24 From the 29th") May > in 10.. .1 o to the 9th J in 18 days 331^ 2. From within fight of the Coaft of Africa to the 30th of May, the period of the laft obfervations made before making the land on St. Helena. Days. ° '| B j From the 9th to the 12th in 3 .. From the 12th to the 13th in 1. From the 13th to the 15th in 2 .. From the 15th to the 16th in 1 , pFrom the 16th to the 25th in 9 .. From the 25th to the 28th in 3 . jfFrbm the 28th to the 29th in 1 . .From the 29th to the 30th in 1 .. Aftern Remainder, in 39 days, Error Aftern .. .. 2 S9 .. 0 3 .. 0 18 ..1 6 . . O 2 .. 1 9 ..0 8 . . O I 8 36LW0 21 35' * The errors Ahead appear extraordinary in the feas where the Solide was failing: they may poffibly belong to the obfervations which, for want of precifion, cannot reach the little difference* The 1 ill 606 marchand's voyage. [June 1792, The firft part of this Run, from the Ifle of Rionion, to within fight of the Coaft of Africa, exhibits to us the great effects of the movement of the waters, which produce derangements fo confiderable on the courfe of the fhip, as long as fhe remains expofed to the action of the current of the Mozambique Strait: it may be feen in the Narrative (page 169 of this volume) that thefe derangements are fometimes ftill more confiderable than that which the Solide experienced, and which was increafed in the beginning of the fecond Part of the Run, from the 9th to the 12 th of May. In this fecond part (from within fight of the Coaft of Africa to the Ifland of St. Helena) the currents fet almoft conftantly to the ueft- ward, with unequal degrees of velocity, and declining fometimes towards the north, fometimes towards the fouth. But it appears that, from the 28th of June, when the fhip had reached the South Tropic, the waters ceafed to carry the fhip to the weftward, or that at leaft their effect was fo imperceptible, that it efcaped obfervation: and this muft appear extraordinary; for it is reckoned that between the tropics, the waters have a general movement from eaft to weft; and it is fuppofed that this movement increafes the apparent progrefs of the fhip towards the weft, 8 or 9 miles in twenty-four hours: it is, on the contrary, to the 1 fouthward June 1792.] marchand s voyage. 607 fouthward of the tropic that the fhip was carried to the weftward, and we are nearly convinced that fhe experienced no*fuch tendency between the tropics; for, on applying to the longitude obferved at fea on the 30th of May, the progrefs towards the weft as it was given by the dead reckoning during the interval of five days, we find, on the 4th of June, off James Town in the Ifland of St. Helena, exactly the fame longitude as that which had been determined by the aftronomical obfervations of Maskeline. If the fhip were carried to the weftward, for this effect to have occafioned no en#r in her longitude on making the land, the error on the refult of the obfervations made at fea, on the 30th muft have been counterbalanced by an error precifely equal, and in a contrary direction, in the reckoning from the 30th of May to the 4th of June; which would not be abfolutely impoflible, but which, however, is improbable. The movement of the waters which deranged the fhip in the direction of the latitude was almoft conftant during the Run, but unequal in velocity, and fometimes towards the north, fometimes towards the fouth: it may be faid, however, that once out of the reach of the current of the Mozambique Strait, which, from the 9th to the 12th of May, had fet- her to 103 miles to the fouthward, the fhip was carried almoft conftantly to the northward till fhe reached the parallel of St. -' "■'! 1 I I il marchand's voyage. [July 179a. St. Helena. (See at the end of the Notes, the General Table Vlllth Run.) NINTH AND LAST RUN. I From the Ifland of St. Helena to the Strait of Gibraltar and to Toulon, NOTE LXXV. The Solide had quitted the Road of St. Helena on the 5th of June, at half paft ten o'clock hi the evening. On the 6th at noon, the ifland bore from her from fouth-fouth-eaft 40 eaft to fouth-eaft by eaft i° fouth; and from the obfervation of latitude and the dead reckoning, it was concluded that, from half paft ten o'clock the preceding evening, fhe had advanced 7 minutes I to the northward, and that the progrefs towards 1 the weft had been 5 minutes. But, in order to avoid the uncertainty of the dead reckoning, we fhall take the fhip getting under way in the Road of j St. Helena, on the 5th at half paft 10 P. M. and her point of departure will be 150 55; o" fouth latitude, and 8° 9/ o// longitude weft from Paris (farther back, pages 602,3). Thus the firft obfervations July 1792.] marchand's voyage.1 609 tions of longitude having been made on the 10th of July, and reduced to noon on that fame day, we fhall reckon that, between the departure from St. Helena and the period of thefe obfervations, there had elapfed thirty-four days and a half, or more exactly, 34.56 days. On the 10th of July, the mean refult of four fets of diftances obferved from the moon to the fun, reduced to noon, gave for the longitude of the fhip at that moment, 460 27'; and on comparing it to that of St. Helena 8° <f, it is feen that the fhip's progrefs towards the weft in the interval of thirty-four days and a half, had been 38° 1 % j The longitude deduced from the daily reckoning fince the departure, was 430 30'; thus the progrefs towards the weft, according to the reckoning, was only 350 21': the reckoning was therefore in error, after a run of thirty-four days and a ihalfj 20 57', or (by a mean parallel between that of the point of departure and that of the point arrived at) about 160 miles, which the fhip had been carried to the weftward beyond her apparent progrefs towards that fide. On examining* in the Journal of the Route, the effect of the currens. in the direction of the latitude, we make the following remarks : From 150 55' to 120 21' fouth latitude, the cur- vol. 11. R R rents .zr 6io marchand s voyage. [July 1792. rents carried the fhip to the Norihwt minutes, or 22 miles, in 4 days 5 From i2Q 21' to 8° 29', they carried the fhip to the Southward 9 miles in 3 days : From 8° 29' to 6° 55', no difference between the dead reckoning and the obfervations; From 6* 55' to 30 8', they carried the fhip to the Northward 19 miles in 3 days 5 From 30 8' to o° 57', to the Southward, 32 miles in 2 days. On afcending from the Equator towards the north, the currents conftantly fet to the North* ward; their direction was only once towards the South, between the latitude of 210 25' and 230 jN and their effect 3 miles only in twenty-four hours: but I obferve that at this period, from the 4th to the 5 th of July, our navigators had, at noon, the fun very near the zenith -, and this accidental deviation of the currents towards the fouth, mightfI probably have been only apparent, and be the effect of fome fmall error in the obfervation; fof with the exception of this fkigle day, fince the j fhip had paffed the line, the tendency of the cur* I rents had been conftant towards the north, and I their velocity had been confiderable, as may be conceived in confulting the Journal of the Route, j i LaHl' Froin tmm July 1792.] marchand's voyage. From o° 57' S. to o° 38' From o° 3 8' N. to i° 34' From 20 34'.. to 40 34' From 40 34'.. to 8° 15' From 8° 1 f.. to 90 2i' From 9°2i'..to if 5' From 1 20 20'.. to 13' 33* From 26° o'.. to 27*50' From 30° 5'.. to 32°23' N. 16 miles in 1 day : .. 28 miles in 1 day : .. 15 miles in 1 day: .. 43 miles in 3 days : .. no difference : .. 22 miles in 1 day: .. 9 miles in 1 day: ..21 miles in r day: .. 13 miles in 1 day, &c. I hare not made mention of the lefs confiderable effects: thefe may be feen in the Journal of the IPfcouTE. If we recapitulate, on the one hand, all the quantities which the fhip was carried to the Northward in excefs of her apparent progrefs; and on the other, thofe which fhe was carried to the Southward, in defect of this fame progrefs; we (find that, in the courfe of the period of thirty-four days and a half, the fum of the former was 242 miles, and that of the latter, 44 miles: fubftract- ing the fmaller from the greater, we have 198 miles for the error which the fhip would have had in latitude, if the error of each day had not been corrected by the observation. At prefent, if we combine thefe 198 miles northing with the 160 miles wefting, we find that, in the interval of thirty-four days and a half, the currents carried the fhip 255 mijcs to the r r 2 north 'II 612 marchand's voyage. [July 1792. north 390 weft, or north-weft 6° north, beyond her apparent run the direction of which, during that period, differed little from that of north-weft. It may therefore he concluded that, from St. Helena to the Point .where the Solide was arrived on the ioth of July (32° 23' north latitude and 460 27' weft longitude) the almoft conftant: tendency of the currents was towards the north- weft, and that their effect on the fhip's run was, in increafe of this run, 7.4 miles in twenty-four hours, which muft be added to the apparent run in order to have the true progrefs. NOTE LXxA On the 23d of July, the refult of the obfervations of that day, reduced to noon, .placed the fhip in longitude 340 32' weft ; and, on comparing this pofition to that of the ioth at noon 4 6° 27', we 1 find that, in the interval of 13 days, the progrefs towards the eaft was 11° 55'. If we compare with each other the longitudefl deduced from the dead reckoning, for the fame periods, 320 3' on the 23rd, and .43° 30' on th^ ioth, we fhall find that, according to the reckoning, the progrefs towards the eaft had been only 11° 27': the difference between the apparent progrefs and the real progrefs was therefore 28 minutes, or 22.4 miles, which it appears that the currents carried the fhip to the eaftward. The &mm May 1792.] marchand's voyage. 613 The daily differences between the latitude by account and the latitude by obfervation in the courfe of the period, fhewed that, 2 days excepted, the tendency of the currents was towards the north : The firft two days, they fet to the northward 10 and 8 miles in twenty-four hours: From the 13 th to the 14th, 12 miles to the fouthward in 2 days ; They refumed their direction to the northward, from the 14th to the 21ft, and in thefe feven days, fllhey fet towards that fide, 5—10—9—5—2—o— and 6 miles a day. But ..from the 21ft to the 2 2d 8 miles to the fouthward: And laftly from the 22nd to the 23rd no difference. In deducting the 20 miles fouthing from the 5 5 miles northing, there remains 35 miles which, in 13 days, the currents carried the fhip to the northward beyond her apparent progrefs towards that fide. If we combine thefe 35 miles northing with the 22.4 miles eafting, we find that the general direction of the currents was north 320 30' eaft, their effect, in 13 days, on the fhip's way, 41-j. miles, and mean effect, 3.2 miles in twenty-four hours. RR 3 NOTE 6,4 marchand's voyage. [July 179 NOTE LXXVII. The refult of the obfervations of the 24th of July confirms in general the refult of thofe of the 23rd: for, on comparing the longitude obferved j on the 24th and reduced to noon, which is 320 18', with that of the ioth, which was 460 27', we find that the progrefs towards the eaft was £4° 9'; and according to the dead reckoning, which gave for the longitude on the 34th 290 55', and for the ioth 430 30^ the apparent progrefs was only 1-3° 35': the difference is therefore 34', or 27.5 miles, which the currents carried the fhip to the eaftward in the interval of the 14 days. It has been feen (preceding Note) that, from the ioth to the 23rd, a compcnfation having taken place, the fhip had been carried 35 miles to the northward : if we thence take away 8 miles which fhe was carried to the fouthward, from the 23rd to the 24th there will remain 27 miles ibr the quantity which the fhip was fet to the northward from the ioth to the 24th. ■ On combining thefe 27 miles northing with the I 27.5 miles eafling, we find that the currents carried the fhip 385 miles in 14 days, or 2.75 miles in twenty-four hours, to the north 450 30' eaft*. Thefe * The progrefs towards the eaft, from the 23 rd to the 24th, is, according to the obfervations, 20 14'; and according to the reckoning, July 1792.] marchand's voyage. 615 Thefe refults differ fo little between themfelves, with refpect to the longitude, that we fhould be juftified in relying on the correctnefs of the obfervations of the 23rd and 24th, which reciprocally ferve as a proof to each other. We may therefore conclude that, during this period of 14 days, from the ioth to the 24th of July, the currents fet to the' eaftward, 1.35 miles in twenty-four hours by the obfervations of the 23rd, and 1.95 miles by thofe of the 24th j the mean time is 11 miles. We ought not, as I have faid, to expect perfect accuracy from the refults of lunar obfervations for determining the fmall differences in longitude, and it can be obtained only from time-pieces or chronometers ; but the former is fufficient here for proving that the currents which, fince the 6th of June, the time of the departure-from St. Helena, had fet to the weftward, began on the ioth of this laft month to fet to the eaftward, and continued to the 4th, to act on that fame fide. Let us obferve that, on the ioth, the fhip had already reached the latitude of 320 30' north, and although the fhip was on a meridian about 600 leagues reckoning, 2° 8': the difference is therefore 6 minutes, or 4.5 miles, which the progrefs by obfervation is greater. If we combine thefe 4..$ miles eafting with the 8 mile6, which the fhip was carried to the fouthward through the effecl of the current, we fhall find that fhe appears to have been carried, in thefe* 24. hours, 9.2 miles to the fouth 29I eaft. r r 4 diftant 6i6 marchand's voyage. [July 1792. dfftant from that of the Strait, it would not be furprifing that between the parallel of Cape Can- tin, on the coaft of Africa, 320 30', and that of Cape St. Vincent, on the fouth coaft of Spain 370, which the Solide croffed in her route from the ioth to the 24th of July, and Which cbinprife the great mouth of the Strait, the general movement of the waters, whofe tendency ought to . be towards the eaft in order to flow afterwards into the Mediterranean *, began to be felt in the offing, at that diftance of fix hundred leagues. NOTE LXXVIII. The obfervations of the 27th of July, placed the Solide, at noon, in 250 32' weft from Paris: | and as, by thofe of the 24th fhe was in 320 18VI it was concluded that her progrefs towards the eaft, in 3 days, had been 6° 46'. According to the dead reckoning, it was 7® 20': the fhip had therefore been carried 34 minutes, or 1 25.5 miles to the weftward. In the interval from the 24th to the 27th, the . * See the Voyage de I'Ifis in 1768, Vol. I. page 178 and. * 179, we find there, in a run from Cadiz to Santa Cruz in the Ifland of Teneriffe,' the daily comparifon of the progrefs in Ion- gitude, fuch as it was deduced from the dead reckoning, with the real progrefs, fuch as it was determined by means of the time-keepers of Ferdinand Berthon ; it is there feen that the effect, of the current towards the eaft diminifhes gradually, in proportion as the fhip approaches the tropic. fhip July 1792.T marchand's voyage. 617 Ihip was carried, on the firft day, 2 minutes to the northward, and on the fecond and third day, 5 and 6 minutes to the fouthward: which gives for the 3 days, 9 miles fouthing. On combining thefe 9 miles with the 25.5 miles wefting, it will be found that the direction of ihe currents was weft 190 15' fouth, and its effect on the fhip's way, 27.2 miles, or about 9 miles in twenty-four hours. Here the direction of the currents appears to have changed: for it has been feen (preceding Note) that, from the ioth to the 24th of July, their tendency was towards the Eaft; and from the 24th to the 27th they refumed their courfe towards the Weft, as they had fet from the 5th of June to the icth of July. This return towards the weft would, at firft fight, feem to contradict what I have before advanced, that fhe Solide might have experienced at a very great diftance in the offing, the fetting of the currents towards the eaft; but to prove that there is no contradiction in this, it will be fufficient for me to obferve that the fhip .was in two different pofitions, relatively to the Strait of Gibraltar, which determines this fetting of the currents towards the eaft: in the former period, from the ioth to the 24th of July, fhe had croffed the parallels comprifed between 3 2° 30' and 37°, which are thofe whick comprehend the great mouth of the Strait -, but, from the 24th 6 i 8 marchand's voyage. [July i 79% 24th to the 27th, fhe had failed between thofe of '\ 410 40' and 410 20'3 there fhe was 3 or 40 to the northward of the higheft parallel where the move* ment of the waters towards the eaft can ftill be felt, more northerly by 20 than the parallel of the moft northern of the Western Iflands; and in this pofition, fhe may have met with currents whofe direction was towards the weft, and which carried her towards that fide. Therefore there is 110 contradiction. NOTE LXXIX. On the 2d of Auguft, at noon, Capc5T: Vincent, on the coaft of Portugal, bore eaft halfl fouth, at the diftance of two leagues and a half eftimated by the eye: the fhip was therefore more to the northward than this Cape, by 0.75 miles, and more to the weftward by 7.45 miles, or 9 minutes and 20 feconds. - According to the obfervations of Borda in 1776: f Latitude .. 370 2' 20* north; " * <-Longitude n° 21'36" weft. Thus, according to the bearings, this oughti to be 5Latitude .. 370 3' 5";, For the Solide .. 7 t • , o , a, (.Longitude 11 30'56'. The latitude was obferved on board the fhip, in 370 2': difference in defect 1' ff. The~ Aug. 1792.] marchand's voyage. 619 The lunar obfervations made on board the Solide had given for the longitude of the 27th of July at noon (preceding Note) if 32': if we thence deduct the progrefs by account towards die eaft in the interval from the 27th of July to the and of Auguft at noon, which was 120 35', there will remain, for the longitude of the fhip at the latter period, 120 57'. But, according to the bearing of the land, it ought to be only 11° 30' 56*5 thus, in the interval from the 27th of July to the 2d of Auguft, in 6 days, fhe had been carried to the eaftward or ahead of the apparent progrefs, i° 26' 4?, or 66.5 miles. In the firft two days of the period, the latitude by account had agreed with that by obfervation j but from the 29th to the 31ft, the currents fet the fhip to the fouthward 20 miles, and 12 miles from the ift to the 2nd : in all, 32 miles in 6 days. This movement of the waters towards the fouth Cannot be matter of furprize*at the beginning of Auguft : the melting of the ice and fnow of Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, Norway, &c. ne- ^eflarily produce towards the fouth, an accidental current which muft carry towards that fide the fhips that have reached the parallels fituated above the northern tropic, beyond which the general movement of the waters from eaft to weft dimi- nifhes gradually in proportion as the latitudes are I higher ^Ssfm=sK^^s^^^a^r IS I if 620 marchand's voyage. [Aug. 1792.. higher, and end by being abfolutely imperceptible two or three degrees north of the tropic. In the pofition where the Solide was, at the latter end of July and the beginning of Auguft, I out of the limits of the general current of the tropics, fhe muft have yielded to two caufes which combined for driving her from her apparent courfe ; to the foutherly current, produced by the melting of the ice, and to the eafterly current, which occafions the tendency of the waters towards the Strait of Gibraltar. If we combine the effects refulting from thefe . two caufes, 66.5 miles eafting and 32 miles fouth- ing, we find that the fhip was carried 74 miles, in the interval of 6 days, or 12.3 miles in twenty- four hours, in the direction of eaft 250 30'fouth. NOTE LXXX. On the 4th of Auguft, at five o'clock in the morning, Captain Spartel, (on the coaft of Africa) bore fouth-eaft, eftimated diftance "2§ I miles. According to the obfervations of Borda, in 1776 ■ C Latitude . .35° 49' 2o/; north 5 M Cape SPARTELjLongitude j ■ 8o J4, QQ(/ we{h The fhip, according to the bearing, was more to the northward than the cape by 1.6 miles, or i'40", and more to the weftward by 1.6 miiest or 2 minutes. Thus Ang. 1792.] marchand's voyage. €2! T, c . c {Latitude .. 350 49' 00'; Thus, for the Solide 1T . , 00 ,, a c Longitude 8 10 00*. If, at prefent, we compare this longitude of the fhip, on the 4th of Auguft, at five o'clock in the morning, to her true longitude, on the 2nd at noon, in fight of Cape St. Vincent, which was (preceding Note) n° 30' 56"; it is feen' that, in the interval of 1 day 17 hours, the real progrefs towards the weft had been 30 15'; and according to the reckoning, the apparent progrefs- Was only 2° 3 8': thus, in the interval of 41 hours, the fhip had been carried to the eaftward, by the movement of the waters, o° 37', or 30 miles beyond her apparent progrefs: this is at the rate of upwards of 175 miles in twenty-four hours. The caufe of this current is too well known for it to be neceifary to recall it to mind. (See at the end of the Notes the General Table, ixth Run.) The errors of the dead reckoning in longitude in the" laft Run from the Ifland of St. Helena . to the Strait of Gibraltar, are affembled in the following Table. June ml ill €$2 marchand's voyage. [Aug^sjgl^ 111 The Shij ) advanc- The Ship advano -ing towards the ing, towards the Weft. Eaft. ,'.