CONTENTdm
British Columbia Historical Books Collection
A general synopsis of birds
Latham, John, 1740-1837
"Some copies issued with col. plates." -- Strathern, G. M., & Edwards, M. H. (1970). Navigations, traffiques & discoveries, 1774-1848: A guide to publications relating to the area now British Columbia. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 167.
350 pages : coloured illustrations ; 29 cm
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THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA WOODWARD HISTORICAL COLLECTION GENERAL HISTORY BIRDS. BY JOHN LATHAM, M.D. F.R.S. A.S. and L.S. Acad. Ces. Nat. Curios. Reg. Holm, et Soc. Nat. Scrut. Berolw. Soc. &c. &c. VOL. V. WINCHESTER: PRINTED BY JACOB AND JOHNSON, FOR THE AUTHOR:—SOLD IN LONDON BY G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE ; JOHN WARREN, BOND-STREET } W. WOOD, 428, STRAND J AND J. MAWMAN, 39, LUDGATE-STREET. 1822. BIRDS. ORDER III. PASSERINE. GENUS XXXVII— STARE. 1 Common Stare A White B Pied C White-headed D Grey 2 Silk 3 White-headed 4 Louisiane A Crescent 5 Magellanic 6 Persian 7 Dauurian 8 Graculine 9 Wattled 10 Green 11 Brown 12 Black 13 Sardinian XlILL straight, or very little bending, depressed. Nostrils guarded above by a prominent rim. Tongue hard and cloven, or jagged at the tip. The middle toe united to the outer as far as the first joint. 1.—COMMON STARE. Sturnus vulgaris, Ind. Orn. i. 321. Lin. i. 290. Faun. Suec. No. 213. Gm. Lh 801. Scop. i. No. 47. Hasselq. It. 287. Id. Eng. 206. Brun. No. 229. Mult. p. 28. Krani. 361. 1. Sepp. Vog. t. p. 25. Rait, p. 67. A. 1. Will. 144. t. 37. Frisch, t. 217. Fn. Arag. p. 84. Borowsk. iii. 202. t. 74. Scheef. el. orn. t. 65. Hist. Prov. i. 492. Bris. ii. 439. Id. 8vo. i. 280. Klein, 64. 1. Id. Stem. 10. t. 12. f. 5. a.b.c. Id. Ov. 22. t. 8. f. 7. Gerin. iii. t. 315. 316. Daudin, ii p. 300. Beseke, Vog. Kurl. No. 155. Russ. Alep. p. 69. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 81, Id. Ed. ii. p. 133. 2 STARE. L'Etourneau, Bvf. iii. 176. pi. 15. PI. enl. 75. Voy. en Barb. 271. Storno, Olin. t. p. 18. Cet. Uc. Sard. 184. Zinnan. Uov. p. 69. t. 10. f. 60. Staar, Wirs. Vog. t. 62. Georg. It. i. 173. Gunth. Nest u. Ey. t. 10. Id. t. 91. Naturf. xvii. 79. Id. 22. 133. Id. 25. 14. ScAwid, Vog. p. 52. t. 39. Stare, or Starling, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 2. jtf. Su/>. 137. Br. Zool. i. No. 104. pi. 46. Id. fol. t. P. 2. f. 1. Id. Ed. 1812. i. p. 396. pi. 50. Arct. Zool. ii. 331. A. Alb. i. pi. 40. Will. Engl. p. 196. t. 37. Hayes Br. Birds, pi. 32. Shaw's Zool. x. 482. pi. 43. young. 44. adult. Bewick, pi. p. 88. Lewin Birds, ii. pi. 56. Bolt. Birds, i. pi. 1. Walcot. ii. pi. 239. Donov. iv. pi. 92. Pult. Cat. Dors. p. 9. Collins Birds, pi. 12. f. 9. pi. 6. f. 9. Grayes Br. Orn. ii. pi. 14. Orn. Diet. THE weight of this bird, is three ounces; length eight inches and three quarters. The bill scarcely one inch and a half, brown, with a yellowish point; nostrils surrounded with a prominent rim; irides hazel; general colour of tbe plumage black, glossed with blue, purple, and copper bronze; each feather marked at the end with a pale yellow spot; wing coverts edged with yellow; quills and tail dusky, the former edged with yellow, the latter with dusky white; legs reddish brown. The female is like the male, but somewhat smaller. This bird is a general inhabitant of the Old Continent, from Sweden to the Cape of Good Hope. Seen in England at all seasons, and sometimes appears in vast flocks in the winter, giving reason to suppose that in severe seasons tbe additional nambers migrated here from colder regions : with us it builds in the hollows of rocks, ruined edifices, decayed trees, and rarely on the branches, except when it finds the old nest of a Thrush or another bird ; frequently builds in Pigeon-houses, and is accused of sucking the eggs of those birds, though we believe on no just foundation. The eggs in colour are light blue, varying to greenish ash, and five or six in number; in length one inch and a quarter; and each weighing about one dram and three quarters. The young birds are dusky brown till the first moult: it is generally seen running on the ground like the Wagtail or Lark; rarely advancing by leaps like the Thrush, and many others. Starlings are often mixed in winter with the Redwings and Fieldfares, frequently in large flocks, unaccompanied with other birds; and in such case may be known, from their tumultuous and disorderly mode of flight, different from that of any other bird. The chief food consists of insects and worms, and in particular the rose-beetles,* but in failure of these it will eat grain: said also to feed on olives, grapes, and cherries, but prefer the latter; however, it is probable that they are most fond of animal food, for when kept in cages, they seem pleased with scraps of meat of every kind. In a state of nature, the note of this bird is merely a short, shrill whistle; chattering at intervals, but when kept tame it imitates the human speech, and will learn to whistle a tune. I have observed this Bird, with all its Varieties, among collections of drawings from India, where it appears to be common, and known by the name of Tiliel, also Tillory. In England called Stare, or Starling; in the north, Chepster. A.—Sturnus albus, Ind. Orn. i. 322. /3. Bris. ii. 444. A. Id. 8vo. i. 281. Aldr. ii. 636. Will. 145. White Stare, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 3. Will. Engl. 196. This is wholly white, with a reddish bill, and flesh-coloured legs; two of these were in the Leverian Museum. B.—Sturnus leucomelas, Bris. ii. 444. B. Id. 8vo. i. 281. Sturnus oapite atro, reliquo corpare albo, Will. 148. Pied Stare, Gen. Syn, iii. p. 4. Will. Mngl. IM. In this the head is black, the rest of the plumage white,- Found at Aberdaren, a little village in Caernarvonshire. * Scarabceus auBatus - C—Sturnus leucocephalus, Aldr. ii. 637. This is described with a white head and neck, two black spots above the eyes; breast, belly, sides, thighs, upper wing and under tail coverts white, with bluish spots; quills and tail as in common, but the two outer feathers of the last white; bill white ; legs yellow. D.—Sturnus cinereus, Bris. ii. 446. D. Grey Stare, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 4. Id. 8vo. i. 282. Aldrov. ii. 638. Upper parts of the body rufous ash-colour, inclining to yellow; breast marked with small points. Bill and legs black. To which may be added one similar in the Leverian Museum, wholly cream-colour, covered all over with white spots. 2.—SILK STARE. Sturnus sericeus, Ind. Orn. i. 324. Gm. Lin. i. 805. Band. ii. 304. Martin, Tern. Man. Ed.'ix. Anal. p. lv. Silk Starling, Gen. Syn. ii. 324. Id. Sup. 137. Brown, III. pi. 21. Shaw's Zool. x. 497. LENGTH eight inches. Bill purplish red, the end dusky; the whole head, and fore part of the neck yellowish white, inclined to dusky on the crown ; upper part of the body fine pale ash-colour; wings and tail glossy black; base of the quills white, forming a spot on the outer part of the wing; bastard wing white; tail two inches and a half long, even at the end ; the under parts of the body the same as the upper, but paler, and nearly white at the vent; legs reddish, or pale yellow. The female is brown where the male is black ; forehead mixed black and white ; sides of the head and behind the eye white; back as in the male; wings glossy brown, inclining to ash-colour; base f" of the quills not white; rump white; tail as the quills, tipped, for one-fourth of an inch, with white, deeper on the inner webs, the outer feather plain ; legs brown. The above described from specimens in the collection of Sir Jos. Banks, who received them from China. The late Mr. Tunstal informed me, that he kept one alive for some time, and that it had all the actions of the Common Starling. Inhabits also Bengal, where it is called Cuorley. I observed one among the drawings of Sir John Anstruther, in which the breast, belly, and vent were pale rufous, and no white in the wings. 3—WHITE-HEADED STARE. Turdus leucocephalus, Ind. Orn. i. 348. Gm. Lin. i. 829. Merle Dominicain de la Chine, Sonn. Voy. Ind. ii. 197. White-headed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 59. LESS than a Blackbird. Bill blackish, with a tinge of red, and yellow; irides yellow ; head and neck white, the feathers long, and narrow ; neck behind deep cinereous grey ; back and rump, breast and belly the same, but paler; wing coverts and lesser quills copper green, glossed with violet; on the first a white spot or two; greater quills black; tail as the wing coverts; under coverts white; legs yellow; the wings reach halfway on the tail. The female has the head grey, as the rest of the body; and the copper gloss on the wings less brilliant. Inhabits China, called by some Petite Galinote. This seems to coincide greatly with the Silk Starling; yet the bill is not depressed towards the point, as in that Genus; on which account, perhaps both these birds might rather be placed in the Thrush Genus. . 4.— LOUISIANE STARE. Sturnus Ludovieianos, Ind. Orn. i. 323. Lin. i. 290. Gm. Lin. i. 802. Bris. ii. 449. t. 42. 1. Id. 8ro. ii. 283. Cacicus Alaudarius, Fer ii Cheval, Daud. ii. 325. Etourneau de la Lomsiane, Buf. iii. 192. PI. enl. 256. Louisiane Stare, Gen. Syn. m. p, 6. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 193. Shaw's Zool. x. 495. SIZE of a large Thrush ; length nine inches and a half. Bill whitish, with a brown tip ; plumage above brown arid rufous-grey mixed ; on the head three stripes of white, one down the middle of the crown, and one over each eye; cheeks, throat, fore part of the neck, breast, and belly fine yellow ; on the neck a large black spot, the feathers of which are tipped with grey; sides, thighs, and under tail coverts dirty white, marked with some spots of brown; beneath the wings whitish grey; edge ofthe wing yellow; quills rufous-grey, blended with brown on the outer webs ; tail the same, but the four outer feathers are white within ; legs grey. A.—Alauda magna, Ind. Orn. i. 323. 3. A. Lin. i. 289. Gm. Lin. i. 801. Klein, 72. 6. Borowsk. iii. 196. t. 73. Bartr. 288. Amer. Orn. iii. pi. 19. f. 2. Merula Aiaeriaaaa tofquata, Bris. ii. 242. Id. 8vo. i. 225. Le Merle 4 Collier, Fer k Cirtrral, Bris. iii. 371. Alouette de Surinam, Ferm. Surin. ii. 199 ? Large Lark, Cates. Car. i. pi. 33. Gent. Mag. V. 23. pi. p. 324. Crescent Stare, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 6. 3. A. Arct. Zool. ii. 192. Nat. Misc. pi. 349. Length eleven inches. Bill blackish ; top of the head and neck brown; sides of them pale grey; ifrotn the base of tlie bill and down the crown a pale grey stripe; between the bill and eye a luteous spot, and behind «ach eye a black stripe, one inch in length; the upper parts of the body, wings, and tail brown, mixed with •rafeos and blackish, not wftlike the colours of a Partridge; feathers on the sides marked with long brown streaks down the shaft, all the jgmmmmw m ffin— \ m under parts yellow; on the breast a crescent of black, somewhat in shape of a horseshoe; thighs and under tail coverts grey ; greater quills brown, the lesser the same, spotted with rufous; tail feathers sharp at the ends ; legs and claws brown. In the female the colours are less defined, and the crescent of smaller dimensions. Young birds have scarcely any traoe of the • black crescent. According to Mr. Abbot, individuals are from nine to ten inches in length, breadth fifteen inches, weight four ounces: it is a very frequent species in North America, migratory, and comes into New York early ; met with sometimes in great flocks in the salt meadows, ^but is rather scarce elsewhere, and rarely seen oxcept on the ground; hence called in America, Meadow Lark. Common in Georgia, frequenting plantations; fond of young wheat; often on the sides of ponds among the grass: the male may be seen sitting on the tops of young pines, warbling out its note. The nest is generally in a tussock ©f grass, in a small hollow in the ground, made of pine straw, and stalks of plants, lined with dry moss, and placed on one side to keep out the rain. The eggs dusfcy white, marked with deep ferruginous spots, very numerous at the larger end. This bird is called in some parts of America, Virginia Old Field Lark; brought to market in March, the flesh being esteemed but little inferior to that of the Quail, or Partridge: after breeding, it collects in flocks, and then sometimes alighife on trees, generally on the highest branches; has a clear, melancholy note, but sweet and expressive: the general food is caterpillars, worms, beetles, and sometimes seeds otf'grass. The forar outer tail feathers, although said to be white, have the outer webs more or less mottled brown and clay-colour; the four middle ones barred clay and dark brown; tail rounded in shape at the end, two inches and a half long, and the wings reach but little beyond the base. 5—MAGELLANIC STARE. Sturnus militaris, Ind. Orn. i. 323. Lin. Mant. 1771. 527. Gm. Lin. i. 803. Daud. ii. 305. Etourneau des Terres magellaniques, Buf. iii. 196. PI. enl. 113. Le Troupiale k gorge essanglantee, Voy. d' Azara, iii. No. 68. 69. Magellanic Stare, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 7. Id. Sup. ii. 174. Shaw's Zool. x. 488. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Size of a Starling; bill one inch and a quarter long ; plumage on the upper parts of the body brown, the feathers margined with paler brown; from the bill to the eye a crimson line ; at the base of the under mandible a white spot; behind the eye a white streak; on each side of the neck a bed of black, dividing the brown on the hind from the fore part of the neck ; which, as well as the chin, breast, and upper part ofthe belly, is of a fine deep crimson; the shoulder of the wing is of the same colour, as well as the outer edge of it; beneath the wings and thighs black, edged with ash-colour; vent, under tail coverts, and the whole ofthe tail black; the last a trifle forked ; legs brown. In some birds the white spot at the base of the under mandible is wanting, and in such, the white line begins at the nostrils, and passes over the eyes a good way behind. Inhabits Falkland Islands, and is supposed, for the most part, to frequent the ground, rather than perch on trees; for one of them being kept in a cage, was never observed to sit upon the perch, always keeping at the bottom ; and the bird seemed to be fond of all kinds of insects, which were supposed to be the natural food. M. d'Azara says, they are very numerous between 35 and 36 deg. of lat. and that they frequently alight on fields of newly sown corn, and if not prevented will devour the whole. K^fl A—Sturnus Loyca, Ind. Orn. i. 325. Molin. Chil. 225. Id. (fr. ed.) 233. Gm. Lin. i. 304. Baud. ii. 305. Chili Starling, Shaw's Zool. x. 488. This is rather larger than our Starling, but resembles it in the bill, tongue, legs, and tail, as well as manner of feeding. The male is in general of a dull grey, marked with spots of white, except the throat, which is scarlet. The female is paler in general colour, and the red on the breast less bright than in the male. Inhabits Chili: makes a careless nest on the ground, in the first hole it can find, and lays three grey eggs marked with brown. The bird is esteemed for its song, and is often kept tame; when at large it sings while rising upwards in the air, and the same when descending, after the manner of some of the Lark Genus. Molina adds, that the Indians have a superstitious veneration for these birds, and make use of the red feathers in their plumes. This is probably a Variety of the Magellanic Starling. 6—PERSIAN STARE. Sturnus moritanicus, Ind. Orn. i. 325. Gm. Lin. i. 804. S. G. Gmel. Id. iv. 174. Pall. n. nord. Beytr. iv. 52. Baud. ii. 302. Persian Stare, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 174. Shaw's Zool. x. 490. SIZE of a Lark. Bill black at the tip; irides red; plumage ash-coloured; under part of the head and throat varied with cine- rous and white; belly and sides greyish white, marked sparingly with pale rufous spots ; breast, and neck before, like the upper parts; wings brown margined with grey, and reach to the middle of the tail, the feathers brown, the outer margin grey; the two middle tail VOL. V. C 10 STARE. feathers the same ; the others greyish red, margined or fringed with white; legs flesh-coloured. The female much like the male, but paler in colour. Inhabits the Sunamisic Alps of Persia. When young the colours incline to yellowish, and the lesser wing coverts are margined with yellowish red. It makes the nest in high trees, and sometimes in the holes of rocks, and subsists on insects. Met with in the middle of July. M. Temminck unites this to the Alpine Warbler, but Gmelin and Pallas esteem it a distinct species. 7 — DAUURIAN STARE. Sturnus Dauuricus, Ind. Orn. i. 325. Gm. Lin. i. 806. Pall. Act. Stockh. 1778. iii. 198. Baud. ii. 302. Dauurian Stare, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 175. Shaw's Zool. x. 492. THIS is rather longer than six inches. Bill black, rather shorter than usual in the Genus; hides brown ; before, and over the eye a white streak ; general colour of the body violet black; beneath cinereous white; head and nape bluish white; in the male the crown has a violet black stripe down the middle, in the female a brown one; wing coverts black, glossed with green; quills black ; the two innermost are white at the tip, the rest outwardly tipped with white; tail somewhat forked, and greenish black, its coverts violet; legs blue black. Inhabits the willow beds of Dauuria; feeds on both vegetables and insects; lays three ferruginous eggs, tinged with blue. 1MU ^ff^\/fi,r&na,. WmWm -— 8—GRACULINE STARE. Gracula Sturnina, Ind. Orn. i. 193. Pall. It. iii. 695. 11. Gm. Lin. i. 399. Shaw's Zool. vii. 470. Sturnus Sturninus, Baud. ii. 322. SIZE of the Chatterer. General colour of the plumage hoary; on the crown of the head a violet-black spot; back, between the wings, violet-black; wings and tail green with a tinge of violet; across the former a double white stripe; tail short. The female is dull ash-colour, with the back brown; wings and tail black without any gloss. To this short account is added, that the bird is found in the osier beds of South Dauuria, about the rivers Onon and Argun, and not elsewhere; that it has the manners of the Starling, forming the nest in the same manner, and laying the same coloured eggs. I suspect it to be the same as the last described. 9.—WATTLED STARE—Pl. lxxix. Sturnus carunculatus, Ind. Orn. i. 324. Gm. Lin. i. 805. Gracula carunculata, Baud. ii. 292. Carunculated Grakle, Shaw's Zool. vii. 469. Wattled Stare, Gen, Syn. ii. p. 9/ pl. 36. Shaw's Zool. x. 498. pl. 46. SIZE of our Starling; length almost ten inches. Bill rather long, a little bent, running almost to a point at the tip, but is there a trifle flattened ; colour black, tinged with blue towards the base ; tongue half the length of the bill, fringed at the tip; irides dull hazel; from the angle of the lower mandible on each side, springs a carunculated, orange-coloured membrane, tending downwards like 12 STARE. the wattle of a cock: this is about a quarter of an inch in length ; the general colour of the plumage dull black, but the back, rump, and wing coverts are ferruginous; the tail rather long, dusky black, and the ends of the feathers pointed from a slight elongation of the shaft; legs black. The female is wholly of a dull ferruginous brown; the bill and legs as in the male; but the wattle in that sex is much smaller; nor is it very conspicuous, exeepjt in old birds. This species inha^ite New Zealand, particularly in tl*e. Southern Islands, where it is pretty common* as Dr. Forster inarmed me. Its manners in general have not been remarked, except that it has a weak, piping voice, not worthy of being called a song. 10—GREEN STARE. Sturnus viridis, Ind. Orn. i. 325. Gm. Lin. i. 805. Baud. ii. 304. Green Stare, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 10. Cfisb, Voy. ii. 327. Shaw's Zool. x. 496, SIZE uncertain. On the forehead and chin is a tuft of black and white feathers; above the first a spot of white; beyond the eye another; the whole upper part of the body is green; on the scapulars two white spots; wings and tail green, the outer web of the first white; shafts of the wing and tail leathers white; under side of the neck, breast, and belly pale blue; legs cinereous blue. Inhabits China. 11.—BROWN STARE. Sturnus olivaceps, Ind. Orn. i. 325. Gm. Lin. i. 805. (fascjis)-. Baud. ii. 305. Olive Starling, Shaw's Zool. x. 496. Brown Stare, Gen. Syn. iii. 11. Osb. Voy. ii. 328. The bill, in this, is whitish, red.; the eye lodged in a long stripe of pale c^ulean; the whole body, wings„ and tail light olive-brown; IS ©a the belly faint, and tinged with yeMow; the legs pale red; the tail is long. Inhabits Chiiiaj—Osbeck. 12—BLACK STARE. SIZE of our Stare, but instead of tlie; plumage being glossy and variable, it is rusty, or soot-coloured black, as in the Swifbjitthe legs are yellow. One of these was shot in Barbary, in the District of Tetua», where it is said not to be an uncommon species ; they build the nest among those of the Storks, on the tops of houses, and have the character of being good song birds. Mr. WTiite informed me, that he had not observed them about Gibraltar, though now and then a straggler of the Common Species was seen about the rock; but was told, that immense flocks of these birds have been seen near Mequinez, insomuch as to darken the sky. Stares of the Common sort also unite into large flocks in the open country about Gibraltar, in the winter, though in the Promontory itself, rarely more than a single straggler is ever seen. 13.—SARDINIAN STARE. Sturnus unicolor, Etourneau unicolore, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. p. 133. LENGTH eight inches. Bill dusky at the base, and yellow at the point; general colour of the plumage uniform bright black, with a gloss of purple in some lights, but the under parts dull black; the legs yellowish brown. The female like the male, but the colours less bright. 14 STARE. Young birds are grey brown, and deeper in colour than in the Common Starling; but till after the first moult, some small whitish spots appear at the tips of the feathers, which disappear as spring comes on. Inhabits Sardinia, where it is stationary, not being found at any distance therefrom, and never mixes with the Common sort, although the latter is in plenty there, changing its place, and emigrating in flocks, as in other countries; chiefly found among the rocks, in the clefts of which it makes the nest; is rather a tame species, sometimes approaching habitations, and perching on the tops of them. M. Temminck considers this as a distinct Species, the account and the manners of which were furnished by M. le Chevalier de la Marmora- GENUS XXXVIII—THRUSH. 15 1 Missel Thrush 2 Song A White-crowned B White-crested C Var. 3 Heath 4 Redwing 5 Fieldfare A Pied F. B White-headed F. C Var. 6 Rufous-tailed 7 Dark 8 Red-necked 9 White-browed 10 Pale 11 Reed 12 Thick-billed 13 Rock 14 Lesser Rock 15 Rocar A Var. 16 Blackbird A White-headed Bl. B Pied Bl. C White-Bl. 17 Persian 18 Black-crowned 19 Black-breasted 20 Naumann's 21 Ring Ouzel 22 Gorget 23 Water Ouzel 24 Penrith Ouzel 25 Rose-coloured 26 Blue 27 Solitary A Var. 28 Pensive 29 Hermit | 30 Black-collared A Var. 31 White-tailed 32 Darunga 33 African 34 Orange-eyed 35 Rufous-winged 36 Splendid 37 Shewy 38 Brilliant 39 Shining 40 Glossy 41 Gilded 42 Violet 43 Pigeon 44 Whidah 45 Dominican 46 Barred-tailed glossy 47 Rust-bellied glossy 48 Songster 49 Mauritius 50 Yellow-fronted 51 Ceylon A Orange-bellied B Var. 52 Orange-headed 53 White-rumped 54 Cinereous 55 Green 56 Olive 57 Rufous-bellied A Var. 58 -Rusty-vented 59 Surinagur 60 Philippine 61 Indian 62 Ash-coloured A Var. B Var. 63 Grey 64 Charuk 65 Guinea 66 White-hooded 67 Senegal 68 Madagascar 69 Mindanao 70 Black-headed 71 Brunet A Brunoir 72 Black-topped 73 Hooded 74 Cape A Var. 75 Gold-vented 76 Long-tailed A Var. B Var. 77 Amboina 78 Bourbon 79 Grey Caterpillar 80 Yellow Caterpillar 81 Black Caterpillar 82 Javan 83 Lenjettan 84 Yellow-crowned 85 Singing 86 Bimaculated 87 Anal 88 Streaked 89 Emerald 90 Chalybeate 91 Varied 92 Cyaneous 93 Yellow-billed 94 Gular 95 Crimson-chinned 96 Blue-chinned 16 THRUSH. 97 Ash-rumped 134 Long-billed A Var. 98 Black-cheeked 135 Bl. & ash-coloured 176 Yellow-spotted 99 Ethiopian 136 Thorn-tailed 177 New-Holland 100 Abyssinian 137 Pacific 178 Gold-winged 101 Coromandel 138 Sandwich 179 Guttural 102 Margined 139 New-Zealand A Black-breasted 103 Daumah 140 Bochrit 180 Aooualaschkan 104 Minute 141 Grey-headed 181 Spotted 105 Black and scarlet 142 Crested yellow 182 Kamtschatkan A Var. 143 Rusty 183 Tawny B Var. 144 White-jawed 184 Weasel C Var. 145 New South Wales 185 Tawny-throated D Var. 146 Restless 186 Water 106 Asiatic 147 Dilute 187 Catesby's 107 Caffrarian 148 Harmonic 188 Quebec 108 Tetuan 149 Port-Jackson 189 Brown 109 Cravat 150 Prasine 190 Golden-crowned 110 White-crowned . 151 Volatile 191 Red-breasted 111 Red-tailed 152 Flycatching 192 Thenca A Var. 153 Lively 193 Mimic 112 Brimstone-bellied 154 Austral 194 Mocking 113 Barbary 155 Blue-cheeked A Var. 114 Tripoline 156 Black-browed 195 Saint Domingo 115 Importunate 157 Sooty 196 Hispaniola 116 Rufous-necked 158 Black and white A Var. ;| ; ij 117 Calcutta 159 Masked 197 Surinam 118 Rychill 160 YelloW-dbinned 198 Palm 119 Crying 161 Brown-crowned A Var. 1 120 Chinese 162 Frivolous 199 Yellow-breasted 121 Gogoye 163 Blue-headed 200 Black-breasted . | 122 Pale-eared : 164 Blue-crowned 201 Rufous 123 Tufted 165. Crimson-fronted 202 Musician 124 Surat 166 Maxillary A Var. A Var. A Var. B Var. 125 Crescent 167 Bearded 203 Barred-tail 126 Blue-grey 168 Buff-coloured 204 Speckled-throated 127 Eastern 169 Punctated 205 Buff-winged 128 Black-faced 170 Sordid 206 Check-breasted 129 Black-necked 171 Blue-winged 207 White-shouldered 130 Chanting 1 172 Short-winggd ,'v:;: 208 White-backed 131 Spectacle 173 Murine 209 Black-crested • 132 WhStetfronted 1 174 Spotted-shouldered 210 Chiming 133 Bay 175 Buff-shouldered 1 211 Black-winged 212 Jamaica 220 Yellow-bellied 229 Rufous-naped 213 Berbice 221 Black-throated A Tetema 214 Red-legged 222 Little B Var. 215 White-chinned 223 Guiana 230 Alarum A Var. 224 Pectoral 231 Speckled 216 Thili 225 Darkened 232 Ant 217 Ferruginous 226 Wagtail 233 King 218 Yellow-backed 227 Hoary A Var. 219 Variegated 228 White-eared 234 Pileated THE prevailing characters of the Thrush Genus are the following: Bill generally straight, bending towards the point, and, for the most part, with a notch near the end of the upper mandible. Nostrils oval. Tongue slightly jagged at the end. At the corners of the mouth a few hairs. The middle toe connected with the outer to the first joint. The Thrush Tribe, or more properly speaking, the birds generally included in that Genus by most authors, might no doubt, were they to be strictly scrutinized, and were we to allow ourselves to enter into nice and indiscriminating particulars, admit of separation into several families; as will appear when we proceed to the several descriptions; but implicitly to follow the various opinions held concerning them, would derange the plan laid down by us in this work, if not bewilder the reader; since the many writers who have described them, have greatly differed one from the other in sentiment; we have, therefore, continued here the same mode, for the most part, as was formerly laid down by us; and trust, that we shall be better understood than if we had departed from it in the present case; the species recorded under this Genus are very numerous, and found m eveiy part of the globe.* * Mr. Barrow judiciously observes, that a description of the different Thn would alone fill a volume, though not more than thirty specimens appear noticed. See Travels, p. 224. vol. v. D shes of Africa, to have been 18 1—MISSEL THRUSH. Turdui 'worm, Fnd.Om.u 326. 806. Scop, am Brun. No. 231. p. 65. Id. Stet, 86. Id. Ed. ii. Turdui major, Bris. ;. p. 361. . 13. f. 1 p. 64; A. 1. Faun. Arag. a. c. Gerin. Faun. Suec. No. 216. Gm. Lin. i. Will. 137. t. 36. Frisch, t. 25. ). 85. Boroiosk. iii. 164. Klein, ii. t. 294. Tern. Man. (POrn. p. . 161. 3m. ii. 209. Id. 8vo. i. 213. La Draine, Buf. iii. 295. pl. 19. 1. Pl. ent. 489. Hist. Prov. 492. Der Mistel drossep, Schmid, Vog. p. 49. Tordella, Cett. Uc. Sard, 162. Tordo viscado, Zinnan. Uov. 39. t. 5. f. 21. Olin. Uc. t. p. 25. Mistier, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 42. Naturf. xvii. s. 80. Missel Thrush, Gen. SynS_\. p. 16. 1. Br. Zool. i. No. 105. Id.fol. 90. t. P. f. 1. Id. Ed. 1812. i. p. 301. Arct. Zool. ii, p-34*. B. Will. {Engl.) 187. pl.36. Alb. i. pl. 33. Bewick, i. p. 96. Lewin Birds, ii. pl. 57. Shaw's Zool. x. 172. Bolton, Birds, p. 3. pl. 3. & 4. Wale. Syn. ii. 1.197. Pult. Cat. Bors. p. 10. Graves Br. Orn. Id. Ov. Brit. V. 1. pl. 6. Orn. Bid. $ Supp. THIS, perhaps the largest of the Thrush kind, is eleven; inches, in length; breadth sixteen inches ; weight five ounces. Bill dusky, base of the lower mandible and gape yellowish; irides hazel; plumage on the upper parts of the body pale brown, with a rufous tinge on the lower part of the back and rump; sides of the head, and throat yellowish white, spotted with brown; from thence to the vent the same, but marked with larger spots of dusky black, and o$ a roundish shape; others nearly triangular, and some crescent or kidney-shaped; the second and third series of wing coverts have white tips* and make a conspicuous appearance on the wing; the quills grey brown, with pale edges ; tail the same, the three or four outer feathers tipped with white; legs yellow, claws black. The female differs in being less bright in colour. The Missel Thrush is found in this kingdom throughout the year, though in some parts of Europe it is perhaps migratory, or at least mm THRUSH. 19 shifts its quarters ;* but we do not know for certain of its being seen out of Europe; on the one hand we find it in Sweden, Denmark, and the west parts of Russia ;f and on the other Italy. In England it is called by various names, asSchreech Thrush, Holm, and Misseltoe Thrush ; and in Hampshire and Sussex, Storm Cock. Comes into Burgundy in October and November, from the Mountains of Lorraine ; returning to them, in order to breed, in March and April: is sufficiently common throughout Germany. It makes the nest with us in low trees, about the middle of March,$ in orchards, between the forks of an apple tree; it is composed of withered grass, moss, and lichen, intermixed with wool, and lined with fine dry grass : the eggs are four or five, of a dirty flesh-colour, marked with deeper and lighter ferruginous, or sanguineous spots, and weigh rather more than two drachms each. This bird has a loud and piercing song, too much so to be agreeable to every hearer, and begins often as early as January, continuing the same at intervals, whenever the weather is mild ; it may be heard much farther off than the Song Thrush, but the melody of the latter is far superior. Its food consists chiefly of berries, and in spring those of ivy,§ caterpillars, and insects of all kinds; it is less destructive to gardens than other species of the Thnush kind. It is supposed to assist in vthe ^propagation of Misseltoe, swallowing the seeds whole, and depositing them with its excrements on the branches of trees; and we believe that this parasitical plant will oftener be found attached to the apple tree than any other; not that the passing ofthe seeds through the digestive organs of this bird is a necessary preparation towards the success of their vegetation, as experience Jhas proved that the growth will succeed equally well without. || * About Carlisle, in Cumberland, it is much less frequent than the Throstle, and it is not quite CBBtain, that it remain^ there throughout the winter.—Br. Heysham. f Arct. Zool. X According tto Albin, twice in a year; but we believe, it -raialy makes a second nest, unless the first is destroyed. § Both this, and others of the Thrushes, have been observed to eat the roots of the Arum in very hard winters.—White'sSelb. p. 128. (| See a Paper on the propagation of the Misseltoe, by the Rev. E. Barrel.— Phil. TranSf-^adv. p. 215. D2 20 A.—Turdus maculatus, Spalowsk. Vog. iii. t. 24. This is a white Variety, varied with brown, and very like one in the Leverian Collection : in this place was another, not far different, of a reddish cream-colour, paler beneath; the belly white, spotted with cream-colour. 2—SONG THRUSH. Turdus musicus, Ind. Orn. 809. ScopA. No. 196. Brun. No. 236. Klein, .327. Lin. i. 292. Faun. Suec. No. 217. Gm. Lin. Raii, p. 64. A. 2. Will. 138. t. 37. Frisch, t.27. & 3 36. 4. Id. Stem. p. 11. 1.14. f. 7. a. c. d. Kram. 361. Mull. No. 240. Faun. Arag. 85. Borowsk. iii. 167. 5. Ckrin. iii. t. 290. I5ara. JHo». d'Ora. p. 88. Id. Ed. ii. p. 162. Turdus minor, Bris. ii. 205. Id. 8vo. ii. 214. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 23. Tordello, Zinnan. Uov. 37. t. 5. f; 20. O/ira. J7c p. 25. La Grive, Buf. iii. 280. Pl. enl. 406. Schwf. el. t. 68. Weis Drosshel, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 33. Die Singdrossel, Naturf. xvii. 82. Schmid, Vog. p. 49. t. 36. Throstle, Maris, or Song Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 18. Id. Sup. 139. Id. Sup. ii. 176. Br. Zool. i. No. 107. Id.fol. 91. t. P. f. 2. Id. Ed. 1812. t. p. 407. Arct. Zool. ii. 342. C. Will. Engl. 188. Russ. Alep. 65. Co/ftVw Bird*, pl. 6. f. 9. & pl. 8. f. 9. Alb. i. pl. 34. Id. Song Birds, t. 2. Boftow B»-ds, p. 5. pl. 5. 6. Shaw's Zool.x. 174. Bewick, i. pl. p. 100. Grare* Br. Orn. V. iii. Id. Ov. Brit. V. i. pl. 6. Lewin's Birds ii. pl. 50. Walcot Syn. ii. p. 198. Pult. Cat. Bors. p. 10. Orn. Bict. THIS is inferior in size to the former, being only nine inches in length; thirteen inches and a half broad ; and weighing only three ounces. In colour, it is not greatly different, except, however, in the shape of the spots on the under parts of the body; for, as in the Missel Thrush, they are irregular, in this bird they are formed somewhat like the heads of arrows, with the point upwards; the bill is dusky, the under mandible yellowish at the base; irides hazel; under wing coverts dull orange yellow; tail feathers rather pointed at the ends; legs pale brown. THRtJSH. 21 The song of this Bird is much esteemed, and consists of a great variety of notes, which it begins early in Spring, often in the month of February,* when the weather is mild, and continues at times for near nine months; and we may often observe this pleasing Songster perched on some tall tree, sweetly beguiling the footsteps of the listening traveller. It builds likewise early, commonly the beginning of April, and not unfrequently in March,f the nest composed of earth, moss, and straw intermixed, with a lining of clay, and lays five or six bluish green eggs, marked with a few spots of black, chiefly at the larger end, and weighing each from eighty to ninety grains; length one inch and a quarter. The nest is generally near the ground, either on the stump of a tree, or against the side of it, and frequently in a hedge or low bush ; it is sometimes found so compact as to hold water; and in a rainy season the nest has been found so full of water, as to deluge the eggs, and of course spoil them. This is a solitary species, never uniting, with us, into flocks, like the Fieldfare and Redwing; yet in France is said to be migratory^ coming into the province of Burgundy twice in a year; the first time when the grapes are ripe, and doing much damage to the vineyards ;§ disappearing with the first frosts: they appear also in April, and most of them depart in May, leaving a very few behind, which are observed to breed, || are not uncommon in Spain, and a few stragglers appear on the Isthmus of Gibraltar in winter, but the interior woody, * Mr. Tunstall once heard one in December, in a mild season. f In a Letter from Birmingham, it is said, " last week was found in a garden, near Chester, a Throstle's nest with four eggs, on which the hen was sitting."—Saint James's Chronicle, Jan. 23. 1796. % It probably shifts its quarters in winter, in the North of England and Scotland, as Dr. Heysham, of Carlisle, never met with one during the winter season, and seems inclined to think, that it either leaves that country in winter, or retires to the most thick and solitary woods ; but at the latter end of February it is found there in great plenty. Mr. Ekmarck observes, that incredible numbers of the Song and Missel Thrushes, and Fieldfares, are seen to pass through Livonia, Courland, and Russia, for a fortnight after Michaelmas, making their way as far as the Alps.—Amcen. ac. iv. p. 578. § Hence called Grive de Vigne—Hist. Ois. || Met with at Aleppo.—Russel. 22 TiiawjaH. aaad icaltivated parts of the country, abound with these, and other kinds of Thrushes; and vast numbers are brought to the market by the Spaniards in the winter season. In Sweden,* these are only seen in summer, but are met with in many rparts of Russia, especially where junipers grow ; most frequent about the River Kama, but not in Siberia, t The food of the Song Thrush is chiefly insects and berries, but in defect of other food it will hunt out snails, and feed on them,$ and these the bird breaks by reiterated strokes against some stone. It is not uncommon to find a great quantity of fragments of shells together, as if brought to one particular stone for that purpose. § In various parts of England this is known by the name of Mavis and Greybird; and in Hampshire and Sussex both this and the farmer are called Storm Cocks. It is more hardy than the Redwing, which, in intense frost is first observed to suffer from it; and in defect of other food both this and the Missel Thrush are known to live on the roots of arum, which they dig up from the ground with their bills; as well as the shell snails, misseltoe, and ivy berries. The flesh is thought very good in England. A—Turdus leucocephalus, Aldr. ii. 601. Bris. ii. 208. Id. 8vo. i. 215. This differs from the former only in having the top of the head white. B.—Turdus minor cristatus, Schw. Av. Sil. 362. Bris. ii. 208. Id. 8vo. ii. 215. This varies from the common sort, in having a whitish crest on the head, and the upper part of the neck surrounded with a white ring. Varieties are also seen wholly white, though for the most part with a mixture of brown, and -such an one was also preserved in the Leverian Museum. * Amcen. Acad, ii. p. 45. f Mr. Pennant. % Natur. Cdlend. p. 61. § On 23 C.—A high coloured Variety of the Song Thrush, in Mr. Salt's collection, was in s&e the same; upper parts every where greyish brown, some of the wing feathers marked with rufous at the ends; beneath fine, pale, rufous yellow, with numerous, cordated, or arrow-shaped black spots,, pointing upwards; lower belly, and vent plain; under wing coverts tawny orange; all the inner webs, from the base to three-fourths of the length, fine tawny, but not visible when the wing is closed ; tail plain; legs dusky. This was shot near Dixan, in Abyssinia, and its notes are said to be somewhat like those of the English bird. 3—HEATH THRUSH. Heath Throstle, Ray's Letters, pp. 137. 140. THIS bird is supposed, by the author ofthe Epitome of the Art of Husbandry, which Mr. Ray quotes on the occasion, to be different from either of our species ; and he rather supposes it to be the Ring-Ouzel than any other, which bird is called Heath-Throstle in Craven*: be this as it may ; the late Mr. Lewin shewed me a pair of Thrushes similar to the Song Thrush in colour, but darker, and the tail rather shorter ; these were shot near Dartford, in Kent, not far from which place he then lived; and on our examination they appeared different from the Song Thrush ; I remember, too, to have made some remarks on them at the time, but having mislaid my notes, I cannot venture to say here more on the subject. * Colonel Montagu thinks it may more probably be a Common Throstle i plumage.—Orn. Bict. Supp. 4—REDWING THRUSH. Turdus iliacus, Ind. Orn. i. 329. Lin. i. 292. Faun. Suec. No. 218. Gm.Lin. i. 808. Scop. i. No. 196. Raii, 64. A. 4. JFitf. 139. Bri*. ii. 208. t. 20. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 216. Frisch, t. 28. Muller, No. 239. ifram. 391. Faun. Arag. 84. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 21. Borou>s&. iii. 166. 4, ffiu, 66. 3. Id. Stem. 11. t. 14. f. 6. a—c. Id. Ov. 23. t. 9. f. 1. Gerin. iii. t. 293. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 89. Id. Ed. ii. 165. Die Zipdrossel, Naturf. xvii. 81. Le Mauvis, Buf. iii. 309. Pl. enl. 51. Tordo Sassello, Olin. Uc. p. 25. Redwing, Swinepipe, or Wind Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 22. Id. Sup. 139. Br. Zool. i. No. 108. Id.fol. 91. t. P. f. 2. Id. 1812. 1. p. 409. Arct. Zool.W. 342. D. Albin, i. pl. 35. Shaw's Zool. x. 183. Bewick, i. pl. 102. Collins's Birds, pl. 8. f. 1. 2. Graiw, Br. Ora. ii. p. 16. Lewin, ii. pl. 59. Walcot, ii. 199. Pwft. Cat.Bors. p. 10. Ora. Die*. LENGTH almost eight inches; breadth twelve and a half; weight two ounces and a quarter. Bill blackish, base of the under mandible whitish; irides hazel ; plumage above brown; over each eye a whitish streak, reaching almost to the hindhead; breast and sides marked with dusky lines; sides of the body, and beneath the wings reddish orange; legs pale grey, claws brown. This bird appears in this kingdom with the Fieldfare, in vast flocks, but generally precedes that bird a few days in its arrival, which is for the most part about the end of September, and both agree in their general manners : is common in France and Germany,* but is there a winter bird only, as in England. Met with as far north as Sondmor, and even Iceland. In Sweden said to perch on high trees in the maple forests, and has a fine note in the spring ; it builds there, placing the nest in a low shrub, or hedge, laying six bluish eggs, spotted with black ;f it is a tender species.% * Such numbers of these birds, Throstles, and Fieldfares are killed for the market in Polish Prussia, that excise has been paid for 30,000 pairs, besides what were smuggled, or paid duty for in other places.—Klein, migr. av. 178. f Faun. Suec. £ Mr. White, in his History of Selborne, says, that in hard seasons the Redwing dies first, and next to that the Song Thrush, p. 43. In the winter of 1799, thousands resorted to the West of England, where a sudden fall of snow cut them off from all supply of food, and they were starved to death. 25 5—FIELDFARE THRUSH. Turdus Pilaris, Ind. Orn. i. 330 Lin. i, Scop. i. No. 194. Raii, 64. A. 3. 217. Klein, 65. 2. Id. Stem. 11. 1 Muller, No. 238. Kramer, 361. 7. 165. 3. Germ. iii. t. 295. Scpp. Vog. t. 121. 291. Faw«. Suec. No. 215. Gm. £m. i. 80.7 Will. 138. t. 37. Bris. ii. 214. Id. 8vo. i. . 13. f. a.b. c. Frisch, t. 26. Brun. NW'232. Faun. Arag. 84. Georgi, 173. Borowsk. iii. i. Man. d'Oni. p. 87. Jd. Ed. . p. 163. Die Wacholder-drossel, Naturf. xvii. 81. Litorne, ou Tourdelle, Buf. iii. 301. PL enl. 490. La Grive, Hist. Prov. i. 492. Foy. -en Barb. 271. II Torda, Cett. uc. Sard. 163. Fieldfare, or Feldefare, Gen. Syn. iii. 24. Br. Zool. i. No. 106. Id.fol. 90 t. P. 2. f. 1. Jd. 1812. 1. p. 404. Arct. Zool. ii. p. 340. A. Will. Engl. 188. pl. 37. Alb. i. pl. 36. Hayes Birds, pl. 31. Shaw's Zool. x. 186. pl. 19. Bewick, i. pl. p. 98. Lewin's Birds, ii. pl. 60. Wale. Syn. ii. pl. 100. Pult. Cat. Bors. p. 10. Orn. Bict. LENGTH ten inches; breadth seventeen; weight four ounces. Bill yellowish, with a black tip; at the gape a few black bristles; crown of the head, and hind part of the neck, cinereous olive, the first spotted with black; the upper surface of the body, and wings chestnut brown ; rump ash-colour; quills the same, with pale edges; fore part of the neck, and breast yellowish, inclining to rufous, and streaked with dusky; belly, thighs, and vent dusky-white; tail black brown; legs blackish. The female has less of the rufous tinge on the breast. This is a migratory species, coming into England about the beginning of October, and departing in April: the summer retreat is in the more northern parts, viz. Russia, Siberia, Kamtschatka, Sweden, and Norway; it sometimes is in prodigious flocks, but in mild winters few or none are seen, depending on the approaching rigour of the season in the place of its summer retreat. We are informed, that they migrate into France and Italy, but do not arrive there till the beginning of December.* * Hist. des.-Oiki YOL. V. E 26 THRUSH. This and the Redwing supposed to be the Turdi of the Roman Historians, which are said to have been fattened in aviaries by thousands together, and esteemed as dainties.* According to Linnaeus, it builds on high trees in Sweden,t and frequents places where junipers grow; during its stay with us, chiefly feeds on hawthorn, holly, and other berries, but rarely breeds here; the circumstance, however, has happened; for the late Mr. Lewin assured me, that Feb. 12, 1792, a pair of these were observed to make a nest near him in an ivy-bush, and that he had seen the Fieldfare in a former year in summer time. We are also told, that a nest of this bird has been found at Paddington, near London ;J the eggs as far as five or six, said to be greenish, with a few reddish specks. A.—Turdus pilaris naevius , Bris. ii. 218. Id. 8vo. i. 218. Pied Fieldfare, Gei . Syn. ii. 25. A. Albin, ii. pl. 36. This has a white head and neck, the first spotted with black, the latter with lead-colour; throat and breast rufous, spotted with black; beneath white, spotted with black ; the rest as in the Common Bird. B.—Turdus pilaris leucocephalus, Bris. ii 217. A. Id. 8vo. i. 218. Gen. Syn. i Ray's Letters, p. 108. This differs only in having the head and hind part of the neck white. This has also the head and neck white; the rest of the body white, mixed with brown in patches. * The Poets mention them in several places, viz. Hor. Sat. v. lib. ii. /. 10, 11, 12. Hor. cv. lib. i. /. 41. Pers. Sat. vi. I. 24. Mart. Ep. I. xiii. Ep. 92. also Pliny. t Harl. Misc. ii. 561. Barrington Misc. 221. 6.—RUFOUS-TAILED THRUSH. Turdus ruficaudus, Ind. Orn. i. 333. Gm. Lin. i. 816. Rufous-tailed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 30. Shaw's Zool. x. 300. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black, tip curved; upper parts of the bird olive brown, beneath pale purplish white; quills and tail dusky; all but the two middle feathers rufous for two-thirds of their length; the upper tail coverts are also rufous; legs black. From the Cape of Good Hope.—Sir Joseph Banks. 7.—DARK THRUSH. Turdus obscurus, Ind. Orn. i. 333. Gm. Lin. i. 816. Dark Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 31. Shaw'sZool.x. 203. PLUMAGE in general brown; the breast inclined to black; over the eye a streak of white ; chin and vent white. Inhabits Siberia; found in the woods beyond Lake Baikal. Its note is not unlike the cry of a Kestril. 8— RED-NECKED THRUSH. Turdus ruficollis, Ind. Orn. i. 333. Gm. Lin. i. 815. Pall, reise, iii. 694. Red-necked Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 31. Shaw's Zool. x. 278. THE upper parts of the body, and two middle tail feathers in this bird, are brown; the rest of the tail and neck rufous; breast and belly white. Inhabits the larch forests, beyond the Lake Baikal. E 2 9.—WHITE-BR0WED THRUSH. Turdus Sibiricus, Ind. Orn. i. 333. White-browed Thrush, Gen. Syn. i Gm. Lin. i. 815. Pall, reise, iii. 694. i. 31. Shaiv's Zool. x. 233. LESS than the last. The mouth yellow; general colour of the plumage black j a streak over the eye; beneath the wings white. Inhabits the woods of the north parts of Russia; sings well; fond of theifraifc of the black-berrksel heath.* 10.—PALE THRUSH. Turdus pallidus, Ind. Orn. i. 334. Gm. Lin. i. 815. Pale Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 32. Shaw's Zool. x. 208. SIZE uncertain. Plumage above yellowish ash-colour, beneath whitish, inclining to yellow on the neck; tail cinereous brown, the outer feathers white at the tips. Inhabits Siberia; found only beyond Lake Baikal. 11.—REED THRUSH. Turdus arundinaceus, Ind. Orn. i. 334. Lin. i. 296. Gm. Lin. i. 834. Bris. ii. 219. t. 22. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 219. Klein, 71. t. p. 178. Kram. 375. 8. (Motacilla) Bor. iii. 170. Sepp, t. p. 101 ? Pall. A dumb. 100. Tern. Man. p. 96. Die Bruch-Drossel, Naturf. xvii. 83. Junco, Raii, 47. 2. Id. 113. A. 7 ? Will. 9&. 223. t. 58. Turdus Schceniclus (Rohrdrosel), Gmel. Reise,'w. p. 137 ? La Rousaerolle,. jgs^iii. 293. pl. 18. Pl enl. 513. Sylvia turdoides, Tern*.Man. Ed. ii. p. 182. Reed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 32. Id. Sup. 141. Will. Engl. 143. 311. pl. 58. Shaw's Zool. x. 209. THIS1 is rather larger than a Lark; length seven inches. Upper mandible brown, the lower whitish ; plumage rufous brown above, * Empetrum rjigrum.—Lin. I JJuU-l,//,,/.;/,,, THRUSH. 29 beneath dirty white; chin nearly; white; quills brown, edged with rufous brown ; tail like the back ; legs grey. This inhabits some parts of Europe, on the Continent, but not in England ; frequents marshy places, and is observed to run up the reeds as Woodpeckers do the trees: is common in the southern parts of Russia and Poland, also in the small Islands of the Vistula; making the nest on the mossy hillocks, among the reeds and rushes, and laying five or six eggs; the male is perpetually singing, wbilst the hen is sitting, hence has been called the Water Nightingale. In the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, I observe a bird so nearly like it, as to suppose it a Variety. The bill three quarters of an inch, pale ash-colour, a trifle bent, with a few hairs at the base; plumage above pale rufous ash, or dark cream-colour; quills and tail rather darker, the last cuneiform, but not much so; over the eye a white trace; the under parts, from the chin, and upper tail coverts rufous white; legs ash-colour. Inhabits India. Sonnerat also met with it in the Philippine Isles. Very like the Reed Warbler of Lewin, in his New-Holland Birds, plate 4. 12.—THICK-BILLED THRUSH—Pl. lxxx. Turdus crassirostris, Injd. Orn. i. 335. Gm. Lin. i. 815. Thick-billed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 34. pl. 37. Cook's last Voy. i. 150. SIZE of the Missel Thrush ; length nine inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, very stout for the Genus, and notched near the tip, blackish, with a few bristles at tise base; irides pearl-coloured; upper parts of the plumage rufous brown ; sides of the head, and all the upper parts dusky brown, verging to ash-colour about the neck ; each feather marked down the shaft with a very pale rufous streak as far as the breast, and from thence with a white one; quills 30 THRUSH. and two middle tail feathers like those of the Redstart, but duller; tail even at the end, and the feathers rather pointed at the tips; legs dusky. The female is pale reddish brown, paler beneath, and dashed with white like the male, across the wing coverts two rufous bars. The above met with in New Zealand, both in Dusky Bay and Queen Charlotte's Sound, where, I learn from Sir Joseph Banks's drawings, it is called Golo-beoo, and is not a common species. A.—Tanagra capensis, Gm. Lin. i. 900. Mus. Carls, ii. t. 45. Length nine inches. Bill yellowish, stout; forehead ferruginous; general colour of the plumage above deep rufous brown, beneath pale ferruginous brown, spotted with white, each feather being white, with ferruginous margins; tail long, rather rounded at the end, the two middle feathers dusky, the others ferruginous, or dusky rufous ; legs black. Supposed to inhabit the Cape of Good Hope, and to have the manners of a Thrush, but in the bill approaching to that of a Tanager. 13.—ROCK THRUSH. Turdus infaustus, Ind. Orn. i. 335. saxatilis, Gm. Lin. i. 833. Gerin.. Ed. ii. p. 173. Lanius infaustus, Gm. Lin. i. 310. Borowsk. ii. 48. Corvus infaustus, Brun. p. 10. Sect. ii. Merula saxatilis, Raii, 68. 3. WU1.14S.. t. 36.' Bris. Arag. 85. Klein, 70. 32. Merle de Roche, Buf. iii. 351. Codirosso maggiore, Olin. uc. p. 47. Zinnan. Uov. 40. t. 6. f. 23. Stein-rothel, Wirsing, Vog. t. 16. Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 75. 297. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 93. Id. 238. Id. 8vo. i. 224. Fau THRUSH. 31 Greater Redstart, Alb. iii. pl. 55. Will. Engl. 197. pl. 36. Rock-Crow, Arct. Zool. ii. 252. F. Rock-Shrike, Gen. Syn. i. 176. Rock-Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 54. Shaio's Zool. x. 265. SIZE rather less than a Blackbird ; length seven inches and three quarters. Bill blackish ; head and neck dark ash-colour, marked with small rufous spots; the upper part of the back dark brown; the lower much paler, inclining to cinereous, especially towards the tail; wing coverts and quills dusky, with pale margins; breast, and under parts of the body orange, marked with small spots, some of which are white, and others brown; tail three inches long,'the two middle feathers brown, the others rufous; legs blackish; wings and tail even. This is the female. In the male the colours are said to be more bright. This is met with in many parts of Europe, from Italy on the one hand, to Russia on the other; is found also in various parts of Germany, the Alpine Mountains, those of Tyrol, and such like places. The description in Syn. iii. p. 54, varies somewhat: the upper part of the plumage deep brown, most of the feathers edged with cinereous white; rump ferruginous, edged with the same; the chin white; throat as the upper parts, but much paler; fore part of the neck, and all the under parts, dirty orange-colour, waved with brown and white; the two middle tail feathers brown, edged with dirty orange; the others wholly of this last colour. This last description was taken from a well-done drawing in the possession of the late Mr. Pennant, from a specimen sent from Gibraltar; adding, that it prefers rocky and mountainous situations, being found in such places about the Altaic Chain, and beyond the Lake Baikal, frequent. As these birds vary in plumage at different periods of life, it will account for the two sexes, as well as the young bird, being formerly described as distinct Species. 32 14.—LESSER ROCK THRUSH. Turdus saxatilis, Ind. Orn.i. 336. Lin. i. 294. iii. 168. Gerin. iii. t. 296. Lanius infaustus minor, Gm. Lin. i. 310. 25. (8. Merula saxatilis minor, Bris. ii. 240. Id. 8vo. ii. 225. Turdus ruber cyaneo capke, Klein, 67. 8. Frvsch, 32. Stein-Tothel, Wirs. Vog. t. 16 ? Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 75. Naturf. Merle de Roche, Buf. iii. 351. pl. 23. (lesser) Pl. enl. 562. Lesser Rock-Shrike, Gen. Syn. i. 177. 27. A. Shaw's Zool. x. 266. 360. Scop. i. No. 299. THIS is smaller than the last; length only seven inches and a quarter; breadth thirteen litt&es and a half. Bill one inch long, dusky; head and neck bluish ash-colour, marked with rufous and brown spots; back and rump bluish, mixed with cinereous blue and rufous; lower part of the back variegated with white and ash-colour; under parts from the breast" rufous, marked with small spots of browrf and white, from the tips ofthe feathers being of those colours^ upper tail, and under wing coverts plain rufous; upper wing coverts blackish, spotted with rufous; quills and two middle tail feathers brown, with rtifous edges; all the others rufous; legs dusky. Inhabits various parts of Europe. It is with great uncertainty that we place this as distinct, since many esteem it a mere Variety of the former; the material difference seeming to be in the size, and the latter having the lower part of the back white. Authors differ, too, in respect to the manners of both ; some saying it is very shy, while Others, that it is a most audacious bird ; but both are said to breed in the crevices of rocks, and to feed on worms, and insects. We are told that it sings freely, and is often preserved in cages for that purpose. Both this and the former inhabit India,* being figured among other curious drawings in the possession of ISir J. Anstruther. 1 Also Ceylon.—View of Hindoost. i. p. 204. 15—ROCAR THRUSH. Le Rocar, Levaill. Afr. iii. 22. pl. 101. 102. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill and legs black; head and part of the neck blue grey; back and wings brown, the feathers darker in the middle; beneath from the breast rufous; five of the outer tail feathers on each side rufous, the exterior one marked with a brown line down the shaft, the two middle feathers brown. M. Levaillant adds, that the tail is even at the end, longer than in the European Species, and the wings shorter. In the African one the wings do not reach further than to the middle of the tail, but in the other to nearly the end of it; in the latter the lower part of the back is whitish, and the whole plumage of a much darker brown; but in M. L/s bird no white is visible on the back. The female differs, in having the head and neck brown, and the colours less vivid. Both sexes, while young, appear as females. This is common at the Cape of Good Hope, as also in the interior parts of it; chiefly in the dry, and rocky parts ; is a wild bird, and difficult to be shot; builds in the crevices of rocks, has not only a good voice of its own, but will often imitate the notes of other birds. A Variety, with white quills and tail, is figured in the 102d plate, which he supposes to be a young bird. A.—Turdus perspicax, Watchful Thrush, Nat. Misc. pl. 961. L'Espionneur, Levail. Afr. iii. 29. pl. 103. This does not seem to differ materially from the Rocar, except in having not only the head, but the whole of the neck, and upper half ofthe back blue grey; also the wing coverts, the rest of the wing, and quills black, with pale margins; lower half of the back, and all beneath from the breast rufous; the tail is a trifle rounded, and 34 THRUSH. rufous, except the two middle feathers, which are blackish, with pale edges, the wings reach to the middle of it. The bill and legs are black, and the irides chestnut. In the female the blue grey is paler, not extending so far down on the breast, it is otherwise paler, and smaller than the male, and lays four or five eggs. Young birds have the head and upper parts grey brown, a little radiated, the under parts rufous grey. This is found on the Table Mountain, and every where in rocky situations, but especially along the eastern coast; not seen on the west coast of Africa, notwithstanding there are mountainous sity&t: tions also in that part. Is the most difficult of all birds to be shot, using many stratagems to prevent the gunner coming within due distance. 16—BLACKBIRD THRUSH. Turdus Merula, Ind. Orn. i. 340. Lin. i. 295. Faun. Suec. No. 220. Gm. Lin. i. 831. Scop. i. No. 197. Raii, 65. A. Will. 140. t. 37. Klein, 66. 5. Id. Stem. ii. t. 13. 2. a—c. Bris. ii. 227. 10. Id. 8vo. i. 221. Frisch, t. 29. Brun. 234: Muller, No. 241. Kramer, 360. 2. Faun. Arag. 85. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 17. Borowsk. iii. 169. 8. Gerini, iii. 299. 300. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 91. Id. Ed. ii. p. 168. Naturg. Beut. iii. p. 376. Merle, Olin. Uc. t. p. 29. Cet. Uc. Sard. 175. Zinnan. Uov. 39. t. 5. f. 22. Amsel, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 39. Naturf. xvii. 83. Schmid, Vog. p. 50. t. 37. Merle, Buf iii. 330. pl. 20. Pl. enl. 2.—male Id. 555.—female. Hist. Prov. i. 491. Voy. en Barb. i. 272. Blackbird, Gen. Syn. iii. 43. Id. Sup. 141. Br. Zool. No. 109. pl. 47. Id.fol. 92. Id. 1812. i. p. 411. pl. 51. Arct. Zool. ii. 345. I. Will. Engl. 190. pl. 37. Alb. i. pl. 37. Id. Song Birds, p. 1. pl. 1. Shaw's Zool. x. 225. Bolt. Birds, pl. 7. & 8. Bewick, i. pl. p. 94. Lewin Birds, ii. pl. 61. Collins Birds, pl. 5. f. 1. 2. Graves Br. Birds, iii. pl. 13. Id. Ov. Brit. i. pl. 6. Wale. Syn. ii. pl. 10. Pult. Cat. Bors. p. 10. Orn. Bid. THE length of this well known bird is ten inches, or more. The bill, inside of the mouth, and eyelids of a fine orange yellow-; plumage wholly black ; legs black brown. -INRUSH. S5 The female mostly brown, inclining to rufous beneath, particularly on the breast and belly. Bill dusky black ; legs brown. Young birds, at first, much resemble the females, not becoming full black, nor gaining the yellow bill, till the second year. This is very common throughout the temperate parts of Europe, being mentioned by most authors ; is not plentiful in Russia, except in the western provinces, and in respect to some parts of that empire is migratory; for it is seldom observed at Woronesch, on the River Don, till past the middle of April ;* has never been seen in Siberia.f Said to be frequent at Aleppo, but probably is not common in any part of Asia;$ certainly met with in some parts of Africa, as it is known to be in Barbary, and to abound greatly in all parts of the Isthmus of Gibraltar, among the bushes and inclosures, with a few about the north face of the rock ; they are likewise met with on the opposite shores of Africa. This species is not gregarious, preferring a solitary life; and is a timorous, restless bird; frequents hedges, and is often in gardens, and near habitations in summer time, but in winter chiefly in woods; it builds in a thick bush, for the most part, making the nest of straw, moss, and dried grass, with a lining of clay, or earth, and lastly a layer of fine hay; it lays four or five bluish green eggs, marked with dark spots,§ and sits about fourteen days; the young birds are very frequently brought up tame; the natural note is agreeable, but so loud, that it is only sufferable at a distance; yet when kept tame, may be taught to whistle tunes, as well as to imitate the human voice. Its food is mostly worms and insects, also shelled snails; which last are most dexterously broken against a stone, the better to get at the inhabitants ; in the fruit season is destructive in gardens, being very fond of cherries, &c. * Bee. Russ. i. 102. f Mr. Pennant. % I have seen one very like it in some Chinese dra/ftigs, but the legs were red, as well as the bill, and the under parts dusky. I will therefore not be positive that it is the same with ours : most probably the Persian, or next species. § The weight of the egg said to be half a Caroline, Naturf. xiv; s.48. F 2 A.—Merula leucocephalos, Bris. ii. 230. A. Id. 8vo. i. 222. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. p. 168. White-headed Blackbird, Gen. Syn. iii. 44. The bill, legs, and irides in this bird, are yellow ; the plumage black, except on part of the wings; and behind the eyes some markings of white. B.—Merula varia, Bris. ii. 231. B. Id. 8vo. i. 122. Klein, 68. 16. Will. 140. Gerin. iii. t. 302. This is variegated with white and black. C—Merula Candida, Bris. ii. 232. C. Id. 8vo. i. 223. White Blackbird, Gen. Syn. iii. 44. C. Wholly white; bill and legs yellowish. 17—PERSIAN THRUSH. Turdus Persicus, Ind. Orn. i. 343. Persian Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. 145. THIS is larger than the Blackbird, but not unlike it; length eleven inches. Bill one inch and a half long, orange-colour, rather stouter than in that bird, and a trifle bent; base beset with a few hairs; general colour of the plumage black; beneath the eye a white dot; wings brown ; prime quills black; belly and vent ash-colour; tail even at the end, two inches and a half long; the legs and claws dull yellow. Described from the drawings of Lady Impey; said to have come from Persia, and is ranked among the singing birds. 18—BLACK-CROWNED THRUSH. LENGTH ten inches. General colour of the plumage brown ; crown of the head black, and the feathers somewhat elongated; bill mm THRUSH. 37 thirteen lines long, and deep orange-colour; wings and tail brown, but deeper than the rest; the latter four inches and a half long, even at the end ; legs oker yellow. Inhabits Ceylon, there called Makalau Alu Kuttiya; in the collection of Mr. Comyns. This seems to coincide greatly with the Persian Species, but differs chiefly in the crown being black. In the collection of drawings of the late Mr. Samuel Daniels, I observe a similar one, wholly pale reddish brown, a trifle paler on the under parts ; bill and legs flesh-colour. This was found at Ceylon, by the name of Demmah Leechan. 19—BLACK-BREASTED THRUSH. Turdus atrogularis, Merle a Gorge noire, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. 169. LENGTH ten inches and a half. Bill dusky brown, the lower mandible yellow at the base; irides brown; face, cheeks, fore part of the neck, and breast, deep black, with a cinereous tinge at the end of the feathers of the last; lower part of the breast, and middle of the belly, whitish, inclining to rufous on the sides, speckled with deep brown; under tail coverts pale rufous, with white tips; the rest of the parts above ash-colour, with an olive tinge, deepest on the head; wing coverts fringed with yellowish ; legs brown. Inhabits Austria and Silesia, but more common in Hungary and Russia. This bird is not further known, and the above description is thought to be of the male; the female is unknown. 20—NAUMANN'S THRUSH. Turdus Naumanni, Merle Naumann, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. p. 170. LENGTH nine inches. Bill and legs brown; crown and ears deep brown; the rest of the upper parts rufous ash, somewhat 38 TfflRUSH. deeper on the sides of the neck, the rump, and side feathers of the tail; scapulars edged with the same, and the middle of the feathers of the breast, belly, and sides, with similar markings, forming spots; middle of the belly and thighs pure white ; quills and two middle tail feathers deep brown, but beneath the tail rufous. The female like the male, but the colours less deep. Inhabits Silesia and Austria; more frequent in Hungary; probably in the South of Russia; is found also in Dalmatia, and the South of Italy. 21—RING OUZEL. t. i. 343. Lin. i. 296. Faun. Suec. No. 221. Gm. Lin.i. Klein, 66. 6. Frisch, t. 30. Brun. No. 237. Kram. 360. Faun. Arag. 85. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 17. Borowsk. iii. 170. 9. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 90. Id. Ed. ii. 167- Bechst. Beuts. Id A 223. Raii, 65. A. 2. Will. 143. t. 37. Turdus torquatus, Ind. O. 832. Scop. i. No. 198. 4. Muller, No. 242. Sepp, Fog-, iii. t.123. iii. 369. t.4. Merula torquata, Bris. ii. 235. Gerin. iii. t. 304. Merle k Plastron blanc, Buf ii Ringdrossel, Naturf. xvii. 84. Id. xxv. 14.- Ring Ouzel or Amsel, Gen. Syn. iii. 46. Id. Sup. 141. Br. Zool. No. 110. pl. 40. Id.folQ2. t. p. 1. f. 1. Id. 1812. i. p. 415. pl. 50. Arct. Zool. ii. 344. H. Alb. i. pl.39. Will. Engl. 194. pl.37. Bolt. Birds, p. 9. pl. 9 & 10. Shaw's Zool. x. 227. pl. 21. Bewick, i. pl. p. 92. Graves, Br. Orn. V. iii. pl. 14. Walcot, Birds, ii. pl. 202. Bonov. Birds, iii. pl. 61. Pult. Bors. p. 10. Orn. Bict. • 340.pl. 31. Pl. enl. 516. r Id. 182. y i bird. THIS is rather larger than a Blackbird; length eleven inches. Bill blackish, inside of the mouth yellow; irides hazel; general colour ofthe plumage dull black, the margins ofthe feathers fringed with grey, or ash-colour; on the breast a large patch of white, passing a little backwards, as a collar. The female differs, in having the white crescent on the breast much less conspicuous; in some birds it is wholly wanting, and in this state is considered as a different species, under the name of Rock Ouzel; but this last is, no doubt, the young bird.* * See Bris. ii. 232. Raii, 67. 12. & 65. A. 3. Will. 144. 2. THRUSH. 39 This is a British Species, but shifts its quarters according to the season, nor is it, as we believe, by any means common. In many parts of this kingdom only seen in spring and autumn,* as it were on the passage elsewhere, rarely staying in any place more than a fortnight, and scarcely in greater numbers than five or six together. They breed in Derbyshire and Yorkshire, also in Wales, Cumberland, aud Scotland, as well as Dartmoor, in Devonshire, where they are observed to build on the sides of streams, on the ground, or side of a bush; the nest not unlike that of a Blackbird, as well as the eggs, which are five in number; are met with also in the mountainous parts of Ireland-t The food is much the same as in that bird, including snails, of which it is very adroit in breaking the shells on a stone, to get at the contents ; but in want of snails, will feed on ivy berries. This bird is met with in many parts of the Old Continent, both in the warmer and colder .regions,' as well as in Africa and Asia. It comes into Burgundy, in France, in small flocks in October, staying only two or three weeks, and again in April or May. Met with as high as Lapmark, but does not inhabit either Russia or Siberia; is however seen about the Caspian Sea, and in Persia. 22.—GORGET THRUSH. Hausse-col noir, Levail. Afr. iii. 53. pl. 110. SIZE of the Ring-Ouzel. Bill black; irides reddish brown; general colour of the plumage black above, beneath white, but the black passes across the breast in the same manner as the white does in the Ring-Ouzel; tips of all but the two middle tail feathers white; tail rounded at the end ; legs black. * By some called the Michaelmas Blackbird ; in some parts Rock or Mountain Ouzel, and Tor Ouzel.—Orn. Bict. t Montagu. 40 THRUSH. Inhabits the interior parts of the Cape of Good Hope. M. Levaillant met with a single one, in the Great Namaquas country, which was a male. 23.—WATER OUZEL. Turdus Cinclus, Ind. Orn. i. 343. Lin. i. 290. Faun. Suec. No.214. Amcen. ac. iv. 594. Gm. Lin. u 803. Gm. Reise, iv. p. 190. Brun. No. 230. Muller, No. 236\ Faun. Arag. 84. Bee. Russ. i. 307. 314. Borowsk. iii. 303. Sepp, Vog. pl. in p. 35. Cinclus, Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 97. Id. Ed. ii. p. 176. Sturnus Cinclus, Baud. ii. 306. Motacilla Cinclus, Scop. i. No. 223. Kramer, 374. 4. Merula aquatica, Bris. v. 252. Id. 8vo. ii. 275. Klein, 68. 18. Raii, 66. A. 7. Will. 104. t. 24. Gerin. v. t. 490. 491. 492. Merla acquajola, Cet. Uc. Sard. 187. Zinnan. Uov. 109. t. 19. f. 97. Wasser Amsel, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 67. Merle d'Eau, Buf. viii. 134. pl. 11. Pl. enl. 940. Water Ouzel, Gen. Syn. iii. 48. Id. Sup. 142. Br. Zool. No. 111. Id.foL 92. t. P. I. f. 2. Id. Ed. 1812. 1. p. 39. Graves Br. Orn: V. iii. pl. 15. Arct. Zool. ii. 332. B. Ornith. Brit. Tunstal, (the Frontispiece). Will. Engl. 149. pl. 24. Alb. ii. pl. 39. Bewick Birds, ii. pl. p. 16. Lewin Birds, ii. pl. 63. Bon. Birds, pl. 24. Wood's Zoogr. i. p. 479. Orn. Bid. $ Supp. LESS than a Blackbird; length seven inches and a half. Bill ten lines long, bending rather upwards for most of its length, and a little curved downwards at the tip, colour black; irides hazel; eyelids white; upper part of the head and neck^deep brown; the rest of the parts above, the belly, vent, and tail black, but the feathers of the back and wings have brownish edges; chin, fore part of the neck, and breast white; and between that and the black, rufous brown; legs black. In young birds the belly is said to be white. This species is solitary, and found in various parts of Europe, and not unfrequently in England; it affects places that are full of rivulets, and especially if situated between the rocks, and this for the THRUSH. 41 sake of food, living chiefly on insects, and small fish, which it searches for in a singular manner by diving, and running under water for them, in the same manner as on the land ;* it makes the nest on the ground, and often among the moss and grass, resembling that of a Wren, but more round, and the lateral hole more oval; the longest side horizontal, the cover of the aperture somewhat projecting; the materials are moss, fibres, and some fine-leaved water plants, the inside oak and ivy leaves ; the egg perfectly white, and transparent, shewing a blush of red, by the appearance of the colour of the yolk through the shell. Colonel Montagu found a nest on a bank, under the arch of a bridge, about five miles from Lougharne, the 4th of May, 1791, and it was so well adapted to the surrounding materials, that nothing, but the old bird flying in with a fish in its bill, would have led to the discovery; which it was observed to do at another time, when the young were nearly full feathered, but incapable of flight; and the moment the nest was disturbed, the young fluttered out, dropped into the water, and instantly vanished ; but in a little time made their appearance at some distance down the stream; and it was with difficulty that two out of the five were taken, as they dived on being approached.f This is common in Germany, and in various parts of the Russian Empire, as far as the Caspian Sea, and met with even as far north as Kamtscbatka; Mr. Ellis also found it at Aoonalaschka ;$ but it is not the cold alone that will make it desert its haunts, nothing less than the streams being frozen up. * Kramer mentions the circumstance of one being caught under water by a line and hook, which had been baited to catch fish. -!-Elench, p. 374. •f lt is not easy to account for the capability of this bird to remain under water for any length of time, as its specific gravity, being less than that element, would cause it to tend to the surface; and it is well known that several birds, which frequent the water, and even swim upon it, are incapable of diving at all. $ Narr. ii. p. 43. 24.—PENRITH OUZEL. TurpNsgjul9s&; Jv-d. Orn: Sup+& Penrith Ouzel, Gen.Syn. Sup. \\. 177. 2. i. p. 399. pl. 51. ,159, Ba.ZojoL\$\%r THIS is ratfefr superior, j$ size tp the WvAftVr Qliszel- He^c|, 5Y]ipgs, upper pftrt of the body, and tail dusky; chin and. throat white; at the bottom of the&iil a bar of dusky ; breast, belly, and |pHJgh$ <syhjte, marked with sfoprt, black steaks, poi^lp^g downwards; more numerous towards the lower belly and thighs; vent rusty yellow, crossed with, frars of black ; legs rusty yellow. This was^Hed in the neighbourhood of Penrith, and a drawing of it presented by Miss Calwin to I^r. Pennant.—It is much to be doiibtedj whether it is not a Variety of th^ Water 0$?e|,j, u 25—ROS^CJQLOURED THRUSH. Turdus roseus, Ind. Orn. 1. 344. Lin.u 294. Faun. Suec. No. 219. Gm 819. Gm,'i?me,iv. 149. N. C.Petr. xv. 478. t. 23. 1. Klein, 71. 37. I iii. 163. p. 37. Spalowsck. ii. 1.16. Sturnus #¥>eus. Scop. i. No. 191. asiaticus, Wirs. Vog. t.'l. Turdus Seleucis, Faun. Arab. p. vi. a. & p. 5.16. Gm. Lin. i. 837. Ppgtar roj^fo F/Wt'JftqQ'flOfyj,. f). 83.. 14. Ed. ii. p. 136. Merula rosea, Raii, 67. 9. Will 143. Bris. ii. 250. Id. 8vo. i. 228. xMerlecouleur de Rose, Buf. iii. 348. pl. 22. Pl. enl 251. Der Asiatische Schapfstaar, Gunth. Av. t. 1. Le Roselin, Levail. Afr. ii. 190. pl. 96. Locust Bird, Russ. Alep. p. 70. Rose-coloured Thrush or Ouzel, Gen. Syn. iii. 50. Id. Sup. 142. Br. Zo* No. 5. pi. 5. Id. Ed. 1812. i. p. 413. pl. 53. Arct. Zool. ii. 344. G. Edw Will. Engl. 194. Bewick, i. p. 91. Lewin's Birds, ii. pl. 64. Nat pl. 231. Shaw's Zool. x. 274. pl. 26. Wale, Syn. ii. 196. Bon. Birds, Orn. Bid: Sf Supp. 