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British Columbia Historical Books Collection
The Year Book of British Columbia
Gosnell, R. E. (R. Edward), 1860-1931
"Publications for the years 1897 (500 p.), 1897-1901 (406p.), 1903 (394p.), 1911 (coronation edition of 358 p.), and 1911-1914 (406 p.) Compendiums are separately listed as entries 1284 and 1484. Continued as Manual of provincial information. Table of contents, index. In Holmes. Has historical reviews, parliamentary and judicial information, statistics; information on Indian tribes, physical characteristics of land, forestry and fishing industries, trade, finance, etc." -- Lowther, B. J., & Laing, M. (1968). A bibliography of British Columbia: Laying the foundations, 1849-1899. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 141.
394 pages : illustrations, photographs, tables ; 23 cm
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/r>0»n/&-/S& I /AL 375. 276 ANNOUNCEMENT. The publication of the Year Book of 1903, in its complete form, has, from one cause or another, been unavoidably much delayed. The principal chapters, dealing with Land and Agriculture, Timber, Fisheries and Mining, however, appeared some time ago in Bulletin form. Other chapters' have been brought fully up to date, and include the Election Returns, Trade and Navigation Statistics to the. end of June 30th,. 1903, and the Salmon Pack for the present year. Considerable information intended for this edition, owing to limitations of space, has been left out. On account of the expense involved, another complete edition will not be published in 1904; but a brief supplement will be issued containing the Year's Statistics, and the information omitted, as referred to, and other matters of interest. The present edition is intended mainly as a work of reference for libraries and other public institutions. The price to private individuals has been fixed at %\ per copy, including postage. ERRATA. " Columbia and Kootenay," first line 323, should be "Columbia and Western." Under head of Municipal Aid, 324, an item of $40,000 by New Westminster City to Canadian Branch Line is omitted. "Frenehbark Cteekf" second to last line, page 325, should be "French Bar Creek." The Year Book British Columbia Manual of Provincial Information R. E. GOSNELL, Secretarg Bureau Provincial Information. VICTORIA, B. C. 1903 NTRODUCTION. THE Year Book of 1897 was undertaken as a private enterprise, with a view to the profits, if any, being applied to the Library of the Legislative Assembly. Owing to expense attaching to its publication and the delay occasioned in its printing, it proved a serious loss to the author. Later the unsold copies were purchased by the Government, and with an appendix added in 1901, bringing the edition up to date, they were distributed in various quarters through (the Immigration Office. As a medium of reliable information respecting the Province, the demand for copies has continued unabated; and as a consequence its regular continuance has been decided upon. The present has been largely based on the edition of 1897, supplemented wherever possible by new information. Several entirely new chapters have been added. What has been kept in view is the kind of information that is mainly in demand. In subsequent editions it is proposed to take up systematically the original sources of British Columibia history and devote 50 or 100 pages of the space each year to their exposition; and also to outline from time to time the political development, so as ultimately to present the unbroken record of events up to within a comparatively recent period. Much of the information contained has also been issued in bulletin form for the use of those who are interested in special phases of the Province. The author is under special obligation to deputy heads of various Government departments and to many others for assistance. A special effort has been made to vary the illustrations as much as possible, and in this connection the very best photographs available were secured. The plates have been executed in the most artistic way possible, the object being to furnish views that are representative of the Province, as well as pleasing and interesting. In this respect the volume speaks for itself. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS THE Province of British Columbia may be described as a great quadrangle of territory, 700 miles long by 400 miles wide, lying north of latitude 49 degrees and west of the central core of the Rocky Mountains, extending along the Pacific Coast as far as latitude 55 degrees, and including the islands adjacent. North of that degree of latitude it continues inland to latitude 60 degrees, but is shut off from the coast by a narrow strip of Alaskan territory, and is bounded on the east by longitude 120 degrees. The southern half of the province lies between tolerably well defined boundaries. It forms a large and regular rhomboid of elevated land, which is supported on each side by ranges of mountains. Of these the eastern and western may be said to be double, and consist respectively of the Rockies and Selkirks on the east, and of the Coast and Island ranges on the west. The easternmost range of the above enumerated is that,of the Rocky Mountains. It is the northern extremity of the great range which forms so well-known a feature of the North American Continent. Entering the province at the 49th parallel of latitude, it constitutes the eastern boundary to latitude 54 degrees, and continues to between 56 and 57 degrees, where it loses its distinctive rampart-like character and dies down into lower hills. It has been shown to consist of the upturned edges of the strata that underlie the great northwest plain, and its massive walls are formed chiefly of Devonian and carboniferous limestone. The average height may be stated at about 8,000 feet. " Near the 49th parallel several summits occur with elevations exceeding 10,000 feet, but northwards few attain this elevation until the vicinity of the Bow River and Kicking Horse is reached. The range appears to culminate about the headwaters of the Saskatchewan, Mount Murchison being credited with an altitude of 13,500 feet." There are twelve principal passes, at elevations ranging from 7,100 feet — the south Kootenay — to 2,000 feet — the Peace River Valley. Parallel to the Rocky Mountains proper, and frequently included under one name with them, though of distinct formation, run the Selkirks. This range, which has been shown by geologists to represent an earlier formation, and to exhibit an entirely different series of rocks, is so (broken and complex as to have received several names in different parts of its course, as though composed of distinctly separate mountain systems. Such., however, is not the case. Entering from the south in a three-fold system divided by important valleys, they are called respectively the Purcell, the Selkirk and the Gold Mountains. To the north of the great bend of the Columbia River these give place to the term Cariboo Mountains. At about latitude 54 degrees they die out, or are merged in the cross ranges which form the northern boundary of the interior plateau, and from whence spring the headwaters of the Peace River. In average altitude these mountains are not greatly inferior to the Rockies, their loftier members rising from 8,000 to 9,000 feet above the sea. The contours are, generally speaking, more rounded and less precipitous than the latter, though in YEAR BOOK OP BRITISH COLUMBIA many places they are strikingly pointed with steep and continuous grades, down which snowslides sweep with resistless force. Their sides, up to several thousand feet, are clothed in dense forests, affording an unlimited supply of good timber. The average width of the Rocky Mountain range is about 60 miles, diminishing to the north; that of the Selkirks is about 80 miles. There is a valley of most remarkable length and regularity, extending from the southern boundary line along the western base of the Rocky Mountains as far as the northern limits of the Selkirks, a distance of over 700 miles, and dividing the two ranges. To the west of these great ranges British Columbia extends in a wide plateau or table land, which has been originally elevated some 3,500 feet above sea level. This plateau has been, however, so deeply intersected and eroded by lake and river systems that in many places it presents an aspect hardly differing from that of mountain regions. At others, however, it opens out into wade plains and rolling ground, with comparatively low eminences, affording fine areas of agricultural and grazing land. The entire district has been subject to vast overflows of lava, of the disintegrated remains of which the present soil is mainly composed. There is a general but very gradual slope of the land from the mountainous country on the southern boundary of the province to the north, where, as has been previously stated, it is hedged in by cross ranges attaining an elevation of from 6,000 to 8,000 feet. Notwithstanding this general slope, the principal flow of water finds its way southwards through deep fissures penetrating the mountain boundaries on the southern and western sides. This plateau forms the chief agricultural area of the province. " The whole of British Columbia, south of 52 degrees and east of the Coast Range, is a grazing country up to 3,500 feet, and a farming country up to 2,500 feet, where irrigation is possible."— (Macoun* Geol. Rep., 1877.) The interior plateau is terminated on the west by the Coast Range, a series of massive crystalline rocks of some 6,000 feet in average height. This range has a mean width of about 100 miles, descending to the shores of the Pacific, and is in turn flanked by the submerged Island Range, the tops of which form Vancouver and her adjacent islands, the Queen Charlotte Islands and those of the Alaskan peninsula. "The most remarkable feature of the coast are the fiords and passages, which, while quite analogous to those of Scotland, Norway and Greenland, probably surpass those of any part of the world (unless it be the last-named country) in dimensions and complexity. The great height of the rugged mountain walls which border them also give them a grandeur quite their own."— (Dawson, Geol. Sur., 1884.) The unique position of British Columbia as a watershed on the Pacifie Coast of America will at once be recognized when it is seen that all the rivers of great importance on that coast, with the exception of one (the Colorado) arise from within its boundaries. The drainage from its extensive area of mountains and highlands is received into the numerous lakes which have been noticed as forming so striking a feature of the interior. Thence the surplus is discharged into the few large rivers or their many tributaries, which finally reach the sea. These rivers are the Columbia on the south (debouching through American territory into the Pacific Ocean); the Fraser (750 miles long), the Skeena (300 miles), and the Stikine, on the west; the Liard (over 300 miles in British Columbia), on the north; and the Peace River'(over . 300 miles in British Columbia), on the east. These rivers are of great size and' volume, and the first four are sufficiently navigable to steamers to form waterways of no small value in the development of the country. The submerged mountain range which lies to the west of the mainland is represented by an archipelago of islands, great and small, the most prominent being Vancouver and the Queen Charlotte Islands. Of the others it may be briefly stated that they produce in miniature all the physical features of the larger group. Vancouver Island may be described geologically as a group of upturned gneissic j certain tertiary areas and worn down by glacial action, so that in rocks, embracin AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 7 one place extensive gravel moraines, in another beds of boulder clay, are to be found, while in a third a regular series of late sandstones alternate with the barren cliffs of trap. Upon such unpromising surface generations of fir trees have flourished, and 'by their decay have gradually deposited a mould of increasing thickness sufficient to provide suitable ground for other forms of vegetation, until the country has become covered with a dense growth of timber, varying according to its situation and adaptability to the wants of each particular kind. Thus upon the ridges the pines and many species of undergrowth have held their own, best suited to a moderate degree of moisture and the rocky subsoil. Upon the boulder clay, alder, poplar and willow have contended successfully against the larger trees; and where the gravel has afforded insufficient moisture for the conifers, the hardy but more slow-growing oaks, which had no chance for existence in the dense pine forests, have gained a foothold, and stud level plains clothed with native grass. Maples appear to have succeeded, in some places, the burnt-out pines; indeed, in time much the same sequence of soft and hard timber might be expected on this coast as is known to have occurred on that of the Atlantic, where firs, oaks and beaches have followed in successive order.— (British Columbia: Its Present Resources and Future Possibilities. Official Pamphlet.) GEOLOGY OP BRITISH COLUMBIA. THE general surface of the mainland of British Columbia seems to have been covered with glaciers at no very remote geological period, during which the principal movement of the ice was southeasterly and northwesterly in conformity with the trend of the mountains, leaving traces at several localities at an altitude of more than 6,000 feet above the sea. Superficial deposits of boulder-clay and water-worn stones occur at all heights up to 5,000 feet, and in the lower levels, especially in the northern low country, is found a fine white silt. Large moraines oecur in great numbers, especially in the line of retreat of. glaciers towards the mountain ranges. There are many evidences that large bodies of water existed at various heights between the present sea level and over 5,000 feet, such as shore lines and terraces, and clays which must have been deposited in water. The Strait of Georgia must have been entirely filled with a great glacier, called by Dr. G. M. Dawson the Strait of Georgia Glacier, with a width of over 50 miles and a thickness in places near its termination of more than 600 feet. Ice groovings of remarkable depth and polish are seen in very recently exposed rock near Victoria, showing that the glacier must have swept over the Saanich peninsula in a direction mostly towards the south, with a slight westerly deviation. On the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, in the Strait of Fuca, the groovings point nearly west, showing that the ice probably escaped to the open ocean through that channel. Further north above Seymour Narrows indications prove that a second large glacier, fed from the fiords of the Mainland, pushed in a northwesterly direction. This is called by Dr. Dawson the Queen Charlotte Sound Glacier. Tertiary rocks containing marine shells are found on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island, near Sooke; near Carmanah Point, at the entrance of the Strait of Fuca; and at various places between these two points, forming a narrow belt.parallel41 with the coast. Tertiary leaf-bearing rocks are found in Burrard Inlet and about the estuary of the Fraser River. Further north in the Queen Charlotte Islands Dr.. Dawson found the whole of the northeastern.portion of Graham Island to be under- W^^S^SSS^^^S^^W^^fiW^^ YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA lain by tertiary rocks, mainly of volcanic origin. On the mainland of British Columbia, east of the Coast Range, the tertiaries occupy large areas with lignites, and in certain places even bituminous coal occurs. In the north there, has been but little disturbance of the beds, but the southern part of the interior plateau is more irregular and mountainous, and the strata, as on the Nicola, are sometimes found dipping at ah angle of 30 degrees. Remains of plants, insects and a few fresh-water molluscs have been obtained from these interior regions, resembling those elsewhere considered to be miocene, and indicating a temperate climate. Underlying the tertiary beds in many places are cretaceous rocks. These include the true coal-bearing beds of Nanaimo, Comox, and the anthracite region of the Queen Charlotte Islands. The flora of the Vancouver Island beds consists in the main of modern angiospermous and gymnospermous genera, such as oak, planes, poplar and sequoia. Tlie Queen Charlotte Island fossils indicate a lower horizon. On the mainland cretaceous rocks have been described along the northeastern border of the Coast Range, to the south behind Boston Bar, on the Fraser, and near the headwaters of the Skagit. East of the Coast Range and well to the north the cretaceous is probably represented near the Lower Nechaco, and also about the upper part of the Skeena River and on Babine Lake. Sections measured in the Vancouver Island region give a thickness of about 5,000 feet; in the Queen Charlotte Islands, at Skidegate, about 13,000 feet; and at various places on the mainland from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The subdivisions of the pre-cretaeeous rocks have not yet been satisfactorily made, but in the limestone interbedded in the layers of igneous rocks crinoidal remains, and poorly-preserved corals and molluscs indicate that the carboniferous formation is largely represented. In the interior of the Mainland the older rocks are mainly massive limestones, diorites, felspathic rocks, quartzites and serpentines. The limestones often appear as coarse-grained marbles. Characteristic forms of the Alpine Trias have been found by Dr. Dawson in a black calcareous argillite and in beds of limestone beneath the cretaceous series, and may be represented near Victoria by the slaty rocks of Leech River. On the Mainland the coast is largelycomposed of granitic or gneissic rooks, not yet fully examined. In the Rocky Mountains is seen the broken margin of the undisturbed sheets of strata which underlie the great plains. They project in block-like masses, and the total (exposed) thickness of their beds is reported to be very great. A section in the Rocky Mountains, on the west side of the range, according to Mr. McConnell, of the Geological Survey of Canada, shows 1,300 feet of dolomites and quartzites containing' halysites; 1,500 feet of shales, blackish argillites and limestones containing graptolites; about 10,000 feet of calc-schists, shales and slates of the Castle Mountain group; and 10,000 or more feet of dark argillites and conglomerates of the Bow River series. The foregoing strata range from the Silurian downwards to the Cambrian. In the Peace River region of the 55th and 56th parallels the conditions are somewhat changed. Massive limestones of Devonian and possibly Carboniferous age, associated with saccharoidal quartzites, form the axil mountains. Volcanic accumulations appear entirely absent from the limestone series. Archaean rocks are believed to be found in the Shuswap series in Kootenaie and Adams Lakes, and also in the Selkirk Range where the Canadian Pacific Railway crosses it. This probably in Devonian or Carboniferous times formed a more or less continuous barrier along the line of the Gold Range, between the interior continental basin to the northeast and the carboniferous Pacific to the southwest. In the eastern sea organic "limestone with sandy and shaly beds was being deposited. In the west and southwest of the land barrier the conditions were widely different. Here, too, limestones were in process of formation; but extensive siliceous deposits were also forming with a great chain of volcanic vents, nearly coincident.with the present position of the Coast Range and that of the Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. Trap and agglomerate rocks were thus added to the series. Evidence of disturbance at the end of the carboniferous period is found in the unconformable superposition of the Nicola Triassic on these rocks in the southern portion of the interior of the province. To the west of the land barrier in the triassic and Jurassic a great thickness of volcanic rock with limestones and argillites "was being formed along the border of the Pacific. A further circumstance of interest in connection with the jura-trias period is the •evidence now obtained that the sea apparently spread uninterruptedly eastward across the Rocky Mountains into the Peace River country at least as far as the 55th parallel. This is proved by the lithological character of the rocks and the fossils they contain, giving us an approximate definition not only of the western but also ■of the northern limits of the great inland sea which extended southeastward to New Mexico. This period was closed by great disturbances along the whole Cordilerran region. In California the Sierra Nevada rose up as a mass of crumpled and compressed folds. In the northern part of British Columbia the disturbances affected the region from the Gold Range to the coast, extending the land area westward to the 121st meridian, and giving, so far as known, the first upthrust to the mountains of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands, but forming no continuous range where the great belt of coast mountains now is. In the earliest beds of the cretaceous there is evidence of a general subsidence in progress in the formation of conglomerates, and the shore line of the cretaceous Pacific can be traced a long distance southward and southwestward. In the southern parts of British Columbia it would appear that the Rocky Mountains proper were not elevated at this time, but that the cretaceous Mediterranean washed the eastern shore of the Gold Range. The cretaceous period closed with another period of folding, in which additional height was given to the Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Island ranges and the Coast ranges. Ait this time the Rocky Mountains attained their fullest development. No trace of the earlier eocene tertiary has been found in British Columbia, and it is probable that the province was throughout, at that time, a land area. In the miocene the relative elevation of the sea and land was much as at present, but great inland lakes were in existence. The miocene closed with extensive volcanic disturbances throughout the country southwest of the Gold Range, and eventually by another period of crumpling and elevation, probably coincident with that which produced the tertiary coast hills in California, and which gave to the northern part of the British Columbian coast the •greater elevation it appears to have possessed during pliocene times, when the wonderful system of fiords, by which it is now dissected, were cut out. Among the striking points of geological interest in British Columbia are: First, the repeated corrugation, parallel in the main to a single axis which has occurred in the Cordilerra region; and second, the great and widespread masses of volcanic material at at least four distinct horizons, proving the activity of an immense period of volcanic forces along this portion of the Pacific margin. ^WW^^^^^^f^^f^V^^^^^tW^Sf YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA RIVERS AND LAKES. THE principal rivers of British Columbia are the Fraser, the Columbia, the Thompson, the Kootenay, the Skeena, the Stikine, the Liard and the Peace. The Fraser is the great watercourse of the province. It rises in the northern part of the Rocky Mountains, runs for about 200 miles in two branches in a westerly direction, and then in one stream runs due south for nearly 400 miles before turning to rush through the gorges of the Coast Range to the Straits of Georgia. Its total length is about 740 miles. On its way it receives the waters of the Thompson, the Chilcoten, the Lillooet, the Nicola, the Harrison, the Pitt, and! numerous other streams. For the last 80 miles of its course it flows through a wide alluvial plain, which has mainly been deposited from its own silt. It is navigable for vessels drawing 20 feet to New Westminster, about 15 miles from its mouth; and for light draught boats to Yale, a small town 110 miles from the mouth; and again for smaller craft for about 60 miles of its course through the northern interior — from Quesnel Mouth to Soda Creek, in Cariboo. The Columbia, a large river rising in the southeastern part of the province, in the neighbourhood of the Rocky Mountains, near Kootenay Lake, runs north beyond the 52nd degree of latitude, when it takes a sudden turn and runs due south into the State of Washington. It is this loop made by the abrupt turn of the river that is known as the " Big Bend of the Columbia." The Columbia drains an area of 195,000 square miles. The Kootenay, which rises near the headwaters of the Columbia, flows south through East Kootenay into the states of Montana and Idaho, and, returning to- British Columbia, empties into Kootenay Lake, its waters again being discharged through the Lower Kootenay River into the returning branch of the Columbia some- distance south of the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Peace River rises some distance north of the north bend of the Fraser, and flows eastwardly through the Rocky Mountains, draining the plains on the other side. Gold discoveries at its headwaters have been reported in recent years; but the river more properly belongs to the district east of the mountains that bears its name. The Thompson River has two branches, known as the North Thompson and the South Thompson. The former rises in small lakes in the Cariboo District, and the other in the Shuswap Lakes, in the Yale District. They join at Kamloops, and flow out of Kamloops Lake into the Fraser River at Lytton. The Skeena River, 300 miles long, runs southwesterly to the coast, almost uniformly parallel with its twin sister, the Naas River, from which it is about 50 miles distant. The headwaters are in the Omineca district, near the source of the Oslinca, a tributary of the Parsnip. The Skeena is navigable for some distance beyond Hazelton, but is navigated only as far as that point, 150 miles from the mouth, and has several important tributaries, including the Zymoetz, Kispyox, Bulkley and Babine. The course of the Skeena is tortuous and is practicable for navigation only about seven months in the year. At its mouth are located a number of salmon canneries. The Stikine flows into the Pacific Ocean through a short stretch of Alaskan territory, and forms the main artery of communication for a large portion of the province north of latitude 57 degrees, and for years has been regularly navigated. The Cassiar mining district is reached by it. It is navigable for river steamboats for about 130 miles to Glenora and Telegraph Creek. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 11 The principal lakes are the Kootenay, Slocan, Arrow (Upper and Lower), Okan- agan, Trout, Shuswap and Harrison, in Southern British Columbia; and Quesnel,. in Northern. The following tables are taken from the official census : — Lakes. Area in Acres. Adams 33,280 Atlin (part) 211,680 Babine 196,000 Chilko 109,760 Harrison 78,400 Kootenay 141,120 Lower Arrow 40,960 Okanagan 86,240 Owikano 62,720 Quesnel 94,080 Shuswap 79,150 Stuart 141,120 Tacla ; 86,240 T.agish (part) 58,180 Teslin (part) 78,400 Upper Arrow '. 63,500 The area of British Columbia in lakes is 1,560,830 acres; that of Canada^ 77,391,304 acres. COMPARATIVE AREAS. ^ Provinces and Territories. *££;. £a.ke. Total Acres. gjfljb. British Columbia 236,922,177 1,560,830 238,483,007 372,630 Manitoba 41,169,098 6,019,200 47,188,298 73,732" New Brunswick 17,863,266 47,232 17,910,498 27,985- Nova Scotia 13,483,671 230,100 13,713,771 21,428 Ontario 141,125,330 25,826,306 166,951,636 260,862: Prince Edward Island 1,397,991 1,397,991 2,184 Quebec 218,723,687 6,474,874 225,198,561 351,873 Alberta 64,973,212 232,000 65,205,212 101,883 Assiniboia 56,498,546 384,000 56,882,546 88,879- Saskatchewan 66,460,859. 2,414,500 68,875,359 107,618 Athabaska- 155,622,704 5,635,120 161,257,824 251,965- Mackenzie 340,886,420 18,910,080 359,796,500 SQ^IS^ Keewatin 292,478,010 8,588,260 301,066,270 470,416 Franklin 320,000,000 ♦320,000,000 500,000 Ungava 223,429,600 3,745,440 227,175,040 354,961 Yukon 125,649,500 415,280 126,064,780 196,970 Total 2,316,684,071 80,483,222 2,397,167,293 3,745,574 POLITICAL DIVISIONS. THE area of British Columbia has been variously set down from 380,000 square ■miles to 394,000 square miles. From careful surface 'measurements of the map, the following results approximately have been obtained, according to the present main political divisions : — YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Square Miles. Square Acres. Kootenay 23,500 15,060,000 Yaie 24,300 15,850,000 Lillooet" 16,100 10,300,000 Westminster 7,660 4,900,000 Cariboo 150,550 96,360,000 Cassiar .'."". 164,300 105,150,000 Comox (Mainland) 7,100 4,550,000 Vancouver Island 16,400 10,000,000 409,910 262,160,000 The above figures are given approximately, to approach round figures as nearly as possible, and include the territory claimed by Canada in connection with the Alaskan boundary dispute. THE KOOTENAY DISTRICT. The Kootenay District, which includes East and West Kootenay, comprises an area of 15,060,000 acres, and occupies a triangular space of the southeast corner of British Columbia. The apex of this district is at a point where 52 degrees north latitude crosses the Rocky Mountains; and the base extends from 118 degrees west latitude to 114 degrees west latitude. The triangle is divided into about two equal parts, called East and West Kootenay, respectively, the Purcell Range of the Selkirks constituting the dividing line. The whole territory is drained by the Columbia, which forms what it known as " the great bend," passing north through East and -south through West Kootenay. There are three main-valleys — one in East Kootenay, occupying or being the drainage basin of the Columbia River, going north; the other, the valley of the Kootenay River and the Kootenay Lakes, in West Kootenay; the third lying between the Selkirk and Gold ranges, through which the Columbia River, expanding into the Arrow Lakes, flows into the three valleys in question, constituting the main routes of communication northward and southward. East Kootenay contains a large extent of agricultural land, but requiring irrigation as a rule. West Kootenay has but little arable land, the principal part of which lies at the southern boundary along the Kootenay River, and is made up of a tract included in the Kootenay Reclamation Scheme, containing about 50,000 acres. It is unnecessary, however, to state that the name Kootenay in British Columbia has become almost synonymous with, mineral wealth, its mountains being rich with gold, silver, lead and copper, and disclosing so far indications of remarkable promise. In consequence of the development that has taken place a number of towns, several incorporated, have sprung up and are enjoying a large measure of prosperity — Revelstoke, Nelson, Kaslti, Rossland, Trail, New Denver, Sandon, Slocan City, Three Forks, Fort Steele, Cranbrook, Fernie, Moyie, Kimberley, Morrissey, Elko, Michelle, etc. (referred to elsewhere). With the present and prospective railway development there is no doubt that the population and wealth of this district will be surprisingly augmented from this time" forward. In East Kootenay, as a result of the building of the Crow's Nest Railway and branches and the Crow's Nest smelter, in conjunction with the development of the coal mines in the Crow's Nest Pass, the population has doubled since the census of 1901. YALE. Yale occupies a large area to the west ci Kootenay, extending to the 22nd degree of west longitude, and from about 49 degrees to 52 degrees north latitude. The whole occupies an area of about 15,850.000 square miles, and lies almost wholly within the dry belt of .the province, although, from its extent, it has a variety of soil and climate. It includes the rich valleys of the Okanagan, the Nicola, the AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 13 Similkameen, the Kettle River country, and the valleys of the North and South Thompson, in the vicinity of Kamloops. It possesses perhaps the largest area of purely agricultural and pastoral lands of any district in the province. The valleys of the Okanagan District raise excellent wheat, which is milled at two local grist mills. Yale contains large cattle ranges and many large herds of cattle, and in addition gives excellent promise as a fruit-growing district, the range of products including tomatoes, watermelons, grapes, peaches, almonds, etc., which are not raised to perfection anywhere in the Coast districts. Fruit-growing has made rapid- strides, and though yet only in its incipiency, promises to become a very important industry. The (Canadian Pacific Railway passes very nearly through the centre of the district, a little to the north; while the Shuswap & Okanagan branch, from Sicamous to Vernon, affords communication southward, which is continued to the boundary line by means of the Okanagan and other lakes, forming a system of water stretches parallel to those referred to in the Kootenays. Railways are projected from Spence's Bridge and Midway into the Simdlk&meen, and from Midway to Vernon. Yale, in addition to its agricultural resources, has come into prominence, as a mineral district, the new Boundary country being in the southern part, besides which, in the locality of Nicola, in the Similkameen. at Cherry Creek, Hope, Kamr loops and other parts, there have been numerous locations and rich discoveries of minerals, metalliferous and coal. LILLOOET. Lillooet contains 10,300,000 acres, lying west of the northern half of Yale District. The northern part of Lillooet forms a parallelogram, extending from 51 degrees to 52 degrees north latitude, and between 120 degrees 30 minutes and 125 degrees west longitude. The southern part forms a smaller parallelogram" between 121 degrees and 124 degrees west longitude, and extends from 50 degrees 25 minutes to 51 degrees north latitude. It contains a large portion of the interior plateau previously referred to, and in a general, way exhibits characteristics similar to those in Yale. It is largely a pastoral country, but in the southern portion of it fruit-growing is making good progress. The district is bisected by the Fraser River, and the Cariboo waggon road passes through it northward from Ashcroft. The district is well adapted for dairying and cattle-raising. Irrigation is necessary in many places, owing to the dryness of the climate, and is accompanied by success wherever it has been tried. Formerly, in 'the days of the Cariboo gold excitement, Lillooet supplied the miners with farm produce, and agriculturally is still more flourishing at the present time. There is a number of placer deposits which have been. developed to some extent, and have for years been yielding returns. In the vicinity of Bridge River important metalliferous deposits were discovered recently, and give promise of considerable development. A number of locations were made there, also on Seaton Lake and along Bonaparte River. The Bridge River district is noted for big game, and throughout the district fishing and shooting are good. WESTMINSTER DISTRICT. Westminster District lies to the west of the southern half of Yale, and although by the Redistribution Act of 1894 its area was very much diminished, it is territorially still an important district, containing about 4,900,000 acres, and occupies an unique position in the province, being bounded on the west by the Gulf of Georgia, on the north by Lillooet, on the east by Yale, and on the south by United States territory. Westminster District is largely made up of the valley of the Fraser River, which, according to Dr. Dawson, is the bed of an ancient arm of the sea, which extended as far inland as Hope, and is thus to a large extent made up of alluvial deposits of the Fraser River. What is known as the Fraser River Valley is very fertile, , ■» -*•' f", "\~> 'i^* V"^'.j,> >y, rsw^T, — T* YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA and, with the exception of its being subject to occasional overflow in places, is agriculturally one of the most desirable locations in the province. The drawback of floods, however, has been overcome by a series of important dyking schemes, and the Dominion Government is dealing with the problem of protecting the banks of the Fraser by a system of dredging and defences. The Fraser River Valley, with the exception of the Peace River country, is the largest compact area of arable land in the province. In this district a number of improved and partially improved lands are for sale, at reasonable prices, and afford a good investment for those seeking farms. More particular reference is made to this district in the chapter on agriculture. Lumbering is also an important resource, whilst the mineral zone along the northern boundary is regarded as of extreme promise. Politically Westminster is divided into four ridings — Richmond, Dewdney, Chilliwack and Delta — the latter two being on the south side of the river and the former on the north side of the river. It is largely made up of municipalities, which include Richmond, Delta, Surrey, Langley, Matsqui, Chilliwack, Kent, Dewdney, Mission, Maple Ridge, Coquitlam, Burnaby, North and South Vancouver. In this respect Westminster differs largely from the rest of the province, inasmuch as it is the only district in which development on municipal lines has taken place to any extent. At the southwest corner are the cities of Vancouver (the terminus of tli i Canadian Pacific .Railway) and Westminster, which is often referred to as the fresh water terminus, and is the centre of the salmon-canning industry. CARIBOO. North of Yale and Lillooet lies the great district of Cariboo, which extends from 52 degrees to 60 degrees north latitude, the latter being the northern boundary line ' of the province, and from the 120th to the 126th degree of west longitude, containing in the aggregate the vast area of about 96,350,000 acres. It is drained in the south by the Fraser River and its numerous tributaries, in the centre by the Parsnip and Peace Rivers and tributaries, and in the north by the Nelson and Liard and tributaries. It was in the district drained by the tributaries of the Fraser River, in the vicinity of Barkerville, that occurred the great gold excitement of British Columbia in early days. It is estimated that out of these rich creeks has been taken an amount equal to between $45,000,000 and $50,000,000 in gold. The northern half of the district has been but very imperfectly explored, and the information regarding it is limited. The central portion was a rich fur preserve of the Hudson's Bay Company in early days, and in it are located Forts St. John, McLeod, Stuart and St. James. The Omineca gold mining district lies in the western portion near the centre between the northern and southern limits; and to the southwest lie the large pastoral and agricultural districts included in the Black- water and Nechaco Valleys, in which are contained areas of grazing land and rich river bottoms, several million acres in extent, which, when communication has been provided, will afford homes for a large number of settlers. In the auriferous district already referred to, where the rich placer mines exist, large hydraulicing enterprises have been inaugurated, and some half dozen companies, expending from $250,000 to $1,500,000 each, have obtained extensive leases and are operating on a very comprehensive scale. The result of these operations will no doubt bring back to Cariboo much of its old-time prosperity. Railways are projected into the mining districts from both sides - one from the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Ashcroft or Kamloops, and the other by way of Bute Inlet, on the Mainland coast, either, of which would materially advance the mining interests and open up a district which has long suffered from lack of communication. In the Cariboo District, in the vicinity of Alexandria, 150-Mile House Soda Creek and the mouth of Quesnel River, there are a number of fine ranches pro- AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 15 ducing grain, vegetables and cattle. One of the finest roller mills in the province is in operation at the mouth of Quesnel, and a grist mill operates at Soda Creek. In the northeastern corner is the famed Peace River country, which has an area, it is estimated, of at least 1,500,000 acres of good agricultural land. CASSIAR. Cassiar lies west of Cariboo, occupying an area considerably larger than the latter, or about 105,150,000 acres, extending from the northern boundary of Comox at 51 degrees north latitude, to the northern boundary of the province, at 60 degrees north latitude, and all the territory west of that meridian to the Pacific Ocean, including Queen Charlotte Islands, except the territory of Alaska, which extends to a little south of 55 degrees north latitude. This extensive tract of land has for many years lain practically dormant, although much attention has recently been drawn to it, and very much of it is still unexplored. It is drained to the westward by two large parallel rivers, the Skeena and the Stikine, reference to which is made elsewhere. There are also within its northern limits the sources of the Liard, known as Dease River, and the headwaters of the Yukon. In former years (from 1871. onward) Omineca and Cassiar were the scenes of mining excitement to some extent similar to that of Cariboo in the early days and Klondike in the present, only on a smaller scale. The Omineca District occupies a central part of Cassiar, while the richer gold diggings in the vicinity of Dease Lake lie at the extreme north, and are accessible by the Stikine River. Recently much attention has been attracted to Omineca and Northern Cassiar, and a revival of interest in their mines has taken place. This interest has been intensified by the Yukon rush and the discovery of gold in the Atlin country, and it is altogether probable that the whole northern interior of British Columbia, including Cariboo, will be thoroughly prospected by miners, railway promoters and others within the next few years, and it is probable that a very important industrial future is in store. In the Skeena District, at Observatory Inlet, Kitsalas Canyon and other points, active mining development is going on, and a railway is projected from Kitimaat to Hazelton. Agriculturally, little can be said; in fact, little is definitely known, although there are many valleys adapted foi agriculture, and low ranges of hills which will afford a very considerable area of pasturage, and it is also probable that vegetables and the hardier fruits and cereals may be grown in many places. COMOX. Comox District may be described as a large rectangle, including the northern part of Vancouver Island and a portion of the opposite Mainland, being bounded on the north by the 51st degree of north latitude, and on the east by the 124th degree of west longitude, and comprising about 9,750,000 acres. On the Mainland side it is deeply indented with inlets, of which Jervis, Toba, Bute, Knight and Kingcombe are the principal. These inlets are the outlets for a number of; rivers which flow through canyons and are fed by numerous glaciers. The country generally is very rugged, and the coast on both sides of the straits, and the many islands^ large and small, which intervene are heavily timbered. Here are found the principal logging camps of the province, and a very important supply of the best merchantable timber. Although sparsely populated as yet, perhaps no other area of British Columbia of similar size contains so much and varied natural wealth, represented in timber, minerals, fish and agricultural land, the last named, though considerable in the aggregate, being, comparatively speaking, the least important. Many of the islands contain good land, and in the vicinity of Comox there are some excellent stretches; while north from Seymour Narrows to the head of the island there are considerable areas which, "if drained and cultivated, would make valuable cattle ranges and meadows. Coal measures, which at Comox are extensively worl^d, 16 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA extend almost to the end of the island. Good fishing is found everywhere, and several salmon canneries are in operation. On this coast are abundant fine building materials — stone and slate—while of minerals, iron, copper, gold and silver are largely represented. In the vicinity of Phillips Arm are promising mining camps; in fact the whole district is richly endowed and is capable of prosperous development. The west coast has been but little prospected am yet; there is comparatively little known of its resources, but there are good fisheries all along it, and recently a number of mineral discoveries, principally of copper, have been made. VANCOUVER ISLAND. The main physical features of Vancouver Island have already been referred to in the opening part of this chapter, and the part not heretofore described consists of the large districts of Cowichan and Alberni, lying south of Comox on the west side, extending south to Esquimalt District, and other political divisions lying eastward. The greater part of Alberni is rugged and mountainous, and has — as is, in fact, true of the whole interior of the Island of Vancouver — been only partially explored. There are some grand scenic effects and beautiful inland lakes. Along Alberni • Canal, however, is a large area of fertile land and a number of settlers. Here, too, there are many promising mineral indications, with a good deal of preliminary development and one or two well developed mines. On Barkley Sound and up the coast as far as Quatsino prospecting is active, and, particularly for copper and iron, is regarded as one of the comiug mining districts of the province. Owing, however, to the heavy undergrowth, prospecting is difficult. Esquimalt District occupies the southeastern corner of the Island, in which Victoria City and. Esquimalt are situated. North of Esquimalt is the Cowichan District, and north of that the Nanaimo District. In Cowichan District the mines of Mount Sicker- have come prominently to the front, with two smelters erected to smelt the ores. Lumbering is also an important industry. It may be stated here that the main portion of the marketable timber of British Columbia is found on Vancouver Island and adjacent islands. Victoria District, north and South, including Saanich and Salt Spring Island, and others of a group known as The Islands, lies east of Cowichan and Esquimalt Districts, on and in the Gulf of Georgia. All the southeastern portion of Vancouver Island is, comparatively speaking, well settled, and contains a good deal of agricultural land and many well-cultivated farms. This portion of the Island is well served with good roads, and has railway communication by the Esquimalt & Nanaimo and Victoria & Sidney railways. From a sporting and residential point of view, Vancouver Island is ideal in many respects, and, apart from its great natural resources, will attract a large population. A COAST TRIP. IF a business man, worried by the ceaseless demands on his attention, and mentally and physically exhausted by close application to office work; if a student whose cheek has paled under the light of the midnight oil; if a man of leisure whose routine of social responsibilities and pleasurable pursuits has produced ennui ; if a lover of sport and travel, keen for adventure, and his spirit restless for fresh trophies and a new arena ; if a pupil in nature's school, eager to witness the operation of her laws in other and wider forms ; if an artist, in whose soul burns the desire for subjects of sublime beauty and massive grandeur; if a collector of rare and interesting objects ; if he belong to the literati and is thirsting for fresh fields and unhackneyed topics; if plunged in statecraft and worried for AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION the nonce by the ceaseless jar of opposing parties; if a professional man with brain and nerves tired and overworked; if no matter who, and can afford two or three weeks' holiday, let us invite him to a pleasure excursion, the attractiveness of which among the many opportunities advertised for the summer season, is unequalled for novelty, healthfulness, interest and picturesque outlook — the trip par excellence of the American continent. Come for a two weeks' voyage along the west coast of British Columbia to Alaska. Free from the cares and conventionalities of every-day life, and breathing the very air of heaven itself, you burst, like the ancient mariner, into an unknown sea filled with untold beauties, and sail over a bosom of waters unruffled as glass; among myriads of islands; through deep, rugged, rock-walled channels; past ancient Indian villages, mediaeval glaciers, dark, solemn, pine-clothed shores, snow-capped peaks, dashing cataracts, yawning mountain gorges, spouting monsters and sea whelps — away to the north a thousand miles almost, to mix with the icebergs that once floated under the sovereignty of the Czar of all the Russias, but now drop peacefully from ancient glaciers over which the American eagle holds watchful guard — a continuous panorama in which the purest, the rarest, the wildest, the most beautiful and the grandest forms of nature are revealed. All this may be enjoyed under auspices of ease and comfort equal to that of your own home. AROUND VANCOUVER ISLAND. There are two routes by which you can proceed. One is along the west coast and outside of Vancouver Island, and the other is through the Straits of Georgia. Leaving Victoria on the outward trip, the boat passes through Race Passage, by Race Island, on which the first lighthouse ever built on this coast was erected in 1861 — a fac-simile of the Eddystone Lighthouse. From here, with the exception of the openings, Beecher Bay and Sooke Inlet, the vessel takes a westward course along a straight, unbroken shore to Port San Juan, the first stopping place. The landing is known as Port Renfrew; here, in what is known as Snuggery Cove, is a comfortable hotel from which fishing excursions up the Gordon River, near by, could be made. On the opposite side of the bay from the wharf was the scene of a sharp sanguinary engagement that took place -over a hundred years ago, between a boat's crew from Captain Meares' ship, the Iphigenia, and the Indians, in which the crew were nearly captured by the latter. One of the chiefs was shot dead on the spot by the officer in charge of the boat, Mr. Duffin; and another had his arm completely severed by one blow of a cutlass wielded by a lusty seaman, and several others were severely wounded. The attack was thus repelled, and the boat got away without fatalities and with only several wounded. This occurred on the 13th of July, 1788, the furthest point to that date that white men had journeyed up the Strait. The whole coast, from Victoria to San Juan, is heavily wooded, with steep cliffs leading up from the water's edge. Passing San Juan, we arrive off the lighthouses of Carmanah and Cape Beale. These were erected to keep ships off the dangerous shore, towards which strong and treacherous currents are constantly setting. One wreck is still to be seen, with masts and yards standing straight up, under the cliffs. At the head of Port San Juan is San Juan valley, where a number of settlers have taken up ranches, and some mineral development has also taken place. BARKLEY SOUND AND ALBERNI CANAL. Proceeding, we pass the Indian village near the entrance of Nitinat Lake, known as Clo-oose. Here are a Methodist mission church, a post office and store. The Indians of this village are engaged principally during the summer months on board the sealing schooners. Rounding Cape Beale, an extensive inlet — Barkley Sound — is entered by the eastern channel, along which and up the Alberni Canal — the east- ^rajfpm-^sp^?*; m IS YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ermost inlet of Barkley Sound — the most picturesque scenery of the province is to be found. The shores of Alberni Canal are 3,000 feet high, wooded to the summit. The canal does not average more than a quarter of a mile wide, and at the head of it, in the Somas River, flowing out of Sproat Lake, is a paradise for salmon and trout fishers. Half way between the town of Alberni and Sproat Lake is another equally good salmon river, named after Captain Stamp, who once had a large sawmill at Alberni; the anchorage at the head of Alberni Canal was also named after him, Stamp Harbour. In the northwest corner of Barkley Sound lies Torquart Harbour, one of the finest harbours in the world, and at one time proposed as the naval station of the North Pacific Ocean. It would have been admirably suited for the purpose, as all the fleets of the world could enter and anchor here with perfect security! Before passing out of Barkley Sound, Village Island is seen, where the Port Effingham of Capt. Meares is situated. The village mentioned in Meares' voyages is still in existence, and the Indians still pursue their former avocation of fur-hunting. Port Effingham is one of the rendezvous for the sealing captains when they are engaging sealers from among the Indians. A westward course brings the vessel to the village of Ucluelet, which is another Indian village whose occupants are engaged in sealing, situated on a narrow arm of the western extremity of Barkley Sound. Here is to be found some of the best duck shooting in British Columbia, and during the proper season ducks, teal and geese are found in prodigious numbers. Barkley Sound is filled with numerous small islands — of which Village Island is the chief — and very picturesque. Having passed out of this wonderful sound through Carolina Channel, the first prominent object which strikes the view is Florentia Island, in Wreck Bay, where the brig of that name was lost many years ago and nearly allon board drowned. Wreck Bay is now the scene of placer mining operations, and was so called on account of the loss of the Florentia. CLAYOQUOT AND NOOTKA. Clayoquot Sound is next reached. This is a large broken Sound, which is historical. Here, in Templar Channel, the ship "Tonquin," whilst at anchor in the channel in the year 1811, was attacked by the natives, the crew nearly all massacred, the ship in the end being blown up by the only white survivor, when a large number of Indians crowding the decks for pillage perished. At Port Cox land was purchased by Captain Kendrick, and also by Captain Meares, from the old Chief Wiccaninish, who, as Greenhow remarks, would have been willing to give the title to the whole of America for a few copper kettles. Clayoquot, like Barkley Sound, is filled with islands, of which Vargas, Meares and Flores are the largest. At Sydney Inlet rich copper mines have been discovered. At Hesquoit is the largest Indian mission in British Columbia, carried on under the superintendence of Rev. Father Brabant, a Roman Catholic missionary who has been for thirty-eight years in charge of the mission, and who for a long time, owing to the savage character of the Indians, daily carried his life in his hands. He was twice shot at and once severely wounded. Now he has the respect and confidence of the natives. Rounding the stormy promontory of Estevan, the Point Breakers of Cook, we arrive at still more historical Nootka, which is the same to-day, to all intents and purposes, as when left by Captain George Vancouver 107 years ago. The village is the same, the houses are the same, and the people are the same — the latter still wrapped in blankets and still governed by a descendant of the old King Maquinna. This village was the scene of Captain Meares' occupation; the building and launching of the first vessel on the northwest coast; the seizure of the British vessels by the Spaniards; the diplomatic negotiations of Vancouver and Quadra; and also memorable for the capture of the ship "Boston" by the Indians and the cold-blooded AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION men —Jewitt, the captivity effected murder of the crew of that ship, with the exception of armourer, and Thompson, the sailmaker — who after a two their release by the arrival of a British trading vessel. A WILD, BROKEN COAST. Leaving Nootka, the coast is extremely broken, wild and dangerous, upon the outer rocks of which the ocean breaks unceasingly, the bugbear and terror of all navigators. However, to navigators knowing the coast and recognizing the landmarks, by shaping their course properly, in a short time they can glide from the stormy waters of the Pacific into beautif al land-locked havens, such as Esperanza. Kyuquot, Ou-Ou-Kinsh and Nasparti. Here the flotsam and jetsam of the Pacific Ocean is to be met with. After a vessel disappears, this is where the Government steamer goes to find traces of her. The outer coast along here is simply one mass of wreckage. Rounding the tremendous promontory of Cape Cook, the traveller will notice the solitary and majestic rock, named by Captain Cook after Dr. Solander, the astronomer and naturalist of the "Endeavor," when on his first voyage to the Pacific in 1769, "Solander Island." Here it will be of interest to note that elk are found on the adjacent shores, and it will probably be their last resort on the Island of Vancouver. QUATSINO AND CAPE SCOTT. The largest inlet after passing Cape Cook is named Quatsino — a paradise for the sportsman. Here large flats extend for miles on the north shore of the Sound — known as Forward Inlet and Winter Harbour — which flats are crowded with waterfowl of all descriptions. From this point westward the characteristics of the country completely change; we lose the heavily-wooded coast-line and precipitous mountain peaks, together with the Douglas fir, and the land is comparatively level and covered with spruce, hemlock and cedar. Quatsino has a splendid harbour, which extends inland for miles, and has long been looked upon as the coming commercial entrepot, and is one of the proposed Pacific termini. Coal is found in the formation here, and the miners are also engaged in the development of metalliferous deposits. In the San Josef Valley land is being surveyed for a Danish colony, an offshoot of the settlement at Cape Scott, where some thirty or forty families are locating and developing agricultural and other resources at that point. As is well known from surveys that have been made, the northern end of the Island is comparatively level and contains considerable good land, particularly suitable for cattle-raising. Rounding Cape Scott, we proceed due easterly along the northern end of Vancouver Island, where extensive deposits of black sand exist, containing more or less of placer gold, which is being mined by various prospectors. Steering an easterly course, you are taken through Goletas Channel, where the placid inland waters are entered and the voyageur again meets the channel used by boats going through Seymour Narrows, northward along the protected and inland waters of British Columbia. FROM VICTORIA TO VANCOUVER. On the inside trip, which is the usual one, the passage from Victoria to Vancouver affords only an inkling of the scenic effects that will be obtained for the next twelve or fourteen days. Leaving the inner harbour, the boat swings out into the Straits of Fuca, and you get the first swell of the ocean, fifty miles to the westward. To the right is passed the historic island of San Juan. To the left Vancouver Island is in view. The Strait of Georgia is crossed at its greatest width. After San Juan is a succession of beautiful low-lying and timbered islands. Midway is Active Pass, always a point of great interest and beauty, and which is now a popu- YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA lar summer resort. Having passed Point Roberts, the mouth of the Fraser River, Point Grey, and through the narrows into Burrard Inlet, Vancouver City is reached in about five hours' easy sailing. Right under the bold, high bluff of Brockton Point promontory were visible for some years the remains of the old Beaver, the first steamer on the Pacific Ocean, which went to pieces on the rocks, and for some time before its final plunge lay the prey of teredo and relic-hunters. UP THE GULF OF GEORGIA. From Vancouver the steamer takes a straight cut of thirty miles across the Strait of Georgia, passing Nanaim.o and Wellington, where the coal mines of Vancouver Island are located. From here for the whole length of Vancouver Island the steamer hugs its shore, and here, too, begins that maze of islands which continues in more or less bewildering profusion as far north as you go, gradually increasing in size and in character from low-lying and heavily timbered to high, bold and rocky. The Strait of Georgia continues about 75 miles. The Mainland shore to the right is indented• with numerous inlets or arms of the sea—'Howe Sound, Jervis Inlet, Toba Inlet, Bute Inlet, and so on — up which, were there time to go, wonderful beauties would be disclosed. There are Indian reservations and logging camps and settlers found all along. Up Jervis Inlet is a quarry of excellent slate. Texada, thirty miles long, low and timbered, with a bold, rocky shore, and traversed by a ridge of rugged trap mountains, is on the Mainland side. It contains important gold, iron, marble, lime and other mineral deposits. To the left are Hornby and Denman, picturesque islands. Over these are seen the mountain ridges of Vancouver Island, the peaks of which here are the highest of the range. Point Holmes, on the left, a bold promontory, is passed. From here to Comox the coast is low and heavily timbered inland, and here lies one of the most important coal measures of Vancouver Island, included in the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway belt. Opposite, in the direction of Desolation Sound, are numerous islands — Hernando, Cortez, Mary, and so on — upon some of which are settlers and logging camps. Over in the distance, on the Mainland, rise up the Cascade Mountains, rangeTafter range. SEYMOUR NARROWS. Now you creep closer to the Vancouver shore and presently enter the celebrated Seymour • Narrows, once in which, by reason of the high bluff shores, you are shut out from the view on either side. The Narrows proper are about 800 yards wide and about a mile and a half long, though Discovery Pass, to which it is the entrance, is about 23 miles long. At flood the tide runs from six to twelve knots an hour, and at ebb from six to eight, the flood and ebb running equal intervals of about six hours each, with about ten minutes still water. Valdez Island, dying at the entrance to Bute Inlet and forming the right shore of this channel, is a finely timbered island, with a number of logging camps on it, and some well-to-do ranchers on the benches back from the shore. The Euclataw or Back Narrows, of almost equal note among navigators, on the other side of the island, are also very rapid, and dangerous as well. It was at this point where it was once proposed to bring the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, through the Yellow Head Pass, down Bute Inlet and connecting with a line of railway to Victoria by bridging Seymour Narrows, the present proposed route of the Canadian Northern. Just before entering the Narrows is a village of Euclataw Indians, once regarded as the worst of all the British Columbia tribes, and said to have been cannibalistic. Passing the mouth of Campbell River, you look up the fine Menzies Valley, and over westward on Vancouver Island are towering snow-clad peaks extending for miles. Sailing by Menzies Bay, you enter the Narrows, already described, which, after an exciting run, widen out into Johnston Straits. Along here, on the Vancouver shore, are some beautiful beaches and snug coves and bays, and on the other side a group of small rocky islands — Helmcken, Hardwick, etc.— on the timbered benches AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION of which is to be found the finest Douglas fir in the province. The famous Bickley Bay logging camp is located on the back channel on Hardwick Island. IN JOHNSTON'S STRAITS. After having rounded Chatham Point the steamer gets in closer and closer to Vancouver Island, and the shores become more and more precipitous. Along Johnston Straits westward you pass the mouth of Salmon River, where there are rapids and overfalls, with heavy sea. The straits widen out to about three miles, and now you are directly between the shores of Vancouver Island and the Mainland, the only place where they directly approach each other. This approximation continues ten or twelve miles, both shores being thickly wooded. On the Mainland side are Blinkinsop Bay and Port Neville. The former is a good harbour, with rocky, picturesque shore. The latter is an inlet seven miles long, up which first-class building granite is found. On the Vancouver shore, which presents a bold, rocky front, is the mouth of Adams River, just opposite which commences Cracroft Island, running twenty miles parallel with our course. At the southeast end of it is Port Hartney, a fine harbour. Myriads of islands, large and small, are to be seen all along the Mainland side as far as Cape Caution, locally known as the Broughton Archipelago. The next point of interest, on your left, is Beaver Cove, which, in addition to being a good harbour, has an excellent milling site. A marble quarry has been located here. Back of Beaver Cove, extending to the great Nimkish Lake, is an extensive valley. Nimkish River, which is the outlet of the lake into Broughton Sound, Nimkish Lake and Kammutseena River, which empties, into it, all afford the finest trout fishing in the province. This district is a veritable sportsman's paradise, now much frequented for big game — elk, deer, panther, etc.— while the scenery is simply enchanting. From this point the centre of the Island is easily accessible. ALERT BAY. Five miles above Beaver Cove we arrive at our first stopping place, Alert Bay, on Cormorant Island, just opposite the mouth of Nimkish River. It is very prettily situated, and is a favourite calling place, both up and down. Here are an Indian village with a population of 150 or so, whites included, a salmon cannery, a sawmill and two stores, an English Church mission and an industrial school. Here the salmon canners have turned their attention to canning clams, which abound in the neighbourhood. The first thing which strikes the tourist's eye on rounding into Alert Bay is the Indian burial ground, on the south point on the right hand entering the bay. It is fantastically decorated with streamers and flags of different colours, and a variety of grave fences and epitaphs. The next thing which particularly attracts a stranger is a fine totem pole, about thirty feet high, beautifully painted and carved, which guards the entrance to the present chief's house. Cormorant Island possesses coal formations. Near it are several rocky islets, upon which discoveries of silver and copper have been made. Farther up is passed Haddington Island, all one quarry of the finest building stone, out of which the stone for the new Parliament "Buildings was taken; and still farther on is Malcolm Island, agriculturally the best piece of land on the coast. At this point on our trip we are beginning to lose the companionship of the Douglas fir, which has been abundantly with us from the outset, finding instead forests of hemlock, spruce, red cedar, cypress, birch and alder, which prevail more or less for the rest of our journey. Opposite Malcolm Island is Port McNeill, boasting a commodious harbour. The country all along here comprises coal measures, which extend for twenty-five miles through to the west coast. Three miles beyond Broughton Straits we enter Queen Charlotte Sound, where the ocean swell is already noticeable; and, skirting the northeast coast of Vancouver Island, we put in at the historic Fort Rupert*, twenty-one miles beyond Alert Bay. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA FORT RUPERT. It consists of the old Hudson's Bay fort, and a large Indian village, situated on a long open beach of shingle and shells, which gives it a white, snowy look. There are no wharf accommodations, and consequently it is only in cases of absolute necessity that steamers call here, in which case communication has to be made with the shore by boat or canoe. On two occasions this huge village has been shelled and laid in ashes by. gunboats sent to demand the surrender of murderers among them. Twenty miles beyond Fort Rupert we enter the Galiano Channel and pass Galiano Island, and into Queen Charlotte Sound; thence through Christie Passage, where for the first time we receive the full sweep of the Pacific Ocean, and sniffjthe salt sea breeze. In the next two hours the steamer has to buffet the long rolling sea from Queen Charlotte Sound, and, heading northwesterly in the direction of Cape Caution, we encounter a low-lying, rocky shore, where are dangerous sunken reefs. Cape Caution is appropriately named, as in its vicinity are innumerable rocks and shoals, requiring great caution on the part of the navigator. This brings us to the entrance to Fitzhugh Sound, and on the right is Rivers Inlet. THE SCENERY ON THE WAY. During the time since starting up the Straits of Georgia we have not omitted to note the scenery, which, though not on so magnificent a scale as that yet to come, has been nevertheless peculiarly charming. It has been one long series of subjects for the artist, in which rare and elusive effects have entered—marine sketches, land and water combinations, here depressed and there bold and broken shores, backed by recurring benches densely timbered, and away over all, far off and high up. have risen majestically the tops of the Coast Range of mountains ridging the entire length of Vancouver Island on one side, and the mighty peaks of the Cascades of the Mainland on the other, giving, on the whole sweep of vision, that indefinable charm which "magnificent distance" alone can lend. Leaving out the few tide rips, which you experience with delight, you have been gliding, not propelled, over water as smooth as glass, and at times your impressions have been dream-like—now weird and solemn, and again exhilarating. Sea fowl innumerable — gulls, ducks, geese and others — have kept you company, and occasionally, sometimes frequently, the attention of the party has been diverted to a spouting whale, or a swarm of porpoise, and even land animals, which are to be seen once in a while from the deck. To Rivers Inlet, our next objective point, we will have covered some 350 or 400 miles, and our promises so far have been more than fulfilled. Now we have entered a distinctly new phase of*our trip. We are going north, with the ocean and scattered islands on the left of us, and the Mainland on the right. Leaving Cape Caution and passing Smith's Inlet, a few miles on we enter Fitzhugh Sound, and steam up Rivers Inlet. This was named Rivers Canal by the great Vancouver. Our friends will have recognised in the names of the islands passed some time ago — Hernando, Cortez, Texada, Valdez, and so on — historic memories of early Spanish explorers, who held the coast for a time conjointly with the British, but, as usual, the christening, which remained, with British ascendancy, was done by Vancouver over a hundred years ago. RIVERS INLET. At the entrance and for several miles 1% miles in width, are steep and Rivers Inlet runs up about thirty miles, up, the sides of the inlet, which is only 1 covered with dense forests of spruce and cedar. At the head of the Inlet the sides mount up abruptly for about 2,000 feet, and are almost bare .fcj&verdure through the action of landslides and avalanches. In this inlet are seven canneries, a sawmill,, and a station, formerly used as a salmon saltery. One peculiarity of the salmon run here is that it never, or very rarely, fails. Rivers Inlet is a strikingly pretty place. We travel from here up Fitzhugh Sound, on the right shore of which is to AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 23 be seen Namu Harbour, where Messrs. Drany and Shotbolt have a cannery, and enter Bentinck Arm, at the head of which are situated the Bella Coola Indians. There is an Indian village here. John Clayton, a trader, and family reside here, and keep a store. He has as well a large stock ranch. There is a large extent of agricultural country here, where a prosperous colony of Norwegians have settled. The Bella Coola Valley affords the easiest and best route into the Chilcotin country. From here you pass into Lama Passage, where the Bella Bella Indians reside. They have a large, beautiful village, with several stores and a resident missionary. This was the old Fort McLaughlin, of Hudson's Bay Company days. Leaving Bella Bella, we sail into Millbank Sound and enter Graham Reach, passing along the inside of Princess Royal Island, which has high, bluff, rocky shores, and thence through various passages we reach the mouth of the great Gardner Inlet. GARDNER INLET. The sail up this discloses the most wonderful scenery on the route. The shores are thousands of feet high, and almost perpendicular, lending a grandeur and im- pressiveness to the scene almost indescribable, while magnificent waterfalls and glaciers are to be seen. Perhaps there is not on the whole western coast of America scenery which quite equals it in its way. Captain Vancouver, who explored this channel over a hundred years ago, described its beauties most graphically. At its head is jsituated the Kitlupe tribe of Indians, after whom the inlet is sometimes called. Almost parallel with Gardner Canal is Douglas Channel, the extension of which is known as Kitimat.Arm. At the head of this arm there is considerable good land, and a pass into the interior. Kitimat Arm is similar in the massiveness and beauty of its scenery to Kitlupe Inlet, but differs in the character of detail. The shores, which are wooded with hemlock, spruce and cedar, are not so abrupt, but are bounded with lofty ranges of mountains running parallel to each other. A BEAUTIFUL LANDSCAPE. Going out of Gardner Canal, we enter Grenville Channel, which is ninety miles long, passing along Pitt Island. Here the scenery is extremely picturesque, with adjacent bare walls of rock and high distant peaks. At Lowe Inlet, off the channel, is an Indian station and a cannery. The general effect of so many mountains rising one above the other renders Grenville Passage one of the most beautiful landscapes on the coast, and is equalled only by Klemtoo Passage. It was omitted to state that on Gribbell Island, at the mouth of Gardner Inlet, is a very fine hot spring. Through Grenville Channel, on Pitt Island, China Hat is passed. This is an Indian village, with the usual missionary and trader. Lowe Inlet is the residence during the fishing season of the Kitkahtla Indians, whose chief was the far-famed Sheiks. Chief Sheiks had a monopoly of the fishing here, and with a seine net in the bay often hauled in from 2,000 to 3,000 salmon a day, for which he got the highest market price. We have already passed Hartley Bay, where there is a sawmill and an Indian village. And now we are at the mouth of the Skeena River, and take Telegraph Passage, passing the well-known Standard cannery. THE SKEENA. The Skeena River, the mouth of which we have entered, is the largest river on the British Columbia coast except the Fraser, and takes its rise several hundreds of miles in New Caledonia, near Babine Lake. It is the route into the gold country of Omineca. The scenery up to Hazelton and beyond is not unlike that of the Fraser, and in some places quite equals it. * Its rugged canyons and fierce rapids require skilful navigation. It is to the Forks of the Skeena where one of the alternative surveys for the Canadian Pacific Railway was run, and here in 1866 the Western Union Telegraph Company reached with a line which was to connect overland, by crossing Behring Straits, with a Siberian line, when the news of the Atlantic cable 24 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA being laid was received, and the scheme was abandoned. We, however, only explore the mouth of the wonderful river as far as Port Essington. In it are located a number of salmon canneries and three sawmills, the timber used being red cedar, cypress, hemlock and spruce. There is an Indian village here and a church. The view from any point here is very fine, and there is a great deal to interest tourists. The shores are heavily wooded, with mountainous background, and potatoes and berries of all kinds are very plentiful. METLAKAHTLA. Leaving the Skeena, we pass out into Chatham Straits, and, rounding the Tsimpsean Peninsula, soon arrive at one of the most noted places on the coast — Metlakahtla, a very prettily situated Indian village, about twelve miles from the Skeena. This at one time used to be a veritable beehive, under the management of Rev. Mr. Duncan, a missionary sent out in the early days by the Church Missionary Society of London, England. He had a sawmill, a woollen mill, a cannery, a brickyard, a boys' home, a girls' home, an industrial school, and many other means of keeping the Indians employed. Later on the Home Society sent out Bishop Ridley (the Bishop of Caledonia) to take charge and look after the Society's interests. This caused a strife between two factions, which arose, some siding with Duncan and others with the Bishop, which ended in Duncan leaving with his adherents for a new settlement some thirty miles above Fort Simpson, called New Metlakahtla. The boys' and girls' homes are still running, and the industrial school is doing good work. Their houses, until lately, were all built in one style — a lofty two-story building, which if divided up would contain about eight or ten rooms — and each one has a nice little garden patch laid out in fruit trees and vegetables, which have been much neglected of late; but nevertheless, gooseberries, raspberries, currants and strawberries thrive here wonderfully. The Church of England, built by Mr. Duncan, i? a beautiful piece of work, and is the largest and most Anglican in appearance in the province. The Indians are very musical, and have a brass band, and in almost every other house is an organ. The church organist is an Indian. Metlakahtla is situated on the great Tsimpsean Peninsula, inhabited by the once mighty Tsimpsean nation of Indians, of whom those at Metlakahtla and Fort Simpson are notable examples. FORT SIMPSON. A few miles farther north, the chief of the Hudson's Bay Company's trading posts, is a populous Indian village, situated on an excellent harbour, which was once also an aspirant as a terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, by way of the Forks of the Skeena. Even here there was an incipient boom in town lots, looking in the direction of another railway. The Hudson's Bay Company have a large store here, where anything can be procured, from a needle to the latest pattern Winchester rifle. There is also a wharf, about a quarter of a mile long, and a warehouse at the extremity. The harbour here affords excellent anchorage at any depth up to thirty fathoms, with good mud and sand bottom. The rise and fall of the tide is from 18 to 20) feet, arid on this account considerable of the shore is dry at low-water tide. The Metlakahtla Indians are first cousins to the Fort Simpsons, with whom they inter-marry. The latter, however, are Methodists. They have a church, two school-houses, a two-story fire hall with a tower, a two-story drill hall, a sash and door factory, a shingle mill worked by water-power, a boys' home, a girls' home, an excellent mission house, and a hospital. They have also an excellent brass band. INTO ALASKA Bidding good-bye to Fort Simpson, we sail past the mouth of the Naas River, where there are several canneries and imposing views, across Chatham Strait, VIEW FROM BAMFIELD CREEK CABLE STATION. THE ALBERNI CANAL. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION around Cape Fox, into Dixon's Entrance, and into Alaska. On the way up we sail "by Tongas Islands, the home of the Tongas Indians. In Tongas is where Mr. Duncan has established his celebrated mission, New Metlakahtla. On the way up we visit Sitka and Juneau, and circle around among numerous channels and enter several noted glacier bays. This is the land of the midnight sun, and a great attraction to American tourists. However, for diversity of scenery, for beauty and for interest, apart from icebergs and glaciers, it contains nothing which will outrival, or, some might even say, compare with the route just passed over, wholly in British Columbia waters and in Canadian territory. Here ends the journey, and the homeward trip is made. CLIMATE. AT OTWITHSTANDING that much has been written about the. climate of j ^ British Columbia, many misconceptions appear to prevail on the subject outside of the province. In some quarters, through confusion with the northwest interior of the Dominion, an impression has been formed that at least to the east of the Coast Range fearful extremes of cold are to be endured by the inhabitants; while in others, through a misapprehension of the reports of travellers, it has been imagined that the climate of the coast resembles that, of the shores of the Mediterranean. In order to acquire a reasonable idea of the true state of the case, let anyone first examine upon a map of Europe that portion of land which lies between the same parallels of latitude and extends over the same area from the Atlantic coast east, and then consider how far conditions which are known to exist there will be modified by local differences on the Pacific. It will be seen that between latitudes 49 degrees and 59 degrees must be included Great Britain, the northeast corner of France, Belgium, Holland, North Germany, Prussia, Denmark, the south of Sweden, the Baltic Provinces, and the coast of Russia to the Gulf of Finland. This tract of country in area and latitude approximately represents British Columbia, and may be considered as a whole to present almost the same climatic conditions. The moderating influences upon the climate immediately <m the coast are due to the presence of the Japan Current, or Gulf Stream of the Pacific, the prevalent moisture-laden winds from the ocean, and to latent heat liberated during the conversion of the moist air to rain upon the western slopes of the Coast Ranges. The higher mountain ranges also prevent to a great extent the overflow of cold northerly winds from the interior, and produces a. humidity most beneficial to the vegetation of the province. The winds are arrested, in a measure, by the Coast Range, creating a dry belt to the east of these mountains; "but the higher currents of air discharge their moisture against the Selkirks, causing the more copious snowfall which distinguishes that range from its neighbour, the Rockies. Thus a series of alternate moist and dry belts are formed throughout the province, which have no parallel on the coast of Europe, where the more broken coast line and absence of lofty mountain ranges, together with the practical nonexistence of an Arctic current, tend to distribute the rainfall over the whole area. It will be easily seen how these belts will be broken and modified in places by the varied elevation of the mountains and the presence of passes such as the Fraser CJanyon. Again, the decrease in elevation of the Rocky and Selkirk ranges as they approach to the north admits a free passage for the winds of the Arctic regions to sweep down over the northern portion of the province, bringing with them a corresponding reduction in temperature in winter or increase in the summer, when the 26 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA long Arctic day admits an accumulation of dry hot air over these regions. Since there is open sea to the north of the European continent, these conditions exist there only in a modified form, although the Baltic Provinces, Poland and Prussia experience very similar effects from the northeast winds. And, lastly, the elevation of the interior plateau is, of course, greatly superior to that of Northern Europe, making an average difference in barometric pressure of some two inches. The general result of the above differences between the two regions is to accentuate the rainfall on the shores of the Pacific Coast and the extremes of temperature in the interior. Where the latter extends in areas of high elevation, these extremes of temperatures will necessarily be more felt; while in the valleys and canyons open to the coast, and well protected from the north, a moi*e mild and equable climate will result. At the same time, there is a greater symmetry in the main features of land and water, the straight coast line and parallel mountain ranges, so the great ocean winds are probably less interfered with by local conditions, and there is a greater regularity of the seasons. It may b.e said, then, that the climate of British Columbia, as a whole, presents all the features which are to be met with in European countries lying within' the temperate zone, the cradle of the greatest nations of the world, and is, therefore, a climate well adapted to the development of the human race under the most favourable conditions. The various local differences alluded to in general terms above, in relation to those causes which produce them, may now be more particularly described. In the valley of the Columbia and throughout the Kootenay Districts, which correspond, as has been seen, with the mountain belt of the Selkirks, the high average altitude renders the air rarified and bracing, the precipitation of moisture being greater on the eastern flank of the Rockies, but falling far below that of the coast. Regular meteorological returns have not hitherto been made from stations in this section of the country, but from observations taken by Lieut.-Col. Baker during some years' residence at Cranbrook, in the Upper Columbia Valley, the following data may be depended upon as fairly accurate : The rainfall averages from 18 to 20 inches per annum, the lesser amount being experienced in East Kootenay, and the snow attains to a depth of from 1 to 3 feet, making a total precipitation of about 20 to 24 inches of moisture, according to locality. The winters extend from December to March, snow not falling, to lie, earlier than the last week in December, as a rule. Navigation on the Upper Columbia closes about the beginning of November; on the Arrow Lakes and Lower Columbia, not till the end of that month; it opens again about the middle of March. The Kootenay Lake does not freeze over. During the winter the thermometer falls at times considerably below zero, and in summer rises as high as 80 or 90 degrees in the shade, the nights being always comparatively cool. The extreme cold is not severely felt, and is of short duration, nor is the summer heat exhausting, as in the interior of the continent. Vegetation is rarely affected by drought, and, although summer frosts occasionally cause damage in swampy localities, their effects are modified by drainage and cultivation. Farther west, throughout the region of the interior plateau, a drier climate prevails, culminating in the bunch-grass country immediately east of the Coast Range. Here luxuriant vegetation is entirely confined to the borders of the lakes and watercourses, while the higher benches and round-topped hills present the characteristic semi-barren appearance of this class of pasture land. The! rain and snow fall is very moderate, total precipitation averaging from 7 to 12 inches according to locality. The winter is confined to S or 10 weeks' frost, when the thermometer falls to zero, and in severe seasons considerably below. The average is not extreme, nor are the cold spells protracted. The summers, like those of Kootenay, are warm during the day, with cool evenings. As the mean elevation is some 1,500 feet, the air of the interior plateau is clear and bracing. South of the Shuswap Lake a climate is experienced typical of the milder and more moist conditions which prevail in the wide depressions once formed by glacial lakes, and which may be said to present a mean between the dryness of the true bunch-grass country and the humidity of the coast. The timber is here plentiful but scattered, vegetation is varied and luxuriant, the rainfall sufficient to obviate the need of irrigation, the winter and summer not appreciably differing from that of Central Europe. In the narrow valleys which traverse the Coast Range a climate is found which once more calls for special remark as presenting features of some interest and peculiar to these situations. At Spence's Bridge, on the Fraser, a characteristic point, a meteorological station has been established for some years and accurate data of this class of climate obtained. Sheltered as these canyons are from the cold northern winds, they admit the warm breezes of the coast, and upon their sides the sun's rays are concentrated with almost tropical intensity. A temperature much warmer than would be expected is the result. No sooner is the Coast Range crossed than an entirely new order of things becomes manifest, indicating a great change in climatic conditions. Vegetation is extraordinarily luxuriant, forests are everywhere, the undergrowth impenetrably dense. The reason of this is at once apparent when it is seen that the rainfall attains to some 70 inches, increasing as you proceed north and come more within the immediate influence of the Japan current to over 100 inches. The winters are shorter and much less severe, nor are the summers so hot as those of the interior; yet, owing to the increased amount of moisture in suspension, extremes, such as they are, make themselves more felt by the inhabitants. Still, no one can call the climate of the coast of British Columbia an unhealthy or uncomfortable one. Equable, sunny and with a singular absence of storms or tempests, the vicissitudes- of fife, so far as they depend upon climate, are perhaps less accentuated here than in most parts of the globe. As was previously stated above in the general account of the climate, the driest point on the coast is seen to be the southeastern extremity of Vancouver Island, which includes Victoria, and is represented by the observations taken at Esquimalt. To speak more generally of the climate in this section, the nights, even in the height of summer, are invariably cool, more so than is ordinarily experienced in England during spells of warm summer weather. The harvest time is rarely unsettled, so that until recently many years had elapsed since damage was incurred in reaping- the crops. Winters occur every now and then during which, from the absence of northerly winds, no perceptible degree of frost is experienced, and geraniums and other delicate plants can be grown in the open air. Such severe weather as is- met with comes usually in short spells during the months of January and February. Local fogs prevail over the water during the early spring and late autumn, chiefly in November when they are sometimes a serious hindrance to navigation. The tides of the coast, between Vancouver Island and the Mainland, as they flow through narrow channels at the northern and southern extremities of the Island (Seymour Narrows and San Juan de Fuca Straits), appear to the casual observer most complicated and too eccentric to be reduced to a fixed scale. From observations obtained for several years, the Dominion Tidal Survey are now publishing- tide tables a year in advance for several of the chief points here. They have proved to be very accurate and of great service to mariners. It is expected tidal predictions will shortly be published for the west coast of Vancouver Island and the more northern coast. The currents and tide-rips which prevail along the islands- of the coast are somewhat perplexing, and require local study. In the northern interior of the province the higher altitude is responsible for a cor- . respondingly severe climate. In Cariboo and through the Chilcotin country the winters- YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA are, for instance, somewhat longer and colder than those experienced in the Okanagan and Columbia valleys. At Barkerville, in the first-named district, the mean January temperature has averaged, for the last four years, 19 degrees, that of April 34 degrees, of July 54 degrees, and October 40 degrees. This, considering the altitude and situation, which corresponds with that of Central Russia, is not extraordinarily severe, indeed is very moderate as compared with the interior of the continent of America far to the south. Note.—The foregoing has been taken from the ve climate contained in an official handbook entitled, and Future Possibilities." :y excellent description of British Columbia "British Columbia, Its Present Resources Not the least. important consideration to the individual seeking a home in a new country is the climatic conditions. Mr. James Lumsden, editorial representative of the Leeds and Yorkshire Mercury, visited Canada in 1902 with the British editorial party, at the invitation of the Dominion Government. A series of articles from his pen were published in the Mercury, from one of which the following extract on the subject of climate is made : — "To farm in British Columbia requires capital, but here farming has many . attractions superior to those of Manitoba. The winter is mild and genial. The citizens of Victoria and Vancouver City would think it a severe winter indeed if there were no roses blooming in their gardens on Christmas Day. The English farmer who acquires land in British Columbia can have all, and more than all, that he has in the finest agricultural counties in England. His house is surrounded by orchards, shrubberies and lawns; he is within easy access of a home market, and everything that he rears is equally remunerative. He obtains splendid prices for all the minor products of his farm—poultry, dairy produce and fruit—and can never rear sufficient to meet the demand. His only trouble is with the native vegetation, the persistent encroachment of which renders it difficult to farm upon a large scale English farmers with a few hundred pounds of capital, who are minded to throw up the anxieties of farming in the Old Country and make a bid for fortune in ■Canada, would be well advised not to settle in Manitoba or the Territories until they have paid a visit to British Columbia, where they would find an equally brilliant prospect of making money, and, to my mind, a more desirable mode of living. It is possible even for those who have little or no capital to make money by farming here, but English farmers are seldom successful in adventures of this description. Along the new lines of railway and the steamboat routes up the lakes you find Swiss and French settlers who burn out an acre or two of timber, start in with a few cows, and toy selling cream, milk and butter push a lucrative trade along the lines of communication. 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So *3 .*» > ci q.^ ci ci d o o © jro © co co -KMOi -t-r^t~CO > 0.0.5 0.0,0.0,5 w © ® ©J?J2 ©i? °JB co 3 ° co ©\2 co co co ©£ 3 © ©£ * 5> ©Jf fc('eftc,0fc&CBftZ;fct,0^O:Bro&^ eo©t^csi©-*<©r^T-iT^g5^Hco©©->*©©iOOOrl<©iO©©©©csi Q 'ft jaQftr^ © :co "-*-t-i- ■IC35CS1 -CO -©»0 .eooor-io©t^>Hioeocccoeo©©©eo©io©©eo©cc©-*ioiOCM 5 <n •e* o © •<* ti* co •* cm © 00 r- eo m © © — - *H©COiHeOCOCSlThT-li-irH"©rH©T-lT eooxo^iioiocNio lacoeocoiieot^pjcsi. ©" eo' © © © cm ■*' H H r-i 3»*3oO'§oSoS'0* 0.5,5 o'©15'©'ft§'© O OftO © CSlrH0O©©r^(MO0©eO©r-II^a th csjr-ieow ^HCM'NNH ."5—'COCDCOOCOCftCDCOi- n©iooeo-*rJioioio©©©©ioiocsicsit^ioo©(N©co©©©© ~t-COCD©l>C©©t- --•©<» to© —icq^jif >» fco fcc 60 i© 2 ^W)bc>>ec>»bBbo>>c«eiDc>o>>M)bX)&Oe W> >. bo c* &o ofi ^^^J^^^^^^S^^^^^^^^^^^^r^^Sol^^Oi r-t-*©Ti'eot^©-*io©-<*Hin®ioe<ieoio©eo©-<*ooo©©-*eooio 03 * S^S o.ft t-co-*©©eo <s 0.0.0.73 •CN© "Ec3 a3 S'S.oS ft"o.oi ftcS'SftS « <S ©©cooocoeo©t~e< Hr. <NCN CSJCM io©©t^©©©©e »G>©f~C5© HrJ S X r>J 3-9 Q.-S Q.CrO-3^7 -©lOcoSMicnoeo-^iOCMeocot- -t(M—'eo©eor-cNi®iO©©-*eocsj eOCMi-ICM(N<NCMr^r-.CS(5MCN «r2 a-S^rd -r» « O „> C--J if! £3 J.S 3 O ogoo 5 ©b .2 « 5 cl 0.^5 c3 2 atfl a §"S^^is^ c t> M 5z; pq d, pcj o o |xi <q ft pq o (h F Q S -4 k 5'S ° s^S YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Monthly and Annual Number of Days of Snowfall at Stations. p 2 d 1 0 < 1 p jj In p. £ 1 0 i 0 % i a Q 1 H Victoria average.. .j 1001 a 10 4 0 11 17 5 4 5 8 4 1 3 5 3 0 6 5 9 5 10 4 4 3 1 4 10 11 12 14 5 *3 4 9 9 4 9 8 2 2 9 9 4 12 6 ii 4 2 | 1 hi o .. i .. • • .. I .. 1 1 '4 IIP 'i "•• "2 2 0 2 0 4 0 10 1 3 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 4 1 3 0 2 0 0 2 1 0 i 4 "2 6 .'6 ii '6 0 '6 2 0 0 0 0 0 11 0 1 2 "i 1 0 1 1 3 0 11 12 3 1 ■ 2 0 5 1 3 1 2 0 5 1 5 2 2 0 *6 1 0 '2 4 '4 8 i "6 0 '6 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 '6 6 5 2 10 10 Westminster, av'ge. 1901 3 4 4 3 8 5 7 3 3 2 5 3 4 3 0 5 4 4 3 4 0 2 1 3 5 1 3 1 4 6 4 5 9 5 5 2 1 1 '9 6 1 5 3 0 9 4 0 2 '8 2 2 3 2 0 8 12 3 1 5 3 4 '3 5 0 3 3 4 '6 *6 3 6 i 4 0 *2 2 1 4 'i 4 *2 '9 0 0 i "&& .. i • • 'i 1 • • •• 15 IX Agassiz, average... 1901 1 3 7 6 2 2 3 2 'i i 'i '2 3 'i 1 *6 1 1 '4 2 2 6 'i 4 '3 '3 1 "i '3 1 1 1 1 • ' i •"•' '2 1 •• • • :: .. .. 2 "•'• 'i 2 '•'• 18 12 Barkerville, av'ge... 1901 62 64 Port Simpson, av'ge 1901 23 14 French Creek, av'ge 1901 14 10 Rivers Inlet, av'ge. 1901 25 10 N. Nicomen, av'ge. 1901 16 9 Matsqui, average.. . 1901 16 Kamloops, average. 1901 26 . Midway, average... 1901 24 15 Carmanah, average. 1901 19 12 Chilliwack, 1901... Ladner, 1901 Bella Coola, 1901. . Tobacco Plains, '01. Kuper Island, 1901. Hazlemere, 1901... Nicola Lake, 1901. Reclamat'n F'm, '01 Nelson, 1901 Quesnel, 1901 Bullion, 1901 Chilcotin, 1901 Okanagan Mis'n, '01 Port Babs, 1901.. . Masset, 1901 Alberni, 1901 Endenby, 1901 Stuart Lake, 1901.. Vancouver, 1901 .. Garry Point, 1901.. Cape Scott, 1901... Revelstoke, 1901.. . Coldstrm R'nch, '01 Clayoquot, 1901 Naas Harbour, '01. Royal Oak, 1901.. . Caulfield, 1901 Goldstr'm Lake, '01 Nanaimo City, 1901 Vancouver, 1901... Cranbrook, 1901... Nanaimo, 1901 .... Duncans, 1901 Saturna Island, '01. Kaslo, 1901 Princeton, 1901 ... Pilot Bay, 1901.... Port Essington, '01 6 '8 17 10 24 26 io 50 i9 33 "9 io 22 33 12 5 ii 32 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION Meteorological Stations in British Columbia reporting during the year 1901, with their Latitude, Longitude, and Height above Sea Level when known. OBSERVER. Latitude N. Height in Feet. Victoria New Westminster Agassiz Exp.'Farm... Barkerville Port Simpson French Creek Kuper Island Rivers Inlet Hazlemere North Nicomen Matsqui Prairie.. ... . Kamloops Midway . . •. Carmanah Chilliwack Ladner Rossland Bella Coola Tobacco Plains Nicola Lake Reclamation Farm. ... Nelson Quesnel Bullion Chilcotin Okanagan Mission.... Pilot Bay Port Bobs Masset Alberni Enderby Stuart Lake Vancouver Garry Point Cape Scott Revelstoke Coldstream Ranch Clayoquot Naas Hafbonr Port Essington Langley 1 Royal Oak (Victoria). Cauffields Goldstream Lake Nanaimo (City) Vancouver Cranbrook Nanaimo Duncan Saturna Island Spence's Bridge E. Baynes Reed 48 21 Hugh Wilson 49 13 T. A. Sharpe.. ...... 