-J'"fi Errors of the Errors of the Reckoning. Reckoning. r-—k H j Ahead. t -f » AJlern. Ahead. June From the 5th Sin 34* Ju]7 | Days2°5/ to the ioth J From the 10th 7 _ «o the 23d. j 3 • • • • 0°28' From the 23 rd) - , , > In 1 .... to the 24th j .... o° e From the 24th") to the 27th ) 3 • • • • .... .... o°37' From the 27th} Auguft >In 6 .... .... I°26' to the 2d. 3 From the 2nd 7 T , , >In 2.».» to the 4th. j .... o°37' Minus We ft 3 1 •*7 • 3 Minus Eaft 2° 34') «| t>; m o ,> Difference Plus Eaft 0 37 j Sum of the errors of the Reckoniti Eaft 2 g in 59§ days, Aftern 5.00 This Aug. 1792.] MARCflAND'S VOYAGE. fe$ This fum of errors is reduced by the effect of compenfations, to o° 54' to the eaftward, or ahead, with refpect to the Mediterranean towards which the fhip was directing her courfe. The Solide paffed the Strait of Gibraltar. on the 4th of Auguft, and on the 14th fhe anchored in the road of Toulon. As this Run up the Mediterranean neither gave occafion for any obfervation nor for any remark, I refer the Reader, for the laft ten days of the voyage, to the Journal of the Route which is to be found at the end of the Table of the Effect of the i Currents, TABLE 624 marchand's voyage. TABLE OF THE EFFECT OF THE CURRENTS On the Course and Rate of sailing of the Solide, according to the Obfervations of Latitude and Longitude, made on board the Ship in the Courfe of her Voyage Round the World, in 1790,1791, and 1792. The firft column fhews the Periods of the Obfervations the Refults of which are compared! with thofe of the Reckoning, or the calculation of the fhip's run at the fame periods. The 2nd and 3rd prefent the Latitude and Longitude obferved at the extreme limits of each. Period, in order that the Reader may be able to judge at firft fight between whai* Parallels and whatl Meridians the fhip experienced the various effects of the Current fpecified in the Table. The 4th—5 th—6th—and 7 th Columns give thejj difference that was found in comparing the progrefs in latitude, and the progrefs in longitucW with the progrefs, in both directions, fuch as they were deduced from the daily obfervation of latitude and from the obfervations of longitude, made at the two extreme limits of the period: thefe are the marchand s voyage1 62* the errors that were found in the refults of the Dead Reckoning compared with thofe of the Obfervations. Thus, for example, when you read (Und. Run, Period from the 16th to the 25th of February 17 91) : 67 miles fouth and 94.2 miles weft ; thefe expreflions fignify that, in the interval from the firft to the laft day of the Period, the fhip was carried to the fouthward 67 miles more than was indicated by the fum of the daily progrefs in latitude deduced from the fimple reckoning; and that the progrefs towards the weft, in the fame interval, was greater by 94.2 miles according to the Refults of the obfervations for the longitude, made at the two extreme limits of the Period, than it would have been in adding up the fum of the progreffes, which was deduced every day from the reckoning: and, in attributing to the effect of the currents thefe differences between the refults of the Dead Reckoning, and thofe of the Obfervations, we fay that the Currents fet to the fouthward and to the weftward, quantities exprefied by thefe differences. For forming the 8th—9th—ioth and nth Columns, I have combined the effect which is attributed to the current in the direction of the latitude, with that which is attributed to it in the direction of the longitude : and if it be wifhed to continue the preceding example, it-will be found ■ (8th Column) that the current which occafioned a vol 11, s s dif- m 626 marchand s voyage. difference or error to the fouthward, of 67 miles, and another error to the weftward of 94.2 miles, carried the fhip to the weft 36 degrees fouth ; and that by an imperceptible movement (9th Column), it occafioned her to make, in that direction 115.7 miles, which could not be accounted for by the Dead Reckoning, ^^^p By then dividing this laft number by 9, the number of days of the Period (ioth Column) it is found that the mean progrefs of the fhip, in the direction mentioned in the ninth column, was 12.8 miles in twenty-four hours (nth Column). The Twelfth refers to the Notes, in which are detailed the operations of the calculation that has led to the refults prefented in the Table ; and the Data of the calculation are to be found in the Journal of the Route printed at the end of this Table. FIRST ' w h **0 K? ~' >Tl ON ^ ^ t ^ ' fflP o ^ p a, 3 I P § s 1 * °f jr s1*-^ ■a m i I -7> ? 9 2 | o 3 1 II I marchand's voyage. 627 ^ FIRST RUN. From the Strait of Gibraltar to the Cape de Verd Islands. Latitude obferved NORTH. Longitude obferved WEST. DECOMPOSED EFFECT COMPOUND EFFECT Duration of the Period. Mean Drift in One Day. Reference """'""'S *" " ^ On the Courfe. On the Rate of Sailing. Periods. N. s. E. 1 W. the Notes.. 0 / 0 1 Miles. Miles. Miles. Miles. - Rhumb. Miles. Days. Miles. Numb. 179". Decern. From 29 < 1791. January In fi Cape . 35 S* ;htof Spartel. 8 14 -, 9 38 E. 130 4 S. 39 7 5.S I. And II. to s 30 08 1 From 5 to 9 30 08 21 24 18 38 • 21 46 1 1 > . . . . 12 49 .... E. I3°j S. 5°. 5 4 12,6 III. From 9 to 14 21 24 15 02 21 46 | 25 29 J 8E~j 18 .... 30. W. 30°| S. 35>S 5 7.1 IV. SECOND RUN. From the Cape de Verd Islands to withfp sight of Staten Land. From j 8 ' p At m '. 14 53 3 36 2 26 t Pray a. to 28 to 31 20 35 -j by account, f 21 a9 f 5° by account. J .... (*; p North. 5° 3 16,6 . V. From 18 February to 6 14 53 SOUTH. 5 38 1 25 51 i C 8l 27 58 ) 1 62 N. 370 W. 103- 19 5*4 VI. From 6 to 9 5 38 10 43 27 58 > 31 08 \ 1 9 .... 29.7 W. 28° S. 31 3 10,3 VII. From 9 to 12 10 43 16 10 1 31 08 1 33 41 f 1- ■ 24 21,4 W. 48° £ S. 32,2 3 10,7 VIII. From 12 16 10 18 53 33 41 7 35 56 J W. 4204 s. 4*>9 3 H.3 to 15 29 IX. (*) In the interval from the 28th to the 31ft, the currents, according to the obfervations of latitude, between the parallels of 3°36'and 2°26', and between 20° 30'and 21° 30'of longitude, had fet 50 minutes to the. northyrard j but as; fince the departure from La Praya, on the 18th, no obfervation of longitude wa$ made, we are ignorant whether, during the fame time, they fet towards the Eaft or the Weft : the obfervations made on the 18th of January, and on the 6th of February, lead us to prelum* that they muft have fet te the weftward. rri m ill il wkA 1 > X 1 > X >< s O j s pi <« • ■ ■ e -S t «f i * 1 | i*; * 1 | M « « i k>.-A ° 1 • °° M f-i O I £ o W VO ' °« JT o^ r^ w 1 £ D w fc tJ W fc « o ~ o o o o -a 3 o s> ~ O * a 1 ^ 1 «3 3 o mA ^ w fc w w f-< s <d U .9 5s £ 1 ^ 1 1 o" J" | | « O q o « o tT *^ eu 2 S ifc " 11 b 1 o ; q_ j» w R liS o % } _^A^y_ y§s§ ; L^i._ rJ^#- -r-*—» ai • j y 3* JO *8J m. H b J* 2 i .628 marchand's voyage. 1 ] .atitude >bferved SOUTH. Longitude obferved WIST. . DECOMPOSED EFFECT according-to the Obfervations. COMPOUND EFFECT 1 Dura- Mean Drift .. ~ tion of On the Rate the Pe- '" of Sailing, riod. ' One Day-. Reference On the Courfe. to .Periods. .N • S. E. W. . the Notes. 0 / 0 / Miles. Miles.. , Mies Miles. Rhumb. Miles. Days. Miles'. Numb'. 1791- February. .From 15 to 16 18 53 20 01 35 56 i 37 06 ) _ | .., 10 x 24.5 or 14.0 VV. 22° i S. . or W. 36° S. 26-5 'j or > 17,8 ) | 26,5 •[ or j. 17,8 \ X. From 16 to 25 " 20 OI 3' 45 37 06 .1 47 56 j ' 67 94.2 W. 360 S. ii5>7 9 12,8 XI. From 25 to 26 3« 45 32 30 47 56 \ 48 -23 \ •■■■ * 1 0 0 South 22 1 22, Ditto. from 26 to 8 j* 30 36 48 48 isi 1 5- so 48 06 J 187,5 E. 23 ° N. 204.0 xo 2.0,4 i XII. . From 8 to 10 36 48 38 44 1 48 06 i 53 16 \ •••• 29,0 11,0 S. 20°| W. 3«,o 2 ,, j XIII. From 10 to II 38 44 40 03 53 '6 ) 55 5i \ ' . 1 38,6 34,o ' S. 42° W. 51,0 I 51,0 Ditto. From 11 i to 12 40 03 40 48 1 56 28 5 1 .... 18,5 E. 120 J N. 18,6 I 18,6 Ditto. From 12 to 15 40 48 40 59 . 5» 28 ) , { 23,0 57 46 s 1 0,76 N. i°±W. 23,0 3 7,6 Ditto. From 15 to 23 4° 59 43 26 57 46 1 . , I > 60,0 62 15 \ 58,4 N.44°iE 83,75 8 10,4 XIV. From 23 to 25 43 26 43 55 1 62 15 I 63 23 3 1 36,0 1 W.i3°iN. 37,o 1 • 18,5 jilixv. From 25 to 27 43 55 47 °3 63 23 7 64 48 i " * " 2,0 32,2 E. 3°i S. 32,3 2 16,1 XVI. From 27 to 28 47 03 47 55 1 ■ ■ — 64 48 } r 5,0 .... 6; 08 > 3 5 1 2»5 N. 26°J E. 5,6 1 5,6 XVII. - From 28 to 30 47 55" 51 06 65 08 ) 67 41 | •••• 22,0 South. 22,0 2 11,0 XVIII. From jo April to 1 51 06 53 56 67 41 "I > 12,0 66 08 ) J 30,8 E. I7°4N 33.25 2 16,6 XIX. From25/l to 1 ,; 43 55 1 53 56 63 23 66 08 1 v j... 7,0 °5»5 K. 60i S 66,0 7 9,5 Ditto. MARCHAND S VOYAGE* €tg> -THIRD RUN.. From Stat-en Land-to the Marquesas, de Mendoca. Latitude' obferved* 1 SOUTH. Longitude obferved WEST. DECOMPOSED EFFECT according to the Obfervations. COMPOUND EFFECT. A. Dura, tion of the Period.' Mean Drift in One Day. Reference, On the Courfe. 1 On the Rate of Sailing. to PiRIODS.- N. s. E. 1 W. the Notes. 0 / O / Miles. Miles. Miles. Milts. Rhumb. Miles. Days. , Miles. Numb. I79J. April. In fig 1 Cape St htof "-yuan. From 1 to II ' 53 56 59 44 66 08 77 03 ' ■ 28,0 68,6 .... E. 22° 4 N. 73,5" 10 7,4 XX. Frbm 11 to 19 59 44- 5* 33- 77 03 " 93 19- 1 ta 80,0 71,5 S. 410 JW. 107,5 8 13,4 XXI. From 19 to 25 52 33 46 08 1 93 >9 \ 95 46 (•••• 1 17,0 0,65 S. 2°^ W. 17,02 6 . 2,8 XXII.- From 25 May. to 9 46 08 30 02 I 95 46 "} > »5,o 96 48 J 93\0 E. 9°i N. 95,25 14 6,8 XXIII. From 9 to 12 30 02 28 25 96 4S 98 jjt 10,0 52,0 — . 7,0 [73,o S. 34OJW. W. i6°J S. 12,4. 3 4.0 XXIV,. From 12 to 23 28 2S 23 05 98 51 in 56 180,5 11 16,4 XXV. From 23. to 27 23 05 19 32 in 56 \ & 116 34 j 1 26,0 . 54,0 W. 2304 Sf 59,0 4 • . '4,75 XXVI. From 12 to- 27 28 25 19 32 98 5i 7 n6 34 i • 78,0 228,0 W. 18° J S. 242,0 - is 16,0 Ditto. From 27 June. . to 6 19 32 12 10 n6 34 127 10 • '2,5 Weft. 12,5 10 *>25 XXVII. ! From 6 . to. 7 12 10 II 12 127 10 7 129 25 \ 1 3.0 0,98 S. 160 4 W. 3,13 1 3,'3 _' 1- Ditto. From 7 to 8 II 12 ro 18 129 45 I 13' 08 \ ■■■■ 1 1,0 8,8 E. • 6°t S. 8,87 1 8,87 Ditto; From 8 to 10 10 18 9 54 131 08 j 135 52 c ■ 1 . 7,o 52,0 W. 70 4 S. 52,66 2' 26,3 XXVIII. From 10 to_ 12 j 9 54 9 59 13s 52 140 29 te 15,0 65,0, W. ijojs. 67,25 2 33,67 XXIX. Ill 11 31 B > X X X ' • > X - X * X ■ > X • X > X X X > >< ON NO q P o" q 1 ^ « - - 1 o $ f ! | | o OJ £ o si 1 o o o Kfl o n 1 q «" I 3 S q^ q ! q | o_ s + o a *» ? i il i- ^ -i- M 4c *« o 21 o ■* $ 2 2 "2 o «•> | 2 o ° £ g | o o ° I m If — )»if 8 t [ il 5° : ^ o £ w • : I »= 3 If t? If" i • r II. n I 5- 5- £• M A* |t • hi if | -II 1 1 -|rl H q 3- 630 marchand's VOlfA&t* FOURTH RtJN. From the Mendoca Islands to the North-west CdSst of America. Latitude obferved SOUTH. Longitude obferved WEST. DECOMPOSED EFFECT according- to the Obfervations - A. COMPOUN D EFFECT Duration of the Period. Mean Drift in One Day. Reference ( On the Courfe. , On-the Rate of Sailing. to Periods. N. s. E. W. 1 the Notes. 0 / 0 / Mile's, Miles. Milei. Miles. Rhumb. Miles. Days. Miles. Numb. 1791. June. From 20 At La Madre Je Dios. I 9 55$ j M-r 29 1 9 21 1 142 27 1 1 I XXX. to 22 .... 2,96 .... Eaft. 3,96 '4 L97 XXXI. From 22 to 24 9 21 7 54 . 142 27 ( 143 10 j I 6,0 .... 6,9 W. 4i°S. 9,t 2 4,56 XXXII. From 24 . to 25 7 54 5 42 1 -143 t° 7 143 49 ji ■ I 12,0 114,0 17,8 W.33OJN. ai>5 I 21,5 XXXIII. 1 101,2 N. 4i°£W. 152,8 aS 6,1 From 25 to ao 5 42 NORTH. 28 42 ."43 49 t 156 oz J xxxiv. On correfting th(S*error of the fand-glafs which meafured we fhould have : time while the log was meafuring the fhip's way through the- water, From 25 to 20 From 20 to 23 From 23 to 24 From 24 to 26 From 26 Auguft to 5 From 5 to 7 SOUTH. 5 44 NORTH. 28 42 28 42 32 10 32 IO 34 03 34 ©*■ 37 49 37 49~ 35 »* H3' 49- 156 02 t 58,0 156' 02 i54 2 5 \ ll'° 154 25 i r53 32- \ "'° '53 32 } 152 .7 C I5'° *5*- ii i Il 54,° 143 46 j 55 *z 57 18 143 46 i •39 26^ ft_*5'»- At 6 P. M. at the Point whence . Cape del Engano was fet. 43»9 43,0 2,6 1,67 13,6 N. 36° J W. N-. i3°iW. N. 4°£;W. N. 42°4 W. N. 390^. E, North. 72,3 u»3 21,0 20,25 69,25 *5>9 *S 2,9 3.76 21,0 10,12 2* 7,» ",S Dittos XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. MARCHAND S VOYAGE- 631 1 FIFTH RUN. I From the North-west Coast of America to the Sandwich Islands. Periods. From 21 to 22 September, From 1 Latitude obferved NORTH. O I Longitude obferved W*ST." o I 1791. Auguft. ' In- Tchink't&nay Bay. \ 57 04 54 35 I DECOMPOSED EFFECT >accordhig to the Obfervations N. Miles. '37 59 |. 137 10 \ In fight of Queen Charlotte's Ifland. 52 56 to 4 I 49 01 5 135 35 130 40 In fight of From 8 -^ Berkley-Sound I. 48 46 to iq From 19 to 21 From 21 to 23 From «3 to 30 From 30 Oclober to 1 From 1 to 3 From 3 to 4 30 5* 30 5« 29 46 29 46 28 30 28 30 21 02 21 02 19 41 19 41 19 14 19 14 J 9 06 1*8 48 " 1^9-OJ i 139 03 "j .141 33 3 " " 141 33 I '43 47 ) H3 47 *49 »7 149 27 ^O 59 a 150 59 155 07 »5S 07 1 W «* \ 4'° At 4 P. M. on the meridian of the Eaft point of OAVbybee. }.... Miles. 3,0 7,o 126,0 8,0 3,o 5,o 3,o W. Mile, 3,3 12,0 83,6 18,0 0,93 COMPOUND EFFECT I Dura- «—— tion of On the I On the Rate |the Pe- Couffe. Mlla. Rhumb. 11,2 5,22 7,53 8,66 E. 42° i S. E. 3°°£S. S. 33° i E. W.35°iS. Weft. E. io° S. S. io° J E. of Sailing. Mod. Mean Drift in One Day. Mile 4.5 Reference to the Notes. Days. \ Miles. Numb. 14,0 151,5 13.8 5,22 18,3 4,5 XL. 4,6 { SStrll. and Xi.lV. and ) XXIV. ,3'77 \ XLV. 6,9 2,6 2,6 J,1 5>i w. 21° |rs: W. 24°JN. 8.1 9,6 4,0 8,2 XLVI. XLVII. XLVIII. XLIX. LI. 55 £J X > > 2 H-l * « i i o o oo jf £ W, q. 1 oo~ 2 i 55 £ gjj w K i. rt $ A 2 | o ° ° — 1 5 z M- m 5 O f» o o * * »§. fc £r |* p V tf <t> w •^ H ■"CS £ © w O > 3 S • I £ 6 eS 3 1 s I »T» > o Z 8 £ S s it 1 - o -t- ? o C • ft. p. § o i 1 2 w S: ft s O 5" 1 1 1 !•» g g : 1 .« *> j* jl 1 Si w £• ft -i H Z I 5- SS Jja I o ° 0 p 0 c: M i o O pi M n *» v s? £ i 1 9 « o 5' o r i X X j £ 2; c 1 o I 2 I ! 633 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. SIXTH RUN. Ftoni the Sandwich Islands to Macao, Latitude. obferved NORTH. Longitude obferved WIST. DECOMPOSED EFFECT COMPOUND EFFECT A. Duration of the Period. Mean Drift in One Day. Reference- J v r On the Courfe. 1 On the Rate of Sailing. to Periods. r n. N. S. E. 1 W. the Notes. O 1 O 1 Miles. Miles. Miles. Miles. Rhumb. ( Miles. . Days. Miles. Numb. 1791. Oilober. ~ From. 7. (6 P. M.) to 19 In figh > Ifland of 19 04 13 33 t of the 0-ffbybee. 158 29 I 178 48 . I 12,0 1 8i,j W. 8°£S. 82,5 IlJ LII 7,o X ™d' ( LIII. ' 1 From 19 13 33 13 32 1 178 48 ; EAST. > 179 4' J 5,8 Weft. 5,8 I 5,* LIV. to 20 I From 20 13 32 13 40 179 41 "j 172 33 < -t 7*,0 Weft. 72,0 3 24,0. LV. to 33 From 23 Novem, to 2 13 40 14 26 172 33 ~\ > 3,0 148 14 3 1 97,0 W. i° f N. 97,0 10 9,7 LVI. From 2 to 4 14 26 14 50 148 14 l 144 13 3 .... 21,25 .... , E. n° N. ' 2',75 2 10,87 LVII. From 4 to 16 14 50 21 34 144 13 122 06 cA*: > 21,0 126,25 W. 90 J N. 128,0 12 10,66 LVIII. From 16 to 18 1 21 34 A- 21 48 j In fight c \ ■ Point ( V, of For I22s 06 Il8 28 f the S. W. >f the Ifland no/a. [ • t7,o 3,72 N. 12°^ W.' 17,4 2 8,7 LIX. . k SEVENTH RUN. From Macao to the Isle of France. N. B. For the effect, of the Currents, I refer the Reader to the Narrative itfelf, under the dates of the 15th, 18th, 19th, and 25th of December, Vol. II, pages 124, 125, 128 to 137, 151 and following ; and to Note LX, farther back, page 430. MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. EIGHTH RUN. From the Isle of Reunion to St. Helena. 1. From the Ifle of Rkfnion to the Coaft of Africa. f33 Periods. 1792. April. From 21 to 28 From 28 to 29 From 29 May to Latitude ] Longitude [ DECOMPOSED EFFECT according to the Obfervations. * obferved SOUTH. obferved EAST. I {In fight of the Ifle of rJ 20 48 I 53 27 11 27 11 27 50 of eunion. 53 08 ' 42 44 N. u E. W. 23,0 42 44 39 22 1 - [ 7,0 29 j 27 50 I 39 22 -» 'ay Y In fight of ( 9 ) the Coaft of Africa, f {. 33 33 I 25 57 J 73,o Mitts. \ Mil, ?J5,S COMPOUND EFFECT On the Courfe. Rhumb. W. n° J S. 21,25 5M On the Rate of Sailing. Duration of the Pe' riod. 117,2 W. i8°4 N. S.-3-50 i W. 22,25 Mean Drift in One Day. Reference to the Notes. 64 Miles. \ Numb. 17,57 I 22,25 9,0 LXIII. LXIV. LXV. 2. From within Sight of the Coaft of Africa to the Ifland of St. Helena. From 9(*) 33 33 25 57 to 12 35 00 21 49 From 12 35 *qo 21 49 to 13 34 38 21 or From 13 ' 34 38 21 01 to I? 35 vi9 '9 57 From '5 35 »9 19 57 to 16 35 44 17 47 From 16 35 44 17 47 to 25 25 28 4 42 From 25 25 28 4 42 to 18 22 06 0 58 ( • • • • 103,0 £.... } 35,0 9,0 147,4 2,45 14,7 1,6 56,5 62,5 W.35O S. 180,0 N. 8° 4 W. E. 12*4 N. 15,4 S. io° E. 9,2 W. 35° 4 N. 69,3 W. 27° 4 N. 7M 60,0 LXVI. 17,2 LXVII. 7,6 9>2 7,7 Exvni. LXIX. LXX. 23,8 LXXI. (*) See the Narratl-te, Vol.11, at the date of the 12th of May, 179*. a tu 1 •"" . X X > ! a 1 Pi X X ■ O 5 *» o i 1 * • ON 2" sr 5"? 2 a . mW Q.j - • 1 «•» vo «* ! o & £ S i 1 1 ip §• 3 w CA 9 jg 1 ° °ov 9« j « ^ « « m h i «» £ w i ">. ^ E. : IT a 1 9. pOf 1 1 Oh 1 8 3- 2 5 % I I IS ho «•> r> c 8 1 W o £b i^ « *£?• -- : By-4 A o Q < 1 ADDITIONS TO THE RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS FOR THE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. For the Analyfis of the general Chart of the two Straits fituated between the Ifland of Banca and that of Billiton. (Farther back, Note LXII. pages+$6 to S91*)- rpHis Analyfis had been printed feveral months, and the general Chart, as well a? the particula1* Chart of the Straits, had been engraved, before I had an opportunity of procuring the new Edition (London, 1791) of a Memoir of George Robertson, entitled: A jhort Account of a Pajage from China, &c.f with the new Edition of his * We haye thought that thefe Additions which, in the Original, are at the end of Vol. II. becaufe they were not written till after the impreffion was completed, would with more propriety be placed at the end of the Results of the Observations, to which they ferve as a Supplement. —Tranjlator. + A ihort Account of a Paffage from China, late in the fea- fon; down the China Seas, through the Southern Natuna Iflands, along the Coaft of Borneo through the Straits of Billiton (or Clements' Strain) to the Straits of Sunda, &c znd Edition. London. 1791. 4to. s s 2 Chart I II Jf e34 Periods. Latitude (Longitude 1792. May. From 28 to 29 From 29 to 30 From 30 to 3 obferved SOUTH. 0 / 22 06 20 52 20 52 19 13 obferved WEST. O # EAST. O 58 WEST. Q 15 0 15 1 43 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. DECOMPOSED EFFECT according to the Obfervations. \ -A. _ N. Miles. I 6,0 *9 13 * 43 -A j In fight of 5/. Helena. V 33>© £ 15 49 J 7 27 3 Miles. E. Miles. ""> A7/7m. 0,94 7,27 COMPOUND EFFECT . ., A. ... .. On the Courfe. Rhumb. Weft. N. 8°£ E. North. On the Rate of Sailing. Miles. 7>*7 6,t 33>o Duration of the Period. Days* Mean Drift in One Day. Miles. 7»*7 6,1 8,25 Reference to the Notes. Numb. LXXII. LXXIII. LXXIV. I NINTH AND LAST RUN. I Fro?% the Island of St. Helena to the $&'ait of Gibraltar and to Toulon. $rom 5 July to 10 C St. i x5 From 10 to 23 Helena Road. 55 NORTH. 32 23 32 23 41 42 -^Pfom 23 to 24 From 24 to 27 41 42 41 42 8 09 46 I [ 09 } v. 198,0 27 J 46 .34 3 I } 3*'° 41 42 41 n -From 27 Auguji to 2 34 3a 32 Xl 32 18 I 25 3a I 41 13 I 25 32 In light of Cape St. Vincent. 8,0 9,0 37 03 11 31 3*,° 1 — _- From within light of \ HYom 2 I Cape Si.Tincent, 37 03 } 11 31 I f to within light of * to 4 1 . Cape Spartel, S\f^l 35 4$ I 8 16 22,4 4>5 66,5 30»o 160,0 *$>5 N. 390 W. N. 320 §E. S. 29°^ E. W. i9°|S. E. 25° § S. Eaft. 255.0 41,6 9,2 27,* 74,o 30,0 34§ 13 $ 7,4 3,2 9,2 9,0 12,3 *7»5 LXXV. LXXVI. LXXVII. LXXVIII, LXXIX. LXXX. *Hp teRUn fr°m ^ STRAIT °f GlBRALTAR t0 T°UI-0N' WhCre thC S°LIDE anCh0r6d °n II '4* | Auguft, fee the Journal of Paris, 20th of Germinal, year V. of the French era. yb of April. 1797. ADDITIONS { i M iW If 11: il Iff 636 Additions to th-e Chart and of his Plan of the fame Straits, the firft: of which had appeared in 1788. 1. On examining the corrections which Robertson has made in his copper-plates (for they are the fame), it appears that he has entirely changed the part of the Ifland of Banca, comprifed between Point Pesant and the Point which he names the North-east Point, and which I.have called the East Point of Banca. Pie has placed on this portion of the eaft coaft of the ifland, three fmall iflands on which it is faid that the Vansittart was loft; and 6J miles to the north- north eaft of the middle of thefe iflands, RdCKS or Breakers near which are found 6. fathoms water. Although his chart and mine give to thefe iflands (which were not laid down in his firft edition) pofitions which differ from each other; it appears, however, that they are the fame that were fet from the Solide's anchorage in 14 fathoms: but Robertson carries them nearer to the main land of Banca than they appeared to be from the point whence the Solide's bearings of them were taken. The new flioal which he lays down to the north-north-eaft of thefe iflands, appears to ' be alfo one of the four between which the Mas- car in pafled in 1773, and the Solide in 1791, and part of which had been feen, in 1784, by the Sulivan. 2. Robertson has added a Ihoal, under the name *aW,„ RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS, &C. 637' name of Vansittart Rock, which he places at the diftance of 29 miles to the north-weft of Gaspar Ifland, in latitude 20 9'. I have, on my chart, a fhoal'feen by Captain Crozet in the Mas- carin in 1773 (Pofition doubtful) at the diftance of 28 miles to the weft-north-weft of Gaspar : it appears that the diftances are the fame within a mile, but the bearings differ by two Points. The Vansittart Rock is fituated in the latitude of 2° 9' on Robertson's Chart, and that of Crozet is in 20 cf 30": the latitudes would therefore be the fame, if we fuppofed that, on the Englifh chart, the fhoal was laid down according to an obferved latitude, and that its pofition was not fubjected by Bearings to that of Gaspar j for Robertson having placed this ifland in 2® 30', while the obfervations and the Charts of Cooper, Wilson, Marchand, Chanal, &c. (farther back, pages ; 465 to 472) place it in 20 21', that is 9 minutes' lefs to the fouthward, the fame difference ought to be found in the latitudes of the ihoal, if, in fact, the two fhoals be the fame: but if, in order to preferve this difference of 9 minutes which exifts in this quarter, between Robertson's latitudes and thofe which I have thought it proper to prefer, Crozet's fhoal be carried on my chart to the latitude of 20 o', and the diftance to Gaspar, of from 28 to 29 miles, common to the two charts, be employed, the fhoal will be placed nearly to ss 3 the 638. additions to the 1 M\ik ' the north-weft of Gaspar, as on Robertson's chart. Robertson confirms by a Note written on his chart, in the corrected part of the Coaft of Banca, what I have faid (farther back, page 556), from the opinion of the Captain of the Sulivan, that in failing along this coaft, fhip's ought not to come,nearer the fhore than 15 fathoms. The Warren Hastings's Shoal, which was not mentioned on Robertson's old Charts, is laid down on the Chart and the Plan of the fecond Edition; and it is placed, very nearly, in the pofition which I have afligned to it on my Chart, and which is very different from that which Larkins, Captain of the Warren Hastings, had given it on his: I have expoied at fome length the trigonometrical operations that determined a change which had appeared to me indifpenfable. (Farther back, pages 474 to 48 ij and for the figure Plate VII.) 3. Another correction, and this is the laft which the new edition of Robertson's Chart and Plan prefents, is the addition of a large rocky fhoal or ledge, under the name of the Vansittart's Shoal, fituated (at its middle) to the fouth eaft by eaft of the South-east Point of the Peninfula of Sel and 17 miles from this Point. It is placed on my Chart, according to the bearings which are mentioned by Robertson, in his Short Account, &c. ■*»■ results of the observations, &c. 639 &c. page 10. I cannot do better, for the information of French navigators, than prefent to them a tranfcript of it: <c The beatings of this dangerous fhoal are as follow *: " 1. The Peak of Saddle Island (or l'Ile aux Mammelles) in one with the centre of the Shoal North 28°eafl; at the fame time Shoal-water Island (or l'Ilede la Reconnoissance) South 430 eaft; " 2.' By another bearing, the South-weft extreme of it bears in one with the Peak of Saddle Island, North 330 15' eaft, Shoal-water Ifland South 450 50' eaft. " By thefe crofs-bearings it lies fouth a little wefterly from Sandy Island (on my Chart, Sandy Beach Ifland) ; and in latitude, according to Captain Cumming, 30 12' fouth -j-." For m * The bearings were not taken by Robertfon who does no more here than report them. It is very probable that the ifland the neareft to the Shoal was fet; and on Robertfon'^. Chart and Plan, this ifland would be his Low Ijland: for I have remarked (farther back, page 515) that lie has tranfpofed the names of the two iflands to the fouth-eaft of the weft group. But it appears beyond a doubt that it is of our . Ile aux Mammelles * Cooper's Saddle Ifland, the fouthernmoft of the two iflands, that the bearing was taken, fince the Peak is mentioned, which implies a fecond elevation, as in Saddle Ifland, and cannot be applied to a low, flat ifland. Moreover, whichever of the two iflands Robert/on meant, as they bear in one with each other, with refpect to the pofition to be fixed, there is no error to be dreaded. f Robertfon, on his Chart, gives this latitude to the north extremity of the fhoal; which places its middle in 30 14 or 15', s s 4 and m additions to the For Clements' Straits. Robertson, page 5 of his Short 'Jfe&yint, adds a few remarks to thofe which I have mentioned (farther back, pages 582^0 587) for the information of navigators who intend to pafs through Clements' Strait. tc Of all the different paffages between Middle and Long Island," fays he, Cf that the fleet ff came through is by far the wideft and beft, and <c what I would advife fhips to take, in preference i( to any other, between Banca and Billiton * ; the and gives it about 6 miles extent. The middle is on my Chart in 30 6'; but it has been feen that, in general, my latitudes are lefs foutherly by 9 minutes, than thofe of Robertfon. 