'I. App. Misc. ii. pl. SIZE of the Starling; length near eight inches. Bill three- quarters of an inch, rather bent ajid flesh-coloured, with a blackish wm THRtraSfi' 43 ba9e, though ih some it is wholly flesh-coloured; irides ^ale ; the feathers of the head arte long, and fotnJ a 6reSt} the head, flfeey^ Wiiigs, and tail blacky glossed with Mflg, purple, and green, in different lights \ back, rump, brctetst, belly, and lessfcF w'mg-k6Ve¥®t pale roie*colour, with a few irregular dark g|i&te£ legs pale red, claws crooked and brown. The female is paler. We have many reasons for thinking that the teints of these birds differ much, as Russel calls our rose, a flesh-colour, and the name it is called by in the Petersburgh Transactions is sanguineous. This beautiful species is hot only met wifli in various parts of Europe, but likewise in Asia and Africa. It comes in great numbers about Aleppo in July & Attgust, in prtrsttft ofthe sWarms of locusts, and is therefore held sacred by the Turks, as great quantities are destroyed by these birds ; seen also in vast flocks, every yearj-in the south of Russia, about the River Don; and in Sfbefia, about the Irtish ; finding there not only abundance of locusts as food, but convenience for breeding between tbe rocks. Is common on the borders of the Caspian Sea, about Astrachan, and from thence along the Volga. We hear of it in Switzerland and Lapland, but is said never to exceed the bounds of the latter. I have met with this bird in various drawings from India,* but the rosy, or reddish coloured tinge of very difl&rent depths of colour, the black deeper or paler in shade, and in soifife inclining to brown. At Hindustan it is called C/aSsiBm^p'; t& the Persic tongue, Tulleir. Is* tli§ Saum-dyal of Bengal, awd Golaube twaina of Hiiidtisten. LetaSlfohit observe, that those which deviate iftf6St from black are yoangfer birds, arid SiSftSb &re pale brown; that they are found in parts about the Cape of G®od H^e,- flying in floe&S like StarKTfi^1/ The song a sort of whis^fe, f)ft)Jdrfg8d at iwterta3&. The nest unknown. The in'StSflcdS5 Sf ftS bei#gf found in Eitfgfend1 &$&?&_*& f Edwards menttofrs two; we have seeti&tie,- tJha&wassftot at G#8ft|£ npore, in March 1798, G 2 44 THRUSH. ham, in Lincolnshire; and it is said that one or more has been killed, almost every season, about Ormskirk, in Lancashire. Dr. Lamb informed me of this bird having been shot near Newbury, in 1805, and in 1814, five were seen in a willow bed near the same place. It is more frequent in France, being often met with in Burgundy, in its passage to other parts. 26.—BLUE THRUSH. Turdus cyanus, Ind. Orn. i. 345. Lin. i. 296. Gm. Lin. i. 834. Tern. Man. d'Orr p. 94. Id. Ed. ii. p. 175. —— plumbeus, Faun. Arag. 84. solitarius, Klein, Stem. 11. 1.13. f. 3. a—d. Merula cserulea, Bris. ii. 282. Id. 8vo. i. 236. Buf. iii. 355. pl. 24. Merle solitaire, Pl. enl. 250.—female. Cett. Uc. Sard. 178. Die blaue Merle, Naturf. xvii. s. 84. Cyanos, seu cserulea avis, Raii, 66. 5. 6. Will. 141. 142. Indian Mock Bird, Will Engl. p. 192. Solitary Sparrow, Edw. pl. 18.—male. Blue Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 51. Id. Sup. 142. Kolb. Cap. Engl. ii. 152 ? Shaw's Zool. x. 224. THIS is somewhat less than a Blackbird; length eight inches. Bill fourteen lines, hooked at the tip, blackish ; inside ofthe mouth, and eyelids orange; irides dull hazel ; the plumage cinereous blue, each feather marked near the end with a brown band, the very tip white; quills and tail dusky, edged with cinereous blue; legs dusky. The female is blue, but much inclined to ash-colour, and beneath transversely waved with this last colour, and black. This species is found in the Isle of Candia, Dalmatia, and parts between, most of Archipelagic Isles, and probably those of the Mediterranean ; since Edwards mentions it as being at Gibraltar, from whence also I have received a specimen. THRUSH. 45 Mr. Cleghorn observed this in Minorca; but adds, that it is chiefly an inhabitant of Germany, Italy, the Greek Islands, and other parts of the Levant. Mr. White witnessed it to be a perennial inhabitant of the Hill and Rock of Gibraltar, breeding there in numbers, and that the solitary disposition of this species is extremely remarkable > for they are never seen to associate with each other, even in the breeding season. The male and female remain separate at all times, except when they retire within their habitation. This conduct, Mr. White observes, seems a wise expedient for the preservation of their offspring, as they run less hazard of both parents being destroyed at once. They are late breeders; Hens have been found full of eggs, the beginning of April, when the Cocks sing in various parts of the Hill all day long; the note is similar to that of a Blackbird, but softer, and the melody more various; after singing awhile, take a short flight, wheeling round, and again occupying their former station, and, whilst descending, sing in the manner of some of the Larks. The nest usually made in the most inaccessible parts of the Rock, not to be approached by mankind, without imminent hazard. The females have a loud, pining, whining, querulous, single note, especially in autumn and winter. The males remain mostly silent during the heat of the summer, but resume their notes in September or October, after the first rains; they feed chiefly on worms, picked out of crevices of old walls and buildings; it is a bold bird, never forsaking the rock, or frightened by the continued noise of cannon, and small arms, or the occasional explosion of the mines; and even perches on the tops of the boxes of the sentinels. . Both this, and the following species, if distinct, are frequently depicted in drawings from India, and are, no doubt, inhabitants of that part of the world : the two following, noted as Species, are also referable to the Blue Thrush, at different periods of age and sex. 1 46 -SOLITARY THRUSH. Hassclq. Vo$» fBn£l. Ed.) p. 26. TuttltM sfcilitfarids, Ind* Orti. i. 3545. Gm. JLiti. IeLA^t.Ups.lToO. p. 21. Passer solitarius, Raii, 66. 4. Will. 140. Gerin. iii. t. 310. 3ll. Merula solitaria, Bris. ii. 268. Id. 8vo. i. 233. Saterle solitaire, Buf. iii. 358. Passera solitariay 0Hn. Uc t. p. 14. Klein, p. 67. 8. Solitary Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 52. Will. Engl. 191. pl. 36. 37. Shaw's Zool. x. 303. Orn. Bid. # Supp. THIS is about the size of the last. Bill brown-, bent at the tip; iaside of the mouth yellow; irides orange; general cotenir o£ the- plumage brown * marked with small whitish spots; the sides of tbd head, throat, neck, breast, and upper wing, coverts* have a tinge of blue; rump, under tail coverts, and quills plain ferowfr; the tai4- blackish; legs brown. The female is brown, without any blue tinge,: and flhe spots, which are most numerous on the breast,, are of a dirty yellow; quills aid tail brown. This is frequent m France,. Italy, the Isles* ©£ the Mediterranean- and Archipelago*, and other parts,* and is< not only esteemed for its= song, but venerated by most people, who think it almost a sacrilege' to take the nest, orkiH tbe bird:? it frequents mountainous and reeky places,, is;always seen alone, except in breeding time, and makes the nest there* laying, five or six- egg&$ tbe'young ones are easily brought- up, and besides their, iflataredy sweet voice, ma>y be taught-to whistle, and articulate words;- are said also-not owlj? to siaglinfthe day, When in a cage, but also by candle-light, and to live: in confinement eight* or ten years>? its fmdt is> inserts*, grapes,, and other fruits: it is ii®fc * Hasselquist says, a bird, called Solitaire, is highly esteemed by the Eastern for its song, and that it sells to the Turks, at Constantinople, for two hundred piastr that it whistles, and learns to talk. THRUSH. 47 strietly, a bird of passage, but observed to change place at different seasons, coming to the parts where it builds, in April, and retiring in August. Is probably an Indian Species, as we have seen it in drawings, where it is called Castoore, or Solitary Sparrow. A.—Length eight inches. The bill not very stout, black; irides hazel; plumage in general deep blue-grey; wings dusky brown; tail darker than the body, even, two inches and a half long; the wings reach to about the middle; legs black. Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. Seen at Cawnpore, April 1798. This seems a Variety of the Solitary Thrush, or a young bird. Colonel Montagu records one having been shot about the middle e£ . Jktne, 1810, at Copgrove>, in Yorkshire, and then in his collection; it was a female* and had two enlarged eggs within. This we believe is the first time of its being noticed m this kingdom.* 28.—PENSIVE THRUSH. Turdus Manillensis, Ind. Orn. i. 345. Gim. £»iti. 833i Merula solitaria Manillensis, Bris. ii. 270. t. 33. 1. Id. 8vo«h "26g», Merle solitaire de Manille, Buf. iii. 363. Pl. enl. 636. male. Id. 564. 2. female. Pensive Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 53. Shaw's Zool. x. 280. LENGTH eight inches. Bill one inch, brown; head, fore part of the neck, and back cinereous blue; the rump blue; spotted with yellow on the throat, fore part of the neck, and upper part of the breast; wing coverts marked with some spots of yellow, and others of white ; the under parts of the body orange, withrblue and white curved spots; quills and tail blackish, the last margined with rufous; legs blackish. * The author of the Compendium of Ornithology rather supposes this to be the young ttt^ofrthe €ob»iiob Sjtariing*;! 8ee;p. 4(8;- ! The female has neither blue nor orange about her, being wholly of a brownish colour; paler beneath, with spots of a deeper brown on the head, neck, and under parts. Inhabits Manilla. The three last appear to form but one Species. 29.—HERMIT THRUSH. Turdus Eremita, Ind. Orn. i. 316. Merula solitaria Philippensis, Bris. Le solitaire des Philippines, Buf. i Hermit Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 54. Gm.Lin.i. 833. ii. 272. t. 28. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 234. i. 364. Pl. enl. 339. Shaw's Zool. x. 281. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill one inch, brown, base very pale; round the eyes whitish ; the crown of the head yellowish olive; hindhead, upper part of the neck, and back brown; each feather having a dusky band near the tip, which is greenish white; sides of the head, and under parts of the body rufous white; the feathers margined with brown, and dirty rufous white tips; lesser wing coverts, and rump cinereous ; quills and tail brown, bordered with grey ; legs brown. Inhabits the Philippine Islands with the last, to which it seems to have much affinity. 30—BLACK-COLLARED THRUSH. Le Merle roux a Collier noir, Levail. Af. iii. 65. pl. 113. SIZE of our Blackbird; length eight inches and a half. Bill dusky, yellowish beneath; top of the head, neck behind, upper part ofthe body, and wings slaty grey, with a mixture of ochry red on the wings; sides of the head, throat, forepart ofthe neck, and breast deeper red ochre; breast, belly, and thighs pale dull red; vent THRUSH. 49 nearly white; through the eye a broad, black patch, passing down over the ears, but just behind the eye rufous ; across the breast a bar of black; tail rounded, or slightly cuneiform, blue-grey like the back, and the wings reach one inch beyond the rump; legs rufous. This was supposed to have come from the South Sea Isles, but M. Levaillant only saw the skin. A.—In the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther is a bird similar to this. Bill black, a trifle bent at the tip ; head, hind part ofthe neck, and throat blue, with a dash of blue on the wing coverts ; from the gape, through the eye, a broad black streak, passing down on each side of the neck to the back, the upper part of which is also black; wings and tail black ; base of the second quills white, forming a spot; the breast, belly, vent, lower part of the back, and upper tail coverts ferruginous; legs reddish brown; the wings reach a little beyond the base of the tail, which is short. Another of these had a curved blue mark on the wing coverts, and a larger bed of white on the wings; these two are, no doubt, the same bird. Another in the same drawings was seven inches long ; the head, neck, breast, and all above, tbe wings, and tail brown, the feathers edged with bluish; from breast to vent pale ferruginous; thighs mottled grey, with brown specks; tail paler than the wings; the latter, when closed, reach about halfway on it; bill and legs black. These birds inhabit Bengal and other parts of India. The last described may probably be a young bird. 31.—WHITE-TAILED THRUSH—Pl. lxxxi. Turdus leucurus, Ind. Orn. i. 344. Gm. Lin. i. 820. Corvus totus niger, rectricibus basi albis, Faun. Arag. p. 72. Saxicola cachinnans, Traquet rieux, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. 236. White-tailed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 49. pl. 38. Id. Sup. 142. Shaw's Zool. x. 230. pl. 22. THIS is much smaller than any other known species of European Thrushes, being only seven inches and a half in length, and eleven 50 THRTJ&B. and <a hsA€ in breadth. The bill is a trifle curved, emarginated, and black ; irides the same; the plumage in general deep glossy blaefcg rump, thighs, and tail, white as snow, except *he ends of rthe two middle feathers of the last,*w]iich are biaek for one inch and a half, and of all the others for about half an inch; the quills rusty black; legs black. Inhabits the more southern parts of Spain, where there are steep cliffs and rocky situations, likewise met with in Aragonia, i Sardinia, and Sicily. The Rev. J. Whate, who was many years resident at Gijpraltar, informed me, that he detected it there, and that the whole conduct and way of life is similar to that of the Blue Thrush, but much more timid and suspicious, haunting the most inaccessible parts of the rock, and unfrequented walk, and Moorish ruins,, that are scattered about the hill at the greatest distance from the town, among which it resides all the year round : not more than six or eight of tfcis species seem to inhabit the hill at one time, and though tiiey breed there annually, their number appears not to increase % nor can it be discovered whither they disperse themselves, being long sought for in vain, throughout all the adjacent country ; hence it is difficult to procure a specimen, as they in general skulk about the craggy and inaccessible parts of tibe rock, where it is not easy for the sportsman t&4k&\ow them. Mr. White observes, that he has seen them most frequent on the east side ofthe hill, near the road to Europa, and the stone quarries, and it is among the steep elifls that hang over the sea in this place, that a pair of thesebirds generally builds. An old inhabitant of Gibraltar informed him, that he once found a nest containing four young ones, that he endeavoured to breed them up in hopes of tJheir singing, but that they were too tender and delicate to be reared. The males have a soft and pleasing song, with no great compass or variety, but it is extremely difficult to become a witness to their singing, which instantly ceases on their perceiving any one approaching. I do not learn what distinctions there are in respect to sex. TttRVSVi' 51 The above is all we can collect concerning this, which may be called a rare species, but probably the bird may be more common in some parts of Spain, as M. Aso records it as a species found in Aragonia, though this author does not inform us of its manners. 32— DARUNGA THRUSH. LENGTH six inches at least. General colour of the bill, legs, and plumage black; over the eye, from the nostrils towards the nape, a whitish streak, but ceases before it comes to the latter; breast, belly, and thighs, white, also the upper tail coverts; the greater part of the tail from the base white, the side feathers being only tipped with black for half an inch ; but the two-middle ones have the ends black for one inch and a half; the wings reach to more than half on the tail. /•Inhabits India; found at Cawnpore in November.—General Hardwicke. Named in his drawings, Darunga. This seems allied to the White-tailed Thrush, having the tail exactly the same. Another of these, said to be a female, has the head and neck to the breast, and wings, and the whole of the two middle tail feathers dusky brown-black; on eadh'jawraj large patch of deep black; breast, belly, thighs, and rump, upper and under tail coverts white; the two middle tail feathers are black ; th^friesjt white, except for about half an inch at the end. This last was.found at Anoopshere, in January. 1 52 33.—AFRICAN THRUSH. Turdus Morio, Ind. Orn. i. 346. Lin. i. 297. Gm. Lin. i. 835. Sturnus Morio, Baud. ii. 307. Merula Capitis bonae Spei, Bris. ii. 309. t. 23. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 244. Corvus rufipennsis, Shaw's Zool. vii. 373. Le Jaunoir du Cap de B. E. Buf. iii. 366. Pl. enl. 199. Le Roupenne, Levail. Afr. ii. 134. pl. 83. 84. African Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 55. Shaw's Zool. x. 229. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length eleven inches. Bill strong, black; eye brown; general colour of the plumage greenish, glossy black, except the greater quills, which are rufous ; belly and under part of the tail not glossy; the three first quills have brown, the others black tips; legs brown. The female is smaller ; the rufous on the wings paler, and the shoulders of the wings inclined to rufous ; in both, the wings reach to fhe middle of the tail. This is very common at the Cape of Good Hope, sometimes seen in immense flocks in orchards and vineyards, making great destruction : the inhabitants are obliged to keep watch, as the flocks often consist of four or five thousand, or more. The territory about Constance is particularly troubled with them. Are called by the people at the Cape, Berg-Spreuw and Rooye-vlerk-Spreuw, (Mountain, and Red-winged Starling) are not found west of the Kamis Mountains, although so common on the east side, especially the River Gamtoos, where they are so numerous, that thirty-two have been killed at one shot. They perch on trees, and cry pillio pillio; another cry is kouik-kouik, chattering like Starlings. They build in the clefts of the rocks, and the nests are placed along side each other; they lay five or six eggs, have generally two broods in a year, and are, as before said, in such plenty, that M. Levaillant has met with thousands of their eggs, which were very good to eat: the birds, too, are thought excellent, especially in the grape season, at other times feeding on insects of most kinds. 53 34—ORANGE-EYED THRUSH. Sturnus Nabouroup, Baud. ii. 308. Levail. Afr. ii. 168. pl. 91. SIZE of a Blackbird; and, at first sight, like the last, but differs in having the tail two inches shorter, and almost even at the end, the outer feather being only eight lines shorter than the middle ones, which are nearly all of a length : the eyes of this bird are orange- yellow ; the colours of the plumage much as in the other, but in the present bird the feathers are less silky, shorter, and not so glossy; it differs likewise, from the former, which has the quills rufous on both webs, but in the last described they are only so on the outer ones, the inner being white. The female is smaller, and has the head, neck, and part of the breast inclining to grey. This species inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and other parts of Africa, and the Dutch Colonists call it Witte-vlerk-Spreuw (White- winged Starling) is chiefly found about the small and great Nama- quas, from nearly 30 deg. of latitude, to beneath the Tropic, and said to build among the rocks : is fond of the berries of a sort of ebony, which grows very common there, and is thought a very good bird for the table. 35.—RUFOUS-WINGED THRUSH. Turdus erythropterus, Ind. Orn. i. 346. Gm. Lin. i. 835. Le Podobe du Senegal, Buf. iii. 368. Pl. enl. 354. Rufous-winged Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 55. Shaw's Zool x. 280. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length ten inches. Bill brown ; general colour of the plumage black ; wings rufous, and short; under tail 54 THRUSH. coverts tipped with white; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers plain, the others tipped with white. Inhabits Senegal. 36.—SPLENDID THRUSH. Sturnus splendens, Baud. ii. 309. Shaw's Zool. vii. 372. L'Eclatanf, Levail Afr. ii. 142. pl. 85. THIS is of the same shape and size as the African; iThrush. Plumage wholly greeny glossed with blue, appearing gilded, and changing with different reflections of light; the crown imitates the emerald, the lower part of the neck as it were surrounded with a gilded purple, reaching to the scapulacs, Which incline to copper yellow, as also the throat, fore part of the neck and breast; beneath the body dusky,, glossed with greenish! copper; lesser wing, and upper tail coverts; glossy steel blue; greater coverts copper, dotted with gold; taib greatly cuneiform, of a duck green, glossed with purple, or violet; d®wnthemiddle ofthe wkigy on the second quills, a: white streak; bill and legs black. Where it inhabits; hi uncertain. Mr. L. found it in the cabinet of Mr. J. Temminck, at Amsterdam. 37.—SHEWY THRUSH. Sturnus ornatus, Baud. ii. 309. Le Choucador, Levail. Afr. ii. 144. pl. 86. THIS is a trifle less than the last; the ground colour of the plumage black, but with reflections of different glossy tints, as in that bird; the tail cuneiform, but in a much less degree; it is THRUSH. 55 elongated, bat-the feathers are nearly of equal lengths, the outer one being only half an inch Sorter than the two middle; and though tlie bird is equally glossy, yet the ground colour being black, gives it a different appearance; it wants, too, the white streak on the wing ; both upper and under tail coverts and lower belly are dull green. Supposed to inhabit Africa.—Two were in the cabinet of M. Raye de Breukelerwaert, who gave one to M. Levaillant. 38.—BRILLIANT THRUSH. Le Couigniop, Levail. Afr. ii. 163. pl. 90. THIS is one of the most brilliant of birds, not greatly differing from ;the Nabouroup or orange-eyed, but is smaller, and has a shorter tail; and the wings longer in proportion, as they reach almost to the end of it; but in the other, they occupy only three-fourths of the length ; the feathers of the head, neck, and under parts of the body, are shorter than those of the Gilded Thrush. The Couigniop has the head, neck, and under parts of a fine blue, bronzed with steel, changeable more or less to violet; in other parts green, or yellow- green with a gilded lustre; the rump, and upper tail coverts are rounded at the ends, and appear like the scales of a fish, varying into blue and violet; tail even at the end, of a very brilliant violet purple ; bill and legs bfeck ; irides orange-yellow. This is found in vast flocks in the lower part of the great Na- maqua Country, within the Cape of Good Hope, which it inhabits only during its migration. Called by the natives Couigniop, from the clucking noise it makes; is never seen in the lesser Namaquas. It is probably also found in Senegal. The female is smaller, and the colours less lively. ^ 56 THRUSH. Young birds are of a dull, dark green, inclining to brown on the wings. M. Daudin joins this to the Shining Thrush; but by the description, it seems to differ somewhat, though it must be confessed, that it bears great resemblance. 39—SHINING THRUSH. Gm.Lin . 818. Turdus nitens, Ind. Orn. i. 346. Lin. i. 294. Sturnus nitens, Couigniop, Baud. ii. 313. Merula viridis Angolensis, Bris. ii. 311. t. 30. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 244. Stourne, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lvi. Shining Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 56. Shaw's Zool. x. 246. SIZE of a Blackbird ; length nine inches. Bill black ; plumage wholly fine glossy green, except some of the lesser wing coverts, which are bright steel blue, and form a spot of this colour on the fore part of the wing ; legs black. Inhabits Angola, in Africa, and the Cape of Good Hope. A.—Le Merle vert d'Angola, Buf. iii. 372- Pl. enl. 561. Turdus splendens, Zool. Misc. pl. 71. Shaw's Zool. x. 246. Blue and green Daw, Edw. pl. 320. Gen. Syn. iii. 56. A. Id. Sup. 143. * Size of the last; upper parts of the head, neck, body, and tail glossy olive-green; rump blue ; on the wings, here and there, dark spots, and in some lights a tinge of blue on the back ; throat blue; fore part of the neck blue-green; breast, belly, thighs, and feathers over the ears violet; vent olive-yellow; legs black. Found with the last, probably a mere Variety. Mr. Salt met with a similar Thrush in Abyssinia; the general colour ofthe plumage the most brilliant glossy blue imaginable, the ends of the second wing coverts black ; bill and legs brown. THRUSH. 57 Inhabits the high grounds of Abyssinia; chiefly seen in pairs, and known by the name of Warre: very common at Dixan, and in every part, where the Kolquall is found, it sits on the top of this tree, and feeds on its flowers, or some insect peculiar to the tree. I found also, in the collection of the late General Davies, one ten inches long, very fine glossy bluish green ; chin and throat tinged with purple ; several of the wing coverts tipped with a black spot, forming two series; four or five ofthe lower scapulars deep purple, edged with glossy green; under wing coverts and belly purple; vent green; thighs purple; quills black, with glossy green bill and legs dusky, £ ssilbi 40—GLOSSY THRUSH. Turdus aeneus, Ind. Orn. i. 307. Gm. Lin. i 318. Sturnus seneus, Baud. ii. 310. Corvus aureo-viridis, Golden green Crow, Shaw's Zool. vii. 376. t. 46. Merula viridis longic. Senegal. Bris. ii. 313. t. 31. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 245. Merle a longue Queue du Senegal, Buf. iii. 369. Pl. enl. 220. Le vert dore, Levail. Afr. ii. 146. pl. 87. Le Merle cuivre d'Afrique, Salem. Orn. 182. Stourne, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. lvi. Glossy Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 57. Shaw's Zool. x. 247. IN bulk this is somewhat less than a Magpie; length twenty inches, of which the tail measures more than two-thirds. Bill one inch long, black, with a slight notch at the end, but the nostrils only partially covered with bristles; general colour of the plumage fine, glossy, steel blue, varying to green in different lights; but about the head, as far as the eyes, in certain views seems black, glossed with copper; on each of the wing coverts a dusky, black 58 THRUSH. spot near the end; quills black, the third the longest; the wings reach four inches on the tail, which is cuneiform in a great degree, the two middle feathers being fourteen inches long, and the outmost only four; all the feathers rounded at the ends; the under parts are less vivid than the upper, but the belly and thighs appear in some lights-a most splendid bright copper bronze. Inhabits Senegal.—I found a most beautiful and perfect specimen in the collection of Mr. Leadbeater. The bill seems very similar to that of the Crow, but is certainly less stout than in that Genus.—M. Levaillant's bird was the size of a Jackdaw; and he says, that the tail is fifteen inches long, the two feathers next the middle ones four inches shorter, the next two inches shorter than these; and so on to the outer, which measure only five inches; the whole number twelve : the wings reach four inches beyond the rump. The female is less, the tail shorter, and colours less vivid. These inhabit Senegal, and other parts of Africa, in great troops, but it is not certain where they breed ; they stay in Senegal about two or three months, and in some years none are seen ; it is thought, as they do not rest long in a place, that they may be on their passage to some other part, and those seen daily may be new birds, the others passing on. They frequent the berry-bearing trees, and also feed on insects, and worms; they run with the tail lifted up, like a magpie, hopping in like manner, and continually cry, and chatter when perched; are wild birds, and not easily approached. In one of these, supposed a female, some of the inner wing coverts, and scapulars, appear to have a spot near the end, but on a nearer view, the feather is uniform. This bird was only thirteen inches in length. 59 41.—GILDED THRUSH. Turdus auratus, Ind. Orn. i. 347. Gm. Lin. i. 819. Sturnus auratus, Nabirop, Baud. ii. 312. Merle violet du Royaume de Juida, Buf. iii. 373. Pl enl 540. Stourne, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lvi. Le Nabirop, Levail. Ois. pl. 89. Shining Stare, Nat. Misc. pl. 873. Gilded Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 57. Shaw's Zool. x. 248. SIZE of a Thrush. Bill brown ; irides yellow; head, neck, and under parts of the body violefc; back and wings gilded green, with a band of blue on the inner edge of the latter; upper tail coverts and' tail blue ; legs reddish brown. Inhabits Whidah in Africa. M. Levaillant considers his bird as distinct from this, or at least doubts the circumstance, and says the bill and legs are black ; irides orange-yellow; the plumage is of the most resplendent, gilded blue and green imaginable, the green changing into steel blue, and purple, the latter occupying the head, cheeks, and hind part of the neck, the rest mostly of a changeable gilded green; the wing coverts in some lights appearing gilded blue; the vent green, changing to violet blue; tail of a moderate length, rounded, the outer feathers being half an inch shorter than the two middle ones; the colour deep changeable green; the wings reach rather beyond the middle of it. The female smaller than the male. This species is found in the interior parts of the Cape of Good Hope, but not at the; Cape itself; seen by thousands in a flock about the Gamtoo and Camdeboo, also on the Elephant River, and from thence to the Namaquas, yet not at all times of the year; sometimes so numerous, that it was easy to kill eight or ten at a shot: they make the nest in hollow trees, and sometimes in the banks of earth, like the Bee-eaters, and lay five or six eggs of a fino bluits%<i*reen ; called by the colonists Groene Spreeuw (Green Starling); feeds on I 2 60 THRUSH. worms, excrements of cattle, and berries of all kinds ; will also perch on the backs of oxen, to pick the insects out of their skin. In the collection ot Mr. Brogden is a specimen, which we believe to be the same; it is ten inches and a half long ; from the nostrils to the eye a stripe of short velvet-like feathers; those also under the eye, on the cheeks, and ear short, but glossy steel blue; all the upper parts of the bird fine glossy green ; wings in general the same, but the middle of the back, the scapulars, and inner coverts are steel blue, and equally glossy; tail -four inches long, much* rounded, glossy steel blue, with gilded green ends; the outer feather one inch and a quarter shorter than the middle ones; beneath the wing and tail dusky; all the under parts from chin to vent steel blue, glossy, with a gilded purple, here and there, about the breast; under tail coverts gilded green ; the wings reach more than half way on the tail. Inhabits Africa. Brought from Sierra Leona. * 42— VIOLET THRUSH. Turdus violaceus, Ind. Orn. i. 347. Gm. Lin. i. Sturnus violaceus, Baud. ii. 314. Merle bleu de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 188. ] Violet Thrush,' Gen. Syn. iii. 57. Shaw's Zool. : SIZE of our Blackbird. Bill black; irides red; the whole plumage of a violet, changeable blue; the feathers of the head, neck, breast, and wing coverts have at the ends a band of violet blue, varying with the lustre of polished metal; on the wing coverts are two feathers marked with a white band; thighs white within, and deep violet without; legs black. Inhabits China. 61 43.—PIGEON THRUSH. Turdus Columbinus, Ind. Orn. i. 348. Gm. Lin. i. 836. Merle des Colombieres, Buf. iii. 381. Stourne, Tern. Man. Ed.ii. Anal. p. lvi. Pigeon Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 64. Shaw's Zool x. 245. SIZE of a Throstle. General colour green, very changeable in different reflections of light; some of these birds are less than others, and have a white rump and vent; but whether young, or different in sex, is uncertain. Inhabit the Philippine Islands, where they are called Pigeon Starlings, as they frequently, like the Starlings in Europe, build in Pigeon houses. 44—WHIDAH THRUSH. Turdus leucogaster, Ind. Orn. i 348. Gm. Merle violet a ventre blanc de Juida, Buf. ii Stourne, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal p. lvi. Whidah Thrush, Gm. Lin. iii. 58. Shaw's . .in. i. 819. 402. Plenl. 648. 1. SIZE of a Lark, or rather less; length six inches and a half. Bill ash-colour; the plumage in general is violet, excepting the belly, which is white; legs ash-coloured; quills blackish; the wings, when closed, reach three-fourths ofthe length ofthe tail. Inhabits the kingdom of Whidah, in Africa. One of these, lately in the Museum of Mr. Bullock, is of a colour the most brilliant and variable that can be imagined, in some lights shewing a vivid and glowing purple, in others deep blue-black; and again fine tawny ruby colour, the feathers appearing waved; the quills, and outer edge of the wing dusky. i 62 THRUSH. In a drawing, in the collection of the late General Davies, I observed the ends of the outer tail feathers to be white; breast, and under parts white; bill and legs dusky black. A bird, sent with the above as a female, was in plumage not unlike a Lark, with a mixture of ferruginous, somewhat resembling the female of the Red-winged Oriole; belly white, dashed on the sides with marks and streaks of brown; inner webs of the quills tawny; middle of the belly, vent, and under tail coverts white. 45._DOMINICAN THRUSH. Turdus Dominicanus, Ind. Orn. i. 348. Gm. Jan. i. 836. Merle dominiquain des Philippines, Buf. iii. 396. Pl enl. 627. 2. Dominican Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 58. Shaw's Zool x. 262. LENGTH six inches. Bill pale brown; plumage above brown, marked here and there with a mixture of violet, or polished steel colour; base of the tail of this last colour, towards the end greenish ; head, and all the under parts of the body, very light coloured, or brownish white; legs pale brown; the wings remarkably long, reaching nearly to the end of the tail. This was brought from the Philippine Islands by M. Sonnerat. 46.—BARRED-TAIL GLOSSY THRUSH. LENGTH about.twelve;inches. Bill black; general colour of the plumage varied, and glossed with blue, green, and copper, most brilliant; the lesser quills tipped with rufous, forming a crescent on that part ofthe wing; the greater quills dusky; tail sfedinebes long, and Cuneiform^ the two middle feathers dark,«with a greenish gloss, and crossed with eighteen or twenty bars of black; the exterior THRUSH. 63 feather only one inch and a half in length; two or three of the outer ones pale purple, barred as the two middle ones; legs long and black. In the collection of drawings belonging to Mr. Dent; but with no name, or mention of the place from whence it came. 47.—RUST-BELLIED GLOSSY THRUSH.. LENGTH eight inches. Bill nearly one, a trifle curved, and black; head glossy ash-colour; neck, middle ofthe breast, the back, wings, and tail, fine glossy dark green ; tail the same, the shape a little rounded at the end, general length two inches and a half; sides of the breast, the belly, thighs, and vent, fine ferruginous; under wing coverts the same; inner webs of the quills, for the greater part of their length, very pale, nearly white ; the wings reach to the middle of the tail; legs stout, dusky. In the collection of Lord Stanley. 48.—SONGSTER THRUSH. Turdus Cantor, Ind. Orn. i. 348. Gm. Lin.i. 837. Petit Merle de L'Isle de Panay, Son. Voy. 115. t. 73. Songster Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 59. Shaw's Zool. x. 257. SIZE of the Pettichaps. Irides red; head, neck, back, and wing coverts greenish black, with a gloss of blue and violet; the feathers of the head and neck differ from the rest, in being longer, and more narrow; quills and tail black. This is said to be very common at Manilla, Panay, and almost all the Philippine Islands, and seen in flocks of thousands together. 64 THRUSH. It makes the nest in Pigeon houses, like the Starling, and is called by that name by many: it has a fine song, and so agreeably varied, that it has obtained the name of Musician. II I ■ I ■ I ll 49.—MAURITIUS THRUSH. Turdus Mauritianus, Ind. Orn. i. 349. Gm. Lin. i. 822. Le Merle vert de 1' Isle de France, Buf. iii. 388. Pl enl. 648. 2. Mauritius Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 69. Shaw's Zool. x. 256. LESS than the Red-wing; length seven inches. Bill ash- coloured ; plumage wholly deep greenish blue ; the feathers of the head narrow, and longer than the rest; legs lead-colour. Inhabits the Isle of France. 50.—YELLOW-FRONTED THRUSH. Turdus Malabaricus, Ind. Orn. i. 349. Gm. Lin. i. 822. Petit Merle de la C6te de Malabar, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 192. Yellow-fronted Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 60. Shaw's Zool. x SIZE of the House Sparrow, but longer. Bill black; irides yellow; general colour of the plumage fine shining green; forehead yellow; throat black; at the lower mandible a streak of ultramarine blue; wing coverts of a changeable bright blue; legs black. The female is smaller, general colour a pleasing green, inclining to yellow on the belly; throat pale sky-blue. Found on the coast of Malabar. 65 51.—CEYLON THRUSH. Turdus Zeylonus, Ind. Orn. i. 349. Lin. i. 297. Gm. Lin. i. 837. Lanius Bacbakiri, Shaw's Zool. vii. 319. Merula torquata Cap. B. Spei, Bris.ii. 299. t. 30. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 241. Turdus Ceylanticus, Spalozosk. 1. t. 5. Le Bacbakiri, Levail. Ois. ii. 65. pl. 67 Male & fem. Le Plastron de Ceylon, Bvf iii. 374. Pl. enl. 272. Green Pye of Ceylon, Edw. pl. 321. Ceylon Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 62. Id. Sup. ii. 179. Shaw's Zool. x: 2? SIZE of a Blackbird; length seven inches and a half. Bill black; crown of the head cinereous olive; from thence to the tail olive green ; over the eye a streak of yellow; chin and throat yellow; from the nostrils, through the eye, a black streak, bending forwards to the fore part of the neck, and blending itself with a deep crescent ofthe same on the breast; belly, thighs, and vent, yellow; tail cuneiform, three inches and a half long, the two middle feathers like the back, the others black, with yellow tips ; legs blackish. The female' differs, being less vivid in colour, and the crescent, though not far different, is less conspicuous. Young birds do not obtain this last distinction till of mature age. Inhabits Ceylon, and the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope, where it goes by, the name of Bacbakiri; in some cantons called Jentje bibi and Couit, Couit, from some of the notes imitating those words ; called also by the inhabitants Geele Canari-byter or Yellow Canary-eater. M. Levaillant observes, that it not only is commonly seen at large, but frequently comes into the gardens at the Cape. The male and female for the most part seen together, and make the nest among the thick bushes, the hen laying four or five eggs, on which both sexes sit by turns, and the young continue in society, with their parents, till the spring following. YOL. V. K 66 A Turdus chrysogaster, Ind. Orn. i. 350. Gm. Lin. i. 835. Merle k ventre orange du Senegal, Buf. iii. 377. Pl. enl. 358. Orange-bellied Thrush, Gen. Syn.m. 63. Shaw's Zool. x. 254. Length eight inches; Bill brown; head, chin, throat, and upper parts of the body, wings, and tail green, reflecting orange in particular lights; under parts, from the throat to the vent, bright orange; webs of a few ofthe outer quills white ; legs brown. Inhabits Senegal; supposed to be a young bird of the last. B.—L'Oranbleu, Buf. iii. 377. Pl. enl 221. Gen. Syn. iii. 63. A. The upper parts in this J&ird incline much to blue ; each feather deeper coloured on the margin ; under parts of the body orange. This appears to be a further Varii^tyv 5—ORANGE-HEADED THRUSH. Turdus citrinus, Ind. Orn. i. 350. Orange-headed Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. 145. LENGTH eight inches, and a half. Biliiidusky; head, neck, breast, and belly, orange; back, wings, and tail, gxsip; vent white; on tbe> lesser wing cOverts. a white spot; thighs, ashrcolour. Inhabits India. —This appears to vary mtueh.in colour; in some the general hue is brown, in others, blue gney; head, neck, and breast, yellow; lower bellyvand vent white, with a_pateh of white on the outer edge of the.wing^ coverts. One of the latter in the collection of the late General Davaes. Said to be found at Calcutta the whole year, but not common ; feeds on insects, and small wild fruits; not often kept tame; is called Bhawa Cnhora ; by the Benghatese, Dama; but is not allied to the Daumah Thrush, hereafter described.. In some drawings there is a triangular mark behind the eye. 67 53.—WHITE-RUMPED THRUSH. Turdus bloolor, Ind. Orn. i. 350. Gm. Lm.'u 835. ■ grillivorus, Locust-eater, Barrow. Tr. p. 255. Sturnus bicolor, Baud. ii. 311. Le Spreo, Levail. Ois. ii. 155. pl. 88. Merle brun du Cap de B. E. Buf. iii. 378. Le Spreuw, Thunb. Trav. ii. 48. Locust-eating Thrush, Barrow, Trav. in S. Africa, p. 256. 301. White-rumped Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 64. Id. Sup. ii. 179. Shaw's Zool x. 243. SIZE of a Blackbird; length ten inches. General* colour brown, with a reflection of dull green in some lights; the belly and rump white; the wings reach to about the middle of the tail. Brought from the Cape of Good HtfjSe by M. Sosnerat. Mr. Thunberg observes, that this bird is called Spreuw at the Cape of Good Hope, and that it frequently accompanies the larger cattle and sheep, in the morning and evening, picking the insects, which dropping from " the bushes upon the animals, and biting deep in their skins, stick very fast to them and occasion them great pain ;" that it is a shy bird, and makes the nest in the sides of rivers and brooks, and digs holes in the banks; observed also to feed on ripe grapes, and to fly in great flocks; often do much damage to the gardens and vineyards ; however, by sucli .feind of food the flesh is rendered very delicate; not unfrequently ffenest is found in old ruined birfldings, or holes of decayed trees; and they will sometimes rob the swallows of their nests : the eggs are five or six in number, greenish, spotted with brown. It is ^probably the; Locust-eating Thrush mentioned by Mr. Barrow : he observes, that the bird is gregarious, and makes the nest in v^Sttubinbesrs together, not greatly different from the Sociable Grosbeak, appearing-as one laa^ge fabric, big enough for a Vulture. One of these was anade on a clump of low bushes at Sneuwberg, and consisted of a number of cells, each of which was a separate nest, with a tube that led into it, through the side; and of such cells, each clump contained from six to twenty, and one roof of interwoven twigs covered the whole, like that made by a Magpie; most of them were observed to have five young birds : the eggs bluish white, with small faint reddish specks. It is said, that they chiefly feed on the larvae of the migratory locusts, following the troops of these wherever they are. It is very wild, and shy : on the approach of any one, flies away, and with many cries warns others. They also build along the banks of the Orange River, on the tall Mimosa trees, which were observed to be loaded with thousands of the nests.—Levaillant says, it is called at the Cape, Wit- gat-Spreuw (White-tailed Starling); and adds, that the female is smaller, and the young birds are even more brilliant than the adults. The bird figured by this author has the vent and under tail coverts only white, and not the rump. 54.—CINEREOUS THRUSH. Turdus Ourovang, Ind. Orn. i. 351. Gm. Lin. i. 836. Merula Madagascariensis cinerea, Bris. ii. 291. t. 25. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 239. Merle cendre de Madagascar, Buf. iii. 380. Pl. enl. 557. 2. Cinereous Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 64. Shaiv's Zool. x. 236. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill narrow, near the end brown, and beset with bristles at the base; general colour of the plumage cinereous, very dark, and inclined to greenish black on the crown ; the rest of the head, neck, breast, upper parts of the body, and lesser wing coverts, incline to olive-green; greater wing coverts, quills, and tail dark ash-colour; belly and vent yellowish ; legs brown. Inhabits Madagascar, where it is called Ourovang.—In a drawing in the collection of General Davies, the vent is red, and two of the outer tail feathers tipped with white. m 55.—GREEN THRUSH. Turdus virescens, Ind. Orn. i. 351. Gm. Lin. i. 830. Georgi, 505. Green Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 65. Shaw's Zool x. 249. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black, yellow beneath, with a brown tip; head, neck, and upper parts of the body greyish green; over the eyes a white streak; beneath them a white spot; throat grey, spotted with white; breast and sides pale rufous; belly and vent white; thighs mixed cinereous and white; some of the quills brown, others grey; tail even at the end; legs and claws yellowish. Supposed to inhabit China.—Georgi describes the above from one kept in a cage; and says, that it sang well, and was fond of Wetting itself with water, like the Starling. 56.—OLIVE THRUSH. Turdus olivaceus, Ind. Orn. i. 351. Lin.i. 292. Id. Mant. 1771. 526. Gm. Lin. i. 810. ocrogaster, Mus. Carls, iv. t. 85 ? Merula olivacea Cap. B. Spei, Bris. ii. 294. t. 22. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 240. Le Grivrou, Levail. Afr. iii. 5. pl. 98. 99. Merle olive du Cap. de B. E. Buf. iii. 381. Olive Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 66. Shaw's Zool. x. 189. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill brown ; upper parts of the plumage olive-brown, the under yellow; throat yellow brown, spotted with brown ; legs brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—Linnaeus adds, that the lore is black, parts above brownish grey; rump, and under parts ferruginous, the two middle feathers of the tail brown, the others ferruginous; and in one specimen the head was hoary.—M. Levail- lant's bird differed from that of Brisson but little, the under tail coverts were white ; the tail somewhat hollowed out at the end, but scarcely to be called forked; and the wings reach to about one-third. 70 THRUSH. The female is smaller, and the colours paler; while young both sexes have a rufous tinge in the plumage, especially on the margins of the quills; throat spotted with dusky brown, also the breast and sides. It is a bird of passage at the Cape, for the most part; yet some stay and breed, especially about Constance, or Ronde Bosch, and aW places where there are vineyards, partionlarly at the time of the grapes ripening: the eggs are laid in November, four or fiye in wumber, of a ^Feenishiwhite, spotted with red brown, especially at the large- end : the nest composed of small twigs,veined with the ■fibres of roots, and artfully fabricated. It feeds on fruits of many •kinds, soft berries, worms, larvae of insects, &c. 57—RUFOUS-BELLIED THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches and a quarter. Bill from the gape three quarters of an inch, a little bent at the tip, with a slight notch ; head, neck, and upper parts deep brown ; chin and throat paler, or ash-colour; breast, and beneath wholly bright ferruginous ; the first quill is very short, the fourth longest; tail four inches long, deep brown, the inner web and quill, and part ofthe outer web at the tip, white; and a little ofthe inner web about the middle also white; the second white on both webs, for near one inch from the tip; the .dfed OHffey: tipped with; white ; the rest of one colour ; the wings reach about halfway on the tail ; legs dusky yellow. Inhabits Sierra Leona.—In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. A.—Length eight inches and a half. Bill brown; top of the Jaead, taking in the eye on each side, black; back and wings chestnut-brown; middle of several of the quills white, forming a serrated spot; all the underpa^^frsem the chin pale rufous;.->sides under the THRUSH. 71 wings crossed with dusky lines ; tail cuneiform, four inches long, the two middle feathers deep chestnut-brown, side ones black ; the exterior one inch and three quarters long, white, except the base, which is black, the next black from the base to near thire6i*4burths of the end, which is white; the adjoining black with a white tip; legs long, stout, brown. Inhabits Africa^Iffi && collection of Mr. Bullock. 58.—RUSTY-VENTED THRUSH. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill three inches and a quarter, black, with no hairs at the base; plumage glossy blue- black, except the lower belly and vent, which are pale ferruginous, nearly white; quills brown; down the middle of the wing a large patch of white; the two middle tail feathers like the body, the others brown on the margins; legs stout, black. Inhabits India.—In the collection of Lady Clive. 59.—SURINAGUR THRUSH. LENGTH more than twelve inches. Bill three quarters ofs an inch long, a trifle bent, and not very stout, colour black ; plumage in general pale brown above, dusky white beneath ; wings, tail, and legs dusky black. Said to inhabit the Snowy Mountains of Surinagur; taken from a drawing in the collection of Sir J. Anstruther, and which is near seven inches in length, and said to be half the size of the original; the weight one-fourth of a sare, equal to about half a pound of averdupois ; and the bird of course is fourteen inches. I observe that the whole of the plumage, except the wings and tail, seems sprinkled: with minute dusky specks; its name, in the Persic tongue, is Ghurghutch. 60.—PHILIPPINE THRUSH. Turdus Philippinus, Ind. Orn. i. 338. Gm. Lin. i. 814. La Petite Grive des Philippines, Buf. iii. 316. Philippine Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 38. Shaw's Zool. x. 223. SIZE of a Blackbird ; upper parts of the body olive-brown; belly and vent yellowish white; neck and breast rufous, spotted with white. Inhabits the Philippine Islands, brought from thence by M. Sonnerat. 61.—INDIAN THRUSH. Turdus Indicus, Ind. Orn. i. 351. Gm. Lin. i. 810. Merula olivacea Indica, Bris. ii. 298. t. 31. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 241. Merle olive des Indes, Buf. iii. 384. Pl. enl. 564. 1. Indian Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 66. Shaw's Zool x. 238. LENGTH eight inches. Bill brown; upper parts of the plumage deep olive-green, the under the same, but inclined to yellow; quills brown on the inner, and olive-green on the outer webs, with the edge for two-thirds from the base yellowish ; tail olive-green; legs blackish. Inhabits the East Indies.—One in the British Museum has the chin dusky black, and is rather inferior in size. 62.—ASH-COLOURED THRUSH. Turdus cinerascens, Ind. Orn. i. 352. Gm. Lin. i. 810. <f9&- Merula cinerea Indica, Bra.ii. 286. t. 25. 3. Id. 8vo.i. 237. Merle cendre des Indes, Buf. iii. 387. Ash-coloured Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 67. Shaw's Zool. x. 207. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black, at the base a few bristles; plumage deep ash-colour, paler beneath ; greater wing coverts black, MruM with grey edges; quills the same, but the white is broader on the secondaries than on the greater ones; and the former have also part of the inner webs white; the two middle tail feathers are like the back; the next on each side black, with the margins and tips ash- colour ; the rest ofthe outer ones black; legs black. Inhabits the East Indies. A.-—Length eight inches. Bill stout and ash-coloured; head and neck dusky, the rest of the plumage of the body ash-coloured grey; belly, thighs, and vent, nearly white; wing coverts white; bastard wing black; quills black, edged with greyish white; the inner webs of the second quills black, the outer white; tail rounded, the two middle tail feathers like the back, the others black, margined at the tips with white. Inhabits India, called at Chittagong, Mudle.—Sir J. Anstruther. B.—Bill and legs black; head, neck, and breast, the same. the rest of the plumage pale bluish grey ; wing coverts and second quills dusky, outward edges blue-grey; these last have the inner webs black ; the outer and tips whitish grey; greater quills black, edged with grey; tail black, with a white tip; legs black. Inhabits India; called there Lara Dyal. 63.—GREY THRUSH. Turdus griseus, Ind. On Le Merle gris de Gingi, Grey Thrush, Gen Syn. i 352. Gm. Lin. i. 824. . Voy. Ind. ii. 193. 37. Shaw's Zool x. 241. LESS than a Blackbird. Bill yellowish white; top of head and hind part of the neck whitish; throat, fore part of the neck, 74 THRUSH. back, wings, and tail deep grey; breast, belly, thighs, and vent, very pale reddish grey; legs yellowish. Inhabits the Coast of Coromandel, chiefly seen on the ground, where it is perpetually hopping after worms and insects, which it finds in the dung of animals, whence it has obtained the name of Fouille-merde. 64.—CHARUK THRUSH. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill one inch, stout, dull yellow; general colour of the plumage rufous brown; quills and tail darker, the last even at the end; through the eye, or rather above it, a dusky white streak; on the under jaw, from the chin, a second streak, curving in the direction of it, bounded below with dusky; breast marked with some sagittal black spots; belly yellowish ; thighs and vent nearly white; tail even at the end ; wings reach one-third on it; legs oker yellow. Inhabits the Coast of Coromandel.—Sir J. Anstruther. In the same drawings is a bird, nearly similar : this has no streak over the eye, but the white crescent, bounded with black, is more conspicuous than in the other. This last was titled, a Sort of Thrush, with red feathers on the sides under the wings; but the wing being closed in the drawing, this did not appear. The name given to it was Charuk. 65.-GUINEA THRUSH. LENGTH nine inches. Bill one inch and one-eighth, whitish ; nostrils open, oval, large at the base, and the feathers come very forward; head flat at the top; colour of it, the neck, and back, pale ash; belly cinereous white; rump and vent white ; wings deep MMftrara THRUSH. 75 brown; upper tail coverts brown ; tail rather darker, rounded, but somewhat hollowed in the middle; quills reach to about half the length ; legs brown. Inhabits Africa.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. Said to nave been brought from the Coast of Guinea. 66.—WHITE-HOODED THRUSH. Traquet Coureur, Levail. Afr. iv. 116. pl. 190. SIZE of a Thrush. Bill and legs black; eyes black brown; plumage in general black, as in our Blackbird; top of the head and sides, even with the eyes, white; vent the same; tail cuneiform, all but the two middle feathers white. The female much the same, but inclined to brown. Inhabits Africa, frequenting the burning plains, and feeds on insects, especially grasshoppers. Both sexes are together for the most part, often seen on the bushes of the Plains of Nameroo; has a loud, sharp cry. In Mr. Dent's drawings is one with the back deep chocolate; round the neck black, beneath white; the whole head, to below the throat, white. 67.—SENEGAL THRUSH. Turdus Senegalensis, Ind. Orn. i. 352. Gm. L Merula Senegalensis, Bris. ii. 261. t. 22. 2. Id. 8vo. i. Le Jaboteur, Levail. Afr. iii. p. 58. pl. 112. 1. Merle brun du Senegal, Buf. iii. 385. Pl. enl. 563. 2. Senegal Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 68. Shaw's Zool. 823. 221. LENGTH eight inches. Bill brown; plumage grey brown, except the belly, sides, thighs, and under tail coverts, which are dirty white ; quills, tail, and legs brown. I &* 76 THRUSH. Inhabits Senegal.—In the one referred to in Levaillant, the irides are said to be hazel; plumage above, wings, and tail dull brown ; throat white; fore part of the neck and breast the same, with a brownish tinge; sides, belly, and thighs, pale brown ; tail very little rounded at the end. The female is smaller, and the colours more dilute. These last inhabit the interior of the Cape of Good Hope, common in the Forest of Hotthtqna J are continually chattering among the bushes, especially at the lower parts of them, near the ground ; feed on worms, &c. which harbour under the dead leaves; the nest made about two feet from the ground, among the thickest foliage, composed of moss, lined with fibres, the*eggs four or five in number, and pale browtt: the whole brood keeps together for some time, otherwise this species is not seen in flocks. In the Pl. enlum. the tail is longer than it should be, and even at the end, but in fact it is founded.—One in Mr. Bullock's Museum is one inch longer, and With a rounded tail. It differs, in having the feathers of the throat and neck fringed with dusky white. 68.—MADAGASCAR THRUSH. Turdus Madagascariensis, Ind. Orn.i. 352. Gmel. Lin. i. 823. Merula Madagascariensis, Bris. ii. 274. pl. 25. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 234. Le Tanaombe, Buf. iii. 386. Pl. enl. 557. 1. Madagascar Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 68. Shaw's Zool. x. 260. LENGTH seven inches. Bill black, base bristly ; head, neck, back, and scapulars brown ; rump greenish brown; breast and sides rufous brown; belly, thighs, and vent white; quills blackish; from the second tothe sixth, part white, part violet on the outer webs; the secondaries black, mixed with violet and green, and some of the inner ones glossed with a gilded r&fous colour ; the two middle tail feathers are green gold, the others dusky, margined outwardly with THRUSH. ff green-gold; the outer one white on the exterior margin, and the two next fringed with white; the shape of the tail somewhat forked, or hollowed out in the middle ; legs black. Inhabits Madagascar ; and is there called Tanaomb6. -MINDANAO THRUSH. Turdus Mindanensis, Ind. Orn. i. 353. Gm. Lin. i. Merle de Mindanao, Buf. iii. 387. Pl. enl 627. 1. Mindanao Thrush, Gen. SyHii^. 69. Shaw's Zool. __ LENGTH seven Inches. Bill lead^colour; head, part of the neck, upper parts and tail steel blue ; breast and under parts white; on the wing, near the edge, a longitudinal patch of white; the greater coverts* and part of the second quills being of that colour; tail cuneiform in shape; legs brown. Inhabits Mindanao.—-A bird of ihik kind had the greater quills tipped with deep changeable green, and some glossy, variable, violet spots in several parts, esp»ecUilJy at the back of the head. In the collection of General Davies is one of these, differing in the tail; all the feathers, except the two middle ones, being white. I find it also well figured among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther. In these the tail is moderately cuneiform, three inches long, and two, if not more, of the outer tail feathers white.—In a second drawing, all the under parts are CineteOus, instead of white; and tbe wings only reach to the base of the tail. These last are said to inhabit various parts of India, and called Daheer. In the Pl. enl. the tail is wholly black, and too cuneiform. 78 70—BLACK-HEADED THRUSH. Turdus atricapillus, Ind. Orn. i. 353. Lin.i. 295. Gm. Lin. i. 822. Bris. Supp. 47. t. 3. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 252. Merle k tete noire du Cap de B. E. Buf. iii. 388. Pl enl. 392. Le Batara a Amygdales nues, Voy d'Azara, iii. No. 219. Black-headed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 70. Shaw's Zool. x. 268. LENGTH nine inches. Bill black; head and neck the same, but glossy ; back, and scapulars deep brown ; rump, and upper tail coverts rufous; beneath, from throat to vent, very pale rufous; sides crossed with numerous dusky lines; wing coverts brown, some of them margined with rufous, and others with white; quills deep brown ; base of the nine greater quills white, forming a white spot; tail cuneiform, blackish ; all but the two middle feathers tipped with white, which occupies most space in the outer ones; legs brown. Said to inhabit the Cape of Good Hope; but M. Sonnini in a note observes, that it is probably a mistake of Brisson, who first mentions it. This bird is sufficiently common in Paraguay. It frequents moist places, and stagnant waters; is solitary : the female and male much alike. 71—BRUNET THRUSH. Turdus Capensis, Ind. Orn. i. 353. Lin. i. 295. Gm. Lin. i. 822. Merula fusca Cap. B. Spei, Bris. ii. 259. t. 27. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 230. Le Brunet du Cap de B. E. Buf. iii. 390. Levail Afr. iii. 36. pl. 105. Brunet Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 70. Shaw's Zool x. 216. SIZE of a Lark; length seven inches. Bill and legs black; irides hazel; head, neck, and upper parts ofthe body brown, beneath the same, but paler; belly and thighs incline to yellow ; under tail coverts quite yellow ; quills and tail deep brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—In M. Levaillant's bird the under parts, from the breast are white, the under tail coverts yellow; tail even at the end, and the wings reach a very little way beyond the base of it. The female is smaller, and paler in colour; it makes the nest in the bushes, and lays five eggs. These birds are found chiefly in the Eastern parts of the Cape, and in the inhabited places. A Variety is said to occur, which is nearly white, but the yellow under tail coverts are still conspicuous. It is a chattering species, feeds on berries and insects, and called by the Dutch, Geel-gat, or Yellow Tail. It is also met with in India, at least a slight Variety; the general colour rufous brown, beneath dirty rufous white; quills and tail brown, one or more ofthe outer feathers ofthe latter white, or at least so on the outer web ; the under tail coverts have only a tinge of yellow.—From the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther, where it is named Bulbuli-huzu-daustaun. A.—Merle k cul jaune du Cap de B. E. Buf. iii. 390. Pl. enl. 317. Gen. Syn. iii. 71. 90. Var. A. Le Brunoir, Levail. Afr. iii. 38. pl. 106. 1. This is somewhat larger than the last, and the plumage not unlike it. The head and throat black; the bill seems stronger at the base, and somewhat more curved, than usual in this Genus. The female is smaller, and the colours pale. In M. Levaillant's figure the black does not extend so far on the throat, only the head being black, and the eyelids orange; which circumstance has not entered former descriptions, but this red part is not seen in dried specimens; it is not considered by him, as a Variety. It is a lively, and chattering bird, many assembling in the evening on some bush, flying after insects, though not always so successful, or adroit, as the Flycatcher; is common about the borders of the great river, in the Namaqua country, so as to make it easy to kill fifty in a morning : the nest is made in thick bushes, and the eggs are five, of a pale olive. 80 THRUSH. The young have the yellow tail from the nest, but do not acquire the blackhead, or the orange eyelids, till after the second moult : the young Brunoir resembles the Brunet, and feeds on insecfl and berries. 72—BLACK-TOPPED THRUSH. LENGTH seven inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, stout, black, with a slight notch at the tip ; the feathers of the crown black, somewhat elongated; upper part ofthe body, wings, and tail brown, extending round the neck and the breast; beyond this the body is brownish white ; under tail coverts full yellow ; tail three inches and a half; rather rounded at the end; the first quill not half the length of the next, the fourth the longest; the wings reach rather beyond the base ofthe tail; legs black, stout. In the collection of Mr. Salt, and seems somewhat allied to the Brunet Species. 73.—HOODED THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches; weight one ounce one drachm. Bill black, three quarters of an inch long. Head in general, sides, chin, and throat, black, giving the appearance of a hood; feathers of the crown elongated, and forming a pointed crest, the points of the feathers bending forwards; on each jaw a white patch, bounded below with a triangular one of pale ash; neck behind, back, and wings pale brown ; rump much paler; breast and belly white; lower belly, vent, and under tail coverts fine yellow; tail much rounded at the end, dusky black, the feathers tipped with white; legs short, pale blue. Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. Found at Puttah, and about Robilcund. Goes by the name of Bulbul. This and the two last seem to agree in many points. 74.—CAPE THRUSH. Turdus Cafer, Ind. Orn. i. 354. Lin. i. 295. Gm. Lin. i. 820. Merula cristata Cap. B. Spei, Bris. ii. 257. t. 20. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 229. Merle huppe du Cap de B. E. Buf. iii. 393. Pl. enl 563. 1. Le Curouge, Levail Afr. iii. 44. pl. 107. 1. Gobe mouche a tete noire de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 267. Cape Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 72. Shaw's Zool. x. 298. LENGTH eight inches. Bill one inch, blackish; head a little crested, and violet black ; upper parts of the body brown, the feathers margined with grey ; fore part ofthe neck, and breast brown, glossed with violet; belly brown, the feathers edged with grey; lower belly, thighs, and rump, white; vent and under tail coverts red, and one inch in length ; quills and tail brown ; the last cuneiform, the base of it brown, the tip white; legs black. A.—In this the head and chin are black; plumage of the body, and wings brownish ash-colour, streaked with pale brown; under the body cinereous white; vent crimson; three of the outer tail feathers tipped with white. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. The last in the Museum of the late Dr. Hunter. B.—In a specimen in the collection of General Davies, the crown of the head is black ; chin dusky ash-colour ; belly and thighs pale reddish ash-colour; rump white ; vent red ; three of the outer tail feathers with the ends white, for one-fifth of their length ; at the base of the bill several hairs; besides which are four hairs which rise above the eyes, longer than any feathers of the crest; tail scarcely cuneiform. Levaillant gives much the same description, and says, the female is smaller than the male; is found among the great Namaquas 82 THRUSH. in the time of the greater heats, but the nest never has been met with ; also found in India. Both sexes are in General Hardwicke's drawings: in one said to be the male, the head is considerably crested; head, sides beyond the eyes, chin, and throat to the breast black; plumage in general brown, the edges of the feathers paler, also the under parts; quills brown ; tail rounded, dusky black, all the feathers with pale whitish tips ; bill and legs black; vent fine red ; rump pale ; the two sexes differ ; the female being paler, the crest less elevated, and the feathers shorter. The Cape Thrush is called Bulbul by the Bengalese. Many birds go by this name, but this is the proper Bulbul, and is very common at Calcutta; is called in Tamul, Kaerikourma; in the Telinga, Teglipetta: builds in thickets, and usually many in the same place ; lives on fruits ; is remarkably quarrelsome, and on that account used for fighting. The natives keep them without food for two or three days before this. The Jocose Shrike is also called Bulbul, which means Nightingale; but neither have any song, scarcely more than a chirp. i 75—GOLD-VENTED THRUSH. Le Cudor, Levail. Afr. iii. 46. pl. 107. 2. THIS has the crown, cheeks, and throat black, but the feathers not long enough to form a crest; upper parts of the body grey brown; wings deeper; under parts from the chin, and upper tail coverts dusky white; under tail coverts gold, or marigold-colour; hill black ; eyes and legs brown. This was shot on the borders ofthe Groot vis River of the Caflre country; and M. Levaillant thinks it distinct from the last described. In the collection of Sir J. Anstruther are several drawings of this bird, where it is called the Bulbul of Calcutta. HP !-l«c 83 -LONG-TAILED THRUSH nd. Orn ie Que, rSH Pl. LXXXII 820. L n. T rans. xiii. . Ina 114 196. aw's Zoo /. X. 267. pl. 2 Merle tricolor a longue <* Long-tailed Thrush, Ger, SIZE of a Lark ; length eleven inches and a half. Bill slightly notched at the tip, and black ; head, neck, back, and wing coverts, glossy purplish black ; rump white; beneath, from the breast, ferruginous orange; quills dusky black; tail greatly cuneiform; the two middle feathers six inches and a half long, the outer only two inches and a half; the four middle are wholly black, the next half black half white; the three outer ones wholly white; legs pale yellow, claws black. Inhabits Pulo Condore : also in Java; carries the tail like a Magpie. In the different drawings of Indian birds, I find all Varieties in the length of the tail, though generally agreeing in the colours of the plumage; but I suspect, that, it being in some of them called the Persian Nightingale, it is probably kept in cages; and on that account liable to have the tail more or less spoiled, as is the case with the Magpie, and other long-tailed birds. It is called in India, Suma ;# has a most melodious note, and the finest come from Beliah. Sonnerat's bird was from the coast of Malabar; in his the four middle tail feathers were black; the others half black half white. A.—Length seven inches. General colour black, from breast to vent rufous ; bill black; legs orange; tail two inches and a quarter long, even at the end, or very little rounded, the wings reach just beyond the base, some ofthe outer feathers white; name Shaumaun, a female. In another drawing the general colour is brown black ; 84 THRUSH. beneath from the breast to vent, and beneath the tail pale rufous, the last even at the end; bill and legs black ; name Thurther Kum- pee. The above from the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther; found also in Java, and there called Larwa. B.—Length eight inches. Bill dusky; general colour ofthe plumage pale olive-brown; chin, belly, and vent white; fore part of the neck and breast dusky; over the eye a white streak; rump mixed pale ferruginous and brown ; tail two inches and a half long, even at the end, brown, with paler edges; legs pale. Inhabits India, called the Persian Nightingale, and is probably the female, or young bird, not come to perfection ; but I rather suspect the former, as it was in the same drawing with one said to be a male, and called Sama. One at General Davies's, from Ceylon, has the breast, belly, and sides pale cinnapion; six middle tail feathers black, and three-fourths of an inch shorter than the others; the three outer white, with a black base; the colours divided obliquely; legs brown. One of these in the collection of the late Mr. James Daniels was named Kaputoo Kook. 77.—AMBOINA THRUSH. Turdus Amboinensis, Ind. Orn. i. 354. Gm. Lin. i. 820. Merula Amboinensis, Bris. ii. 244. Id. 8vo. i. 207. Merle d'Amboine, Buf. iii. 394: Avicula Amboinensis cinerea, Seba, i. 99. t. 62. f. 4. Amboina Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 73. Shaw's Zool. x. 204; THIS is larger than a Lark. Head, neck, and upper parts of the body reddish brown; breast, and under parts light yellow; prime quills reddish brown ; the lesser ones the same for half their length THRUSH. 85 from the tip, but from the middle to the base yellow, forming a spot on the wing; tail cuneiform ; above reddish brown, beneath golden yellow. Inhabits Amboina, and is said to sing very finely; is remarkable for flirting up the tail quite on the back in breeding season. 78—BOURBON THRUSH. Turdus Borbonicus, Ind. Orn. i. 355. Gm. Lin. i. 821. Merula Borbonica, Bris. iii. 293. t. 24. 3 ? Id. 8vo. i. 239. Buf. iii. 395. Bourbon Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 73. Shaw's Zool. x. 301. LENGTH eight inches. Bill yellowish; crown black, the rest of the head, neck, and breast, and upper part, cinereous olive, beneath olive yellow; middle of the belly whitish; greater wing coverts brown, mixed with pale rufous; quills brown, edged with the same, except three ofthe middle ones, which are plain brown ; tail brown; with two transverse brown bands near the end, one of them paler than the other; legs yellowish. Inhabits the Isle of Bourbon. 79.—GREY CATERPILLAR THRUSH. L'Echenilleur gris, Levail. Afr. iv. 47. pl. 162. 163. SIZE of a Lark, but appears much larger. Bill black; pl u- mage slaty grey, deeper on the head, and paler beneath; before and beneath the eye dusky; breast the same; from this to the vent still paler; quills brownish, edged outwardly with white; tail the colour of the back, of a singular shape, longish, but as it were doubly cuneiform; the two middle feathers are shorter than the next, and so on to the one on each side, which is the shortest of all; legs dusky. 86 THRUSH. The female is smaller, no dusky spot between the bill and eye, the two outer tail feathers margined with white. Inhabits Africa; common in the Forests of Hottniqua, on the Borders of Sondag and Swarte Kop ; always on high trees, seven or eight together, the cry like Li-it, but weak : the nest is not known : feeds on Caterpillars ; M. Levail Ian t opened sixty-six specimens, and did not find any thing else in the stomach. This bird is very full of feathers, especially on the rump, but those easily fall off, and the skin so tender and greasy, as to render it difficult to remove it without tearing. 80.—YELLOW CATERPILLAR THRUSH. Echenilleurjaune, Levail Afr.'w. 49. pl. 164. LESS than the last. Bill smaller, brown ; upper parts pale olive-brown ; the feathers tinged and tipped with yellow, and each feather waved with black ; beneath, and between the bill and eye,. yellowish white, tinged with brown, also waved with black ; greater wing coverts, quills, and tail black, margined with yellow; tail as in the last; legs brown. 81.—BLACK CATERPILLAR THRUSH. L'Echenilleur noir, Levail. Afr. iv. 51. pl. 165. SMALLEST of the three. Bill black; irides dusky brown ; colour of the plumage glossy blue black, or greenish ; inner parts ofthe quills olive-green, so as to appear beneath all of that colour ; legs black. Inhabits the borders of the Gamtoos, more particularly thm elsewhere: nest and eggs not known. Probably migratory. THRUSH. 87 These three last described, according to M. Levaillant, might form a new Genus, hanging between his Flycatcher, Tyrant, Drongo, and Curucui; for the bill is broad at the base, nostrils covered with feathers, the upper mandible bent at the tip, with a slight notch ; head large, body full of feathers, especially on the rump, so that passing the hand against the feathers upwards, they feel as sharp as pins; however this may be, the general character seems to prove their strong alliance to the Thrush Genus, under which they are here placed. 