1 have fubjefted the fhoal to the bearings of the fmall iflands of Clements' Strait, which I have mentioned above;*and it is placed, on my Chart, according to the bearing and diftance at which it is laid down on Robertfon's Chart, relatively to Sandy I 'Beach ifland, without attending to Cummings's latitude: it is not mentioned whether this latitude was obferved on the very *parallel of the fhoal, or whether it was obtained from a bearing reduced to the point where the obfervation was taken: however, what is of importance is to place it in the pofition which it ought to have in regard to the fmall iflands that form the Paffages of Clements' Strait ; and this is what I have done. * I am entirely of Robertfon's opinion when he-fays that, for fhips which intend to take Clemetits' Strait, the beft paffage is between North and South Iflands, on the eaft fide, and Saddle Ifland and others on the weft fide ; this is the paffage of Captain Clements, and I think it preferable to that of the Atlas, Captain Cooper, and to that of the Royal Admiral (See their tracks mssassm results of the observations, &c. 641 " the Paffage is between North and South *f Iflands on one hand, and Saddle Ifland, which <c forms an appearance of a faddle both when ff to the northward and fouthward of it, on the " other. ■ " The beft track to keep is mid-channel, or i( nearly fo, between the aforefaid iflands, in or- " der to avoid a funken rock, which is about \\ the fize of two long-boats, on which there is H only one half fathom, and no appearance of dan- " ger, five fathoms alongfide of it, and eight, fC nine and ten fathoms fand all round." I have given, (farther back, pages 485 and 586,) the defcription and the bearings of this Shoal fuch as they are engraved on the Plan of Clements' Strait, tracks marked on the charts, which pafled between Sandy- Beach and Button Iflands, and Middle Ifland) ; but I am not of Robertfon's opinion, when he fays that Clement's Paffage fhould be taken in preference to any other between Banca and Billiton. I think that, if he had ufed Gafpar Strait, between Middle Ifland and Banca, as the Sulivan, Captain Stephen Williams, as the Triton, and the Presence, Captain Dordelin, in coming from the fouthward, and afterwards, in going to the northward, as the Carnatic, Captain Wilfon, the Warren Haf tings, Captain Larkins, the Solide, Captain Marchand, &c. he would edvife navigators to prefer Gafpar's Strait to all the Paffages of Clements' Strait, whether they are coming from the northward, or the fouthward. I refer the Reader to what I have faid of both in the Analyfis of my general Chart of the Straits between Banca and Billiton. publifhed tm ImEMi 04£ 'Additions to the A i ' I III i publifhed in 1786 by Alexander Dalrymple : ther"bearings given by Robertson differ not from thofe there mentioned. <c It lies nearly north from the Reef that ex- <c tends a mile and a half to the Eaft of Saddle % Island (which is Flat Island on my chart) : " to the weftward of that Reef there feemed deep fc water between the ifland and it. I know of no " other danger in this track from Treacherous <r Bay, it having been well explored by the boats I of the fleet."* Robertson (page 6 of his Memoir mentions fome remarks made by Englifh Captains on others of the East Passages, befides that through which Clements came out with his fleet. The paffage which opens between the group of the four weftern iflands and Middle Ifland, that is, between this laft mentioned ifland and Sandy- Beach, through which the Atlas, the Royal Admiral, &c. paffed, is divided into two paffages, namely, one between Sandy-Beach and, the Shoal * fltaated to the northward of th& > fin all ifland between this Shoal and Middle Ifland. "" Captain Cooper," fays Robertson, * This Shoal is that of which I have fpoken (farther back, pages 583 and 584) on which Captain Cooper faw the water- have a green colour, and the Portuguefe Captain, in company wifh whom he was then failing, told him that the fea wa9 often feen to break in this quarter. " in results of the observations, &c. 64 Cf in going out to China, in 1785, followed a " Portuguefe to the Weft of it: and Captain <f Easterbrooke, in coming home, came the tf fame way j Captain Huddart, homeward, in " 1785, paffed to the Eaft. It is a very narrow " paffage, and confequently a more dangerous " one, although good foundings and deep water, " owing to the faid Shoal, on which the fea does fc not at all times break, and which was the cafe " when thefe fhips paffed it •, but it broke very <c high when the fleet paffed (Clements' Fleet an- I chored to the north-eaft and eaft-north-eaft " of this fhoal) ; and from where I took the bear- % ings, feemed to block up the whole paffage. I* I think, although thefe fhips have g-one that ff way, it is by no means to be preferred. The <f two fmall iflands to the north-east and south- W east of Middle Ifland were not feen to break, |p but they certainly increafe the number of dan- " gcrs in that track. Captain Easterbrooke ob- 1 ferves, the fouth-eafternmoft or fmall fhoal is <c in one with Gaspar Ifland*, bearing north half i f cc weft * This fouth-eafternmoft Shoal would be, on my Chart, fouth \ weft of Gafpar, rather than fouth \ eaft. It is probable that Captain Eafterbrooke deduced this bearing, and obferved it not: the diftance of 10 leagues at wirich this Shoal is from Gafpar admits not of this ifland being feen when you are near enough to diftinguifh the place occupied3»y the fhoal,, which does not always break, and which did not break when Captain EafterS.rooie 4*?** ©44 ADDITIONS TO THE weft l and he advifes keeping the large or middle Shoal on board in preference of being too near the fmall ones, which cannot at all times be fo well difcovered as the large one, ^&lftci8 when it don't break fhews a ftrong rippling and has but a few feet water on it. <f Captain Huddart obferves, in his remark of that paffage, there are two dangerous fhoals to the eaftward of Middle Ifland, and fcarce two miles afunder,. which renders it more diffi,- ; cult: I paffed between them in 1788, but to the eaftward of both in 1785, which paffage I fhould always prefer as the fafeft, on account of the ftrong currents that fet athwart to the fouth-' '■ eaftward during the North-eaft monfoon, fome- : times above three knots per hour." Remarks on the courfe. to be held on coming out of the J Straits, when bound to the fouthward, after i paffing the parallel cf the South-east point of Banca. The Reader has feen (farther back, pages 58(38 to 582) the remarks of Larkins, Wilson, and Marchand, refpecting the depth of water and Eafterbrooie paffed. The relative bearings of Middle Ifland, Gafpar Ifland, the Eaft Point and the South-eaft Point of Banca, Sec. fuch as they are given by the crofs bearings of ^ffiwB Marchand, Cooper, &c. place the South-eaft part of Mtddk Ifland fouth 5 weft from Gafpar, and not fouth £ eaft. the x$k^ results of the observations, &C. 645 the quality of the ground to the fouthward of the Straits, to thefe we may add thofe mentioned by Robertson in his Short Account, Pages 5 and 6. fC From Saddle Island, fteer down," fays he, " for the two fmall iflands called Breaker <f Iflands,' in my Chart (by fome called Shoal- ic water Ifland) keep to the weftward of them : tc they are diftant from Saddle Ifland about fix " or feven leagues, and bear nearly fouth from it ic (fouth by eaft on his chart). " In following this route, you leave to the " weftward the Vansittart's Shoal, the only known danger in this-quarter." After having paffed beyond the parallel of the fouthern extreme of the Shoal, u we met with <( nothing particular," continues Robertson, <{ in tc our run to the fouthward, except the two fhoals, " which are to the fouthward of Breaker Iflands, <c on the fouthernmoft of which is a fmall dry <c white fand, diftant nearly ten miles from the " iflands; I make no doubt but they are the fouth- l( ernmoft fhoals that furround Billiton on that & fide." 1 refer the Reader to what I have faid farther back (pages 442 and* 544) of another Shoal feen by Dordeljn, in 1784, which appears to be fituated 14 miles to the weftward of the middle of the fouthernmoft of the two preceding Shoals. " We found all along good regular foundings/1 fa vs 1 ffir I , i 646 ADDtTIONSjTO THE fays Robertson : £f eight fathoms was the leaft " water when to the fouth-weft of the fouthern- (C moft Shoal, which bank runs acrofs to the north- " weft with eight and feven fathoms upon it, fand " and ouze, until it joins Foul Point Bank * " to the fouthward of Banca ; which may be Cf obferved upon the Chart by the foundings of " the different fhips' tracks; it then gradually <f deepens to 13 fathoms, to within fight of the ff North Watcher, whofe latitude I make <c 5° I2' 3°IJ fouth, bearing from Breaker Islands fC fouth 240 weft 124 miles." The following remarks particularly concern fhips that are come out of the China Sea by Gaspar Strait. " Having, .got to the fouthward of Middle Cf Ifland," fays Robertson, (page 10 of his Short " Account), pafs the South-east Point of Ban- cc ca at a moderate diftance, and keep a foutherly " courfe, fo as not to get to the weftward of cc the South-east Point of Banca, until you J " lofe fight of the low land of the coaft which j " joins the hummocks", that is to fay, when the I " fouth coaft of Banca appears like feparate':; tf iflands, you are then far enough to the fouth- " ward, and may haul as much wefterly as necef- I * This is the name which Robertfon gives to the whole of I thofe-fhoals, breakers, &c. which are fituated to the South-eaft j of the South Point of Banca. \ 4 ic<Wm RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS, &C 64; Jf fary. In the next place, great care muft be " taken to avoid the Vansittart's Shoal, which cc lies to the eaftward of this track, and to the " fouthward (or rather to the fouth by eaft) of " Middle Ifland. To keep clear of this fhoal, ic fteer a courfe fo as to keep Middle Ifland al- (e ways a little to the eaftward of north, which will % carry you wide of it to the weftward. " Having paffed thefe dangers, a fouth-fouth- " weft courfe made good, will carry you up to xc the Brothers, the northernmoft of which lies " in latitude 50 9' fouth, and bears from Mid- " dle Ifland fouth 230 weft, "about 50 leagues. | I know of no other danger in thefe tracks,"* adds he, Cf fo that the fame caution is neceflkry" " to be obferved in going to the northward as here P defcribed in failing from the northward." Remarks on Gaspar's Strait. Although Robertson never paffed through Gaspar Strait or the West Passage, yet he gives fome hints (taken, no doubt, from the journals of his countrymen) refpecling the precautions which are to be taken by fhips coming from the northward and bound through this Strait. " If coming from the northward or Auro Cf Iflands with an intent of paffing through the Cf Gaspar Strait," fays he, (page 8 of his Memoir) <f get fight of Pulo Toty, whofe latitude 1 is 1 fim Mm 648 ADDITIONS to the " is o° 58' fouth; pafs it to the eaft, and fteer cf down for Gaspar I (land; taking care not to <c come nearer to the Banca fhore than 16 fa- " thorns. Gaspar bears from Pulo Toty fouth- cc eaft diftance about 40 leagues, the fair way (S foundings between them is 17 and 18 fathoms, cc which is a very good guide to go by at night <c or in thick hazy weather; however, I would Cf advife by no means to come nearer Gaspar " in the dark than 7 leagues, which will keep you <c perfectly clear of the fhoals to the northward of *c it, on which the Belvidere and Warren " Hastings ftruck *. " The Belvidere's Shoal was firft feen by " the Sulivan, Hawke, and Ponsborne, 1784* " 1785; Gaspar Ifland bears from fouth-fbuth- <c eaft 4 or 5 ieagues, and the North-east Point « (the.East Point on my Chart) of Banca, fC fouth by weft § weft diftance about 7 leagues." I know not from what journal Robertson has taken the preceding bearings, but I have mentioned (farther back, page 365) thofe which were >It the Sb xktWa >rrect expreffion, which ■ in general terms that 'par; for the middleof h-weft from that ifland, laid it down in the new a the BeUidere's fhoal, :ed to the north-nprth- taken RESULTS OF THE OBSERVATIONS, &C. 649 taken by the Sulivan, fuch as I have found them in her original Journal, publifhed by Mr. Dal- rymple. Thofe of the Hawke, likewife taken from the Journal of that fhip are as follows *: 1785, Jan. 16, at 5 P. M. " Saw the north-eaft part of Banca (its Eaft Point) S. W. 4 leagues. Gaspar Ifland S. S. E. \ E. 3 leagues. Breakers on Larboard quarter \ N. E. 2 leagues. Breakers on the beam.. E. by N. 1 league." In the pofition in which the Hawke was, having Gaspar fouth-fouth-eaft half eaft diftant 3 leagues, the Breakers which Captain Rivington faw on the larboard quarter, 2 leagues to the north-eaft, appear to me, beyond a doubt, to be the fame as thofe which Dordelin had feen, and along which he had ranged throughout their whole length* (farther back, page 482). As to the Breakers which the Hawke had at the fame time on her beam, eaft by north 1 league, I do not believe that they have been feen by any other fhip; and I have determined to fupprefs thofe which are indicated in the Journal of the Su- * Extract from the Journal of the Hawke, Captain Robert Rivington.—See Collection of Memoirs publifhed by Alexander Dairymple : Appendix to Memoir of Chart of Sunda and Banca, I page 28. VOL. II. T T LIVAN, Ml 1.1 i i 6zo additions to the irvAN, and^fhkh I had announced (farther back, •page's 48,5 to 487) as proper to be preferved on my Chart: for the Breakers of the Sulivan, if -they are not thofe of Dordelin, might be the Breakers feen on the Hawke's beam, with which they are confounded: the diftance at which the Sulivan was in regard to Gaspar is the fame as that of the Hawo, and the bearing differs only by about a point. The bearings of the Ponsborne which failed in 1785, in company with the Hawke, make no ^mention of Breakers * : were they not feen from the Ponsborne while-they were fet by the Hawke? T&Ls is very-poflible, if the Breakers did not break, or broke but little, and if the Ponsborne was farther from them than the Hawke. I refume Robertson's remarks refpeclingthe '(hoals agairift which it is neceffary for the navigator to be on his guard, if he intends to .pais through Gaspar Strait, in coming from thenorth- ward. <c The Warren Hast moss's 'Skoal," fays he, cc was firft feen by the Hawke, in I78$j-. The " bearings ' * Same Collection, fame Appendix, page 25. + I know not whether Robertfon, in faying that the Warren ' Haftings'f^bibal had beerf'tfeen, in 1785, by the Hawke, means that this is one of the Breakers whJcfrthis fhip ha«f!et on the tTjjf8rof June at 5 P. M.; but 'if^as* jiafl^been feen above,1 that one of thefe fhoal* of th« Hawke appears to be the fame as the Breakers 1 RESULTS OF .<TjPE OBSERVATIONS, &C. $$1 " bearings cf therA%adJfrom where tk£ Hastings <c ftrupjfc, fa j" viz. Thefe are the fame that I have reported farther %mk (Page 474) Column from Larkins's Journal ; jbifct, if Robertson, in order to laying down ih'isf&boW in the new edition of his -Qhart and of |\ts Jffan. (Of the Straits, has made ufe of the diftances given in $jis f pprnal, and which he ha?s -copied into jy* Memoir: namely, 6 miles from Caspar ; 9 miles horn Tree Ifland -, I am at a iofs <to conceive how he can have afligned to it a jpofiti#s> whichdiffers very little from that I give it according to the refujt of my trigonometrical operations, whdch carries the diftapce from Gaspar to 8.85 miles, .and*hat from Tree Ifland to 6.7 miles (farther back, page 491). Robertson continues: " The Belvidere's <5< $choio\ and this were both feen to break, when c( the jHawke and Ponsborne paffed, but fuppofe tc they were jn©t in that jftafce when the above fhips " grounded: thefe fhoals are Jp general coral rock <c and fteep to." I fhall take the liberty of making two obferva- 'jtions on this paffage of Robertson : j. It has appeared to me that the Belvidrrs's Breakers of Dordelin ; and that the fcther is to be found in a pofition where it does not feem that any other -veifel has ever feen a fhoal. ttI Shoal 652 additions to the Shoal and that of the Warren Hastings are but one and the fame fhoal (farther back, pages 492 and 493). 2. I did not know that the' Belvidere had grounded on the fhoal that is mentioned in the Extract from her Journal which I took from the Memoirs publifhed by Alexander Dalrymple (farther back, page 491): it is there mentioned that " the Belvidere being at anchor in 10 fa- " thorns, Gaspar eaft-fouth-eaft 3 J leagues, Tree " Ifland fouth by eaft, had the Shoal about a " cable's length diftant, north-north-eaft and " fouth-fouth-weft from the fhip, &c." But it is not faid that the Belvidere grounded on this fhoal; it is even faid that fhe was at anchor in 10 fathoms water when fhe difcovered it. This is the cafe with another Shoal which fhe difcovered, when at anchor in 16 fathoms, at the diftance of 12 miles to the weft-north-weft of Gaspar ; and which I prefume to be the northern part of the Warren Hastings's Shoal (farther back, page 4 92); but it is not faid that fhe|grounded on either of the fhoals of which fhe took the foundings. Robertson, ftill in the fuppofition th«t the Belvidere and the Warren Hastings faw two different Shoals, which I believe to be the fame, interrupted, perhaps, by channels where a great depth of water is found (farther back, pages 492 and 493) adds: 4 <f Having • Mft-*y 11; 1 Jit results of the observations, &c. 653. " Having got fight of Gaspar Ifland, fteej I down for it, keeping it to the eaftward of fouth- .<c fouth-eaft to avoid the Belvidere's Shoal, go be- Cf tween it and Tree Ifland, taking care to avoid ff alfo the Warren Hastings's Shoal, or pafs | Tree Ifland to the Weft, as occafion offers; <c there is 20 fathoms to the Weft of it, and I " fhould think it is the beft track as both the f Warren Hastings, and Belvidere's Shoals " are, in that cafe, left on the eaft." On account of the reputation of Mr. Robertson and the. numerous refearches that he has made for constructing his Chart and his Plan of I the Straits, I have thought it my duty to report his opinions refpecting the tracks to be followed in ftanding for Gaspar's Strait, when coming from the northward although, not having himfelf frequented this track, he cannot inftruct us . here from his own experience. For more ample directions, I refer the Reader to the general remarks on making the land in coming to the Straits from the northward and on the navigation in Gaspar's Strait or the West Passage. For the reft, I am of opinion that when navigators fhall have compared what' is faid, on the one hand, of Gaspar's Strait, with what is faid . on the other of Clements' Strait, they will not hefitate to prefer the former whenever the wind t t 3 and 6^' Additions to the results, &c. and tide fhall leave them the option. (See farther back, pages 148 to 150). Paris, the 15th of Prairial, Year VIL (3rd of June, 1799.) NOTE ■m NOTE FOR THE STRAITS TO THE EAST OF BANCA *. « p making known to me, Sir, the new chart f' which Captain Wilson has conftrucled of * the Strait to the East of Banca, and the new cc Memoir which Mr. DALRYMPLEhas publifhed, f you afk me whether I have any thing to add ff to the Analyfis of the Chart of the fame Strait, * that I have placed at the end of the Narrative <e of Marchand's Voyage, which you honour cc me by tranflating. You have been enabled to (C judge from the refult of my labour, that I had fC no knowledge either of the Chart or of the f( Memoir which you have been fo good as to Cf addrefs to me: I fhould certainly have made *c ufe of them, and the former Chart which " Captain Wilson had publifhed, had given me t( too high an opinion of his knowledge and ta- Cf lents, not to have been anxious to employ tc his new obfervations which afford a degree of tc correctnefs ftill fuperior to that which had made <c me diftinguifh his pn ceding ones. * For the (atisfa&ion of the nautijial reader, we here give a tranflation of a letter whjgh, wp have lately received ffom M. Fleurieu, in anfwer to one accompanying Captain Wtlj"on''s aft, Chart of the Strait to the eaft of Banca.—Tranflator. t t 4 cc On 6.56 note for the straits <f On examining my Chart, as if it were the cc work of another, and on comparing it with the " new chart of Captain Wilson, the follow- « ing are the principal remarks which have pre- cc fented themfelves to my mind: Jj i. Latitude of Gaspar Ifland, which Cap- fC tain Wilson defignates on his new chart, by " the name of Pulo Glassa. " It has been feen (page 470 and 471 of this <? Volume) that I had thought that, although u we had a rather confiderable number of ob- <c fervations for the latitude of that ifland, it did " not appear that we were able to determine f< it with exactnefs. I have pointed out the rea- <f fons* which had decided me to fix on 2°2i'; cc This is the latitude which had been con- " eluded from the obfervations of the Solide, <? made on the very parallel of the ifland, and Cf at one of the periods of the year the moft <l favourablej at the very period of the folftice, c< Captain Wilson had obferved it 20 21', and tl made it 20 20' on his former chart (mean 20 ft 21O. Dordelin, in 1784, in going to China, " had obferved 20 21' 1$": Captain Cooper's ** chart gives 2,°2i/: At this day, Captain Wil- " son, according to his new obfervations, carries i( it to 2° 25* 35* (difference with refpecl: to the <c latitude obferved on board the Solide, 4! 357/)- *{ Will not fubfequent obfervations again change " this TO THE EAST OF BANCA. 6,57 u this determination r*—I need not fay that, wh'at- <c ever may be the latitude admitted for Gaspar " Ifland, it muft affect, that of all the points " which have been or fhall be fubjected to iu " —It appears that the latter obfervations of tc Captain Wilson were made in the month of " Auguft, which is not the period of the year <c the moft favourable, if he did not make ufe of (c the meridian altitudes of the fun. " 1. Longitude of Gaspar Ifland. ff As for the longitude of that ifland, I had *c from calculations (page 474 of this Vol.) made " it 1040 45' eaft from Paris, or 1070 5' 15" eaft " from Greenwich. It is feen in the Memoir of " Mr. Dalrymple, relative to the latter opera- <c tions of Captain Wilson (Page XII. of the If Memoir) that this navigator has likewife made fC it from his obfervations and his chronometers, u 10 f 5' 15". " 3.,The pofition of the Shoal fituated to the <c north-weft by weft of Gaspar Ifland, which (C had been feen or reconnoitred for the firft <f time, in 1784, by Dordelin, and which Cap- " tain Wilson at this day names the Belvidere's " Shoals, feems to require a verification. The fC French navigator who faw at the fame time the ft Rock which does not appear above water (on the f{ northern part of the fhoal), and Gaspar Ifland, cf places lull III II 6,5* NOTE TOR THE STRAITS " places this rock to the north 10* weff and at «* the diftance of 17 miles from Gaspar Ifland: J According to Captain Wilson's new Chart, " the bearing, fhould be north 16° weft, and the ** diftance 14^ miles. B 4. The Breaker which I have marked Jeen by <c Rivington (commander of the Hawke) po- " fition doubtful* irrrght be the fouth part of Dor- " delin's Shoal (the Belvidere's Shoal). It I is well known that thefe forts of overfalls or <* quays, formed by coral rocks, and fteep to, Ct leave clear paffages between their moft elevated <c parts: it is poffible that Dordelin and Ri- * Vington may have paffed between two por- •* tions of the large Shoal, feparated by a chan- ** nel. But, as it would be highly imprudent for " a navigator to entangle himfelf voluntarily in ** thefe paffages, even were they well known, on <c the chart is comprifed in the fame enckffure not a navigable, the fpace of fea occupied by the " whole of the group compofed of fcattered " Breakers. * *c 5. The Breakers which I have marked y&# * by Crozet, pofition doubtfkf, can be no other, " methinks, than thofe on which the Vansittart " was loft. The pofition which Captain Wil- " son afligns to them on his new Chart, muft <c be preferred, without hefitation, to the doubtful 6 " pofition, to the east of BANCA. " pofition, which had been indicated to me only i{ from the line of Crozet's track, which is Amply P marked on one of D'ApRes' charts. <{ 6. The four Breakers between which the So- " lide paffed, ancf which had been feen antece- f dently by Crozet, commander of the Masca- <c rin, are not comprifed in the fpace of fea *( which the new chart of Captain Wilson has " reprefented: if this able navigator had had an tf opportunity of examining them, he would have (e been enabled to verify their fituation, relative- *' ly to the east point of Banca and Gaspar ** Ifland. - ** 7. The new chart confirms the pofition which ef I had given to the Warren Hastings's shoal, ** different from that which Captain Cooper, who " had remained aground for feveral hours on this (t fhoal, had afligned to it on his chart. " 8. It has been feen (pages 506 and 508 of this ** Vol.) what motives had determined me not to iC adopt the pofition of the South-west point of t{ Middle or Passage Ifland, with refpecl: to cf the north-east point of the Peninsula of 4( Sel, fuch as Captain Wilson had fixed it from €C his former operations, namely South-west <c Point north 740 eaft of the North-east point, t( & the diftanee of Cix miles and a half. The *< beanngs taken on board the SotrfDE, and the {C feries 66o NOTE FOR THE STRAITS I ft : feries of my trigonometrical operations had led me to give for the bearing north 560 eaft, and the diftance is likewife 6J miles. On the new : chart, the bearing is north 650 eaft (that is 90 lefs than on the old one) and the diftance there is carried to 8§ miles. I am difpofed to believe : that Captain Wilson is in the right; but I obferve that no inconvenience can arife from a chart reprefenting a paffage narrower than it really is: the contrary defect would prefent a : danger. " 9. Captain Wilson marks three iflands of the gulf: they were only two in number on his old chart and on others, and the Solide faw but two: but this difference deferves little attention ; navigation does' not extend into the gulf where they are fituated. cc 1 o. It does not appear to me doubtful, from the latter operations of Captain Wilson that Saddle Ifland (Ile aux Mammelles) is more . to the northward and more to the eaftward than Flat or Low Ifland, a relative pofition which G. Robertson had given to thofe iflands on his Plan. I had heen juftified in believing that the names had been interchanged on this plan, becaufe Dordelin and Cooper (page 389 of this volume) who had both entered into the Strait by the fouthward, had, both, placed l'Ile aux TO THE EAST OF BANCA. 66l P aux Mammelles (Saddle Ifland) more to the *' fouthward and more to the weftward than Flat " or Low Ifland. t( ii. On Wilson's new chart are feen lines of ■ a few iflands in one with each other: he has fet " in the fame direction (eaft 210 30' north) the " fouth point of South Ifland, the north-eaft <c point of Saddle Ifland, and the north-weft *c point of Flat Ifland, the fouth point of Sad- " dl-e Ifland, and the middle of Table Ifland. <f Thefe bearings are worthy to be preferved, as ft well as thofe by which he fixed the relative po- <f fltions of the fmall iflands fituated to the fouth- (( eaft of Middle or Passage Ifland, both with P refpecl: to each other and in regard to the large p ifland. " 12. Sandy Beach or Sandy Ifland, is placed " on the new chart with refpect to the moft fouth- ¥ ern ifland of the group, in the bearing and at 1 the diftance which I had afligned to them. <c Captain Wilson places Sandy Beach in (t 2° 59' 40/7: this ifland is on my chart in 20 55' m 20"—difference 4' 2o'/—but as we have a dif- " ference of 4' 2S11 in the fame direction, refpect - <c ing the latitude of Gaspar Ifland, it thence " refults that the difference between the two iflands is evidently the fame on the two charts. <f 13. It has been feen (page 483 of this volume) that I had no knowledge of the large « fhoal, L *m 6&2 NOTE FOR THE STRAITS «f ihoal, called the Vansittart's SftQAf., and " fituated to the fouth of j^ddle Ifland, bu# < <c from the fecond edition of the Plan and Jjkle- \ <c raoir of G. Robbrtson who places the northern I If part of it 4 or 5 minuses *pore to t|ie JpptluJ " ward than the moft fouthern iflands: but, on H the new chart of Captain Wilson who was pot I " acquainted with this fhoal at the period of his " former operations in the Strait, the northern f.-lpprt of the Van^XjTart's Shoal M not 2 mi- <c mutes more foujtiverly than the moft fouthern ij " part of the Group : it occupje^, befides 6|-miles <f in laj$£ude, by 4J. in longitude: its pofljpo»| tc muft be .fJRfrl according to the new bearings. " 14. Qa^ain W)Pls§»?s laft )Chart prefents j <c fets of foundings extremely interefting to the <c fouthward of the fou^j, etoa^oof Banca, a por- I ff tion of fea refpq^ng which we hadrafcvflfQk no 1 f? f^tisfactory detail. • His labour in this pait " proves, as I had thought, that j&tt having J |f got clear of the land, at the fouthern outlet o* J •<f the Strait, you muft not endeavour to make J Cf Southing and wefting, before you have reached A <c tihe jatitude of three degrees and a h$lf. cc 15. I had J^ken..^he liberty (page 485 note * " of this volume;) fc> ,conpibat the opinion of G. « Robertson, who fays that Clements' Strait is " .preferable to all others between Banca and ** fiaLiSTOiK, and I had cjaimjed the preference " for TO THE EAST OF BANCA., 6S3 for Gaspar's Passage which the Englifh at prefent call Macclesfield's Paffage j it appears that the Englifh Eaft-India Company, no doubt, from the advice of their captains, themfelves prefer it for their fhips; for, in the Inftructions which they had given to Captain Wilson, and which were drawn up by Mr. Dalrymple, the principal object of all the r operations pointed out was the exact furvey of : Gaspar's Passage.*' Paris, 23rd of Germinal. Year IX. (13th of April 1801.) 1 I 1 JOURNAL ^■HP^WSPP'S"*'" JOURNAL jm 11 THE ROUTE. f VOL. II, u; rpHE titles of the Columns fufficiently indicate what each contains; but it is neceffary to make known by what means Captain Chanal obtained fome of the refults which are there inferred. The columns of Latitude and Longitude, by account and by obfervation, fhew the pofition of the fhip, according to the dead reckoning, and according to the obfervations, for the inftant of noon of each day, unlefs it be exprefsly fpecified that it is her pofition at another period of the day. The latitude by account is that which was indicated each day by the dead reckoning, by deducing from the refult of the laft day of obfervation the progrefs in latitude by account in the interval of the two periods. • a 2 The IP JOURNAL ROUTE OF THE SHIP SOLIDE, DURIIfG HER. VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD, is 1790, 1791, and 1792. BY CAPTAIN PROSPER CHANAL. 11 --:'■ 1 i I 1M j MARCHAND S VOYAGE. I|| The longitude by account is the refult of the dead reckoning from the laft Point of Departure, deduced from the longitude of that point. The longitude by obfervation is the mean refult of the obfervations of the moon's diftance from the fun or ftars, reduced to the inftant of noon of the day on which they were made; or the longitude deduced from the bearing of an ifland, a cape, &c. whofe pofition is fixed by aftronomical obferyations. The fituation of the fun, moon, or ftars, in regard to each other, as feen in the column of Remarks and Obfervations, exhibits their fituation j in the heavens at the inftant when their diftance was obferved: thus, Djft. ©—d, indicates that the moon was to the eaft of the fun; and 2>—-©> that it was to the weft; it is the fame with refpect to the moon's diftance from the ftars. The longitude is given in this laft-mentioned column as it was found at the time of the obfervation : it was reduced to that of noon by the dead reckoning, in order that it might be infcribed, at that period, in the fifth column of the month. The letter M defignates the refult of Captain Marchand: Ch, that of Captain Chanal. The letters A. M. (abbreviation of ante meridiem) indicates that the time is before noon. P. M. (abbreviation of poft-meridiem) that the time is after noon. Each determination of the variation of the magnetic needle carries with it the indication of the. § method MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 5 method which was employed for afcertaining it by obfervation. In all the points of the compafs, in the column of Remarks, &c. allowance is made for the variation of the needle, and they are reduced to the true North. In the interval from the 14th to the 29th of December 1790, and in that from the 5th to the 14th of Auguft 1792, during which the fhip failed in the Mediterranean, no mention is made of the longitude, becaufe Captain Marchand directed his courfe by a plane Chart; this deficiency has been fupplied, by indicating each day the diftance run from the one noon to the other, as well as the direction of the courfe, and by inferring in the Journal the bearings which were taken in fight of land: thefe data, combined with the latitude obferved, will give the pofition of the fhip for each day at noon. * 3 if 1 marchand s voyage. 1111 LATITUDE VARIATION TIME, COURSE, DISTANCE. by obferv. NORTH. | of the Compafs. W£ST. 1790. LEAGUES. O / 0 * y Point of departure within fight of } bearing E. N. E. 4 E. n leagues. Cape Sicii, ", , v ' 15 S. byW. 2°W. 35,87 41 17 i f Monte Tero of the Iila bearing W. S. W. 7 K& of Minorca ' eagues.f. . . j ■ 39 3* 17 S. byE. 3°E. i6,33 39 °8 18 S. by E. 1,50 *9 s. w. 30 s, 9,5° 38 56 20 S. 4,33 ai w. s. W. 27,50 22 W. by S.3OS. Z^^Zl 37 33 ^3 Cape Palos N. 6 leagi es. . . . . . 37 06 24 CapedfGWteW.S.W.! S. 6 leagues. 36 56 25 ■ • Cape Torre Molinos W. by N. ' 9 leagues j ■ 36 28 22 08 Amp. Well*/. 26 The Mountainof Felez-Mataga N. W. 36 20 27 ThefameN.W. 6® W 36 09 itijj Cafel.de.Feno N, by E 36 3a ^^-^ marchand's voyage* I DEGREES I of the Itherm.I WEATHER. Above the J I freezing point. IN. W. ftrong breeze; and clear weather. | From N. W. to N. moderate ; fine weather v | From N. W. to W. faint breeze; cloudy. | From W. N.W. to W.faint; clear weather. J From W. S.W. toN.W accompanied by fqualls weather overcaft. | From N.W. to E. N. E variable and fqually; weather overcaft. JFrom W. to N. W. lent fqualls; cloudy weather. | From N. toN. E. faint; rain at intervals. JN.N. E. faint; the we; ther cloudy. | From N. to N. W. va light; clear weather. | From E. to N. W. round by the S. faint; fine weather. ] From E. to N„ frelh ; fin weather, from S. W. to N. W calm at intervals; fine weather. | Calm, puffs from the S. to the W ; fine weather. |W. N. W. light breeze and fine weather, On the 14th in the morning, the Solide fet fail from the harbour of Murfeilks.- On the 16th, at 7 A. M. faw the Ifland of Minorca, bearing S. W. by W, diftant 7 leagues. From the 18th to the 20th, ftrong gales and a very heavy fea. Lay to. REMARKS OBSERVATIONS, On the 22d, at 7 A. M. faw the Coaft of tynnitotheN. W.JW. On the 26th, the currents had carried the ihip to the eaftward about 6 leagues. On the 27th and 28th, they fet to the S. E. at the fame rate, M m**m marchand s voyage. ill 1791- Dec. 29 29 30 3i 1791. LATITUDE by account. by obferv. NORTH. by account. rThe Mountain of d'EJlepona [5/-S I err a Bermeja"] W.H. VT. that off, MarbelU N. N. E. , J f Point of Departure within fight of Cape Spartel LONGITUDE J VARIATION byobfer 35 30 45 3d 09 28 40 26 54 24 26 35 5* 26 50 0 16 8 40 9 46 *4 In fight of the Peak of Teneriffe. L 19 06 of the Compafs. 19 00 Amp. Eaftly. 19 10 by 2 Azim. 19 50 Amp. Wcftfw S17 50 Azim. 14 30 Amp. Weft'F. 14 16 Amp. Weft'y. 13 10 Amp. Weft'r ' DIGRESS of the THERM. Above the freezing point. MARCHANfi S VOYAGE. • WINDS WEATHER., REMARKS OBSERVATIONS. From S. E. to E. freih, fqualls and rain ; light- ning, thick, dark weather. FrOm E. to E. N. E. frefl in fqualls ; weather overcaft. N.T2. Frelh; cloudy From N. W. to S. S. W. variable; flight fquatfs. ; From S. E. toN. E. frefli breeze; cloudy weather. FromN. N. E.toE.N.E. pleafant breeze and. mifty. N. variable, cloudy weather and mift. From N. W. to N. E. faint, and fine wea- On the 29th at noon, faw the Rock of Gibraltar to the W. S. W. £ W : in the afternoon pafled the Strait of that name; at 8 P.M. we-were clear of it. On the 29th, at 8 P.M. fet Cape Sparte/S. if leagues; ihortly after, left fight of fhe land. N. iable, lift. N. E. pleafant breeze, and cloudy weather. From N. E. to S. E. frelh breeze and fine v ther. E.S.E. freih; clear Weather. E. freih breeze; ditto wea ther. E. moderate breeze, and fog. FromE. S. E. to E.N.E var. faint; thick fog. On the4th, at 10 A. M. faw Salvage Ifland bearing W. by W. 30 W. diftant 4 or 5 leagues. On the 5th, at i*> 45' P. M. faw the Peak of Teneriffe bearing S. 6|°, E. 35 leagues. This day faw Flying-fftxs for the firft time. On the 6th, at sjfa A. M. faw the Ifland of Palma bearing S. S. E. § S. 8 or 10 leagues ; at 3 P. M. Ifland af / FerroS.S.E. On the 9th, at ^ 45' P.M. Long, by 2 fets O — 45'P.M.T ° ' " (C6.214500. I...J •*«•• 'tm,Aff MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. NORTH. NORTH. WEST. WEST. WEST. 1791. O / 0 / O ' O / O 1 Jan. 12 15 42 15 42 23 09 13 15 .08 2$ 08 | ' .15 18 15 02 26 29 14 Point of Bearing of the Ifland of Mayo. 1 . . . | 15 02 I . . • | 25 28| #1 I f At anchor in la Prayc Bay, Ifland of .St. Yago. " 14 12 Amp. Weftb/. 14 12 by Azim. I Wt x8. Point of Departure f om the Ifland of Sant Yago. . 14 53 2j 51 19 12 02 12 02 24 40 18 ioAmp.W.dout. 20 9 57 9 57 23 47 -. M ' 12 31 by 4 Azim. 12 48 Amp. Weftlf* 21 8 39 8 39 23 12 11 50 Azim. 22 7 34 7 30 12 20 Azim. 23 6 25 6 28 21 51 ' 11 27 Amp. Eaftlf. 11 54 by 4 Azim. 24 6 09 6 13 21 37 ^5 5 4J5 21 23 26 5 22 21 18 27 4 4<5 21 04 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. DEGREES of the THERM. Above the freezir point 18,0 19,5 FromN. E. to N. var. fr. cloudy and foggy weather. FromN. to N. E. frelh j cloudy and foggy, om N. to N. E. var, faint, fqualls and rain. N. N. E. frelh breeze and fine weather. N.E. moderate; fine weather. N.N. E. frelh; fine weather. N. E. frelh; fine weather, flight fog. E. N. E. frelh breeze; fine weather. E. N. E. ditto, ditto. From E. N. E. to E. moderate; fine weather. From N.N, E.toE.N.E. moderate; cloudy weather. From N. E. to E. faint, almoft calm ; fine Weather. ■N. E. variable, almoft calm; dull weather, fog. Variable, calm; with hea- Var. calm, and fqualls atrintervals; ftorm and From N. E. to E. in fqualls; ftormy. weather, rain. REMARKS On the nth, 12th, 13th, the fea vered with Mcllufca, In the night, the water luminous. Saw fome Flying- jijkek a Shark, and a Ihoal of Pcrpoifis. On the 14th, at 9b I A.M. faw the Ifland of Mayo N. N. W.—At noon the fouth point of the ifland N. diftant league.—At 3 P. M. the Lfland of St. Jago S.W. by W. On the 15th A. M. anchored in La Praya Bay, in die Ifland of St. Jago. 'On the 18th, in the morning, got under way from La Praya Bay. On the 19th, faw a Tropic-bird. On the 2 ift, faw forr. ■adoes, Tunnies, and Fly Onthe22d, faw a Bo On the 25th, faw the fame fifties in great numbers; the fea luminous during the night. On the 26th, faw fome Sea-fzuallowt and the fame fifties; the fea luminous at night. ''Mr mm MARCHAND S VOYAGE. I I I; LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE I LONGITUDE TIME, by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. MO*TH. NORTH. west. • WEST. WHT. 1791. 0 ' O > 0 ' 0 ' J,n. 28 3 35 3 36 20 35 , 14 09 Azim. L-3 5^ by 4 Azim. *g * 57 20 37 30 * 29 21 08 31 1 36 2 26 21 29 oj • 12 18 by 6 Azim. 12 36 Amp. Eaftk. Feb. 1 1 11 1 23 22 17 ; 10 17 by 3 Azim. ; 10 57 Amp. WeftJr. 2 0 05 SOUTH. 23 SI 11 09 Amp. Wdtfr 3 1 05 O 53 24 19 4 9 33 a 29 25 28 C 7 00 Amp. Ealtfr. | S 53 by 2 Azim. 5 4 ™ 4 » 2* 20 C 63oAmP.Eall«7. ' ' • I 6 13 by 2 Azim. 0". 5 2f 5 3* 26 55 I • S ■ " 5 18 Azim. 5 30 Amp. Wert'/ 7 6 57 7 00 27 41 5 53 Amp. Eaft'J. S 8 52 8 55 28 38 29 48 4 39 Amp. Eail'r- 9 10 40 10 43 29 35 j 31 ml -j 2 30 Amp. WflsVy. 1 53 by 4 Alia. 10 » 35 12 35 30 24 f 1 58 by 6 Azim. II 14 ao 14 25 31 06 [ 12 >5 S* 16 10 3% 29 j 33 4» « 0 07 Amp. Eaft1/* \ MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. *3 of the Itherm. WEATHER. From E. to S. E. light breeze with fqualls; wet weather. From E.toS.S. E. flight fqualls, calm at intervals ; rain. From S. E. to S. faint, fqualls ; rain, and weather overcaft. S. E. moderate; fine wither, cloudy at intervals. From S. to S.S.E. moderate; cloudy weather. S.E. by S. moderate; fine weather. S. E. fteady freih breeze; tloudy weather. S E. pleafant breeze; find weather. S. E. by S. moderate1 • breeze; fine weather. E.S.E. moderate breeze fine weather. From S. E. to S. S. E frefh; fine weather. S. E. by S. frelh breeze ; fine weather. From S. E. to E. S. E. moderate; fine weather. E.S.E. moderate breeze j dull weather. E. S. E. ditto, ditto. E. S. E. moderate; fine weather. FromE.S. E.toE.N. E.j faint; clear fey. REMARKS OBSERVATIONS. On the 29th, met with a,fhip. Saw a quantity of oceanic birds, among others fome Boobies. Till the 2nd of February, the fliip was conftantly followed by numerous fhoals of Tunnies and Bonitoes; enough were caught for fupplying all the fhip's company at difcretion : on the 2d faw a fhoal oiP»rpoifts,on. the approach of which the Tunnies and Bonitoes difappsared. On the 3d, faw fome among other birds. ■^rat4»47'P.M.-J M.*% « < Long. >and > & Cby4fetsO-<[ ) Cb. ) £f at 4&I4' P.M. -\ M.^i J£ < Long. >and > H Cbyzfets©-]) ) Cb. ) 29 08 ooW. ^ rat4»io'P.M. ^M jgS Long. \Ch ** (.by2fetsO-([ ) M. M. . 30 01 00 O at5& 12'P.M. } Long. V by2fetsO-{T jMean M. il 2 rat4hi9'P.M. } I Z) Long. ic H (.by4fets0-([ )'Mean and a fet ([ — fi Pollux. CI Mean of the 5 fets. . 1 29 58 00W . 31 32 00 . 31 0$ 00 i3ii"7 30W 33 43 15 33 56 ia 1 33 49 44 33 50 14 f) ■flil,'- - I|| Mi Ir 34 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE! LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION 1 TIME. byac ;ount. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. 1 SOL TH. SOUTH. . WEST. WEST. EAST. 1791. O V: O 1 O / O I O / J**. 14 V** 5* 33 00 *5 ,8 39 18 53 33 *8 35 56 • | 0 24 Amp. EafUr.j ' 1 19 plus Azinaf. ] 16 19 51 20 OI 34 " 37 °6 ' \ 2 19 Amp. Eaftff. > 1 42 Azim. [ 1 3 00 Amp. Eaftlf. 21 21 34 51 f 3 42 by 2 Azim. 18 *3 03 23 22 36 13 4 00 Azim. s 24 21 24 21 36 35 20 25 04 24 55 37 °4 5 14 Azim. 21 tf c6 26 10 38 10 5 56 Azim. 22 A 35 27 44 39 35 8 16 fev. Azim. 23 29 05 29 19 ■ 40 58 24 30 28 :.i\ 42 12 " ro 10 by 6 Azim. 10 44 Amp. Weftfr I I I 3i 45 43 17 , 47 56 I 1 ' 10 45 Amp. Eaft1)*, 11 1 j by 6 Azim. 26 08 °" J 43 44 48 231 11 12 Azim. ■ft** DECREES DAYS. of the THERM. Above the Feb. freezing point. 14 23,0 '5 22,5 _J6 22,0 ip ? 23,0 J8 22,0 19 22,0 20 21,0 MARCHAND S -VOYAGE. WINDS - I REMARKS WEATHER. Variable, intervals of calm and rain; weather over-eaft. E. N. E. light breeze; cloudy weather. From N. N. E. to N. E. moderate; fine weather. N. E. by N. moderate; clear fky. FromN.N.E.toN.N.W frelh ; fine weather. From N. W. to S. E. round by the S. faint, fqually at intervals; hazy weathen ' FromE. S. E. toE. light breeze; fine weather. From E. to N. N. E. var. and fqually; cloudy weather. From E. N. E. to N. E. pleafant breeze; cloudy weather. From N. E. to N.N. E. moderate,-^ dull weather ; fmall rain. From N.N. E.toN. moderate, fqually from the N. W. weather overcaft. From N. to N. E. faint, fqually and calm at in- - tervals ; rain. Calm, clear fky; N. W var. faint, cloudy "weather. OBSERVATIONS. On the 15th, at 8h 30' P. M.-v Long. ( t> 1 n u r . /r t> } > G6. . 36 10 I<W. by 2 fets (£ - Regulus 1 nd Aldebaran— <[ J On the 16th, at 9* oo' P. M Long. by 2 £. Aldebaran-d and 1 fet J - Regulus J On the 18th, faw a Sea-f% I M." d > 36 54 06W. On the 20th, faw a Booby. On the 2ift and 22d, faw feveral Sea. fioaUmut'aad a few Boobies. On the 24th,. faw a number of Petrels* On the 25th, at 7 b 4' A. M.