82.—JAVAN THRUSH. Ceblephyris Javensis, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 143.—Horsfield. GENERAL colour of the plumage cinereous grey; top and sides of the head and the breast lightly fasciated with grey; belly whitish ; quills and tail blackish brown, the latter somewhat forked, with a whitish band at the end. Inhabits Java, and there called Depodang-sungu. 83—LENJETTAN THRUSH. Ceblephyris Striga, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 145. LENGTH six inches and a half. Plumage above dusky cinereous, and a streak of the same behind the eye; rump pale ; wing coverts on the outer, and quills on the inner webs, margined with white at the base; exterior tail feathers white at the tips. Inhabits Java, by the name of Lenjettan. 88 L 84.—YELLOW-CROWNED THRUSH. Turdus ochrocephalus, Ind. Orn. i. 35E . Gm. Lin. i. 821. Lin. Trans, xiii. p. Sturnus Zeylanicus, Gm. Lin. i. 804. Ceylonese Stare, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 11. Yellow-crowned Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii 74. Id. Sup. 143. Brown. III. p. 50. Shaw's Zool x. 200. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill black, bent a little at the tip, at the base a few bristles; space round the eye, and a large patch on each side of the chin black; chin white; round the eye a circle of yellow ; the rest of the head fine yellow ; upper parts of the neck, back, lesser wing coverts, and rump, reddish brown, margins ofthe feathers pale; under parts, from the throat to the belly, pale greenish grey; belly, thighs, and vent, yellowish ; tail three inches and a half long, a trifle hollowed out in the middle, but each half is rounded in itself, so that the outer feather on each side is shortest; legs stout and black ; colour of the wings and tail brown, with pale edges; each portion of the tail feathers turns a little outwards. Inhabits Malacca.—From the collection of drawings of Sir J. Anstruther ; and I make no doubt is the Yellow-crowned Thrush of Brown, which is found at Ceylon : this bird has the crown of the head and cheeks pale yellow, lower part of the latter bounded by a black line, extending from the bill; breast and belly cinereous ; the first marked with white and dusky sagittal lines; quills, tail, and legs dull green. Inhabits Ceylon and Java, and is there called Tsutju crawany, also Chuchak-rawa; is frequently kept in cages, and imitates, in a very lively manner, almost every note that is whistled to it. It answers, too, to the Ceylonese Stare, which has a black streak through the eyes, and another beneath the cheeks; but the tail is there said to be barred pea-green and black, which is not the case in either of the former birds, I therefore suspect that the two latter either differ in sex from my description, or that they may prove Varieties of one and the same species. 85.—SINGING THRUSH. Turdus amcenus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 147.—Horsfield. LENGTH eight inches and a half. General plumage blue- black, scapulars and three outer tail feathers white; the two first secondary quills marked with a white band, and attenuated at the end.—Inhabits Java, known there by the name of Kacher; said to have a delightful song. 86.—BIMACULATED THRUSH. Turdus bimaculatus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 147. LENGTH seven inches. Plumage above olive-brown ; chin and forehead brown; on each side of the latter an orange spot; cheeks and shoulders yellowish ; breast, axillaries, and belly whitish ; vent yellow ; quills and tail feathers edged with olive-yellow. Inhabits Java, called Chuchak-gunung. 87.—ANAL THRUSH. Turdus analis, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 147. LENGTH seven inches. Plumage above grey brown; crown, quills, and tail, deeper coloured; beneath the body white; vent yellow. Inhabits Java, and there called Chuchak. 90 88.—STREAKED THRUSH. Turdus strigatus, Lin. Tra LENGTH six inches and a half. Plumage above obscure vina- ceous; crown and sides of the head streaked with a deeper colour; quills and tail also deeper, the feathers with pale margins. Inhabits Java. 89—EMERALD THRUSH. Turdus viridis, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 148. LENGTH eight inches. Bill yellowish lead-colour; general colour of the plumage emerald green, having a tinge of olive on the upper parts, and on the lower of yellow; chin yellowish ; inner webs ofthe quills and under parts of the tail feathers pale brown. Inhabits Java, by the name of Jjo'an. 90.—CHALYBEATE THRUSH. Turdus chalybens, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 148. LENGTH seven inches. General colour of the plumage steel black, glossed with green ; feathers of the neck stiff and pointed ;* quills and tail deep black, shape ofthe latter rounded. Inhabits Java, and called there Sling. Dr. Horsfield thinks it somewhat different from the general tribe of the Thrush Genus, as the bill is considerably arched, and convex at the sides,: with a downy covering to the nostrils, approaching to that form wbidyi&; exhibited in his Genus of Irena and Oriole. * In this somewhat resembling the Yellow-crowned Species. 91 91.—VARIED THRUSH. Turdus varius, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 149.—Horsfield. Zool. Research, plate in Vol. ii. LENGTH eleven inches. Plumage testaceous chestnut; tips of the feathers deep brown; quills brown, edged outwardly with testaceous chestnut; chin whitish, slightly variegated with brown; belly whitish, mixed with chestnut and black on the sides; vent tenderly fasciated with whitish and black ; tail brownish beneath. Inhabits Java, and there named Ayam-ayaman. Is found in great abundance in the thick forests which cover the Mountain Prahn, six or seven thousand feet above the level of the ocean, but not in any other part of Java. 92—CYANEOUS THRUSH. Turdus cyaneus, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 149. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill and legs black; plumage deep azure; head and belly black; outer edges ofthe quills and tail also black. Inhabits Java. Dr. Hoisrield thinks that this and the following might form a distinct subdivision, in which the bill is long and straight, and abruptly inflected at the extremity, and the back of it broad, corneous, and forms a rounded prominent keel. 93—YELLOW-BILLED THRUSH. Turdus flavirostris, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 149. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill yellow; plumage black; the head, collar round the neck, chin, throat, and breast before, undu- I 92 THRUSH. lated, with a steely gloss; feathers of the back white at the base. Inhabits Java, named Chiung. 94.—GULAR THRUSH. Turdus gularis, Lin. Trans. : LENGTH seven inches. Plumage in general brownish olive ; wings and tail ferruginous; chin white; belly yellow; crown of the head ferruginous grey ; axillaries yellowish ; quills within brown. Inhabits Java, there called Bres. 95.—CRIMSON-CHINNED THRUSH. Turdus dispar, Lin. Traits, xiii. p. 150. LENGTH six inches and a half. Head black ; chin crimson ; quills and tail feathers brown, outwardly olivaceous saffron-colour; belly saffron-colour; breast inclining to crimson. In the female the chin and breast are testaceous white. Inhabits Java, and known there by the name of Chiching-goleng. 96—BLUE-CHINNED THRUSH. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill stout, three quarters of an inch long, black; plumage wholly fine grass-green, inclining to olive on the fore part, and sides of the head; on each side of the base ofthe lower mandible a fine blue, glossy streak, like a whisker, or beard; the first quill one inch, shortest; and the wings, when closed, reach half way on the tail; the under part of the quills and tail pale brown ; legs stout, pale brown. Inhabits Ceylon.—In the collection of Mr. Comyns. 93 A.—Length seven inches. Bill dusky; general plumage green; the chin, and bend of the wing fine blue; legs pale blue. Inhabits Ceylon, and called there Ney-le-yah.—Mr. S. Daniels. 97.—ASH-RUMPED THRUSH. Turdus orientalis, Ind. Orn. i. 355. Gm. Lin. i. 821. Merula Indica, Bris. ii. 248. t. 31. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 217. Merle des Indes, Buf. iii. 397. Pl. enl. 273. 2. Ash-rumped Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 74. Shaw's Zool x. 264. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill black; upper parts of the plumage black; lower part of the back and rump ash-colour; sides of the head, and all beneath white; thighs grey; from the bill, through the eyes, a black streak; wing coverts blackish chestnut; the greater margined with white ; quills blackish; the greater white from the base to the middle, on the inner webs; tail somewhat cuneiform, but not strictly so; the six middle feathers are equal, the others shorter as they are more outward; the colour of them black, with a little white at the base ; the three outer ones white on each side, the fourth white only on the margin at the tip ; legs blackish. Inhabits the East Indies, where it is called Terat-bOulan. 98.—BLACK-CHEEKED THRUSH. Turdus Saui-jala, Ind. Orn. 356. Turdus nigerrimus, Gm. Lin. i. 821. Merula Madagascariensis aurea, Bris. ii. 247. t. 24. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 227. Merle dore de Madagascar, Buf. iii. 398. Pl. enl. 539. 2. Lunulated Thrush, Nat. Misc. pl. 585. Black-cheeked Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 75. . Shaw's Zool. x. 231. LENGTH five inches and three quarters. Bill black; sides of the head and throat velvet black ; plumage in general the same, but 94 THRUSH. each feather margined with yellow; quills and tail black, the last short, being only sixteen lines in length; legs black. Inhabits Madagascar, where it is known by the name of Saui-jala. 99.—ETHIOPIAN THRUSH, III 1 HI li- Turdus .Ethiopicus, Ind. Orn. i. 357. G> Le Merle noir et blanc d'Afeyssinie, Buf. iii. 406. Le Boubou, Levail. Ois. ii. 73. pl. 68. 1. 2. Ethiopian Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 78. Id. Sup. ii. 180. Shaw's Zool. x. 532. SIZE of the Redwing. Bill and legs black; plumage on the upper parts the same, the under white, with a band of white across the wing; tail rounded, but the feathers somewhat square at the ends. Found in the woods of Abyssinia, chiefly among the thickest part of the foliage, and has the note of a Cuckow. Levaillant says? the female is rather smaller, and more brown, the bar on the wings pale rufoas : young birds have no white about them,- and are lake females; his bird is. common from the Cape of Good Hope to CaJ&aria, but not in Great Namaqua Land; its ery among the thick bushes is like the word Boubou^coui, the three first syllables tbe same, the fourth rising .seven notes: the male sounds the two first, and the female answering with the two latter, so that any person may mistake these notes as issuing from one bird: they make the nest among the thorny bushes, and lay four or five eggs. 100—ABYSSINIAN THRUSH. Turdus Abyssinicus, Ind. Orn.i. 357. GmuiBipA. 824. Merle brun d'Abyssinie, Buf. iii. 407. Abyssinian Thrushi Gen Syn. iii. 78. Shaw's Zool. x. 269. SIZE of the last. The upper parts brown; quills and tail deeper bff9wn, bordered with paler; throat pale brown; under parts of the THRUSH. 95 body fulvous yellow; legs black. Found in Abyssinia, and feeds on the flowers of a kind of Olive tree, which does not bear fruit, and where it is met with in small numbers; is also fond of grapes in the season. 101.—COROMANDEL THRUSH. LESS than the Song Thrush. Bill rather stout, somewhat curved at the tip, with a few hairs at the base, and of a dull lead- colour ; irides red; plumage above dark ash-colour; crown of the head dull rufous ; forehead, sides, including the eye, the chin, and throat, white; the rest of the under parts are also white, ibut streaked with fine lines of black ; tail cuneiform, darker than the rest of the bird, and crossed with numerous blackish bars ; legs ash-colour. Inhabits China, Coromandel, and other parts of India. 102.—MARGINED THRUSH. Turdus Africanus, Ind. Orn. i. 362. Gm. Lin. i. 808. Jacq. Vog, p. -29. t. 14. Margined Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. 143. Shaw's Zool. x. 195. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill yellow, point black; plumage in general black; fore part of the neck, breast, and belly, margined with rufous brown; towards the vent with white; edge of the wings and the legs pale.—Inhabits Africa. 103.—DAUMAH THRUSH. Turdus Dauma, Ind. Orn. i- 362. Duama Thrush, Shaw's Zool. x. 193. Dauma Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. 145. View of Hindoost. ii. 267. BILL dusky; cheeks white5 crown,; hind parts ofthe neck, and back brown, marked with curved black spots; lesser wing coverts 96 THRUSH. black, checquered with white; outmost prime quill black, the rest of them rusty brown, tipped with ash ; neck before, breast, and belly white, barred with curved, black marks; tail dusky; legs yellowish. Inhabits India.—Lady Impey. It is called Cowal, from the note imitating that word: gorges fruit till torpid, and after a time flings up the stones. The Emperor forbids his army to keep the field when this bird appears. 104.—MINUTE THRUSH. Turdus minutus, Ind. Orn. i. 363. Mus. Carls, iii. t. 68. Minute Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 181. Shaw's Zool. x. 242. THIS is less than four inches in length. Bill and legs brown; general colour ofthe plumage rusty brown, beneath inclining to ash- colour ; chin whitish; two or three of the prime quills dusky, the others black, but ferruginous in the middle; many of the secondaries tipped with ferruginous, and the rest wholly of that colour; the four middle tail feathers are black, the rest ferruginous. Where this inhabits is uncertain. 105—BLACK AND SCARLET THRUSH. Turdus speciosus, Ind. Orn. i. 363. Black and Scarlet Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 146. Shaw's Zool x. 273. SIZE of a Song Thrush ; length eight inches and a half. Bill dusky black, rather stout, a little bent at the tip ; from the gape to the tip three inches and three quarters; head, neck, upper part of the back, greater part of the wings, and two middle tail feathers black; the under parts from the throat, lower half of the back, rump, and vent, a rich deep scarlet; the middle wing coverts, and the rest of the tail feathers the same, also three spots near the tips of three of the second quills; tail rounded at the end; legs black. THRUSH. 97 Inhabits India.—Lady Impey. In another of these were six or seven spots of crimson on the middle of the wing, instead of three. A.—Length eight inches. Head, throat, neck behind, and upper half of the back black; whole of the wing coverts, and outer part of the wing, as far as the middle, also black; base of the second quills, for three-fourths of the length, crimson, the rest black; base half of the greater quills crimson, the ends black; on the whole forming an irregular large patch on the middle of the wing; under parts from the throat to vent, and above from the middle of the back to the rump, crimson, also the upper and under tail coverts; two middle tail feathers black, the others black at the base and end, the rest of the length crimson ; but the outmost feather is wholly crimson; tail rounded at the end. The female has not the black head. In that sex the forehead, all the under parts of the body, rump, middle of the wing, and the outer tail feathers are yellow; upper part of the head, neck, and the back, fine blue grey; two middle tail feathers black, edged yellow, base of the others black, the rest of their length yellow; wings, except the yellow patch in the middle of the quills, black. Inhabits India, also Ceylon, called there Kaha Dombura; at Johanabad, Sat Sakheykapu.—From Sir J. Anstruther's drawings. B.—In the same drawings I observe one considerably smaller, having the appearance of an immature male bird : in this the head, and neck behind, to middle of the back are black, lower part of the back pale red; upper tail coverts, and all beneath, from the throat, white, tinged with red on the breast; wings brown, but some ofthe second quills are black on the inner half; the rest of the middle of the wing white; tail marked as in the adult male, but white where in the other it is crimson. VOL. T. O i 98 C—rln. another adult male the. general markings wfere the same, but the tail differed; the two middle feathers were wholly black; two or more on each side black at the base, the rest of the length crimson ; the others wholly crimson ; the tail rounded at the end. "** D.—Length seven inches and a half. Head, neck, half Jfcjfce back, and greater part of the wings dusky black; two middle tail feathers the same; the rest ofthe feathers crimson; the shape cuneiform; all the under parts from the throat, the middle of the wing, Und lower part ofthe back and rump crimson. More Varieties might be mentioned, but they differ from one or other of the. above but little; I observe, howevet, that in sonie, the lower belly and vent are white; and although the bill is stronger, and the bird much larger than in the Flammeous Flycatcher, yet in the distribution of colours it approaches thereto; and from a few hairs being visible at the base of some of the specimens, might easily pass for a Thick-billed Flycatcher; but the general manners are not known. 106—ASIATIC THRUSH. Turdus Asiaticus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xliv. Asiatic Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 188. Share's Zool. x. 289. SIZE of a Nightingale; length near six inches. Bill and legs black; head, including the eyes, and all the upper parts ofthe body and wings, black; but the greater quills are edged with yellow, and tjie.lesser margined with white ; the greater wing coverts have the ends white, making, when closed, a bar on the wing; above this is a shorter one of the same; alLthe under parts are yellow; tail dusky, inclining to olise-green. Supposed to inhabit China.—In the collecil5iQ& of Gen. JJavies. 107.—CAFFRARIAN THRUSH. Le Reclameur, Levail. Afr. iii. 33. pl. 104. THIS is a trifle less than the Reed Thrush. Bill horn-colour; irides deep brown ; plumage above bluish grey-brown, with a tinge of olive in some lights; beneath, with the rump, and under wing coverts yellow, inclining to orange; paler on the belly; quills dusky, edged with blue grey; tail even, the four middle feathers dusky, the rest dull yellow, with the edges dusky; the wings reach one-fourth on the tail. The female is smaller, and the colours more dilute. Inhabits Africa ; found in the forests of Hottniqua, in the Caffre land, and woods about Bruyntjes Hoogte. The nest never met with. M. Levaillant mentions an anecdote, from the note of this bird being similar to Piet, myn Vrouw, which signifies Peter, my Wife, that his servant Peter began to think seriously of the bird's uttering these words so distinctly, till it was found, that every one had the same song. The male sings melodiously in the morning and evening, and sometimes all night, whilst the hen is sitting, during which song it is easily approached, but at other times it is difficult to get near; is found chiefly in moist places, which it frequents for the sake of worms, which abound there. 108—TETUAN THRUSH. THIS is rather smaller than the White-tailed Thrash, and scarcely eight inches long. The bill a trifle more arched, and strong than in most thrushes, the upper mandible emarginated; nostrils remote from the head, almost in the middle of the bill; plumage in general above obscure mouse-colour, beneath the same, but paler; tail rather long, like that of a Shrike. O 2 1 100 THRUSH. This is a common and familiar bird at Tetuan, in Barbary, and called Chouchou, and is there a regular Bird of Passage, coming in the spring: it breeds in the garden walls, and forsakes the district before winter; feeds entirely on fruit, but is most fond of oranges ; is very impatient of confinement in a cage. In colour it corresponds most with the American Mocking Bird, and the voice, as in that, is very sonorous, and musical, much superior to any of its congeners in Europe. It is usual for the inhabitants to keep two of these at different parts of the house, or garden, where they hold as it were a dialogue with each other; the notes are amazingly loud, and harmonious, though not observed to imitate other sounds. A specimen of the above was once met with at Gibraltar, as Mr. White, from whose notes I have taken the above, informed me. 109.—CRAVAT THRUSH. La Cravatte blanche, Levail. Afr. iii. 68. pl. 115: Motacilla dubia, Nat. Misc. xxii. pl. 949. SIZE of a large Lark. Bill black; head black, passing on each side of the neck, and finishing in a crescent on the breast; at the nape, under the black, is a collar of yellow, which passes beneath the crescent on the breast, and continues to the vent; the chin and throat, within the black, are white; the upper parts of the back, wings, and rump, are yellowish, or olive-green; quills dusky brown, edged with grey; tail the same, rounded at the end, the edges greenish, the wings reach very little beyond the rump; legs dusky brown. Said to inhabit Batavia.—M. Levaillant only saw the skin of one. 101 110—WHITE-CROWNED THRUSH. LENGTH ten inches. Bill stout, black, with a slight notch at the tip; crown of the head white, mixed with grey streaks, and mottled with a little brown at the nape; sides of the head, neck behind, back, and wings, fine brown; lower part of the back, rump, and under wing coverts fine tawny orange; all the under parts of the body the same, but just under the bill brown; the same also in the direction ofthe under jaw ; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers brown, five inches long, the others tawny orange, the outer one only two inches and a halfj with a long streak of brown on the outer web; legs stout, brown. Said to be an African Species. We have observed some specimens to differ a little; in these the white crown is continued even beyond the nape, and has a mixture of black; that part of the plumage, which in others is brown, in the last mentioned is greenish black. This bird seems in many points to coincide with the following, but is a much larger species; yet we have seen one in Mr. Bullock's Museum no more than seven inches in length. One in Mr. Comyns's collection is eleven inches long. Bill from gape one inch; it answers to the above description, and the tail cuneiform; longest feather six inches; shortest three inches and a half; and this was brown on the outer web. I suspect the two middle tail feathers to have been wanting, and that they are brown. 111.—RED-TAILED THRUSH. Turdus phaenicurus, Ind. Orn. i. 333. Gm. Lin. i. 816. Motacilla pectoralis, Nat. Misc. xxii. pl. 265. Le Janfredric, Levail. Afr. iii. 54. pl. 11. f. 1. 2. Red-tailed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 31. Shaw's Zool. x. 300. THIS is a trifle larger than the Nightingale; length from seven to eight inches. Bill slender, dusky horn-colour, with a few hairs 102 THRUSH. at the base; irides chestnut; plumage above brownish olive, inclining to green ; crown rather darker; over the eyes a broad white streak; through the eye one of black, passing behind; chin, throat, breast, and rump, rufous; belly the same, but paler; in some dusky wMte; quills deep brown ; edges.of the feathers pale; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches long, the outer two "inches and a half, the two middle ones dusky reddish brown, the others fine rufous, towards the end dusky on the outer web; the quills reach half way on the tail. The female is smaller, and differs, in having the breast and tail rufous, but paler. The young birds have the hind part of the neck clouded with rufous; throat plain rufous, breast mottled with browni This is common on the south point of Africa, from Cape Town to Caffraria* as well as some other parts; also in Abyssinia. In the time of vintage is very fat, and delicate to eat, being taken in traps like the Redbreast; makes the nest about three or four feet from the ground, in low shrubs, composed of moss, and slender fibrous roots, and lays four or five pale, rufous eggs, with reddish spots, almost * covering the large end. The Cuckows of Africa lay their eggs in the nest of this bird. M. Levaillant found that of the Noisy Cuckow in one, November 10, and in the year following, 29th of October, a young bird of the Gilded Cuckow in another nest: the above Thrash may be kept tame, if taken young, fed on flies, and suffered to be at large in a room: its note is not unlike the words Janfredric- dric-dric fredric; hence the name given to it. The female only has a kind of note Tic, tic, like a Redbreast. A.—At General Davies's is a Variety six inches and a half long. Bill and legs black; plumage above mouse-colour, beneath very pale ash ; head deeper coloured than the rest; throat and breast pale rufous; upper and under tail coverts rufous ; over the eye a white streak; through the eye and cheeks a patch of black; tail much s THRUSH. 103 rounded, rufous; the two middle feathers, on the outer edges and ends ofthe others, brown ; the wings reach one-third on the tail. From the Cape of Good Hope. 112.—BRIMSTONE-BELLIED THRUSH. LENGTH seven inches. Billi:sto«t, dusky, at the base a few hairs; top and sides of the head ash-colour; rest of the plumage above olive-green; beneath from the chin pale yellow; tail rounded, the three outer feathers with the ends pale yellow, but chiefly on the inner webs; the wings reach to the middle of the tail; the first quill is half the length of the others, the second reaches three-fourths, but the fourth is the longest; legs brown. Inhabits Sierra Leone.—One similar to the above had only the chin yellow; the under parts olive-green like the upper, but considerably paler. 113—BARBARY THRUSH. Turdus Barbarieus, Ind. 0^,u^9, Grive Basteterre de Barbarie, Buf. iii. Green Thrush, Shaw's Trav. p. 253. Barbaiy Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 23.9. 313. Voy. en. Barb. i. 272. SIZE of the Missel Thrush. Head, neck, and back fine light green; wings lake those of a Lark ; breast white, spotted as in the Thrush ; rump, and tip of the tail elegant yellow; legs strong and short. Inhabits Barbary, where Dr. Shaw met with it; but he says, it is not common ; seen only in summer, in the fig season. 104 114—TRIPOLINE THRUSH. Turdus Tripolitanus, Ind. Orn. i. 329. Gm, Merle olivatre de Barbaric, Buf. iii. 404. Tripoline Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 23. 10. She Lin. SIZE of the last. Bill reddish brown; plumage above olive- yellow ; lesser wing coverts the same, but tinged with brown; greater coverts and quills black; under parts of the body dirty white; tail even at the end, and the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of it; the feathers blackish, with yellow tips; legs short, lead-coloured. Inhabits Barbary. 115.—IMPORTUNATE THRUSH. L'Importun, Levail. Afr. iii. 41. pl. 106. 2. LENGTH seven inches. Bill and legs horn-colour; plumage dull olive-green, paler beneath; quills edged with yellowish; eyes deep brown; the wings reach one-fourth on the tail. The female is smaller, but much the same colour. Inhabits Africa; common on the east coast, from Duyven-Ochs to the Bay of Lagoa, but more so in the forests of Hottniqua; not observed in the interior, nor on the western coast. Both sexes keep together the whole year; frequents, in preference, the tops of frees; has an importunate cry, especially when any one is in sight; makes the nest on the branches of large trees, and lays four or five eggs, spotted with pale olive. Its note resembles Pit-Pit, continually repeated, in every tone; and it follows the sportsman so closely, as to hinder him from pursuing other game. 105 116—RUFOUS-NECKED THRUSH. LENGTH six inches. Bill rather stout, and yellow; the head feathers elongated into a crest, hanging down from the nape behind; those of the forehead, between the bill and eye, and crown black ; the ends mixed with a portion of rufous; the whole neck and breast rufous; chin, and all beneath, from the breast, white; back, rump, and wings fine ash, or dove-colour; the two middle tail feathers are dusky, with white tips; the others more or less white for some distance from the ends; legs pale yellow. Native place uncertain.—From the drawings of Mr. Woodford. 117.—CALCUTTA THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches. Bill and legs pale; plumage in general brown; beneath pale ash-colour; chin and throat speckled with black ; wings and tail brown. Inhabits India; found in the neighbourhood of Calcutta, in cold seasons, but is not common; called at Hindustan, Desi Powai, by some named Mutchasah. 118.—RYCHILL THRUSH. LENGTH nine inches; size and shape of the Fieldfare. Bill pale brown; plumage above, wings, and tail brown; chin, belly, thighs, and vent white, with narrow, pale, dusky lines; throat and breast ash-colour, marked with large dusky black crescents; bastard wing, quills, and tail darker than the rest; the wings reach to more than half the length of it; legs like those of a Thrush, and pale brown. VOL. V. P 106 THRUSH. Inhabits India ; found at Futtehghur, in February; the country name Rychill. It seems to have some things in common with the last described. 119.—CRYING THRUSH. lit HHIil Turdus canorus, Ind. Orn. i. 336. Lin. i. 293. Gm. Lin. i. 811. Lanius faustus, Lin. i. 136. Gm. Lin. i. 311. Shaw's Zool. ii. 323. Corvus faustus, Amcen. Acad. iv. 241. Turdus Chinensis, Osb. It. 309. Merula Bengalensis, Bris. ii. 260. Id. 8vo. i. 230. Klein,70. 30. Le Baniahbou de Bengale, Buf. iii. 379. Alb. iii. pl. 19. Brown Indian Thrush, Edw. pl. 184. White-wreathed Shrike, Gen. Syn. i. 178. Crying Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 35. Osb. Voy. ii. 121. Shaw's Zool. x. 271. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill and irides yellow ; eyes surrounded with a narrow white line, extending a little way down on each side; plumage above brown, beneath paler, inclining to grey; quills and tail dusky brown, the edges of the first pale ; legs reddish. The female is ferruginous, except three of the quills, and the same number of the tail feathers, which are in great part white. This is common both in India and China, in the latter called Wamew; said to sing very loud, and from this circumstance may not unaptly be called the Crying Thrush ; feeds on rice, as well as insects, flesh, &c.; very common at Canton, and there sold for a piastre a piece. Both this and the following known in India by the various names of Ghogye, and Chotareea;* frequents clumps of bamboos; generally observed in the day time on the ground, under hedges and shady trees; the webs of the feathers, being not well connected, give a loose appearance to the plumage. How far this and the next are allied cannot well be determined ; certain it is, that they are known * Dr. Buchanan. The Coromandel crested Cuckow lays the eggs in the nest of this bird. THRUSH. 107 by names greatly similar. Dr. Buchanan has observed to me, that in the bill, and the manners likewise, they are like the Grakle; are often gregarious, and very noisy; and adds, that it is not the Baniahbow of Bengal: he mentions too, that the irides are white, with a pale yellow ring; legs pale flesh-colour, with a streak on the back, and obsolete bars on the tail. 120.—CHINESE THRUSH. Turdus Sinensis, Ind. Orn. i. 337. Lin. i. 295. Gm. Lin.i. 829. Bris.ii. 221. t.23. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 219. L'Hoamy de la Chine, Buf. iii. 316. Chinese Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 36. Id. Sup. 141. View of Hindus, ii. 267. Shaiv's Zool.x. 218. LENGTH nine inches. Bill and legs yellowish; the plumage above rufous brown, beneath rufous yellow: the middle of the belly ash-colour; over the eye a conspicuous white streak, composed of slender feathers, passing almost to the hindhead; tail rounded at the end, crossed with about six narrow bars of black. The female rufous brown above, paler beneath; head and neck streaked with brown, the middle of each feather being of that colour; above the eye a slender white line; tail brown, crossed with deeper brown bars. Inhabits China, and there called Hoamy, or, according to the notes of the late Mr. Pigou, Houa-Me, signifying a bird with painted eyebrows. It will probably be hereafter found, that the last and this are mere Varieties of one and the same Species, and I am led to think so, from observing great difference among the various drawings in the collection of Sir J. Anstruther, and others: the general length is, indeed, much the same; but in some, the streak over the eyes is indistinct, in others wholly wanting; and in few only a dusky mark between the bill and eye. The ground colour, too, differs materially 108 THRUSH. in shade; in some quite brown, in others cream-colour: I observe, likewise, that in a few, the whole body is marked with numerous transverse, narrow, dusky bars, more or less conspicuous; and in such the tail is more cuneiform, and all the feathers crossed with ten or twelve dusky bars : and further, in one specimen these bars were at least twenty in number, and the outer feather white at the tip. It seems uncertain whether all the above are allied to each other, or not, as there appear in various drawings so many gradations; this circumstance, therefore, must remain for the present uncertain. I find several names given to respective birds, viz. Gogay, Ghogy, and Gogauy; and to others Chataraea, and Chahtahroo, but these are Indian names. 121—GOGOYE THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill one inch, somewhat bent, pale brownish lead-colour, with a few weak hairs at the base; top of the head pale cinereous brown, the feathers dashed with darker brown, and these, at the back of the hindhead, elongated into a sort of crest; the rest of the upper parts bluish ash, the middle of each feather darker; all beneath rufous white ; tail very cuneiform; the two middle feathers three inches and a half long; the next one inch and a quarter shorter: the outmost scarcely one inch and a half; the two middle are pale rufous brown; the others the same, but more inclined to blue, and crossed with three or four almost obsolete darker markings; the ends of all of them, for a quarter of an inch, dusky brown ; legs pale. Inhabits India, and there called Gogoye.—Lord Mountnorris. 109 122.—PALE-EARED THRUSH. LENGTH eleven inches; size of the Missel Thrush. Bill one inch from the gape, somewhat arched above, with a slight notch at the tip; irides yellow; forehead to the crown pale ash ; from the nostrils to the eye a dusky band; behind, on the ears, an oval pale patch ; hind part of the head, upper parts of the body and wings, pale cinereous brown ; on the back, the feathers are brown in the middle; rump as the back, but paler; all the under parts rufous white; chin nearly white; greater quills dusky; tail cuneiform, the length of the two middle feathers five inches, of the outer three; the colour mostly dusky ash ; the three outer ones white; wings short, reaching only to the rump ; legs pale, and stout. Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. Found at Lucknow, in March, and at Cawnpore, in July, but with pale blue legs : this bird is probably distinct, but has some things in common both with the Crying and Chinese Thrushes. 123.—TUFTED THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches. Bill stout, lead-colour; nostrils covered by a filmy membrane, with a few slender hairs at the base; the irides yellow; head and neck black; from the middle of the crown a tuft of narrow feathers, some one inch long, and turning backwards; the upper parts of the body pale greenish grey, the under and rump yellow, deeper on the breast; wings and tail pale dusky brown; the quills dusky, with pale edges; tail two inches and a quarter long, even at the end, pale dusky, or ash-colour; legs pale blue. Inhabits India; found in the Forest of Rohilcund. 110 ^ 124.—SURAT THRUSH. Turdus Suratensis, Ind. Om. i. 338. Gm Merle huppe de Surate, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. Surat Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 38. Shai ' LENGTH eight inches. Bill pale rufous; irides red; head and neck black ; feathers of the crown narrow, long, and black, and fall on the neck; back and rump amber-colour; breast, belly, and vent, dirty grey; wing coverts changeable green; two of the secondaries, next the body, dirty grey; greater quills, tail and legs, black. Inhabits Surat. A.—Length nine inches. Bill pale orange; head dusky black; crown slightly crested* the feathers being not much elongated ; the rest ofthe upper parts dusky brown, nearly black; beneath pale ash- colour ; rump the same, but much paler towards the vent; thighs dark; quills pale brown ; tail dusky brown, tipped with white; legs yellow. Inhabits India ; called Gang-Sarru. 125.—CRESCENT THRUSH. Turdus arcuatus, Ind. Orn.i. 337. Gm.Lm.'\. 829. Corvus Sinicus, Shaw's Zool. vii. 360. Chinese Jay, Gen. Syn. i. 390. Crescent Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 37. Shaw's Zool. x. 289. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill lead-colour, the tip pale; plumage on the upper parts reddis^brown; over the eye a white streak; lore and chin white; cheeks black, passing in a crescent on the fore thrush: 111 part of the neck; on the ears, within the black, a patch of loose white feathers; hind part of the neck, and breast reddish; belly reddish white; vent white ; tail much rounded, or rather cuneiform, at the end of each feather an oval spot of white, bounded above with black; legs lead-colour. Inhabits China.—In the collection of the late Capt. Broadley. 126,-BLUE-GREY THRUSH. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill stout, dusky, base pale; plumage above pale blue grey, paler on the rump; beneath greyish white, with numerous curved, dusky marks; over the eye a white streak, from the nostrils, passing towards the hindhead; wings dusky black, the margins of the feathers pale; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers three inches long, the outer one inch and three quarters; colour dusky black, the three outer ones more or less white at the ends; legs lead-colour: the wings reach one-third on the tail. Inhabits India.—General Hardwicke. One greatly similar tp the above, if not the same, had lines of black down the shafts of the feathers on the upper parts, otherwise one description might serve for both; the vent greyish white. Said to have come from India.—In the collection of the late General Davies. 127.—EASTERN THRUSH. LENGTH seven inches. Bill stout, broad at the base, black; head and neck black ; the back and wing coverts pale blue grey; beneath, from the breast, pale cinereous, nearly white on the belly; greater quills black ; from the base, on the inner webs, to the middle, white; second quills dusky, with pale edges and tips; tail rounded, ! 112 THRUSH. black; the three outer feathers white at the ends, occupying most space on the exterior; legs black. One, supposed to be the female, had the upper parts ash-coloured brown; beneath rufous white, crossed with numerous dusky, narrow bands, three or four on each feather ; tail as in the former, but four of the outer feathers white at the ends, and the exterior white on the outer web, to near the base; tail coverts very long; the outer quill one inch shorter than the next. Inhabits Ceylon.—In the collection of Mr. Comyns. 128—BLACK-FACED THRUSH. Turdus Shanhu, Ind. Orn. i. 337. Gm. Lin. i. 814. melanops, Gm. Lin. i. 829. Black-faced Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 37. Shaw's Zool. x. 292. SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill dusky, at the base above a set of erect hairs, and a few straggling ones at the gape ; head, lower part of the neck, breast, and belly grey ; back and wings greenish brown; round the eye, the chin, and throat black: on the ear a large spot of white; legs brown; in some birds the forehead is not black. Inhabits China: common in the woods; lives chiefly on insects; known by the name of Shanhu. One, among the drawings of the late Mr. Pigou, was called San-coo. I 129—BLACK-NECKED THRUSH. Turdus nigricollis, Ind. Orn. i. 349. Gm. Lin. i. 830. Black-necked Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 60. Shaw's Zool. x. 288. LENGTH nine inches. Bill dusky; irides brown; head, chin, and nape, white; at the base of the bill a yellow streak, passing beneath, and including the eye, but not appearing above it; neck THRUSH. 113 black; upper part of the back, and scapulars ferruginous brown; the lower dusky black, inclining to ferruginous on the rump; beneath the body brown, except the breast and thighs, which are yellowish ; all the quills black, but the secondaries have white tips; tail cuneiform, deep lead-colour, almost black; legs dusky. Supposed to inhabit China. Met with among the collection of drawings in the possession of the late Captain Broadley, and appears to be a beautiful bird. 130.—CHANTING THRUSH. Turdus Boubil, Ind. Orn. i. 349. Gm. Lin. i. 830. Le Boubil de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 193. Chanting Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 61. Shaw's Zool. x. 205. LESS than our Blackbird. Bill yellowish grey; irides brownish; general colour of the plumage that of Umber; behind the eye a longitudinal black band, which extends half way down the neck ; legs yellowish grey. Inhabits the southern .Provinces of China: said to be the only bird in this vast empire, which has any thing like a song, hence it has gained the name of Nightingale: called at Canton, Boubil. 131.—SPECTACLE THRUSH. Turdus perspicillatus, Ind. Orn. i. 349. Gm. Lin. i. 830. Merle de la Chine, Buf. iii. 368. Pl. enl 604. Spectacle Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 61. Shatv's Zool. x. 235. pl. 23. LENGTH eight inches. Bill blackish; upper parts ofthe body greenish grey; head and neck cinereous, inclining to brown on the breast; forehead black, passing round, and beneath each eye, not unlike a pair of spectacles ; upper part of the body, and two middle I ~1 114 THRUSH. tail feathers greenish brown; side ones much darker; in shape a little cuneiform; breast and belly dirty yellowish white ; legs yellow. Inhabits China. 132 —WHITE-FRONTED THRUSH. Ir'tlKiiS Turdus albifrons, Ind. Orn. i. 354. Gm . Lin. i. 822. White-fronted Thrush, Gen Syn. iii 71. Shav v's Zool. LENGTH almost seven inches. Bill deep lead-colour, with a few bristles at the base; on the forehead a white spot; head, neck, and upper parts deep lead-colour, almost black; beneath dirty, yellowish buff; legs brown. Inhabits Dusky Bay, in New Zealand; also in Charlotte Sound; called by the natives, Gha-toi toi.—Sir Joseph Banks. A.—Length six inches. Plumage above black; on each side of the forehead a white spot; beneath white; tail black, the feathers a little pointed, beneath ash-colour. One of these had the middle ofthe belly blaek : probably differing in sex. This came from the South Seas. B.—Another from New-Holland, in the collection of General Davies, had the head black ; a white spot on the forehead ; round the neek, and all beneath white ; bill pale yellow ; legs reddish. 133— BAY THRUSH. Turdus lH$tf$pi«:.$tri. Orn. i. 335.. Gm. Lin. i. 815. Bay Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 35. Shaw's Zool. x. 241. SIZE of a Song Thrush; length eigM inches and a half. Bill one inch and a quarter, notched at the tip, and of a reddish pearl- THRUSH. 115 colour; plumage in general rufous brown ; quills edged with dusky; tail dusky, and rounded at the end; legs dusky black. Inhabits the Island of Ulietea.—Sir Joseph Banks. 134—LONG-BILLED THRUSH. Turdus longifostris, Ind. Orn. i. 352. Gin. Lin. i. 823. Long-billed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 67. Shaw's Zool. x. 302. LENGTH nine inches and a half. Bill one inch and a half moderately bent, brownish flesh-colour, near the tip an obscure notch ; at the gape a few weak, black hairs; tongue the length of the bill, and jagged at the end; visage somewhat elongated; feathers of the head short, and pointed; eyelids surrounded with small, feathery tufts ; upper parts of the body pale olive-brown ; over the eye a pale, yellow streak; wing coverts, and quills margined with yellow, and the rump is also yellowish ; all the under parts pale brimstone-colour ; tail much rounded in shape, or somewhat cuneiform, the two middle feathers being three inches and a half long, the outer one two inches and a half; the two middle are brown, with pale ends; the others dull yellow, with white shafts; legs one inch and a half long, dusky black ; shins quite smooth, except the bottom next the joint; toes long, hind claw large. Inhabits the Island of Eimeo. Some of these birds, from York Island, had a greater mixture of pale buff on the wing coverts, were also mottled with dusky, and buff throughout: these were probably young birds.—Sir Joseph Banks. 135—BLACK AND ASH-COLOURED THRUSH. SIZE of a Blackbird; length almost nine inches. Bill from the gape seven-eighths of an inch, yellow; eyelids yellow; head, 116 THRUSH. 1 neck, breast, wings, and tail, glossy black ; back, rump, upper tail coverts, belly, vent, and under tail coverts, bluish ash-colour; legs yellow. Native place unknown.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. 136—THORN-TAILED THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches. Bill rather stout, and black; plumage above dusky, mixed with rufous brown ; wing coverts deep brown, with the ends ash-colour, giving the appearance of spots; quills brown, with the greater part of the edges pale rufous brown ; middle of the back and rump plain rufous brown; beneath, from chin to vent, ferruginous; middle of the belly white; tail cuneiform, plain cinereous brown, full three inches in length, the ends of each feather narrow, and the shaft Continued in a point for half an inch or more, very stiff, and sharp. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Mr. Harrison; one, probably the same, I met with in the possession of Mr. Leadbeater] with the bill about half an inch long; plumage above black, mixed with ferruginous chestnut; across the wing coverts two chestnut bars; the second quills the same, on the outer web, from the middle to tbe end ; tail as described above ; legs black, very stout, and the claws large and strong, especially the hind one. 137.—PACIFIC THRUSH. Turdus pacifieus, Ind. Orn. i. 338. Gm. Lin. i. 814. Pacific Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 38. Shaw's Zool. x. 278. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill dusky; plumage above ash-colour; sides of the head beneath the eye, and all the under parts brownish white ; between the bill and eye a dusky streak; sides of Ik^b THRUSH. 117 the neck and breast much inclined to brown; tail black, tipped with white; legs dusky. Inhabits the Friendly Isles.—Sir Joseph Banks. 138.—SANDWICH THRUSH. Turdus Sanduicensis, Ind. Orn. i. 338. Gm. Lin. i. 813. Sandwich Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 39. Shaw's Zool x. 202. SIZE of the last. Bill dusky; plumage above pale brown ; forehead, and under parts cinereous white; belly, and lower part of the thighs pale brown; tail even at the end; legs dusky. Inhabits Sandwich Islands.—Sir Joseph Banks. A.—I observe a similar one among Mr. Dent's drawings; this is seven inches long. Head deep ash-colour; through the eye an obscure grey line ; neck behind, and back deep brown; the forehead, from the chin to the breast, under tail coverts, and knees cinereous grey; belly, thighs, and vent, rusty brown. 139—NEW-ZEALAND THRUSH. Turdus Australia, Ind. Orn. i. 338. Mus. Carls, iii. t. 69. New-Zealand Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 178. Shaw's Zool. x. 219. SIZE of a Song Thrush. Bill and legs black; general colour of the plumage dusky black; breast and belly white; but the base of the feathers black. Inhabits New-Zealand. I 118 140.—BOCHRIT THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Plumage brown; chin and throat dull ferruginous and the belly marked with spots of that colour. Inhabits Java, by the name of Bochrit.—Dr. Horsfield thinks it greatly allied to the New-Zealand Species, though differing in the under parts. 141 .—GREY-HEADED THRUSH. LENGTH about seven inches. Bill dusky, a trifle bent towards the tip, with a few short hairs at the base; irides hazel; over them a pale ferruginous tinge, and beneath a blackish one; the head and sides of the neck pale, dusky blue grey ; hind part of the neck, the back, and wings pale brown ; rump and tail the same, with a bluish' grey tinge ; chin, throat, breast, and belly, dusky white; towards the vent bluish ; tail full two inches long, even at the end ; the wings reach only to the base; legs dull blue. Inhabits New South Wales; is a solitary bird, and has a melodious note, not unlike that of a Thrush, but does not warble. 142—CRESTED YELLOW THRUSH. Turdus Australasias, Aui Le Merle jaune huppe a dasian Thrush,, Nat. Misc. pl. 1013. vate et Queue noires, Levail Afr. iii. 72. pl. 117. SIZE of the Missel Thrush. Bill and legs dusky; head feathers elongated, so as to form a crest; head, neck, and beginning of the THRUSH. 119 back, fine yellow; from the breast the same, but the chin, throat, fore part of the neck, wings, and tail, are glossy black; eye surrounded with a naked, red skin, elongated before and behind ; tail cuneiform, as long as the body, and the wings do not reach much beyond tbe base of it; legs dusky. Supposed to inhabit New South Wales. Seen in a collection at Amsterdam. 143.—RUSTY THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches, breadth eleven. Bill thick, with a few hairs at the base ; under mandible stout, inclining upwards; plumage in general deep rufous; quills dusky; tail three inches and a half long, black ; legs black ; the wings, when closed, reach a little beyond the rump. A specimen in the collection of Mr. Thompson, but from whence unknown. 144._WHITE-JAWED THRUSH. SIZE of a Blackbird; length ten inches. Bill black, and somewhat;bent; plumage in general black ; the feathers of the head elongated into a crest; on each jaw a large, oval, white patch; the belly, before the legs, mixed with a little white ;• tail fSDtfjferm, the four middle feathers plain, the others tipped with wfrjte. Native place unknown.—In the collection of Mr. Harrison. 145—NEW SOUTH WALES THRUSH. UENGOFH nine inches. Bill black, slightly natehed at the tip, but with no bristles at the base; top ofthe head ash^colour, with a 120 THRUSH. brown line down the shaft of each feather; body above greenish yellow; chin full yellow; the rest.beneath pale ash, tinged with olive, and marked down the shafts with obsolete dusky streaks; under wing coverts, and quills olive-green, within dusky brown; tail the same, four inches and a half long, rounded at the end, the wings reach to the middle of it; legs longish, brown. Inhabits New South Wales.—M. de Fichtel. 146.—RESTLESS THRUSH. Turdus inquietus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xl. Restless Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 181. Shaw's Zool. x. 263. SHAPE slender. Bill black, rather long, and a trifle curved at the point; tongue sharp; plumage, on the upper part of the body, black, on the under white ; tail a trifle forked at the end; legs black- Inhabits New-Holland. Said to be a restless species. 147.—DILUTE THRUSH. I Turdus dilutus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xl. Dilute Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 182. Shaw's Zool. x. 208. BILL straight, bluish ; head, neck, and rump, blue-grey; back N and wings pale brown J under parts of the body bluish white; tail dusky, pale brown; legs bluish. Inhabits New-Holland. 148.—HARMONIC THRUSH. Turdus harmonious, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xli. Harmonic Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 182. Shaw's Zool. x. 217. LENGTH ten inches. Bill half an inch, stout, and black, notched at the tip ; plumage above cinereous brown; over the eye a ferru- THRUSH. 121 ginous streak ; beneath it, from the gape to each jaw, another; the under part of the body dusky white, streaked with dusky; quills as . the back, dusky within ; tail four inches long, even at the end, but when spread, appearing rather hollow in the middle, the colour <rinereous; shafts of the quills and tail feathers white. Inhabits New-Holland; has gained the name from its harmonious note; is also called the Port Jackson Thrush; yet is different from one, which goes by that name, in White's Voyage. In some specimens the bill and legs are dark horn-colour, with the bill somewhat smaller; and such is the one described in the General Synopsis above quoted. 149.—PORT-JACKSON THRUSH. rdus badius, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xli. •t-Jackson Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii Zool.x. 198. 183." White's Voy. pl. in p. 157. Shaw's THE top of the head in this bird is bluish grey; from thence, down the hind part of the neck, and back, fine chocolate brown ; wings and tail lead-colour, the edges of the feathers pale; tail pretty long, and even at the end ; all the under parts, from chin to vent, dusky white; but the middle of the neck, just above the breast, inclines to chocolate; the bill is dull yellow; legs brown. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackson, in New South Wales. 150.— PRASINE THRUSH. Turdus prasinus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xli. Prasine Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 183. Shaw's Zool. x. 236. SIZE of a Song Thrush. Bill dusky, both mandibles somewhat curved ; irides red ; general colour of the plumage pale slaty blue, 122 THRUSH. marked on the wing coverts with black ; the inner part of the quills is also black; chin white ; belly dirty, pale yellow oker ; below each ear a large, oval, dusky black patch'; tail wholly black; legs dusky yellow. Inhabits New Sotttfo'^Waies; met with in December. One of these, amoffg'fbe drawings of Mr. Francillon, had, instead d^ the dusky black patch beneatifoffhe eye, a series of small black spots; tail rather long, and all but the two middle feathers white at the ends; irides red. This probably differs in sex. 151.—VOLATILE THRUSH. Turdus volitans, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xli. Volatile Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 183. Shaw's Zool. x. 290. LENGTH nine inches, shape slender. Bill rather slight, and black; head, neck, upper parts of the body, and tail black; under parts white; tail long, even at the end ; the wings, when closed, reach to the middle of it; legs slender, dusky. Inhabits various parts of New-Holland, and is not uncommon ; observed to hover, frequently in company with a bird of the Grosbeak GeMis, about two feet from the ground, making sudden darts on something, which, by attention, was found to be a sort of worm, which this bird, by a chirping note, and tremulous motion of the wings, with the tail widely expanded, seemed to fascinate, or entice out of its hole in the ground: the account adds, that the bird itself is, in its turn, equally fascinated by a snake; but this, if true, does not seem peculiar to the Species, as we find it recorded of other birds. Among the drawings of Mr. Lambert is one, which corresponds greatly, but differs in having the middle of the belly and thighs dusky blaek; and the tail, which is four inches long, tipped with white. THRUSH. 123 Another of these, supposed to be a female, was brown above, with a tinge of olive on the head and wings ; forehead, and all beneath white; tail rather shorter; the tips of all the feathers white; bill and legs black; irides blue in the two last: they are both represented as standing on the ground. 152.—FLYCATCHING THRUSH. Turdus Muscicola, Ind. Orn. Sup. xliii. Flycatching Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 185. Shaw's Zool x. 296. SIZE of a Song Thrush; length ten inches. Bill bent a trifle at the tip, and brown, at the base a few hairs; irides dark brown ; the head, and sides of it beneath the eye, hind part of the neck, and back bluish black; chin, and all the under parts, white; wings and tail brown; legs brown; the wings reach a little beyond the rump. Inhabits New South Wales, called there Bana-will-will: said to feed on flies, and other insects: seems much allied to the last. Among the collection of drawings of Mr. Francillon, is one with the wings and tail, thighs and legs, black. 153.—LIVELY THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches and a half. Bill and legs black; general colour of the plumage black; over the eyes a streak of white; under wing coverts barred black and white; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers being rounded at the end, and longer in proportion. Inhabits New South Wales : is a lively, active species, and seems in many things to approach to the Volatile Thrush; but, from the shape of the tail, is certainly a differenfeibfed. R 2 124 154.—AUSTRAL THRUSH. LENGTH six inches or more. Bill stout, brown, with a slight notch at the tip ; plumage above greenish brown; beneath very pale brown, approaching to white on the belly and vent; chin whitish, obscurely marked with small dusky waves; quills dusky, the lesser edged with tawny, the larger with white; the first very short, the next near half an inch shorter than the third, but the fourth is the longest of all; tail a little hollowed at the end; general length three inches; legs slight, black; the wings reach three-fourths on the tail. Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. 155.—BLUE-CHEEKED THRUSH. Turdus cyanous, Ind. Orn. Sup. xiii. Blue-cheeked Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 184. SIZE of the Missel Thrush ; length about eleven inches. Bill and legs slate-colour; plumage above pale green; beneath pure white; the eye placed in the fore part of an oval patch of blue; quills dusky rust-colour ; tail rounded, or slightly cuneiform. Inhabits New-Holland, but is there rare : has a singular whistling note, and is often seen pursuing smaller birds. 156—BLACK-BROWED THRUSH. Turdus melanophrys, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xiii. Black-browed Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 185. Shaw's Zool x. 206: LENGTH eight inches. Bill three quarters of an inch, reddish; nostrils covered with a membrane, at the front of which the opening THRUSH. 125 appears, and behind covered with reflected velvety feathers; tongue short, but brushy at the end; in this approaching to the Honey-eater; under the eye a yellow streak, behind which is a bare red space; and above it, between the nostrils and eye, the parts appear to rise into a yellowish ridge, margined above with black; the red spot is also edged with black; on each side of the jaw a dusky streak; the general colour of the plumage olive-brown, with a yellowish tinge, somewhat paler beneath; wings and tail darker, the last more than three inches long, nearly even at the end; legs red. Inhabits New South Wales, and there called Dilbong, and Dil- ring.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. One of these, thought to be a female, had the bill and legs yellow; between the bill and eye a yellow spot of short, bristly feathers; the space otherwise rather dark; the round red spot behind the eye wanting; plumage in general greenish olive, much paler, and changing almost to yellow beneath; quills and tail brown. In another specimen I observe the outer tail feather to be one inch shorter than the rest; but whether a common occurrence, does not seem certain. 157—SOOTY THRUSH. Turdus fuliginosus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xiii. Sooty Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 185. Shaw's Zool x. 195. SIZE of a Song Thrush. Bill pale, shaped as in that bird; tongue sharp; general colour of the plumage dark, greenish brown; chin, and fore part of the neck pale grey; the breast marked with large dusky spots; tail even at the end; legs yellow. 158—BLACK AND WHITE THRUSH. THE bill in this bird is yellow; plumage in general black and white; head, neck, and under parts white; wings black, but the 126 THRUSH. bend, streak down the coverts, and communicating bar across the wing, are whiter tail the same, with a bar of black near the end; legs dusky. Inhabits New Sotrth ?Wales.—General Davies. 159.—MASKED THRUSH. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill dusky; lore, chin, and throat glossy black; over the eyes a streak of white; below each jaw black; wings spotted with.«\§feite on the coverts; breast ash-colour; belly dusky white; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers brown, with a spot at the end, and the very tip white; the others with a black bar, of one inch* in breadth, the ends white; the wings reach scarcely beyond the rump. Inhabits?New-Holland.—Mr. Lambert. 160.—YELLOW-CHINNED THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches. Bill strait, dusky; top of the head dusky ash, with blackish streaks; chin yellow; on each side, from the gape, a broad oval mark, or streak, passes under each eye; at the end of this a yellow spot; the nape, hind part of the neck, back, wings, and tail olive green; head, neck before, and under parts of the body ash-colour, very pale towards the vent; crown and breast streaked with dusky; quills dusky within, edged outwardly with yellowish, and reach a quarter way on the tail, which is three inches in length; legs dusky ash, rather long. Inhabits Van Diemen's Land, New-Holland. L irraa 162.—FRIVOLOUS THRUSH. Turdus frivolus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xliii. Frivolous Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 186. Shaw's Zool. x. 269. BILL black; body above, and wings brown; beneath white; sides of the neck and breast inclining to rufous, and under the wings to yellow; forehead, and half the crown, mixed cinereous and white; quills somewhat paler, and the tail darker than the rest of the plumage; the last rather shorter; legs lead-coloured; Found at Port Jackson,Kwith the last. 163.—BLUE-HEADED THRUSH. Turdus cyanocephalus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xliii. Blue-headed Thrush, Gen. Syn: Sup. ii. 185. Shaw's Zool. x. 234. LENGTH seven or eight inches. Bill stout, blue, tip black; top of the head, including the eyes, deep blue; back, wings, and 127 161.—BROWN-CROWNED THRUSH. Turdus tenebrosus, Ind. Oni. i. xiii. Brown-crowned Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 184. Shaw's Zool x. 297. THIS is about six inches long. Bill and irides pale blue; crown and nape brown; back and wings deep chocolate, nearly black; the quills edged with white; chin black, from thence to the vent white; but the sides of the body, next the wings, and crown of the head are brown ; beneath the eye numerous, warty, rufous excrescences; the tail brownish black, ends of the feathers white; the wings reach three-fourths on the tail; legs black. Inhabits Port Jackson, in New South Wales^s—Mr. Francillon. I 128 THRUSH. tail brown; the quills darkest, and tipped with white; under parts of the body, from the chin, yellowish white, crossed with many fine lines of black next the wings; tail rounded, the outer margins of all the feathers marked with triangular spots of white; legs blue. Inhabits New South Wales ; name and manners unknown. 164.—BLUE-CROWNED THRUSH. LENGT(j seven inches and a half. Bill and legs dusky yellow; top of the head, including the eyes, and nape, deep blue; the rest of the parts above olive brown; chin and throat white; sides of both deep ferruginous; belly pale, dirty rufous, towards the vent dusky white; quills deep rufous brown, with white shafts; the tail dusky bluish, two inches long, rounded at the end; the quills reach to ,about one-third. Inhabits New-Holland with the last, to which it is probably allied. 105— CRIMSON-FRONTED THRUSH. LENGTH seven inches. Bill sharp, black; forehead crimson, mixed with, brown; the rest of the upper parts olive brown, the under pale dirty oker; lower part of the back mixed, or patched, with crimson ; quills and tail lead-colour; the last three inches long, and even at the end; the quills reach to about one-third; legs long, and brown. Inhabits New-Holland.—Mr. Lambert. L 129 166—MAXILLARY THRUSH. Turdus maxillaris, Ind. Orn. Sup. xliii. Maxillary Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 186. Shaw's Zool. x. 206. LENGTH ten inches. Bill brown, both mandibles slightly curved; irides orange; crown ofthe head black, passing between the bill and eye on each side, and ending in a large patch below the jaw; hind part of the neck dull blue; back, wings, and tail brown, with a greenish brown tinge; on the shoulders mixed with black and green ; all the under parts of the body pale bluish white; tail even at the end, the tips of all the feathers white; legs yellow. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port-Jackson, in New South Wales. A.—Length nine inches. Bill yellow; forehead dull grey; top ofthe head black, curving down to the lower jaw, where it is dusky; within this dusky and grey mixed; back of the neck, chin, and beneath as far as the breast, the same; belly and vent pale dusky ash-colour; back the same, but deeper; shoulders, and outside of the wings dusky, nearly black; quills dusky black, fringed outwardly at the tip with white; middle ofthe outer web of the second quills greenish yellow; tail rounded, deep brown, the end for one- fourth white, which occupies most space on the outer feathers; the two middle ones being only tipped with white; legs yellowish brown. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Mr. Harrison. 167.—BEARDED THRUSH. LENGTH eight inch es. Bill black, and bent downwards at the tip; tongue poin ted; irides bl ne; crown ofthe head, and all VOL. V S _^__^ 130 THRUSH- beneath from the chin, fine yellow; sides of the head deep chocolate brown, continuing in a streak on each side of the lower jaw; hind part of the neck, back, and wings, much the same, but the back deepest; quills and tail rufous brawn,«^e-.feathers of the latter equal in length, but somewhat divided in the middle; legs slender, brown. Inhabits $eWTrHolland. Met *fj$l at Port-Jackson inDeceinber; has the manners of a Thrush, and as some latitude must be given to birds from that part of the world, jnay be ranked as one ; otherwise, f^€bGprK%$ttre of the bill exceeds that of most individuals of this Genus ; perhaps belonging to the Honey-eat$f$$ j 168—BUFF-COLOURED THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches. Bill bent, stout, three quarters of an inch long, yellow; general colour of the plumage cinereous buff- colour ; head, neck, and breast, paler; back, wings, and tail, inclining to pale brown; tail four incfees>J#ng,, cuneiform, but the I feathers of it, and the quil Is, darker than the r§§t ofthe bifl$;jbase of the tail paler ; legs stout, yellow, claws^short, and seem calculated i&Eiscratehing in the ground; the wings reach just to the base ofthe -tail.4**Inhabits New .South Wales. 169.—PUNCTATED THRUSH. • Turdus punctatus, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xli v.: f Punctated Thrush, Gen. Syn.-Sup. ii. 187. Zool. N. Holl p. 25. No. Zool. x. 202. LENGTH nearly ten inches. Bill notched, not very stout, black; general colour of the plumage brown, inclining to olive, the . feathers 1pjarked dpwDfi^he middle with a darker streak ; breast ash- :»«oloftr; .bfeft# Bftle jri%js, buff, with a blacl$}{n$|\k near the enAiof' 170.—SORDID THRUSH. Turdus sordidus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xliii. Sordid Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 186. Shaw's Zool x. 238. LENGTH seven inches. Bill one inch, strong, pale blue, and bends downwards; general colour of the plumage greenish ash inclining to brown, paler beneath ; wings and tail black; onthe outer edge a long streak of white, arising from the outer webs of the second, third, and part ofthe fourth quills, being of that colour, for 1 THRUSH. lg0U each feather; over the eye a white streak, reaching backwards for an inch ; chifi^ahd throat white; on each side ofthe latter a feiiruginous streak, beginning half an inch fh>m the gape ; lesser wing covtertlj ash, with a black streak at the end of each, and in the middle of this streak, at the very tip, a white spot; greater wing coverts, and bastard wing the same, but the streaks and spots larger; quills dusky, some of the lesser ferruginous outwardly, but most of them have the edges paler; tail greatly cuneiform; the two middle feathers ash-colour; the others black, largely marked with white at the tips, having most white as they are more outward; upper tail coverts long, reaching half way on the tail; the under ones brownish buff, with a black streak down the shafts, and the tips white ; the'vitngs reach butHittle beyond the base of the tail; legs pale yellowish horn-colour. Inhabits New-MfiRd>llandi The other sex is eleven indites long. Bill black; chin and throat the same: on each side ofthe last a patch of white ; plumage above brown; wing coverts black, beautifully dotted with white; under parts of flhte body riirotis white; nSiddle of the belly white, and all beneath marked with longitudinal, black spots ; tail' cuneiform ; the two middle feathers frWinches long, the outer three inches and a half; those in the middle brown, the others white ffor one-fourth from the tips.—Found with the other in New-Holland, supposed to be the male. 132 THRUSH. nearly the whole of the length ; tips of all but the two middle tail feathers, white; the wings are long, reaching almost to the end of the tail; legs moderately stout, black, the outer and middle toes united at the base. Inhabits New-Holland.—In the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. 171.—BLUE-WINGED THRUSH. Loxia cyanoptera, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xlvi Blue-winged Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. Sup. '. 197. SIZE of a Bunting; length seven inches. Bill strong, bluish, round the base of it to the eyes very dark brown, nearly black; the rest of the body cinereous brown, paler beneath; wings and tail very deep blue, but the base of some of the outer quills white, forming a spot on the wing ; tail somewhat rounded at the end, the ends of all the feathers white ; legs blue. Inhabits New-Holland, where it is said to be rare, as I have only heard of two specimens.—General Davies. The Sordid Thrush and this seem to coincide somewhat with each other; but we are not without our suspicions of the latter proving to be allied at least to the Jew Tanager, hereafter described. In short, in the shape of the bill, it approaches rather to that Genus than any other, though the bird is said to have the manners of a Thrush, in which Genus we have at present placed it; leaving the matter open to future investigation. 172.—SHORT-WINGED THRUSH. Turdus brachypterus, Ind. Orn. Sup. xliii. Meriou, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixviii. Short-winged Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 187. Shaw's Zool x. 221. LENGTH about ten inches. Bill and legs dusky ; at the gape, and before the eyes, a few black bristles; irides bluish ; general mm ! THRUSH. 133 colour of the plumage pale brown, inclining to ash-colour beneath ; breast obscurely marked with narrow waves; chin, and down the middle of the belly, dusky white ; tail cuneiform, pretty long, but the wings remarkably short, reaching scarcely to the rump. Inhabits New South Wales, chiefly seen on the ground, or at most making very short flights, being unable to accomplish long ones, from the smallness of the wings. A specimen in the collection of Lord Stanley answered in every respect, but was much smaller, being only seven inches in length : this seemed to arise chiefly from the tail, which measured only three inches. 173— MURINE THRUSH. .LENGTH seven inches and three quarters. Bill three quarters of an inch, strong, with a slight notch at the point, colour black; at the base of the upper mandible four stout hairs, or bristles, curving inwards on the under mandible ; plumage in general mouse-colour, the head darker, more inclined to brown, and the feathers of the crown somewhat elongated; beneath, from the breast to vent, white; tail three inches long, rounded, deep brown, the feathers rather paler at the end: the wings reach to about the middle; legs stout, black. Inhabits New South Wales.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. 174.—SPOTTED-SHOULDERED THRUSH. LENGTH five inches. Bill and legs black; plumage in general dusky black; wing coverts marked with a white spot at the tips; over the eye a streak of the same; down the middle of the belly a broad white streak ; quills and tail black; all but the two middle feathers of the latter white at the tips, and the exterior white on the middle ofthe outer web. lSlf THRUSH. Inhabits New-Holland, and were it not for the great inferiority* of size might be supposed*allied to the Spotted-winged Species. 175—BUFF-StfOULDERED THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches and a h&lfc Bill and legs longish, slender, and black; plumage in general full, glossy, greenish black ; on the outer part of the wing coverts an oval, large, bnfP-coloured spot; another of the same, butlbiiger, on the middle ofthe quills, near the outer edge; tail cuneiform, each feather marked with an oval buff- coloured spot at the tip. From the drawings of General Davies.—Native place uncertain. A.—Length nine inches, shape slender. Bill and legsslender, black; general colour of the plumage sooty black; under tail coverts barred at the ends with white; quills deep brown, the prime ones have the greater part of the length, from the base, tawny buff ;U€SSS} four inches, cuneiform, the outer feather one inch and; ^h&If, the next two inches and a half long; all but the two middle ones white at the ends ; wings reach one-fourth on the tail. Inhabits Senegal.—Lord Stanley. This seems to apj$¥S&&P*i$P many things to the Buff-shouldered Species; probably differing in sex. 176—YELLOW-SPOTTED THRUSH. LENGTH eight inches. Bill one inch, with a very slight notch just at the tip, and several hairs at the base; plumage in general above deep olive, beneath pale ash-colour; on each siCfe; of the forehead a white spCt, the size of a pea; wing coverts and second quills markedVitli a yellow, roundish, spot at the tips, under wing THRUSH. JJ35 coverts yellow; greater quills fringed outwardly with yellow; tail four inches long, rounded, all but the two middle feathers,have the ends dusky pale yellow, taking up more space as they are more outward; shafts beneath white; legs dusky. Inhabits Africa.—In the collection of Mr. Comyns. I observe another in that of Mr. Leadbeater. 177.