~\M. . 4%6j5 Long. >Ch. . 47 41 $z by 6 fets D — O i Mean 47 44 13W, On the 26th, L-jat 8h 00' A. M. -\ M. . 48 37 55 Long. \Ch. . 48090,- |by 6 fets J - Q. ) Mean 48 23 30W- i M MARCHAND S VOYAfiE. LATJTjDD* LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. SOUTH. SOUTH. WEST. WEST. EAST; 1791- O / O / 0 / O / 0 1 Feb. 27 33 " 33 17 44 3i 11 45 Amp. Eaft,!^ 28 33 47 33 37 44 5* March 1 33 53 33 48 44 06 n 17 by 6 Azim. 2 34 54 34 50 43 18 12 01 by 6 Azim. . fJ| 35 10 35 °6 '43 *9 I • n 57" Amp. Eaft'y. 11 29 by 3 Azim. 4 36 03 44 40 12 03 Amp. Eaft1/. 7vA 37 44 37 39 46 09 6 38 12 46 02 Wk 37 27 36 35 46 39 11 42 Azim. % 36 54 36 48 47 13 48 c6 - f 12 45 by 4 Azim* [ 12 20Amp.Eaftl7. 9 37 34 38 00 49 47 14 10 Azim. 13 38 4* 38 44 52 09 53 16 15 50 Amp, Eaft^. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. *7 DEGREES WINDS REMARKS of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the freezing point. 20,0 From N.W. by W. faint; On the 27th, faw a Turtle and fome clear weather to S. S. W. Porpoifes; gray and brown Petrels were dark ftormy weather. conftantly feen. 18,0 From S. E. to S. byW. frelh; weather overcaft, foggy. 18,0 From S. to S. W. var. in fqualls ; , cloudy weather. 18,0 From S. W. by S. to On the 2nd, faw an Albatrofs and a S. S. E. faint ; foggy number of Petrels. weather. i8,5 From S. S. E. to N.W. round by the N. faint; fine weather. .,-..'. I 17,0 FromN. N.W. to W.N. W. frelh, with fqualls and rail). On the 4th, faw fome Terns. 16,0 FromW.N.W.toS.S.W. On the 5th, the chopping fea and the ftrong breeze and fqual whitifh colour of the water announced ly ; rainy weather. foundings ; founded without ftriking 14.7 S. W. fqually; cloudy ground at 120 fathoms. 16,5 weather. FromS.S.W. toW.N.W. light breeze and intervals of calm ; fine Petrels, both gray and brown, and Alba- troffes were conftantly in fight. fky. On the 8th, 0 , „ *7>5 From N. W. light breeze at 3& 52' P. M. ~\ M. . 48 08 00 to N. N. W. frelh; fine Long. Y CA. . 48 42 00 weather. by 4 fets © — ]) ) Mean48 25 00W. 17,0 From N. to S. E. round Still the fame birds in fight. by the S. W. freih; On the ioth, ftormy weather and rain. at 3h_ 56' P. M. "\ M. . 53 40 ir 16,0 From S. E. pleafant breeze Long. 1 Cb. . 53 40 19 to N. E. flight; clear weather. 2 fets <X - fi Pollux. J Mean 53 40 15 W, ft m M i8 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE [ VARIATION -TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. J of the Compafs. SQUTHs, .. SOUTH. WEST. WEST. . BAST. 1791. O / O ' O t 0 1 O / March \\ , 39 25 40 03 54 QO 55 *6 i? 36 Azim. 12 40 52 40 48 55 01 56 28 - 16 32 Amp. Eaftiy. 17 00 Azim. 13 41 39 41 40 56 38 14 41 30 41 15 56 14 15 41 08 40 59 56 18 57 46 . 17 00 Amp. WefVj 16 41 14 41 01 56 24 19 00 Amp. -Weft1 *7 42 06 3 4* 04 59 1* 18 43 07 43 04- 59 38 18 50 Azim, 19 43 17 43 !| 58 50 20 4* 43 42 24 59 13 21 42 49 42 28 59 46 18 11 Amp. Weftl; MARCHAND S VOYAGE, S9 DEGREES WIK DS REMARKS of the AND AND THERM. WE ATH ER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the freezing point. M»5 From N. N. E. to N. W. On the nth, 0 , „ frefh and faint by inter at 4k 12' P. M. *\M. .56 27 22 vals, light fog; fine Long. \Cb. . 56 26 40 weather. 15,0 From W. S. W. faint Jto 1 fet (J — fi Pollux. J Mean50" 27 01W.' N.W. light; clear wea On the 12th, ther. at 4h 44' P. M. -\ M. . 56 34 00 ">5 From N.W. to S. S. W. Long. {Cb. .563900 ftiff breeze, fqually; by2fetsO-<[andr fog and rain. 1 fet' d— Regulus, J Mean 56 36 00W. 11,0 From S. W. to S. S. W. ftrong breeze, heavy fqualls; clear weather. 11,0 FromS. W. frefh to S. E. On the 15 th, faint; clear weather, at 8h 15' P. M.-\ 12,5 dew at night. Calm, then N.N.W.plea by2f.7l^4a''S73aiSW' fant breeze; fine wea and Aldebaran - ([ . J ther. Petrels, Albatroffes, and Storm-birds^ 13.7 From N.W. freih, clear were conftantly feen : from the 12th to weather, to W. var. the 13 th faw patches of Sea-weed, a and faint; cloudy wea Duck, a white Antarctic Pigeon, a Pen ther. guin, fome Mew's, and a few Whales. 10,5 FromW. N.W.toS.W. ftiff breeze; weather On the 17th, heavy at the horizon. at 3& 30' P.M. 70 ~\ fath.finegray fand, 10,0 From S. W. to S. S. W. \- with black and ftrong breeze, heavy at 8h 00' P. M. 75 j white fpecks. fqualls ; clear wea On the 18th, faw a fmall Land-bird, a ther. Port Egmont Hen, a Quebra'nta-hueffes, ">5 From S. W. to N. N.W.' moderate, intervals of calm; fineweather,dew at night. and the fame birds as before. 10,5 FromW. to S.S.W. light On the 21ft, at 8^ 00'P. M. 85 fa fine weather, dew at thoms, fine gray,. greenifh sfand, with night. yellow, black and white fpecks. J. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE! LONGITUDE 43 26 63 02, VARIATION of the Compafs. 18 05 Amp. Weftlf. 18 28 Azim. 19 15 Amp. WefUr. 18 48 Azim. 19 54 Amp. Weflfy. C19 54 by 3 Azim. } 20 04 Amp. Weft'y. Above^tht freezing point. MARCHAND S WINDS WEATHER. rom S. to N. N. W. light; fine weather, dew at night. :eze to W. light and riable; fine weather. From S. S. E. toS. S. W. ftrong breeze fqually; rain and hail, weather overcaft. From S. faint and calm, to N.N.W. frefh ; fine weather, foggy horizon.. From N.N.W. toS.S.W. frefh and faint; fine weather. OBSERVATIONS. On the 22c t 2h oo' P. M. 65 j I 8h 00' P. M. 55 t 8h 00' P. M. 55 t midnight. . . 60 Saw fome Seals and a Wbalt fathoms, fine gray greenifh fand, with yellow, black and white fpecks. On the 23d, at 7& 28^ A. M. Long. by j fet J) — « o: Cb. .61 50 00W, On the 23d, at 8& P. M. 70 fathoms, very fine gray fand. On the 24th, faw a great many marine plants and a white Antartic Pigeon: for fome days paft faw other birds. On the 25th, at 8** A. M. 70 fathoms, gray, greenifh fand, with yellow and white fpecks. On the 25th, at 8h 34' A. M. 1 Long. . by 4 fets J-0( M. . 63 20 37 Ch. . 63 25 23 Mean 63 23 00W. On the 26th, at noon, 65 fathoms, fine gray fand. Saw Seals, Whales, Porpoifes, heaps of marine plants, and the birds before denominated, in fmall numbers. B 3 il j, mem MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 1791. March 27 LATITUDE] by account, LATITUDE] by obferv. SOUTH. LONGITUDE by account. WZST. 64 30 48 00 64 54 66 4$ LONGITUDE by obferv. 64 48 6| 08 VARIATION of the Compafs. 21 00 Amp. EaflT. I zi 38 Azim. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 23 DEGREES WINDS ! REMARKS DAYS. of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS, Above the March freezing point. 27 10,5 From N. W. to S. W. On the 27th, pleafant breeze; fine at 9k oi'f A.M.I M. loi n weather, var. calm and Long. >and V63 43 45W. 1 fog at night. by 2 fets ])— Q.JCi. ) On the 27th, f fathoms, greenifh at 4h P. M. 75^ fand,raixed with L black and white. r fathoms , gray, at 8h P.M. 75) black and white at io J« P.M. 80 j fand, a little v. muddy. 28 - 12,0 From W. var. faint, to On the 28th, f 1| N. W. frefh and fqually; weather overcaft. at 8h 27' A. M.«jM_ 650530 LonS- id , 65 07 00 by 4 fets ]) — ©» C - and 1 f. Antares. D J Mean 65 06 15W. On the 28th, u . *r of fathoms gray and at 4h A. M. 804 b } (_ yellow fand. f fathoms^ gray and at 8^ P.M. 82 < yellow fand with {. rocks and fhells. /•fath. gray greenifh' I 1 fand, mixed with At midnight. .. 80 J 'A \ yellow and black C gravel. Petrels, Albatroffes, Alcyons, Penguins, and a few white Antartic Pigeons, together with Seals, Porpoifes, and a few Whales, were feen daily. 29 11,0 Weft, variable, frefh On the 29th, we obferved the fea to breeze, more mode be covered with a fpecies of red rate ; weather overcaft. | Shrimps. M M 24 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 1791- March 30 April 1 53 *6 51 06 LONGITUDE by account. 67 20 54 07 I 53 56 I 66 45 Point of Departure within fight of Staten Land. . 53 56 I ... I 66 08 LONGITUDE by obferv. 67 41 VARIATION of the Compafs. 21 39 Amp. Eaftiy. 5« *5 66 3« DEGREE-) of the THERM MARCHAND'S VOYAGE WINDS 25 WEATHER. REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. Above the freezing point. From W. to N. N. W pleafant breeze j cleai weatheri FromN. N.W. to N.W. moderate breeze; fine weather, rainy. Calm till noon, then from N.W. to N.N.E. frefh; hazy weather. From N. N. E. pleafant breeze; foggy weather, followed by a calm, and by a frefh breeze at S. W. From S. S. W. to W. ftrong breeze and vio* lent fqualls -, accompanied by hail and fnow. From W. to S. S.W. moderate, fqually at times, followed by fnow and hail ; weather overcaft. From N. N. W. to S. light breeze, followed by a calrr^; weather overcaft, rain and fnow at intervals. On the 30th, t 8h P. M. On the 30th, [* fath. yellow, black [ and white fand. I" fath. gray fand> \ and yellow gravel. A.M. } M. . 67 22 15 LonS- \Ch. .67 n 53 by 2 f. ]) - O, and ( 1 fet Antares- J). * Mean6? ^ °4W- On the 3 ift, at 8h p. M. 90 fathoms, gravel, fmall pebbles and live fhell-fifh; at midnight and fince, no bottom with 130 fathoms of line. On the ift of April at noon, perceived Staten Land bearing S. S. W. diftant 17 or 18 leagues. On the 30th and 3ift of March, and ift of April,faw a number ofPetrels, Albatrtf- fes, Penguins, Divers, and white Antarctic Pigeons, a great many Seals, Whales, and P«rpoifes; pafled through a quantity of fea-weed in large patches. On the 2d and 3rd, faw few birds of any fpecies. On the 4th, faw fome /potted Petrels for the ift time, a quebrantabueffos and the fame birds as before, but in fmall numbers. On the 5th, faw a great many Petrels, and fome /potted ones, " feveral were . caught with hook and line : we continued to fee thefe birds with Albatroffe^ Quebrantabueffos, Penguins, Alcyons, ai^l Mews, but in a fmall quantity. &6 MARCHAND $ VOYAGE. IL AT I7UDE ILATITUDE ! LONGITUDE longitude | by obferv. MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. *7 DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS. of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the April freezing point. 6 M From S. S. E. to S. E. pleafant breeze; weather, hail and hoary froft. 7 i>7 FromS.S.E. toN.N.E. light breeze; weather, dry. FromN.N.E.toW.N.W. S 5»* light breeze and frefh at intervals; weather overcaft. 9 5»o From N.N. W.toW.N.W. moderate; cloudy and foggy, followed by fqualls. 10 6,0 From W.N.W. to N. W. frelh, accompanied by fqualls; foggy weather. xr 3,5 From S.S.W. toW. ftiff On the nth, breeze; fqualls, fmall at 4* 15* P.M.TM. ~\ o # a rain.' Long. >and >77o8 ooW. 12 4,5 From W. to N. N. W. by 2 fets Q—d.JCA. J frefh in fqualls; fog Spotted Petrels, gray Petrels, Albatroffes, and fmall rain. were cenftantly feen, and from time to 13 4,5 From N. W. by W. to time Quebrantabueffos, Penguins, Mews N.N.E. frefh breeze; 9oA'Sheer-waters ; /potted and gray 2V. weather overcaft and trtls were frequently caught with hook rainy. and line. i4 5»o N.N.W. moderate; S.W. ftrong gale, accompanied by heavy fqualls; foggy weather. *5 2,5 From S. W. to E. freih in fqualls; followed by fnow and hail. JS sS MARCHAND S VOYAGE. latitude' LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. SOUTH. SOOTH. WEST. WEST. EAST. 1791- 0 / O / O / O ' O 1 JpriliS 57 43 57 46 86 46 23 30 by 16 Azim. if 56 27 88 08 18 54 05 54 45 91 15 *9 52 32 52 33 93 16 93 19 16 34 plus Azim. 20 5i 38 ,51 38 94 °* 15 30 plus Azim- ?n 50 19 95 57 22 50 13 97 °3 23 50 22 5° 39 96 55 34 48 50 48 49 95 37 95 18 *s 46 07 46 08 95 42 j - 96 09 or 95 46 by a mean between the obfervations of the 24th and thofe of wthe 25 th. ^ I 1 ^11 14 Azim. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. M m Above the freezing point. WEATHER. REMARKS OBSERVATION? From S. W. to N. N. E. variable, light breeze; fine weather, foggy in the horizon. From S. E. to S. ftrong gale in fqualls, followed by fnoi hail; weather overcaft and rainy. FromS.S. E. toS.S. W. ftrong gale and fquallj fame weather. From W.S.W. toS.S.W. freih, and fqualls foi- : lowed by fnow and hail; cloudy weather. 1 From S. S. E. light hazy ■ weather; to N.E. N. frelh; cloudy weather. From N. E. to N. N. E. violent and heavy • fqualls; weather foggy and rainy. From N.byE. to N.N.W. pleafant breeze; foggy weather. FromV. W. by N. to W. by N. ftrong breeze, fqually; weather overcaft. From W. to W. S. W. frefh breeze, and clear by 2 fets D — 0. ) Cb. J weather. I On the 25th, From W. to S. W. frefh at 9»> 23'^ A. M. ^ M. -j} nd Long. Vand V 96 09 30W. by 2 fets )-Q)cb.) i 93 44 00^ On the 2ift, in the morning, forced to lie to by a boifterous wind and a very heavy fea, which occafioned the fhip t» labour extrerpely. On the 24th, t 8h35' a. M.-w ' / o / « ■ 95 28 30W. breeze in fqualls, clear weather. JH 59 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. Willi LATITUDE TIME. by account. SOUTH. 1791. O / April 26 43 46 27 43 oz 28 4* 3i 29 41 30 30 40 24 May 1 39 55 2 38 21 3 36 34 4 35 °4 5 33 57 6 33 14 LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. SOUTH. WEST. WEST. EAST. O / 0 ' 96 58 97 23 98 45 0 / 100 24 10 10 Amp. Eaft'y. 40 20 106 45 7 41 by 15 Azim. 39 59 100 02 7 29 Azim. 38 29 100 53 36 32 I00_ 44 99 30 33 56 100 10 100 41 . I 7 56 by 12 AzinTo] DECREES DAYS. of the THERM. Above the April freezing point. 0,6 8,0 37 9,5 28 11,0 29 11,0 30 **,5 May l 12,0 ">5 3 14,0 4 14,5 5 16,0 6 16,5 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 3* WEATHER. REMARKS OBSERVATIONS. FromS.W.byS.toS.W. frefh breeze; cloudy weather. Puffs from the W. N. W. hazy weather: then from N. N. E. to N. light breeze. N.byE. pleafant breeze; weather overcaft. From N.N.E. to E.N.E. light breeze; foggy Weather, fmall rain. From W. by N. to N. W. by N. light breeze; fine Weather. From N.N.W. to S. round tiy the E.' var: frefh, fqualls followed by rain and fnow; ftormy weather. From S.S.W. to W. frefh breeze in fqualls; wea1- ther overcaft. FromW. to N. W.byW. ftiff breeze fqually ; weather overcaft. From N. W. to S. S. E. I round by the W. fteth and fqually; foggy wea ther and fmall rain. Trom S. to N. E. var light breeze; cloud Weather. . From N. N. E. to N. W by W. frelh in fqualls weather overcaft. On the 26th, faw a iw alfo the fame fort f birds as before. On the 29th", faw a numerous- flight of birds of the Tern fpecies,) going towards the S. W. From the 30th to. the 4th, faw only foxa&/potted Petrels and fome Albatrofiesi their number diminifhed every day. X)n)the4th, faw a Port Egniont ben. ' FrOm the $&>, we no longer'faw'either /pottM Petrels, or others, nor Albatroffes. 1 I 3* MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE | TIME. by account by obferv. SOUTH. SOUTH. 1791. 0 / 0 / May 7 3i 54 3i 40 8 30 28 30 25 9 30 06 30 02 10 29 21 29 33 11 29 09 29 09 12 28 27 28 25 13 27 01 27 OO ' '4 25 J7 25 30 *5 25 07 25 20 16 25 16 25 29 17 25 32 25 3$ I 18 25 39 »5 44 19 25 27 LONGITUDE by account. LONGITUDE by obferv. VARIATION of the Compafs'. 8 07 plus Azim. \ 9 00 Azim. 96 44 -l * 89 £ 8 34 Amp. Weftly. 96 55 [ 90 55 J 96 48 "\ by a mean 98 42 J 90 4» ). 9 17 plus Azim. between the ^_8th and 9th, 6 33 by 8 Azim. 6 32 by 5 Azim. 7 21 by 3 Azim. 6 47 by 4 Azim, 106 25 I . . ■. I 6 39 by 4 Azim* 6 26 plus Azim.. 5 50 Amp. EaftJy. MARCHAND S VOYAGE* 3* DECREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS of the AND - AND THERM. WE A T H E R. OBSERVATIONS. Above the May freezing point. 7 19,0 N. W. by W. pleafant breeze; fine weather. S 20,0 N. W. light breeze, fine On the 8th, 9 21,0 weather. From W. N. W. faint to N. by E. frelh breeze; at zk 48' P. M. 1 M; ~\ . \ Long. >and > 963300V; by 2 fets © — <r . J Ch. ) fine weather. On the 9th, 10 20,0 From N. E. by N. to at 4* 7> P. M. } M. } N. N. W. in ftrong Long. >and >97 08 00 W. fqualls; clear weather. by 2 fets © — d . ) Cb. } ii 20,5 From W. N. W. to W. On the gth, faw a Whale, a Sea-fwaU by S. faint and fqually; /orcandaM-w. cloudy weather. On the ioth; faW fome Sea-fwallowsl 12 l8,0 From W. to S. light On the 12th, faW a Man-of-war-bird^ breeze; fine weather. On the 12th, 13 20,0 S. E. pleafant breeze; at 3h 20' P. M.^ Long' - Vahdf-9S540OW, by 2 fets © — d , f j and2f. D-Spica tip, J n 20,0 fine weather. From E. S. E. to N. by W. moderate, accom panied by fqualls; wea On the 13th, 14th and 15th; faw ther overcaft. fome Sea-fwallows. »5 20,O From N. to N. N. W. light, fqually ; weather overcaft. 16 20,5 From N. to N. by W. On the i6fh, faw fome Bonitoes and faint breeze ; cloudy two gray Terns. weather. 17 21,0 From N. to N. N. W. faint; cloudy weather. On the 17th, faW two Tropic-birds. 1 21,0 TromN.by W. to N. W. From the 18th, faw conftantly Man* by N. faint breeze; fine o/-war-birds, red-ihafted Tropic-birds weather. and others, alfo now and then fome *9 19,5 From W. to N. E. by E. round by the S. almofi calm ; cloudy weather. Mews and Bonitoes, voi £ II* C 34 MARCHAND SAW?AGE. 1 LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION [ TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. SOUTH. SOUTH. WEST. EAST. 1791. 0 1 0 / 0 1 O / O / May 20. 24 49 24 47 108 09 5 48 by 3 Azim. 2i 24 00 24 06 109 26 6 34 plus Azim. 22 24 00 23 59 109 53 6 07 Azim. 23 23 03 ^3 05 no 30 in 56 \ * 3* Azim. i 5 26 Amp. EaftJy. 8 21 44 • 21 54 in 37 113 41 4 05 by 6 Azim. 20 49 21 03 112 47 U4 57 5 40 by 5 Azim. 26 20 24 20 22 113 02 115 38 , 5 25 by %. Azim. 'M'4 19 28 19 32 114 10 »6 34 5 24 by 5 Azim. 28 19 20 19 20 114 22 5 56 Azim. 5 3 2 Amp. WeftbA 29 18 46 18 46 115 26 5 32 Amp. Eaft'y. 30 19 05 19 09 116 23 31 18 41 18 36 116 10 i^a^S MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 35 DEGREES j WINDS | REMARKS of the ; AND THERM W E A T H E R. OBSERVATIONS. Above the freezing point. 21,5 From N. by E. to N. E by N. light breeze, cloudy weather. 22,5 FromN. E. byN. to N by W. light, followed by a calm; fine weather. 23,0 From N. W. by N. to [ N.F.. by N. faint, calm On the 23 rd, faw a great many Fly- at intervals ; fine wea- \ing-fi/hes. ! ther. On the 23d, 24,0 From E. to E. S. E at 81» 31' A. H.l M.l 0 , „ frefh breeze; fine wea Long. > and > 111 45 30W. ther./ by 6 fets ])— QJCb.} ^3,5 From N. E. by N. to E On the 24th, N.E. moderate; cloudy at 10h 3' A.M.") M.~) weather. Long. > and [ J r3 34 00W. 24,0 From E. S. E. to S. E faint; fine weather. by 2 fets ])— ©J Ch.J 24,0 §. E. faint; fine wea On the 25th, ther. at 8 k 34' a. M;"\ tL 1 M-l 23,0 From S. E. to N. E. light by 2 ktsAntares- J) f and f ri4 49 OOW. * breeze, followed by calm;- fine weather. and 2 fets D — ©J C/j' J 24,0 Calm, then from N. E On the 26th, to N.N. E. faint; fine at8h 12'44."A.M.! M.l 1 weather. Long. Vand>u5 3'-i5w- 22,0 From N. N. E. to N. W by 2 fets D-oJCh.) pleafant breeze; cloudy On the 27th, weather. at 7 & 41' A. M -s 24,0 FromN. to W. accom Long. j M. 1 panied by fqualls; wea by 1 fet « of A- \and 1116 23 30W. ther overcaft. ■quiia—l, andicA.J From N. W. to S. W. 2 fets J)-©- -J fqualls; weather rainy overcaft. M mil III MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION ! TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv.' of the Compafs. SOUTH. SOUTH. WEST. ' WEST. EAST. 1791- 0 / O / 0 / O / June l8 06 116 16 '3 1.7 39 17 36 116 22 E&s 4 50 by 3 Azim. III r5 5i i> 47 117 49 4 14 09 14 »3 120 02 3 10 by 12 Azim. 5 13 08 122 21 2 43 by 6 Azim. 6 12 09 12 10 124 33 12710 3 07 by 10 Azim. 7 1 11 09 11 12 126 47 129 25 4 03 by 6 Azim. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 37 | DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS. of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the 'June freezing a point. i 21,0 FromN. N.W. toS.S.W On the ift and 3rd, faw fome Por- faint, intervals of calm poi/es. ftormy weather. * It may be remarked, that between 2* 2J,0 Calm, then from S.W. to the tropics, the winds do not always 1 S. pleafant breeze; hazy blow from the Eaft quarter; for it is weather. feen that, from the 29th of May to the 3rd of June, between the parallels of 180 45/ and 150 45' fouth, the Solide had, for five days, winds—from North to mf. 21,5 FromS.S.E.toS.E.byS pleafant breeze; hazy weather. Weft—from North-Weft to South-Weft, in fqualls;—from North-North-Weft to South-South-Weft—fromSouth-Weft to South: this explains how the weftern iflands may have had and may ftill have a communication with the iflands fituated, in regard to them, to the Eaft and to the 4 23,0 S. E. frefh breeze; fine North. This remark is confirmed by the weather. "Journals 0/ the Route of all the navigators who have croffed the Great Ocean between the tropics. ReJ-Jba/ted Tropic-birds and Others, and Flying-fi/hes were conftantly feen, 5 23,0 From E. S. E. to S. E. and from time to time Boobies, Man-of- frefh breeze; fine wea war-birds, Sheer-waters, Sea-/wallows ther. and Bonitoes. On the 5th, fiiw a fmall Tern, On the 6th, at 4* 23' P. M.-\ m 24,5 E. S. E. pleafant breeze; j Long. IM.1 0 / // by 4 fets O — D, /"and J" 117 33 00W. and 2 fets ]) — to k Cb. J fine weather. Spica Virginis. J On the 7th, at 31*26'33" P.M.I M.l 7 24,0 E.S.E. moderate breeze; Long. >and >i29 42 15W. fine weather. by 2 fets O— d.jCh.J I 1 3 3*5 MARCH AN D S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. SOUTH. SOUTH. WEST. - WEST. EAST. 1791. O / O ' ^b|p; \ iU^fSff 0 / June 8 10 17 10 18 128 39 131 08 4 37 by 8 Azim. 9 9 45 9 46 130 34 4 52 hy 6 Azim. 10 9 48 9 45 13* 30 135 52 5 38 by 10 Azim. 9 49 9 59 133 20 4 18 Amp. Eaftly. ; » t 9 59 136 01 •1 Point arrived at within fight of the Marauefai. f 5 50 by 6 Azi ... I 9 59 I . . . . J 140 29 Lying to off the Bay of la Madre de Diot in the Ifland of Santa Cbri/liana. \.At anchor in the Bay of Ih Madre I Point of Departure from the Bay of/« Madre deDios. J ... I 9 554 j ... I 141 29 In tit Bay. ■■ <~ 3 18 30 by 8 Azim. I 4 15 00 Amp. Eaft1/. i 09 45 by 8 Azim. I 3 09 45 by 8 Azim \ 2 49 00 Amp Eaft MARCHANDS VOYAGE. 39 [DEGREES I WINDS 1 REMARKS ' of the ; AND THERM W-E A T H E R. O.BSER V ATIO N S. Above the freezing point. 25,0 From E. S. E. to S. E On the 8th, moderate; fine wea at 3k 2' 17" P. M.-n ther. Long. IM1 ° ' " 25,0 From E. S. E. to S. E by 2 fets © — d , Vand > 131 23 00W. moderate; cloudy wea and 2 fets ]) — to I Ch.J ther. Spica Virginis . . . .) 23,5 From E.S.E. toE. light; The fame birds were ftill feen, and fine weather. Terns befides. 25,0 Firom E. to E. S. E. On the ioth, faw fome Flying-fi/hes light breeze ; fine wea with four red wings, the firft that were ther. feen of this fpecies. 25,0 FiomE.N.E. to E. by S.I On the ioth, moderate ; fine wea at4b45,34,/P-^.-N ther. Long. / M. . 136 10 55 M| Variable, calm; fine weather. by 8 fets Q — 1,\ch. . 136 1455 2 fets D-^tares\Mem ^ 26,0 N. N. E. frelh breeze, fol zktsRegulus-d.J lowed by a calm; fine On the 1 ith and 12th, faw a number weather. of birds of every fpecies of thofe before- 27,0 From N. E. to E. N. E mentioned. light breeze, followed On the 12th at J paft ten, A. M. per by a calm; fine wea ceived the Ifland of La Mada/ena' one of ther. the Marque/as, bearing S. W. by S.: at 25,0 E.N.E. frefh breeze; fine noon it bore S. W. and the Ifland of weather. San Pedro Weft, diftant 14 leagues. 