—NEW-HOLLAND THRUSH. Turdus Novse Hollandise, Ind. Orn. i. 337. Gm. Lin. i. 814. New-Holland Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 37. Shaw's Zool. x. 204. 290. LENGTH seven inches. Bill and legs black; at the forepart of the head, including the eye, the chin, and throat are black; the rest of the plumage pale bluish lead-colour; quills and tail dusky, with bluish edges, and all the feathers of the latter, except the two middle ones, tipped with white. Found in Adventure Bay, Van Diemen's Land.—Sir J. Banks. One, in the collection of General Davies, not unlike, but larger, being between eleven and twelve inches long: in this the front and throat, and as far as the breast, are black; upper parts of the body fine pale blue; belly and vent white; quills and tail black, edged with white: this was brought from some part of New-Holland. 173-GOLD-WINGED THRjJSH. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an inch, black, a trifle bent; plumage above fine ash-colour, with a few dusky lines on the crown : behind the eye a white streak; chin and throat yellowish white, with a few short, dusky markings; across the breast a bar of black; the rest of the parts beneath whitish; wings dusky, — 136 THRUSH. in the middle a large golden patch ; edges of the quills gold-colour; tail near two inches long, a trifle forked, black, and outer feathers fine yellow, two-thirds from the base; legs pale brown. Native place uncertain.—M. Woodford. 179—GUTTURAL THRUSH. Turdus gutturalis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xiii. Black-crowned Thrush, Lewin's New-Holland Birds, pl. 6. Guttural Thrush, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 182. Shaw's Zool. x. 256. SMALLER than the Ceylon Thrush, to which it bears some resemblance; length seven inches. Bill and legs black; the head also is black, reaching on each side as far as the breast, and there forming a sort of crescent; but the chin within is white, and the nape inclines to yellow; back and wings green; breast, belly, and vent, yellow; tail longish, even at the end, which is pale ash-colour otherwise black ; the wings reach to the middle of it. A.—Muscicapa pectoralis, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. li. Orange-breasted Thrush, Lewin's New-Holland Birds, pl. 7. Black-breasted Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 222. This is near eight inches long. Bill brown, with a few hairs at the base; head, including the eyes, nape, and sides of the neck, black, continuing in a band on the upper part of the breast; chin and throat white; upper parts of the body greenish yellow; beneath yellow; wings black, the coverts edged with yellow; knees ash-colour; tail black, three inches long, even at the end, tip yellow; legs black.— In one specimen the end of the tail was not yellow. Inhabits New-Holland; found at New South Wales in April, but the Guttural has been met with at Port Jackson in the winter : these two are most probably only one species; I suspect them to be the same as M. Levaillant's White-chinned, given to him as a native of Batavia. THRUSH. 137 I have seen several drawings of this last, but I think that the one given by Mr. Lewin, seems too stout, and bulky ; however, in this we cannot direct, as perhaps the bird may appear so when alive. He observes, that it inhabits forests, especially in high trees; has a loud, shrill note, which it utters in passing from branch to branch, and is generally met with in one spot throughout the year, as it does not migrate. 180— AOONALASCHKAN THRUSH. Turdus Aoonalaschkae, Ind. Orn. i. 329. Gm. Lin. i. 808. Vieill. Amer. ii. p. 20. Aoonalaschkan Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 23. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 202. Shaw's Zool x. p. 188. SIZE of a Lark. Crown and back brown, obscurely spotted with dusky; breast yellow, spotted with black; wing coverts, prime quills, and tail dusky, edged with testaceous. Inhabits Aoonalaschka. 181.—SPOTTED THRUSH. Turdus nsevius, Ind. Orn. i. 331. Gm. Lin. i. 817. Merle tachete, Vieil Am. ii. 10. pl. 66. Varied Thrush, Arct. Zool. ii«- 337. pl. 15. Spotted Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 27. Shaw's Zool x. 192. LENGTH ten inches. Bill black, base of the under mandible yellowish, with a few bristles; head, to below the eyes on each side, black ; from over each eye to the nape, a ferruginous streak ; body above dusky ash-colour; wing coverts the same, but the lesser ones marked with a triangular ferruginous spot at the tip; prime quills dusky, with two ferruginous spots on the outer web of each, one near the base, the other about the middle; the second quills have one of 11 138 THRUSH. those marks near the end, but paler; tail dusky ash-colour; all the under parts are rusty orange, with a black band across the breast; legs yellow, The female is dusky ash-colour above; throat and chin the same, but paler, a little mixed with white; breast dull red, growing nearly white towards the vent, but without the black band of the male. Inhabits the woods at George's Sound.—Sir Joseph Banks. This is probably the Blackbird of Port des Francois, mentioned in La Perouse's Voy. round the World.% 182.—KAMTSCHATKAN THRUSH.—Pl. lxxxiii. Turdus Calliope, Ind. Orn. i. 331. Motacilla Calliope, Pall. Trav. iii. 697. Gm. Lin. i. 977. Nat. Misc. pl. 168. Turdus Camtschatkensis, Gm. Lin. i. 817. Accenteur, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxviii. Ruby-throat Warbler, Gen. Syn. iv. 463. Shaw's Zool. x. 644. Kamtschatkan Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 28. Id. Sup. 140. pl. in frontisp. Arct. Zool. ii. 343. E. LENGTH six inches. Bill dusky, tip black; upper parts of the plumage pale brown; between the bill and eye black, and continued a little way under the eye ; beyond this an elongated whitish streak, growing broader behind; above the eye a second of the same, like an eyebrow; the chin and throat of a beautiful pink-colour, margined with black; the rest of the parts beneath brownish white; tail the colour of the back, and rounded in shape ; legs long. Inhabits Kamtschatka; found also in Siberia, in the willow- beds, chiefly in the eastern parts; first met with in the neighbourhood ofthe Rivers Jenisei and Lena ; seen mostly on the tops of trees. Is said to be an excellent songster, and, like the Nightingale, frequently sings in the middle of the night. * See Stockdale's Edit. p. 151. It I vL////v//^C/, - 'Miady. 139 183.—TAWNY THRUSH. Turdus mustelinus, Ind. Orn. i. 331. Gm. Lin. i. 817. Vieil. Am. ii. p. 6. pl. 62. Wood Thrush, Amer. Orn. i. pl. 2. f. 1. Bartr. Trav. p. 288. Shaw's Zool. x. 179. Tawny Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 28. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 198. Shaw's Zool. x. 161. LENGTH six inches and a half, or seven inches. Bill dusky, pale at the base beneath; head, back, and wing coverts tawny, brightest on the head; cheeks brown, streaked with white; chin, and as far as*the breast, pale buff, marked with roundish black spots; chin paler, streaked onthe sides with the same; belly and vent white ; sides under the wings spotted as the breast; quills brown, with tawny edges; tail even at the end, tips of the feathers rather pointed; legs pale brown. Male and female much alike. Young birds are spotted above as well as beneath. Found in North America, from New York to Georgia, from whence it was sent to Mr. Francillon, by Mr. Abbot, but is there a more rare bird : is seen frequently on the tops of trees, chiefly singing morning and evening, but like many other birds, is silent during the time of incubation. Makes the nest between the forks ofthe greater branches, chiefly on trees, about ten or twelve feet from the ground; it is composed of small roots, moss, and fine grass; lays four white eggs, marked with blackish and rufous spots towards the greater end.* Is called in some parts the Wood Thrush, or Wood Robin. 184.—WEAZEL THRUSH. Turdus mustelinus, Tawny Thrush, Amer. Orn. v. p. 98. pl. 43. f. 3. THIS is ten inches long, and twelve in extent. The whole upper parts uniform, tawny brown; beneath fohite; sides of the breast, and under the wings slightly tinged with ash; chin white; throat and * Vieillot. T2 140 THRUSH. upper parts of the breast, cream-coloured, marked with pointed spots of brown; lore pale ash; cheeks dusky brown; tail nearly even at the end, the shafts of it, as well as those of the quills, continued a little beyond their webs; bill above, and at the point black; below, at the base, flesh-coloured; corners of the mouth yellow ; eye large, and dark, surrounded with a white ring; legs long, slender, and pale brown. This, excepting in size, greatly corresponds with the last mentioned, but is said to be distinct. Mr. Wilson, whose description we copy, says, that it makes its appearance in Pennsylvania the beginning of May, stays a week or two, and passes on northward, to the high mountains, to breed; has no song, but a sharp chuck; returning in autumn. Both sexes nearly alike. 185.—TAWNY-THROATED THRUSH. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill dusky, under mandible pale; all the upper parts of the plumage, wings, and tail fine tawny brown; beneath fine pale tawny, or buff; the chin plain, the rest streaked with brown down the middle of each feather; from breast to vent silvery white; legs yellow: at first sight it resembles the Tawny Thrush, but is smaller, and differs considerably beneath; and the tail feathers, though even at the end, have the shafts elongated, which is not the case with the Tawny one, though they are somewhat pointed ; the wings reach three-fourths on the tail. Inhabits Georgia; frequents oak woods and hummocks, near Savannah, but is rare: described from a specimen sent by Mr. Abbot to Mr. Francillon. This seems greatly to correspond with the last in colour, but differs too much in size to be thought sthe same bird. 1 186.—WATER THRUSH. Turdus aquaticus, Water Thrush, Amer. Orn. iv. p. 66. pl. 23. f. 5. Shaw's Zool. x. p. 185. LENGTH six inches; extent nine. Bill, as in the Golden- crowned Thrush, dusky brown; plumage above uniform dark olive; over the eye a white line, and along the sides of the neck; under parts yellowish white; breast and sides marked with pointed, brownish black spots; tail nearly even. Inhabits North America; passes Pennsylvania the beginning of May, to the north, returning in August, probably breeds in the higher mountains; partial to brooks, shores, ponds, and streams, wading in the shallows for aquatic insects; wags the tail as the Wagtail; is a shy bird, sings well, to be distinctly heard near half a mile, and is chiefly seen near the water; otherwise has the manners of the Golden Thrush : nest unknown. Both sexes alike in colour. 187.—CATESBY'S THRUSH. Turdus solitarius, Hermit Thrush, Amer. Orn. v. p. 95. pl. 43. f. 2. Little Thrush, Gates. Car. i. 31. Edw. pl. 296. LENGTH seven inches; extent ten inches and a half. Bill black, beneath white; irides full and black; plumage above deep olive brown, beneath dull white; the chin white; throat and breast cream-colour, with large, dark brown, pointed spots; ear feathers and line over the eye cream-colour, the former mottled with olive; edges of the wings paler, with dusky tips; tail coverts and tail inclining to fox-colour, shape of the latter slightly forked ; legs dusky. The female differs chiefly in being darker in the tints, and having the spots on the breast larger, and more dusky. ■ 142 THRUSH. Inhabits America; rarely seen in Pennsylvania, unless for a few weeks in spring, and late in the fall, when the Wood Thrush has departed; but in New Jersey remains longer, being seen there in November: breeds in the cane swamps of the Chactaw Nation, in May; the next fixed on the upper part of the body of a branch, firmly made, of coarse rooty grass, with horse-hair, lined with fine greetiish grass, peculiarly neat, but with no mixture of mud or plaister; eggs four, pale greenish blue, with specks and blotches of olive, particularly at fjhe larger end ; the food consists of berries, such as of the holly, myrtle,* gall bush,f Yapa shrub, X and many others. 188.—QUEBEC THRUSH. LENGTH seven inches; in make rather stouter than the Little Thrush. Bill dusky, base of the under mandible yellowish; the plumage above yellowish brown, beneath dusky yellowish white, with longish dusky streaks, but the middle of the chin, and parts beyond the breast are white; tail even at the end, not very long • legs yellowish. Inhabits Quebec.—General Davies. One, similar to this, was sent from Georgia by Mr. Abbot; the size much the same; brown above, and yellowish beneath; over the eyes a broad yellowish streak; chin plain ; throat, breast, and sides under the wings, marked with longish black spots; the tail scarcely rounded at the end ; bill reddish brown; legs yellowish brown. Inhabits Georgia; frequent in the swamps in summer, haunting the dry lakes, scratching, and turning up dead leaves in search of insects, but is not common. * Myrica. f Quercus gallifera ? % Ilex Cassine. 143 189—BROWN THRUSH. Turdus fuscus, Ind. Orn. i. 332. Gm. Lin. i. 817. Brown Thrush, Gen. Syn.Mi. 28. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 199 ? LENGTH five inches. Bill brown; plumage above, wings, and tail deep olive brown ; over the eye a yellowish streak; sides of the head, and beneath, from the chin, pale straw yellow, with dark streaks ; middle of the belly plain yellow. Inhabits New York, and other parts of America, coming in April, and departing in autumn. We have received this from Mr. Abbot, of Georgia. As there are many of the Thrush kind in America, it is not to be wondered, if some of them are confounded with each other. Mr. Wilson supposes this to be the case, and is of opinion, that his Hermit Thrush was figured by Catesby, pl. 31, as the Little Thrush, as well as by Edwards, pl. 296, and that our Tawny Thrush is the same as his Wood Species: we ought not to contradict this statement, any more than many other alterations suggested by him; who, by living on the spot, and observing the manners of the different birds, is more likely to come at the truth; but at all times to feel ourselves obliged to him, for endeavouring to correct the errors of former writers on the subject. 190.—GOLDEN-CROWNED THRUSH. Turdus aurocapillus, Ind. Orn. i. 328. Lin. i. 334. (Motacilla.) Gm. Lin. i. 982. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 8. pl. 64. Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 14. f. 2. Ficedula Pensylvanica aurocapilla, Bris. iii. 504. t. 28. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 448. Turdus minimus vertice aureo, Bartr. Trav. 288. Grivelette de St. Domingue, Buf. iii. 317. Pl enl. 398. 2. Golden-crowned Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 21. Arct. Zool. ii. 203. Edw. pl.252. Shaw's Zool x. 199. THIS is not much larger than a Hedge Sparrow; length five inches and three quarters, rarely six inches. Bill brown, base flesh- colour, with a few weak hairs; crown of the head golden yellow; 144 THRUSH. over the eyes a black streak, tending to the hindhead; upper parts ofthe plumage brownish green ; sides ofthe head pale; under parts of the neck, breast, and sides white, spotted as far as the belly with black; belly and chin plain; quills and tail deep olive, nearly ash- colour, even at the end; legs yellowish brown. The female is scarcely to be distinguished from the other sex, except in being less bright in colour; both have a spotted streak on each jaw; the chin in both is plain white, and the breast spotted; the belly in the female is paler. Inhabits Pennsylvania and New York in summer, makes the nest on the ground, chiefly on the side of a hill or bank, in form of an oven, with leaves, lining it with dry grass, and lays five white eggs. Is met with in Georgia in the summer, but not common ; migrates on approach of winter to the Islands of Jamaica, St. Domingo, &c. and some have been taken in the passage.* In the collection of General Davies is one six inches long^ top of the head buff-yellow ; forehead black, divaricating into two streaks, one on each side of the crown ; sides of the head pale, spotted on each side ofthe chin in shape like a whisker;, under parts marked with spots, except in the middle of the belly. The Cowpen Oriole sometimes-lays an egg in the nest of this bird. 191.—RED-BREASTED THRUSH. 292. Klein, 68. 17. Gm. Lin. i. 811. r. Tr. 288. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 5. pl. 60. Turdus migratorius, Ind. Orn. i. 330. Lin Kalm, It. iii. 46. Id. Trav. ii. 90. E Amer. Orn. i. pl. 2. f. 2. Turdus Canadensis, Bris. ii. p. 225. Id. 8vo. i. 220. Litorne de Canada, Buf. iii. 307. Pl enl. 556. 1. (Grive.) Fieldfare of Carolina, Cat. Car. i. pl. 29. Ph. Trans. 62. 399. Red-breasted Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 26. Arct. Zool. ii. 196. Shaw's Zool. x. 276. LENGTH from nine to ten inches; breadth sixteen; weight two ounces and a half. Bill brown; head and neck brown, nearly * This Bird, and the Black-throated Warbler, ten leagues from St. Domingo.—Edwards. in a calm, eight o THRUSH. 145 black; chin and throat white, with streaks of black; eyelids white, and in some a spot of white above, a second beneath, and a third behind the eye; plumage on the upper parts of the body olives-brown, beneath rufous; many of the feathers pale at the tips; tail four inches long, very dark brown, rounded ; the three outer feathers more or less white at the ends, on the inner web, the exterior most so ;* the six middle ones white only at the tip ; legs brown. The female has the head, and upper parts paler ash-colour; chin as in the male, but paler, the middle white; beneath paler ferruginous, with a mixture of whitish on the margins of the feathers; vent and under tail coverts white; tail paler than in the male, and scarcely at all white at the tip, though the feathers are paler within. Inhabits America ; found at New York, Virginia, and Carolina, the whole year; but migrates in the more northern parts in May, returning southward on the first approach of frost; is noticed as far north as Hudson's Bay, and at Nootka Sound.f Said to build in trees, and to lay four beautiful light blue eggs : when at large sings finely, but does not bear well confinement in a cage, yet in this state will learn parts of tunes: the chief food is worms and insects ; is also very fond of the seeds of Sassafras,^ as well as tupelo,§ and Poke berries, || likewise the berries of the Bead Tree.^f According to Mr. Abbot, this bird arrives in Georgia the end of February, or March, and is remarkably fond of the berries of the Pride of China, and frequently eats so many, as either to choak or intoxicate itself, to such a degree as to be unable to fly, and in that state is often run down and caught by the children : at other seasons feeds on the seeds of cypresses in the swamps; pairs in April; and the nest held sacred by the school-boys ; is fond of running on the * This is not constant, as some have only two of the outer ones white, the outmost has a considerable portion of white on the inner web. f Cook's last Voy. ii. 296. X Laurus Sassafras. § Nyssa aquatica. || Phytolacca decandra. ^T Melia Azedarach—m\\ frequently eat so many of the Poke Berries as to give the flesh a purplish colour. TOL. T. U I 146 THRUSH. ground in the woods in spring* wlien the grass has been recently burned; is a gentle bird, and said to be very numerous in Nova Scotia in the spring, probably on the journey more northward ; some few pairs, however, are found to stay through the summer. At Hud- Son's Bay it is called the Redbird : the Indian ;fi&me, Pee^pee-cbue. It is by most people esteemed for the table.—In Mr. Bullock's Museum axe two specimens,- neither of which has any white in the tail. 192.—THENCA THRUSH. Turdus Thenca, Ind. Orn. i. 339. Molin. Chil. 221. Id. (Ft. ed.) 231. Orpheus,: Gm. Lin. i. 813. y. Le Calandria, proprement dit, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 223 ? Thenca Thrush, Gen. Syn: Sup. ii. 178. Shaw's Zool x. 215. SIZE of the Mocking Thrush. Bill, irides, and legs brown ; general colour of the plumage cinereous;/ spotted with brown and white; breast and belly pale grey; quills and tail White at the ends. Inhabits Chili: makes a cylindrical nest, defended on the outside with thorns, within lined with wool and feathers, with a small entrance on one side; lays four white eggs, spotted witfc> tiro wn. By some this bird is supposed to be a Variety of the Mocking lllirttsh, or next Species; but as this cannot be precisely determined* it had better remain separated, leaving tlie reader to form, his own judgment. This comes very near the Calandria of Azara, which is much valued as a song-bird, and said to be a/very common, as well as tame species, for it will often enter roomsy and partake of what food it finds there, if not disturbed: the nest is usually made on the Opuntia, and sometimes in a bush, formed of dry grass, lined within with fine filaments of roots; lays three or four eggs, greenish white, mixed with brown, and spotted with darker brown : has no song, except in breeding time, but then is thought very agreeable. 193.—MIMIC THRUSH. Turdus polyglottus, Ind. Ont.i. 339. Liri.M'%&3. Gm. Lin. i. 812. Borowh;>m_ ■:■ 168. Bartram, Trav. p. 288. Germ. iii. t. 298. . Turdus Americanos minor oaaorus, Raii, 64. 5. Id. 185. 31. Sloan. Jam. ii. 306. t. 256. 3.—Male. Mimus major, Bris. ii. 266. Id. 8vo. i. 232. Turdus minor cinereo-albus, Klein, 69. 21. Turdus Orpheus, Mus. Lev. t. 4. Moqueur, Buf. iii. 325. Mock-bird, Cat. Car. i. pl. 27. Kalm, It. ii. 335. Id. Voy. i. 217. id. ii. p. 90. pl. 3. ^mcr. Ornith. ii. pl. 10. f. 1.—the egg, fig. 2. Mimic Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 40. yfrcf. Zool. ii. 194. SIZE of a Blackbird, but more slender; length nine inches and a half, breadth thirteen inches and a quarter. Bill black, irides dirty yellow; the plumage of an uniform grey, much paler beneath, nearly white; lesser wing coverts ash-coloured, the others dusky, edged with white; quills black, -base white ; tail four inches long; legs grey. Male and female much alike. This species is an enemy to the Black Snake, frequently driving it away from its haunts; is common throughout America, and Jamaica, but changes its place in the summer, when it goes farther northward; frequent in moist woods, and builds both in bushes and trees, often near plantations^ in the fruit frees ; the nest is made of stalks of weeds, hay, and feathers; the eggs of a pearl-colour, spotted with brown ; has two broods in a year, a#d sits fourteen days. Is a very shy bird, and, like the Redstart, will often forsake the nest, if looked at by any one; the young are brought up with great difficulty; indeed if they are taken in the nest, the mother will feed them with grasshoppers and insects for * few days, after which she deserts them. It feeds chiefly on berries of several kinds, mulberries, and insects, and the flesh is accounted very palatable: is said to u 2 148 THRUSH. exceed even the Nightingale in song, exerting itself the greater part ofthe night, perched on the top of a tree or chimney; besides which, it has the faculty of imitating the notes of others, which it far exceeds in melody; when raised from the nest, the usual price of a good one is from seven to fifteen, or even twenty dollars; will breed in confinement, instances of which are given. This and the next are thought to be one and the same, and the size only accidental. 194—MOCKING THRUSH. Turdus Orpheus, Ind. Orn. i. 339. Lin. i. 293. Gm. Lin.i. 813. Klein, p. 80. 27. (Sylvia) Vieill. Am. ii. p. 12. pl. 68.* Mimus, Bris. ii. 262. Id. 8vo. i. 231. Avis polyglotta, Will. 305. Moqueur, Buf. iii. 325 ? Centcontlatolli, Raii, 159. Le Pepoaza couronne, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 202 ? Lesser Mocking-bird, Edw. pl. 78. Brown, Jam. 469. Shaw's Zool. x. 212. pl. 20. Mocking Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 41. Will. Engl. 294. SOMEWHAT less than the last; length eight inches and a half. Bill blackish brown, with some bristles at the base ; irides yellow brown; upper parts of the body brownish ash-colour; the under very pale, nearly white ; through the eye passes a kind of wreath, from the gape to the hindhead; and over the eyes a pale line; tail a little cuneiform; the six middle feathers even, four inches and a half long; the two outer shorter; the exterior three inches only; colour dusky brown, except the outer feathers, which are wholly white, and the second white on the outer web ; legs black. Inhabits the warmer parts of America, Jamaica, and other Islands, like the last; it has a fine, varied note ; also imitating that of other birds. * M. Vieillot is of opinion that the three last form but one species. mmm 149 A.^-Mimus varius, Bris. ii. 265. Id. 8vo. i. 232. Tzaupan, Raii, 160. Will. 305. Id. (Engl.) 394. Gen. Syn. iii. 41. Var. A. This differs merely in being variegated with black and whitish above, and with black and cinereous, spotted with white, beneath. Found in New Spain, and is probably a young bird. 195.—SAINT DOMINGO THRUSH. Turdus Dominicus, Ind. Orn. i. 340. Lin. i. 295. Gm. Lin. i. 831. Merula Dominicensis, Bris.ii. 284. t. 27. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 237. Merle de St. Domingue, Buf. iii. 325. Pl enl. 558. 1. . Le Calandria a trois queues, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 224. Saint Domingo Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 42. LENGTH eight inches and three quarters. Plumage above grey brown, beneath white; greater wing coverts blackish, with the outer edges white; outer ones white, with a blackish dash near the tips; quills half white, half dusky, with cinereous edges; the tail pretty long, the six middle feathers blackish; the others white, except the outer edges of the third, which is blackish; legs blackish. Inhabits St. Domingo and Jamaica. I have received them from the last place. 196.—HISPANIOLA THRUSH. Turdus Hispaniolensis, Ind. Orn.i 356. Gm. Lin.i. 822. Muscicapa altiloqua, Vieill. Am. i. p. 66. Merula olivacea Dominica, Bris. ii. 296. t. 27. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 240. Merle olive de St. Domingue, Buf. iii. 403. Pl. enl. 273. i. Hispaniola Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 75. Shaw's Zool. x. 220. LENGTH six inches. Bill grey-brown; plumage mostly olive above, and grey mixed with olive beneath; greater wing-coverts and quills incline to brown, with the outer edges olive, and the inner |£§ THRUSH. whitish; tail brown, but the two middle feathers, and outer margins of the rest are olive, the inner whitish ; legs grey brown. Inhabits Cayenne. A.-rrMerle olive de Cayenne,®^, iii.404. Pl. enl. 558. 2. This seems to differ, in having the upper parts more inclined to brown, and the under of a paler grey; and both of them have much affinity to the Red-Eyed Flycatcher, hereafter described. 197.—SURINAM THRUSH. Turdus Surinamus, Ind. 0rn. i. 76. Lin. i. 297. Gm. Lin. i. 836. Merula Surinamensis, Bris. app. 46. t.3. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 251. Turdus niger, &c. N. C. Petr. xi. 439. pl. 16. f. 10. r^le,&e§j«W»m, Buf. iii. 399. Surinam Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 76. Shaw's Zool x. 261., LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill blackish; plumage in general glossy black, except th,e crown of the head, which is of a beautiful yellow; on each side of the breast a pale fulvous yellow spot; rump the same; lesser inner .wing coverts w^te^ >fonaing a spot on the win^-; under wing ©averts white; quills blackish; all, except the two outer ones, and that nearest the body, yeljtaw at the base, on the inner web; legs brown.—Inhabits Surinam. 198.—PALM THRUSH. Turdus Palmarum, Ind. Orn.'u 356. Lin.i. 295. Gm. Lin.i. 824. Bris. ii. 301. t.29. 1: /d.8vo.i.242. Buf. iii. 400. Pl. enl. 539. 1. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 16. pl. 60.—70. ? Palm Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 76. Shaw's Zool. x. 244. pl.24: LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill, crown of the head, neck, breast, and under parts, cinereous; forehead and cheeks black, L A Merula Palmarum atricapilla, Bris. ii. 303. t. 29. 2. Id. Bvo. i. 242. Gen. Syn. i 77. Var. A. LENGTH about seven inches. Bill5 black, cutVed at the point; plumage above, quills, and tail, cinnattioh-colour, paler beneath; chin, sides of the head, under the eyes, thrbttH, and breast, black, 1 THIfuSff. t©I marked with three white spots; one on each side of the forehead, one above, and another under each eye; chin white, extending beneafth fe9&h»Acbeek; upper part of the body, and wings olive green; quills broWttj With olive edges; tail greeUish; legs cinereous. Inhabits Cayenne, and is most frequent among the palm trees. This scarcely differs from the other, except in the head, which is wholly black, but marked with the same kind of white spots. It is found in the same places, and probably differs1 merely in sex, most likely the male. 199.—YELLOW-BREASTED THRUSH. Turdus'jaetf&Mi**- flak- 9fai. i. 357. Petit Merle brun & gorge rousse, Buf. iii. 403. Pl. enl. 644. 2. Yellow-breasted Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 78. Shaw's Zool. x. 237. LENGTH five inches. Bill dusky ash-colour; general colour of the plumage brown, with a little mixture of paler brown between the wings; chin, throat, and breast, rurous yellow; tail an inch and a half long; legs greentsh yellow. Inhabits Cayenne. 200—BLACK-BREASTED THRUSH. Turduscinnamomeus, Ind. dm. i; 358. Gm. Lin.i. 825. Merle k cravate deCay*nme, Buf. iii. 392, Pl. enl. 560. 2. Black-breasted Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 79. Shaw's Zool. x. 286. 1 152 THRUSH. bordered all round with white, which is a little clouded with dusky on the breast; wing coverts black, the lesser tipped with white, the middle and greater ones with rufous; the tail about two inches long; legs black. In some the black cravat is mottled with white, and they are likewise smaller, and such are probably young birds. Inhabit Cayenne. 201.—RUFOUS THRUSH. Turdus rufifrons, Ind. Orn. i. 358. Gm. Lin. i. 825. Merle roux de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 402. Pl. enl. 644. 1. Rufous Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 80. Shaw's Zool x. 219. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill nearly straight, except just at the tip, where it is a trifle hooked, colour blackish; top of the head, and all the upper parts ofthe body, quills and tail, brown; but the wing coverts are black, bordered with yellow; forehead, sides above the eye, and all beneath rufous; under tail coverts white; tail two inches and a quarter long, ash-colour; legs the same. Inhabits Cayenne. 202.—MUSICIAN THRUSH. Turdus Arada, Ind. Orn. i. 358. Buf. iv. 480. ■ cantans, Gm. Lin. i. 825. Le Musicien de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 706. 2. Musician Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 80. Shaw's Zool. x. 282. LENGTH four inches. Bill black, nearly straight, except a slight curve at the tip; top of the head, and all the upper parts, wings, tail, and thighs, rufous-brown, transversely striated with dusky, or blackish lines; chin, sides under the eye, and throat, rufous-orange; on each side of the neck, beneath the eye, a broad patch of black, spotted with white ; breast, belly, and vent, dusky white; tail one inch long; legs yellowish. THRUSH. 153 Inhabits Cayenne, and feeds on ants, and other insects; is a solitary bird, most frequently found perched singly on a tree, in deep forests, never descending but for the sake of its food. It is much regarded for the song, which is so fine, as to entitle it to the name of Musician : it is said first to repeat seven notes ofthe octave; after which whistles several airs of different tones and accents, much resembling those from a flute, and is by some thought superior to a Nightingale ; at other times so like one man whistling to another, as to deceive any person. A.—Differs in having the tip ofthe bill more bent; throat white, with a half-collar of black beneath it, the upper parts ofthe plumage uniformly rufous, without the dusky lines. B.—Length five inches. Bill moderately stout; crown and nape ferruginous-chestnut; hind part of the neck to the back black, the feathers dashed with white down the shafts; back and wing coverts, rump, tail, and quills, the same as the crown ; but the last barred with black; chin and throat dull rufous; breast, belly, and vent pale brown, or dun-colour; legs pale.—In the collection of Gen. Davies. 203.—BARRED-TAILED THRUSH. Turdus Coraya, Ind. Orn. i. 358. Gm. Lin. i. 825. Buf. iv. 484. Pl. enl. 701. 1. Barred-tailed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 358. Shaw's Zool x. 299. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill as in the Common Thrush ; top ofthe head black, descending on each side of the neck, where it gradually lessens, and ends in a point; in the middle of this the eye is placed, and beneath it several slender short white streaks ; chin, and throat white, inclining to cinereous on the breast; the general colour of the plumage, otherwise, is rufous-brown, paler beneath; TOL. T. X L 154 THRUSH- under tail covej$3{an$litail grey, crossed with several slender blackish bars, about twelve in number; te#*tightly cuneiform, and two inches in length ; legs pale yellow. Native place unknown. 204.--SPECKLED-THROATED THRUSH. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill three quarters of an inch, dusky, the upper mandible a trifle longer than the under, and bends downwards over it; sides under the eyes, the chin and throat black, spotted with white; round the eyes dotted white, and over the eye a white line; top of the head, and upper parts of the body, rufous brown, tnore inclined to rufous on the crown; breast and under parts rufous, somewhat like the Redbreast, down the middle dusky white; tail rounded, two inches long, dusky, or pale ash-colour, crossed with six or eight blackish bars, and inclines downwards; the under tail coverts barred as the tail; legs stout, dusky, hind toe long; the wings reach one-fourth on the tail: in the neck it most approaches to the Musician Thrvish, and in the tail to the BarredLntailed.Species, though the b&ss are fewer in number. We may probably hereafter find, that it is a species different from both, though so nearly approaching.—A specimen is in the collection of Lord Stanley; it is also in my own, presented to me by Lord Seaforth, who had it from the Island of Trinidad, 205.—BUFF-WINGED THRUSH. Turdus fuscipes, Ind. Orn. i. 359. Gm. Lin. i. 826. Buff-winged Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 81. Shaw's Zool. x. 279. LENGTH $pc inches and a half. Mil one iwfh, stout, and notched at the tip; crown black; uppeg parts of the body, wings, THRUSH. 155 and tail dark ash-colour; wing coverts barred with buff; quills brown ; under parts of the body dull rufous; tail two inches and a half long, shape somewhat cuneiform; legs brown. Supposed to have come from Cayenne. 206.—CHECK-BREASTED THRUSH. LENGTH six inches at least; breadth ten inches and a half. Bill dusky, the base of the under mandible pale; plumage above pale brown, beneath white; from the chin an irregular mixed black streak diverges on each side, almost to the wing, accompanied above with one of a paler brown; throat, breast, and sides, marked with square black spots, giving the appearaiiCe of a chequer-board; on the top of the head a few streaks of darker brown; legs dirty pale yellow. Inhabits Georgia, in America, but is a rare species. It has been met with two or three times, frequenting the logs of wood, and large trees, cut down in a rice field on Briar Creek, in the Wintei*: season; though no where known to be common. I 1 207 -WHITE-SHOULDERED THRUSH. LENGTH six inches and half. Bill black; general make ofthe bird stout; the plumage wholly black with a slight gloss; at the beginning ofthe back, between the shoulders, a large patch of white feathers with black ends, giving a mixed appearance; tail two incftfesand a half long, rounded alPthe end; legs stout, black. Inhabits Africa.—In the collection of Mr. Bullock. X2 208.—WHITE-BACKED THRUSH. Turdus Alapi, Ind. Orn. i. 359. Gm. Lin. i. 826. L'AIapi de Cayenne, Buf. iv. 485. Pl. enl. 701. 2. White-backed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 82. Shaw's Zool. x. 284. LENGTH six inches. The upper part of the head, neck, and back, are olive-brown ; wings deep cinereous brown, on the middle of the back a white spot; throat, fore part of the neck, and breast black; the rest of the under parts ash-colour; wing coverts marked with small white spots; tail cuneiform, and blackish; legs pale yellow. The female wants the white spot on the back; chin white; the rest ofthe under parts incline to rufous; sides of the vent, and under tail coverts greyish-ash; and the tips of the wing coverts pale rufous; it has also the upper parts of the body paler than in the male. Both sexes vary considerably at different periods of age. Inhabits the thick woods of Guiana, in vast troops, running on the ground, leaping at times on the low branches/but rarely flying to any distance; are very agile birds; feed on ants; have a quavering kind of note, followed by a sharp cry, often repeated when answering one another. 209—BLACK-CRESTED THRUSH. Tu rdu sc rrhatus, Ind Orn i. 359. Fourm llli er huppe , B if. \r. 476. Bla ck- sted Thi ush, Gen Syn. ii LENGTH six inches. Irides black; the top of the head furnished with a crest of long black feathers, which can be erected at pleasure; throat black and white mixed; fore part of the neck and breast black, the rest ofthe plumage greyish ash-colour ; wing coverts tipped with white ; tail two inches and one-third in length, cuneiform, THRUSH. 157 margined and tipped with white; in some individuals the wing coverts are plain ash-colour.—The female has the crest like the male, but rufous, with a rufous tinge throughout the grey in the rest of the plumage. Inhabits Cayenne, and breeds several times in a year, laying three eggs at a time; cries like a young Chicken; feeds on ants, like the last species. 210.—CHIMING THRUSH. Turdus Campanella, Ind. Orn. i. 359. tintinnabulatus, Gm. Lin. i. 826. Le Carrilloneur, Buf. iv. 478. Pl. enl. 700. 2. Chiming Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 83. Shaw's Zool. x. 270. LENGTH four inches. Bill black above, and white beneath, not remarkably stout; top and sides of the head white, spotted with black; over the eye a broad black streak, and a narrow one from behind the eye, blending itself with the former at the lower part; chin white; breast flesh-colour, marked with small black spots; back, wings, and tail brown, deepest on the back; wing coverts spotted with white; ramp, belly, and vent rufous orange; thighs cinereous; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana, in the deep forests, and has the general habits of the rest, besides some peculiar to itself. It never mixes with others, though the same food suffices : chiefly met with in small flocks of half a dozen, which unite together in a singular cry, giving an idea of a chime, or three bells of different tones, and very loud. It is supposed, that each bird has these three tones in itself, and not that they are different in each bird; but this is not certain : this cry they make often, for whole hours, without ceasing. It is not easily obtained, perhaps on account of the difficulty of access to the place of its resort. 158 THRUSH. One of these, in the collection of Mr. Bullock, measured four indies and a half. Bill as before ; top of the head to the eye black, down the middle a white streak, the saiaate over the eye; back dusky, with darker markings; lower part and rump ferruginous brown ; wing coverts black, with white spots; beneath from the chin white; sides <tf - #te? 'breast mixed with black; sides over the thighs, and under tail coverts ferruginous; legs pale brown. We suspect this to be the male of the Chiming Species. 211.—BLACK-WINGED THRUSH. Turdus Bambla, Ind. Orn. i. 360. Gm. Lin. i. 827. Buf. iv. 479. Pl. enl. 703. 2. Black-winged Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 84. Shaw's Zool. x. 308. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill straight, a trifle curved at the tip, and black; the upper parts ofthe head, body, and rump, mottled rufous brown ; the under parts pale ash-^colour, mottled with dusky; wings black, with a white band across them; tail short, half an inch only in length, and dusky; legs blackish brown. Inhabits Cayenne, where it is rare. Manners unknown. 2X2.—JAMAICA THRUSH. Turdus J&maicensis, -Ind. Orn. i. 328. Gm. Lin. i. 809. La Grive blanche et noiratre, Voy. d'Azara, iv. No. 80 ? Jamaica Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 20. Shato's Zool. x. 179. SIZE of our Blackbird. Bill stout, brown; head brown; chin and fore part of the neck white, dashed with streaks of browtn; lower part of the neck plain white; breast cinereous; from thence to the vent white; upper parts of the body dark ash; quills and tail brown; legs brown. THRUSH. ]j§9 Inhabits Jamaica, described from a specimen in the British Museum ; how far this may prove to be a young one of the Red- legged, we are not able to determine : we have quoted Azara's bird with hesitation, for in that the feathers are edged with red and rufous.; the brown colour is glossy, and the edges ofthe quills have a golden •tinge.—M. A's bird is found in Paraguay ; said to make the nest of twigs, &c. lined with dry leaves; in one nest were found three white eggs. 213.—BERBICE THRUSH. SIZE of a Song Thrash; length nine inches. Bill one inch, brown, at the tip a slight notch, and three or four weak bristles at the base ; plumage in general brown, above inclined to rufous, most so on the rump; chin and throat marked with dark brown streaks; quills brown, edged with rufous; tail three inches long, even at the end, in colour like the quills ; which reach about one-third xm the tail; legs pale brown. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Berbice, in South America, where it is called Koerassiri.—In the collection; of Mr. Mc. Leay. £14^RED-LEGGED THRUSH. Turdus plumbeus, Ind.OrnT.i. 334. Gm. Lin. i. 814.—Male. Vieill. Am. ii. p.2. pl.58. , Lin. i. 294. Klein, Av. Wi—Female. Merula Americana cinerea, Bris. ii. 288. Id. 8vo. i. 238. La Grive cendree d'Amerique, Buf. iii. 314. Pl. enl. 560. 1. Red-legged Thmshi. @eni Sym. iii. 33. Id. Sup. ii. 177. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 200. Cafe*. C<w. i. pl. 30. Shaw's Zool. x. 283. SIZE of the Redwing; length ten inches, weight two ounces and a half. Bill, eyelids, and irides red; palate orange; head and 160 THRUSH. upper parts of the body deep ash-colour; between the bill and eye a black spot; throat white, spotted black ; the rest of the parts beneath paler ash-colour, changing nearly to white towards the vent; quills blackish, edged with grey; tail cuneiform, and blackish, the four outer feathers tipped with white ; legs red. The female is smaller, and differs chiefly in being of a paler colour. The bird described by Catesby has the bill and the whole ofthe throat black; the rest of the body dusky blue. Inhabits several parts of North America, frequently seen in Carolina ; said to be most common in the Islands Andros and Ilathera ; is fond of the maize when just sprouted, but not afterwards; feeds also on worms, and other insects. 215.—WHITE-CHINNED THRUSH. Turdus leucogenus, Ind. Orn. i. 341. ——— aurantius, Gm. Lin. i. 832. Merula Jamaicensis, Bris. ii. 277. Id. 8vo. i. 235. Merle brun de la Jamaique, Buf. iii. 391. Ferm. Suin. ii. 182. Merula fusca, Raii, 185. Sloan, 305. t. 256. 2. Klein, 69. 27. White-chinned Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 45. Shaw's Zool. x. 229. • SIZE of a Blackbird. Bill orange, with a line of black near the end; plumage blackish brown, paler beneath; chin and belly whitish ; legs orange : some have a white spot on the secondaries. Inhabits Jamaica, in the woody mountains, and thought to be good food: the fat is orange-coloured. A.—A Variety of this, wanting the white chin, was met with in New Caledonia,* in the South Seas, as I learn from-the manuscript of the late Mr. Anderson. * Gen. Syn. iii. 45. No. 47. A. L THRUSH. 161 B.—White-chinned Thrush, Shaw's Zool. x. 229. M. Fermin also mentions a bird of Surinam,* which seems a further Variety. The bill and legs in this are both orange, and the colour of the male black; the bill of the female dusky. Said to be common : feeds on fruits and insects, and makes a nest of moss, small twigs, and roots, fiinnly bound together. 216—THILI THRUSH. Turdus Thilius, Molin. Chil. 221. Id. (Fr. ed.) 230. Merula Tilli, Feuill. Journ. des Obs. (1725) 126 ? THIS bird is said by Molina to be in shape like a Thrush ; the male wholly black, except a spot of yellow under the wings; tail Cuneiform. The female is probably grey, or blue grey, as it is likened to the Red-legged Species, on supposition that the two form only different sexes of one and the same. This inhabits every part of Chili in South America, where it is called Thili or Chili :f it makes the nest of twigs by the river side, mixed with mud, on trees growing near the borders, and lays four eggs; the song is soft and sonorous, but the bird does not bear confinement in a cage. It appears to be a numerous species, probably owing to the flesh being disagreeable to the smell, as well as unsavoury to the palate, and therefore not sought after. 217.—FERRUGINOUS THRUSH. Turdus rufus, Ind. Orn. i. 338. Lin. i. 293. Gm. Lin. i. 812. Klein, 69. 19. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 4. pl. 59. Turdus Carolinensis, Bris. ii. 223. Id. 8vo. i. 220. * Ferm. Sunn. ii. 182. Gen. Syn. iii. 45. 47. B. f The name of the country, Chili, supposed to have originated from the great number ? these birds being found there. toi,. v." Y n 162 THRUSIH. Le Moqueur Francois, Buf. iii. 323. Pl. enl 645. Fox-coloured Thrush, Cat. Car. i. pl. 28. Arct. Zool No. 195. Bartr. Trav. p. 288. Gent j Mag. v. xxii. pLin p. 277. Ferruginous Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 39. Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 14. f. 1. Shaw's Zool x. 190. LENGTH eleven inches. Bill blackish; irides yeMo&; head and upper parts of the body rufous, tfte under dirty white, marked with brown spots; middle of the belfy plain; second and gve&ter wing coverts tipped with white, making a double white bar on the wing; quills brown, with rufous margins; tail rather cuneiform, the two middle feathers five inches, the exterior three inches and three quarters, two or three of the outer ones pale at the ends. Male and female much alike, but the white on the wing more narrow, and the spots on the breast smaller in the latter. Inhabits various parts of America: remains in Carolina and Virginia the whole year. It feeds chiefly on the Bird Cherry,* and bas a variety of notes, but does not sing near so well, nor so sweetly as the Mimic Thrash ; is called in Virginia the French Mocking Bird; at the approach of any one it makes a hissing noise. Mr. Abbot informs me, that those in the neighbourhood of Georgia, have tbe under parts yellow* and are called Threshers, asf well as French Mocking Birds J that they build in bushes, forming a nest of sticks, stalks of wood, hay, and feather*; the eggs pale brown, or brownish white, speckled all over with small 4utt J^Hdw £pots. 218—YELLOW-BACKED THRUSH. Turdus striatus, Ind. Orn. i. 332. Gm. Lin. i. 817. Grive premiere, JF^n. Surin. ii. 187. Yellow-backed Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 29. SIZE of a Lark. Plumage mixed yellow and grey, except down the ridge of the back, which has a yellow stripe. Inhabits Surinam. ■ Cerasixs Padus. 16-3 219.—VARIEGATED THRUSH. Turdus variegatus, Ind. Orn. i. 332. Gm. Lin. i. 817. Grive seconds, Ferm. Snrin.. u. 187. Variegated Thrush, Gen. Syn. ii. 29. SIZE of the last. Plumage above brown, beneath whitish; every where intermixed with whitish and black, chiefly towards the head and tail. Both these are found at Surinam; but, by Mr. Fermin's short account of them, it is scarcely clear whether they are distinct, or referable to any known Species: he observes, that both feed on worms and insects, and are good to eat. 220—YELLOW-BELLIED THRUSH. Turdus Brasiliensis, Ind. Orn. i. 340; Gm. Lin. i. 831. Yellow-bellied Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 42. Shaw's Zool. x. 216. SIZE of the Redwing. Bill black, not much curved, except just at the tip, where there is a small notch; upper parts of the plumage black; towards the lower part of the back, and rump ferruginous ; under parts of the body pale rusty yellow, paler on the chin and throat; sides of the body crossed with transverse blackish lines; across the middle of the wing a bar of white; tail slightly cuneiform, the outer feathers white, the second and third white at the ends for an inch; the others just fringed with the same at the tips; legs brown.—Said to inhabit Brazil. 221.—BLACK-THROATED THRUSH. Turdus jugularis, Ind. Orn. i. 351. ater, Gm.Lin. i. 830. JMerle 4 Gorge noire de St. Domingue, Buf. iii Black-throated Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 65. Sh, 382. Pl enl. 559. wis Zool. x. 294. pl. 2 LENGTH seven jaehes and a hal£j The bill black; forehead, between the bill and eye, chin, and throat to the breast, black, 164 THRUSH. bordered by rufous, extending to the crown, which is the same in colour; the rest of the parts above brown, more or less shaded; greater wing coverts and quills blackish brown, edged with pale grey; rump and under parts greenish yellow, with a few scattered black spots on the breast and belly ; tail three inches long, rounded at the end, colour the same as the back; all but the two middle feathers margined with blackish; legs black.—Inhabits St. Domingo. 222—LITTLE THRUSH. Turdus minor, Ind. Orn. i. 328. Gm. Lin. i. 809. Vieill. Am. ii. p. 7. pl.63. iliacus Carolinensis, Bris. ii. 212. Id. 8vo. i. 217. minimus, Klein, Av. 61. 23. La Grivette d'Amerique, Buf. iii. 289. Mauvis de la Caroline, Pl. ml. 556. 2. Little Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 20. Id. Sup. 139. Cat. Car. pl. 31 ? Edw. pl. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 201. Gent. Mag. V. xxiii. pl. p. 29. Shau 's Zool x. 1 LENGTH near seven inches; breadth ten. Bill pale brown, with a few bristles at the base; round the eye somewhat pale; irides dark brown; head, and all the upper parts, reddish brown; breast yellowish, spotted with dusky; chin, belly, thighs, and under tail coverts white; sides over the thighs pale tawny; tail nearly two inches and three quarters long, even, rufous brown, a trifle hollowed out in the middle; legs ash-colour. Both sexes nearly alike, but the female is every where paler. This Species is common in Philadelphia throughout the summer, and builds in the swamps and thick woods; comes in April, and retires into Carolina in autumn, where it remains during winter. Mr. Abbot informs me, that this bird is found in the oak woods of Georgia throughout the year, and during the season of incubation, the male has a fine, shrill note; begins to make the nest the latter end of April, which is composed chiefly of dry leaves, tree moss, and lichens, mixed with dirt; the eggs four in number, of a deep blue green; they feed on berries, like many other Thrushes, but the note is not equally melodious; the flesh, when fat, is finely flavoured: found also in the woody mountains of Jamaica. THRUSH. 165 223 —GUIANA THRUSH. Turdus Guianensis, Ind. Orn. i. 328. Gm. Lin. i. 809. La grive de la Guiane, Buf. iii. 289. Pl. enl. 398. 1. Levail. iii. 19. Guiana Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 20. Shaw's Zool. x. 178. LENGTH seven inches. Bill reddish; upper parts of the body greenish brown; edges of the coverts and quills paler; beneath dusky yellowish white, longitudinally streaked with dusky; legs reddish brown; under part of the tail white. Inhabits Guiana. M. Levaillant thinks it to be a simple Variety of our Song Thrush. A bird allied to this, if not the same, is met with in the Island of Tristan da Cunha.* 224—PECTORAL THRUSH. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill near one inch, a trifle flattened at the tip, as in the Starling; colour brown, beneath pale ; plumage above wholly deep rufous brown; from the nostrils a broad black streak passing through the eye, and down on each side to the breast, where it unites in a band, an inch broad, bounded above with a white line; within this the chin and throat are white; belly dusky white; sides over the thighs, and under tail coverts ferruginous; wing coverts black, with a few white marks, and crossed with two clay- coloured bands, the feathers being so tipped; the rest of the wing brown; tail two inches long, rounded ; the quills reach only to the rump; legs black. A specimen met with in the Museum of Mr. Bullock, but without any history annexed. 225—DARKENED THRUSH. Turdus fuscatus, Vieill. Am. ii. p. 1. pl. 57. bis. Fuscous Thrush, Shaw's Zool. x. 176. LARGER than our Missel Thrush ; length ten inches. Bill dull yellow; plumage brown above, and grey spotted with brown * Lin. Trims, xiii. 49& 166 THRUSH. beneath; under tail coverts white, eachTcrossed with a curved brown mark; tail much rounded, the ends of all but the two middle feathers white; legs brown. Inhabits the more northern parts of America, comes there in spring; some stay throughout the year; it is also found in the Caribbee Islands, especially St. Domingo and Porto Rico. 226.—WAGTAIL THRUSH. Warbler Thrush, Shaw's ZooL k. 197. LENGTH five inches and a quarter. Bill brown; plumage above, wings, and tail, pale olive brown; eye surrounded with white, ending in a streak behind; before the eye a narrow streak of brown; the under parts of the body white, inclining to rufous on the belly and sides, and spotted with brawn; tail a little rounded, the wings reach to about one-third of its length ; legs yellow. Inhabits North America; found at Kentucky, where it is said to be rare; chiefly seen on the borders of streams; observed continually to cflirt up the tail, and sometimes to keep it, for some time, in an elevated situation. -HOARY THRUSH. Turdus gilvus, Vieill. Am. ii. p. 15. pl. 68. bii Cinerascent Thrush, Shaw's Zool. x. 211. THIS is said to be ash-coloured a"bove, and beneath white; eyes brown; quills and tail grey brown; ends of "the side tail feathers white for one inch; tail cuneiform in shape, and longish; the wings reach only to the ramp; bill and legs black. Inhabits Guiana, and ofher warm parts of America. 167 228.—WHITE-EARED THRUSH. Turdus auritus, Ind. Orn. i. 360. Gm. Lin. i. Pipra leucotis, Gm. Lin.i. 1003. Le Fourmilier a oreilles blanches, Buf. iv. 477. Pl. enl. 822. Tern. Man.Ed. ii. Anal. White-eared Manakin, Gen. Syn. iv. 527. White-earedi Tb^sfe, Gen. Syn. iii. 84. Shaw's Zool. x. 310. LENGTH four inches and three quarters. The bill rather stout, almost three quarters of an inch long, and dusky; top of the head rufous brown, communicating with a collar of the same, half an inch broad, on the breast; chin and throat black; from behind the eye a glossy* wliite streak, composed of elongated feathers, and broader than the rest, descends on each side of the neck; lower part of the neck, back, wings, and tail mixed rufous and olive-brown; belly, thighs, and vent white; legs dusky; tail one inch aud a quarter long, and the wings reach to the end of it. The female has the head and upper parts like the male; from the gape, tbrongh the eye, a greenish band, under the white ear feathers; chin and throat white; on the breast a rufous band, broader than in the male, but the rest of the under parts are the same. Inhabits Cayenne, and has the same manners as the whole race of Ant-Eaters; so called, from chiefly feeding on those insects.. 229—RUFOUS-NAPED THRUSH. Buf. iv. 475. . 827. Turdus Colma, Ind. Orn. i. 360. Gm. Li. Fourmilier, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal p. Iviii. Rufous-naped Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 85. Shaw's Zool x. 291, LENGTH near seven inches. Bill blackish ; the plumage above rn^Mis-brown, with a rufous collar at the back part of the neck; just behind the bindhead, at the base of the nostrils, a white spot; 168 THRUSH. chin and throat white, the last mottled with black; breast greyish brown; belly, thighs, and vent cinereous; tail short, one inch and a quarter long; legs reddish brown. Somebirds have not the rufous mark at the nape.—Inhabits Cayenne. A.—Le Tetema, Buf. iv. 475. Pl. enl. 821. Gen. Syn. iii. 86. This differs in having the whole of the under parts, as well as the upper, deep brown, but the back part of the head, and neck, are deep rufous, and the legs paler. Found with the other, and supposed to be a male. B.—Length full eight inches. Bill one inch long, stout, nearly straight; nostrils pervious, colour black; plumage in general fine deep olive brown above, beneath inclining to ash-colour; chin, throat, and neck before sooty black ; this colour extends on each side, and just includes the eye; under tail coverts ferruginous; under wing coverts brown and pale ferruginous, mixed; quills, some way from the base, pale ferruginous; the rest of the length, and outer webs brown; tail rounded, two inches anda half long, deep brown, the ends darker, the upper coverts with a ferruginous tinge; legs one inch and a quarter long, and brown; the wings reach half way on the tail. Inhabits the Island of Trinidad.—Lord Stanley. It has the make, size, and shape of the Rufous-necked Thrush. 230.—ALARUM THRUSH. Turdus tinniens, Ind. Orn. i. 360. Gm. Lin. i. 827. Le grand Befroi, Buf. iv. 470. t. 22. Pl enl. 706. 1. Fourmilier, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal, p. lviii. Alarum Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 86. Shaw's Zool. x. 306. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill black, beneath white, rather stout, and somewhat bent at the tip; plumage above brown> THRUSH. 169 beneath white, marbled with dusky on the breast; tail sixteen lines long, even at the end ; legs lead-colour, one inch and a half long. The female is larger than the male, and both sexes apt to vary. Inhabits Cayenne, and is esteemed as good food; has a remarkable cry, which it makes morning and evening, very loud and piercing, like the alarum of a clock, for about half an hour each time; this might be termed the call of love, which, in the colder climates, is observed in the breeding season; but, as Buffon observes, will not be confined to times or seasons in the warmer regions, being less fixed than in the colder ones, whence their having this note at all times of the year is accounted for. 231.—SPECKLED THRUSH. m. Lin . 828. Turdus lineatus, Ind. Orn. i. 361. Le petit Befroi, Buf. iv. 472. Fourmilier grivele de Cayenne, Pl enl. 823. 1. Speckled Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 87. Shaw's Zool. x. 307. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill brown; plumage above olive brown; rump, belly, and vent the same, but paler; chin and throat white; breast and belly the same, speckled with numerous brown spots; side of the neck, from the eye to the wing, dashed with slender white lines, and some of the wing coverts spotted with pale rufous buff; legs pale brown. Inhabits Cayenne, with the last: Buffon seems to think them Varieties, but this has a bill more slender, and the tail longer, iillJ 232.—ANT THRUSH. Turdus formicivorus, Ind. Orn. i. 361. Gm. Lin. i. 828. Le Palikour, ou Fourmilier, Buf. iv. 473. Pl. enl. 700. 1. Ant Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 87. Shaw's Zool x. 308. LENGTH six inches. Bill one inch long, black, a trifle bent at the tip; irides reddish, and the eye placed in a blue skin; plumage 170 THRUSH. above rufous brown, the feathers margined with rufous; the tail very short, not one inch in length, wholly rufous; on the middle of the back a patch of black; wings black, most of the coverts tipped with rufous yellow; bastard wing white; some of the lesser quills have brown ends, and the outer edges of others are white; chin, throat, and breast, black, wholly surrounded by a mixture of black and white from the nostrils, passing all round on each side of the neck, to the breast, taking in the eye, under which it is broader; belly, thighs, and vent, ash-colour; legs bluish. This, too, is found with the others; said to have a tremulous note, ending in a short cry; the nest is made of moss; the eggs brown, the size of those of a Sparrow, marked with spots of a deeper colour at the larger end ; is a lively species, but seldom flies to any distance; often seen running up trees, as the Woodpecker, supporting itself by the tail; the chief food said to be ants; these birds are subject to much variety: in some specimens the chin and throat are rufous, bounded with black, instead of being wholly black; the end of the tail black; and a bed of white between the shoulders: in others, the middle of the chin, and throat nearly white; in all of them the belly and vent are cinereous, and in a few the thighs are rufous brown. 233.—KING THRUSH. Turdus grallarius, Ind. Orn. i. 361. Corvus grallarius, Shaw's Zool vii. 386. t.49. Turdus Rex, Gm. Lin. i. 828. Fourmilier, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lviii. Roi des Fourmiliers, Buf. iv. 450. Pl enl. 702. King Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 89. THIS is as large in the body as a Missel Thrush, yet from the shortness of the tail measures only seven inches and a half in length. The bill is brown, bent at the point, and so stout, that were it not for the defect of the nostrils being covered with reflected bristles, it might THRUSH. 171 pass for one of the Crow Genus; the base, however, as in most of the Thrushes, has a few hairs; plumage above the body rufous- brown, darker on the back and wings; and each feather has a pale shaft; the back part of the head is lead-coloured, but the forehead, to the middle of the crown, mixed brown and white; the under parts of the bird are paler than above, towards the vent pale, and clouded with buff on the breast; on each side, in the direction of the under jaw, a broad streak of white, and on the breast a triangular patch of the same; tail very short, only fourteen lines long, just peeping from the rump, and the wings seem to be even with the end of it; the legs are long, reddish, bare above the knee, but the thighs short, claws pale. The female is larger than the male. This singular species inhabits South America, chiefly Guiana and Brasil, in the neighbourhood of large ant-hills, on the inhabitants of which it chiefly feeds, as do several others, which, for the most part, unite into flocks; but the singularity of this species is, that more than one of it is seldom seen among the others, or at most a pair: they generally keep on the ground, and appear less active than their associates : the flesh is accounted good to eat. 234—PILEATED THRUSH. Timaliapileata, Lin. Trans, xiii. 151. . LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill compressed, cultrated; nostrils in an oval hollow; plumage brown, inclining to olive; crown chestnut; chin and throat white, lineated with black, the shafts of the feathers of the latter black; belly dull testaceous ; quills brown, tinged with chestnut on the edges; wings short; the tail elongated, brown, obsoletely fasciated with deeper brown; legs stout; hind claw of double the size of those forward. Inhabits Java, and there called Dawit, or Gogo-stite; it differs in some points from the general characters of the Thrash, but scarcely sufficient to form a new Genus. 172 GENUS XXXIX— CHATTERER. 1 European Chatterer 11 Paraguan 21 Grey 2 Carolina 12 Silky 22 White-w 3 Purple-breasted 13 Red 23 Piauhau 4 Spotted-breasted 14 Annumbi 24 Red-bra 5 Purple-throated 15 Variegated 25 Lindo 6 Blue-breasted 16 Cupreous 26 Red-win 7 Carunculated 17 Crested 27 Murasin^ S White 18 Crimson 28 Umbrell 9 Black-headed 19 Cinereous 10 Azure 20 Pompadour Jfc»ILL straight, convex, broad at the base, bending towards the point; near the end of the upper mandible a small notch. Nostrils, for the most part, hid in the bristles. Middle toe connected with the outer at the base. The greater part natives of America. In retaining the birds arranged under this Genus, some latitude must be allowed. As to the first and second Species, authors have much varied in their sentiments. Linnaeus at first ranked them with his Shrikes; afterwards he connected them with the Chatterers, in which he has been followed by most writers. M. Brisson makes a Genus of the two, by the name of Bombycilla, and M. Temminck does the same under that of Bombycivora : whilst Frisch, Klein, and others, join them with the Thrushes. There is, however, a certain flatness or depression, as well as a greater or less degree of breadth, at the base of the bill, in all we have mentioned under this head; so as to excuse, if not justify, the forming several into a separate Genus, as will be observed among our synonyms: but for the sake of being better understood, by the favourers ofthe Linnaean arrangement, and our present system, we have continued the names formerly given to the respective Species, not omitting to mark the sentiments of others, leaving the reader to form his own opinion. CHATTERER. 173 1—EUROPEAN CHATTERER. Ampelis Garrulus, Ind. Orn. i. 363. Lin. i. 297. Gm. Lin. i. 338. Muller, p. 30. Kramer, 363. 1. Gunth. Av. t. 4. Borowsk. iii. 171. Spalowsk. Vog. i. t. 34. Sepp. Vog. iii. t. 104. Nat. Misc. pl. 135. Garrulus Bohemicus, Raii, 85. A. Id. Letters, p. 198. 200. Will. p. 9. t. 20. Klein, 70. t. p. 186. Id. p. 190. Gerin. ii. 42. t. 160. Bombycilla Bohemica, Bris. ii. 333. Id. 8vo. i. 250. Bombycivora, Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 76. Id. Ed. lii. p. ii. & 123. Lanius garrulus, Faun. Suec. No. 82. Scop. i. No. 20. Brun. No. 25. 26. Turdus cristatus, Wirs. Vog. t. 4. Frisch. t. 32. 1. Klein, Stem. t. 13. f. 5. a—c. Der Seidenschwanz, Naturf. xvii. 85. Id. xxv. 14. Schmid, Vogel. p. 66. t. 54. Le Jaseur de Boheme, Buf. iv. 429. t. 26. Pl. enl. 261. Silk Tail, Raii, Syn. 85. A. Ph. Trans, xv. p. 1165. t. 1. f. 9. Bohemian Wax-wing, Shaw's Zool x. 421. pl. 34. Bohemian Chatterer, Gen. Syn. iii. 91. Br. Zool. i. No. 112. pl.48. Id.fol.7. t. 1. C. Id. 1812. 1. p. 418. pl. 54. Bell, Trav. i. 98; Flor. Scot. i. No. 92. Bewick, i. pl. p. 83. Lewin, Birds, ii. t. 65. Osterl. Menag: pl. 15. Walcot, Syn. ii. pl. 204. Bonov. Birds, i. pl. 11. Pult. Bors. Graves, Br. Birds, ii. pl. 17. Orn. Bid. Sf Supp. SIZE of a Lark; length eight inches. Bill black; irides reddish ; the feathers on the crown elongated into a crest; head and upper parts of the plumage reddish ash-colour, inclining more to the latter on the rump; from the nostrils, over the eye, a streak of black to the hindhead ;, chin black; forehead chestnut; breast and belly pale purplish chestnut, growing white towards the vent; lesser wing coverts brown; greater, farthest from the body, black, with white tips, forming a bar; quills black; the third and fourth tipped on the outer margins with white, the five following with yellow; secondaries ash-colour, tipped on the outer edge with white; besides which, as far as eight of these feathers have the ends of the shafts continued into a flat, homy, appendage, the colour of fine red sealing wax ; tail black, tipped with yellow. 174 CHATTERER. The female is said to want the red appendages at the end of the second quills,* as well as the yellow marks on the wings, f This, although ranked among the British birds, is only seen with us at uncertain times; supposed to breed in various parts of Germany, and in particular Bohemia, whence its usual name; but probably its summer residence may be more northward; and although it is common in Germany every year, it is said to be most so once in seven. Is not unfrequently met with in France, and Italy, but in England is a very uncertain visitant, and generally appears towards the northern parts, being seen annually in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh in winter, disappearing in spring; is in plenty both at St. Petersburgh, and Moscow in the winter, but observed to come from parts farther north, and departs again to the Arctic Circle in spring, nor is it ever known to breed in Russia; it is scarce in Siberia, and has not been found beyond the Lena: is mentioned as a Tartarian bird by Frisch, who says, it breeds there among the rocks.—I was informed by the late Mr. Tunstall, that it has been killed in Northumberland, and Yorkshire frequently. In the winter of 1787, many flocks were seen all over the coasts of the latter; and, towards the spring, one of between twenty and thirty, within two miles of his seat at WyclifFe, independent of small flocks of four or five. Many were taken alive, and appeared extremely tame, but none would live any time in cages; they seemed very fond of dog berries, eating them out of the hand, almost as soon as taken. In the eastern part of this kingdom I have met with it, two or three times killed, near London, and once near to Sandwich, in Kent, having received a specimen from my friend, the late Mr. Boys. In the western part, one shot at Winchester, in February, 1804, also one in Devonshire, at Saltram, the seat of * This is probable, since it is so in the American Species; the Males also, which possess them, vary much, in some only five in number; and I have observed eight on one wing, and seven only on the other, and even as few as three. f This is not certain, the American one has no yellow on the wings in either sex: I have never seen one of these without. L CHATTERER. 175 Lord Boringdon.*.—Dr. Pulteney records one having been killed at Shaftesbury in 1788; but certainly, they appear to be most plentiful northward. The general food is berries of all kinds, and, like many other birds, they are fond of grapes, and when to be met with in plenty, are esteemed good for the table. 2.—CAROLINA CHATTERER. Ampelis garrulus, Ind. Orn. i. 364. /3. Lin. i. 297. /3. Gm. Lin. 838. 1. j3. Ampelis Americana, Cedar Bird, Amer. Orn. i. pl. 7. f. 1. Bombycilla Carolinensis, Bris. ii. 337. Id. 8vo. 1. 251. Klein, 70. 34. T. F. Miller, III t. 8: Bombycilla Cedrorum, Vieill. Am. i. p. 88. pl. 57. Avis Americana cristata, Xomotl, Seba, ii. 66. t. 65. 5. Klein, Av. 98. 11. Coquantototl, Raii, 174. Crown, or Cedar Bird, Bartr. TV. 288. Prib Chatterer, Arct. Zool. ii. No. 207. Carolina Wnxwing, Shaw's Zool. x. 423. Chatterer of Carolina, Gen. Syn. iii. 93. 1. A. Id. Sup. ii. 189. Cates. Car. i. 46. Faun. Amer. p. 13. Ellis, Voy. ii. 13. Cook's last Voy. ii. 518. THIS is less than the European Species, but in general plumage not unlike. The streak, however, from the nostrils is less defined, black, bordered above and beneath with white, and the chin merely dusky; belly and vent pale yellow, instead of reddish chestnut; the under tail coverts white; there is neither any white at the ends of the greater coverts, nor the second quills; but these last are furnished with red appendages as in the other; the ends of the tail feathers yellowish for one quarter of an inch; in some also the tail ends in a homy blade, like the wings, one of which has come under my inspection, having three or four of the feathers tipped in that manner. The female has only five appendages at the end of the second quills, and not always so many: young cocks, too, are at first without any, and have been mistaken for females; though they have most frequently two or three, but chiefly on one wing. * Orn.Bict. ! v- 176 CHATTERER. This bird inhabits the external range between Mexico and Canada, at least; at Quebec called the Recollect;* makes a large nest in the fork of an apple tree, ten or twelve feet from the ground, of coarse, dry stalks of grass, lined with finer; the eggs three or four in number, dingy white, in shape tapering suddenly, marked , with small roundish black spots, of different sizes and shapes; hatches the last week in June: the first food of the young is larvae of insects, and by degrees berries; when fat, thought to be good food, hence brought to market, selling from 12 to 25 cents per dozen; is seen, occasionally, both in winter and summer, and sometimes does much damage to the early cherries; the note is trifling, nothing that can be called a song: comes into Georgia in small flocks, the beginning of April, and eats the berries of the Pride of China, and a flock has been known to continue there all May, feeding on mulberries; is called there Crown, or Cedar Bird, as well as the Chatterer. Mr. Bartram observes, that they sometimes prolong their stay in Pennsylvania to the 1st of June, when the early cherries ripen, and again seen in autumn, when the cedar berries f are in perfection, and then arrive in large flocks. This bird has been met with at Aoonalashka, $ as well as at Norton Sound. § 3.—PURPLE-BREASTED CHATTERER. Ampelis Cotinga, Ind. Orn.i. 364. Lin. i. 298. Gm.Lin. i. 840. Bris.ii. 340. t.34. 1 ? Id.8vo.i. 252. Spalowsk, i. t. 23. Gerin. iii. t. 312, 313. Le Cotinga bleu, Pl. enl. 186. Levail. Am. et Ind. i. 101. pl. 34.—male. Id. pl.35. female. Id. pl. 36—young bird. Purple-breasted blue Manakin, Edw. pl. 241. Gen. of Birds, 63. pl. 9. Purple-breasted Chatterer, Gen. Syn. iii. 94. Shaio's Zool. x. p. 429. pl. 35. SIZE of a Song Thrush ; length eight inches and three quarters. Bill and legs black; irides reddish brown; plumage on all the * No doubt from the similarity of the crest to that part of this order. t Juniperus Americana. X Ellis's Voy. ii. p. 15. § Cook's last Voy,ii. 518. CHATTERER. 177 upper parts of the body, belly, and vent, fine rich blue; beneath, as far as the belly, purple red; greater coverts, quills, and tail black, the former edged with blue.—M. Levaillant observes, that every blue feather has the rest of its length from the tip black, and the purple ones white; and that the young do not gain the full plumage till the third moult. The female is dusky brown, with a tinge of red in some places, in others bluish ; and the feathers more or less margined with pale red orange; quills and tail rufous brown, edged with the.same. At first, the young bird is most like the female ; general colour brown ; the margins of the feathers dusky reddish white, or at least, the white is not pure. Inhabits Brazil, called there Kirua orCrejod: manners unknown. It is believed by many, that the Spotted-breasted one is the male, and the Purple-breasted the female; and if so, the varieties in colour of each, mentioned by authors, most probably proceed from different periods of age. 4— SPOTTED-BREASTED CHATTERER. Ampelis Cotinga, Ind. Orn. i. 364. Bris. ii. 340. t. 34. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 252. Nat. Misc. pl. 817. & 821. &mtim Cotinga Cordon bleu, Buf. iv. 442. pl. 21. Pl. enl. 188. Levail. Am. $ Ind. i. 125. pl. 41. male. Id. 42. female. Superb Chatterer, Shato's Zool. x. 436. pl. 38. Cock purple-breasted Manakin, Edw. pl. 340. Gen. Syn. iii. 94. LENGTH eight inches and three quarters. Bill and legs black; head, all the upper parts of the body, and wing coverts rich glossy blue; greater coverts, quills, and tail, black ; throat and fore part of the neck purple, marked with three or four patches of bright scarlet, irregularly placed; across the breast a belt of blue. How far the female differs from the other sex is not determined ; but the markings on the under parts vary most exceedingly, so that 178 CHATTERER, no two are precisely alike. In Edwards's bird are four scarlet spots above the blue belt, and three below. In the Pl. enlum. one under the chin, two on the neck, and one on the purple bar below the blue one. In Levaillant's, one spot just below the chin, two on the neck before, within a circle of the same; and in one figure of this bird, the purple is exactly in the shape of a cross ; as to the patehe* of fiery-red, appearing out of the purple in many places, one would rather take it for art than the effect of nature, being in such singular forms, as handed down to us in engravings; and if it be true, that on pulling out the feathers at a certain age, others of a different hue would be produced, we might be led to think the whole an artifice, used for the same purpose as in the Counterfeit Parrots mentioned by authors* M. Levaillant thinks this Spotted-breasted one distinct, and not a Variety; and that the Purple-breasted one is so scarce, that he has only seen thirteen specimens, whilst he has met with five hundred ofthe Common sort. 5—PURPLE-THROATED CHATTERER. Ampelis Cayana, Ind. Orn. i. 365. Lin. i. 298. Gn 1769. t.V. Turdus Cayanus, Ind. Orn.i. 332. Gm. Lin. i. 816—y Cotinga Cayanensis, Bris. ii. 344. pl. 35. 3. Id. 8vo. i Lanius Ococolin, Klein,h'4. 6. Seba, ii. 102. t. 96. 3. Litorne de Cayenne, Buf. iii. 306—young bird. Cotinga de Cayenne, Quereiva, Buf. iv. 444. Pl. enl. 624. pl. 27—male. Id. pl. 28—young male. Pl. 29—. Grive de Cayenne, Pl enl. 515—young male. Cayenne Thrush, Gen. Syn. iii. 29—young bird; £u¥pteithrc&1tM Ghittef&f-, 'Gfete. Syn,tL 95. Shaw's tml. x. 429. SIZE of the Redwing; length eight inches and a quarter. Bill black; general colour of the plumage blue green, with a mixture of * Pernetty Voy. aux Malouin. i. 177. Hist, des Ois. vi. '235. Will Orn. p. 72. Id. ■ Engl 110. Gen. Spi. i. 2g&. Gen. Hist. Birds, ii. 2?B. Lin . i. 840. fosm Mo nog. ing bird. 253 24. Levail. A n: et Ind. i . 81. Idle -aged male Pl. 30- -tern CHATTERER. 179 black ; the feathers being of this last colour, the tips only blue green, so that the colours, unless the feathers lie perfectly smooth, appear mixed ; chin, throat, and neck before, most beautiful purplish crimson; greater wing coverts black, edged with blue; quills the same; tail and legs black. Tlie young male is uniform, pale brown, on the throat, and neck before; but the upper parts ofthe body, wings, and tail, deeper brown; in some the feathers have the margins much paler; breast and belly dirty white, the middle of the feathers dusky; vent white; some of the wing coverts edged with ferruginous; the greater quills dusky black; tail ash-colour. The male, when of middle age, has the blue feathers breaking out among the brown, and a slight tincture of the approaching red on the throat. M. Levaillant says, the male has the gaudy dress only during the time of incubation. The female is smaller than the male; the general colour dusky brown, with a slight tinge of green in some parts; but the greater wing eoyerts are black brown, fringed with pale rufous; the prime quills dusky, with greenish edges; the secondaries with pale rufous; the under parts grey brown, shaded with light green on the throat and breast, and on the belly a greenish tinge; tail brown, feathers fringed with greenish, inclining to rufous near the ends. These are common at Guiana, and particularly at Cayenne, but few of the young birds or females are sent to Europe. 6—BLUE-BREASTED CHATTERER. A»f>elis teres., Ind. Orn. i. 365. Gm. Lin. i. 841. Le Tersine, Buf. iv. 446. Blue-breasted Chatterer, Gen. Syn. iii. 95. Shaw's Zool. x. 432. IN this, the bill and legs are c usky bi own; upper parts of the head, shoulders, quills, and tail black; outer edge ofthe quills A A Ln 180 CHATTERER. bluish; throat, breast, lower- part of the back, and a band on the wing coverts pale blue; belly yellowish white, deeper on the sides. Inhabits Cayenne; supposed to be a female, but of what Species is uncertain. 7—CARUNCULATED CHATTERER.—Pl. lxxxiv. Ampelis carunculata, Ind. Orn. i. 366. Gm. Lin.i. 841. Cotinga alba, Rm. ii. 356. Id. 8vo. i. 257. ——- caroncule, ou Guiranganga, Levail. Am. et Ind. 118. pl. 39—male. Id. pl. 40. female. Buf. iv. 454. Pl. enl. 793—male. 794—female. Averano, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxiii. Carunculated Chatterer, Gen. Syn. iii. 98. pl. 40. Shaw's Zool. x. 435. pl. 37. LENGTH twelve inches. Bill one inch and a half long, broad, and black at the base; on the forehead a fleshy caruncle, two inches long, hanging loosely over it, as in the Turkey Cock, and capable of being erected quite upright; the whole plumage in the adult male is pure white; some adult birds, but in a less complete stage, have a slight tinge of yellow on the rump, quills, and tail; legs black. The female has the same frontal caruncle as the male; plumage olive green, with a brownish tinge; quills and tail darker; beneath, as far as the breast, the same as above, but paler; from thence to the vent of a light colour, with a mixture of yellow, and a few dusky markings. The young male, in its first feathers, very nearly resembles the female.—Inhabits Cayenne, Brazil, and other parts of South America; said to arrive at Surinam, with others of the Genus, and to feed on the same fruits in concert; makes the nest on tall trees, and lays four greenish eggs : these birds are said to have so loud a voice, as to be heard at the distance of half a league ; the notes composed of two syllables, In, An, uttered in a drawling kind of tone, though some have compared it, as in the Variegated Species, to the sound of a bell. (ja/r////rv/r,/,v/ (Ma&wvKf. Ill 1 CHATTERER. 181 8—WHITE CHATTERER. LENGTH one foot. Bill and legs black; chin, throat, as far as the breast, and round the eye, bare; plumage entirely white; at the bend of the wing a small, bare, callous, space, but not amounting to a knob, or spur; the first quill of the wing shortest, increasing to the third, which is the longest; tail four inches long. I have seen two specimens of this bird, which probably belong to the Carunculated Species, but without any trace of the fleshy caruncle, which hangs so conspicuously over the forehead of that bird, in both sexes. 9.—BLACK-HEADED CHATTERER. Procnias melanocephalus, Maxim. Trav. i. p. 143: Averano, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxiii. LENGTH eight inches, seven lines. Head black; irides cinnabar red ; the upper parts of the body Linnet-green, the lower yellowish green, with darker transverse stripes. Inhabits Brazil, about the neighbourhood of St. Salvador, and thought to be a new species. 10.—AZURE CHATTERER. Procnias cyanotropus, Maxim. Trav. i. 160. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxiv. THIS is an extremely beautiful species; if held against the light the whole bird appears of a splendid azure, and turned from the light, it shews a shining bright green; wings and throat black; the under part of the body white. Inhabits Brazil: in the Berlin Museum it is named Procnias ventralis. 182 CHATTERER. 11.—PARAGUAN CHATTERER. rahuro, Voy. d'Azara, No. 64. THIS is nine inches long. Bill and legs black ; irides chestnut; plumage in general yellowish brown; head and neck before dusky; wings and tail feathers edged with yellow ; all the under parts are yellow.—Common in Paraguay, near stagnant waters, on the borders the River Plate, in small flocks; perches on trees near the water, and reeds, sometimes on the ground; suspends the nest among the reeds, made of straws, without any lining; lays three white eggs, spotted with rufous. 12—SILKY CHATTERER. Ampelis Maynana, Ind. Orn.i. 365. Lin.i. 298. Gm. Lin.i. 840. Nat. Misc. pl.765. Cotinga Maynanensis, Bris. ii. 341. t.34. 2. Id. 8vo. i'. 253. A plumes, soyeueee, Buf iv. 447. Pl enl. 229. Levail. Am.-et Ind.i. 132, ph 43. . Silky Chatterer, Gen. Syn. iii. 96. Shaw's Zool. x. 433. LENGTH seven inches and a quarter. Bill brown ; the feathers of the head, and hind part of the neck, are long, narrow, and fine blue, the base of them brown ; chin and throat deep purple; back and rump, fore part of the neck, and from thence to the vent, blue, like the head ; but the feathers white at the base, and blue only at the tips; and the intermediate part being violet purple, gives the appearance of blue and purple mixed, when the feathers do not lie exactly over one another; thighs brown; quills blackish brown, with the outer margins and ends blue; the two middle tail feathers dusky brown, the margins and ends blue; the four next, on eacfe side, the same, the outer margins blue; the exterior dusky bjtown- Inhabits the Province of Maynas, in Soutii America, though probably neither at Surinam nor Cayenne, ance none have feeen found at Cayenne. CHATTERER. 183 13.—RED CHATTERER. Ampelis Carnifex, Ind. Orn. i. 366. Lin. i. 298. Gm. Lin. i. 839. Borowsk. iii. 173. SpalOwsk. ii. t. 23. Lanius ruber Surinamensis, Gerin. i. 74. t. 58. 2. Icterus totus ruber, Klein, 68. Cotinga rubra, Bris.ii. 351. Id. 8vo.i. 255. Merrem, Ic. i. t. 1. f. 1. Avicula de Pipitzon dicta, Seba, i. 92. t. 57. 4. Cotinga rouge, ou Ouette, Buf. iv. 452. Pl. enl 378. Levail. Amer. $ Ind. i. 111. pl. 37. Red Chatterer, Gen. Syn. iii. 97. Edw. pl. 39. SIZE of a Grosbeak; length seven inches. Bill dull red; the feathers of the head are long, and may be erected into a crest at will : this crest, the lower part of the back, rump, lower part of the belly, thighs, and vent, are bright crimson ; the rest ofthe plumage dull red ; the tips ofthe feathers dusky; tail crimson, with the end and outer web dusky brown; legs dirty yellow, the hind part of them hairy. In the female the top ofthe head, and the tail feathers are brown red, the plumage otherwise olive-green, tinged with red, or brown, in different lights; belly and under tail coverts red, but less so than *tt any part of the male. Inhabits Cayenne, Guiana, and other parte of South Americas has the manners of the Pompadour, but is more common; its cry is like the word Ouette. 14—ANNUMBI CHATTERER. L'Aniiumbi jrouge, Voy. d'Jzmh m*. No. 220. THIS is eight inches long. Bill dusky, nearly straight, but curved a little afthe point, beneath whitish ; irides fine yellow; head, wings, and tail, fine carmine; sides of the head, and neck behind, body, and under tail coverts, rufous brown; fore part of the neck, and under parts of the body whitish; under wing coverts as above, 184 CHATTERER. but less bright; quills dusky towards the point; the feathers on the the head and neck are stiffer than the rest, and the shafts project a little beyond the tips; tail feathers square, but the tail rounded in shape at the end, the outmost feather being much shorter than the middle; legs silvery blue. Inhabits Paraguay. Said to make a large nest, of small, spinous twigs, well entwined together, and hung at the end of a branch of a tree, so as to wave with every wind ; often made in the highways, and hedges, within the reach of any one on horseback, and to have several places of entrance ; the eggs are in general four in number, and white : both sexes sit in turn. This seems much allied to, if not a Variety ofthe Red Chatterer. 15.—CUPREOUS CHATTERER. Ampelis cuprea, Ind. Orn. i. 366. Merrem, Ie, p. 5. t. 1. f. 2. Cupreous Chatterer, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 190. Shaw's Zool. x. 426. SIZE of the Red Chatterer, and at first sight like it. Bill the same; general colonr ofthe plumage olive, the feathers glossed with copper, and orange bronze at the tips; crown red; cheeks orange; breast and belly sanguineous, glossed with green at the margins of the feathers. This is the description of M. Merrem, who thinks it distinct, for, on comparison with the Red, the feathers of the head and neck are smaller, and stiffer than the others; those on the cheeks curled, and on the ears full, and long; the wings are also longer, for they reach above a quarter of the way on the tail, which is rounded at the end ; legs brown. Inhabits Surinam.—M. Levaillant supposes this the same with the Red Chatterer, but in case of any alliance with either, it seems to approach nearest to the Annumbi, unless all the three form but one Species. CHATTERER. 185 16.—VARIEGATED CHATTERER—Pl. lxxxv. Ampelis variegata, Ind. Orn. i. 367. Gm. Lin. i. 841. Cotinga nsevia, Bris. ii. 354. Id. 8vo. i. 256. L'Averano, Buf. iv. 457. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxiii. Guira-punga, Raii, 166. 4. Will. 147. t. 38. Id. Engl. 199. t. 38. Variegated Chatterer, Gen. Syn. iii. 99. Shaw's Zool. x. 434. THIS singular bird is eleven inches long, from the forehead to the end ofthe tail. Bill black, three quarters of an inch long, very much depressed, flat, as in the Goat-sucker, and very broad at the base, elevated into a sort of ridge on the top, and sloping to a point, which is somewhat bent, and sharp at the tip; nostrils in a hollow, small, and pervious; gape widely extended beneath the eyes, and dusky black; irides blue-black ; the top of the head, including the eyes, and nape, brown; general colour of the body pearly white, inclining to dove-colour on the back; tail bluish, or dusky white, three inches in length; wings black; on the neck, chiefly before, from the chin to the middle of the breast, spring numerous, narrow, flat, and elongated fleshy appendages, from forty to fifty in number, as thick as a card or parchment, and some of them more than one inch and a quarter in length, increasing downwards as they proceed from the chin, at which part they are very short. In the dead bird the colour appears dusky black, they are curved into various forms, and no doubt, in the living state, must put on a singular appearance ; the wings, when closed, reach to about the middle of the tail; legs stout and black, with claws hooked and pale. Brisson's description* says, the head is dark brown; neck, breast, belly, back, and thighs, ash-colour, with a mixture of black on the back, and of green on the rump; lesser wing coverts black; the greater black, and dull green mixed; tail three inches long, much as the quills in colour. * Brisson refers for a figure to Willughby and Marcgrave, which is most wretched, but we believe the only one extant. 186 CHATTERER. As far as we can learn, our first description is that of an adult male; and that of Brisson not in complete plumage. The female has the same bill. In size rather smaller; the head and neck behind sooty black, or very deep brown ; shoulders, back, wings, and tail, olive-green; throat and sides ofthe neck somewhat bare, being sparingly covered with small, half white, half brownish yellow feathers; breast, belly, and vent, dirty yellow; the two first marked with longitudinal brown streaks ; legs black. Brisson describes this sex in having the plumage wholly blackish, with a mixture of brown and green, inclining most to brown on the back, and to green beneath ; the upper appendages on the throat wholly wanting.* This species inhabits Brasil, called there Araponga; and has a loud voice, which may be heard a great way off; but this is only for six weeks, in the height of summer, in December and January : this cry is of two kinds, one like that of a hammer, striking on a wedge; the other similar to the noise of a cracked bell;f during the rest of the year the bird is silent. Willughby says, that it is a fat, and well fleshed bird, and nearly equal to a Dove in size. According to Buffon, the breast has a channel running down the whole of its length; and the trachea is very large, which may probably account for the loudness of the voice. A pair of these, in the collection of Lord Seaforth, we believe brought from the Isle of Trinidad. It is also in the possession of Mr. Comyns, but is not common. * One of these, said to be a female, had the same head, and appendages on the neck as ift the first described; neck behind olive green with a blackish mixture on the wing coverts; quills green, edged with olive; on the lower part of the back, and rump a great mixture of white; tail olive, with chestnut shafts; under parts of the body dusky white, streaked dusky. We suspect this to be a young male. t Hence called by the English, the Bell Bird. CHATTERER. 187 Ampelis cristata, Ind. Orn. 368. Crested Chatterer, Gen. Syn. Sup, 17.—CRESTED CHATTERER. T. F. Miller, III. t %. Lin. p. 841. . 190. IN this the head is crested; the back red; cheeks and belly white; wings and tail black.—Inhabits America. 18—CRIMSON CHATTERER. Coracias militaris, Ind. Orn. Sup. p. xxvii. Shaw's Zool. vii. 395. t. 52. Le grand Cotinga, Levail. Am. Sf Ind. i. 77. pl. 25.—male. pl. 26 female. Coracine, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxii. Crimson Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 122. Lev. Mus. t. p. 63. SIZE of a Crow. Bill red; head feathers elongated, forming a short crest; the whole plumage crimson, inclining to pompadour red, but somewhat deeper ; tail even at ffie end, of the same colour with the rest, but darker; the under part dusky black; quills the same; legs dusky. The female is smaller, and the head less crested ; bill and legs brown ; general colour ofthe plumage above cinereous brown; quills and tail deeper; belly, thighs, and vent, white. Inhabits Guiana, where it is said to be common, but very wild; found chiefly in the woods distant from plantations; feeds on fruits, and probably insects. M.' Levaillant mentions having seen only five specimens; I have only met with two; and we believe it is in very few collections. 19.—CINEREOUS CHATTERER. Le Cotingf cendre, Levail. Am. If Ind. i. 135. pl. 44. Coracine, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxii. LENGTH eight inches. Bill and legs dusky brown; upper parts of the plumage deep cinereous grey; under the wings and tail Bb2 188 CHATTERER. darkest; all the under parts from the chin to vent, light grey; under the wings and tail, with its coverts, pale grey. Inhabits Cayenne. M. Levaillant seems to think this may be distinct ; yet seems uncertain of its being only a female, or young bird, either of the Pompadour, or some other Species. 20—POMPADOUR CHATTERER. Ampelis Pompadora, Ind. Orn. i. 365. Lin. i. 298. Gm. Lin. i. 839. Borowsk. iii. 172. Spalowsk. i. ,t. 22. Nat. Misc. pl. 813. Cotinga purpurea, Bris. ii. 347. t. 35. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 254. ' cinereo-purpurea, Bris. ii. 349." Id. 8vo. i. 255.—female. Turdus puniceus, Pall. Adumb. 99. Le Pacapac, Levail. Am. $ Ind. i. 91. pl. 31.—male. Id. p. 96. pl. 32.—female. Id. pl. 33.—young bird. Buf. iv. 448. Pl. enl. 279. Carmin de la Guiana, Gabin. de Madrid, i. p. 71. lam. 32. Grey Chatterer, Gen. Syn. iii. 97.—female. Pompadour Chatterer, Gen. Syn. iv. 96. Edw. t. 341. Shaw's Zool. x. p. 430. pl. 36. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill and legs brown; irides light brown; plumage in general fine glossy purplish red; lesser wing coverts the same ; the greater are narrow, long^ and hollowed beneath, the upper surface appearing ridged, and the tips bare of webs; some of them are two inches in length, and hang in an elegant manner over the quills, the shafts of them are white, and the webs are wholly so, except just at the tips of some of the greater, which are brown. The female is smaller. Bill brownish grey; the plumage the colour of red wine, or brown red; beneath pale purple, mixed with white, in patches; the greater wing coverts are hollowed beneath, as in the male, but not elongated ; under wing coverts white; the second quills white, the greater purplish black; tail purplish brown; legs blackish. Young birds, of either sex, most like the females; the general colour cinereous brown, paler on the throat and breast, inclining to CHATTERER. 189 white near the vent; tail cinereous brown ; upper wing coverts the same, the others dusky, margined with greyish white. Independent of the above, the bird puts on other varieties in plumage, owing to the change from one season to another, as well as different periods of age. Inhabits Cayenne and Guiana, appearing twice in the year, March and September, shifting quarters to other parts in the intermediate season; it feeds on fruits, and is chiefly found on the borders of rivers, making the nest on the highest branches of trees, never in woods: the female lays four white eggs. 21— GREY CHATTERER. Ampelis cinerea, Ind. Orn. i. 367. Lanius Nengeta, Gm. Lin. i. 298. 7. /3. Variete de Guirarou, Buf. iv. 461. Cotinga gris de Cayenne, Pl. enl. 699. La Pepoaza dominicain, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 203 ? Grey Chatterer, Shaw's Zool. vii. 427. Grey Shrike, Gen. Syn. i. 184. 36. A. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill red; plumage in general ash-colour, paler beneath; quills and tail nearly the same as the back ; the tail even at the end ; legs reddish. Inhabits Cayenne. One of these, which came under our view, was scarcely seven inches long; beneath from the breast, yellowish white; tail ash-colour; the outer edge of the exterior feather marked with light grey. Probably a young bird of the Pompadour, or last Species. 22.—WHITE WINGED CHATTERER. SIZE and make of the Pompadour Species; but the general colour of the plumage is dark purplish black. The bill, too, is somewhat longer and stouter, and a trifle broader at the base than 190 CHATTERER. in that bird; the wings and tail pure white, the latter pretty long, and almost even at the end, scarcely rounded; several stiff, and somewhat curved feathers fall over the wings, as in the Pompadour, but are shorter: the make likewise of the wings themselves differs, for when expanded, the ends form but one curve, but in the Pompadour they are rather indented in the middle; legs brown. Inhabits South America.—A fine specimen was in the Museum of Mr. Bullock. We are inclined to think, that this is the Ampelis atrch-parpurea, of Maxim. Tr. called Purple Chatterer, or Silk-Tail, but in his bird the feathers of the crown are said to incline to bright red,* and the young bird the plumage is ash grey, with white quill feathers. 23.—PIAUHAU CHATTERER. Muscicap rubricollis, Ind. Orn. i\ 489. Gm. Lin. i. 933. Cayanensis nigra major, 386. t. 38. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 265. —— porphyrobroncha, Nat. Misc. ii. pl. 60. Le Piauhau, Levail. Am. fy Ind. i. 148. pl. 47.—male. pl. 28.—female. Buf. iv. 588. Grand Gobe-mouche noir de Cayenna, Pl. enl. 381. Purple-throated Flycatcher, Gen. Syn. iii. 365. Shaw's Zool. x. 393. SIZE of a Blackbird, or larger; length twelve inches. Bill broad at the base, one inch long, a triflle bent at the tip, and beset with a few hairs; colour dusky; plumage black, except the chin, throat, and fore part of the neck, which compose a bed of beautiful crimson, inclining to purple; legs black. The female is smaller, but much the same in colour, and both sexes, while young, are not easily distinguished apart. The male, in the first moult, has some traces of the Purple Throat, but does not gain it fully until the third year ; the wings are rather longer than in others of the Genus, as they reach full half on the tail. Some ! p. 228. 240. CHATTERER. 191 specimens are met with wholly black, with no trace of crimson on the throat, and such, no doubt, are young birds. We have also met with others, in which the chin and throat were yellow buff-colour. Inhabits Cayenne, and Guiana throughout: found in flocks ; accompanies the Toncans in their movements, and feeds on fruits. It makes a careless nest, on high trees in the woods, and lays four eggs : the cry is sharp, not unlike the syllables Pi-hau-hau, whence one of the names.—M. Levaillant ranks it as a Chatterer, and I am disposed to think it belongs to that Genus. Linnaeus has joined this bird to the Synonyms of his first Tanager, but the two are very different; the present one being of twice the size. In the Tanager, too, the purple about the head is an universal tinge, and not a patch of crimson, as in the one here described. 24.—RED-BREASTED CHATTERER. Coracias scutata, Ind. Orn. Sup. xxvii. Skau La Pie a gorge ensanglantee, Voy. d'Azara, i Coracine, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal p. lxii. Red-breasted Roller, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 123. r Zool. vii. . No. 56. SIZE of a small Crow, or Jay. Bill strong, black, twenty-one lines in length, seven thick, and eleven broad at the base; nostrils oval, at the base a few straggling hairs; eyes large; plumage in general black ; throat and breast bright scarlet, inclining to ferruginous at the lower part; down the middle of the belly also is a little mixture of the same; the tail has twelve feathers, much rounded in shape, or slightly cuneiform; legs short, dusky black, the outer and middle toes united at the base. The female is rather smaller, and the colours less conspicuous. According to Azara, the bird is seventeen inches long and twenty- eight broad; colour ofthe bill blue, with a whitish tip; irides lead- colour ; legs dull blue. He adds, too, that on the breast and under 192 CHATTERER. the wing are some spots and points of pale rufous, and beneath, the chin some short hairs. Inhabits South America. At first sight might be taken for the last Species, but it differs much, for it is considerably larger, and the throat, breast, and part of the belly, are crimson, but not the chin; whereas, in the other, the chin and fore part of the neck only are of that colour, and more deep in hue. It is said not generally to inhabit Paraguay ; yet a pair was once found in a garden there; one of them was taken alive, and the other killed there in September: is met with also in Brasil. 26.-LINDO CHATTERER.—Pl. lxxxv.* Lindo bleu et dore, k t£te bleu de Ciel, Voy. d'Azara, No. 98 ? LENGTH seven inches. Bill short, stout, broad at the base, and black; forehead, sides of the head, including the eye, chin, and throat, deep black ; the rest fine bright verditer colour, mixed here and there with black, chiefly owing to some of the feathers being dishevelled; for, as the tips alone are blue, and the rest of the length black, it is only when perfectly smooth that the plumage appears uniformly blue; the quills and tail feathers black, the outer margins blue, the ends wholly black; tail even at the end, of a moderate length, and the wings reach to about one-third of it; legs dusky. Inhabits Cayenne, and if the same with that quoted from Azara, which I am inclined to believe, also at Paraguay, where he met with five specimens in May and June. A most beautiful and perfect bird is in the collection of Lord Stanley, as well as one of the following, supposed to be the female. Length six inches and a half. Bill made as in the last described, very near half an inch broad at the base, and not quite so much in length; shape almost triangular, and conic; colour black; nostrils minute, round, in a depression near the base; plumage above fine E^2: TgLte*#u CHATTERER. 193 parrot green ; throat and breast the same, but paler; from the latter barred pale yellow and green; vent plain yellow; forehead, and before the eyes, the chin, and sides pale ash, waved narrowly with dusky; legs short, blackish, claws hooked; quills and tail dusky, the feathers edged with green; the first quill longest; the wings, when closed, reach half way on the tail. Inhabits the Isle of Trinidad: in the collection of Lord Stanley. One of these I formerly met with alive, at the late Mr. Bailey's, dealer in birds, in the Haymarket. This may be allied to the Azure, No. 10, but the size is not mentioned, and the under parts said to be white. 26.—RED-WINGED CHATTERER. Ampelis phoenicea, Ind. Orn. i. 367. Tanagra dubia, Red-shouldered Tanager, Nat. Misc. No. 252. Red-winged Chatterer, Gen. Syn. Sup. 146. Shaw's Zool x. 431. SIZE of a Lark; length seven inches and a half. Bill black, notched at the tip; length to the gape three quarters of an inch, the feathers coming remarkably forward over the nostrils; general colour of the plumage blue black, with a gloss of polished steel; lesser wing coverts most beautiful crimson ; the lower order reddish yellow; tail four inches long; legs black. Inhabits Africa, 27—MURASING CHATTERER. LENGTH seven inches and a quarter; breadth fourteen inches. Bill nearly one inch, very strong, depressed at the base, and slightly incurved; gape wide; both mandibles emarginated; colour pale, with a black point; tongue lacerated; nostrils oblong, covered by the feathers of the lore, which are reversed; irides dark brown; the plumage above black, tinged with cinereous on the head and neck, vol.. v. C c 194 CHATTERER. and with brown on the back; breast, vent, and belly pale cinereous; upper wing eoyert^ cinereous black, the under whitish, with pale dusky bars; quills hoary black, the prime ones tinged with black towards the ends; upper tail coverts $ull white; tail almost truncated, consisting of eight feathers,* blackish above, and hoary beneath, the three outer ones with pale tips; legs black, steofig; hind toe strong, and all tbe claws hooked, sharp, and bfeek. The two* sexes nearly alike. This bird lives the wMeiyear at Calci*tM,-but is very? ?are, and seldom seen; frequents groves, and lives chiefly on insects: is the Murasing of the Mussulmans. I am indebted for the above account to Dr. Buchanan. 28—UMBREULA CHATTERER. Ampelis umbellata, Umbrella Ampelis, Nat. Misc. V. xxi. pl. 897; Cephalopterus ornatus, Ann. du Mus. d'Hist. iVaf.'fSs- p. 235. pl. 15. BTmbSiella Chattereiy Shaw's Zool x. 437. pl.39. SIZE of a Jay. BiU stout, black; general colour of the plumage black ; on the crown a large crest, tending forwards, almost over the bill; all round the eyes the feathers are long and loose, and those on the throat greatly elongated, extending quite to the breast, and are there capable of elevation ; in which case, the parts beneath, and the neck before, seem bare; the crest, and neck feathers before, have a gloss of violet, but the rest of the bird is deep black; tail rounded in shape, and the wings reaglfc.to about the middle of it; legs short, scaly, atbdtjblack. The native place of this curious bird does not seem to be clearly ascertained, but supposed to be Brazil. * So in Dr. Buchanan's Manuscript.. 195 GENUS XL.—COLY. 1 Cape Coly 2 White-backed 3 Senegal 4 Quiriwa 5 African 6 Indian 7 Striated 8 Radiated 10 Black-throated 11 Green -BILL convex above, strait beneath, short and thick, the upper mandible curved downwards. Nostrils, at the base, more or less hid by the feathers. Tongue cartilaginous, shorter than the bill, and laciniated at the end. Toes divided to their origin ; plaoed three before and one behind, but capable of being occasionally varied, so as to have all in front. Levaillant says, that Colies live universally on fruits, not feeding either on grain or insects; form themselves more or less into companies, and do not separate even during incubation, as they make the nests in society, placing many together, one beside the other, in the same bush, and they are said to sleep in numbers, close to each other, suspended to the branches by one foot, the head lowermost; at that time appearing as in a mass, like a swarm of bees, and when known to be on a particular tree, every one may be taken. They do not perch like other birds, dr leap from branch to branch, nor do they even walk nimbly; for resting on the whole length of the leg, they drag the belly after them; are very weighty, often fat, well flavoured, and much sought after, consequently great destruction is made of them by birds of prey, as well as by man, for food. The Coly is in general full of flesh, weighing more than other birds apparently of the same size; is scarcely able to fly upwards; for, when flying from the top of a tree, it seldom can attain 1 196 COLY. a situation of equal height, insensibly descending at last to the bottom ; when it climbs up again, and descends by degrees, alternately, as before.* These birds are called at the Cape, Mouse Birds, on account of their delicate and soft plumage, and their frequently creeping about the roots of trees, as the mouse does; are destructive in gardens, eating not only fruits, but the buds of trees, as soon as as they appear. The wings reach very little beyond the base ofthe tail. M. Levaillant is of opinion, that several of these, here described, belong to one and the same Species, of which no doubt his local information may have greatly enabled him to judge; but we find this to be the case in other Genera, as many of them seem to approach each other in appearance, which, in fact, are quite distinct as species. It has therefore determined us to give the descriptions of authors, as we find them. It does not appear that any of the Coly Tribe are found in America. 1.—CAPE COLY. Colius Capensis, Ind. Orn. i. 368. Gm. Lin. i. 842. Baud. ii. 361. Loxia Colius, Lin. i. 301.f Spalowsk. Vog. iii. t. 41. Colius Cap. B. Spei, Bris. iii. 304. t. 16. 2. id. 8vo. 1. 394. Le Coliou du Cap. de B. Esp. Buf. iv. 404. Pl. ml 282. 1. Cape Coly, Gen. Syn. iii. 100. Shaw's Zool x. p. 2. pl. 1. SIZE of a Chaffinch ; length ten inches and a quarter, of which the tail is six inches and three quarters. Bill grey, with a dusky * The Flying Squirrel of America almost equals this bird, as far as may be called its flight, from one tree to another, and in a similar manner; for, by means of a broad membrane, extended between the fore and hind legs, this animal is rendered very buoyant in the air, and specifically lighter, so as to leap from bough to bough, at least thirty or forty feet, though it always sinks considerably before it can reach the place it aims at. f So far as he gives a distinction of Species, Linneeus is right, but he describes some Other bird by mistake, viz. cinereous, spotted with grey, beneath brown, marked with round white spots, a purple head, and a forked black tail. I cannot recollect such a bird. m^/rU-jr:/,/. i m COLY. 197 black tip; head and neck vinaceous ash-colour; back, rump, scapulars, and upper wing coverts, the same; upper tail coverts purplish chestnut; breast vinaceous; from thence to vent, dirty white; under wing coverts black; tail ash-colour, greatly cuneiform in shape, the outer feathers not more than ten lines in length, and white on the outer web ; legs grey. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. "TH 2.—WHITE-BACKED COLY.—Pl. lxxxvi. Colius leuconotus, Ind. Orn. i. 369. Baud. ii. 362. Coliou k dos blanc, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 89. pl. 257. White-backed Coly, Gm. Syn. Hi. 101. pl. 41. Shaw's Zool. x. p. 6. LENGTH twelve inches. The upper mandible white at the base, and black the rest of its length, th*e under wholly white; plumage in general bluish ash-colour; the head feathers greatly elongated, and when they are elevated, they form an upright crest, which appears pointed; the under parts off the body, from the breast, dirty white, near the vent pure white ; the lower part of the back, rump, and under tail coverts purple, with a stripe of pure white the whole way down the middle; tail very long, cuneiform; shafts of the feathers, chestnut; the outer ones only one inch and a half; . legs stout, of a fine red colour, all the toes capable of being placed forward, as in the Swift; claws large, hooked, and dusky. The female does not externally differ, except in the tail being shorter, and the general colours less vivid. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, abundant towards the Gamtoos, Brayntjes-Hoogte, Sondag, and Swartland, among the Caffres, and several places ofthe interior, to the Buffalo River. The nest is composed of flexible twigs, spacious, open, lined with feathers; the female Jays five or six rose-coloured eggs; the note similar to the syllables qui-wi, several times repeated, and the whole band utter it in flight. 198 COLY. M. Levaillant thinks the first species to be one and the same with witihthis, but that the wings being closed, the upper tail coverts only were observed, the rump being covered from-the sight; but supposing this to be so, it is plain-that the white, which occupies the middle as a conspicuous streak, had also escaped observation. 3.—SENEGAL COLY. Colius Senegalensis, Ind. Orn. i. 368. Gm. Lin. i. 842. Baud. ii. 361. Lanius macrourus, Lin. i. 134. Colius Senegalensis cristatus, Bris. iii. 306. 1.16. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 394; Coliou huppe de Senegal, Buf. iv. 404. pl. 18. Pl. enl. 282. 2. Senegalische Klammervogel, Schmid, Vog. p. 75. t.61. Senegal Coly, Gen. Syn. iii. 101. Shaiv's Zool. x. p. 5. LENGTH twelve inches and a half. Bill grey, with a black tip; plumage in general pale grey, tinged with vinaceous on the head, neck, and breast; the feathers on theijiop, and the hind part of the head, sea-green, and longer than the rest, forming a crest; beneath this, when lifted up, pale glossy blue; quills and tail grey brown, the last bluish, with brown shafts; tail cuneiform, the two middle feathers eight inches long, the outer less than one; legs grey. Inhabits Senegal; also Mozambique; seen in great numbers together, feeding on the orange and papaw * trees, when the fruit is quite ripe. 4.—QUIRIWA COLY. Coliou Quiriwa, Levail. Afr. p. 43. pl. 258—male. SIZE of the White-backed, but the tail longer in proport^ijj. Bill black, covered at the base with a reddish membrane, like a cere, which passes round the eye as a carunculated skin ; the irides * Carica Papaya, Lin. coly. 109: raMtorown; from the nostrils to just above the eyes a fulvous band; at the hindhead a tuft of silky soft feathers; general colour of the upper parts of the body bluish grey, with a slight fulvous tinge; the chin fulvous white; fore part of the neck and breast light greenish' blue, appearing tinged with fulvous in some lights; breast and belly pale rufous; legs red, claws black. The female is smaller, with ar shorter tail and duller plumage. The nest is composed of much the same materials as the others; the eggs from four to six in number, white, spotted with brown. This species is abundant in Caffre Land, especially in the environs of the Gaintoos, the only part in which M. Levaillant found his three species all together-1 they were met with* just oni the ripening of a small kind of plum, cal led by the Hottentots, Goire; this plum is esteemed greatly purgative, yet the Colies are fond of it, and resort to it in amazing numbers, insomuch, that he was able to kill a thousand, wnifch were dressed in. various way9£ and thought to be excellent food ; supposed to be the mostnsamerous of all the species. M. Levaillant hints the possibility ©# one described by Brisson as the Senegal, might be a young one ot $ris, in which1 ffoe bai»e part round the eyes was not 'apparent. Tbe naftives call tins bird Quiriwa or Guiriwa, from tlte note. I 5.—AFRICAN COLY. SIZE of the last. Bill red, tip black ; the ibase appearing as a cere, and passing from the nostrils, to fhe eye; crown crested, the back part Consisting of very loose bluisli feathers;- general colour of thiebird pale 6itt«teo«slb«MVn; beneat& paler, incKiring to blossom^- colour; tail seven'ii*cb&'long, cnneiform, as in tfett'fibers; quills and tail dirty <hM green, wfth a tinge ©# blue; the legs pale reddish brown, at^he back part Of the shins a narrow prominent ridge, the whole of theip lengtfr;' tOeS ?ottg,« dfertvs'hooked. 200 COLY. Inhabits Africa, brought from Sierra Leone: in the collection of Mr. H. Brogden. It seems to stand between the Senegal and the Quiriwa, differing from both in the formation of the legs, unless this circumstance had been overlooked in their descriptions. 6—INDIAN COLY. Colius Indicus, Ind. Orn. i. 370. Baud. ii. 364. Indian Coly, Gen. Syn. Sup. 147. Shaw's Zool. x. p. 3. LENGTH fourteen inches. Bill black, base of both mandibles dull red; lore, and space round the eye, the same; crown, and neck behind pale cinereous grey; forehead and chin yellow ; sides, front of the neck, and all beneath, pale rufous, paler at the vent; back, wings, and tail cinereous lead-colour, the last greatly cuneiform as in the others, and seven inches long ; legs red, claws black. Inhabits India. —One in the collection of the late Mr. Thompson was thirteen inches long, and twelve in breadth; tail eight inches. Notwithstanding the four last are described as different, we are not without suspicion, that they may belong to one and the same species, and that the difference may arise from sex or immaturity. 7— STRIATED COLY. LENGTH twelve inches or more. Bill stout, the upper mandible black, the under yellow; head crested; head, neck, breast, back, wings, and tail pale brown, inclining to greenish grey; the neck, breast, part of the wing coverts, and beginning of the back, marked with numerous transverse darker stria?, not very conspicuous at a distance; beneath from the breast tawny buff; inner webs of the quills, half way from the base, tawny, seen mostly beneath, and the shafts of the feathers are there pale; the: tail exceedingly cuneiform, the two middle feathers seven inches long, the outmost two inches and a half only; colour that of the quills ; legs very stout, red, the hind toe placed greatly inwards, giving the capability of all the toes being used forwards, and which the bird is observed to do. Inhabits Abyssinia.—In the collection of Mr. Salt. A.—This is about the same length as the other, but less bulky in proportion. The bill is broader at the base, yellow, with the tips of both mandibles black; general colour of the plumage above brown, with a bluish tinge ; beneath, from the breast, pale tawny buff; the inner webs of the quills are tawny for the greater part of the length, most conspicuous beneath, and darker than in the Striated Coly, with a similar tail, but the exterior feather is shorter, being less than one inch and a half in length; the legs are less stout, but wiffe the like disposition of the toes, to be placed occasionally forwards. In the same collection with the last, to which it seems to have much affinity; probably differing in sex, or incomplete in plumage. 8— RADIATED COLY. Colius striatus, Ind. Orn. Le Coliou raye, Buf. iv. Radiated Coly, Gm. Syn. Gm. Lin. i. 843; Baud. ii. 362. .evail. Afr. vi. p. 36. No. 256. . Shaw's Zool. ix. p. 3. LENGTH thirteen inches. Bill black above, whitish beneath; plumage above dull grey, with a light tinge of lilac, inclining to red on the rump and tail; breast rufous grey, belly rufous, both transversely striped with brown; tail green, greatly cuneiform, as in the others; the two middle feathers eight inches in length; the three exterior margined outwardly with white. The male and female much alike. Inhabits Africa. M. Levaillant observes, that this is the largest species found in Africa, and that the tail measures at least one half; but the size ofthe body is not much larger than that of a Lark. VOL. V. D D 202 COLY. This is common in Swartland, and other parts of the interior of the Cape of Good Hope: also in Abyssinia; Mr. Salt shot one in the gardens of the Rhas, in Chelicut: lays six or seven white eggs; the nest is open at top, spherical, made of flexible roots, lined with feathers, and is placed among the thick and thorny bushes, to avoid birds of prey; has a monotonous cry, like Trit, trit, repeated every instant. 9—PANAYAN COLY. Colius Panayensis, Ind. Orn. i. 3G9. Gm. Lin.i. 843. Baud. ii. 363. Coliou de Panay, Buf. iv. 406. Son. Voy. 116. pl. 74. Panayan Coly, Gm. Syn. iii. 102. Shaw's Zool x. p. 7. BILL black; head crested; the plumage above cinereous grey, tinged witib yellowish; breast the same, crossed with transverse black lines; lower part of the belly, and upper part of the tail rufous; the last greatly cuneiform, and the wings reach very little beyond tbe base; legs pale flesh-colour. Inhabits Panay, one of the Philippine Islands, and scarcely seems to differ specifically from the Radiated, or last described. 10.—BLACK-THROATED COLY. Coliou raye a Gorge noire, Levail. Afr. vi. p. 45. No. 259. ABOUT the size of a Bunting; length fourteen inches. Bill and •elaws black; beneath yellowish white'; hindhead crested, hanging loosely downwards, colour vinous grey 5 fotehiead before the eye, all round the base of the bill, and throat black; back, wings, breast, and sides light vinous brown, crossed with numerous dusky bars; the rest of the under parts light rufous ferown; beneath the wings dull rufous; ends of the quills brown; beneath the tail the same; this is greatly cuneiform, and eight inches long; legs deep red. COLY. 203 Inhabits the Coast of Angola and Malemba, in Africa. M. Levaillant, from whom the above is taken, never saw it alive, but described it from a skin which was given to him; and he is of opinion that it is allied to the Radiated Coly. 11.—GREEN COLY. Colius viridis, Ind. Orn.i. 369. Baud. ii. 304. Green Coly, Gen. Syn. Sup. 147. Shaw's Zool. x. p. 4. SIZE of the Redwing Thrush; length twelve inches or more. Bill black; forehead and edges of the eyelids covered with black, velvet-like feathers; plumage in general deep glossy green; quills and tail dusky, the last cuneiform, and seven inches and a quarter in length. Inhabits New-Holland: communicated by the late Mr. Pennant. 1 204 GROSBEAK. GENUS XLI.—GROSBEAK. 1 Crossbill A Pyrenean Cr. 2 Greater Cr. 3 White-winged Cr. 4 Parrot-billed Grosbeak 5 Haw 6 Pine 7 Siberian 8 Green 9 Bulfinch A Black B. B White B. C Flamingo B. 10 Northern Gr. 11 Caucasian 12 Cape A Var. 13 Gambia 14 Gold-backed 15 Long-tail 16 Crimson-breasted 17 Grenadier A Franciscan B Cayenne 18 Paradise 19 Prasine A Var. 20 Abyssinian 21 Pensile 22 Sociable 23 Totty 24 Bengal 25 Philippine A Var. Baglafecht 26 Manyar 27 Chinese 28 Yellow-fronted 29 CafFrarian 30 White-shouldered 31 Testaceous 32 Furvous 33 Black-headed 34 Nun A Var. 35 Black-breasted 36 Collared 37 Rufous-crowned 38 African 39 Sumatran 40 Brimstone 41 Yellow-rumped 42 Yellow-throated A Var. B China Finch 43 Yellow A Var. 44 Scarlet 45 Malacca A Chinese Sparro' B Var. 46 White-eared 47 Molucca 48 Striated 49 Cowry A Var. 50 Spotted-sided 51 Eastern 52 White-winged 53 Angola 54 Orange-bellied A Var. 55 Grey-necked 56 Java 57 Madagascar 58 Malabar 59 Ash-headed 60 Crested 61 Brown 62 Frontal 63 Red-billed 64 Crimson-billed 65 Gold-fronted 66 Parrot 67 Wax-billed A Var. . B White-rumpe< 68 White-tailed 69 Black-bellied A Var. 70 Radiated 71 Pearled 72 Fasciated 73 Thick-billed . 74 Warbling 75 Asiatic A Var. 76 Lineated A Frizzled 77 White-headed 78 Mustachoe 79 Orange A Var. 80 Ferruginous 81 Cinereous A Var. 82 Fascinating 83 Black-lined A Var. 84 Nitid 85 White-lined 86 White-throated A Chili Finch 87 Sooty 88 Blue A Brisson's 89 Cerulean 90 Azure GROSBEAK. 91 Purple A Pope 112 White-billed 92 Rufous-chinned 102 Crested D ominican 113 Brown-headed 93 Porto-Rico 103 Red-breasted A Var. 94 Dusky 104 Tufted 114 Browne-cheeked 95 Cardinal 105 Yellow-cre sted 115 St. Domingo A Carlson's 106 Canada 116 Paraguan 96 Indian A Var. 117 Gold-headed 97 Ash-coloured 107 Spotted 118 Black-crested 98 Fan-tail 108 Marigold 119 Minute 99 Brasilian 109 Grey 120 Dwarf 100 Hudsonian 110 Black 121 Streaked-headed 101 Dominican , 111 White-run aped 1 1 HE bill in this Genus is strong, convex above and below, and thick at the base. Nostrils small and round. Tongue as if cut off at the end. Toes placed three before and one behind. This Genus, as well as that of the Thrush, has attracted the attention of later writers, who have altered the arrangement of several of the species, hitherto comprised therein, by forming them into separate Genera; induced so to do, from the wished for precision of the present race of naturalists, which may be observed, as we proceed in the descriptions. Among others, may be noticed the Crossbill, which Brisson allows to stand singly, under the name of Loxia ;* again in respect to our Parrot-billed Grosbeak; which M. Temminck has made into a Genus, calling it Psittirostra, from the similarity of the bill to that of a Parrot, f To compose his Genus Loxia, (our present Grosbeak,) Linnaeus has selected from several authors, but chiefly Brisson,$ such birds as ing each other. ear to that of the Coly, as to that of the Parrot, either; and it may be observed, that Linnaeus, * From the mandibles of the bill cr< f The bill of this bird approaches as though not formed precisely the same i included the Coly among his Loxiae. X From his Genera of Loxia, Coccothraustes, Chloris, Pyrrhula, Fringilla, Cardinalis, Passer, Senegalus, Maia, and Colius, 206 GROSBEAK. best corresponded with his definition of the shape of the bill, and we have continued to follow his steps in the present work. But this will not apply to those furnished by our later discoveries; as several have been met with, by no means reconcileable to any Genus hitherto fixed; and on that account, of course, requiring a situation apart; yet the greater number, although not precisely coinciding in every nice point, we have included in some Genus to which they nearest approached, rather than create a new one. In short, in respect to the Grosbeaks, as well as elsewere, we have been solicitous, as much as may be, to follow the path traced out by Linnaeus, so long approved, and so generally received. 1—COMMON CROSBILL. Loxia curvirostra, Ind. Orn. i. 370. Lin. i. 299. Faun. suec. No. 224. Gm. Lin. i. 843. Scop. Ann.i. No. 200. Kramer, 365. Brun. No. 238- Muller, No. 244. Frisch, t. 11. Georgi, 174. Faun. Arag. 85. Schaf. el Orn. t. 45. Spalowsk, iii. t. 35.36. Germ. iii. t. 324. Baud. ii. 357. Shaw's Zool. ix. 231. pl. 41—male & fern. Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 196. Id. Ed. ii. p. 325. Loxia, Raii, 86. A. Will. 181. t.44. Borowsk. iii. 131. t. 61. JBm.iii. 329. t. 17. f. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 401. Coccothraustes curvirostra, Klein, 96. 13. Id. Stem. 1.19. f. 19. a. b. Le Bee croise, Buf. iii. 449. t. 27. 2. Pl. enl. 218. Hist. Prov. ii. 317. Krautvogel, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. 1.19. lower fig. Kreuzschnabel, (Kreuzvogel), Naturf. xii. 92. Id. ii. 66. Id. xvii. 86. Id. xxi. 127. /d.xxii. 122. Id. xxv. 17. Schmid, Vog. p. 76. t. 62. Common Crossbill, or Sheld-Apple, Gm. Syn. iii. 106. Br. Zool i. No. 115. pl. 49. Id. 1812.i. p.425. pl. 54. Edw. pl. 303. Will. Engl.248. pl.44. Alb.i. pl. 61. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 208. Collins's Birds, pl. 1. f. 1. 2. Lewin's Birds, ii. pl. 66. Walcot, ii. pl. 205. Bewick, i. pl. p. 130. Bonov. Birds, ii. pl. 39. OrnitK&ict. Pult. Bors-Tp. 11. Graves, Br. Birds, i. pl. 16. Amer. Orn. pl. 31. f. 1. 2. SIZE of a Lark; length six inches and three quarters; weight one ounce and a half. Bill strong, brown; both mandibles very convex, and cross each other at the ends, which are much curved, and pointed; irides dusky hazel; a few hairs extend forwards over nostrils: in the male, the predominant colour of the plumage is GROSBEAK. 207 that of red lead, or rose-colour, varied more or less with brown; the under parts much paler than the upper, and near the vent almost wtrite; wings and tail brown, the latter a little forked; legs black. The female is greenish, mixed with brown, in those parts where the male is red. The young male is at first like the female, gaining 'the fine red colour by degrees; but the female has rarely any other tinge than before mentioned, though both sexes vary at different times of the year. This is no uncommon species in England, and sometimes comes in prodigious flocks, chiefly visiting places where; jfiraes grow, as it feeds on the seeds; and it is curious to observe with what dexterity it picks them out with the bill; holding the cone in one foot like a Parrot: the nest.composed of dried fibres, mixed with leaves and moss; the eggs, generally four, yellowish white, tinged with brown, marked with small dull red spots all over, but most numerous at the larger end:* more than a single instance has been known of their building in England; one was in a row of pines, within two miles of Dartford, in Kent: the nest made on the lowest fork of one of these trees, about the size of a Blackbird's, composed of dry twigs, and of a loose texture, but being too closely watched, and disturbed, no eggs were deposited.f I have also heard of their building in another place of the same county: one shot at Erith, in August 1791, was a female, which was bare of feathers on the breast, as sitting birds usually are; but as authors agree, that this species builds as early as any other bird, it would seem to prove, that it has two broods in a year, for instances might be adduced, of its not un- frequently breeding in this kingdom. When kept tame it sings very prettily, like a Bulfinch, but more shrill; some think its note to resemble that of a Virginia Nightingale.$ * Von Nest und Eyern des Kreuzvogels.—Naturf. ii. 66. (Gunther). A dissertation on the nest and eggs of the Crossbill. t In July, 1791, Mr. Lewin shewed me three birds, shot in his garden, near Dartford, viz. an old male and female, and one young bird; three more young birds were still about the garden. X Loxia Cardinalis.—Lin. 208 GROSBEAK. Whether it destroys apples in the orchards, for the sake of the kernels, is not certain, for when one has been put into the cage with a tame bird, it made no effort whatever to get at the seeds.* The Crossbill is a constant inhabitant of Sweden, Germany, Poland, Switzerland, Russia, and Siberia; but no author mentions the nest, otherwise than as a rare occurrence. It is less commonly met with very far southward, but now and then these birds have been taken on the Rock of Gibraltar, among Goldfinches, with limed twigs: they are also brought to that place dead, for sale, with Thrushes, and others for the use of the table. This species is found in North America, but said to be smaller than that of Europe, not being quite six inches long, and nine broad. We are told that it arrives at Severn River, the end of May, and proceeds farther north to breed, returning at the first setting in of the frost, A specimen of one of these was brought from Hudson's Bay, by Mr. Hutchins, by the name of A, she, towe, coo, ta, shish. A—Loxia rufescens capite coccineo, Buf. iii. 338; A. Id. 8vo. i. 403. Gm. Lin. i. 843. /3. Loxia Pyreniaca, Barr. orn. CI. 3. Gen. 28. Sp. 2. Gen. Syn. iii. 108. This varies in having the body dusky rufous, and the head red. 2.—GREATER CROSSBILL. Loxia pytiopsittacus, Tern. Man. p. 193. Id. Ed. ii. p. 327. Der Tannen Papagai, Naturf xii. 97. B.f Gm. Lin. i. S43. Kiefern Kreuzschnabel, Bechst. Beut. iii. t. 32. f. 2. 3. Frisch, t. 11. f. 2. THIS is larger, and said to equal the Waxen Chatterer in size. Mr. Pennant speaks of two sorts, a larger and a smaller, but esteems * Many of these Birds visited Hungerford, in Berkshire, some observed to feed on the Aphides, which were on the cherry-tree leave,' Dr. Lamb. t Van den Abarten der Kreuzschnabel, (Otto) p. 92. rs since, and were n-eat abundance.— GROSBEAK. 209 them as Varieties, and says, " We received a male and female ofthe large Variety out of Shropshire," with a bill remarkably short and thick, and more incurvated than in the common kind. M. Bechstein and M. Temminck, esteem this as a distinct species. It has escaped our observation. 3—WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL. Loxia falcirostra, Ind. Orn. i. 371. Gm. Zool. ix. 233. Loxia leucoptera, Gm. Lin. i. 844. Baud. ii. 358. Bee croise, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal p. lxx; White-winged Crossbill, Gen. Syn. iii. 108. Id. Sup. 148. Bixon's Voy. pl. i female. Arct. Zool ii. No. 208. Br, Zool 1812. i. p. 428. Lin. Trans, v Am. Orn. pl. 31. f. 3—male. Orn. Bid. Sf Supp. p. 356. . p. 309. SIZE of a Goldfinch; length five inches and three quarters, and eight inches and a half broad. Bill formed as in the Common one, dusky horn-colour; nostrils covered with reflected, pale buff bristles > at the base of.the bill, from eye to eye, a brown streak; feathers of the head, neck, back, and under parts whitish, deeply margined with crimson, and, as in some parts the white is not fully covered with the former, the bird has a mottled appearance; the rump is pale crimson; vent dirty white; wings black, with a bar of white, beginning just below the shoulder, passing obliquely; and a second, or rather spot of the same, below the first, but only on the inner half; the second quills tipped with white; tail black, and forked; legs brown. In the female the general colour inclines to white; the feathers deeply margined with crimson, giving a variegated appearance; in the direction of the jaw a brown streak; over the eye pale ferruginous ; rump pale crimson ; vent dirty white; wings as in the male, but the black inclines to brown. Inhabits the northern parts of America; at Hudson's Bay and New York well known ; comes into the latter in March, and in May VOL. V, E E 210 GROSBEAK. makes a siest of grass^mucL, i and feathers, generally about half way up on a pine tree; and lays five white eggs, marked with yellowish spots; the young fly aboutirthe end of June; it stays till November, after which it disappears, and is supposed to retire inland : is known there by the name of Asitchou Achashish. This species is found as far South as Georgia ; but, according to Mr. Abbot, is there very rare. One has also been shot in Burke Country. The.males vary in colour; one having the head, neck, and back, full, but dull, crimson. A female seen at Mr. Hutchins's, had much ofthe markings above described, but the plumage greatly inclined to brown; chin dusky white, mottled with brown; under parts yellow and brown mixed; rump yellow. We have been informed that this species is found in Scotland, and an account is given in the Linncean Transactions,* of a female feeing shot within two miles of Belfast, in Ireland, in the month of January, 1802. 4—PARROT-BILLED GROSBEAK.—Pl. lxxxvii. .Loxia Psittacea, Ind. Orn.i. 371. Gm. Lin.i. 844. Baud.ii. 374. Gm. Zool.ix. 268. Parroquet, Cook's last Voy. iii. 119. Psittasin, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxx. iParrot-bBed Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 108. pl. 42. SIZE of a Hedge Sparrow; length seven inches. Bill pale, with a dusky tip, fashioned much like that of the Parrot, or Coly, the upper mandible being elongated, and curved at the point, the under short, and truncated ; the head and neck, in the male, are yellow; the rest of the plumage greenish, olive brown, paler beneath; the edges of the quills, and tail feathers yellowish; the latter even at the end„; legs pale brown. The female differs but little from the male, except in the hea^ and neck, which are the same in colour with the rest of the plumage, * Vol. vii. p.309. ptfgjp sJI, IN* re inland: is] GROSBEAK. gfB bsfe has an addition of yellowish grey, about the sidles of the head; and this female is, we imagine, what M. Temmineb:alludes,to, when he mentions his.having a drawing of one, the whole of the plumage <rfh#hiab is green, except the head, which is grey. Inhabits the Sandwich Islands; very common at Owhyhee, where it was known by our Voyagers by the name of Parrakeet. 5i—HAW GROSBEAK. Lox'ia Coccothraustes, Ind. Orn. i. 371. Lin. i iv. 594. Gm. Lin. i. 844. It. Scan. 332. Will. 178. t. 44. Klein, Av. 94. Id. Sten in, App., Muller, No.445. Frisch. t. 4—r 299. Faun, Suec No. 222,- Amcen. Ac. Shop. Ann. . No 201. Raii, 85. A. 1 1.19. f. 11 a.b. Kram. 364. Brun. ale and fem. Fau n. Arag. p. 85. Sepp. Vog. t. p. 137. Borowsk. Gerin. iii. t. 325. 326. B, Coccothraustes, Br is. iii. 219. Fringjll& Coccothraustes,^Tern, ii. 132. Schcef. el. t. 59. Roman. Omith.i. 151. t. 23. :ud. ii. 384. Shaw's Zool, ix. 236. pl. 42. Id. 8vo. i. 370. Man. d'Orn. 204, Id. Ed. ii. 344. Frosone, Olin. t. p. 37. Cet. Uc. Sard. 188. Kernbeiser, Wirs. Vog. t. 6. Gunth. Nest. U. Ey. t. 87. Der Dickschnabel, Naturfixxii. 87. Id. xxii.. 14&Y ZtfJ Le Grosbec, Buf. iii. 444. pl. 27. f. 1. Pl. enl 99.100. Scfimid, Vog. p. 76. t. 63. cx.v. 19. Robert, Ic. pl. 2. Hawfinch, Gen. Syn. iii. 103: Id. Sup. 148. Br. Zool. No. 113. Id.fol. 105. pl. v. f. 1. Id. Ed. 1812. i. p. 421. Arct. Zool ii. 354. C. Will. Engl 244. pl. 44. Edw. pl. 188. Aibin,i. pl.56. Bewick, i. pl. p. 133. Lewies Birds, ii. 67; Graves Br. Birds, i. pl. 15. Walcot, ii. pl. 206. JD/>W<>«- Birds, ii. pl. 43. OnuVA. Bietion. Pult. Bors. THIS bird is near seven inches long, and weighs about two euwees. Bill remarkably strong, three quarters of an inch long, and not much less deep at the base; in shape conical, generally horn- colour, with the end blackish, but sometimes nearly black; irides ash-colour ; between the bill and eye, round the nostrils, and on the chin, the feathers are black; crown rufous chestnut; sides the same, but paler; neck behind ash-colour; back and lesser wing coverts chestnut, towards the rump grey; greater coverts grey; the under parts of the body pale rufous blossom-colour, growing nearly white towards the vent; quills blaefc,, some of the secondaries, nearest the Ee 2 212 GROSBEAK. body, brown; the four outer ones seem to be cut off at the tips, and are bent at the ends, having a singular appearance; the prime quills have each a white spot about the middle of the inner web; the tail -black, but the two middle feathers incline to cinereous near the ends, and all the outer ones have the end half white within, and at the tip; legs pale brown. The female is less bright in colour, but in general appearance is much the same; the black on the chin not occupying the same extent, and in some specimens said to be wholly wanting ;* but we have never met with the circumstance, which probably may have been a mere Variety. These birds, like most others, are subject to differ in plumage: I have observed the middle of the crown in some specimens to be white, in others wholly black; some have a white, and others a grey band on the wings, in others wholly wanting: birds, too, have been noticed, with the body wholly black; breast and belly spotted with rufous: and Scopoli mentions one which, the quills excepted, had the whole of the plumage white.t Called in England, Hawfinch, Cherryfinch, and Grosbeak. The Haw Grosbeak is ranked among the British Birds, but is only an occasional visitor, for the most part in winter, rarely breeding here ; but we have received a specimen, shot in August, near Dartford, in Kent; and Mr. Leadbeater informed us of a nest of one, with five young, hatched in June, 1816, two of which were then alive in his possession. J It is more plentiful in France, coming into Burgundy in small flocks, the beginning of April, and soon after making the nest, which is placed between the forks of the branches of trees, about twelve feet from the ground, and composed of small dry fibres, intermixed with liverwort, and lined with finer materials; * Br. Zool f Scop. Ann.i. p. 139. X Dr. Lamb mentioned a singular occurrence which took place a few years since, at Donnington, Berks. About two o'clock in the morning, in January, and the weather very stormy, one of these birds burst through a pane of glass, into a room, supposed to have been pursued by an Owl; it appeared to be unhurt, and Dr. L. kept it alive through the following summer : it was a male, and had a soft, not unpleasant song. GROSBEAK. 213 the eggs roundish, bluish green, spotted with olive brown, and a few blackish markings. This bird is common in Italy, Germany, Sweden, and the West, and Southern parts, of Russia, where the wild fruits grow; elsewhere scarce, except beyond the Lake Baikal, where they arrive from the South in great numbers, to feed on the produce of the small fruited crab-tree.* Dr. Tengmalm observes, that these, and the Crossbills, come into Sweden, alternately, in vast flocks, but never appear at the same time :t sometimes seen on the Isthmus of Gibraltar, in spring and autumn; and some parts of the surrounding country, especially towards Ronda, are much infested with them; are particularly destructive to the fruit gardens, and many are caught in nets, and brought to the markets dead, with other birds, for sale. 6.—PINE GROSBEAK. Loxia Enucleator, Ind. Orn. 1. 372. Lin. i. 299. Faun. Suec. No. 223. Gm. Lin. i. 825. Ad. Holm. 1757.139. Brun. 239. Muller,2AG. Borowsk. iii. 133. Spa- lowsk. iii. t. 37. Baud. ii. 386. Nat. Misc. pl. 685. Shaw's Zool. ix; 238. pl. 43. Coccothraustes Canadensis, Bris. iii. 250. t. 12. f. 3. Id. 8vo.i. 378. Fringilla Enucleator, Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 199. Id. Ed. ii. 533. (Pyrrhula). " Der Krappenfresser, Naturf. xvii. 87. Le Dur-bec, Grosbec de Canada, Buf. iii. 457. Pl. enl. 135.1. Greatest Bulfinch, Edw. 123. 124.-^male & female. Pine Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. p. 111. Id. Sup. 148. Br. Zool. No. 114. pl. 49. 2. Id. 1812. i. p. 423. pl. 54. Arct. Zool. ii. 209. Id. Sup. p. 64. Ell. Narr. ii. 15. Lewin's Birds, ii. t. 68. Beioick, i. 135. Am. Orn. i. pl. 5. f. 2. THIS is nine inches in length, extent of wing fourteen ; weight two ounces. Bill dusky, stout at the base, the upper mandible hooked at the tip ; nostrils covered with brown feathers ; those of the head, neck, breast, and rump rose-coloured crimson ; back, and lesser wing coverts black, edged with reddish; greater * Pyrus baccata Lin. Mr. White mentions one shot in England, which had a mass of the kernels of damsons in the stomach. Natur. Calmd. p. 91. Its chief food is, we believe, the fruit ofthe hawthorn. t Arct. Zool. App. p. 64. 214 GROSBEAK. wmg coverts the same, tipped with white, forming two bars on the wing; quills black, the borders of the secondaries white, and ofthe prime onesgrey; belly and vent ash-eolouredjfctail somewhat forked, (JheTcoIottr of the quills; legs brown. The female is mostly greenish brown, with here and there a reddish or yellowish tinge, chiefly on the top of the hiead* The Pine Grosbeak is very rarely foundeijfrtMs kingdom, except in the* more northern.;parts; being only mefoiiith in Scotland, and especially the Highlands, where it breeds, inhabiting the pine forests, and; feeding on the seeds, like the Crossbill, and said to have a clear, mellow, and sweet note. Mr. Pennant observed them near Inver- cauld, in the County of Aberdeen, in August. The young of the first year are of a djitKbtorangerColour, and do not gain the scarlet till the second. It is supposed, that this is the species, of which great numbers once appeared in Pembrokeshire.* It is found in all the pine forests of Siberia, Lapland, and the northern parts of Russia; is common about St. Petersburgh, in autumn, and taken in great plenty for the use of the teMe, but retires still further northward, in spring, t In the colder parts of America is a well known bird, appearing at Hudson's Bay in April or May, departing in September; makes the nest there, in trees, at a small distance from the ground, in May, with sticks, lining it with feathers*;' the eggs, four in number, white; the young hatched the middle of June; observed to feed sometimes on the buds of the willow. The southern Settlements are inhabited by them throughout the year,, but the northern only in the summer; has been met with also in Norton Sound, and at Aoon&Laschka.:J: * " A flock of birds, about two hundred, came about September, l694i.toahemp j'ard, " at Llan Ddewi Velfrey, in Penjbflplfes})^:^ and in one afternoon de^t^Qyed all the hemp " seed. The cocp^-all oyer as red^q^scarlet, and the hens greenish above, red underneath; " about as big, or little less than Blackbirds ; the bills more stubbed, and bigger than that " of a BuJflflqb.: I suspect these to be Virginia Nightingales, otherwise I know not what to '-'.moke ,of 1ib»m." Phil. Trans, xxvii. p. 464. 466.— Letters from Mr. E. Lhwyd. t Mr. Pennant. X Ellis. Narr. V. ii. p. 15. GROSBEAK. 7.—SIBERIAN GROSBEAK. 215 Loxk'Sibirica, Ind. Orn. v. 378. Gm. 28. Lepech. It. i. 182. Baud, ii, Fringilla longicarada, Tern. Man. d'On Siberian Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 124. Lin. i. '849. Pall. It. ii. 711. Falck. It. iii. t. 382. Shaw's Zool. ix. p. 246. , 202. Id. Ed. ii. 340. (Pyrrhula). SIZE of a Linnet, but fuller of feathers. Bill a trifle longer than in the Bulfinch, round the base of the feathers deep purple ; the head and back deep vermilion, in Some rose-colour, marked with brown as in the Linnet; the under parts paler, and not spotted; the feathers about the head have the tips a polished white, appearing very vivid in some lights; base of the wings white; coverts the same, with black tips, forming a double oblique bar; quills edged with white; tail longer than the body, nearly even, the outer feathers white, the others black, with pale margins; legs brown. The female, and young birds, are the colour of a Linnet, with a tinge of red on the belly and ramp. This is a most beautiful species, inhabiting the bushy shrubs about the rivers, and torrents of the southern mountains of Siberia, especially the Lake Baikal; feeds chiefly on the seeds of mugworts :* is a restless bird; in winter unites into small flocks, and prefers the warmer situations among the shrubs; and the note is hoarse, and unpleasant. 8—GREEN GROSBEAK. Loxia Chloris, Ind. Orn. i. 382. Lin. i. 304. Gm. Lin. i. 654. Faun. Suec. No. 226. Scop. Ann. i. No. 208. Raii, 85. A. 4. Will. 129- t. 44. Klein, 95. Id. Stem. t. 19. f. 14. a. b. Frisch, t. 2: Brun. No. 242, 243. Muller, No. 248. Kram. 367. Faun. Arag. p. 86. Roman. Orn. p. 112. t. 17. 1. Sepp, Vog: t. p. 73. Borowsk. iii. 135. Gerini, iii. t. 331. Baud. ii. 424. Shaw's Zool. ix. 310. pl. 50. - dOtftoris, Bris. iii. 190. Id. 8vo. i. 359. * Artemisia ccerulescens, integrifolia, Sfc. 216 GROSBEAK. Fringilla Chloris, Tern. Man. d'Orn. p. 207. Id. Ed. ii. 347; Le Verdier, Buf. iv. 172. pl. 15. Pl. enl. 267. 2. Hist. Prov. i. 513. LeChipier proprement dit, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 132? Verdone, Olin. t. p. 26. Zinnan. Uov. 6. t. 9. f. 54. Grunling, Gunth. Nest. U. Ey. t. 62. Wirs. Vog. t. 53. 54. Naturf. xvii. 89. Green Grosbeak, Gm. Syn.iil 134. Id. Sup. 152. Br. Zool No. 117. Id.fol. 107. Id. 1812. i. p. 432. Arct. Zool. ii. 353. B. Will. Engl. 246. pl. 44. Albin, i. pl. 58. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 29. Collins's Birds, pl. ii. f. 3.4. Bewick, i. pl. p. 136. Lewin's Birds, ii. 69. Graves, Br. Birds, iii. pl. 16. Wale. Syn. ii. pl. 206. Bonov. Birds, ii. pl. 43. Orn. Bid. s THIS bird is about six inches long; extent of wing nine; weight about one ounce. Bill brown; general colour of the plumage yellowish brown, palest on the rump, and breast, growing whitish on the belly; quills edged with yellow; the four outer tail feathers yellow from the base to the middle; legs flesh-colour. The female inclines more to brown, otherwise like the male. The Greenfinch, or Green Linnet, as by some called, is pretty common in Great Britain, and makes the nest in a low bush, or hedge, of dried grass, lined with hair, wool, &c. laying five or six greenish eggs, marked at the larger end with red brown, and weighing thirty-seven grains each. The hen will sometimes sit so close as to suffer herself to be taken on the nest; the male also will sit in turn. It is a familiar species, soon being tame, even the old bird; it flies in flocks in winter; and lives about five or six years; and will produce, if paired with the Canary Finch. Is sufficiently known every where on the Continent of Europe, though far from common in Russia, and not at all in Siberia, but met with in Kamt- schatka. We have reason to suppose, that it shifts its quarters at certain seasons, for it is plentiful in Cumberland, and Scotland, yet in the former is rarely observed in the winter, though in the last week of March becomes common there, and breeds as in other parts of England. It probably visits the Barbary Coasts occasionally; for, though this species breeds in almost all parts of the district of Gibraltar, it appears most numerous in spring and autumn, when GROSBEAK. 217 great numbers are taken by the Bird-catchers;* from this we may suppose they migrate from one country to another at those seasons. 9— BULFINCH. Loxia Pyrrhula, Ind. Orn. i. 387. Lin. i. 300. Gm.Lin. i. 846. Faun. Suec. No. 225. Scop. i. No. 202. Raii, 86. A. Will. 130. t. 43. Frisch, i. t. 2. Brun. 240. 241. Muller, 247. Kramer, 365. Georgi, 174. Faun. Arag. 86. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 133. Borowsk. iii. 135. Schcef. el t. 59. Rom. Orn.i. 158. t. 24. 2. Gerin. iii. t. 331. 332. Baud. ii. 409. Shaw's Zool. ix. 318. pl. 52. Pyrrhula, Bris. iii. 308. Id. 8vo. i. 395. Coccothraustes sanguinea, Klein, 95. Id. Stem. t. 19. f. 13. a. b. Fringilla Pyrrhula, Tern. Man. d'Orn. 200. Id. Ed. ii. p. 338. Cifoletta, Olin. t. p. 40. Zinnan. Uov. t. 8. f. 48. (Monachino). Gumpel, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 54. Wirs. Vog. t. 11. Naturf xvii. 88. No. 179. Schmid, Vog. p. 76. t. 64. Bouvreuil, Buf. iv. 372. t. 17. Pl. enl. 145. Hist. Prov. i. 514. Robert. Ic. pl. 2. Bulfinch, Gm. Syn. iii. 143. Id. Sup. 152. Br. Zool. i. 116. Jd./o/. 106. t. U. 3. 4. . Id. 1812. i. p. 430. Arct. Zool ii. 353. A. Collins's Birds, pl. 12. f. 4. pl. 7. f. 3. Alb. i. pl. 59. 60. Id. Song Birds, pl. in p. 15. Bradl. Nat. t. 10. 2. JFe7/. £«g-/. 247. pl. 17. Hayes Birds, pl. 37. Graves Br. Birds, ii. pl. 18. Lewin's Birds, pl. 70. Bewick, i. pl. p. 130. Walcot, pl. 209. Or«. Bid. THIS bird is near six inches in length, and extends near nine. The bill very short, thick, and black ; the head, wings, and tail, are black; breast and belly red; upper tail coverts and vent white; the rest ofthe plumage ash-colour; legs black. In the female the under "parts are reddish brown. Young birds resemble the females, but the head at first is not black. The Bulfinch is a very common species in England, and makes the nest five or six feet from the ground, composed of small twigs, lined with dry fibres, rarely with moss, slovenly put together, being only just firm enough to bear the weight of the eggs and bird, during incubation. The eggs are four or five in number, marked all over with blood red, or purplish spots, most so at the larger end. * Mr. White. VOL. V. P F 218 GROSBEAK. In the summer it keeps in the woods, and more retired places ; but in the winter appears in gardens and orchards; and said to make great havock among the buds of trees. Is a very docile species when tame, not only learning to whistle tunes, but to articulate words.* In the wild state has only a plain note, two or three times repeated, like Tui, Tui, but by no means a song. It is common on most parts of the Continent of Europe, and throughout Russia and Siberia; at which last place it is caught for the table. According to Thunberg, it extends even to Japan. A.