24,0 N. E. accompanied by On the 14th, at 8 A. M. anchored in fqualls ; calm, and rain the Bay of La Madre de Dios in the Ifland at intervals. of Santa Chriftiana. 25,0 N.E. in puffs, and fqualls of rain ; fine weather. 24,0 FsomN. E. to N.N. W. accompanied with fud- den fqualls ; cloudy weather. ; 24,0 From N.N. W. to N. E. On the 20th, at 11 P. M. took our ditto. 1 departure from the Bay of La Madre de Dios. I* I (ffT m 4« MARCHAND S VOYAGE. TIME. LATITUDE by account. SOUTH. LATITUDE by obferv. SOUTH. LONGITUDE by account. WEST. LONGITUDE by obferv. W-EST. VARIATION of the Compafs. 1791. O / 0 * O / 0 / 0 / JuneZl Tin fight of //* Marchand, one of the Iflands! Afjea ) d*"""d- 4rt«« V 9 25 . . . 142 25 . . . - \ In fight of Ile Baux. I 8 54 j 8 50 J 142 46 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 4* June DEGREES WINDS REMARKS of the AND AND THERM. .WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the freezing point. 24,0 From E. to S. E. mode On the 2 ift, at day-break, faw to the rate ; fine weather. N. W. a high ifland which was named Ik Marchand; at noon, the weftern extremity of this ifland bore N. by W. 2° W : a point, named Pointe de I'Obe- lifque, Obelifk Point, S. E. by E. 20 E. 25,5 From S. E. to E. N. E. On the 22d, accompanied by fqualls at 7& 23' A. M.<\ 1 "\ a 1 11 and rain at intervals; Long. / M.\ 1 ' " by 6 fets D-oAandt^'SOoW. clear weather. and 2 fets « of A- \ch'\ L*t. 9° 20'S. quila — <r . J The centre of Marchand's Ifland then bear-big E. S. E. 40 30' S. diftance from the fhore 14 miles.. 26,5 From E. by N. to E. plea On the 23rd, at noon, an ifland difco fant breeze.; fine wea- vered the day before, which had been named Ile Baux, bore from E. 6°N. to E. S. E. 20 S. diftant 6 5 leagues; and two iflots* or rocks, difcovered in the morning which had been named les Deux Freres, bore from N.W. 7°N.to N.N.W. 6° W. 3 or 4 leagues. During the whole day of the 23 rd, we thought we faw other lands from South-Weft to Weft ; the horizon in that quarter remained conftantly charged with large clouds hsaped together. M fflfj If 42 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 1791. LATITUDE LATITUDE by obferv. SOUTH. LONGITUDE: by account WEST., July 1 L 7 44 \ 54 5 54 5 42 3 24 3 14 1 I7 1 02 NORTH. NOMjH*. J O 19 0 06 I 06 I 16 3 " 3 1J i 4 54 6 08 ' 6 18 7 °i, 7 10 7 21 fel //« Chanal. 143 06 144 38 LONGITUDE by obferv. VARIATION I of the Compafs. 5 32 by 8 Azim. 5 06 by "4 Azim. 5 04 by 4 Azim. 5 20 Azim.; 5 08 by 7 Azim-, 4S4byoA*i 5 27 Amp. EaiUr, i MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 43 DEGREES j WINDS WEATHER. From E. to E. N. E. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. From E, to E.S.E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. From E. S. E. to E. by N. with -fqualls and rain. From E. S. E. to N. E. moderate breeze; fine weather. From E. S. E. to E. N. light breeze; fine weather. From E. S. E. to N.E, moderate breeze; fine weather. From E.byN. toE.N.E frefh breeze ; fine weather ; intervals of fqualls, followed by ifhowers of raip. From E.N.E. taE.S. E. moderate ; fqually ; Weather overcaft. % FromN. E. to 1 E. var. Accompanied by fqualls; weather overcaft, ftormy. From S. E. to S. faint; rainy, accompanied by calm; ftowny Weather; Var. and calm, fine weather, then S. S. E. light breeze; rnifty wea- DAYS. of the ; THERM. June Above the freezing point. 24 27,0 25 27,5 26 24,5 27 24,0 28 25,0 29 24,0 3° 25,5 July 1 23,5 2 23,0 if* % 4 25j5 REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. On the 24th, at 10 h 40' A. M.l M.") o , // rr I .(H30800W. Long. fand ? by 2 fets ]) — ©j Ch.J Lat. 8° i'S. An ifland difcovered the day before, whidh had been named Ile Maffe, then bore from E.byN. i°N. to S. E. i°E. 5 leagues ; another ifland difcovered in the jmorning, aiid which was named' Ile Chanal, bore from E. N. E. i°E. to E. by N. On the 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, faw a number of Boofyh, Man-of-war-birds, and fome large flying-ft/hes with two red un tne 25m, it Sh 53' A.M. 1M.1 Q , „ \ Long. J,andfi43 48ooW. by 2 fets J — O J 0d On the 25th, 26th, andj 27th, faw few birds, only fome Tropic-birds. he 28th, jin the afternoon, faw a great number ojf every fpecies, which directed their flight to the S. E. : this very) dajr„ atj^ paft 6 P.M. an appearance of lind was feen to the W. by S. 50 W.; we fleered to the weftward till 1 A.M. and we fpent the reft of the: night lying toj but, at day-light, we faw nothing. Till the 30th, we continued to fee a great number of Tropic-birds, Sea-fwal- lows., Terns, and a-few Porpoi/es. TO illi ill 44 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account. by obferv. by account.; by obferv. of the Compafs. NORTH. NORTH. WEST. WEST. EAST. 1791. 0 | 0 / O / 0 / O / Ju(y 5 8 22 8 33 144 23 5 4^ by 3 Azim. 1 10 15 10 21 144 10 ■rij» II 36 11 42 143 41 6 15 Amp. Weftty, i 12 36 12 32 144 50 6 33 by 8 Azim. "31 13 31 13 28 146 05 10 14 *3 16 08 14 29 146 44 147 4* • 1 - 6 58 by 4 Azim, 1 i 18 05 18 11 148 17 8 18 by 2 Azim. * j 20 05 20 04 149 » . . . 9 02 by 2 Azim. 14 21 58 ' 22 01 150 13 9 45 by 4 Azim, *3 47 24 0? 151 18 10 27 by 4 Azim. SK -. sjs^ajfe^ MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 45 DEGREES WINDS REMARKS of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. - OBSERVATIONS. \bove the freezing point. 26,0 From S. to W. N. W. On the 5th, in the afternoon, paffed light breeze ; followed the trunk of a tree which appeared not by fqualls and rain. to have been long in. the water. 25.O From W. to S. E. round by the S. pleafant breeze ; accompanied by fqualls at intervals. 22,0 From E. to N. E. light breeze, followed by calm; weather overcaft and roifty. 23,5 From N. E. toN. N. E. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. 24,0 From N. N. E. to N. E. pleafant breeze; fqualls and rain at intervals. 23.5 From S. S. E. to N. E. moderate and frefh in fqualls ; mifty weather. 23,0 From N. E. to E. N. E. Since the ioth, we have feen but a frefh in fqualls ; mifty very fmall number of birds. weather. 21,5 From E. N. E. to N. E. by N. frefh in fqualls; cloudy weather. 2i,5 From N.E. by E. to N.E. On the 13th, faw a Turtle, fome D*. frefh breeze ; fhowers radoes, and a few Tropic-birds. of rain at intervals. 22,0 N. E. by E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. 22,0 From N. E. by E. to On the 15th, faw a number of Terns, N. E. by N. frefh and Flying-fi/hes with two redwings. breeze; fine weather. III III 46 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. J| NORTH. NORTH. WEST. WEST. EAST. 1791- O / O ' O / O t 0 ' July 16 25 53 25 58 152 38 17 27 42 27 42 *53 53 18 28 36 28 36 154 41 Ci-i 48 Amp. Eaftly. 1 11 39 by 5 Azim. 19 28 40 28 40 153 46 12 21 by 11 Azim. 20 28 53 28 42 153 54 156 02 . 13 07 by 6 Azim. 13 32 Amp. Weft'/. 21 29 36 29 36 153 29 22 30 47 30 52 *5* 53 13 26 by 8 Azim. 23 32 04 , 32 10 152 14 154 25 24 33 44 34 °5 151 19 i g | 14 37 Amp. WeftbA' 14 53 Azim. 25 35 44 35 51 150 19 15 30 Azim. 26 37 4i 37 49 149 47 152 17 16 24 Amp. Weftlr. 27 39 35 39 48 149 12 16 50 by 3 Azim. 28 Hi 41 26 4i 35 148 34 16 54 Azim. MARCHAND 6 VOYAGE. 47 DAYS. DEGREES of the THERM Above the July point. fi 20,0 17 20,0 18 20,5 19 20,0 20 19,5 21 20,2 22 20,5 16,5 WEATHER. REMARKS OBSERVATIONS. N. E.-frefh breeze; weather overcaft, fqualls at . intervals. FromN.E.by E.toN.E. by N. pleafant breeze ; cloudy weather. From N. N. E. to W. faint, intervals of calm; cloudy weather. N.N.E. var. faim ; fmall rain at intervals. Calm and puffs, variable; fine weather. From S. E. to S. W. var. light breeze ; fqualls at intervals; cloudy weather. From S. S. E. to S. light breeze; cloudy weather. FromS.S.E. to E. S. E. moderate breeze; cloudy weather. From S. E. by E. to E. by S. moderate ; fine weather.. From E. S. E. to E. by N. pleafant breeze ; cloudy weather. From E. to S. E. moderate breeze; dull weather. From E.byN. toE. byS. moderate ; dull weather. From E. by N. to S. E. light breeze; cloudy weather. 7H34' A.M.-W,/.-, Q j \ Long. ^d?" 15606 00W. 4 fets J — © ) Cb. J t-Petrel, a Sha -OJ On the 20th, faw Quebrantabueffos or Gian and fome Porpoi/es. From the 21ft to the 23 rd, faw fome Alcyons, Quebrantabueffos, Bonitoes, and Porpoi/es, and paffed fome fea-weeds: we ftill faw a few Tropic-birds till the 24th. On the 23 rd, ! 34' A. M. } M. } Long. fand£i54 35boW fets D-o)a.) ! o On the 24th, 8h 4' A. M, Long. 2 00W. >an< by 2 fets J-0jfl We daily faw Alcyons, Storm-birds, Sea-/wallows, Petrels, and a few Que- hantahueffos. On the 26th, it8&21'ao"'A.M.} M. } Long. >and > 152 19 00W. by 2 fets D —OJ Ch.) On the 26th and 27th, paffed by a quantity" of floating fubftances, of .the form of rufhins, and of a brown colour ; faw fome Mollu/ca. On the 28th, in the morning, faw a number of Gulls, Sea-fwallows, and feveral flights of other birds, which appeared to be land-birds; we alfo faw fome Mollu/ca. w MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 1791. July 29 Auguft 1 LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE by obferv. by account. 46 29 50 26 53 06 56 38 56 57 48 44 148 14 148 07 146 44 138 3° LONGITUD* by obferv. 143 46 ] At 6 P. M. Time of taking the bearing of Cape L <6 K2 <7 r" 56 56 57 56 49 57 12 •) 138 oi£ J 139 26§ Plying to windward or be calmed in fight of the Coaft VARIATION of the Compafs. 17 24 by 4 Azim. 18 13 plus Azim. 23 30 plus Azim. 24 63 by 12 Azim* DEGREES of the - THERM. Above the freezing point. 18,0 MARCHAND S VOYAGE* WINDS 49 WEATHER. From E. to S. S. W. faint, followed by a calm; fine weather. From E. N. E. to W. N. W. round by the S. faint; fine weather. vV. Moderate and then frefh; weather overcaft. From W. S. W. to W. N. W. ftiff breeze; weather overcaft and mifty. From W. to W. S. W. ftrong gale ; weather overcaft and foggy. FromW.S.W. toS.S.W. frefh; weather overcaft and foggy. From S. by W. to S. E. frefh, accompanied by fqualls; weather overcaft. From S. by W. to S.E. fine breeze ; cloudy weather. From S.E. to N.E. frefh; followed by fqualls; weather miftyand rainy. From E. N. E. to S. faint; weather dull and mifty. From S.W. to E. S.E. var. faint; weather dull and foggy. From S. W. to S. E. by S. var. light; weather overcaft and mifty. REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS, On the 29th, faw arSea-leek \&ueus giganteus); we alfo faw the fame fpecies of birds. On the 30th and 31ft, faw fome 'Shales and Sea-leeks, On the ift of Auguft patfed a root of tree. On the 3rd and 4th, piaffed feveral Sea-leeks; and a few leaves of the fpecies of fea-weed, called Alga marina. On the 4th, faW a large piece of wood float- and a flight of fmall land-birds. We daily faw befides Quebrantabueffos, Petrels, Sea-fwallows, Gulls, and Storm- birds. ■\Ml Vand V \)Ch.) 143 2941W. and a On the 5th, 2hiz'l2"P.MO Long, by 4 fets G —d . On the 6th, faw fome Auks, quantity of Sea-leeks. On the 7th, paffed a piece of wood, quantity of Sea-leeks, and other fea- plants. Saw a IVhale,'Tome Auks, and fome Mews: the water has a greenifh This day at 5J P. M. perceived the coaft of America, and at 6 k fet Monte San Jacinto E.S.E. 30 E. at the diftance of 14 or 15 leagues. On the 8th, at noon, the extremity of Cape del Engano bore E.S.E. 20 S. The Mountain E. by S. 4°S. On the 9th, at noon, the point of Cape del Engano bore E. by S; 40 S. ; the mountain E.4°S, w mm M 5<> MARCHAND'S VOYAGE". BATrTUDE by account. 1791- Auguft 10 j 57 oo LATITUDE by obferv. LONGITUDE by WEST LONGITUDE by obferv. C Plying to windward, or be. \ calmed in fight of the coaft.| i At the mouth of the Bay 1 of Tchinkhanay4 Variation. of the Compafs? 28 46 plus Azim. ^At anchor in the Bay of Tchinkitdnay. \ Point of Departure from the Bay of Tchinkitdnay. V 54 38 57 04 54 35 137 16 Longitude' je-' ■ 54 04 T Longitude I of the place < whence the J bearing was ttaken. Amp. Weftly. f 29 00 Amp. Eaft'f 1 / 28 02 Azim. ^"^-TTlfrfifm MARCHAND S VOYAGE. Si DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS. of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the Auguft freezing point. 10 ",5 Calm, then from N. W. On the ioth, at noon, the point or toN N.W. light; fine pitch of Cape del Engano bore E. 6° N. II 15,5 weather. From N. W. light to diftant th leagues. S. S. W. faint; clear weather. 12 10,0 From S.'S. W. to S. E. On the 12th, at 10h A. M. anchored var. almoft calm;, rain. in the Inlet of Tchinkitdnay. »3 10,5 S. S. E. frefh, then fainjt; While we were in fighfof Cape del fmall rain. Engano, we conftantly faw Divers, 14 10,5 E. S. E. ditto; weather Auks, Whales, Seals, Porpoifes, and dif foggy with fmall rain. ferent fea-fowl. *5 From S. S. E. to S. S.W. faint; dull weather. 16 12>5 Puffs from N. to S. faint; fine weather. 17 10,5 From S.S. E. to S. light breeze ; thick weather; continual rain. N.W. light; fine weather, followed by calm On the 2ift, got under way from 18 n,5 Tchinkitdnay Bay. At noon, Cape del Engano bore N. W. 6° W. and fog. On the 22d, 19 10,0 S. S. E. moderate; wea at 9* 40' A.M.-JM.-J Q , 1 ther foggy and rainy. Long. j.andL37 3I 30W. 20 11,5 From S.S.E. to W.S.W. by 2 fets D— Q.}Ch.} var. light; fine wea On the 22d, at noon, the coaft of ther. America extended from E. N. E. to E. 21 10,2 Var. light; then from diftant 18 leagues. S. W. to N. W. frefh At 7 P. M. Queen Charlotte's Iflands breeze; fine weather. S. E. 8 or 9 leagues. 22 ",5 N. W. frefh breeze and On the 23d, at noon, the north extre . clear weather. mity of the moft northern of Queen Char 23 11,2 W. N. W. light breeze; lotte's Iflands bore N. E. 6° N ; a fmall fine weather, followed ifland on the coaft of the large ifland of by a calm. that name, S. 2or3°E. I warn il 52 1791. Auguft n LATITUDE by account, MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE by obferv. -SOUTH. 54 18 1 LONGITUDE LONGITUDE, VARIATION by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. WEST. WEST. EAST. O 1 T*}>f<^l$, O 1 Standing under "eafy fail, and frequfcfttty lying to, in light of the weft >. coaft of Queen Charlotte's Iflands, while the long boat was vifiting the coaft. Point of departure from Queen Charlotte's Iflands $■ 26 50 Azim. 25 t6 Amp. Weftly. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 53 DEGREES D4YS. of the THERM. Abgve the Auguft freezing point. 24 *5 12,5 £6 13,0 B« t-3,0 28 n,5 29 13,5 p* ll 31 11,0 n 1 "»5 2 12,5 * 14,0 WEATHER. rom W. N. W. to W. by S. gentle breeze; fine weather. FromW. S.W. toW. N. W. faint breeze; fine weather. From W. to N, N, W. faint and calm; fine From N.W. to N.E. faint and calm; fine weather. From W.N. W. to N. W. moderate breeze; fine weather. FrprnW. N. W. teN.N. W. moderate breeze; REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. On the 24th, at noon, the moft northern of Queen Charlotte's Iflands bore from S. E. by S. to E. S. E. ; the entrance of Cloak Bay S. E. by S. On the 25th, at noon, the north point of the moft northern of Queen Char, lotte's Iflands bore S. E. 6°E. Cloak Bay, !. E. byE. 3°S. On the 26th, at noon, the north point f the moft northern of Queen Charlotte's Iflands bore S.E. 6° E. Cloak Bay, S.E. by S. On the 27th, at noon, the fame bay bore S. S. E £ E. the north point of the moft northern of Queen Charlotte's Ifland6 E. by S. On the 28th, at noon, Queen Charlotte's Iflands bore from N. E. by N. S. E. by S. 4 leagues. On the 29th, at noon, an IJlot on the coaft of Queen Char hue's Iflands bore N. by E.; the moft foutherly land in fight S.E. On the 30th, at noon, Hippah Ifland bore N. E. 50 E. diftant about 4 miles. On the 3 ift, at noon, Hippah Ifland bore N. E. 6 ° N. diftant 5 or 6 miles. On the ift of September, at noon, the extremity in fight of Queen Char- rom N.N.W, to N. N.|^5Wf*s Iflands bore from N. by E. t» E. moderate breeze ; S. E. by E. dull weather, rom N.W. to W. faint; weather overcaft, and fog. D 3 fine v ither. Ditto, frefh breeze, and fine weather. From N.W. to W.N.W. frefh breeze; fine weather. From N.W. to W.N.W.' moderate breeze; fine weather. -- "f#r : ^A~; ---'-—^Z VARIATION of the CompafSi EAST. MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 55 DEGREES of the THERM. WEATHER. REMARKS OBSERVATIONS. Above tl freezing point. From W. to N. W. frefh breeze; fine weather. From N. W. to S. S. W. var. faint; followed by , calm, and thick fog. From S. to E. S. E. faint, followed by calm ; fine weather, dew in the night. From S. E. to N. W. round by the S'. faint and calm ; weather overcaft. W. N. W. light breeze; fog, followed by fine weather. From E.N. E. to N. light breeze and fine weather. From N. N. E. to S. E. by S. pleafant breeze ; foggy weather. From S. W. to W.N.W. pleafant breeze ; fine From W. N. W. to W. S. W. faint and calm.; cloudy weather. From W.N.W. to N.W. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. N. W. frefh breeze; dull eather. From W.N.W. to W. by S. moderate; fine weather, then overcaft. On the 4th, at 4 b P. M. perceiv the coaft of America from N. N. E. N. E. by E. On the 4th, 3cW. at 4I1 25' P.M. } M. } 0 / „ Long. >and > 129 58 3c by 2 fets O— d .jCh.J On the 5th, at noon, the North point of Berkley Sound bore E. by N.; Nootka Sound N. On the 6th, at noon, Berkley Sound bore E. by S. 4 or 5 leagues ; at 5 P.M. anchored in 50 fathoms, over a bottom of black and oozy fand, at 2§ or 3 leagues from the coaft; the N-. point of Berkley Sound bearing E. by S. On the 7th, at £ paft 1 P. M. got under way in order .to increafe our diftance from the coaft. On the 8th, at | paft 6 P. M. the entrance of Berkley Sound bore N. E. £ E. 6 leagues, whence we took our depar- On the 12th, faw fome Sea-larks and a fmall land-bird. On the 15th, was taken en board a fmall land-bird. D 4 (fff fiyiv 46 marchand's voyage LATITUDE by account. 1791- Sept. 16 LATITUDE by obferv. NORTH. 37 06 32 58 36 58 LONGITUDE by account. LONGITUDE | VARIATION of the Compafs. *9 57 J 29 50 26 35 143 08 f 10 56 A \ 10 30 Ai zim. Amp. Eaftly. f 11 00 Amp. Eaftlr. jii 14 Azim. 10 15 Amp. Weftiy. f 10 46 Azim. ( 9 30 Amp. Weftly. r 10 00 Amp. Eaftly. * * I and Weft'y. V 9 3* I 9 13 9 32 Amp. Eaft'y. Azim. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 57 1 DEGREES of the THERM. Above the freezing point. 16,5 WEATHER. From W. byN. to N. N. W. pleafant breeze; cloudy weather. From N. N. E. to N. E. j frefh breeze; weather overcaft and foggy. From N. N. E. to i ftrong breeze, followed by fqualls; weather overcaft. From N. E. to S. E light breeze; clear weather. From S. E. to S. by E. pleafant breeze, witl fqualls; cloudy weather. FromS.S.W. toS.S. E. faint; fame weather. From S. S.E. toS. E. by E. moderate breeze; weather overcaft; followed by fine weather. From S E. to S. S. E pleafant breeze ; clear weather. From S. E. by E. to faint breeze; weather overcaft. From E.S.E. to S. E. by E. light breeze, followed by calm; fine weather. From S. E. by E. to S. S. E. faint and calm ; clear weather. REMARKS O BS E RVATIOVS I On the iSth, faw for the firft time 7lying-ft/hes, and a fmall land-bird of the fpecies of the Canary. *>mdlM.} a I » >and > 139 0300W. \Cb. \ On the 19th, in the morning.and ^ reduced to noon, Long, by 2 fets 3) — © I' On the 20th and 21 ft, faw Tropic-birds and Quebrantabueffos. On the 21ft, at 8& oo' A. M. } M. ~\ q Long. >andCHia4 3oW. by 4 fets D — O ) Ch. J On the 23d, t 9h 37' A. M. Long. ^and ^143 38 00W. >y 2 fets ])- Since the 22d, we daily faw Flying- Ifhes, Tropic-birds, Sea-larks, and, from :ime to time, Tunnies and Dolphins. M.^M.-\ Vand V -O )cb.) Hff i i 58 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION 1 TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. NORTH. NORTH. WEST. WEST. ' EAST. 1791. O / O 1 O 1 0 r 0 / Sept. 27 *5 53 25 56 147 29 9 54 Azim. 28 24 20 24 16 14$ O9 9 34 Azim. 29 22 38 22 37 149 44 8 49 Azim. 30 21 02 21 02 I5I 16 149 27 8 25 Azim. iwUi 19 46 I9 41 152 49 150 59 8 04 Azim. IS 19 15 19 15 J54 39 8 30 Azim. jjjag* 19 17 19 14 156 49 156 54 4 < - 19 09 Point whe 19 *3 ice thebearii 158 26 g was taken of r the Ifland of [> 8 00 Azim. f Longitude"! I of the place o . J whence the 18 Mbearingwas (taken. 7 J At 6 P. M. point of departure in fight of OnJfbybt (. ... I 19 04 j ... I 158 29 ■ —» MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 59 I DEGREES of the JTHERM. j Above the j freezing point. ■ WEATHER. From E. by S. faint to E. N. E. moderate; fine weather. Eaft, pleafant breeze; fine weather. Eaft, frefh breeze; fine weather, From E. to N. E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. N. E. by E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. From N. to E. pleafant breeze; dull weather. From E. to E. S. E. moderate, followed by fqualls; cloudy wea- From E. to E. N. E. moderate breeze; fine weather. From N. E. to E. N. E. frefh breeze; fine weather. From N. E. to E.S.E. frefh breeze; intervals of calm ; fine weather. From E. S. E.toE. light breeze ; intervals of calm ; fine weather, i REMARKS OBSERVATIONS. 149 47 30 149 41 30 JCh.) On the 30th, at 4^ 01' P. M. " Long. I by 4 fets © — ([ ) Mean 149 44 30W. On the ift of October, at3I128'30"P.M. } M. . Long. > Cb. , by 4 fets 0 — <l J Mean 15 On the 2d, faw fome fea-w On the 3rd, at 2& 15' P. Long, by 2 fets © —<[ Saw a great many Tunnies and Bonitoes, fome fea-weed, and a few Tropic-birds. On the 4th, at 10 A. M. faw the Ifland of O-Whyhee, bearing W. N. W. 3° W. ; at noon, it extended from W. 20 3c/ N. to N. W. 70 W. diftant 8 or 10 leagues. On the 5th, at noon, the fouth point of the Ifland of O-Whyhee bore E. by N. 50 E. ; and the weftern extremity in fight, N. W. 8° N. On the 6th, at noon, the Ifland of O-Whyhee extended from N. by W. 2° 30' N. to E. S. E. 20 30' S.; diftance off fhore, 1§ leagues. The fame day, at 6h P. M. the ifland bore from N. ,5° E. to E. S. E. z° 30' E. diftance 2 leagues from the neareft fhore. On the 7th, at noon, the Ifland of O-Whyhee bore from N. 8° W. to E.S.E. 3° 30' E : diftance 21 leagues from the ihore. I 6© MARCHAND S VOYAGE. IB J LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE. LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. Of the Compafs. MORTB. NORTH. WEST. . wasT. EAST. 1791. o / 0 / 0 / 0 / O / oa. 8 I9 29 19 I9 159 42 8 05 Azim. 9 »9 35 19 45 160 18 8 50 Azim. 10 19. 57 20 26 160' 47 9 00 Azim. Vj§ 20 09 20 10 162 00 . . . - 8 38 Azim. 8 03 Amp. WefVy. -J$f| 19 08 18 53 163 06 8 ai Azim. *3 17 26 17 22 165 10 ' 8 41 Azim. 8 24 Amp. Wcftly,' 14 15 52 15 48 167 21 ■-■<*•; « 8 56 Azim. ' 0 24 Azim. *4 *4 47 H 45 169 3? * " * I 9 52 Amp. Weflly. | f iq 14 Azim. • • " { 10 59 Amp. Weft*. 14 19 ■4 .6 171 33 ?7 13 5° ' 13 39 173 37 10 26 Azim. iS 13 37 13 33 13 34 175 48 178 48 10 56 Azim. 2X> m 3* 178 48 "9% 10 58 Azim. A^r -1 if' DEGREES of the THERM. Above the freezing point. 24,0 26,5 marchand's Voyage. 61 WINDS REMARKS WEATHER. From W.S.W. to E.S.E. round by the S. var. faint; clear Weather. Calm, then from S. to S. E. faint; cloudy weather. From E.to N. E. faint; intervals of calm; clear weather. From N. E. to E. moderate breeze ; fine weather. From N. E. to E. pfea- fant breeze; fine weather. > E. N. E. frefh breeze; clear weather. Ditto ; ditto. Ditto moderate; fine weather. From E. N. E. to E.by N. ; pleafant breeze cloudy weather. From E.byN. to E.N.E. Il'frefh1 breeze, followed by fqualls; cloudy wea ther. From E. N. E. to E. moderate weather, foi lowed by flight fqualls; cloudy weather. Eaft, fqually With rain; weather overcaft. From E. to E. N. E, moderate; clear weather. OBSERVATIONS On the 8th, at | paft 8, A. M. faw the Ifland of Mowee, bearing N. N. E. 1° E. On the 9th, at | paft 5 P. M. ftill perceived the fummit of O-IVhyhee bearing E. 2° 30' N. diftant 46 leagues. On the ioth, at noon, the Ifland of Atowi fhewed itfelf to the N. N. W. 30 N. at the diftance of 34 leagues* 1 From the time of our leaving the Sandwich Iflands, we conftantly faw Boobies, Man-o/-war-~birds, Tropic-birds, Terns, Flying-ftjhes, and now and then Tunnies and Bonitoes. On the igti at 9^ 42' A Long, by 2 fets ])— O On the 20th, at 8b 26'39" A. M Long, by 2 fets P — O Mi \ and > i JCbJ >and>i JCb.J 8 39 00W. w M 6% MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 1791. oa. 21 LATITUDE 1 by account. NORTH. 0 / 13 34 13 34 13 40 13 43 >3 48 13 49 13 48 13 36 13 43 13 24 13 29 13 44 14 24 14 59 by obferv. NORTH. LONGITUDE by account. EAST. O / 179 23 177 *7 175 18 173 09 I70 33 167 56 165 08 163 08 160 46 i58 36 156 *9 m 42 152 38 150 31 LONGITUDE by obferv. EAST. VARIATION of the Compafs; l 12 02 Azim. 08 Amp. Weftfy. j 12 07 Azim. I 12 3. 3 Amp. Eaftly. 12 49 Azim. 11 46 Azim. 13 05 Azim. I n 05 Azim. 10 39 Amp. Weftly. 10 10 Azim. 9 40 by 8 Azim. 8 04 Azim. 8 08 by 5 Azim. 7 27 Azim. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. :*$ DEGREES WINDS REMARKS of the AND AND THERM WEATHER. < ' OBSERVATIONS. Above the freezing point. 25,5 E. by N. pleafant breeze; On the 21ft, faw a fmall land-bird, 25,5 fine weather. Ditto, ditto. refembling a Plover, and a great number of oceanic birds. 26,0 From E. by N. to E. N. On the 23th, E. pleafant breeze; cloudy weather. at 8h 43' A.M.jl] I t n Long. j-and>I72 5i3oE^ 25,5 E.N. E. frefh; fquall by 4 fets D—GJ Cb.) at intervals ; fine wea On the 24th, faw a land-bird, and 25,0 ther. E.N. E. frefh by fqualls, with rain ; cloudy wea various oceanic birds, fuch as Boobies, Man-of-war-birds, Tropic-birds, Mews^ &c. 25,5 ther. FromE. by N. to E. N. From time to time faw birds of the E. frefh breeze; fine fame fpecies. weather. 25,0 From E. N. E. to E. by S. moderate breeze; fine weather. 26,0 From E. to E. N. E. moderate breeze; finewea- 25,0 From E.byN. to E. N.E frefh breeze, followed by fqualls and rain. 26,7 From E.S.E. to E.N.E. moderate; followed by "fqualls and rain. 25,0 Ditto; ditto. 24,0 25>5 Ditto; rainy weather. From E. to S. S. W On the 2d, faw a fmall white Mew. variable in fqualls; On the 2d, weather overcaft anc at 2h 27' P. M."J M.l Long. J-and j !^8 02 00 E. by 4 fets 0-d J CI.) 24,0 rainy. S. S. E. ftiff breeze, ac companied by fqualls; rainy weather, ' I Htlf || *4 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE TIME. by account. by obferv. i NORTH. NORTH. 1791. O ' O / Nov. 4 »4 53 14 5O 5 15 J3 15 30 j 6 15 58 l6 02 7 16 07 16 121 8 16 47 17 03 9 18 09 18 OO 10 18 53 18 48 « »9 34 19 41 12 20 24 20 26 33 21 05 21 05 14 21 27 21 19 j 15 21 38 21 46 16 21 50 21 34 A LONGITUDE by account. EAST. LONGITUDE by obferv, 144 34 1 by a mean J48 15 ^ corre&ed, between the obfervations of the 2d and thofe of »the 4th. 147 29 146 29 146 03 144 «7 141 59 140 00 138 08 136' 27 134 57 132 57 131 16 VARIATION of the Compafs. EAST. 9 6 12 Azim. 5 50 Azim. 5 16 Azim. 4 52 Azim. 4 36 Azim. 2 12 Azini. 2 17 Azim. 1 29 Azim. marchand's voyage. 65 [degrees WINDS 1 REMARKS )ATS of the ANO AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the Nov. point. 4 25,0 S.S.E. frefh; fqualls and On the 4th, 5 26,0 From S. S. E. to S. by ltshu:,P-M-]q,;4;;, by 2 fets© —<[.JG&.J W. moderate breeze; fine weather. On the 4th, at 3 P. M. perceived the 1 26,0 Variable, faint, calm at Ifland of Tinian bearing W. by N. and intervals ; fine weather. the- Ifland of Saypan N. N. W. J W. At | paft 5, Tinian bore from W. S. W. %$ £ 26,0 From E. N. E. to E. 5 W. to N. W. J W. 2 leagues; the light breeze ; fine weather. Peak of Saypan N. by W. ; the Ifland of Aiguigan S. W.byW. ,8 25,0 N. E. Frefh breeze, and a few fqualls ; fine On the 5th, the northern extremity of the Ifland of Saypan bore S.E. by S. 9 25,0 Weather. From N.>E.to E.S.E. mo 4 leagues, and its weftern extremity S.by E. derate ; weather over caft. On the 8th, 9th, 10th, and nth, faw 10 25,0 From E.N.E. to N.N.E. a great many oceanic birds of various moderate breeze; fine fpecies, moftly the fame as before; weather. among others a number of Tropic birds. ii 24,0' From N. E. by E. to E. moderate; cloudy weather. I 25,0 From E. to E.S.E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. V"*<J| 13 24,0 E. S. E. moderate ; clear weather, followed by fqualls and rain. H 24,0 N. E. moderate' breeze; 'fine weather. *( 22,0 , Var. .faint ; boifterous weather, followed by fqualls. On the 16th, 16 22,0 From N. N. E. to N. E. at gl» 29' A.M.") M.l Long. Hfml| by 2 fets d — Q.JCh.J frefh breeze; fine wea ther. VOI .. II. £ m 111 66 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE by account, by obfe LOKGITUETE 58 126 16 £ 21 41 I .- . . j 124 47 } Point whence the bearing was taken off the Ifland of ft VARIATION of the Com paft. EAST. } Point whence the bearing was taken off Pedra I Branca. 22 24 . . 113 OO Ung-Tirg Ifland bearing half a mile North. y At anchor under Chi-Chew I fland. . . I 22 03I j MARCHAND S VOYAGE. DEGREES of the THERM. Above the freezing point. From N. E. to E. N. E. moderate; fine weather. From N. E. by E. to E. frefh breeze; fine weather. From S.S. E. to N. round by the E. accompanied by fqualls ; weather overcaft and rainy. N. E. frefh, followed by fqualls; gloomy wea- From E.N. E. to N.frefh breeze, accompanied by fqualls and rain; foggy weather. From N. N. E. to N.N. W. frefh breeze, accompanied by fqualls; Weather overcaft. From N.N.W. to N.N.E. ftrong breeze, accompanied by fqualls; weather overcaft. From N. to N. E. moderate ; fine weather. REMARKS OBSERVATIONS. On the 17th, at 7 A. M. perceived helflandsof B»tel-Tabago-Xima bearing V.; at noon, the great Botel Ifland bore from W. by N. i° W. to N.N.W. i°W. about 7 leagues; the fmall ifland of that name bore W. 30 S. and the middle of the hannel which feparates them W. 6° N. The fame day, at 5 P-M- faw the Ifland of Formo/a bearing W. by N. On the 18th, at noon, the fouth point of Formofa bore E. N. E. £ N. diftant about 4 § leagues. On the 20th, at § paft 6 A. M. per- ived the coaft of China to the N.W: ice midnight, the foundings are 22, , and 30 fathoms, over a bottom of gray fand; feveral Chinefe fifhing-veflels ! fight. On the 2 ift, at J paft 7 A. M. perceived Pedra Branca to the W .by S .3° S. ; he lead indicated from 35 to 30 fathoms, gray fand, and there were ftill a number of fiftiing-boats in fight. At | paft 9, a Branca bearing N. 2 miles, hove to till noon, waiting for a pilot. In the vening of the fame day, came to an nchor in 18 fathoms, over a bottom of foft mud, the Grand Lema bearing S.W. and the entrance of the Deep Bay N.W. y N. diftant 2 leagues. On the 22d, in the morning, got under way : at noon, ranged, alon^ the Ifland af Ling-Ting at a little diftance to the fouth; at I paft noon, anchored in 13 fathoms, muddy bottom, the Peak of Chi-Chow bearing N.N.E.^E. 1 mile from the land. 68 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. I, LATITUDE j LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VAR I TIME. >y account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the NORTH. NORTH. EAST. EAST. 1791. O / O / O / 0 / 0 * Nov. 25 I . . . 22 II 26-27 28 .29 30 Dec. 1 £ At anchor in Macao Road, near the Typa. 2 3 4 5 6 - ' Point of Departure at oh 1 after midnight. mmmm?- 21 55 ill 22 20 47 20 94 I" 35 s 18 12 17 54 112 04 9 15 21 15 18 in 26 10 13 22 13 22 109 25 marchand's VOYAGE. $9 DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS. of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the Nov. freezing point. 25 11,0 From N. N. E. to N. On the 25th, at 6 A. M got under pleafant breeze; fine way; and the fame day, at £ paft 11 weather. A. M. came to in the road of Macao in 26-27 11,0 Prom N. to N. N. E. 5 ^ fathoms, over a bottom of foft mud, frefh breeze; fine wea the town of Macao bearing N. W. £ W. ther. 2 leagues ; Point Peac of Montanha 28 11,0 From N. to N. N. E. Ifland N. N. E. § E. ; and the Peak of ftrong gale and violent Lan-Tao E.N. E. J N. fqualls; gloomy Wea On the 26th, as we had loft by fail ther. ing round the world by the weft, we 29 12,0 Ditto; ditto. added one to the computation of time on 30 13,0 N. N. E. moderate j fine board the fhip, and we reckoned the 27th weather. of November in1 lieu of the 26th. Dec. I 14,5 Ditto; ditto. 2 15,0 North, moderate; fine ^weather. 3 13,5 Ditto, frefh; eiear wea On the 3rd, at 3& P. M. we weighed ther. anchor, and at \ paft 5 brought up 4 N 15,0 FromN. to N.N. E. frefh near the Typa, the town of Macao bear breeze; weather over ing W. N. W. \ N.; the Peak of Mon caft. tanha S. W. \ W. 5 16,5 Ditto, moderate; cloudy weather. 6 16,0 Ditto, frefh; clear wea On the 6th, at 6 P. M. got under way ther. from the road of Macao. 7 21,0 From N.by E. to N. E. On the 7th, at f paft midnight, the by E. accompanied by South extremity of the Grand Lema bore fqualls j weather over E. 1 f or 2 leagues, whence we took caft. our departure. 8 23,0 N. E. ftrong breeze j clear On the 9th, at \ paft 5 A. M. being weather. on the Macclesfield bank, founded in 65 9 23,0 Ditto; ditto. fathoms, bottom of fmall broken fhells, mixtod with fine black and white gravel. JO 24,0 v FromN, E. to N. N. E. On the ioth, faw a Sea-fmkt on the frefh breeze; clear wea water. ther. £3 ijti m II M A II 7© MARCHAND S VOYAfiE, LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE by account.! by obferv. 1791. Dec. II f account. I by obferv. VARIATION of the Compafs* 9 38 ... 106 17 j Point of departure deduced from the bearing J taken off Pulo-Sapata. 106 16 7 36 6 53 r 3 23 ... 103 12 j Point of departure deduced fro J taken off Pulo-Aor. L . . • 3 02 . . . from the bearing 16 1 46 marchand's1 VOYAGE. ji , DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS. of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. ' OBSERVATIONS. Above the ^ Dec. freezing point. II 22,0 From N. N. E. to N. E.: frefh breeze; weather overcaft. On the nth, faw a number of Boobies ; at § paft 4 P.M. perceived the Three Brothers bearing W. by S. about 5 leagues : at midnight following, faw Pulo-Sapata, t» the S.W. byW; and three quarters of ah hour after, it bore 12 22,0 From N. N. E. frefh to E. moderate; weather overcaft. directly W. 4 or 5 miles, whence we took our departure. 13 23,5 From E. to N. E. frefh in fqualls; weather On the 13 th, faw fome Sea-fwallows and Boobies : at| paft n P. M. founded overcaft. in 49 fathoms, bottom foft mud. 14 24,5 From S.E. by E. to N.E. moderate, in fqualls; weather overcaft. On the 14th, the lead fucceffively indicated 40, 50, and 45 fathoms, bottom of mud and oozy fand. 1 21,0 Var. from E. N. E. to N. W. round by the S. fqualls with rain. On the 15th, at 6 A. M. perceived Pulo-Timoan to the S. S.W. foundings from 36 to 38 fathoms, bottom of hard mud: at 8 A. M. the S. E. extremity of Pulo-Piffang S. \ W. : at | paft 2 P. M. Pulo-Aor bore S. S. W. 4 or 5 leagues, whence we took our departure. < 16 22,0 From N. N. W. to N. by E. moderate; weather On the i6th, faw fome Sea-/nakes on the water. overcaft and rainy. B JEfcMiw-' 7 A—A.*. . -r-' "•7—~j--*—- .^.A'-ffiS1 -1 \"-': pe'y .. ?.~££l j^^llAk- '. ' v '•'■}£& .:-*<■/ !■' M 72 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 1791- Dec. 17 by obferv LONGITUDE by account. EAST. C o 2 18 < Longitude, after taking the bearing, I 6 leagues to the North of Banca. . . LONGITUDE by obferv. EAST. VARIATION of the Compafs. At anchor on the North Coaft of Banca Ifland. C At anchor on the coaft of Banca Ifland. \ 1 16 j ... I 103 16 16 J MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 70 DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS. of the AND 1* THERM. WEATHER. V3I OBSERVATIONS* Above the Dec. freezing point. 17 23,0 Variable, fqualls and rain; On the 17th, at \ paft 9 A. M. faw • • weather overcaft. an Ijland to the S. S. W.; at J paft 10 bunded in 20 fath. bottom of fand and mud ; faw fome Sea-fnakes, and pieces of wood drifting before the fea. At > | paft 5P.M. perceived the coaft of the TLjP Ifland of Banca from S. to S. S. W.: anchored immediately in 19 fathoms, over a bottom of fand and mud, the north point, or Point Pefant of Banca Ifland bearing S. a few degrees E.; the W. extremity in fight of the coaft of the fame ifland S.S. W. 18 24,0 FromN. W. to N.W. by On the 18th, at f paft 7 A. M. N. moderate; fine wea. weighed anchor. At noon, the N. coaft ther. of Banca extended from S. E. J S. to S. W. £ S. diftance 6 leagues: founded in 19 and 18 fathoms, bottom of fand and mud. At \ paft 3 P. M. anchored in 16 fathoms, bottom of fand, gravel, and fhells, the coaft of Banca Ifland bearing from E. by S. to S. W. by W. diftance off fhore 3 leagues. The currents fet to the E. S. E. the whole night, and in the mottling of the 19th to the S. S.W. 19 24,5 FrpmN. to N.W. fjefh; On the 19th, at f paft 1, got under fine weather. way. At 6 P.M. anchored in 18 fa- 1 thorns, fine gray fand, mixed witii broken fhells; Banca Ifland bearing from S. S. E. to S. W.; the currents fet to the E.S.E. while we remained at anchor till the morning of the 21ft, ao 24,0 FromN. W. to N.N. W. frefh, accompanied by fqualls ; cloudy wea- ' ther. 6 l^**J^:&M'l 1 wf 74 marchand's voyage. i LATITUDE.!LATITUDE| by account. SOUTH. , 1751. 21 ./ Lon| f take by obferv. south. LONGITUDE by account. Long, from whence the bearing was taken off the North Point of Banca. LONGITUDE by.-obferv. EAST. VARIATION I of the Compa&il o 00 Amp. Weftiy. MARCHANDS VOYAGE. 75 DEGREES of the therm'. Above the freezing pohit. WEATHER* From N.W. by N. toN. pleafant breeze ; fine weather. From N.W. to N.N.W moderate; fine weather. REMARKS OBSERVATIONS, On the 2ift, at J paft 7 A. M« got under way. At noon, point Pefant of Banca Ifland bore from W. £ S. to S. W. by W. 40 W. the part of its coaft in fight to the eaftward, S. E. by S. ; the foundings were* 19 fathoms, with a rocky and gravelly bottom. At \ paft P.M. anchored in 14 fathoms, over a bottom of fand, gravel and broken fhells. Point Bxi/ee of the Ifland of Banca bearing W. S. W. 50 W. The currents fet to the S. E. and E. S. E. but with r» great ftrength. On the 22d, at 50 min. paft 7 A. M- got under way. At noon, the extremi- of a lofty mountain on the Ifland of Banca bore from S.S.W. to S. W.4°W. the Eaft point of Banca S/E. 2° S. Gafpar Ifland Eaft. The depth of water was 14 fathoms, over a bottom of \ fand and gravel, mixed with broken fhells. At 40 min. paft 6, anchored in Gafpar's Strait in 17 fath. bottom fand and gravel ; a hummock on the Eafi point qf Banca bearing N. N. W. 5 N. Gafpar Ifland N. by E. 20 E. the Peninfula of Sel from S. S. W. to W. i° S. The currents fet to the S.E. and to S. -11 miles per hour. 4 III i 76 MARCHAND S VOYAGE, LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION | TIME. by account by obferv. by account. I" of obferv.•: of the Compafs. SOUTH. SOUTH. EAST. EAST. 1791. O / O / 0 / O ' 1 0 # Dec. 23 3 05 31 30 104 28 «4 3 50 3 51 104 06 25 4 08 4 25 103 46 at 4 59 5 04 103 36 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. j DEGREES IAYS. of the I THERM. Above the | freezing point. 24,5 WEATHER. From W. to N. W. mo- derate; fine weather. Variable in fqualls; weather overcaft. Frfm W. N. W. to N. N. W. moderate; fine weather. From N.W. toS. faint, iqually; weather overcaft. IEM ARKS OBSERVATIONS. On the 23d, at £ paft 6, A. M. got under way; at § paft 9, we were clear of Gafpar Strait. At noon, the S. E. part of Banca Ifland bore from N. W. |W. to N. N. W. £N. ; the leaf indicated from 10 to 11 fathoms, with a bottom of fand and gravel. At § paft 9, P. M. anchored in 12 § fathoms, bottom fand and , mud, out of fight of land. The currents fet S. E. by S. then to S. S.W. faint. On the. 24th, at 11 A. M. got under way, and at 5 P. M. anchored in 10 fathoms, oozy fand. The currents fet E. S. E. then N. W, very faint. On the 25th, at 8 A. M. got under way. At § paft noon, perceived the coaft of Sumatra, W. 6 or 7 leagues. At 8 P.M. anchored in 12 § fathoms, over a bottom of fand and fhells. The [currents fet E. fometimes inclined to the South, at others to the North. .On the 26th, at \ paft 6 A. M. got under way. At 7 perceive^ the Two Brothers bearing S. W.; at noon, they bore from S. W. to S. W. f W. diftant one league. At § paft 4, P. M. anchored in 10 fathoms, fand, mud, and fhells, the Two Brothers bearing from N. E. by N. to N.N.E. |N. 1J leagues. The currents fet S. S. W. till niidwght, then N.E. tit 78 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDB VARIATION 1 TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. SOUTH. SOUTH. EAST. EAST. 1791. O ' O 1 O / v 0 / 0 / Dec. 27 5 J7 5 22 103 26 28 5 32 5 34 103 19 29 5 37 103 18 30 \ At anchor 1 5 4* near North ] 5 45 1 Hand. *03 16 DEGREES DAYS. of the THERM. Above the Dec. freezing point. 27 25,5 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. WINDS 79 WEATHER. REMARKS OBS E R V ATIOpJS. From W. S. W. to E. On the 27th, at J, paft 6 A.M. got round by the N. light under way. At noon, the South point breeze, followed by of the Two Brothers bore N. N. E.; and calm ; gloomy wea- a large mountain on the Iflaad of Suma- ther. \tra S. W. At 4 P. M. anchored in 17 fathoms, muddy bottom, North Ifland [bearing S. W. \ S. ; Cape St. Nicholas of the Ifland of Java from S. S. E. to S. by E. The current fet to the South at the rate of half a league per hour, till 8 P. M. ; then N. E. FromW.S.W.toS.S.W frefh; fine weather. On the 28th, at J paft 6, got under way. At noon, Cape S*. Nicholas of the Ifland of Java bore S. S. E. 30 E. North Ifland S. W. by S. At £ paft 4, anchored in 20 fathoms, bottom fand and gravel. North Ifland bearing W. S. W. £ W. 1 league; Grande Toque South. The currents fet rapidly to the S. W. I till ^ paft 6 P. M. then N. E. till the next day. On the 29th, it was flack water at 10 A. M. got under way at noon. At 7 P.M. anchored in 22 fathoms, bottom fand and mud, North Ifland bearing jN. W. by W. § of a league. Middle Ifland S. by W. 20 W. The currents fet E. 1 mile an hour till the next day. From S. W. to S. S. W. On the 30th, remained at anchor; the frefh breeze;' fine wea- tide or current was flack the whole ther. Imorning; after noon, the current fet S..W. till 7 P.M. then N. E. till the (next mornkig. From S.S.W. toW.S.W. frefh breeze; fine weather. So MARCHAND S VOYAGE. II LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. SOUTH- SOUTH. EAST. EAST. 1791. O / O / 0 / 0 1 Dec. 31 5 48 103 15 1792. Jan. 1 5 51 5 53 103 01 2 6 03 6 03 102 56 \ . . • DEGREES of the ITHERM. Above the freezing Jan. MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 8l R EM ARKS WEATHER. From S.W. to S. S.W frefh breeze; fine wea- ther. From S.S.W. to W.S.W, light breeze; fine weather. FromS.S.W.toW. byS. faint; fine weather. OBSERVATIONS. On the 31ft, at £ paft 7 A. M. got under way. At noon, Middle I fland bore S.S.W.JW.; North Ifland N. N. W. I W. At i paft 6 P.M. anchored near Remow Ifland in 30 fathoms ; bpttom of gravel and broken fhells ; Middle Ifland bearing from S. E. to S. S. E. 40 S. the Peak of Gr«»/M S.W. J W. At 8 P.M. the currents which had fet to the S. W. changed their direction, and fet N. E. the whole night. On the ift, at 6 A. M. the current* took a direction to the S. W. At £ paft 7 got under way. At noon, the Peak of Sambouricou bore W. by S. ; the Peak of Cracatoa S. W. J W.; Middle Ifland E. \ S. At \ paft 6, anchored in 30 fath. bottom oozy fand and broken fhells; the Ifland of Cracatoa and the.adjacent iflands bearing from S. W. to W. S. W.; the centre ^SSabeffe iflaiid N. W. Tbe currents let N. E. till § paft 7 A. M. the next day. On the 2d, at £ paft 7 A- M, got under way with the current at S.W. At noon, Middle Ifland bore E.N.E.JE* the Peak of Sambouricou Ifland bore W. i W. At \ paft 6, P. M. anchored in 22 £ fathoms, muddy bottom ; Sambouricou Ifland bearing from N.W. N. to N.; Cracatoa Ifland and the ad- [jacent iflands from S. by W. \ W. From that moment, the currents fet N.. and fhortly after N. E. till next day. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 1792. Jan. 3 by account. SOUTH. LONGITUDE by account. 5 5-* 6 04 ... 102 45 I Point of Departure according to the bearing taken I at noon. 102 55 LONGITUDE by obferv. VARIATION of the Compafs* EAST. 6 04 6 30 6 39 7 37 7 57 8 58 8 54 9 39 9 35 10 07 10 22 10 49 ro 53 11 20 11 28 I 57 " 53 12 15 12 20 13 30 13 30 98 53 91 08 o 22 Amp. Eaftly. o 29 Amp. Weftly. 1 03 Amp. Weft1/. 0 49 Amp. Eaftly. ;MARCHANDS VOYAGE. DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Jan. Above the freezing point. 3 25,5 From S.W. to W. faint; On the 3rd, at 6 A. M. the^tide fine weather. changed and fet S. W.; got under way 4 25,5 Var. faint; rain, followed by fine weather. immediately. At noon, the Ifland of Sambouricou bore N. E. by N. 1 mile. At J paft 6 P. M. anchored in 39 fath. m 26,0 Fjrom W. N. W. frefh in bottom foft mud. The centre of Sambou- fqualls, toS. E. faint; ricou bearing E. N. E. 20 N. the Peak of fine weather.! Cracatoa S.E. by S. The currents con 6 26,5 From E.S. E. to S. S. E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. tinued to run to the. W. S. W. till 8 P.M.; they then fet W. N. W. till midnight. On the 4th, fince midnight, ihe cur 7 26,2 S. E. by S. pleafant breeze; fine weather. rents fet W. S. W. and S. W. At 10 A. M. got under way. At noon, the Ifland of Craeatdd aftd the adjacent 8 25,5 From S.S. E. to S.byE. iflamds bore from E. to B. S. E. 8°S. moderate; fine weather. Pr nce's Ifland, South, whence we took 9 27,5 irom S. E. by S. to S. faint; fine weather. ou Str departure. 3n the 5th* we were clear of the ait of Sunda, . and out of fight of 10 25,5 From S.byE. to S.E. by S. moderate ; fine> wea Ian ( d. )n the 6 th and 7 th, faw a number of ther. Bot bies and Tropic %jrdf. ii 25,5 From S. by E. to S. E. gre 3n the ioth, nth, and 12th, faw a at many Boobies, Man-of-war-birds, light breeze; fine wea and Tropic-^irds, as well as a quantity of ther. Tunnies and Bonitoes. 