—Pyrrhula nigra, Bris. iii. 313. A. Id. 8vo. i. 396. Buf. iv. 384. Coccothrautes atricilla, Klein, Av. 96. Loxia Pyrrhula, Corbo, Spalowsk. Vog. i. t. 25. Black Bulfinch, Gen. Syn. iii. 144. A. Alb. iii. pl. 69. This is wholly black; often met with in this state naturally, or changing in confinement.-f Spalowski's bird was black; quills, and irides white ; pupil red. :' Bvm-Pyrrhula Candida, Bris. iii. 313. B. Id. 8vo. i. 396. Buf. iv. 383. Gen, Syn. iii. 144. Spalotosk. Vog. ii. t. 37. White, except a few black spots on the back.—One in the Le- verian Museum, wholly white. Also two other Varieties. In one, a male, the top and sides of the head beawtifttl white, tinged with blossom-colour, beneath white ; quills and tail black. The other, a female, had the crown, wing coverts, rump, and vent, white, otherwise of the common colour. * Piping Bulfinches are taught in Germany, from whence they are annually imported into London. Two compositions, or duets, for two Piping Bulfinches, may be seen in the Appendix to the British Zoology. f Especially if fed with hemp-seed. 219 C—Loxia Flamengo, Mus. Carls. Ease. i. 1.17. Gm. Lin.i. 864. Flamingo Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. Sup. 155. Size of the Common Bulfinch. Bill reddish, base surrounded with black; forehead, and space round the eyes, white ; rest of the head rose-colour; sides of the head and neck the same, but deeper; fore part of the neck, breast, and belly, pale rose-colour; third and fourth quills black; tips of the lower order of wing coverts dusky, forming a bar; on the rump a black spot; tail pale soot-colour; the rest ofthe body, wings* back, thighs, under part of the tail, and rest of the wing white; legs sanguineous. A specimen of this was caught alive at UpSal, in Sweden, and kept a whole year in a cage, without altering its colour. The Bulfinch is known by various names in different parts of England; as Alp, Nope, Red and T6tly-Hoop, and Bully. 10 —NORTHERN GROSBEAK. Loxia Septentrionalis, Ind. Orn. i. 388. Gm. Lin. i. 865: Shaw's Zool. ix. 322. atra, Brun. No. 244. Muller, No. 249. sw^.sJb Northern Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 147. SIZE of a House Sparrow. Plumage in general black ; rump bluish black; the four first quills white, towards the ends black, forming a white spot on the wing; the toil feathers white at the base. ' Found at Christiansoe, near Bornholm, in Denmark. Loxia rubicilia, Ind. Orn Baud. ii. 387. Sha\ Caucasian Grosbeak, Get 11—CAUCASIAN GROSBEAK. Rov. C. Pet^ xii. 463. 1.12. i. 372. Gm. Lin. 's Zool. ix. 245. Syn. iii. 112. LENGTH eight inches. Upper mandible brown, the under whitish; eyes brown; upper part of the head and body, fore part of F f 2 8 220 GROSBEAK. the neck and breast, deep crimson, marked with triangular spots of white; belly and vent rose-colour, undulated with whitish; thighs hoary; base of all the feathers ash-colour, giving an undulated appearance throughout; coverts and quills brown, edged with rose- colour; tail three inches and a half long, black, the outer feather margined with whitish, the rest with rose-colour; wings shorter than the tail by one inch; legs black. The female differs in having the 11 |j|| colours more dull. Inhabits the coldest part of the Caucasian Mountains, especially in the gravelly hollows, and lives on sea buckthorn * berries, which, by swallowing whole, they often propagate; frequently seen in vast flocks; the note not unlike that of a Bulfinch. 12—CAPE GROSBEAK. Loxia Capensis, Ind.Orn. i. 373. Lin.i. 306. Gm. Lin. i. 862. Sparm. Voy. i. 174. Spaloivsk. i. t. 30. Baud. ii. 387. Shaw's Zool. ix. 288. Loxia atra uropygio flavo, N. C. Petr. xi. 438. 1.16. 9. Fringilla Cap. B. Spei, Bm.iii. 171. 1.16. f. 1. Id. 8vo.i. 354. Pinson noir et jaune, Buf. iv. 142. Grosbec de Coromandel, Buf. iii. 456. Pl. enl 101. 1. Cape Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 113. Id. Sup. 149. SIZE of the Chaffinch; length six inches. Bill stout, and legs dusky; head, neck, upper part of the back, body beneath, and tail deep black, the feathers of the head short, and like plush or velvet; shoulders, lower part of the back, and rump fine deep yellow; the rest of the wing reddish brown, edged with grey, and the greater quills with yellow; knees pale brown. I have observed in some specimens that the whole of the back was yellow, f Inhabits the Coast of Coromandel, and from thence to the Cape of Good Hope : it frequently flies in great flocks, and causes much * Hippophae rhamnoides.—Lin. f Dr. Sparrman says, that the yellow changes to a blood-red hue, at the approach of GROSBEAK. 221 damage to the orchards, but in return the flesh is very savoury: the female lays ash-coloured eggs, spotted with black. A.—Loxia naevia, Gm. Lin. i. 845. This is brownish above, each feather marked in the middle with black; sides of the head, beneath the body, and wing coverts dusky white, dashed with black; shoulders and rump pale yellow; quills and tail black, the last edged with grey; bill and legs pale. This is either a female of the former, or probably a young bird, it not being uncommon in such, with black in the plumage, to be greatly mottled in various shades, before they arrive at maturity. 13.—GAMBIA GROSBEAK. 305. Gm. Lin. i. 859. Klein, 94. Loxia melanocephala, Ind. Orn. i. 391. J Baud. ii. 372. Shaw's Zool ix. 290. Cocothraustes Gambensis, Bris. iii. 230. Id. 8vo. i. 373. Tisserin, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxx. Gambia Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 149. Alb. iii. pl. 62. LENGTH six inches or more. Bill cinereous; irides white; the head, throat, and fore part of the neck, black; rest of the plumage yellow, mixed with green; quills and tail green, edged with yellow; the last two inches long, and rounded ; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Gambia, in Africa, also Senegal. 14.—GOLD-BACKED GROSBEAK. Loxia aurea, Ind. Orn. i. 373. Gm. Lin. i. 846. Baud. ii. Gold-backed Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 115. Id. Sup. 149. 388. Shaw's Zool ix. 285. Brown III. pl. 25. LENGTH six inches. Bill, head, and neck, deep black, but the feathers not short, and velvet-like, as in the Cape Species; the back 222 GROSBEAK. of a rich golden yellow; wing coverts light brown, spotted with black,; breast and belly black; legs bluish. The female is dark brown ; and the male changes plumage twice in a year; being in the winter of much the same colour as the hen. The late Mr. Tunstall informed me, that he had two or three times been in possession of this species, and once had a pair ; one of the cocks lived nine or ten years; but he could not fnkl that they had any thing like a song, Inhabits Benguela, in Africa. 15.—LONG-TAILED GROSBEAK. Loxia longicauda, Ind. Orn. i. 373. Gm. Lin. i. 845. Baud. ii. 389. Shaw's Zool ix. 284. Le Pere-noire a longue Queue, Buf. iii. 487. Grosbec noir, Salem. Orn. 278. Moineau du Royaume de Juida, Pl. enl. 183. 1. Long-tailed Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 114. SIZE of a House Sparrow, but as the tail is pretty long, it measures seven inches. Bill and legs black; plumage in general blacky with a rufous*yellow bar quite across the back and wing coverts; tail greatly cuneiform, and nearly half the length ofthe bird. Inhabits Africa, particularly Whidah and Senegal. 16.—CRIMSON-BREASTED GROSBEAK—Pl. lxxxvii.* LENGTH five inches. Bill very steut, fine blue, with a gloss of polished steel; point of the lower mandible, and sides of the tip of the upper red; the whole face and sides beyond the eye, deep dull red, the feathers short like velvet; the rest of the upper parts black, curving attiffe forwards on each side of the neck; benea^H-om the chin to the belly, fine crimson ; from thence to the vent transversely s/u&rhdcm/ -/fo&z&fec n GROSBEAK. 223 barred black and white; tail cuneiform, the middle feathers two inches and a quarter long, the outer less than two; wings and tail black, the former reach just beyond the base; legs brown. The female has the head feathers short, and velvety as in tkfo& male, but black; tbe chin, throat, breast, and sides under the wings crimson; but the belly and vent wholly black ; wings and tail as in the male. Inhabits Africa. The male I found in the collection of Mr. Dent; the female in that of Mr. H. Brogden. 17.—GRENADIER GROSBEAK. Loxia Orix, Ind, Qnt.i. 376. pl.240. Gerin. iii. pl. 323. ix. 240. pl.44. Emberiza Orix, Lin. i. 309. Cardinalis Cap. B. Spei, Bris. i Cardinal du Cap de B. E. Buf. ii Cape Finch, Kolb. Cap. ii. (Engl. Ed.) 153. Grenadier Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 120. Id. Sup. ii. 191. Edw. pl. 178. Phil. Trans. 66. p. 278. MULItl. 1.1. LENGTH five inches; breadth eight. Bill black; forehead, sides of the head, and chin black; breast and belly the same; wings and tail brown, with paler edges; the rest of the body a beautiful red; knees pale brown; legs pale. Some birds want the black on the chin, and are supposed to be females. Inhabits the Isle of St. Helena, and particularly the Cape of Good Hope, where it frequents watery places, especially where reeds grow, among whieh it is supposed to make the nest, and which, according to Kolben, is of a peculiar construction^ composed of twigs, closely interwoven with cotton, divided into two compartments, with one entrance, and is so compact, that it is not to be penetrated by the weather : he adds, that the bird is scarlet in summer, and in friater Lin. Mant. 1771. p. 527. GnuLin.\. 869. Nat. Misc. Baud.'ii i. 377. Spalowsk. Vog.i . t.31? Shaw's Zool. ii. 114. t . 6. f. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 378. iii. 496. Pl. ml. 6. f. 2—male. Id. 134. 1—female. 224 GROSBEAK. wholly ash-coloured.* This coincides with the account given by Mr. Masson, who observes, that the appearance of these among the green reeds, from the brightness of their colours, look like so many scarlet lilies, f M. Thunberg says, they come in innumerable flocks, near rivers overgrown with tall reeds, on which they build ; they first devour the blossoms of the wheat, and afterwards the corn itself, not being easily frightened from the fields; the eggs are perfectly green.X I have observed several, which wanted the black on the chin; and both in these, and the others, the upper and lower tail coverts are as long as the tail itself, and in one instance even exceeded it:§ in another, the whole of the neck feathers had a ruffled appearance, and were more rigid than the rest; the belly black, mixed with a few white feathers on the sides, and the red colour in this specimen a fiery orange. A.—Loxia Franciscana, Schr. der Berl Nat.ix. 332. t. ix. No. 2. Size of the other. Bill dusky ; top of the head, and sides, even with the gape, black; breast and belly the same; wings greyish ash-colour; the rest of the plumage red; tail pointed at the end, and exceeding the wings but little in length ; legs dull yellow. Inhabits Acra, in Africa, and according to Mr. Isert, who describes it, found there in June, July, and August, at which time it feeds on the seeds of a small holcus|| then in perfection. * This circumstance is confirmed by Mr. Barrow. He says, that in the summer the neck, breast, back, and rump, are bright crimson, but during the other six months it is stripped of its gaudy attire, and adopts the modest garb of the female, which is, at all times, greyish brown : he adds, that they are gregarious, and build their nests in large societies.—Barrow's Trav. p. 243. f Masson's Journ. into the Cape.—Phil. Trans. 66. p. 278. X Thunberg's Trav. ii. p 13. § At first sight the tail looked red, but in fact was brown like the wings, for the long coverts, which were of the first colour, obscured it. || Holcus bicolor. 1 GROSBEAK. B.—Rouge noir, Buf. iii. 461. Grosbec de Cayenne, Pl. ml. 309. 2. Gm. Syn. iii. 121. This is the same in size and plumage; tail, and wings, both brown.—It is said to come from Cayenne, and inserted solely on the authority of M. Buffon; but it has not been our chance to meet with one brought from that part of the world. 18.—PARADISE GROSBEAK. Loxia erythrocephala, Ind. Orn. i. 377. Lin. i. 301. Gm. Lin.i. 849. Spalowsk. i. t. 28. Baud. ii. 390. Shaw's Zool. ix. 262. Cardinalis Angolensis, Bris. App. 78. Id. 8vo. i. 368. Gerin.iii. t. 234. 1. Sparrow of Paradise, Edw. pl. 180, Paradise Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 122. Id. Sup. 150. LENGTH about six inches. Bill and legs flesh-colour; head and chin red; neck behind, back, rump, and wing coverts bluish ash-colour; upper tail coverts margined with grey; the under parts white, marked with curved spots of black on the sides: wing coverts tipped with white, forming two bars on the wing; quills and tail deep bluish ash, tipped with grey. Inhabits Angola, in Africa, from whence it is not unfrequently brought in a cage. The late Mr. Tunstall had a pair of these, and was twice successful in hatching young in his aviary, each time bringing one bird to perfection; one of them lived a week, the other a fortnight, but was forsaken at last by the mother, probably from being too much disturbed; while the hen was sitting, if any one looked at her, she was in strange agitation, writhing herself into a form almost horrid, as if falling into convulsions : the cock frequently sang, and would do it almost at command, but in so low a note as scarcely to be heard, except quite close to the cage. VOI.. V. G G 226 19.—PRASINE GROSBEAK. Loxia prasina, Ind. Orn. i. 396. 91. Mus. Carls, t. 72. 73. Shaw's Zool. ix. 267. Bouvreuil prasin, Baud. ii. 422. Prasine Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 195. SIZE of a Siskin. Bill black; general colour of the plumage olive green, beneath yellowish grey; rump red, also a red feather or two on the belly ; tail rounded, black; the two middle feathers red above, the others the same on the outer margins; legs yellow. The female is olive brown, beneath yellow grey; rump dull red; quills cinereous; eight of the second ones whitish on the anterior margins and tips; tail feathers black, tipped with white; bill black. Inhabits the Island of Java: found there in the rice fields. A.—Fringilla prasina, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 161.—Horsfield. Length five inches and a half. General colour olive green ; the forehead, round the eyes, and chin azure blue; quills and tail dusky black; the rump and belly crimson; breast, lower belly, and hypo- chondres ferruginous. Inhabits Java; found principally in the eastern parts of the island. The two middle tail feathers extend about half an inch beyond the others; the bill is extremely black and shining; the feet reddish : in several specimens the upper parts appear of a greenish olive, the lower uniform dusky grey, inclining to ferruginous: and from birds in this state the description in the Carlsonian Museum has probably been made. It is called by the Javanese, Binglis. 227 20—ABYSSINIAN GROSBEAK. Loxia Abyssinica, Ind. Orn. i. 381. Gm. Lin. i. 860. Baud. ii. 395. Maw's Zool ix. 294. Grosbec d'Abyssinie, Buf. iii. 470. Tisserin, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixx. Abyssinian Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 131. Wood's Zool i. p. 482. SIZE of the Hawfinch. Bill similar, and black; irides red; top and sides of the head, throat, and breast, black ; upper part of the body, the belly, and thighs, pale yellow, inclining to brown where the two colours divide; scapulars blackish ; the wing coverts brown, bordered with grey ; quills and tail brown, edged with yellow; legs reddish grey. Inhabits India; makes a pyramidical nest, suspended from the ends of the branches, with an opening on one side, facing the east; the cavity separated in the middle by a partition, up which the bird, on entering, has to rise perpendicularly, about half way; when on descending, the nest is found in the cavity on the other side; by this means the brood is not only secure from rain, which often lasts for six months together, but also from snakes, squirrels, monkies, and other enemies. 21.—PENSILE GROSBEAK. Loxia Pensilis, Ind. Orn.i. 381. Gm. Lin. i. 860. Baud. ii. 396. Nelicourvi de Madagascar, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 200. t. 22. Toddy Bird, Fryer's Trav. (Ed. 1698.). p. 76. . Tisserin, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixx. Yellowish-coloured Bird, like a Canary Bird, Kcempf. Jap. 35. Pensile Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 131. Will. pl. 77.—Nest. SIZE of a House Sparrow. Bill and tail black; irides yellow; head, throat, and fore part of the neck the same; from the nostrils, G 62 228 GROSBEAK. a dull green stripe passes through the eye, and beyond it, where it is broader; hind part of the head and neck, the back, rump, and wing coverts of the same colour; quills black, edged with green; belly deep grey; vent rufous red. Inhabits Madagascar, and makes a nest of a curious construction, composed of straw and reeds, interwoven in the shape of a bag, the opening beneath ; it is fastened above to the twig of some tree, chiefly such as grow on the borders of streams; on one side of this, within, is the true nest; the bird does not form a distinct nest every year, but fastens a new one to the end of the last,* and often as far as five in number, one hanging from another; these birds build in society, like Rooks, often five or six hundred on one tree, and have three young at one hatch.f 22—SOCIABLE GROSBEAK. Loxia socia, Ind. Orn. i. 381. Baud, ii. 397. Paterson's Cape, p. 156.— bird & nest. Wood's Zoograph. i. p. 357. pl. 15. Shaw's Zool. ix. 308. Tisserin republicain, Baud. ii. 397. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixx. Sociable Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 192. SIZE of a Bulfinch; length five inches and a half. Bill and lore black; general colour of the plumage rufous brown, beneath yellow; regions of the ears yellowish; tail short; legs brown. * Perhaps one of the nests in Will pl. 77. may represent this circumstance. f Koempfer mentions one similar, if not the same, which makes the nest, near Siam, on a tree with narrow leaves and spreading branches, of the size of an apple tree; the nest in shape of a purse, with a long neck, made of dry grass and other materials, and suspended from the ends of the branches, the opening always to the north-west: he counted 50 on one tree, and describes the bird as being like a Canary-Bird, of a dark yellow, and chirping like a Sparrow.—Hist, of Japan, p. 35. Fryer also talks of the ingenuity of the Toddy Bird, making a nest " like a steeple, with winding meanders," and tying it, by a slender thread, to the bough of a tree, " hundreds of their pendulous nests may be seen on the trees." Said also to build on a tree called Brahb.—Account of India and Persia, 1698. p. 76. These nests are represented in Wood's Zoography,i. p. 355. pl. 14.—about Gullbudda, in Abyssinia, the extremities of the branches of .all the lower trees are hung with numerous nests; the sort of bird not said.—Valentia's Travels. GROSBEAK. 229 This species is found in the interior parts of the Cape of Good Hope, and builds in vast numbers on the Mimosa Trees, uniting their nests under one common roof, sometimes to the number of 800 or 1000 in one community; not that, perhaps, this circumstance happens in one year, for they are observed to add to the size of the nest from year to year, till the tree, unable to bear any further addition of weight, not unfrequently falls beneath its load; when the birds are, of course, constrained to search a new place of abode. Mr. Paterson, on examining one of these, found many entrances, each of which formed a regular street, with nests on both sides, each at about two inches distance. The materials with which they build, is called Boshman's Grass; and the seeds of it said to be their principal food; but the wings, and legs of insects have been likewise observed in the nests. It not only makes the group of nests on the Acacia trees, but likewise on the smooth-stemmed tree Aloe,* which grows to the stature of a tree of no inconsiderable size; for Mr. Barrowf mentions the circumstance of one which had steps cut out in its trunk, to enable a person to climb up to obtain the nests of these birds. 23.—TOTTY GROSBEAK. Loxia Totta, Ind. Orn.i. 393. Gm. Lin. i. 858. Mus. Carls. Fasc. i. t. 18. Baud. Orn. ii. 399. Shaio's Zoohix. 302. Totty Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. Sup. p. 156. LENGTH four inches. Bill nearly white; forehead greenish brown; crown of the head, hind part of the neck, space between the shoulders, and upper wing coverts, testaceous brown; under parts of the body brownish white; quills and tail black, and all the feathers of both tipped with white; the tail a trifle forked at the end ; shins yellowish, feet black. * Aloe Dichotoma.—Lin. f Travels in South Africa, p, 393. 230 GROSBEAK. This inhabits the Hottentot's Country, in the neighbourhood of the Cape of Good Hope; also India; as I find it, with very little difference, among the drawings of Lady Impey. It is known in the last place by the name of Totty. Supposed by Daudin to differ from the last only in age or sex. 24.—BENGAL GROSBEAK. Loxia Bengalensis, Ind. Orn. i. 382. Lin. i. 305. Gm. Lin. i. 857. Klein, 88. Baud. ii. 400. Shaw's Zool. ix. 258. Rubicilla Bengalensis, Gerin. Orn. iii. t. 323. 1. Passer Bengalensis, Bris. iii. 95. Id. 8vo. i. 376. L'Orchef, Grosbec des Indes, Buf. iii. 466. Pl. ml. 393. f. 2. Yellow-headed Indian Sparrow, Edw. pl. 189. Bengal Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 133. Alb. ii. pl. 52. THIS is rather larger than the House Sparrow; length five inches and a half. Bill flesh-colour; irides whitish; top of the head, of a golden yellow; the upper parts of the body brown, the feathers edged with a paler colour; sides of the head, and under parts rufous white; sides streaked with brown ; across the breast a brown band, uniting above with the upper parts; legs pale yellow, claws grey. The female is like the male, but less brilliant in colour. Inhabits Bengal. Among the drawings of General Hardwicke are two figures of the nest, belonging to the above bird, taken with four young, and two eggs in it, Aug. 23, 1796. It consists of fibres, and is attached to reeds, or other grassy substance, with long narrow leaves. The shape roundish, about six inches in diameter, with a hole of entrance on one side; from the bottom is attached a cylindrical tube, a foot in length, and full two inches wide; so that the total length is eighteen or twenty inches. Nests of a similar form are m various Museums, but I have not observed in them a hole on the side, the entrance being from the bottom of the tube. GROSBEAK. 231 One of the above birds, in the same drawings, had the Whole top ofthe head, and nape even with the eyes, fine yellow; the rest of the head and neck bright red brown ; back and wings the same, but paler. 25.—PHILIPPINE GROSBEAK. Loxia Philippina, Ind. Orn. i. 380. Lin. i. 305. Gm. Lin. i. 860. Baud. ii. 394. Shaw's Zool. ix. 314. Coccothraustes Philippensis, Bris. iii. 232. t. xii. f. 1.—male. Id. t. 18. f. 1. 2.—the nest. Id. 8vo.i. 373. Fringilla Philippina, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 160. Baya Berbera, &c. Asiat. Research.ii. 109. Bartol. Voy. p. 226.- Toucnam-courvi, Buf. iii. 465. Pl. enl. 135. 2.—male. TisseriD, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixx. Philippine Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 129. Id. Sup. ii. 193. SIZE of a House Sparrow; length five inches and a quarter. Bill very stout, brown; round the base of it, sides under the eyes and chin dark brown; top of the head above the eyes, neck behind, back, and scapulars, fore part of the neck, and breast, yellow; the feathers at the hind part of the neck, and beginning of the back, brown in the middle; those of the lower part of the back brown, with white margins; belly and vent white ; quills and tail brown, edged with rufous; legs yellowish. The female is brown above, the feathers margined with rufous; rump rufous; under parts pale rufous; quills, tail, and legs, as in the male, Inhabits the Philippine Islands, and noted for making a most curious nest, like a long cylinder, swelling out, in a globose form, in the middle; it is composed of the fine fibres of leaves, &c. and fastened to the extreme branch of a tree; the entrance beneath, ascending the cylinder as far as the globular cavity, where the true * See a representation of these nests, or which appears not to be greatly differing, in Wood's Zoography, Vol. i. pl. 14. 232 GROSBEAK. nest is placed on one side, in which the female lays her eggs, and hatches the brood in perfect safety. We learn from Dr. Buchanan, that the nests are of two sorts, one with a rounded bottom, and a transverse bar across, on which the bird sits; the other with a long neck, as abovementioned ; that the male is six inches in length : the eggs are pale, almost white, with a brownish tinge; the male and female always occupy the same nest in the laying season, in May and June, and build a different nest to hatch in. These are found the whole year at Calcutta, and its neighbourhood, in large societies, on the Borassus and Cocos Palms, from the fibres of which they construct the nests, and ! suspend them from the division of the leaves. In some birds the front, taking in the eyes, sides beneath them, the chin, and throat, are full black. The bird, called in the Philippine Islands Corowis, is no doubt allied to this; as it forms a nest like a Satchel, attached to the extreme branches of trees, or bamboos, with a cylindrical tube; the entrance at bottom. Is said to sing like a Linnet; is easily tamed, and may be taught many tricks; such as picking up money from the ground, coming at a call, saluting its keeper, and the like: it is likewise added, that the bird is common in several countries of Asia and Africa. In the drawings in the collection of Lord Mountnorris are a male and female, also that of a young male, in which the general colour is brown ; beneath from the belly white, neck before mixed with dusky; chin yellowish white ; over the eye a yellow streak, passing beyond it; on the ears a patch of the same, and a third beyond the gape ; this called Buyah. The male and female called Boyah and Boye.* Lord Valentia saw hundreds of the nests in his journey about eighteen miles from Bhaughulpore, on a Tamarind tree, overhanging a tank, which kept up an incessant chattering-t * Is called Baya by the Hindoos ; Berbera in the Sancrit; Bebai in the dialect of Bengal ; Cibu in Persian; and Tenawwit in Arabic, from its remarkable pendent nest.—See an account in the Asiatic Researches, Vol. ii. 109. f Valmt. Trav. i. p. 82. GROSBEAK. 23f& We are inclined to think the above may be the Baya,* of India; said to be larger than the Sparrow, a yellow brown plumage, yellowish head and feet, light coloured breast, and conic thick bill ; that it is the most docile of all birds; perching on its master's hand ; building on the highest trees, especially Palmyra or Indian Fig Tree, chiefly over the water ; supposed to feed on fire-flies, as the remains have been found in the nest; fetches and carries at command; lays many eggs, resembling pearls, which when boiled, the white is transparent, and the flavour excellent; has a lively note, but more like chirping than singing. A—Le Baglafecht, Buf. iii. 469. Baud. ii. 394. A. Gen. Syn. iii. 130. In this the irides are yellow ; the black on the sides of the head rises above the eyes ; the mixture of brown and black on the back less distinct; and the greater wing coverts, quills, and tail, greenish brown, edged with yellow; the wings reach to the middle ofthe tail. Inhabits Abyssinia, and is probably a mere Variety, and not far different in manners; as it is said to make a very curious nest, with an opening to that quarter from whence the least rain may be expected. The Philippine Grosbeak inhabits Java, where it is called Manyar-kembang, and seems much to correspond both as to plumage and manners with the Bengal, or last Species. 26.—MANYAR GROSBEAK. Fringilla Manyar, Lin. Trams, xiii. p, 160.—Horsfield. LENGTH five inches. Plumage above brown, the feathers margined with ferruginous; beneath yellowish white; chin and breast deeper; over the eye a yellowish streak. Inhabits Java, by the name of Manyar. * See an account of a nest of a bird called a Baya,-under the article Tailor Warbler; but it is totally of a different construction, and cannot be the same with the above. A full account of the manners of the Baya may be seen in the View of Hindoostan, ii. 265. VOL. V: H H 234 GROSBEAK. 27.—CHINESE GROSBEAK. Loxia Sinensis, Ind. Orn. i. 383. Gm. Lin. i. 855. Baud, ii Le Verdier de la Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 202. Chinese Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 135. 426. Shaw's Zool ix. 311. THIS is not unlike the Green Grosbeak. Bill greenish yellow; head and neck greenish grey; back and wing coverts light brown ; edge of the wing black ; second quills black, the outer edges grey; prime quills yellow half way from the base, the rest of the length black, the tips grey ; belly dirty rufous ; vent yellow; tail black, tipped with white; legs greenish yellow.—Inhabits China. 28—YELLOW-FRONTED GROSBEAK. Loxia butyracea, Ind. Orn. i. 183. Lin. i. 304. Gm Lin. i. 855. Baud. Verd brunet, Verdier du Cap. de B. E. Buf. iv. 182. Pl. ml. 341. 1. Yellow-fronted Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 136. LENGTH nearly five inches. Bill dusky black ; irides brown ; plumage above green ; head and neck spotted with black; over each eye a yellow line, beginning at the base of the bill, and a second diverging from beneath the eye, but not touching it; under parts all yellow; quills, tail, and legs, black. The female has the forehead yellow ; above the eye a yellow line; the rest of the plumage above green, spotted with brown ; beneath yellow; tail blackish, a little forked, and tipped with white; bill and legs black. In another, the bill and legs were pale, but the plumage greatly corresponded, the quills had yellow margins, and pale tips; lesser wing coverts black, edged with green; tail as in the other, tipped with white. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; the one described by Linnaeus came from India. 235 29.—CAFFRARIAN GROSBEAK. Loxia Caffra, Ind. Orn. i. 393. Gm. Lin. i. 858. Act. Stock. 1784. 289. Shaiv's Zool.ix. 286. Fringilla Caffra longicauda, Spalowsk. Vog. iii. t. 32.—fem. Emberiza longicauda, Ind. Orn. i. 406. Gm. Lin. i. 884. Loxia longicauda, Mill. III. t. iii. A. Langstaart, Thunb. Tr. ii. p. 64. (Engl, ed.) La Veuve a Epaulettes, Buf. iv. 164. Pl. ml. 635. Cape Sparrow, Kolb. Cap. ii. 159. t. 7. f. 7. Yellow-shouldered Oriole, Brown. III. pl. 11. Orange-shouldered Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 184. Shaw's Zool. ix. 422. Caffrarian Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. p. 194. SIZE of a Bulfinch. Bill cinereous brown; plumage in general black; shoulders crimson; wing coverts white; quills brown, margined with white; tail longer than the body, and sometimes more than twice the length of it; legs grey. This is no doubt the same bird, described as Orange-shouldered Bunting, which measures to the rump only five inches ; but the tail is often fifteen at least, as the two middle feathers are of that length ; the next adjoining fourteen ; the third eleven ; and all the outer ones much shorter; colour of the body and wings as before described; some of the quills white at the base, the secondaries as long the primaries. This species inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; at certain seasons the male is grey, but the female is always of that colour; said to build in marshy places, low fields, and bogs, about Sea-cow river. According to Mr. Barrow,* the nest is curious, composed of grass, platted into a round ball, fastened between two reeds; the entrance through a tube, the orifice next the water. It appears to be polygamous ; for although thirty or forty nests are often in one clump of reeds, never more than two males are seen among them.—M. Thun- bergt observes, that in winter the cock is grey, as the hen is, all the * Trav. in Africa, p. 244. t Trav. ii. p. 64. GROSBEAK. year round, and the last never has a long tail: its slow flight, on account of the long tail, makes it easy to shoot, and when it rains, or in windy weather, it may almost be taken with the hand. 30.—WHITE-SHOULDERED GROSBEAK. LENGTH thirteen inches. Plumage in general dark, but the sides of the head round the eyes, fore part of the neck, and breast white, passing round the neck; across the breast a dark bar, and below this white; on the wing coverts, and down the middle of the wing white, or light coloured; tail nine inches, the shortest feather one anda half; legs dusky. Inhabits Abyssinia, called there Black and White Hillet, the Abyssinian name. Among the drawings of Lord Mountnorris is a sketch of one of them, with these remanksi that there are many Variestieis, viz: black, with red on the band of the pinion; black and yellow on the same ; and the present one, which ig rblack and white ; the tail consists of twelve feathers, of unequal length, forming a perfect fan, when the birds fly, and seems to impede their progress, though they are constantly in pursuit of other birds. It is added, that the nests are built in rashes, very small, and covered over; as appears to be the case with almost all the birds nests in this country.* 31—TESTACEOUS GROSBEAK, Fringilla Caffra longicauda, Spalowsk. Vog. Hi. t. 42—female? LENGTH twelve inches. Bill three quarters of an inch long, with a slight notch at the tip, colour pale yellow; plumage above testaceous brown, inclining to fawn-colour, streaked with darker bjB^wn; wing coverts, and lesser quills marked all round, near the * See Valmt. Trav.j&x. 204, GROSBEAK. 237 margins, with indented dark lines; from the nostril, through the eye, a dark mark, growing wider behind; breast and belly very pale ash-colour, streaked, and lined as the upper parts, but more obscure; chin and vent dusky white; greater quills, from the base to more than half the length, dull rufous, otherwise brown; the exterior one an inch shorter than the adjoining; tail greatly cuneiform, of twelve feathers, the four middle are seven inches long, the outmost only one and a half; the intermediate ones gradually shortening in (proportion; all but the four longest testaceous brown ; the latter Jauch darker, and all of them pale at the ends; legs stout, brown. Inhabits Africa: in Mr. Bullock's Museum; it has been by some supposed to differ only in sex from the Caffrarian, or White-shouldered, but we rather suspect it to be a distinct Species. 32.—FURVOUS GROSBEAK. LENGTH ten inches. Bill very stout, one inch, deep brown; plumage above deep dusky brown; a trifle mottled with paler on the chin andithroat; the greater coverts and quills fringed on the outer edges wj*h elaywjoioiir; sides ofthe body, under the wings, streaked with white; tail four inches long, much rounded at the 'end, and the quills reach to above half the length of it; legs stou£, dusky iblaek. Inhabits Africa,: in the collection of Mr. Bullock. 33.—BLACK-HEADED GROSBEAK.—Pl. lxxxvih. Loxia erythromelas, Ind. Orn. i. 393.; Gm. Lin. i. 859. Bxmd. ii. 373. Shaw's Zool. ix. 243. pl.45. Black-headed Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 150. pl. 43. LENGTH nine inches. Bill stoat, bkck ; in the middle of dshe edge of the upper mandible a sharp process, and a notch on the S 238 GROSBEAK. under one, partly corresponding; base white; head and part of the neck black ; general colour of the plumage deep crimson, inclining to chestnut above, and to pink beneath; quills and tail dusky red, the shape of the latter a trifle rounded ; legs brown. The young bird has the head and throat black; upper part of the body olive green, with a mixture of red here and there ; sides of the neck deep orange red; from the breast to the vent deep orange yellow; quills olive green, the outer edges of some of them rufous. The female is greenish yellow above, paler beneath ; breast full yellow; head and neck black, as in the male. Inhabits Cayenne. 34.—NUN GROSBEAK. Loxia collaria, Ind. Orn. i. 382. Lin. i. 305. Gm. Lin. i. 857. Baud. ii. 999. Shaw's Zool. ix. 292. Grosbec Nonette, Buf. iii. 446. Pl. enl. 393. 3. —— k Joues blanches, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 124 ? Nun Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 133. LENGTH four inches and a half. Size of the Blue Titmouse, but the bill much thicker, and black; forehead whitish; top of the head, and body above, greenish blue; temples black; rump and under part ofthe body rufous white; chin, and sides of the neck, the same, but paler; across the breast a mottled black band; wings rufous yellow and black mixed; tail black; legs brown. Inhabits the East Indies. A.—Grivelin k Cravate, Buf iii. 473. Baud. ii. 400. Var. A. Grosbec d'Angola, Pl. enl 659. 2. Gen. Syn. iii. 134. A. This differs in having the upper parts of a darker colour; between the bill and eye, chin and neck before, rufous white, passing round the neck as a collar; there is also a small white spot at the base of GROSBEAK. 239 the quills, near the edge; the under part the same, but more inclined to rufous; the rest as in the first described. Inhabits Angola. 35.—BLACK-BREASTED GROSBEAK. Loxia pectoralis, Ind. Orn. i. 390. Baud. ii. 418. Shaw's Zool. ix. 325. 1 Americana, Gm. Lin. i. 863. Black-breasted Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 148. SIZE of the Least Titmouse; length nearly four inches. Bill black; plumage above black, beneath white, except a black band across the breast, above which the white passes in a narrow crescent, almost round the neck; tail rounded, black, the feathers rather sharp at the ends; legs brown. This is in the British Museum; native place uncertain, supposed to be America. A bird, greatly like this, in the collection of Mr. M'Leay, is four inches and a half long, and answers to the last described; but the lower part of the back and rump are fine pale slate-colour; tail one inch and three quarters long, even, and the shafts of the feathers continued a trifle beyond the end. Inhabits Berbice, called there Karichieva. From the great similarity of plumage, the Black-breasted and Nun Grosbeaks seem to be allied, did not their respective native places forbid the supposition. 36—COLLARED GROSBEAK. Grosbec a Collier, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 125. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill pale; plumage on the upper parts bluish lead-colour, beneath chiefly white ; from the base of the bill a black line, growing broader above the eye; chin black; 1 Z48: GROSBEAK. from, the angle of the mouth a white streak, passing to the white on the throat; beneath this another patch of black, on the fore part of the neck ; quills and tail brown. In the female the colours are more dull. Inhabits Paraguay, in South America, chiefly among the bushes, in moist places; said to make the nest of small roots and twigs, on a bush, and to lay about three brown eggs, dotted with violet; the males and females often seen in separate flocks, and do not separate till the time of incubation; is said to have an agreeable song. 37.—RUFOUS-CROWNED GROSBEAK. Loxia ochrocephala, Baud. Orn. ii.'427. SIZE of our Greenfinch; length five inches and a half. Bill dusky;, base of the lower mandible pale grey^erown and hindhead brownish rafea*;, &roat and neck before- olive green; the upper part Of. the body and; prime coverts brcrwn, with yellowish edges; body beneath yellowish, very pale on the belly; quills dusky, with a> small yellow spot initbe middle of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixthi? tail rather forked, dusky, end ash-colour; legs pale browik This was brought from Cochin China into Holland alive; had a note somewhat like that of the Green Grosbeak, and at times an unmeaning kind of twittering; Loxia Africana, iron (hit. u Verdier sans Vert, Buf. iv. 1 African Grosbeak, Gen. Syn, AFRICAN GROSBEAK. Gm. Lin. r. 856. Baud. ii. 429. sZoot.'tx. 272. LENGTH abou#"3i32 inches. Plumage above greenish: brownand grey mrxjeft] m^Kiri'ftgfb'rufous-'cfff^ie rattfp; the upper wing coteHS rafoas;' seeond; quills edged witfrffh^satiite^ greater quills, and side GROSBEAK. 241 feathers of the tail, edged with rufous white; the outer feather of the last marked with a white spot; under parts of the body white, varied with brown on the breast. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; brought from thence by M. Sonnerat. 39.-SUMATRAN GROSBEAK. Loxia hypoxantha, Ind. Orn. i. 384. Mus. Carls, t. 71. Baud. ii. 429. Shaw's Zool ix. 291. Sumatran Grosbeak, Gen. Syn* Sup. ii. 194. SIZE of a Yellow Hammer. Bill and legs pale; irides rufous; plumage in general yellowish green above; forehead and all beneath yellow; wings and tail dusky black, the feathers with yellow margins; the tail even at the end. Inhabits Sumatra, frequents the rice fields. A living specimen of one was in the collection of Count Carlson, of Stockholm. 40.—BRIMSTONE GROSBEAK. Loxia sulphurata, Ind. Orn. i. 384. Lin. Shaw's Zool. ix. 313. Coccothraustes Cap. bonae Spei, -Bris. iii. Brimstone Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 137. 225. 1.11. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 371. SIZE of the Brambling; length five inches and three quarters. Bill stout, horn-colour; head, neck, breast, and upper parts of the body olive green; throat, belly, and vent yellow; over the eye a yellow streak; quills brown, edged with yellow green ; tail the same, except the two middle feathers, which are wholly olive green; the legs brownish grey. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 242 41— YELLOW-RUMPED GROSBEAK Mus. Adolph.. Loxiahordeafc»,';fhd. 0*7*. i.-885. Lin. 852. Baud. ii. 432. Shaw's Zool Yellow-rumped Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. •18)3. ix. 293. 29. Gm.Lin. SIZE of a Wagtail. Head, neck, and rump fulvous; temples white; from thence to the bill, breast, wings, and tail black; the shoulders, thighs, vent, and margins of the tail feathers grey. Inhabits India. 42.—YELLOW-THROATED GROSBEAK. sia flaviyen'tiis, Ind. Orn. i. 384. c«6€!ttctist«!!i,fea3Cap. B. Spei, J Zool. ix. 271. liow-throated Grosbeak, Gm. Syn Gm. Lin.i. 856. Ba. te8afil<jfe7. 1.11. 2. LESS tbafrtlb Brimstone Grosbeak. Bill the same; head, neck behind, and back olive green, dashed with brown; the ramp olive green; under parts of the body full yellow; on each side the head, over the eye, a yellow band; quills and tail brown, with olive green edges; the last rather forked; legs grey. The female differs in being less-Wight in coftfar. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. A.—Length five inches* Crown, bi^Sfet, arid up?£fer parts of the body bright dlive green, p&f&r on the-Witop;rBfatP|Mrt of the neck ash-colour, passing forwards on eacb'lMe to the chin, where it ends in a pctitki; 'belly and vent yellow; between the legs white; quills black, edged "with yellow; tail dftisky green,1 fl&¥gined with yellow, and black shafts, at the end rather forked; legs grey brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. GROSBEAK. 243 B.—Pineon de la Chine, Pl. enl. 157. 3. In this the bill and legs are yellowish; plumage in general olive green, beneath paler; sides under the. wings, vent, and under tail coverts, yellow; wing coverts dusky black, margined with paler; the base half of the quills white outwardly, the rest of the length brown; a few of the outer ones white at the epd&; tail oliyft green, a trifle forked; the wings reach to about fealf the length of it. Said to inhabit China. 43.—YELLOW GROSBEAK. Loxia flavicans, Ind. Orn. i. 385. Lin. i. 302. Amcen. Ac. iv. 244. Gm. Lin. i. 850. Shaw's Zool. ix. 290. Yellow Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 139. SIZE of the Canary Finch. Bill short and thick, the base extending far back on the forehead; head, neck, breast, belly, and vent yellow; top of the head the same, but paler; back, wings, and tail greenish yellow; bend of thg wing deep yellow; quills and tail margined with the same; legs pale; hind claw*sfrpngest. Inhabits Asia. A.—Bill pale, almost white; plumage in general yellow; face, fore part of the head, and as far as the breast darker, inclining to rufous; crown paler; back of the neck dusky, the feathers deeply margined with yellow; rump yellow; the wings and tail pale dusky ash, lighter on the margins of the feathers; tail a trifle hollowed out in the middle; legs pale brown. InbaMts India, found on the Coast of Coromandel.—S&r John Anstruther. 44.—SCARLET GROSBEAK. Fringilla punicea, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 160.—Horsfield. LENGTH three inches and a half. Plumage deep scarlet; the wings brown; tail dusky; wing coverts, breast, and belly spotted with white. Inhabits Java, and called there Menyiring; is one of the smallest, and most beautiful birds of the Genus; the coverts of the tail are more obscurely dotted; the interior tail feathers terminated by a narrow band. The colours of the female are less brilliant, 45.—MALACCA GROSBEAK. , 302. Gm. Lin.i. 851. Baud. ii. 401. Loxia Malacca, Ind. Orn. i. 385. Lin. Shaw's Zool ix. 332. Passer Sinensis rostro caeruleo, Klein, Av. 88. Coccothraustes javensis, .Bm. iii. 237. t. 13. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 375. Le Jacobin, Buf. iii. 468. Pl. enl 139. 3. White-breasted Indian Sparrow, Edw. pl. 355. Alb. ii. pl. 53. Osb. Voy. ii. 329. Malacca Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 140. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill bluish ash-colour; head, neck, middle of the belly, thighs, and under tail coverts black; breast and sides of the belly white; back, wings, and tail chestnut; legs brown. The female is duller in colour, and the thighs are chestnut. Inhabits Java. A.—Loxia Malacca, Lin. i. p. 302.16. /3. Passer fuscus capite nigro, KleinyAv. 90. Coccothraustes Sinensis, Bris. iii. 235. Id. 8vo. i. 374. Chinese Sparrow, Edw. pl. 43. Gen. Syn. iii. 141. A. Id. Sup. 152. In this the head, throat, and neck before, are black ; the rest of the plumage chestnut; bill and legs cinereous. GROSBEAK. 245 The female has all the upper parts cinereous brown; sides of the head, and under parts reddish white; quills and tail blackish ; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits China, as well as India, known there by the name of Mungul.—The nest rounded like a cup, open at the top, composed of very fine, yellowish fibres; called by the Bengalese Nucal nowl, or Jungle Sparrow. B.—Length four inches and half. Head and neck to the breast black; the rest of the upper parts greenish ash-colour; tail the same; breast, belly, and under tail coverts, buff white; the three first quills plain, four or five of the following white at the base; tail a trifle forked; bill deep blue; legs brown. In the collection of Lord Stanley. 46.—WHITE-EARED GROSBEAK. Loxia leucotis, White-eared Grosbeak, Salt, Abyss. App. p. lix. SIZE of the Reed Bunting; length five inches. The bill pale yellow; head, neck, breast, and belly black; on the ear a large patch of white, passing under the eye; across the nape a bar of white, not quite communicating with the former; under wing coverts black: the upper, and the back, fine chestnut, some of them with pale margins; shoulder of the wing white; rump and upper tail coverts pale ash, approaching to white; quills and tail brown; sides over the thighs whitish buff"; tail even, or somewhat hollowed out in the middle; the outer feather pale on the exterior web; under coverts black; legs brown. The female wants the black head; the crown fine chestnut, mixed with brown; sides, and chin to the breast, dusky white and brown s 246 GROSBEAK. mixed; round the neck, below the nape, a mottled whitish ring; the rest of the body above, wings, and tail, as in the male, but less bright; middle of the breast, and belly dusky black; the sides dusky white.—Inhabits the Coast of Abyssinia: in the collection of Lord Stanley. 47.—MOLUCCA GROSBEAK. Eexia Molucca, Ind. Orn. i. 386. Lin. i. 302. Gm. Lin. i. 851. Baud. ii. 403. Shaw's Zool ix. 331. Coccothraustes Moluccensis, Bris. iii. 241. t. 13. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 376. Grosbec des Moluques, Pl. enl. 139. 2. Moluoca Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 141. LENGTH four inches. Bill dusky; fore part of the head, the sides, and fore part of the neck, black; hindhead, and upper parts of the body brown; rump, and under parts of the breast, transversely barred black and white; upper tail coverts, and tail black ; quills deep brown ; legs brown. Inhabits the Molucca Islands : called, as well as the Malacca Species, by the name of Nuknool or Nucal nowl. 48.—STRIATED GROSBEAK. Loxia Striata, Ind. Orn. i. 386. Lin. i. 306. Gm. Lin. 861, Baud. ii. 4Q& Shaw's Zool. ix. 329. Coccothraustes Borbonica, Bris. iii. 243. t. 13. f. 4. Id. 8vo. i. 376. JViugilla striata, Lin. Trans, xiii. p. 161. Grosbec de L'Isle de Bourbon, Pl. enl. 153. 1. Striated Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 141. THIS is a small Species, scarcely three inches and three quarters long. Bill dusky; head, neck, and upper parts of the body, brown; shafts of the feathers pale rufous brown $ throat and neck GROSBEAK. 247 quills and tail before blackish; beneath from the breast white blackish brown ; legs blackish. Inhabits the Isle of Bourbon; also Java, where it is called Prit. 49.—COWRY GROSBEAK. Loxia punctularia, Ind. Oni. 386. Lin. i. 302. Gm. Lin. i. 851. Shaw's Zool. ix. 330. Passer Sinensis ferrugineus, Klein, Av. p. 89. 6. Id. 90. 18. Fringilla punctularia, Lin. Traris.-Xfii. p. 161. Coccothraustes Javensis nsevia, Bww.iii. 239. t. 13. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 275. Grosbec tachete de Java, Buf. iii. 468. Pl. ml. 139. 1. Chinese Sparrow, Alb. ii. pl. 54.—female. Cowry Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 142. Edw. pl. 40. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill and legs dugk^r; fore part of the heatI,-«ides,^throat, and neck before, chestnut; hindhead, and the rest 6f tfee-^per parts rufous brown; rump margined with grey; breast and sides dusky, marked with cordated white spots; middle ofthe belly, and vent white. Inhabits the Island of Java, and called Pekking; the three last described, if not the one preceding, seem related, either as Varieties or sexual differences. A.—In the collection of General HardW&ke is one, deep red brown above, beneath to the breast much paler; rump spotted dark brown; breast marked with rufous brown; below this, the belly and thighs have cordated spots, each feather being white, marked with a semicircle of brown vent and thighs pale ash, the latter a little barred with darker; tail brown; bill and legs pale blue.—In one sex the head and sides have several darker, short marks; in the other plain. Inhabits India; named Muneeah. 248 50.-SPOTTED-SIDED GROSBEAK.—Pl. lxxxix. Fringilla leucocephala, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlviii. Spotted Grosbeak, Lewin, N. Holl Birds, pl White-headed Finch, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 210. >1.132. SIZE of a Bulfinch ; length four inches and a half. Bill stout, crimson; head, neck, and under parts, from the breast, white; marked on the sides, and under the wings, with a long patch of black, charged with numerous white spots; across the breast a broad bar of black, communicating with the black on the sides; before the eye a black, curved mark; tail short, black ; upper part of the back and wings rufous brown; the lower and rump crimson; legs pale brown. Inhabits New South Wales.—General Davies. One, supposed to differ in sex, had the head pale ash-colour, instead of white, and is figured by Mr. Lewin under the name of Spotted Grosbeak: he tells us, that it is met with in small flights, in gardens, and cultivated grounds, in the winter season. In the collection of Lord Stanley is one of the females, and like the last described, but the chin and throat are white, with ten or twelve black feathers on the sides, having an oval large spot of white near the ends, hollowed out on one side. In Mr. Harrison's possession was a specimen of the same, but instead of the oval white spots on the sides, marked with stripes of white on the black ground. 51.—EASTERN GROSBEAK. Loxia undulata, Ind. Orn.i. 387. Baud. ii. 416. Eastern Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. Sup. 155. SIZE of the Cowry Grosbeak; length six inches. Bill dusky, stout, short, as in the Bulfinch; head, neck, and back, red brown ; v^fr GROSBEAK. 249 beneath from the breast white, undulated with dusky; vent yellowish • tail pale, reddish ash-colour ; legs dusky. Inhabits India, and probably China.—In the collection of Mrs. Wheeler. 52.—WHITE-WINGED GROSBEAK. Loxia panicivora, Ind. Orn. i. 388. Li *.i. 302. Gm. Lin. i . 851. Baud, i . 413. Shaw's Zool ix. 283. Pyrrhula Africana nigra, JBm.iii. 317. Id. 8vo. i. 397. Grand Bouvreuil noir d'Afrique, Buf. v. 385. White-winged Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 144. SIZE of the Hawfinch ; length seven inches and a quarter. Bill grey; eyes black; the whole plumage also black, except a spot of white on the wing coverts; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Africa. 53.—ANGOLA GROSBEAK. Loxia Angolensis, Ind. Orn.i. 389. Lin.i. 303. Gm. Lin.i. 853. Baud.ii. 413. Shaw's Zool ix. 280. Black Grosbeak from Angola, Gm. Syn. iii. 145. Edw. pl. 352. SIZE of the Bulfinch; length five inches. Bill dusky; general colour of the plumage black; from the breast to the vent dull red; on the middle of the wing, near the edge, a spot of white; ridge of the wing white; legs purplish flesh-colour. Inhabits Angola. 54.—ORANGE-BELLIED GROSBEAK. Loxia bicolor, Ind. Orn. i. 395. Lin. i. 307. Gm. Lin. i. 865. Baud. ii. 419. Shaw's Zool.ix. 306. Regulus Capitis bonce Spei, Gerin. iii. p. 357.—Mas; VOX. V. K K 250 GROSBEAK. Fringilla rubra minor, Bm. iii. 164. Id. Svo. i. 352. —— fusca Americana, Klein, Av. 98. Brunor, Bouvreuil a ventre roux, Buf. iv. 187. Pl. enl. 319. 2. Little brown Bulfinch, Edw. pl. 83.1. Orange-bellied Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 157. THIS is scarcely larger than a Wren; length three inches and a quarter. Bill short, thick, and whitish ; plumage above brown, beneath dull, reddish orange; legs brown. Inhabits India. A.—Size ofthe other. Bill black; upper parts ofthe body pale brown, the under white, inclined to ferruginous on the chin; tail rounded ; legs bluish.—I observed this among some Chinese drawings—it probably differs in sex. 55.—GREY-NECKED GROSBEAK. Loxia melanura, Ind. Orn. i. 389. Gm. Lin. i. 853. Baud.«. 385. Shaw?* Zool. ix. 312. Le Grosbeak dela Chine, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 199. Grey-nedM Grosbeak, Gen. SfJhZiL 145. SIZE of the Hawfinch. Bill, ipdes, and iegs, yellow; head black; neck behind dirty brown, before grey; wing coverts bluish black, about the middle a white spot; the second quills black, bordered with white on the inner webs; prime quills black for two- thirds, from thence to the ends white; rump grey; tail black; belly pale rufous; vent white. In the female the head is grey ; the quills black, bordered with white; in other respects like the male. Inhabits China. 251 56.—JAVA GROSBEAK. Loxia oryzivora, Jfnd. Orn. i. 380. Lin. i. 302. Amcen. ac. iv. 243. Mus. Ad. Fr. i. 18. Osb. It. 103. Gm. Lin. i. 850. Baud. ii. 393. Spalowsk. i. t. 29. Gerin. iii. t. 328. Sham's Zool. ix. 316. pl. 51. Lin. Trans, xiii. 161. Fringilla. Loxia Javensis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlv. Mus. Carls, t. 89. Shaw's Zool. ix. 300.—young bird. Coccothraustes Sinensis cinerea, Bris. iii. 244. t. 11. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 377. Klein, 96. Grosbec de la Chine, Oiseau de Ris, Buf. iii. 463. Pl enl 153. 1. Padda, or Rice Bird, Ed. pl. 41. 42. Suoda Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 195.—young bird. Jwra. Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 129. Id. Sup. 15L SIZE of a Sparrow; length five inches. Bill stout, red; eyelids the same ; head and throat black; sides of the head, under the eyes, white; upper parts of the body, neck, and breast, pale ash-colour; belly and thighs pale rose-colour; towards the vent white; tail black; legs flesh-colour. The female much the same, but the belly is paler; in some nearly white; and the white on the cheeks not occupying so much space. The young bird does not get the white on the cheeks the first year, that part being mottled brown and white, which I have observed in greater or lesser proportions; those now and then seen without any white on the head, are probably immature. Inhabits Java, called by the Javanese, Glate; also common at the Cape of Good Hope, where it does much damage to the rice grounds; chiefly known by the name of Java Sparrow. It is, no doubt, a Chinese bird also, as we see it figured in Chinese paintings, and the name given to it Hung-tzoy. One of these, with a similar patch of white on the sides of the head, was called in some drawings of the late Mr. Pigou, Fan-wo-cock ; found also in Japan.—M. Daudin mentions one with the throat as well as the cheeks white. At Raja- mahul, in India, it is called Tooty. 252 GROSBEAK. 57.—MADAGASCAR GROSBEAK. Loxia Madagascariensis, Ind. Orn. i. 376. Lin. i. 300. Gm. Lin. i. 847. Shaw's Zool. ix. 244. Cardinalis Madagascariensis, Bris. iii. 112. t. 6. f. 2. Id. 8vo.i. 381. Le Foudis, Moineau de Madagascar, Buf. iii. 495. Pl. ml. 134. 2. Madagascar Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 119. Id. Sup. 150. SIZE of a House Sparrow; length at least five inches. The bill dusky; through the eye a black streak; the general colour of the plumage red, but the middle of each feather on the back is black ; quills and tail brown, margined with olive green; legs grey brown. Young birds are olive, and get the red colour by degrees. The one figured in Brisson has the black streak through the eye not very distinct, and in the Pl. enlum. not at all expressed; it is therefore to be suspected, that these represent the females, or young birds. Inhabits Madagascar, where it is called Foudi lah6-mence. In the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther is one six inches in length. Bill stout, yellow; plumage in general fine scarlet, but the quills and tail are black; round the eye yellow; just over the forehead black, passing through the eye in a streak, at the back part curving a little upwards; tail longish, even; legs brown. Inhabits the Coast of Coromandel, in India, and is probably the complete, or adult bird : in Lord Mountnorris's drawings, made in Abyssinia, it is called Ginerba; the tail here seems much rounded, if not cuneiform, and red brown. The Red-headed Finch, described hereafter, is by some thought to belong to this bird; if so, it may prove to be the female, or young one, in imperfect plumage. GROSBEAK. 253 58—MALABAR GROSBEAK. Loxia Malabarica, Ind. Orn. i. 394. Malabar Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 154 .in. i. 305. Gm. Lin. i. 857. Dand. ii. 406. Shaw's Zool. ix. 262. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill thick, short, pointed, pale ash-colour, darker above; nostrils covered with feathers; the plumage above brown; front and crown variegated with black; lore, cheeks, and all beneath dirty white ; sides barred white and brown ; wings coverts brown, beneath dirty white; quills blackish, the secondaries inclined to brown; vent and under tail coverts white; upper ones the same, margined with black; tail cuneiform, black, the two middle feathers pointed, the others obtuse; legs purplish. The female is much the same, but paler, and the upper tail coverts not white. Inhabits the East Indies, common about Calcutta; is frequently tamed, and serves to amuse its master, a pair always kept in the same cage; each bird has a small cord fastened round the body; the owner holds one of them by the cord, and the other, though thrown up into the air, always returns, and sits by its companion: is found both in the upper Provinces, and in Bengal; is the Churaca of the Musselmans, and the Pedory of the Bengalese, and Hindustan Proper. For the above I am indebted to Dr. Buchanan. In Gen. Hardwicke's collection of drawings it is named Churukua; in that of Sir John Anstruther, Chuckee. I 59—ASH-HEADED GROSBEAK. Loxia Indica, Ind. Orn. i. 394. Baud, i Ash-headed Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. Sup. 15i 404. Shaw's Zoo\. ix. SIZE small. Bill blue; head and neck slaty ash-colour; back, wings, and tail dusky; the last tipped with white; breast and belly 254 GROSBEAK. dirty white; legs blue.—Inhabits India. From the collection of Lady Impey. 60.—CRESTED GROSBEAK. Loxia cristata, Ind. Orn. i. 378. Lin. i. 301. Gm. Lin. i. 849. Baud. ii. 383. Shaw's Zool. ix. 260. Crested Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 125. SIZE large. General colour whitish ; forehead crested; the crest, breast, and rump red; tail cinereous, the two middle feathers twice the length of the others. The crest and breast of the female are both white. Inhabits Ethiopia, according to M. Burman, from whom Linnaeus took his description. M. Daudin, says it is the size of the White-headed Grosbeak, and seven inches in length. He seems to think it should rank with the Coltete, which conjecture is far from improbable, more especially as Linnaeus has made our Coly a Grosbeak. 61.—BROWN GROSBEAK. Loxia fusca, Ind. Orn.i. 389. L*n.i. 307. Amcm.Ac.'w. 245. Gm. Lin. i. 865. Baud. ii. 415. Shaw's Zool. ix. 323. Brown Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 447. Osb. Voy. ii. 329. SIZE of a Canary Bird. Bill short, thick, and lead-coloured; passing back on the forehead; head and upper parts of the body brown; the under pale ash-colour; vent pure white; quills dusky black; base of the eight middle ones white; tail as the quills, with palish ends; legs pale. Inhatoits Africa; found also in Bengal, as well as China. 255 62.—FRONTAL GROSBEAK. ,J^a.frontalis, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlvi, Baud. ii. 445. Shaw's Zool. ix. 265. Frontal Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 196. SIZE of the Amaduvade Finch. Bill pale grey; at the corners of the mouth, and the forehead a few serrated black feathers, with white tips; upper part of the head and neck pale rufous, of the body cinereous grey. Inhabits Senegal, from whence it has been brought alive to Paris. 63.—RED-BILLED GROSBEAK. Loxia sanguinirostris, Ind. OroA 392. Lin. i. 393. Amcen. ac. iv. 243. Osb. Voy. ii. 329. Gm. Lin.i. 852. Baud. ii. 443. Shaw's Zool ix. 256. Emberiza Quelea, Ind. Orn. i. 409. Lin. i. 310. /3. Gmel. Lin. i. 877. Passer Senegal, erythrorynchos, Bris. iii. 118. t. 6. f. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 337.—male. erythrorynchos Cap. B. Spei, Bris. m. 108. t. 5. f. 4. Id. 8vo. i. 337.—female. Moineau a bee rouge, Buf iii. 485. Pl. enl 183. f. 2.—male. du Senegal, Buf iii. 484. Pl. ml. 223. 1. Brasilian Sparrow, Edw. pl. 271. 2. Black-faced Bunting, Gm. Syn. m. W2. Red-hilled Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 151. SIZE of a Siskin ; length four inches and a half. Bill thick, passing far back at the-base above, colony $&L ; irides reddish; forehead above the eye, and round to the chin black; the rest of the head and upper parts rufous grey, the middle of the feathers on the back, and upper parts dusky; the under pale rufous, inclining to white on the breast and belly; quills and tail blackish, the feathers margined with cinereous; legs flesh-colour. The female has the same markings, but the general colour in- clines more to brown, and the forehead and chin not black, but the same in colour with the rest of the head. 256 GROSBEAK. Inhabits the Coast of Africa, from Senegal to the Cape of Good Hope, and now and then brought in cages into Europe. We have long had suspicion that the Red-billed Grosbeak and Black-faced Bunting were the same, and are now confirmed therein, from inspecting various specimens, which, having different shades of plumage, were no doubt in their progress towards perfection; although, by some, they have been considered as belonging to the latter Genus. We think them more fairly to rank with that of the Grosbeak. In Mr. Dent's drawings are both sexes of this bird, and with them what is supposed to be their nest; this consists of two leaves, each about eight inches long, and two and a half broad, attached together on the sides by fibres, between which the nest is placed, somewhat in the same manner as expressed in the Indian Zoology, under the article Tailor Bird, but as no history or manners are annexed, we cannot say more on the subject. 64.—CRIMSON-BILLED GROSBEAK. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill thick, deep crimson, running backwards in a point on the forehead; upper parts of the body pale ferruginous ash-colour, streaked with brown ; rump pale; wings, tail, and all beneath dusky white ; outer edge of the wing, and the margins of the quills oker yellow; tail somewhat forked, and yellowish on the outer webs; the wings reach to about half of its length; legs pale. Inhabits Africa.—Mr. Bullock: probably an imperfect female of the Red-billed. 65.—GOLD-FRONTED GROSBEAK. LENGTH scarcely four inches. Bill stout, white, towards the tip dusky; forehead, to the middle of the crown, fine orange yellow> 11 GROSBEAK. 257 forming a roundish spot; upper part of the nedk, and the body in general, deep chocolate, marked with many irregular white spots, of different shapes, as far as the back; all beneath, from the chin, white, with a tinge of yellow from the breast^ wings mostly mixed, or edged with yellow, especially the outer margins of the quills; tail dusky, edged with pale yellow; the wings reach on it to about one-third; legs pale ash. Inhabits Senegal: in the collection of Mr. Brogden, and Mr. Bullock. 66.— PARROT GROSBEAK. LENGTH three inches and three quarters. Bill stout, a trifle bent, and crimson; feathers on the crown a little elongated; plumage fine green, paler beneath; over the eye a streak of crimson; rump, upper tail coverts, and vent crimson; on the breast a tinge of the same; tail rather short, the feathers pointed at the ends; legs pale brown. In the collection of Gen. Davies. Sard to have come from Africa. 67.—WAX-BILLED GROSBEAK. Loxia Astrild, Ind. Orn. i. 392. Lin. i. 303. Gm .Lin. .852. Baud.u 444. Spa- lowsk. Vog. i. t. 32. Gerin. t. 367.—upper figure. Id. t. 370. f. l ? Shaw's Zool. ix. 254. Fringilla undulata, Pall. A dumb. 143. Senegalus striatus, Bris. iii. 210. ts 10. f. 5. Id. 8vo. i. 365. •. Senegali raye, Buf. iv. 101. pl. 2. f. 2. Pl. ml. 157. 2. Wax-billed Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. nn 152. Id. Sup. ii. 198. Edw. pl. 179. 854. SIZE of a Wren ; length four inches and one-tjiird. Bill deep red; through the eye a red streak; the middle of the breast of the same colour; upper parts of the body brown, the under reddish grey, crossed every where with blackish lines; legs brown; the last cuneiform, crossed with darker brown lines; legs brown. 258 GROSBEAK. In some birds the tail is plain brown; with the vent and under tail coverts black, probably a distinction of sex.* We have also seen others which varied much, by having more or fewer ofthe black lines. This species is found in the Canary Islands, Madeira, \ Senegal, Angola, the Cape of Good Hope, and India. £ At the Cape makes great havock in the gardens, devouring both seeds and blossoms ; § and Mr. Barrow || gives an idea of the immense flocks of these birds, when he relates the circumstance, of sixty-three having been shot at one discharge of a small fowling piece. A.—LeSerevan, Moineau du Senegal, Red-rumped Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. Bufiv. 103. Pl. enl. 230. 3. mm. III pl, 29. Length four inches. Head, and neck behind cinereous; back, and wing coverts brown; greater quills dusky; breast, and belly dirty white; upper tail coverts crimson, and a bar of the same across the vent; legs dark grey. The under parts in some specimens incline to yellow; and the sides ofthe rump, and wing coverts are spotted with white; the base ofthe bill bordered with black ; one with these markings was brought from the Isle of Mauritius, by M. Sonnerat. Others have the under parts pale yellow ; neither bill nor rump red, and no white spots on the wings; some have a tinge of red on the breast, and fore part of the neck ; and the tail longer in proportion ; these are said to come from the Cape of Good Hope. B.—Le petit Moineau du Senegal, Buf. iv. 104. Pl. enl 230. 2. White-rumped Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 153. 71. B. Size of the last. Bill and legs red ; through the eyes a streak of the same; throat and sides of the neck bluish white; the rest of the * Instanced in the Bearded Titmouse. X To which Linnaeus adds, America, & || Travels in Africa, p. 373. f Forst. Voy. p. 26. § Thunberg's Trav. ii. p. 28. 259 under parts and rump rose-coloured white, more or less deep ; top of the head, neck, and back, blue, lightest on the head; wings brown ; tail blackish.—Inhabits Senegal. 68.—WHITE-TAILED GROSBEAK. Loxia leucura, Ind. Orn. i. 393. Baud. ii. 406. Shaw's Zool. ix. 262. White-tailed Wax-billed Finch, Brown, III. pl. 29. White-tailed Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 154. LENGTH three inches. Bill red; head and wing coverts cinereous; back rich yellow; breast and belly pale yellow; tail white; the two outer feathers black; legs flesh-colour, Inhabits Brazil. 69—BLACK-BELLIED GROSBEAK. Loxia melanogastra, Ind. Orn. i. 394. Baud. ii. 407. Shaw's Zool. ix. 289. Afra, Gm. Lin. i. 857. Black-bellied Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 155. Id. Sup. 153. Brown, III. 58. pl, 24. BILL black; head, sides, and tail coverts rich yellow, mixed in some places with light brown; chin, breast, and belly black; wings and tail brownish. Inhabits Africa.—Mr. Tunstall had one of these in a cage, for some time. It moulted twice in a year; in the winter it was brown. A.—Length near five inches. Bill stout, short, black; crown above the eye, nape, and back of the neck, pale yellow; beginning of the back, and rump, sides of the breast, body, and vent pale yellow, communicating across the breast, and there mixed with a little ferruginous; middle ofthe belly, from the breast, wholly black; 260 GROSBEAK. tail very short, and half bid by the coverts: the wings reach only to the base.—Inhabits Senegal.. In the collection o£ Lord Stanley. < 70.—RADIATED GROSBEAK. Loxia lineata, Ind. Orn. i. 895. Gm. Lh Radiated Grosbeak, Gen. Syn, iii. 156. . 858. Baud: n. 408. Shaw's Zool. ix. 281. SIZE of a Linnet; length four inches. Bill stout, thick, white; head, neck, breast, lesser wing coverts, and tail black ; second quills, sides ofthe body, and base half of the prime ones, striated black and white, the end half of the latter black ; belly and vent white ; legs dusky.—In the collection of the late Duchess Dowager of Portland. From Africa. 71—PEARLED GROSBEAK. Loxia periata, Rtd. Orn.'u 393L Gm. Lin.i. 858. Baud. ii. 408. Grosbec perle, Salem. Orn. 278. Pearled Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iff: 158: SIZE of a Wren. Head, and upper parts of the body black; beneath brown, with an agreeable mixture of black and white towards the rump and tail. Inhabits Africa, common at Whidah ; lives on grain,, and has a pleasant note: thought to be allied to the Radiated Grosbeak. 72—FASCIATED GROSBEAK. sia fasciata, Ind. Orn. i — jugularis, Nat. Mis sciated Grosbeak, Gen. 111.64, pl.27. . 395. Gm. Lin. i. 859. Shau e. ii. pl. 561 Gerin. t>. 3081 I— Syn. iii. 156. Id. Sup. p. 154. s Zool ix. 328. female-. Id. Sup. ii. 195k Brown, LENGTH five inches and a half: Bill bluish grey; top of the hewfe grey, marked with numerous, transverse, undulated brown GROSBEAK. 261 bars; the res* tit the upper parte cinnamon brown; near the tip of each feather a bent, narrow, black bar * the quills black, but darker, and the ends of the secondaries tipped with pale cinnamon f chin and throatsilvery wMte; across the latter a bright crimson band, from behind each eye to the opposite; breast and belly pale eftffla- mon, growing white towards the vent; middle of the belly chestnut; tail black, all but the two middle feathers have a white spot on the inner web, at the tip, but on tbe outer the whole of the inner tip is white; legs flesh-colour. The female is every where paler in colour, and wants'tbe crimson band on the throat; the under parts wholly pale cinnamon, and the white at the tips of the tail feathers less conspicuous. Inhafeffis1 Afriea. In the collection of Lord Stanley is a Variety of the male, in which the band across the throat is orange-coloured, bounded above with white: in some the red band on the throat is blood-colour, and' from this circumstance it has been called by some, the Cut-throat Sparrow. 73—THICK-BILLED GROSBEAK. Loxia crassirostris Ind. Orn. i. 300. Gm. Lin. i. 802. Baud. ii. 41G. Shaw's Zool. ix. p. 324. Thick-billed Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 148. Id. Sup. 152. . .> SIZE of a Bulfinch; length five inches and three quarters. The bill is very nohnst; and deeper tftaft its length, being three qaarters of an indk from the baseamtfoe forehead, to that tit the trader jaw; ther upper mandible: passing backwards some way on the forehead} about half way from the tip is a deep notch, tfee cofour pale yelTowy plumage in general blacky except the bottoms of t&e qwftlsv wftich are white, forming a spot: <j» the vringf tsAt tw& inches long, base of the middle feathers white; legs whitish. 262 GROSBEAK. In the collection of Mr. Tunstall: native place uncertain. In the Museum of the late Sir Ashton Lever was one fully answering to the above description, but with the addition of a beautiful crimson crown, indented at the back part, not unlike that of the Blue- backed Manakin. 74.—WARBLING GROSBEAK. Lo sia cantans, Ind. Oni. i. 395. Br lm Grosbeak, Brown, III. pl w£ rbling Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. ii LENGTH four inches. Bill dusky; plumage above brown, obscurely marked with narrow dusky lines; belly white; tail deep brown, cuneiform; legs blackish. Several of these were in the Leverian Museum, some of which differed in being pale yellow beneath, and mottled on the chin, and sides of the body, with dusky and white. Inhabits Africa; frequently brought by our traders from that part; sings pretty well, but is not long-lived in our climate. 75—ASIATIC GROSBEAK. Loxia Asiatica, Ind. Orn. i. 394. Gm.Lin. i. 858. jDawd. ii. 407. Shaw's Zool. ix. 261. Asiatic Grosbeak, Gen. Syn, iii. 155. SIZE of a Bulfinch. Bill stout, yellow; head black; plumage on the upper parts of the body reddish ash-colour; beneath cinereous ; belly pale red; greater wing coverts, quills, and tip of the tail black; the last forked in shape ; legs red. Inhabits China, called there Lap-tzoy.