12 25,5 From S.S.E. toS.byW. moderate; fine weather. On the nth, at | paft 4 P. M. we petceived to the S. S. E. at 6 leagues' diftance, a low- ifland, whifch we judged 13 25,5 From S.S. E. to E.S. E. pleafant breeze; fine lo be the moft northern of the Iflands of Cocos. On the i3tji P. M. fpoke a Dutch weather. x Eaft-f ndiaman bound to Batavia. *4 26,5 FremS.E.byS-toS.S.E. frefh breeze; clear wea- On the i3thj and 14th, faw the fame birds in a fmaHer number. . ther. F 2 e4 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. »y account8 by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. SOUTH. SOOTH. EAST. EAST. WEST. 1792. © A 0 f 0 / O / 0 / Jan. 15 14 42 14 42 88 52 1 02 Azim. 16 15 4* 15 53 86 30 85 00 1 14 Azim. ?7 i« 53 16 52 84 09 RgSfclJ 1 46 Amp. Eaftly. iS 17 48 81 67 ^ifjJI 2 02 Azim. *9 18 40 18 50 79 21 77 33 2 34 Azim. 20 19 26 19 38 77 07 4 56 Amp. Weftlr. 2.1 19 59 20 10 75 M ' 6 12 Azim- 22 20' 06 20 03 73 09 6 28 Amp. Weftly. 23 19 48 19 48 7i 13 7 11 Amp. Weft'y, 24 19 51 19 46 69 53 8 07 Azim. ~*5 19 45 19 5a 68 14 9 00 Azim. 26 19 46 19 46 66 41 9 53 Amp. Weftlf! a7 19 38 *9 37 65 04 62 24 10 18 Amp. Weftfr, 28 < 20 91 Longitude 20 04 deduced fi 63 00 om the beari ne taken oft* >-i2 28 Azim. C Rodrigue Ifland in the morning. I 59 54 m MARCHAND S VOYAGE. a* DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS. of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the K freezing point. »5 *5»S From S. S. E. to S. E. frefh breeze; fine weather. 1 26,0 From S. E. fo E. S. E., On the 16th, moderate; cloudy wea at 8»53'48" A. M.I M.l ther. Long. >and?"80- /j ^ jA 17 25,0 S.E. frefh breeze; fine by 4 fets d — OJ Cb.) s weather. On the 17 th, faw a red-Jha/ted Tropic- 18 25,0 From S. E. by S. to E. S. E. frefh in fqualls; cloudy weather. bird. 19 25,0 E.S. E. frefh breeze; On the 19th, fine weather. at8hoi'47"A.M.1 M.l 20 24,0 Ditto, moderate; fine Long. >and>77 59 00 E. weather. by 4 fets D — 0 J Ch.) 21 25,0 From E.S.E. to E.byS. We faw conftantly red-fhafted Tropic- moderate; clear wea birds. ther. 22 25,0 From E. by S. to E. moderate; clear wea ther. On the z6th, faw fome fmall gray 23 24,0 Eaft, variable, moderate; Terns. fine weather. On the 27th, 24 25,0 Eaft, light; clear wea at ii& a' i5wA.M. } M. } ther. Long. fand>6 ooE 25 25,2 From E.S.E. to E. light; by4 fets (L-O)Ch.) fine weather. Ditto, 26 24,6 From E. S. E. to S. E. at $ 34*44" P. M. } M. ^ moderate; fine wea Long. Vand > 62 00 OO E. ther. by 2 fetsG) — Jf )Ch. ) 27 25,0 From E. S. E. to S. E. The fame day, at 6 P. M. perceived pleafant breeze ; fine Rodrigue Ifland bearing W. by S. diftant weather. about 14 leagues. 28 25,5 From E.byS. to E.S.E. Oa the 28th, at $ paft 5, A. M. Ro- moderate; clear wea irigue Ifland bore N. E. i° N. which ther. gave for the point of departure 6o° *8' Eaft longitude. 1 I by account. *ojjth-. v MARCHAND S -• VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE by obferv. , SOUTH. by account. ( 20 09 ... 55 45 3° < Longitude arrived at according to tl E bearing LONGITUDE byobferv. EAST. • >Ai anchor off Port Nord-Oueft of the Ifle of France Point of departure in fight of the Ifle of France. 20 04 r 20 45 20 59 54 J Longitude arrived at in fight, £ lHe of Bourbon. . . , 54 00 fight of the 55 °4 VARIATION of the Compafs WEST. / At anchor in the Road of St. Denis of the Ifle of I V Bourbon. ' Point of Departure in fight of the Ifle of Bourbon. 52 07 51 J5 50 n 49 20 48 49 47 26 20 48 21 33 23 06 - 24 23 ' 25 38 25 56 26 59 18 20 Amp. Eaflly. I MARCHAND S VOYAGE. *7 DEGREES 1 WINDS REMARKS DAYS. of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. Above the Jan. freezing point. 29 25,0 From S. E. to E. S. E. On the 30th, at \ paft 6 A. M. faw pleafant breeze ; fine Round Ifland to the W. by N. a few de weather. grees W. At 8 perceived the Ifle of 30 25,0 S. E. pleafant breeze; France. At 11 Round Ifland bore North. fine weather. At 4 P. M. anchored at the entrance^ of Port Nird-Oueft in the Ifle of France. On the 31ft of January, A. M. anchored in Port Nord-Oueft, where we April remained till the 18th of April following. 19 23,0 S. S. E. light breeze ; fine On the iSth of April, P.M. fet fail weather. from Port Nord-Oueft in the Ifle of 20Ay . 23,0 From S. E. to S. S. E. France; and at 6 P.M. fet Gunner'a moderate; fine wea Point N. E. by N. 20 E. and Pitrtbot ther. S. E. 70 E. whence we took a point of 21 22,0 From S. E. to E. S. E. departure. frefh breeze; fine wea On the 19th, at J paft 6, A. M. per ther. ceived the Ifle of Bourbon (at this day 22 22,0 From E. N. E. to S. E. called the Ifland of Reunion) to the moderate; cloudy wea S.W. by W.; at noon, it bore from ther. S.S.W. |W. toW.byS. 2°W. 23 22,0 From S. E.by E. to N.E. On the 20th, at \ paft 9 A. M. an moderate; gloomy wea chored in the road of St. Denis Hn the ther. Ifle of Bourbon, in 10 fathoms, over a 24 21,5 From E. N.E. to N. E. bottom of fand and gravel, mixed with moderate; clear wea broken fhells. ther, followed by a On the 2ift, at 7 P.M. got under ' ftorm. way; and at ^ paft 7, St. Denis bore 25 21,0 From N. E. to S. E. var. S. E. 40 S. the weftern extremity in faint; gloomy weather fight of the Ifle of Bourbon, W. S. W^ accompanied by light.. 30 S. whence we took our departure. . ning and rain. We conftantly faw Tropic-birds fince 26 21,0 Krom S.E. to N.E. var. faintjfollowed byfqualls and rain. we left the Ifle of France. 27 20,O From E.N. E. to E.frefh On the 26th and 27th, we ftill faw with fqualls and rain; Tropic-birds, an Albatrofs, and fome cloudy weather. Shear-waters. U4. fT" zs MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 1792. April 28 May I LATITUDE LATITUDE by account. by obferv. SOUTH. SOUTH. O / O / 27 23 27 II 27 57 27 5O 28 31 28 18 29 03 29 OO 29 36 29 25 29 55 30 28 31 °4 31 08 3i 55 32 II 31 50 31 53 32 47 32 51 32 57 32 53 33 33 LONGITUDE by account. 37 26 LONGITUDE I VARIATION by obferv. of the Compafs, 29 28 9 -J Point of Departure in fight of the Coaft of A/ric 10 i 33 46 J . 23 11 Amp. Eaftly, ■ 26 17 Azim. MARCHANDS VOYAGE. DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS. Of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. April Above the freezing point. 28 20,5 E. S. E. frefh breeze; On the 28th, fine weather. at 2 h 45' P. M. ~\M. Ti Long. (and (. ^ 2? ^ E> by 4 fets 0— D-JC6.J 29 19,5 From S. E. to E. S. E. frelh breeze; clear wea 30 May 19,5 20,0 ther. E. S. E. frefh breeze; weather overcaft. From E.S. E. to E. moderate ; fine weather. On the 29th, at 3!* 16' P.M."] M.l Long. [and? 39 02 30 E. by 3 fets O —DJ Cb.) 2 21,5 Ditto, faint; fine weather. 8?" 21,0 From E. N. E. to N. We conftantly faw Albatroffes, brown - moderate ; fine wea Petrels, and Alcyons. ther. 4 21,0 Variable, faint; cloudy weather. 5 17,0 From N. N. E. to S.W. On the 5th and 6th, faw a greater ftrong gale and fqually; number of birds of the fame fpecies, cloudy weather. and a few /potted Petrels. 6 20,0 From S. W. to E. byN. faint, followed by a ftiff gale; clear wea On the 8th, P. M. perceived the coaft ther. of Africa in the vicinity of Point Natal, Wr'- 19,0 From E. by N. to N. W. bearing from N. 20 W. to N. W. by N. by N. ftrong gale, foi- 20 W. lowed by calm, clear On the 9th, at noon, the coaft of Africa vweather. bore from N.W.by W. 2°W. toN.20 W. s 16,0 From N. W. to W. S. W. whence we took our departure. The ftrong gale in fqualls ;lfame day, at 2 P.M. founded in 75 fath. clear weather. bottom gravel and broken fhells; at 9 18,0 From N. to W. var. frefh this moment, the coaft of Africa bore breeze ; clear weather, from W. 40 N. to N. E. by N. 20 N. zo 14,0 From N. W. by N. to On the ioth, lay to in a boifterous W. S. W. ftrong gale wind and heavy fea. We did not ceafe and fqually, clear wea- to fee Albatroffes, Pintados, Petrels, and ther, Alcyone. 5 go MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. latitude'latitude LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account.] by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. ; SOUTH. SOUTH. EAST. EAST. WEST. 1792. 0 f O / O / O r O t May II 33 3i 34 42 26 20 12 34 28 35 00 24 48 . 21 49 ■ 25 30 Azim. . 24 ^53 Amp. WeftbA *3 34 55 34 3? 24 03 21 01 *4 35 13 24 00 15 35 22 35 *9 22 41 19 57 23 38 Azim. 16 35 35 35 44 20 29 17 47 *7 34 5« 34 46 l8 28 rtftf DEGREES WINDS REMARKS DAYS. of the A»D AND THERM. WEATHE R. OBSERVATIONS. Above the May. freezing point. il 14,0 S. W. faint, followed by On the 12th, at fun-rife, Cape of the calm; fine weather. Mountains bore N. N. W. 3° W. On the 12th, at 9h 18' 14" A.M.I M.l Q 1 1 Long. >and > iZ 0I 3oE, 18,0- From E. N. E. to N. E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. by 2 fets J — QjjCb.) At noon, the environs of the Cape of the Mountains bore from N. by E. 3°N. to N.W. 3°N. 10 or 12 leagues from fhe coaft; no bottom with a line of 100 fath. *3 17,0 FromN. E. to W. S. W. On the 13th, round by the N. and W. at ioh 50' A.M. -\ M. ~\ Long. >^> 2°io'i4oE. by 2 fets 5 — © ) Cb. j var. frefh breeze; wea ther overcaft. On the 15th, at 8h 43' A.M. ~\ M. V »4 15,0 From W. to S. E. by S. Long. >and > 20 12 00 E. moderate, followed by by 2 fets & — 0 ) Cb. ) fqualls; weather over On the 15th, at 5 P.M. perceived caft. the land (the environs of Cow Bay) t<? the N. as far as it could be feen. On the 16th, 15 15,0 From S. E. to E.S. E. at 8k 51' A. M.} A/.} Q , | Long. Vand > 18 04 22 E. moderate ; fine wea ther. by 2 fets d — 0 3 Cb. J The fame day, at noon, founded in 95 fathoms, fine oozy fand. Pf 15,0 From E. S. E. to S. E. moderate; fine wea On the 17th, at 1 A. M. founded- but could not ftrike ground with a line ther. of 150 fathoms: we were then to the weftward of the Aiguillas Bank. In the forenoon, we doubled the Cape of Good Hope, which muft have borne at noon N. 17 15,0 . From S. S. E. to E. S. E. E.by N. 12 or 13 leagues: the fog which moderate; fine wea covered the land prevented it from being ther. feen. f w 92 MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 1792. May 18 LATITUDE LATITUDE] by account iOUTH. by obferv. SOUTH. LONGITUDE by account. 30 06 28 31 28 29 27 04 27 13 1 26 22 26 " *5 28 >< 28 24 00 *3 48 g 54 m 49 22 24 22 06 20 52 20 52 19 19 1 19 13 1 16 49 LONCITUDI by obferv. EAST. VARIATION of the Compafs. WIST. 23 28 Amp. Eaftly. 8 30 ' 21 34 Azim. I 21 49 Amp. Weftly. 20 24 Amp. Weftly. 20 06 Amp. Eaftly. !2o 08 Amp. 1 19 54 Amp. \ 1 43 I 19 17 Azim. DEGREES of the THERM. Above the freezing point. i3,o 14,0 15,0 16,0 MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. 93 WINDS REMARKS AND WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. From E.N.E. to N.N.E. moderate breeze ; fine weather. From N. E, to W. by N. light breeze, followed by fqualls; weather overcaft. From S.W. to S. S.W. ftrong gale and fqually ; weather overcaft. From S. to S.S. E. frefh breeze; fine weather. S. S. E. moderate breeze; fine weather. Ditto , variable , light breeze; cloudy weather. From E. S. E. to S. S. W. light, followed by calm; weather overcaft. From N. to S. W. round by the W, light breeze; fine weather. From S. S. W. to S. E. moderate; gloomy weather. From S. E. to S. S. E. light, calm at intervals; gloomy weather. FromW.S.W. toS.S.W. light breeze ^ cloudy weather. From S. to E. S. E. moderate ; fine weather. From E. S. E. to S. E. frefh breeze; mifty weather, followed by fine weather, Saw conftantly Albatroffes, 'etrels, Alcyons, Sec. Pintadoes, >Ch.. . 4 38 00 E. Onthe22d, faw fome Porpoifes. On the 23d, faw fome Whales. The Albatroffes and Pintadoes begin to diminifti; faw no more Petrels. On the 25th, at 3h07' 12"P.M." Long, by 1 fet © — <l . The fame*day, at 11 P. M. faw a very luminous meteor. In the night from the 25th to the 26th, paffed a quantity of Mollu/ca: the fea was luminous; faw no more Pintadoes or Albatroffes. On the 27th, pafled a piece of wood. On the 28th, „ , „ at2^27'23"P.M. ~\ M. , . o 52 15 Long. >Ch. . . o 56 45 by 2 fets O — J * Mean . o 55 00 E. Saw fome Mollu/ca, Doradoes and large Whales. On the 29th, 0 , „ at 2>i44' 10" P.M. ~\ M. . . o 22 00W,1 Long. \Ch. . . o zk, 00 by 2 fets © — {[ 3 Mean o 23 30W. On the 30th, at 3h 46'49" P.M.") M.l Long. >andj- 1 57 00W, by 2 fets©— }.J«.J 94 MARCHAN D S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE! LONGITUDE VARIATION J TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs. SOUTH. SOUTH. EAST. WEST. WI3TV 1792. 0 / 0 / O ' 0 / May 31 17 39 17 26 X 54 Junex 16 19 16 13 0 24 17 46 Azhr . 2 55. 58 15 47 WEST. r 13 15 15 Amp. Weft'y. 3 j i"5". 52 15 57 15 49 2 24 3 00 . . . ' 15 19 Amp 15 06 Azim Eaftly] t 15 57 I ... J 3 00 I J Point arrived at in fight of the Ifland of St. Kelt j at 9 o'clock in the morning. | • • • I. ,15 53 I • • •'*!' 8 03 At anchor in the Road of the Ifland of 'St: Helena. I Point of departure in fight of the Ifland of St. < Helena. 8 47 8 27 ! S& 48 1 H 53 13 55 »3 20 12 21 i 10 9 56 8 29 1 15 04 Azim. 15 06 Azim. 14 13 Amp. Wefl'y. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 93 'DEGREES WINDS of the AND \ . THERM* WEATHER. Above the freezing point. 19,0 19,6 19,5 19,5 19,0 19,5 19,5 20,0 19,5 21,0 19,0 S.E. moderate breeze: le weather. From E. S. E. to S. E by S. light breeze; fine weather. From S, to E. S. E. variable light; fine weather. From S.S. E. to E.S. E. faint; fine weather. ~ I.E. light breeze; fine weather. . i. E. light; variable and calm; fine weather. ?rom N. to W. N. W. light breeze; fine weather. From W. N. W. to W. faint; cloudy weather. From S. S. W. to S. E. light breeze; fine weather. S.E. light; almoft calm ; fine weather. From E. S. E. to S. E. light; fine weather. From S. E.byS. to E. S. E. frefh in fqualls;' weather overcaft. S.E. var. moderate, accompanied by fqualls; weather cloudy. From S. E. to E. frefh in fqualls ; weather cloudy. REMARKS AND OBSERVATIONS. In the afternoon of the 31ft,'raw a i Booby, and we were furprifed to fee a. ado in thefe latitudes. On the 3rd, at 11 A.M. faw the Ifland of St. Helena. At noon, it bore W. by S. at the diftance of about 12 leagues. On the 4th, at 9 A. M. the eaft extremity of the Ifland of St. Helena bore S. and Sugar-loaf Point W. S. W. 20 W. At £ paft 10 anchored in the Road of St. Helena in 13 fathoms, over a bottom of fine gray fand; Sugar-loaf Point bearing N. E. by E. 20 E. Munden Point S. S. E. 20 S. and the flag-ftarf of the Governor's houfe S. by E. 20 S. On the 5th, at 10 P.M. got under ray. On the 6th, at noon, the Ifland of St, Helena bore from S.S. E. 40 E. to E. by E. 20 S. whence We took our departure. Ota the 7th, at noon, we ftill faw the fland of St. Helena, bearing S. diftant about 21 leagues. 0Jnthe8th, 9th and iothi faw fome Boobies and Bonitoes. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE LONGITUDE LONGITUDE VARIATION TIME. by account. by obferv. by account. by obferv. of the Compafs.' 1 SOUTH. SOUTH. WEST. WEST. WEST. 1792. O / O / O / O 1 O ' June 14 6 55 6 55 l6 02 12 36 Azim. 15 5 48 5 39 17 49 16 4 27 4 20 19 37 11 24 Azim. »7 3 " 3 08 21 19 11 14 Azim. 18 1 41 1 57 22 46 10 58 Amp. Eaftly.' 19 0 41 0 57 24 02 10 46 Azim. 20 NORTH. 0 22 NORTH. O 38 25 19 9 17 Azim. 21 2 06 2 34 26 30 8 47 Azim. j 22 4 19 4 34 27 25 8 02 Azim. *3 6 20 28 03 8 14 Azim, 24 7 18 28 24 25 7 32 8 15 28 49 8 54 Azim. 26 9 21 9 21 30 21 7 08 Azim. »7 10 43! 11 05 31 51 28 12 14 12 »o 33 44 . MARCHAND S VOYAGE. 97 DEGRESS WINDS REMARKS of the AND AND THERM. WEATHER.- OBSERVATIONS. Above the freezing point. 21,0 S. E. moderate breeze; On the 14th, faw a number of Boobies, fine weather, j Tropic Birds and Terns. 21,5 S, E. pleafant breeze; fine weather. 22,0 From E. S.E. to E. moderate breeze; fine wea-; ther. 22,5 E. pleafant breeze; fine] On the 17th, faw fome Man-of-war weather. birds and Boobies. 22,0 S. E. by E. moderate; On the 18th, faw a number of Flying- fine weather. J fifties, a few Tunnies, and fome Boobies. 22,0 S.E.byS. pleafant breeze;' fine weather. ' 21,5 Ditto, moderate ; fine weather. 22,5 IS. E. by E. moderate; On the 2ift, faw a number of FlyingJ fine weather. fifhes and Bonitoes. 23.5 From S. E. frefh breeze to S.S.E. moderate and fqually; weather overcaft. 22,6 From S. S.W. to S.S.E. frefh ; weather overcaft and rain. 23.5 From S.S.E. to N.N.E. round by the W. faint; calm and rain. 23,5 From N.E. by N. to N.E. moderate; cloudy .weather. 23,0 From N.E. to E.N. E. pleafant breeze; cloudy weather. 23,0 From N.E. by E.to N.E. by N. frefh; cloudy weather. * 23,0 Ditto, ditto. 98 MARCHAND'S- VOYAGE. ' LATITUDE LATITUDE| by account.} by obferv. NORTH. j NORTH. 1792* J*«ez9 July 1 23 06 LONGITUDEj LONOITUDE ' VARIATION by account. 1 by obferv. olf the Compafs, F* WEST. WE.T. 0 1 O 1 0 ' 35 19 3« 21 $ 27 Azim. 37 25 6 00 Azim. 3* 52 40 08 5 50 Azim. 40 58 41 40 i 36 Azim. 42 08 . . • t 56 Amp. Weftiyi 42 19 7 7 35 Azim* 4* 37 § OO Azim. f 43 ot « 54 Azim. 43 3° 46 27 9 42 Azim. 44 35 1: 26 Azim. 44 58 .3 59 Azim.' MARCHANBW VOYAGE. 39 DEGREES WINDS REMARKS of the AND AND THERM. WEATH ER. 0 B S BRVAT IONS. Above the freezing point. 22,0 FromN.N.E. to E.N.E. fqually and mifty; weather overcaft. 22,0 From N. E. by E. to E. by N. moderate; fine weather. 22,5 JFrom E. by N. to N. E. by N. frefh breeze and fqually ; fine weather. 22,0 From E.N. E. to N. E. From the 2nd to the 12th, we were frefh in fqualls ; wea- conftantly meeting with the fpecies of 1 ther overcaft. fesj-weed called Raifins du Tropique.' 22,5 jFrom E. to N. E. by E. frefh; fine weather. 20,0 prom E. N. E. to N. E. moderate ; fine wea- : ther. 22,0 jFrom E. to E.<£f. & I moderate and fqually, with rain after the fqualls. 21,0 Eaft, var. fqually with rain; cloudy weftthefc. 22,0 Ditto, ditto. 22,0 Ditto, ditto. 22,5 FrorrfE. to E.N.E. frefh; '■ fine weather. 21,5 Ditto, ditto. On the ioth, at 8>> 22' A. U.lM.' loM, 21,5 From E. N. E. to E. Long. J and ' 46 22 30W. ; frefh breeze; fine wea- by 4 fets ]) — OJ Ch-- 1 . ther. ' > 21,0 jFrom E. to E.S.E. faint; | fine weathei. On the 12th, faw fome Mollu/ca. MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. TIME. LATITUDE by account NORTH. 1792. O / July 13 36 24 14 36 I9 15 35 5* 16 36 06 17 36 43 by obferv. NOHTR. LONGITUDE by account. WSST. 36 07 36 03 36 16 36 5* 38 LONGITUDE by obferv. VARIATION of the Compafs. WSST. 14 30 Azim. 15 28 Azim. 15 31 Amp. Eaftlf. 15 04 Amp. Eaftly. 16 40 Azim. 19 08 Azim. 21 30 Amp. Weft1*. 24 08 Azim. MARCHAND'S VOYAGE. DECISIS BAYS. of the THERM. |P Above the freezing point. 13 20,5 J4 21,0 '5 21,0 16 21,5 »7 21,0 18 21,0 19 19,5 20 21,0 21 19,0 22 l8,0 23 19,0 18,0 18,0 WINDS REMARKS AND AND WEATHER. OBSERVATIONS. From N. to N. E. faint; fine weather. From N. N. E. to N. E. faint; fine weather. Variable and faint; fine On the 15th faw a Turtlk. weather. Calm; fine weather. From S. S. W. to N. W. On the 17th, faw fome Bonitoes ^ by N. light breeze, fine paffed a piece of wood. weather. . A' From W. to N. W. frefh breeze; fine weather N. W. moderate; fine On the 19th, met'with two larg* : weather. pieces of wood. From N. W. to W. mo derate ; flight fog; fine 1 weather. W. by S. moderate ; fine On the 2 ift, faw fome Flying-fi/hts weather.' and Mollu/ca. W.by N. moderate; mifty On the 22d, faw a Turtle. weather. From W. by S. to N. W. On the 23 d, moderate; mifty wea at2h 15'43" P.M.-JM; "J Q / ther. From N. W. to W. light Long. (.and I by2fets0-O«.j 34I3° " breeze; mifty weather. We faw conftantly fome Mollu/ca. From W. N. W. to N. On the 24th, N. E. moderate; fine at 2h 55' P. M. } M. -\ weather. Long. >and > 32 05 00W. From N. to W. N. W. by 2 fets 0 — D ) Cb. ) moderate ; fine wea On the 25th, faw a white Tern and ther. two Turtles. From N. to W. N. W. On the 27th, moderate; fine wea at4h26'33"P. M. } M. 1 Long. > and > 25 14 00W. ther. Iby 2 fets © — d . J Cb. ) MARCHAND S VOYAGE. LATITUDE LATITUDE by account. north. by obferv. ; NORTH. LONGITUDE by account. WEST. LONGITUDE by obferv. ' i WEST. 40 54 4O 54 20 25 40 l6 40 l6 18 23 ' y; • '16 37 38 48 38 28 14 09 38 09 38 09 11 39 37 i-4 [ • • • 10 00 Point of departure in fight of Cape St. Vincent. 11 31 10 14 8 53 Point arrived at in fight of Cape Spartel at 5 o'clock in the morning. 4 < • • . I 35 49 I ... j 8 16 At noon, J 3 6 05 J ... I ... The Point of Gibraltar bearing W. § N. 7 leagues diftant, and the Mont aux Singes S. W. £ S. • REDUCED courfe CORRIOTED. 37 02 36 17 .^6.^08 35 49 36 31 37 11 38 34 39 20 40 05 40 35 36 31 37 21 38 40 39 32 40 17 40 45 i E. by N.E. ^°.N. N. E.by E.| E. N.N.E.fcE. ; N. § E. N. E.byN. j°N. N. E. 2°N. 34,o 36,0 29,5 17,5 18,0 13,0 VARIATION of the Compafs. ^22 06 Azim* 19 23 Amp. Eaft1/. MARCHAND S VOYAGE. ios ! DEGREES of the THERM. Above the freezing point. 18,0 17,0 17,0 19,0 20,0 22,0 22,5 WINDS AND WEATHER. From W. to W. N. W. moderate; cloudy weather ; flight mift. From W.N. W. to N. E. moderate ; weather overcaft and mifty. N. E. by E. frefh breeze ; weather overcaft. N. E. by N. freih; fine weather.* From N. E. by N. to N. by E. pleafant breeze; /fine weather. FromN. E. to N.N.W. pleafant breeze; fine weather. From E. toW. round by the N. faint; fine weather. From W. to N. W. moderate ; fine weather. From W. to N. W. moderate ; fine weather. W. N. W. faint; fhowery weather. From S. S. E. var. faint to S.W. frefh; fine weather. From N. W. to N, moderate breeze; fine weather. From E.S.E. to S.W, variable, faint; fine weather. From N. E. to N. var. faint; fine weather. R E M A R K S OBSERVATIONS. On the ift of Auguft, 'paired feveral patches of fea-Weed interwoven, called Lacets. On the 2d of Auguft, at £ paft 3 A.M. Saw the land td the northward of Cape 6>. Vincent. At 5 A. M. the part of the coaft in fight bore from N. by E. to S. by W. In the forenoon, paffed through fome boars of currents which fet to the S. E. At noon, Cape St. Vincent bore E 5 S. a§ leagues, whence we took our departure. On the 4th of Auguft, at £ paft 3 A.M. faw the land. At 5, diftinguifhed Cape Spartel, which bore S. E. 2 or 2 $ miles. The currents fet rapidly to the eaftward, wards the Strait of Gibraltar. At 6, entered the Strait, and before noon we were ftanding up the Mediterranean with all fail fet. On the 5th, at noon, the Point of las Roquetas bore N. N. E. § E. 3 or 4 leagues. On the 6th, at noon, Cape Pahs bore North. On the 7th, at noon, Cape Sant Antonio bore N. 40 W. Mount Bindorme W. S. W. 70 W. On the 8th, at noon, the Mountain of Orope/a bore N.W. byN. or 20 N. Cape Cullica, W. 4°S. On the ioth, the coaft of Spain extended from N. N. E. to W. S. W. at the diftance of 9 leagues. 10* MARCHAND S VOYAGE. TIME. LATITUDE by account. NORTH. LATITUDE by obferv. NORTH. REDUCED courfe CORRECTED. I&s » »o 0 e c BO VARIATION of the Compafi. WEST. 1792. o / O 1 Aug. n 41 04 41 II N.E. by E. 2°E. 14.7 12 41 38 41 41 E.N.E. 2#N. 44,0 *3 42 04 42 00 N.E. 4°E. 14.5 *4 In fight of Cape Sepet, Toulon Road. fi ^mmmm
Last page (105) misplaced in print, appears after page xiii. Erratum.Page16,Note†,for PlateV, read Plate VI. Other Copies: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/959883460
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Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. F5816 .M28 1801
Marchand, Etienne, 1755-1793
Solide (Ship)
Voyages around the world
Discoveries in geography
Geographical positions
A voyage round the world, performed during the years 1790, 1791, and 1792, by Étienne Marchand, preceded by a historical introduction, and illustrated by charts, etc. Vol. II
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