—This was met with among some well painted drawings from that country. 263 A.—Asiatic Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 153. Var. A. Length seven inches. Bill and legs reddish orange; in plumage similar to the last described ; but differs chiefly in having the greater wing coverts, quills, and tail, tipped with white. Described from a drawing done in China, in the possession of Sir Joseph Banks. 76.—LINEATED GROSBEAK. Loxia Lineola, Ind. Orn. i. 390. Lin.i. 304. Gm. Lin. i. 854. Baud. ii. 418. Shaw's Zool. ix. 326. Pyrrhula Africana nigra minor, Bris. iii. 319. t. 17. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 398. Le Bouveron, Buf. iv. 388. Lineated Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 149. SIZE of a Titmouse. Bill black, gibbous; at the base above a spot of white, and a white streak from the forehead to the crown; plumage on the upper parts of the body glossy blue-black, on the under white ; quills black, base of the prime ones white, forming a spot on the wing; tail black; bifurcated. Inhabits Asia. A.—Bouvreuil a plumes Trisees, Plenl. 319. 1. This is precisely the same with the other in respect to plumage, except that the feathers on all the under parts of the body are longer, and frizzled at the ends. M. Daudin remarks, that M. Mauduyt had one of these from Africa, having the frizzled feathers, but after moulting, those which followed were smooth ; and that birds with the same markings are sometimes brought from Guiana, and such probably are young. 264 GROSBEAK. 77.—WHITE-HEADEDP GROSBEAK. . 391. i. 301. Gm. Lin 849. Baud. ii. 441. Sha. . 365. Loxia Mflia, Ind. Orn. Zool. ix. 301. Maia Sinensis, Bris. iii. 212. t. 9. 2. Id. 8i FrmgillaBfoia,.X«n. Trans, xiii. p. 162. Maian, Maia, Buf. iv. 107. t. 3.—lower fig. Pl. enl. 109. 1. Malacca Grosbeak, Edw. pl. 306. 1. Osb. Voy. ii. 328. White-headed Grosbeak, Gen. Syn, ii. 151. LENGTH four inches. Bill grey brown, paler beneath; head and neck dirty white; body above, wings, and tail, chestnut brown; breast pale brown; belly and vent blackish ; the second and fourth quills grey; legs grey. Inhabits Malacca, and China.—Buffon s specimen had the breast, as well as the belly, black; the bill lead-coloured. Found in Java, called there Bordol. 78— MUSTACHOE GROSBEAK. Loxia mystacea, Ind. Orn, Sup. xlvi. Baud, i Mustachoe Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 197. 44. 6. Shaw's Zool i LENGTH under four inches. Bill reddish brown, tip black; head and neck behind reddish brown; above the eye a bright red streak, and another of the same at the corners of the mouth; throat and neck before pale grey; body above, wings, and tail brown,. inclining to olive; beneath whitish grey; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits Cochin China. 80—FERRUGINOUS GROSBEAK. Loxia ferruginosa, Mus. Carls, t. 90—male. t. 91—female. Shaw's Zool. ix. 327. Ferruginous Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 196. SIZE of the White-headed Grosbeak. The bill stout, cinereous, darker at the base; head and neck behind white; chin and throat brownish black; the rest of the plumage in general ferruginous; between the thighs black; quills darkest; tail short; legs black. 265 79—ORANGE GROSBEAK. ' Loxia! jJuiantia, Ind. Om. i. 390. Gm. Lin. i. 853. Baud. ii. 417. Shaw's Zool. ix. 320. Le Bouvret, Bouvreuil de Bourbon, &c. Buf. iv. 387. Pl. ml. 204. 1. 2. Le Grosbec changeant, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 126 ? Orange Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 146. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill dusky; top of the head black; wings and tail the same, edged with orange, and some of the inner quills with white; the rest of the bird fine orange; legs pale red. The female has the whole head and neck before black; under part of the body white; the rest orange, but less bright; the quills edged with grey. Inhabits the Isle of Bourbon; also the Cape of Good Hope. A.—One in the collection of Lord Stanley, near four inches long, was dull orange, with a small white speck on the outer edge of the wing. Female black brown, with a very pale streak over the eye; tail and quills in both with pale edges; and the legs pale brown. The descriptions taken from the'living birds, which were said to have come from Brazil. GROSBEAK. L The female is in general ferruginous, but paler; chin pale ash- colour ; breast and under parts reddish ash; bill and legs as in the male.—Inhabits the East Indies: the male, with the exception of the black on the chin, approacheSniauch to the Ash-coloured Spefeies. 81.—CINEREOUS GROSBEAK. Loxia cana, Ind. Orn. i. 393. Lin. i. 305. Gm. Lin. i. 859. Shaw's Zool.ix^^f. Fringilla cinerea Indica, Bris. Sup. 83. Id. 8vo. i. 369. La Linotte gris de fer, Buf iv. 82. Grey Finch, Edw. pl. 179. 1. Cinereous Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 154. SIZE of a Linnet. The bill dull ash-colour; base of the under mandible surrounded with white; round the eyes pale; plumage above deep ash-colour, paler towards the rump; beneath the same, with a bluish tinge; greater quills white at the base, and blackish at the ends; tail blackish, the feathers margined with pale ash-colour; legs reddish.—Inhabits Asia. A.—In the Leverian Musjeum is one jsoiiaewlM similar, very pale cinereous white; the.;4rown clouded with brown ; under parts white; wings, tail, and legs as in the other. Said to have been brought from Canton, in China. 82.—FASCINATING GROSBEAK. Loxia fascinans, Ind. Orn. Sup. xlvi. Shaw's Zool. ix. 298. Fascinating Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 197. SIZE of a Bulfinch, but longer. Plumageaki general above diisky black, i#(#pteg3to brown, faeneath white pasne-or more of the outer tail feathers white; bill and legs dusky. GROSBEAK. 267 Found at Port Jackson, in New-Holland; where it is called the Smaller Fascinating Bird, having the manners of the Greater, or Fascinating Thrush. 83.—BLACK-LINED GROSBEAK. Loxia bella, Ind. Om. Sup. xlvi. Black-lined Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 198. SIZE of a small Linnet. General colour grey, paler beneath, crossed every where with numerous slender lines of black; between the bill and eye black, surrounding the eye, and ending in a point just behind it; the bill is stout, and fine crimson ; the lower part of the back and rump are also fine crimson; tail rather long, undulated with a darker shade; the wings reach very little beyond the base ; legs paleibrown. Inhabits: N&hj South Wales; but is said to be very rare; and called Weebong. A.—Length four inches and a half. Bill criitison; plumage above brown, with numerous transverse lines of black; beneath the same, but black and white; vent black; ramp and upper tail coverts crimson; quills and tail deeper brown, crossed with dusky lines, but fewer in number; tail moderate, rounded; the quills reach to about . half the length ; legs pale yellow. From the drawings of Mr. Dent.—Chiefly differs from the Black- lined Grosbeak, in wanting the black between the bill and eye. Perhaps it may differ in sex. 84.—NITID GROSBEAK.—Pl. xc. Loxia nitida, Ind. Or Nitid Grosbeak, Gm s Zool. ix. 282. pl. 49. Syn. Sup. ii. 198. pl. 131. SIZE of the last, bnt stouter in the body. Bill and irides crimson; plumage in general pale olive brown above, dusky white beneath, crossed every where with short, abrupt, curved lines of black; quills and tail brown, marked with several bands of a darker colour; the rump and upper tail coverts are crimson ; legs yellowish. Inhabits New South Wales, chiefly found there in June: is totally distinct from the Black-lined Species. 85.—WHITE-LINED GROSBEAK. LENGTH four inches. Upper mandible brown, the under crimson; plumage above brown; forehead, face, and throat, black; breast pale ash, crossed with interrupted, fine white lines, but broader, and bounded on both sides with brown ; under tail coverts buff; tail short, even, the outer feather pale on the outer web; legs pale.—Supposed to inhabit Africa.—Mr. Bullock. 86.—WHITE-THROATED GROSBEAK. Loxia grossa, Ind. Om. i. 374. Lin. i. 307. Gm Zool. ix. 253. Coccothraustes Americana caerulea, Bris. App. 8! Grosbec bleu d'Amerique, Buf. iii. 456. Pl. em White-throated Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 115. . 864. Baud. ii. 371. Shaw's .. 5. f. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 381. LENGTH seven inches and a half. Bill very stout, and red; on each side of the upper mandible, about the middle of the edge, GROSBEAK. 269 a kind of process, or tooth; the plumage deep blue; bill surrounded at the base with black, passing downwards before, and covering the fore part of the neck; in the middle of this, on the chin and throat, is a large patch of white; legs dusky blue. In the female, the patch of white on the chin is smaller, and not surrounded with black ; and the under parts incline to ash-colour; otherwise like the male. Inhabits America, but is not a common species: a pair of them, in the British Museum, are said to have come from Surinam; they are called Cornbitters. A.— Fringilla diuca, Ind. Orn. i. 456. Gm. Lin. i. 915. Molin.Chil.22l. Id. 229. Fr. Ed. Chili Finch, Gen. Syn. Sup. iii 208. This is said to be larger than a Canary Finch. General colour of the plumage blue; the chin white. Inhabits Chili, chiefly about dwellings; sings remarkably well, especially about sunrise. This seems to correspond with the White- throated Species, and is probably only a Variety of it. 87.—SOOTY GROSBEAK. Loxia fuliginosa, Baud. ii. 372. SIZE of the last. Bill dusky; the plumage deep bluish brown; quills and tail black; legs dusky. Said to inhabit America—probably a Variety of the other.—A specimen is in the Museum of Natural History, at Paris. 270 GROSBEAK. 88.—BLUE GROSBEAK. Loxia cserulea, Ind. Oni.i. 374. Lin.i. 316. Gm. Lh t. 36. Baud. ii. 389. Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 24. f. 6. Pyrrhula Carolinensis cserulea, Bris, iii. 323. Id. 8vo. i Le bec-rond Bouvreuil bleu d'Amerique, Buf. iv. 392. Gros-bec bleu, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 119. Blue Finch of Guiana, Bancr. Guian. 179. Blue Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 116. Cates. Car. i. 39. Tr. 288. Nat. Mis. pl. 545. . 863. Spalowsk. Vog. i Arct. Zool. ii. 217. Bartr. SIZE of a Bulfinch; length six inches and a half, breadth eleven. Bill stout, brown, under mandible paler, surrounded at the base with black feathers as far as the eye; the rest of the plumage deep blue, but the quills and tail are brown, with a mixture of green ; and across the wing coverts a band of ferruginous red; the lower order of coverts tipped with pale ferruginous, forming a narrow band; ta£l-a little rounded, tips of all but thai two middle feathers fringed with white, the very tip of the two outer ones white; the under coverts reach half on the tail, and are white at the ends. The female is brown1, with a slight tinge of blue, and ferruginous brown, on the wing coverts, but?both the bars very pale; tail feathers fringed with pale at the tips, as in the male. Young cocks resemble the hens, but have a shade of blue on the head: in the second summer the feathers of the back, and breast, are margined with pale rufous yellow ; also the margins ofthe quills. This species frequents the oak woods about Savannah, in Georgia, the whole summer; and has a loud, agreeable note : it builds in trees and bushes ; the nest formed of dried grass and feathers, and the eggs of a pale dusky blue green, without any markings.* Dr. Bancroft's bird is described as sky-blue, with the outer edges of the quills and tail crimson; and is probably a male in one of its GROSBEAK. 871 stages towards perfection. In one from Cayenne, we observed that the chin, and round the bill, was black; and the shoulders, some of the wing coverts, and edges of the second quills were marked with reddish. It is observed in the American Ornithology, that the common note of this bird is a loud chuck, but at times it has a few weak-toned notes; that it is kept in cages, but seldom sings there; feeds on Indian corn, breaking the hardest grains with the bill; eats also the seeds of hemp, millet, and kernels of various berries. A.—Pyrrhula Brasiliensis caerulea, Bris. iii. 321. t. 17. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 398, Gen. Syn.iii. 117. Loxia Brissoni, Baud. ii. 414. This is wholly blue, except a black spot between the bill and eye.—Found at Brazil. 89.—CERULEAN GROSBEAK. ^'•s^Le-Grosbec bleu de Ciel, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 118. LENGTH six inches, breadth TOne. Bill black, ^ery:strong-, and solid, slightly compressed on the sides ; (front blue, extending over the eyes, on each side, to the hindhead; a patch of blaek surrounds the under mandible; quills, tail, and greater wing coverts, black, edged with blue; the under glossy black; rest ofthe plumage fine blue, but the lesser coverts, at the bend of the wing, aire light sky blue; legs deep violet. In the female the bill is dusky; plumage pale rufous for the most part, but the quills and tail are brown, bordered with rufous. Inhabits Paraguay, but is a rare bird; chiefly seen in pairs, about the bushes, but never enters deep woods, nor the open country; said to sing well. 272 GROSBEAK. 90—AZURE GROSBEAK. . 374. . 244. Gm. Lin. i. 853. Loxia cyanea, Ind. Orn. i Baud, ii. 389. Shaw's Zool. ix. 250. pl. 47. Coccothraustes Angolensis cyanea, Bris. App. 88. Id. 8vo. i. 381. Blue Grosbeak from Angola, Edw. pl. 125. Gm. Syn. iii. 117. 11. B. SIZE of the Blue Grosbeak. Bill lead-colour; irides dark hazel; general colour of the plumage fine deep blue; quills, tail, and legs, black.—Said by Edwards to inhabit Angola, but as it was met with at Lisbon, there is great probability of its having been originally a native of Brazil; and if so, may be a Variety only of the Blue Species.* The Portuguese give it the name of Azulam. 91.—PURPLE GROSBEAK. Loxia violacea, Ind. Om. i. 375. Lin. i. 306. Gm. Shaw's Zool. ix. 249. Pyrrhula Bahamensis violacea, Bris. iii. 326. Id. 8vc Bouvreuil k gorge et sourcils rouges, Buf. iv. 396. Coccothraustes purpurea, Klein, 95. Passer niger punctis croceis, Raii, 188. Sloan. Jam. i . 864. Baud.ii. 412. Purple Grosbeak, Gen. SynM Mag. xxiii. pl. in p. 128. 117 Arct. Zool. ii. 218. Cat. Car. i. pl. 40. Gent SIZE of a Sparrow; length five inches and three quarters. The bill stout, black; general colour of the plumage violet black, except the irides, a streak over the eye, the chin and vent, all of which are red ; legs dusky grey. The female is brown instead of black, and the red less bright. Inhabits the Bahama Islands, Jamaica, and the warmer parts of America, and feeds much on the mucilage of the poison wood berries.f * M. Lagerstrom says it f Amyris toxifera.—Lin a Chinese bird. See Amcen. Ac. 273 92.-RUFOUS-CHINNED GROSBEAK. Loxia gularis, Baud. ii. 412. SIZE of a Hawfinch; length seven inches. Bill and legs black ; plumage deep black, with a gloss of blue on the upper parts, quills, and tail; chin rufous; rump and vent brown ; tail a trifle forked, the two outer feathers tipped with a white spot, most distinct beneath. Inhabits Florida. 93.—PORTO RICO GROSBEAK. Loxia Portoricensis, Baud. ii. 411. LENGTH seven inches. Bill and legs black; plumage in general deep black; on the top of the head a broad rufo-ferruginous crescent, each end of it prolonged on the sides of the neck; throat, and neck before, the same in colour; also the vent. The female dusky greyish brown, the vent only being ferruginous; bill and legs brown. Inhabits the Isle of Porto Rico, and perches on the tops of high trees; has a sharp whistle. The three last I suspect to be only Varieties of the same Species. 94— DUSKY GROSBEAK. Loxiaobscura, Ind. Orn. i. 379. Gm. Lin.i. 862. Baud. ii. 392. Share'sZoolix. 296. Dusky Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 127. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 216. THIS has the head, neck, and back, dusky, the feathers edged with pale brown; wing coverts dusky, crossed with two white bars; quills green; middle of the throat white; sides of the breast and belly white, spotted with brown. 274 Found at New York in the middle of June, quotes this, as being allied to the Rosy Finch.* M. Temminck 25—CARDINAL GROSBEAK. Loxia C&rdiAalis, Ind. Orn. i. 375. Lin. 1. 800. Amcen. ac. iv. 243. Gnu Lin. L 847. $*<g. i. 208. Ftisn^t. 4. Borowsk. iii. 134. t. 61. B. Gerin. iii. t. 329. Baud. ii. 375. Nat. Misc. pl. 105. Shaw's Zool. ix. pl. 46. Coccothraustes Indica cristata, Raii, 85. Will. 179. t. 44. Klein, 94. Johnst. Av. pl. 37. f. 2. Coccothraustes Virginiana, Bro. iii. 255. Id. 8vo. i. 379. ■ Capensis ruber, rostro hiante, Petiv. Gaz. t. x. f. 7. Grosbec de Virginie, Buf. iii. 458. pl. 28. Pl. enl. 37. Cardinal Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 118. Id. Sup. 150. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 210. Cat. Car. i. pl. p. 38. Brown, Jam. 647. Hist. Louis, ii. 139. Alb. i. pl. 57. Id. iii. pl. 61. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 77. Kalm, It. iii. 31. /d. Voy. 72. Gent. 1%. xxiii. pl. p. 512. Will. Engl 245. pl. 44. Amer. Om. i. pl. 11. f. 1. 2. THIS is nearly nine inches long, and twenty-one in extent of wing. Bill stout, pale redf irides dark hazel; the head greatly crested, the feathers rising up to a point when erect; round the bill, and on the throat black; the rest of the bird fine red, beneath inclining to chestnut; qui!Is and tail dull red above, and brownish within ; the tail much rounded in shape at the end, and the wings reach about one-fourth part thereon ; legs pale brown. The female is for the most part reddish brown above, and pale yellow brown beneath; the crest smaller, of a dusky red; wings aityl tail as in the male, but duller. . Inhabits several parts of North America, and known by the name of Nightingale, having a remarkably fine song, not unlike that of the last named bird; in spring, and in most part of the summer, it sits on the tops of the highest trees, singing early in the morning, so loud as almost to pierce the ears; is frequently kept in cages, in which it sometimes sings the year through, except at intervals; and * See Manuel d'Ornith. p. 205. Id. Ed. ii. 337. GROSBEAK. 87§ the female not greatly inferior to the male in respect to song; as rarely raised from the nest, for if the old ones are taken in nets, or traps, uninjured, they soon grow familiar. Mr. Abbot informs rae, that having caught one in a trap, the bird ate food out of his hand in an hour afterwards^ js fond of maize and buck-wheat; it is said by some, that this bird will collect a great hoard of both, to the quantity even of a bushel, which it artfully covers with leaves and twigs, leaving a small hole for entrance: others, however, have doubted the circumstance, rather supposing these hoards to have been got together by some small quadrupeds, as mice, &c. It is also said to be fond of bees, and other insects. Generally comes into New York, and the Jerseys, the beginning of April; frequents the Magnolia Swamps during the summer, departing towards Carolina fa autumn: although pretty numerous, it is not gregarious, rarely more frbasn three or four being met with together: remains in Georgia and Pennsylvania the whole year; builds in the bushes, frequently in tibe holly; makes a deep, rounpdnest, of dried leaves, bark of the wild grape, and sometimes fine twigs, lined with dry grass; the eggs, usually four in number, reddish white, marked with ferruginous red spots all over, but most numerous, and several confluent, at the larger end. Attempts bave been made to breed these birds in confinement, but only with partial success. Mr. Tunstall had a pair, which built a nest in an orange tree, placed in an aviary, and eggs were laid; but whilst the hen was sitting, a high wind blew down the ifest, asad the eggs were broken; young birds were, however, found in them. There is also another instance on record, but I have not heard whether the young birds^were brought to perfection. A.—Loxia Carlsoni, Gm. Lin. i. 847. Baud. ii. 376. Vac Spaloiosk. i. t. 26. ————. Cardinalis, Mus. Carls. Fasc. ii. t.41. In this Vameity the head featlpk®?s are not elongated into a crest; and instead of the whole face and chin being black, the chin aJone 276 has a small spot of black; otherwise it resembles the common sort A specimen of this was in the Museum of Count Carlson. 96.—INDIAN GROSBEAK. Loxia Boetonensis, Ind. Om. i. 376. Gm. Lin.i. 847. Baud. ii. 377. Coccothraustes Indica, Bris. iii. 252. Id. 8vo. i. 379. Psittacus cristatus ruber minor ex Ins. Boetonensi, Seba,i. t.60. 4. Indian Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 119. Shaw's Zool. ix. 247. LARGER than a Hawfinch; length eight inches. Bill one inch long, and legs yellow; plumage in general fine deep red, tending to brown on the wings, and near the bill; on the head a fine, pointed, red crest. Inhabits India; brought, according to Seba, from the Island of Boeton; said to have a pleasing voice, readily imitating the human speech. We are suspicious, that this bird is the same with the Cardinal Grosbeak, and that Seba may have been mistaken in respect to the place it came from. 97.-ASH-COLOURED GROSBEAK. Loxia cinerea, Mus. Carls. Fasc. iv. t. 88. Ash-coloured Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 196. THIS is said to be a large species; in the plate the figure is between six and seven inches in length. Bill white, curved at the tip of the upper mandible, where it is black ; irides red; feathers of the crown elevated into a crest; the head, neck, back, and wings ash-coloured brown; belly very pale, nearly white; the tail much rounded in shape, the inner webs of the feathers black, the outer white; legs red. Inhabits Malacca, the Islands of Sumatra, and Java; and seems to resemble the female Cardinal Species. GROSBEAK. 277 98— FAN-TAILED GROSBEAK. Loxia flabellifera, Jnd. Orn. i. 380. Gm. Lin. i. 850. Baud. ii. 392. Shaw's Zool ix. 305. La Queue en Eventail, Buf. iii. 462. Pl. ml. 380. Fan-tailed Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 128. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 214. SIZE of a Sparrow; length five inches. The bill stout, dusky; plumage above reddish brown, paler on the rump; beneath the same, but paler, and more inclined to red; quills, tail, and legs, dusky. The female has the colours less bright; breast and belly grey. Inhabits Virginia, and called there Fantail, as it frequently carries the tail spread in a horizontal direction. 99.—BRAZILIAN GROSBEAK. Loxia Brasiliana, Ind. Om. i. 377. Baud. ii. 379. Shaw's Zool. ix. 317. Le Grivelin, Grosbec du Bresil, Buf. Hi. 461. t. 30. Pl enl. 309. 1. Brazilian Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 122. LENGTH five inches and three quarters. The bill short, thick, flesh-coloured; head and chin red ; beneath this a ring of white, not quite meeting on the fore part; back and wing coverts brown; the quills and tail black; wing coverts and secondaries with pale reddish tips; end of the tail white; breast, belly, and sides, reddish white, marked with round white spots, more or less surrounded with black ; middle of the belly red ; rump dusky ; legs pale red. Inhabits Brazil; sometimes brought alive to England. 100.—HUDSONIAN GROSBEAK. Loxia Hudsonica, Ind. Om. i. 379. Baud. ii. 416. Shaw's Zool. ix. 297. Hudsonian Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 192. LENGTH five inches. Bill short, thick, brown; plumage above deep brown, the feathers mostly margined with rufous; middle and 278 GROSBEAK. greater wing coverts tipped with the same, forming a bar; breast and belly white, marked with long, brown dashes; the middle of the belly and vent white; tail a trifle forked; legs brown. Inhabits Hudson's Bav, and there called Atic-koom-a shish. 101.—DOMINICAN GROSBEAK. Loxia Dominicana, Ind. Om.i. 377. Lin.i. 301. Gm. Lin. i. 848. Amcen. ac. iv. 242. Spalowsk. Vog.i. 1.17. Gerin. iii. t 332. Baud. ii. 380. Shaw's Zool ix. 276. Coccothraustes Bwisiiiensis, Bris. iii. 246. Id. 8vo. i. 377. Rubicilla Americana, Raii, p. 86. WUL 180. Id. Engl 147. § 11. Dominican Cardinal, Edw. pl. 127. Dominican Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 123. Id. Sup. 151. SIZE of a Lark. Bill brown above, and pale beneath; eyes bluish; head, throat, and neck before deep red; behind blackish, with a slight mixture of white: wing coverts, back, rump, upper tail coverts, and scapulars grey, with a few black spots; sides of the neck, and all beneath whitish; quills black, edged with white; tail black; legs cinereous.—Inhabits Brazil. , Raii,! A.—Cardinalis Doi Tije Guacu Paro; pl. 31. Cardinal Dominiquain, Pl. t Pope Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. i: Bris. iii. '. Will. 1 il. 55. 2. . 124. B. . Id. 8vo.; , t.41.45. Id. Engl 256. Buf. iii. 500. Arct. Zool. ii. No.211. Length six inches and three quarters. Bill pale; head and throat fine red; the general colour of the plumage above black; hind part, sides of the neck, and all beneath white, but down the middle of the neck behind it is black; back, scapulars, and ramp cinereous; some of the feathers of the first margined with black ; wing coverts black, across the lower a stripe of white; the quills and tail black, margined with white, the last rather forked. The female differs, in having tbe fore part of the head fellow orange, 'dotted with red. Inhabits Brazil, and other p&#s of America. GROSBEAK. 279 102.—CRESTED DOMINICAN GROSBEAK. Lexia cucullata, Ind. Om. i. 378. Baud. ii. 381. Nat. Mise. pl. 433. Shaw's Zool. ix. 264. pl. 48. La Huppe rouge, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 128. Le Cardinal dominiquain, huppe, Buf. iii. 500. Pl enl. 103. Cardenal dominico, Gabin. de Madrid, ii. p. 57.—lam. 62. Crested Cardinal, Brown, III. pl. 23. Mill. III. t. 2. Crested Dominican Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 123. Id. Sup. 151. LARGER than the last; length seven inches. Bill stout, and legs pale red; the head much crested, and ending in a point like the Cardinal Grosbeak; head, crest, and fore part of the neck, fine scarlet red ; the rest of the under parts dusky white ; all the upper parts, including the wings and tail slaty grey, or ash-colour. Inhabits Brazil, and has by many been taken for a Variety of the Common Cardinal; but my friend, the late Mr. Tunstall, possessed both, and assured me, that they are separate species. He had several of the Dominican ones; some of which lived many years, but never could ascertain the cocks from the hens, nor did any of them attempt to sing. As to the crested one, it seemed to differ both in manners and size, and in fact, is a much scarcer bird: that of Mr. Tunstall lived with him at least fourteen years, and then appeared worn out with age, and died in the time of moulting: it now and then called out, but never had what might be termed a song. 103.—RED-BREASTED GROSBEAK. Loxia Ludoviciana, Jnd. Orn. i. 379. Lin. i. 306. Gm. Lin. i. 861. Baud. ii. 391. Nat. Misc. pl. 677. Shaw's Zool ix. 456, Fringilla punicea, Ind. Om.i. 444. Gm. Lin. i. 921. Coccothraustes Ludoviciana, Bris. iii. 247. t. 12. f. 2. Id. 8vo.i. 378. Grosbec de la Louisiane, Rose Gorge, Buf. iii. 460. Pl. enl 153. 2. Red-breasted Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 272. Arct. Zool.ii. No. 245. Red-breasted Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 126. Arct. Zool ii. No. 212. LENGTH near seven inches, breadth full eleven. Bill very stout, pale brown; irides hazel; head, upper parts of the body, J L_ wings, and tail black ; breast and under wing coverts fine purplish rose-colour; belly, thighs, vent, and rump, white; onthe wings three white marks; one across the coverts, a second parallel to the edge of the wing, and a third at the end of the scapulars ; the end half of the three outer tail feathers white, the inner web ofthe fourth white at the tip ; the tail otherwise black, and somewhat forked in shape; legs blue, or pale brown. Males of the first year have the back varied with light brown, white, and black ; a white line over the eye; and the rose-colour reaches to the base ofthe bill, where it is speckled black and white: The female is light flaxen yellow, streaked with darker, olive, and whitish ; breast streaked olive, flaxen, and white; inside ofthe wings pale yellow; and the white on the wings less conspicuous. Some specimens are varied on the belly with a few purplish spots; and in one, the sides of the breast, and over the thighs were shaded with ferruginous brown, and the vent very pale yellow. These birds differ much in length, some measuring more than eight inches. Inhabits various parts of America. Found at Sandy-Hook in spring, seen in the lower parts of Pennsylvania; more frequent about New York: feeds on the berries of the Sour Gum;* sings pretty well, and sometimes kept in cages for that purpose : nest and eggs not known. 104—TUFTED GROSBEAK. SIZE of a Bunting; length near eight inches. The bill five- eighths of an inch, black ; the under mandible stout, the upper one more slender from the middle to the end ; eyelids fringed with white; general colour of the plumage olive green above; the feathers of the back, and wing coverts, marked with a dark dash down the middle; crown of the head black, and the feathers long, so as to form a crest, capable of being erected over the forehead; at the nostrils a white, * Nyssa integrifolia. GROSBEAK. 281 tufted streak, passing over the eyes, just above which it changes to yellow, and blends with the olive-green at the nape; sides of the head, from the gape, fine ash-colour; the chin and part of the throat black, bounded on each side with a bed of white; throat, breast, and sides, pale ash-colour; down the middle of the belly, and the thighs, fine yellow; under wing coverts, and edge of the wing, fine yellow; tail cuneiform, the six middle feathers three inches and a half long, the three outer only three inches; the four middle ones plain dusky greenish, with olive edges, the next on each side the same, but with a long dash of yellow, about the middle, from the inner web to the end, and the three others almost wholly yellow, but the outer webs brown from about half way to the end; quills dusky, edged with greenish yellow; legs stout, brown. In the collection of Lord Stanley : from whence uncertain. 105.—YELLOW-CRESTED GROSBEAK. La Huppe jaune, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 129. SIZE of the Crested Dominican Grosbeak, but the bill stouter, and black; head, cheeks, throat, and half the neck before black, the rest of the sides of the head, and neck, bend of the wing, and all the under parts yellow, also a yellow streak from the nostrils, reaching beyond the eyes; hind part of the neck greenish yellow, . and black in the middle; back green ; quills and upper wing coverts dusky, edged with greenish yellow; the same in respect to the four middle tail feathers, the others yellow. Met with in South America, in 29° of lat. 282 GROSBEAK. 106—CANADA GROSBEAK. Loxia Canadensis, Ind. Orn. i. 379. Lin. i. 304. Gm. Li Shaw's Zool ix. 269. Coccothraustes Cayanensis, Bi Le Flavert, Grosbec de Cayeni Canada Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. ii , 856. Baud. \\. 853i' ii. 229. t. 11. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 372. Buf. iii. 462. Pl enl. 152. 2. 27. Aret. Zool. ii. 220. SIZE of a House Sparrow; length near seven inches. Bill ash- colour, the edges somewhat projecting in the middle ; upper parts of the plumage olive-green, the under paler, and inclining to yellow; feathers round the base of the bill, and the chin black; legs grey. Inhabits Cayenne, and, according to Linnaeus, also Canada. A.—A Variety of this bird is sometimes seen, with the upper parts blue grey instead of olive-green, the under pale grey instead of yellowish. The female cinereous brown, where the male is blue grey, and much paler in general. This Variety was brought from Cayenne. 107.—SPOTTED GROSBEAK. Loxia maculata, Ind. Orn. i. 379. Gm, Spotted Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 126. Lin. i. 861. Baud. ii. 391. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 213. SIZE of a Yellowhammer. BiU stout, pale, with a dusky tip ; plumage above dusky; every feather, except the wing coverts and quills, spotted at the end with white; under parts dirty \adbite, with dusky streaks ; over the eye a pale stripe; the outer tail feather white on the outer web, almost to the tip, and near it a white spot on the inner; the next nearly the same, but less conspicuous; quills and tail fringed on the outer webs with dusky white; legs pale brown. Inhabits New England, in America. 283 108.—MARIGOLD GROSBEAK. Loxia Bonariensis,. Ind. Om. i. 385. Gm. Lin, i. 850. Shaw's Zool ix. 287. Le noir Souci, Buf. iv. 150. Marigold Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 139. SIZE of a Sparrow; length seven inches. Bill blackish, short, strong, the under mandible paler; nostrils pervious; head and upper part of the neck blue, of the body, blackish; throat, neck before, and breast, the colour of a marigold; belly and vent brimstone; the quills and tail blackish, edged with blue; legs reddish, the middle and outer toe united as* far as the first joint, the hind one largest; all the claws sharp, bent, and channelled. Inhabits Buenos Ayres; found there in September, in cultivated places and gardens; seen in pairs, feeds both on grass and seeds 109.—GREY GROSBEAK. Loxia grisea, Ind. Orn. i. 382. Gm. Lin.i. 857. Baud. ii.'401. Shaw's Zool. ix. 252. Grisalbin, Grosbec de Virginie, Buf. iii. 467. Pl. enl 393. 1. Grey Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 134. Arct. Zool ii. 219. SIZE of the Blue Titmouse; length four inches. The bill dark brown; neck and fore part of the head white; the rest of the body blue grey; legs reddish, claws brown. Inhabits Virginia: in some the whole head and neck are white. 110 —BLACK GROSBEAK Loxia nigra, lnd.0rn*\. 388. Lin.i. 306. Gm. Lin. i. 862. Klein, 95. Baud, i 413. Shaw's Zool ix. 321. Pyrrhula Mexicana nigra, Bris. iii. 316. Id. 8vo. i. 397. Oo2 284 GROSBEAK. Bouvreuil noir du Mexique, Buf iv. 394. Little black Bulfinch, Gates. Car. i. 68. Albin, iii. pl. 69. Bancr. 179. Black Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 147. SIZE of a Canary Finch; length five inches and a quarter. Bill stout, black, and deeply notched in the middle of the upper mandible ; plumage black, except a little white on the fore part of the wing, and the base of the two first quills; legs black. Inhabits Mexico. Ill—WHITE-RUMPED GROSBEAK. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill short, black; head, and all the upper parts of the body, glossy black; a broad white streak on each jaw, beginning at the bill; all beneath, from the breast, and the rump white; the base of some of the quills white, forming a spot on the wing; tail black, the feathers a little pointed at the ends; thighs and legs black. Inhabits Trinidad.—In the collection of Lord Stanley. 112.—WHITE-BILLED GROSBEAK. Scop.i. 204. L Gm. Lin.i. 854. a torrida, Ind. Orn. i. 389. Shaw's Zool ix. 321. Grosbec noir et roux, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 121. Bouvreuil k bee blanc, Buf. iv. 388. White-billed Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 146. GENERAL colour of the plumage black ; the breast and belly chestnut; the two middle feathers of the tail longest. Inhabits South America, but is rare: Azara met with one only at Paraguay: Buffon's bird came from Guiana, and had a white bill. M. Daudin says, the bill changes to horn-colour after death, and GROSBEAK. 285 adds, that the bird has a white spot at the bend of the wing, often hid by the greater coverts; under wing coverts white; tail rounded at the end : it is also found at Cayenne, but is every where rare. 113.—BROWN-HEADED GROSBEAK. Loxia ferruginea, Ind. Orn. i. 389. Gm. Lin. i. 853. Baud. ii. 405. Shaw's Zool ix. 308. Brown-headed Grosbeak, Gen, Syn. iii. 145. LENGTH six inches. Bill stout, horn-coloured; head and chin dusky brown; back and wing coverts black, the feathers deeply margined with yellow; breast deep ferruginous; from thence to the vent rusty yellow, very pale at the latter; the quills and tail dusky, edged with yellow, the last even at the end; legs pale. One of the above was in the Museum of the late Mr. Tunstall, but the place it came from uncertain ; M. Daudin supposes from the Brazils, having met with the following, which was had from thence. A.—Size of a Sparrow. Bill black, the base grey; head and throat brownish; neck before, and beneath the body, yellowish white, tinged on the breast with bluish ash-colour; back dusky, feathers edged with dirty white; legs brown. Whether this difference may arise from sex or age, does-not seem certain. 114.—BROWN-CHEEKED GROSBEAK. Loxia canora, Ind. Om. i. 394. Gm. Lin. i. 855. Baud. ii. 408. Shaw's Zool. ix. 270. Brown-cheeked Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 155. Id. Sup. 154. Brown, III. pl. 24. SIZE of the Titmouse. Bill stout, thick, dusky; cheeks brown, surrounded by a border of yellow, beginning at the throat, and 286 GROSBEAK. reaching beyond the ears; the rest of the head, back, wings, and tail> dirty green; breast and belly cinereous; legs whitish.. Inhabits Mexico : described from a living one in the collection of Mr. Tunstall; said to have a soft and fine note, and called by some, Tomtelio; it was a lively, pretty bird, but did not change the colour of ,the plumage at any season. 115—SAINT DOMINGO GROSBEAK. Loxia Dominicensis, Ind. Om. i. 383. Gm. Lin Le Verderin, Buf. iv. 165. Pl ml. 341. 2. Saint Domingo Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 137. i i Zool. ix. 273. SIZE of the Greenfinch ; length five inches and three quarters. Bill reddish; eyes in a bed of white; plumage above grean brown, the edges of the feathers paler; beneath rufous, spotted with brown ; lower belly and vent white; quills black; tail and legs dusky brown. Inhabits Saint Domingo. 116— PARAGUAN GROSBEAK. Grosbec k bee olivatre, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 123. LENGTH five inches. Bill pale olive; plumage above dusky blue; wings and tail black ; the prime quills marked with white at the base; all beneath the body White ; on the wing coverts a few dusky spots near the body; legs dusky. In some birds the feathers of the back are tipped with white. Inhabits Paraguay; frequent in the bushes, amidst cultivated lands, and generally found single. Both sexes alike. 287 117—GOLD-HEADED GROSBEAK. Grosbec de couleur d'or et de plomb, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 129. LENGTH five inches; extent of wing eight. Bill stout, dusky, pale beneath; round the base, half the head, the wings and tail, gold-colour ; throat, and neck before, lead-colour, the feathers with whitish tips; the rest of the plumage the same, with a tinge of brown on the under parts ; thighs gilded fillemot; legs full olive. One of these met with at Paraguay, in December; it was much mutilated, and uncertain whether it was an adult bird. 118.—BLACK-CRESTED GROSBEAK. Loxia coropat^j Ijid. Orn. i. 391. Gm. Lin. i. 85 Pyrrhula Americana cristata, Bris. iii. 327. J( La Huppe noire, Buf. iv. 397. Avis Americana, Rubicilla, Seba,i. t. 102. 3. Black-crested Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 150. Baud. ii. 419. Shaw's Zool, ix. 242. 8vo. i. 400. LARGER than our Bulfinch ; length near six inches. Bill white, half an inch long; on the head a black crest; the upper parts ofthe body, wings, and tail, scarlet, the under blue ; on the middle of the neck before, a black spot; the tail rather more than one inch and a half long; the wings reach to about two-thirds of its length. Inhabits America. The only figure of it is that of Seba, which has been copied from a bad drawing, and the crest is no ways distinguished in the engraving. I have not yet seen such a bird. 1 288 GROSBEAK. 119—MINUTE GROSBEAK. Loxia minuta, Ind. Om. i. 396. Lin. i. 307. Gm. Lin. i. 865. Shaw's Zool. ix. 334. Bec-rond k ventre rouge, Buf. iv. 390. Gros-bec brun et roux, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 112. Grey Loxia, Bancr. Guian. 179. Minute Grosbeak, Gen. Syn. iii. 158. SIZE of a Wren. Bill brown; plumage above grey brown; beneath and rump, ferruginous chestnut; fourth, fifth, and sixth quills, white at the base; legs brown; tail even, the feathers pointed at the tips, the shafts sharp, and a trifle elongated. Inhabits Surinam and Cayenne: said to keep in pairs all the year; is a lively, though not a very tame bird; frequents habitations and lands, which have lain for some time uncultivated; lives on fruits and seeds; makes a roundish nest, two inches in diameter within; composed of a reddish herb, and placed on the trees, which it frequents; lays three or four eggs. In the collection of Lord Stanley is one, which may probably differ in sex: it is three inches and a quarter long. Bill small, and legs brown; plumage above brown; wings and tail deeper; beneath the body very pale brown; the three outer quills plain coloured; the four next white at the base, forming a small spot. 120.—DWARF GROSBEAK. Loxia minima, Ind. Om. i. 396. Lin. i. 307. Gm. Lin. i. 865. Jacq. Vog. 28. 1.13. Baud. ii. 423. Shaw's Zool. ix. 333. Regulus Capitis B. Spei, Gerin. iii. t. 358. Dwarf Grosbeak, Gm. Syn. iii. 158. Id. Sup. 154. SIZE of a Wren. Bill short, thick; plumage above brown; rump and under parts testaceous; prime quills white at the base; GROSBEAK. 289 secondaries white within towards the base; tail even, the feathers somewhat sharp at the tips, where they are pale. Inhabits Surinam : seems much allied to the last described. A.—A Variety in the Leverian Museum was three inches and a half in length. General colour olive brown, beneath cinereous white; between the bill and eye yellow, as also the edge of the wing; bill and legs black. 121.—STREAKED-HEADED GROSBEAK. LENGTH five inches and a half. Bill black; head marked with alternate streaks of white and black, viz.—down the middle of the crown white; from the nostrils a streak of black ; below this one of white; through the eye and behind it another of black; chin and under parts white; back, and wing coverts dusky, the feathers with tawny edges; rump and tail plain dark brown; quills paler brown; legs brown.—Native place unknown : in Mr. Bullock's Museum. GENUS XLIL—BUNTING. J Snow Bunting A Var. Black-breasted B PiedOMinoh 2 Tawny_ 3 Mountain 4 Drtolan A Yellow B White C White-tailed D Black 5 Yellow 6 Green-headed 7 Maelby 8 Yellow-winged 9 Cirl 11 Foolish 12 Lorrain 13 Common 14 Reed A Var. B Var. 15 Passerine 16 Mustachoe 17 Lesbian 18 Piping 19 Whidah 20 Dominican 21 Long-tailed 22 Variegated 23 Shaft-tailed 24 Black long-tailed 25 Panayan 26 Angola 27 Cape 28 Yellow4jell}c4 , 29 Caffrarian 30 Chincolo 31 Black-ichiwfted W 32 Indian 33 Chinese 34 Barred-tailed 35 Weaver 36 Crimson 37 Crimson-bellied 38 Ruddy 39 Familiar 40 Military 41 Pine 41* Dalmatic 42 Rustic 43 Wreathed 44 Dwarf 45 Yellow-breasted A Var. B Var. 46 Sandwich 47 Aoonalaschkan 48 Black-crowned 49 Varied 50 Red-rumped 51 Blue-faced 52 Green 53 Bourbon 54 Red-eyed A Var. 55 Gaur 56 Coloured 57 Dauurian 58 Yellow-browed 59 Luteous 60 Louisiane 61 Psittaceous 62 Rice A Louisiane 63 Yellow-faced 64 Amazons 65 Rusty 66 Ferruginous 67 Black 68 Black-throated A Var. 69 Olive 70 Baden 71 Brasilian 72 Mexican 73 Towhe 74 White-crowned 75 Cinereous A Var. 76 Blue 77 Indigo A Var. 78 Painted 79 Grey 80 Surinam 81 Brown 82 Plata BlRDS of this Genus have a strong, conic bill, the sides of each mandible bending inwards; in the roof of the upper a hard knob, of use to break, and comminute hard seeds. 291 1.—SNOW BUNTING. Emberiza nivalis, Ind. Orn. i. 397. Lin. i. 308. Faun. Suec. No. 277. t. 1. Gm. Lin. i. 866. Scop. i. No. 214. Brun. No. 245, 246. Muller, No. 250. Kramer, 372. 2. Georgi, 174. Frisch, t. 6. Phipps's Voy. 188. .Fann. Groenl. No. 81. PAi/. 7Van*. lxii. p. 403. 11. Ad.Stockh. 1740. 368. t.l. f.9. (Alauda.) Borowsk. iii. 147. 5. G. Gmel It. i. 53. Id. ii. 164. Tern. Man. 88. Id. Ed. ii. 328. ^mer. Orn. iii. pl. 21. f. 2. Shaw's Zoolix. 341. pl. 54. Hortulanus nivalis, Bris. iii. 285. Id. 8vo. i. 388. Gerin. t. 351. Avis ignota, Gesn. Av. App. p. 724. Emberiza varia, Klein, p. 91. Lin. Trans. V. 12. 531. Avis nivis, Marten's Spitzb. 53. t. K. f. B. Die Schnee-ammer, Naturf xvii. 89. • Ortolan deNeige, Buf.iv. 329. Pl ml. 497. 1. See Lerche, Wirs. Vog. t. 26. Gunth. Av. t. 26. Pied Mountain-Finch, Albin, iii. pl. 71. Snow Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 161. Id. Sup. 157. Br. Zool. i. No. 122. pl. 50. Id. 1812. i. p. 142. pl. 55. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 222. Flor. Scot. i. p. 26, Edw. pl. 126. Bewick, i. p. 148. Lewin, Birds, ii. pl. 71. Wale. Birds, ii. pl. 210. Om. Bid. Sf Supp. Bartr. Trav. 289. SIZE of a Chaffinch. Bill black; forehead and crown white, mixed with black on the hindhead; back black; rump white; bastard wing, and ends of the greater coverts white ; quills black, base of them white; secondaries white, with a black spot on the inner webs; middle feathers of the tail black; the three outer white, with a dusky spot near the ends; from chin to tail pure white; legs black, hind claw slightly bent. This species is found in the northern parts of Great Britain, and is called in Scotland, the Snow Flake. Appears in great flocks in the snowy season, and supposed to be a certain forerunner of hard weather; a few breed in the same places with the Ptarmigans, but the greater part come from the still colder regions; are found in all the northern latitudes without exception, as far as our navigators have been able to penetrate; not only on the land of Spitzbergen,* * Dr. Hooker met with it in Iceland, and says it has rather a pleasant note, not unlike the Linnet's, but more varied.— Tour in Iceland, p. 31. Pp2 J 292 BUNTING. but also upon the ice adjacent to it, in large flocks ; what food they can pick up there is difficult to determine, as they are granivorous birds, and the only species of the Genus found in that climate ; in America they advance no farther to the south than Nova Scotia, never being found at New York. It appears, that in proportion as they are more northward, the whiter the plumage becomes, as in the Ptarmigan, whose summer and winter dress differs considerably; and hence we may suppose, that the Snow Bunting or, Snow Flake, as by some called, is also influenced in colour by means of the climate. I have one from Hudson's Bay, and have seen others, in which the whole head and neck, rump, and under parts, were white; back black, fringed with white; wings and tail black and white mixed, like that figured in the Pl. enlum. while those found in Scotland, have some blackish markings about the head, as in the Br. Zoology. In Greenland it is said, that the female is dusky white, where the male is black, except the breast and belly, which are pure white ; temples testaceous. It is called at Hudson's Bay, Wapathecu-sish : found in abundance in Hare Island, on the west Coast of Greenland. A.—Hortulanus ni Black-breasted Bu alis pectore nigro, Bris. iii. 289. j .ting, Gen. Syn.iii. 163. B. In this bird almost the whole of the head, the upper part of the neck, back, rump, upper tail coverts, scapulars, and wing coverts, are yellowish white; round the bill and all the under parts blackish ; wings and tail black and white mixed. B.—Fringilla capite albo, Klein, Av. p. 98. 10. Hortulanus nivalis torquatus, Bris. iii. 290. D. Id. 8vc Pied Chaffinch, Alb. ii. 54. Gen. Syn. iii. 163. . 390., Buf.iv. 335. The bill is reddish, with a bluish, longitudinal streak; eyelids black; head, throat, and neck, white; at the lower part are three circles, the upper one of a lead-coloured blue, the next white, and and the lowest blue; the rest of the body reddish brown, mixed with greenish yellow; on the breast a denticulated bluish mark, tending towards the belly; the wing coverts and quills white, mixed with greenish yellow in some places, and with black in others; the eight middle, and the* exterior tail feathers white, the outermost but one black; legs and claws reddish flesh-colour. A single specimen of the last described was found in the county of Essex. 2—TAWNY BUNTING. Emberiza glacialis, Ind. Orn. i. 398. Shaw's Zool. ix. 344. mustelina, Gm. Lin.i. p. 867. nivalis, Faun. suec. No. 227. B. Miliaria avis, an Fringillee montanse species, Gerin.iv. t. 364. 1. Montifringilla calcaribus Alauda major, Rati, p. 88. A. Will. 187. t. 77. Passer domesticus naturse lusus, Gerin. iii. t. 340. 1 ? Great Pied Mountain Finch, Alb. iii. pl. 71 ? Will. Engl. 255. pl. 77. Tawny Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 164. Br. Zool. i. No. 121. Id.fol 112. f. 6. Bewick, i. pl. p. 150. Lewin, Birds, ii. pl. 72. Wale. ii. pl. 211. Bonov. Birds, ii. pl.27. LENGTH seven inches ; weight about six drams. Bill yellow, point black; crown and neck tawny, the latter more pale; under parts of the body white, tinged with yellow on the breast, dashed, more or less, with yellowish marks; back and scapulars black, edged with pale reddish brown; rump and upper tail coverts half white, half yellow; the first six quills are dusky, base white; on the seven following the white gains gradually on the dusky parts, so that the last is wholly white, except a spot of dusky; the two next wholly white; the rest, bastard wing, and scapulars black, edged with pale red; the outer secondaries like the quills, but the rest white, forming a bed of white on the wing; four middle tail feathers dusky black, fringed with white; the three outer white, with a dusky spot on the outer web, but the next, on both webs, white at the tip; legs black, hind claw somewhat longer than the middle one. 294 BUNTING. In the female the head is less tawny; the greater wing coverts black, tipped with white; the lesser black and grey mottled; and the quills less marked with white. This species in now and then met with in the northern parts of England, but is by no means common. I have known it shot in Kent twice, and have received a specimen, shot near Andover, in Hampshire, March 15, 1805: they have occasionally been met with both in Somersetshire and Devonshire. Colonel Montagu was in possession of a living female,* taken near Plymouth, in the year 1807, in the winter. 3.—MOUNTAIN BUNTING. Emberiza montana, Ind. Orn. i. 398. Gm. Lin.i. 867. Shaw's Zool ix. 346. Lesser Mountain Finch, or Brambling, Will. Engl. 255. Morton's Northampt. 423. pl. 13. 1. Mountain Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 165. Br. Zool No. 123. Id.fol. 113. Id. 1812. 1. p. 445. Mont. Om. Bict. $ Sup. BILL yellow, point black; forehead dark chestnut: hindhead and cheeks lighter; hind part of the neck and back ash-coloured, the latter spotted with black ; throat white; breast and belly waved with flame-colour; at the setting on of the wing grey; the five first quills are blackish brown; the rest white, dashed with brown at the tips ; the three outer tail feathers white, the rest brown; legs black, the hind claw very long. The breast of the female darker than in the male. This is said to be found in Yorkshire and Northamptonshire, and distinct. Linnaeus has supposed all the above to be Varieties of one species, in different changes of dress, owing to the season; Mr. Pennant bras thought to the contrary, and is supported by our late friend Colonel MontaJgta; whoinfortns us, that thesehbirds have been sftot ton the Mendip Hills, in severe snowy weather, where they have * Orn. Bict. Sf Sup. sometimes been seen in large flocks; both sexes are fully described in the Ornitfiological Dictionary, to which we refer for explanation. M. Temminck, however, seems assured that they form but one species. 4—ORTOLAN BUNTING. Emberiza Hortulana, Ind. Orn. i. 399. Lin. i. 309. Gm. Lin. i. 869. Faun. suec. No, 229. Frisch, t. 5. f. 3. 4. Muller, No. 253. Brun. p. 68. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 145. Bonowsk. iii. 148. Maturf. xiii. 197. Id. xviii. 91. Tern. Man. d'Orn. 183. Id. Ed. ii. p. 312. Hortulanus, Bris. iii. 269. Id. 8vo. i. 385, Klein, p. 91. 2. Raii, p. 94. Will. 197. t.40. Faun.Helvet. Shaw's Zool ix. 349. L'Ortolan, Buf.iv. 305. pl. 14. P/. enl. 247. 1. Hw*. Prow. i. 494. Ortolano, Olin.Uc. t. p. 22. Zinnan. Uov. 41. t. 6. f. 25. Ortolan Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 166. Id. Sup. 157. Arct. Zool. ii. 367. D. Alb. iii. pl. 50. Will. Engl 270. pl. 40. THIS is not unlike tbe hen of the Yellow Bunting, hut ^nailer; length six inches. Bill and legs yellowish ; head and neckeinereous olive; round the eye yellowish ; throat the same, bordered on each side the jaw with a cinereous line; the back and scapulars brownish chestnut, mixed with black in the middle of the feathers, but inclining most to chestnut towards the rump; beneath very pale rufous, lighter towards the vent; wings deep brown, the feathers darker in the middle; some of them with grey edges; those of the tail deep brown, edged with rufous, but the outer one with white, and the inner part of the next tipped with white. The female has the head and neck inclining to ash-colour, with small blackish lines on the shafts of the feathers; otherwise like the male.—These birds are found in several parts of Europe, but not in England; common in France and Italy, some parts of Germany, and Sweden, migrating from one place to another, and in their passage are caught in numbers, to fatten for the table: this is effected-by putting them in a dark room, and setting before them plenty of oats and millet, with wfciph they soon grow so fat, as to be endangered from 296 BUNTING. that cause, did not their feeders kill them for the sake of emolument from the sale, for the flesh is thought to be one of the most exquisite morsels yet known, being, as it were, a lump of rich fat; and when arrived at this state, each bird will often weigh three ounces. It is said to be very common in the South of Russia, and in Siberia, as far as the River Ob, but never goes much to the North ; the most southern part, in which they are found, is Barbary, where they are plentiful, and kept by the inhabitants in cages, having no contemptible song. It is a bird of passage for the most part, and frequently taken in spring and autumn at Gibraltar, and some few inhabit the cultivated parts all the summer; is also said to build in Lorraine, among the wheat.* The nest is made either in a low hedge, or on the ground, carelessly constructed of fibres, mixed with leaves, and not unlike that of a Lark ; the female lays four or five greyish eggs,f and in general has two broods in a year; sometimes frequents the oat fields, of which it seems very fond, and soon grows sufficiently fat for the table, but never reckoned so delicate as when fattened artificially. A.—Hortulanus flavus, Bris. iii. 372. A. Id. 8vo. i. 385. Gerin. iii. t. 351. 2. Buf. iv. 312. Raii, 94. 1. Will 197. Id. Engl.270. Gen. Syn. iii. 168. A. This is wholly of a straw-colour, except the edge of the wing and quills, which are white; bill and legs reddish. B.—Hortulanus candidus, Bra. iii. 273. B. Id. 8vo. i. 385. Buf. iv. 213. Raii, 94. 2. Will 198. Id. Engl. 270. 2. Gen. Syn. iii. 168. B. This Variety is wholly white. C—Hortulanus albicilla, Bris. iii. 273. C. Id. 8vo. i. 385. Raii, 94.5. Will 198. Id. Eng. 270. 5. Gen. Syn. iii. 168. C. This differs from the common in having the tail almost entirely white. * Hist, des Ois. f 1° Sepp they are very pale purple, with minute dus'ky specks. 297 D.—Hortulanus niger, B. Will. 198. Id. Engl. Ortolano con il collo verde, Zi iii. 274. B. Id. 8vo. i. 385. Buf. iv. 413. Raii, 94. 4. '0. Gm. Syn. iii. 169. D. Uov. 42. t. 6. f. 26. This Variety is blackish, except the head and neck, which incline to green; bill red; legs cinereous. Other Varieties are on record, but too trifling to merit notice. 5.—YELLOW BUNTING. Emberiza citrinella, Ind. Orn. i. 400. Lin. i. 309. Faun. suec. No. 230. Gm. Lin. i. 870. Scop. i. No. 209. Raii, 93. A. 2. Will. 196. t. 40. Id. 198.—female. «f~m Kram. 370. 1. Frisch,t.b. Georgi, 174. Faun. Arag. 86. Borowsk. iii. 149. 5. Schcef. el Orn. t. 32. Brun. No. 249. 250. Mull. 252. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 115. .Faun. Helvet. Shaiv's Zool.ix. 351. pl. 55. 56. Tbn. Man. d'Orn. 179. Jd. Ed. ii. 304. Emberiza flava, Bm.iii. 258. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 382. B«», 92. 5. Id. Stem. 18. t. 18. f. 6. a. b. Gerin. iii. t. 348. Le Bruant, Buf. iv. 342. pl. 8. Pl enl 30. 1. Hist. Prov. i. 495. Zivolo, Zizolo, Olin. Uc. t. p. 50. Cett. Uc. Sard. 201. Emmerling, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. 1.17—lower figure. Id. t. 31. Naturf. xvii. 91. Goldammerchen, Naturf xxv. 19. Schmid, Vog. p. 82. t. 6S. Yellow Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 170. Jd. Sup. 157. Br. Zool. No. 119. pl. 50. Id. fol 112. Id. 1812. i. p. 437. pl. 55. Will. Engl. 268. pl. 40. Arct. Zool ii. 367. C. Alb. i. pl. 66. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 78. Collins, Birds, pl. I. f. 3. 4. Bolt. Birds, pl. 17.18. Bewick, i. pl. p. 143. Lewin's Birds; ii. pl. 73. Wale. Birds, ii. pl. 212. Bonov. Birds, pl. 119. Orn. Bict. Graves's Br. Omith. ti. pl. 19. LENGTH six inches ; weight seven drams. Bill dusky; irides hazel; crown of the head of a beautiful pale, and in some of a full, yellow; nape greenish; cheeks yellow; over the eye a brownish stripe, passing backwards; the upper parts of the neck and body have the feathers blackish down the shafts, rufous on the sides, and fringed with grey; rump pale tawny; chin and under parts yellow, inclining to red on the breast, and dashed with dusky on the sides ; wings reddish-brown, olive, or duskj mixed, and chiefly edged with grey; tail brown, a little forked ; the two middle feathers edged with grey, the others with olive, with grey ends; the outmost edged with VOL V. Q Q 298 white, and a spot of white at the tip of the two outer ones; the legs yellowish brown. The female is much duller in colour, with very little yellow about the head. This is, we believe, full as common as any of our British birds, and known to every one; generally building in a low bush, or hedge, near to, or on the ground; the nest is composed chiefly of straw, mixed with a little moss, dried leaves, and stalks, ill put together, and lined with hair or wool; the eggs are four or five in number, white, or nearly so, more or less marked with irregular, brown, or blackish streaks, with here and there a blotch terminating the streak; weight of each from 30 to 47 grains. This bird is usually called the Yellow-hammer; it is a tame, silly species, and its note trifling, not often more than a scream, though in spring the male attempts a sort of song, consisting of seven notes, six of which are equal, and pretty quick, the last sharper than the others, and held to the length of three of the others at least: in winter often seen in flocks with other birds, attending the farm yards, for the sake of the scattered grain. We believe this to be a general inhabitant throughout Europe, and will feed both on grain and insects, but the flesh is apt to prove bitter when caught at large; perhaps the being fatted in the manner of the Ortolan might greatly improve the flavour: in Italy, however, where all small birds are eaten without distinction, they are by no means complained of. It is found as far north as Sondmor, in Russia, and the west of Siberia, but none in the wilds of the East. 6—GREEN-HEADED BUNTING. Emberiza Tunstalli, Ind. Om. i. 418. —— chlorocephala, Gm. Lin. i. 887. Green-headed Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 211. pl. 76. Om. Bict. Brown, III. 74. pl, 30. Lewin's Birds, i BILL brown; head and neck, as far as the breast, dull olive green; back, and wing coverts dusky brown, mixed with black, BUNTING. 299 palestvon the rump; the rest of the wings, breast, and belly deep bifewft; tail brown, forked; legs yellowish. One of these was in the collection of the late Mr. Tunstall; that fitted by Brown, was caught in Mary-la-bonne Fields, by a bird catcher: is probably a Variety of the Yellow Bunting. Colonel Montagu had a similar one, in which the whole head and neck were greenish yellow. 7— MAELBY BUNTING. Emberiza Maelbyensis, Mus. Carls, i.- t. 21. Gm. Lin. i. 872. Shaw's Zool. ix. 399. Tern. Man. d'Orn. 184. Id. Ed. ii. 313. Maelby Bunting, Gen. Syn. Sup. 160. Arct. Zool. Sup. 64. SIZE of a Yellow-hammer. Bill and legs pale rufous; the eyelids, a spot between the bill and eye, the chin, upper part of the throat, and sides of the neck and vent dusky white; forehead, crown, lower part of the neck before, and upper part of the breast bluish ash-colour; below this, belly, and thighs ferruginous; back the same, marked with acute black spots; wing coverts black, edged with ferruginous, beneath brimstone; the quills dusky, with pale ferruginous margins; tail feathers black; the four outer ones, half way from the tips, white, the outer margins black. Inhabits Sweden; found at Maelby, a seat of Count Carlson, in Sodermanland. I suspect this not to be a distinct species, and the same doubt holds good in ^respect to the last described ; it is most probably related either to the Yellow, or Ortolan Bunting. 8.—YELLOW-WINGED BUNTING. Emberiza chrysoptera, Ind. Om. i. 401. Shaw's Zool. ix. 353. Yellow-winged Bunting, Portlock's Voy. pl. p. 35. Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 199. SIZE of the Yellow Bunting. Bill brown; plumage on the upper parts of the body reddish brown : sides of the head, round the Q Q 2 300 BUNTING. eye, chin, and fore part of the neck white; at the lower part a bar of reddish brown, like a collar; breast yellowish ; from thence to the vent dusky white ; the lesser wing coverts yellowish ; the rest of the wing like the back, the edges of the feathers yellowish; tail the same, a trifle forked, but the two outer feathers on each side are yellow; legs yellow. The female is not greatly different, but the lesser wing coverts are pale ash-colour; sides of the head, chin, and throat, dusky white. Inhabits the Falkland Islands: this approaches to the Habia vert of Azara;* but although in general markings it appears similar, it differs in having a reddish trace over the eye; bill red as coral, with the under part blue; irides fine yellow; legs brownish blue. This latter is common at Paraguay, usually in pairs; and also at the River Plate, and frequently repeats the word Toribio. 9—CIRL BUNTING. Emberiza Cirlus, Ind. Om. i. 401. Lin. i. 311. Gm. 1 196. Olin. uc. t. p. 50. Klein, 91. 3. Roman. Or Gerin. iii. t. 349. 1. Shaiv's Zool ix. 356. pl. 57. Ed. ii. 314. Emberiza sepiaria, Bris. iii. 263. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 383. Le Bruant de Haye, Buf. iv. 347. Pl. enl 653. 1. 2. Cirl Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 190. Id. Sup. ii. 199. Bict. Sf Supp. Br. Zool 1812. i. p. 438. pl. 57. n. i. 879. Raii, 93. 4. Will. . 114. t. 17. 2. Faun. Helvet. Tern. Man. d'Orn. 185. Id. p. 276. On SIZE of the Yellow Bunting; length six inches and a quarter. Bill cinerous brown ; irides hazel; head olive-green, with a dusky line down the shaft of each feather; sides ofthe head yellow ; between the bill and eye a dash of black, and some black markings on the ears; throat black, passing a little backwards under the ears, and the yellow on the sides being divided, gives the appearance of a double streak of yellow, one above, and the other beneath; above the .* Rarely six. Colonel Montagu has been successful in rearing them from the nest, and found, that while very young, they thrive best on large Grasshoppers, and describes this as a very timid species. See Lin. Trans, vii. 277. BUNTING. 301 breast a yellow bar; below this greenish olive, from thence to the vent yellow ; but the sides of the breast are chestnut and yellow mixed ; back and rump brown, and the feathers darker in the middle; greater quills dusky, fringed with yellow ; the two middle tail feathers chestnut brown, the others blackish, the two outer marked obliquely with white half way from the end, on the inner web, and the most exterior is fringed the whole length on the outer; shape ofthe tail hollowed out a little in the middle, as in the Yellow Bunting. The female weighs half a drachm less than the male, and has less yellow about the head; the chin and throat dull yellow, instead of black ; the latter streaked with dusky; and the plumage in general less bright. This species is found in the warmer parts of France and Italy ; said to frequent newly ploughed lands, feeding on grain, worms, and insects, which it picks out of the ground ; often found among flocks of Chaffinches, and the note like the words zi, zi. It is easily tamed, and now and then kept in cages. Olina says, it lives six years. Till a discovery of this bird by Col. Montagu in Devonshire, it was supposed not to inhabit England. This Gentleman has, however, been fortunate, in detecting it near Kingsbridge, in the winter, 1800. He says, it is not uncommon amongst flocks of Yellow Buntings and Chaffinches; and was able to procure several specimens, but they seem to be confined to the southern parts of that country, contiguous to the coast, extending as far as Teignmouth, at both which places he has found their nest, but never far inland. It generally builds in furze, or some low bush ; the nest composed of dry stalks, roots, and a little "moss, lined with long hairs, and fibres of roots ; the eggs four or five,* cinereous white, with irregular, long and short, curved dusky lines, terminating very frequently with a spot at one end; size rather inferior to that of the Yellow Bunting, to 302 BUNTING. which it bears some resemblance, especially the female. These birds pair in April, and begin laying early in May: the note is similar to that of the Yellow Bunting, but shorter, not so shrill, and the latter part not drawn out to such a length. It remains in the places abovementioned during the winter, and does not appear at all gregarious, nor has it been discovered elsewhere. L 10.—GIBRALTAR BUNTING. LENGTH seven inches; breadth ten. Bi# blue; head olive, streaked with black; a bright yellow line above and below the eye; chin iron-grey, throat and fore neck bright clear yellow, middle ofthe neck ash-colour, tinged with green ; hind part ofthe neck and rump greenish olive ; back, scapulars, and greater wing coverts rusty red, streaked with black; quills dark brown, slightly edged with yellow; tail long, and forked; the outer feather brown, edged with white on the outer, and a long white, wedge-shaped, spot on the inner web; the rest brown; the two middle ones pale brown, narrow, and sharp- pointed ; legs amber-colour, claws black. This appears, at the same time and place, with the Cirl Bunting, at Gibraltar.—Mr. White, on whose authority I write this, seems to think it distinct, if not an immature bird ofthe Cirl Species. 11.—FOOLISH BUNTING. Emberiza Cia, Ind. Om. i. 402. Lin. i. 310. Gm. Lin. i. 878. Kramer, 371. 3. Faun.Arag.86} Borowsk. iii. 150. Naturf. xiii. 199 ? Shaw's Zool. ix. 353. Tern. Man. d'Orn. 187. Id. Ed. ii. 315. Emberiza pratensis, Bris. iii. 266. Id. 8vo. i. 383. barbata, Scop. i. No. 210. Cirlus stultus, Raii, 94. Will. 198. Faun. Helvet. BUNTING. 303 Passeribus congener Aldr. Raii, 87. 2? Will 182 ? Le Bruant Fou, ou de Pres, Buf iv. 351. Pl enl 30. 2. Foolish Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 191. Will. Engl. 250. iii. SIZE of the others. Bill dusky; head ash-coloured, spotted with black ; the rest of the upper parts rufous grey, down the shaft of each feather blackish, inclining to rufous on the rump; sides of the head grey; over the eyes a white streak; through the eyes, from the bill, a black one ; from the base of the under jaw a second; on the jaw another, passing in the direction of it, and bending upwards; the under parts of the body more or less rufous, almost white on the throat; breast inclining to cinereous; quills dusky, edged wit?h white; tail black, the two .middle feathers brown, margined with rufous; the two outer ones white beyond the middle, the shafts black. The female said to have a cinereous line on the crown,- varied on the sides with ferruginous and black; on the temples a white line, and a black one from the eyes to the base of the jaws ; fore part of the neck cinereous; breast and belly ferruginous; back reddish, variegated with black; wings ash-colour at the base; tail blackish ; the two middle feathers brown, the two outer half white. According to^copoli, the male has the streaks on each side of the jaw, and not the female. This species frequents the warmer situations of Europe, chiefly in the mountainous parts, where it is solitary ; is pretty common^ ^nd deservedly has gained the name of Foolish Sparrow, from its being so foolishly tame, as to be caught by any snare: its note trifling, not better than that of our Yellow Bunting, and not unlike it, pronouncing the words, zi, zi, or zip, zip; found on the rocky mountains in the South of Siberia, from the River Jeneise to the Lake Baikal, but neither in Russia, nor to the West of Siberia. Mr. White observes, that they come into Gibraltar in March and April, and build among the shrubs, in the hanging cliffs of the rocks; have four young, which are fledged about the middle of May ; the young are all over a dusky olive, spotted with dark brown, 304 BUNTING. and bear no resemblance to their parents, except in the form of the bill. He says, the bird measures six inches and a half in length, and ten in breadth ; belly white, with orange spots: it is distinguishable from the rest of the congeners, having no other colours than black, white, greyish, and orange; without any yellow, which in many of the Buntings is the predominant colour. In a letter from the late Mr. W. Hudson, about the year 1790, he says, I am convinced, that I saw in Devonshire, in pretty good plenty, the Ember. Cia, or Foolish Bunting; but on mentioning this to Colonel Montagu, he seemed to think it a mistake; as he never *met with one, although he resided there himself for a long time : perhaps Mr. H. might mistake it for the Cirl Bunting. 12— LORRAIN BUNTING. Emberiza Lotharingica, Ind. Orn. i. 404. Gm. Lin. i. 882. Shaw's Zool ix. 369. Ortolan de Lorraine, Buf. iv. 323. Pl. enl. 511. 1—male. de Passage, PL enl 2—female. Lorrain Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 176. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bilf and legs brownish flesh- colour; plumage above rufous, dashed with black; sides of the head pale; through the eye a black streak;- from the base of the lower mandible, round the chin, rising to the ears, a second streak of black; the under parts, as far as the breast, pale ash-colour, dotted with black ; belly and vent deep rufous; lesser wing coverts plain ash-colour, the others rufous and black mixed ; the two middle tail feathers rufous; the others part black, part white, but the outer ones have most white in them. The female is smaller, and has no black streaks on the side of the head, but instead, a whitish trace over the eye, and a rufous patch beneath; under parts white, passing backwards as a half collar; legs black.—Inhabits Lorraine : it seems to have a number of markings in common with the Foolish Bunting. ■^ 305 13.—COMMON BUNTING. Emberiza miliaria, Ind. Om. i. 402. Lin. i. 308. Faun. suec. No. 228. (Calandra.) It. Scan. 292; t. 4. Gm. Lin. i. 868. Muller, No. 251. Kramer, 371. 6. Frisch, t. 6. Faun. Arag. 86. Borowsk. iii. 149. Faun. Helv'et. ' Shaw's Zool ix. 360. pl. 58. Tern. Man. d'Orn. 180. Id. Ed. ii. 307. Calandra, Mas & foem. Brun. No. 247. 248. Cynchramus, Bris. iii. 292. Id. Svo. i. 390. Roman. Om. i. 155. t. 24. 1. Gerin. iii. t. 353. 2. Calandra, JPiV/. 154. §. VI. Id. Engl 208. §. VI. Emberiza alba, Raii, 93, A. 1. Will. 195. t. 40. Klein, 91. 1. /d. Stan. 18, 1.18. f. 5. a. b. Strilozzo, Olin. t. p. 44. Zinnan. Uov. 63. t. 9. f. 55. Cett. Uc. Sard. 192. Le Proyer, Buf. iv. 355. pl. 16. Pl. enl. 233. Hist. Prov. i. 495. Gerst-Ammer, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t. 70, Die graue-Ammer, Naturf. xvii. 91. Beckst. Beuts. iii. 362. Commqjj punting, Gm. Syn. iii. 171. Br. Zool. No. 118. Id.fol. 111. t. W. f.7. Id. 1812. i. p,435. Arct. Zool. ii. 366. B. Albin,ii. pl.50. Collins, Birds, pl. 9. f. 8. pl. 7. f. 2. Bolton's Birds, pl. 15. 16. Bewick, Birds, pl. p. 141. JFa/c. Bird*, ii. pl. 213. Bonov. Birds, pl. 50, Pult. Cat. Bors. A. 11. Orn. Bict. $ Sup. LARGER than the Yellow Bunting. Bill and legs pale brown; plumage in general pale olive brown^with a blackish dash down the middle of each feather, which is fringed on the edge with rufous; under parts plain yellowish white, dashed on the sides with dusky; quills and tail dusky, with yellowish edges, the last a trifle forked. The female is smaller than the male. This is common in England, but much less so than the Yellow Baiiting, and in winter unites into large flocks; the female makes a nest, three or four inches from the ground, on a tuft of decayed herbage, or dead plants, composed of straw, and lined with fibrous roots, dry grass, or long hairs; and lays four or five dirty white eggs, spotted and veined with reddish-brown and ash-colour, weighing one drachm; during the time ofthe hen'-s sitting, the male entertains her with M^cflamsir-foi' we will not call it a song, sitting on some bare, and often projecting part of the branch, of an adjacent tall tree, 306 BUNTING. where he may be observed, with the head crouched, every now and then uttering a tremulous kind of shriek, three or four times repeated. At the end of harvest they unite into flocks, and remain so for the most part. during the winter, when they are shot in numbers, or caught in nets; and from their similar plumage are sold for Larks; and, indeed, by the better informed, they often pass by the name of Bunting Larks: by some called Ebb. Though these birds remain the whole year in England, yet we find them migratory on the Continent: in France are rarely seen in winter, departing with the Swallow; and are said to be more plentiful about Rome than elsewhere: they are common in Germany, the southern parts of Russia, Sweden, and Denmark, but not in Siberia: supposed to migrate as far south as Barbary at least, for it is the most common species in Gibraltar, where it is perennial; frequenting not only the open surrounding country there, but every part ofthe hill and rock; congregates in great flocks in spring, and is often mistaken by the sportsman for the Lark, especially the Calandra; but it differs in wanting the black on the sides of the neck, and in having the prominence within the upper mandible in a remarkable degree, which in the Calandra there is no trace of. 14.—REED BUNTING. Emberiza Schceniclus, Ind. Om. i. 402. Lin.i. 311. Faun. Suec. No.231. Gm. Lin. i. 881. Brun. No. 251. 252. Muller, No. 254. Kramer, 371. 5. Frisch, t. 7. Georgi, 174. Sepp, Vog. t. p. 81. Faun. Helvet. Shaw's Zool. ix. 362. pl. 50. Tern. Man. d'Om. 181. Id. Ed. ii. 307. Passer torquatus, seu arurtdinaceus, Raii,93. A.3. Will. 196. Bris.iii. 274. Id. 8vo. i. 386. Borowsk. iii. 152. Gerin. iii. t.336. Der Rohrsperling, Naturf. xvii. 92. Id. xxii. 140. Emmerling, Gunth. Nest. u. Ey. t.17—upper figure. Ortolan de roseaux, Buf. iv. 315. Pl. ml. 247. 2—male. 497. 2—female. Hist. Prov. i. 494. BUNTING. 307 Reed Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 173. Id. Sup. 157. Br. Zool. No. 120. Id.fol. 112. t. W. Id. 1812. i. p. 440. Arct. Zool. ii. 368. E. Collins, Birds, pl. 1. f.5. 6. Alb. ii. pl. 51. Id. Song Birds, pl. p. 86. Hayes's Br. Birds, pl. 35. Bewick, Birds, i. pl. p. 145. Graves's Br. Orn. iii. pl. 17. Lewin's Birds, ii. pl. 75. Walcot's Birds, ii. t. 214. Om. Bict. Nat. Misc. pl. 219. Bolton's Birds, i. pl. 19. 20. SIZE ofthe Yellow Bunting; length near six inches. Bill and legs brown; irides hazel; head, throat, fore part of the neck and breast black; on each side of the neck a pale streak, which passes backwards, encircling the hind part of the neck, as a ring; the upper parts of the body and wings brownish red, with a streak of black down the shafts of the feathers; lower part of the breast and belly white, streaked with dusky on the sides; the eight middle tail feathers black, the two middle ones edged on both sides with rufous; the others only so on the outer margins; the last but one white; except from the base to the middle ofthe inner web, which is black, and the shaft wholly black ; the outer one is also white, except at the base and tip, where it is dusky; all of them sharpish at the ends. It is called by some the Reed Sparrow, and Water Sparrow. In young males the black on the head is mixed with brown, and the ring less conspicuous, not being complete till the following spring ; nor do the old males retain the full black throughout the year, for towards winter the head changes to hoary, and on the return of spring resumes its pristine jettiness. The female has the head and neck the same as the upper parts, otherwise like the male. ' It has been supposed, that this bird fastens the nest between four reeds, two or three feet above the water, but it is most commonly placed on the ground, near the water; sometimes in a bush, at some height from the ground ; at other times in high grass, reeds, sedge, &c. and even in furze, at a considerable distance from any water; it is composed of stalks of grass, or other dry vegetable substance, sometimes moss, and lined with fine grass, or long hair; the eggs four or five in number, and weighing each 36 grains; colour dirty bluish white, marked with irregular dark- 308 BUNTING. coloured spots and veins, much resembling those of the Chaffinch, most at the larger end. I have now and then seen this bird in the hedges, on the high roads, but the chief resort is near the water; and that it, among other things, feeds on the seeds of the reed is clear, as I have found them in the stomach. They are sufficiently plenty, but do not congregate into large flocks; as rarely more than s& or eight have been observed together. By some means this species has the repute of being a good songster,* but later observations prove, that it is not deserving of that name, as it has only two notes, 'the' first repeated three or four times, the last single and more sharp; and this inharmonious tune it continues to deliver, with small intervals, from the same spray, for a great while together, when the female is setting.-|" With us it remains the whole year; but in some parts of the continent seems to be migratory: in the province of Lorrain numbers are seen, when on their passage to other parts, in spring and autumn,^ though some few stay there the whole year. The extreme limits of their peregrination are between Sweden and Italy. Is not uncommon in the South of Russia and Siberia. Var. A.—Gen. Syn. iii. 175. 9. A. This has the head and neck dusky black; plumage above brown, inclining to ash-colour on the wing-coverts; prime quills dusky, edged with cinereous; secondaries dusky, the outer webs brown; the two middle tail feathers dusky, the next, on each side, the same, but white from the base to within a little of the end of the inner web; the two outer white, except the end ofthe outermost, which is fringed with dusky near the tip; beneath the body pale ; legs orange brown. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope.—Sir Joseph Banks. * The Cock sings pleasantly, his notes much finer and more pleasing than those of any other bird of the same family.—Bolton. f Montagu. X Hist. des. Ois. 309 irundinacea, Gm. Lin.i. 881. S. G: Gmel.lt. 175. This bird is said to be white, with obscure quills, and an even tail, the outer feather of which is white, the next half black, half white. Inhabits Astrachan. Probably a Variety ofthe Reed Bunting; Buffon also mentions a bird by the name of Coqueluche,* which came from Siberia, and seems to differ from our Reed Bunting, only in having a short stripe of white near the gape ofthe bill, instead of passing downwards on each side of the neck. 15.—PASSERINE BUNTING. Emberiza passerina ,. Ind. Orn. i 403. Gm. Lin. i. 871. Pall. It. Zool.ix. 359. Tern. Man. d'Om 182. Id. Ed. ii. 309. Passerine Bunting, Gen. Syn. ii . 196. SIZE of the last. Head dirty ferruginous ash-colour; some of the feathers on the crown black ; behind the eye a pale streak, and on each side of the chin a white line; back grey brown, the middle of each feather black; fore part of the neck black, the feathers with pale margins; the rest of the under parts cinereous white, blotched with pale ferruginous on the sides; wings, ferruginous, the margins of the feathers yellowish; tail a little forked, the two middle feathers margined with ferruginous; the two outer obliquely black and white, divided longitudinally, the exterior one almost to the.base, and the last but one only to the middle; but the shaftsiJblack in both, and dilated towards the tip; legs pale brown. The.femalalike the male, but wants the black head and chin. Inhabits Russia; seen in great plenty along the Jaick, in the autumn, migrating in pairs to the south; is pretty tame, and the flesh accounted excellent: thought by M. Temminck to be no other than the Reed Bunting, and if so, is probably the female. * Id. iv. 320. f According to the Fn. Groml. p. 119. this is the same with the Lapland Finch. 310 16—MUSTACHOE BUNTING. Emberiza Provincialis, Ind. Om. i. 403. Le Gavoue de Provence, Buf. iv. 321. . Mustachoe Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 175. Gm. Li . 881. Shaw's Zool.ix. 376. 7.656. 1. Hist. Prov. i. 494. LENGTH four inches and three quarters. Bill dusky; upper parts not unlike our Reed Sparrow; through the eye a white streak, passing on each side of the neck; beneath it a large patch of black ; chin white; on each side of the throat, from the under jaw, a streak of black ; breast and sides pale brown, spotted with black ; the rest of the under parts white ; across the middle of the wing a bar of white; quills and tail dusky, edged with rufous; legs pale brown. Inhabits Provence; feeds on grain, perches often, said to sing agreeably in April; called there Chic-gavotte and Chic Moustache, and by some Gavouet. Emberiza Lesbia, Ind. Om. Man. Ed. ii. 317. Mitilene de Provence, Buf. Lesbian Bunting, Gen. Syn. 17— LESBIAN BUNTING. 404. Gm. Lin. i. 882. Shaw's Zool. i . 322. PL enl 656. 2. Hist. Pro SOMEWHAT like the last, but has not the black spot under the eye; instead of it, three narrow black bands, the spaces between which are white; it is also white round-the eye ; breast, rump, and sides, not spotted ; tail feathers white, or edged with it, except the two middle, which are dusky, edged with rufous. This is found in Provence, and differs, in not being in song till June; is more rare than the last, and very wild, screaming on the approach of any of the birds of prey;* is called Chic, or Chic de Mitylene. * The Greeks in the Island of Lesbos, or Mitylene, are said to use this instinct to their advantage, by placing one of these birds among the poultry in their yards, in a strong cage, by which means the fowls there kept are sooner apprised of the approach of the Hawk, .or other bird of prey, than by any other method.—Hist, des Ois. 311 18—PIPING BUNTING. Le Fluteur, Levail. Afr. iii. 61. pl. 112. f. 2. LENGTH seven inches. The tail is half as long as the rest of the bird; bill not exactly that of the Thrush, nor scarcely of a Bunting, with no notch at the tip, colour black-brown; irides hazel; plumage above dull rufous, streaked with dusky; appearing about the head and neck more like spots; under parts from the throat pale yellow, more inclined to white onthe neck and breast; throat slightly spotted with dusky; tail cuneiform, the feathers pointed at the ends, and loose in their webs, appearing as if worn; quills outwardly rufous, within, and at the ends dusky. Female smaller, and the tail shorter, the colours more dull, and ,the throat plain ; both sexes mostly seen together. This is found at the Cape of Good Hope, among the reeds, especially behind the Roude Bosch, and about Constance; also on the East Coast, but always on the borders of rivers; the nest composed of leaves of reeds, within lined with down, and fastened to several reeds; it lays from five to seven pale rufous eggs; has a fine kind of whistling note, like that of a flute, whence the name : the female does not whistle like the male, having only a small cry, to answer her mate.—M. Levaillant, who usually discriminates properly, seems at a loss where to place this bird, but from its manners, it may not improperly be ranked with the Buntings, though the eggs are not blotched—a circumstance mostly seen in that Genus. 19.—WHIDAH BUNTING. 1 i. 882. Scop. i. No. 216. Emberiza paradisea, Ind. Orn. i. 405. Lin. i. 312. Gm Borowsk. iii. 146. t. 63. Shaw's Zool. ix. 418. pl. 63. Vidua Africana, Gerin. iii. t. 347. Bris. iii. 120. t. 8. 1. Id. 8vo. i. 340. Passer Indicus macrourus alius, Raii, 87. 10. Will. 184. Pet. Gaz. t. 55. f. I. Klein, 90. 22. 312 BUNTING. La Veuve k Collier d'Or, Buf. iv. 155. pl. 6. Pl. ml 194. La Viuda, Gabin. de Madrid, ii. p. 52. lam. 60. Red-breasted long-tailed Finch, Ediv. pl. 86. Will. 251. §. 11. Whidah Bunting, Gen.-5yn.iii. 178. RATHER less than the Hedge Sparrow ; length to the side tail feathers five inches and a half. Bill lead-colour; irides hazel; head, chin, and fore part of the neck, back, wings, and tail, black; neck behind pale orange; breast and half the belly a full orange ; lower pdrt and thighs white; vent black ; the two middle tail fealhers are very broad, four inches long, and end in a thread; the two next fliitteen or more, very broad in the middle, narrower at the end, and rather pointed; from the middle of the shaft of each arises another long thread; the rest of the feathers only two and a quarter long; the two middle long ones ate placed • SOinewhat ^brtically, appear undulated across, and more gloss!^$b&fi the others; legs flesh-colour, The female is wholly of a deep brown, almost black; but does not gain the full plumage in less than three years. This species moults twice in a year: the male wants the long tail feathers six months out of twelve-: it first loses them in November, and the plumage is mixed black and reddish; the head streaked black and white; moults again late in spring, when it gains the summer plumage; but the tail is scarcely complete till June,f*h6 long feathers falling again in autumn. The females, when young, are nearly like the males in their winter dress. It is not uncommon at Angola, and other parts of Africa; and called there La Veuve, or Widow Bird f* is often brought into Europe, where it frequently lives many years, and is in general a lively, active species. * From its.fplour,—Willughby ; but Edwards gives a more probable reason j being corrupted from Whidah, a fort in Africa, about which they are in great plenty ; and Whidah Bird, and Widow Bird, are sounds v^jjr similar. 20.—DOMINICAN BUNTING. Emberiza serena, Ind. Orn. i. 405. Lin. i. 312. Gm. Lin. i. 883. Shaw's Zool. ix. 423. Vidua minor, Bris. iii. 124. t. 8. f. 2. Id. 8vo. i. 341. La Veuve Dominicaine, Buf. iv. 160. Pl. enl. 8. f. 2. Gros-bec, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxxi. Dominican Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 183. RATHER less than the last; total length six inches and three quarters. Bill red; upper part of the head black; crown rufous white; back part of the neck the same, passing forwards to join with the under parts, all of which from the chin, are similar in colour; hind part of the neck and back black, the feathers edged with dirty white; inner wing coverts white, the rest of the wing black ; quills edged with white ; tail black, the two middle feathers pointed at the ends,, and more than two inches longer than the others, all of which shorten as they are more outward ; three of them next to the middle ones have white tips, and the two outmost are white on the inside, and pale rufous without; legs grey. The female is uniformly brown ; the tail feathers equal in length. It is said to moult twice in a year, as the last species, and the male to lose for a time the long feathers of the tail. Its native place does not seem to be ascertained; indeed, a bird somfewhat similar, is found at the Island of Bourbon,* but we are by no means certain of its being the same. 21.—LONG-TAILED BUNTING. Emberiza Vidua, Ind. Om. i. 405. Lin. i. 312. Gm. Lin. i. 883. Shaw's Zool ix. 419. Vidua major, Bris. iii. 127. Id. 8vo. i. 342. Buf.iv. 162. PasseV*liwicUs cauda Ibngifcyma, Pet. GiW. t. 55. f. 1. "rLJf.- ■ macronrus, rostro miniaceo, Raii, 87. Will.'184. t. 45. Long-tailed Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii: 181. Will. Engl. 251. g. X. LESS than a Sparrow. Bill red; head and all the upper parts igt^Mish black; sides ofthe head and beneath$frty white, the black * Hist, des Ois. vol. v. S s 314 BUNTING. coming forwards on each side of the neck like a half collar; across the wing coverts a band of white ; quills fringed with brown; four ofthe middle tail feathers are very long; the two interior being ten inches and a half; the next on each side nine inches; the rest even ; the long ones are wholly black, the others black on the outer webs, and white within ; the two colours obliquely divided, having most white on the outer feathers; legs black, or brownish. Inhabits India. Brisson's bird had a second yellowish band beneath the white one, which I do not see in a specimen in my collection. 22—VARIEGATED BUNTING. Emberiza principalis, Ind. Om. 406. Lin. i. 313. Gm. Lin. i. 884. Shaw's Zool ix. 420. pl. 62. Vidua Angolensis, Bris. App. p. 80. Id. 8vo.i. 368. La Veuve mouchetee, Buf. iv. 265. Moineau du Bresil, Pl. ml 291. f. 2.—fem. ? Long-tailed Sparrow, Edw. pl. 270. Variegated Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 181. SIZE of the Whidah Species. Bill red ; plumage above black and rufous mixed, the black occupying the middle of each feather; sides of the head and under parts white; breast pale rufous; lesser wing coverts white, the greater black, edged with rufous; quills rufous; the tail consists of twelve feathers; the two middle ones exceed the others by five inches and a half; the next on each side one inch shorter, and all these are deep black; the others, which are short, and equal in length, are dull brown, margined with paler, and a white spot on the inner web; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits Angola.—I much doubt whether this and the last are not the same; having seen a specimen ofthe former, which was said to come from Angola; and we know that many other birds inhabit both Asia and Africa. BUNTING. 315 It has been noticed,* that this bird soon regains the long tail feathers after moulting, contrary to the Whidah Bird, which is often half a year without them. The three last described bear much affinity to each other. M. Temminck thinks them all to be tbe same, at different periods of age or season. 23.—SHAFT-TAILED BUNTING. Emberiza regia, Ind. Orn. i. 406. Lin. i. 313. Gm. Lin. i. 884. Shaw's Zool. ix. 426. Vidua riparia Africana, Bris. iii. 129. t. 9. f. 1. Id. Svo. i. 342. La Veuve de la Cote d'Afrique, Pl enl. 8. f. 1. a quatre brins, Buf. iv. 158. pl. 5. Shaft-tailed Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 183. SIZE of a Linnet; length to the end of the shorter tail feathers four inches and a half. Bill red; sides of the head, even with the eyes, the under parts, and round the neck rufous; hind part of the neck spotted with black ; lower part of the thighs and vent black; the four middle tail feathers are nine or ten inches long, and webbed only for about two inches at the ends, otherwise simple shafts without webs; the rest of the feathers even, short, and black; legs red. The female is brown, and has not the long tail feathers. These birds moult twice in a year, and in the winter season the male becomes very little superior to a Linnet in colour, only the grey somewhat brighter. Inhabits Africa, and is a much scarcer species than the Whidah one. It varies in having the upper parts brown, and the middle of the feathers darker, in the manner of the female House Sparrow; tail feathers dusky, with pale rufous margins. 24.—BLACK LONG-TAILED BUNTING. SIZE of a Chaffinch. Bill stout, black; plumage wholly dusky black; the tail very long in proportion, as in the Whidah Species, I I 316 BBfififtftA cuneiform, and the feathers haoag loosely and irregnlafjy; the wings short, reaching one inch foejsond the ba$e;; legs black. In the collection of Mr. teadbeater; supposed to have come from the Cape of Good Hope. 25— PANAYAN BUNTING. Gm. Lin: i. 885. Shaw's Zool iistf 48*^ Emberiza Panayensis, Ind. Orn. i. 407, La Veuve en feu, Buf. iv. 167. - k poitrine rouge, Pl. ml. 647. de L'Isle de Panay, Son. Voy. 11' Panayan Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 184. pl. 76:' SIZE of the Wbfjid^k BunMp«g ; length twelve inches. Plumage wholly black, except a large spot, of a bright red colour, on the breast; four ofthe tail feathers are very long, pointed, and hang downward, like those of the Whidah Bunting, and are all of equal length; legs black. Inhabits the Isle of Panay. 26.—ANGOLA BUNTING. ' '^Ij^im-^i^olM^^ Ind. Orn. i. 407. Gm. Lin. i. 88p. Shaw's Zool. ix. 425. (^rqsbec 4 poitrine couleur de Feu, Salem. Orn. p. 277; Angola Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 185. SIZE of a Finch. Bill.short, as-in the Bul%jfih; top of the head and neck yellow; the rest of the body black; tail long. Inhabits Angola : the above is all the description Salerne gives of it; but, from his calling the breast fire-coloured, it may be presumed to belong to the last species. 317 27—CAPE BUNTING. Emberiza Capensis, Ind. Om. i. 407. Lin.i. 310. Gm. Lin. i. 878. Shaw's Zool Hortulanus Cap. B. Spei, Bris. iii. 280. 1.14. 4. Id. 8vo. i. 387. Ortolan du Cap. de B. Esp. Buf.iv. 328. Pl. enl 158. 2. Cape Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 189. LENGTH near six inches. Bill dusky; upper part of the head, and neck, dirty grey and black mixed; sides of the head, and chin dirty white, crossed with two streaks of black, the one througbthe eyes, the other beneath, them; under parts dirty yellowish white ; lesser wing coverts rufous; the greater, quills, and tail dusky, edged with rufous; legs blackish. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, and other parts oi Africa; also Abyssinia, where it is very common; has the manners of our common House Sparrow. 28.—YELLOW-BELLIED BUNTING. Ortolan k ventre jaune, Buf. iv.' 326. Pl. ml.664. 2. Gen. Syn-. Si.-186. A. LENGTH six: inches and a quarter. Top of the head, and sides yellowish white ; over file eye, from the nostrils, an arched stripe of black; behind the eye a. second, and from the under mandible another, quite irregular, in; the direction of the jaw, uniting at the back parts with the two others,, wholly surrounding the head; at the nape a patch of the same; lower part of the neck, and* back brown, the feathers;margined with paler brown ; rump grey; all the under parts yellow, inclining to red: on the breast, and to white on the chin and vent; lessen wing coverts cinereous, the middle ones white, the greater black, with ratfous margins; the quills black, bordered with white, but those next the body have rufous edges; the tail appears I a 318 BUNTING. forked, and each portion cuneiform in itself, as the outer and inner feathers of both parts are somewhat shorter than the others; the two middle feathers are dusky brown; the rest dusky, with pale edges, and some of the outer ones tipped with white; the legs pale flesh- colour. 29.—CAFFRARIAN BUNTING. Ortolan du Cap de B. Esp. Pl. enl. 664. 1. Gen. Syn. iii. 186—Var. B- IN this the upper parts are rufous brown, the middle ofthe feathers dusky; rump ash-colour; middle of the wing rufous longitudinally, the whole way from the bend ; under parts of the body dirty white; on the sides of the head two streaks, one behind the eye, and another in the direction of the under jaw ; tail brown, edged with rufous. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope. 30.-CHINCOLO BUNTING. Emberiza flaviventris, Shaw's Zool. ix. p. 374. Bruant du Cap de Bonne Esperance, Pl ml. 386. 2. Le Chincolo, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 135. Le Bonjour Commandeur, Buf. iv. 369. Gm. Syn. iii. 187—Var. C. THE head of this bird has a mixture of black and grey; and two streaks of black in the same places as in the last described, but rather broader; the upper parts more inclined to rufous; sides of the head grey; under parts from chin to vent white, except a little mixture of cinereous on the neck before; sides of the body pale rufous; tail brown, cinereous beneath; legs pale yellow. Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope; and, according to Buffon, is also at Cayenne; and there called Bonjour Commandeur, from singing at day-break ; very common about inhabited places, and has a note almost like that of a Sparrow. Found on the ground, and for the most part two together. BUNTING. 319 Among the drawings of Sir J. Anstruther is a similar bird, about five inches long; top of the head, and as far as the middle of the back, fine light clay-coloured ash, with darker spots ; lower part of the back and rump pale rust; sides of the head and neck before, to the breast, white; through the eye a mottled streak of black and grey, passing backwards, anda second, broader, from the chin, in the direction of the lower jaw ; breast waved pale rust and white; from thence the under parts are white; wing coverts pale reddish brown; the rest of the wing black, the feathers margined with yellowish white; tail the same, and appears divided in the middle, as if forked, outer feather white. Inhabits India; called in the drawing Fen Sparrow. 31.—BLACK-CHINNED BUNTING. LENGTH six inches. Bill dusky pale ash ; head and neck fine pale grey; from the nostrils a black streak, passing over the eyes, and, curving a little downwards, goes on tothe nape, and unites with the one from the opposite side; chin black, continuing in a pointed curve on each side ofthe throat; back reddish brown, or ferruginous, proceeding forwards to the breast, and there forming a broad bar; lower part of the breast, belly, and thighs, pale yellowish white; rump pale ferruginous ; bend of the wing pale ash; the rest of the coverts, and second quills brown, with pale margins; greater quills dusky; tail pale ash-colour, hollowed out in the middle; one or more ofthe outer feathers white ; legs pale red. Inhabits India.—In the collection of General Hardwicke. 32.—INDIAN BUNTING. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill black; head, neck, breast, and beneath, pale ash-colour; lower part of the back, the 320 BUNTING. rump, and wing coverts fine rufous, or. cinnamon-colour; ends of a few ofthe coverts whitish; quills dusky, margined with pale ferruginous, beneath pale ash ; fail even at the end, marked as tbe quills; under wing coverts mottled brown, and dusky white; legs pale brown.—Inhabits India. From the same collection. 33.—CHINESE BUNTING. rJn. i. 869. Shaw's Zool. ix. 368. Emberiza 'Sinensis , Ind. On . i. 400. Ortolan de la Chi ie, Son. V oy. Ind. Chinese Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 169. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill stout, grey ; crown pale rufous; round the eye pale yellow; jaws blue grey; body above brownish, the feathers with pale yellowish edges ; behind the neck cinereous; quills dusky black, with pale edges; beneath wholly yellow, with a reddish tinge from the throat to the breast; tail somewhat forked, dusky, with yellowish margins; the wings reach to the rump ; legs pale red. Inhabits the southern provinces of China, in October, November, and December; also in India. About the province of Oude, called Gundoom.—From drawings in the collection of Lord Mountnorris. That described by Sonnerat had a streak of brown down the middle of the belly. 34.—BARRED-TAILED BUNTING. Emberiza fasciata, Ind. Om. i. 408. Gm. Lin. i. 878. Shaw's Zool. ix. 371. Barred-tailed Bunting, Gm. Syn, iii. 187. SIZE of our Bunting. Bill flesh-colour; nostrils covered with small tufts of feathers; on the cheeks, and beneath the bill, other similar tufts; head pale brown : back, wings, and breast, the same, BUNTING. 321 spotted with darker brown; belly white; quills and tail brown, barred with deep brown; legs rose-colour; hind claw long, and scarcely curved. Inhabits China.—Seen in the collection of Chinese drawings. 35.—WEAVER BUNTING. Emberiza Textrix, Ind. Om. i. 409. Gm. Lin. i. 877. Shaw's Zool. ix. 373. Weaver Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 193. SIZE of the House Sparrow. Bill and legs horn-colour; plumage above reddish brown, the middle of the feathers darker; over each eye, and down the middle of the crown, a streak of yellow; sides ofthe head mottled yellow and black ; rump, and under parts yellow; on the middle of the breast a broad black streak, a little divaricated on the sides; tail dusky. In winter the yellow colour disappears, and the bird becomes very like a common.Sparrow. Supposed to inhabit Africa.—One of these in the collection of the late Duchess Dowager of Portland. I have heard of it also in two other places. This bird, like the Weaver Oriole, had the disposition to interweave silk between the wires of its cage. 36.—CRIMSON BUNTING. Emberiza rubra, Ind. Orn. i. 409. Gm. Lin. i. 877. Shaw's Zool ix. 412. Moineau de L'Isle de France, Pl. enl. 665. 1. 2. Crimson Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 194. SIZE of the last. Bill dusky; head, breast, rump, upper tail coverts, and thighs, crimson; hind part of the neck and back blackish and olive mixed, with here and there a dash of crimson; vol. v. Ti 322 BUNTING. wings dusky; quills and tail black, edged with greyish green; lower part of the breast, belly and vent, ash-colour; legs pale flesh-colour. The female is olive-green, paler beneath, the rest like the male. Inhabits the Isle of France; 37.—CRIMSON-BELLIED BUNTING. Emberiza coccinea, Ind. Orn. i. 410. Gm. Lin. i. 873. Naturf xiii. s. 199; (Sanders) Shaw's Zool. ix. 413. Crimson-bellied Bunting, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 200. SIZE of a Yellow-hammer. The bill, head, eyes, and a small streak beneath the bill, are black; hindhead and tail the same, glossed with blue; the rest of the upper parts silvery grey; neck, breast^^ed under parts crimson; vent white; on the wings a white^'^ot, the breadth of a finger. Inhabits the woods of Baden, in Germany, and feeds on hemp, and other seeds. 38.—RUDDY BUNTING. Emberiza rutila, Ind. Om. i. 411. Gm. Lin. i. 872. Pall It. iii. 698. Shaw's Zool ix. 381. Ruddy Bunting, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 201. SIZE of the Yellow-hammer. General colour rufous, tinged with sanguineous; beneath brimstone-colour; wings rusty grey. Inhabits the willows on the banks of the river Onon, iSjJSiberia, towards the borders of Mongolia, but is a rare species. 39.—FAMILIAR BUNTING. Emberiza familiaris, Ind. Om. i. 410. Lin.i. 311. Gm. Lin. i. 879. Shaw's Zool. ix. 384. Motacilla tailiaris, Osb. It. 102. Id. Voy. i. 157. Le Bruant familier, Buf. iv. 367. Familiar Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 194. SIZE of the Siskin. Bill pointed, strait, narrow, and black; head, neck, and breast ash-colour; body above the same, spotted with .brown; the lower part of the back, beneath the wings, and towards the tail yellow; upper tail coverts and the tips of the tail feathers white. Inhabits Java; found there by Mr. Osbeck, who says, it was exceedingly familiar, for if the cage door was opened, it would settle upon the first person's hand that was offered; if any one whistled, it saug very sweetly in return; if it saw a dish of water, it went immediately and bathed itself therein : it was fed with rice. 40.—MILITARY BUNTING. Emberiza militaris, Ind. Om. i. 412. Gm. Lin. i. 873. Hasselq. Voy. p. 285. 48. Shaw's Zool.ix. 393. Military Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 198. IN this the head and back are yellowish brown; breast and lower part of the back yellow; shoulders greenish; belly white; quills and tail brown, the outer edges of the feathers yellowish at the tips. Found near Malta. 41.—PINE BUNTING. Emberiza Pithyornus, Ind. Orn. i. 413. Gm. Lin. i. 875. Zool. ix. 318. Tern. Man. Ed. ii. 311—female. Emberiza leucocephala, Act. Petr. xv. 480. t. 23. f. 2. T t2 324 BUNTING. Alia Emberiza; Species, Act. Petr. xv. 486. t'.25. f. 2. Emberiza peregrina, sive Cirlus exoticus, Gerin. iii. t. 351. 1 ? Pine Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 203. MALE. ABOUT the size of the Yellow-hammer. Bill and legs dirty white; head banded ; first a broadish hoary streak down the middle, on each side a black one meeting behind; below this the nape is hoary; through the eye a rufous stripe ; below it, on the cheeks, a triangular spot of white, and on the temples one of black, the same in shape; sides of the neck and throat ferruginous; on the breast a large triangular spot; middle of the belly hoary; sides rufous; vent whitish; back and rump rufous, the shafts of the feathers of the first dusky; coverts and second quills brown, edged with rufous; greater quills and tail blackish, the feathers margined with white; the last a little forked, and the two outer feathers white from the middle to the tip, on the inner web. The female grey and pale rufous mixed; shafts of the feathers dusky; beneath inclined to rufous ; bottom of the belly dirty white; the rest as in the male. This was met with at Astrachan, by Gmelin, also on the shores of the River Don, among the reeds; and it seems most probable to be the same bird as that mentioned by Dr. Pallas, but in the description of the last the black patch on the temples is not mentioned : it is also said to be found in the pine forests of Siberia, even the most northern, and has the note of a Reed Sparrow; but not seen in Russia, though sometimes found in winter about the Caspian Sea. 41.*—DALMATIC BUNTING. Fringilla Dalmatica, Ind. Om. i. 437. Gm. Lin. i. 920. Shaw's Zool ix. 437. Passer Sclavonic™, Bris. iii. 94. Id. 8vo. i. 333. Illyricus, Raii, 87. Will 183. Gerin. iii. t. 343.1. Emberiza Pithyornus, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. 311. Dalmatic Sparrow, Gen. Syn. iii. 256. Will Engl. 250. FEMALE. LARGER than the House Sparrow. Bill whitish; the plumage above reddish, beneath whitish ; tail forked; legs pale yellow. BUNTING. 325 Inhabits Dalmatia.—M. Temminck considers this as the female of the Pine Bunting, and in this we perfectly agree with him; the description here is but short, yet seems to coincide with that of the female ofthe Pine last described. There is a figure of it in Gerini's Work as well as of the male Pine, but not so accurate as might be wished. 42.—RUSTIC BUNTING. Emberiza rustica, Ind. Orn. i. 413. Gm. Lin. i. 871. Pall, reise, iii. 698. Shaw's Zool.ix. 390. Rustic Bunting, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 201. SIZE of the Reed Sparrow. Head black, with three white bands, one down the crown, and another above each eye; general colour of the plumage above, like that of a House Sparrow; beneath white; nape and shoulders ferruginous; throat marked with testaceous dots; the two outer tail feathers obliquely tipped with white. Inhabits the willow beds of Dauuria; most frequent in March. 43.—WREATHED BUNTING. Emberiza luctuosa, Ind. Om. i. 414. Gm. Lin. i. 874. Scop. i. No. 215. Shaw's Zool.ix. 393. Wreathed Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 200. SIZE of the Greater Titmouse. Bill black; at the forehead begins a white line, passing to the nape, where it ends; on the middle of the wing a white spot; the forehead, breast, belly, ramp, and vent are also white; the rest of the plumage black. Described from the living bird by Scopoli: native place unknown. 326 Em ieriza pm ilia, Ind. Om A. 41 Zool. ix. 394 Dw arf B anti ng> Gm. Syn Sup 44.—DWARF BUNTING. iGm. Lin. i. 871. Pali ¥iise, i THIS is not quite so large as the Siskin. Plumage in general not unlike that of the Rustic Bunting; on the head and sides five testaceous bands, the intermediate spaces between which are black; the throat spotted.—Inhabits the rivers, and larch grounds, among the torrents of the Dauurian Alps. 45.—YELLOW-BREASTED BUNTING. Emberiza aureola, Ind. Om. 414. Gm.Lbt i. 875. Pall It. ii. 711 Shaw's Zool. ix. 402. Emberiza Sibirica, N. Com. Petr. xv. 483. 1 . Falck, It. iii. 398. Yellow-breasted Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 201. Arct. Zool. ii. 366. A. Geor|r. 174. BILL and legs pale, edges of the upper mandible blackish; forehead dusky black, with a shade ofthe same on the crown ; hind- head, nape, and between the wings, rufous; the feathers fringed with grey at the tips; back and rump the same, but more hoary, and some of the shafts blotched with black; scapulars white; outer webs ofthe second wing coverts rufous, the edges of them whitish, forming a dash of the same on the wing; quills brown, edged with white; secondaries brown, within ferruginous; cheeks and throat black; breast and belly yellow; across the breast a ferruginous crescent; under tail coverts white; tail a little forked, brown, the outer feathers with a longitudinal stripe of white on the inner web. The female has the crown blacker, and the margins-of the feathers on the back more hoary; otherwise like the male. BUNTING. 327 Inhabits the pine forests of Catherinesburgh; met with on the poplars and willows in the Islands of the Irtisch, and other rivers in Siberia; found also in Kamtschatka : the song much like that ofthe Reed Sparrow. A.—Length six inches and a half. Head and neck before ferruginous; nape and behind the neck rufous yellow ; back pale ash colour; wing coverts dark red brown, with yellowish margins; under parts from the breast, yellow; tail hollowed out in the middle; quills and tail dusky, beneath pale ash-colour. The female has the head and upper parts rufous brown, the crown marked with short black lines; back streaked with brown; wings and tail as in the male; beneath pale dusky white; belly and vent white. Inhabits India, and seems to be a mere Variety of the Yellow- breasted Species.—From the drawings of General Hardwicke. 46.—SANDWICH BUNTING. Emberiza Arctica, Ind. Orn. i. 414. Shaw's Zool.ix. 397. ■ Sdndwicensis, Gm. Lin. i. 875. Unalashka Bunting, Areh Zool. ii. No. 229, Sandwich Buntingj Gm. Syn. Hi. 202. LENGTH six inches. Bill and legs dusky; plumage above brown, the feathers dashed down the shafts With a darker colour ; at the nostrils a streak of yellow, passing over the eyes to the hind- head ; from the gape a dark one, going under the eye; sides of the head, between the streaks, dusky; under parts ofthe body dusky white; quills dusky brown ; with paler edges; tail brown. This was met with at Aoonalaschka, and Sandwich Sound. 328 47— AOONALASCHKAN BUNTING. Emberiza Aoonalaschkensis, Ind. Om. i. 415. Gm. Lin. Aoonalaschkan Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 202. Arct. Zool. i ). Shw, ..232. LENGTH seven inches. Upper parts of the body and tail plain brown, with a rufous tinge; the under dusky white, dashed with blackish, as in the last described ; middle of the belly plain dusky white.—Brought from Aoonalaschka with the last. 48.—BLACK-CROWNED BUNTING.—Pl. xci. Emberiza atricapill Black-crowned Bu No. 230. , Ind. Orn.i. 415. Gm. Lin. i. 875. Shaw's Zool.ix. 364. pl. 60. ing, Gm. Syn. iii. 202. pl. 45. Id. Sup. p. 159. Arct. Zool ii. LENGTH seven inches. Bill and legs dusky; crown fine yellow; forehead and through the eye black, passing to the hind- head, which is ash-colour; upper parts ofthe body reddish brown, with dark brown streaks; coverts and quills fringed on the edges with a paler colour; rump pale olive-brown; chin dirty white; throat, breast, and belly ash-colour, marked down the middle of the last with pale yellowish buff-colour ; tail even, brown. Inhabits the Sandwich Islands, is also in Nootka Sound : one from the latter had the crown black, and a spot of yellow on the fore part only; a double line of white on the wings; the belly also was white: probably this differed in sex. In Cook's last Voyage* it is said, that the male is black on the upper part of the breast; that the female is also black on the breast, but no spot of yellow on the crown. ■'■"'■■■ '■■-■■ - —:-,-"-" Mt^ACcrJwn^ jMtwi&na- ill ^**HL 329 49.—VARIED BUNTING. Emberiza mixta, Ind. Om. i. 416. Amcen. Ac. iv. 245. Shaw's Zool. ix. 410. Varied Bunting, Gen. Syn. Sup.ii. 202. SIZE of a Siskin. The bill thick, pale ; general colour of the plumage grey, and so mixed with blue, that in some lights the last seems predominant; region of the ears, throat, breast, and bend of the wing, blue green; belly white, but the base of the feathers is brown; thighs grey, intermixed with blue; legs pale. Inhabits China. 50— RED-RUMPED BUNTING. Emberiza quadricolor, Ind. Orn.i. 417. Gm. Lin.i. 886, Nat. Misc. pl.429. Shaw's Zool.ix. pl.61. 1. Le quadricolor, Buf. iii. 467. Grosbec de Java, Pl. enl. 101. 2. Red-rumped Bunting, Gen. Syn. Hi. 208. LENGTH five inches. Bill dusky; head and neck blue; back, wings, and end of the tail, green; upper part of the tail, its coverts, and the middle of the belly, red; breast, and lower part ofthe belly pale brown; legs pale flesh-colour. Inhabits Java. In the Pl. enlum. the top of the head is green; the tail brown, rather cuneiform, and a little elongated. 51— BLUE-FACED BUNTING. Emberiza cyanopis, Ind. Om. i. 417. Gm. Lin. i. 886. Shaw's Zool ix. 407. Chloris Javensis, Bris. iii. 198. t.7. f.4. Id. 8vo. i 361. Le Toupet bleu, Buf. iv. 179. Blue-faced Bunting, Gen. Syn.iii. 209. LENGTH four inches. Bill lead-colour; plumage above green; lower part of the back, and rump rufous; upper tail coverts red; 330 BUNTING. forehead, cheeks, and throat fine blue, gradually changing to rufous towards the breast, which, with the belly, sides, and thighs, are of this last colour, but the middle of the belly is red; the quills brown, edged with green ; tail brown, except the two middle feathers, which are green, and all of them fringed with red; legs grey. Inhabits Java, and seems to have great affinity to the last. 52.—GREEN BUNTING. Emberiza viridis, Ind. Orn. i. 417. Gm. Lin.i. 886. Shaw's Zool ix. 409. Chloris Indica minor, Bris. iii. 197. Id. 8vo. i. 361. Le Parement bleu, Buf. iv. 181. Green Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 209. SIZE of the Greenfinch. Bill greenish brown; plumage on the upper parts green, on the under white; quills and tail blue, with white shafts; legs black. Inhabits the East Indies. One, greatly similar, among some Chinese drawings, had the bill black; plumage above green; chin and rump the same, but very pale; under parts dusky white; legs dusky: this bird was only three inches and a half in length. In another set of drawings, the throat and vent were yellow; the rump greenish; breast and belly white. 53—BOURBON BUNTING. Emberiza Borbonica, Ind.Orn.i. 418. Gm. Lin.i. 886. Sham's Zool.ix. 416. Le Mordore, Buf. iv. 366. Bruant de l'Isle de Bourbon, Pl. ml 321. 2. Bourbon Bunting, Gen. Syn.iii. 210. SIZE of a Yellow-hammer; length five inches and a half. The bill brown ; whole plumage of a high rufous red-colour, except the wings and tail, which are dusky red; legs the same, tinged with yellow.—InhabitsMbe Isle of Bourbon. 331 54—RED-EYED BUNTING. Emberiza Calfat, Ind. Om. i. 418. Gm. Lin. i. 887. Buf. iv. 371. Shaw's Zool ix. 415. Red-eyed Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 210. LARGER than a Linnet. Bill, iriltes, and legs, rose-colour; head black; all the upper parts of the body, wingSj and tail bluish asb-colour, the last edged with black; breast and belly vinaceous; round the eyes rose-colour,.and naked ; from the gape to the hindhead a white, stripe; under tail coverts white. Inhabits the Isle of France, where it is called Calfat or Galfat. A.—Length seven inches and a half. Bill black; general colour of the plumage pale brown j wings and tail darker, the latter long; all the under parts dusky white; round the eye a bare, red, carunculated skin; between the bill and eye, and round it, whitish; tail longish; the trffl has a few slender hairs at the base, and rounded at top, but not so much as in the Grosbeak Genus; legs pale yellow. Inhabits India, and called Red-eye; the country name is Gou- lah Chesma, or Gullaul Cheeshm.—Sir J. Anstruther. 55—GAUR BUNTING. Emberiza Asiatica, Jnd. Orn. i. 419. Shaw's Zool. ix. 383. Gaur Bunting, Gm. Syn. Sup. 160. LENGTH four inches and a half. Bill pale rose-colour; head, neck, back, breast, and belly, cinereous, paler beneath ; wings and tail brown, with pale edges; legs pale blue. Inhabits the East Indies, and is called Gaur.--Lady Impey. Uu2 332 BUNTING. 56—COLOURED BUNTING. Emberiza fucata, 7nd. Om. i. 419. Gm. Lin. i. 871. Pall, reise, ii Zool.ix. 385. Coloured Bunting, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 202. SIZE of the Foolish Bunting. Plumage above like that of a Sparrow; but the crown and part of the neck hoary ash-colour; shafts of the feathers brown; neck white, with a circle of brown spots on the throat, and a round rufous spot on the ears. Inhabits the banks of the Rivers Onon and Argun, in Russia; met with in April. 57—DAUURIAN BUNTING. Emberiza spodocephala, Ind. Om. i. 419. Gm. Lin. i. 871. Pall, reise, iii. 698. 29. Shaw's Zool. ix. 382. Dauurian Bunting, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 202. SIZE of the Reed Bunting. Plumage like that of a House Sparrow; beneath yellow; head and neck hoary ash-colour; face round the bill black.—Found sparingly about the torrents of. the Dauurian Alps, in spring. 58—YELLOW-BROWED BUNTING. Emberiza Chrysophrys, Ind. Om. i. 419. Gm. Lin. i. 872. Pall, reise, iii. 698. Shaw's Zool.ix. 391. Yellow Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 203. THIS in colour is not unlike the last; crown black; over the eye a yellow streak, and a band of white from the middle of the crown to the nape.—Found with the last, and has been thought to belong to the White-crowned Species; but the description is too short to ascertain the circumstance. 333 59—LUTEOUS BUNTING. . Emberiza luteola, Mus. Carls, fasc. iv. t. 93. Luteous Bunting, Gm. Syn. Sup. ii. 203. THIS species is reddish brown above, with markings of darker brown ; beneath more or less yellow ; rump greenish brown; quills and tail brown, margins of the feathers pale; bill brown; legs pale yellow.—Inhabits India. Brought from Coromandel. 60—LOUISIANE BUNTING. Emberiza Ludovicia, Ind. Om. i. 404. Lin. i. 310. Gm. Lin. i. 878. Bris. iii. 278. t. 14. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 386. Shaw's Zool ix. 366, Ortolan de la Louisiane, Buf. iv. 325. Pl. ml. 158. 1. Louisiane Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 177. Arct. Zool. ii. 277. SIZE of a Yellow-hammer; length five inches. Bill rufous, spotted with black; head, throat, and fore part of the neck, pale rufous; top of the head surrounded with a wreathed, irregular, streak of black, not unlike a horse-shoe; beneath the eye a streak, and several lesser markings of black ; the upper part of the body rufous, dashed with black; lower part of the back, the rump, and upper tail coverts, black; breast and sides rufous; belly, thighs, and under the tail rufous white; greater wing coverts and quills black, with rufous edges; tail a little cuneiform, and black; legs ash-colour. Inhabits Louisiana. 61—PSITTACEOUS BUNTING. Emberiza Psittacea, Ind. Om. i. 404. Lin. i. 312. Gm. Lin. i. 882. Shaw's Zool. ix. 424. Linaria Brasiliensis longicauda, Bris. iii. 147. Id. 8vo. i. 347. Klein, p. 98. 8. Vidua Brasiliensis, Gerin. iii. t. 345 ? 334 BUNTING. Fringilla Brasiliensis, Seba, i. 103. t. 66. 5. La Veuve eteinte, Buf iv. 168. Psittaceous Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 178. SIZE of a Sparrow ; length eleven inches and a half. General colour of the plumage dull greyish ash ; the base of the bill surrounded with pale red; wings yellow, and pale red mixed; the tail like the body in colour, the two middle feathers much longer* than th e others, and tipped with rufous. Inhabits Brazil. Emberi2 62—RICE BUNTING. ra, Ind. Om. i. 408. Lin. i. 311. Gm. Lin. i. 880. Shaw's Zool Fringilla oryzivora, Amcen. Acad. iv. 576. Hortulanus Carolinensis, Bris. iii. 282. t. 13. 3. Id. 8vo. i. Emberiza Carolinensis, Klein, 92. 6. Id. 163. 5. Gros-bec, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. lxxi. L'Agripenne, ou L'OrtolaudfrRiz, Buf. iv^ 357. Pl. enl. Le Chi piu a te te jaune, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 131. Rice Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 188. Arct. Zool ii. No. 325. pl. 291. Bartr. Trav. p. 289. 295. Amer. Omith. V. Cates. Cat ii. pl. xii. SIZE of a Sparrow; length from six to seven inches, breadth eleven and a half. Bill dusky; irides brown, or hazel; fore part aud sides ofthe head, all the under parts, and the back, are black; the feathers of the head, back, and thighs, have rufous margins; back part of the head and neck plain rufous, but pale, or rather bufF-colour; scapulars, and lesser wing, and upper tail coverts, dirty white; the rest of the wing feathers, black, with brown edges; quills edged with yellowish grey; tail black; in shape rather forked, all the feathers ending in a sharp point, and the tips brownish; legs brown. * Three times the length, according to Seba. BUNTING. 335 The female is yellow brown, with some markings of brown, in rows down the back, wings dusky, with pale edges ; on the top of the head three brown streaks, one on the crown, and one over each eye; all the under parts dusky pale yellow, palest on the chin. Young cocks greatly resemble the females. Inhabits America, where it is migratory. Found at Cuba in flocks about September, and from thence take their departure for Carolina, and so on to other parts, staying in each only so long as the rice continues green ; for when ripe they will not touch it. In Georgia first seen early in May; do much damage to the forward wheat and barley: are named Brown Larks. These birds come into Rhode Island and New York at the end of April, or second week in May, frequenting the borders of fields, and live on insects, &c. till the maize is fit for their palate ; they first begin by pecking holes in the sides of the husks, and after satiating themselves, go to others; hence the rain gets in, and effectually spoils the plants; they continue during the summer, and breed there, after which, as autumn approaches, they return southward; are frequently found with the Red- winged Orioles, though not one to ten of the latter, are seen also with the Blue Jays. The males and females do not arrive together, the females come first:* In Georgia are observed to come in flocks the latter end of May and-June, eating the wheat when ripening; there are at that time many young ones with them, notarrived to full plumage,! and generally but few of the adult birds; the young male, though like the female, differs in having three broader marks on the head, of mottled spots, and from thence more, markings on the back part of the neck and back, the last inclining to dusky purple; also some long dusky marks on the rump and sides of the vent: the young eock is sometimes to be met with singly in autumn, in corn fields. In some parts of America it is called Bob Lincoln, and Con quelle; in * Amcen. Acad. f Do not get the full plumage till the following Spring. 336 BUNTING. others the Maize Thief: is said to have a fine note,* and now and then kept in a cage for the sake of it; the nest on the ground, made of leaves and coarse grass, within finer; the eggs five in number, bluish, marked with numerous, irregular, blackish brown spots. A.—-Agripenne, ou Ortolai Syn. iii. 189. Var. A. de la Louisiane, Buf. iv. 339. Pl. enl. 388. 2. Get. Size of the last. The plumage above olive brown, beneath pale yellow, paler near the vent; rump and upper tail coverts yellow, crossed with fine lines of brown ; greater wing coverts black, edged with white; quills the same, but those in the middle have a great portion of white; tail as in the last, the two middle feathers edged with yellow, the others with yellowish white; bill and legs paler than in the other. Found in Louisiana, and is without doubt a Variety of the last described. Mr. Bartram calls the male the Pied Rice Bird, and says that it appears in May, in Pennsylvania^ " at the time when the " great yellow Ephemera, called May Fly, and a species of locust, " appear in incredible multitudes, the favourite delicious food of " those birds, when they are sprightly, vociferous, and pleasingly " tuneful." It is his opinion that they change colour with the different seasons, and that at the time when they migrate, there are no females with them, at least not one to ten thousand of the male colour, &c.f Found in Jamaica; there called Butter Birds. 63—YELLOW-FACED BUNTING. ;ola, Ind. Om. i. 410. Lin: i. 311. Gm. Lin. i. 880. Shai Emberiza i ix. 354. La Flaveole, Buf. iv. 363. Yellow-faced Bunting, Gm. Syn. SIZE of a Siskin. Forehead and throat yellow; plumage in general grey.—Native place uncertain. Linnaeus, from whom the * Kalm. f Bartr. Trav. p. 295. BUNTING. 38$ above is taken, merely says, that it inhabits warm climates. We much suspect, that it is allied to the following. 64.-AMAZONS BUNTING. Emberiza Amazona, Ind. Orn. i. 311. Lin.i. 311. Gm. Lin. i. 880. Shaw's Zool ix. 383. L'Amazone, Buf. iv. 364. Amazon's Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 195. SIZE of a Titmouse. General colour brown; crown of the bead* yelfew; base ofthe wings beneath, and vent whitish. Inhabits SuririaM.^ 65—RUSTY BUNTING. Emberiza ferruginea, Ind. Orn. i. 411. Gm. Lin. i. 872. Shato's Zool. ix. 381. Rusty Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 197. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 231. THE heackiineek, breast, and sides, in this bird, are rust-coloured; belly white;; wings ferruginous, with two white marks on the prime quills ; tail the same, the two outiJiost feathers- tipped with white. Inhabits North America. Found at New York. We have received from Mr. Abbot, of Georgia, one, which appears to be the same, called Red Sparrow; it is six inches and a half long ; bill and legs yellow brown ; head and all above tawny brown, more tawny on the rump; irides pale brown; sides of the head, chin, and throat, ferruginous ; just under the bill white; breast, and sides under the wings white, spotted with ferruginous; belly and vent white; wings tawny brown ; lower coverts marked with a small pale spot, giving the appearance of two narrow bars; quills dusky, edged ferruginous; tail even, or very little hollowed in the middle. The female does not differ materially, but the general colour is more dull. VOL. V. IK.X 338 66—FERRUGINOUS BUNTING. Fringilla ferruginea, Ind. Om. i. 445. Gm. Lin. i. Fringilla rufa, Fox-coloured Sparrow, Amer. Om. ii Little Sparrow, Edw. pl. 354. 2. Ferruginous Finch, Gen. Syn. iii. 272. Arct. Zool u pl. • Shaw's Zool. ix. 455. 22. f. 4. Bartr. Trav. p. 289. THIS is six inches long, and nine broad. General colour ferruginous; sides of the head, and under the eyes, cinereous white; back streaked with black ; chin white ; beneath the same in general, but inclining to ferruginous on the breast, and thickly marked with arrow-shaped streaks ; across the wings two white bars; tail a trifle forked, that and the coverts bright fox-colour; irides hazel. In the female the wings incline more to drab-colour, otherwise like the male. Inhabits Pennsylvania, and other parts of North America; comes there about the 20th of October, in flocks of ten or twelve, sometimes in company with the Snow Birds, but oftener by themselves; lives on grass seeds, eggs of insects, &c.; seen scraping on the ground among dead leaves ; in general is very fat: it has the manners of the Red- eyed Bunting, and is a tame bird. The only note like chep, chep. This is compared with our Rusty Bunting, last described, to which it most certainly has traits of resemblance. 67—BLACK BUNTING. Emberiza hyemalis, Ind. Om. i. 399. Lin. i. 308. Gm. Lin. i. 868. Shaic's Zool. ix. 367. Hortulanus nivalis niger, Bris. iii. 289. C. Id. 8vo. i. 389. Klein, Av. p. 89. No. 8. Fringilla Hudsonias, Ph. Trans, lxii. 406. Gm. Lin. i. 926. Mill. III. t. 21. B. L'Ortolan jacobin, Buf. iv. 335. Snow Bird, Cat. Car. i. pl. 36. Kalm. Voy. ii. 51. Amer. Orn. ii. pl. 16. f. 6. Black Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 166. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 223. SIZE of a Chaffinch; length six inches, breadth nine, weight half an ounce. Bill reddish white; irides blue; head, neck, and all &6za4^M*vt^M«,,//»</. J 1 BUNTING. 339 above lead-coloured black; beneath from the breast white; tail nearly even, but the outer feather rather the longest, and is wholly white; the next white, but obliquely dusky at the base within ; the third dusky white down the middle, half way to the end, the rest of it, and all the others dusky black; legs brown. The female is brown where the male is black; otherwise alike, but without any white in the third tail feather; the wings reach halfway on the tail. Inhabits America, shifting quarters according to the season; comes into Severn Settlement and Hudson's Bay the beginning of June, and stays a fortnight; passing into Nova Scotia to breed, and again by Severn Settlement in autumn, on its return to the south. It makes the nest in the corn fields, under clods of dirt and tussocks of grass. Met with also in Georgia, there called Snow Bird, but is not common; appears there the first week in November ; sometimes seen in Pennsylvania in flocks of thousands: retreats into the woods in April, and about the 20th, departs northward. 68—BLACK-THROATED BUNTING—Pl. xcii. Emberiza Americana, Ind. Om. i. 411. Gm. Lin. i. 872. Amer. Om. i. pl. 3. f. 2. Shaw's Zool. ix. 379. Black-throated Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 197. pl. 44. SIZE of a Yellow Bunting; length six inches. Bill and legs brown ; irides hazel; the upper parts of the plumage streaked with brown on the back; over the eye a yellow streak; at the gape a patch of the same; chin white; on the throat a large triangular spot of black; breast and middle of the belly yellow; sides over the thighs streaked with dusky; wing coverts tawny; quills and tail dusky, with pale edges. The female is like the male, but without the black spot on the throat, or streak above the eye; beneath it a dusky one, in the direction of the jaw; between the bill and eye white; the belly and sides as in the male.—Inhabits America. 340 ill A.—Black-throated Bunting, Arct. Zool. iii. No. 228. pl. 17. Gen. Syn, Sup. 158. Length seven inches ; breadth thirteen ; and weight from ten to thirteen drachms troy. The bill and legs black ; forehead yellowish, passing over the eye in a streak; between the bill and eye black, continuing under the eye, and ending in a patch below the ear: above the forehead a black crescent, the horns turning upwards; crown, and apf&er parts of the plumage brown; quills tipped with white; tail coverts reddish browfj; the two middle tail feathers brown ; the three next white on the outer webs ; the exterior one white, both the outer web and tip; throat yellow, with a triangular black spot in the middle; belly and vent bluish white. Inhabits Hudson's Bay, there called Outatapaseu; it breeds there, making the nest on the ground, of fine dried grass, and lays four or five white eggs, spotted with black, and a few irregular lines of the same; it frequentlychirps, but is not found to have any other note, it loses even this in August, and departs in September; seen now and then, in small flocks, accompanying the Geese, and sometimes with the Snow Buntings. ).—OLIVE BUNTING. 410. Lin. i. 309. Gm. Lin. i. 870. Shaw's Zool.ix. ii. 800. t.iS. .f.5*»male. Id, Svo. i. 392. Emberiza olivacea, Ind. Om. p. 377. Emberiza Dominicensis, Brh L'Olive, Buf. iv. 363. Olive Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 195. LENGTH three inches and tbree quarters. Bill and legs grey brown; head and upper parts of the body olive green ; the throat orange; between the bill and eye a spot of yellow, reaching over the eye; ^re part of the neekand part of the breast black; theTesit of the under parts oliv^ grey; edge of the wing yellow; the quills brown, edged with olive green ; tail the same. BUNWNG. 341 The female ss more dull, though matked much as the male, but without the orange yellow on the head and throat; and the Ibre part 'ctf>4hrer>neck and breast are not black. Inhabits St. Domingo, and were it not for the different4t\ size, seems greatly to approach to tbe fast described species. 70—BADEN BUNTING. Emberiza Badensis, Ind. Om. i. 411. Gm. Lin. i. 873. Naturf. xiii. s. 198. Shaw's Zool ix. 378. Baden Bunting, Gen. Syn. Sup. ii. 200. THIS is said to bear much affinity with the Olive Bunting, and to be a small span in length. Bill black ; beneath it yellowish; in the middle of the upper mandible a single, stout indentation; the nostrils covered^ith feathers; general colour of the plumage olive, streaked <with dusky ; legs yellowish. One of these was shot by chance not far from Carlsruhe, in the Marquisate of Baden, in Germany: M. Sanders, who describes it, says, it was not known to any one, nor had it been met with before. He observes, that it was, in every respect, like the Olive Bunting; and it is possible to have been a caged bird, brought from some of the American Islands, and by chance escaped from confinement. 71—BRAZILIAN BUNTING. Emberiza Brasiliensis, Ind. Orn. i. 412. Gm. Lin. i. 872. Bris. iii. 299. Jtf.8vo.i. 392. Shaw's Zool ix. 386. Bruant de Brazil, Buf. iv. 361. Le-Guirnegat, Pl. enl. 321. 1. Guiranheemgatu, Raii, 89. Will 186. Id. Engl. 253. Le Chuy, Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 133. Brazilian Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 197. SIZE of a Sparrow. Bill and eyes black; crown, throat, neck, and under parts yellow ; back, scapulars, and tail, varied with 342 BUNTING. greenish, yellow, and brown ; legs brown.—/Ijfce female is more like a Sparrow, and has a note like it. Inhabits Brazil; common about Paraguay: the nest on, or near the ground, made of dry grass or straw, and feathers, lined with horsehair: eggs three, whitish, with many brown spots, especially at the large end : the male has an agreeable note. A bird of this Species, or very like it, is found on the Island of Tristan da Cunha.* 72—MEXICAN BUNTING. Emberiza Mexicana, Ind. Om. i. 412. Gm. Lin. i. 873. Shaw's Zool. ix. 395. La Therese jaune, Bruant du Mexique, Buf. iv. 361. Pl enl. 386. 1. Mexican Bunting,. Gen. Syn. iii. 198. LENGTH six inches and a half. Bill and legs pale; head to the crown, sides, throat, and fore part of the neck yellow; body above brownish, as in the Yellow Bunting; the brown on the sides of the neck tending upwards to the eye, in a point; the under parts are dirty white, spotted with brown; quills and tail edged with pale brown.—Inhabits Mexico. 73—TOWHE BUNTING. Emberiza erytbropthalma, Ind. Om. i. 413. Gm. Lin. i. 874. Shaw's Zool ix. 414. Fringilla erythropthalma, Lin. i. 318. Fringilla Carolinensis, Bris. iii. 169. Id. 8vo. i. 353. Le Pincon noir aux yeux rouges, Buf iv. 141, Towhe Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 199. Arct. Zool ii. No. 224. Cat. Car. i. pl. 34. Bartr. Trav. p. 289. Amer. Om. pl. x. f. 5—the egg. Id. vi. pl. 53. f. 5—fem. LENGTH eight inches; breadth eleven. Bill and legs brown; irides red; head, neck,?back, wing coverts, and rump, black; under parts, from the breast, dull red; the middle of the breast and belly * Lin. Trans, xii. p. 496. BUNTING. 343 white; lower part of the back mixed with ferruginous brown; on the outer part of the wing a patch of white; the four middle feathers of the tail even, the others rounded; the outer white on all the outer web, and on the inner to about the middle from the tip; the third the same, but the white shorter; the fourth black brown, with a dash of white on the inner web, near the end; the four middle ones plain dusky black; length of the middle tail feather three inches and a half, the exterior three inches. The female differs in being brown, where the male is black. Inhabits Carolina, and frequents the most shady woods; seldom seen except in pairs ; comes into New York in spring; has no song, but a kind of twittering noise; is a restless bird. By some called the American Bulfinch. Is found in Georgia, and called Chew- wink, or Joe wheat. The young male, in colour like the female, but the breast and belly are pale yellow, with brown streaks; on the ear a curved, dusky streak : the female is rufous brown, but the feathers which fall over the wings, on the shoulders, and sides next the wing, incline more to ferruginous; beneath from the breast, white. These birds frequent oak woods, swamps, and thickets, seldom more than a pair, or a few together; but Mr. Abbot informs me, that he once met with a large flock, at the edge of an old field, in Savanna River: they build in the swamps on the ground, among dry leaves, of which also the nest is partly made, with fine grass within : the eggs are reddish white, marked with ferruginous spots, pretty thick all over, but not very deep coloured. 74—WHITE-CROWNED BUNTING. Emberiza leucophrys, Ind. Orn. i. 413. Gm. Lin. i. 874. Ph. Trans, lxii, p. 403. 426.' Mill. Ill t. 21. C. Amer. Orn. iv. pl. 31. f. 4. Shaio's Zool. ix. 392. Grosbec, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal p. lxxii. White-crowned Bunting, Gen. Syn. iii. 200. Id. Sup. 159. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 22. LENGTH seven inches, weight three quarters of an ounce. Bill and legs flesh-colour; irides deep hazel; lower eyelids white; on 344 the crown a white stripe, which does not quite reach the bill; on each side of this, one of black ; over the eyes a line o€ white-,, which passes to the vertical stripe behind; neck cinereous, palest on the breast; back ferruginous brown; rumpeinereous<brovfaiy the feathers edged with cinereous; wings brown; the outer edge of the prime quills very pale; within cinereous ; across the wings two white bands; bastard wing white; breast ash-colour ; vent and thighs yellow; tail rather long, a trifle roundted>, brOWn. The female is like the male, but somewhat smaller. Inhabits Canada, and visits Severn Settlement ittJiaiei^sleai at Albany Fort in May, where it stays the summer, and departs in September ; makes the nest at the bottom of willows, and lays three choeofete-eoloured5 eggs : the chietf-food is grass^ seeds, worms, grubs, &c. Called at Hudson's Bay Casabata sbish : said to have a melodious song, when perched, but in flight^ Silent. Is rarely seen ki tiik United States. At first sight resembles the White-throated Finch. 75—CINEREOUS BUNTING. Emberiza cinerea, Ind. Orn. i. 415. Gm. Lir, Canadensis, Bris. iii. 296. 1.14. 1. Le Cul-mussefe Buf. iv. 368. i. 876. Shau?&Z6ol.ix. 401. m&foA. 391. CipgjSQH^Buntiijg,.!©^ Smrt, . 204. Id, S.uv. 159. Art SIZE ofthe Yellow Bunting. BilBiaridi tegs pale brown ; upper parts of the head chestnut, with a dash of brown down the middle of each feather; the rest of the parts the.same, but more inclined to grey ; rump wholly so ; upper and under ta^hf |goverts rufous white. under parts of the body dirty white, marked with chestnut spots ; quills and tail fer.own, edged with reddish grey. The female is more inclined to grey. Inhabits America; comes from the north to New York in March, and frequebts the bottoms of the red cedars; seldom seen above one foot from the ground. I 345 A.—Cinereous Bunting, Gm. Syn. Sup. p. 159.—Var. A. Bill yellow; head, neck, back, and wings, rust-coloured, the feathers deeply, and elegantly edged with pale grey; some of the greater coverts edged with paler rust; primaries and tertials with white; throat, breast, and sides white, fully spotted with rust; middle ofthe belly white; middle feathers ofthe tail brown; exterior white, each truncated obliquely. Inhabits New York. 76—BLUE BUNTING. Emberiza czerulea, Ind. Om. i. 415. Gm. Lin. i. 876. Shaw's Zool ix. 408. Canadensis cserulea, Bris.iii. 298. t. 14. f. 2. Id. 8vo.i. 391. L'Azuroux, Buf. iv. 369. Blue Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 205. Arct. Zool ii. No. 234. SMALLER than the last; length four inches and a quarter. Bill and legs pale brown; crown dull rufous; body above mixed, dull rufous and blue; beneath the same, but the rufous colour pale; greater coverts, quills, and tail, brown, with the outer edges rufous. Inhabits Canada. ^I^fe 77—INDIGO BUNTING. Emberiza cyanea, Ind. Orn. 1. 415. Gm. Lin. i. 876. Shaw's Tanagra casrulea, Ind. Om. i. 427. Gm. Lin. i. 891. Tanagra cyanea, Lin. i. 315. Fringilla cyanea, Blue Linnet, Amer. Om. i. pl. 6. f. 5. Tangara Carolinensia cserulea, Bris. iii. p. 13. Id. 8vo. i. 307. Avis exotica obscura cserulea, Gerin. iii. t. 359. ! XeKEhistre, Buf iv. 86. Grosbec, Tern. Man. d'Orn. Ed. ii. Anal. p. lxxi. VOL. V. Y T hm 346 BUNTING. I Passe bleu de Cayenne, Buf. iv. 495. Pl. enl. 203. 2. Blue Linnet, Edw. p. 273.—lower figure. Blue Tanager, Gm. Syn. iii. 234. Indigo Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 205. Arct. Zool. ii. 235. SIZE of a Siskin ; length five inches; extent eight. Bill deep lead-colour; plumage in general fine blue, deepest on the crown ; greater quills brown, edged with bine; tail brown, even, with a light tinge of blue; legs brown. In some specimens a black mark appears between the bill and eye.—The female is brown, not unlike a Linnet. The young bird, and indeed the male, in moulting time, is like the female, being blue only when in full plumage. It may, however, be known at that time from the female, as the edge of the wing is of a deep brownish blue; whereas, in the female it is greenish brown. This inhabits Carolina; where it is called by some the Minister, by others the Bishop: chiefly found in the inner parts, 150 miles from the sea, and frequents the mountains. Said to sing like a Linnet. The.Spaniards at Mexico, call it Azul lexos, or Far-fetched Blue Bird : feeds on millet: is common at New York : comes the beginning of April, and mostly in orchards when in bloom. It is rare in Georgia, and. there called Summer Blue Bird. Mr. Abbot observes, that the nest is near the ground, in a low bush, made with dry grass, and lined with finer materials; it frequents old fields on Savanna River; but is not common. A.--Emberiza cyanella, Mus, Carls, ii. t. 42, 43. Ga*.JL?'n. i. 8S7. Bill and legs yellowish ; head, neck, ramp, and under parte of the body glossy blue; shoulders, and interscapulars blue, and ferruginous mixed ; quills and tail brown, edged with blue. The female is mixed brown, ferruginous, and blue; quills and tail as in the male.—Inhabits North America. 347 78—PAINTED BUNTING. Emberiza Ciris, Ind. Orn. L 416. Lw*. i. 313. Gm. Lin. i. 885; Act. Slock. 1750. 278. t. 7. 1. Amer. Orn. iii. pl. 24. f. 1. 2. Shaw's Zool. ix. 403. pl. 62. f. 2. Passer Brasiliensis, Gerin. iii. t. 344. f. 2.—male and female. Fringilla Mariposa, Scop. i. No. 222. Fringilla tricolor, Klein, 97. Chloris Ludoviciana, Papa, Bris. iii. 200. t. 8. f. 3. Id. 8vo. i. 362. Le Pape, Buf. iv. 176. t. 9. Pl enl. 159. f. 1, 2. Grosbec, Tern. Man. Ed. ii. Anal. p. Ixxi. China Bulfinch, Alb. iii. pl. 68. Painted Finch, Edw. pl. 130. Id. 273.—upper figure. Cat. Car. i. pl. 44. Painted Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 206. Id. Sup. 159. Id. Sup. ii. 202. Arct. Zool. ii. No. 226. Bartr. Trav. p. 289. Nat. Misc. pl. 597. SIZE of a Hedge Sparrow; length five inches. Bill and legs brown; irides hazel; head and neck violet; round the eyes red ; the upper part of the back, and scapulars yellow green; lower part, rump, and all beneath dull red; lesser wing coverts violet brown, with a tinge of red ; the greater of a dull greenish colour; quills brown, the edges of some greenish, of others red; tail brown, the two middle feathers incline to red, and the others margined outwardly with the same. The'female is dull green above, and yellow green beneath; quills brown, fringed with green; the tail also brown and green mixed. This bird varies exceedingly, and said not t© get the full plumage till the third year: in the first, both sexes are brown; the male gains the blue head the second, but the rest of the plumage is blue green; wings and tail brown, edged with blue green: the female, at that time, inclines greatly to blue, and as they moult twice in a year, it is not wonderful, that scarcely any two birds are quite alike. Y y2 348 BUNTING. This species generally inhabits the warmer parts of Canada, and everywhere between that and Mexico, Brazil, Guiana;* at Carolina none are seen near inhabited parts, nor very near the sea. They build on the orange, and other trees, but are there only in summer; frequently kept in cages in England, and may be fed on millet, succory, and other seeds. The Dutch contrive means to breed these in Holland, like Canary, and other birds, but we believe the attempt has rarely succeeded in England. I was assured, by the late Mr. Tunstall, that it has happened more than once; and that two pairs made nests, and laid eggs in the orange-trees, in a menagery of a relation of his, at Holderness, in Yorkshire ; but in this instance, the young were not hatched. The above gentleman has kept many, but seems to think, that they gain their full plumage sooner than the third year; and observed them frequently to suspend themselves, hanging by one leg from the perch while asleep; in this, imitating the Sapphire- crowned Parrakeet, the Coly, and some others. Mr. Abbot informed me, that it frequents the oak woods in Georgia, and builds the beginning of May, in bushes : the nest formed of dried stalks of plants, cotton, and dried leaves, lined with hay; the egg is bluish white, with several ferruginous red spots, more numerous in a zone at the larger end; and that theyoung male, the second spring and summer, continues the same colour as the female, but sings like the adult. According to Mr. Bartram, the song of this bird is remarkably low, soft, and warbling, exceedingly tender, and soothing; is not seen north of Cape Fear, in North Carolina ; and seldom ten miles from the sea coasts, or at most twenty or thirty miles; chiefly near the banks of great rivers, in the fragrant groves of the orange, &c. * Bancroft talks of a bird called Kishee Kishee, at Guiana; said to exceed all the feathered tribe, having a confused assemblage of all the most lively and beautiful colours in nature: among these, yellow, scarlet, green, and blackish purple, or indigo, have the greatest share; besides which there are white, black, and blue, and that they are brought, by the Accawaw Indians, from the inland parts of the country; and the common price is a pistole per pair: but he adds, that many ineffectual attempts have been made to convey them to Holland. If not the bird in question, I know not what else it can be. 349 79—GREY BUNTING. a grisea, Ind. Orn. i. 418. Gm. Lin. i. 887. S • Surinamensis, Bris. iii. 302. Id. Svo. i. 393. Le Gonambouch, Buf. iv. 366. Seba, i. 174. t. 110. f. 6. Grey Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii. 311. SIZE of a Lark; length five inches. Head grey; the rest of the body pale grey; upper wing coverts, and breast, mixed with reddish ; quills white within; and grey, mixed with red, without; the tail not much unlike the quills. Inhabits Surinam, where it is common; and said to sing as finely as a Nightingale; fond of maize. The natives call it Gonambucho. 80—SURINAM BUNTING. Emberiza Surinamensis, Ind. Orn. i. 418. Gm. Lin. i. 887. Shaw's Zool. ix. 400. Le Proyer, Ferm. Sarin, ii. 200. Surinam Bunting, Gen. Syn. ii. 212. LARGER than a Lark ; and not unlike it in colour. Bill rather large, with a knob on the upper mandible, and the sides of the lower one are higher than usual, and angular; the chin, breast, and belly, are of a whitish yellow, marked with oblong black spots on the breast.—InhabitsJSurinam. 81—BROWN BUNTING. LENGTH five inches. Bill pale brown ; general colour of the plumage above pale red brown ; beneath very light tawny brown ; chin, and middle of the belly, nearly white; lesser wing coverts tinged with green, deeper near the bend of the wing; second quills 350 BUNTING. brown, edged with red brown; quills dusky; tail deep ash-colour, even at the end, and the feathers a little pointed; the wings, when closed, reach one-third on the tail; legs dusky. Inhabits the neighbourhood of Georgia, in America.—Mr. Abbot, who furnished this description, with a drawing ofthe bird, mentions it as a distinct species, and rather uncommon. 82—PLATA BUNTING. Emberiza Platensis, Ind. Or Emberise k cinque couleurs, Habia des lieux aquatiques, Plata'Bunting, Gm. Syn. iii i. i. 417. Gm. Lin. i. 806. Buf. iv. 364. Voy. d'Azara, iii. No. 90. LENGTH eight inches. Bill cinereous, convex, and pointed; edge of the under mandible bending inwards; irides chestnut; the plumage above greenish brown, verging to yellow; duller on the the head and rump, with a few traces of black on the back; edge of the wing bright yellow; quills and outer tail feathers edged with the same; beneath the body cinereous white; legs lead-colour. Inhabits Buenos Ayres, on the River Plate, in South America; said t& feed on insects, in preference to fruits. END OF VOL. Directions for placing the Plates. Page WATTLED STARLINGS - 11 Thick-billed Thrush 29 White-tailed Thrush 49 Long-tailed Thrush 83 Kamtschatkan Thrush 138 Carunculated Chatterers - 180 Variegated Chatterer ------ 185 Lindo Chatterer ------- 192 White-backed Coly ------ 197 Parrot-billed Grosbeaks ----- 210 Crimson-breasted Grosbeak » 222 Black-headed Grosbeak ----- 237 Spotted-sided Grosbeak ----- 248 Nitid Grosbeak ------- 268 Black-crowned Bunting ----- 328 Black-throated Bunting ----- 339 L University of British Columbia Library DUE DATE
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