49 14 James Stone 53 2 Miss M. W. O'Neill. J 54 34 W. H. Lee, B. A.... 49 20 Rev. R. J. Roberts... 48 58 S. Grant 51 39 H. T. Thrift 49 3 J. F. Harris 49 12 W. S. Maher '. 49 7 C. S. Stevens 50 41 R. Gardorh 49 0 W. P. Daykin 48 38 Mrs. W. H. DeWolf. 49 10 A. DeR. Taylor 49 5 A. W. Dyer 49 6 H. B. Christensen. ... 52 20 Michael Phillipps 49 1 Edwin Dolley ,\ 50 9 William Henderson.. 49 20 C. St. Banbe 49 29 A. Bowron 52 59 H. B. Ferguson 52 45 M. G. Drummond... 52 2 F. E. R. Woolaston. 49 52 D. H. Riddell ,\ 49 39 B. W. Leeson I 50 32 C. Harrison 53 38 S. R. S. Bayne 49 15 G. R. Lawes 50 32 H. A. E. Greenwood 54 28 J. T. Brown »\ 49 17 William McColl 49 21 N. C. Nelson J 50 48 W.B. McKechnie, M.D 51 0 R. H. Helmer 50 14 Rev. R. Maurus.... 49 11 L. A. Chambers 54 56 Rev. D. Jennings.... 54 9 G. Simpson 49 5 D. Lehman 48 24 Leonard Frolander... 49 21 G. R. Crook 48 27 M. Bray 49 10 F. T. Underbill, M. D.. 49 17 James Gill I 49 30 Henry L. Good 49 10 E. F. Clarke | 43 45 James Mair 48 47 J- A. Teit 50 23 I 123 19 122 54 121 31 121 35 130 26 124 36 123 38 127 19 122 43 122 22 122 16 120 29 118 46 124 47 121 57 123 4 117 40 126 54 115 5 120 39 117 50 117 21 122 30 121 55 122 40 119 29 116 55 128 3 132 9 124 49 119 7 124 12 123 5 123 17 128 27 118 6 119 15 125 47 129 56 129 55 122 32 123 19 123 16 123 33 123 57 123 5 115 50 123 57 123 42 123 12 121 20 85 330 52 4180 26 59 1193 1800 130 21 3400 150 2300 2120 1700 217 30 300 1180 1800 195 1476 1246 40 40 14 770 C. S. 1 U.S. I. I. II. III. I. II. II. II. I. II. I. I. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. il. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. II. III. III. III. III. III. III. III. Ill II. I. s. II. II. II. Chief Station—Observations registered continuously day and night. First Class—Observations of pressure, temperatures, extremes, rain, snow and weather, three- times daily. Second Glass—observations of temperature, extremes, rain, snow and weather daily. Third Class—Observations of rain, snow and weather daily. Sunshine 'Stations, at which the duration of bright sunshine is registered daily. csj •"'aH k" • - • *»* •*-! • r-" • 4; •<*• . .ci •_. •Mu-,--rl,03aI*20ci w • 'gHf> ^rigrt^rifirl *rH^Hg,H5H^Hc|H^S \S ** ? eg 8 S g go* g« o 5t ?? r! h 33 t» ^ *; £ ~ p. 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Vancouver Island, in the Pacific Ocean, occupies somewhat the same position in relation to the American continent that Great Britain, in the Atlantic, does to Europe; lying between nearly the same parallels of latitude. The climate, as in all other parts of British Columbia, varies much with the geographical features of the country. The annual rainfall along the exposed western coast of the island is very great, generally exceeding 100 i»'cb.es, but in the more eastern districts it is less than half that amount. May to September is usually a comparatively dry period, while copious rains fall between September and March. The mean monthly and mean annual temperatures correspond very closely with those found in parts of England; the summers are quite as long, and severe frost scarcely ever occurs. Crossing the Strait of Georgia to the Mainland and considering the country south of the Canadian Pacific Railway, we are still in latitudes corresponding to . the southern half of England. We here find a warm summer, and a winter increas- ' ing in severity as we ascend the Fraser Valley and reach higher levels. At Agassiz, on the Lower Fraser, about 70 miles from Vancouver, is situated one of the Dominion experimental farms; the average mean temperature of January at this place is 33 degrees, and of July 64 degrees, with a daily range of ten degrees in the former month and 26 degrees in thelatter; the lowest temperature on record is —13 degrees, and the highest 97 degrees. Frosts seldom occur in May, and there is no record of any during the summer months. The annual rainfall is 67 inches, 66 per cent, of which falls between October 1st and March 31st. This shows very~ approximately the climate of the Lower Fraser Valley. To the eastward of the Coast Range in the Yale and West Kootenay districts the climate is distinctly different; the summers are warmer and the winters are colder, and the rainfall rather scant; bright, dry weather is the rule. The cold of winter is, however, scarcely ever severe, and the hottest days of summer are rendered pleasant from the fact that the air is dry and the nights are cool. In this region March is distinctly a spring month, and the temperature of April corresponds very closely with that of the same month in England. Grapes and peaches thrive, and tobacco is a crop which is yearly proving a greater success. In the mountainous region of East Kootenay the winters are colder again, but even here the summers are warmer and the winters not as cold as in St. Petersburg. A few facts regarding the climate of the "Golden" Klondike may, perhaps, be acceptable to some persons. Its geographical position is as follows : Yukon Territory has nearly the shape of a right-angled triangle, of Which the base is an arc of the 60th parallel, the perpendicular an are of the 141st meridian, and the hypothenuse the Rocky Mountains. To reach the Klondike the traveller now lands at Skagway, on the Pacific Coast, crosses the Coast Range of mountains toy railway, passing through superb scenery, and then has a trip of 430 miles by steamer down, the Yukon River. The distance from Toronto to Dawson City is 2,700 miles as the crow flies. A somewhat broken series of observations at Dawson and various other places in Yukon Territory between 1895 and 1898, and a continuous series at Dawson during the past three years, afford data for estimating with a fair degree of accuracy the average climatic conditions of the Klondike. The average annual mean temperature is about 22 degrees; the mean of the three summer months is about 57 degrees, July being 61 degrees; and of the three winter months, —16 degrees, with January —23 degrees. Spring may be said to open towards the end of April, the last zero temperature of the winter usually occurring about the 5th of that month. May, with an average temperature of 44 degrees, i& by no means an unpleasant month, and the 27th is the average date of the last frost of spring. Daily observations during five summers indicate that, on the average, the temperature rises to 70 degrees or higher on 46 days, and to 80 degrees or higher on 14 days; 90 degrees was recorded in Dawson in June, 1899, and 95 degrees in July of the AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 47 same year. These temperatures, with much bright sunshine and an absence of frost during three months, together with the long days of a latitude within a few degrees of the Arctic Circle, amply account for the success so far achieved by market gardeners near Dawson in growing a large variety of garden produce, including lettuce, radish, catobage, cauliflower and potatoes, and warrant the belief that the hardier cereals might possibly toe a successful crop, both in parts of the Yjikon Territory and the far northern districts of the MacKenzie Basin. August 23rd would appear to be the average date of the first autumnal frost, the temperature rapidly declining towards the close of that month. Although night frosts are not infrequent in September, the month as a whole is mild, with a mean temperature of 42 degrees. October may be fairly termed a winter month, the mean temperature being but 22.5 degrees; and the first zero of the winter is recorded on the average about the 18th. Ice/usually begins to run in the Yukon about the second week of October, but it is not until quite the end of the month, or early in November, that the river is frozen fast. The temperature on the average during a winter falls to 02 degrees below zero or lower on 72 days, to 40 degrees below or lower on 21 days, to 50 degrees belo/w or lower on 7 days, and to 60 degrees below or lower on 2 days. In January, 1896, 65 degrees Ibelow zero was registered at Fort Constantine; and in January, 1901, —68 degrees was recorded at Dawson. HON. J. D. PRENTICE, Minister of-Agiieulture. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA SEASONAL NOTES, 1901. KUPER ISLAND—February 8th, blue grouse hooting; April 8th, apple trees in blossom; July 31st, not enough of rain for gardens; September 30th, white frost; December 11th, thin ice. MASSETT—February 12th, heavy gale, two shocks of earthquake; February 25th, robins seen; March 1st, fruit bushes budding; 20th, daisies in bloom; April 28th, swallows seen; May 29th, two shocks of earthquake 5 a. m.; July 15th, haymaking begins. S^^8 PORT BOBS—February Hth, salmonberries in blossom; December 3rd, first light frost. TOBACCO PLAINS—March 10th, geese seen; 11th, larks arrive; 12th, wild flowers in bloom; 14th, robins arrive; 15th, plowing begins; 16th, bluebirds; May 4th, cut rhubarb; 12th, cherries in blossom; 13th, apples; June 6th, snow low down on mountain; July 5th, grain heading out; 11th, hay harvest on; 18th, digging potatoes; August 27th, ^grain nearly all in; October 6th, geese going south; 31st, sweet peas and hardy flowers in bloom. NORTH NICOMEN—January 1.1th, chinook, snow melting rapidly; March 13th, bats seen; 15th, bluebirds; 16th, bird cherries in bloom; 20th, salmonberries in bloom; 29th, dandelions in bloom; May 8th, apples in flower; 9th, corn planting; 10th, swallows; 11th, humming birds; 16th, white clover in flower; 25th, red clover in flower; 30tih, salmonberries ripe; September 5th, swallows last seen; 22nd, first snow on mountains; November 18th, maples bare of leaveh; 30th, cattle out and fields green; December 5th, first ice. COLDSTREAM LAKE—March 22nd to 30th, wet snow every day. PORT ESSINGTON—January unusually mild; March 15th, most of the deciduous trees and shrubs beginning to bud. HAZLEMERE—April 19th, plum, cherry and pear trees in bloom; 28th, apple trees in bloom. ALBERNI—January 13th, warm chinook; 20th, robins back; March 2nd, frogs croaking; 4th, skunk cabbage in blossom; 7th, peach blossoms out; 31st, dyletra in flower; April 6th, trillium and ribas in flower; 7th, salmonberries in flower; 11th, wild plums in flower; 12th, humming birds; 13th, swallows; 14th, dogtooth violets; 19th, Oregon grapes; 25th, cherries in blossom; 27th, sowed oats; 29th, sowed barley; May 6th, early potatoes frozen; 8th, apples and pears in blossom; 15th, wild cherries in blossom; July 13th, blackberries ripe; 13th, black cherries ripe; August 14th, cut peas and oats; 22nd, cut barley; 26th, cut wheat-, September 1st, French prunes ripe; 7th, peaches ripe; 10th, tomatoes 'ripe; 23rd, gathered onions; October 7th, ploughing; December 7th, geese flying south. CLAYOQUOT—January 17th, rose bushes sprout; 31st, maples budding; April 10th, geese going north; 21st, heavy hail storm; June 23rd, cutting roses. OKANAGAN MISSION—April 1st, wild gooseberry; 2nd, robins; 6th, swallows; 28th, cherry and plum blossoms. CHILCOTIN—March 9tih, chinook; 10th, crows arrive; 12th, spring birds come; 14th, ploughing. PRINCETON—April 9th, blackbirds; June 15th, leaves of tender plants touched by frost; July 12th, squash leaves and potatoes cut down; September 16th, every tender plant cut down. BULLION—February 12th, chinook wind. AGRICULTURE. AS at the present time there are perhaps more enquiries for farm lands in British Columbia than ever before in its history, it is the intention in this chapter to give all the information available respecting not only farm lands themselves, but respecting the conditions which affect agriculture in its every phase. For this purpose the author has drawn from a variety of sources, official and otherwise, as will be seen by what follows : The Department of Agriculture has from time to time published a valuable compendium of information, dealing more or less in detail with particular districts, and it has been deemed advisable to adapt as much as possible of this report. The information, having been supplied by correspondents of the Department, residents of, and familiar with, the respective districts and localities described, may be regarded as authentic. The latest report published was in 1901, and deals largely with returns and conditions of the year 1900, but for practical purposes these are sufficiently up to date. The year 1900, however, was in many respects exceptional, and does not fairly represent average crop yields. In the first place, there was a cutworm plague that year, which extended throughout the province. Much damage was done, particularly to vegetables. On the Mainland, too, the continued and unusually wet weather which prevailed for a long season was most unfavourable to fruit and grain. The latter was badly harvested and did not properly mature, while in the case of fruit fungus diseases were very prevalent. Owing to the cost and great labour involved, these reports have not been issued regularly, and an effort has been made in this instance to present in condensed form the substance of what is valuable contained therein. To properly understand the report in this form, some explanations are necessary to supply a number of hiatus. GRAIN. In the interior, where there are no milling facilities — as is the case in most parts — wheat, though sufficiently hard for the purpose, is only grown for chicken feed, and, therefore, sale is limited to a restricted local market. Only in the Okanagan is milling carried on on a large commercial scale. On the coast, as it is too soft for milling, wheat is altogether grown for feed. Owing to the lack of malting establishments in the province, barley, although it can be grown everywhere successfully, is marketed or used for feeding exclusively. Oats is everywhere grown for market, and the home consumption is large. The quality is almost invariably high, and oats grown in British Columbia, and manufactured into oatmeal and rolled oats, produce the finest brands of these popular foods to be found on the market anywhere. LIVE STOCK, In many instances the fact that sheep are not raised, or only to a limited extent, in the interior, is not an evidence of unsuitability of the conntry for such industry. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA On the contrary, the country is generally well suited for sheep-raising; but several important considerations must be taken into account. In the first place, from the fact that there are no woollen factories in the province, there is no local market — in fact, no market at all — and there is, therefore, a large factor of waste. In the second place, throughout the southern interior the coyotes are very destructive, and it has been found extremely difficult to rid the country of this pest. And what is very important, too, in this connection, where cattle range cattlemen have very strong objections to sheep running; and as cattle are much the more profitable, sheep are excluded. When woollen mills are in operation, particularly as the price of mutton is always good and the quality of our mutton is the best, undoubtedly measures will be devised to overcome these disabilities. It may be stated here parenthetically that there seems to be a favourable opportunity for undertaking the manufacture of woollen goods in this province. There is a large market for woollen fabrics of all kinds, especially blankets, and by the importation of cheap Australian wools it would be possible to utilize the native product by mixing the two. On the coast of the Mainland, the lowlands, on account of the heavy rainfall in the winter season, are wet and develop foot-rot; and the higher grounds are too heavily wooded to afford, suitable runs for .sheep until more clearing is done. The islands between the island of Vancouver and the Mainland are best adapted for the industry, but even here the industry is not carried on to the extent which is possible, as both on the islands- and the southern part of the island of Vancouver the flocks are subject to the depredations of wild beasts, although that trouble is yearly growing less. With a market for wool, increased attention would be paid to the industry. HORSES. For many years the raising of horses in the interior was unprofitable, owing to over-production and the great predominance of the cayuse strain in the horses. The cayuse, when properly broken, is a very hardy and useful animal, and invaluable for the uses to which he has been put; but the instinct to revert is strong, and when in bands on the range they soon degenerate to the wild horse of nature. By prolific breeding they have become a curse to the country, against which all attempts of preventive legislation have been futile. Owing, however, first to the demand created by the Klondike excitement, and later on to the scarcity in other parts, the result of the South African war, horses have materially increased in value, and the market for good serviceable animals has greatly improved. The interior especially is well adapted for their breeding. DAIRYING, POULTRY - RAISING, ETC. Those who are familiar with the conditions that obtain in stock-raising countries will understand how it is that dairying has not made greater progress in the Upper Country. The two are distinct, and milk and butter are usually scarce commodities in a grazing district. As pointed out by Mr. Palmer in a subsequent part of this chapter, new conditions are arising through the introduction and cultivation of alfalfa, whereby it is possible to grow feed extensively for stock; and with the demand for dairy products and the great- improvements that are being made in that respect, the dairying industry will be stimulated so as to in time overshadow stock- raising for beef purposes in that country. So, too, although there has always been a good market for eggs and poultry throughout the interior, under old conditions the poultry industry has been neglected. Farmers, with large ranches chiefly devoted to stock-raising, yielding fair profits and a comparatively easy life, despised or were disinclined to engage in those branches of the industry of farming which demand a more or less exacting attention to details to render them a success. That was a most natural condition of affairs, and is usual in stock-raising districts everywhere. Similar remarks apply to the raising of" hogs, fruit-growing and other departments of farm life in which success is possible.. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION The tendency, as is elsewhere explained, is now to break up the large holdings, and with smaller allotments and settlers familiar with the economies of mixed farming, the latter, wherever conditions are favourable, will be carried on and yearly expanded. Attention has been paid in some localities and at various times to the subjects of the sugar-beet, tobacco and flax growing; but economic conditions do not—at the present time at least—favour the development of these industries, even though the natural conditions are favourable. The opportunities in already established lines of production and the demand for the standard crops are so great that the necessity or incentive to engage in them does not sufficiently exist. Hop-growing must be excepted from that category. With a steady market to rely upon, no crop would be more profitable, and certainly no part of the world can grow better hops or more to the acre. Cranberry cultivation is another industry for which the province offers inducements. On the west coast of Vancouver Island some of the settlers have undertaken it in a small way, and so far are pleased with the results. THE LARGER PROBLEMS. Drainage and dyking are two enterprises that have received a good deal of governmental as well as individual attention, and the latter, especially in Westminster District, has been undertaken on a large and expensive scale. Two other matters which have of late been the subject of considerable discussion are the clearing of land and the irrigation of lands in the dry belts of the province. Conditions are such that, as a rule, the capital required to bring the available unoccupied land fit for cultivation into use is beyond the resources of private individuals — at least of the great majority of those who are interested in making it useful and earning a livelihood thereby. This difficulty has suggested the advisability of formulating a scheme of governmental assistance, whereby large tracts could be dealt with so as to embrace a number of smaller interests in one system, as has been done in dyking and drainage in British Columbia and elsewhere, and, with respect to irrigation, in many parts of the United States. Whether it should be undertaken on purely government lines or by combined capitalistic efforts, or by the co-operation of government and private enterprise, is a question which need not be discussed here; but the necessity of undertaking it in one of these forms obviously exists. In the Okanagan and Kamloops districts a beginning has been made on company lines with success, and it is contended that what has been and can be done by private enterprise for private profit can be more successfully undertaken in the public interests by the government as purely government work. This one important fact stands out as the controlling factor in the situation — and that is that the rush to the West for land, and the increasing number of inquiries that are received from all parts of this continent and from Great Britain, reflect the world-wide want for homes. The climate and soil of British Columbia, added to its many natural attractions as a place of residence, as inducements to settlers are becoming widely known and understood. It is significant that very many of the inquiries come from Manitoba and the Northwest, where there are millions of acres of free land, or cheap lands, of the most fertile character. As a matter of fact, the present increase of farming population in British Columbia has largely percolated through that country, and in the Okanagan from $50 to $100 per acre for land is being paid by them. Such settlers represent a class who have sold out in the Northwest to new-comers and sought a niilder climate to spend the remainder of their days. They are persons, many of them, who have, in Ontario and other parts of Canada, had previous experience in fruit-growing and other branches of agriculture for which this province is particularly well adapted. The present inrush to the Northwest will materially increase the number who will seek the Pacific Coast in the future. We will not only be enabled to secure the overflow, but; a selection of the best and most successful farmers of that country, with sufficient capital to ensure their successful YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA establishment here. This depends entirely upon their ability to secure suitable lands in the province. There is, therefore, not a question as to where we shall obtain settlers, but rather where we can place them. Under such circumstances the risk of disposing of lands that may be made amenable to settlement by a comprehensive system of betterment as the result of organized effort of some kind, is reduced to the lowest possible minimum. It, in fact, does not exist. On the other hand, the peopling of the Northwest, the opening up of markets in the Orient, and the increase of local industries arising out of our natural resources, place the possibility of disposing profitably of all the agricultural foodstuffs we can grow forever out of the question. The topography and climatic conditions seem to lend themselves to a natural division of the province into three distinct divisions : — The Upper Mainland — Being all that portion to the eastward of the Coast Range of Mountains, and including within its limits the large cattle ranges and what is known, owing to the small precipitation, as the Dry Belt. The Lower Mainland — Being all that portion on the sea coast to the westward of the Coast Range, and including within its boundaries the rich delta lands of the Fraser. This part of the country is generally heavily wooded with forests of magnificent timber, and is the most humid portion of the province. The Islands — Being all that portion including Vancouver Island and the islands adjacent thereto. This portion of the province partakes somewhat of the characteristics of the two other divisions, and resembles the first part in the distribution of the flora and its lessened precipitation. UPPER MAINLAND. BOUNDARY. THE Boundary District forms the extreme southern part of the District of Yale. In it are four distinct mineral basins—that around Christina Lake on the east, that adjacent to the north fork of Kettle River, of Boundary Creek, and that of the main Kettle River, with Rock Creek and other tributaries. The whole area covers a distance of about 40 miles east and west, and extends about 50 miles northwards. The southern boundary is the international frontier. The topography of the district, while it offers a considerable diversity, is not very different from that of all the great interior plateaux of British Columbia. Whilst mountainous, its highest points seldom exceed 5,000 feet, Kettle River being about 1,700 feet above sea level. Most of the hills are forested to their very summits with a variety of coniferous trees. The eastern, southern and western slopes are open, and afford a prolific growth of bunch-grass, and along the valleys are many ranches which are especially adapted to diversified farming, with the aid of irrigation. The climate is an ideal one, with no extremes of heat or cold. The snowfall in the valley is light. Spring opens early. The summers are pleasant and not excessively hot, the temperature always declining at sundown. The Boundary is famous for its bracing atmosphere, and has been described by Dr. Bryce in his "Climates of Canada" as the ideal national sanitarium. Grand Forks is situated in the centre of an extensive valley, the extreme length of which (in Canada) is not less than 20 miles, and the average width 3y2 miles. This represents an area of over 45,000 acres of splendid loamy soil, admirably adapted for general farming and fruit-raising. Apples, peaches, pears, plums and prunes here attain perfection. The small fruits also thrive, strawberries bearing AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION the first season. The apples grown in the valley captured the highest awards at the Spokane Fruit Fair. An exhibit was sent to the recent World's Fair at Paris, France. Vegetables also yield prolific crops. Small fruit and vegetable farms derive large profits, as close proximity to an increasing mining market gives the producer an advantage over outside competitors who have to pay railway rates. Of late there has been a tendency to cut up farms into tracts of 20 or 30 acres each, to be devoted to fruit and vegetable raising. The prices for cleared lands, near Grand Forks, average about $50 per acre. A good crop^ can be raised the first season. One general farmer had a crop this past season that yielded a total income of about $10,000. The major portion of the revenue was derived from the sale of fruits. There is an unlimited demand for all these products in the Boundary country, and this is especially so of the various mining camps. Throughout the district there is a good supply of timber, such as pine, fir, cedar and tamarack, and this stretches all the way up to the headwaters of the North Fork, assuring an unlimited supply for years to come. In this neighbourhood are superior clay beds for the making of brick and tiles, besides lime and building stone quarries. Only oats are produced to any extent; ruling price, $30 per ton. Potatoes are raised in considerable quantities; ruling price, $20 per ton. Timothy is grown for hay; fetches $25 per ton. Wild grasses grow luxuriantly on the hills, and give excellent pasture for animals. Labourers — Whites, $2.50 per day. Mr. R. Sidley, Sidley. reports : This is an agricultural settlement situated on the mountain between Osoyoos Lake and Rock Creek. The altitude (3,500 feet) is too high to be an ideal farming region, but the rich soil and the high prices obtained for what is raised have made the settlers prosperous and contented. The land is fairly level, being park-like in appearance, and a horse can be ridden all through the timber. The open land has been all taken up, but there is a large quantity of timbered Government lands still vacant. The air is very dry and bracing, and sickness is unknown. There are no roads, except through the United States. The market is the various mining camps around. Average yield of oats was 40 bushels per acre last year; average price was 2 cents per pound on the ranch. Beardless and common barley is produced; average yield, 30 bushels. Potatoes produce about 20O bushels to the acre; 1% cents per pound. Timothy does well; produces 1 ton to the acre, and the price was $20 per ton on the ranch. SIMILKAMEEN. In- which is included White Lake, Keremeos, Princeton, Granite Creek and Otter Creek. White Lake is situated on an elevated plateau on the road between Keremeos and Penticton. The country is open, with patches of brush along the water-courses and depressions, which are easily cleared. The land is of excellent quality, and yields all the usual crops. Keremeos is a settlement in the valley of the Similkameen River, considerably below the altitude of White Lake; probably about 1,000 feet above the level of the sea, White Lake being possibly 500 or 600 feet higher. A good waggon road, leading to Osoyoos, the mines in the Boundary country and Penticton, is the only means of communication at the present time. Princeton is about 40 miles higher up the Similkameen River than Keremeos, in a northwesterly direction, at the confluence of Granite Creek, into which Otter Creek empties some 12 miles above. It is reaehed by a trail from Keremeos and Hope,. and by a waggon road from Nicola. Owing to lack of transportation facilities, many things that can be produced at Keremeos, and in the valley of the Similkameen generally, to the greatest perfection and in large quantities, are now quite neglected. Mr. E. Bullock-Webster says of this section: Very little grain grown in the valley; cheaper to buy flour than to raise wheat. Roots and vegetables reach per-I 54 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA fection on the rich, black lands of the valley; carrots, onions and parsnips do well on the sandy benches. Red clover and timothy are the chief hay grasses. Indian corn grows well, but is not used for forage. The valley is, above everything, a fruit country, and will in time be the first in British Columbia. The benches are entirely free from summer frosts. Apples, pears, plums, apricots, cherries, peaches, strawberries and all small fruits — with irrigation — are a grand crop a©d of good flavour. Grapes are not planted as they should be; in fact, very -little attention has been paid to fruit. At present the valley is entirely devoted to cattle raising in a rough and ready way; but in the future, when better methods are adopted, the valley .should produce a large amount of butter. Portions of the hillsides and mountains are very steep, but the tops are covered with bunch-grass and winter grass; the bottom is rye grass, which stands up through the snow and makes good winter forage. Hiram Inglee reports : Apples are successful; there was a good yield of good apples in the two local orchards. Plums give splendid yields of good quality. Peaches also do well. Small fruits of exceptional quality. Horned cattle is a profitable industry, the ranges being exceptionally good. Sheep would certainly pay well if it were not for coyotes. Very suitable country, however, except for winter feed, which would have to be provided in the neighbouring valleys. Irrigation must be resorted to on the bench lands to insure good crops, but there is not much easily available water for the purpose. No valuable timber. Small Douglas fir and red jpine. Chiefly bunch-grass ranges. Wild horses are a pest. Labour — Very little demand. Whites, chiefly miners, $3.50 per day; Chinese -cooks at $30 to $60 per month. Indians won't work if they can do without, and they all have land and cattle. Stock-raising is at the present time the prevailing industry, but on account of the lack of irrigation and railway communication, the agricultural capabilities of the country are restricted to the narrowest limits. The whole country from Spence's Bridge and from Kamloops to Princeton and the valleys of the Similkameen and Tulameen rivers are splendidly adapted for fruit-growing, especially in the way of apples, which require a more vigorous climate than ours to produce the best texture; and, to a greater or less extent, to the growing of peaches, grapes, melons and tomatoes, which the Coast districts cannot produce successfully on account of the lack of summer heat and the cool nights. All the land suitable for agriculture or pastoral purposes in the Nicola and •Similkameen countries has been taken up and is being held for future development. Including the Kettle River country, Midway and Rock Creek, Keremeos and Osoyoos, the Nicola Valley, etc., the districts immediately tributary to a railway route amount in the aggregate to 350,000 acres. Of this amount about 250,000 is .prairie and meadow land, but of the whole amount only about 15,000 acres is under cultivation. .A It is scarcely necessary to refer to the character of the climate which is characteristic of the whole of the interior of Southern British Columbia — that is to say, ■dry and warm in summer, with light snowfall and light, clear winters, though not -cold in the extreme except for about two or three weeks each year; a climate that is bracing and healthful, without the objections to be urged against the sweep of prairies in the Northwest. It is also a country beautiful and park-like in appearance, varied by lake and river effects, with rare opportunities for sport, such a country as would be attractive and rapidly filled up with population were there a comprehensive system of irrigation carried out and railway facilities provided. I have not referred to the extensive "coal deposits that exist in the neighbourhood •of Kamloops, in the Nicola country, throughout the Similkameen Valley, and, it is -supposed, in the Kettle River country. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 55 These coals would never find a market on the coast in competition with the Vancouver Island mines, but would create an immense industry in supplying the smelters of the interior and the demands of the mineral industry south of the line. There are also, of course, metalliferous deposits throughout the whole district, which, however, have not yet been exploited in the same way as they have been in the Kootenay and Boundary districts, where communication has been provided to cheapen facilities of transport and to render development possible and probable. The district, taken as a whole, I think contains the maximum of possibilities in British Columbia, apart from the Coast fine. OKANAGAN LAKE, In which is included Okanagan Mission, Penticton, Trout Lake, Peachland and the various ranehes and settlements on the shores of that fine sheet of water, some 90 miles long. The general altitude ranges from 1,150 at the lake to 1,400 at the highest points under cultivation. Penticton is the end of navigation for the steamers plying on the lake. Trout Creek is eight miles to the northward, on the west side of the lake. Peachland is a ' few miles higher up the lake, and thence northward all the way up is admirably adapted for fruit-growing. The settlers are somewhat scattered, owing to the abrupt . nature of the shores, which do not permit of ranching everywhere nor at a distance from the lake. Communication is maintained by steamers, which ply on the lake, there being no road on the western side excep't between Penticton and Trout Creek. On the east side, about half way up the lake, is Okanagan Mission, of which Kelowna is the chief place and shipping point. An excellent waggon road connects this place with Vernon, the practical terminus of the Shuswap & Okanagan Railroad; this, with the steamer service on the lake, gives it access to all points. Okanagan Mission Valley is one of the most fertile and beautiful in the province, and is capable of producing crops and fruit belonging to the temperate, as well as many of those to the sub-tropical zones. Large quantities of produce are shipped out from this •section to all parts of the province, a large proportion going to the Kootenay mining region. Tobacco of an excellent quality is produced and manufactured into cigars at a factory in Kelowna. Mr. A. H. Crichton reports : Some wheat is produced, the price of which is from $18 to $25 per ton. Oats, of which a large quantity is produced, fetch from $20 to $30 per ton. A good deal of fall rye is grown successfully for hay, on the lands where water is not available; price, about $20 per ton. All root crops are successfully grown, especially potatoes. Timothy hay is the principal crop grown for sale; averages about three tons to the acre on irrigated land; prices rule up to $12.50 per ton. Clover, especially, grows well here. Early Indian corn does well. Fruit is successfully grown. Apples yield well- and fetch about 75c. per box. Plums and cherries are good. Peaches and apricots do well if flowers escape early frost. Dairying—A few private dairies are successful with local trade, but lack of facilities for shipping any distance prevents co-operative creameries. Irrigation is necessary and is carried on to a considerable extent. Lots of water for present purposes. All Government land that is any good is pre-empted; nothing but wild range land left. Improved farms sell for from $20 to $100 and $200 per acre. Mr. W. Smythe Parker, Penticton, says: Nickel Plate Camp and Princeton will, ere long, prove to possess immense mineral wealth, and with the present opening up of waggon roads and railways will have good markets close at hand for all farming products. The soils within these districts are extremely rich where water can be obtained, and grow almost anything. Climate unsurpassed; scenery grand; and is also a health resort. There is abundance of fish and game. Fruit-growing - will surpass anything in British Columbia if attention is bestowed upon it. Stock- raising is at present the principal industry. The same rewards await all industrious 56 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA and enterprising settlers for mixed farming, etc. I should consider that there are upwards of 200 people engaged' altogether in ranching, fruit-growing and mixed farminjr. Alex. McLennan, west side of Okanagan Lake, opposite Kelowna, says: This section of the country is badly broken up. What agricultural land there is of any account is held by Indians. There are two reserves within three miles of each other, with about 20 Indians, all told, on both of them. They cultivate altogether about 20 acres, and this part of the district will never amount to much until those reserves are opened up for settlement. There are, I suppose, between 200 and 300 acres under cultivation by whites, mostly in small patches. Nearly any part of it is well adapted for fruit or grain and vegetables. . There are 15 pre-emptions taken up, and the population, all told, big and small, 73 white. The principal grasses are timothy and red clover. Timothy would-go from 1%- to 2 tons per acre; clover would about double that, or from 3 to 4 tons per acre. Price in the fall was $10 per ton, delivered at C. P. R. wharf. Number of acres under hay would be about $100. Plums and prunes do well. Small fruits do well. Prices : Currants, 2 cents per pound; raspberries, from 10 to 12 cents; and strawberries, from 10 to 15 cents. The supply of horses here has been greater than the ; demand for some time. A fine sheep country if it were not for coyotes. Irrigation is required here everywhere, and land is of no use without it. There is quite a lot of land that could be cultivated if water could be got on to it. The principal timber trees in this section are pine and fir, with cottonwood growing on low land. Timber is very easily got, and useful for lumber. There is Government land to be had here, dry bench land. I don't know of any improved land for sale. Labour — Whites, plenty; wages from $20 to $40 per month. Chinese, plenty; wages from $15 to $25. Japanese, not many yet. Indians, plenty; wages about the same as Chinese. OKANAGAN. Under this is included the Commonage, White and Creighton Valleys, Mabel and Sugar Lakes, Priest Valley and Spallumcheen. This section may fairly be called the garden of the Upper Country, embracing as it does such a large and varied area of territory adapted to all conditions of husbandry and to the production of anything that can be expected to be grown in these latitudes. A branch line of the Canadian Pacific Railway runs through the district, connecting with the main line at Sicamous. The principal town is Vernon, beautifully situated at the head of Okanagan Lake, and whence good waggon roads radiate to all parts of the district. Steamers connect it also with all points on the lake. Armstrong and Enderby are two other towns on the line of railway north of Vernon —14 and 23 miles respectively. Each of these places has flour and saw mills, the flour mill at Armstrong being a co-operative concern owned by the people of the district, and is supplied with good up-to-date machinery. That of Enderby has the largest capacity and is provided with all the latest improvements. About five miles from Vernon, on the White Valley road, is the Coldstream Ranch, owned by Lord Aberdeen. It is well situated for general farming, with good soil and an abundant supply of water for irrigation purposes. Under the able superintendence of Mr. Ricardo this farm has been greatly improved, and forms a good object lesson. Unquestionably the best apples in the province are produced in this section of the country, including all points on the lake. Hops are also produced in large quantities by irrigation. The road in this direction connects with Mabel and Sugar Lakes, the headwaters of the Spallumcheen River, also with Creighton valley, and a cattle trail with Fire Valley and Killarney, on the Lower Arrow Lake. Two good waggon roads lead from Vernon to Armstrong and Enderby, and another from the latter place to Salmon Arm, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Spallumcheen River flows past Enderby into the Shuswap Lake at Sicamous, and is navigable for stern-wheel steamers. A great EXHIBITION BUILDINGS AT NEW WESTMINSTER. VICTORIA AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION BUILDINGS. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION portion of the country is open, some of it lightly wooded and some of it rather heavily wooded for this part of the country; the principal trees being Douglas fir and larch on the higher parts, and yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) on the lower levels, intermixed in all cases with a good deal of birch and poplar. The land is all highly fertile, requiring irrigation in that part in the vicinity of Vernon. The necessity for irrigation for the successful production of crops is, however, not as general as was formerly believed — this belief having been somewhat dispelled by the operations of the settlers who took up land on what is known as the Commonage, .an extensive tract lying to the south of Vernon, between Okanagan and Long Lakes, and which in view of the absence of water for irrigation purposes, was not considered worth taking up by the early settlers. By judicious farming and putting in early fall crops it has been found that a great deal of the land can be successfully utilised for the production of cereals and roots. In the Spallumcheen Valley and the Salmon River Valley east — that is, in the vicinity of Armstrong and Enderby — irrigation is not necessary, the precipitation being sufficient. The lands lying contiguous to the Spallumcheen River, all the way to Mara, a station on the line of railway north of Enderby, are eminently well suited for dairying. The general altitude runs from 1,150 feet (the lake level) to perhaps 1,500 at the highest points under cultivation. Mr. Donald Graham, Armstrong, reports : The Spallumcheen Valley extends practically from the head of Okanagan Lake, in the south, to the Mara and Shuswap Lakes, to the north, a distance of over 40 miles, and averaging through its entire length between three and four miles in width. To the eastward the agricultural lands run right up to the foot of a high and somewhat rugged mountain, being only broken midway, near Enderby, by the entrance into the valley of the Spallumcheen River. To the westward, however, the country is more of a rolling nature, a large portion of the land being available for agricultural purposes. The whole valley is extremely fertile, the soil being a clay loam, ranging from somewhat light to clays of the heaviest kind, most of it, however, with several inches of black loam on the surface. The rolling and higher land to the westward is mostly a sandy loam, the chief area of which is the Salmon River Valley and land in the immediate vicinity. This land is very productive, and although possibly no^ averaging as high in wheat returns, for vegetables and small fruits particularly it is better adapted than the heavier lands adjoining. *V?,f?" Until now, wheat production has been the chief dependence of the farmers, the returns being very high, averaging nearly 30 bushels per acre. This has always been easily disposed of, there being three flour mills in the Okanagan — one each at Enderby, Vernon and Armstrong — the price for wheat being about 69 cents per bushel. The flour manufactured has deservedly a high reputation in British Columbia, the wheat raised being chiefly Red Fife and Fall Fife, from which the best flours are made. With the development of the Kootenay mines, however, conditions are changing very fast; potatoes, hay and vegetables of all descriptions are being produced in ever-increasing quantities, and bid fair in a very short time to foree wheat-production into a secondary position. Dairying and fruit-raising are also coming to the front, so that mixed farming is likely soon to supplant the straight wheat industry. Of fruit, apples, plums, prunes and pears and all small fruits yield abundantly and of the best quality. On Okanagan Lake, peaches, apricots, cherries and grapes do well, possibly on account of the warm sub-soil, although it must also be said that the climatic conditions vary in the most unaccountable manner within a very few miles, a change from sleigh to waggon not being uncommon in a 12 or 15 mile winter journey. The climate generally, may be described as a very fine one, although we sometimes have exceptionally hot days in summer and extremely cold ones in winter. The winter temperature for four months would not, however, average over ten degrees of frost, with from a foot to a foot and a half of 58 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA snow. Going southward to the Okanagan Lake and along its shores, both frost and snow decrease, until the latter becomes a very uncertain quantity on the lower levels. The cost of living, machinery, wages, transportation, etc., is high. Were it not for that, the position of the farmers would be an ideal one. However, those conditions are slowly and gradually changing. There is very little Government land of any value to be obtained throughout the Okanagan now, the lands being all settled upon and improved to a greater or less degree. There is plenty of unimproved land, which can still be bought at from $3 to $10 per acre. Improved lands are held at from $40 to as high as $100 per acre, according to quality and locality. Game in past years has been very plentiful, and is still fairly so: grouse and prairie chicken, geese and ducks on the lakes and meadows. Deer are still fairly plentiful, although requiring more hunting to obtain than formerly. In fact, it may be called a hunter's paradise, as a ten days' hunting in the mountains can bring one in contact with caribou, mountain goat, mountain sheep, grizzly, black bear and panther, and wolves also. The latter four, however, are wary and very hard to get at Of spring and fall wheat combined, possibly about 5,000 tons; about 6,000 acres under wheat. Average of oats, about 1,000 pounds per acre; about 1,500 acres under oats; price, $20 to $25 per ton. The acreage under root crops is increasing greatly, and will receive a good deal of attention in the future; potatoes fetch about $10 per ton. Numberless varieties of apples grown successfully; ruling price, $1 per box. Pears and plums do well, but not cherries. Small fruits do well, especially on the higher lands. There has been an over-production of horses in the past; the trade has been improving somewhat; prices higher, but only local demand. Swine production is one of our chief industries; price, 5% cents per pound on foot, during past seas6n. Labourers are to be had at $30 per month. F. Appleton, Enderby, says : Wheat is largely grown, and is profitable; price is about 60 cents per bushel. Oats are grown, the average price being $20 per ton. Mixed grasses and clover do well, and make better hay and pasture for dairy stock; price for baled timothy was $12 per ton. Small fruits produce abundantly. Cattle do well; milch cows bring from $45 to $60 each; beef cattle, about 5 cents per pound. Sheep are only kept on a very limited scale. Coyotes are troublesome. Prices, 5 cents per pound live weight, 7 cents for wool. Horses are fetching a fair price. Swine production is not general; price, 5% cents, live weight. Poultry production pays well; eggs average 25 cents per dozen, fowls 10 to 12% cents per pound. Some Government lands up Mabel Lake Valley; farms can be bought for from $5 per acre up to $40. Labour—Whites, $25 to $80 per month and board. Chinese, only cooks employed; Indians, during harvest, get from $1.25 to $1.50 per day. SHUSWAP LAKE. In which is included Craigellachie, Sicamous, Salmon Arm, Notch Hill and Tappen Siding, including all that portion of the country between Craigellachie and Shuswap, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railroad. This section is peculiar, in that it is all wooded more or less heavily, and that the precipitation is ample for agricultural purposes. Craigellachie is in the valley of Eagle River, which flows into the Shuswap Lake at Sicamous, and is on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is on the foothills of the Gold Range, sixteen miles to the east of Sicamous. The valley is fairly wide, but heavily timbered. Altitude, 1,223 feet. Sicamous is situated'at the head of the Shuswap Lake, where the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway joins the main line, sixteen miles west of Craigellachie. There is some farming done in a small way about Craigellachie, but none at Sicamous, although there is bottom land at the latter place which could be utilised if cleared. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 59 Salmon Arm is a settlement in the valley of the Salmon River where it debouches into the Salmon Arm of Shuswap Lake, nineteen miles to the northwest of Sicamous. The Canadian Pacific Railway runs through the settlement, and a waggon road connects it with Spallumcheen. All kinds of grain, except corn, are produced. Wheat growing is profitable for home use, but not otherwise. Timothy and red clover mixed give the best result for fodder, and seem well adapted to the place and climate. The district is especially adapted for the production of fruits and for dairying, and on account of its favourable shipping facilities, both east and west, large quantities of small fruits, vegetables and milk are sent to the markets along the line. The altitude at the station, which is nearly at the level of the lake, is 1,152 feet. Besides the railroad, this part of the country has water communication via the lake and Thompson River with all points as far as Savona in one direction, and up the Spallumcheen River as far as Enderby in the other. Tappen Siding is seven miles west of Salmon Arm, and at about the same altitude. Notch Hill is ten miles further on, at an altitude of 1,687 feet, it being on the height of land between Tappen Siding and Shuswap. This district is quite thickly wooded. Mr. W. F. Smith, Tappen Siding, says : Only oats and peas grown in any quantity, and cut green for hay. Potatoes do well; yield, about 6 tons per acre; ruling price in 1900, $10 to $12 per ton. Hay and grasses, ruling prices $U2 per ton. Others principally for home use in feeding stock. Labour—Whites, $30 per month; Chinese, $20; Indians, $20. THOMPSON RIVER VALLEY. Including Shuswap, Ducks, Grand Prairie, Kamloops, Campbell Creek, 'Cherry Creek, North Thompson, and Tranquille. Shuswap is westward from Notch Hill 15 miles, and is lower by 541 feet, with a drier climate and an open country. Communication east and west by rail and water. Mr. J. P. Shaw, Shuswap, reports : Wheat has not been grown in large quantities in the past; favourable for milling wheat; price, from $20 to $25 per ton. Considerable quantity of oats produced. Potatoes are grown in considerable quantities; price, from $10 to $15 per ton. Timothy, Red and Alsike clove* are grown; crop averaged 2 or 2% tons per acre; sold in stack at $10 per ton. All common varieties of apples grow to perfection; price last fall was about 3 cents per pound. Pears do well; price, 5 cents per pound. Plums and primes also, and small fruits successful- Beef steers are worth $40 and cows $30; profitable and large industry. Horses here are poor property. Sheep-raising is very little engaged in, though small bands are profitable; sell from $5 to $8 dressed; wool, 8 to 12 cents. Very few hogs are raised; hogs on foot are worth 5 cents per pound. Poultry-racing is not entered into; price of fowls $6, and eggs average 25 cents per dozen. Irrigation is necessary, and is carried on to a large extent. Labour — Whites, $1.25 to $1.50 per day, or $30 to $85 per month; with board; Chinese, $15 to $25 per month, with board; Japanese, $15 to $20 per month, with board; Indians, $1 to $1.25 per day. Indians plentiful; Japanese and Chinese not resident, and if wanted have to be procured from the eities. Ducks and Grand Prairie, the former being on the Thompson River and the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 16 miles below Shuswap, and the latter about 14 miles to the southeast, on the waggon road to Spallumcheen. The altitude of Ducks is 1,148 feet, with a considerable rise towards Grand Prairie. The soil is generally a light sandy loam near the river, and of a heavier nature towards Grand Prairie; productive when water is available, but which is not always the case, especially near the river. Timber is fairly abundant on the hillsides. Cereals and root crops produce well. Fruit will no doubt do well in parts. 60 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Many cattle and horses are produced, the former almost entirely for beef, little or no dairying being done. Sheep-raising is not prosecuted to any extent. Swine are produced in greater quantities than probably in any other part of the province, and are found to be very profitable. An excellent country for poultry. Mr. V. D. Curry, Campbell Creek, writes : Wheat, principally for chicken feed at home and for the local market; average production, 30 bushels per acre. Oats are largely grown; yield, 40 bushels per acre. Root crops are all grown to great perfection. Hay and grasses are grown, and produce about 1 ton of hay per acre; price, about $12 per ton. Indian corn can be successfully grown in some parts of this district. All hardy varieties of apples very good; ruling price, 2Y2 cents per pound. Pears, plums and cherries attain great perfection in all parts of the district, and peaches and apricots in some parts. Small fruits very productive, and prices good. Private dairying is very profitable in this country. The production of horned cattle is successful. Prices are 3% and 4 cents on foot for beef; good milch cows, $40 and $50 per head of ordinary stock. The .district is suitable for sheep, and the industry is carried on to some extent with profit. Prices range from 12 cents to 15 cents per pound. Horses have been profitable. Horses weighing 1,500 pounds and upwards fetch $100 and upwards. Swine production is prosecuted systematically; pigs on foot sell for 6 to 7 cents. Poultry-raising is very remunerative, but not taken up systematically; prices, 30 cents per dozen for eggs, $4 per dozen for cockerels. Irrigation is necessary, and is carried on to a considerable extent. The supply of water could be materially increased by conserving it, and many thousands of acres brought into cultivation. The cost of ordinary irrigation ditches is about $500 per mile; water has been pumped by steam, etc. Mr. J. F. Smith, North Thompson and Louis Creek, says : That which is known as the Louis Creek section comprises an extensive area of excellent agricultural land, admirably adapted to mixed farming and stock-raising. The soil along the river front is mostly of a rich sandy loam, in certain parts a heavy clay. This section begins practically from a point known as the "Fish Trap," and includes the Adams Lake Valley, the Louis Creek Valley, and extends and includes the North Thompson Valley. The initial point of Louis Creek is at the confluence of that creek with the North Thompson River, a distance of 36 miles from Kamloops. There is a good waggon road from Kamloops to and beyond that point, and the river is navigable for a considerable distance beyond. Good fishing is had on both Louis Creek and the Barrier River, four miles beyond. The district has a promising future, in consequence of its vast resources, as it abounds in mineral. There are large deposits of excellent bituminous coal and a large area of excellent land, which will 'furnish homes for hundreds of families, and to which the attention of incoming settlers will surely be directed. This section is worthy of the attention of the Government. Wheat — None of it raised for milling, but is applied chiefly to fattening hogs and for chicken feed. The average yield was about % of a ton to the acre; a ready market is had in Kamloops, the ruling price being from $20 to $26 per ton. Oats — In places such as Adams Lake, and at certain points in the Louis Creek and Dixon Creek valleys, the growth is very rank, sometimes causing the grain to lodge. The yield at these points is from 1,800 to 2,000 pounds to the acre. The gleneral average yield in the district is about 1,500 pounds to the acre. Ruling I price, $20 to $30 per ton. Beans are successfully grown as a field crop. Potatoes yield from 6 to 8 tons to the! acre; prices range from $10 to $15 per ton. Indian corn is successfully grown. Very little attention so far has been given to fruitgrowing. Small fruits of every kind do well. Strawberries and raspberries are. exceptionally luscious. Cattle-raising is practically the only paying branch con- AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION nected with the agricultural industry in this section. Each settler is aiming to increase his herd; 1,500 head of cattle in the district at present. Irrigation is carried on to some extent, but in many years crops are raised without irrigation. Nearly all the occupied land has sufficient water for present use. The principal trees in this section are fir, bull pine, jack pine, birch, cottonwood, poplar, willow, spruce, cedar, hemlock and balsam. There is over 50,000 acres of excellent arable land that is available for pre-emption in this section. It is outside of the railroad belt, and is all good bottom land on both sides of the North Thompson River, lightly timbered with some fir, poplar, cottonwood, willows and such like, extending for 80 miles up the river. Labourers can be obtained — Whites from $25 to $35; Chinese, $35 per month; and Indians, $1.50 per day. NICOLA, In which is included Upper, Central and Lower Nicola, is a fine pastoral country, with extensive valleys of good land for general agriculture. A waggon road, some 110 miles in length, having its termini at Spence's Bridge and Kamloops, gives access to the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Douglas Lake Cattle Company and the British Columbia Cattle Company have extensive cattle ranges in this section, •where a large number of beef cattle are produced for the Coast markets. General crops of grain, grasses and roots are successfully produced with irrigation, the soil being very productive, and available water is to be had in most parts. Large fruits are not generally successful, but are produced in some favoured spots, such as Quilchena, on Nicola Lake. The altitude of the lake is variously given at from 1,920 to 2,120 feet, that of Spence's Bridge being 996 feet, and of Kamloops 1,158 feet. Mr. Thomas Bulman, Upper Nicola, Stump Lake, reports : Wheat is only raised for hog and chicken feed. Production is about 28 bushels per acre, first- class for milling; ruling price, $25 per ton. Potatoes are very successfully grown; ruling price, $10 per ton. Timothy, large Red Clover, Alsike and Sanfoin are the principal grasses; about two tons to the acre; prices ruling, $5 to $10 per ton. The production of beef cattle is profitable; price of beef cattle, 3% cents per pound; milch cows, $45 per head. The horse industry is looking up, and is on a little better basis here now. Sheep-raising is carried on to a small extent, and pays very well; ruling prices are $3.50 for lambs, $5 to $7 per head for ewes and wethers. There is no land available for pre-emption suitable for farming. Improved farms can be bought at $4 to $5 per acre — good paying investments. Labour— Whites, $25 to $30 per month; Chinese and Japanese, $20 per month. We get plenty of help of any class. Mr. John Clapperton, Central Nicola, says : The village of Nicola Lake, at which point the Provincial Government Office is located, is about the centre of the division. It is situate by waggon road from Spence's Bridge, C. P. R. station, 50 miles; from Kamloops, 60 miles; Princeton, $70 miles. A bi-weekly mail service between Kamloops and Spence's Bridge, through the whole Nicola Valley, exists; a weekly mail service between Nicola Lake and Princeton. Telephonic communication between Lower Nicola and Kamloops is present, and much valued by the people. Railway transit through the division is expected ere long. Wheat is now very little grown in the district. Flour of best quality can be brought into the valley and sold as cheaply as that made from local wheat; prices were $1.25 to $1.50 per 100 pounds, mostly for poultry-feeding. Oats —Crop of 1900 averaged between 40 and 50 bushels per acre. Last spring oats were worth $2 per 100 lbs.; present price, on the farm, $1.25 per 100 lbs. Potatoes are only grown for home use. From 1% to 3 tons of cured hay per acre is about the annual 62 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA yield from irrigated meadows. Plums and cherries do well in places, and small fruits of all kinds do splendidly. Very little butter made. Stock breeding and feeding is the main industry of the division. Horse-breeding has not been a profitable pursuit of late years. Some two or three farmers breed and feed pigs for the Coast consumption. Cultivation in this) division has been so far limited. All lands under irrigation yield good returns. Everything that requires cultivation must on all plains or bench lands be irrigated. Most ranches' are fairly supplied with water. Very little crown land in this division open to pre-emption; all taken up years ago that was worth locating. Mountain pasturage is $1 per acre; arable land that can be irrigated, $2.50 per acre; wild meadow, $5 per acre. Labourers — Whites, $1.25 to $1.50 per day, with board; Chinese, $1; Japanese, $1; Indians, $1, $1.25 and $1.50. Mr. H. S. Cleasby, Lower Nicola, writes : This district forms part of the well-known Nicola Valley, being, in fact, the lower end of that fertile trough in British Columbia's sea of mountains. The valley, as a rule, is not more than three- quarters of a mile wide, through Which the Nicola River meanders with many a turn and twist. In what is locally known as the Forks, being the land at the junction of the Nicola and Coldwater rivers, is a triangle of level land, containing about 1,000 acres of very fertile land. The alluvial soil along the banks of the rivers, originally covered with a heavy growth of poplars, willows and alders, is, when cleared,., very productive, producing immense crops of hay and grain. The bench lands, when sufficient water can be procured, are capable of growing almost anything which can be produced in the temperate zone. The principal industry is cattle-raising. Some cattle are winter-fed for the spring market, affording an outlet for surplus hay. There is a local market with teamsters and the neighbouring mining camps of Aspen Grove, Granite Creek and Similkameen, for a certain amount of grain and garden produce. The population is scattered. There is one school at Lower Nicola. Fish abound in the rivers and streams, and there is no lack of shooting in the proper season. Wheat is not much grown, owing to lack of mining facilities; average yield, 1,500 pounds; prices, $30 for new and $35 for old. Oats — Average yield, 1,500 pounds per acre; price up to September 1, $45 per ton, new crop $25 per ton. Barley not much grown; yield, about 2,000 pounds per acre; price, $25 per ton. Peas yield 2,000 pounds per acre; price, $25 per ton. Potatoes yield 6 to 7 tons per acre; price, $10 to $15 per ton. Only the hardiest varieties of apples are a success here; prices low, 2% cents. Pears, a precarious crop. Plums the same. Cherries do well. Small fruits do splendidly. Some parties on outlying places milk several cows. In the Nicola Valley itself pasturage is too scarce and scant. The principal industry, and at present in a thriving condition, is cattle, because of high prices; fat steers, 3% cents per pound, live weight, $40 per head; fat cows, 3 cents per pound, live weight, $30 per head. Horses profitable if good ones are bred; not an over-production of good horses. Pigs on foot are worth 5% to 0% cents per pound. Irrigation is necessary in most cases; in this district there is an abundance of water. The timber trees are: Yellow pine, dry lands; fir, damp and rocky lands; poplar, semi-damp lands; cottonwood, alder, black and silver birch, damp lands; black pine, dry mountains; water spruce, wet mountains. No Government land left worth taking up; no railway lands. Improved farms, from $10 per acre up. Labour—Whites, $25 to $30 per monh, good men; Chinese, $15 to $25, summer months; Indians, $1 to $1.50 per day. Indians in the preponderance; supply about equal to the demand; slight scarcity sometimes for a few weeks in harvest time. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 63 LOWER THOMPSON RIVER VALLEY, •Including Ashcroft, Spence's Bridge, Lytton and Savona. This district may truly be said to be unexcelled for the production of fruit of nearly all kinds; and although peaches have not, owing to the peculiarity of the climate, been a perfect success, I have no doubt that certain kinds, and in certain locations, may yet be successfully cultivated. With cheap freight rates and its proximity to the Coast markets, this district would be able to supply all the tomatoes, grapes, melons and similar products that are consumed, to the exclusion of the California fruits. Timber is not abundant on the lower lands; there is, however, a sufficiency for farming purposes and fuel. On the hills, however, there is an ample supply. The principal timber trees are bull or yellow pine, Douglas fir and poplar. The valleys in this district are mostly between 700 and 2,500 feet above the sea level. The tops of the surrounding mountains are mostly from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea. The district may be said to consist of round or sloping mountains, intersected by numerous narrow valleys of different altitudes, and containing more or less agricultural land. Small lakes and creeks are numerous in some parts. The mountains and valleys, up to an elevation of almost 2,000 feet, are covered principally with sagebrush, greasewood, wormwood, cactus, considerable bunchgrass in some places, and scattering yellow pine trees. Above 2,000 feet the mountain sides and valleys are almost everywhere covered with grass and scattering timber, pine and fir, the latter seldom very thick. Along the water-courses there is often a little brush, and many poplar and birch trees, seldom of large size. The country is nowhere thickly timbered. Lytton is a small town situated at the confluence of the Thompson and Fraser Rivers. The ranches are situated in the valley of the Fraser, on both sides of the river, and are reached, those on the eastern side by road and bridge across the Thompson, and those on the west by ferry. The altitude of the railway station is 687 feet, whilst the river is fully 100 feet lower. Spence's Bridge, on the Thompson River, 22 miles above Lytton; altitude, 996 feet at the C. P. R. Station. Like the rest of this district, it is a famous section for fruit, but there is more land here for general crops and for pasture. The Nicola River empties into the Thompson at this point, and the waggon road to Nicola and Kamloops follows its valley. Ashcroft is the point on the Canadian Pacific Railway at which the Cariboo waggon road takes its departure. It is situated on the Thompson River, about 26 miles above Spence's Bridge. The country around it, which includes Cache Creek, is generally open, with rolling hills, fairly well supplied with water for irrigation! but the channels of the large rivers are so deeply cut as to render the water unavailable. The altitude of Ashcroft is 996 feet (C. P. R.), whilst that of Ashcroft Farm (Cornwall's), three miles distant, on the other or northern side of the river, is placed at 1,508 by Captain Parsons, R. E. The latter probably represents the altitude, approximately, of most of the ranches about here. Savonas is at the foot of Kamloops Lake, on the Thompson, 22 miles above Ashcroft. The country is open, with some scattered pine trees. The rolling hills afford good pasturage, for which purpose it is best adapted. Irrigation is necessary throughout all this region for the production of crops. Hon. C. F. Cornwall, formerly Lieutenant-Governor of the province, says : In this neighbourhood 40 bushels of either wheat or barlej per acre is, in my experience, but an average crop, where the land is properly treated. Oats may run from 60 to 100 bushels. Hay, as may be supposed, with irrigation will yield enormously, especially so the clovers, Alfalfa or Lucerne, and Sanfoin ; while the ordinary fruits of all kinds, with but little practised attention in the way of treatment, are splendid alike in appearance and productiveness, and in quality. Vegetables of all sorts flourish, 64 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA and tomatoes, melons, grapes, cucumbers, etc., ripen readily. Thus the land of this neighbourhood, owing to the rich quality of its disintegrated soils and climatic influences, is richly productive where water can be brought on to it. Amusement and relaxation from work is by no means wanting. There is splendid trout-fishing in the Thompson, extending over a long season; three-pound fish are by no means uncommon, while heavier weights are continually recorded. Bright, strong fish, they afford wonderful sport in the heavy waters of the river. Many streams and lakes in the neighbourhood are also full of trout that rise well. There are still many big mule deer in the district and some mountain sheep, but winged game is scarcer than it should be. There is a very pleasant climate for camping out through the summer and autumn. Horse flesh is very cheap, and the animals can be cheaply kept, so what with the open country and numerous roads and trails, it is well suited to eauestrian exercise. There is room for dozens of camping parties, who would be sure of a certain sufficiency of sport, and who would be captivated by the scenic beauty of the-localities they would reach in the hills, mountains and higher levels of the country. Merely a local sale for fruit, and, therefore, difficult to quote fixed prices. Cherries do well. On the low benches on the Thompson River peaches succeed very well and yield heavily, the fruit being delicious. The crop of apricots is more uncertain. Grapes are grown very successfully on the lower benches of the river. Although nowhere can better wheat be grown than in this neighbourhood, yet at the price paid by millers no one will grow it. Everybody grows some oats; average yield, 70 bushels per acre. On one farm I know the yield, and have seen of weighed grain 100 bushels per acre.all around ! Prices from $25 to $30 per ton. Barley only grown in small quantities; average price, $80 per ton. Chinamen alone grow beans, and. they produce them in considerable quantities; at present they are worth 2^ cents per pound — higher than usual. Many different varieties of potatoes are grown; average yield in 1900, 400 bushels per acre; prices varied from ;$10 to $13 per ton. The potatoes grown in this neighbourhood have deservedly earned a provincial reputation. Some 65 carloads (say 3,000,000 lbs.) were shipped by C. P. R. in October; value, $17,250, or thereabouts. Good stable hay is worth $15 per ton. Small fruits of all sorts yield abundantly. Nothing done in dairying, except for private use. The breeding of cattle is. the industry of this district. The price of beef cattle has been high this year. There has been a great demand for fat stock, and the average price has been 3% to 3% cents per pound, live weight. Sheep thrive well in this district, but are kept by but few people, and only in small numbers. Poultry is not taken up with much system; average price of eggs, 25 cents a dozen; of chickens for food, $5 to $6 per dozen. Bees are successfully kept in certain instances. Labour — Whites, very scarce; wages, $25 to $40 per month. Chinese, $20 to $25 per month, or $1 per day; Japanese, $20 to $25 per month, or $1 per day; Indians, $20 to $25 per month, or $1 per day; $1.25 in hay or harvest time. Labour for temporary purposes is hard to obtain. There are now more Chinese and Indians available than of any other class. J. A. Teit, Spence's Bridge, says : Soil is mostly a sandy loam, but in some places consists of clay sub-soil, in some places gravel and in others clay. The yield of apples was large; price, about $1 per 40-lb. box. Other fruits yielded well, and all succeed. Grapes grow well. All varieties of small fruits grown; strawberries do not do so well as the others. Beef, about 8c. per pound; milk cows, about $35 to $40. Timber — In the lowest parts of the district — in dry places, yellow pine; along streams, etc., maple and cottonwood. In the lower mountains — in dry places, fir and juniper; in damp places, cottonwood, alder, maple and willow. In the higher AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION mountains —In dry places, black pine and nut pine; in wet places, spruce, willow, etc. CARIBOO WAGGON ROAD, Including all points, between Ashcroft and Quesnel, the principal of which are Clinton, Bridge Creek, Lac la Hache, Williams Lake, Soda Creek and Alexandria. All of these points are connected by stage — three times a week — with Ashcroft, the point of connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway. Clinton is situated 32 miles from Ashcroft, at the point at which the Lillooet and Big Bar roads leave the main waggon road. Mr. F. W. Foster, Clinton, writes : In Clinton Valley wheat cannot be raised •as a reliable crop suitable for milling; as a general crop, only feed for horses and cattle is raised, such as oats, barley, timothy, clover, Sanfoin, red>-top, beets, potatoes, carrots, and the general run of hardy vegetables. The average yield of oats is 1,500 pounds to the acre; ruling prices, $38 to $40 per ton. At 3,000 feet apples freeze out; going out of this valley to the lower ones, such as Bonaparte and Fraser, they do well, at altitudes of say 700 to 1,000 feet lower than Clinton. This may also be said of other large fruits. Small fruits yield well. The nearest place to Clinton Valley for dairying is Lac la Hache. They have no creamery as yet; private farmers produce a good deal of butter, which is readily bought up. We lack vegetable mould; our soils are moraine, the remnants of the glacial period; but by irrigation and average seasons we raise fair crops. Irrigation is necessary through the whole district. Land is more plentiful than the water to irrigate with, unless at immense expense. Labour—Whites, from $25 to $35 on farms; Chinese, $25; Japanese, none; Indians, $25 to $30 per month. Bridge Creek and Lac la Hache, the former about 85 miles from Ashcroft, and the latter 100 miles. The road, shortly after leaving Clinton, enters what is known as the green timber, an elevated plateau covered with pine trees, mostly of stunted growth, with here and there small ponds and swamps, all highly impregnated with alkali. With few » exceptions, the country is indescribably dreary and generally worthless. .One of these exceptions is the 70-Mile House, kept by William Boyd, who has a good dairy farm. At Bridge Creek the road descends into the valley of that stream, and thence along.Lac la Hache, and the character of the country changes, for the better. Timber is plentiful everywhere for all purposes of the ranchers, and of water there is no lack for purposes of irrigation. Barley, oats, rye and hay give good returns, and are extensively cultivated to supply local demands. Root crops are also good, but large fruits are not grown. Cattle are produced in large numbers for beef and dairying. The latter industry, for which this part is well adapted, has some attention paid to it here, and a considerable quantity of butter is produced. A good many horses are reared, and a few sheep and pigs. Quite an extent of good land lies in the vicinity of Williams Lake, 150-Mile House and Chimney Creek. A road leads from the 150-Mile House, on the Cariboo waggon road, past Williams Lake to the mouth of Chimney Creek, on the Fraser River, at which point there is a good ferry, and by swimming horses access is had to Chilcotin. Another road, which branches off at Williams Lake, leads down the Fraser past the Spring House Ranch to Alkali Lake. The country along this road is very beautiful, but on account of the altitude, which is from 1,750 to 3,500 feet, practically nothing is raised with the exception of hay, stock- raising being exclusively carried on. About Williams Lake, however, all the ordinary roots and cereals are grown, and a good market is always obtained at the Cariboo mines. 66 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Soda Creek and Alexandria lie along the Fraser River and the Cariboo waggon road. The valley of the Fraser, above Soda Creek, widens out considerably, so that the ranches are much nearer the level of the river than they are lower down. Most of the ranches are on the eastern side of the river, on the Cariboo waggon road, some of them very fine ones, where extensive and profitable operations are carried on. On the western side, above Alexandria, are also sonse large and fertile farms, including that of Mr. Adams, upon which very heavy crops of cereals are grown. The former is 165 miles and the latter 185 miles from Ashcroft. Mr. P. C. Dunlevy, Soda Creek, says : The timber is mostly fir, with some cottonwood. The soil is sandy, clay loam; the ranches are mostly on the benches along the Fraser River. There is considerable faU. wheat raised; the yield in 1900 was about 45 bushels per acre; the ruling price is about 2' cents per pound. Oats yield about 60 bushels to the acre; the average price was 2% cents per pound. Potatoes succeed well, and produce about 500 bushels per acre. Onions, about 300 bushels per acre. A few apples raised, with moderate success. Small fruits are successfully raised. There are quite a number of private dairies; all seem to do well. The cattle industry pays well; the price of cattle ranges from $30 for 2-year-olds to $50 for 4-year-olds. The raising of hogs is profitable; nearly all ranchers raise a few; price on foot, about 10c. per pound. Poultry do quite well; all farmers raise from 50 to 100; eggs sell at 50c. per dozen. Labour — Labourers are procurable at from $25 to $35 per month for whites, and from $15 to $25 for Chinese. * White labourers are scarce; plenty of Chinese and Indians, but no Japanese. Chinese preponderate over all other classes. VALLEY OF THE UPPER FRASER From Lillooet to Alkali Lake, and including, besides the two places mentioned, Pavilion, Big Bar Creek, Empire Valley, Dog Creek, Gang Ranch and Chilcotin. This part of the country, being off the main Cariboo waggon road, is devoted extensively to stock-raising, as the expense attached to the transportation of general crops is too great to admit of general production. They, however, do well, and all local demand is supplied with all kinds of produce. Alkali Lake and Dog Creek are on the east side of the Fraser River, on the road which branches from the Cariboo road at 150-Mile House and runs along the Fraser to the vicinity of Big Bar, where it leaves the river and joins the main road at Clinton. The Canada Western Company's property, called the Gang- Ranch, is on the opposite side of the Fraser River, on Gaspard Creek. Chilcotin and Empire Valley are also on the same side. Lillooet and Pavilion are below Big Bar Creek, on the river road. Lillooet includes Pemberton Meadows and what is known as the Douglas Portage — that part between Port Douglas and Harrison Lake and Lillooet, on the original Cariboo Road. Lillooet, when the trail went that way, was a place of some commercial importance; but since the present Cariboo road was built, much of its early prosperity has been taken away from it. It is situated on the western side of the Fraser River, which is here crossed by a (fine bridge, giving access to-the road leading to Pavilion, and thence over Pavilion Mountain to Clinton, or through the Marble Canyon to Ashcroft, on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Another road, recently constructed, leads down the Fraser to Lytton. Pavilion and Pavilion Mountain include all the country on the east side of the Fraser, Marble Canyon, as well as that on the mountain, which is at an elevation of some 3,000 to 3,500 feet, increasing until it reaches about 5,000 feet. Communication is maintained by good waggon roads to Clinton over the mountain 21 miles, with Lillooet 17 miles, and Ashcroft, through the Marble Canyon, about 36 miles. Mr. R. Carson, Pavilion Mountain : There is only a limited amount of land to be had in Lillooet district fit for farming. This makes prices better for those AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION . 67 engaged in general farming. Beef is the best paying article for sale here, good two-year-old steers bringing $30 to $35 readily during the summer. Oats sell at 2c. per lb.; wheat, l%c. at Pavilion flour mill. There is little barley grown. Good work horses bring from $100 to $150. There are only two dairies in operation; good butter is in demand at 30c. per lb. Labour — Wages are extremely high, from $25 for Chinese help to $35 for Indian and white help during the summer. Mr. J. N. J. Brown, Empire Valley : The country is chiefly a grazing section, with prairie land, well watered and well timbered. Large numbers of cattle are annualljr raised. Grain is also extensively grown; the ruling price for wheat is 2c. Oats are grown in quantities, and give good yields; ruling price, 2c. Apples are successfully grown at McEwen's, Empire Valley, and also at Lesser Dog Creek, Alkali Lake, Big Bar and Dog Creek. Plums and cherries are successfully grown in places. Small fruits do well. Oats, about 2,000 lbs. to the acre; ruling price, $2 per 100 lbs. There is a great quantity of potatoes successfully grown, for table use and hogs. The horse industry has been quite profitable, and there has not been any overproduction. It is the best sheep country in British Columbia; ruling prices, $6 per head for sheep and $5 for lambs. There is a great number of pigs raised; they are nearly all bought up by Chinese miners, who pay from 5 to 6 cents per pound on foot; the balance are killed and turned into bacon for home use. Irrigation is required for the successful production of crops; there is plenty of water available; ditching costs about 75 cents per yard. There is unlimited Government land which would make good farms. It is mostly all located in the heart of the settlement, land that would raise any kind of a crop. Improved farms can be bought, but fetch good prices. Labour — Whites, $1.50 per day, or $30 per month; Chinese, $20 per month, as cooks; Indians, $1.50 per day. There is always a scarcity of white labour. In Chilcotin is included all that section lying on the western side of the Fraser, between Soda Creek and Chilcotin River, a distance of about forty miles, and running back about the same. It is but sparsely settled, the country being principally adapted to stock-raising; in parts, however, good crops of grain and roots are obtained, although the general altitude is unfavourable to mixed farming. According to Mr. Sanford Fleming, the average altitude of Chilcotin Valley is 2,625; of the plain, 3,411; of the Chilcotin Lake, 3,150; of the old Chilcotin Fort, 3,800; and of the foot of Risky Creek, 2,170 feet; the Fraser being in the neighbourhood of 1,400, giving some idea of the climb necessary to attain the level of the plain above. The crossing at Soda Creek is effected by a good wire-rope ferry, whence there is an excellent road through Chilcotin proper; another crosses Chimney Creek, and is effected by boat and swimming horses; the latter route is a great saving of distance, for settlers living on Chilcotin River and Valley, in reaching the Cariboo waggon road. Risky Creek, above mentioned, empties into the Fraser a few miles above Chilcotin. Mr. Charles Crowhurst writes : The soil is bottom land and bench bunch-grass. The market is mostly Cariboo, reached by waggon road. There are neither mines nor school. There are game and fish of all kinds. It is one of the best stock countries in British Columbia. Wheat is grown for milling; about 2,000 R>s. to the acre is the average. Prices, $2 per 100 lbs. for wheat, $5 per 100 lbs. for flour. VALLEY OF THE UPPER COLUMBIA, In which is included Golden, Galena, Windermere and Canal Flat. This valley lies between the mountain ranges of the Selkirks and Rockies. The valley varies in width from a mile or two to probably five miles. It must not be understood, however, that the whole of it is cultivable; much of it is low-lying swamp land formed by the Columbia, which is here a sluggish stream and navigable for stern-wheel YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA steamers to within a few miles of its source. This land is, no doubt, susceptible of being dyked, and, being alluvial deposit, is naturally very fertile. At the present time the only use it is put to is for cutting wild hay. There is also a considerable quantity of rough and wooded land which requires clearing; this, however, is not of the formidable nature of the clearing required on the lands of the coast. Lastly,. there is a considerable area of land which is easily brought under cultivation and which is very fertile, producing all the asual crops and fruits. The foothills are lightly timbered and form good ranges for stock. Golden is on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at the confluence of the Kicking Horse River with the Columbia, and at an altitude of some 2,580 feet above sea level. Galena is about 40 miles by road from Golden; Windermere about 41 miles further, and Canal Flat about 28 miles from Windermere. A good waggon road connects all these places, and during part of the season communication is maintained also by steamer. The land in the vicinity of Galena is generally wooded. Windermere is a charming" spot situated on the lake of that name, the lake being really an enlargement of the Columbia River. Canal Flat is situated at the head of the Columbia Lake, the source of the river. A bit of rough water between the outlet and a point a few miles further down, however, stops steamer navigation a few miles above Windermere. Mr. John Bulman, Windermere : Land for agricultural purposes is very limited where irrigation is possible. Of course, the pasturage is good over the whole district,. native grasses being bunch-grass, buffalo and pine-grass in abundance. This is a good sporting district; deer, goat, moose, elk and mountain sheep abound in the mountains around; fish are plentiful in the lake, char and ling principally. Char have been caught weighing 13 pounds, but the average weight of each species is about 8 pounds, ^fE^- Only a little spring wheat produced, principally for chicken feed, the average being 30 bushels per acre; ruling price, 2% cents per pound. The average yield of oats is 55 bushels per acre; ruling price, 2% cents per pound. Potatoes yield, on an average, six tons per acre; price, 1% to 2 cents per pound. Timothy is mostly grown for hay; average yield, 1% tons per acre; average price, $25 per ton. There are only two small orchards in this district. Small fruits are successfully grown. Private dairying is carried on, but on a small scale, with satisfactory results. Butter sells at 35 cents per pound. Horses — Agricultural horses are mostly imported, there being none bred of necessary size and weight. Prices range from $100 up to $125. Those bred in the valley are small, but suitable for saddle and packing; prices from $15 to $80, according to size. I have no doubt sheep would do well if carried on in a systematic way; prices from $3 up to $7. Pork sells at from 12 to 15 cents per pound. There are quite a number of fowls raised; prices, from 50 cents to $1 each for chickens, 35 to 40 cents per dozen for eggs. Timber trees are Douglas fir, tamarack, bull pine, and a little cedar. Government land is now very limited where irrigation is possible. There are a few sections of good land belonging to the C. P. R. and Kootenay Valleys Company;, prices from $1 to $8 per acre. Improved farms are increasing in value; prices from $10 to $20 per acre. Labour — Whites, $80 to $40 per month and board; Chinese, $25 to $30 per month and board; Indians, $1 per day and board. Supply quite equal to demand. EAST KOOTENAY. . In which is included all the country in the valley of the Kootenay River, from Canal Flat to the United States boundary at Tobacco Plains, a distance of some 113 miles, Fort Steele and Cranbrook occupying about the centre. The waggon road spoken of as running through the Upper Columbia valley continues through. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION this district to Tobacco Plains; the river is also navigable for steamboats to the boundary; and, lastly, the Crow's Nest Railway, recently completed, gives access to Alberta, in the Northwest Territories, and to West Kootenay. Fort Steele is beautifully situated on tne bank of the Kootenay River opposite to where the St. Mary's River empties. Cranbrook is a town on the line of the railroad. A considerable quantity of the land all through the valley is fit for agricultural puposes, some of it quite clear and some partly wooded. A good local market is afforded by the mining camps in the vicinity, and by rail with the places situated along its line. Mr. R. L. T. Galbraith, Fort Steele, writes : The best land lies along the Kootenay River, bench and bottom lands. The bottom land is a rich, black loam, and on the benches the soil is not so heavy, and is well adapted for roots of all kinds and fruits. There is a good market at Kimberley, Moyie and Fernie for the products raised; these places can be reached by rail. The rivers abound with fish, and there is still a good deal of game, such as mountain sheep, goats, elk, bear and other fur-bearing animals. About fifty families can get good homes in the valley. The land is held by the C. P. R. and Kootenay Valleys Company, whose agent resides at Fort Steele; they are giving liberal terms to settlers. Not much fall wheat sown; ruling prices, $1.75 to $2 per 100 lbs. Oats, ruling prices from $1 to $1.50 per 100 lbs. Other grains are not grown. Potatoes fetch $1 per 100 lbs., and are grown to some extent. Timothy is the principal grass grown, and yields from % to 3 tons of hay per acre; ruling price was $15 for loose and $25 for baled hay per ton. Apples — All the hardy varieties, both summer, fall and winter, are grown; prices, from 2 to 5 cents per lb. Horned cattle is a successful industry; from $50 to $60 each for beef.. Not many horses raised; good horses brought from $75 to $125. Irrigation is necessary for the successful production of crops on the benches. The principal timber trees are Douglas fir, yellow pine, spruce and tamarack (lareh). Not much left of Government lands. Railway land can be bought at a reasonable price. Bottom and bench lands, $2, $2.50 and $2.75 per acre, on time — say ten years for payment. Improved lands, from $5 to $10 per acre. Labour — Whites, labourers, ($2.50; miners, $3 to $3.50 per day; Chinese, $2; Indians, $1.50 per day. We have now no difficulty in getting all the supply required. Miehael Phillipps, Tobacco Plains : As fair a valley as any in British Columbia, sheltered to the north and east by the Rocky Mountain range, and open to the south and west. The climate is an exceptionally good one. The Tobacco Plains has long been celebrated as a winter range. Here, in days gone by, the Hudson's Bay Company sent their horses to winter from as far as Fort Colville, on the Columbia River. Wheat is grown only for chicken and hog feed; spring wheat grows remarkably well; wheat grows well on much of the bench land without irrigation; the price during the year has been $1.50 per 100 lbs. All kinds of oats grow well, sometimes going as high as 80 bushels to the acre; price, $1 per 100 lbs. Barley, if planted early, grows well on the high grass lands without irrigation; yield is always good; price, $1 per 100 lbs. The potato crop is, take it all around, the main crop; price, 75c. per 100 lbs.; yield, 300 to 400 bushels per acre. Of apples, the Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenberg, Ben Davis, Wealthy, Fameuse and Henry Anderson are all in fine bearing; no country could suit them better. There are also growing on the Plains the Blenheim Orange, Golden Pippin, Martha, Transcendent Crabs — bearing; price, from 3c. to 5c. per lb. Cherries do very well. Small fruits do very well indeed. A good deal of butter is made, but not enough for the home market; there is a good opening for several dairies. Horned cattle do well and pay well. There are few sheep here; they do very well on the dry grass hills; lambs by Sep tern- YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ber weigh 70 lbs; price, 10c. (6c. by the quarter); no country could possibly be better adapted for sheep. Good team horses fetch $150 a pair; riding horses, $40» to $70; ponies, $10 to $30. Only a limited number of swine are kept on each farm. A large and never-failing demand for eggs at fair prices; 20 cents per dozen in summer; 40 cents per dozen in winter. All the best farms, are irrigated. Douglas fir on the foothills,, red pine on the plains, black pine in the mountains, cottonwood and spruce along the rivers. Most of the land left is railway land; about $4 per acre for grass land; improved farms- of value fetch a high figure. Labour — Whites, $2.50 per day at harvest time, $30 per month; no Chinese- or Japanese; Indians, $1.50 to $2 per day for harvest work, $1.25 occasional. WEST KOOTENAY, Including the valley of the Columbia from the Big Bend, above Revelstoke, south to the international boundary, a distance of some 200 miles, and the valley of the- Kootenay River and Lakes from the boundary line north, a distance of some 45 miles. This covers a vast extent of territory, but* inasmuch as it is almost altogether a mining region, it is all lumped together. Several towns, some of considerable size, such as Nelson and Rossland, are included in this section; also others of lesser size, such as Revelstoke, Kaslo and others. . The communication between these places is good, and consists of railroads, steamers and roads, and access is easy by the same means of transportation to outside places. The land fit for agricultural purposes is comparatively small, generally wooded, along the valleys of the rivers, and in places requiring dyking; and while there does not exist large bodies of land suitable, still there are patches from 50 to 1,000 acres in extent. In the Big Bend, on Goldstream, there exist large stretches of land that are covered with wild grass, at the same time the land is subject to overflow during high water. George Laforme, the packer, finds this land suitable for grazing his pack animals during the open* season in the Big Bend. Between Revelstoke and Carnes Creek there are some splendid flats suitable for cultivation, but covered with heavy growth of cedar. Between Carnes Creek and Downie Creek there are some nice benches, also covered with a growth of heavy timber. The great drawback is, there is no market available for their products; everything has to be packed on mules' backs, costing on an average 7 cents per pound. In the vicinity of Revelstoke quite a large quantity of land is under cultivation. Hall's Landing is the best farming land in this district. Galena Bay has quite a good piece of land that requires clearing. In the pass between Thompson's Landing and Trout Lake quite a lot of land has been taken up during the last few years, and no doubt as soon as- the mines are worked the land will be cleared and placed under cultivation. On Fish Creek there are large sections of good land which is heavily timbered. Along the Arrow and Kootenay Lakes there are small patches of alluvial bottom land at the mouths of streams, flats of small extent on the lake shores, and here and there strips of higher land, gravelly loam slopes forming the base of mountains which rise abruptly along almost the whole of the shores of the lakes, comprising the only area fit for cultivation. The rest of the district is rugged in the extreme, and were it not for the great wealth of the mines would be worthless for all purposes. As it is, the large and increasing mining populations of the cities of Rossland, Nelson, Kaslo and elsewhere are creating such a profitable market that agricultural lands of this description must soon be occupied and cultivated. Such patches of land as have been referred to are extremely productive, especially for fruits. On the ranch of Mr. Collins, on the lake shore opposite Nelson, are found apple, pear, plum, cherry and peach trees, all exceedingly healthy and free from pests. At a point on the Lower Arrow Lake called Killarney, a trail leads into White Valley to Vernon, about 72 miles, through which cattle can be driven. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 71 Mr. J. William Cockle, Kaslo : The valley of Kootenay River, south from the end of Kootenay Lake to the international boundary, .and from the northern end of the lake for a distance of over 50 miles, is particularly adapted for agriculture. The soil, a rich silt, is remarkably productive, and all kinds of fruit flourish luxuriantly. A ready market for everything grown is found at the mining centres of Kaslo and Nelson, to both of which there is daily connection by two lines of steamers, which connect with railways at either end. Potatoes have sold for $20 per ton this fall. The dyking of the Kootenay River bottom has proved a failure. Douglas fir on all hillsides; white ■ pine on bottoms and gulches; cedar on bottoms; hemlock, spruce and tamarack on mountain sides — all abundant. LOWER MAINLAND. SOUTH SIDE OF FRASER RIVER. FROM the mouth of the Fraser River to Hope is one of the most fertile sections of the province; the land, being mostly composed of silt, is an alluvial deposit of great depth. In this section are included the municipalities of Delta, Surrey, Langley, Matsqui, Sumas and Chilliwack, and the unorganised district between the last named and Hope. Mr. E. A. Brown, Delta, reports : The Delta of the Fraser River includes all the low land lying south of and adjacent to the Fraser River for a distance of 15 miles from its mouth, and also includes Westham Island, which is separated from the rest of the district by the Canoe Pass of the Fraser River. The district is protected from the river and from the tidal waters of the Gulf of Georgia and Boundary Bay by a system of dykes, which cost the municipality in the neighbourhood of $100,000. The soil is for the most part very rich, and produces abundant crops. It has every advantage which proximity of market affords, being in direct communication by steamboat with Victoria, Vancouver, Nanaimo, New Westminster and other important points. Shipping facilities are of the best, for it is possible to ship at almost any point of the 15 miles of river front, and also at Boundary and Mud Bays. The waggon roads are good, the principal materials used in their construction being plank and gravel. There are no railroads or mines in the district, as the ease with which produce can be shipped by water makes railroads un- ■ necessary; and the formation of the land, being built up by deposits of the river,, makes mines out of the question. The schools are good, and are so placed as to make it possible for every child in the district to attend without any hardship. There is a school situated at each of the following points in the district : At Gulf- side, at Boundary Bay, at East Delta, at Trennant, at Sunbury, at Westham Island, and a department school at Ladner, presided over by three teaehers, making a total of seven schools and nine teaehers. The fisheries of the district are of great importance, as they embrace a large portion of the world-famous fishing- ' ground of the Fraser River. There are twelve salmon canneries located here, including some of the largest on the river; the large number of men employed and the value of the product makes this a very important industry. The resident population of the district is about 2,000, but this is increased during fishing season to 5,000 or 6,000. Taken as a whole, the district is one of the richest and most prosperous in the province; the taxes are not high, and the financial condition is= good; the people are contented and prosperous, and satisfactory and steady • progress is being made in wealth and population. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Wheat is very little grown here; ruling price, $25 per ton. Oats, average yield per acre, 2,500 pounds; the ruling prices were from $20 to $25 per ton. Barley is grown successfully, and is used almost entirely for hog feed. All standard varieties are successfully grown; average price, $15 per ton. Other roots and vegetables yield largely usually. All the standard varieties of fruit are grown with fair success; ruling prices, apples, 75 cents to $1 per bo>x, plums 2 cents per pound. Dairying is carried on to a considerable extent, and is increasing rapidly from year to- year. The horse business has been profitable; there has been no overproduction of good horses; good horses have been worth from $125 to $200. A good many sheep are raised; the industry is said to be a profitable one. Swine production is being prosecuted systematically; the price has been about 6c. for pigs on foot. There are some hundreds of miles of under-drains in this district. It has cost ■$100,000 to dyke this district. The work was done by steam dredgers. The dyke has been most successful, and has increased the value of the land at least $20 per acre, or about $1,000,000 for the whole district. Labour — Whites, $25 to $80 per month, with board, or $2 per day; Chinese, $15 per month, with board, or $1 per day. The supply is generally equal to the demand. H. T. Thrift and H. Bose, Surrey : The District of Surrey is well situated, being readily accessible from the markets of the Coast cities. It is bounded on the north by the Fraser River, through its entire length on that side; • on the east by the municipal district of Langley; on the south by the international boundary line and Semiahmoo Bay; and on the west by Mud Bay and the municipal district •of Delta, and contains some 120 square miles of territory. There are in the District of Surrey about 20,000 acres -of rich, alluvial soil, which, when brought in, is Immensely productive, as high as 120 bushels of oats having been produced to the acre. There are about 7,000 acres of peat lands, on which at present but little has been done, but which will, when properly treated, respond bountifully to the •efforts of the dairyman and agriculturist. The former of these lands are located at the delta and in the valleys of the Nicomekl and Serpentine rivers, while the latter class of land is found principally a little back from the Fraser River, in North Surrey. Besides these two classes of land we have what is popularly known ] as alder bottom land; ' this is highly timbered and about 10,000 acres in extent. 'This land is also very productive when cleared, and readily responds to the settlers' ■efforts. The balance of the land, some 39,600 acres, is more or less heavily timbered, logging camps having operated for many years in the district, until now the -greater part of the merchantable timber has been taken off. A large proportion of the land is, when cleaned up, of very fair quality and will produce excellent crops. Some of the land, however, is very poor, every vestige of humus having been burnt •out of it. It must not on this account be despised, as a great deal of it will --eventually become valuable as the best sheep-raising land in the province. Wheat not much grown, except for hen-feed; ruling prices, $25 per ton. Prices -of oats averaged from $18 to $28 per ton; this is the most important crop grown in this district. . No barley grown for malting purposes; chiefly grown for fattening hogs; ruling prices were $18 to $22 per ton. The pea crop is in some parts of this district the principal crop. Generally this district produces a large crop of most excellent potatoes; prices are good; from $14 to $20 per ton have been realised. The principal grasses and clovers grown here for hay are timothy and -clover, either Alsike or Broad Leaf. On the swamp lands there is a good deal of Red Top and Blue Joint grass cut for hay; for this district the yield is 2 to 4 tons per acre; price, $8 to $12 per ton, baled. Apples — Black spot on bark destroys •more trees than everything else put together; price, 80 cents to $l.per box of 40 31bs. Pears — Price, 80 cents to $1.25 per box of 40 lbs. All ordinary varieties THOROUGHBRED SHEEP, LADNER. THOROUGHBRED CATTLE, LADNER. HARVESTING SCENE, DELTA. A WESTMINSTER FARM HOUSE. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION of plums and prunes are grown; prices, 25 cents to 75 cents per box of 20 pounds. Cherries — Prices, 50 cents to $1 per box of 20 pounds. Small fruits do well in this district; the price varies from 3 cents to 10 cents per lb. In the aggregate there are a great many cows in this district and a very considerable quantity of butter made and sold at the weekly market in Westminster. No open cattle ranges in this district. Price of beef is from 6 cents to 9) cents a pound, dressed, according to time of year; price of milch cows, from $30 to $60 each. Some of the lands are particularly well adapted to sheep-raising; sheep have brought from $3 to $7 each; there is no demand for wool, 6 or 7 cents per pound. Swine-raising is carried on with some system; prices are from 6 cents to 9 cents per pound. A number of farmers are beginning to give a little more attention to the poultry branch. It is the most profitable branch of agriculture, for the small amount of capital it takes. Last year the prices for eggs were 20 cents to 50 cents per dozen; my average was 26 cents a dozen; broilers, $3 per dozen, to as high as $9 for hens; an average price is $5 per dozen. The timber in this district is plentiful, and consists principally of Douglas fir, white fir, white pine, black spruce, hemlock, cedar, yew, cottonwood, soft maple, alder, red and white birch, vine maple, several varieties of willow, and dogwood. There are about eight sections of Dominion Government land in Surrey. It is mostly timbered land, or rather stump land, the good timber having been taken off. Some of the soil is good, while some is rather light and in places gravelly. Improved land can be purchased at (from $15 to $100 per acre. There are a great many most desirable places, with more or less improvements, that can be purchased at from $5 to $15 per acre, now in the hands of mortgage companies, who are prepared to deal on the most liberal terms with prospective settlers. Labour — Whites, $1 to $1.50 a day, with board; Chinese, $1 a day and board themselves; Japanese, $5 to $25 a month and board, according to time of year. During the fishing season we have a short supply; the rest of the year the supply is equal to the demand. A. H. P. Matthew, Langley, and Z. D. Page, Port Kells, report: Langley lies between Surrey and Matsqui, and stretches from the Fraser River to the international boundary, and comprises about 120 square miles. The total assessed acreage is 76,542. acres, of which 59,740 are occupied and 6,704 under cultivation; and 10,098 acres of wild lands held by speculators. The total assessment of the district is $1,858,250, of which $311,260 is value of improvements. There are no railway or government lands in the district. The soil is generally fertile —some alder-bottoms and some heavily timbered with fir, spruce, etc. The district is well watered, and, as a rule, easily drained. Good crops of wheat, oats, potatoes, roots and fruits are raised. Of the fruits, peaches, grapes, pears, plums, apples and small fruits do well. Cattle and hay are also raised in abundance. Markets are situated at New Westminster and Vancouver. Three boats ply daily on the Fraser River. The district is well off for roads — about 200 miles in all, of which about 120 are good and the remainder passable. The Yale road intersects from east to west, and connects with Westminster about nine miles from the boundary of the district. Game of various kinds is abundant. Port Kells, including Barnston Island, is ten miles from New Westminster. The soil is very varied; there is no government land, but improved or unimproved land can be bought very reasonably. Timothy and clover are principally grown for hay; average price, $8 per ton. Private dairying is very largely carried on here. Horned cattle are produced profitably; milch cows, from $35 to $60; beef, from 5 to 8 cents per pound. A large number of sheep are raised here, but all except lambs are affected badly with flukes; price, $4 to $8. John Ball and M. W. Morrison, Matsqui : The District of Matsqui comprises Mount Lehman, Peardonville, parts of Aldergrove and Abbottsford, and extends from the Fraser River north to the international boundary line south, and bounded YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA on its west by Langley and east by Sumas municipalities, the Yale trunk road running through its centre east and west. The land is generally level and accessible; soils good, with abundant supplies of good, pure, running streams. Roads are being made" and improved very much lately. Potatoes are, as a rule, very successfully grown on the high lands, and are equal . to the Ashcroft in every respect; ruling prices net the farmer probably about $15 per ton. The ruling prices of apples are from 80 cents to $1 per box. Butter ranges in price from 15 and 18 cents in summer to about 25 cents in winter, and often the shipping charges have to be met out of these prices. Cheese is not manufactured at all. The average price for a team of fair horses during the past year has been from $250 to $300. Our district is and will be most eminently suited for sheep ; the ruling price has been, for good sheep, from $6 to $8 per head for ewes, and from $4 to $5 for lambs, ready for the market. In Matsqui there are large areas of land which are being reclaimed by the dyking and pumping operations now being carried out. There are both peaty and alluvial deposits, with a clay subsoil in places, while the peat deposits in others reach to a great depth. There are a few government claims still to be had for preemption, but they are mostly in inaccessible parts, chiefly in unsurveyed or mountainous places, and not considered of much value for agricultural purposes. The price of improved farms — I mean by that a few acres cleared and some outbuildings, such as abandoned or mortgaged lands — from $5 to $10 and $15 per acre, according to location and nature of the clearing and soils. Labour — Whites, $1.50 per day in summer and $1 in the winter season, with board; Chinese, about $30 in summer and $20 to $25 in winter; Japanese, from $10 to $20 per month, with board; Indians, about same rate of wages as whites. Orion Bowman, Upper Sumas : Upper Sumas is that portion of the Sumas Valley situated southwest of Sumas Lake and extending to the United States boundary line, comprising about half a township. The soil is nearly all alluvial except about one square mile in the southwest corner, where it is peaty. Nearly all is within the flooded district of the Fraser. There are, however, ridges (sand dunes) evenly distributed over the valley, so that no point is more than a mile from high ground. Sumas creamery is near the post office; it receives both milk and cream, mostly cream. Most of the patrons have cream separators. There were 15 patrons this summer, and about 40,000 pounds of butter have been made from 250 cows. On high land, timber comes in this order of predominance: Fir, cedar, alder, : hemlock, soft maple, birch, willow, etc. On low land, flooded: Willow, birch, . cottonwood, alder, hardback (a red-flowered spirea). Unimproved land can be bought for from $5 to $10 per acre. Mr. Horatio Webb, Chilliwack : Chilliwack is situated on the Fraser River, about 65 miles from its mouth. It is the best agricultural district in the province, ' has good water communication daily with New Westminster, connecting by steamers there for Victoria, Nanaimo and Vancouver. The Canadian Pacific Railway runs on the opposite side of the river, and. there is daily communication with it by boat. There is a trunk road also to New Westminster, crossing by ferry at that place. A good home market for most of the produce, dealers coming up from the cities and buying from the farmers; plenty of game, pheasants getting very plentiful; fishing, especially trout, is good. About 2,500 of a population. Good exhibition grounds. Some very promising gold mines in the vicinity. Not much wheat, grown, mostly for chicken feed and Graham flour. Excepting oats, about the same conditions prevail in other grains as with wheat, viz., generally produced in limited quantites for local use in feeding stock. Oats are produced in large quantities for sale. Root crops and vegetables are all successfully grown. . Grasses and clover yield 2Y2 tons hay to the acre; price, $8 (baled and delivered at AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION steamboat landing). Hops are successfully produced; the crop of 1900 was short; the principal market is England; low prices do not warrant increased production, however. Apples were mostly spotted, and we are troubled with a great many pests; price, 50 cents to $1.25 per box of 40 pounds. Crab-apples do well and find a ready market at good prices, from 1% to 3 cents per pound. Pears succeed well; price, 75 cents to $1 per box. AH small fruits do well, both in yield and quality. Private dairying is a thing of the past; only a few are engaged in it, and they brand their butter "Creamery Butter." The horse industry has been a profitable one. Horses have been in great demand and at good prices; ruling prices, from $100 to $175. Sheep are successfully, but not largely, produced; prices are $6 for ewes, $4 for lambs (weaned), 6 to 8 cents per lb. for wool. The production of pigs is entered into quite largely; pigs on foot, 4^ to 6 cents per Tb. Poultry is entered into, in one or two cases, with satisfactory returns. Quite large dyking works are going on at the present time, with every prospect of good success. Farming land, improved, from $35 to $100 per acre; unimproved, $10 to $25 per acre. Land has changed hands at these prices this year. Labour — Whites, $15 to $25 per month, with board; Chinese, $10 to $20 per month, with board. NORTH SIDE OF FRASER RIVER. From the mouth of the river to Yale, including the municipalities of Richmond, South Vancouver, Burnaby, Coquitlam, Maple Ridge, Mission, Dewdney, Nieoinen and Kent, and the unorganised districts adjacent to and to the eastward of the last-mentioned municipality. In this area are situated two of the principal cities of the province — Vancouver and New Westminster — and the Canadian Pacific Railway runs through its entire length. There is more high land in this section than on the south side, but also an immense area of low lands, liable, where not protected by dykes, to floods when the snows melt in the mountains, during the months of May and June. These lands are equally fertile with those on the other side of the river, and much the same conditions prevail. W. R. Austin, Coquitlam : In the municipahty of Coquitlam, especially in Pitt Meadows, are good agricultural lands open for sale. Meadow land, ready for ditching, and all clear for plowing; prices, $10 to $40 per acre. Uplands in the municipality, more or less timbered, some good land, some medium, and some light; prices, from $5 per acre to $30. A good opening for small farms and large ones, quite convenient to New Westminster City, with one of the best markets on the continent, which has to supply Vancouver largely. Dairying is carried on in the district by private people, most of the milk being sold in the cities. Swine not produced to any extent; prices on foot, 6 to S% cents; poultry production is profitable; fowls fetch from $6 to $6.50 per dozen; eggs average 40 cents per dozen. Labour — Whites, $20 and board; Chinese, about $20, without board; Japanese, $1 per day. Hector Ferguson (Port Haney), J. M. Webster (Webster's Corners), and H. J. Percy (Wharnock) : Port Haney is situated on the north side of the Fraser River and on the Canadian Pacific Railway, 27 miles from Vancouver and 16 by steamer (daily) from New Westminster. There are about 50,000 acres of good agricultural high land (clay loam) tributary to it; and Pitt Meadows, containing about 20,000 acres, is only from two miles on the north to three miles on the west from it. It contains two large brickyards, which turn out about 3,000,000 bricks of all kinds per year, and furnish a splendid market for over 2,000 cords of wood per season to the settlers in the vicinity. The Fraser River at this point is a favourite part with fishermen, and many new settlers make enough in the fishing season to materially assist them during the remainder of the year in clearing up their places. All kinds of grain and roots, as well as grasses, do well here. Fruit, stock and dairying, YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA however, are the occupations of the future in this municipality. All kinds of small fruit, cherries, apples, pears and plums do exceptionally well here, and find a most convenient shipping place at Haney to all parts of the Dominion. Wharnock is situated on the north side of the Fraser, also on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 34 miles from Vancouver and 9 miles below Mission Junction. The land commences to rise almost immediately on leaving the river bank to benches or flats. The soil is mostly a dark sandy loam, with a hard clay subsoil. There is a good market at Vancouver and New Westminster, which can be reached by the Canadian Pacific Railway and river steamboats; and also a market is now open in the Northwest for fruit. The game consists of grouse, geese, ducks and some deer. Good trout fishing on the Stave River and other streams. The salmon fishing industry employs a great part of the population in the summer time. Oats are one of the standard crops. Peas are the best grain crop grown here, and yield well where the land is not too wet. Maple Ridge potatoes, being mostly grown on high land, are of extra quality; price, $15 to $20 per ton. Although this is most decidedly a fruit section, many apple trees have died during the last ten years with bark blight; ruling price, 75 cents and $1 per box. Pears are proving to be a much more.valuable tree on clay land than the apple; price, from $1.50 per box for Bartlett to $1 for late varieties. Plums and prunes are perhaps the most extensively grown large fruit in this vicinity, all varieties doing well; price, about 60c. per crate of 20 lbs. A large quantity of all classes of small fruits are grown and marketed. Dairying is not carried on to any extent; price of beef, 6% to 8 cents; milch cows, $35 to $50. The land here is generally too wet for successful sheep-raising. Hog-raising is carried on to a considerable extent here, in connection with dairying; prices have been from 7 to 8% cents per pound, dressed. Dyking has been done on Pitt Meadows with marked success. The soil is black alluvial, inclined to be peaty in places. The principal timber here is fir, cedar, alder and hemlock. The bark of alder is held to be the best for tanning purposes, the wood about the best for fuel. It seems to follow and replace the other timber where cleared off. Little or no Government land; improved land can be bought I at from $10 to $50 per acre, according to location. Labour — Whites, easily procured, $2 per day, without board; Chinese, $1 per day, without board; Japanese, $5 to $15 per month, with board; Indians, about the same as whites. A. M. Verchere and A. W. Peen, Mission : The District of Mission Farmers' Institute comprises Mission and Dewdney municipalities, thus extending from Stave River east to Nicomen Island, on the north bank of the Fraser River. This stretch of country contains areas of lands of many varieties, and which, according to location, are good for many of the various lines of agriculture. The flat lands lying adjacent to the river, and but slightly above the level of the water during the season of the high water, consist mostly of heavy clay lands of a very rich and apparently almost inexhaustible nature. The lands on the higher ridges occurring frequently throughout these flats, and which are not subject to overflow except on occasions of extremely high water, will bring in the best returns for all kinds of grain, hay and roots; and the large stretches of wild grass lands that occupy all the lower part of these flats, and which are too low and wet, are especially valuable for pasture, and large numbers of cattle are carried by all the farmers thereon. On the lands rising back from the river towards the mountains, several miles in the background, the country comprises a great variety of soil, running as it does from heavy clay, where upland marshes occur, to light gravelly and sandy hillsides. The land throughout this section is mostly heavily timbered, although large sections may be found whereon the timber is very light and readily removed; but here still may be found old dead firs and cedars of great size, of a past generation, lying fallen on th.e AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION ground. The first are of little use exespt for firewood, and are hard to remove; but the latter are very valuable for making rails, boards and timbers for building purposes. These uplands, although thus slow to bring into cultivation, are more especially valuable for fruit-growing; at the same time, after a little cultivation, good crops of all kinds of farm produce can be raised with surety and success. On the river, steamers ply daily between New Westminster and Chilliwack, thus giving communication by boat in either direction daily. Educational facilities are extremely good. The country is well opened up along the river front and extending, back for some miles with waggon roads, which, although not good, yet afford means of traffic and communication throughout the district. The chief direction of the farmers' efforts is along the low front lands, the raising of cattle, horses, sheep and hogs forming a considerable part of the production. Large quantities of hay and many tons of oats are also yearly shipped. The majority of these farmers also carry a large number of cows, the cream from which is shipped daily by boats to the creamery at New Westminster. On the upland holdings, fruit-growing and chicken-raising form the chief items. The fruit industry of this section is assuming yearly larger proportions, and the district is rapidly becoming the largest fruit-shipping district of the province. Many tons of strawberries, raspberries, plums and apples, besides other fruits, are shipped yearly to the Northwest, with remunerative results. The poultry business is as yet in almost an infant state, but there are, already some good breeders of pure-bred stock, and what small business has been done has proved encouraging. Eggs throughout the winter bringing in the cities from 30 to 50 cents per dozen, and the demand for table fowls being always good, it can be seen that considerable expansion in this business is to be expected. Turkeys and geese prove especially profitable. For those who have the inclination and time, shooting and fishing can be indulged in, the duck-shooting and trout-fishing being as good as can be obtained in the province, and frequently a deer or bear falls a prize to the ardent sportsman. The Fraser River affords occupation during the season for fishermen to take the salmon and sturgeon with which its waters abound, and considerable lumbering is done on the streams emptying into the Fraser, and work can nearly always be obtained in this fine, if desired by those who are experienced woodsmen. The Government is building a trank road from Vancouver to Agassiz, which will traverse the district from one end to the other, and will thus open up much desirable land which can be pre-empted for settlement. Much of this land, although first-class, is heavily timbered; but large tracts occur whereon the timber is but light, and can be easily removed. Lands can be purchased throughout the district, both on the low and uplands, in blocks of almost any acreage, at reasonable figures; and there is considerable land open for pre-emption, some two or three miles back from the river, and which will in the course of a few years be valuable properties. . Considerable dairying is carried on, but cream is for the most part shipped by boat to New Westminster creamery. Considerable local butter is made, but very little cheese; good profits, are made. Cattle-raising is a successful industry in this district; prices good — cattle, beef, from 7 to 8 cents on foot; veal, according to quality, but generally good; milch cows, good, from $35 to $50. Sheep are very remunerative. Prices of swine, 5 cents per lb., on foot. The poultry industry has been slightly taken up, and is a remunerative branch of agriculture; ruling prices, hens $6 per dozen, chickens $4.50 to $5 per dozen, eggs 20 cents to 40 centy per dozen, according to season. ' There is quite an extent of land in this district that could be reclaimed by dyking Dewdney and Hatzic Prairies. Character of the soil is clay. There is both government land for pre-emption and railway land to be had. Generally poor, heavily timbered, and far back from the river, and the lack of roads is very detrimental to settlement. Various prices; circumstances are so extremely different in YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA locations which may be close together, that it is hard to estimate figures of valuation. . Labour — Whites scarce in summer at $2 to $2.50 per day, plentiful in winter at $25 to $30 per month; Chinese plentiful in summer at $1 per day, winter 75c per day or $12 to $15 per month; Japanese $5 to $15 per month in winter; Indians plentiful at good wages, but will seldom work except on. contract or berry- picking. White labour in harvest time is somewhat scarce, and cannot be procured except at high wages. George W. Beebe, Agassiz : Kent Municipality is located 62 miles east of Vancouver; Harrison River Station is located at the mouth of the Harrison River, where it empties into the Fraser. A large sawmill, a shingle mill, two general stores, etc., comprise the settlement, with an Indian reserve. Ruby Creek, the eastern boundary, is an Indian reserve, with one store and a station. Agassiz is the principal station in the municipality, and the most important along the Canadian Pacific Railway for many miles. The Dominion Government Experimental Farm is located directly opposite the C. P. R. station. Six miles northwest is the Harrison Hot Springs, hotel and pleasure resort, with Harrison Lake, nearly 30 miles long. Here is located one of the largest hotels in the province. Agassiz Valley proper is a fine farming district of very limited area, almost entirely closed in on three sides by low mountains. Six or seven miles distant and across the Fraser River is the snow-capp«d peak of Cheam Mountain, that rises some 7,000 or more feet from the Fraser. Cereals, root crops and grasses as in other districts on this side of the river. Considerable quantities of hops are grown here, and averaged in 1900 about three- quarters of a ton to the acre; the crop is shipped partly directly to England, and the balance to Eastern points. Some very high mountain land, I am told, to be had; small quantities of timber lands to be pre-empted within ten to fifteen miles, good for farming purposes, I am informed. Labour — Whites, generally at $1.50 per day; Chinese, plentiful at $1 per day; Japanese, a few at 50 cents to $1 per day; Indians, a good many, but usually work by the job and hop-picking. Chinamen are in preponderance. THE NORTHWEST COAST OF THE MAINLAND. Including the various settlements at Howe Sound, Squamish, Froek, Bute Inlet, Bella Coola, etc. Communication with these settlements is maintained altogether - by steamers, there being no roads, and the character of the country being of such H nature that their construction is all but impossible, and must of necessity remain in . abeyance until the population is sufficient to justify it. The country is, without exception, thickly wooded, principally with Dcuglas fir, spruce, hemlock, red cedar, balsam fir, maple, alder, birch and other woods, and a great variety of underbrush. The coast line is indented along its whole length with deep fiords, which run many miles into the interior, and at the heads of which are large streams. The shores of these fiords are, except where rivers debouch, almost invariably precipitous. At the mouths of the streams and along their valleys are generally flats, fit for agricultural purposes after they are cleared of timber. As may be imagined from the description given, the precipitation is excessive, consisting almost entirely of rain, the snowfall, owing to the influence of the sea, being comparatively small, and the temperature, from the same cause, never very low. The markets of this part consist mostly of loggers' camps and Indians. Howe Sound includes all that part at the entrance of the Sound, including Anvil, Gambier, Keat's and Bowen Islands, where there are a good many settlers, principally engaged in fruit culture, for which this part is well suited. Communication is maintained altogether by water, the country being too mountainous for making a road to Burrard Inlet. The distance from the Sound to Vancouver by water is 10 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION miles, and to Nanaimo about 23 miles; these are the nearest markets. Very fine fruit is produced in this section, which finds a good market in Vancouver. Squamish is a settlement in the valley of the river of that name, at the head of Howe Sound, about 40 miles by water from Vancouver. It is comparatively a sparsely settled district, and as it is heavily timbered, necessitates much clearing, and cereals are not produced to any extent; fruit-raising and hop-growing are found more profitable. The hops produced here are of excellent quality, and the land is well adapted to that purpose. Mr. A. G. Deighton and Mr. N. Frolander, Froek, which is a settlement at Malaspina Strait, about 65 miles from Vancouver : There are no roads, trails or railroads. Fish and game in abundance. Potatoes are grown in fair quantities, the price being about $25 per ton. Timothy and red clover are grown for home stock; yield, about 3 tons of hay per acre. Fruits succeed well if attended to. Labour — Whites, $2.50 to $3 per day; Chinese, 90 cents; Japanese, $1; Indians, $3 — all without board. Bute Inlet is about 130 miles to the northward of Vancouver. The climate is described by those who have visited the district as quite equable and the soil of excellent quality, but it is timbered in some parts heavily. The Southgate and Homalko Rivers empty into the head of the Inlet, and it was the valley of the latter which was originally selected as the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and later for the proposed British Pacific. The settlers who have taken up land are well satisfied with their lot, and anticipate that a thriving town will spring up in the future. The land is wooded with alder, maple, cedar and a few fir trees. It costs from $30 to $40 per acre to clear and leave it ready for planting, not including the removal of stumps. There are some bottom lands up the Homalko River Valley, which would cost but $15 per acre to clear. Bella Coola is at the head of Bentinck Arm, about 400 miles to the northwest of Victoria, with which communication is maintained by the coasting steamers, which all call there. A fine wharf has been constructed by the Government, and there is every facility for loading and discharging. Bella Coola has been established by a thriving colony of Norwegian settlers. Mr. G. A. Gibson : The Bella Coola colony is situated inland a distance of about 60 miles from the coast line, and running, eastward about 30 miles, with a gradual rise from the sea to an altitude of about 900 feet at the head of the valley. It has a climate very different from what is generally found upon the coast, the humidity, even at the mouth of the river, being much less than on the coast, and as the valley is ascended it quickly changes to a drier climate, a marked difference being found even a few miles up from the head of the inlet. With regard to crops grown here, it has been fully demonstrated by the few settlers who were here for several years previous to the advent of the Norwegian colonists, that the various roots, vegetables and corn can be successfully raised, and of excellent quality. Wheat and oats have also been tried and proved very satisfactory. The timber of this valley is varied, principally cedar, fir, spruce, cottonwood, alder, maple, birch and willow. Winter sets in generally the latter part of December. The winters are not severe, although the temperature has been as low as 10 degrees below zero, but as a rule it seldom reaches lower than 12 degrees above — that is, 20 degrees of frost. Two or three feet of snow usually falls, chiefly in January. Sleighing lasts from six to nine weeks. From information gleaned, the winters are sometimes very open, with frequent rains. Spring sets in about the beginning of April, sometimes earlier. B. Brynildson, Bella Coola : Potatoes yield 300 bushels per acre; price, $20 per ton. Timothy is mostly grown for hay; I estimate the production to be 2% tons per acre. Red Top production, 3% tons per acre; price, $12 per ton. The soil and weather seem to be favourable for all kinds of small fruits. WW 80 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Dairying is carried on to some extent by private parties; the price of milch cattle is from $40 to $75. Irrigation is required some years. There is some Government land for preemption. Improved farms can be bought for $1,000 and up. Labourers (white), $2 per day. [Further reference is made to the Bella Coola route to the interior elsewhere.—Ed.] VANCOUVER ISLAND AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. ESQUIMALT, HIGHLAND, METCHOSIN AND SOOKE DISTRICTS. THESE are the most southern districts in British Columbia, being at the extreme southern end of Vancouver Island, and lying very little above sea level. The districts of Esquimalt, Goldstream and Highland adjoin Victoria District to the westward, and much the same characteristics prevail as in Metchosin, Highland being more hilly and rocky and heavily timbered. Metchosin includes Rocky Point, Pedder Bay and Happy Valley, all accessible by water and by waggon road to Victoria, which is 15 miles from the centre of the district. A great part is covered with timber, mostly fir; some small second growth; some heavily timbered; some open oak lund, and alder and maple bottoms. Sooke includes Jordan Meadows, which lie some distance in the interior and are reached by a trail via Sooke Lake. Sooke proper is on the sea coast, with a good harbour for small vessels, but an indifferent entrance, a few miles to the northward and westward of Race Rocks, and 23 miles from Victoria by waggon road or by water. The country generally is heavily wooded, rocky in parts near the coast, with open meadows up the Jordan River. ^^yih Mr. Arthur H. Peatt, Colwood : Grain, except oats, is : not grown largely; wheat, principally for feed, $30 per ton; oats, from $25 to $80 per ton; peas, $30 to $40 per ton. Potatoes produce 7 tons to the acre, and of good quality; price, $18 to $20 per ton. The principal grasses grown are rye grass, orchard grass, timothy and red clover; the yield was about 1% tons per acre. Apples, V/2 cents to 3 cents per lb. Dairying is carried on to a considerable extent by private dairies, and is profitable, if properly managed. Cattle-raising is a successful industry in this district; beef was worth from 7c. to 9c, milch cows from $50 to $75. Horses are profitable; ruling prices were from $50 to '$250. Sheep not very profitable, on account of wild animals and dogs; ruling prices, lambs from $4 to $5, sheep from 10 to 12%c. per lb., wool 8e. per lb. The raising of pigs is prosecuted; ruling price, 6c. to 7c per pound. Poultry-raising is being taken up with system and fairly good success; I it is remunerative; broilers are worth from $4 to $6 per dozen; hens, $6 to $9; eggs, 16c to 50c. per dozen. Labour — Whites, $20 to $40 per month; Chinese, $10 to $80 per month; Japanese, $5 to $30 per month. Supply equal to the demand. Mr. John Muir, Sooke : Thirty-five families in this district are engaged in farming. Wheat is produced only for feeding purposes; ruling price, 1% cents per. pound. Average yield of oats, 40 bushels per acre. Peas, 20 bushels per acre; price, V/2 cents per pound. Average yield of potatoes in fair years, 6 tons per acre; ruling price, $18 per ton. Average yield of grasses and clovers, 2 tons per acre: ruling price in 1900, $12 per ton. Fruit of all kinds does well AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 81 The district is suitable for the sheep industry, and is carried on to a small extent; lambs are worth $8.50, sheep $5, and wool 8 cents per pound. No Government lands open for pre-emption; from $6 to $30 per acre, according to location and improvements, is the price for improved lands. Labour—Whites, $1.50 per day; Chinese, $20 per month; Japanese, $10 per month; Indians, none. Supply equal to the demand. VICTORIA, LAKE, NORTH AND SOUTH SAANICH, AND INCLUDING JAMES ISLAND. These districts lie to the northward of the City of Victoria, and are connected with it by good waggon roads, railroad and water. The principal products are hops, roots, vegetables, hay, dairy products and fruit. Victoria District comprises all that part between Esquimalt and Highland on one side and Lake District on the other. A large portion of the land is slightly wooded, and much of it partly open oak land. Lake is a district north of Victoria and between it and south Saanich, the eastern boundary being Haro Straits. Most of the land is timbered, lightly in some parts and heavily in others. The district is well watered by streams and lakes. Fruit-raising and market gardening are principally followed. South Saanich, on the Saanich Peninsula, is about 12 miles north of Victoria, with which it is connected by good waggon roads and railway. Saanich Arm separ- I ates the peninsula from the main island, so that its eastern and western boundaries are the salt water, the south being Lake District and the north North Saanich. North Saanich adjoins South Saanich to the north, and occupies the end of the I peninsula. Sidney, the terminus of the railway from Victoria, is on the east coast. • Several good waggon roads also give access to Victoria. This is a beautiful district, well suited to the cultivation of hops and fruits of all kinds. James Island lies off North Saanich, and very near to it. The settlers cross in I small boats with produce for the markets. Noted for the large quantity of straw- I berries produced, of good quality, and usually about the first of the local product in the Victoria market. Mr. C. E. King, Victoria : " Hills and valleys " would best describe my district, the valleys having as a rule good black loamy soil, on whieh large crops can be grown. The hilly ground is inclined to be gravelly, and in many places is too rocky for cultivation. The City of Victoria, three to five miles distant, affords a good market for all the produce grown in the district. There is fairly good shooting of pheasants, grouse, quail and ducks. There is a lot of fall wheat grown; price, $25 to $30 per ton. Oats yield 42 bushels to the acre. Root crops of all kinds are produced; potatoes sell at from $18 to $20 per ton; mangolds, $6 to $10; carrots, $8 to $10; turnips, $5 to $7. Jndian corn can be successfully grown. Hops are produced in the Saanich peninsula, of extra good quality. Apples yield good; price, $1 per box (40 lbs.). Pears of exceptionally good quality are grown; price, $1 per box. Plums, cherries and quinces are all grown very successfully, yielding heavily, and not troubled with pests. Small fruits, especially strawberries, are grown in large quantities, and find a ready market. Dairying is carried on largely and profitably in the sale of milk and also in butter-making. Horses have been profitable, the demand having exceeded the production; prices, $125 to $250. This is a suitable district for sheep, and their production is carried on to a considerable extent with profit. Poultry production is being taken up with system, and is remunerative; prices of eggs range from 15 to 75 cents per dozen; spring chickens, 35 cents and upwards. 82 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA COWICHAN, Which includes the districts of Cowichan, Comiaken, Quamichan, Somenos, Che- mainus, Sahtlam, Seymour and Shawnigan, is one of the most flourishing settlements on the Island, about 40 miles north of Victoria, on the line of the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway, midway to Nanaimo, being centrally situated in regard to markets. The first two mentioned districts front on the water, Sansome Narrows; these, with the following two, have a fair*quantity of comparatively clear land on the Cowichan River, and on Quamichan and Somenos Lakes, with good bottoms and a good deal of timber lands. The others are farther back, and are for the most part heavily wooded and sparsely settled. Chemainus adjoins Cowichan to the north, Thetis and Kuper Islands, which lie off Chemainus, being included. .The latter are fairly cleared of timber, and are well suited to sheep-raising and fruit-growing. The mainland is heavily wooded, except in the valley of the Chemainus River. There is a sawmill and quite a village at the harbour. Cowichan Lake is centrally located between the eastern and western coasts of the Island, and about twenty miles from Duncan Station, on the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway, with which point it is connected by a good waggon road. The country is all heavily timbered, principally with fir and cedar, and some maple and alder in the bottoms. Shawnigan is a district on the line of the E. & N. Railway, about 30 miles from Victoria, and includes Shawnigan Lake and Koksilah River. The country is heavily wooded, but there are some extensive low-lying lands, which with drainage can easily be brought into cultivation. Mr. H. de M; Mellin, Somenos, says : The Cowichan District comprises the valley watered by the Cowichan River, and the adjacent country as far south as Shawnigan, and to the north as far as Chemainus. This district is particularly adapted for the pursuit of both agriculture and horticulture. It is centrally situated on the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, between two excellent markets, Victoria and Nanaimo. The soils, chiefly alluvial, submit readily to cultivation, and produce large crops of all grains and plants belonging to the temperate zone. The population consists chiefly of English and Scotch settlers, many of them of exceedingly good social position. The district is traversed by some of the best roads in the Island, kept always in good order by a well-administered Municipal Council. There is also good water communication along the coast from Saanich Arm to Chemainus. At the latter place may be found the largest sawmill in British Columbia, and at Cowichan Lake extensive logging operations are carried on every year. No wheat grown. A considerable quantity of oats grown; yield, about 60 bushels per acre; price, $25 per ton; a large quantity also cut for hay. Peas, between 30 and 40 bushels per acre; price, about.$30 per ton. Potatoes yield from 400 to 000 bushels per acre; prices, from $15 to $25 per ton. Production of hay, from 2 to 3 tons per acre; price, from $12 to $18 per ton. Approximate number of apple trees, 10,000; prices, 75c. to $1 per box, rising to as high as $1.90 in the spring. Pears yield fairly good. Plums and prunes yield very good; approximate number of trees, 2,000; prices, from 2c. to 4c per lb. for certain varieties. Cherries yield good; number of trees, about 500; prices, from 4c. to 6c. per lb. Peaches, apricots and nectarines, with care and cultivation, can all be successfully produced Most small fruits do very well in favourable seasons. Gooseberries yield here. good; price, 4c to 5c per pound. Currants yield good; price, 4c to 5c per pound. Raspberries yield good; price, $1.50 per 24-pound crate. Strawberries yield good; price, 6c per pound. The Cowichan Creamery now includes as patrons all the larger farmers who had a reputation for their bucter. This creamery has been so successfully worked that it does not pay the average farmer to do his own churning, if he can by any AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION means manage to send the cream into Duncan. There are 53 patrons, who have altogether about 450 cows. The number of cows available for creamery purposes within a reasonable radius will amount altogether to about 650. Cowichan District is very suitable for sheep-raising. The industry is carried on to a fairly large and increasing extent, and it is profitable; the prices paid by the butchers for the sheep raised here this year were : Wethers in good condition, from $5 to $6; good grade ewes for stock, $6; lambs, from $4.50 to $5; wool, 7c. The raising of pigs is carried on on most farms as part of the system of mixed farming. The ruling prices during the year have been : For pigs on foot, from 5 to 6 cents per pound; dressed, from 8 to 9 cents. Poultry-raising is not prosecuted with any great degree of system, or on a large scale; eggs vary throughout the year from 20 to 60 cents per dozen, and there is always a sale for them; chickens, from $3 to $6 per dozen. Farm lands fairly well drained, as a rule. Usual price for ditching : Ditch 2 feet deep, filled in with cedar slabs, from 40 to 50 cents per rod. Trees are Douglas fir, balsam, hemlock, red cedar, yellow cedar, white pine, yew, arbutus, crab, wild •cherry, alder, maple, dogwood, willow (several varieties), oak and cottonwood; all the trees are in abundance except yellow cedar, white pine and yew. There is no Government land for pre-emption in any easily accessible part of the district. Most of the railway land available for agricultural purposes has also been disposed of. Such railway land as remains unsold, in outlying parts of the district, may be bought for from $3 to $5 per acre; improved farms, usually including a considerable amount of bush land, about $50 per acre. Labour — Whites, $1.50 per day (not easily procurable in busy season); Chinese, $10 to $20 per month; Japanese, $8 to $15 per month; Indians, $1 to $1.50 per day. Throughout the summer months white labour is scarce, and Mongolians often expensive. The Indians go to the canneries. Grasses and clover yield about 2 to 3 tons per acre; price in 1900, about $15 per ton. Raspberries are most largely grown; yield, 4,000 to 6,000 pounds per acre. Strawberries, gooseberries, currants, etc., grown on a small scale; price, about 5 cents per pound. Labour — Whites, very few wanted for farm work; Chinese procurable, $1 per day. without board; Japanese, procurable, $10 to $15 per month, with board; Indians, procurable, men $2 per day, women $1 per day, without board. Mr. Charles Bayly, Cowichan Lake : Farmers on north side of the lake are going in for general farming. Cattle, sheep, roots, cereals and fruit all do well. There is a fairly good road through the settlement. Settlers are increasing, and manage to make ends meet. There is plenty, of room for a good settlement on the south side of the lake. NORTH AND SOUTH NANAIMO, In which is included Oyster, Cedar, Bright, Cranberry, Nanaimo, Douglas, Mountain, Wellington, Nanoose and Cameron Districts, and the Islands of Gabriola, Las- queti and Texada, is the chief coal-producing section of the province. Mr. John Stewart, Stark's Crossing, Nanaimo : The Electoral District of North and South Nanaimo extends from Chemainus on the south to Qualicum on the north, a distance of 60 miles. The district, except what has been cleared, is all bush land, with mountainous, rocky ridges around Oyster Bay, Extension, Wellington, Nanaimo, Nanoose Bay and Englishman's River. The Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway, which extends from the City of Victoria, at the south end of Vancouver Island, to Wellington, a distance of 78 miles, has 28 miles of track in the district. The town of Ladysmith, which is little more than three years old, is situated five miles from the south boundary of the district, on Oyster Harbour. Ladysmith is the shipping point for the Extension and South Wellington coal mines. The Extension coal- mines are situated 12 miles to the north-northwest of Ladysmith, and South Wellington 9 miles to the north. Along the water front from the south 84 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA boundary, between the railway and salt water, there is partially cleared land as far as Haslam Creek, and the soil is good clay loam. From Brenton Crossing, three miles to the north of Ladysmith, following the waggon road to Nanaimo, there are a number of well-cleared farms. In Cedar District, which extends from near Oyster Bay to Nanaimo River bridge, the soil is all good, and would give returns if it were further improved by tile draining and good cultivation. Dairying is carried on on a small scale, but grain, potatoes and hay are the principal products of Cedar District. Nanaimo is the principal market for this district. The roads are good. To the west and south of Nanaimo are situated the five-acre lots of the New Vancouver Coal Company, which have been mostly taken up by miners. To the west of Nanaimo, about 1% miles, the New Vancouver Coal Company's farm is situated. This farm, of fully 500 acres, has been cleared up within the last 10 years out of the bush, some of it costing fully $200 an acre to clear. It is all drained with tile. It grows the supplies of hay, oats and roots for the company's mules and horses. Nanaimo is a city of 6,500 inhabitants, and is a good market for all farm produce. To the south of Wellington, in the Millstream Valley, the large farm belonging to R. Dunsmuir & Sons, with an area of several hundred acres of excellent land, is situated. The company raises hay on this farm for the use of the mules and horses in their employ. There are many small farms, well cleared and with good soil, between Nanaimo and Nanoose Bay. From the point where the Comox road comes into view of Nanoose Bay and Parksville, the soil is inclined to be sandy and gravelly. Following the Comox road from Parksville, by French Creek, to Qualicum, the best farming land in the whole district is found at Qualicum. Turning off the Comox road three miles to the south of Englishman's River, near Beaver Creek wharf, the Alberni road runs through a bush country mostly. There is excellent shooting and fishing around Parksville, Nanoose Bay and Qualicum. There are three islands in the Gulf of Georgia which belong to the district, viz., Gabriola, Lasqueti and Texada. Gabriola, especially the south end, has excellent land; when cleared, it will yield large returns. Lasqueti Island is essentially adapted for sheep-raising, but the methods followed are not productive of the best results. Texada, the farthest north, in the Gulf of Georgia, is a mining centre. Copper and iron are abundant, with gold and silver in less paying quantities. These islands, with the exception of Lasqueti, have steamboat communication three or four times a week. Timothy largely grown; selling for from $12 to $15 a ton. Pears only grown on a very small scale; prices, 75c to $1 per box. Plums and prunes, 3c and 4c a pound. Cherries sold readily at 8c. to 10c a pound. Strawberries yield 2 to 4 tons to the acre; price, iy2 to 10 cents per pound. Raspberries, about 2 tons to the acre; 4% to 8% cents a pound. Gooseberries yield 2 to 3 tons to the acre, on three-year-old bushes; prices, 5 to 8Y2 cents a pound. Some of the Islands in the Gulf of Georgia are well adapted to sheep-raising — Lasqueti Island especially, and Gabriola*. In two or three places in the district poultry-breeding has been carried on with system. R. J. Craig, Parksville, has made a profit of $2 a head. Mr. Smith, five-acre lots, made a daily profit of from $1.50 to $2 from 200 hens, all raised by the incubator in 1900, since the month of October. Eggs never sold for less than 25 cents a dozen; during November and December 65 cents was the ruling price. Bee-keeping is being carried on more largely every year, especially in the neighbourhood of the New Vancouver Coal Company's farm. One man made $250 out of $32 colonies; honey fetched 25 cents a pound this year. Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway land is to be had in this district. The price of railway land is $5 an acre. Labour — Whites, very scarce, $20 to $35 a month, with board; Chinese, $8 to $15 a month, with board; Japanese, $8 to $22, without board. Chinese and Japanese labourers can usually be got, except during the fishing season. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION COMOX, Extending from the northern boundary of North Nanaimo to the northern boundary of Comox District, a distance of some 65 miles, and including the islands of Hornby and Denman and the districts of Castle, Nelson and Comox, is for the most part heavily wooded and sparsely populated, especially the two first named districts. Comox itself is one of the most beautiful and promising districts in the province. In it are situated the Union coal mines, where a fine article of coal is produced, the most of which is exported to California. These mines afford an excellent market for all the produce of the neighbouring agricultural sections. In the vicinity of the bay and extending back some distance, the country is fairly open, with .a good many oaks scattered about. Further back and extending to Campbell River, a distance of some 30 miles, there is a large extent of level country, heavily timbered for the most part with fir, cedar, hemlock, spruce and maple, with some extensive swamps, which are capable of being easily drained, the land throughout being of excellent quality. This is considered one of the best dairying districts in the province. It is well watered throughout, and the land produces fine crops of clover, corn and other fodders suitable for milch cattle. A considerable quantity of butter is manufactured, and a co-operative creamery materially adds to the output of dairy products. The means of communication are by waggon road and by steamer to Nanaimo. The projected extension of the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railroad would, if constructed, pass through the entire district. The timber consists principally of Douglas fir, cedar (a very fine quality), maple, alder and oak. This is the most northerly limit of the oak, the southern limit being Sooke, and none being found on the Mainland. The soil is fertile, but draining is most essential. In the swamps it is mostly black muck, with a bluish clay subsoil, and in other parts varying from a black or sandy loam in the bottoms to a red gravelly loam on the higher parts. There are a number of good swamps in the district that can be cleared at little cost; they run in size from 20 to 100 acres. The soil is good, being composed largely of decomposed vegetation, and generally covered with a broad-leafed grass, which keeps green all winter and grows high. The cattle are very fond of it, and it keeps them in good condition. These swamps are easily ditched, and the timber, which is principally crab-apple and willow, is fight. Denman and Hornby are about 42 miles from Nanaimo, and lie close to Vancouver Island shore, the upper end of Denman being opposite the Union Mines, the latter place affording good market for produce. J. A. Halliday, Comox: There are three classes of soil — fir, alder and swamps. The soil is generally good, but the fir land is expensive to reclaim. The timber is good, but of no commercial value, except along the streams. It may cost from $30 to $200 an acre to prepare it for crop. Alder is easily cleared; stumps soon decay; soil friable and yields a good crop at the first; cost of clearing, from $20 to $50 an acre. The swamps are old beaver dams, where an outlet can be gotten at moderate expense; they are easily reclaimed, and yield great crops of grass from the first; as they get firmer, they raise good grain and root crops. They vary in size from a few acres to 200 and 300 acres. Grain is produced entirely for feeding stock. Oats yield % ton to 1 ton on the better farms; price, 1% to 1% cents per pound. Ensilage corn will produce 70 tons to the acre; had samples at the Agricultural Show 14 feet high, 4 to 6 ears on each stem. Excellent apples are grown. Other fruits all succeed well and are grown in small quantities. Dairying is the chief industry of Comox. One farmer alone sold in 1900 17,000 pounds, from 22 to 33 cents per pound; 25 cents ruled. Cows are worth $50 to $70 each; beef sells freely at V/2 to 10 cents, dressed, by the carcass. Per- YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA haps 1,000 sheep in the valley; lambs bring $5 to $6; ewes usually breed twins. The hog industry is carried on by all the dairymen; say 800 are sold young, at 8 to 9 cents, live weight. Quite a number devote their whole time to poultry, and do well; eggs vary from 25 to 60 cents per dozen. Labour — Whites, $25 per month, yearly engagements; Chinese, 50 cents to $1 per day, as occasion requires; some pay $15 per month; Japanese, $15 to $18 per month. Mr. George Heatherbell, Hornby Island : Oats are the main crop; price, V/2 cents. Barley does'well indeed. Peas are the largest crop grown, next to oats; price, 2 cents per pound. Potatoes do well nearly always. Apples are extensively raised; there would be about 1,500 bearing trees and 400 young ones; this island -will compare favourably with any place in the province for raising fruit; price, $1 a box. Pears do well; price, $1.25 a box. Plums and prunes do fine here; price, about 50 cents for a box of 20 pounds. Cattle-raising is a successful industry on this island; beef has been from 7c. to 9c. this season. As compared with cattle, sheep are more profitable, where land is suitable; everyone has more or less sheep; prices for mutton, from 4^c to 6c per pound, live weight, and about $6 each for breeding ewes; wool is of no value, viz., 6c Good heavy horses bring a good price. Swine-raising is not much prosecuted; prices have been 6c to 8c on foot. Properly cared for, poultry is the most remunerative thing on the farm; price for eggs has been from 20c to 50c per dozen at time of writing (November 8, 1900). Improved farms for sale at from $10 an acre up. Labour — Whites, $1 per day and board; Japanese, $10 to $15 per month. White labour is not always plentiful. NORTHERN PART OF VANCOUVER ISLAND, AND ADJACENT ISLANDS, Including Alert Bay, Fort Rupert, Cape Scott and Quatsino on the main island, being the only spots of any consequence where there are any white settlers, and the islands of Valdez, Thurlow, Read, Cortez, Hernando, Savory, Redonda, Hardwicke, Camp and Wyatt. There are many more islands which it is not necessary to mention specifically. This portion of the province is very sparsely settled, and the means of communication is confined to steamers. A railway, now projected, connecting the two extremes of Vancouver Island, would no doubt be a great factor in settling up this portion. Alert Bay, about 70 miles to the northwest of Valdez Island, is on the northeast . coast of Vancouver. Some settlers have taken up land on the islands in the vicinity, and in the valleys of streams. The country is generally wooded and well I watered, and the soil is good. On Haddington Island a fine quality of stone is ; found, of which the new Parliament Buildings at Victoria are constructed. Coal I also exists at Port McNeil, and these, together with the salmon canning and the fishing industry, will no doubt form important factors in the development of this I . part of the country. Quatsino and Cape Scott include all the country in the northernmost part of Vancouver Island. A colony of Danish and Norwegian settlers have recently been established there, and it is hoped that with the assistance of other settlers the section will become a place of importance. The soil is described as productive, well watered, timbered with fir, cedar and hemlock. The climate is well suited to the production of all the usual cereals, vegetables and fruits. Although the fisheries are, so far, wholly undeveloped, enough is known regarding them to justify the belief that they are of immense value, and will form a valuable adjunct to the resources of that section, and contribute largely to the means of livelihood. Mr. Henry Varney, Quatsino : This is a small settlement at present, there being about 15 or 16 people occupying land here; but we have a population of about 60 souls, including children, and, as you are doubtless aware, composed chiefly of Scandinavians. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION There is an immense area of land stretching from Marble Creek Valley to Alert Bay, on the east coast of the island, which does not appear to require the aid of manure, for potatoes have been grown to a prodigious size in this valley, without the use of any manure whatever. I have seen some weighing 2% pounds each. The land in question is at present not bought up, and is unoccupied, and would furnish farms for several hundred people. It is drained by Marble Creek, which is a large river, with a winding course of 40 or 50 miles in a northwesterly direction, and draining several large lakes. The land, I believe, will be settled upon in the near future. Last winter the climbing roses on the house walls remained all winter luxuriant in foliage. Mr. Nicholas Thompson, Cortez Island,: There are about 16 settlers living on their places on this island at present. Each rancher has about 10 acres cleared; there may be one or two who have a little more than that, but 10 is about the average. The land is heavy clearing. Our nearest market is Vancouver, a distance of 100 miles. The steamer calls twice a week. We have very poor roads. The climate up here is good, and there are plenty of deer, grouse and fish to be had for the hunting of them. I may say the principal crops are potatoes and roots, which do well. The great drawback here is the land is so rocky — more rock than good The timber on the island is principally fir and cedar. land. Mr. S. A. Spencer, Alert Bay : The country is generally mountainous and unfit for agriculture. In a few isolated places, small patches of land, when cleared, might be productive. The country is more likely to be productive of mineral. No roads; all communication is by water. There is a public school for white children at Alert Bay. Game, fairly plentiful, consists of deer, elk, grouse and bear. There are salmon and trout in nearly all the rivers and streams. White population, about 60. CAPE SCOTT. Mr. C. B. Christiansen, Secretary of the Cape Scott Colony, has supplied the following description of the Cape Scott District : This District is situated at the north end of Vancouver Island. The land rises gradually from the coast to 100 feet over sea level, as far as the lowlands extend; while the hills reach from 200 to 400 feet in height. Several streams, of which the largest is the San Josef River, run in a northerly and westerly direction. The largest lake is one mile north of San Josef River. The outlet of this lake would furnish excellent water power. The lake is two miles long and one and a half miles wide.. The district is well timbered. The lowlands are only thinly wooded and easily cleared. Along the rivers are hemlock, spruce, red and yellow cedar. San Josef River would be a very good location for a pulp mill. The soil is very diversified. Most of the hills and part of the lowlands is made . up of what is generally known as sallal soil. Along the rivers is excellent bottom land, covered with alder and raspberry brush. About 100 acres could be reclaimed from the action of the tides by a dyke, besides the grass lands already reclaimed by a dyke at the head of Goose Hardy. The climate is very healthful. Eighty degrees is the highest temperature in summer. Frosts occur seldom before December or after April. The rainfall is about 100 inches. All vegetables and small fruits grow well. Barley and oats- will ripen. Clover and grasses grown luxuriantly. The land seems excellently adapted for cattle-raising and dairying. It is the purpose of the settlers to turn their activity in that direction chiefly. Other resources are the deep-water fisheries, halibut, and the salmon fisheries in the several streams. There are about thirty ranches occupied at Cape Scott, well-built houses and well-cultivated gardens surrounding them. N. T. Neilsen, Cape Scott: Cape Scott forms the north end of Vancouver Island. Three large rivers and creeks are running through the district, along which 88 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA there is more or less alluvial soil, which will make splendid homes to many industrious settlers. The higher lands consist principally of sallal soil, and are about from 100 to 200 feet above the level of the sea. There are a good many hills from 300 to about 2,000 feet above sea level. Some land is only very lightly timbered. There is a public school, open all the year around. Sportsmen will find an abundance of game and fish, trout, salmon, cod, flounders and halibut, in the water; swans, geese and ducks. Grouse, deer, elk and larger game, such as wolves and toears, may also be found. The climate is very healthful; yearly rainfall, about 100 inches; highest and lowest temperature, 84 degrees and 15 degrees above zero. Population is about 70 people, but a large immigration to this district is expected. There are about 1,000 acres which might be reclaimed by dyking. It is principally peatty, but near the rivers there is some alluvial deposit. There is not much valuable timber here, except along the larger rivers and creeks. The following kinds of trees grow here : Hemlock, red and yellow cedar, balsam, fir, alder, bull pine, yew, and some fine spruce on river bottom. There are thousands of acres of Government lands open for pre-emption in this district. The soil consists partly of what is commonly known as sallal soil, and partly of alluvial soils along the rivers and larger creeks. There is still some very good river bottom to be had. WEST COAST OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. Including Alberni, Clayoquot, Ucluelet and Port Renfrew. F. H. Avery and Stanley R. S. Bayne, Alberni : The Alberni Valley is about 20 miles long and 4 miles wide, and is divided into three districts, viz., Sproat Lake to the west, Beaver Creek to the north, and Cherry Creek to the east. Of these, Beaver Creek has the most settlers. In this direction the valley extends for 12 or 14. miles, and there is much unoccupied land, which, with co-operative drainage, ought to be very valuable in time to come. In the other districts, too, there is good land lying vacant. The soil is for the most part a clayey loam, and very productive. Market mostly local. Roads good; communication twice weekly with Nanaimo by stage, and three times monthly by steamer with Victoria and the northern part of the Island. Three schools. Game is plentiful, as also trout and salmon in season. Population, about 300. It is well watered, having several large and small lakes, besides rivers and creeks. Oats are produced for feed principally; average yield, 30 bushels per acre; prices, lc to l%c. per pound. Potatoes yield about five tons per acre; prices, $1 to $1.25 per 100 pounds. Timothy, orchard, red clover and alsike yield from 1% to 2 tons per acre; price, $10 to $15 per ton. Apples do well; prices range from lc. to 3c per pound. Pears yield good; prices, lc. to 3c. per pound. Plums and prunes yield heavily. Other fruits produce well. Dairying is carried on by quite a number on a small scale, and is fairly remunerative. Cattle-raising is a successful industry; beef is worth from 7 to 9 cents per pound, dressed; milch cows, according to breed, $30 to $60. This district is too wet on the low lands for sheep; they, however, do well on the high lands and ridges; lambs bring about $4.50, and sheep from $5.50 to $6; wool is worthless. Not many pigs in this district; home market easily supplied; price, from 8 to 10. cents per pound, dressed. Some few have gone into poultry of late; prices rule from 20 to 40 cents per dozen for eggs. Very few bees kept so far, tout increasing gradually; Italian toees are the most suitable; price of honey, 25 cents per pound; yield, 30 to 40 pounds per hive. A red clay loam chiefly, with ridges of glacial clay on the mountains; the hollows, black clay loam, with white, yellow and blue clay subsoil; also beaver meadows. Cost of clearing land here, from $25 to $50 per acre —that is, leaving the stumps in the ground. The timber in this section is Douglas fir, spruce, hemlock, maple, dogwood, bearwood, crabapple, balsam, arbutus (very scarce), white pine, cottonwood, alder, cedar, yellow cedar (top of mountain), yew. Douglas fir is the chief timber to the mountain top; cedar, in patches, and generally swamp lands; spruce,-in patches and low, gravelly lands; alder, chiefly in the bottoms, on clay; dogwood, scattered on high lands; and the same with maple. Government land for pre-emption on Alberni Canal, Taylor Arm and Road, and Sproat's and Great Central Lakes. Lots of railway land waiting to be settled on, good, bad and indifferent. The valley is not a quarter taken up. The land varies from cedar swamps and alder bottoms to ridge land. The quantity, location and prices can be seen on the E. & N._ Railway maps of Alberni District; price, $3 per acre, with 6 per cent, interest on deferred payments. About 30,000 acres of vacant land located between Alberni and Comox. From $500 to $6,000 for improved farms. Labour — Whites, $2.50 per day; Chinese, few, $1.50 per day. This year white labour has been scarce, owing to new roads being built. Mr. John Chesterman, Clayoquot: Clayoquot is situated on the west coast of Vancouver Island, about 140 miles from Victoria. Its natural resources consist of mining, fishing and timber. Although a large quantity of mineral is found in this district, the claims are not enough developed to be shipping ore. Fishing is carried on to some extent by the C. F. & T. Co., who own the cannery situated at the mouth of Kennedy River, which puts up about 7,000 cases annually. There is a large amount of halibut in the adjacent waters which have not yet been utilised. ^ The number of people engaged in agriculture in this district is about 100. As it is a recently settled district, there are only about 200 acres under cultivation and in meadow. Grasses and clovers do well. Small fruits are successful. This district is naturally adapted for dairying purposes. Cattle raising is a success in this district. There are thousands of acres of tide lands that could be reclaimed by dyking. The subsoil is clay. What dyking has been done demonstrates the fact that it can be carried on to a success. The principal timbers in this district are cedar, spruce, balsam and hemlock, with some fir, crab-apple, alder, yew, white pine, yellow cedar and soft maple. There is plenty of surveyed agricultural land open for pre-emption in this district. From Port Renfrew Mr. C. Blackstaff reports : This district is commonly known as San Juan Valley. We have very rich alluvial soil, on which can be raised large quantities of hay. Then we have land suitable for fruit-growing. The valley is very healthy. There is plenty of game and fish. Our market is Victoria, and we have a weekly steamer. The valley and mountains are densely wooded, and very large quantities can easily be got to the. harbour. We have spruce, Douglas fir, balsam fir, hemlock, soft maple, vine maple, red and yellow cedar, and yew. THE ISLANDS. In which are included Salt Spring, Galiano Mayne, Pender, Saturna, Moresby, Sidney, Prevost and all the smaller islands lying between the southern end of Vancouver Island and the Mainland. The climate of these islands is equable in the extreme, and consequently well adapted for fruit culture, which industry is carried on to a considerable extent and with great success. On account also of their immunity from predatory animals, the raising of sheep is most successfully prosecuted. Mr. Theo. Trage, Beaver Point, Salt Spring Island : There is no more land to be pre-empted. About one-fourth of the soil is real good land; the balance rocks. For markets we have Victoria and Nanaimo; we are connected four times per week with Victoria and twice with Nanaimo by steamer. Cereals are not cultivated to any extent, oats excepted. Peas are also grown in fair quantities. The ruling price of potatoes is $18 per ton. Two tons per acre for hay; none grown for sale. Apples are grown; good yield; price about 2c. per pound. All the other large fruits do exceedingly well, but are not produced to YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA any extent, there being more profit in apples. Strawberries are the only small fruit grown for the market; price, 7c per pound. Dairying only carried on by private dairies; pays well. Part of the district is suitable enough for sheep; good prices were paid for lambs, about $4 each; mutton has been 4%c per pound; pays well enough. The poultry industry is systematically prosecuted, and is remunerative; price, $5 per dozen; eggs, from 20c. to 40c. per dozen. Draining is carried on to a large extent. Timber trees are Douglas fir, cedar, balsam, hemlock, maple, alder, spruce, willow, poplar and dogwood. Labour — Whites, $1.50 per day; Japanese, 50c per day. Plenty of Japanese here, but white labour is scarce. Mr. R. A. R. Purdy, Vesuvius : This district is suitable for sheep raising. It is carried on to a considerable extent, and is profitable. Ruling prices were $4.50 for early lambs, 6c. per pound for sheep, and 6c per pound for wool. It costs about $100 per acre to clear the high lands; the low lands can be cleared for less. Mr. Washington Grimmer, Pender Island : North Pender Island is that portion lying north of Browning Harbour on the east side and Boat Harbour on the west side, which is the side that most of the shipping from the Mainland and east coast of Vancouver Island passes. The land is divided up into separate valleys, varying from 20 acres up to over 300 acres in extent. The soil is really good in most of the valleys, and comparatively easy to clear; but high up on the side-hills the timber is larger, the soil rather rocky, and on the summits almost solid rock, but timbered more or less, and some wild grasses and clover. Plenty of fish, deer, grouse, pheasants and Bob White quail. Mostly Old Country settlers, industrious and thrifty, with pretty, attractive homes. Population of North Pender, about 60. Markets, chiefly Victoria, but Nanaimo^ Vancouver and New Westminster about equal distance away, this place being about the centre of the coast markets. Mixed farming is carried on successfully, but lamb-raising is remunerative and the chief branch of agriculture here. Potatoes yield about six tons to the acre; quality good; ruling price, $20 per ton. Onions are produced in considerable quantities, and yield well; ruling price, 2 cents per pound. Grasses and clovers yield about 2 tons per acre; all fed on farms to the stock. Most of the leading varieties of apples do well; prices, 75c to $1 per box in the fall. Winter pears of several varieties are grown; seem well suited to this island; ruling price, 75 cents to $1 per box. Plums and prunes do well; price, about 3 cents per pound. Dairying is carried on in a limited way at present; rather profitable. Sheep very suitable, and industry carried on successfully wherever tried carefully; price for 1900, 4% to 5 cents per pound for mutton; lambs, $4.50 to $3.50. The want of a woollen mill in British Columbia, which would make a price for wool, is the chief drawback to the industry. Swine-breeding is profitable, if carried on systematically; ruling price, 5% to 7 cents per pound, live weight. To clear the most easily cleared land here will cost about $50 per. acre, and the heaviest over $100 per acre. The timber here is alder, maple, arbutus, willow, wild cherry, several varieties of pine and cedar, balsam, but no spruce, and hemlock scarce. Very little Government land open to pre-emption on this island. Improved farms can be bought from $15 per acre up to $50. Labour—White labourers are few, $1.50 to $2 per day, without board; Japanese, $6 to $15 per month, and board. Too many Japs, and unsatisfactory as farm labourers anyhow. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION GENERAL CONDITIONS. IN the Year Book of 1897 there was a chapter on " General Conditions," which at that time was considered by those who understood the conditions of farming in this province to fairly and honestly reflect the agricultural situation as it then was. Conditions have very materially altered since then, and for the better. Much more land has been brought into cultivation, methods have greatly improved, prices have become better, and conditions generally stable and business-like. In a word, the speculative and real estate atmosphere which surrounded farm lands has largely disappeared, and farming has become a regular and legitimate industry, depending upon intelligent and systematic application of efforts to the soil and products for a dividend upon the investment of labour and capital expended. However, a good deal of the chapter in question is still pertinent and true, and it is reproduced, with necessary emendations and additions. In a general way, the districts may be referred to as the Fraser Valley, Westminster District, in which there are about 350,000 acres of arable land, 150,000 acres being alluvial deposit; the southwestern portion of Vancouver Island, which is comparatively well settled and contains some excellent land; and the Okanagan District, in which there are numerous fertile valleys, comprising in all about 500,000 acres suitable for general agricultural purposes. In the latter, in addition to the areas referred to there are still larger areas of pastoral land, suitable and used for grazing only. The three foregoing districts have been referred to first because they are distinctly agricultural and are the localities in which the principal farming settlements are to be found. There are, however, extensive tracts of open country in the North and -South Thompson River Valleys, in the Nicola Valleys, in the Similkameen, in Lillooet, Cariboo and East Kootenay, in which, though principally pastoral and requiring irrigation for crops, are to be found at intervals good farms,, or, as they are usually designated, " ranches," and these detached areas constitute in the aggregate many thousands of acres, which either do produce or are capable of producing any crops within the possibilities of the temperate zone — cereals, fruits and vegetables. OUTLYING AREAS. And, added to these, the capabilities of which, with intelligent and intensive methods of farming, are very great, are still more extensive, though remoter, tracts to be found in the Columbia Valley, East Kootenay; in the Canoe River Valley, opening the way to the northern interior from Kootenay; in the Chilcotin country, including the Nechaco and Blackwater Valleys; in the Bulkley and Kispyox Valleys, in the Ootsa Lake and Peace River countries; on the northern end of Vancouver Island and on the islands and coast of the Mainland, which with increased facilities of communication and the demand created by the almost certain immense development about to take place and the consequent rapid augmentation of population, wiU provide homes for thousands of settlers. As yet these lands are mainly in the hands of the Government, and until communication is afforded and development takes place they are not recommended for settlement, because, without facilities for reaching a market, farming life in isolated communities presents many obvious obstacles to success. IMPROVED FARMS. Although suitable land in the already settled districts has been all taken up and is in the hands of private parties, farms partially improved, or in favourable locali- 92 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ties, may be obtained from $10 to $50 an acre, according to situation and character of land, improvement, etc., and it may be remarked here that a small farm of from 40 to 100 acres in extent is sufficient in British Columbia for the average farmer. A good many farms in good localities may now be obtained, and the average price for 100 to 160 acres, with from 10 to 25 acres cleared, and buildings is from $15 to $50 an acre, on easy terms. However, it is difficult to give exaot prices. Farms with excellent possibilities may be obtained for the latter figure. In most cases, however, a settler who has improved farming in view may count on having a good deal of extra fencing, clearing, under-draining and building to do after he has acquired any land, in order to obtain the best results. Many of the farms have young orchards, but here, too, improvements of varieties and further planting will be desirable. Plenty of good water and good timber are almost always available. FARMING DESCRIBED. It is difficult to give a fairly honest and average description of the conditions of agriculture in British Columbia. In the first place, farming was until recently in a somewhat primitive condition, and to understand why it was so, one must really know the-history of the province, and have lived in it. Farming, like mining, suffered from lack of communication, and very little incentive to progress can exist without an easy market. In the majority of instances it was not farmers who took up and settled on the land, hence farming was not undertaken systematically; and, besides, the difficulties of clearing land are great, compared with most other places. Numbers of persons who came to the Coast without a very definite purpose in view — to take chances in mining, speculation or anything else that might happen to turn up — in the absence of any other occupation to employ their energies, took up land and, figuratively speaking, sat down on it, waiting for prospective development to make it valuable. It is easy to imagine how, under such circumstances, a general condition of farming on tentative principles came about. A few applied themselves intelligently and industriously to the task, and demonstrated locally the wider possibilities; but the rule was otherwise. On the better lands in favourable localities, by the growing of hay, fruits, etc, many were enabled, owing to local demand, to live comfortably and even grow prosperous without too great exertion. CHANGED CONDITIONS. With the coming of the railways, however, and the competition of outside produce conditions were altered, more especially as the first boom consequent upon . the railway construction was followed by a long period of depression, which, to use a favourite Western expression, made farming on former lines a most "difficult proposition." As a result many became dissatisfied, especially as mining offered — as it does still — peculiar temptations, and either sold their farms, where that was possible, to others, or encumbered their estates with liabilities. This period was a very trying one for the agricultural industry of the province, and for many individual-farmers. Fortunately, owing to a variety of causes — the principal, of course, to the return of prosperous times in Canada and the United States — agriculture in British Columbia has not only regained what was lost during the hard times, but has made very decided advances; so much so that it may be said that conditions have entirely changed for the better. Farming is finding its level in British Columbia, as elsewhere, as a business which requires the same careful attention and intelligent application as other businesses. As a further and necessary explanation, it may be added that throughout the interior the settlers, as a rule, engaged in cattle-raising as the easiest and readiest means of utilizing their land. There has always existed a good market in the Coast cities for beef, and cattle can be driven long distances to a market or point for shipment. The life, too, of a cattle rancher is not without its attractions, and is rarely arduous. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION LARGE HOLDINGS. It being necessary under such circumstances to have plenty of pasturage, farms were, as a consequence, taken up on a large scale, and usually with a view to utilising the ranges on the side-hills, covered with bunch-grass. The favourite location was a river bottom or valley, which, once secured, commanded the hillsides and commons, and even these, if not leased or purchased, were often deliberately fenced in and occupied. In this way the pastoral and agricultural lands have been secured in large allotments and the settlers are far apart, unfortunately surrounding the question of further settlement with peculiar difficulties. In the Okanagan Valleys, however, many of the landholders are cutting up their holdings, seeing the inutility under changed conditions of endeavouring to retain unproductive property and the wisdom of parting with portions to others who will improve them and add value to what remains in their own hands. There is generally a growing inclination in a similar direction among land holders in British Columbia, but a great deal still requires to be done before the possibilities of settlement are achieved. There are several districts in the province in which this is particularly true. There is, for instance, in Enderby, Armstrong and Mara, in the Okanagan District, a large number of farms suitable for dairying, fruit on high ridges, and mixed farming generally, offering for sale. These represent the best values obtainable in the province; and the cost of clearing, which averages about $25 or $30 an acre, is comparatively light. At Armstrong a creamery has been established and is in successful operation. CLIMATIC ZONES. Climate is, of course, a factor which always affects the agricultural conditions of any country — is, in fact, in itself one of the main factors. Elsewhere this subject has been dealt with fully. As will have been seen, there are several distinct climatic zones in the province, and the treatment of agriculture must be divided on corresponding fines. On the coast, where the direct effect of the ocean is felt, there are : A decidedly humid atmosphere, a good deal of rain during the winter months, no extremes of heat and cold, a long growing season, cool nights, and profuse vegetation. It is scarcely necessary to explain the general effect of such conditions — • tree growth is generally greatly stimulated; roots and vegetables flourish; the softer grains, such as oats and barley, yield largely and grow to great perfection; grasses are abundant; fruits, such as pears, cherries and plums and all small fruits, are practically indigenous to the soil, and yield enormously; flowers, especially roses and all the good old-fashioned varieties, are profuse bloomers; and shrubbery is dense; it is a country of great growth, and, where fertile soil deposits exist, no better results can be obtained anywhere. Unfortunately, the beneficial effect of the climate in contributing such favourable conditions is accompanied by corresponding disadvantages in the creation of dense forests and thick and heavy undergrowth, in encouraging the growth of weeds, and in the propagation of insect pests and plant diseases once they have found a foothold. Under average conditions, to clear a farm for cultivation requires much more labour than it does to keep it in a clean condition. Eternal vigilance is the price of immunity from weeds, second growth and insect pests. On the other hand, intensive farming gives wonderful results. INSECT PESTS AND PLANT DISEASES. Adverting to insect pests and plant diseases, which have been of recent importation, coming with nursery and fruit shipments, a quotation is made from Mr. Palmer's report to the Provincial Board of Horticulture, 1901, which has done much towards their eradication and prevention : The dread of the total destruction of the industry on account of insect pests, which at one time prevailed, has been largely removed since the life history and habits of the common orchard pests have become more generally known, and the methods and means for checking or destroying them common knowledge. It is true, constant watchfulness and care will always be necessary in this connection, how- iff' 94 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ever, and no measures are too drastic which aim to prevent the introduction of the most dreaded pests of other fruit-growing countries, viz., the codlin moth (Carpq- capsa pomonella) and the San Jose scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus). At present this province occupies an enviable position in its freedom from these foes of the fruitgrower. THE COAST CONSIDERED. Owing to the character of the Coast climate already referred to, there are other crops, which do not do so well, and as a general rule do not pay to raise. These • are : Wheat, which, though yielding heavily and producing a fine-looking kernel, is too soft for milling purposes, and in limited quantities is mainly valuable for feeding chickens; fruit and vegetables requiring plenty of heat and sunshine to mature them — grapes, peaches, nectarines, almonds, tomatoes, watermelons, and the like. These all do well, but except in favoured localities are not generally well suited, and may not mature properly. Apples which are perhaps Indigenous to more rigorous climates do fairly well, and, generally speaking, succeed on the Coast; but their success is subject to exceptions which materially modify the experience of growers in Ontario. In colour and size apples of alii varieties excel in British Columbia. The number of varieties, however, that reach the highest point of development is limited. In fact, the apples that have been developed on the eastern side of America, as distinctively American, do not as a rule succeed best on this Coast. Experience has shown that Old Country and Continental varieties, some of them hundreds of years old, are better adapted to this climate. Most of these where tried are succeeding admirably; and this fact is in accordance with well established laws of development. It may be stated as axiomatic that, while the general prin- . ciples underlying the science of horticulture obtain, the experience of fruit-growers in Ontario in matters of detail does not apply in British Columbia, and many of their methods and theories in practice demand revision. It may also be added that in this province trees bear quickly and wood rapidly, and in this exists the greatest drawback. Young orchards, if not carefully watched, over-fruit and exhaust themselves before maturity is reached. CONDITIONS IN THE INTERIOR. In the interior of the province, which is characterised as the Dry Belt, conditions are somewhat reversed. The Pacific Ocean still exercises its beneficent influ- I ences, but the atmosphere is stripped of its excessive moisture-by the intervening mountains. Iu summer there is greater heat and more sunshine, and in winter a^ greater degree of cold, with much drier and clearer atmosphere. Given good soil and facilities for irrigation where necessary, and the conditions for production are: perfect, and, within the capabilities of the temperate zone, there are no limits to what may be grown. In this zone are found all that the Coast produces, and those other crops referred to for which the environments seaward are not favourable. It must be understood, however, that local modifications are important factors, and conditions are not by any means uiform. Irrigation, for instance, is not everywhere required; local winds in exposed localities have sometimes a disastrous effect; and in winter in some places the sudden barometrical dips render orcharding precarious. Exceptions to any general statement of conditions are numerous, and an adequate knowledge of individual localities is only obtained by experience. Stating what may be regarded as applicable in the average, wheat ripens and mills well. In many places peaches, grapes, watermelons and tomatoes mature fully and are prolific in yield and excellent in quality. The most favoured localities for these fruits are in Southern Okanagan, Similkameen, and in some portions of the Thompson and Upper Fraser valleys. Apples, if we except such localities as have been referred to, do remarkably well with careful treatment. It would be difficult to find more beautiful or better specimens in any country than those exhibited at fall fairs from the interior districts. All other fruits, subject to similar exceptions, do equally well in the interior. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION FRUIT - GROWING. Many orchards have been planted out and are bearing, some of them quite old: but the care — or, rather, lack of care — exercised in their cultivation, and the promiscuous character of the fruit trees, purchased without knowledge of local requirements from unscrupulous agents of foreign nursery stock, afford but little indication of what would have been possible under ordinary skilful management. Strangers to this province, who have for a long time heard of its fruit-growing capabilities, would undoubtedly be surprised that more has not been accomplished under conditions so favourable; but the truth is that the industry began wrong, and has practically had to be recreated in order to obtain desired results. The selection of proper varieties in due proportion, the preparation of the soil, the husbanding of I the trees afterwards, the picking and — what is equally important — the marketing of the fruit, are all features of the industry requiring attention, and each is essential to ultimate success. Speaking of the fruit-growing industry in British Columbia, Mr. Palmer hi the report referred to states as follows : Reviewing the condition of the fruit-growing interests of the province, it may be stated that the commercial stage of fruit growing and marketing has now fairly been attained, and from this time forward development should progress on safe lines, in harmony with the known capabilities of the different districts concerned. SPECIAL PRODUCTS. Hop and flax growing are referred to elsewhere. Tobacco does well. It has been tried in the Okanagan district with good success, and an official report on the quality of the leaf grown speaks highly of it. For a time a cigar factory, manufacturing native leaf, was carried on successfully at Kelowna, but commercial and economic conditions have not been as favourable to success as was anticipated. A sugar beet, from experiments made, would undoubtedly succeed. The yield is exceptionally large, and specimens tested for saccharine qualities were favourably reported upon. This industry, however, is not recommended for consideration, as economic conditions so far are unfavourable to success. Apiculture has only been tried in a limited way, but with sufficient success to demonstrate that as the cultivated area extends, bee-keeping is well within the limits of practical and profitable husbandry. SOILS AND SUB-SOILS. There is a diversity of soils in the province, as there is of climate, and any, even a limited area of land, is apt to exhibit many variations. This is, indeed, so true that it is difficult to describe with any degree of accuracy what are predominant soils and what are not; sub-soils vary quite as mueh as surface soils. This diversity is, of course, due to the action of water and glaciers and a series of physical disturbances, the conspicuous evidences of the force of which we see in the entire Cordilleran region, and the explanation is found in the study of its geology. The most prevalent and what may be regarded as the characteristic soil of the coast is a brownish sandy and gravelly loam with gravelly sub-soil. This frequently gives place to clay-loam, clay, coarse gravel and granitic wash. The sub-soils seem to have no definite relation to the top-soil, ranging from sand and gravel to heavy clay, and not infrequently an agglomerate, often very hard. The brown soil is largely characteristic of heavily-timbered and uplands. The river bottoms and valleys are usually made up of alluvial deposits, known as "black muck," very fertile when drained. The land skirting the foothills and mountains is principally granitic wash. Of the forest land the best is what is known as "alder bottom," upon which alder, maple, willow and some cedar grow. The heavily forested land is not the richest soil, as in the case of Eastern provinces, where heavy timber is indicative of fertility. The conifers return little in the way of leaf mould to the soil, and the thin layer of vegetable deposit is usually burned off in clearing. Such land is deficient in humus, but when brought into cultivation and fertilised grows surprisingly good 96 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA crops of vegetables, fruit and clover. The atmosphere, which is a humid one, contributes greatly to plant growth and grasses, and, especially leguminous plants, which assimilate nitrogen by bacterial processes from the air, do remarkably well. Clovers, which grow luxuriantly, play a most important economic part in such land. Experiments have shown that hill and mountain sides are capable of cultivation to an extent that will ultimately greatly increase the area of arable lands. IRRIGATION. As previously pointed out, irrigation in the interior is one of the problems to be dealt with. In many places the facilities are excellent, and in many individual instances have been successful, though, particularly for fruit, care is necessary as to the time for irrigation and the quantity of water to be brought on the land. For considerable areas, however, there are not only engineering but other difficulties in the way of inaugurating a comprehensive scheme. In some cases the question of water'rights is involved; in others, the height of the land above the water level or distance from a source of supply places the accomplishment out of reach of individual enterprise, while the large allotments of lands and the distance between settlers render co-operative efforts unavailing even if the inclination existed, which in too many cases is absent. The remedy seems to be in the subdivision of lands into smaller holdings, and the union of effort on the basis of the betterment system. This condition of affairs is, in fact, being remedied. In the Okanagan and Kamloops districts large companies are purchasing large holdings of land and dividing them up for settlement. In such demand indeed is this land when subdivided that settlers from the Northwest are paying as high as $100 an acre, the company providing facilities of irrigation. Large ranches under present conditions are necessary for stock-raising, but with small holdings, cultivated and irrigated, so as to render winter feeding with ensilage or stored hay practicable, and, if necessary, ranging in common, an increased beef supply and generally better results would follow. More .settlers with fewer stock each would be infinitely better for the ' province than few settlers and large bands of cattle, as at present. As pointed out elsewhere, conditions are altering in this respect, and very much for the better. One of the factors in the improvement of conditions is the growing of alfalfa, now becoming more or less general where formerly wild meadow land was relied upon for hay which was used only to a very small extent. Now alfalfa, I of which three crops are cut, producing from five to ten tons to the acre per season, is being largely grown upon lands that can be irrigated. The effect of this upon the economic conditions in the interior is very great, and in time will completely alter the old state of affairs. COLD STORAGE. Closely associated with the subject of cattle-raising is that of cold storage. It is stated on good authority that there is sufficient beef in prime condition standing on the ranges in November of each year to supply the province until the following June, by which time the pastures would have time to renew themselves. With no market except the regular consumption of the cities, cattle have either to be held over and fed at a large expense, or allowed to winter on the ranges, subject to much loss and depreciation. With public cold storage at one or two points on the railway, to which cattle could be driven and slaughtered, there would be a tremendous saving to the farmer, as well as to the province. Farmers by such a system could also draw on warehouse receipts and realize on a portion of their stock early in the season. The economy of such a system is too obvious to require further comment. STOCK - RAISING. The raising of horses in the interior has been carried on to an extreme, and of the large bands many have become wild, and constitute one of the greatest nuisances there are in the way of animal pests. Horses of that class, owing to their rapid multiplication on the ranges, are a drug on the market. First-class stock, Mm AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 97 however, has never been too plentiful. Sheep-raising has had some attention, but so far has not proved remunerative. There are several reasons for this. In the absence of woollen mills there is a limited market for wool. In the interior the raising of sheep is discouraged by ranchers engaged in cattle-raising, as the sheep destroy the pasturage by too close cropping, and injure the grass roots with their sharp trotters. The experience has been that cattle and sheep do not do well together, and for this reason a statutory limitation has been placed on sheep-ranging. In addition the coyotes are destructive, destroying large numbers annually. On the Lower Mainland the conditions are not favourable, the lower meadows encouraging the development of foot-rot, and the heavy rains in the winter months being detrimental. On the Islands there exists probably the best opportunity for success, but so far sheep-farming has not been carried on extensively, and will n«t until they are more largely cleared and settled.' Wherever wolves exist they will work havoc with the sheep. On Vancouver Island, in the Cowichan District, the industry has been carried on to a larger degree than elsewhere; but there panthers are numerous, and although harmless in respect to the settlers themselves, are sometimes destructive to sheep and pigs. Generally speaking, the natural conditions throughout the province are rather favourable than otherwise to sheep-raising, but its success depends upon improved methods and better breeds. With respect to sheep-farming on the Island of Vancouver and adjacent islands, a very great improvement has been effected in the breeds, largely owing to the efforts of the Flock Masters' Association, by the importation of thoroughbred rams. POULTRY AND PIGS. Poultry and pigs in small farming are probably the most promising of live stock: and owing to the general demand for dressed poultry, eggs, pork, bacon and hams, and the high average prices of these products, much attention has been paid to them during the past few years, and an increasing degree of system is being imported into their production. Formerly — in fact, not longer than a few years ago — notwithstanding the opportunities afforded in these lines, the industry was prosecuted indifferently, and practically without system. CATTLE - RAISING. Perhaps the most marked progress which has been made in the farming districts of British Columbia has been in connection with cattle-raising and dairying. The remarks which were made in the Year Book of 1897, pointing out the disabilities and disadvantages in connection with these industries, which at that time were generally true, are now wholly, or almost wholly inapplicable. The change has not only been very marked, but it has also been very rapid and substantial. Owing to the efforts of the Dairymen's Association, large numbers of thoroughbred stock have been imported from Eastern Canada and distributed throughout the grazing districts, where they were eagerly bought up by the ranchers. This work has been carried on systematically and effectively, and the results are very apparent. While it is still true that we do not wholly supply our own market with home-grown produce, such as eggs, butter, poultry, etc., at the same time the imported article has been largely substituted. DAIRYING. Dairying, which is a most important adjunct of cattle-raising, and which, as has been stated, was until very recently in a very unsatisfactory condition, has rapidly come to the front; and, as will be seen by the returns given elsewhere, there are a number of creameries? established in various districts, all doing well and yielding satisfactory dividends. In the larger districts, where mixed farming has been carried on, nothing has done so much towards placing the farmers upon a sure and prosperous footing. It has also tended to a greater interest being taken in scientific and systematic agriculture, justifying remarks made in the previous edition that "British Columbia possesses every element necessary to constitute it a great YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA dairying province, the products of which should include cheese and condensed milk. There are extensive areas of pastoral land in the interior, while increased cultivation in the lower country will form the necessary feeding ground. With a plentiful supply of good water and luxuriant and nutritious grasses, there is every required facility added." FARMERS' DRAWBACKS. The incidental obstacles and drawbacks of insect pests and plant diseases have been referred to. There are also noxious weeds in plenty; and of animal pests there are in the outlying districts wolves, panthers, coyotes and wild horses. Crows, blue jays and robins are complained of by orchardists, and owls sometimes infest the poultry yard. In the interior irrigation is a problem; and on the Lower Mainland dyking and draining are important considerations. The difficulty and expense of clearing land have not been overlooked. Indeed, the more heavily timbered lands cannot be economically dealt with for farming purposes until mechanical means can be devised to reduce the labour involved and cheapen the cost. The expense, which varies from $50 to $150 an acre, is a burden on the land, which, under the most intensive farming, cannot return interest on the investment. The financial problem is one which affects the farmer in British Columbia, as elsewhere. He has had, and still has, his share of troubles; but certainly the altered conditions of the past few years, and the season of prosperity enjoyed by him in common with the farmers of the Dominion of Canada as a whole, has greatly improved his condition. The local circumstances affecting his welfare have been and will be overcome by patient, persistent and intelligent effort, without which no avenue of industry can be smoothed; and, comparing all his present and prospective advantages with his disadvantages, the outlook for agriculture is more promising here than in perhaps any other part of the Dominion. The very physical obstacles to be overcome, considered in connection with the comparatively limited area of farming lands, will, when fully overcome, constitute a positive advantage to the tiller of the soil. In this connection, the remarks made by Mr. Palmer in the Farmers' Advocate of 16th December, 1901, are apropos : LAND CLEARING. Summing up the situation, there is no question but the future is most promising for agriculturists with cleared lands, who can devote their time to the production of staple crops or finished farm products. On the other hand, the problem of cheap and rapid clearing of the forest lands suitable for farming purposes still remains to •; be solved. Of these lands, many thousands of acres are available in the proximity of proved mining districts in the Kootenay, Boundary and Kettle River sections, where markets are near at hand and certain. The cost of land-clearing has been I reduced by the more general use of stumping machinery and blasting powder, but '■ these means are not always available, and are beyond the reach of many of the poorer settlers, with whom the pressing problem is " how to clear their farms and I make a living at the same time." A rapidly growing population and the enormous expansion of industry bound to ensue as a consequence of the development of immense natural resources, together I with a contiguous great future market in the northwestern and northern territories h of Canada and a remarkable vantage ground on the seaboard, will yet create a demand, local interprovincial and foreign, that will tax the agriculturist to his utmost to supply. Having contrasted all his advantages fairly with his disadvan- I tages, it is not an over-sanguine view, taking into account his remarkable situation and the balance in his favour, conditional upon the application of scientific, practical and business methods, to predict for the farmer of this province a great and prosperous future. LOOKING FORWARD. The province is entering on a new agricultural era, and a large number of farmers are making earnest and diligent efforts, under many difficulties, to re-create the industry on a sound, economic and healthy basis. Progress so far is not AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION measured by many or conspicuous mile-posts, but looking back over ten years a decided advance has been made, and in ten years hence the change will have been marvellous. The time may reasonably be anticipated when the adjacent forests will be cleared away, the valleys fertile with waving grain, the hillsides vine-clad, and the landscape dotted with farmhouses nestling among orchards and clusters of home- born trees and shrubbery, with long vistas of hedge-lines and roadways to guide the eye — a pleasing picture to which the mountain background of native grandeur and the reflection of summer skies will impart a rare charm of scenic beauty and an air of pastoral and picturesque repose. FRUIT GROWING IN THE OKANAGAN. IN a letter to the Secretary of the Bureau of Provincial Information, dated Kelowna, B. C, October 24, 1902, T. W. Stirling, a successful grower there, writes as follows : It is difficult to give any exact figures as to the cost of ■putting out an orchard, the expense of working, the profits per acre and the cost of land, because all these vary according to the location of the land, the class of land, the distance from shipping point, the kind of fruit grown, the cost of getting on water, etc., etc. COST OF LAND AND SETTING OUT. Land suitable for fruit-growing near Kelowna sells for $100 an acre, within a mile of the town, to $5 or $10 an acre on the benches some miles away. The land on the benches is very suitable for fruit, generally spealdng, but.it is usually more costly and difficult to irrigate than on the flat, also is farther away from the shipping point. With regard to my own experience. I planted my orchard on land about a mile from Kelowna, on the flat, which cost me $60 an acre. The cost of setting out an orchard of apple trees on such land would figure out somewhat as follows : Suppose the orchard was 20 acres — 20 acres, @ $60 $1,200 00 Fencing, about ' 200 00 Plowing and fixing, @ $5 100 00 Trees, set 30 feet apart, 968 @ 15c 145 00 Freight on same, about 20 00 • Setting out and planting, @ 4c. a tree 38 72 Total cost $1,703 92 For the first and second year potatoes or root crops may well be grown between the trees; the third and fourth, and perhaps for longer, it is a good plan to grow red clover between the trees, leaving a strip of ground in line with each row of trees for cultivating them. After the fifth year or so it would probably be found better to plow the clover down. It is a disputed point whether later on it would not be better to seed the orchard down altogether, but this should certainly not be done until the trees had attained a considerable size. SUBSEQUENT COST. The trees will occupy about onenfifth of the ground the first year, about one- fourth the second and third, about one-third the fourth, etc. Leaving out the cost of working the rest of the land, because this should at least be paid for by the crops 100 YEAR BOOK OF BRITHStH COLUMBIA grown, the cost of working the land, etc., where the trees are will be somewhat as follows : Cultivating, spraying, pruning, etc.— First year, @ $10 an acre $ 200 00 Second year, @ $10 an acre 200 00 Third year, @ $15 an acre 300 00 Fourth year, at $20 an acre 400 00 Fifth year, @ $25 an acre 500 00 Total $1,600 00 The above figures are ample for giving thorough care to the orchard in every way. The land that was used for other crops — that is, the space between the trees — might well be worked so as to more than pay for the cost of paying for the trees. For instance, in the fourth year, if clover was grown, there would be about 14 acres which should yield in two cuttings 40 to 45 tons, worth $300 or $400; the trees would also in that year produce some fruit, perhaps $100 worth. Leaving out, however, what might have been made on the unoccupied part of the ground, the total cost of the orchard up to the beginning of the sixth year would be $3,302.92, or $165 per acre. THE ERA OF RETURNS. After this the orchard should pay its expenses out of the fruit it produced; but how soon it would produce a full crop would depend on the varieties, the care it had, and other things. About the ninth year the trees should anyway be big enough to produce a good crop, and if the season were favourable the crop should amount to somewhere around I seven tons per acre, worth on the trees perhaps $150. I should judge of what I know of the few orchards down here that have been planted long enough to get data from, that an orchard of apple trees might be expected to have an average crop of 8 to 10 tons per acre per year, if properly cared for. It is possible that this average might be considerably exceeded. Some trees • in a garden near Kelowna, planted some fourteen years ago, and which have had good cultivation right along, have averaged 600 pounds over some years. To sum up. To plant an orchard is to get into an investment that takes ten years to properly mature. The property is improving all the time. For about the first four or five years it will be a charge and an expense. Afterwards it should pay expenses. The total money sunk in it might be from $150 to $200 per acre. The returns from it after the tenth year should average $150 or so above expenses. THE RIGHT VARIETIES. To get the best results it is necessary to plant the right kind of trees, as some varieties are very much more profitable than others. Fruit has not been grown • long enough here as a business to enable anyone to make out anything like a complete list of the varieties of apples that should be planted. Most varieties have not been planted long enough to enable one to come to a definite opinion as to their profitableness^ In summer apples the Red Astrachan fulfils all the conditions necessary to constitute a profitable variety. It is thrifty, a good bearer, and readily sold. In fall apples, the Macintosh Red and Snow are the best at present known. - In winter apples, the Ben Davis is pre-eminently the most profitable, but it is of a poor quality, and although at present it sells readily, it might not always do so. The Northern Spy is very profitable when it does begin to bear, but it does not bear a full crop before the tenth year. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION POULTRY RAISING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. THIS business has been very little developed in this province, few people having gone into it on anything approaching a large scale, and the majority of the farmers seem to take very little interest in it. I hardly understand why this should be, as in the first place the climate is quite suitable. Here in Chilliwack the thermometer seldom goes to zero, and then only for a few days; and nearer the Coast and on Vancouver Island there is very little cold to contend with at all. THE MARKET CONDITIONS. The home market is nowhere near supplied, either with eggs or poultry, large quantities being imported from Ontario and California; yet the prices — for eggs, at any rate — average a good deal higher, the wholesale price seldom going as low as 15 cents per dozen, and then only for a short time in the spring, when all hens apparently make a point of laying; and as a rule it ranges from 20 cents in summer to 40 cents per dozen in winter. Of course, the retail prices in the towns are a good deal higher, ranging from 25 cents to 60 cents per dozen for strictly fresh eggs. Live poultry sell at from $5 to $7 per dozen, and chicks $3 to $3.50. I am speaking now of the prices here in Chilliwack; .we are at least 60 miles from Vancouver; if anyone were near there and could establish a private trade, there is no doubt much higher prices could be made. [For both Mainland and Island the favourable conditions are almost similar, with the difference in favour of the latter, on account of the lesser rainfall. In both Victoria and Vancouver cities the winter prices for new-laid eggs ranges from 40 to 60 cents per dozen; and chicks, live weight, 85 cents to $1 per pair. The winter season is rainy but by no means cold, and during that time laying birds require to be sheltered. Green stuff can be procured during the winter months, which is a great item; grain undoubtedly is high, but the price of eggs is correspondingly high.—Ed.] Prices for grain are quite moderate, wheat or corn usually selling for about $25- per ton, oats $18 to $20, and other grains in proportion. FANCIERS AND FARMERS. Looking at it from a fancier's view, there should be a fairly good opening here for anyone with good birds. The poultry shows are always well attended, and large entries are made of all the standard breeds. Quite a number of birds are imported from Ontario and the States, though the express rate is very high* and the distance great. From a farmer's standpoint, I see no reason why a larger number of poultry should not be kept. I am keeping a large flock of White Leghorns, and by the use of a 360-egg Cyphers incubator and brooders, I have had no difficulty in getting most of the hatching and brooding of the chicks finished up before the middle of April, when one has of course to attend to seeding operations and the usual spring work. I find the Leghorns lay well all winter if properly fed and attended to,. though I have never used any artificial heat, even in .the coldest weather, and by .closing, them up carefully at night and having Well-built houses they seldom get frozen combs or are checked in laying, even when the thermometer is down to zero, as the severe cold seldom lasts more than a few days, and they do not appear to suffer from a few days' confinement, if given plenty of room and plenty of litter to scratch in. Of course, with Plymouth Rocks and Wyandottes there is still less danger of frost, and they appear to do equally as well. I let the poultry have free range in summer, and keep them in separate pens in winter, and so far have never 102 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA regretted giving them as much attention as any other branch on the farm; and after deducting the price of their food, etc., I have always had a good balance to show for my labour and money invested. J. ARNOULD. Sardis, Chilliwack Valley, B. C. *H0G RAISING. THE most profitable crops to raise for hogs are clover and peas — the former as feed for growing hogs, and the latter for fattening purposes. The best market in British Columbia is for hogs weighing from 125 to 150 lbs., fat enough for the butcher. There is a constant demand for hogs of this class. The object of the grower should be to have a uniform supply of the character referred to at all times of the year, rather than to have the majority of the hogs ready for market in the fall months only. The breeds which mature early are the best for this particular trade, such as the Berkshire and Poland China. The most profitable branch of the industry is growing for the butcher rather than for packing purposes, for the reason that at no time have we a sufficient number of hogs available to run a first-class packing establishment, but a steady demand for fresh pork can be relied upon in the food market. The matter of packing houses is far in the future, for the very good reason that the consumption of,fresh pork is greater than the production, and is likely to continue so. The pork industry has never been much pursued on Vancouver Island, being confined almost entirely to the Mainland, on account of the difference in fodder crops, there being a better supply of clover and grain on the latter. *SHEEP RAISING. THE prospects for the extension of sheep-raising in the province are not very promising. The difficulty in the interior is with the coyote. On Vancouver and other islands the cost of clearing of land necessary for the maintenance of large flocks has, greatly impeded it. On the open islands there are already quite a number of sheep, and the quality of the meat produced is excellent. The extension of the flocks, however, is dependent upon the clearing of more land for pasturage purposes. The New Westminster District is good land for grazing purposes, as are all the lowlands of the Fraser River Valley, but they are not at all suitable for breeding, toeing too wet. In this district the sheep are subject to " flukes," or foot-rot. At present sheep are brought there in store condition and fattened up for market. In the interior the cattlemen claim sheep should not be allowed to run, as they eat out and destroy the pastures; but this would not be the case if the sheep were properly handled. The price of wool is low, and the market to supply limited. If we had woollen mills we should have to import raw material to keep them running, but in that case we could sell the local wool to mix with the Australian. The elimate and other conditions are very suitable for woollen manufacture. * See foot note page 108. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION *CATTLE RAISING. THE cattle business is at present in a state of boom, higher prices being paid for good stock than has been the case for years. The reason for this is that the growth of population in the United States has gradually caught up with the supply of food products, especially meats, and the logical conclusion is that foodstuffs are higher. So far as can at present be seen, there is nothing to prevent meats reaching as high a figure on this continent as is usual in the European markets, the large consumers in this country earning higher wages and using more meat than is the case in Europe The general result is that on the American continent generally there is quite a raise in prices, and the farmers are going into stock- raising more extensively. Last year there were imported 248 grades and thoroughbred cattle from Ontario, and the movement still continues, as the market demands a higher quality than has been usually produced. The parts of the province particularly adapted for cattle-raising are the interior ranges and the valley of the Fraser River. The high prices which good cattle demand justify stall feeding. This was not so several years ago, the price of beef being cheaper and fodder higher, but this is at present reversed. There is a good market for beef right in the province. The ranges are certainly capable of supporting more cattle, and especially with the development of the irrigation possibilities of the province the cattle could be increased threefold, in which case beef, instead of being Marketed as three and four year olds, would be two year olds. This, of course, involves feeding the cattle, which would be done from the time they were born until they were slaughtered. There is a possibility of re-pasturing depleted ranges, and if the land could be fenced and the cattle kept off for a time, they would almost repasture themselves. Bromus Inermis in many instances would be the best means of doing this, although the question of the best grass with which to replace the bunehgrass when destroyed is still an open one. A system of cold storage available for the interior district would be the greatest boon that could be given to the stock interest generally. It would enable all the cattle ready for market to be slaughtered at their best and held for market until required. The question of cold storage, however, is bound up with that of abattoirs and meat-packing. Cold storage in conjunction with these would mean the saving of the wastes which are now practically lost, such as hides, horns, hoofs and all the by-products, the manufacture of glue, and the carrying on of tanneries. The packing of cheaper cuts, too, which now fetch very little, when canned would fetch a good price. Markets which draw their supply of meat from abattoirs handle almost entirely the best cuts. Only the cheaper meats are canned. "DAIRYING. DAIRYINGS in the upper country is limited to certain valleys where water is abundant or the rainfall sufficient to develop crops of clover and other forage plants. Portions of the Okanagan and Thompson River valleys are suitable. Dairying pays better than any other branch of mixed farming. The principal difficulty where conditions are otherwise favourable is the scarcity of skilled labour * See foot note page 1 for milking, etc Dairying is profitable and likely to continue profitable on account of the high prices realized for fresh butter, and the fact that the demand is constantly increasing. Strictly first-class butter must be produced within a few days of the time of consumption. Although we get constant and uniform supplies of butter from Manitoba and the Northwest Territories, yet the qualities which command high prices are lacking. Notwithstanding the fact that the creamery output of the province is increasing all the time, the demand is increasing still faster. Creameries have been established at Ladner, Chilliwack, New Westminster and Upper Sumas, and all are doing well. Besides the co-operative creamery at Ladner, there are two private creameries — Rithet's and Guichons. There is a company formed for the purpose of starting another creamery at Armstrong. On the Island, there are creameries at Comox, Cowichan and Victoria. All these have been established within the last six years. With regard to breeds of cattle most suitable, all breeds have been tried, but the conclusion which practical dairymen have arrived at here is the same as has been arrived at in other places — that the breed is of little importance, but it is the cow herself. If there is any preference at all at the present time, it is for Jerseys and the milking type of Shorthorns. The creamery prospects are so good that they will interfere with the development of the condensed milk business, which is being tried, inasmuch as 'the price of milk will be too high. There is greater risk in the manufacture of condensed milk. The grasses, climate, etc., of the Coast are particularly well adapted for dairying — for the making of lots of good butter and raising of young stock. The following contains particulars of the dairy output and the progress of development : DAIRYING RETURNS. In 1901 the Delta Creamery Company, Limited,'Ladner, B. C, manufactured and sold 85,127 lbs. of butter, for $23,398. For comparison the last four years are shown,, with the average selling price : Lbs. of Average Butter. Selling price. Total Sales. 1901 84,127 27 4-5c $23,398 00 1900 75,820 28 c 21,332 46 1899 70,138 26 3-4c 18,787 91 1898 61,542 25 3-8c 15,810 00 At the annual meeting of 1901 the President stated that in the seven years the company had been in existence $113,000 worth of butter had been sold, and that the shareholders had the satisfaction of knowing that in these seven years what was an experiment, backed by their money without Government assistance, had turned out a success; that the shares were paying 10 per cent, inerest dividend for the last four years,, and that the company had a surplus over all liabilities of $2,473.67. He considered the $10 shares to be worth $15.16. The capital stock of the company is $4,850, fully paid. The Eden Bank Creamery, of Sardis, Chilliwack, did good business during 1901. A comparative statement of the past five years shows a steady increase in the output and a yearly decrease in the cost of making, as follows : Lbs. of Cash to Cost of Average Butter. Patrons. Making. Price. 1897 53,605 $10,59130 $4 35 $10 76 1898 81,212 16,763 94 4 02 20 64 1899 96,943 19,527 24 3 86 20 14 1900 107,615 24,174 42 2 95 22 46 1901 130,181 28,037 85 2 75 24 39 «i.|t m f i r 1 r ff'T AN EFFECT IN REFLECTION, OKANAGAN LAKE. SS. "ABERDEEN," OKANAGAN LAKE. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 105 The trade account for the year ending December 31, 1901, shows a net profit of $2,038.53. Of this amount $50 was donated to the managing director, $210 was reserved for repairs and renewals, $57.50 for insurance, $574.51 for bad debts, and the balance $1,141.52, was returned to the patrons supplying cream or milk during the year. The capital stock of the company is $3,000, of which $2,100 is paid up, carrying interest at 9 per cent, per annum. The Cowichan Creamery has a capital account of $3,000, fully paid. The output from this creamery for the year ending October 31, 1901, was 80,358 lbs., which sold at $22,375.76. The total cash paid patrons was' $19,651.02, or an average of 24.2 cents per pound. The following table will show the progress this creamery has Cash to Patrons. Total sales Butter. 1897 $7,464 92 $10,368 79 1898 8,828 57 11,375 84 *1899 9,406 54 12,864 53 1900 16,247 00 19,350 30 1901 19,651 02 22,375 76 ♦Eleven months only included in 1899. In addition to amount shown as paid to patrons, % cent per lb. bonus was paid for 1900. The returns from the New Westminster Creamery are : Butter made, Amount paid "Value of Lbs. for Cream. Product. 1897 10,867 $1,933 00 $2,475 75 1898 37,994 7,352 00 8,870 02 1899 50,800 9,392 32 12,151 01 1900 84,872 17,403 36 22,857 08 1901 74,673 16,308 67 20,84195 The manager of the Western Condensed Milk Canning, Coffee & Creamery Company, Limited, writes as follows, under date of February 15, 1902 : " We are not a creamery in the ordinary sense, our aim being to make as little butter as possible, our purchases being whole milk. We may say that for the short time we have been running — which has only been equal to about two months' work, for we have been practically closed down for the past three months, as we cannot obtain the milk — we have paid the farmers in this vicinity to January 31st, $11,000. Our extensive plant, costing over $20,000, could use up, and we actually require something like 20 tons of milk per day; but we now discover that it is useless, under present conditions in this province, to expect anything of the kind, and we have to put a herd of cattle on for ourselves. We have, as a side line, made in a short time, to end of last month, 37,618 lbs. of butter, but we have a churn capacity of 1,500 lbs. per day. RETURNS FOR 1902. The following are complete returns from the different creameries of the province for the year 1902, showing a total of 750,000 pounds. In sending their returns some of the creamery companies give one class of information and some another, so that it is impossible to make the particulars uniform. The returns show a very considerable increase over the year 1901. Of the twelve creameries, returns from YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA which are given, four are owned by private parties, and two of these have operated for only a short period of the year. "3 # O Is* O CO •^ a © 0 8$. .2 0 i OP* ©Is £ » Lbs. $ $ Lbs. $ Cowichan Creamery Ass'n, Duncans.... Eden Bank Creamery Co., Sardis, Chilliwack Delta. Creamery Co., Ladner.. 90,616 118,580 198,535 27.15c. '26.'72c.' 23.65c. 24.58c. 3,304.65 4,850.66 25,706.83 104,590 26,334.66 New Westminster Creamery Co Bowman, O.; Sumas (Private) tOkanagan Creamery Ass'n, Armstrong JRithet, K. P. & Co., Ltd., Ladner (Private) Urquhart, A., Courtenay (Private) Victoria Creamery Association, Victoria §Western Cond. Milk Canning, Coffee 133,920 33,830 2,861 4,678 16,500 115,000 38,482 21-30C. 25c. 25c. 26c. 27c. 28c. 27c. "26c." 1,000.66 7,504.06 25c. 4,'651.34 i7,'617.82 * No returns. Factory was in operation only a portion of the year. t Operated seven weeks only as experiment. §The Western Condensed Milk Canning, Coffee and Creamery Co., say: "We think the returns asked for by yon are more from a creamery point of view than that of a condensed milk : factory, and as we make very little butter it is difficult to give yon returns that would make a good showing in your report. Our principal business is the manufacture of condensed milk and evaporated cream for which we pay the farmers on an average about $1.27 per hundred-weight for milk. • For the cream we pay them for their individual percentage of butter fat, at the rate of 25c. per pound. We do not skim any milk for the purpose of making butter." X No returns were supplied by the Guichon Creamery, but it is estimated to have produced about equal to Rithet's. Both of these creameries now find it more profitable to ship the cream to New Westminster than to manufacture it in a small way. *FRUIT GROWING. THE province, for better consideration, may be divided into three zones — the Interior District, Lower Mainland, and Vancouver and other islands in the Gulf. Conditions are eminently favourable all through the interior for the production of apples of the finest quality and appearance. The varieties grown will not be the same in all sections, but there is no question that good market varieties can be grown in all districts where ordinary farming operations are carried on. A great many varieties have been successfully grown in the interior, but the, market varieties most profitable are Duchess of Oldenburg, Wealthy, Mackintosh Red, King of Tompkins, Red-Cheeked Pippin, Ben Davis and Northern Spy. There are certain valleys where wheat-growing has been carried on which are particularly well suited for apple-growing, and no doubt a great portion of this area will be used for the purpose, as the profits from apple-growing are much greater than those obtained from wheat-growing, when the business is intelligently carried on — in the Okanagan, Thompson and Kettle River Valleys, and in the Similkameen. Small fruits grow everywhere. Prunes do remarkably well in the Okanagan, and plums, too. The quality of prunes raised at Kelowna is superior to anything seen, even in Oregon and California. Certain varieties of pears do extremely well in the Okanagan country, the principal varieties being Bartlett, Flemish, Beauty, and Winter Nellis. * See foot note page 108. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 107 Fruit-growing commercially has really been on trial in the interior district, but it has now been definitely ascertained that the conditions are all that could be desired; and destructive insect pests, which militate so much against the profits of fruit-growing in the Eastern States and Provinces, are absent in British Columbia, consequently the expense of producing fine fruit is less. The crop is more uniform than it is in the East, and the average yield to the acre is heavy on that account. There is no such, thing as a general failure of the fruit crop. Partial failures are generally due to the fact that the trees have been allowed to overbear and have become weakened, or for some other avoidable reason. Tomatoes and melons also do well throughout the interior, and they are being grown for market in Southern Okanagan. If there was easier access to a market more would be grown, but the cost of shipping at the present time is rather against the development. Peach-growing is in a fair way to be tested commercially in the Southern Okanagan. Peaches have been grown there for many years in small quantities, especially on the west side of Okanagan Lake; and large areas have been planted during the last two years. Grapes will grow and ripen, both in the warm valleys of the Thompson and in the Southern Okanagan. Strawberry-growing is capable of almost indefinite development, and at points in the Thompson River Valley along the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway the climatic conditions are favourable and shipping facilities excellent, and the fruit itself has a good carrying quality. The market of the Northwest is continually ^enlarging, and in the future it will be the principal and great market for the fruit of the interior; some goes to the mining camps of the Kootenays, but the best present and prospective market is the Northwest; quantities are shipped to the Coast, late winter apples finding a market there. Grapes and peaches command higher figures in the Northwest than they do at the Coast, on account of the competition from California not being so high there. LOWER MAINLAND. Apple-growing has not been a pronounced success on the Lower Mainland, on account of the fungus diseases affecting both trees and fruit. This is due to the humidity of the climate. In the early period of fruit-growing in this part of the province, before the introduction of fungus diseases, much better results were attained than are possible now with most varieties; climatic conditions are favourable to the spread of fungus diseases. This applies to pears, plums and apples. The methods of treatment are all preventive, and the very best treatment possible may be nullified by a succession of wet, hot days. Certain varieties* however, are resistent to the attacks of fungus growths, and these will be largely grown in the future. The Promontory, as it is called — the highest part of the Chilliwack District — promises much better. However, the foregoing remarks do not apply to raspberries and strawberries. All the small fruits do exceedingly well, and there is a ready market, good prices being realized. Comparatively large incomes have been made from strawberry gardens in the Lower Fraser River Valley and points contiguous to the Canadian Pacific Railway. The greater part of this small fruit —strawberries, raspberries and blackberries — is shipped to Northwest points. Melons and tomatoes cannot be relied upon to ripen except in occasional years. VANCOUVER AND OTHER ISLANDS. The principal difficulty in the way of growing small fruit on the islands is the dry summer, necessitating careful cultivation of the soil. The climatic conditions otherwise are very favourable for apples, pears, plums and cherries, and particularly for small fruit; and of course the drought problem does not apply so much, except in respect to raspberries and blackberries. The southwestern portion of Vancouver Island is particularly adapted to strawberry-growing; the quality of the berries YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA grown in this district is excellent and the yield very heavy; no such thing as a failure of crop. Canning factories have not been a success, because the demand for fresh fruit is too great and the price for fresh fruit too high. The fact is, a canning factory cannot be run on surplus fruit. Modern canning demands the very highest quality of fruit, and that fruit must be at a certain state of ripeness and of even size. The output of fruit in British Columbia so far has not been sufficiently large to guarantee a constant steady supply of the required sorts and quality of the fruits necessary to conduct a modern canning business. There are better prospects for jam-making. Such fruits as strawberries and raspberries and cur-rant jelly can be used for the manufacture of pulp for shipment to distant markets. The market for fruit pulp is Europe and the Northwest. Growers are really in a better position to make jam in Winnipeg than we are here. It is a more economical proposition to make the fruit into pulp here and ship it to them as pulp, and allow them to manufacture it into jam there. ^GENERAL FARMING. NEARLY all vegetables do well in every part of the province. The prospects for canning or evaporating vegetables are good. The greatest difficulty in the way has been the want of cheap, reliable labour. The abundance of this in Southern California has developed the canning business to enormous proportions. The Chinaman has been replaced there iby the Italian and his family. It would be possible to replace the Chinamen here by Finns, etc. Grain-growing has been profitable in the Fraser Valley during the past year, when $30 per ton and V/2 tons to the acre have been realized. Wheat is grown in the Okanagan country, Spallumcheen Valley, and the country around Kamloops in the valley of the Thompson, and is gristed at local mills — Enderby, Armstrong and Vernon. Wheat-growing has practically reached its limit. Except for chicken- feed, wheat is not grown on the Lower Mainland or Islands. Barley is grown only to a slight extent. It is proposed to establish a malt business at Kamloops. This would greatly encourage barley-growing. Oats is the great grain crop of British Columbia, particularly of the Fraser Valley, the yield being large, the quality excellent, and the product the finest rolled oats in the world. Of course, hay and all kinds of grasses grow luxuriantly. The growing of hay for market has not been so profitable of late years, and the indications are that much more attention will be paid to dairying and the raising and fattening of stock. The silo is in use more or less all through the Fraser Valley for saving early crops of clover and corn. Farmers in the upper country tell you that corn will not grow. It has been tried, and the principal reason it has not been successful is because to have a good corn crop the soil requires to be manured. There is very little virgin soil good enough to produce a good corn crop. The farmers usually take old land and try to raise corn on it, and it is not a success; but if that land is manured it will give- good crops of corn. Corn is proving a great success at the Coldstream Ranch, Vernon. In Manitoba in the early days just the same claim that corn would not grow was made, until they found out how to do it. Some of our farmers are growing corn with good success. The fact is, corn will grow almost anywhere where farming is possible. There is no plant that will adapt itself to varying conditions so much as it will. * The articles under the headings indicated by a star, are from information contributed by Mr. R. M. Palmer, Freight Commissioner, and for years a member of the Provincial Board of Horticulture and Inspector of Fruit Pests, whose knowledge of the subjects dealt with is intimate and authoritative. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 109 SEVERAL CONCLUSIONS. The expansion and extension of the agricultural industry depend upon the clearing of land, and that depends upon how economically it can be done — how cheaply, whether it will pay or not. It also depends to what extent irrigation can take place; also to what extent land subject to overflow can be reclaimed. With these problems solved, the expansion and extension of the agricultural industry would be very great. Present prospects are excedingly good for agriculture, barring the labour question; that is, there is large demand in every line and good prices; and the prospects are that under almost any circumstances or conditions in the future, with the increase in population, this demand will be more than maintained. The difference between the consumption and production is growing larger year by year. As a matter of fact, prices in the last two years have been higher on the ■Sound than in British Columbia. HOP AND FLAX GROWING. Hop-growing is a decided success in the Okanagan, Agassiz and Chilliwack Districts. The best market heretofore has been the Old Country, and most of the hops have been shipped there; but the last two years the Eastern market has taken large shipments of hops, and the Australian market is bidding for them also. The Industry is likely to grow. Hop pests are controlled by spraying and have been found to scarcely interfere with the development of the industry. With regard to flax-growing for fibre, it is perhaps best to let this alone, because we have not the supply of cheap labour necessary for working flax when grown; and another reason is that other farm crops are more profitable which demand less labour, and sometimes more profitable than the flax crop would be with cheap labour. SMALL HOLDINGS. A general system of small holdings is very much wanted. A well-devised system of small holdings will do more to develop the agricultural prospects of British Columbia than any other one thing. The farmers throughout the province have been circulating a petition asking the Government to lend them money for the purpose of clearing land, but it would probably be better for the Government to clear the land and charge the land with the cost of this, on a straight business basis, making the loan at as low a rate of interest as possible. But I do not think the interests of the farmers are yet sufficiently consolidated in the province to make a co-operative plan such as is provided for in the Mutual Credits Association Act practicable. The work by the Government should be experimental and for the purpose of demonstrating what can be done, and the people will take hold of it themselves as soon as they recognize the benefits to be derived by cheaper methods and co-operative efforts. DOMINION CENSUS RETURNS. THE following is condensed from a recent bulletin issued by the Census Department at Ottawa, entitled "Agriculture in British Columbia." It contains the results of the census-taking in 1901 : The Province of British Columbia has an area above tide level of 236,922,177 acres, and only 0.68 p. c. of it is occupied as farms and lots whose agricultural statistics have been compiled into the tables. The average size of lots is 1.21 acres and of farms 252 acres, and in Table I. they are grouped to show the number of holdings within specified limits of size. Of the 801 lots under 5 acres, 29.7 p. c. are less than an acre each, and 70.8 p. c. are an acre or more; and of the 5,938 farms 110 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA of 5 acres and over, 9.18 p. c are 5 to 10 acres, 12.46 p. c are 11 to 50 acres, 13.69 p. c. are 51 to 100 acres, 36.81 p. c are 101 to 200 acres, and 27.86 p. c are 201 acres or more. The land owned is 86.04 p. c, and the land leased or rented 13.96 p. c of the whole area occupied as farms; while of the small area occupied as lots, 64.78 p. c is owned, and 85.22 p. c. leased or rented. Nearly the whole extent of the land in lots is in an improved state, with 54.89 of it in ctops and pasture, and 42.22 p. c in orchard and garden. The land in farms comprises 31.59 p. c in an improved and 68.41 p. c in an unimproved state. The unimproved land consists of 391,096 acres in forest and 632,640 acres in various conditions, such as rock, swamp, marsh or waste land, and land in rough or natural pasture, but not in a state fit for cultivation. Field crops, fruits and vegetables, and pasture to a large extent, occupy the improved land; about 36 p. c. is in field crops, 2 p. c. in orchard and garden, and the rest in pasture. Forest plantations cover only 471 acres, and ornamental trees have been planted on farms and lots to the number of 42,832, or an average of 6 for each farm and lot. The area of improved land is given as 57,881 acres. This was ascertained from the areas of land in wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, peas, potatoes and other roots, 50,126 acres, together with the areas in orchard and garden, 7,755 acres, whose aggregate, exclusive of hay and some minor crops, was taken as the area of improved land. Table II. gives the number of acres in orchard as 7,430, of which 299 acres is on lots. This shows an increase of 993 acres in the decade. The land in vegetables and small fruits has increased from 1,288 acres to 2,840 acres, but decreases are shown for the areas of vineyards and nurseries. Compared with the former census,, the crop of apples shows an increase of 213 p. c, of peaches 70 p. c, of pears, 108.6 p. c, of plums 194.38 p. c, and of grapes 96.57 p. c; but the crop of other fruit trees shows a decrease of nearly 57 p. c Apple, pear and plum trees yielded an average of about 1 bushel per bearing tree, peach and cherry trees about % of a bushel; and grape vines about 9 pounds. Hay, oats, wheat and roots occupied about 94 p. c of the whole area devoted to field culture in 1900 —hay 60, oats 20.07, wheat 9.21, and potatoes 4.72 p. c Volume IV. of the census of 1891 gave the area in hay as 64,611 acres, with a yield of 102,146 tons. The present census shows an area of 102,751 acres, and a yield of 170,187 tons. Potatoes show an increase in the ten years of 3,971 acres, or 94.25 p. c, and oats an increase of 10,218 acres or 42.3 p. c Wheat and barley have remained almost stationary, both in area and production, while peas and beans show decreases in production. The cultivation of tobacco and hops is extending, and a substantial beginning has been made with mixed grains and forage crops. The whole area in crops in the last census year was 171,424 acres, and all save 251 acres was on farms. As already stated, the area of land in wheat, oats, barley, rye, corn, peas, potatoes and other field roots in the census year 1891 was 50,126 acres, and in hay 64,611 acres. Beans, buckwheat, flax, tobacco and hops, computed on the basis of average yields of the present census, would give an additional area of 211 acres, or an aggregate of 114,948 acres for the field crops of the 1890 season. The increase at the end of the last decade, therefore, is 56,476 acres, or 49 p. c The following table shows the average yield per acre of the principal crops for the harvests of 1890 and 1900 : 1900. 1890. Wheat, bushels 28.07 25.62 Oats, bushels 41.94 39.05 Potatoes, bushels 116.83 162.78 Hay, tons 1.65 1.58 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 111 Compared with the former census, there are decreases in horses and sheep, but in milch cows and poultry there are increases. Milch cows show a gain of 7,031, and other horned cattle a loss of 8,948. The averages in round numbers of live stock per farm are: Horses 5, milch cows 4, other horned cattle 17, sheep 6, swine 7, and poultry of all kinds 43. The table of animal products shows decreases in the number of cattle and £ killed, or sold for slaughter or export, and increase in the number of swine. The wool product shows that the decrease of sheep has taken place in the coarse-wooled. - breeds; the quantity of fine wool is less than at the former census by only 1,000 lbs., and the coarse wool by 38,896 lbs. The product of home-made butter is nearly three times more than ten years ago, and in the interval Seven factories have been put into operation. Eggs were not enumerated in 1891, but this census shows a production of 1,651,741 dozen, valued at $426,629. Agricultural values have been taken for the first time in this census. They show for farms and lots in the province a total for land and buildings of $26,001,377, for implements and machinery $1,201,196, for live stock $6,184,313, and for the crops and animal products of the census year $6,664,369. For farms alone the value of land and buildings is $25,924,174, of implements and machinery $1,180,724, of live stock $5,360,614, and of crops and animal products $6,219,761. The total value of farm property is $32,465,512, and of this sum land represents 64.69 p. c, buildings 15.15 p. c, implements and machinery 8.64 p. c, and the live stock 16.52 p. c. Reduced to a farm of the average size in the province (252 acres, whereof 79.62 acres is improved and 172.38 unimproved), the value of the property is $5,467.41, made up of $4,365.81 for land and buildings, $198.84 for implements and machinery; and $902.76 for live stock. The total gross value of farm products for the census year is $3,479,682 for crops (55.95 p. c.) and $2,740,079 for animal products (44.05 p. c). This makes the aggregate of $6,219,761, or $1,047.45 in the year for an average farm, which is 19.16 p. c. of the investment. In detail, the proportional value of field crops on farms is 49.62 p. c of the year's production, fruit and vegetables and nursery stock 6.32 p. c, live stock sold 16.72 p. c, meats and products of animals slaughtered on the farm 4.77 p. c, dairy products 16.11 p. c, and wool, eggs, honey and wax 4.46 p. c The average value of horses on farms is 50.87, milch cows $42.59, other horned cattle $28.95, sheep $4.93, and swine 6.49; and the average value of horses per farm is $253.86, milch cows $157.43, other horned cattle $395.06, sheep $27.19, swine $42.59, and poultry and bees $26.63. In the value of dairy products is included the milk and cream sold to butter factories, amounting to $95,894. There were seven factories in operation in the province during the census year, which produced 395,461 lbs. of butter, worth $103,497. The first of the factories began operations in 1895, and two others were added in the following year. The extent of land rented as farms is 203,830 acres, and the rental value for the year is $213,216, being an average of $1.02 per acre, or $257 a year for an average' farm. The rate of wages for hired labour on the farm, including board, is $9.04 per week, which is nearly 2% times more than in Prince Edward Island. On lots of less than 5 acres the value of agricultural products in the census year was $444,608, or $555.06 per lot, which is $48.25 p. c of the $921,374 valuation of lands, buildings, implements and machinery, and live stock. The rent value of leased lots, comprising 35:!4 P^ c. of the land occupied, is $5.24 per acre. The value of hired labour, including board, is $7.31 per week. 1901. 6,739 1,497,382 1,288,210 209,172 473,646 1,023,736 391,096 171,424 557,044 7,430 2,840 18 72 42,882 471 2,558,342 50,126 713,437 6,437 1,5"" FRUITS. Farms 5 acres and Schedule of Fruits. over. Apple trees, bearing 202,247 Apple trees, non-bearing 208,651 Apples ; 221,843 Peach trees, bearing 2,644 Peach trees, non-bearing 4,396 Peaches 2,237 Pear trees, bearing 20,065 Pear trees, non-bearing 20 Pears 18,407 Plum trees, bearing ..;.:...... 53,101 Plum trees, non-bearing 27,022 Plums 50.459 Cherry trees, bearing 12,623 Cherry trees, non-bearing 9,743 Cherries Other, fruit trees, bearing . 18,137 Other fruit trees, non-bearing 14,158 Other fruits 2,725 Grape vines, bearing 3,205 Grape vines, non-bearing .. 5,356 Grapes 27,392 Small fruits, quarts 600,844 Maple sugar and syrup Lots under 5 acres. 18,487 7,309 18,718 682 505 303 4,888 1,492 6.951 6,679 2,141 7,755 4,f~" 1,147 4,545 6,088 l/~~ 553 186 128 2,790 88,784 31 12,156 Total. 1901. 220,684 215,960 240,561 76,856 4,901 2,540 24,948 22,295 25,358 .59,780 29,163 58,214 17,322 10,890. 14,439 24,175 15,647 . 3,278 3,391 5,484 30,182 684,628 31 7,612 15,354 The total number of bearing and. non-bearing apple trees in the province is 436,644, of peach trees 8,227, of pear trees 47,243, of plum trees 88,943, of cherry trees 28,212, of other fruit trees 39,822, and of grape vines 8,875. The yield of fruit (fec^fA CITY OF KASLO, KOOTENAY LAKE, B. C. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION trees in the last census year was 344,390 bushels, and was 122,120 busbies. GRAINS. Farms 5 acres and Schedule of Grains. over. Spring wheat, acres 12,060 Spring wheat, bushels 276,690 Fall wheat, acres 3,902 Fall wheat, bushels 91,724 Barley, acres 2,232 Barley, bushels 73,790 Oats, acres 34,360 Oats, bushels 1,441,281 Rye, acres 730 Rye, bushels 17,328 Corn in ear, acres 51 Corn in ear, bushels 1,849 Buckwheat, acres 57 Buckwheat, bushels ...» 1,899 Peas, acres 2,948 Peas, bushels 60,074 Beans, acres 56 Beans, bushels 1,780 Mixed grains, acres 571 Mixed grains, bushels 13,699 HAY. ROOTS, ETC. Farms 5 acres and Hay, Roots, etc. over. Hay, acres 102,646 Hay, tons 169,969 Forage crops (summer feeding), acres 543 Forage crops (winter feeding), acres 664 Forage crops (winter feeding), tons 3,304 Potatoes, acres 8,078 I Potatoes, bushels 940,957 Other field roots, acres 1,951 Other field roots, bushels 631,728 Flax, acres 1 Flax, bushels 4 Tobacco, acres 61 Tobacco, lbs 61,830 Hops, acres 262 Hops, lbs 299,717 <3rass seed, bushels <462 Clover seed, bushels 150 LIVE STOCK. Farms 5 acres and Live Stock. over. Horses, 3 years and over 22,730 Horses, under 3 years 6,904 Milch cows 21,949 Other horned cattle 97,954 Sheep 32,723 Swine 38,963 Turkeys 2,564 Geese 3,567 Ducks «,088 Hens and chickens 241,775 Other fowls 582 Hives of bees 1,992 Pure-bred Animals — Horses 3**> Cattle 1,921 Sheep 549 Swine 1,044 Poultry 11,660 in the former census year it Lots under 5 Total. acres. 1901. 1891. 4 12,064 15,156 88 1 17 276,678 3,903 91,741 318,543 69,847 2,232 2,228 78,790 79,024 6 34,366 24,148 285 1,441,566 943,088 730 17,328 6,141 51 1,849 3,938 1,899 276 2,948 60,074 85,774 56 1,780 4,888 571 13,699 Lots under c Total. acres. 1901. 1891. 105 102,751 64,611 218 170,187 543 102,146 1 665 2 3,306 106 8,184 4,213 15,169 956,126 685.802 28- LQ70 1,443 4,260 635,988 1 4 516,242 364 61 61,830 343 262 299,717 55,288 462 150 1,658 Lots under 5 Total. acres. 1901. 1891. 7,159 29,889 32,105 582 7,436 12,416 2,586 24,535 17,504 2,513 100,467 109,415 627 38,350 49,163 2,456 41,419 30,764 •226 2,790 4,044 219 3,786 2,914 1,288 9,371 11,822 104,705 346,480 217,985 313 895 1,621 392 2,384 515 74 439 57 1,978 1 550 14 1,058 3,( >20 14,680 Iff? YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ANIMAL PRODUCTS. Farms 5 Lots acres and under 5 Total. Animal Products. over. acres. 1901. 1891. Killed for slaughter or export — Cattle 21,910 751 22.661 33,822 Sheep 14,049 297 14,346 65,491 Swine 30,422 4,364 34,786 26,618 Poultry 93,887 8,503 102,340 Fine wool, lbs 30,601 100 30,701 31,701 Coarse wool, lbs 69,159 489 69,648 108,544 Butter, home-made, lbs 1,065,606 26,949 1,092555 393,089 Honey, lbs 26,169 7,688 33,837 8,990 Eggs, dozen 1,050,816 600,925 1,651,741 PURE-BRED STOCK. Horses — Blood 2, Clydesdale 146, Coach 2, Hackney 1, Hambletonian 26, Per- cheron 35, Shire 10, Standard 3, Suffolk Punch 9, not specified 202. Cattle — Ayrshire 102, Guernsey 7, Hereford 255, Holstein 212, Jersey 278, Polled Angus 31, Shorthorn 776, not specified 317. Sheep — Cheviot 11, Cotswold 34, Dorset 7, Leicester 80, Lincoln 26, Oxford 133, Shropshire 81, Southdown 73, not specified 105. Swine — Berkshire 465, Chester 107, Durac Jersey 3, Essex 9, Poland China 89, Suffolk 25, Tamworth 23, Yorkshire 32, not specified 305. Hens and Chickens — Andalusian 130, Bantam 50, Black Spanish 44, Brahma 258, Buff Cochin 28, Cochin China 52, Dorking 46, Game 263, Hamburg 71, Lang- shan 348, Leghorn 2,997, Minorca 1,088, Plymouth Rock 3,119, Polish 11, Wyandotte 1,177, not specified 4,527. Ducks — Pekin. 380, Rouen 3, not specified 4. Geese — Toulouse 3, White Emden 21, not specified 6. Turkeys — Bronze 44, White 10. VALUES. Land $21,004,720 Buildings 4,919,454 Rent of land and buildings leased 213,216 Farm implements and machinery 1,180,724 Horses 1,507,415 Milch cows 934,888 Other hOrned cattle 2,345,865 Sheep 161,447 Swine 252,885 Poultry 148,387 Bees 9,777 Pure-bred stock *228,590 Field crops 3,086,552 Fruit and vegetables 378,769 Nursery stock sold 14,361 Live stock sold during year 1,164,566 Meats and products of all animals slaughtered on the farm 296,365 Dairy products 1,001,683 Wool 8,198 Eggs 265,648 Honey and wax 3,629 Hired labour on farm, weeks 134,186 Value of hired labour 1,212,916 ♦Included with the values of other animals. > 37,120 $21,041,840 40,088 4,959,537 1,791 215,007 20,472 1,201,196 567,113 2,074,528 125,769 1,060,607 45,561 2,391,426 3,232 164,679 18,442 271,327 61,360 209,747 2,222 11,999 *23,582 *252,172 14,025 3,100,577 57,025 435,794 3,783 18,144 38,051 1,202,607 11,032 307,397 158,810 1,159,993 90 8,288 169,981 426,629 1,311 4,940 1,411 135,597 10,314 1,223,230 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION LAND RETURNS. Acres of forest or woodland. Acres of prairie or pasture Acres of (including swamp or hay marsh, meadows) 7,000 1,200 4,500 1,560 328 4,062 1,640 580 37,638 15,779 IT is interesting to compare census returns as contained in the foregoing with the returns compiled by the Agricultural Department in 1894, so far as the comparison extends.: Although considerable progress has been made since that timie, and the area under cultivation has materially increased, for practical purposes the tables below represent fairly well the conditions to-day. No complete statistics have been obtained since 1894. UPPER COUNTRY. Total acres Acres of of land cultivated District. owned. land. v Kettle River 17,000 1,800 Midway and Rock Creek 8,160 510 Keremeos and Osoyoos 42,418 447 Princeton, Granite Creek and Otter Creek 19,093 390 Penticton, Dog Lake and Trout Creek 14,020 410 West side Okanagan Lake 7,040 165 Okanagan Mission 92,800 6,000 Okanagan, White Valley, etc 48,479 5,484 Spallumcheen 51,903 8,124 Craigellachie 1,740 38 Salmon Arm 4,887 541 Tappen Siding and Notch Hill... 2,852 100 Shuswap 6,442 1,640 Ducks and Grand Prairie 20,556 1,154 Kamloops 40,378 3,048 Nicola 133,601 4,415 North Bend (Emory to Keefers).. 2,477 321 Lytton to Spence's Bridge 4,077 970 Ashcroft, Savona and Cache Creek 25,652 3,256 Lillooet and Pemberton Meadows 5,382 630 Pavilion and Pavilion Mountain.. 5,796 1,406 Clinton 3,800 50 Bridge Creek and Lac La Hache. 9,000 500 Williams Lake 14,943 1,219 Soda Creek, Alexandria and Quesnel 15,762 2,695 Chilcotin 13,060 640 Alkali Lake, Dog Creek, Big Bar and Empire Valley 62,260 1,724 Golden and Galena 6,097 464 Windermere 8,585 597 Fort Steele and Tobacco Plains... 23,637 360 West Kootenay (no returns) 1,540 765 9,830 1,000 375 3,000 5,000 3,000 70,800 13,461 1,700 18,864 32,815 1,982 8,379 1,117 ■ 368 17 4,052 232 17 2,086 401 45 520 85 4,247 8,649 2,365 7,540 6,561 391 26,868 17,639 2,388 105,335 1,515 102 1,047 30 814 4,062 1,100 14,953 729 90 3,848 436 198 3,651 690 980 1,980 2,000 1,000 5,500 3,961 1,466 8,087 9,140 943 2,774 1,461 716 8.971 1,661 1,083 57,522 2,618 749 2,241 3,381 4,607 19,197 1,125 2,955 711,£ 49,098 25,710 484,916 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LOWER MAINLAND. Delta 21,107 12,391 Surrey 39,432 4,174 Langley 51,307 4,212 Matsqui 50,392 1,619 Sumas 16,992 579 Chilliwack 42,836 6,484 Hope and St. Elmo 1,746 223 Agassiz 11,407 1,648 Nicomen and Harrison (no returns) ... Dewdney 5,289 821 Mission 5,224 655 Maple Ridge 20,039 2,108 Coquitlam (no returns) Burnaby and South Vancouver... 3,693 980 Lulu and Sea Islands 12,897 6,907 . Squamish and Howe Sound 11,762 331 294,083 43,127 N 1,428 222 7,060 26,145 2,412 6,701 44,480 2.215 38,695 117 14.961 7,693 100 8,590 18,489 531 17,326 1,106 30 216 8,340 64 882 3,645 40 683 3,918 79 572 14,557 3,374 2,168 550 831 509 4,650 9,629 5 58 176,519 4,659 67,287 VANCOUVER ISLAND AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. Sooke 6,803 502 4,864 250 410 Metchosin 7,776 1,164 3,477 25 1,253 Esquimalt.- 2,358 194 1,719 201 104 Victoria 5,018 1,800 L738 232 617 Lake 4,838 850 3,807 46 55 South Saanich 7,932 2,032 5,573 34 298 North Saanich 7,925 2,468 4,658 16 445 Cowichan, Chemainus, Shawnigan 50,429 3,170 45,606 3,498 1,849 Salt Spring Island 28,514 1,027 17,376 96 1,448 The Islands 7,616 214 3,977 20 885 Nanaimo, N a n o o s e, Gabriola Island, etc 68,226 3,736 56,142 2,295 1,958 Comox, Denman and Hornby Islands 12,365 1,817 8,826 611 1,349 Oyster Bay 2,224 50 1,714 400 60 Alberni (no returns) ... ... Clayoquot 3,040 3,040 1,746 900 350 Valdez Island, etc 12,577 12,577 9,012 872 209 232,636 19,200 169,735 9,471 11,235 GRAND TOTAL, Upper Country .711,897 49,098 158,248 25,710 434,916 Lower Mainland 204083 43,127 176,519 4,659 67,287 Vancouver Island and adjacent Islands 232,636 19,200 169,785 9„491 11,235 1,238,616 111,425 504,497 39,860 513,438 MARKET PRICES. Incidentally throughout the opening division of this chapter, dealing with the districts in detail, local market prices are given. These vary, however, very much according to locality. The prices given in the following are those which have prevailed at the Coast cities during the five years mentioned, and represent mainly jobbing and wholesale rates. As the labour involved in compiling these tables is very great, the average for every item for the twelve months being given, the statement for 1902 is not included, not having been compiled in time. The average is, however,- kept up, and in many items exceeds previous years. It will be seen AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 117 that there has been a steady improvement, and that a high average price has been maintained. Following this there is given a statement of prices at New Westminster, where a regular farmers' market is held, and where quotations represent more .accurately what is actually paid to farmers for produce. Article. Meats— Dry salt Rolled bacon Breakfast bacon Hams Mess pork Lard— Tins Pails and tubs Sugar— Yellow Granulated Pow'd, bar and icing.. Butter— Creamery Dairy Cheese Flour— Manitoba patents Manitoba bakers Oregon British Columbia Potatoes, per ton Hay Wheat Oats Shorts Bran Chopped Feed Rolled Oats, 90 lbs Oat Meal, 100 lbs Onions, lb Eggs, fresh, per doz Eggs, case, per doz Fruits— Apples, per box Pears, " Plums, " Roots— Turnips Carrots Beets Fresh Meats— Live steers Live cows Live calves , I hogs " sheep Dressed beef " veal " pork " mutton Poultry— Chickens Ducks Geese Turkeys 9% 9% 4 101/5 9% 4% ey2 27 b.c. 24^: 17 19^ 30 17 25M 17 6% 9 4.00 3.46 6.53 7% 83/ 8X 10X lb. 11 ■age 13^ 9% 5Vs Average 6 35 4 6 02 4 S 2S 4 s 6.3 4 12 18 17 i.S 21 11 29 75 25 27 00 2S 22 83 22 21 00 20 2S So 2S 2 84 2 3 29 3 •c. 32^ . 1834: *ia 38 19 4.60 4.00 6.60 5tt 7 25% 20K 14K 503 4.68 4.46 4.62 16.00 13.83 26.60 25-33 20.84 19.00 24-75 2-54 3-25 i 2^ 35 x/ I-I3 4.10 3-75 5-75 5-5i ) 9 lb. 65c. each Average 13% i6>6 I5X 15-/2 13 4K 27 i7K 121/5 50 50 82 50 18 75 75 25 42 67 81 17 2K 30% I9|< 4.9O 3.OO 09 5-33 8.09 9.67 8.42 10.82 Average 14 14 4 5/l6> 5 1/16 6>i ||i if 12^ 5-37 5-15 4.88 5-o7 1 16.96 13-97 29.05 26.25 22.15 20.25 24-93 2.78 3-24 2 1/16. 32 i8y2 1.09 n.05 4.34 3-55 6.26 5.08 8.03 9.57 8.14 10.01 16X 12 lb. 14 " 3-75 doz 5.00 " .... 9.00 I .... I7lb. 14K YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PRICES CURRENT IN NEW WESTMINSTER MARKET. THE following is a comparison of prices realised by farmers at the market of New Westminster for the years ending June 30, 1901, and June 30, 1902, respectively. The two columns represent the average prices for the twelve months of the year, and are thus more trustworthy than prices taken in any particular month, when local conditions might have favourably or unfavourably affected the quotations. 1901. 1902. Beef, per lb. $ 7% $ 12 Mutton, per lb 91-6 10% Pork, per lb 8 9 ~ Veal, per lb 91-9 9% Potatoes, per ton 20 00 1 60 per sack Turnips, per ton 8 00 60 per sack Carrots, per ton 10 00 66 per sack Onions, per ton r 30 62 1 50 per sack Cabbage, per lb 1 2 Wheat, per ton . 30 00 25 00 Oats, per ton 23 75 28 66 Hay, per ton 11 00 9 80 Butter, per lb 27% 28 Eggs, per dozen ■ 32 32 Fowls, per dozen 6 00 6 50 Chickens, per dozen 5 38 3 87 Ducks, per dozen 640 638 Rhubarb, per lb 6 4% Gooseberries, per lb -.... 6 7 Strawberries, 24 lbs 1 44 1 70 •:$sS Cherries, 10 lbs 75 9 per lb. - Currants, per lb. 7 Qi/2 Raspberries, 24 lbs 128 160 Plums, 20 lbs 46 95 Peaches, 20 lbs 1 37 1 50 Apples, 40 lbs 1 18 1 28 Pears, 40 lbs 95 60 Tomatoes, per lb 6 2-5 8 WATER FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES. Under the provisions of the Water Clauses consolidation Act, 1897, and amending Acts, unrecorded water may be diverted from any natural sources for irrigation or agricultural purposes generally. The scale of fees is the same as for water for industrial purposes, and is calculated on a sliding scale. For a record fee of $10.75 per 100 miner's inches up to $110.75 for 500 inches; $260.75 for 1,000 inches; $560.75 for 2,000 inches; $680.75 for 5,000 inches; $880.75 for 10,000 inches, and so on. For industrial purposes there is an annual fee calculated according to the same sliding scale; but no annual fee is charged on water recorded and actually used for agricultural purposes. FREE GOODS. (From Canadian Customs Tariff.) Wearing apparel, household furniture, books, implements and tools of trade, occupation or employment, musical instruments, domestic sewing machines, live stock, carts and other vehicles and agricultural implements in use by the settler for at least six months before his removal to Canada, not to include machinery or articles AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 119 imported for any use in any manufacturing establishment or for sale; also books, I pictures, family plate or furniture, personal effects and heirlooms left by bequest: Provided that any dutiable article entered as settlers' effects may not be so entered .unless brought with the settler on his first arrival, and shall not be sold or otherwise disposed of without payment of duty until twelve months' actual use in Canada: Provided, also, that under regulations to be made by the Controller of Customs, five stock, when imported into Manitoba or the Northwest Territory by intending settlers shall be free until otherwise ordered by the Governor-in-Council. The following is the authorised number of live stock allowed to be imported under the conditions of the excerpt above quoted : Horses, 1 to every 10 acres, 16 ' in all allowed; cattle, the same; sheep, 1 to each acre, 160 in all allowed; swine, the same. list olf agricultural associations, 1902. No. of Association and Treasurer's Address. Members. Chilliwack — C. B. Reeves, ChilUwack 45 Comox — J. A. Halliday, Sandwick 46 Cowichan — H. de M. Mellin Duncan 74 Delta — A. W. R. Taylor, Ladner ,. 42 Inland — H. L. Roberts, Ashcroft 43 84 Ill 89 80 34 76 36 Cash Receipts. $2,270 32 477 44 678 50 467 15 446 60 906 65 1,312 65 398 50 450 75 237 30 144 00 1,123 50 1,555 25 1,027 00 644 15 .608 95 Lslands — Percy Purvis, Salt Spring Island Kamloops — J. F. Robertson, Kamloops .. Kent — L. A. Agassiz, Agassiz Langley — W. J. Mcintosh, Langley Mission — A. M. Verchere, Mission City .. Maple Ridge — E. W. Beckett, Port Haney Nanaimo — E. S. Cook, Nanaimo Okanagan Mission — D.N. Sutherland, Kelowna 149 Okanagan and Spallumcheen — H. F. Wilmot, Vernon Richmond — B. W. Garratt, Eburne 54 Royal — W. H. Geary, New Westminster Saanich (North and South) — T. Turgoose, Turgoose 56 Salmon Arm — S. M. McGudre, Salmon Arm Surrey — H. Bose, Surrey Centre 49 608 40 Victoria — Beaumont Boggs, Victoria Vancouver — C. H. Macaulay, Vancouver 130 648 00 DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION. The Dairymen's Association was established in 1894, and was incorporated the same year by Act of the Legislature. The objects of the Association were to promote and encourage the dairying interests of the province. Its meetings have often been of particular interest, and have without doubt assisted in bringing about the adoption of the creamery system in our province. Assistance has also been rendered to the various exhibitions by prizes, judging in the dairying class, and introducing proper scoring methods. The three pioneer creameries of the province —the Delta, Cowichan and Eden Bank (Chilliwack) — were established about this time, 1894-4)5, and have steadily increased their output year by year. There are now twelve, with several more in contemplation at different points in the province. The Dairymen's Association may properly be regarded as a connecting link between the various creameries. The adoption of the creamery system soon brought about improved, methods and a demand for better stock; with the rise in price of all meats, due to various causes, it became evident to the directors of the Association that breeding stock for milk products, and also for beef, mutton and pork, would be required, and that the supply from local breeders would be quite inadequate to the demand. About 1899 the 120 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Ontario Government was organising the export trade in pure-bred stock amongst their breeders, and made arrangements whereby their Department of Agriculture would select, purchase and ship stock to order for individuals or the Provincial Government. After a good deal of correspondence and deliberation the directors, with the consent of the Provincial Government, decided to import one carload of stock and offer the same at auction at the New Westminster Fair in 1900. A mixed carload, containing Shorthorns, Ayrshires and Jerseys, and a few swine, were sold, at a slight loss to the Association. The venture, however, was successful enough to warrant further work in this direction, and the correspondence and inquiry for more fully justified subsequent importations, which have been large and very successful. The officers of the Association are : President, A. C. Wells, Chilliwack; Vice- President, W. P. Jaynes, Duncan; Secretary, L. W. Paisley. FLOCKMASTERS' ASSOCIATION. Among the important agricultural associations is the Flockmaster's Association, which was organized some years ago for the purpose of improving and introducing pure-bred sheep for the use of members. This Association has been instrumental in not only introducing better breeds of sheep, but also of improving methods generally. The usefulness of the Association has been recognised by the Provincial Government, who make an annual grant of $25Q. Among the features of the Society's work is the annual dinner, which is attended by the leading breeders in the province, and which is looked forward to every year with interest. The officers for the present year are : President, Major J. M. Mutter; First Vice-President, W. H. Hayward, M. P. P.; Second Vice-President, W. R. Robertson; Secretary, G. H. Had wen. FARMERS' INSTITUTES. T . No. of Institute and Secretary's Address. Members. Alberni—Henry Hills, Alberni 34 Comox—J. A. Halliday, Sandwick 50 Cowichan—H. de M. Mellin, Duncan 127 Nanaimo-Cedar—Rev. G. W. Taylor, Wellington 122 Victoria—C. E. King, Cedar Hill 170 Islands—E. Walter, Ganges Harhour 35 Surrey—H. Bose, Surrey Centre 50 Langley—J. T. Bramwell, Langley 62 Burrard—W. H. Lewis, New Westminster 21 Richmond—James Sexsmith, Eburne , 37 Mission—A. M. Verchere, Mission City 40 Chilliwack—G. W. Chadsey, Chilliwack 40 Kent—R. E. McDonald, Agassiz 54 Maple Ridge—J. M. Webster, Webster's Corners .- 41 . Matsqui—John Ball, Abbottsford 31 Spallumcheen—W. P. Horsley, Armstrong 57 Osoyoos—H. V. Chaplin, Kelowna 99 Kamloops—J. F. Smith, Kamloops 40 Okanagan—A. F. Venables, Vernon 137 Bella Coola—A. Hammer, Bella Coola 41 Metchosin—George Trenchard, Metchosin 106 Delta—E. A. Bown, Ladner 27 Total Membership 1,591 OTHER ASSOCIATIONS. ' No. Of Association and Secretary's Address. Members. Dairymen's Association—L. W. Paislay, Chilliwack 32 Vancouver Island Flockmasters' Association—G. H. Hadwen, Duncan 39 Victoria Poultry and Pet Stock Association Vancouver Poultry and Pet Stock Association—J. C. Dixon, Vancouver. ... 60 Nanaimo Poultry and Pet Stock Association British Columbia Fruit Growers' Association C. GOPPER CO.'S SMELTER, GREENWOOD, B. C. SUNSET SMELTER, BOUNDARY FALLS, B. C. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION II i 1 s as ss e i |,9l*iMi § li^slilii 1 | | | | g : : « 1 1 S3 S 1 S 5 1 j | i gf ~ : co 1 siitj; i| i 11 fc 1 1 S I . : § 1 S h 3 8 -h : . : $ i l - a 1 9 | j ; | §§ 1 3 i § | j ; | | | » » 1 3 | j ! g SJ i ^ ^ °° 1 11 ^ S 3 : i ! ® h ^ S 3 8 • : : §8 S 3 8 3 | j || I 1 S eO r-i N - . - 1 S r-l CO 53 rh : • o 1 1 £-« 1 -j | j 1 co . : s °2 ^ <§ § |j : : : 1 § s~ ; i " 1 1 S s s « i ' ^ 1 1 | 1 1 | | j | , 1 8 2 § & : : 33 1 co § co eg o | : e^ 1 1 3 § S | j M | 1 « w N °° j \ j>-©»■ ci iiigf IS 1 1 s S S ! : i 1 : : • - 1 3 2 ^ ^ 3 j ; 5 1 §3 & S | : j : | : « r2 C o £ -° £ & s 5 1 ft 3 a £ © •£ Oh O : . : »! ■§S :-°g ■ ©'W "rrt ° 60 e3 : > 3 .£ © © s © p, ^ 5§§gfi 1 EH«1 *\ % YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LAWS AFFECTING AGRICULTURE. THAT the Government and Legislature of British Columbia have not failed to carefully guard and assist the interests of agriculture is evident from the fact that there are on the Statute Books of British Columbia forty-two Acts, including amending Acts, dealing with subjects either directly or indirectly connected with farming. These have been passed from time to time, as the development of the agricultural industry has seemed to warrant, and the conditions affecting the agriculturist demanded attention. AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. First in the order naturally comes the "Department of Agriculture Act," containing provisions for the regulation of the Department of Agriculture, and for defining the powers and duties of the Minister and other officers of the Department. Principal among its provisions is one for the appointment of a statistician for the collecting, abstracting and tabulating of statistics and information of public interest, a general report to be presented to the House at the end of each year. In this connection it may be stated that all persons engaged in agricultural pursuits of any kind are required to furnish replies to official enquiries, and to give such statistics and information as are in their power in regard to the industry under their particular control. Provision is also made for the interchange between the Federal and Provincial authorities of statistics and information bearing on the subject of agriculture. AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS. There are several statutes making provision for organisation and establishment of agricultural and horticultural and other societies, having for their object the mutual benefit and co-operation of agricultural communities. Associations and societies in respect to the following classes of subjects may be formed, namely : • (a) Agricultural and horticultural; (b) benevolent and friendly; (c) co-operative; (d) industrial-and'provident; and (e) investment and loan. Only the first and third of these associations directly refer to agriculture as an industry, the others being of a general character. In respect to the incorporation of agricultural and horticultural societies, under Chapter 12, Consolidated Statutes, any number of persons may unite themselves into a society for the protection of agricultural, horticultural or fruit-growing industries. The provisions are of such a character as not to be briefly summarised here, but indicate the procedure for the formation of such societies, as to their officers, regulations, property, liabilities and general powers. Part II. of this Act relates to the Horticultural Society and Fruit Growers' Association of British Columbia, which was organised in 1890, and which has been in existence ever since. It has particularly for its object the advancement of the fruitgrowing industry. The Act respecting the co-operative associations, passed in 1896, although it does not specifically refer to agriculture, was really intended to afford a cheap and easy-method of forming co-operative societies for the purpose of carrying on any branch of agriculture, or business connected with agriculture. Its provisions are largely technical, simply dealing with the methods of procedure, and functions of societies formed under its authority. FARMERS' INSTITUTES. One of the most important Acts passed by the Legislative Assembly affecting the interests of the farmer was the " Farmers' Institutes and Co-operation Act," AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 123 enacted in 1897. This was a decided step in advance, and brought our legislation in line with that existing in Ontario, Manitoba and other provinces; and while it contained many of the provisions common to the Acts of Ontario and Manitoba, the measure went still further in the line of progress, and in several respects may be said to be an improvement on its prototypes. Farmers' Institutes, under this Act, may be organised by a petition to the Minister of Agriculture, signed by fifteen persons resident in the district in which it is proposed to organise, and have for their objects the encouragement and improvement of agriculture, horticulture, arboriculture, manufactures, the useful arts, and displays of agricultural products; holding meetings for discussion and hearing lectures; for importing and distributing seeds, plants and animals; for offering prizes for essays and scientific enquiry; for dissemination of information regarding bee-keeping; and for carrying on, by co-operation, any industry relating to agriculture. The annual fee of members is 50 cents, which is supplemented by the Government by an amount 'based on membership, the grant being made conditional upon all the provisions of the Act being complied with. Provision is also made for the organisation of divisional institutes, and of a Central Farmers' Institute for the whole province, and •a.lso for the amalga- tion with the Central Farmers' Institute of the Fruit Growers' Association or any ■other existing agricultural association. Authority is taken under the Act by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council to frame rules and regulations defining in greater detail the work of the institutes and the system under which they may operate. The officers are a Superintendent, who is appointed and paid by the Provincial Government, and Secretary-Treasurers of the local Institutes, who are paid $25 a year by the Government. It is the duty of the Secretary-Treasurer of each district to prepare a full report of each year's work and forward it to the Provincial Oovernment. CO - OPERATION. Under this Act, too, the principle of co-operation is recognised. Upon application to the Minister, ten or more residents and bona fide farmers may engage in and carry on, on a co-operative basis, any of the following, viz.:I (a) A Farmers' Exchange, for buying and selling farm produce; vb) a cheese factory; (c).a creamery; (d) a fruit-canning, preserving or evaporating factory; (e) a mutual credit association, for the purpose of receiving deposits and loaning money to its members; (f) or in any other enterprise that may be approved by the* Lieutenant-Governor-in- Council as coming among the objects and within the meaning of the Act, and such applicants are constituted provisional directors under the Act for managing the affairs of the Association until the first annual election of officers, and possess all the powers of an incorporated company under the "Companies Act," Part I., the ■"Companies Act, 1862," (Imperial), to hold property, to sue and be sued, make bylaws, and do all things necessary and purtenant to the carrying on of any business for the mutual benefit and profit of the members subscribing and holding stock: Provided, among other things: (a) That a notice of incorporation containing the names of such applicants be published in the British Columbia Gazette, for which a fee of $10 shall be charged; (b) that no subscriber may hold or hereafter acquire more than one-tenth of the stock allotted by the Association; (c) that 25 per cent, of the capital stock be subscribed at the time of making application. BOARD OF HORTICULTURE. One more important feature of legislation is the Act providing for the creation of a Board of Horticulture, which has very comprehensive powers with respect to the inspection of orchards, imported nursery stock and fruits. The Board is composed of three members — one representing the Island of Vancouver, one the Lower Mainland, one the Interior or Upper Country, with the Secretary, wh6 is also the Deputy Minister of Agriculture, and the Minister of Agriculture, acting ex officio. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA This Board, which is purely of an official character and under the direct control of the Government, has been in existence since 1894, and has not only a strongly preventive influence in the matter of the spread of pestilential forms of disease and pests, but has exerted an educational influence (which is very manifest to-day, and in connection with the farmers' Institutes has done very effective work in the province. Another important Act, known as the "Agricultural Credit Societies Act," was passed in 1898, whereby a certain number of Farmers, by joining together and pooling their credit, may obtain advances from the Government, with the object of loaning to other members for various purposes of improvement. So far ho societies have been formed under the Act, and the rules and regulations authorised thereunder have never been drafted. RESPECTING DAIRYINO. Provision is made by the " Dairymen's Association Act" for the formation : (a) Of a Provincial Dairymen's Association, for the general advancement of dairying throughout the province; (b) the local Dairymen's Associations, known as Cheese and Butter Associations, for the purpose of carrying on the manufacture of cheese and butter; and (c) the establishment of creameries on the co-operative system, which, when so established, may, on compliance with the Act, obtain Government aid by way of loans to the extent of one-half the cost of creamery buildings, plants and fixtures, such loans to bear interest at the rate of 5 per cent, and be re-payable in eight instalments, the first of such instalments to become due at the expiration of three years from the date of the loan, and the other seven instalments annually thereafter. The Provincial Dairymen's Association is at present doing good work in the importation of thoroughbred stock from the East. By the co-operation of the Government the purchase price of the stock is guaranteed, and the cattle sold locally to purchasers. By the " Milk Fraud Act" of 1895 provision is made for the " prevention of " adulterated milk and the furnishing of adulterated milk to dairies and creameries. ANIMALS AND CATTLE ACTS. The "Animals Act" contains provisions restricting the running at large of certain animals, to prevent injury by dogs, and for the arrest and sale of animals unlawfully at large. It is also enacted that in any action brought to recover damages for injury done by animals of a domestic nature, it shall not be necessary to prove that the owner of the animal knew or had means of knowing that the I animal causing the injury was vicious or mischievous, or accustomed to do acts causing injury. There are a series of Acts dealing with cattle in various ways. The " Cattle Farming Act" makes provision whereby the owners of cattle may entrust them to a farmer for the purpose of securing their care and increase. Under a registered agreement the registered cattle are protected from all claims against and liabilities of the farmer to whom they are entrusted. The " Cattle Lien Act" confers upon agisters of cattle and animals and keepers of livery stables a lien upon cattle and effects left with them, for the value and price of any food, care, attendance, etc. The " Cattle Act" contains elaborate provisions for the protection and marking of cattle, under which registries are established and a mode provided for the registration of brands and marks upon cattle. Penalties are provided for the contravention of the Act; also provision for the mode of transfer of brands and marks, for the inspection of hides, and for a record of cattle and sheep from east of the Cascades into other portions of the province, so as to guard against stealing. Under the " Breeding Stock Act," the " Cattle Ranges Act," and the " Island Pasturage Act" provision is made for the protection and preservation of cattle ranges, and for their being rendered available on an equitable basis for the use of provincial settlers. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION PREVENTIVE LEGISLATION. Under another series of Acts for the regulation of various matters : (a) There is the "Contagious Diseases Act," which provides for the appointment of inspectors' for the inspection of cattle and for quarantine, and, whenever necessary, the destruction of cattle infected with disease. The provisions of the Act are especially directed towards the prevention and the eradication of tuberculosis and pleuro-pneumonia, and against the transmission of disease by milk; (b) the " Line Fences and Watercourses Act," which provides for the appointment of fence-viewers, the construction and maintenance of boundary fences and ditches, and the settlement of disputes between owners in regard to such matters; (c) the "Fence Act," in which is contained a definition of a lawful fence, and the trespass of cattle in case of land protected and unprotected by lawful fences; (d) the " Bush Fire Act," establishing fire districts and the regulation of fires in fire districts, by which, except under certain conditions, it shall not be lawful for any person to set fires between the first day of May and the first day of October, and also the equipment of locomotive engines with the most improved and effectual means to prevent the escape of fire from furnaces, ash-heaps and smoke-stacks; (e) an Act for the better regulation of traffic on highways, providing for the passing of vehicles to the left, preservation of roadways west of the Cascade range, by wide tires for loads over 2,000 pounds, and (he prevention of certain unlawful practices which impede traffic or render it dangerous; (f) the "Thistle Prevention Act," and the "Noxious Weeds Prevention Act," the objects of which are sufficiently indicated by their titles; and (g) "An Act for the Extermination of Wild Horses," by which it is made lawful for any person to KH unbranded stallions running at large upon the public lands, provided that such person has first obtained a license for killing, and has made unsuccessful efforts and reasonable endeavors to capture such stallion, and reports the facts of killing to the nearest Government Agent. LAND ACTS. The Acts relating to settlement and taking up of land are dealt with under the general title of land laws. These include the "Homestead Act," "Land Registry and Amendments," the "Land Clauses Consolidation Act," and the amended "Land Act," and the "Water Clauses Consolidation Act" as amended in 1899 and 1900. The " Land Clauses Consolidation Act" contains complete procedure relative to the acquisition of lands required for undertakings or works of a public nature, and in this respect is allied with the "Water Clauses Consolidation Act," which makes provision for the acquirement and regulation of water rights for a number of purposes, including ordinary domestic and agricultural purposes. The provisions of these Acts are too elaborate to be even briefly summarised here. DYKING AND DRAINAGE. In view of the fact that there exist throughout the province large tracts of land which could be rendered available for cultivation by dyking and drainage, careful and extended provision is made for such work in the "Drainage, Dyking and Irrigation Act" for the appointment of commissioners to undertake and carry out such works. By the " Dyking Debenture Loan Act" of 1897 the Government of British Columbia is given authority to authorise the redemption of certain debentures for the construction of dyking works, and to authorise expenditure of additional moneys in strengthening, extending and repairing certain dykes By a further Act in 1898 the powers of the Government in respect to dyking matters were still further extended, whereby they assumed a liability exceeding $500,000 in respect to the dyking works in Maple Ridge, Sumas, Coquitlam, Pitt Meadows and Matsqui, and of borrowing a further sum of $225,000 with respect to further dyking works in Chilliwack, Agassiz, Hatzic, Surrey, and New Westminster District generally. These works are of an important character, and have made fit for cultivation various tracts of land, aggregating about 100,000 acres, otherwise subject to overflow. PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT LANDS. Crown lands in British Columbia are classified as either surveyed or unsurveyed lands, and may be acquired by entry at the Government Lands Office, pre-emption or purchase. The following persons may pre-empt crown lands : Any person, being the head of a family, a widow, or a single man over eighteen years of age, being a British I subject, may record surveyed or unsurveyed crown lands, which are unoccupied or unreserved and unrecorded (that is, unreserved for Indians or others, or unrecorded in the name of any other applicant). Aliens may also record such surveyed or unsurveyed land on making a declaration of intention to become a British subject. The quantity of land that may be recorded or pre-empted is not to exceed 320 acres northward and eastward of the Cascade or Coast Mountains, or 160 acres in the rest of the province. No person can hold more than one pre-emption claim at a time. Prior record of pre-emption of one claim and all rights under it are forfeited by subsequent record or pre-emption of another claim. Land recorded or pre-empted cannot be transferred or conveyed until after a crown grant has been issued. Such land, until the crown grant is issued, is held by occupation. Such occupation must be a bona fide personal residence of the settler or his family. The settler must enter into occupation of the land within thirty days after recording, and must continue to occupy it. Continuous absence for a period longer than two months consecutively of the settler or family is deemed cessation of occupation; but leave of absence'may be granted not exceeding six months in any one year, inclusive of two months' absence. Land is considered abandoned if unoccupied for more than two months consecutively. If so abandoned, the land becomes waste lands of the Crown. The fee on recording is two dollars (8s.) The settler shall have the land surveyed at his own instance (subject to the rectification of the boundaries) within five years from date of record. After survey has been made, upon proof in declaration in writing of himself and two other persons of occupation for two years from date of pre-emption, and of having made permanent improvement on the land to the value of two dollars and ■fifty cents per acre, the settler on producing the pre-emption certificate obtains a certificate of improvement upon payment of a fee of $2. After obtaining the certificate of improvement and paying for the land, the settler is entitled to a Crown grant in fee simple. He pays $5 therefor. The price of Crown lands, pre-empted is $1 (4 shillings) per acre, which must be paid in four equal instalments, as follows : First instalment two years from date of record or pre-emption, and yearly thereafter, but the last instalment is not payable till after the survey, if the land is unsurveyed. Two, three or four settlers may enter into partnership with pre-emptions of 160 acres each, and reside on one homestead. Improvements amounting, to $2.50 per acre made on some portion thereof will secure Crown grant for the whole, conditions of payment being same as above. The Crown-grant reserves to the Crowtf a royalty of five cents per ton on every ton of merchantable coal raised or gotten from the land, not including dross Or fine slack, and fifty cents per M. on timber. Coal and petroleum lands do not pass under grant of lands acquired since passage of Land Act Amendment of 1899. No Crown grant can be issued to an alien who may have recorded or pre-empted by virtue of his declaring his intention to become a British subject, unless he has become naturalised. The heirs of devisees of the settler are entitled to the Crown grant on his decease. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 12T Crown lands may be purchased to the extent of 640 acres. Minimum price of first-class land, $5 per acre; second-class, $2.50 per acre; third-class, $1 per acre. No settlement duties are required on such land unless a second purchase is contemplated. In such a case, the first purchase must be improved to the extent of $5 per acre for first-class; $2.50 second-class; and $1 third-class. Leases of Crown lands in lots not exceeding 20 acres may be obtained; and if requisite improvements are made and conditions of the lease fulfilled at the expiration of lease, Crown grants are issued. Leases are granted for hay lands for terms not exceeding ten.years; and for any purpose whatsoever, exeept cutting hay, for a term not exceeding SI years. Twenty-one years' timber leases are now subject to public competition, and the highest cash bonus is accepted, subject to the 50 cents per M. royalty above mentioned, and an annual rental, in advance, of 15 cents per acre. The holder must put up a sawmill capable of cutting not less than 1,000 feet of lumber per day of 13-hours for every-400 acres of land in such lease; and such mill shall be kept running for at least six months in every year. The farm and buildings, when registered, cannot be taken for debt incurred after registration; and it is free from seizure up to a value not greater than $2,500 (£100 English); cattle " farmed on shares " are also protected by an Exemption Act. In reference to lands in the Dominion railway belt, the following extract from a letter received from John McKenzie, Esq., agent of Dominion lands at New Westminster, will suffice : 11 may state briefly that since July 11, 1895, the homestead regulations requiring three years' residence and cultivation were in force, being re-introduced from expiry of the old regulations of 1885 on 1st January, 1891. " Again on 17th April, 1900, the former price of $1 per acre was cut out of the regulations, so that people obtain homesteads in the railway belt in British Columbia on the same terms as Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. And absolute sales may be made at $5 per acre. " But as patches of timber are mixed up with our lands, we are not to give homesteads on such lands valuable for timber — only that where settlers have a little timber it now goes with the homestead to the settler when he gets a patent." Under the present law, in the Northwest, homestead duties must be performed in one of the following ways, namely : — ■(1) By at least six months' residence upon and cultivation of the land in each year during the term of three years. (2) If the father (or the mother, if the father is deceased) of any person who is eligible to make a homestead entry resides upon a farm in the vicinity of the land entered for by such person as a homestead, the requirements of the law as to residence prior to obtaining patent may be satisfied by such person residing with the father or mother. (3) If a settler has obtained a patent for his first homestead, or a certificate for the issue of such patent, countersigned in the manner prescribed by the Dominion Lands Act, and has obtained entry for a second homestead, the requirements of this Act as to residence prior to obtaining patent may be satisfied by residence upon the first homestead. (4) If the settler has his permanent residence upon farming land owned by him in the vicinity of his homestead, the requirements of the law as to residence may be satisfied by residence upon the said land. Application for patent should be made at the end of the three years, before the Local Agent, Sub-Agent or the Homestead Inspector. Before making application for patent the settler must give six months' notice in writing to the Commissioner of Dominion Lands at Ottawa of his intention to do so. CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY LANDS. The Canadian Pacific Railway Company controls a large area of farming and ranching lands in the Kootenay and Boundary districts. The prices range from $1 (4 shillings) an acre to $5 (20 shillings) an acre, the latter being for first-class agricultural lands. These lands are now readily accessible by the Crow's Nest Pass Railway and the Columbia i& Western Railway. The Company has adopted the following terms of payment: The aggregate* amount of principal and interest is divided into instalments, the first to be paid at the time of purchase, the remainder annually thereafter. If the land is paid for in full at time of purchase, a reduction from price will be allowed equal to 10 per cent, on the amount paid in excess of the usual cash instalment. Special ^erms and conditions govern the sale of the Company's timber lands. Maps showing the Company's lands can be secured on application to F. T. Griffin, C. P. R. Land Commissioner, Winnipeg, Man.; J. S. Dennis, Superintendent of Irrigation and British Columbia Land Commissioner, Calgary; or to A. Taylor, District Land Agent, Nelson. DOMINION GOVERNMENT LANDS. All the lands in British Columbia within twenty miles on each side of the Canadian Pacific Railway main line are the property of Canada, with all the timber and minerals they contain (except precious metals). This tract of land, with its timber, hay, water-powers, coal and stone, is now administered by the Department of the Interior of Canada, practically according to the same laws and regulations as are the public lands in Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. Government agencies are established at Kamloops, in the mountains, and New Westminster, on the coast. NATURAL HISTORY SOC'Y OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. THE Natural History Society of British Columbia, Victoria, was founded in 1899, when a few enthusiastic naturalists and sympathisers met in the old Provincial Museum and decided to form a society which would investigate the rich local fields, collect data of a local scientific interest, and incidentally act as an adjunct to the Provincial Museum, which had then just been recently established. It existed for several years, experiencing the usual vicissitudes of a society of that nature. It was not, however, until the new Government Buildings were erected and occupied that the Society got fairly on its legs, and it has ever since enjoyed an increasing degree of prosperity, until at the present time it has over 100 members i$t: good standing. Since its organisation the Society has done good service in adding to the treasures of the Provincial Museum, and this work has been adequately recognised by the Government, who have taken it in a measure under their wing, and have provided the Society with commodious rooms in the new buildings, where meetings are held once every two weeks. For some time certain members of the Society had interested themselves in local historical research and ethnological investigation. An historical branch or section of the Society, which devotes itself exclusively to local historical research, has been organised. There are also botanical and photographic sections. A fine microscope has been recently purchased. The officers for 1903 are : President, Dr. Hasell ; (Secretary, R. E. Gosruell; Librarian' and Curator, F. Sylvester. ATLIN GOLD DIGGINGS AND THEIR PRODUCTS. MINING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. THE history of mining in British Columbia, particularly that of recent years, affords a striking instance of industrial evolution. Although coal was discovered on Vancouver Island as far back as 1835, and the first gold discoveries were made in 1851, metalliferous lode mining, which has now come to be regarded as the most important industry of the country, was not seriously engaged in until 1891, when the rich quartz discoveries in the Nelson, Slocan and Rossland districts began to attract the attention of capital. The initial developments of these new fields were carried on under almost incredible difficulties; for the regions in which the discoveries were made were mountainous, heavily timbered and inaccessible. The first mines to become productive were those of the Slocan, the circumstance being attributable to the exceptionally high-grade quality of the galena ores found in that district, which enabled, in many instances, the original discoverers to profitably work the properties without the assistance of capital. Thus, before railways were constructed through this district, a relatively large quantity of ore was mined and " packed " out on horseback a distance of 17 miles, through thick forests, to a point on Kootenay Lake, at a cost of from $40 to $45 per ton. It was then forwarded by boat and rail to smelters* in the United States at a further cost of $20 a ton. Add to this the cost of mining and treatment, and it will be admitted that only remarkably high-grade ore could stand so heavy a tax and yet admit of profitable extraction. With the completion in 1894-95 of railways — the construction of which was not unattended with engineering difficulties, having regard to the high altitude and mountainous character of the country generally—an era of active mining development on a much more extensive scale was inaugurated each year thereafter until 1898, showing an increase of output of considerably more than 100 per cent. But in 1900 and 1901 conditions were less favorable. In the former year differences occurred between capital and labour, which seriously restricted operations during that season, while in 1901 the American market was practically closed to the British Columbia product, and although, notwithstanding this, the output in point of tonnage was very nearly equal to the record of 1897, the depreciation in metal prices rendered, however, a comparison of values less satisfactory. Meanwhile, a result of the action of the American Smelting and Refining Trust in refusing to bid for British Columbia lead ores, has been the stimulation of the local smelting and refining industry, and this year, for.the first time in Canada, pig lead has been produced in a refinery erected at Trail and operated in connection with the Canadian Smelting Works at that place. CHARACTERISTICS OF SLOCAN. One of the best accounts yet published of the silver-lead deposits of the Slocan was contained in a paper read not long since before the Institute of Mining and 130 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Metallurgy by a well-known engineer, Mr. J. D. Kendall, from which the following extracts are taken : " The Slocan Mining District is in West Kootenay, on the eastern side of Slocan Lake. It is about 12 miles across in an east and west direction, and about 18 miles long from north to south. Part of it on the east is really in the Ainsworth Mining Division, but there is no natural line separating the Ainsworth from the Slocan Min^ ing Division. It is merely an arbitrary fine for record purposes. The entire area is mountainous, ranging in altitude from about 1,800 to about 7,500 feet. The mountains are not only high, but steep. Usually they are very uniform in outline, a result of the slight variation in the hardnoss of the rock out of which they have been formed, over a great part of the area. " The solid geology is relatively simple, the greater part of the area being occupied by dark argillites or clay slates, occasionally interbedded with calcareous quartz- ite and dark-coloured limestone. Traversing these rocks are numerous igneous dykes and intrusive sheets, some of great thickness. Many of them are closely associated with the ore deposits, as will be seen hereafter. A number of these igneous intrusions may be seen in the neighbourhood of Three Forks, along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. " The aqueous rocks are known to geologists as the Slocan slates. They seem to occupy about the same geologic horizon as the upper part of Adam's Lake series, which has been provisionally classed by the Dominion Geological Survey as Silurian or Cambro-silurian. The beds are, as a rule, highly tilted and severely faulted. Most of the faults are ordinary, but some are reversed." The first railway built into the Slocan was the Nakusp and Slocan, commenced July, 1893, and opened for traffic as far as Three Forks (32.9 miles) in 1894. This was followed, in 1895, by the Kaslo and Slocan (31.8 miles long). In the same year the Nakusp and Slocan was extended from Three Forks to Sandon, a distance of about four miles. These lines placed the Slocan in communication with the Canadian Pacific, Northern Pacific and Great Northern railway systems, and reduced the cost of transportation $20 per ton. COMMUNICATION WITH THE MINES. The mines are connected with one or other of the railway systems serving the district, by either rawhide trails, waggon roads, aerial or other tramways. Raw- hiding is extensively practised in the Slocan, the conditions being highly favourable for it, the steep mountain sides and the thick mantle of snow with which the ground is covered throughout the long winter making it possible to form a trail for use in this way, at a cost little exceeding that necessary to remove the underbrush and the few large trees that cannot be avoided along the selected route. In rawhiding, the ore is first sacked, each sack containing 100 to 150 lbs. of ore, according to the tenor reached in dressing, then wrapped in raw cowhides, 15 sacks being an ordinary load, and drawn by horses over the snow. A horse takes only one hide at a time, but one driver may be in charge of any number of horses up to four, the number depending upon the character of the trail. This system of haulage can only be followed in winter when a good covering of snow is on the ground. In some cases waggon roads are built to the mines. Then the haulage is done by sleighs in winter, and by four-wheeled waggons in summer, the load (depending mainly upon the grade) ranging from four to eight tons. These roads cannot be used for about four or five weeks in the spring, when the snow is melting, because part of them are then only fit for runners and part for wheels. As the melting snow disappears at the foot of the hills, runners are impossible, and wheels cannot be used until the snow has gone entirely from the higher ends of the roads. The usual time that elapses after the ground is bare in the lower valleys until the snow disappears at an altitude of about 6,000 feet, is four or five weeks, and during this time haulage by this system has to be suspended to the higher mines. Some of the mines are provided with rail, others AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 131 with rope, tramways — in all cases self-acting. Both these forms of tramway, if properly arranged, are capable of continuous working throughout the year, and are, therefore, superior to either rawhiding, waggon or sleigh haulage, where the output is large enough to justify_the extra cost of making them. The longest waggon road jet made is about eight miles, the longest tramway about one and a quarter miles. Most of the deposits hitherto worked are at considerable altitudes, for the simple reason that the rocks are more exposed there than at lower levels, and consequently : the prospector has been more successful. The following table shows, approximately, the level at which some of the more important mines occur, disregarding the range of altitude in the several properties : Mine. Feet above the sea. Payne 7,100 Idaho 6,700 Alamo 6.700 Reco 6,200 Whitewater o.OOO Slocan Star 5,000 Ruth 4,700 Nearly all the deposits known in the Slocan, and certainly those of greatest importance commercially, have the form of veins often called, here and elsewhere, "fissure veins," or "true veins," but a few are bed-like in form — that is, occur along the bed-planes of the strata. In the early days, i. e., in 1892, when the ore had to be "packed" out to the lakes, only the best ore in a mine could stand the cost of shipping, so that then the ore had to be sorted most carefully. This will be illustrated by a few figures relating to the output of the Dardanelles mine, one of the first shippers. Three hundred and fourteen tons of ore shipped from that mine in two years ending December, 1895, gave 28.7 per cent, lead and 260.9 oz. of silver per ton; but the first 10 tons, packed out during the fall of 1892, yielded 55.6 per cent, of lead'and 470.2-oz. of silver -per ton. CHARACTER OF SLOCAN ORE. In most of the Slocan mines some very high-grade ore can be found, if only small samples be taken; but that, it need scarcely be said here, is not the way to judge of the product of a mine. The yield of large quantities shipped in the ordinary course of business is the only reliable guide. The following assay results are averages derived from smelter returns relating to the quantities standing opposite the names of the different mines named in the table : Shipments, Silver, Lead, Zinc, Silver-lead, Name of Mine. tons. oz. per ton. per ct. oz. lbs. Payne 11,675 112 56 n.d. 1—10 Whitewater 5,610 113 33 18.8 1—5.8 Ruth (galena) 1,010 105 65 n.d. 1—12.5 " (carbonates) 957 48 26 n.d. 1—10.4 Idaho 1,531 152.6 46.5 14.5 1—6 Alamo 4,782 129 44 16.9 1—6.8 Slocan Star 10,012 80 67 n.d. 1—16.7 Enterprise 1,054 177 22 21 1—2.4 Reco 1,690 239 39 n.d. 1—3.2 Washington 1,600 95 56 12.7 1—11.7 Dardanelles... 255 265 26 12.5 1-1.9 tMonitor.. 427 179 38 16 1—4.24 Antoine 230 246 46 n.d. 1—3.7 Cumberland 263 78 9 58.4 12.8 1-14.8 N. D.—Not determined. t Also contained gold 0.35 oz. per ton. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA •This table shows better than many words the highly argentiferous character of the Slocan ores. It includes probably the highest and the lowest grade yet found. When we compare these results with those obtained from the ores of other important silver-lead areas, the greater richness of the Slocan ores is at once evident. A con- siderable part of the silver found in these ores is in the galena, which occurs in three principal forms — cubic, wavy and granular (coarse and fine). From a number of assays of ores of different mines, made with the object of learning in which of these forms the silver was most abundant, the following results were obtained : Silver, oz. per ton. Wavy 165.1 .... Cubic 117.4 Granular (fine) 109.8 average of 11 assays. 16 7 The facilities for mining in the Slocan are great — a good climate, abundance of timber, the contour of the ground such that the deposits can be reached and worked by tunnels without the necessity for shafts and their accompanying costly machinery, a moderately hard country rock, and abundance of surface water for dressing purposes, in addition to numerous fine veins of high-grade mineral, forming a combination of circumstances that could not easily be excelled in any part of the world. When the ore reaches the surface it is concentrated either by hand or by means of machinery. The hand-sorted ore is usually referred to in the smelter returns as I "crude ore," that which has been machine-sorted as "concentrates." The machinery employed in dressing is of the usual kind. There is often considerable, loss of silver with the tailings, which is avoidable, and can only be saved by treatment in other ways. So long as the silver-bearing minerals thrown off from a mill have a value less than the cost of freight and treatment, etc., they are recovered by I other methods and in a concentrated form that can be shipped at a profit. ' OTHER SILVER - LEAD DISTRICTS. Other localities in which silver-lead ores are mined are the Ainsworth and Trout Lake districts and sections of East Kootenay. In the Ainsworth district the ores are of somewhat lower grade than those found in the vicinity of Sandon, and consequently the mines have been less considerably developed. The exposures are, however, in many instances remarkably large, and under favourable conditions will undoubtedly be made to yield profitably. It is only this summer (1902) that railway transportation facilities have been afforded mine-1 owners in the Trout Lake districts, but this, notwithstanding the mines from that section of the province have during the past three years produced a relatively large quantity of silver-lead ores of exceptionally Jiigh-grade character, the average value per ton of ore shipped from one mine being $18 in gold, 400 oz. silver, and 50 per cent. lead. Now that improved means for transporting the mine products have been secured, this district will unquestionably become in future a very important contributor to the annual silver-lead output of British Columbia. The developed silver-lead mines in East Kootenay are limited to three or four; but these are operated on a very extensive scale, and have distributed among their shareholders larger profits than the silver-lead mines in other sections of the country. THE ROSSLAND ORES. Although a small shipment of copper ore was made from the Hall Mines at Nelson in 1888-89, and from Rossland in 1891, production of this metal on any considerable scale did not commence until 1893, when consignments aggregating 700 tons were sent to American smelters from the Rossland mines. It is interesting to note in connection with this first shipment from Rossland that the exceptionally high smelter returns of $84 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 133 per ton, or 3 oz. silver, 5.21 per cent, copper, and about 4 oz. of gold, practically established that camp. The consignment, packed over 12 miles of rough trail to the Columbia River, was sent from the Le Roi mine by a small syndicate of Spokane (Washington) speculators, to whom the property was under bond, and who subsequently made a very large fortune as a result of their investment. Until the spring of 1895, however, the progress of mining in this district was comparatively slow, and it is said that no less than 42 " experts " had, in the interim, condemned the camp as worthless. In 1895, on the strength of a contract from the Le Roi Company to supply 75,000 tons of ore (on one-half of which a fixed charge of $11 a ton for freight and treatment was arranged), a land grant from the Provincial Government and a bonus from the Dominion Government of $1 on each ton of ore smelted, a smelter was erected on the Columbia River at Trail, and a narrow-gauge railway built between the mine and the works. As the crow flies, this distance is only four or five miles, but to overcome the difference in elevation of about 2,100 feet between Trail and Rossland, the switchback arrangement was employed, thus lengthening the line to over 11 miles. After the erection of the smelter, the cost of freight and treatment for nearly two years remained unchanged at $10 to $14 per ton, 95 per cent, of the assay value of the gold and silver being paid for and a deduction made of 1.3 from the percentage of copper present, to allow for the difference between wet and dry assay value; the price paid for copper being 5 cents below the New York market quotations. With the completion of their contract with the Trail smelter, the owners of the Le Roi mine erected works of their own immediately across the boundary at Northport (Washington), and succeeded in reducing their smelter costs to some extent. But with the acquisition of the Trail smelter by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, freight and treatment charges were immediately cut down to $7 per ton. The chief cause of this reduction in costs was the great cheapening of fuel following the development of the Crow's Nest Pass coal fields. This year (1902) the Trail smelter has made still further reductions in treatment charges, while Le Roi ores are hauled to and treated at Northport at a total cost of under $5 a ton. This cost, however, is capable of considerable reduction, as with the completion recently of the new branch of the Great Northern Railway, connecting that system with the Fernie collieries, great economies will be effected in the price of coke as supplied to the Northport works. The mineral-bearing veins in the Rossland district are characteristic fissure veins, and some of the larger are known as " shear zone " fissures. Instead of being an indefinite amount of parallel fissures extending into the country an undiscoyerable distance, it is always a zone of a discoverable and limited collection. The mineral deposit may lie on one plane, or they may eat up the rock between the planes and deposit another in its place, or they may occupy the whole zone, or mineralise one particular fissure and travel on that, and so on. The exterior boundary is assignable if you crosscut. These veins are of enormous extent in some places, such as 100 or 200 feet in width in the shattered mineralised zone. The ores consist principally of sulphides of various metals. Of these pyrrhotite is by far the most abundant. It is found, as a rule, in a massive condition, ranging in texture from a fine to medium grain, but is also disseminated through the country rock. The massive variety usually holds blebs of quartz, and grains and irregular patches of other sulphides. The pyrrhotite contains gold and silver in varying quantities, a small percentage of nickel, and traces of cobalt. The gold contents are ex- . ceedingly irregular, ranging from traces, up to several ounces to the ton, and the silver from traces to four or-five ounces to the ton. The pyrrhotite is usually accompanied by a certain amount of copper pyrites, intimately commingled with it. The copper pyrites is extremely irregular in its distribution, in some places constituting a considerable portion of the ore body, and in others occurring only as isolated and occasional grains and patches. It is nowhere seen in large masses. It is auriferous, and holds apparently about the same percentage of gold as the enclosing pyrrhotite. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The mines have been developed by running inclines along the dip of the vein, and from these inclines driving horizontal drifts at 100 feet intervals along the strike and usually within the walls of the vein. These drifts are afterwards enlarged, sill floors put in, timbered, and the ore in this way worked out to the next higher level. From the reports issued by the several important mining companies operating in this territory it is gathered that the total cost of mining per toil, of ore stoped is between $4 and $4.50, or a total cost for mining, smelting and marketing the ore from $10 to $11 per ton. Lately these costs, it is stated, have been reduced by about $2 t per ton. THE BOUNDARY ORES. Another, and what is now the most important, copper-producing area in British Columbia is that known as the Boundary district. The first discoveries were made here so long ago as 1891, but the low-grade nature of the ores, their refractory character, and the extreme inaccessibility of the district effectually prohibited productive effort until nearly ten years later, when conditions were entirely changed by the completed construction of the Columbia and Western Railway from Robson to Midway. Thus while between 1891 and 1900 ore shipments from the district aggregated but slightly over 4,000 tons, the tonnage during the second half of the last- mentioned year was increased to 97,837 tons, and in 1901 the shipments were 386,675. From the figures obtainable showing production during the first six months of the present year (1902), it appears reasonably certain that the output from the Boundary district for the full twelve months will considerably exceed half a million tons of ore. The rapid manner in which these developments has taken place is partly attributable to the business-like and aggressive methods adopted by the principal mine operators in the field, and partly to the natural facilities and advantages for economic mining and reduction of ores, due to the immense size and extent of the deposits themselves and to the self-fluxing character of their mineral contents. ; In discussing the ore deposits of the Boundary District, Mr. R. W. Brock, of the Canadian Geological Survey, for the sake of convenience, roughly divides them into three classes — (1) the large low-grade copper-bearing sulphide deposits; (2) the .oxidized copper veins; and (3) the small gold and silver-bearing quartz veins. Undoubtedly the most striking characteristic of the deposits of the first class is their enormous size. In structure these deposits belong to the composite-vein type, formed by mineralizing solutions traversing the country rock, principally along fissures or zones of fissures in which they deposit the economic minerals, and from which they replace with their mineral contents, particle by particle, sometimes only partially, sometimes completely, the original material of the country rock. According to the most prominent mineral content, this class of deposits may be subdivided into a pyritic type, in which pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, with some pyrite, are the chief minerals. Excepting that the pyrrhotite of the ore is represented by magnetite and the pyrrhotite replaces the constituents of the country rock in the same way, both seemed to have been formed, on the whole, a little prior to the other vein minerals, holding them in little veins, or as points scattered through, yet sometimes inter- banded with them; they are both accompanied by the same accessory and gangue minerals, and the country rocks show the same alterations in both eases. Rarely do both the pyrrhotite and magnetite occur in the same deposit. Besides the metallic minerals already mentioned, some marcasite appears to occasionally be present, and sometimes arsenopyrite, galena, zinc-blende and molybdenite; but these are in all- cases subordinate in quantity. Tetrahedrite has been found on the City of Paris. Specular iron is found somewhat sparingly, and bismuthinite occurs on one claim. Porphyry dikes are usually to be found in close proximity to the ores; the ore lies parallel to the dike along its contact or in the immediate neighbourhood. The dikes, while containing traces of metallic minerals, show no signs of mineralisation. In age they are about the same or a little younger than the ore deposits, showing AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 135 the deposits to have been formed during or before the close of the cooling of the eruptive magmas. While the deposition of the mineral contents of the veins is ■evidently largely hydrothermal, many of the minerals formed are characteristic of contact zones, and there seem to be strong reasons for supposing the deposits to be connected with eruptive after-actions. The values in the ores are principally in copper and gold, sometimes with accessory silver. A striking feature in the deposits is the lack of surface oxidation or alteration. At most, a few feet below the surface of the ground, the ore exhibits the same characters as are found in depth. In Copper Camp oxidised copper-bearing veins occur, forming at first sight a totally different type of deposit. One deposit is found at a contact between a dike of porphyry and crystalline limestone. In the limestone, and to a less extent in the fractures in the porphyry, along the contact, are deposited various oxidation minerals of iron and copper, including native copper. The main fissures are filled with the iron and copper minerals, the smaller principally with the copper. In the porphyry it is only the fractures near the contaet which contain a thin film of copper ore, the rock itself remaining fresh and ur- altered, so that this type of deposits is probably an oxidized and secondarily ■enriched form of a sulphide deposit similar to the first type of Boundary deposits, and produced by the action of surface waters. The iron of the sulphides has been removed or re-deposited as hematite and limonite; the copper has been more or less concentrated in the form of various oxidised minerals. At greater depth the unaltered iron and copper sulphides will presumably be found, although between the oxidised minerals and the unaltered sulphides it is quite possible that a zone of enriched sulphides will be found. The quartz veins constituting the third type of deposit are found in the neighborhood of the first type, but seem more abundant on the outskirts of areas of chief mineralisation. They are sometimes parallel to the large sulphide bodies, but do not as a rule show the same regidarity in their strike. In form they are more regular, and they are usually enclosed between well-defined wralls. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena and zinc-blende are the chief metallic minerals. Tetrahedrite and some rich silver minerals are said to have been found in some of these veins. The principal values are in silver and gold. Up to the present time the ores principally mined come under the head of Mr. Brock's first classification. As has already been stated, these ores are of low-grade character, the average constituents being as follows: Silica, 38 per cent.; oxide of iron, 16 per cent.; lime, 15 per cent.; sulphur, 4% per cent.; copper, 1.60 to 1.80 per cent; gold, $1.50 to ^.40; and silver, 25 cents to 50 cents. The ore now available, and of which there are several millions of tons in sight, may be conservatively estimated to contain from 25 to 35 pounds of copper per ton of 2,000 pounds, with from 25 cents to 40 cents of silver per ton, and from $1.50 to $2.50 per ton in gold, or total values of $4.75 to $7.05 per ton, considering copper as being worth 12 cents per pound. Only under the most favourable circumstances could ores of so low a value be profitably mined, but it has now been demonstrated beyond doubt that in the Boundary district the undertaking is a feasible one. The cost of mining the large deposits has varied from $1.66 to $2.10 per ton, the first-mentioned figure being the recent, while the methods introduced this year of quarrying on and handling it with steam shovels, and also by the introduction of the caving system for the lower workings, it is altogether dkely that these costs will be still further considerably reduced. But if the cost of mining, having regard to the high wages paid miners, is low, the subsequent smelter treatment is still more economically conducted. The Boundary ore being self-fluxing, indeed rather basic in character, allows the admixture of a certain quantity of silieious ores from the Republic camp or other districts, whose ores carry gold and silver; and the sulphur being low, permits of smelting without preliminary roasting. With the advent of railways from the south, YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA the Boundary smelters can procure more dry silicious ores at profitable rates. It . may also be stated at this point that the freedom of the ores from bismuth, arsenie and antimony renders it easy to obtain a ready market for the copper product. In considering the cost of smelting, it is also necessary to take into account the losses in slag and otherwise. Before the establishment of besilemerising, the slag loss of the Boundary smelters averaged: Copper, 0.46 per cent.; gold, 12 cents per ton; and silver, 3 cents per torn With a consumption of about 11 per cent, of coke, and with freight charges as they exist to-day, the cost of smelting at the most favourable location in the Boundary District, after charging against the smelter the cost of marketing the product, is rather under $2 per ton; and adding the present cost of mining, the total outlay for mining and smelting is less than $3 per ton. But this year the actual cost of smelting has been reduced to the extraordinary low figure of under $1.50 per ton, while mining by the quarrying system is carried on at a cost of between 30 cents and 60 cents per ton at the larger mines. COPPER CAMPS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. Copper ore has also been mined in the Nelson district, but production from this section has of late fallen off considerably. Vancouver Island and the adjacent islands and Mainland coast territory is, however, rapidly coming into great prominence as^ a centre of copper-gold mining activity, Texada Island and the Mount Sicker district of Vancouver Island being at present the chief productive fields. The mines in the last-mentioned district have now been sufficiently developed to warrant the erection, one at Crofton and the other at Ladysmith, of two smelting works. At the Crofton smelter the ore bins have a capacity of 1,600 tons, and a trestle railway has been laid over the top of these, for convenience in unloading the ore cars. From the bins the ore goes to the crusher and sampling buildings and is thence discharged into the furnace ore bins, from which it is taken to the furnace on hand-cars. The plant consists briefly of : Three 200 h. p. boilers, one 500 h. p. Corliss engine, one 450-ton water-jacketed furnace, one 65-ton water-jacketed furnace, one Bessemer converter. The main flue is 200 feet long and 12 feet wide, communicating with a large expansion chamber where the dust settles, and from which the gases enter the brick smokestack, 12 feet in diameter and 125 feet high. The initial capacity of the smelter is between 400 and 500 tons per day, but the plant is built with a view to allow of the treatment of 1,250 tons per day. A wharf has been built, extending 750 feet into the bay. At the Tyee Copper Company's smelter at Ladysmith, on Oyster Harbour, smelting operations were commenced towards the end of December. The works were built to treat the ore from the Tyee mine and other properties. The plant consists, briefly, of a 150-ton water-jacketed furnace, a complete sampling plant, the bins having a storage capacity of 1,600 tons, an 80 h. p. Corliss engine and an 80 h. p. tubular boiler. The smelting shed is 80 by 60 • feet, and the engine room 50 by 70 feet, with ample space for further extension. The ore from the sampler goes direct to the roast piles and, after burning, to the bins at the rear of the smelter. The slag is shotted with water and flumed into the lagoon. Grading has been done for considerable extension. The converter plant will not be installed at present, but arrangements are such that this may be done at any time. In the Mount Sicker district there is a belt of quartzose schists having an average strike of N. 60 degrees E., tilted up at an angle of 80 degrees and dipping S. E. The ore occurs as bedded lenticular veins, and occupying fissures and bulges in them. Therefore the strike and dip of the ore bodies and country correspond. The lode matter consists of a quartz gangue, usually dark-blue in colour, carrying chalcopyrite (copper pyrites), and ordinary iron pyrites (FeS) with some value in gold. They are thoroughly typical copper ores of their class, and not likely to present any difficulties in treatment by ordinary methods. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION As will be seen from the tables published elsewhere, the lode mines of the province produced in 1901 gold to the value of $4,348,603. Approximately this gold was divided as follows : Direct smelting of copper-gold ores $3,474,738 Combined amalgamation and concentration 873,865 $4,348,603 It may be said that no absolutely " free-milling " gold property is working in the province; they all carry sufficient values in sulphides to necessitate the saving of such. In addition to gold, silver, copper and gold mining, operations are being conducted in several sections of the province having to do with the development of iron, platinum, cinnabar, asbestos and other mineral deposits. Thus on the West Coast of Vancouver Island, on Toxada Island, at Kitchener (near Nelson), and at Bull River (in East Kootenay), the large surface exposures of valuable iron ores, both hematite and magnetite, have of late been developed with most gratifying results, having regard to a future establishment of the iron and steel industries in Western Canada. It may, in fact, be said in conclusion that the prospects of metalliferous mining in British Columbia were never brighter than they are to-day. The industry is at length firmly established on a firm and business-like footing; production is steadily and in some instances rapidly increasing; the management of the mines and allied undertakings is generally in competent hands, and modern methods of economical operation have in consequence been applied and adopted; the relationship between capital and labour is harmonious throughout the country, and questions of common dispute, such as wages or hours of work, having already been made issues and settled on terms acceptable to both employers and employees, there is little likelihood of further friction in this direction. Another pleasing feature of the situation is the practical cessation of " wild- catting," while on the other hand capital in a considerable degree is being invested, chiefly by Americans, in legitimate mining undertakings in this field. The following tables show the progress of the lode mining industry in British Columbia, from its inception in 1887 to 1901. The information as to production in the earlier years is obtained from the "Mineral Statistics and Mines" for 1886, Geological Survey of Canada : STATISTICS OF LODE MINING. Gold. Silver. Lead. Copper. Total Values. Oz. "Value. Oz. Value. Pounds. Value. Pounds. Value. | 17,690 79,780 53,192 70,427 '4,500 77,160 227,000 746,379 1,496,522 3,135,343 5,472,971 4,292,401 2,939,413 4,958,175 5,151,333 17,331 75,000 47,873 73,948 4,000 66,935 195,000 470,219 977,229 2,100,689 3,272.836 2,375,841 1,663,708 2,309,200 2,884,745 204,800 674,500 165,100 NiL Nil. 808,420 2,135.023 5,662,523 16,475,464 24,199,977 38,841,135 31,693,559 21,862,436 63,358,621 51,582,906 i 9,216 29,813 6,498 Nil. Nil. 33,064 78,996 169,875 532,255 721,384 1,390,517 1,077,581 878,870 2,691,887 2,002,733 $ 26,547 1888.. 104,813 54,371 73,948 4,000 99,999 1892. 1 1893.. 1891.. 1895.. 1896.. 1897.. 1898.. 1899.. 1900.. 1901.. 1,170 6,252 39,264 62.259 106,141 110,061 138,315 167,153 210,384 23,404 125,014 785,271 1,244,180 2,122,820 2,201,217 2,857,573 3,453,381 4,348,603 """ 324^680 952,840 - 3,818,556 5,325,180 7,271,678 7,722,591 9,997,080 27,603,746 16^234 47,642 190,926 266,258 874,781 1,351,453 1,615,289 4,446,963 297,400 781,342 2,342,397 4,257,179 7,052,431 6,529,420 6,751,604 10,069,757 13,683,044 Total 840,999 $17,161,463 27,722,286 $16,534,554 257,664,464 $9,662,689 63,016,351 $8,886,527 $52,128,252 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA TOTAL METALLIFEROUS PRODUCTION FOR ALL YEARS UP TO AND INCLUDING 1901. Gold (placer) $ rt^'SS' g™e) ;;;.y.:;:::::.v.7.:::::.v.::: »j£| EST 9,622,6M copper :::::.*.*:.*:.'.'.:::;.?:;.... 8'809'^S Coal and coke 5o'SaS^ Building stone, bricks, etc Z'^Y'^ Other metals ol,«7B Total $172,241,9881 PRODUCTION FOR EACH YEAR FROM 1890 TO 1901 (INCLUSIVE). 1852 to 1889 (inclusive) $ 71,981,634 1890 2,608,803' 1891 3,521,102 1892 2,978,530 1893 3,588,413 ?894 : 4,225,7» 1895 5,643,042 1896 7,507,95W 1897 10,455,2« 1898 10,906,861 3899 12,393,131' 1900 16,344,751 1901 20,086,780 Total $172,241,988 The following comparative table states in detail the amount and value of the different mineral products for the years 1899, 1900 and 1901. As it has been impossible as yet to collect accurate statistics regarding building stone, lime, bricks, tiles, etc., these sire estimated : A TABLE BY PRODUCTS. Customary Measure. 1899. 1900. 1901. Quantity Value. Quantity Value. Quantity Value. . Gold, placer Ounces Pounds Tons, 2,240 ibs. 67,245 138,315 2,939,413 7,722,591 21,862,436 1,306,324 34,251 £ 1,344,900 2,857,573 1,663,708 1,351,453 878,870 3,918,972 171,252 206,400 $12,393,131 63,936 167,153 3,958,175 9,997,080 63,358,621 1,439,595 85,149 $ 1,278,724 3,453,381 2,309,200 1,615,289 2,691,887 4,318.785 425,745 251,740 48,505 210,384 5,151,333 27,603,746 51,582,906 1,460,331 127,081 $ 970,100 4,348,693 2,884,745 4,446,963 2,002,783 4,380,993 635,405 Coal Coke $16,344,751 $20,086,780 PLACER MINING. The following table shows the yearly production of placer gold to date, as determined by the returns, sent in by the banks and express companies, of gold transmitted by them to the mints, and from returns sent in by the Gold Commissioners and Mining Recorders. To these yearly amounts one-third was added up to the year 1878; from then to 1895 and for 1897 and 1899, one-fifth; which proportions are considered to represent, approximately, the amount of gold sold of which there is no record. This placer gold contains from 10 to 25 per cent, silver, but the silver value has not been separated from the totals, as it would be insignificant: ^J AND MA NTT AT, OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 1858 , $ 705,< 1859 1,615, I860 2,228, 1861 2,666, 1862 2,656/ 1863 3,913,1 1864 ,... 3,735, 1865 3,491, 1866 .. 2,662, 1867 2,480, 1868 3,372, 1869 1870 1,774, 1,336, 1871 1,799, 1872 1,610, 1873 1874 .. 1,305, L844, 1875 2,474, 1876 1,786, 1877 1,608," 1878 1,275, 1879 1,290,< 000 ,070 ,548 ,118 903 ,563 ,850 ,205 ,106 ,868 ,972 ,978 ,956 ,440 ,972 ,749 618 ,004 648 182 ,204 ,058 1880 $1,013: 1881 1,046, 1882 1883 1884 . 1885 . 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 . 1897 . 1898 . 1899 . 1900 , 1901 , 954, 794, 736, 713,' 903, 693, 616, 588, 490, 429, 399, 356, 405, 481 544, 518. 643, -,344, L,278 970, ,737 ,085 ,252 165 738 661 ,709 ,781 ,923 ,435 811 ,526 ,131 ,516 ,683 ,026 ,520 ,346 900 ,724 ,100 Total $63,554,543 The decrease in output during 1901 and 1902 is attributable largely to unfavourable weather conditions, which caused a shortage in water supply. The primitive methods employed by miners in British Columbia ten and twenty years ago are now being rapidly superseded by the application of scientific systems of hydraulic and deep level mining in the placer fields. OUTPUT FOR 1902. By Districts. Amount and Value of Mineral Products. Gold, placer, ounces 1 lode, " Silver " .... Quantity. Value. Cariboo Cassiar Kootenay, East. Kootenay, West . Lillooet Yale ..$ 540,395 .. 426,636 .. 1,477,466 ... 7,806,399 31,429 .-. 2,843,537 53,657 236,491 3,917,917 29,636,057 22,536,381 1,397,394 128,015 $ 1,073,140 4,888,269 1,941,328 3,446,673 824,832 4,192,182 Lead, " Coal, tons, 2,240 lbs Coke, " " Coast Districts .. .. 4,360,688 640,075 480,051 $17,486,550 $17,486,550 COAL AND COKE PRODUCTION IN B. C. NOTWITHSTANDING the less favourable conditions of market in San Francisco for British Columbia coal, consequent upon the discovery of mineral oil in California and its use for fuel purposes in competition with our product, the output of coal from British Columbia collieries during 1901 was the greatest on record. This was, however, due to increased production from the Crow's Nest collieries, the market for the output from these collieries being practically unlimited, as not only is there a very considerable American demand, but the rapid growth of the metallurgical industries in the Kootenays requires a constantly increasing supply of coke. Of the Fernie product last year, 60 per cent, of the coal and 70 per cent, of the coke was consumed in Canada, the remainder being exported to the United States. COAL. Years. Tons (2,240 lbs.) Value. 1836-52 10,000 $ 40,000 1859-59 25,396 101,592 1859 (two months) 1,989 7,956 1860 14,246 56,988 1861 13,774 55,096 1^02 18,118 72,472 1863 21,345 85,380 1864 28,632 115,528 1865 32,819 131,276 1866 25,115 100,460 1867 31,239 124,956 1868 44,005 176,020 |°5X 35,802 143,208 ■Hg? * ■ • 29,843 119,372 HI} 148,549 493,836 }874 81,547 244,641 tig 110,145 380,435 Jgl? 139,192 417,576 7j"l 154,052 462,156 JfZ8, 170,846 512,538 SB 241,301 728,908 i§2f 267,595 802,785 iSg 228,357 685,071 ISg 282,139 846,417 jgg 213,299 3g 394,070 1,182,210 l2£ 265,596 796,788 1^87 326,686 979,908 tSl 413,860 1,248,080 JgS 489,301 1,467,903 lllo 578'830 1,739,490. I89i 678,140 2,034,420 •1802 ■ 1,029,097 3,087,291 i|qq •• 826,335 2,479,005 1894 a 2J8'294 2,934,882 w£ 1,012,953 3,088,859 T8Q6 989,654 2,818,962 tcQ7 • 896,222 2,688,666 |oqo 882,854 2,648,562 }SS 1,135,865 3,407,595 jSx 1,306,324 3,918,972 |^0 1,439,595 4,318,785 1901 1,460,331 4,380,993 Total 17,423,802 $52,652,930 COKE. Years- Tons (2,240 lbs.) Value. Ifo§"6 1^65 $ 7,825 1§97 17,831 89155. (estimated) 35,000 175 000 ™8 85,149 425,745 1901 127,081 635405 Total 300,877 $ 1,504,385 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION PLACER AND HYDRAULIC MINING. THE first discovery in British Columbia of placer gold was made in 1857, on the Thompson River, and in the following year rich finds were reported at Hill Bar, near Yale, on the Fraser. This was the beginning of the great Fraser River excitement. In 1858 between 15,000 and 20,000 persons embarked from San Francisco for the new El Dorado; but while this was the inauguration of gold mining in British Columbia, the actual returns of $548,000 for the season of 1858, from June to October, inclusive, were considered disappointing, and so great were the natural difiiculties of the country — unprovided, too, as it was then, with means to support a large population — that a great number of the immigrants returned to California early in the following year. In 1859-60 good diggings were discovered at Fountain, above Lillooet, on the Fraser River, on the Thompson River, the Similkameen River, and at Antler Creek, in the Cariboo District. But it was not until 1861 that the two most noteworthy discoveries of Williams and Lightning Creeks, in the Cariboo District, occurred, and created a second considerable migration of miners to the province, increasing in volume until 1864. The average value of gold obtained per lineal foot of channel of certain claims on Williams- Creek is given in the report of the Provincial Minister of Mines for 1875 as $1,075. The production of Lightning. Creek, while less in the aggregate than Williams, was greater while it lasted, and from this creek alone gold to the value of $2,179,272 was extracted. From available statistics it appears that the maximum production of placer gold was reached in 1863, when the output, almost entirely from the Cariboo District, and from Wild Horse Creek, in Southeast Kootenay, was $3,918,668, and the average annual earnings per man $899. Until 1867 the production gradually but steadily decreased, although previous to that year fresh discoveries of alluvial gold were made at Leech River, on Vancouver Island, and at the bend of the Columbia River, in North Kootenay. The increased production in 1868-69 and in 1874-75-76 was doubtless due to respectively the discoveries in the Omineca District, near Latitude ^6 degrees, and in Cassiar, still further north. From this latter district gold to the value of $1,000,000 was taken out in 1874, this being more than 50 per cent, of the total production of the country for that year. In 1888 the value of the production of placer gold had fallen to not much above half a million dollars. Whereas in 1875 the number of miners employed was 2,024, and the average annual earnings per man $1,222, in 1888 the average individual earning was but $307 for 2,007 men employed. The early miners worked the bars, the outcrops of the coarser wash in the terraces, and the creeks and bench deposits with no other appliances than picks and shovels, rockers and sluices. In the deeper ground in the Cariboo District sinking and drifting were resorted to, but here too only apparatus of the crudest hand-manufactured type was in use. Early in the 70's hydraulicing was attempted with cotton hose, and with perhaps a two-inch nozzle and rarely more than a hundred feet of pressure. Within the last six or seven years, however, the old — and, so far as the individual miner is concerned, worked out — diggings of Cariboo, Omineca and Cassiar have become re-vitalised. In these districts some very important enterprises, involving large capital expenditures, are being conducted under the supervision of highly trained and skilled engineers. As yet, in no instance has the success of these several undertakings been quite reached, although several are within a measurable distance of that consummation. Although the opportunities for the remunerative investment of capital in alluvial mining in Cariboo are good, some time must elapse before the field is thoroughly YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA exploited; and while there is abundant evidence of quartz leads, values are too low to permit of profitable mining under existing conditions of labour and transport. In the early 60's the cost of transportation of supplies from the seaboard to the mines was a dollar per pound. The present rate is from six to seven cents, and thus the freight charges on mining machinery and supplies are still not infrequently greater than the first cost of the articles themselves. Some attempts are now being made to dredge the bottoms and bars of the Fraser, Thompson and other rivers, and recent effort in this direction, which has been conducted on carefully considered scientific lines, appears to promise success. Early in the year 1898 gold in paying quantities was discovered on Pine Creek, in the Atlin District. The field has since become largely productive, and is being worked both by hydraulic and ground-sluicing methods. TRAIL CREEK DISTRICT. THE mining division of Trail Creek occupies a large geographical area lying between the eastern boundary of South Yale and the Columbia River. Apart, however, from the mineral belt known as the Rossland camp, no productive^ mines have as yet been developed in the division. The mineral zone containing the mines at Rossland is indifferently called "The Rossland Camp," "The Trail Creek District," and "The Trail Creek Mines." The mineral belt lies on the headwaters of Trail Creek, a small tributary of the Columbia River. The mountains here form a horseshoe-like divide between the waters of Trail Creek and of Little Sheep Creek, of which the former falls into the Columbia River north of the international boundary at Trail, and the other" south of the international boundary at a point opposite Northport, in the State of Washington. There are thus two outlets to the main water-course from the Rossland mines. The mines themselves are, in an air line, about six miles north of the international boundary. ROSSLAND. The present site of the town of Rossland was at one time the crater of a volcano, from which lava and ashes deluged the surrounding country. The variety of igneous material which covers the district seems to indicate that the eruptions were intermittent, and that the volcano itself was of great age. The occasional presence of quartzite or metamorphosed sandstone seems also to indicate that a shallow sea existed here previous to volcanic outbreak. The district may be roughly described as an area of gabbro, surrounded by quartz diorite so highly metamorphosed that the contacts are very indistinctly defined. The gabbro area, though only about one and a half miles wide by four or five miles in length, is one of great importance to the district, for it is in the gabbro, or closely bordering it, that the best mines have been discovered. The veins are true fissure veins, the metal in them being the result of metalliferous liquids flowing through them, attacking the country rock on each side, dissolving the rock and naturally replacing it with metallic sulphides. Such being the case, the shoots of ore often fade away into the surrounding country rock, and, there being no well-defined walls, the ore is frequently lost. This, with the very irregular width of the veins and their complex faulting, renders Rossland geology an exceedingly difficult problem to mining engineers. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION LABOUR CONDITIONS. The scale of wages for the leading positions is : Shift boss $5 00 I Shaftmen 4 00 Machine men 3 50 Timber men 3 00 to 3 50 Shovellers and car men 2 50 Carpenters 3 50 | Machinists $4 00 Blacksmiths 4 00 Blacksmith's helpers 3 00 Hoisting engineers .. 3 00 to 4 00 Powder and tool boys 2 50 Surface labourers 2 50 The surface men work ten-hour shifts, except carpenters, who work nine. On May 1, 1899, the Provincial Eight-Hour Law went into effect; its effect is to limit underground work to eight hours. At first, at the War Eagle mines, this was applied by putting on three shifts in 24 hours, which reduced the actual working time of the men to 7% hours, as half an hour was allowed for lunch. This was a wasteful arrangement, as in spite of the power-blowers for forcing out the smoke after blasting, such huge charges as were used to break the rock sometimes rendered a stope unapproachable thereafter for several hours. An air drill was necessarily often idle also, to permit the machine men to load, Wast and then clear the muck away sufficiently to set up again. In the spring of 1900 the three-shift system was abandoned in favor of the two- shift, arranged thus: The first shift started at 7 a. m. and worked, with an hour's intermission, till 4 p. m.; the second shift started at 4 p. m. and, with an hour for supper at 6 p. m., finished at 1 a. m. From 1 a. m. to 7 a. m. a special blasting gang loaded and fired all the ground drilled for breaking. By this method the working faces were freed from smoke before the machine mea started work at As the ore bodies of Rossland are wide and homogeneous, and the rock in general offers an equal resistance to drilling, it was found practical and desirable to put the machine men on the contract system, to stimulate them to use the air drills to the best advantage during the short eight-hour shift. As the companies did not wish to allow sub-contracting, and it was expected that the machine men's time would be utilised entirely for drilling, the contracts were let on the basis of a price per foot of hole drilled,, instead of by the foot of drift or shaft advanced, or by the cubic yard of stope excavated, as is customary in other camps where the contract system of mining prevails. The contract system was inaugurated by the companies after a shut-down of several weeks, and the miners' union at first declared against the change. After a conference of several days between the mine managers and representatives of the miners, in which the Dominion Labour Commissioner and two Provincial officials assisted, a mutually satisfactory agreement was reached, and the contract system has been in successful operation ever since. HISTORY OF THE ROSSLAND CAMP. The name Trail Creek is derived from the Dewdney trail, which follows the course of this stream to the Columbia River, and traverses the mineral zone. The first claim located was located on the Dewdney trail. Afterwards the productive portion of the district was located about hah* a mile to the north of the Dewdney trail, on the southern slope of the now well-known Red Mountain. Intermittent development work was maintained on the Le Roi, War Eagle, Centre Star and Josie for some years prior to 1894, and a! few tons of ore shipped from the Le Roi for experimental purposes. In 1894 the main pay chute of the War Eagle was discovered, and shipments of ore were begun during the winter of 1894-95. These were made by waggon over both routes to the Columbia River, and at Northport the ore was transferred to the cars on the Spokane & Northern Railway and trans- YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ported to East Helena, Great Falls, or Everett, in the State of Washington, for treatment. The greater part of the ore went to Great Falls and East Helena. The rate of freight and treatment was in the neighborhood of $14 per ton, and it I cost from $2.50 a ton up, to transport the ore to the Columbia River, according to I the condition of the roads. The average value of the ore shipped from the War Eagle mine was $40, and the average value of that from the Le Roi was $85. Only | picked portions of the veins were mined. No official record has been kept of the | amount or value of the ore! mined and shipped up to the end of 1895. The follow-,^ ing table gives the tonnage and value of the ore extracted since : Year. Tons. Gold,.oz. Silver, oz. Copper, lbs. Total. 1896 38,075 55,275 89,285 1,580,635 $1,243,360 1897 68,804 97,024 110,068 1,819,586 2,097,280 1898 111,282 87,348 170,804 6,282,011 2,470,811 1899 172,665 102,976 185,818 5,698,889 3,229,086 1900 217,636 111,625 167,378 2,071,865 2,739,300 1901 283,360 132,333 970,460 8,338,446 4,621,299 1902 *386,860 *4,500,000 ♦Estimated. MINING AND TREATMENT. The ores of the Rossland camp are reduced by smelting to an auriferous copper matte, which is shipped for treatment. The first reduction in the scale of costs was made in 1896 by the construction of a smelter at Trail, and a narrow-gauge railway from Trail to Rossland. A rate of freight and treatment from the mines of $11 a ton was then secured. In 1898 the Northport smelter, served by the Red Mountain Railway, built from Northport to Rossland, was completed by the Le Roi Company. The smelter afforded a rate of freight and treatment of $8 a ton, since reduced to $4.50 a ton, while the rate at Trail is $6 a ton, subject, however, to special arrangements, as in the case of low-grade silicious ore purchased by the Trail smelter from the Le Roi mine for use in its treatment of silver-lead ores. The rate for freight and treatment does not include the cost of transporting and refining the resultant copper matte, which is met by a deduction of five cents per pound on the current market price of the copper in the ore. Very large sums of money have been spent in the development and equipment of the principal mines in Rossland, in order to secure the greatest possible economy in the extraction of the ore. The number of men employed in and about the mines of the camp is from 1,200 to 1,500. PRINCIPAL MINES OF THE CAMP. Le Roi mine, owned by the Le Roi Mining Company, of London, England; address, 43 Lothbury, London, E. C, Eng.; capital, £1,000,000, divided into 200,000 shares of £5 each. Since its acquisition by the company now owning the mine, one dividend of £50,000 has been paid. The profits earned by the mine have been sunk in purchasing a quarter interest in the Northport smelter, in addition to the three-quarters already owned; sinking a vertical shaft and equipping it with hoisting machinery; doubling the capacity of the smelter, and in otherwise developing and equipping the mine. Prior to its purchase by the present company, profits amounting to $1,055,000 were distributed. THE LE ROI NO. 2. Owned by the Le Roi No. 2 Mines, Limited, of London; address, 43 Lothbury, London, E. C, England. Under the same general management as the Le Roi. Capital, £600,000, divided into 120,000 shares of £5 each; registered 1900. This property is a consolidation of certain claims lying to the west of the Le Roi and War Eagle, of which the most important are the Josie and the No. 1. The group FREIGHTING INTO CARIBOO. SE W^BBBBBBB^BSBBBB^^^SSBa^^ III! j^jf '"^g^ rag* •' vjj^^r^^ ^^^^^^^ HH Iffr-'j !S3 B9E1b otssHI ^^^^^^^H 1!' MOUTH OF CANYON CREEK, KETTLE RIVER. ■ has been undergoing careful and adequate development. During 1901, 53,600 tons were shipped. The average value in gold and particularly in copper from this property is higher than in the case of the Le-Roi. The company declared a dividend of $144,000 in 1901. THE ROSSLAND GREAT WESTERN. Owned by the Rossland Great Western Mines, Limited, of London, England; address, 43 Lothbury, London, E. C, England; under the same general management as the Le Roi. Capital, £500,000, divided into 100,000 shares of £5 each. Registered 1900. This property is a consolidation of the Nickel Plate, Golden Chariot and Great Western claims, lying to the east of the Le Roi. THE COLUMBIA - KOOTENAY. Owned by the Columbia-Kootenay Mining Company, Limited, of London, England; address, 43 Lothbury, London, E. C, England. Under the same general management as the Le Roi. Capital £500,000, divided into 500,000 shares of £1 each. Registered 1898. This property is situated on the eastern boundary of the Rossland mineral belt. It has been extensively developed. No ore has as yet been shipped under its present management. The four groups mentioned above include all the property of the Rossland camp purchased and developed by the British America Corporation, Limited, now liquidated. THE WAR EAGLE. Owned by the War Eagle Consolidated Mining & Development Company, Limited, of Toronto, Ontario. Capital, $2,000,000, divided into 2,000,000 shares of $1 each. The total output of this mine to 31st January, 1900, was 131,976 tons of ore, of a gross assay value of $2,646,612. The sum of $545,000 has been distributed as profits. THE CENTRE STAR. Owned by the Centre Star Mining Company, Limited, of Toronto, Ontario. Capital, $3,500,000, divided into 3,500,000 shares of $1 each. The Centre Star is the eastern extension of the Le Roi, and the workings in the two mines are connected. The mine has been very extensively developed to a depth of 431 feet. The amount of ore shipped during 1901 was 53,600 tons, active shipments having been resumed during the last quarter of the year. During the year the company distributed $105,000 in dividends and considerably reduced the amount of the former liability. The mine is under the same general management as the War Eagle. THE VELVET Owned by the Velvet (Rossland) Mine, Limited. Registered in London, June 24, 1898. Authorized capital, £200,000, in 200,000 shares of £1 each, all of which have been subscribed and £175,000 called. Head office, 23 Leadenhall Street, London, E. C. The mine has been extensively developed, and new and richer ore bodies were discovered last year. In addition to the properties mentioned, others of promise and importance are the Giant, acquired in 1902 by an English company; the Iron Mask, Spitzee, Evening Star, I. X. L., Portland, Homestake, Monte Cristo, Cascade and White Bear. PROGRESS OF THE YEAR. Very important developments took place In the Rossland district during 1902; and notwithstanding the fact that neither the War Eagle nor Centre Star—heretofore two of the largest shippers of ore — were productive until late in the summer, the output from the district again shows a gratifying increase. This is, however, largely attributable to the production from one mine, the lie Roi, whose output of YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA over 200,000 tons is considerably more than 50 per cent, of the aggregate tonnage yield. In the course of development during the period under review, several new bodies of high-grade ore have been discovered at the Le Roi, and this, together with the fact that both the cost of transporting the ore to the smelter at Northport and the cost of coke have been considerably reduced, has enabled the mine to be operated to very much greater advantage. The Le Roi No. 2 was steadily productive until the end of October, w hen shipping operations were suspended at the instance of the Board of Directors. Early in September the War Eagle and Centre Star mines, in consequence of a more satisfactory treatment rate having been secured from the- Trail smelter, commenced heavy shipments, the Centre Star ore averaging $13 and the War Eagle $19 per ton. The Giant mine has been developed during the yeir with satisfactory results; and work was resumed on the Homestake and White Bear. At the Velvet mine, development operations have been in progress, and recently some very rich new ore bodies were discovered. This year, for the first time since the inception of mining in the district, the industry has been placed on a business-like footing. For the first time, the facts as regards the position and condition of the mines have been made public, and their capabilities are consequently better understood. The mines are now on a better productive basis than at any previous period. Costs of production and treatment have been further reduced, and any likelihood of friction between the employers and the men is no longer to be apprehended. Experiments have been conducted' during the year with a view to discovering a method of profitably treating the lower- grade mine products, and it is authoritatively stated that the results of these tests are such that the problem is within measurable distance of solution. The ore shipments for the year are reported as follows : Estimated . Tonnage. gross value ^||§S Le Roi 217,500 $2,600,000 Le Roi No. 2 52,475 800,000 Centre Star 37,500 437,004 War Eagle 22,000 334,048 Rossland Great Western 2,400 36,000 Giant 3,000 42,000 Velvet 1,500 25,000 Cascade 300 4,000 Columbia-Kootenay 50 500 White Bear 25 500 Spitzee 20 400 Totals for 1902 (wet tons) 336,860 \ $4,274,952 The following table shows the amounts paid by the respective companies in wages to employees during the year. Le Roi .$ 463,150 ^IIM Le Roi No. 2 214,500 Centre Star I 168,397 War Eagle 128,913 Rossland Great Western 50,000 White Bear 18,000 Kootenay ? 15,000 Giant 5,000 Velvet 50,000 Spitzee 3,000 Cascade and Bonanza 5,000 Other mines 5,000 $1,120,960 The following tables from the last annual report of the Centre Star Mining Company are interesting as affording information of mining costs in the Rossland district : AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 1 ° 1 y P o S8S ss 1 g 00 CO s =1 ©OOCOOoS CD -egjgcqaftg ©jt «©= 1 5= 1 3 SS 3f S" 1 £-d£IH SS i-iSj >S § 1 1 S 35 | jg 1 ° 6 Igjj §3§a 1 3 i sl 3» e*f .-T eo § g H 3 S5 f5§3$© "=? 1 M HI So SB 1 SB! s II © II ft a 2 P Io .13 +3 a O^g SiSi ec Is 11 " I ■S 1 . 1 €©= «f frf *1 2®8d i l of «£ I e*1 r ■I c O ^.0 m s* o ° 2i»| Sjl ej ci 1 co| $4 o o HO c? 1 2SS3S «§= i i 1 €©■ SS 3 ! I 5=1 3§§i * -*oi-j>ft 1 1 II 1 1 m\ £ «§g S ESI I sis H ©+= a Q O rsss 1 i o s ft o -d "«§ o M o || o t> £ ©a O ^5 o pi &h o o 1 o a S !ii 1st o 2 -d >S 5 © 0 o o ft : p. : a : s" '. © • Q ■ ||J © ° ftg J Soao S ftofto do H B ° -1 s : fd gd ft°| © ©| 0 Smelter's net value after deducting both the indirect and direct charges from the real assay value (i. e. net value of ore F.O.B. cars at mine.) $ 12.91 12.91 10.57 8.64 809 ||| IL-S © f3 rt >» CQ >i3 0 , $ 18.91 18.91 16.57 14.61 13.31 S© Pi © bid SJ§| 3oii§^\. H -d $ 9.93 . 9 33 9.57 9.48 8.15 Direct smelting charge including freight from the mine. S8SS Indirect smelting charge. Difference between N. Y. quotations and smelter's price for the metals. <§©= Real or full assay value. Total metallic contents at full N. Y. quotations. bo ^d d i © 0 c C c c iiii aaaa © ©^© ftftac © © © © GQOQOQOQ 1 148 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BOUNDARY CREEK DISTRICT. THAT portion of the province of British Columbia generally known as the Boundary District comprises an area extending approximately from the summit of the divide between the Columbia River and Christina Lake on the east to the divide between the Okanagan and Kettle River valleys on the west. Within these boundaries are the valleys of Christina Lake, the North" Fork of Kettle River, and other tributary streams, the total area being between two and three thousand square miles. Gold quartz was first discovered in Camp McKinney in 1884, and two years later mineral outcroppings were found and located near Boundary Falls. In 1898-94 shipments of rich ore,, carrying gold and silver values, were made from a number of claims in the vicinity of what is now the town of Greenwood. This ore was taken out on the backs of horses over a rough trail to Marcus, the cost of carriage and subsequent treatment being, therefore, exceptionally heavy. Nevertheless, it is said that very considerable profits were realized in these initial shipments. The veins from which this rich ore was taken were, however, very narrow, and also uncertain in their occurrence, and after a period work on them was discontinued, the prospectors in the district turning their attention to the opening up of the large low-grade deposits of copper-gold ore which had been meanwhile discovered. Thus in 1896 development work was commenced on the Mother Lode in Deadwood Camp, and the Old Ironsides and Knob Hill claims, in Greenwood, or, as it is called to-day, Phoenix Camp, while capital in large amounts began to be invested in the mines of the district. Since the completion of the Columbia . & Western Railway, by which the mines were enabled to market their product, the industrial advancement in the district has been remarkable, and to-day this section of the province occupies the premier position in point of tonnage output. During i the two and a half years over which ore shipments have extended nearly a million tons of ore have been produced and shipped to the smelters, of which there are three in the district, having a combined tonnage capacity of about 2,000 tons daily. Of this large quantity of ore, more than one-half was the production of last year. The tonnage for the years 1900, 1901 and 1902, respectively, was as follows: Tons. 1900 (six months) 97,837 1901 386,675 1902 (estimated) 519,962 Total 994,474 The tonnage shipped during 1902 by no means represents the full shipping capacity of the mines now in operation, for at least 100,000 tons more would have been added to last year's tonnage had it not been that owing to shortage of coke (consequent upon a disastrous explosion wrecking one of the coal mines from which the . greater part of the fuel supply had been coming), and of power (low water restrict-- ing the generation of electric power), the larger mines were compelled to keep their output of ore down to the reduced treatment capacity of the smelters, the ordinary capacity of which, with seven furnaces running, is 2,200 to 2,300 tons per diem. Taking 2,250 tons as the daily average capacity and allowing all the furnaces to be idle three days in every month, or 36 days in the year, there still remains a total treatment capacity of 740,000 tons available under favourable conditions, and that quantity of ore could be supplied by the mines now working in the district, leaving AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 149 out of account others already opened up to a stage admitting of their maintaining an appreciably large steady output. Shipments of individual mines were as follows: Tons. 310,601 137,577 20,800 16,000 14,627 8,010 7,900 . 2,175 Granby Con. M. S. <& P. Co.'s Old Ironsides and Knob Hill group B. C. Copper Co.'s Mother Lode mine Snowshoe Gold & Copper Mines' (Limited) Snowshoe mine Cariboo-McKinney M. & M. Co.'s Cariboo mine, Camp McKinney (estimated) B. C. Chartered Co.'s B. C. mine Montreal & Boston Copper Co.'s Sunset mine Dominion Copper Co.'s Emma mine Jewel Gold Mines' (Limited) Jewel mine Winnipeg Mines' (Limited) Winnipeg mine Golden Crown Mines' (Limited) Golden Crown mine No. 7 Mining Co.'s No. 7 mine Providence Mining Co.'s Providence Mine Sundry small shipments 625 592 172 158 Total For purposes of comparison the following figures, showing the tonnag mines that shipped more than 1,000 tons each during 1901, are given : 1900. Tons. Granby Mines 64,531 Mother Lode 5,564 B. C. 19,618 Snowshoe 297 Sunset Emma Jewel 160 The B. C. did not ship any ore during the first half of 1902. The Snowshoe and Emma did practically all their shipping during the latter half of the year. The Sunset's output has been restricted to making up the difference between the qiian- • tity of custom ore received at the owners' smelter and the total requirements of the smelter. The Jewel did not send out any ore during the latter half of the year* 1901. 1902. Total. Tons. Tons. Tons. 231,762 310,601 606,894 99,548 137,577 242,689 47,517 14,627 81,762 1,731 20,800 22,328 800 8,010 8,810 7,900 7,900 325 2,176 2,660 PRINCIPAL MINES OF THE DISTRICT. Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting & Power Company, Limited—Authorised capital, $15,000,000, in shares of a par value of $10 each; head office, Montreal. This company is a reconstruction and consolidation of the following mining and smelting companies : The Knob Hill Gold Mining Company, Limited, incorporated in 1897; the Old Ironsides Mining Company, Limited; the Granby Consolidated Mining & Smelting Company, Limited, incorporated in 1890; and the Grey Eagle Mining Company, Limited, incorporated in 1900. British Columbia Copper Company, Limited — Registered in 1898; authorised capital, $1,000,000, in shares of $5; head office, New York. Runs and operates a smelting plant at Greenwood, and the Mother Lode group of mines, in Deadwood Camr>. Montreal & Boston—Own the 'Sunset group of mines, in Deadwood Camp, and •purchased this year the smelting plant at Boundary Falls, formerly owned by the Standard Company. Head office, New York. Jewel Gold Mines, Limited — Registered in 1899; authorised capital, £80,000, in shares of £1 each. Owns and operates the Jewel mine, in Long Lake camp. Head office, London, England. Dominion Copper Company, Limited — Incorporated 1899; authorised capital, $5,000,000, in shares of $1 each The company was formed to acquire and work 150 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA III! the Brooklyn, Stemwinder, Montezuma, Rawhide, Standard and Idaho mines, in the Phoenix mining camp. Head office, Toronto. Snowshoe Gold & Copper Company, Limited — Registered in 1902, to acquire and operate the Snowshoe mine group, near Phoenix. Head office, London. A number of other mines in the district owned by joint stock companies and by individuals have also been extensively developed. Of these the most important are the Emma, Golden Crown, Winnipeg, Gold Drop, Providence, B. C, King, No. 7, and Carnie. Mr. E. Jacobs, in an article in the Mining Record reviewing the year's work, says : — Turning now to the development and equipment of some of the larger mines, the following summary will in a measure indicate their relative importance. GRANBY COMPANY'S MINES. As having, so far as yet known, the largest ore bodies, truly described as enormous, and as having done more development work and shipped more ore than any other mine or group of mines in the district, the Granby Company's mines come first. The group consists of the Old Ironsides, Knob Hill, Victoria, Fourth of July, Phoenix, Etna, Grey Eagle, Banner, Tip Top and Triangle Fraction, all adjoining claims in or adjacent <to the town of Phoenix. These claims were acquired from the four- companies which were consolidated into the present Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting & Power Company, Limited, viz., the Old Ironsides Mining Company, Knob Hill Gold Mining Company, Granby Consolidated Mining & Smelting Co., and the Grey Eagle Mining Company. The Old Ironsides and Knob Hill claims were both located on July 25, 1891, and they are the oldest mineral locations in Greenwood Camp. But little underground work was done on the Old Ironsides prior to 1897, but in that year development was actively entered upon, and a steam hoisting engine, which much facilitated mining operations, was installed. From that time on the opening up of the enormous ore bodies occurring on this group of claims has steadily proceeded, until to-day the showing of ore exposed in the extensive workings of these mines is simply marvellous. It is a literal fact that " acres of ore" have been blocked out in the Old Ironsides and Victoria, as the writer can testify from personal observation, having, when underground in these mines in 1900, walked around three blocks of ore each not less than an acre in area. Nothing short of seeing for themselves suffices to overcome the incredulity of most people as to the immense proportions of the ore bodies occurring here, and exposed both in the underground workings and in the big open quarries. So large are these that no difficulty is experienced in maintaining a daily minimum output of 1,500 tons of ore for treatment at the company's smelter, whilst additions to plant and equipment are being made to provide for an output up to 5,000 tons per diem whenever the available treatment capacity shall have reached that tonnage. The aggregate footage of development work done on the Granby mines to the end of 1902 was 16,359 lineal feet — more than three miles — of which 3,018 feet was in sinking and raising and 13,346 feet in crosscutting and drifting. These figures show the number of feet done in underground development work proper, but leave entirely out of account the numerous large drifts and rais~es in the huge ore bodies preparatory to opening out the big stopes characteristic of these mines, which are being worked down to the 300-foot level. One shaft on the property is 400 feet in depth, but no levels (have yet been run below 300 feet depth. Rising ground on the Knob Hill makes the 300-foot level of the Old Ironsides about 550 feet, vertical depth, below the apex or outcrop of ore on the Knob Hill, with the ore body proved to be continuous from the summit of the mountain on the Knob Hill through the Old Ironsides to other claims beyond, also owned by the Granby Company. The use of the diamond drill has shown that the ore continues down to a depth of at least 1,000 feet. The system of ore-quarrying followed here constitutes one of the most remarkable features of mining seen in the district. On the north side of the hill on which the mines are situate workings have been opened at half a dozen points along a distance of about 1,000 feet in a body of ore known to have a length of fully 3,000 feet on the company's ground. The removal of the surface debris has exposed" ore for a width of about 400 feet. Three big open quarries are being worked at different levels. The top one was the first opened, and its output of ore consequently has been by far the largest. It has an ore face about 80 feet high, and large raises from the Knob Hill main tunnel below serve as chutes down which the ore is thrown, to be trammed thence to ore bins above the main shipping track of this mine. The middle quarry is on the same level as the main tunnel, 84 feet, vertical depth, below the floor of the top one. The lowest quarry is about 50 feet AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION lower down still, so that when it shall have been carried back far enough to be "immediately under the apex of the ore body it will have an ore breast, as proved by tunnel and raise, of more than 200 feet vertical depth. Railway tracks run into the two lower quarries, so that the ore broken down in them can be loaded direct on to the railway cars and thus obviate further handling until it reaches the smelter. No. 2 tunnel connects with the 100-foot level —that is, 100 feet below the main tunnel — of the Knob Hill, and this provides another outlet for ore from the lowest quarry, by means of chutes, whence it is trammed to ore bins placed above the main shipping tracks of the Old Ironsides. A third tunnel, starting still lower down the hillside, will eventually be extended to connect with the 100-foot level of the Old Ironsides and the 200-foot level of the Knob Hill. The machinery and plant installed at these mines some time ago includes two 80 h. p. steam boilers, 10-drill duplex Rand air-compressor, air-receivers, etc., on the Knob Hill, and a similar plant on the Old Ironsides. Each of three shafts on the Old Ironsides and Victoria is provided with a steam hoisting engine. A timber- framing machine driven by a 45 h. p. steam engine, an electric light engine and dynamo, steam pumps and much other plant and machinery are also included in the power equipment of these mines. An ore-crusher with jaws opening 42 inches by 32 inches to crush rock to not larger than 7 inches or 8 inches, at a rate of 150 tons per hour, and a 100 h. p. electric induction motor to drive same, also a 2,000- foot gravity tramway from the top quarry to crusher, with 3-wheel brake system headworks, were recently put in and are now in operation. Two tandem compound Rand air-compressors together rated at 60, three %-inch machine drills, and two 700 h. p. electric induction motors for motive -power, are being installed. The equipment of the machine shop on the mines is also being largely added to, so as to provide it with modern improved appliances. ; Prominent among the mine buildings are large bunk and boarding houses for the accommodation of employees, with a number of comfortable cottages for men having their families with them. The several buildings for housing plant and machinery, are roomy and substantially built. Ore bins give storage capacity for a large quantity of ore, and railway trackage about the mines is comparatively extensive. From the time ore-shipping was commenced in July, 1900, to the close of 1902, the output of ore aggregated 606,151 tons, of which about 310,000 tons were produced in 1902. All this ore was treated at the company's smelter at Grand Forks. When shipping 1,500 tons a day these mines employ about 425 men. The mine superintendent, Mr. William Yolen Williams, has been in charge for nearly six years, during which period he has developed the property from mere prospects into the most important and productive group of mines in the Boundary District and one of the largest copper- producers in Canada. THE MOTHER LODE. The Mother Lode, situate in Deadwood Camp, about three miles west of the town of Greenwood, was located on May 28, 1891. In 1896 it was bonded by Col. John Weir for himself and several other New York mining men, who in that year formed the Boundary Mines Company to develop the claim. About March, 1898, the British Columbia Copper Company, Limited, was organised in New York, to acquire and work the Mother Lode and several adjoining claims. The group now owned by the company consists of tihe MotheT Lode, Offspring, Primrose, Ten Broecfc and Don Julio and Sunflower mineral claims. - '■, m. _ ■ When Mr. Frederic Keffer, M. E., took charge of the Mother Lode m 1896 there was not a prospect shaft or a tunnel 25 feet in depth or length on the claim. Today the development work totals between 7,000 and 8,000 lineal feet, besides which big stopes underground and quarries at the surface represent much productive work. The lode occurring here is large, its surface width varying from 80 to 160 feet. It has been cut in trenches along a distance of about 1,100 feet north from the main shaft to where it disappears under heavy drift, while a big surface exposure on the Primrose, about 700 feet in an opposite direction, indicates its continuity south as well. The main shaft is down 325 feet, and long levels have been run at both ^UU and 300 feet depth. The ore body as opened at the 200-foot level has a width varying from 80 to 100 feet, and crosscuts show it to be continuous at this level tor at least 350 feet. At the 300-foot level the workings are not yet so large, but as far as they have gone they have proved the ore body to maintain its large proportions. A second chute of ore, 18 to 20 feet in width, was met with at the 300-foot level and followed for 200 feet without its dipping out of the level. .The pillar and" stope " system of mining the ore underground, as here adopted m 1901, was fully described and illustrated in the April, 1902, issue of the " Mining Record. Most of the exploratory work done underground has been done north of the mam snait, which is situate about the centre of the claim, so that little is known of the conditions as regards the occurrence of ore south of the shaft. Underground work was suspended last spring, the opening up of big surface quarries in ore having made 152 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA it practicable to maintain a sufficiently large production to supply the company's smelter at Greenwood with plenty of ore to keep its two furnaces running continuously. The main quarry is well up the side of the Mother Lode hill. Two other openings were made at lower levels, big tunnels having been driven under No. 1 quarry and connections made by means of wide raises, these serving as chutes down which the ore is thrown to No. 3, from which a double-track tramway, with three -ton ore cars drawn by mules, conveys the ore to a Farrel rock-crusher. During recent months two quarries were opened higher up the hill in ore containing more sulphur, and the ore from these is either shot down more than 200 feet to the mule tunnel,,, or run down a gravity tramway to another crusher above a different set of ore bins.. All the ore is crashed at the mine before being shipped to the smelter, a saving being thereby effected, the ore going direct into the smelter mixture bins, instead of having to foe first passed through the smelter sample mill crusher, with the attendant expense of this further handling. The mine shipped 5,564 tons of ore in the latter part of 1900; 99,548 tons in 1901, and 136,657 tons in 1902, making an aggregate of 241,769 tons. When there is no shortage of coke or other difficulty in the way of both furnaces being kept in blast at the smelter, the daily output of the mine is about 800 tons. The Mother Lode was the first mine in the district to have a power plant equal to doing much underground work. In 1898 a 10-drill straight line air-compressor, two 60 h. p. boilers, hoisting engines, etc., and electric light plant were hauled in from Marcus, then the nearest railway point, at a cost for hauling alone of about $3,000. In 1901 a 40-drill cross-compound condensing Ingersoll-Sergeant air-compressor, with two 100 h. p. boilers; a big double-cylinder first motion Jenckes hoisting engine, with two 80 h. p. boilers; a Robins ore-sorting and conveying plant; a No. 5 Gates rock-crusher, with a 70 h. p. steam engine to run it; a full equipment of tools for a machine shop, and other plant were added. Last year a 24x36-inch Farrel improved crusher, to crush 65 to 80 tons of rock per hour to a size not exceeding five inches; a Jeffrey elevating machine, with a chain of 20xl2x9-inch buckets, to lift the crushed ore to ore bins over the railway track; a plain slide-valve engine, to run crusher and elevator; a 250-light Westinghouse dynamo, with 25 h. p. engine, and other machinery to bring mine equipment up to the requirements of an increased ore output, were installed. The mine buildings I are commodious, and those for the accommodation of the men are comfortable. The ore bins have a total holding capacity of about 3JMXX tons, and the railway facilities are sufficient for handling much larger quantities of ore than are at present produced. During construction work periods and when underground mining was in progress, up to 150 men were on the payroll, but not more than half that number are now regularly employed in getting out ore and incidental work. ' Mr. Keffer is still in charge of the mine, being the company's general manager. THE SNOWSHOE. The Snowshoe group, owned by the Snowshoe Gold & Copper Mines, Limited, of London, England, and situate in Greenwood Camp, comprises the Snowshoe mine and the Pheasant, Alma Fraction and Fairplay Fraction mineral claims. The Snow- shoe was purchased by the British Columbia (Rossland and Slocan) Syndicate, Limited, in 1899; and after that company had spent about $130,000 in development work and in machinery, plant and buildings, the Snowshoe Company was organised in London in June of 1901 to acquire and operate the group. Development work done to the end of 1902 totals 6,440 lineal feet, nearly 2,000 being sinking and raising, and the remainder crosscutting and drifting. The earlier work was done in the eastern part of the Snowshoe. It consisted of an incline shaft, sunk 200 feet, with levels at 100 and 200 feet depth, respectively. On the former level some 520 feet and on the latter about 740 feet of crosscutting and drifting were done, and two raises were made from the 100-foot level to the surface. Much of this work was in ore, which dips easterly into the other claims owned by the company. Later workings, in the western part of the claim, have opened up a big body of ore, which is being mined by quarrying as at the mines above described. The "Phoenix branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company's Columibia & Western Railway crosses the Snowshoe. Below the railway, in the southern part of the claim, a tunnel, known as No. 1 level, has been run westward 677 feet into the hill, which rises rapidly to the western boundary of the property.' For about 300 feet, excepting where a 25-foot dyke of waste crossed it, the tunnel was continuously in ore, apparently a parallel body to that in which the old shaft was sunk. Beyond this the tunnel was run about 477 feet, exploring for other ore bodies. Some 730 feet of crosscuts and drifts, mostly in ore, were run on this level. A raise 150 feet to the surface was also in ore most of the way; and a winze sunk 100 feet was in ore for 40 feet, and the ore chute was again encountered in a 250-foot crosscut from the bottom of the winze, which was in ore for 170 feet before the wall was met with. Altogether 660 feet of crosscutting and drifting have been done on this No. 2 level, LYTTON, LOOKING SOUTH. LILLOOET, ON THE FRASER RIVER. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 153 and a raise in ore 140 feet on the incline makes a second connection with No. 1 level. The ground has been explored below No. 2 level with a diamond drill, with satisfactory results. During 1902 a large main working shaft was sunk 300 feet, connecting with levels Nos. 1 and 2. After removal of the surface debris from a comparatively large area of ground above No. 1 level, quarries were opened and drifts were run under them. Chutes were made at convenient intervals, and through these the ore is drawn and trammed direct to ore bins above the railway. It is calculated that these big open cuts will go back about 120 feet before reaching the western limit of the ore, and that a maximum face of about 60 feet in depth to floor of quarries will be obtained. A railway spur lately put in below the mouth of tunnel on No. 1 level gives shipping facilities that will admit of a much deeper face of ore being cut when quarrying operations shall have been carried down to that depth. Prior to 1902 only 2,028 tons of ore were shipped, but towards the close of that year the output was materially increased, so that the total tonnage for the year was 20,800 tons, making the aggregate 22,828 tons. The power plant installed at the mine in 1900-01 included two steam boilers, two air-compressors together rated at about 12 drills, machine drills, hoisting engine at the shaft and an auxiliary engine in No. 1 tunnel, steam pumps, etc. Last year the high-pressure half of a 30-drill Rand-Corliss air-compressor, two 80 h. p. high- pressure boilers and an electric lighting plant were added, and a 150 h. p. electric hoist was ordered. This hoist will shortly be in operation. Meanwhile headworks over the main shaft are in course of construction. The mine buildings include bunk and boarding houses, offices, residences for superintendent and foreman, new compressor and boiler buildings, hoist house, etc., and ore bine with a holding capacity of 2,500 tons are about completed. Some 2,000 feet of railway tracks afford accommodation for shipping. The transmission lines of the Cascade Power Company cross the property,- so that when electric power for operating the air-compressor hoist shall foe required it will be right at hand. The average number of men employed is 44, but at times nearly double this number have been on the payroll. Mr. J. W. Astley, C. E., is the company's superintendent resident on the mine. The Snowshoe has been brought to its present-stage of development under his direction. Mr. Anthony J. McMillan is managing director, and Mr. George S. Waterlow, another director, is one of the best friends the district has in England, since he loses no opportunity to express his confidence in the eventual profitableness of legitimate mining in the Boundary. SUNSET AND CROWN SILVER. The Sunset group is owned by the Montreal & Boston Copper Company, Limited, of Montreal, Quebec, which was organised in 1901 to acquire the mining properties and other assets of the Montreal-Boundary Creek Mining Company, Limited. The group consists of the Sunset, Crown Silver, C. O. D., and the Florence fractional claim, all adjoining and situate in Deadwood Camp, about three miles west of Greenwood. The Sunset and Crown Silver were both located on June 2, 1891. They were bonded in 1897 foy Mr. W. L. Hogg, of Montreal, who with his associates did a lot of development work on them, and organised the Montreal-Boundary Creek Mining Company to further develop them. The other two claims were acquired rater. In the summer of 1899 Captain Harry Johns, who had previously been superintendent at the adjoining Mother Lode mine, assumed charge at the Sunset, and ever since has directed operations on the group. The number of lineal feet of work done in development on the Sunset and Crown silver totals 7,155 feet, of which 1,070 feet represent sinking and raising done on the properties, and the remaining 6,085 feet crosscutting and drifting. The main shaft of the Sunset is 412 feet in depth, and levels have been run at 100, 176 and 300 feet depth respectively. The Crown silver shaft is 265 feet in depth, and from this about 880 feet of crosscutting and drifting have been done. The 300-foot level of the Sunset is a long tunnel driven to cut an ore-chute of higher grade than the main ore body, and with the ultimate object of connecting with the Crown Silver workings. Owing to the rise in the hill the 300-foot level in the Sunset will be about 400 feet below the surface by the time it shall be under the Crown Silver shaft. A feature on the Sunset is a knoll of rock, the weathered exterior of which was much copper-stained. A tunnel driven through this knoll disclosed the occurrence here of a big foody of low-grade ore, approximately 300 feet in length by 150 feet in width, and estimated to contain above the 100-foot level about 250,000 tons of ore. The method of mining this is foy opening underground a large stope or " glory hole " connecting with the 100-foot level foy a series of chutes down which the broken ore is shot, to be trammed to the main shaft and hoisted thence to the surface above the ore shipping bins. The power plant installed at the Sunset includes two 80 h. p. boilers, half of a 20-drill duplex Ingersoll-Sergeant air-compressor, two air-receivers, ten Ingersoll-Sergeant 3^4 machine drills, Jenckes double hoisting engine with 14 x 20-inch cylinders, two YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA mine safety platform cages, dynamo of 125 volts run by a 12 h. p. engine for electric lighting, well-found tool and repair shop, etc. The building improvements consist of ore bins with a capacity of 2,000 tons, comfortable bunk and boarding houses to accommodate about 60 men, men's cottages, villa residence for superintendent, assay office, boiler and engine houses, substantial headworks, etc. A double spur from the Deadwood branch of the Columbia & Western Railway affords facilities for shipment of ore, which is sent to the Montreal & Boston Copper Company's smelter at Boundary Falls, distant about eight miles, and to which between 7,000 and 8,000 tons of ore were shipped from the Sunset during the latter part of last year. EMMA. Six or seven years ago a shaft was sunk 100 feet on the Emma claim, in Summit Camp, then owned chiefly by Farrell and Midgeon, well-known mining men of Butte, Montana. A big outcrop of copper ore occurs on the property, but the grade is not high, though the constituents of this ore make it very useful for fluxing purposes. After a crown grant was obtained for the claim no work of importance whs done until the Hall Mining & Smelting Company, of Nelson, B. C, a few months since made an arrangement with the present owners (the Dominion Copper Company, Limited, of Toronto, Ontario) to mine and ship ore from it. Two years ago a quarry was opened alongside the railway, which crosses the claim, and some ore shipped thence to Boundary Falls; but as the smelter did not start work this was dumped ; alongside the railway, and lies there still. The Hall Company has expended about $4,500 in plant and buildings, and Shipped 8,530 tons of ore, chiefly to Nelson. This ; ore was taken from a big cut made in the side of the hill just above the railway, this admitting of mining and shipping costs being very low. There appears to be a large quantity of ore available here, so that a much-increased output is anticipated for the current year. Later underground work will probably be done to determine : the extent and value of the ore at depth. The opening up of the Emma claim has encouraged an attempt being made to do similar work on the neighbouring Oro Denoro, owned by the King Mining Company, of Rossland, and on which, chutes of ore of a grade that under present smelting conditions can be mined and treated at a small margin of profit, have been encountered. ||| the b. c. mine. The B. C. mine, situate in Summit Camp, within a couple of miles of Eholt, the - Boundary divisional point on the Canadian Pacific Railway Company's Columbia & Western Railway, is one of a group of mineral claims owned by the B. C. Chartered Company, Limited, of' Montreal, Quebec. The claims comprising the group are the B. C, Truckee, Reveille, Hilda, Vashti, Falcon, J. W., London, Daisy Fraction, B. C. Fraction and Novelty Fraction, together containing an area of 268 acres. The B. C, upon which most of the development has been done, was located in the fall of 1896, and the following summer the work of opening up the mine was commenced. To the end of 1901 the footage of work done in underground development of the mine totalled 5,876 lineal feet, 1,106 feet being sinking and raising and 4,770 feet crosscutting and drifting. The deepest shaft is down 400 feet. This mine was the first in the district to Ship ore in quantity to a smelter. Commencing in January, 1900, its shipments during the first half of that year totalled 3,959 tons, and by the end of the year the output had been increased to 19,618 tons. Its production during 1901 was 47,517 tons, making an aggregate of 67,135 tons, having an average assay value of .015 oz. gold, 2.45 oz. silver, and 5.8 per cent, copper, wet assay. About four-tenths of this ore was treated at the Canadian Smelting Works, Trail, and practically the whole of the remaining six-tenths at the British Columbia Copper Company's smelter, Greenwood. The price of copper having fallen, the mine was closed down during eight months of 1902, but underground work was resumed in September, and by the end of that year 14,443 tons of ore were added to the total output of the mine. A considerable reduction having been made in freight and treatment charges, the " run of the mine " was sent to the smelter, with the result that the average value of the ore shipped fell to 1.75 oz. silver and 4.1 per cent, copper for the 1902 product. A lot of surface trenching to bedrock was done last summer, resulting in some fair showings of copper ore being met with. The power plant at the B. C. includes four boilers, together about 225 h. p.; a straight- line four-drill Rand air-compressor; half a Class G Ingersoll-Sergeant air-compressor, rated at 10 drills; one large and two small hoisting engines, two sinking pumps, an electric light engine and dynamo, and a full complement of accessories. A spur from the Phoenix branch of the Columbia & Western Railway gives the mine railway connection. Mr. S. F. Parrish, M. E., who was recently appointed general manager of the Le Roi mine at Rossland and the smelter at Northport, Washington, has been in charge of the B. C. mine since the beginning of 1900. WINNIPEG AND GOLDEN CROWN. The Winnipeg and Golden Crown are adjoining mines situate in Wellington Camp, about eight miles from Greenwood. Both were among the shipping mines of the Boundary during part of 1902, though their production, respectively, was comparatively small, and both are inoperative at the present time. The Winnipeg was located in the summer of 1895, and in 1897 a company named the Winnipeg Mining & Smelting Company was incorporated to acquire and develop the claim. This company did a great deal of work, and shipped some of the ore to the smelters. Towards the end of 1900 the Winnipeg Mines, Limited, was incorporated to acquire the assets of the old company. During 1901 this company shipped 1,040 tons of ore, and whilst operating in 1902 added 785 tons to the total production of the mine, which, including the output of 1900 is 2,901 tons, much of it ore running $13 per ton gross, and consequently of a generally higher grade than the average ore produced by Boundary mines. High assay values could be got from hand samples, but the best returns from carload lots were $48 per ton from one ear, and $27 per ton fron* 57 tons, these being the gold returns from two lots from one vein. Silver varies from 1 oz. to 6 oz. per ton, and copper runs about 1Y2 per cent. About 4,500 lineal feet of work have been done in underground development, two-thirds in sinking and raising, and the remainder in crosscutting and drifting. The deepest workings are 400 feet depth. The ore veins are numerous, but most of the work has been done on three of them, these yielding practically all the ore produced. The Winnipeg has an area of about 27 acres. A half-mile spur from Hartford Junction connects the mine with the Phoenix branch of the Columbia & Western Railway. The power plant installed included two steam boilers, two hoisting engines, a 14x22 Rand straight-line air-compressor, air-receiver, steam pumps, machine drills, etc.; but fire last summer rendered useless some of this machinery, and the mine has not since been worked. Fortunately most of the mine buildings escaped destruction. Efforts are foeing made to arrange for a resumption of work. The Golden Crown has had a somewhat similar experience to that of the Winnipeg, in that it was worked from 1897 to 1900 by one company and in 1901 passed into the possession of a re-organised company. The Brandon and Golden Crown Mining Company, Limited, did nearly 2,500 feet of underground work, and shipped 2,241 tons of ore of an average good grade; and then it gave place to the Golden Crown Mines, Limited, which has its head office in Brandon, Manitoba. The new company worked only a few months, during which its output of ore was 625 tons, making the aggregate of ore produced 2,866 tons. No. 1 shaft is 322 feet in depth, and levels have been run at 50, 100, 150 and 300 feet, the last-mentioned being about 900 feet in length. Work has been done on only three veins, the others crossing the property not yet having been opened up. The mine has railway connection similar to that giving the Winnipeg ore-shipping facilities. The power equipment includes two boilers together 100 h. p., a 12x18 Rand straight-line air-compressor, air-receiver, hoisting engine, steam pumps, machine drills, etc. This mine was thd first in the district to put a mine-cage in its shaft. OTHER COPPER-GOLD MINES. The mines already dealt with are those that produced and shipped more or less copper-gold ore in 1902. Besides these there are some properties, on which copper ores occur, that were either inactive last year or did not ship any ore.. The best known of these will have 'mention before, the quartz (mines of the district have notice. In Greenwood Camp there are the Brooklyn and Stemwdnder group, owned by the Dominion Copper Company, Limited, of Toronto (above mentioned as owning the Emma mine); and the Gold Drop, belonging io the Gold Drop Mining Company, Limited, of Montreal, Quebec. The Dominion Copper Company's claims include the Brooklyn, Stemwinder, Idaho, Montezuma and Standard, all in or near the town of Phoenix; and the Rawhide, distant about half a mile to the southward. Brooklyn and Stemwinder.— The Brooklyn and Stemwinder are among the oldest locations in Greenwood Camp, the latter by James Attwood and J. Scholefield on August 3, 1891; and the former by S. Mangott and J. M. Taylor on the following day. There is little official information available relative to these properties. From other reliable sources, though, it .has been ascertained that development work approximating between 3,000 and 4,000 lineal feet has been done on the Brooklyn,, which has a shaft 268 feet in depth, from which levels have been run at 150 and 250 feet respectively; whilst the adjoining Stemwdnder has a shaft 344 feet in depth, but only a comparatively small footage of drifting and crosscutting. It is stated on what is believed to be good-authority that one chute of ore in the Brooklyn mine has been proved to be at least 1,000 feet in length and 20 feet in width at the 250- foot level. This mine has a considerable quantity of ore on the dump, but has made only one shipment of about 150 tons, sent to the smelter in 1900 for a bulk test. The average value of the ore is understood to foe afoout $5 in all values, but i I YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA this statement has not been confirmed by anyone connected with the company. The Stemwinder has ore somewhat similar in character to that occurring on the Brooklyn, but as yet it has not been found in such great quantity on the former. The Idaho, I which adjoins the Brooklyn on the south, has had a shaft sunk on it, and a crosscuf|| has been run from this towards the Brooklyn workings, but development here is not yet extensive. The Rawhide shaft connects at 184 feet with a crosscut tunnel I run about 450 feet into a high hill. This shaft passed through a chute of nice- looking ore which 'has not yet been opened out. The Gold Drop.—The Gold Drop adjoins the Snowshoe, on the west of the latter. No work has been done on this property since the summer of 1900. Up*. to then some 1,905 lineal feet of work had been done in underground development,;:! 1,510 feet being crosscutting and drifting, and 395 feet winzes and raises. These workings disclosed the presence in the mine of large foodies of ore, but so far as known only a single test carload was shipped to the smelter. It is understood that I the owners are not disposed to work the mine at present, waiting rather for lower freight and treatment rates before resuming operations. The small power plant/ installed here includes a four-drill air-compressor, air-receiver, 40 h. p. locomotive boiler, steam pump, machine drills, etc. Oro Denoro.— In Summit Camp, near Eholt, the Oro Denoro, R. Bell and Blue Bell each had attention at one time or another between 1897 and 1901. The Oro Denoro was owned until recently by the King Mining Company, limited, of Rossland, B. C. Last December the Denoro Mines, Limited, was incorporated to acquire; from the King Mining Company this and other mineral claims. More than 1,100 lineal feet of work have been done on the Oro Denoro, including a shaft 185 feet in depth and three crosscut tunnels. The showings of ore on the property are; promising, whether outcroppings at the surface or encountered in the tunnels; and it is confidently believed that when work shall be resumed, which it is intended shall be at an early date, the output of ore will, at the lower freight and treatment rates now Obtainable, bring in returns more than sufficient to pay operating expenses.^ There is on the property a small plant consisting of a 40 h. p. locomotive boiler, a 10x12 air-compressor, air-receiver, hoisting engine, steam pump, machine drills, etc. The R. Bell shipped 480 tons of ore in 1901, but no work has since been done on this claim. More than 1,000 feet of work have been done, including a vertical shaft 215 feet in depth, with levels at 80 and 200 feet, respectively. R. Bell:—The grade of the ore obtained was satisfactory, but no permanejM chute of pay ore was met with — only bunches here and there — so that there was not sufficient encouragement to continue prospecting under the conditions then existing. The claim will likely receive renewed attention later. A 25 h. p. boiler, 6x8' Bacon hoist, and a 3^4 Little Giant machine drill, operated by steam, were in use whilst work was being done underground. The Blue Bell.— The Blue Bell, situate in the neighbourhood of the B. C. mine, was for some months under bond to a company formed in Illinois, but the option to purchase was not availed of. Whilst the agreement was in force a shaft was sunk 138 feet, but at that depth it was in a sheet of porphyry which cut off the ore. As similar conditions were found to exist in the B. C, it is probable the ore occurs below the porphyry, as it does in that mine. However, the owners declined to extend the time for a substantial payment under the bond, so the Eastern men threw it up. Short drifts were run in ore at 50 and 100 feet depth, respectively, whilst work was in progress. The Mountain View, situate between the R. Bell and the Blue Bell; Maple Leaf, one of the Rathmullen group; and the Rambler, pro^g pected by shaft, crosscuts and diamond drilling by the Everett .& Spokane Mini^P Company, are other mineral claims within a couple of miles of Eholt that have been prospected considerably. The Morrison.— The Morrison, in Deadwood Camp, is a property that will probably ere long foe placed on the list of regular shippers, hut for some months th^ mine has been closed down. For several years the Morrison was operated by the Morrison Gold Mining Company, of Spokane, Washington, until January, 1900, when the Morrison Mines, Limited, was organised to take over all the assets of the old company. There are three veins of ore opened on the property, but only one has been explored to any extent. The ore foodies in the main vein upon which work has been done are from 10 to 40 feet in width. Altogether about 3,000 lineal feet of work have been done underground, some 450 feet being sinking and raising, and 2,550 feet crosscutting and drifting. The diamond drill bored 1,011 feet of holes (all on the 300-foot level), and this crosscut several large ore bodies, which have not yet been opened up, though trial shipments of ore — 433 tons in all — were made to the Greenwood, Grand Forks and Trail smelters for test purposes, but the mineral coi tent was not published. An announcement was made recently that a contract had been arranged with the Montreal & Boston Copper Company's smelter to take ore, and that consequently operations would be resumed at the mine at an early date. The mine is equipped with two boilers, together 110 h. p.; a 16x24 straight-line Rand air-compressor, rated at 5 drills; machine drills; air-receiver; No. 7 Cameron sinking pump; and, at the 200-foot level station, a 7x9 Lidgerwood hoisting engine. With the plant and equipment now at the mine a daily output of 100 tons of ore is stated to be practicable. There are about 5,000 tons of ore on the dump. The mine buildings include boiler and engine house, boarding and bunk houses, and all other requisite accommodation. The mine is on Copper Creek, about three miles northwest of Greenwood, with which it has waggon road connection. The Dead- wood Camp branch of the Columbia & Western Railway, from Greenwood to the Mother Lode and iSunset mines, passes within a mile of the Morrison, to which a survey has been made for a spur, giving about a 3 per cent, grade on a direct route. Bang Solomon and Copper Mine.— In Copper Camp oxidised copper-bearing veins are met with on 'the King Solomon and Copper Mine (the latter known locally as the Big Copper) mineral claims. It is not unlikely that these also occur on other claims in this camp, but the two properties named are the only ones opened up in that locality. Some interesting observations foy Mr. R. W. Brock, geologist of the Dominion Geological Survey, on these veins were quoted in the first of this series of papers. (See " Mining Record" for January, 1903, page 455.) On the King Solomon the oxide zone is found, and on the Copper Mine the richest sulphide zone. A prospect shaft was sunk on the King Solomon several years ago; hut the work done last year was the making of a deep open cut into the side of the hill, taking *>ut rich iron and copper oxide. Some 850 tons of this ore were sent to district smelters, but as it had to be hauled by horse teams afoout four miles to the railway at Deadwood, for shipment thence to the reduction works, freight costs took too large a proportion of the returns to induce the owner of the claim to continue shipping. Work done last year on the Copper Mine claim exposed an ore body 174 feet in length and 82 feet in width. An open cut, averaging 15 feet in width and 26 feet 6 inches in height, was run 93 feet in the ore, of which there is a considerable on the dump, ready for shipment whenever market conditions shall be deemed favour- . able enough. The opening up of this property directed attention anew to Copper Camp, and it is likely that it will lead to the claim being sold ere long to a strong company. The Copper Mine is owned by Mr. George B. McAulay, of Spokane, Washington, managing director of the Cariboo-McKinney Mining >& Milling Company, Limited, and Mr. John Morand, of Greenwood. Mr. D. C. Corfoin, the well- known builder of the Spokane Northern Railway, also of Spokane, owns the King Sclomon. Ruby and Goleonda.— There are several promising copper claims in Smith's Camp, near Boundary Falls, among them the Ruby and the Goleonda. In 1901 the Rufoy was under bond to men resident in Detroit, Michigan, who did a lot of surface work, uncovering several chutes of copper--gold_ ore of good grade, of which they, sent to the smelter 85 tons. They installed a 45 h. p. boiler and worked two machine drills by steam, these facilitating the driving of two tunnels, one afoout 165 feet and the other of shorter length. Financial difficulties eventually necessitated a cessation.of operations, and the bond lapsed. The Ruby, which is owned by Messrs. W. G. MeMynn and George Cook, is situate within a quarter of a mile of the Boundary Falls smelter; but the Goleonda group is in the hills to the west of Boundary Creek, and about a couple of miles away. No work was done on the Goleonda last year, font men are now doing some further prospecting on the property. A shaft was sunk four or five years ago, and later a crosscut tunnel was driven 280 feet, the calculation being that the ledge would be encountered at 450 feet in, and would there give a vertical depth of 275 feet, but there remains 175 feet of tunnel to be driven before this expectation can foe realised. The group comprises the Goleonda, Cleveland, Laocoon, York, Wild Rose and Gold Bed. Hon. George E. Foster is one of the owners; and another, J. C. Haas, now of Spokane, has directed the prospecting work done on the claims. There are numerous other (promising copper claims in the several camps of the Boundary. CAMP M'KINNEY. Work at Camp McKinney during 1902 was almost restricted to the Carifooo- McKinney Mining & Milling Company's Cariboo mine. Lately some activity has, however, been shown in connection with the further development of the Waterloo, hut difficulties, first in connection with the organization of a new company to acquire the property from the old Waterloo company, and later from insecurity of title to the mineral claim, prevented much progress being made. These obstacles appear to have been overcome, and more energy is being displayed in opening up the chute of rich ore met with at the 160-foot level than has heretofore marked the development of this promising mine. A more powerful hoisting engine has foeen purchased and shipped from Spokane to the mine, and it has been decided to sink another 100 feet before the surface water becomes troublesome in the spring. The Waterloo has no tonnage of consequence to add to the year's output from this camp. Prospecting has been done on several other properties in the camp, but no important developments have been reported. Three miles southeast of Camp McKinney are the Dayton, Dewey, Jim Crow, Night Hawk and other claims on the divide between the main Rock Creek and the south fork of that stream, upon which surface prospecting has disclosed the presence of big bodies of mineral that i give promise of being well worth opening up. The Cariboo has maintained the creditable record of the several previous years. The following statistics for the year ended November 30, 1902, are official: Ore crushed, 15,616 tons; bullion produced, 8,400 ounces; concentrates produced 550 tons; value of bullion, $112,300; value of concentrates, $17,381; drifting done, 1,005 feet; raising done, 190 feet; average number of men employed, 50; dividend paid, 4 per cent. The tonnage of ore mined and milled the previous year, as shown ' in the Company's last annual report, was 16,862 tons, yielding 9,439 ounces of gold"! and 428 tons of concentrates. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA THE SLOCAN DISTRICT. THE Slocan District embraces a ruggedly mountainous area west and north of Kootenay Lake and south of a line extending east from the north end of the latter. The chief productive areas are those in the vicinity of Sandon, , Three Forks, McGuigan and Whitewater. Many of the mines here are situated at very high altitudes, frequently as much as 5,000 to 6,000 feet above sea level, where erosion has cleared away the debris or waste from the veins; but locations have also been made at lesser elevations/and in the valleys. The first discoveries were reported in the autumn of 1891, the Payne mine being located on the 9th of September of that year, and the Nofole Five group afoout the same time. In the following summer a number of other discoveries were made in the districts adjoining these properties, and in 1892 the first mines began to ship ore. The Whitewater sent out a trial consignment, and shortly after the Bess and Dardanelles claims entered the productive class, and in the winter of 1892 and 1893 ore was packed out from the Washington, Freddie Lee, Idaho and Mountain Chief. Since that time the history and development in the Slocan has been a record of great activity and of almost continuous success up to 1897. In 1899, labour trouble intervening, the production somewhat fell off, but 1900 was a year \oi record achievement in the matter of production, this being valued at about $3,028,000. The conditions during the past two years have not been favourable to silver-lead mining, and in consequence production has fallen off considerably. The official returns for 1901 place the value of the yield at $1,865,752, and that of the Ainsworth division at $381,011, the combined tonnage from these two districts being 31,431 tons. The value of the production in 1902 is estimated to be; worth approximately $1,425,000, the following mines having shipped during this period: Payne 2,688 (Sunset (Jackson Basin). . 821 American Boy 1,197 Hewett Last Chance 168 Enterprise 2,300 Bismarck 62 ilver Glance 257 Ottawa '... 68 Florence 1 Slocan Boy 158 Hartney 25 IMay 5 Surprise 22 iSlocan Star 815 Emily Edith 20 Ivanhoe 717 Reco 511 Arlington 3,580 Bosun 2,110 Wonderful 181 Lavina 85 Queen Bess 180 Whitewater Capella •Trade Dollar Neepawa ... Marion Paystreak .. Monitor .... Duplex Wakefield .. 2,S 60 20 128 80 7 1,306 7 220 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 4 2,100 4,187 187 FoUiott 2 C. 0. D Ruth R. E. Lee Red Fox 9 115 888 Antoine .... 207 .... 4 144 63 .... 13 21 21 Charleston Noble Five 11 .... 21 Pinto ISoho 13 64 .... 20 22 Total ......28,428 In a paper recently read before the Canadian Mining Institute, the author, Mr. S. S. Fowler, thus briefly describes the general geology of the district: " In the northern part of the district there is about 100 square miles of slate formation, from which the major part of the silver-lead output has been derived. The veins which cut across the slates are from a few inches to many feet in width, and are probably related genetically to a series of dikes of felsite and other intrusive rocks. The (larger veins contain many inclusions of the country rock. The gangue minerals are chiefly spathic iron and quartz. South of the slate formation there is a large area of coarse granite, in which there are many veins of value, though they are narrower than those in the slate. They are more sharply defined and contain'fewer inclusions of country rock. The ores are harder and tougher, contain a larger proportion of spathic iron and quartz, besides a greater variety of other gangue minerals, and important quantities of the i richer silver-bearing minerals, finely disseminated. As in the slates, an important part—frequently the chief part—of the values is highly concentrated and is mined and. shipped with but little sorting as clean ore. East of the slates and granite, along the west shore of Kootenay Lake, there is a .narrow fringe of very qM schists and slates, which in the vicinity of Ainsworth present valuable ore deposits of good size and appearance of considerable permanency; fout the ores,are of low grade in silver, and, except some which lie near the granite area, cannot be worked at much, if any, profit under present conditions. "The ores shipped from the district comprise: (1) Silicious oxidised ore from near the surface of the veins occurring in the, slates. This was formerly important in quantity, but is so no longer, the superficial ore bodies having been worked out in most cases. It assayed 20 to 30 per cent, in lead, and was- often high-grade in silver. (2) Galena ore, which now forms the bulk of the output, either as lump ore (hand sorted) or fine concentrates. It averages about 40 .per cent, lead, 12 per cent, zinc, and the remainder quartz and siderite, besides the sulphur combined with lead and zinc,.and carries 80 to 100 ounces silver per ton. (3) Silicious lead ore, silver- bearing but very low in lead; obtained chiefly from the granite area and not amenable to the ordinary process of mechanical concentration. (4) Blende, obtained as lump ore (hand-sorted) or as a middling product from some mills. It is silver-bearing and of ten is of high grade. It is shipped to European zinc smelters, or is mixed to some extent with- the galena concentrate. The Slocan ore is affording a gradually increasing quantity of this rich zinc ore, and a satisfactory solution of the problem of realizing on all the values in it is at present one of the greatest troubles in the district." During,the past year.none of the larger mines were operated to the full extent, work being chiefly restricted to development. On the Ruth, Whitewater, Last Chance and Noble Five operations were suspended for a greater portion of the year. Three mines, however — the Rambler-Cariboo, Sunset and Monitor — paid handsome profits, and this despite the fact that metal prices were exceptionally low, silver indeed having reached the lowest point on record 160 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The principal silver-lead producing mines are the Payne, Slocan Star, Last Chance, Ruth, Ivanhoe, American Boy, Whitewater, Rambler-Cariboo, Idaho, Monitor and Reco. At the Payne the large concentrator, formerly part of the equipment of the Lanark mine, was placed in position and has been steadily operated. - The mine has also recently sent out several carloads of zinc concentrates to a smelter at Iola, Kansas. At the Monitor large reserves of ore have been blocked out, over 3,000 feet of work having been done on the property since September. 1900. A force of 40 men have been employed on the Rambler-Cariboo, in the » McGuigan Basin, and a mill was installed on the property in the spring of the year. The Ivanhoe, American Boy and Antoine have all opened up extensive bodies of ore; while a new shipping mine has been added to the list, in the Silver Glance, profits from one carload of ore being $3,200. THE DRY ORE BELT. The largest producing mine last year was the Arlington, in the Slocan City division. Experiments are being made at this property with a view to ascertaining the best method of concentrating the lower-grade products. This section of country comprises an area of approximately 100 square miles to the east of Slocan tajrer and Lake. The country is extremely mountainous in character, and the % difficulties in mining are increased by the frequent occurrence of faults and irregularity of the ore deposits. The eharaeteristic ores of the district, found in the granite, contain argentite, native silver and gold in a quartz gangue, values in. I many instances being remarkably high. This class of material, which is known I as a "dry ore," has been in great demand foy local smelters, as contributing to theI economical reduction of the heavy galenas )r "wet ores" of the Sandon and imme- | diately adjacent mining territory. The principal mines of the district are H The Enterprise, owned and operated by the Enterprise Mines, Limited, of London; I the Iron Horse; the V. .& M. Mines; the Champion Group; the Myrtle Group; I the Arlington; the Speculator Group; the Mabon Group; the Hampton; the Bondholder; the Ottawa; the Tamarac; the Morning Star; the Exchange; the Phoenix-Viking; the Transfer; the Black Prince; the Fourth of July, and others. NELSON DISTRICT. WITH the exception of the early discoveries located on the shores of Kootenay Lake, the Nelson District is the oldest in British Columbia in which lode mining for the precious metals has been carried on. It is of irregular area, and has been defined by including that portion of the territory lying east of the Columbia not contained in the Slocan District. It embraces three known mineral belts of wide and distinct characters, namely, the copper-silver deposits of Toad Mountain, the free-gold belt to the immediate south of Kootenay River, and the mineral zone known as the Ymir and Erie camps. The earliest discovery was the famous Silver King mine, on Toad Mountain, accidentally discovered in 1886 and located in the following year. This mine was incorporated in 1893 as the Hall Mines, Limited, and afterwards reconstructed as the Hall Mining <& Smelting Company, Limited. Early in 1902 the directors of this company decided that it was advisable to suspend operations at the Silver King mine. The property was, however, leased, and work has been continued on a small scale. At the smelter during the year the total tonnage received amounted to 33,125 tons; 4,136 tons of lead bullion were shipped, and 578 tons of copper matte. GLENORA, ON THE STIKINE RIVER. TELEGRAPH CREEK, ON THE STIKINE. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 161 Relatively little was accomplished in what is known as the free-gold belt during the year. An amalgamation was effected of the Athabasca and Venus companies' interests, and a tramway installed connecting the Venus mine with the Athabasca mill, and towards the end of the year shipments were commenced. Operations have also been prosecuted at the Poorman mine by the Duncans United Mines—a London company—with encouraging results. The Fern mine, at Hall Creek, has been acquired under bond, and the ten-stamp mill having been thoroughly over- - hauled, preparations have been made for the extensive development ol the property. At the Blue Bird mine, owned by the Montana Gold Mining Company, a 20-ton concentrator and an air-compressor plant are being installed. THE YMIR SECTION. The Ymir division of the Nelson district occupies a very important position as a mining area. Geologically, the rocks of the district may be divided into four main groups — (1) the granites; (2) the dark eruptives and associated fragmental rocks; (3) -the schistose series, including schists, slates, crystalline limestones, dolomites and quartzites; and (4) the basal Shuswap series. Traversing the country are numerous dikes, which are often found at right angles to the veins. The natural position of and economic conditions prevailing in the district are extremely advantageous. The mines have direct railway communication with the Northport, Trail and Nelson smelters; excellent wagon roads have been built to all the producing mines; there is an abundance of timber for mining purposes, and water-power is in nearly.every case available. The most important mine in this section is the Ymir, owned by the Ymir Gold Mine, Limited, of London. The production of this property during the year is placed at 50,000 tons, having a gross value of $340,000. About 8,500 tons of concentrates were shipped to the Trail and Nelson smelters, the average value of which was from $28 to $30 per ton. The 1902 returns, however, are disappointing as compared with previous output, and this is explained partly on the grounds that early in the year operations were curtailed in consequence of. the quantity of water in the lower workings, and also that payable ore was not encountered at the 1,000-foot level. The tunnel on this level reached the vein at a distance of 1,000 feet from the point of entrance, in April, 1902; but, the values proving unsatisfactory, drifting was continued in an easterly direction. Mr. Edward Hooper, an English consulting mining engineer, who was sent up by the directors of the company to report on the property last summer, expressed the opinion that the ore chute had a trend towards the east, and further stated that at the easternmost face of the drift on the 1,000-foot level the average value of the ore was $7.50 a ton, or equal to the values of the mine product previously profitably milled. Developments since have been directed towards making a connection with the upper workings. As a result of Mr. Hooper's report, the company was reconstructed, in order to obtain necessary additional working capital. - By the completion of the long adit tunnel, natural drainage for the mine has been secured, and a costly pumping service avoided. Another advantage is that hoisting has been rendered unnecessary, and in future the ore will be taken out through the tunnel. It is estimated that there are now 100,000 tons of ore blocked out in the mine. Stoping is in progress in the fourth, fifth and sixth levels, but the eighth and ninth levels have not as yet been mined. During the year a cyanide plant of large capacity was installed and operated with satisfactory results. The cost of mill operations approximates 75 cents a ton; and the cost of mining, including repairs and development, about $2.15. At the Wilcox mine, owned by the Broken Hill Mining <& Development Company, a stamp mill was installed in 1902, and the property extensively developed. The ore is brought down by means of an aerial tramway. Other mines in this section are the Foghorn, owned by the Golden Monarch Mining & Milling Company, of Spokane. (Washington), at which m: » a large con- 162 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA centrator is to be shortly erected; the Union Jack, on Porcupine Creek, operated by the Active Gold Mining Company, of Cincinnati; the Hunter V., recently acquired by the Standard Development Syndicate, of Nelson; and the Queen. Of these, the Wilcox has become regularly productive, and the other properties mentioned are likely also to ship largely in the near future. In the Erie section, the Arlington and Second Relief mines have foeen operated, the former having produced some 8,000 tons of ore, at a profit of $25,000. Placer « gold discoveries were reported to have been made on the North Fork of Salmon 1 River during the year, and two companies have been organized to carry on I hydraulic operations there in 1903. The ore shipments from the Nelson Division in 1902 are estimated at 70,000 tons, and the value at rather under $600,000. EAST KOOTENAY. THE District of East Kootenay, which includes the Golden, Windermere and Fort Steele Mining Divisions, comprises an extensive area, embracing the eastern slopes of the Selkirk and Purcell Mountains, the upper portion of ^ the Columbia and Kootenay Valley, and the western slope of the Rocky Mountain ^ Range. The productive area is at present chiefly confined to sections of the Fort Steele Division, or in the drainage area of the Upper Kootenay River and its tribu- .! taries south of Findlay Creek — which is itself of very considerable extent, aggre- j gating approximately 7,000 square miles. In the Fort Steele District are situated I. the Crow's Nest coal fields and the four important silver-lead producing mines, I namely, the St. Eugene, the North Star, the Sullivan Group and the Estelle; while both in this Division and in those of Golden and Windermere are numerous partially developed prospects of unquestionable promise. In this connection special reference may be made to the Paradise and Delphine groups, in the latter division, both of which properties are on a productive footing, despite unfavourable conditions in the matter of inadequate transportation facilities. EARLY HISTORY OF MINING. The commencement of operations in the East Kootenay District dates back from 1864, when rich discoveries of alluvial deposits were made on Wild Horse Creek, which joins the Kootenay River at Fort Steele. It is officially estimated ' that ordinary claims on two miles of this creek yielded from $20 to $30 to the hand per day, and that from 1864 to 1866 five thousand persons were engaged in placer I mining in East Kootenay. By the close of 1866 the locality was largely abandoned, except foy Chinese; but of late years the old workings have been operated by hydraulic methods. Meanwhile in 1888 attention was first directed to quartz mining, 102 claims being located that year in the Golden and Windermere divisions; but practically no important discoveries were made until 1892, when the North Star mine was located by a prospector named Joseph Bourgeois, who was also the discoverer of the principal Rossland mines. Many years previous to this, however, in the late seventies, the outcrops of coal in the Crow's Nest Pass Valley had been noted, and the value of the measures subsequently computed by Dr. Selwyn, in a * report published by the Canadian Geological Survey in 1891. Active mining operations were inaugurated at the North Star mine in 1895, and in September of that year two carloads of ore were shipped to the Everett smelter, via Jennings, the gross smelter returns being $68.70 per ton. Operations were first systematically commenced also during this year at the Sullivan and St. Eugene mines. Contem- AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 163 poraneously with the construction in 1897 of the Crow's Nest Pass Railway from Fort McLeod, in the Northwest Territories, through the Crow's Nest Pass and along the valleys of the Kootenay, Moyie and Goat rivers, to Kootenay Lake, the work of opening up the vast coal fields of the Crow's Nest area was started, and • by the time the railway reached the mines 10,000 tons of coal had been banked out, and more than 4,000 feet of heading had been driven. The building of the railway exerted a most stimulating effect on the mining industry generally in East Kootenay, reviving the interest in the resources of the northern portions of the district, which has since been the scene of much prospecting activity, while the silver-lead production in 1900 from the Fort Steele division has since eclipsed that of the Slocan. LABOUR CONDITIONS. The labour conditions of the metalliferous districts are similar to those obtaining in West Kootenay. The cost of sinking a 5x8 shaft in hard diorite at the North Star mine is estimated at $28.26 per foot. At the Crow's Nest collieries the average wages earned by the miners is $3 to $4 per day; general mine labour costs $2 to $2.75 per shift; general surface labour, $ 1.75 to $2; boys receive $1 to $1.75. The duration of shift underground is eight hours, "from pit's mouth to pit's mouth." Miners are charged for oil, powder, squibs, and lost or broken tools, but not for tools and repairs. Not more than four pounds of powder are allowed tfc a pair at one time. The prices paid for work in 1900 were as follows: Per ton, in rooms with lights, 60 cents; with closed lights, 80 cents. In narrow work the usual tonnage is paid, also yardage, and $1 per set for timbers. The allowance for branching a stall is $1.25; other "considerations" are settled as they arise. PRINCIPAL MINES. The North Star group is owned by the North Star Mining Company, Limited; authorised capital, |l,500,000, in shares of a par value of $1; head office, Board of Trade Building, Montreal. The property comprises the North Star, O. K-, Dreadnaught, Rowan, Daffodil, Notre Dame, Dorae, Maverick, Good Luck, Canton, Full House, Brandon, Stemwinder and Ontario mineral locations, situated 16 miles west of the Kootenay River as it flows from its source southwards. A branch line • of railway was tuilt ficm the brcck in February of last year to Kimberley, to which point —a distance of four miles —the ore is transported by means of an aerial tramway having an hourly capacity of 10 tons. Shipments during the year covered the expenses of development. The company paid out of reserve capital $58,000 in dividends. The ores are clean, and consist of silver-lead sulphides and carbonates, requiring no concentration or sorting. The ore bodies occur in the form of more or less parallel depressions or channels, several hundred feet in length, with a maximum width of 75 feet and a maximum depth of 40 feet. The ore is extracted in large chambers, timbered with square sets. The Sullivan group of mineral claims, situated on the northeast side of Mark Creek, about one and a half miles north of the North Star mine, is owned by the Sullivan Group Mining Company, Limited; authorised capital, $2,500,000, in $1 shares; head office, Spokane, Washington. The mine has been under development for several years. The ore foody has been proved to be of considerable extent. The ore is a fine-grained galena, having an average value of 40 per cent. lead and 20 ounces silver per ton. Operations for the greater part of last year were suspended at the mine. The ore averages from 16 to 17 ounces silver and 33 to 35 per cent, lead per ton. The company have commenced the erection of a i smelter. The St. Eugene group of mines, comprising the St. Eugene, Peter, Moyie, Queen of the Hills, Lake Shore and other properties, situated to the east of the town of Moyie, on Moyie Lake, is owned by the St. Eugene Consolidated Mining Company, 164 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Limited; capital, $3,500,000, upon which a dividend of $210,000 was paid in 1901. Some development work was performed during the year, but owing.to unsatisfactory market conditions, no shipments were made. Under ordinarily favourable circumstances the mine is capable of producing very heavily, the ore bodies being of great size. The concentrates carry from 65 to 70 per cent. lead. The silver contents vary from 1-2 to 2-3 ounce to the per cent. lead. The ore is conveyed to the concentrator, which was built in 1900 and is the largest of its kind in the province, by means of an aerial tramway, at a cost of seven cents per ton. CROW'S NEST COAL COMPANY. The property of the Crow's Nest Coal Company, Limited (authorised capital $4,500,000) comprises 11,169 acres of coal lands situated near Marten Creek, Coal Creek, and Morrissey Creek. On the eastern portion of the property, near Marten Creek, containing 3,969 acres, there are fifteen seams of coal, four of which are cannel or gas coal. The remaining seams are bituminous, and admirably adapted for coking. In the western section, 12 miles distant, are 12 superimposed seams of coal outcripping from the mountain slopes, varying from 2 to 30 feet in thickness. The method of working is by the pillar and stall system. The present output is about 2,000 tons a day. The number of coke ovens now in operation is 600, but others are in course of building. The ovens are of the ordinary bee-hive shape, 12 feet in diameter, placed in double rows. The average charge of coal is 6.5 metric tons; the production of coke per charge averages 4.50 percentage, in coke 68 per cent. Time of burning, 72 hours; average output for each oven per day, 1.5. The annual product from the collieries since 1898 has been as follows: 1898, 8,996 tons; 1899, 116,200 tons; 1900, 232,245 tons; 1901, 425,350 tons. There are at present 400 ovens in operation at Fernie, producing about 700 tons of coke daily, while 200 other ovens have been fouilt at Michel and 200 more are to be immediately erected there, and 100 are to be erected at Morrissey. GEOLOGICAL FORMATION. The cretaceous rocks in which the coal is found have assumed in general the form of a flat-bottomed basin, though there are many places where local faults destroy the symmetry of this arrangement. Some of these faults are of considerable dimensions, and will form an important factor to be reckoned with in the problem of systematically mining the coal. In order to furnish an idea of the character and thickness of the cretaceous rocks, Mr. McEvoy includes in his report the measurement of a section of the escarpment on the Elk River, about three miles north of the Morrissey Siding, which, it will be remembered, is a few miles west of Fernie. This particular spot is the place where years ago Mr. Fernie had made excavations on the outcrops of the coal seams. The crest of the spur in which the measured section is included has an average slope of nearly 30 degrees, and afforded the exceptional opportunity of getting an unbroken section of almost 5,000 feet. This measurement shows a total of 4,736 feet, of which 216 feet consist in coal stams of thicknesses varying from 1 foot to 46 feet. Of the total coal, by far the greater part —198 feet — occurs in a thickness of measures of 1,847 feet. Besides the portions of coal measured as impure in the above fist, there are some irregular layers of shaly material and nodular limestone in the larger seams. Making allowance for these and deducting some of the smaller seams that could not be profitably mined, say less than three feet, it may be safely concluded that there is a total thickness of workable coal of at least 100 feet. Mr. McEvoy, continuing, points out that there is a development of 4,000 to 5,000 feet of measures above the top of the measured section, in which black shales are rarely found, brown colours prevailing throughout. The total thickness of cretaceous rocks deposited in the area, according to this estimate, is from 12,000 to AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 13,000 feet. It is not at all profoable, says Mr. McEvoy, that a section could be found in any other part of the area corresponding exactly, or even closely, to the one given. A comparison of a part of the section with the foeds at the mines on Coal Creek shows a great difference in thickness between the measures at the two places : Near Morrissey. On Coal Creek. Coal _. 10 feet 10 feet Intervening beds 140 " 60 " Coal 36 " 30 " Intervening beds 197 " 42 " Coal 6 " 6 " ■ It will be seen that while there is a great diminution of the intervening beds, the coal seams are fairly persistent. This may not be the case throughout the whole of the area, but whatever change may take place is as likely to be favourable as otherwise. Mr. McEvoy adds on this point: " The openings at Michel, 16 miles north of the mines on Coal Creek, expose three seams of coal, 15 to 17 feet in thickness, but there is not yet sufficient evidence to connect them with the seams at Coal Creek. What there is, however, tends to show that some of the seams at least have a greater thickness here than they have to the south." Since Mr. McEvoy wrote this, several other seams have been opened up, seven in all having been clearly demonstrated, in three of which development is proceeding on ah extensive scale. While technical proof of the co-relation of these seams with those at Coal Creek and Morrissey is still lacking, there is a general conviction among the practical men on the spot that they are the same seams. Mr. McEvoy concludes his valuable and interesting report with the following estimate of the ultimate yield of the mines : " Although the extent of the coal lands in the area can as yet be only somewhat roughly estimated, the estimate (230 square miles) should be near enough to the truth to foe used as an argument for the calculation of the total available coal supply. The thickness used in the calculation is the minimum already given of 100 feet of workable coal: " Total area of coal lands, 230 square miles, equalling 147,200 acres. One acre with 100 feet of coal would yield 153,480 tons of 2,240 pounds; 50,000 acres would yield 7,674,000,000 tons of 2,240 pounds; 147,200 acres would yield 22,595,200,000 tons of 2,240 pounds." Estimated production in 1902 places the output of coal at 441,000 tons, and of coke at 112,000 tons- The output was somewhat restricted as a result of a serious explosion in the Fernie colliery in May, followed by a strike of the miners. A sum approximating a million dollars has foeen expended foy. the company in the period under review in equipment and development work. The monthly payroll at the collieries amounts to $100,000, 1,000 men being employed at Coal Creek, 600 at Michel, and 400 at Morrissey. Extra prospecting was engaged in during the year in this section of the country, and some important discoveries of coal lands are reported to have been made in the Findley Valley and elsewhere. The government records show that no less than 252 applications were entered for coal and petroleum licences. In the southern portion of the district the occurrence of petroleum is suspected, the indications being exceptionally promising. Placer mining operations have been prosecuted on Perry and Wild Horse creeks, the yield from the latter locality being in the neighbourhood of $20,000, while on Perry Creek hydraulic machinery has foeen installed. A number of new discoveries of copper properties are reported to have been made in the St. Mary's and Elk River sections, and extensive surface showings of high-grade hematite iron ore have been partially exploited in the Bull River district and on Baker Mountain. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA CARIBOO DISTRICT. WHAT is commonly described as the Cariboo District includes the two mining divisions of Quesnel and Cariboo, and comprises a considerable area extending in a westerly direction from the summit of the Rocky Mountains coast- ward, for a distance of, approximately, afoout 360 miles, and north afoout 170 miles; total area being, approximately, 60,000 square miles. Through the centre of the district extends a wide and well-defined trough or valley of park-like country, through which the Cariboo waggon road, with its branches to the mining centres, passes. There is here much valuable arable and grazing land, while here are also found the extensive alluvial deposits and systems of ancient channels of buried rivers, which from their auriferous character render mining in the district an important industry. As is well known, the rich placer discoveries in the early fifties in this district were the means of first calling attention to the mineral possibilities of British Columbia. After, however, the shallow diggings had been profitably worked for a number of years by individual miners, the potentialities in the direction of hydraulic and deep-level mining presented themselves to capital, and of late years operations of a most extensive character have been carried on under company auspices in the district. With but few exceptions, however, the stage of profit- earning has hardly yet arrived, for in the equipment and exploitation of these extensive gravel beds not only large expenditures are necessary, but the time required to complete the work is considerable. THE NEW ERA. The new era of mining development began to manifest itself .when Sir William Van Home, then president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and others associated with him, acquired the control of large auriferous areas on the South Fork of the Quesnel River, about four miles afoove the town of Quesnel Forks. Since that time other companies have begun to operate, and some of them on a very large scale. Immense dams have been constructed, and miles of fluming, tunnelling and other modern methods employed for the extraction of gold. The district has for two successive seasons suffered from a scarcity of water, consequent upon light snowfalls, and the gold yield, therefore, has fallen off very considerably. The most important mining centres of the Cariboo District are Barkerville, Quesnel Forks, Keithley Creek, Snowshoe Creek and Horsefly, and in each of these sections mining operations on a large scale are being conducted. At Quesnel Forks, however, an undertaking known as the Cariboo Consolidated Mining Co. is probably not only the most considerable hydraulic enterprise carried on in British Columbia, but also in the world. The mine is situated on the south Fork of the Quesnel River, four miles above the town of the same name, and includes a number of hydraulic leases, consisting of immense deposits of high-grade auriferous gravel, the average yield being from 20 to 92 cents per cubic yard. Under an extensive system of fluming, ditching and canals, covering an aggregate distance of 33 miles, a water supply is brought from Polley, Bootjack and Morehead lakes, having a delivering capacity of 5,000 miner's inches under a head of 400 feet. It is conservatively estimated that under normal conditions the mine is capable of producing, with a water supply at present available, from $300,000 to $400,000 per annum. Last season, on account of the adverse circumstances already referred to, the value of the gold recovered amounted to $61,000 only, actual washing operations being carried on for but a brief period. The rest of the season, however, was occupied in further AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 167 opening up the mine. Up to the present time all profits from operations have been re-invested in the equipment of the property, which is now very complete; but it is confidently expected that hereafter the company will be in a position to pay handsome dividends to shareholders. The mine looks remarkably well, and the company has uncovered about half a mile of pay gravel. In this same vicinity are a number of other small enterprises, of which generally good reports have been received. The National Hydraulic Mining Company, operating on Quesnel River, opened some promising ground during the season, and satisfactory results were obtained from the employment of a small prospecting dredge in the same locality. A considerable amount of prospecting was also done last summer on the creeks flowing into Quesnel Lake. Operations were continuously prosecuted during the season at the property of the Ward Horsefly Hydraulic Mining Company. The company were fortunate in having an abundant supply of water under a pressure of about 350 feet. The gravel is raised by means of an hydraulic elevator. The season's work is reported to have been very satisfactory. BARKERVILLE DISTRICT. In the Barkerville districts the conditions were somewhat more favourable as regards water supply, this foeing explained on the ground that the mines are at a higher elevation than are those in the Quesnel section. There is generally sufficient water to enable operations to be conducted for a period of three months, and the customary yield varies from $4,000 to $20,000 in the case of hydraulic mines, and considerably more in the case of drift mines. The principal mines here are those on Williams Creek owned by the Cariboo Gold Fields, Limited, the Mount claim, the Butts and Wintrip claims; the properties of the Cariboo Consolidated, Limited, operating on Lowhee Creek; the properties of the Dragon Creek Company, on Dragon Creek; the properties of the Cariboo Exploration Company, on Binns Creek; the Thistle Company's claims, on Eight-Mile Creek; and the Waverley Hydraulic, on Grouse Creek. Many of these mines paid large profits last yean Perhaps the most noteworthy developments of the season of 1902 were the discovery of pay gravel at depth at the Slough Creek, Limited, mine. A shaft was sunk here 362% feet in rock, and a tunnel driven therefrom a distance of 1,100 feet. The importance of this discovery can hardly be over-estimated, for the success of the Slough Creek company means the beginning of deep-level mining on a large scale in Cariboo. The discovery of the hill channel of Keithley Creek on the Onward Creek was also a matter of much importance. The channel was tapped about 500 feet back from the present creek by running a tunnel. It is thought the gravel will average about 50 ounces or more to the set. On Lightning Creek some remarkably rich ground was also encountered on the Montgomery and Point claims, the former yielding 78 ounces of gold to the set 8-foot cap, while from the latter 162 ounces were taken out in six days, and 85 ounces from one set of timbers 8-foot cap. The output from the Barkerville district in 1901 was valued at $279,600: last year's yield is probably considerably greater. Quartz mining in the Cariboo District is beginning to attract attention, and on Snowshoe Mountain in particular very promising- properties have been opened up. There are meanwhile signs of a general revival and of increased activity in this historic section of the province, and as already the snowfall this winter has been exceptionally heavy, the season of 1903 promises to foe a most successful one. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA KAMLOOPS. KAMLOOPS District, so far as mining is concerned, is yet in the prospect stage, though recent developmeats and explorations clearly indicate the extent of the mineralised area and pcint to future possibilities in the direction of important mining developments in this district. While up to the present time the principal centre of mining activity has been the Coal Hill section, situated three miles to the south of the town, there can be no doubt that the region tributary to the North Thompson River offers exceptional opportunities both to the prospector and the capitalist. The whole country north of Kamloops, for a distance of 10O miles, according to geological surveys, is rich in gold and silver ores. The territory is at present easily accessible both by trails and steamboat navigation, though, at the same time, prospecting is somewhat difficult on account of the worn-down character of the mountains and the superficial encumbrance of wash and timber. The principal mines of the Coal Hill camp lie in a belt of basic granite rocks traversing the country in a northwesterly direction. This belt extends for a distance of about six miles, and its extreme width is three miles. The granite rocks are in contact with the Nicola formation to the south, and overlaid by a bed of tertiary formation on the north. The elevation of the area, which is for the most part covered with glacial drift* is between 2,000 and 3,500 feet above sea level. The outcrops of the igneous rocks are scattered over the area, and consequently considerable surface^ exploration is necessary in tracing mineral exposures. The ore is primarily chal- copyrite, in some cases associated with magnetite, in others with pyrites, -while calcite occurs in nearly all the veins, quartz, however, being sparingly distributed. . At one mine bornite is found with chalcopyrite and some bands of grey copper in a felsite gangue. COAL AND MICA. In the valley of the North Thompson a number of seams of good coal have been discovered, and the analysis of the material made foy the Geological Survey Department is as follows : Hygroscopic water 2.22 Volatile combustible matter 38.10 Fixed carbon 46.76 Ash 15.92 Coke 59.68 At the headwaters of the Thompson and Canoe rivers, commercially valuable deposits of mica have also been found, the -vein material or matrix of the deposits being a coarsely crystalline mixture of quartz or feldspar, in which frequently other minerals occur as crystals. The rocks from Kamloops northward are first of the Cache Creek series, which are later followed by rocks of the Adams Lake and Nis- Gonlith series, which are sometimes massive diabases, fout more frequently slate-like or schistose. PRINCIPAL MINES. These are the Iron Mask, Python group, Homestake group, Chieftain group, Pothook, Copper King, O. K. group, the Glen iron mines, and the Hardie cinnabar mines. During 1902 the development work on the Iron Mask was continued. The shaft was sunk to a depth of 520 feet, and the mine opened up with levels 100 feet apart. In all, over 2,100 feet of development work has foeen done on the property. The AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 169 property is equipped with a Northey duplex station pump, three 50 h. p. boilers, a four-drill compressor, and a gasoline engine. A few carloads of ore were shipped during the year to the Granby smelter, the copper contents being 12 per cent. The output from the Glen Iron mine in 1902 was 3,500 tons of magnetite, which was shipped to the Trail and Nelson smelters for fluxing purposes. The vein from which this ore was obtained is over 20 feet wide. A company was ;formed early in 1902 to acquire the Python and Homestake groups. A tract of 760 acres was also purchased, on which it is proposed to erect a smelter in the near future. Another new organization is the Cherry Creek Copper King Mines, Limited, which recently purchased the O. K. group. On the Hardie cinnabar mines over 1,000 feet of work has been done in four crosscut tunnels. A company was formed in London during the year to acquire these properties. On the Toonkwa claim, twelve miles south of Savonas, a shaft has been sunk to a depth of 20 feet, the ore, which occurs in the form, of a dyke 40 feet wide, averaging in the shaft from 2% to 3 per cent, of mercury. Gold dredging operations on the Thompson River failed to return profitable results last season, but the dredge has been moved to Tranquille Creek, where the prospects are decidedly better, $1,000 worth of gold having been recovered in a preliminary run extending over a fortnight. A beginning is to be made in the development of the coal areas lying to the west of the town of Kamloops, the Empire Development Company having acquired recently several leases in this vicinity, and exploratory work is to be commenced with boring machines shortly. VANCOUVER ISLAND. DURING the past year Vancouver Island has come very largely to the front as a mineral-producing area, and development of its resources is now rapidly proceeding. These resources include the coal occurrences on the east at Ladysmith, Nanaimo, Comox and Hardy Bay, and on the north at Quatsino Sound, the deposits of copper ores carrying gold and silver values, at Sooke, in the Cowichan district, on the east coast; in the San Juan, Alberni, Clayoquot and other districts of the west coast; and at Quatsino on the north, and immense deposits of magnetic iron ore which occur throughout the western and southeastern portions of the Island. Geologically, Vancouver Island may be divided as follows: In the southern portion the rocks are igneous in character, a belt of semi-crystalline slates traversing the Island from Saanich peninsula, on the southeast coast, to San Juan Harbour, on the southwest coast; while the northern portion is again subdivisafole, the rocks forming the eastern section being sandstones, conglomerates and other sedimentary rocks; and on the west crystalline limestones and intrusive dykes of igneous rocks are characteristic. THE VICTORIA MINING DIVISION. Gold was first discovered in this division in 1860, when the gravels of the Leech and Sooke rivers were found to be auriferous. Leechtown, a typical mining camp, was built, and the population is reported as at one time having reached several hundreds. The yield of placer gold was satisfactory for some years, but when worked out, as no gold-bearing quartz of sufficient grade and extent was discovered, prospecting was abandoned; and it was not until afoout 1896 or 1897 that prospectors re-visited this section of the Island and resumed their explorations. The discovery of a heavy iron capping, below which was found high-grade ehalcopyrite 170 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ore, on Skirt Mountain, at Goldstream, about ten miles from Victoria, gave the incentive to the prospector, and was followed by the location of a large number of mineral claims in that immediate neighbourhood, as well as in the Sooke Mountains, and on Mount Sicker, some 30 miles north from Goldstream. The Sooke Mountains are formed from the uplifting of the semi-crystalline slates. These slates have much the appearance of metamorphosed Cambrian shales, and carry quite an appreciable percentage of graphite. The strata have been tilted from their horizontal position to nearly vertical, either from lateral pressure or from the upheaval of the intrusive igneous dykes, or both. The strike of these slates is northwesterly. Interfoliated comfortably with line of strike are numerous lenses ol quartz; usually narrow and quite limited in strength. This quartz is generally gold-hearing, and evidently was the source of the placer gold of Leech and Sooke rivers, the waters of which have cut channels through the mountains, and crosscut the formation. Owing to the auriferous character of the quartz lenses a number of mineral claims were located some years back, but none of them have developed into mines, although on some much work has been done. MOUNT SKIRT. Mount Skirt is situated on the southern flank of the belt of slate, and apparently belongs to the same formation; but the rocks, which are schistose, have been very much more metamorphosed. Some $25,000 have.been expended in development of the Phair group of claims in this section, and some shipments of ore have been made. The ore, which is a ehalcopyrite of good grade, averages three feet in width. MOUNT SICKER. The Mount Sicker District may be considered to occupy a position almost at the line of demarcation between the sedimentary rocks and the crystalline area. A zone of schist occurs extending from Maple Bay, on the east coast, through Mounts Sicker and Brenton towards the west coast, an undetermined distance. The line of strike is nearly due east and west. The widest of the mineralised zone, so far as at present known, is about 1,200 feet, and if it maintains its continuity to the west coast it should cross the Alberni Canal near its entrance to Barkley Sound. But instead of doing this the zone apparently wedges out near Cowichan Lake; while another zone of schistose rocks, very similar to those of the Mount Sicker region, occurs on China Creek, afoout 12 miles from the head of Alberni Canal. The most important mines are the Lenora, Tyee, Richard III., Key City and Copper Canyon. The altitude of the summit of Mount Sicker above sea level is about 2,000 feet. The country rock is principally sehist, and would probably be cast as a sericite if microscopically examined. It apparently contains considerable chlorite and feldspar. The line of strike of this belt of sehist is nearly due magnetic east, and the strike of the ore foodies conforms with that of the schist. The structure of the ore bodies in this vicinity is similar to that of the large majority on Vancouver Island, which have come under the writer's observation, and should be classed as lenticular. The ore apparently fills fissures produced when the rocks were folded and contorted. The present cleavage planes of the schists on Mount Sicker are not the original cleavage p'anes of the formation. At points along the line of strike of the schists the Assuring process has been so violent that the lenses of ore sometimes reach a"thickness of 30 feet or more, as at the Lenora; but at others are narrow and of limited extent longitudinally. On Mount Sicker there is one feature connected with the mineralised zone which deserves attention. It is that on the northern boundary of the schist a well-defined, persistent ledge of hungry- looking quartz occurs. This has up to the present time marked the northern limit of the local occurrences of ore, the southern limit being as equally well defined and marked by a dike of porphyritic rock, which at the contact between it and schist AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 171 has a peculiar appearance, and resembles a foody of dirty brown, melted gutta percha with white nodules as impregnations through it. When struck with a pick or drill this material is found to be soft, but spongy, like india rubber. Its thickness varies from a few inches up to two feet, and when exposed to the air it slacks and breaks up like shale. Mining in this district last year was very actively prosecuted, and considerable instalments of machinery were made at the. principal mines. During the year construction of two large smelting works —one at Crofton, Osborne Bay, and the other at Ladysmith — was completed, and connection established therefrom to the mines— in the one case by a narrow-gauge railway, and in the other by means of an aerial tram system, over which the ore from the Tyee mine is brought down to a point on the Esquimalt ■& Nanaimo Railway. The Crofton smelter is equipped with three furnaces, the smallest being a cupola for re-melting matte whenever desirable, and the two larger furnaces being of the water-jacket and Garretson types respectively, the former having a capacity of 350 tons a day. In the converter building aretwo converters, each having a daily capacity to treat 50 tons of matte. Actual smelting operations were commenced at the Ladysmith works in December last. The plant is a very complete one, and is capable of treating 200 tons of ore daily. In 1902 the Lenora mine shipped to the Tacoma smelter 1,943 tons of No. 1 ore, and to the Crofton smelter 648 tons of first-class and 11,915 tons of second-class ore. The property was further considerably developed, the principal work including the sinking of a double-compartment shaft to a depth of 180 feet, from the floor of No. 2 level to a point about 100 feet below No. 3 level. At the present time there are two chutes of ore that have not been stoped, between tunnels No. 2 and 3. The machinery installed during the year included a five-drill compressor and a sorting table with crusher and elevators. At the Tyee mine the main shaft was continued to a depth of 400 feet, and cross- cutting started to intersect the lead. The main ore body was opened up a distance extending over 800 feet in ore, and stoping is being prosecuted at the rate of 150 tons daily. The following machinery is installed at the mine : Four boilers, a double-drum Hendy hoist and one smaller hoist, two Ingersoll-Sargeant compressors, a Gates crusher, an engine and belt conveyor. On the Richard III. claim a shaft has been sunk to a depth of 150 feet, the indications being extremely promising. On the Key City sinking has been continued to a depth of 300 feet, and development work has also been actively prosecuted on the Copper Canyon claim. The other work done on a large number of claims scattered over Mount Sicker and Mount Brenton amounts to very little, being just sufficient assessment work to hold the claims. Various reports of strikes, etc., have been made from time to time, but the work done has not been of such a character as to prove continuity and values, and the owners of these claims are evidently waiting for " something to turn, up " in increased yalues for properties, resulting from the successful working of the very few mines really operating on a large scale. At Cowichan Lake and the upper waters, of the Chemainus River fairly heavy development work has foeen done, but in neither case has the presence of ore bodies of commercial value been proved to exist. On Malahat Mountain, near Shawnigan Lake, the usual development work has been done on some twenty claims. The surface showings on this mountain consist of pyrrhotite and magnetite, and are very large. They occur in a lime contact, and, carrying as they do some values in copper and occasionally very good gold, they are well worthy of exploitation on a large scale. The work up to the present time is scattered all over the mountain side, which is a pity, as if concentrated it might possibly have opened up a really good mining camp, as the whole country along the line of contact contains large outcrops of ore. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Some good samples of iron ore, also quartz and copper pyrites, have been brought in by prospectors from the new trail at Ladysmith. No work, however, has as yet been done on these claims. SAN JUAN. The western portion of the Victoria Mining Division has not been as thoroughly prospected as has the eastern. The San Juan and Gordon rivers have been explored * for considerable distances above their mouths, and several mineral claims located. Most of the ore bodies so far discovered are composed of mineral deposits of high- grade magnetite, while others are bodies of pyrrhotite carrying some copper and gold values. In addition io tiie ore bodies found on the west coast in this mining division, several deposits of auriferous black sands have been discovered and worked. Operations in this district are being extensively carried on by a syndicate of British capitalists. THE ALBERNI MINING DIVISION. Lode mining was commenced in this division at an earlier date than anywhere else on Vancouver Island. Prospectors took advantage of the Alberni Canal, which enabled them to explore the mountains contiguous to the shore line. China and Granite creeks, which empty into the canal, had been prospected some years previous to lode mining prospecting, and placer gold mined from the beds and banks. This fact led to the installation of hydraulic plants, and a more systematic exploration for gold-hearing quartz. The former are idle to-day — in fact appear to have been failures from the start — but as a result of the latter a large number of claims were located on Mineral Hill, at the head of China Creek, and the adjoining mountains, I as well as on the mountains near the head of Granite Creek. Outcroppings of gold-bearing quartz veins indicated the occurrence of free milling gold ore, and led to the building of small stamp mills and the expenditure of considerable money in an attempt to develop mines. Owing to various causes, except at the Golden Eagle, situated at the head of China Creek, but little activity has been shown in this section of the camp of late, although many promising prospects occur. On Copper Island, in Barkley Sound, occur very extensive deposits of magnetite; while on the opposite side of the sound, or southeast from Copper Island, occur the ore bodies on the Sarita River, composed of magnetite and pyrrhotite. Northwesterly from Copper Island, a few miles distant, occur vast bodies of magnetite, known as the Sechart group. During the year a small shipment of 150 tons of ore was made from the Monitor mine, on the Alberni Canal; and the Hayes mine, at which, however, operations were suspended for the greater part of 1902, shipped 2,000 tons. Exploratory work on the Golden Eagle was steadily prosecuted ; and important developments are reported to have been made in the Kennedy Lake camp, where fissure veins of gold- bearing quartz were first discovered in 1898. The iron deposits on Barkley Sound have been extensively opened up, with the most satisfactory results. QUATSINO SOUND. In the north of the Island, at Quatsino Sound, some remarkably large and rich deposits of copper ore have been developed, on the Comstoek and other groups. At the Comstoek mine an aerial tramway was installed, and during the summer two shipments of ore were made — the one to Tacoma and the other to the Ladysmith smelter. Coal was discovered in the same neighbourhood a few years ago, and the district is likely in the near future to prove a very important mining area. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 173 NANAIMO MINING DIVISION. This district covers a larger area than any other on Vancouver Island, as it includes within its boundaries the islands in the Straits of Georgia, as well as ah extensive territory on the Mainland. The Vancouver Island collieries being located within this district, places it as the most important from points of development and production of any of the Island districts, though the actual operations are carried on over a comparatively small area, being confined to the neighbourhood of the following towns on the east coast of the Island : Ladysmith, at Oyster Bay; Nanaimo, at Nanaimo Harbour; Wellington, six miles northwesterly from Nanaimo; Comox, Union and Cumberland, near Union Harbour. The collieries are operated by the following companies : Western Fuel Company, operating the Nanaimo colliery, consisting of the No. 1 shaft, Esplanade, in the City of Nanaimo ; Protection Island shaft, Southfield, near Nanaimo River. The Union Colliery Company of British Columbia, Limited, operating the Union colliery, consisting of No. 4 slope and Nos. 5 and 6 shafts, in the Comox district; Wellington colliery, in Douglas district, known as the Extension mine, consisting of Nos. 1, 2 and 3 slopes, and Tunnel mine; the Alexandria colliery, in the Cranberry .district, at Union Bay, where coke, fire and ordinary brick are manufactured by the same company. The output from these collieries last year was divided as follows : New Vancouver Coal Company "(Nanaimo), 490,000 tons; Wellington Colliery Co., 800,000 tons of coal and 15,800 tons of coke. The most important occurrences in connection with the coal mining industry on Vancouver Island during the year were the sale of the New Vancouver Coal Company's property to the Western Fuel Company, of San Francisco; and the discovery of a four-foot seam of high-grade anthracite coal near Brown's River, in the Comox district. TEXADA ISLAND. On Texada Island the Van Anda mines have passed under the control of an English syndicate. The Cornell mine has been satisfactorily developed by means of a shaft which was continued down to the 360-foot level. The Marble Bay mines have been steadily operated, a gravity tramway having been built from the mine to wharf, and the ore which has been accumulating since the property was first opened, shipped. Development operations were continued on the Golden Slipper claim — a gold-hearing quartz ore — and on the Volunteer group. The iron mines of Texada Island were in continuous operation during the year, and the ore shipped to the Irondale furnace, near Port Townsend, Washington. The pig iron here produced has found a ready market in San Francisco and other manufacturing centres on the Pacifie Coast. MINING ON THE MAINLAND COAST. THE mineral belt of the Coast may be said to commence about ten miles north from Vancouver on Seymour Creek, where for the past two or three years parties of prospectors have been engaged in developing mineral claims, on which occur copper-gold ores. These are said to be quite extensive in body and of a fairly good grade, so far as work has progressed. The locations are reached by a waggon road from North Vancouver. Pitt Lake may also be considered to belong to the Coast District. This is located at the head of Pitt River, which empties into the Fraser. Mineral claims 174 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA in this region were located several years back, and several on which occur copper- gold ores have been partially developed. A discovery of molybdenite was reported in this vicinity during 1901. Travelling up the coast from Burrard Inlet, there have not been so far discovered any occurrences of mineral immediately adjacent to the shore-line, until a point on Howe Sound, about ten miles above its entrance, is reached. Several mineral claims have foeen staked in that vicinity on outeroppings.of iron capping, impregnated with ehalcopyrite. The country rock is of a schistose character, and apparently this same class of rock occupies quite an extensive area, maintaining its continuity towards, the north for several hundred yards, when it gives place, however, to granite, which, judging from observations from boats, is the predominating country rock along the shore-line towards the head of the Sound for several miles, or until a point is reached known as the Goldsmith and Britannia Landing. There the schistose rock again occurs, occupying a wide belt and extending in an easterly direction towards the head of the North Arm of Burrard Inlet. It is in this belt of rock that the Goldsmith and Britannia groups of mineral claims are located. These have attained a very widespread notoriety because of the enormous bluffs of iron and copper pyrites which occur as outcroppings. One of these in particular is about 600 feet long and nearly 300 feet high. A tunnel crosscutting the formation nearly diagonally for about 100 feet is in ore all the way, with ore still in the breast. The grade of this is reported to average from 3 to 5 per cent, in copper, with low gold and silver values. About 800 feet of development work has been done on this group of claims; and as the control of them passed into the hands of a wealthy Montana syndicate during 1901, it is expected that ere long active mining operations will be commenced. The extent of the ore bodies, of which there are several in addition to the enormous bluff referred to, is so great, while the ore is of low grade, that in order to render operations successful they must be carried on on a very large scale. These ore bodies apparently occupy fissures in the schist of lenticular structure, but of very great extent. The gangue of the ore is principally quartz, but very often the iron and copper pyrites are quite massive, with but comparatively little impurities associated. This mineral-bearing zone has been prospected towards the east along its strike for a distance in an air line of eight or nine miles, and from the discoveries reported already, Howe Sound will undoubtedly prove to be one of the most important copper-producing camps in the province. Some of the outcroppings easterly from the Britannia are high-grade bornite ore. This section of the Coast has merely foeen scratched over up to the present time; the first discovery of copper-gold ore was only made late in the fall of 1898; and since then, although a good deal of prospecting has been done, the actual development work done has not been as extensive as would have been expected. Whether this mineral-bearing zone maintains its continuity on the west side of Howe Sound is a question which has not yet been sufficiently investigated. Proceeding up the Coast, the next stretch of inland water on which any discoveries of mineral have been made is Jervis Inlet. In the vicinity of one of the arm's of this inlet is located the old Howe mine, which was developed to some extent about thirty years ago, but has since not been operated. Recently the only operations which have been carried on in the vicinity are those by the British Columbia Exploring Syndicate, on an occurrence of copper-gold ore. The development work has been quite extensive, and the property promises to become a large producer in the future. Up to the present time no shipping facilities have been installed, because the policy of the owners of the property has been to develop and block out ore in sight and establish the value as a mine. The coast-line and adjacent islands between the last-mentioned inlet and the boundary of the province are practically unexplored. Some little prospecting has AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 175 been done on the Bella Coola, Skeena and Naas Rivers, Observatory Inlet and the Stikine River, as well as on Princess Royal, Gribfoel and Banks Islands. Exploratory work on prospects in all of these sections was pushed during 1901, and it is expected that during the summer of the present year it will be definitely determined how great is the value of many of the discoveries already made. THE ATLTN DISTRICT. THE Atlin Mining Division is situated in the extreme north of the province of British Columbia. It occupies a wedge-shaped position between the Teslin Mining Division on the east and the Bennett Division on the west; its northern boundary is the 60th parallel of latitude, and it extends as far south as Alaska. The length of the district exceeds 60 miles, and its average width is about 30 miles. Lying in the middle of the division, in a north and south direction, is Atlin Lake, into which all the principal creeks flow, and of which the outlet is the Atlinto River, which empties into Taku, an arm of Lake Tagish — thus it is that the Atlin Division drains north, and eventually into the Yukon River. The country is mountainous, with many peaks above the snow-line. Some of the mountains are of volcanic origin and still preserve a cone-like appearance. All the creeks are bordered by hills, which are wooded upward for a considerable distance with Bank- sian pine, jack spruce and poplar. Though these trees are in many instances small— about six inches in diameter — large trees also abound. There are tracts of land which appear well suited for agriculture, for the soil is fertile and might be drained without difficulty; but as yet the population has been insufficient and the permanency of the camp too uncertain to offer inducements to the agriculturist. Excellent fish are obtainable from the lake — trout, whitefish and grayling being the ordinary varieties. Some of the trout are very large, weighing as many as 23 pounds. The chief wealth of the district, however, is in its minerals. Gold is the principal metal found, with platinum sometimes in association; but copper also is said to occur in paying quantities. HISTORY AND POPULATION. Russian influence did not extend as far inland as Atlin. Indeed, the district seems to have been quite uninhabited prior to the coming of the prospector, for the few Tagish Indians who are now in Atlin have come within the last four years; but old and rotten sluice-boxes have been found, which indicate that the region was visited in early days by men who probably drifted north from Cariboo and Cassiar. Authentic history begins in the summer of 1898, when Fritz Miller, guided by a sketch map in his possession, and which he had received from his brother, who obtained it in some unknown manner, crossed Atlin Lake and proceeded to Pine Creek and staked discovery claim. Miller's discovery soon became known, and occasioned a stampede from the Klondike and other places, so that before winter claims were staked on all the principal creeks and the most promising ground secured. A rush came in the spring of 1899, when 5,000 people pitched their tents on Atlin townsite. These people found that all the good ground had been staked; but the Alien Act, which had come into force in January, 1899, afforded a pretext to some for jumping claims. The fact that the early-comers were uncertain whether the district was in British Columbia or the Northwest Territories, and staked accord- mgly, added to the confusion, because at that time the British Columbia placer claim was 100 feet, while that of the Northwest was 250 feet. As supplies began to give out and there was no prospect of work, the population rapidly diminished. In 1900 it still further diminished, only those remaining who had found employment; while YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA in the summer of 1901, according to the government census, there were but 1,389 people in the whole district. ACCESSIBILITY. In summer there is no difficulty whatever attending the tr,;p into Atlin. The point of departure from the White Pass ■& Yukon 'Railway is Cariboo Crossing, 68 miles from Skagway. At Cariboo connection is made twice a week with the stern- wheel steamer Gleaner, which runs on Taku Arm and Inlet as far as Taku City. Two miles of railway connect Taku City and Scotia Bay, and from the latter place the little steamer Scotia crosses Lake Atlin in 20 minutes. The whole journey from Skagway to Atlin takes only 24 hours. When navigation closes, Log Cabin becomes the divisional point, and Atlin is reached by the Fantail route. Travelling within the district itself is easy; the lake and creeks are the natural highways; excellent roads have been made to the principal camps, and good trails lead to the less frequented portions of the district. ATLIN AND PINE CITY. The town of Atlin is the focus of the district. It is beautifully situated on rising ground at the eastern side of the lake, one mile and a half north of the mouth of Pine Creek. Facing it from the opposite side of the lake are the snow-capped Atlin Mountains. About seven miles from Atlin is Pine City, or Discovery, where I most of the miners working on Pine and Willow creeks reside. In population it equals Atlin, but it lacks the substantial appearance of the latter town. The two | places are connected by stage. CLIMATE. As far as a correct estimate can be arrived at in four years, the climate of Atlin is good. The altitude is 2,200 feet, so the air is bracing. In summer, in the middle of the day it is hot, but about 4 o'clock in the afternoon it becomes cool, and at 2 in the morning quite cold. Many of the evenings are sufficiently warm to make boating on the lake very enjoyable. In winter the cold is not insupportable. Skating and snowshoeing are enjoyed, even by women. In February, 1901, the highest I temperature was 29 degrees above; the lowest, 50 degrees below. In March the highest was 39 degrees afoove, the lowest 17 degrees below. In April the highest! 42 degrees above, the lowest 10 degrees below. GEOLOGY. The auriferous belt to which attention has thus far been confined lies to the east of Atlin Lake, and covers afoout 150 square miles. It is drained foy Pine Creek with its tributaries, and MeKee Creek. The underlying formation consists of metamorphic rocks, of which magnesium is the predominating constituent, and these are intruded by igneous rock of volcanic type, chiefly diabase. The magnesium rocks are folaek, "and weather-stain a rusty brown; sometimes they are fibrous and become true serpentines, and they generally contain numerous intercalations of quartz, which is peculiar on account of its apple-green colouration, due to a chromiferous mica, and probably to nickel. This gold-bearing series is cut off on the north by granite, and on the. east and south by slates and quartzites. The slates may prove productive, in which case the gold area would foe greatly extended. The Canadian Geological Survey had J. C. Gwillim, B. A. Sc, in the Atlin field during the summers of 1899 and 1900. Mr. Gwillim made a log and compass survey of the district, and his valuable observations and conclusions are incorporated in the reports of the Geological Survey for the two years mentioned. A geological map accompanies these reports and greatly adds to their value. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 177 Gold is found on bedrock, which is sometimes three, but more often thirty, feet from the surface, and it generally occurs in paying quantities in the eight feet of gravel above bedrock. It ranges in value from $15 to $17 per ounce, and is usually coarse in character. Large nuggets are sometimes found. The largest on record is the quartz nugget of 1899, which came from Spruce Creek and which weighed 83 ounces. In June, 1901, one was obtained from McKee Creek weighing 28% ounces and worth $460; and in July, from Blue Canyon, on Spruce Creek, a $600 nugget was obtained — weight, S&/2 ounces. Fine gold also occurs, but is ordinarily lost, because the individual miners make no attempt to separate it from the black sand. MINING. Placer mining and hydraulicing are the modes of mining principally adopted; lode mining has been attempted, but without very satisfactory results. In 1901 practically all work was confined to Pine, Spruce, Willow, Birch, Boulder and McKee creeks. Pine Creek, being discovery creek, is of special interest. The valley through which it flows is wide, and was apparently cut out in pre-glacial times by a stream of large proportions, and of which Surprise lake was a part. The stream would then bear the same relation to Atlin Lake that Taku Inlet now hears to Taku Arm. The present creek is about 14 miles long. For the first seven miles — from Surprise Lake to Nugget Point — the gravels are 30 to 60 feet deep and the grade of the creek is slight, so no mining has been possible; for, although the gravels might pay for working, operations could not be carried on without injury to the miners lower down the stream. From Nugget Point to a few hundred feet below Discovery the depth of gravel is comparatively shallow, and it is from this vicinity that the bulk of the gold has been derived, for the benches have proved rich, as well as the creek. Below these shallow diggings, from Spruce Junction to Atlin Lake, the creek becomes canyon-like, its bed is broken at Pine Falls, and it carries no gold. Pine Creek was the centre of interest in 1899 and 1900, and Chinese pumps, water- wheels, wing-dams, ditches and flumes attest the activity of that period. In 1901 fewer miners were at work, and these were engaged chiefly on the benches, for most of the creek claims had been worked out. The number of individual miners on the other creeks has also been decreasing. In 1901 the best paying creek placer claims were 34 foelow, Boulder Creek, and 27 and 28 above, McKee Creek. There bedrock was being worked upon, and the yield per day per man was afoout 1V2 ounces. Drifting on the hencb.es at Pine, Spruce, Boulder and McKee creeks continues during the winter as well as the summer. HYDRAULIC MINING. In 1899 the first hydraulic plant was installed by the Atlin Lake Mining Company on Birch Creek. Since that date plants, more or less complete, have been put in by Societe Mini ere de la Colombia Britannique, Boulder Creek; by the Pendug- wig Company, Wright Creek; by the Willow Creek Hydraulic Company, Willow Creek; by the Surprise Company, Pine Creek; by the Columbia Mining Company and the Blue Canyon Company, Spruce Creek; and by the Atlin Mining Company, McKee Creek. Each gold-producing creek is gradually coming under the control of a hydraulic company. This may be regretted by the individual miners, but appears necessary, for from the nature of the deposits it is only by consolidation of claims that the difficulties of successfully working the ground can be overcome. The success of the hydraulic companies is fraught with peculiar interest, for now that so much dead work has foeen completed and the period of profit should foegin, if, contrary to expectations, the returns are insignificant and hydraulicing is pronounced a failure, the camp will be all but deserted. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LODE MINING. Development work has foeen done on several veins with encouraging results, notably on the Imperial and Engineer mines. RECENT OPERATIONS, The season of 1902 was a very successful one, the production being over half a million dollars in coarse gold. The number of miners employed on the several creeks was approximately 800. Increased production this year was due to the satisfactory working of the hydraulic mines on Boulder, Pine and McKee Creeks, and mining on a large scale in this district is gradually taking the place of individual effort. Operations during the year were conducted by the Societe Miniere de la Colombie Britannique, on Boulder Creek; Pine Creek Power Co., on Pine Creek; Nimrod Syndicate, on McKee Creek; Columbia Hydraulic Mining Company and the Consolidated Spruce Creek Placers, Limited, on Spruce Creek. Steam hoists and centrifugal pumps are now being successfully used in the district, and operations will foe prosecuted next season on a still more extensive scale. THE GOLDEN MINING DIVISION OF E. KOOTENAY. THIS mining division comprises the northern portion of the district of East Kootenay, and includes the country on either side of the Columbia River from the summit of the Rocky Mountains on the northeast to the summit of the Selkirk Range in the southwest, and extends in a northwesterly direction from Galena, above Spallumcheen, to about seven miles north of the Big Bend of the Columbia — a distance of afoout 140 miles. The Canadian Pacific Railway traverses the district in an easterly and westerly direction; the stations within the division foeing Bear Creek, Beaver, Donald, Golden, Palliser, Otter Tail, Field, Hector and Stephen. The predominating rock formation on the Rocky Mountain side of the Columbia is carboniferous limestone, overlying argillaceous slates and shales, which are exposed in some of the deeper canyons, and along the banks of the larger streams. On the southwestern or Selkirk' side, igneous granular rocks such as diorites, syenites, granites, dolerites, etc., (frequently porpihyritie) form the foighei mountains and ridges; while on the flanks and hi the depressions or basins metamorphic slates and schists, with occasional bands of limestone, form the country rock, and in many places are traversed by porphyritic and other eruptive dikes, and metalliferous quartz lodes. On the northeastern side more or less development work has been done at different times on the Monarch, near Field (argentiferous galena and blende), and on some silver-lead claims along the Otter Tail, also on Beaver Foot Creek and Ice River, and in the Blue Water country, north of Donald. On the Selkirk or southwest side the mining camps are much more numerous, and are generally found near where the slates and schists have been broken through by the eruptive rocks. The Spillimacheen and Jubilee Mountain camps, about 40 miles afoove Golden and on the southwest side of the Columbia, are, however, exceptions, as at these points and for some distance southeast the carboniferous limestone extends across the Columbia, and the lodes, argentiferous, galena and copper ores, are found either in the schists or limestone near the contact. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION The other mining localities on this side are situated as follows: On Bugaboo Creek (copper, gold and silver-lead), from 8 to 25 miles west of Spilhmacheen Landing. Vermont Creek (copper, gold, silver-lead and bismuth), about 21 miles southwest of Carbonate Landing. Copper Creek (copper, gold and silver-lead), west-southwest from Carbonate. Spruce Tree Creek, on north side of Middle Fork of Spilhmacheen River (copper ores and gold quartz), 22 miles from Carbonate Landing. Carbonate Creek and Carbonate Mountain (silver-lead, copper ore and gold quartz), on the south side of the North Fork of the Spilhmacheen River, afoout 25 miles from Carfoonate Landing. Caribou Creek, on the opposite side of the Middle Fork and about the same distance from Carfoonate Landing (gold quartz, galena and copper). Robbie Burns Basin (gold quartz), on the north side of the Middle Fork, 27 miles from Carbonate Landing. International Basin (gold quartz, silver-lead and copper), on the headwaters of the Middle Fork of Spilhmacheen River, 30 miles from Carbonate Landing. Boston and Bennison, across the divide from the International Basin (gold quartz, silver, lead and copper ores), 31 miles by trail from Carbonate and about the same distance from Bear Creek Station, on the Canadian Pacific Railway. McMurdo Creek (gold quartz, silver-lead and copper ores), about 30 miles from Carbonate, and west of Robfoie Burns Basin. Prairie Mountain (gold quartz, galena and copper ores), about 10 miles east of Bear Creek Station, on the Canadian Pacific Railway. Fifteen-Mile Creek (copper and gold), from 7 to 10 miles from the landing on the Columbia River. Canyon Creek (copper ores and gold quartz), from 8 to 10 miles from Golden. There are strong, well-defined lodes and very encouraging prospects in many of the above camps, and in some of them the surface showings .are unusually good; but, except in one of two camps, very little work of importance in determining the extent of the ore foodies or the prospective value of the lodes has foeen done. Most of the claims are at a standstill for want of capital, and there seems to foe a good opening here at present for one or more development companies to take hold of properties on a stock basis or on working bonds, and do a safe and profitable mining business. There are government trails to all the camps, and the cost of visiting and examining the most promising claims would not be great. In almost every locality where lodes are found there are streams in the immediate vicinity capable of furnishing all the power required to generate electricity for operating mills, concentrators, trams, hoisting works, compressors, etc. Timfoer is plentiful and in many places so afoundant that charcoal for smelting purposes can foe supplied in large quantities and at a moderate price for a number of years. This is an important, consideration, as a large portion of the ores of this district might be smelted or reduced to a matte on the ground, thus saving on an average profoafoly 75 per cent, of the cost of shipping crude ore to* a market. Iron and limestone can foe obtained in or near most of the camps. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LILLOOET DISTRICT. THE creeks and streams in this district have been extensively worked for gold by placer miners for the past forty years, the benches of the Fraser River, Cayuse Creek and Bridge River having proved highly auriferous. Quartz mining operations were, first commenced in 1894, when rich free-milling gold was discovered on Cayuse Creek; and later, in 1897, such promising properties as the Forty Thieves, Lome, Ida May and Bend d'Or were discovered and worked. A stamp mill was erected at the Ben d'Or and gold to the value of $85,000 extracted during the time the mine was in operation. From the Lome and Woodchuck claims $25,000 was recovered by the employment of an arrastra. In addition to the free- milling gold ores, large deposits of copper and other ores have been discovered in this district. The country is park-like in character, and there is an abundance of timber and water for mining purposes. THE BIG BEND DISTRICT. THIS section of Northwest Kootenay has produced in the aggregate a large placer gold yield, but is now foeing exploited for quartz. The district takes its name from a curious sinuosity of the Columbia River, which at Beaver Mouth, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, flows northward for approximately 100 miles and thereafter changes to a southerly course, again crossing the C. P. R. line at Revelstoke, the commercial centre of the district. The area comprises some 2,000 square miles, a large proportion of which is mineral-bearing. The chief drawback to mining is the inaccessibility of the region, but this has recently been to some extent overcome by the placing of a steamboat on the Columbia River, which makes regular trips between Revelstoke and Laporte. This year (1908) it is hoped that the river will be navigated for 150 miles. In some cases quartz mining development has been well advanced. Thus in the Standard Basin some 1,200 feet of work has been done on the Standard group, and large bodies of high- grade copper ore exposed. The Rosebery group, in the same vicinity, also gives great promise, an. expenditure of $20,000 having been made in development. The ore here is arsenical iron, carrying values in gold. Good prospects are found on Laforme and Downie creeks and in Ground Hog Basin. On the north side of Downie Creek a remarkable showing of copper ore has been exposed foy landslides, the vein foeing distinctly traceable over a length of 6,000 feet. On Smith, French, McCullough and Camp creeks, situated about 60 miles north of Revelstoke, placer mining operations are still successfully carried on. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION THE LARDEAU DISTRICT. THE Lardeau District comprises two mining divisions, those of Trout Lake and Lardeau and part of Ainsworth Division. The country here is extremely mountainous, although there are numerous extensive valleys and occasional stretches of open, level land, which have foeen utilised for agricultural purposes. Generally speaking, the country has been cut up into a series of deep and narrow valleys by numerous small creeks, and in these cases the growth of timber is heavy. The mountainous character of the country, however, is an advantage rather than otherwise,'so far as mining is concerned, for in a great majority of cases it is possible to develop and open up properties by the economical method of tunnelling into the hillsides. The area in the vicinity of Trout Lake is mainly composed of semi-crystalline slates and schists, with occasional beds of altered limestone, locally described as " dikes." The general strike of the formation is northwesterly, and the beds generally dip at a high angle to the northeast. The mineral veins or lodes, as a general rule, vary in width from one to five feet, though larger occurrences are occasionally met with; while fissure veins cutting across the formation are of occasional occurrence. The mineral characteristics of this vicinity are galena, tejxahedrite, zinc blende, and iron and copper pyrites, in gangues of quartz or calcite, siderlte, etc. The high values are generally associated with the grey copper ores; though a fine grain zinc blende also as a rule carries exceptional values. MINING OPERATIONS IN 1902. Probably no district in British Columbia has attracted the attention of investors and capitalists to a greater degree during the past year than the Lardeau. The reason for this may probably be attributed first to the fact of the exceptionally high- grade character of the ore deposits; and secondly, to the completion of the branch line of railway, by which it has become possible to work the mines to proper advantage. Thus soon after the completion of the railway the Nettie L. mine was suitably equipped with machinery; and other properties in the same neighbourhood are also preparing to instal plants. Tramways to facilitate the handling of the ores are being constructed from the Nettie L., Silver Cup and Triune mines. These three properties have produced a considerable amount of ore in the past year, the Nettie L.'s output being 800 tons, and that of the Silver Cup 300 tons. Small shipments have also been made from a number of claims now undergoing development. A section of the district of very undoubted promise is the Fish Creek camp, which has been extensively exploited in the past few months. AN IMPORTANT AREA. The area, which is some 25 miles long by 20 miles wide, is divided into two parts by the Fish river, and extends from the mouth of that stream, at the head of navigation on the Arrow Lakes, to the summit of the watersheds of either side. The most important tributary creeks on the north are the Battle, Glacier, Kettle, Boyd, Ruby, Silver, Lexington and Pool; those on the west, MeDougal, Bullar, McRae, Sable^ Scott and Menbinick. The waters of the opposite slopes fall, those on the east into Duncan River and so into Kootenay Lake; and those on the west into the Columbia River. The country is mountainous and rugged, the scenery being particularly impressive. Communication is afforded to the mines by two good waggon roads, constructed into the camp from the head of navigation on the Upper Arrow Lake; YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA while the town of Camfoorne, the chief centre of the locality, will undoubtedly in the near future be reached by rail, a survey having also been made for the extension of the line connecting Trout Lake and Arrowhead. The most highly developed mine in this section is the Eva, on Lexington Mountain, where over 2,000 feet of underground work has been done. The ore foodies here vary from 1 to 15 feet in width, and carry values of from i$6 to $80. Excellent showings of ore have also foeen exposed on the Oyster-Criterion group, the Olalla group, the Erie and Sir Wilfrid groups, and on other claims in the same neighbourhood. On Menhinick Creek, the Camborne group of nine claims is being actively developed, as are also claims on Scott, Ruby, Silver and Boyd creeks. Between Pool and Lexington creeks are a number of properties having most promising showings of free-gold quartz. The natural advantages enjoyed by this j district are exceptional. There is an abundance of timber and water-power, large foodies of ore capable of being mined and treated at a minimum expense; the climate is excellent, and the valleys most fertile. SIMILKAMEEN DISTRICT. THE area known as the Similkameen District extends from Nicola Lake and Trout Creek on the north to the international boundary line ou the south, and is hounded on the east foy the Okanagan and the Similkameen Rivers, and on the west by the Hope Range of Mountains. The territory first attracted the attention of prospectors so long ago as 1859, and more recently rich placer diggings have been discovered on Granite Creek and J other streams in that neighbourhood. Associated with the gold in the gravel was a certain amount of platinum, which at first was thrown aside by the miners, who were not aware of its value. Subsequently, however, an effort was made to save this valuable product. After the first excitement the district was more or less abandoned until 1897, when interest was first taken in the quartz deposits distributed throughout the region. In that year the Nickel Plate mine, at Hedley, and the Sunset mine, on ^Copper Mountain, were acquired by capitalists, and on a numfoer of other properties development operations were started. The former property has foeen systematically developed during the past year by means of tunnels driven into the face of the hill, and is now regarded as being One of the richest and most promising mines in British Columbia. The deposit is not only an extensive one, but carries exceptionally high values in gold. A large stamp mill has foeen recently installed on the property. Other high-grade foodies of arsenieal pyrites are also found on Fifteen-Mile, Sixteen-' Mile, Sterling and Henry creeks. NATURE OF DEPOSITS. The copper deposits are found in the Lower Similkameen as ehalcopyrite, while on one property the ore contains molybdenite in varying quantities. In the Middle. •Similkameen a promising copper property is being opened up on Twenty-Mile Creek, the ore here being pyrites. _pie characteristic ore of the Upper 'Similkameen, how- over, is hornite, although bodies of copper pyrites are found in this locality. Occurrences of bornite of considerable extent have been developed, with encouraging results, on Copper and Mackenzie Mountains and on Friday Creek. At the headwaters of One-Mile Creek ore has been found with copper in the form of copper glance, and a number of claims in this vicinity have recently been bonded. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 183 Bornite also occurs above Nicola, on Ten-Mile Creek, in a taleose formation, and from one property a number of tons of high-grade ore has foeen taken out and sacked in readiness for transportation to smelters. The characteristic occurrences in the Aspen Grove district are copper glance deposits, some of which carry very high values. Much attention has foeen attracted to this locality of late, and a number of oroperties have been acquired under bond by capitalists at high valuations. COAL. Important coal areas have been discovered and are being developed near Princeton and in the Nicola Valley. The coal basin in the former locality is clearly defined, extending in one direction from three to five miles, and in the other from ten to twelve miles. It is not yet determined whether the character of this coal admits of coking, but analyses show that it is of very fair quality. The seams vary in thickness from 6 to 20 feet. The Similkameen District is at present reached by waggon roads and trails, viz., from the north, from Spence's Bridge, on the main fine of the C. P. R., via Nicola and Princeton; or from Sicamous Junction by rail to Okanagan Landing, by steamer to Penticton, thence by stage to Princeton, Keremeos and Hedley City. An excellent trail leads also from Hope to Princeton, a distance of 60 miles; whilst the district may be approached from Wenatchee, on the Great Northern Railway, on the south, via Anneville. Surveys have meanwhile been made through the Similkameen district by different railway companies, and it is hoped that in the very near future this section, which is undoubtedly one of the richest in British Columbia, will enjoy the advantages of adequate transportation facilities. FAIR VIEW CAMP. The Fairview Camp, which for the sake of convenience may be considered as a part of the Similkameen District, has been actively exploited with varying success for a number of years past. The mineral veins here are free-milling quartz, ranging in value from $5 to $10. The principal mine, the Stemwinder, owned by the New Fairview Corporation, has been extensively developed, and is equipped with a large stamp mill, compressor plant and cyaniding plant. Recent arrangements have been effected to operate other properties in this locality. OMINECA DISTRICT. THE Omineca District comprises such portions of the drainage area of the Peace River and its tributaries as may lie within this province, the drainage area of the Stuart and Nechaco Rivers above their junction, and the drainage area of the Salmon river above its junction with the Fraser River. The principal creeks being worked at the present time are Manson, Germansen, Slate, Lost, Kildare, Black Jack, Tom and Vital Creeks. There is a vast amount of country north of the Peace River and northwest of the Findlay that has not yet foeen prospected. A few White men have passed over a small portion of it, and report gold in most of the creeks, hut little or nothing, is known of it. Routes to the district are: By, first, the Skeena River, by steamer from Essington to Hazel- ton (175 miles), by trail from Hazelton to Manson (190 miles); second, from Ashcroft to Quesnel by stage, from Quesnel to Manson by trail. The Omineca District has only been prospected to any extent along the creeks above mentioned, and along the Omineca and its tributaries. Several quartz claims have been recorded on and about Mount Selwyn, at the junction of the Peace and Parsnip Rivers. This quartz 184 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA is free-milling and reported to be rich. The district was first worked by white men in the early seventies, when Vital Creek was discovered, and after Vital, Germansen, Manson and Lost Creeks were discovered and worked. The country has not been, in any sense, thoroughly prospected; in fact there still remain hundreds of square miles still untrodden foy white men, which, when prospected and opened up, should surely prove as rich in gold as" the developed sections of the district. The climate during the summer months, from the beginning of May until the middle of October, is delightful; the snowfall in winter is not heavy — two feet, or three feet at the most — and the cold not more intense than, at Montreal or Ottawa. Fuel is plentiful; vegetables grow wherever planted; fish abound in every stream and lake, so that living is not nearly so hard as one might be led to believe. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Gold was first found in this neighbourhood in 1861 on the Parsnip, about 20 miles from the mouth, and was successively found on Toy's Bar, on Findlay River, below the Omineca, on Silver Creek, Vital Creek, Germansen, Slate, Manson and Lost Creeks; and on Tom Creek in 1889. The gold in the Omineca region has been obtained principally from the gravels overlying the older rocks in the beds of the present streams. The gravels, as a rule, have little depth, and the productive portions of the different streams seldom exceed three miles in length. The auriferous gravels underlying the boulder clay on Germansen, Manson and other creeks in the district have a wide distribution, and promise favourable results if worked on a sufficiently large scale. Water can be obtained almost anywhere from lakes and mountain streams within a reasonable distance; and the only drawback to successful hydraulicing is the great expanse attendant on the carriage of material and supplies from the coast. At the present time the greater part of the supplies are brought in by pack animals from Hazelton, at the forks of the Skeena, the rate to Manson Creek amounting to 17 cents per pound. Some prospecting has foeen done in the Omineca region every season since its auriferous character became known, but the district has foy no means been thoroughly explored. The discovery of pay gravels on Tom Creek, close to Vital Creek, twenty years after the latter was found, shows how loose the examination has been. That further discoveries of auriferous creeks will foe made admits of little doubt. The same remarks apply, with perhaps greater force, to the Findlay system. Fine gold has been found in small quantities all along the river and at the mouths of its chief branches, the Ingenica, Quadacha and Tocheica; but on Paul's branch, or the neighbouring streams from the Rockies, none of these creeks have been thoroughly prospected. RECENT OPERATIONS. Operations during the season of 1902 were conducted on a very small scale, and the results were far from satisfactory. The two principal companies operating in this field are the Forty-third Mining & Milling Company, of Ottawa, and the Arctic Slope Hydraulic Mining Company, of Victoria. The latter company succeeded in winning gold to the value of some $5,000, which was sufficient to pay all expenses. The run was, however, unfortunately cut short by supplies failing; and consequently, after only a few weeks of actual work, it was necessary to discharge the miners employed. Prospecting work and placer mining on a small scale was carried on at Slate, Lost, Vital and other creeks. Arrangements are now being made to secure additional working capital for the Arctic Slope Company. Under normally favourable conditions there can be no doufot that this field, which offers exceptional opportunities for successful hydraulic mining effort, can be most profitably exploited. ESTERO BASIN, BREDERICK ARM—(Nanaimo M. D.) SKEENA DISTRICT. THE Skeena Mining Division comprises territory which, though it has not so far contributed to any great extent to the productive wealth of the province, yet possesses great potential resources; and it will not now be long before capital, which has already begun to recognise the opportunities here afforded, will be largely employed in exploiting the territory, which before many years will be opened up by railways. The word "Skeena" is derived from an Indian word which means "the river," the whole district taking its name from the notable stream, navigable for nearly 200 miles, which up to the present has been utilised as the chief highway into the territory. The watershed of the Skeena contains, approximately, 20,000 square miles, or of almost equal extent and possessing much the same physical characteristics as that section of British Columbia south of the main line of the .Canadian Pacific Railway to the 49th parallel, and situated between Vancouver and Arrow Lakes. From information supplied, both by early explorers employed by the Western Union Telegraph Company and by that afforded more recently by surveyors, prospectors and others, it is ascertained that the district is capable of supporting a large population, the agricultural possibilities having special regard to cattle-raising. The chief obstacle to promoting settlement of the territory heretofore has been its inaccessibility; and even to-day flour is worth $12 per sack of 50 lbs. in a locality which is directly on the line of a proposed railway. Under these circumstances it will be readily understood that hut little prospecting for minerals has foeen here attempted; but, notwithstanding, rich deposits of gold and copper ores have been discovered on footh sides of the Skeena River, while large coal areas are known to exist on the Kispyox and Telkwa, and good coal and also iron occurrences have been found in the Bulkley Valley. Mining development, however, has been restricted entirely to localities near the coast, or within easy access of deep water; but in these cases the results achieved have been of a decidedly encouraging nature. At Hocsall a large deposit of pyrites is being exploited foy a Victoria syndicate, with a view to disposing of the product to chemical works engaged in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. About 90 miles up the Skeena River from Hocsall, a number of quartz claims — mostly copper ores —have been staked out on Kitsilas Mountain. Of these, the Ptarmigan Group has foeen perhaps the most considerably developed, on the vein which carries a high-grade silver ore. This group of properties is operated by a New York syndicate, headed by Mr. Howard Gould. The mines are situated on the top of the mountain, at an elevation of nearly 5,000 feet, and are reached from the canyon below by a recently built waggon road and horse trail. The mine has been opened up by a 100-foot perpendicular shaft, in addition to cross-cutting and drifting on the vein. At present, naturally, the cost of mining is excessive, as for example, the timber limit in this latitude being exceptionally low, it is necessary to transport the lumber required for shaft-timbering, etc., up hill for nearly a quarter of a mile. Freight and passenger charges, too, are at present costly; while another drawback is the irregularity and infrequency of steamboat travel. The recent establishment of telegraphic communication with the coast cities has, however, done a great deal towards ameliorating conditions, in enabling mine operators a quicker delivery of supplies, etc. In addition to the Ptarmigan mines, other properties in this locality are the Ormond and Four Ace groups of copper claim®, both of which show promtising indications of mineral; and the Bootjack, I. X. L. and Emma, these latter being almost immediately on the river bank. The Emma and I. X. L. claims have been considerably developed, but during the last two years operations 186 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA have been suspended, probably in anticipation of improved transportation facilities. Free-gold quartz has also been discovered in the valleys of Tsimnawess and Kale- anza, tributary to the Skeena River, on both sides of the Kitsilas Mountain. Originally this locality was worked by placer miners. COAL MINING IN THE PROVINCE. (Report of Minister of Mines.) WHILE coal mining as a practical commercial operation has as yet foeen confined to the various collieries operating on the east coast of Vancouver Island and to the Crow's Nest collieries on the western slope of the Rockies, workafole coal has already been discovered, and has received more or less development, in various other sections of the province, its occurrence being widely distributed. In most instances these isolated discoveries have been made at points so far removed from railway accommodation — present or prospective — that little encouragement has been offered for serious development, and they are here referred to simply to demonstrate the possibilities of the various sections of the country when opened up by lines of transportation. ROCKY MOUNTAINS. Starting at the Rocky Mountains, the eastern boundary of the province. This range, from the United States boundary northward, has been for miles proven to be I coal-bearing, and enormous areas of the known coal fields have already been sufficiently developed to establish their value. While a large part of the known and more accessible portions of this area are now held by the Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company, there remain portions of it still unclaimed, and there is every reason to believe that future prospecting will prove the possibly productive area to foe practi- I cally of unlimited extent. An account of this coal field was given foy Dr. Selwyn in the report of the Dominion Geological Survey for 1891, written at a time when little more than pros-1 pecting and no development had foeen done. A somewhat detailed account of that I portion of the field operated by the Crow's Nest Collieries will have been found in previous pages of this report. That the coal in the Rockies extends still further northward, for a considerable distance, is evidenced by the now producing mines near Banff, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, though these are on the eastern slope, and consequently not in this province. NORTHERN INTERIOR. Seams of " good bright coal," varying in thickness from 6 inches to 2 feet, were observed by Dr. Selwyn at various points in the Peace River basin, near the eastern boundary of Carifooo District, more especially at the head of the canyon on Peace River, Hudson's Hope, and on Pine River, near Table Mountain. Concerning these observations Dr. Selwyn says : " Only one of. these can be considered of any ' economic value, but it is quite likely that there are others in the region which were not observed by us." Continuing still further northward, and to the west, coal is again met with in the Omineca District, but so far from a market as to be at present of little commercial value. I am informed by Mr. F. W. Valleau, the Gold Commissioner of this district, that coal has been recently found some eight or ten miles south of the AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 187 Omineca River where it flows into the Peace River, and, to quote from his description, " it breaks with a conchoidal fracture; I have lit pieces of it in the flame of a candle, and it continues to bum with a smoky flame, leaving little ash." This would indicate a cannel coal or some other of the hydro-carbons high in volatile matter. Mr. Valleau also informs me that seams of workable coal occur in the Bulkley and Babine River valleys and intervening country, several of which seams he has - personally seen. Some practical coal miners prospecting in this region took some of the coal found there down to Nanaimo, where it was reported as having good •coking properties. 3 , „. Proceeding westward, coal has been found in the valley of the Skeena River in various places, and is said to have foeen found in workable seams. But little development has been done, and the accounts are not very definite as to the results obtained. QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS. Again proceeding westwaid from the mouth) of the Skeena River to Graham Island, one of the Queen Charlotte group. Here anthracite, as well as bituminous ooal has been known for many years to occur in considerable quantity, which deposits have been the subject of reports by the Geological Survey in 1872-3 by Mr. Richardson, and again in 1878-9 by Dr. G. M. Dawson. The Queen Charlotte Coal Mining Company, Limited, spent a large sum of money in the development of their property near, Skidegate Inlet, but abandoned the enterprise in 1872. According to the best infoimation obtainable, the coal when first opened up was from 2 to 3 feet thick, of good clean anthracite, and as the tunnel progressed the seam widened to 6 feet, but further in decreased again until it was 1 foot 6 inches at the face at which point work was stopped. In 1892 Mr. H. E. Parrish, C. E. and M. E., late of the staff of the Geological Survey of the State of Pennsylvania, acting on foehalf of Messrs. W. A. Robertson, William Wilson and others of Victoria, made an examination of certain coal areas on this island, held by these gentlemen, and situated to the westward over the mountain range from the 'property of the previously mentioned company. From Mr. Parrish's report of his season's work I have taken the following information : — Camp Robertson — Section 20, township 5, on a creek off the Yakoun River. Bed No. 1, Yakoun, 19 feet thick, bed dips vertically at surface; shaft sunk 23 feet; at foot of shafj: dip was only about 5 degrees to E., strike N. and S. This coal is, in my opinion, as fine a coking coal as the Connelsville bed in Pennsylvania. About 60 feet east of No. 1, and overlaying it, is the outcropping of seam No. 2; shaft sunk 14 feet; drift to N., 9 feet; thickness of bed, 14 feet 8 inches. No. 3 seam, overlaying No. 2; V/2 feet clean coal, more bituminous than the two preceding seams. Camp Anthracite — Section 17, township 5. Shaft sunk 39 feet; thickness at bottom of shaft, 10 feet; strike regular; dip vertical at surface, changing to 45 degrees to E. at bottom of shaft. Camp Wilson — Section 36, township 9; about 9 miles from Camp Robertson. Dip of bed at surface is vertical, but changes in depth attained to 60 degrees to E. Shaft down 17 feet, with drift 23 feet to S. At the face the bed is 17 feet 8 inches thick, with one bench of 14 feet clean coal. This coal is of a later formation than that found at Camp Robertson. It is a very free fourning bituminous coal, leaving little ash. Mr. Parrish mentions other seams and their development, but these I have noted are quite sufficient to show the importance of the deposits in question. I shall further quote a portion of his remarks as to the condition of the measures and coal outcrops : — 188 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA " From exposures and working it is evident that once we get below the surface the formation is regular and broken at no point. It flattens off with depth and takes a moderate dip to the east and northeast. " Your property is well to the east of the volcanic eruptions which have broken up the measures on the southwest shore of Skidegate Inlet and the west coast of the island. " One of the strongest indications I could find of the measures flattening as we - get under cover is on the creek about one mile south of Camp Robertson, and one- half mile east of the trail. At this point there is a waterfall with a drop of afoout 80 feet over a fine-grained blue sandstone formation, lying in seams about two feet in thickness. The upper seams have a heavy dip, which gradually lightens off until at the bottom the dip is very slight towards the east. This is the largest exposure I could find on the property. Another strong indication is the. tunnel I drove at Camp Robertson. You will notice on the plan that this starts on a level with the Yakoun River, and is driven towards the east into-the hill a distance of 89 feet. . The .faee is underneath the plateau upon which Camp Robertson is situated. The measures cut dip about 5 degrees E., and at all the openings that were made show the dip to be heavy at the surface, and gradually flattening as they got under cover. All the exposures I could find show there are no serious eruptions east of the mountains of the west coast, and certainly none on the property I explored. ****** " Conclusion.— With the knowledge I have of the coal regions of Pennsylvania, acquired there as a mining engineer, and on the geological staff of that state, it must gratify you to know that in my judgment you have the best coal field I have seen. Until I visited it I had no conception such a valuable field existed on the Pacific Coast. You possess a number of beds of unusual thickness, containing coals of superior quality, suitable for all requirements. You have anthracite, first- class steam, gas and coking coals, and a bed over 15 feet .thick, excellent for domestic purposes." VANCOUVER ISLAND. The east coast of the Island has so many producing collieries, having a joint yearly output of over a million tons, that mention of the district here is scarcely necessary, further than to refer the reader to the report by the Inspector of Coal Mines on the working collieries which follows. On the northwest coast, near Quatsino Sound, coal has for years been known to exist, this area having been reported on foy the Geological Survey in 1868, and again by Dr. G. M. Dawson in the Survey Report for 1886. Seams of coal four feet thick were then reported and some little development work done, but this was later discontinued. In 1897 the West Vancouver Commercial Company began development of certain areas in this district, and is reported as having met with considerable success, and to foe now sinking a shaft on a five-foot seam, with some hundreds of tons of coal on the dump. Some 12 men are employed in this development work, and a steam hoist and other machinery have been erected. The coal measures also occur and have been somewhat prospected at Alert Bay, on the northeast coast; at Sooke, on the southern end of the Island; and at several points on the west coast of the Mainland opposite the Island, but so far none of the discoveries have received development sufficient to show their value. At Sahquash, between Port McNeill and Alert Bay, some boring has been done, and a five-foot seam is reported as having been struck. The property is now under bond to an English company. ELSEWHERE ON THE MAINLAND. Discoveries of coal have been made in the valley of the Fraser River. The seams so far reported have-foeen too small for profitable working, but sufficient to stimulate prospecting of a serious character. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 189 Coal also occurs in the valley of the Nicola River, a tributary of the Thompson, and seams up to two feet thick have been exposed. At Vermillion Cliff lignite has "been found in seams of from two to four feet, and a few tons of the surface coal taken out. (See Report of Geological Survey, 1887-8, by Dr. G. M. Dawson.) Still further to the south coal has been exposed and somewhat developed in the valley of the Kettle River, seams of 4 feet of good coal being reported; an account of which measures, by S. S. Fowler, A. B. and E. M., was included in the report of this department for 1896. CROW'S NEST FIELDS. The following notes are taken from the Minister of Mines' report: The coal seams so far known have, for practical purposes, been divided, in ascending series, into : (1) The Elk River Basin, bituminous, 12 seams; (2) Michel ■Creek, bituminous, 7 seams; (3) Michel Creek, cannel coal, 15 seams. Actual work has been confined to the Elk River Basin seams, and these are the only ones I per-, •sonally inspected. This series outcrops along the mountains on the east side of Elk River, from Morrissey Creek to above Coal Creek, at a height of from 1,600 to 2,500 feet above the valley of Elk River. The beds dip to the east into the mountain at a flat angle. The other edge of the foasin is said to outcrop some ten miles to the eastward and near the summit of the mountains. The measurements, etc., of this series of beds, as given to me by Mr. Smith, are as follows : Elk River Series of Coal Seams. Designation of -Seam. Thickness in Feet. Work Done on Seam. Eleyatioa above Elk River. 12 4 2,500 feet^ 11 7 10 5 9 6 8 4 900 ft. 7 7 No. 2 tunnel, south side of valley, also exposed in gulch and face stripped. sandstones-, con 6 30 No. 1 tunnel, north side of valley. glomerates 5 6 and shales. 4 3 i 15 2 30 1 30 1,600 feet J 12 Seams 147 Fee b—Total thickness of coal in 900 ft. vertical coal measure. " The outcrop of this series of beds has been traced and found to cut both banks of Coal Creek, some four or five miles up from Elk River. ***** " The cannel coals mentioned as occurring on Michel Creek, as their characterisation would imply, contain a much larger proportion of volatile comfoustifole matter, and a smaller proportion of fixed carbon. These will have their use principally for gas manufacture and for the somewhat ornamental open grate fires, as they light easily and burn with much flame. The volatile matter is said to be about 57 per •cent, in these coals. rur-rfti^ ***** " The amount of coal available in the Coal Creek mines is so great that it will be more than sufficient for a long time to come. I have made no personal estimate 190 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA of the quantity, but quote from Mr. Smith's report, in which he estimates that the Elk River basin alone has an available tonnage of 16,443,900,000 tons in the twelve seams." Anthracite coal.has been found on the Queen Charlotte Islands and on other islands off the coast, and on Vancouver Island near Comox, but has not foeen worked as yet, although the prospects are promising. OTHER MINERALS. Large deposits of gypsum, said to be of good quality, are reported in the immediate neighbourhood of Kamloops, but no attempt has so far been made to work them. Asbestos is also reported from several localities, but the Department of Mines has foeen unable to get any authentic information as to values. Several finds of plumbago have foeen made, samples from which indicate good quality. Mica occurs in various parts of the province. From the neighbourhood of Tete Jeune Cache large foloeks have been obtained, some as large as 16 x 28 inches, but as yet the transportation facilities are lacking to make it of commercial value. Platinum has for years been known to exist in the Tulameen River, in the Similkameen District. It exists both as placers and in ore formation. This metal has been again noted in the neighbourhood of Dease Lake and on the Thompson I River in the placer workings, but no record has been obtainable of any quantity having been saved. Petroleum fields are known to exist in the southeast portion of East Kootenay, where large areas have recently been staked. BUILDING MATERIALS. No reliable returns are available as to the production of the various fouilding materials, including lime, brick, fire-clay, fouilding stone, cement and tile, pipes, and the amount credited to these materials in the statistics has foeen estimated — the i estimate erring on the conservative side. Lime and brick are produced locally in almost every district for home consumption; while on the coast an excellent lime, which has considerable sale abroad, is made from a marble. On the coast, too, a cement of very good quality is made, and supplies much of the local market. On Kootenay Lake a coarsely crystalline marble quarry is being worked for fouilding purposes. There are on the coast several first-class granite and sandstone quarries opened and doing a local trade. These quarries are so admirably situated as regards water transportation that there is a fair prospect of their becoming an important export industry. Fire-brick,, drain-pipes and tile are manufactured on Vancouver Island for home consumption. IRON ORES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. THE Engineering Magazine of New York and London contained some time ago an article by H. Mortimer Lamb, editor of the British Columbia Mining Record, in which is epitomised the most available information on the subject of iron deposits in British Columbia, and from which are here extracted the points of principal value and interest. The editors of the Engineering Maga^iue, as a foot-note, make the following comments, which are of interest in this connection : — AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION "A NEW MINING CENTRE. "Conditions on the Pacific Coast of America afford one of the most interesting studies now open in the economies of industry. Immediately at hand are vast stores of fuel and iron — the prime elements of all manufacture. . Across the Pacific are the enormous new markets of the East, which water transport is bringing nearer every week. Wherever such conditions exist, foci of industry have foeen created. The dawning century seems likely to witness the birth of new Clevelands, Pitts-. burgs, Manchesters, in the neighbourhood of Puget Sound. Mr. Lamb's article is essentially a review of some of the material of this new world of wealth." SOURCES OF SUPPLY. Although discoveries of large bodies of iron-bearing ores have been made in various localities of the province at intervals since 1872, no annual production has much exceeded 2,000 tons, and on only one or two occasions has the aggregate output of one year reached that figure. The productive sources have been practically limited to three, or, more properly speaking, two mines — one, the Glen Iron mine, on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Cherry Bluff, near Kamloops, and the other the Puget Sound Iron Company's properties at Texada Island. In the case of the former the product has been exclusively used for fluxing purposes foy the smelters at Tacoma, Revelstoke and Nelson; while the Texada ore has foeen shipped to Iron- dale, Washington, and there smelted with a mixture of from one-ninth to three-tenths of bog ore, making an excellent foundry pig, which was subsequently marketed in San Francisco and utilised by the Union Iron Works in the construction of the United States warships Olympia, Monterey, Charleston and Oregon. In addition to the two mines mentioned, more or less extensive bodies of iron-bearing ores have been discovered at Sooke, Chemainus and Barkley Sound, on Vancouver Island; at Rivers and Knight Inlets, on the Mainland coast; on the Queen Charlotte Islands, and also in several localities of the inland districts of Similkameen and Cariboo. TEXADA ISLAND. The Puget Sound Iron Company's property of 2,700 acres is situated on the southwest side of Texada Island. The ore-mass, which on the surface varies in width from 20 to 25 feet, is an irregular contact deposit between limestone and granite, traceable northward for nearly four miles along a ridge following the coastline, and distant from it a quarter to three-quarters of a mile. Sufficient development work has been done to expose an ore-body estimated foy experts as representing 5,000,000 tons of commercially valuable iron in sight. In the course of development, at one point, copper in the form of solid pyrites was found in irregular bunches and stringers in the magnetite, but with increased depth this disappeared. Analyses of the ore have been made on several occasions in the laboratory of the Canadian Geological Survey, one result showing 68.40 per cent, of iron, with only .008 per cent, of phosphorus;, but a more detailed test gave : Iron 69.85 Manganese trace Siliceous matter , 2.75 Sulphur 6 Phosphoric acid trace Moisture trace INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS. The formation containing the iron ore of Texada Island is believed to be the same as that constituting the greater part of Vancouver and adjacent islands. The profitable local manufacture on a large scale of iron from these ores is not altogether a remote contingency, for, as I have previously stated, in a limited way the ore has been already turned to commercial uses on the Pacific Coast. Labour YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA provided, an abundant supply of excellent fuel is available in the immediate vicinity, and a permanent market for the product would be assured in the industrial centres of the Pacific seaboard. A further incentive is the bounty granted by the Dominion Government on pig iron manufactured in the country from Canadian ores. On the other hand, supposing that local manufacture is not at present practicable, the coast iron deposits being, without exception, situated within easy access of deep water, transportation costs on the shipment of the crude ore to Puget Sound points would foe very light, not exceeding 50 or 60 cents per ton. In addition to this charge, however, the duty of 40 cents per ton on ore imported into the United States must foe considered. QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS. On Queen Charlotte Islands, clay iron-stones, the nodules varying in weight from a pound to many tons, are of frequent occurrence in the coal rocks, and might foe profitably worked in conjunction with the coal seams. Magnetic iron ores of excellent grade also occur in considerable mass on these islands, to the east side of the entrance to Harriet Harbour; while remarkably pure specimens of magnetite, containing 71.57 per cent, of metallic iron, have been brought from an island in the Walker group. THE COAST DEPOSITS. On the Mainland, at Rivers Inlet, near the mouth of the Kildella River, an extensive deposit of ore is found outcropping on a contact of granite and limestone, the average of several analyses being 69.5 per cent, of metallic iron and .01 of phosphorus. A deposit, described as a vein 25 feet wide, also occurs on the north shore I of West Redonda Island, in the Gulf of Georgia. The ore is a highly magnetic, I somewhat finely crystalline granular, massive magnetite, an analysis affording the following results: Metallic iron, 65.896; phosphorus, none; sulphur, .015. Aj small shipment of ore was made from this island some years ago, the iron being I smelted in the neighbouring state of Washington and converted into car wheels. Much attention has meanwhile been directed to the iron deposits of Vancouver I Island. Of these the most important are the deposits at Barkley Sound, in the 1 Alberni Division, on the west coast; and the deposits in the hills to the east of ^ Sooke Harbour, on the south coast, in the Victoria Mining Division. BARKLEY SOUND. The first exposure of iron-bearing ore in the Barkley Sound locality is met with on the mainland about a mile up the Sarita River. Here there is a considerable showing of magnetite in a contact of coarsely crystalline limestone and diabase. The ore body, which is said to foe 80 feet wide, extends foack in an easterly direction a considerable distance, the exposure having been prospected by the sinking of shallow pits and with crosscuts along its length for 800 feet. The deposit has also been partially explored foy means of a tunnel, and solid ore has been encountered at a depth of about 90 feet, 60 feet from the mouth of the tunnel. In a direct line northwest by west a continuation apparently of the same deposit is exposed both on Copper Island, some two and a half miles distant, and again at Sechart, on the mainland eight miles to the northwest. Mr. Carlyle, formerly provincial mineralogist of British Columbia, examined these deposits in 1897, and described them in his annual report of that year as a ledge of magnetite lying in what appeared to be diorite, and next to a very extensive area of limestone, which at the point of contact with the eruptive rock is completely crystallised into large, coarse crystals. Both on Copper Island and at Sechart the ore body, which has the appearance of being a primary deposit, has been traced for a distance of several thousand yards, the exposures in some places having been scraped clear, giving a width of over 100 - * • ': ' : TABLE Showing Comparative Mineral Production for 1902 of British Columbia and Other Provinces of the Dominion. Dominion Total. YUKON TERRITORY. Gold | Gold Silver Copper Lead $6,241,245 2,280,957 4,558,695 935,870 1,108,030 5,025,903 15,538,610 1,538,930 | $14,500,000 $5,961,409 | 1,941,328 3,446,673 BRITISH COLUMBIA. ALL OTHER PROVINCES COMBINED. ii $ 279,836 I "1 339,629 I I 1,107,022 1 111.038 Iron m 30,051 Ii r ' i 1,077,979 Nickel Coal ii ■ 5,025,903 4,192,182 640,075 r Coke Total.... C i 898,855 $17,036,550 $20,186,691 ■—— SiiS &8$£ AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 193 feet of magnetita.of good quality. Analyses of ore from these localities.have been made in England, Pittsburg and Vancouver, the results"foemg as follows : — Iron 64.00 Silica 7.35 Alumini 0.52 Sulphur 0.0054 Phosphorus 0.0071 Lime 3.76 Manganese trace Magnesia 0.008 0.01 66.62 2.00 6.'02 0.01 4.00 0.14 0.006 0.003 67.98 2.67 trace 0.008 3.000 0.250 1.150 69.160 1.500 trace 0.007 0.250 0.160 0.120 In passing, it may prove interesting to state that the rare mineral ilvaite has been discovered at the head of Barkley Sound, occurring in large irregular masses in a vein about 20 feet wide, an analysis affording the following results : — Silica 29.81 Alumina 0.16 Ferric oxide 18.89 Ferrous oxide 32.50 Manganous oxide 2.22 Lime 13.82 Magnesia 0.30 Water 1.62 99.32 Up to the present time the iron .areas have been held by men unafole, through |lack of necessary means, to develop them; hut recently the properties in all three localities were acquired under option foy capitalists of Pennsylvania, who have commenced systematic exploration and development. If these result satisfactorily, the ores can foe quarried out, it is stated, at a cost of afoout 20 cents per ton, and delivered on fooard steel scows for an additional 30 cents or less. SOOKE HARBOUR. The magnetic ores at Sooke Harbour are somewhat similar in character to those of Texada Island. The deposit, which, according to Dr. Dawson, partakes more of the nature of a stock-work than a true vein, can foe distinctly traced in a northeasterly direction for over half a mile, and varies from 15 to 20 feet in width. The country rock is a coarsely-crystalline diorite, containing much hornblende. Analysis of the ore made foy Dr. Wallace, city .analyst of Glasgow, Scotland, shows it to be of fine quality, averaging over 60 per cent, of metallic iron practically free from all impurities. As in the case of the Barkley Sound properties, comparatively little even preliminary work has foeen done to prove the permanency or extent of the Sooke exposures; but it is stated by an engineer who examined the deposit that the promise of an almost unlimited supply of ore is undoubted, and that with the favourable facilities for working, the ore could be mined and placed on board scows at a maximum cost of $1 per ton. In the same neighbourhood occurs an exposure of hematite, but the deposit is apparently not extensive. IRON AT KAMLOOPS. Of the more notable occurrences of iron-bearing ore in the interior of the province, the most important is the deposit of magnetic iron, known as the Glen Iron Mine, near Kamloops. The mass of the dioritic rock in this locality is much shattered, the cracks and interspaces being filled with the ore, which forms veins of varying degrees of thickness. The ore, which is of excellent quality, containing 66.83 per cent, of metallic iron, with very little phosphorus or sulphur, is in some few places mixed to a slight degree with calcite and feldspar, but not sufficiently to affect its smelting qualities. The veins, four in number and running in an easterly and westerly direction, being nearly vertical or dipping north at wide angles, vary from 10 to 20 feet in width, and are traceable on the surface for several hundred YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA feet. Since 1891 the annual production from this mine has been from 500 to 2,000 tons, the ore being mined and conveyed by an aerial tramway to the railway. KOOTENAY RIVER, In 1888 Dr. Dawson reported a remarkable occurrence cf magnetic iron ore about half a mile below the lower falls of the Kootenay River. The ore was found in large loose masses, weighing several tons, but owing to the want of good exposure its actual relations to the rocks adjacent were not ascertained. The place of this occurrence is near, if not in, the line of junction of the granites with the here highly altered rocks of the stratified series. It appeared to be associated with a dyke of green-grey augite-porphyrite, and it is probable that the iron ore, when in situ, may form irregular masses along the borders of this dyke. Another noteworthy discovery was made in 1896 by a German geologist, a Mr. Ludloff, in the Cariboo District, of red hematite in a deposit measuring, so he asserts, 500 feet thick. At present, however, little if any commercial value attaches to discoveries of iron in regions so far remote from the railway or other means of communication as that of Fort George, on the Fraser River, the locality in which this occurrence of soft red hematite was discovered by Mr. Ludloff. GREAT POTENTIALITIES. At present the extent of information available in respect to the iron deposits of British Columbia has more of a scientific than of a practically commercial interest. As exploration, however, is usually governed by practical considerations, it is probable that those deposits of which anything is known bear but a meagre relation to those of which nothing is as yet definitely ascertainable. It is not too much to say that British Columbia possesses enormous potential resources in her iron deposits, but that these resources must wait for commercial development upon the develop- I ment of those industries which stimulate a demand for iron. Sooner or later the political conditions which led to the construction of United States battleships on the Pacific Coast, for which, as we have seen, British Columbia iron was partially utilised, will give place to commercial reasons connected with the development of trade on the Pacific necessitating the building of a large mercantile marine. Sooner or later manufacturing industries, with the constant, demand for the iron which is their base, will be brought into foeing to supply the ever-increasing market of the Orient. When these things happen, British Columbia, with its abundant coal and lumber in I direct connection with its iron, must become the seat of a great iron industry. : Meanwhile these resources are chiefly attractive to those who combine in a very rare degree the gift of foresight and indomitable patience. IRON DEPOSITS AT KITCHENER. THERE can be no question that the most important development in mining in this province during the past season has been the discovery and preliminary work upon the hematite iron ore deposits at Kitchener. These deposits occur in a mountain range running almost due north and south, starting at a point near Goat River Canyon and extending northerly about ten miles. The formation of this mountain range is peculiar, presenting the appearance of an inverted boat, commencing with a gradual ascent from the level of Goat River, and rising in the course of three miles to an altitude of 6,000 feet, continuing at this elevation with slight undulations for a distance of seven miles, and then gradually sloping down to the former level. It will thus be seen that Iron Range is practically an isolated mountain. Along the eastern side it slopes down to Goat River, and on the west to Arrow Creek. Twenty miles away clearly can be seen the lofty snow- capped peaks of White Grouse Mountain. Along the northern side of Iron Range is an easy pass from Goat River to Arrow Creek, and as this route was originally thought of for the Crow's Nest line, it is not impossible that it may yet serve in connection with the future development of the iron mines. The nearest point to the Crow's Nest fine and to the town of Kitchener at which the iron has been located is about two miles, but it is not impossible that further explorations, which are contemplated next season, may result in proving a ledge down to the level of Goat River; the only difficulty in the way of this seems to be in the exceptionally heavy drift which covers the formation at the southern end of the range. LOCATION AND FORMATION. From the most southerly point at which iron has been discovered it has been traced in a series of continuous and parallel ledges for a distance of seven miles; at the south end of the property only two of such ledges have been uncovered, in consequence of the difficult nature of the prospecting work, but at the north end of the property there are at least five distinct veins of iron, varying from 6 to 20 feet in thickness; in stating this as the width of the veins it is intended to convey the idea that this measurement represents the actual thickness of pure iron, no account being taken of iron-bearing rocks contiguous to the veins, which are more or less charged with iron varying from 10 to 30 per cent. One of the most striking features of the formation is the regularity and straightness of the veins, which are persistent with the slightest possible variation in direction throughout the whole course. All the veins dip to the east at an angle of 60 to 70 degrees. The country rock is gabbro-diorite,) and this rock forms the western wall of the iron veins; between the different veins, and extending eastward to an extent which has not yet foeen definitely determined, the rock is quartzite, largely impregnated with iron. In some of the veins the iron and quartzite are mixed to such an extent that the latter carries a very high percentage, but this does not interfere withJfoe purity^ and persistency of the true veins of iron. HISTORY OF THE PROPERTIES. The property was first introduced to the notice of Mr. W. Blakemore, mining engineer, of Montreal, in April last, and he was so favourably impressed with the reports made and samples submitted that, on his advice, an influential Montreal syndicate took a bond which allowed them practically the whole of that season in which to prove the property, on making a moderate deposit. Three months suffiu^d to justify Mr. Blakemore's opinion, and his associates decided to make an out-and-out purchase, without waiting for the bond to expire; this was effected in August, for a sum which is authoritatively stated as $80,000 cash; since then development has been pushed to the fullest extent possible, and from the 1st of May until the end of November something like $30,000 has been spent upon the property. Although most of this has been primary work in the shape of trails and bridges and general prospecting, time has been found to exploit the veins and determine the general character of the property; more than fifty open cuts and excavations have been made upon the iron, several tunnels driven, and three shafts started. The principal one was upon an 18-foot vein at the north end of the property, and was carried down nearly 60! feet from the surface; at this point the vein was found to continue exactly the same as at the point of exposure, maintaining its thickness and quality. As we were privileged to publish the result of numerous assays in a recent issue, it is not necessary to recapitulate them; but it may be broadly stated that at the north end of the property, where the work has been chiefly concentrated, the average assays have given from 55 to 65 per cent, of metallic iron, and from 5 to 10 per cent, of silica, with sulphur and phosphorus in negligible quantities. It is not necessary for us to say that this analysis compares favourably with any upon the Continent, being as high as Newfoundland or Michigan ores in iron, much lower than the former in sulphur and phosphorus, and at least equal to the Michigan, ores in the YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA same respect. So far as proving the property is concerned, there is still one important point to determine, and that is the depth to which these high-grade deposits cortinue. Whilst 60 feet is the greatest depth of actual working, there are exposures of the veins in some of the deep gulches on the mountain side at 600 to 800 feet lower than the extreme elevation, and in these gulches the quality of iron is the same. There is nothing in the geological formation to forbid the continuance of these regular veins of ore to a considerable depth, and in the opinion of the most eminent expert who has examined the property — a gentleman at the head of his profession in the Michigan iron districts — the probability is that they will continue to a depth of at least several thousand feet. Without wishing to in anyway exaggerate the extent or value of these important deposits, it is clear that sufficient has been done to justify the conclusion that there is at Kitchener an enormotjs deposit of the highest grade of hematite ore, which cannot fail to play a most important part in the future development of the province. MARKETS AND OTHER CONDITIONS. The market in the first instance will be for fluxing purposes, and as these deposits are within reach of a number of smelters, both on the Canadian and American side, which are at present purchasers of iron ore for this purpose, there should be an assured market for at any rate a moderate tonnage; the exceptional™ high! percentage of iron makes this a valuable ore for that purpose, and renders transportation correspondingly easy. It has already been intimated that the next season may see the commencement of shipping, as nothing stands in the way but the construction of a short branch railway. However this may be, we are more than concerned to witness the fuller exploration and final development of the property upon such a scale as to justify the establishment of iron and steel works. This is the one thing which the province lacks to enable it to compete upon successful lines with any other mining district on the Continent. We already have in the magnificent coal of the Crow's Nest Pass the highest type of cheap fuel. The metalliferous mines are producing ores which are not inferior to any in the West, and it only remains to establish? a permanent iron and steel industry in order, not merely to supply the province with an article which is so essential in all industrial developments, but, as we believe, to establish a large export trade in which the Pacific Coast would vie with the Atlantic. After making due allowance for the high rate of wages prevailing at present, and likely perhaps for some years to be prevalent in the West, it is certain that with an assured market, even for a moderate tonnage of steel, it would be possible to produce this commodity and market it within the province at a much lower rate than it is possible to import it from the present points of production. A high authority on this subject has stated that pig-iron could be produced from Kitchener ore at a maximum cost of $10 a ton, which is about half the cost of imported pig-iron in the centre of the province to-day. There would be a corresponding reduction in the cost of rails, machinery, tools and the other thousand and one appliances manufactured from iron and steel, the cost of prosecuting our . great mining industries would be reduced, and the further prosperity of the province j assured. It is not a little singular that Mr. Blakemore, who was the pioneer of the Crow's Nest coal and coke mining in this province, should also foe the first to take up and develop an iron property, and if (and there seems no reason to doubt it) the 1 latter is destined to become as valuable an asset to the province of British Columbia j as the former has already proved itself to be, he cannot but be highly gratified at j the results of his labours.— [Special Correspondence of the British Columbia Mining j Record.] AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION IRON DEPOSITS OF THE COAST. MR. W. M. BREWER, M. E., in June, 1902, at the request of the Bureau of Provincial Information, submitted the following description of iron ore deposits on Texada and Vancouver Islands : Extensive deposits of iron ore occur on Texada and Vancouver Islands. The character of the ore is magnetite, and although the grade is somewhat variable, nearly every deposit produces ore which carries from 60 to 70 per cent, iron, from .01 to .05 per cent, phosphorus, from 3 to 10 per cent, silica, with no traces of titanium, and the sulphur contents variable, but seldom exceeding 3 per cent. So far as exploration has gone at present, the locations of the known deposits are on the west coast of Texada Island, near Gillis Bay; on the eastern side of the same island, on a portion of the Van Anda Mining Company's crown grant; on the eastern side of Vancouver Island, near Chemainus; on the west coast of Vancouver Island, on the Gordon River; on the Sarita River; Copper Island; near Sechart; and some deposits of much more limited extent near the head of Tofino Inlet. So far as development on these various deposits is concerned, such was neglected until within the past two or three years, except on the deposits on the west coast of Texada Island. From that place iron ore was mined some eighteen years ago by quarrying from the surface, and the product was shipped to Irondale, near Port Townsend, where it was manufactured into pig iron in a charcoal furnace by the Puget Sound Iron Company, the stockholders of which are also stockholders in the Union Iron Works in San Francisco. This pig iron was shipped to San Francisco,, and is reported by the Union Iron Works to have been of fine grade; in fact, some of the plates on the United States battleship Oregon were rolled from this pig. A. low percentage of copper which was associated with the iron ore proved sufficiently detrimental to compel the miners to sort the ore carefully. Partly for this reason and partly because during the depressed state of the iron market for several years it was possible to ship pig iron from Alabama at a lower cost than it could be manufactured in the local charcoal furnace, which only had a capacity of thirty tons per day, the plant was closed down and remained idle until 1901, when the iron market improved. The prices went up in 1898 so that No. 1 foundry iron in Alabama was selling for $18.50 per ton, f. o. b., instead of $7.50 per ton, f. o. b., as had been the case during the years of depression. The owners of the deposits near •Gillis Bay commenced a systematic development at depth. By sinking and cross- cutting the deposit was proven to a depth of about 400 feet below the outcrop, and at that depth no copper was found associated with the iron ore, and the ore itself was shown by analysis to be within the Bessemer limit. During 1899 a good deal of attention was directed towards the iron ore deposits on the west coast of Vancouver Island, and all the known occurrences of extent were acquired, either by purchase or bond, by a syndicate from the United States. Since then this syndicate has been working a force of men at the deposits at the Sarita River, at Copper Island, and near Sechart, in order to thoroughly exploit the ground and determine the approximate tonnage in each of these deposits. This work is still foeing carried on at the present time, but no shipments have been made,, although regular shipments are foeing made from the ore deposit on the west coast of Texada Island to the same furnace in which the pig iron was manufactured some years hack. This furnace during 1901 was purchased from the Puget Sound Iron Mining Company foy the syndicate which had bonded the iron ore deposits on the west coast of Vancouver Island, and which leased the deposits near Gillis Bay, on Texada Island, for a term of years, on a royalty basis. 198 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA In addition to the three occurrences of iron ore mentioned on the west coast of Vancouver Island, some of the deposits on Gordon River are foeing exploited by an English syndicate, and others are at present under bond, and it is expected that very shortly prospecting work will be commenced upon them. All the occurrences of iron ore referred to in the foregoing occur either at the contact of basic igneous rocks and crystalline limestone or occupy fissures in the. igneous rocks. The contact deposits are very much more extensive than the others, and, roughly speaking, there is usually sufficient showing to warrant the statement that any of these contact deposits will produce a remarkably large tonnage of ore. Some have been estimated to probafoly yield from 2,000,000 to 6,000,000 tons; but in no case has there been sufficient development work done to date to warrant other than approximate measurements. The deposits of non-cupreous iron ore occur in a zone on Vancouver Island which lies westerly and southerly from the zone of copper-gold-bearing ore, and is apparently the extreme southwesterly mineralised belt on Vancouver Island; but in the latter there are several occurrences of magnetite outcroppings of considerable extent which, were it not for the fact that the ehalcopyrite and pyrrhotite associated with the magnetite is of such grade as to make the entire ore foody .valuable for its .copper-gold contents, would possess value as iron ore mines, but because of these contents the iron ore itself is rendered practically useless for the manufacturer:jSp pig iron. As a matter of fact, attention has only been drawn to the iron ore deposits on the Island for such a short time, so far as concerns their value for the manufacture of pig iron, and incidentally steel, that prospectors who are searching for metalliferous lode mines have given very little attention to locating occurrences of iron ore unless such holds sufficient copper and gold value to make the ore important in their eyes. BUGABOO CREEK IRON DEPOSITS. The following information is extracted from the report of I. B. Atkinson, M. E., on the Conqueror group of claims, situate on Bugaboo Creek, a tributary of the Gordon River, which empties into San Juan Harbour, Renfrew District, Vancouver island : -The ore is a contact vein or deposit of magnetite, and where it shows clearly in the creek-it is 280 feet dn width and practically clean ore. The outcrop of magnetite has been-proved by test pits* and open outs to extend throughout the main portion of the Conqueror claim, and rich float is found on two other claims. Mr. Atkinson examined several large outcrops of ore in seven extension claims lying east of the Conqueror group, practically proving a continuation of the ore body for nearly three miles. It is a contact deposit lying between a wide belt of highly crystalline limestone on the hanging wall side, and altered igneous rocks on the foot- wall. Since Mr. Atkinson's inspection the owners report that work on the David claim has proved high-grade ore to a width of 522 feet, and the footwall not yet reached. Samples of ore taken from the sides, roof, sole and foreforeast of the tunnel, assayed by J. O'Sullivan, F. C. S., gave an average assay as follows : Per Cent. *Ferric oxide - 81.42 *Ferrous oxide 15.68 Silica 1.40 Sulphur 30 Phosphorus 06 Titanium nil Lime trace Alumina .. .'. trace Water, very little i - 1 . Chromium and loss ( LI* 100.00 *69.06 per cent. Metallic Iron. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 199 An average analysis of the ore.(by Mr. O'Sullivan is as follows : Per Cent. Metallic iron 68.79 Silica 1.75 Sulphur 35 Phosphorus 056 An average analysis made by the Provincial Government Assay Office is as follows : Per Cent. Metallic iron 69.2 Sulphur 5 Silica 2.7 The ore body is well situated for economical mining. San Juan Harbour is 60 miles from Victoria, and the mine is six miles from the harbour, at an elevation of 1,600 feet above sea-level. The position of the ore is such that it can be mined foy quarrying. There is an abundance of timber and an ample supply of water on the claims. Mr. Atkinson estimates that the ore can foe mined and transported to the coast at a cost of $1 per ton. The development work on the several properties and the exposure of ore foy Bugaboo Creek cutting through the deposit prove that there are several millions of tons of ore in sight. THE FUTURE COAL AND COKE SUPPLY OF THE INTERIOR OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. (By W. Blakemore, M. E., Fernie, B. C.) THE future prosperity of this province depends on an abundant supply of the best quality of fuel at a low price. This controlling factor is determined by two conditions — the general low-grade value of our ores, and the fact that the geological formation forbids the existence of coal in proximity to the metalliferous deposits, and so involves more or less costly transportation. This governs the conduct of our mining industry absolutely, and, as I shall be able to show further on, is of equal force as applied to other important industries that may be established, the only important consumers of fuel not likely to be handicapped in this respect being the railways, and that because the matter of quality is not so important as in the case of smelting and manufacturing. Steam Fuel.—As there can be no considerable development without railway transportation, it may be well to consider first how our coal deposits will first serve existing and prospective railways in British Columbia. The natural surface conditions will probably limit railway construction from east to west to three lines — in the north, the Canadian Northern, from the Yellowhead Pass to the Coast; in the centre, the Canadian Pacific, from the Kicking Horse Pass to Vancouver; and in the south, the Crow's Nest Pass, with some continuation of the same by way of the Similkameen Valley to Vancouver. The difficulties and the cost of building across the mountain ranges of this province are sure to militate against more than these. The natural method of serving the interior will be by means of branch lines running north and south, between the mountain ranges. In order that transportation may be as cheap as possible, it is necessary that these main lines should pass through or near to large coal deposits of suitable quality for steaming; at any rate, this is a present necessity, and will remain so until some day, in the possibly not very distant future, .when our magnificent water powers are harnessed to. electric locomotion. 200 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway has hitherto been well served with fuel by the Canmore mines, and it is likely that for at least ten years these will continue to furnish all that may foe required. The unworked area, however, is not large, and already it is time to look further afield. On the eastern slope of the Rockies, eight miles west of Calgary, we have exposures of coal seams running north and south which are profoafoly continuations of the large bituminous coal field lying to the south. Little or no development work has been done at this point, but the exposures are consistent with the theory named, and I have little doubt that a \ season's work would show up a series of seams of good quality. A line can be gotten as to this by examining the coal at Sheep Creek, which, though inferior to that at Canmore, is still of fair quality and such as could well foe used in the absence of a higher grade. Recent investigations convince me that the coals found in the Blairmore district, and as far south as the entrance to North Kootenay Pass, continue northwards parallel to the Rockies far beyond the Yellowhead Pass, and, if so, although : they are on the Alberta side, they are in an ideal position to furnish steam fuel for the main lines at least half way across the province of British Columbia. As far as the Canadian Northern is concerned, no portion of this system has yet been constructed, but the route has been surveyed from the Yellowhead Pass to the Coast; and at three points at least good steam coal has foeen located in large quantities. Two hundred miles east of the Pass, upon the Saskatchewan River, a high-class lignitic coal has been discovered, yielding on analysis — Fixed carbon 52 per cent. Volatile combustible matter 35 per cent. Ash 12 per cent. This is about the same grade as the Lethforidge coal, of which more than 1,000 tons a day is mined in the season for steam and domestic purposes, and which is a far superior coal to that used by the Great Northern south of the international line. At a point 200 miles west of the Yellowhead Pass, outcroppings have been met with by the surveyors, and at the moment these are foeing traced. Th«y -no doufot represent the northern continuation of the cretaceous measures, and, if so, the" quality will be that of a high-grade bituminous coal, and the only question will foe as to the extent. On the Pacific Coast, 400 miles north of Vancouver, there are extensive coal seams near the route of the proposed railway. The measures run north and south, and the average of several samples recently taken foy a reliable expert shows : Fixed carbon 54 per cent. Volatile combustible matter 37 per cent. Ash 14 per cent. This coal, although high in ash, compares favourably with the fuel recently used on American lines in the West. Coming to the Crow's Nest line and the prospective continuation to the Coast, we have the highest grade of steam coal known on this continent in the Crdw's Nest Pass and its extensions, and it is not necessary that I should say anything about it except that its only limitation as a railway fuel is one of distance. It will always control the market for this purpose as far west as the Arrow Lakes; hut recent discoveries farther west tend to show that, as the Columbia and Kootenay extension is built, it will open up new coal fields, which, by reason of their shorter haul, will secure this trade. On the north fork of Kettle River outcroppings of high-class bituminous coal have been found and are being traced. My own analysis of a sample taken from a four-foot seam gives :— Fixed carbon 62.6 per cent. Volatile combustible matter 29.6 per cent. Ash 7.8 per cent. STIKINE GLACIER. HISTORIC INDIAN VILLAGE, NOOTKA. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 201 If any considerable quantity of such a fuel as this can be found, it will domin* ate the steam coal trade from the Okanagan Lakes east to the Arrow Lakes; but it lies nearly 100 miles north of the Boundary District and out of the route of the proposed railway, although it can only be a question of time until a braneh is constructed up the Kettle River. Farther west we have two well-defined coal fields near Princeton and Nicola. The former, with Ashnola as its centre, is undoubtedly upon the route of any railway from the Boundary District to the Coast, as such a railway must pass up the Similkameen Valley at least as far as Princeton, whatever route it may take thence westwards. -Here we have a well-defined coal basin, 8 miles from east to west and 10 or 12 miles from north to south. Many seams of 't^Bgnitic coal outcrop, of which a fair average analysis gives : — Fixed carbon 42.0 per cent. Volatile combustible matter 42.7 per cent. Ash 3.0 per cent. In the absence of a better fuel this would be used by the railway from the Boundary District to the Hope Mountains. Only a month ago, however, a nine- foot seam of good coal was bored through at a depth of 625 feet, which yielded : — Fixed carbon 54 per cent. Volatile combustible matter 23 per cent. Ash 8 per cent. This is full of promise for the future, and there are, doubtless, other seams of equal, if not superior, quality. Thus the supply of an excellent steam coal for the Columbia and Kootenay is assured. At Nicola (near which the projected railway will pass if it joins the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Spence's Bridge) there is an extensive coal field, probably of the same character as the Princeton basin, which would be easily available. If in connection with these various sources of supply it be borne in mind that we have extensive coal mines in full operation on Vancouver Island, you will see that every part of the province is well furnished with good steam fuel, and that the first' essential for cheap transportation abounds wherever an important railway is likely to be constructed. I estimate that on the Canadian Northern the maximum haul of steam fuel within the province will not exceed 250 miles; on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 200; and on the Crow's Nest fine, 150. This should give fuel at an actual cost ranging from $2 to $8 a ton, a figure which would certainly be favourable for the development of the province on the lines of cheap transportation. These figures take no account of other discoveries which will be made in the near future, as there are abundant evidences that there is a continuity in the coal seams of the Rockies, from Mexico to the Yukon; and there are few valleys of British Columbia in which some trace of these does not exist. Smelting Fuel.— We now have to consider the subject of smelting fuel, and probably this will appeal more directly to our members, because it " comes home." Without cheap and good smelting fuel the mining industry of British Columbia would come to a standstill. The men who were reviled in 1895 for pronouncing our ores " low grade " have had ample, revenge, and it is now not merely proven, but an acknowledged fact. Transportation and treatment on Rossland ores have been reduced from $13 to less than $5 a ton, and shipping values from $25 or $30 to $8 or $10. To this result the Crow's Nest coal and coke have contributed not a little, having brought the delivered price of the former down from $12 to $4, and the latter from $17 to $6. During this period we have learnt many things, and some remain yet to be learnt. It must now be admitted that our ores are so low grade that every cent in cost tells, and that to develop the industry will require the cheapest fuel that can be obtained. Take for example the great self-fluxing copper district, the Boundary. Is it taking too low an estimate to say that with the exception of a 202 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA if few rich chutes, which may run to $7 or even $8, the vast bodies of ore in.that ( camp will not exceed $4 ? If this is so, and if, as Dr. Ledoux says, fuel represents' 05 per cent, of a total smelting cost of $2, then every dollar saved in fuel would mean about 25 cents on the ton of ore treated, a sum which probably represents the difference between profit and loss, since it is admitted on all hands, and confirmed by the highest experts, that everything has been done in the way of appliances and economic management to reduce the cost of treatment to the lowest possible figure. Let us enquire, then, how the future of smelting in British Columbia is likely to be affected by the fuel question. This practically resolves itself into the enquiry—I how can smelting, fuel be still further cheapened ? There is only one way — by competition. This involves the development of other coal fields and the liberation of some portion of the Government coal lands in the Crow's Nest Pass. Firstr as to the opening up of other coal fields. At the moment of writing there is, so far as I know, only one place in the interior of British Columbia (outside the Crow's Nest Pass) where coal of a suitable quality for making a first-class smelting coke has been found, viz., on the north fork of the Kettle River. The analysis was given under the heading of " Steam Fuel." If this deposit should be large enough the quality is all right, and the location being only about 100 miles from the Boundary District, would give it an advantage of at least $1.50 in cost of transportation, and would save 40 cents a ton in treating the ore. The same coal would serve any smelters that might be erected further west, in the event of no coking coal being found in the Similkameen or Nicola Valleys, where it is certain there are valuable copper ores and at least three promising camps —I Twenty-Mile Creek, Copper Mountain and Aspen Grove. For any relief in the cost of fuel in East Kootenay and the eastern camps of West Kootenay we have to look to the Crow's Nest Pass coal field. Leaving for later consideration the Blairmore section of this (because it is in Alberta), we are confined to three sections, viz., the coal areas owned and operated by the Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company; those lying to the south beyond the British Columbia Southern reserve, in the neighbourhood of Lodgepole Creek, Greenhills and Wigwam River; and the 50,000 acres recently selected by the Dominion Government. The former are foeing developed slowly, and, having regard to the statement made by the managing director that in addition to the home market the Great Northern Company require 10,000 tons a day, it is not likely that this demand will be overcome for many years. In addition, the liability to accidents, like tlie recent deplorable disaster, and to strikes, renders it extremely undesirable, that the fuel supply, upon which every industry in the Kootenays depends, should be in the hands of any one firm, however competent and well-meaning. Then there is the impossibility of getting . the lowest possible price from a monopoly. At the moment the charge for coal is $2, and for coke $4 a ton at the ovens. As I shall show, effective competition would reduce these figures to $1.50 and $3 at the ovens, and possibly a little lower. The actual cost of shipping one ton of coal need not exceed $1, and will almosfe certainly be less after allowing for every item of charge. This would give coke at* a cost of $2.25 to $2.50, and leave a margin of 50 cents profit on coal and 75 cents on coke, which is at least double the average rate of profit on coal and coke in the Eastern States or in England over the last twenty years. The present British Columbia consumption of Crow's Nest coal is 1,000 tons a day and of coke 300 tons a day, and a reduction such as the above would mean a saving to the industries of the Kootenays (and mainly to the mining industry) of about $1,000 a day or $300,000 a year. As the country is growing so rapidly, this tonnage would be largely increased in the near future. From.what-areas could fuel be produced at these figures ? Possibly from the sections south and east of the British Columbia Southern reserve already referred to. That, however, is at present a matter of speculation, because nothing has been done beyond locating the coals; and until development work has foeen carried to a much more advanced stage it cannot be stated with certainty whether the measures are sufficiently contiguous and regular AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 203 to yield a large working area. In any case it will take two years to prove this, and will involve the building of a branch railway nearly thirty miles up Lodgepole Creek. If, however, the Government would liberate say 5,000 acres of their selection adjoining and on the south side of Morrissey, all the conditions exist to bring about the result I have foreshadowed. At this point the coal seams of the basin are exposed and are most accessible. The measures are regular and dip under uniform strata to the east for several miles until they meet the eastern upthrow which terminates the basin. From exploratory workings conducted here last season I got samples yielding the following analyses : — No. 1 —18-foot Seam. Fixed carbon 78.7 per cent. Volatile" matter 17.0 per cent. Ash 4.3 per cent. No. 2 —4-foot Seam. Fixed carbon 77.3 per cent. Volatile matter 18.4 per cent. Ash 2.8 per cent. These figures show that the celebrated coals of the Crow's Nest Pass are at their best on Morrissey Creek, as a comparison with the following samples taken from two other points in the Pass indicates : — - Fernie — 6-foot Seam. Fixed carbon 69.14 per cent. Volatile matter 25.45 per cent. Ash 3.62 per cent. Michel — 14-foot Seam. Fixed carbon 62.40 per cent. Volatile matter 24.10 per cent. Ash : 12.05 per cent. This is the only point where coal of equal quality to the best Fernie coal has been discovered and explored sufficiently to enable me to speak with certainty- of its extent, and in this view I am confirmed foy Mr. J." McEvoy, former Government geologist. In the interests of the province, and especially of the mining and smelting industry, no effort should be spared to induce the Government to place this area on the market. There is no legal impediment and obligation in the way, and I. have little doubt that an unanimous request would attain a result so important to the future of the Kootenays in particular. This brings me to consider another source from which relief may come in any case through the ordinary healthy channels of competition. I refer to the Blairmore coal field. Having done most of the prospecting work that has been done here this year, I am able to give you the latest information. Here we have what I believe to be the same series of coal measures as are found in the Pass, only instead of having been uplifted in the form of an elongated basin or trough, they are uplifted and fractured in longitudinal lines and exposed in ridges running north, and south, or nearly so, parallel with the Rockies. The result is much folding and duplication, hut at the same time many more exposures of the same seam, and increased facility of access. These conditions have been proved in extensive properties owned and controlled by Mr. Leslie Hill, Mr. T. G. Proctor, Messrs. McVittie and Leitch, Messrs. Davenport, and Paine, and others. The coal seams, which ^correspond in thickness and occurrence with those of Fernie and Morrissey, have been traced from the entrance to the North Kootenay Pass, where Mr. J. J. Hill has secured 10,000 acres, to a point 20 miles north of Blairmore. Messrs. Frank and Geho have developed a 204 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH. COLUMBIA successful mine on the east side of Turtle Mountain, which has already attained an output of 800 tons a day, the coal being excellent for steam purposes. My own object in taking up certain bonds in this important coal field was to determine its character for coking purposes and to ascertain how it compared with Fernie coal. The result you can best judge from the following analyses taken foy me from comparatively shallow workings; the ash is certain to foe less at greater depth : — Fixed Car. Volatile. Ash. No. 1 63.4 29.1 7.4 No. 2 64.5 26.* 9.0 No. 3 67.7 25.5 6.8 No. 4 (20 miles north of Blairmore) 58.9 28.5 11.8 No. 5 60.3 31.3 7.4 Samples Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are all first-class coking coals; Nos. 4 and 5 good steam. This coal field is so near to the province of British Columbia that it will seek its natural market there for coal and coke, especially the latter; and the mode of occurrence of the seams being more favourafole for cheap working than in the Pass, there is no reason why the cost of production may not offset the extra transportation, a matter of 30 to 50 miles. At any rate, I am convinced that in less than two years from date we shall see coal and coke of satisfactory quality being produced in this district at the figures I have already named, to the enormous benefit of the various industries of Southern British Columbia. SYNOPSIS OF MINING LAWS. THE mining laws of British Columbia are very liberal in their nature, and ) compare favourably with those of any other part of the world. The terms under which both lode and placer claims are held are such that a prospector is greatly encouraged in his work, and the titles, especially for mineral claims and hydraulic leases, are absolutely perfect. The fees required to be paid are as small as possible, consistent with a proper administration of the mining industry, and are much lower than those of the other provinces of Canada or the mineral lands under Dominion control. Provision is also made for the formation of mining partnerships practically without expense, and a party of miners is enabled to take advantage of these parts of the Acts and work their claims together, without the trouble or expense of forming a joint stock company. Considering the great success that has characterised alluvial mining on a large scale in British Columbia, the rentals for hydraulic leases are particularly low. It will be found, on reference to most of the Australian colonies and Natal, that the rentals are in most instances eight times as much as in this province, while the areas permitted are generally much smaller. The period for which leases are granted is practically the same. On a lode mine of 51 acres the expenditure of $500, which may be spread over five years, is required to obtain a Crown grant; and surface rights are obtainable at a smalll figure, in no case exceeding $5 per acre. The following is a synopsis of the mining laws, which will be found sufficient to enable the miner or intending investor to obtain a general knowledge of their scope and requirements. FREE MINERS' CERTIFICATES. Any person over the age of 18, and any joint stock company, may obtain a free miner's certificate on payment of the required fee. The fee to an individual for a free miner's certificate is $5 for one year. To a joint stock company having a capital of $100,000 or less, the fee for a year is $50; if capitalised beyond this, $100. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 205 All these certificates expire at midnight on the 31st of May in each year. Certifi--. cates may foe obtained for any part of a year, terminating on the 31st of May, for a proportionally less fee. The possession of this certificate entitles the holder to enter on all lands of the Crown, or other lands on which the right to so enter is reserved, and prospect for minerals, locate claims and mine. A free miner can only hold, by location, one mineral claim on the same vein or lode, but may acquire others by purchase. In the case of placer claims, only one can be held by location on each creek, ravine or hill, and not more than two in the same locality, only one of which shall be a " creek " claim. In the event of a free miner allowing his certificate to lapse, his mining property uf not Crown-granted) feverts to the Crown; but where other free miners are- interested as partners or co-owners, the interest of the defaulter becomes vested in the company continuing co-owners or partners, pro rata, according to their interests. It is not necessary for a shareholder, as such, in an incorporated mining, company to be the holder of a certificate. MINERAL CLAIMS. Mineral claims are located and held under the provisions of the Mineral Act. A mineral claim is a rectangular piece of ground, not exceeding 1,500 feet square. The angles must all be right angles unless the boundaries, or one of them, are the same as those of a previously surveyed claim. A mineral claim is located by erecting three legal posts, which are stakes having a height of not less than four feet above ground, and squared for four inches at least on each face for not less than a foot from the top. A tree stump so cut and squared also constitutes a legal post. The "discovery post" is placed at the point where the mineral in place fs discovered. Nos. 1 and 2 posts are placed as near as possible on the line of the ledge or vein, shown by the discovery post, and mark the boundaries of the claim. Upon each of these three posts must foe written the name of the claim, the name of the locator, and the date of location. On No. 1 post, in addition, the following must be written : " Initial post. Direction of post No. 2 [giving approximate compass bearing]; feet of this claim lie on the right, and feet on the left of the fine from No. 1 to No. 2 posts." The location line, between Nos. 1 and 2 posts, must foe distinctly marked — in a timbered locality by folazing trees and cutting underbrush, and in bare country by monuments of earth or rock not less than two feet in diameter at the base, and at least two feet high — so that the line can be distinctly seen. Mineral claims must be recorded in the Mining Recorder's office for the mining _ division in which they are situated, within fifteen days from the date of location, one day extra being allowed for each ten miles of distance from the recording office after the first ten miles. If a claim is not recorded in time it is deemed abandoned and open for re-location; but if the original locator wishes to re-locate, he can only do so by permission of the Gold Commissioner of the district, and upon payment of a fee of $10. This applies also to a claim abandoned for any reason whatever. Mineral claims are, until the Crown grant is issued, held practically on a yearly lease, the condition of which is that assessment work be performed on the same during each year to the value of at least $100, or payment of such sum be made to the Mining Recorder. Such assessments must be recorded before the expiration of the year, or the claim is deemed, abandoned. If, however, such record is omitted, a free miner may, before the expiration of thirty days thereafter, record such assessment upon payment of a fee of $10. This, however, will not hold the claim if it has been, re-located by another free miner in the meantime. The actual cost of the survey of a mineral claim, to an amount not exceeding $100, may also be YEAR (BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA , recorded as assessment work. If during any year work is done to a greater extent than the required $.100, any further sums of $100 — but not less — may be recorded and counted as further assessments. As soon as assessment work to the extent of $500 is recorded, the owner of a mineral claim is entitled to a Crown grant on payment of a fee of $25 and giving the necessary notices required by the Act. Liberal provisions are also made in the Act for obtaining mill-sites and other facilities in the way of tunnels and drains for the better working of claims. PLACER CLAIMS. Placer Mining is governed by the Placer Mining Act, and foy the interpretation clause its scope is defined as "the mining of any natural stratum or foed of earth, gravel or cement mined for gold or other precious minerals or stones." Placer claims are of four classes, as follows : Creek Diggings — Any mine in the foed of any stream or ravine. Bar Diggings — Any mine foetween high and low water marks on a river, lake or other large foody of water. Dry Diggings — Any mine over which water never extends. Precious Stone Diggings — Any deposit of precious stones, whether in veins, beds or gravel deposits. The following provisions as to extent of the various classes of claims are made by the Act: In creek diggings a claim shall foe 250 feet square; provided, always, that the side lines of each claim shall be measured in a general direction of the water course or stream. In bar diggings a claim shall be : (a) A piece of land not exceeding 250 feet square on any bar which is covered at high water; or (b) a strip of land 250 feet . long at high-water mark, and in width extending from high-water mark to extreme low-water mark. In dry diggings a claim shall be 250 feet square. Every placer claim shall be as nearly as possible rectangular in form, and marked by four legal posts at the corners thereof, firmly fixed in the ground. On each of I such posts shall be written the name of the locator, the number and date of issue I of his free miner's certificate, the date of the location and the name given to the rlaim. In timbered localities all boundary lines of a placer claim shall be blazed so that the posts can foe distinctly seen, underbrush cut, and the locator shall also erect legal posts not more than 125 feet apart on all boundary lines. In localities where there is no timber or underbrush, monuments of earth or rock, not less than two feet high and two feet in diameter at base, may be erected in lieu of the said last- mentioned legal posts, but not in the case of the four legal posts marking the corners of the claim. A placer claim must be recorded in the office of the Mining Recorder for the mining division within which the same is situate, within fifteen days after the location thereof, if located within ten miles of the office of the Mining Recorder by the most direct means of travel. One additional day shall be allowed for every ten miles additional or fraction thereof. The number of days shall be counted inclusive of the day upon which such location was made, but exclusive of the day of application for record. The application for such record shall foe under oath, and in the form set out in the schedule to the Act. A claim which shall not have foeen recorded within the prescribed period shall be deemed to have been abandoned. To hold a placer claim for more than one year, it must be re-recorded before the expiration of the record or re-record. A placer claim must be worked by the owner or someone on his behalf, continuously, as far as practicable, during working, hours. If work is discontinued for a period of 72 hours, except during the close season, lay-over, leave of absence, sick- AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 207 ness, or for some other reason to the satisfaction of the Gold Commissioner, the claim is deemed abandoned. Lay-overs are declared by the Gold Commissioner upon proof being given to him that the supply of water is insufficient to work the claim. Under similar circumstances he has also the power to declare a close season, by a notice in writing and published in the Gazette, for all or any claims in his district. Tunnel and drain licenses are also granted by him on the person applying giving security for any damage that may arise. Grants of right-of-way for the construction of tunnels or drains across other claims are also granted on payment of a fee of $25? the owner of the claim crossed having the right for tolls, etc., on the tunnel or drain which may be constructed. These tolls, however, are, so far as the amount goes, under the discretion of the Gold Commissioner. DISCOVERY CLAIMS. The following provision is made for new discoveries of placer mining ground : — If any free miner, or party of free miners, discover a new locality for the prosecution of placer mining, and such discovery be established to the satisfaction of the Gold Commissioner, placer claims of the following sizes shall be allowed to such discoverers : To one discoverer, one claim 600 feet in length; to a party of two discoverers, two claims, amounting together to 1,000 feet in length; to each memfoer of a party beyond two in number, a claim of the ordinary size only : Provided, that where a discovery claim has been established in any locality, no further discovery shall be allowed within five miles therefrom, measured along the watercourses. The width of such claims shall be the same as ordinary placer claims of the same class. No' special privileges are allowed for discovery of new mineral claims. CO - OWNERS AND PARTNERSHIPS. In both the Mineral and Placer Mining Acts provision is made for the formation j of mining partnerships, footh of a general and limited liability character. These • are extensively taken advantage of, and have proved very satisfactory in their working. By an amendment to the Mineral Act, passed in 1901, provision is i made for collection of the proportion of assessment work that may be due from any co-owner in a mineral claim. It should not be forgotten that if any co-owner permits his free miner's certificate to lapse, the title of his associates is not prejudiced, but his interest reverts to the remaining co-owners. HYDRAULIC AND DREDGING LEASES. Leases of unoccupied Crown lands may be granted foy the Lieutenant- Governor- jin-Council, upon recommendation of the Gold Commissioner of the district, after Ilocation by placing a legal post at each corner of the ground applied for. On the [post nearest the placer ground then being worked the locator must post a notice [stating the- name of the applicant, the location of the ground to be acquired, the •quantity of ground, and the term for which the lease is to be applied for. Within |30 days application must be made in writing to the Gold Commissioner, in duplicate, Iwith the plan of the ground on the back, and the application must contain the name [of each applicant, the number of each applicant's free miner's certificate, the locality lof the ground, the quantity of ground, the term of the lease desired, and the rent proposed to be paid. A sum of $20 must accompany the application, which is ■returned if the application is not granted. The! term of leases must not exceed twenty years. The extent of ground covered by leases is not in excess of the ■following : Creek, % mile; hydraulic diggings, 80 acres; dredging leases, 5 miles; precious stone diggings, 10 acres. Under order-in-council the minimum rental for a fcreek lease is $75 per annum and for a hydraulic lease $50 per annum, with a Londitioh that at least $1,000 per annum shall be spent in development. For dredging leases the usual rental is $50 per mile per annum, development work worth 208 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA -41,000 per mile per annum must be done, and 50 cents royalty per ounce paid on the gold mined. TAXATION OF MINES. Mineral or placer claims, when crown-granted, are subject to y. yearly tax of 25 cents per acre; fout if $200 is spent in work in a year, this tax is not levied. A tax of 2 per cent, is levied quarterly on all ores and other mineral substances mined in the province, but where ore-producing mines produce under $5,000 in a year, half the tax is refunded; while placer or dredging mines that do not produce a gross value of $2,000 in a year are entitled to a refund of the whole tax. These taxes are in substitution for all taxes on the land, and for the personal property tax in ■ respect of sums so produced, so long as the land is only used for mining purposes. By the Land Act a royalty of 50 cents per M., board measure, is levied on timber suitable for mining props, a cord of props being considered as 1,000 feet, board measure. COAL AND PETROLEUM PROSPECTING. Coal or petroleum prospecting licenses may foe procured after a thirty days' notice has been placed on the land and in the Government Office of the district, as well as published in the Gazette and in a local paper for the same length of time. Application must be made in writing to the Gold Commissioner, in duplicate, accompanied by plans of the land and a fee of $50. A license may be issued for not more than 640 acres of land for one year, the, said $50 covering the first year's rental. All lands must be in a square block and run due north, south, east and west. At the expiration of the first year an extension may be granted for a second and third year. Land for which a license has been granted may foe leased, upon proof being given of the discovery of coal, for fivei years at a rental of 10 cents per annum per acre; the lease also contains provision for a royalty of 5 cents per ton of coal and 1 cent per barrel of petroleum. If the lessee is able to prove that he has worked the land continuously, he may, within three months of the expiration of his lease, purchase the land at $5 per acre. MINING RECORDERS IN OUTLYING DISTRICTS. Where mineral is discovered in a part of the province remote from mining recorders' offices, so that the provisions of the Act cannot be justly enforced, the miners themselves may, by a two-thirds vote at a meeting for that purpose, appoint a mining recorder from among themselves. Such recorder can issue free miners' certificates, records of mining property, etc., and such entries will be valid notwitliM standing any informality. Under the Act such mining recorder shall, as soon as possible, forward a list of the free miners' certificates issued by him, and of records made, to the nearest gold commissioner or mining recorder, together with the fees required by law therefor. TABLE OF FEES. Individual Free Miners' Certificate $ 5 00 Company Free Miner's Certificate (capital $100,000 or less) 50 00 Company Free Miner's Certificate (capital over $100,000) 100 00 Recording Mineral or Placer Claim 2 50 Recording Certificate of Work, Mineral Claim 2 50 Re-record of Placer Claim 2 50 Recording Lay-over 2 50 Recording Abandonment, Mineral Claim 10 00 Recording Abandonment, Placer Claim 2 50. Recording any Affidavit under three folios 2 50 Per folio over three, in addition 30 Records in "Record of Conveyances," same as Affidavits Filing Documents 1 00 For Crown Grant under Mineral Act 25 00 For every lease under Placer Mining Act 5 00 H ;\;.. ,r..; m pn; K4 . ■w?*;"" ."■-•-.'. 9bs l&JI "^ " "-'^SmF' '^Ssi ■ li%**;38H^^H'. ^^b '"'^'KM'fl I ~^>^*> S'lf^p ^HHB sB""'* 1 HI "* .••■= ^ftj^BU'i ifl' H m\ 3" « J^ m &•.... SALMON FLEET, MOUTH OF FRASER RIVER. (Waiting for the Signal.) 1 THOMPSON RIVER, OPPOSITE KAMLOOPS. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION Pi « Q M o 1 PQ CO "5 H c c | cr < cr 1 I .O 1 c U c 1 O U a QC O 2 2 i £ | :?- ^ 1 > c 1 O.C COPh H 2 O 3 § o u Q O o £ < cr > if c 1 0 c cr o do o c i ) £ < | c c .a > c i c? o 1 ►2 J c c a CO u E 1 c c - e 1 "S ( C c £ L 1 c c J c t c Jt < H 2 2 2 p 1 a 1 ^ 1 < < 1 c c c I c cr 1 c | I I *c c L 1 c c l c i c *£ c c ix c? 1 c 1 c c! c c? jj c c p c X C a 2 g c c c ^c YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA o D CO d O 1 6 O 'EL o ft c h U c c 1 So < c fa u p c fa fa a, o Q o o 2 ct £ e 1 '* -'?* i c | fcJO c U O cr 1 1 ^.Lf P . s o o U o O i 1 .: 4 S £ < cr ,-J tJ3 O 1 fa fa o 2 ^ O ^ uO 1-1 c |2 c 1 c "c > p c > fe C T3 C c e 1 c c cl I 1 | > i c 1 | .. c c p ft t ! 1 t4S Pi < b t/i II Q > ci Q 2 2 iS Q 0 0 c c c 1 f4 < c £ cr cl o cr > c cr c. 2 C 2 > ■•'■ c c c > c e i < 2 o pe c c c C cl X cr _'* 55 1 c| c cr c jjj cr 1 Sz c c C 3 £ c cr C fa 8 H 1 c fa i c cr ii. 1 tfj ■| | C e > H c AND MIANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION o o CO 5 1 <j O O co C cs a ii o o « 2 2 | C C cr c 1 fa l c c c < ) < '■;! i 5 £ £ o CO 1 c < ^ % IT < £ 2. E-^fa k^ < c/- o o 2 C 1 i o o o o £ PC i ": < cr > 4 c 1 c 1 co o 2 H o o So o ►J ; c •1 h £ Z c 1 c 52 '§ if c > c 0 5 jS i < <j c J >• > 1 i 4J c c C c i Q 2 < jjf 5 £ 2 2 I 4 1 5 <u c c £ Q 2 o c or c c c| O JO a. > CJ c c CO o c < c| o M cr c. Q 2 O 2 c o o CO c 4 "a «5 c cr c a Q a 2 < C 4 CJ H o o J c c* Z\ cr g (A U < < > c u c c. Q c | c > c cr 1 #■ YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA HON. ROBERT F. GREEN, Minister of Mines. THE FISHERIES. THE British Columbia coast of the Pacific Ocean, extending from the 49th parallel to Alaska, is extensive and deeply indented. Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands, standing out seaward, are separated from the Mainland by numerous channels and thousands of islands grouped in minor archipelagoes. Stretching inland are many long inlets, the whole configuration being irregular, but exceedingly picturesque, and the waters rich in food fishes. From the time the Strait of San Juan de Fnca is entered until the farthest north point is reached, with the exception of Queen Charlotte Sound, where the ocean swell is felt, and a few tide rips, it is one continuous glassy reach of water, which offers no obstacles to navigation, and renders coasting delightfully easy and pleasant. The conditions, on the whole, are most favourable to conducting the fishing industry. It is for the purpose of portraying the wealth of these waters that this chapter is penned. From time prehistoric the Indians of the coast in their primitive way pursued the almost sole means of livelihood, fishing, and with a temperate clime and1 an ■abundant supply of this food at all seasons, existence was, except in so far as tribal warfare endangered it, in no sense precarious. "Says Mr. Ashdown Green, a local authority in piscatorial science : " Unlike the Indians of the plains, whose lives depended on their exertions, and who had to roam over a vast extent of country to obtain meat enough to put up for winter use, the fish-eating Indians could count securely upon their winter supplies coming to their very doors." Those on the Mainland had immense supplies of salmonidae in their seasons, which for' (winter use they dried, smoked or otherwise preserved in unlimited quantities. Those on the western coast depended upon the halibut and cod, which, too, were without limit as to numbers, and within easy reach. These were cut into strips and dried, and were edible to even more cultivated palates than those of the natives. THE SALMON. Writing of the Pacific salmon, Mr. J. P. Babcock, Commissioner of Fisheries, says : " We have in our waters the five known species of the genus oncorhynchus, termed the Pacific salmon. They are distinct from the salmon of the Atlantic, which are the genus salmo. Indeed, the word salmon does not by right belong to any fish found in the Pacific, it having first been applied to a genus found in Europe. The settlement of the Atlantic coast of America was made by a people familiar with the European form, who at once recognized this fish as running in the rivers of their newly acquired territory. They naturally and by right gave it the name salmon, for it is identical with the European form. With the advent of) people from the Atlantic .States to the Pacific Coast, they found running in all the main rivers a fish similar in form and colour, and of apparently similar habits, and they naturally called them salman. (Structurally these fish are but slightly different, 214 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA fout their life history is totally dissimilar, and they are distinctly and positively placed. The greatest difference is presented in the fact that all the species found in Pacific waters die shortly after spawning once. This is true of both sexes. This remarkable characteristic, when first brought to the attention of some Atlantic and European authorities, was discredited, as they did not then generally know that the Pacific salmon was different from and not identical with the salmo salar, which does not die after spawning, and generally returns to salt water after depositing its ova. While our Pacific fish are not salmon in a scientific sense, they are now the salmon of the world, because of their abundance and their fine canning qualities, which permit them to foe offered in the markets of the civilized world. " We have in our waters the five species of salmon known to the Pacific. Taken in the order of their commercial importance in the province, they are known as : — (1) The iSockeye or Blueback <Oncorhynchus nerka); (2) the iSpring or Quinnat <0. tschawytscha); <3) the Coho or Silver (O. kisutch)^. (4) the Dog (O. keta); (5) the Humpback (O. gorfouscha). THE iSOCKEYE. " (1) The Sockeye weighs from 3 to 10 pounds, though specimens of 17 pounds in weight are recorded. The anal fin is long, and has afoout 14 developed rays. There I are 14 foranchiostegals. The gill-rakers are more numerous than in any other, salmon, 32 to 40. The young fry of this species can always foe distinguished by the great number of the gill-rakers. The scales of the adult usually average 130 to 140 in the lateral line. The tail is narrow and widely forked. The adults in salt water are free from spots; the backs are a clear blue, and below the lateral line they are immaculate. They are in form and colour considered the most beautiful of their family. "The bluish backs and silvery sides, which so distinguish them in salt water, ,give place in the head waters, at spawning time, to a deep carmen, while the heads and tails become a deep olive green, the male and female being equally highly coloured in the specimens found in the extreme head waters of the province. The I head of the male undergoes less distortion in our waters than any of this genus. Specimens which enter the rivers towards the last of the season's run, and which do not ascend to the head waters of the main streams, fout which spawn in the lower reaches nearer the sea, do not become nearly so highly coloured at the spawn-1 ing period, many of the females not showing much if any red. The flesh of the sockeye is of a deep and unfailing red. They enter the Fraser River as early as April. They are not taken until July 1st, as their capture is, by regulation, comfimeil | to nets of 5%-inch mesh, which are not used until that •tiime. The main run in the Fraser is looked for toward the latter part of July. The run is at its height! I during the first ten days of August. The following table gives foy weeks the catch of the past season, and may be taken as an average of a season's movements : — Number of boats manned by Boats nationality of fishermen not given. Total number of boats. Week ending. White men. Indians. Japanese. Sockeyes caught. Julyl9feh 246 July26th 695 August 2nd | 796 August 9th 1 819 August 16th .... 912 August 25th .... 569 103 79 412 560 534 919 551 922 597 923 387 689 66 128 178 169 169 148 494 1,795 2,427 2,461 2,601 1,793 26,267 133,526 404,075 I 1,556,984 . J 524,561 292,920 I Tota number of S ockeyes delivered to Cann 3rs 2,948,333 1 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 215 " The sockeye run in all our Mainland rivers and in some of the rivers of the west coast of Vancouver Island, and in the NimMsh River, near the head of the east coast of that Island. In the rivers of the northwest Mainland coast they run a month earlier than in the Fraser. " The abundance of sockeye in the Fraser varies greatly with given years; there are years known as " the foig years " and as " the poor years." Their movement appears to be greatest every fourth year, and the run is the poorest in the year immediately following. The causes which may have led up to this most remarkable feature have given iise to much speculation, and many theories have foeen advanced to account for them, fout none are sufficiently satisfactory to be generally accepted. This periodicity in the run of sockeye which is so pronounced in the Fraser has no marked' counterpart in amy other river in the province or on the coast. " The spawning period of the sockeye extends from August, in the headwaters, to as late as October and November in the waters nearest the sea. They usually spawn in lake-fed or in lake-feeding streams, the first of their run seeking the extreme head waters. Very little is known of the life of the young or the length of time they five in fresh waters before seeking salt water. Nothing is known of their feeding grounds in salt water, as they are never found in the bays and inlets which distinguish our coast, and where the spring and coho are so common. It is thought that their feeding ground must foe in the open sea. There is a smaller specimen of the sockeye found in many of our interior waters that appears to foe a permanently small form, which is known to writers as "The Little Red Fish," " Kennedy's Salmon," or "The Evermann form of the /Sockeye," and which in some lakes of the province can foe shown not to foe anadromous. This form of the sockeye is often mistaken by observers as a trout. It has no commercial value, and does not " take a fly " or any other device commonly used foy anglers for taking trout. The Indians of iSeton and Anderson Lakes cure great numfoers of these small salmon foy smoking them. They give them the name of " Oneesh." THE iSPRING SALMON. " (2) The Spring or Quinnat Salmon (O. tschawytscha) ranks second in import* ance in the waters of the province. This species is known in Alaska as the King or Tyee salmon, in British Columbia as the Chinook, the King or Quinnat, in California as the Sacramento or Quinnat Salmon. It was the first and for many years the only salmon used for canning. The spring salmon attains in our waters an average weight of from 18 to 30 pounds. Specimens weighing from 60 to 100 pounds have been reported. It has 16 rays in the anal fin, from .15 to 19 foranchiostegals, and 23 gill-rakers. The numfoer of scales in the lateral line run from 135 to 105. The tail is forked, and, like the foack and dorsal fin, is commonly covered with round black spots. The head is rather pointed and of a metallic lustre. The foack is of a dark green or bluish colour; below the lateral line it is silvery. At spawning it becomes almost black, with little or no red. On the spawning grounds of the province they are often spoken of as 'black salmon.' In this respect these fish in our waters are different to those in the waters to the south, where the spawning fish are of a dull red. The spring salmon are the most powerful swimmers which seek our rivers, usually going to the extreme head of the watershed which they enter. They seem to prefer the most rapid moving streams, and apparently avoid the lake-fed tributaries. The colour of their flesh in our waters is from deep red to a very light {pink, at times almost white. Owing to the uncertainty of its colour, it is less generally used for canning, and all specimens are examined foy the canners foefore accepting them from fishermen. It is stated that the ' early run ' fish are the most reliable in colour. It has also foeen stated that these pale pink or white-meated salmon are not any less rich in flavour or oil than the red-meated ones; but as the English market demands a red^meated salmon and refuses to accept anything else, they are rejected by the packers 216 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA .Hit "The spring fish enters the Fraser early in the spring, and the run continues more or less intermittent until July. There is no pronounced run in the fall. OOHOEiS. " (3) The Coho (O. kisuteh), or -Silver or Fall Salmon, is found in all of the waters of the province, and of late years has foecome a considerable factor in the canned product. This species on an average weighs from 3 to 8 pounds. Heavier specimens are not uncommon. It has 13 or 14 developed rays in the anal fin, 13 foranchiostegals, 23 gill-rakers, and there are about 12ft scales in the lateral line, the scales foeing larger than any other of the genera. In colour these fish are very silvery, greenish above, with a few black spots on the head and fins. These fish run in August and September in the rivers on the northwest coast, and in 'September and October in "the Fraser. Like the sockeye, they travel in compact schools. They do not seek the extreme head waters, and frequent both the streams and lakes to spawn. : DOG SALMON. " (4) The Dog Salmon (O. keta) run in most of the rivers and coast streams late in the fall. They average from 10 to 12 pounds in weight; much larger specimens are not unusual in most of our waters. They have 14 anal rays, 14 foranchiostegals, 24 gill-rakers and afoout 1150 scales in lateral line. In provincial waters they spawn close to the sea, ascending almost every one of even the minor coast streams. In the sea they are dark silvery in colour, the fins being black. At the spawning period they foecome dusky, with lateral lines of black, with more or less grey and red colouring along the sides. The heads of the males undergo the most marked distortion, and the teeth in front become large and dog-like, hence the popular name. Until within the last four years these fish have not foeen considered of any value™ Now they are captured; in great mumfoers by the Japanese, who dry salt them for export to the Orient, many thousands of tons foeing exported the past-season. They are never canned in the province. THE HUMPBACK. I (5) The Humpback Salmon (O. gorfouscha) is the smallest of the species found in our waters, averaging from 3 to 6 pounds. It has 15 rays in the anal fin, 28 gill- rakers, and 12 foranchiostegals. The scales are much smaller than in any other ] salmon, there foeing 180 to 240 in the lateral fine. In colour it is bluish above and silvery below. The back and tail are covered with oblong black spots. In the fall I the males of this species are so greatly distorted as to give them their popular name. These fish run in abundance only every other year, coming in with the last of the sockeye run. They are fout little valued, though a considerable use has sprung up I during the last few years. With the development of the markets for cheap fishery products, a demand has come for all of our salmon products, with the result that the I fishing season is being extended' to cover the runs of all five of the salmon species I found in our waters. This lengthening of the season is of marked benefit to our regular salmon fishermen, and with the development of our other fisheries, it is confidently believed that these hardy men may find ready employment during the entire year." LOCAL CONDITIONS. Concerning the hafoits of the salmon in British Columbia waters, there is a wide field for investigation, and not much is confidently known. The facts as to the conditions governing and affecting spawning, the time of their going to sea, the effects injurious or otherwise of dumping the offal of the canneries into the river, the economic results of the hatchery and the methods of incubation and disposal of the fry, the degree of protection necessary and the proper limits of a close season are not to be determined ii i AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 217 wholly foy experience elsewhere, but by local observation and systematic investigation extending over a series of years. This the Provincial Government, by the establishment of a Fisheries Department and the appointment of a Fisheries Commissioner, has undertaken to determine, and with every promise of success. The efforts of Mr. Babcock in the direction of acquiring useful data are demonstrated in a report recently published bearing on many matters of practical interest, and in the erection of a hatchery most modern in its equipment and of great capacity, near Seton Lake, in the Lillooet District. COMMISSIONER BABCOCK'S REPORT. Some of the problems of salmon fishing and the salmon industry are discussed by Mr. Babcock in the report in question, as follows : — If the size of the run of dish in the Fraser River for a given year is dependent upon the abundance of fish upon the spawning grounds during the spawning period four years previous, as the canners and fishermen claim, and as 'the records manifestly demonstrate, and as I believe, the run- in 1005 will be large and the run in 19-J6 small. Certainly, propagation was at its maximum in 1901 and at its minimum in 1902. * * * I am now strongly led to conclude that the seasons and regulations for the catching of sockeye, that proved' so effective in allowing them to reach the spawning grounds in 1901, were altogether inadequate to produce the same result in 1902. Anyone who witnessed the great number of fish on the spawning grounds of the Fraser and Thompson Rivers in 1901, and their scarcity in 1902, cannot help being impressed with this conclusion. The placing of restrictions upon salmon fishing is justifiable only .upon the ground that they are necessary in order to allow enough fish each year to reach the spawning grounds to insure their perpetuation. To foe effective in this regard, regulations governing fishing on a river should foe framed so as to conform to the conditions which exist upon that particular stream. It has been demonstrated that every fourth year there is an abundant run of sockeye salmon (O. nerka) in the Fraser River, and that in the year immediately following there is a poor run. No regulations 'that cover every season alike can be made that will adequately meet the remarkably varying conditions known to exist on the Fraser. There should be seasons and regulations provided for the river applicable to the years that are known as those of afoundance, and other and more restrictive ones provided for the years of the poor runs. Our fishermen should be permitted! to take only that portion of the run which is in excess of the number necessary to the perpetuation of their species. The present regulations for the Fraser do not accomplish the object of their enactment. Those in force in 1901 were shown to foe sufficiently effective, and no further restrictions should be placed upon fishing in that stream in the known years of abundance. It was demonstrated in 1902' that these regulations did not produce the desired result, so it is evident that more stringent restrictions should foe enforced during the years of poor runs. Unfortunately there is a divided jurisdiction on the fishing grounds of the Fraser River. The American fishing grounds on Puget Sound must foe considered a part of the Fraser River district, as the sockeye captured there were bred in and are endeavouring to return to that river. This divided authority prevents, at least for the present time, the making of suitable protective laws which justly affect the fishery interests on both sides of the line. There are almost no restrictions placed upon fishing on the American side of the inland sea, while we have a 86-hour weekly close season in the gulf and in the river channels, do not permit fishing until July 1st, and confine our fishermen to the use of gill nets alone. The Americans have no close season for the salt waters of the Sound, and permit the use of all kinds of fixed contrivances for taking fish, including drag and purse nets. The Americans have certain restrictions within defined limits of the mouths of rivers, and in the rivers themselves, but none of these regulations give any protection whatever to the salmon seeking the Fraser. It is not clear how regulations that will equally protect the fish in both the British and American waters can foe brought about. There is certainly a great necessity for equalising the regulations affecting the sockeye salmon. A weekly close season applicable to the American waters of the Sound is much to be desired. If a 36-hour weekly close season, beginning on Thursday at 6 p. m., and extending to Saturday, 6 a. m., were adopted on that side of the line, the fish that passed YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA through their waters during that time would foe protected in our waters by the present 36-hour weekly close season which begins at 6 a. m. on Saturday and extends to 6 p. m. on Sunday, and would solve the question and insure an increase of fish on the spawning grounds. The benefits to foe derived from such joint action are so great that the wisdom of their adoption should appeal to the great interests on both sides- of the Sound. During the last four years there has been a general consolidation of the canning interests in footh Washington and British Columbia. The American interests .are now very largely centered in two or three big companies, and there is considerable unity of action between the companies operating in British Columbia. These interests are controlled and managed foy men of commercial prominence, to whom the wisdom of joint action to preserve this great fishery should strongly appeal. MOVEMENTS OF SOCKEYE SALMON PROM SEA TOWARDS FRASER. All of the sockeye which enter the uTraser come in from the sea through_San Juan de Fuca Strait. There seems to be no evidence that any portion of the sockeye run ■ comes from the north through Johnstone Strait. If any do come from that direction I their presence would foe clearly indicated in the narrow channel by their habit of travelling in more or less compact schools close to the surface, and their advance foeing marked foy leaping from the water. The sockeye which come in through Juan de Fuca Strait strike the southwest corner of Vancouver Island, between Port San Juan and Sherringham Point, and appear to come from the open sea to the northwest. An examination of some of the sockeye which have foeen captured in the Straits discloses the fact that their stomachs are contracted and devoid of food, which indicates that they have come a considerable distance from their feeding I ground, which place is unknown. The run which comes in through the strait appears to have no relation to the runs of the smaller species of fish which enter the small streams of the west coast of Vancouver Island and the State of Washington, from May to October. Nor does there seem to foe any movement of fish along the American shore of Juan de Fuca Strait, which would also seem to indicate that their ocean feeding ground lies to the north of the strait. The first fish of this annual movement of sockeye are usually reported from Sherringham or Otter Points. After the season advances their presence is, at times, disclosed as far west as Port San Juan. From Sherringham Point, along the Vancouver side of the strait east, their movement is clearly defined as they pass close in shore. They come in rapidly with the flood tides, at times close to the surface^ J|^H foreak water frequently. On the ebfoing of the tide they disappear. Occasionally', rH years of abundance, they may foe seen on the ebb, circling in the eddies at Sherringham and Otter Points, and at Beachy Head. Their presence at any of these poinds on an ebb tide was not noticed this year. With the change from ebfo to flood they ' return, at times in vast successive schools, and the run continues for days at a time. During the last days of July and the first two weeks" .of August, in years of large runs, they show- themselves plainly, a racing, leaping, bluish-silver mass in the clear and rapid-moving waters. Passing Beachy Head they hold close to Race Rocks, and pass to the northeast as far as Discovery Island, and thence east towards Rosario Strait. Men who have studied their movements at these places state that the flrs|l of the run, after passing Race Rocks, move to the east, heading for Rosario, and that many of these runs pass to the south of the traps at the salmon banks on the southern end of San Juan Island, while the later runs are freely taken at these banks, and in the purse nets and traps to the north of them. The state of the tides and weather conditions have a marked effect upon their movements. With strong westerly winds and flood tides they pass more directing towards Rosario. On bright windless days they strike the shores of San Juan Island1! further to the north, and many continue through the Strait of Haro to the Gulf. Such appeared to foe their routes during the days of my observations in last July and August. On July 29 I located a school in the vicinity of Race Rocks, which turned to the north and made for Discovery Island, beyond which place I could not follow them. On the same day Mr. Schultz, the manager of the great lime kiln at Roach': Harbour on San Juan Island, noticed a vast school, possibly a mile in length, passing outside the traps at Mosquito Pass towards the shores of Sidney Island. None were taken in the traps at Mosquito Point on that tide. The school was not traced*! further. It may have entered the Gulf of Georgia foy the channels to the south of"1 Saturna Island, or may have continued to the north and entered the Gulf by way of Active Pass, or Plumper's Pass, as it is locally, misnamed. It is impossible at this time to determine what proportion of the runs passes through Haro and what proportion through Rosario 'Straits. Unquestionably the movements of the fish in these channels vary with different years, being influenced by their number, and foy the winds and tides. In the years of small runs the fish usually,; follow these two channels, while in the years of the big runs they are found not onljii in Haro and Rosario Straits, but in all the lesser passage-ways between the islands. It is generally .believed the greater movement is through Rosario Strait every year, which belief appears to be well-founded by reason of the numbers captured there. It is my opinion that the greatest movement is through Rosario, for the reason that the largest proportion of the fresh water from the Fraser River flows towards the sea through that channel. With the ebbing of the tide, the waters from Howe Sound and the eastern part of the Gulf are directed south, and sweep with them the discoloured fresh water from the mouth of the Fraser, past Point Roberts, and on between Lummi and Orcas Islands, through Rosario. As the waters rush from Bosario they are turned northwestward and are driven towards Vancouver Island by •the strong ebfo tide which comes from the extensive inland sea to the south. That the movements of the fish are influenced by the presence of this foody of fresh water in this Strait seems to foe warranted foy the known effect such water has upon their movements in other sections. The schools which pass into the Gulf either through Rosario or Haro Straits do not appear to make directly for the mouth of the Fraser. They rather seem to circle around the outer edge of the waters of the Gulf, which are discoloured foy the silt brought down toy the Fraser. At flood' tide this discoloured area extends to Valdes Island on the west, and to Bowen's Island, at the outlet of Howe Sound. Passing around and through the edge of this silt-coloured area, the sockeye strike towards the shore of the Mainland near Point Atkinson, and then turning south past Point Grey, enter the river through two of its various channels. This route is traced foy the movements of the first schools. As the run progresses, and school follows school, the fish are found throughout this area of discoloured water, and are taken by means of gill nets. Many experienced fishermen assert that by taking advantage of this early movement they make better catches at the first of the season off Point Atk'nson and Point Grey than can foe made off the sand-heads. This circling of the salmon in. the Gulf, and the fact of their being caught to the north of the mouth of the Fraser, is pr<i)<vbly the only foundation for the existing belief that a portion of the run enters the Gulf through Johnstone Straits. FISHING METHODS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA AND AMERICAN WATERS. The seasons and the methods in use for the capture of salmon in the Provincial and American waters through which they pass to reach the Fraser River are entirely dissimilar. In the former they are closely restricted; in the latter they are virtually unlimited. In Provincial waters the Dominion regulations provide that " no nets other than drift (gill) nets shall be used for the catching of salmon," and their use is confined to " tidal waters." " Nets for the catching of ' quinnat' or 'spring' salmon shall only be used from 'the first day of March to the thirty-first day of October * * * and the meshes-of such nets shall not be less than seven inches in extension measure." The meshes of nets for catching salmon, other than quinnat or spring salmon, in tidal waters shall not foe less 'than 5% inches, and shall only foe used between the 1st day of July in each year and the Sflst day of January following." It is further provided that " no one shall fish for salmon from Saturday morning at 6 o'clock until the following Sunday afternoon at 6 o'clock, exeept in the rivers and waters of the Province of British Columbia north of 54th parallel of latitude" (where a different weekly closed season exists). " No nets shall exceed in length 300 yards." The licence fee for each net is $10. In the American waters of Puget Sound, which is defined by the laws of the State of Washington as being " all that portion of the tidal waters emptying into the Straits of Fuca and the bays, inlets, streams and estuaries thereof," the restrictions placed upon the catching of salmon apply only to the distances between traps or pound nets, and the depth of water in which they may foe placed. Every known appliance in the way of traps, pounds, purse, drag, drift and set nets may be used. There are no close seasons which affect the run of fish seeking the Fraser; The scale of licence fees in the State of Washington applies to all fishermen and fishing apparatus, which fees are collected annually. Drag nets pay from $2.50 to $30 each, according to length. First-class purse nets pay $50, and second-class .$25. Traps nay $50 each; those "that fish at both ends " (i. e.. have pots at each end) Pay $100, and in addition $1 per 1,000 for all salmon taken therein. During the past season there were 305 trap, 84 purse net, 353 gill net, 361 set net. and 92 drag net licences issued foy the Fish Commissioner of the (State of Washington for use in Puget Sound. It will be seen, therefore, that while the American methods for catching salmon in the Sound, so far as those running to the Fraser River are concerned, are unrestricted, the fishermen of the province are confined to gill nets only, which cannot be successfully used outside the discoloured waters of the Gulf of Georgia, because the fish can easily see them in the clear waters of the Straits, and either pass under 220 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA or around them. The provincial fishermen are also restricted' to a limited open season, and by a weekly closed period of 36 hours. Under such conditions it is not surprising that the fishery interests of the province should protest against regulations which place them at such manifest disadvantage with their American neighbours, and seek the adoption of the trap-net methods of the Americans. USE OF TRAPS AND PURSE NETS JUSTIFIABLE AND NECESSARY. Ever since the establishment of traps for the capture of salmon in the American waters of the Sound there has been more or less discussion upon the advisability of permitting their use in the waters of the province. With the increase in the number and effectiveness of 'these fixed contrivances in American waters, the movement in favour of their use on this side of the line has grown in strength. Ever since 1895 it has been demonstrated that by this improved and scientific method the Americans catch the greater portion of the fish en route to the Fraser River, and, thereforjH great pressure is being brought to foear upon the authorities to amend the regulations so as to permit the use of traps in the waters of the province. In the discussion of this question it has foeen pointed out on the one hand that the use* of traps is a destructive method of catching fish; that too great a portion of. the ran is taken; that their use will exterminate the fish, and will deprive the fishermen of employment, foecause the cost of traps is so great that only men of means could own and operate them. On the other hand, it is said that the use of '. "traps is more scientific, more economical, and the more easily regulated method of catching fish; that foy no other method can they be taken in clear waters; that in the clear waters of the straits and sounds the fish are in better condition for use» that the fish taken are not killed until removed from the traps; that they can be held for a week or ten days without injury to their canning qualities; that when the packing capacity of the canneries has been reached the traps can be closed; that fish taken in gill nets are killed or fatally injured' in being removed from them; that their catch cannot be regulated, and at times is in excess of the capacityJ^H the canneries; that there is an ever-increasing scarcity of labourers in the packing I establishments; that the men who are now engaged in the hazardous and lafoorious business of fishing would find ready and equally remunerative employment in the J canneries and in connection with the trap fishing. Clearly, there is much to foe said on both sides of this pressing question. Independent, however, of the many arguments pro and con, I believe that the use^H traps, purse and drag nets for the capture of salmon on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island is justifiable, foecause the main portion of the Fraser River J^H of sockeye salmon which comes in from the sea strikes the coast of the island east|| of Port San Juan, and advances close in shore through the Straits to Race Rocks, thence easterly into American waters, and the fish are there captured in vast numbers by means of traps, purse and drag nets. I also believe that by the use.-- of traps and purse nets on the southwest coast of Vancouver Island a good portioaji of this run, which now passes from our waters into American waters, could be captured. I believe, from personal observation and investigation, in a season like the past, that the greater part, if not all, of the fish that strike the southeast end ofji San Juan Island and the waters to the south, and which direct their course for the Fraser River through Rosario Strait, are captured' foy the American traps and A purse nets, and consequently never regain British Columbia waters. To me it is not a question as to whether the capture of these fish in provincial waters foy means of traps will endanger the perpetuation of them. In my opinion the question as to I whether trap-fishing is or is not a destructive method of catching fish is not one that confronts the Government at this time. It is not a theory, fout a conditiqiM that must foe met. During the past season, as has been shown, the State of Washington issued 305 trap, 84 purse net and 92 drag net licences for the capture of these salmon, while under the Dominion regulations our fishermen were confined to the use of gill nets, which are not suited to successful use in the clear waterlj through which the fish pass before entering the American waters. If the use qM traps endangers the perpetuation of our Fraser River salmon fishery, then the Americans will soon have accomplished the extinction of these fish, and will have reaped the benefit. For the above reasons I believe that the use of traps in San Juan de Fuca Strait, and south of Discovery Island, is justifiable. If traps are permitted to foe used in the waters south of Discovery Island, the use of nurse nets should also foe sanctioned, as very few of our fishermen are financially able to place traps. Purse nets, the use of which has foecome quite general and very successful on the American side, are not nearly so expensive as : traps. It takes ten men to operate the kind of purse net in general use, so that our fishermen could, by combining, enter the business and compete with the Americans who use the traps. I am not, however, at this time prepared to advocate the use of traps in any of the waters of the province that are unaffected foy the use of American traps. GENERAL REMARKS. The active canning season extends over a period of afoout six weeks, during which time operations are very brisk, and a great many men and women, are employed. In 1901, a large year, over 23,000 persons were engaged in fishing "boats and vessels alone. The employees consist of Indians, Japanese, Chinese and licensed white fishermen. The Indian women (or klootchmen) and the Chinese are engaged on the inside; while the "siwashes," as the male Indians are termed, and the Japanese fish in boats. The fishermen, though required to be British subjects, are of various nationalities. Licenses, of which a certain number are issued and controlled foy each cannery, to fish and pull fooats are necessary. For some years the number of licenses issued was confined to a certain number; but as this proved to be practically a monopoly for those who were fortunate enough to obtain them, the limit was taken off, and the only restrictions now imposed are those of being a British subject and paying for a license. The salmon canning industry is one of the largest and most remarkable industries of the British Columbia coast. It has developed rapidly, and has been, on the whole, remunerative, though during the past several years canners have complained bitterly of the undue competition met with on account of the American canners just across the line, who foy the use of traps and purse nets are enabled to secure their fish very much cheaper than under the regulations imposed in British Columbia. The tendency in British Columbia, as on the other side, is towards the concentration of effort and capital in one or two large companies. One large aggregation of interests has already been effected, and other combinations are anticipated. At one time the disposal of the offal from the canneries on the Fraser River was the subject of a great deal of controversy, and was for a period a serious question. In the Year Book of 1897 it was suggested as a practical solution of the difficulty that the waste products of the canneries should foe utilized for the purpose of making fertilizers. This has to a large extent been done. Careful sanitary supervision is maintained by the provincial health authorities, and the complaints on account of offal have practically ceased, and it is no longer a " vexed question." THE SALMON PACK OF 1901. In his report for 1901, Mr. C. B. Sword, Dominion Inspector of Fisheries, said : *' This year's pack has foeen the largest known in the province, amounting to 1,247,215 cases, against 1,026,545 cases in 1897, the next largest year; 1,154,717 cases were sockeye salmon (O. nerka), exceeding the total pack of 1897 of all kinds of salmon. On the Fraser River the pack of sockeyes in 1901 was 974,911 cases, as against 879,115 cases of all kinds in 1897. The pack of all kinds of salmon was as follows : — On Fraser River. Sockeye (O. nerka) Spring (O. tsohawytscha) Humpback (O. gorbuscha).. . Cohoes (O. kisutch) Dog '(Q'nalo (O. keta) 984,911 885 8,992 17,043 2,082 On Puget Sound. Sockeye 1,106,643 Spring 3,239 Humpback 41,865 (Cohoes 152,281 Dog (Q'ualo) 58,748 Total 998,913 Total 1,362,776 " From this it will foe seen that the Puget Sound pack of sockeyes (practically all from fish on their way to their spawning grounds on the Fraser River) exceeds foy 131,732 cases the provincial pack of these fish on the Fraser River, and that the total pack of Fraser River sockeye for this year reaches a total of 2,081,554 cases. * * * The total pack for the province in 1901, 1,247,212 cases, is made up as follows: Sockeyes 1,154,717 Sprin! %m Cohoes 28,4$ Humpfoacks 3M«g Dog 3'406 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA I Mini SALTED SALMON. " The returns of salmon salted in barrels show a very large increase, being 7,931 barrels, against 4,950 in 1900, 3,450 in 1899, and 2,600 in 1898. " Dry salted salmon show an increase of 6,476,207 lbs., agaiost 5,700,000 lbs. in 1900. This item represents almost wholly the dog salmon, or q ualo, put np^^B the Japanese market; and the smallness of the increase is, to some extent at least, to be accounted for by the packers having had a difficulty in securing a sufficient supply of salt. The market for these fish, too, is largely affected by the Japanese local catch, and the price obtainafole for the product has been somewhat fluctuating. FRESH SALMON. ; " There is an increase of 400,000 lbs. in this item, representing the increased business done by the cold storage plants. THE HALIBUT. " I have dealt with the salmon, at present the most important economic food fish on the Coast, somewhat in detail. The next in order is the halibut (Hippo- glossus Vulgarus), which has already foecome a rival of the salmon in commerce. It is the largest and most useful member of a large family known as Pleuronectidae. It is in great abundance all along the coast of British Columbia, being principally ' found around and extending north of the Queen Charlotte Islands, where it attains to a size in some instances of over 200 lbs., and a length of from 5 to 6 feet. The average size is, however, about 60 pounds, and it is caught in great quantitiesi^M deep-sea fishing, which has during the past few years developed to important proportions. Not until recently, however, except a limited local consumption, has the halibut assumed any importance commercially. At the time the Year Book of 1897 was published the halibut industry was in an experimental stage, and several companies met with financial loss in endeavouring to establish a market in the East. As is usual in such matters, loss of money in experimenting and the better knowledge gained thereby of commercial conditions and the market have opened the way to success. "As is well known, the fish trade in the Eastern States is practically controlled by a combine of Eastern fish dealers, and outside of this it is practically impossible for Western enterprise to operate. The result of this was the formation of the New England Fish Company, the members of which are included in the Eastern combine. The company has foeen eminently successful, and now carries on a very extensive trade. They have four steamers employed, which bring the catch regularly to Vancouver, where it is shipped in car and train loads by express service to Boston. One hundred thousand pounds is not an uncommon cargo for one of these ships to obtain in a few days' catch. The trips occupy from eight to ten days. Duration of trip and success of catch depend upon the weather. A supply of ice is taken with the steamer, and when she arrives foack the fish are immediately packed in boxes with snow or broken ice, and, as stated, shipped by fast train. " The New England Fish Company, although of foreign origin, is permitted by special license to land its fish and ship them at Vancouver in bond. This, though a modification of the regulations and has been objected to in some quarters, is really desirable, foecause otherwise the fish would foe shipped from Seattle or Tacoma and the local benefit to the City of Vancouver and the Province lost. " In addition to the New England Fish Company there are several other American companies operating in the Pacific, Queen Charlotte Sound and more northern waters. The vessels of these companies go direct to Seattle or Tacoma, transhipping from these latter points. " Belonging to. the same family are a number of flounders, some of them very abundant and good food fishes. The market is local." AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION BLACK COD, OR " SKIL." Referring to deep-sea fishing, the skil (Anoplopoma fimforia) is perhaps one of the most delicious of table fish. It is found in great abundance off the coast of Queen Charlotte Islands, fout is too delicate of fibre to stand shipment. This is often referred to as " black cod" commercially, and somewhat resembles the mackerel. I will quote what Mr. Ashdown Green, President of the Victoria Natural History Society, in a paper read in 1891, says regarding it. 'Speaking of their habitat on the west coast of Queen Charlotte Islands, where there were until recently several stations established for the purpose of curing them, he remarks: "The mode generally adopted was that of pickling, the fish foeing too fat to dry and salt, and turning rancid when kept a short time.* I am sorry to learn that as a commercial venture this fishery has been abandoned; the labour and expense involved being disproportionate to the returns when compared with other fisheries. • Opinion varies regarding the quality of the fish on the table. Those brought to Victoria are dry and very inferior. I have never had an opportunity of tasting one from Queen Charlotte Islands, but I can well believe that they are excellent. As I remarked before, there is no comparison between fish of all kinds in Queen Charlotte Sound and those taken near Victoria. The skil undoubtedly ranks very high in quality when taken fresh and eaten, or after being properly cured; fout ordinary methods of curing fail in preserving it for use and shipment. There is, it might foe remarked, a wide field on this coast for the study of the methods of preservation of these and many other fish for market; one difficulty to foe overcome is the super-j, abundance of oil as compared with Eastern fish. Some experiments tried last year at Port Essington in a small way, by foottling and canning, after special preparation, were said to have achieved excellent results. Whether an industry on these lines could be made to pay or find a market remains to foe determined." THE OOLACHAN. Another fish belonging to the salmonidae group, oolachan (Thaleichthys pacificus), spelled in a variety of ways and also locally known as the "candle fish," should foe of considerable economic value. It runs in enormous quantities up the rivers and inlets of the coast, coming into the iNaas about the middle or latter part of March, and reaching the Fraser about the middle of April, deteriorating somewhat in quality as it conies southward. This is a delicious pan fish and is greatly in favour in its season. It, however, like the skil. is too tender for carriage, and has, therefore, only a local market. It is about nine inches in length, and so plentiful at times when running as to be scooped up in bucketfuls. A good many are put up in pickle in small kits and cured like foloaters, but not much progress has been made in these directions, remarks applying similarly to those in regard to the skil. The Indians catch them in immense quantities and extract the " oolachan grease," which they use much as we do butter. Oolachan oil, properly refined, might become of commercial value, there foeing practically no limit to their numbers. Experiments have foeen made with oolachan foy bottling and canning, it is said, with success. The oolachans have many enemies 'besides the Indians. The seal, sturgeon, salmon and porpoise follow them in their run, and even bears and pigs gorge themselves on them when the opportunity offers. If they could be preserved as indicated for export, so as to retain their flavour and body, they would undoubtedly demand a sale co-extensive with sardines. OTHER FISH. The anchovy (Stalephorus ringens) is also abundant, of large size and excellent quality. At times they are seen in the harbour of Victoria in phenomenal numbers. Nothing has been done so far in utilizing this most valuable fish. There are two varieties of smelts common in the markets (the Osmerus thaleichthys and the Hypomesus pretiosus), and are in brisk local demand. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA There are no true soles in our waters, what is sold as such being the Pleuronectes vetulus, a species of flounder. They are, however, a choice table article. It is a small fish, seldom exceeding a pound in weight. The herring (Clupea mirafoilis), which Mr. Ashdown Green regards as equal in flavour to the English herring, though not so large in size, are also very abundant, and are consumed locally footh fresh and as foloaters. A factory was established at Burrard Inlet some time ago to cure them, and also for the extraction of oil and the manufacture of fish guano, fout was burnt down and not rebuilt. The capelin (Mallotus villosus) is common in Alaskan waters, so Mr. Green says, but only an occasional visitor to the British Columbia coast. It is sometimes exposed for sale. COD AND BASS. Although plentiful in. northern waters, the Gadidae, of which there are several species, is not common farther south. Mr. Green says the common cod (Gadus Macrocephalus) appears in several of our harbours to spawn, but is not more than sufficient for local demand. Its principal habitat is on the banks of the northwest coast. There are two other species of fish sold locally as cod—one the Ophiodon elongatus or " cultus cod," and the red rock cod (Sebastodes pinniger). The former is one of the best food fishes of the Pacific Coast waters and is in season almost the whole year round, generally hiding in eel grass or kelp. It takes a spoon or other bait freely. The Indians secure this fish by sinking a wooden bait shaped like a shuttlecock at the end of their spear and releasing it at the bottom. The fish follows the shuttlecock to the surface and is speared. It spawns afoout the end of February," and ranges in weight from 2 to 40 pounds. Another- of the same family, Hexagrammus decagrammus, the kelp trout of the market, seems to be in considerable demand, to judge foy the quantity exposed for sale, fout Mr. Green regards it as worthless. It is sometimes dried and smoked. The A. pinniger foelongs to the foass family (Scorpaenidae), of which.there are several varieties—Sebastodes ruberrimus, the red foass, A. pinniger and S. Melanops, or folaek foass. "As food fishes they are unsurpassed foy any in our waters," says Mr. Green, "though rather expensive fish to buy, considering the amount of head and offal you have to pay for." These fish are ovoviparous. THE 'STURGEON. Another important fish, though not utilised to any large extent, is the sturgeon, the roe of whieh when salted forms caviar, and the bladders are manufactured into isinglass. The Pacific Coast sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) enters the Fraser about the end of April, following up the oolachans, and spawn, although little or nothing is known about the period, jj They are taken foy spearing or by night-lights, baited with salmon, and very often they are caught in the nets of the salmon fishers. . They grow to enormous sizes, some of them weighing from 700 to 900 pounds, and it is said that the largest caught weighed over 1,000 pounds, although it is not authenticated. There is a small local market for sturgeon. A company was formed several years ago at New Westminster for the purpose of catching and export, which was done in a limited way. Mr. C. B. Sword, Inspector of Fisheries for the Dominion in British Columfoia, in his report for 1901 says regarding them : — "This fishery shows a very small return, 65,000 lbs., against 105,000 in 1900, 278,650 lbs. in 1899, 750,000 in 1898, and 1,137,696 lbs. in 1897. It would not appear that we are ever likely again to see this fishery of any commercial importance. The cold storage companies take all they can get, but the supply, especially of the larger fish, is very limited. Several illegal lines have been seized and destroyed, fout the scarcity of the fish makes the employment of this method no longer so profitable as it once was, and comparatively few of these are now used, " There is no lack of small sturgeon in the river, so that the only reason for the failure of this fishery would seem to foe the numfoer of years that this fish takes um AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION to obtain its full growth. Until a market was found abroad for them, the local consumption was too small to affect their numbers, and many were taken of a size now rarely met with." Sturgeon have also been taken in the interior lakes. The most abundant skate is raja Cooperii. As a food fish it is not much in demand, probably on account of its repulsive appearance. It grows to a large size, and sometimes is over six feet in length. SHAD. The catch of shad this year is estimated at 10,000 lbs. This fish is now becoming quite a common feature on the fishmonger's counters, and the annual take seems likely to increase. At present those caught are taken during the season of the salmon run, mainly in the sockeye nets. In the course of a few years they may be sufficiently numerous to justify the prosecution of the fishery for itself.—[Report of Inspector of Fisheries, British Columbia, 1901.] OIL FISH. From an economic point of view, the dogfish, of which two varieties exist, namely Squalus acanthias, the spike dogfish, and Geleorhinus galeus, the tope shark, though not a food fish, is one of the most valuable. They are found in abundance all up the coast to Alaska, and several factories have foeen established for the reduction of oil from these fish, in which they are very rich. The liver contains a very superior oil, which for lubricating and machine purposes is of the very highest quality. A large amount of oil is also taken from the foodies, which are steamed in large retorts. This oil is of inferior quality and not used for machines, but undoubtedly, if subjected to a proper refining process, would become a useful and cheap product. Both the liver oil and the foody oil are largely used in the province, and were formerly quite profitable as an industry, but latterly competition with Eastern oils has very materially reduced the profits. In addition to the dogfish there are several other oil-bearing fishes, the principal of which is the Hydralagus collioei, or " rat-fish." It is found in great abundance in places, and the oil procured from its liver is used for the very finest work in watches, gun-locks, sewing machines, etc. It is a very prolific oil-bearer, and should prove to be valuable as the basis of an industry. The Cetorhinus maximus, or basking shark, is also plentiful in Queen Charlotte Sound during the summer months. It attains to a great size, is perfectly harmless, and so tame that while basking it may foe touched foy the hand. In England, 150 gallons of oil is the average yield of the liver, which alone is treated. The foregoing are the principal of the economic food and other fishes of the British Columbia coast, although the complete list, taking the representatives of the various families and their varieties, is a very long one. In addition to these, whelks, cockles, clams and crabs are found in large quantities, both in winter and summer months, and are largely used locally and by Indian fishermen as bait. The coast is especially rich in edible crabs and clams, and incipient industries looking to their utilisation have foeen established. GAME FISH. So far the fishes of British Columbia have been treated from an economic point of view, but from a sportsman's standpoint the field is not a less interesting one. The whole interior of the province, island and Mainland, possesses a wonderful system of water communication, lakes and rivers. These, as well as the lesser streams, are abundantly stocked with fish, principally salmon or trout, the several varieties of which have already been enumerated. There are also whitefish in the northern waters. While the best known and favourite resorts are on Vancouver Island, there is no locality where a fisherman may not prosecute with zest this time- honoured sport; and even on the sea-coast, during the salmon run, with trolling line he will meet with gratifying success. The waters of Kootenay and Southern Yale 226 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA are already becoming locally noted as fishing resorts, and when lines of communica- I tion are opened up, the rivers and lakes of the whole interior will attract numerous fishermen, affording as they do.fish of uncommon size and,number. The scenery, too, everywhere is on a grand and picturesque scale, and all natural conditions are healthful and invigorating. BRITISH COLUMBIA TROUT. The waters of the province are rich in trout. No other section of the Dominion offers better fishing than can foe found here. Of the varieties of trout found in the rivers, streams and lakes of the province, the steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) is the foest known and most highly considered, foecause of its abundance, great size, and "game" and commercial qualities. From its foeing more or lessi anadromous in its habits, it is locally and in many Coast sections classified with the Pacific salmon. The steelhead more closely resembles in form, colour of flesh and* habit the Atlantic salmon than any other form found on the Pacific Coast. It, like our salmon, spawns in fresh water only, but, unlike our salmon, it survives after spawning and returns to the sea. It feeds at all times freely in fresh and salt; waters. Commercially the steelhead is of importance. It is commonly found in our markets from early fall until late spring. A considerable quantity is shipped East in cold storage. It finds ready sale in all local and Eastern markets; and foecause of the demand for it in a fresh state, the entire catch is marketed in that way. In our waters it averages about 12 lbs. in weight, though specimens weighing from 20 to 24 lbs. are not uncommon. As a "game fish" the steelhead is considered by many fishermen to have no equal in fresh water. It readily takes a fly or spoon-hait, and " puts up a stiff fight, taxing the skill of the angler and the strength of his tackle to bring it to net or gaff." There are numerous forms of trout to be found in the' Upper Fraser and Thompson Rivers, and in many of their tributary lakes, that cannot be distinguished by any technical character from the steelhead, but which, because of the many differences in bafoit, form and colour, have been given many different names. Of these, perhaps the best known to anglers is the very game fish which abounds in the Kamloops, Shuswap, Okanagan and Kootenay Lake regions, to which Dr. Jordan gave the name of Kamloops trout (Salmo kamloops). The smaller specimens of this trout readily take a fly, fout the largest specimens are seldom secured except foy means of trolling. In addition to the salmon and trout which afoound in our waters, we have the Great Lake trout (Christicomer namaycush) and the Dolly Varden trout (salvelunis parkei), which are easily distinguished from the true trout foy their red or orange spots. These last two—which should be called charr—while abundant in most of our interior waters, are not considered of great importance to the angler, because only the young ones are taken by means of a fly- Both these fish attain a large size, the Great Lake trout not uncommonly weighing as high as 30 pounds, while the Dolly Varden not uncommonly attain a weight of from 15 to 20 pounds. FISH COMPANIES. Several companies have been formed recently with the purpose of dealing with fish in a variety of ways—exporting them fresh, drying, salting, curing, etc. The exportation of preserved fish, however, is yet in an experimental stage, fout so far the results indicate the possibility of success. fcfciy^ AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION The Pack by Canneries of British Columbia Salmon, Season of 1902, and a description of the Pack. Furnished the Department by the Fraser River Canners Association. FRASER RIVER. British Columbia Packers' Association— Sockeyes. Albion Cannery 9,389 Atlas Cannery 5,028 Anglo-American Cannery 6,088 Alliance Cannery 3,636 Acme Cannery 4,006 Brunswick No. 1 Cannery 10,057 Brunswick No. 2 Cannery 7,830 Canadian Pacific Cannery 8,117 Currie & McWilliams 9,428 Colonial Cannery 4,281 Celtic Cannery 3,947 Cleeve Cannery 8,208 Delta Cannery 7,863 Dinsmore Island Cannery 5,446 Ewen's Cannery 14,301 Greenwood Cannery 4,527 Hume Cannery 4,496 Imperial Cannery 4,756 Pacific Coast Cannery 6,815 Provincial Cannery 3,407 Terra Nova Cannery 8,405 Westminster. Packing Company 8,382 Anglo-British Columbia Packing Company, Limited- Britaunia Cannery 6,030 British America Cannery 5,515 British Columbia Packing Company 2,680 Canoe Pass Cannery 3,420 Phoenix Cannery 6,658 Wadhams' Cannery 5,408 United Canneries of British Columbia, Limited— English Bay Cannery 7*500 Gulf of Georgia Cannery 15,537 Scottish-Canadian Cannery 14,520 Canadian Canning Company, Limited— Fraser River Cannery 7,228 Star Cannery 11,421 Vancouver Cannery 6,266 J. 1H. Todd & Sons- Beaver Cannery 7,269 Richmond Cannery 5,990 British Columbia Canning Co., Ltd.— Deas. Island Gannery 7,236 National Pacing Co., Ltd.— Eagle Harbour Xjannery 4,801 Great Northern Cannery— Great Northern Cannery 7,194 Federation Brand -Salmon Canning Co., Ltd.— Lighthouse Cannery 4,241 St. Mungo Canning Co., Ltd.— St Mungo Cannery 11,127 C. S. Windsor- Industrial Cannery 5,023 293,477 Spring Grand and Fan. Totals. 9,389 5,028 Totals. 1,658 7,746 3,636 4,006 13,994 24,051 7,830 9 8,126 1,286 10,714 4,281 3,947 232 8,440 7,863 17 5,463 14,301 4^27 4,496 4,756 •2 6,817 3,407 1,257 9,662 8.382 166,868 6,030 2,871 8,386 2,680 3.420 6,658 5,408 32,582 7,500 15,537 14,520 37,557 1,398 8,626 11,421 6,266 26,313 1,428 8,697 5,990 14.687 325 7,561 2,525 7,326 417 7,611 3,562 7,803 2,347 13,474 290 5,313 33,618 327,095 228 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA SKEENA RIVER. British Columbia Packers' Association— Spring Sockeyes. and Fall. Balmoral Cannery 5,885 1,604 . Cunningham's Cannery 12,399 5,427 Standard Cannery 8,286 3,691 Anglo-British Columbia Packing Co., Ltd.— B. A. & N. Pacific Cannery 33,385 5,778 J. H. Todd & Sons- Inverness Cannery 13,227 3,855 British Columbia Canning Co., Ltd.— Aberdeen Cannery 11,990 5,580 Carlisle Canning Co., Ltd.— Carlisle Cannery 10,380 1,182 Wallace Bros., LimiteoV- Claxton Cannery 12,158 5,408 P. Hermon— Hermon's Cannery 7,500 3,230 J. Turnbull— Turnfoull's Cannery 2,467 1,443 RIVERS INLET. British Columbia Packers' Association— Brunswick Cannery 14,223 179 Wadhams Cannery 18,595 127 Wannuek Cannery 9,062 618 Anglo-British Columbia Packing Co., Ltd.— Good Hope Cannery 12,000 382 British Columbia Canning Co., Ltd.— Rivers Inlet and Victoria Canneries 14,939 173 NAAS RIVER. Federation Brand S. Canning Co., Ltd.— Mill Bay Cannery 11,519 819 Naas Harbour Cannery 9,434 1,446 LOWE INLET. British Columbia Packers' Association— Lowe Inlet Cannery 5,701 1,837 CHINA HAT. British Columbia Packers' Association— Princess Royal Cannery 2,642 966 DEAN CHANNEL. R. Draney— Kimsquit Cannery 6,491 1,416 NAMU HARBOUR. R. Draney— Namu Cannery 2,019 2,947 BELLA COOLA. British Columbia Packers' Association— Bella Coola Cannery 2,685 -2,182 • SMITH'S INLET. William "Hickey Canning Co.— Hickey Cannery 5,200 ALERT BAY. British Columbia Packers' Association— Alert Bay Cannery 1,772 9,034 Grand Totals. Totals. 37,292 39,163 17,082 17,570 11,562 17,566 10,730 3,910 14,402 18,722 9,680 12,382 15,112 12,338 10,880 42.804 7,538 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 229 WEST COAST OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. Clayoquot Sound Fishing & Trading Co., Ltd.— Spring Grand Sockeyes. ana Fall. Totals. Totals. Clayoquot Cannery 4,000 1,604 5,604 237,959 60,928 298,887 SUMMARY. Sockeyes. Spring and Fall. Grand Totals. Total Fraser River pack 293,477 33,618 327,095 Total Northern pack 237,959 60,928 298,887 531,436 94,546 625,982 DESCRIPTION OF PACK—Sockeyes and Spring- and Fall Fish. -•Fraser R Sockeyes . Spring and Skeena R ver— Faill iver- lib. Tails. 56,484 20,770 54,990 33,243 60,311 1,442 10,033 1,788 5,701 1,837 2,642 966 6,491 1,416 »r— 2,019 2,947 2,685 2,182 5,200 1,772 9,034 I.— 4,000 1,604 S98.557 J-lb. Tails. 2,754 1,845 37 4,636 Mb. Flats. 80,397 3,456 34,692 3,504 1,257 9,315 132,623 Hb. Flats. 119,068 52 23,955 lib. Ovals. 4,062 106 4,040 451 1,605 477 10,741 ilb. Ovals. 13,404 13,404 Sq r uats. ,308 232 Totals. 293,477 33,618 117,677 37,198 68,819 1,479 20,953 2,265 5,701 1,837 2,642 966 6,491 1,416 2,019 2,947 2,685 2,182 5,200 1,772 9,034 4,000 l,60i Grand Totals. 327,095 154,875- 70,298 23,218 ' 7,538 3,608- 7,807 4,966- 4,867 5,200- 10,806: 5,604 1 Spring and Fall Rivers Inlet— Sockeyes" Spring and Fall Naas River— Spring and Pali Lowe Inlet— 1487481 Spring and China Hi Fall it- Spring and Fall Dean Channel Spring and Faflil Namu Harboi Sockeyes ' iSprin'g and Fall Bella Coola— Spring and Smith's 1 < Sockeyes . . Spring and Alert Baj Fall nlet- Fali Spring and West Coa Sookeyes . Spring and Fall st V Pal 17 ,540 625,982 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PACK BY 1901 (Gases). Eraser River 990,252 Skeena River 126,092 Naas River 14,790 Lowe Inlet 6,451 China Hat 5,500 Rivers Inlet 66,840 Bella Coola 4,158 Namu and Kimsquit 11,460 Alert Bay 4,629 West Coast V. I.. 5,984 DISTRICTS, PREVIOUS YEARS. 1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 (Cases). (Cases). (Cases). (Cases). (Cases). 316,522 510,383 256,101 860,459 356,984 128,529 108,026 81,234 65,905 100,140 18,238 19,443 18,953 20,847 14,649 10,834 10,142 10,312 10,666 10,395 4,318 75,413 71,079 104,711 40,207 107,468 58,579 4 849 10',106 ' 7,200 '.'.'.'.'.'. '4,357 '£987 9,182 3,470 8,500 8,602 2,840 7,602 2,694 4,350 4,434 5,107 1895 (Cases). 400,368 67,707 19,550 8,681 3,000 5,100 3,320 1,236,156 ™ \ . SHIPMENTS Lngland— London, direct.. 206,344 London, overland 19,236 Liverpool, direct. 576,065 Liverpool, overPd 46,831 Overl'd, prev. yrs Via other ports.. 3,350 Eastern Canada... 131,875 Australia 38,022 Other destinations. 13,588 Local sales 19,956 Stock on hand 180,939 Lost 585,413 IN DE' 51,095 10,143 257,848 60,090 '£802 79,171 25,903 56,237 20,309 20,815 732,437 rAIL, ] 150,670 5,783 365,151 26,128 114,736 41,518 4,246 11,945 12,079 231 732,437 3ITUL^ iritish C Qu 1 484,1611,015,477 PREVIOUS YEAB 79,598 325,966 5,687 4,957 242,487 407,788 8,050 38,373 19,862 '.'.'.'.'.'. 87,881 130,815 9,644 28,579 439 226 1,183 4,828 29,380 74,000 601,570 566,395 ,S. 182,253 96,459 9,076 322,364 256,301 11,405 65,64/ 29,5W 51,041 79,289 11,609 8,832 2,128 3,844 4,326 7,850 25,952 1,236,156 Of the Yield of Fishe Kind of Fish- Salmon, Canned, 48-Ib. cases Salmon, Salted, fofols 585,413 RECA3 ries of 1 484,1611,015,477 .TION Jolumbia for the Y antity. Price. 247,212 $ 4 80 7,931 10 00 476,207 04 301,000 10 128,805 10 65,000 05 701,000 05 960,000 03 182,500 10 820,000 05 2,210 10 00 28,500 10 101,500 05 323,300 10 492,000 05 4,000 05 10,000 05 485,500 05 4,100 75 24,422 15 00 10 500 00 152,100 30 300 30 00 5,000 2 50 3,000 4 00 5,000 3 00 800 50 601,570 566,395, ear 1901. Vatae*Ma $5,986,617 60 .'..'. 6 79,310 00 259,048 28 30,100 00 Salmon, Fresh, lbs. 2 212,880 50 3,250 00 285,050 00 Herring, Fresh and Salted, It )S 28,800 00 18,250 00 41,000 00 Oolachans, Salted, fobls 22,100 00 2,850 00 5,075 00) Trout, lbs 32,380 00 24,600 00 Skil, lbs 200 00 Shad lbs 500 00 24,275 00 3,075 00 Fur Seals, skins 366,330 00 5,000 00 Fish Oil, gallons Fish Guano, tons Glue, gallons 35,630 00 9,000 00 12,500 00 12,000 00 Oysters, sacks 15,000 00 400 00 11,600 00 Fresh Crabs and Abelonies . Shrimps and Prawns Estimate of fish not included Total in afoove 30,000 00 6,000 00 370,000 00 $7,942,771 38 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION HATCHERY—DISTRIBUTION OF FRY. 1885 1,800,000 1886 2,625,000 1887 4,414,000 1888 5,857,000 1889 '. 4,419,000 1890 6,640,000 1891 3,603,800 1892 6,000,000 1893 ~ 5,764,000 1894 7300,000 1895 6^90,000 1896 10,393,000 1897 5,928,000 1898 5,850,000 1899 4,742,000 1900 6,200,000 1901 16,000,000 1902 9,214,000 Note — There are now four Dominion hatcheries in operation in the province—at FraseT River, Granite Creek, Shuswap Lake, Skeena River and Nimpkish River, Vancouver Island. The Provincial Government is erecting a.hatchery at Seton Lake. BRITISH COLUMBIA SALMON PACK, 1901. Name. Albion Atlas Anglo-American Alliance Acme Britannia Brunswick No. 1 Brunswick No. 2 Beaver British-American 16,500 Birrell's 11,200 Boutillier's 11,350 Canadian Pacific 24,650 Currie & Me Williams 32,600 Colonial 28,200 Celtic 19,143 Canoe Pass 32,723 Cleeve 22,734 Deas Island 21,562 FRASER RIVER Total. I 22,827 14,700 12,830 11,025 12,002 24,638 25,418 26,218 26,610 Delta Dinsmore Island Ewen's English Bay Federation Fraser River ... 17,346 24,700 29,029 19,315 23,376 16,891 DISTRICT. Name. Total. Fishermen's 14,275 Gulf of Georgia 44,723 Great Northern 18,046 Greenwood 15,160 Harlock 26,608 Hume's 15,630 Industrial 19,500 Imperial 14,208 London 18,335 National 14,000 Phoenix *^.~.. 26,202 Pacific Coast 20;000 Provincial 16,200 Premier 11,629 Richmond 15,090 Scottish-Canadian 48,433 Star 19,763 St. Mungo (2) 24,000 Terra Nova 20,650 Vancouver 22,000 Wadhams' 20,305 Westminster Packing Co 16,510' Westham Island 15,134 Wellington 14,925 RIVERS INLET DISTRICT. Name. Total. Wannuck 9,876 Brunswick No. 3 10,706 Rivers Inlet 7,500 Victoria 6,807 Name. Total. Wadhams 14,192 Vancouver 7,050 Good Hope 10,663 NORTH COAST DISTRICT. Name. Total. I Name. Bella Bella 4,000 Princess Royal Namu 6,074 Lowe Inlet Kemsquit 5,525 SKEENA RIVER DISTRICT. Name. Total. Carlisle 7,000 Inverness 10,500 British-American 18,745 Ladysmith 3,700 North Pacific 19,049 Skeena 14*,700 Name. Windsor 'Balmoral Claxton . Hermann's Standard Total. 7,600. 6,451 Total. 13,133 9,330 311,958 10,230 7,700 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA •iftii NAAS RIVER DISTRICT. Name. Total. Naas Harbour 7,220 Name. Mill Bay Total. 7,784 QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLAND DISTRICT. • Skidegate j 400 ALERT BAY DISTRICT. Alert Bay ...: 4,620 WEST COAST VANCOUVER ISLAND. Clayoquot 5,9851 STATISTICS FOR 1902. Through the kindness of Mr. Sword, Inspector of Fisheries, the following particulaM have been received: THE SALMON PACK For the Province, 1902, was as follows: Sockeye 534,161 cases (48 lbs.) Coboe : 47,234 Springs 19,042 ' § Humps 26,097 " Quals 628 " Total 627,162 " Of the above 327,198 cases are for the Fraser River, and the balance northern waters (Skeena 155,936.) FISHERIES PRODUCT. Values. ... $3,753,874 420,850 127,329 83,650 35,135 27,000 56,682 15,840 422,804 ... 337,660 $5,280,824 CAPITAL INVESTED. Fisheries $2,681,433 Fur sealing 479,250 Salmon (all kinds and methods) . Halibut Herring : Oolachans Trout Cod Fish Oil Canned Clams Miscellaneous Fur Seals $3,160,683 NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES. Fishermen and cannery workers 17,098 Employed on vessels j 607 Sealers and hunters, fur sealing: White men 421 Indians 437 858 18,563 ■41U4JL AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION THE ANNUAL PACK SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRY. Year. Cases. 1876 9,847 1877 67,387 1878 113,601 1879 61,093 1880 61,849 1881 117,276 1882 225,061 1883 196,292 1884 141,242 1885 108,517 161,264 204,083 181,040 414,294 Year. 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 . 1898 1899 1900 1901 . 1902 Ca 409, 314, 228, 590, 494, 566, 601, 1,027, 492, 765, 606, 1,236, 625, 470 229 371 395 570 204 657 517 530 156 ,982 PACIFIC COAST SALMON PACK. For purposes of comparison, the statistics of the various canning districts of the Pacific Coast for 1902 are. here given. The figures are taken from a special edition of the San Francisco Trade Journal, December 19, 1902. ALASKA PACK —1902. Canneries— ♦Alaska Packers' Assoc'n.. Alaska Fisheries Union.. Alaska Fish & Lumber Co. Alaska-Portland P. Ass'n. Alaska Fishermen's P. Co. Bristol Packing Co Columbia River P. Assoc. Chinta Cannery Columbian Canning Co... F. C. Barnes Cannery.. . •Kasaan Bay Cannery... . Ketchikan Cannery Metlakahtla Industrial Co. North Alaska Salmon Co. Nj Pac. Trading & Pkg Co. Naknek Packing Co N. Pac. ■& Norway P. Co. Pacific Pkg. & Nav. Co.. ♦Pacific Cold Storage Co.. Pillar Bay Packing Co... ©Red Salmon Canning Co.. San Juan Fish & Pkg. Co. Thlioket Pkg. & Trad'g Co. Union Packing Co Wales Island Kings. Reds. Cohoes. Pinks. Chums. Talis. Tails. Tails. Tails. Tails. Total. 24,641 1,007,197 28,533 162,824 1,228,195 23,413 3,066 2,848 29,327 2,361 1,102 19,866 10,618 38,947 2,969 26,254 5,415 34,688 .28,800 7,200 36,000 22,000 22,000 29,000 29,000 3,637 11,458 11,000 2,449 5,368 22,912 11.000 1,500 1,000 8,300 2,000 12,800 3,482 169 16,746 6,788 27,135 4,000 26,000 5,000 35,000 5,000 7,000 4,000 16,000 69,250 750 70,000 7,111 1,824 26,853 6,559 42,347 42,000 42,000 5,000 27,000 32,000 16,000 341,000 20,000 170,OCO 85,000 632,000 798 10,418 4,880 23,001 2,416 41,513 7,000 14,000 21,000 28,100: 28,100 6,000 14,000 20,000 3,000 3,000 26,000 32,000 3,300 950 18,575 4,200 27,025 2,500 15,000 17,500 fPickled-^Kings, 13 bfols.; pinks, 163 bbls., 350 half-bfol vPiekled—Sockeyes, 5,693 fofols. ©Pickled—Sockeyes, 300 bbls. •Piekled—Pinks, 562 bbls.; also pink belliei 2,538,439 chums, 162 halfs. 66 fofols., 208 half-bbls. nim YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 11 111 AroNlOCO.-nMrHfc-OOOOQOOlO ^oo P m ^ oo.® M w © o qm "*.. ^3, *l ^ O M O H M QOfQ CO MO ® ®H » O H M. * QQ Si O CO; CO i© c^ <M l> 00 lOOr^tl t-; © Th Ci" lf5 -* rh l£ C>f eC rH ^j" Qjf 5 1Q CO oO CJ • I ^i^SS©1213188^81 Soohh c8 « •>* u- ^ *T jeav-gaaxas SS — ST '* *i. ** *■ H CO CO 00 <N <N rH CO «? CO ^ 00 t4 iM C rH 3 OO ^J 00 eft co t- gSrH ** S ^ 00 00 (N [alS'ilSgllS ^ 1 ^ 1 i § S1 f 3 °> O m CN • rH • CO • • 111 :2 =8 : : Ta§8 : ftt : «B *dodoo • © ! i i 6 i JoOQOQQOQOooQq ^ m *-" 2 ^ si ^y b» "SbO r erf o 3 x o &-s *ft ^ls OCS>b-"£,iQ©COC> ^ ^ eft © t-„q c5 © »o © c/d io oo S3 "* oo ■* <M Cft ^COQOCOlOrH 'QOeO©K3COcpO»0 oo t- eft co co cp © tr • co th eft c>i.cqc» iqco ofrHrH •^GD^rJ©©©© • t-C?lt-rttlS C0OCS § ■*l>®CQeot-"*<n" 51(^51 5s -a *J.t2 Ml 5 « S CJ <* '-<l^^oS^^f '£3* QQ ?5 p C Sockeyes. lfi>. Tails. Talis. 1ft. Plats. £tt>. Flats. lft>. Ovals. O 1,930 1,272 4,758 2,430 Atlas 164 2,503 4,388 2,278 750 1,266 509 4,220 914 2,732 3,426 1,990 B. A. & C. Pass 4 B. 0. Packing Co 4,454 4,563 4,218 448 352 5 1,158 2,393 2,364 5,694 1,450 4,043 3,183 2,072 Cleeve 1,193 2,135 3,569 691 498 726 4,028 2,979 2,007 2,288* 3,192 aoi7 3,485 1,005 6,609 2,125 3,131 2,967 4,572 3,575 2,582 Gulf of Georgia 10,631 1 11,785 3,530 1,999 1,746 1,347 3,490 Sfc. Mungo 1,371 4,359 1 Star 4,749 ■ 1,821 . -2,759 Totals— 51,704 116,537 37,157 14,345 88,418 23,446 4,380 6,192 17, Northern 3,340 168,241 3,340 51,502 111,864 10,572 17, Total 10'362 24,442 s^L:M:o"]5r if^oik:., 1903. FRASER RIVER- CASE COUNT. Sockeyes. Rbd and White Springs. Humpbacks. COHOBS. Cannery. 1 lb. Tails. lib. j Tails. 1 1 ft). 1 Flats. |lb. Flats. 1 lb. Ovals. £tt>. Ovals. Squats. Total. 1 tb. Tails. £lb. Talk. lib. Flats. Plata. 1 tb. Ovate. Ovals, Total 11b. Tails. 1 tb. Flats. Total 1 tb. Tails, 1 tb. Flats. itb. Flats. Squats. Total. Grand TOTAU Albion 1,930 1,272 4,758 I 2,430 6,088 3,702 3,150 3,769 7,530 6,212 6,960 6,305 5,034 4,454 8,781 3,440 3,551 4,725 6,887 3,585 7,612 3,183 3,489 4,526 4,986 11,696 2,288 3,192 15,562 6,547 5,484 4,495 : 10,463 6,038 7,490 7,716 4,572 5,396 5,341 204,849 163,860 - *68,709 9,688 4,000 2,978 6,688 8,706 3,474 3 769 Atlas 8 240 8 S24 :iso 72 200 181 288 48 226 14 46 1 21 1 iai 1 46 2,084 23,449 9,503 160 2,973 Anglo-American 164 1 £,986 m ;•;;;:;: 1 2,503 1 4,388 ! 2,278 I 75° 1,266 3,142 3,860 7 680 509 | 4,220 i 914 I 2,732 3,426 1,990 80 16,746 80 800 11,840 B A & 0 Pass ,258 ,302 1,133 9,860 6,284 B 0. Packing Co . 440 1,618 2,058 I 1 4,454 4,563 48 IP 71 14 j 1,878 4 ii 4.461 4,218 448 83 8,912 352 1,640 8,440 fVlHn 1,158 2,393 2,364 5,694 1,450 4,043 3,183 2,072 66 18 1,877 1,677 108 7ii 160 461 196 4,327 200 8,661 2,361 4,788 2,135" 1,193 1,677 686 8,602 Deas Island 43 2i 90 !.!!!!!! 6,806 Dinsmore Island ... Ewen's ,... 3,569'' 164 108 iio 461 1,044 6,961 426 7,887 7,940 8,197 English Bay , Eagle Harbour ... Federation Fraser River mi" 498 10 631 726" "4,028" 37 810 1,045 21,231 22,276 6,867 4,626 2,979 2,007 "i',005" 160 166 6,081 11,846 2,809 4,740 15,847 6,647 Great Northern Industrial < 11,785 2,288 3,192 3,777 3.017 3,485 1,005 6,609 2,125 3,131 2,967 4,572 3,575 2,582 i,( .... Phoenix 3,530 "i,999 1,746 1,347 4,749 "l',82i" ■ . -2,759 4,380 6,192 i ",195 2,i08 ' 5,602 6,484 4,496 Richmond Scottish-Canadian St. Mungo.... ..." Star Terra Nova Vancouver Wadhams '. Westminster 3,490 " i',37i" j 4,359 189. 547 682 45*' 4,604 21,281 25,735 3,283 200 L........'. 10,463 11,176 7,881 7,716 4,617 6,896 5,341 51,704 116,537 168,241 37,157 14,345 8'8,418 23,446 . 17,588 633 21,077 21,710 sso 84 3,459 18,687 27,419 46,106 64 18 26,726 287,162 Totals— ; 72 72 3,340 380 Northern iH 5,602 1,229 84 25,533 3,459 64 18 53,570 473,547 rP 3,340 51,502 1 111,864 10,572 17 588 SALIIVCOICsl FRASER R r PACK, 1903. [VER—CASE COUNT. Red and White Springs. a>. vals. Squats. Total 1 ft. Talis. A-lb. Tails. lft. Flats. Jft. Flats. lft. Ovals. Ovals. Total. 1 1 6,088 3,702 3,150 3,769 7,530 6,212 6,960 6,305 5,034 4,454 8,78] 3,440 3,551 4,725 6,887 3,585 7,612 3,183 3,489 4,526 11J696 2,288 3,192 15,562 6,547 5,484 4,495 10,463 6,038 7,490 7,716 4,572 5,396 5,341 204,849 • 163,860^ " "3" 240 3~ 324 !,986 84 :,142 80 300 380 200 131 ,258 1,133 1,302 200 48 83 :,640 2,361 56 182 238 43 225 14 55 43 154 71 14 55 37 8 45 ,065 21 21 90 90 2,108 ,195 189. 2 191 45 45 5,602 547 682 380 588 633 21,077 440 1,618 2,058 84 2,084 23,449 25,B38~ 21, 72 84 588 5,602 368,709 21,710 1 72 1,229 380 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION COLUMBIA RIVER PACK. Canneries— Talis. Pillar Rock Packing Co 23,000 McGowen 31,600 * If. F. Coop. Packing Co 11,717 Seufert Bros 16,000 Magler 4,090 Sanborn-Cutting Co 11,502 A. Booth & Co. 15,100 Columbia River Pkrs.' Assoc'n. 186,000 Warren Packing Co 29,896 Flats. % Flats. I COHOES. Ovals. Tails. 9,876 4,100 7,600 12,562 5,000 5,000 13,708 8,006 1,335 1,200 * Pickled-Chinooks, 200 bbls. ♦Fall—11,000 cases. '©Steelheads—Tails, 4,971; flats Total. 23,000 31,500 26,343 16,000 21,575 37,772 28,656 M47,000 058,858 382,704 205; half flats, 910. OREGON COAST. Canneries— Coos Bay Packing Co 925 O. W. Kurd Packing Co 2,135 Elmore Packing Co 12,000 R. D. Hume 3,000 Other packs Tails. Flats. % Flats. 4,500 1,000 Cohoes. Chums. Tails. Tails. 3,625 3,300 14,000 7,000 Total. 4,150 5,435 33,100 11,000 10,400 Total 64,085 WEST COAST OF WASHINGTON. Canneries— Barnes—(Nasel River) Barnes—(South Bend) N. River Packing Co. . Other packs Chinooes. Cohoes. Pinks. Chums. Tails* Talis. . 2,000 . 4,000 3,000 Total CALIFORNIA. Canneries— Klamath Packing & Trading Co Oarquinez Packing Co Sacramento River Packers* Association Total Tails. Tails. Total. 1,000 7,000 8,000 10,000 15,000 15,500 17,500 58,000 Chinooks. Tails. Flats. Total. 6,550 7,493 2,500 2,500 6,550 7,498 16,548 SEALING CATCH OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Year. Skins. 1889 35,310 1890 48,325 1891 52,365 1892 49,743 1893 70,592 1894 97,474 1895 74,124 During 1901 the catch was : — British Columbia Coast Japan Vicinity of Copper Island .. Behriag Sea catch Year. Skins. 1896 55,677 1897 30,410 1898 28,522 1899 35,346 1900 35,548 1901 24,422 1902 16,301 8,533 2,130 3,397 10,362 Total 24,442 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA HON. A. E. McPHILLIPS, Attorney-General, To whose department belongs the administration of Fishei NATURALLY in the consideration of the economic products of British Columbia comes the timber wealth. Apart from minerals it represents the most important and most readily available results. British Columbia may now be said to possess the greatest compact area of merchantable timber on the North American continent, and if it had not been for the great forest fires that have raged in the interior in the years gone by, during which a very large portion of the surface has been denuded of its forest, the available supply would have been much greater than it is. This was an exigency which, in the unsettled state of the country, could hardly have been provided against, if at all. However, as the coast possesses the major portion of the choice timiber and that which is most accessible, the ravages of fire have not had, by reason of the dense growth and the humidity of the climate, any appreciable effect on that source of supply. As far north as Alaska the coast is heavily timbered, the forest line following the indents and river valleys and fringing the- mountain sides. Logging operations so far have extended to Knight's Inlet, a point on the coast of the Mainland opposite the north end of Vancouver Island. Here the Douglas fir, the most important and widely dispersed of the valuable trees, disappears altogether, and the cypress, or yellow cedar, takes its place. North of this, cedar, hemlock and spruce are the principal timber trees. It will <be of interest to know that Douglas fir (Pseudo- tsuga Douglasii) was named after David Douglas, a noted .botanist who explored New Caledonia in the early twenties of this century. It is a very widely distributed tree, being found from the coast to the summit of the Rocky Mountains, and as far east as Calgary and as far north as Fort McLeod. On the coast it attains immense proportions, is very high and clear of imperfections, sometimes towering three hundred feet in the air and having a base circumference of from thirty to fifty feet. The best averages, however, are one hundred and fifty feet clear of limbs and five to six feet in diameter. This is the staple timber of commerce, often classed by the trade as Oregon pine. It has about the same specific gravity as oak, with great strength, and 'has a wide range of usefulness, being especially adapted for construction work. It is scientifically described as standing midway between the spruce and the balsam, and in the opinion of Prof. Macoun, the Dominion naturalist, is a valuable pulp-making tree. Mr. James M. Macoun, in his little work, " The Forests of Canada," from which a good deal of what follows is taken, says in regard to the Douglas fir : T - 'This is the most abundant, as it is the inOst valuable, tree in British Columbia. Its range on the Mainland is from the international boundary north to the Skeena ■Kiver, in Latitude 54 degrees, on the coast, and in the Rocky Mountains from the itemational boundary north to Latitude 55 degrees, though its northern and norths YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA eastern limits are not well defined. It is not found in the Queen Charlotte Islands, i It attains its greatest size on Vancouver Island, or along the shores and in river I valleys near the coast on the Mainland. There, trees 300 feet in height are not rare, the average height of those felled for lumber being over 150 feet. Trees of a greater diameter than seven feet are rarely cut, though those o£.eight, ten or even I eleven feet in diameter are not rare. "The fact that the largest trees are found near the coast greatly facilitates the* transport of the logs from the woods to the mill, and as the majority of the mills are so situated that the largest ships may load within a few yards of the saws, the cost per 1,000 feet of handling Douglas fir and other and other west coast lumber is small. " Douglas fir is chiefly valuable for structural purposes, being largely employed in ship-building, bridge-work and the construction of wharves. It is exported as dimension timber, lumber, spars, masts and piles. Locally it is used for construc- • tion work -of all kinds,- fencing and railway- ties, and in the manufacture of furniture. Its durability, when excluded from the air, adds greatly to its value for pile- work in the construction of bridges and wharves. The bark of the Douglas fir is largely employed in tanning." GIANT ARBOR VITAE, RED CEDAR. (Thuya gigantea, Nutt.) The Giant Arbor Vitae is next to the Douglas fir in importance in British Columbia, where it attains its greatest size on Vancouver Island, along the coast and in the lower parts of the rivers of the Coast Range. It is rarely found in the dry interior of British Columbia, but is abundant in the river valleys on the slopes of the 'Selkirk and Coast ranges. Though seldom found more >than-150 feet in height, m circumference it rivals the Douglas fir, trees of from 8 to 10 feet in diameter not being rare, and they are occasionally found much larger. It is chiefly used in the manufacture of shingles, for which purpose it is unequalled by any other wood. Formerly the shingles were made hy hand, the wood splitting easily, but improved machinery has so lowered the cost of production that comparatively few hand-made shingles are now used, though they are still in demand when a shingle of superior quality is desired. The wood of this tree takes a very brilliant polish, and is well adapted for interior finishing of all kinds. So great is the variety of shading in the color of the wood that a large house may be finished in it without two rooms being alike. It is not only largely exported, but is now being shipped in increasing quantities to Eastern Canada. In British Columbia it enters largely into the manufacture of doors and cabinet work of all kinds. Like all the cedars, it lasts well underground, and on this account is much used in the form of telegraph poles and fence^posts. The immense canoes made by west coast Indians are, with very few exceptions, made of this wood. In addition to its value commercially for shingles and interior finishings, Wm the friend of the settler, inasmuch as out of its straight-grained logs he can build his house, make his furniture and fence his farm, and that solely with the use of the most primitive of tools—an axe, a saw and a froe. Owing to increasing demand for shingles in Eastern Canada and the rapid filling up of the Northwest, cedar limits -are now becoming very valuable, and the shingle industry especially is assuming large proportions. YELLOW CEDAR, YELLOW CYPRESS. (Thuya excelsa, Bong.) The Yellow Cypress is not nearly so abundant in British Columbia as the Arbor Vitae, nor is its circumference so great. Its height is about the same as the Arbor Vitae—150 feet—and its average. diameter is about 4 feet, though occasional trees attain 5 feet. 15he yellow cypress is confined to the coast and the adjacent islands. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 239 In the southern parts of British Columbia it is not found at sea-level, the finest trees growing at altitudes of from 1,000 to 2,500 feet. Though valuable for many purposes, the wood of the yellow cypress is not extensively used at present, the cost of transportation, to the seaboard being too great. On the Queen Charlotte Islands it descends to the coast. When lower levels have been cleared of other trees the yellow cypress will be utilized. This wood is very durable, and on account of its pungent odour it is credited with resisting the teredo. Its grain is very close, and as the wood takes a very high polish, it is greatly valued for interior finishing and for the manufacture of furniture. It commands a higher price than either Douglas fir or arbor vitae. The natives along the northern coast of British Columbia make many articles for domestic use from this wood. It is specially valuable for its lasting qualities, and has been known to last as sills for over sixty years without being impaired. In a wet climate, such as is prevalent at Port Simpson, where it was found in old Hudson Bay Company foundations, this is remarkable. Mr. J. R. Anderson,, in his paper for the Forestry Association, says that on account of its liability to shrink, lengthwise as well as laterally, it requires to be well seasoned before use. The long and slender pendulous fruits which hang from the branches give the tree a very graceful appearance; and the strong pungent odour which it emits when freshly cut, and which it never loses, renders it very easy of identification. WESTERN WHITE PINE. (Pinus monticola, Dougl.) None of the Western pines are found in quantity near the coast, and so far they have been used for Western_purposes only. The best of these is pinus monticola,. which is Kttle inferior to the white pine of the East. It is found in the interior of Vancouver Island and is abundant in the southern parts of the Coast Range, where there is heavy rainfall. In the Selkirk Mountains it is not very common, but attains a considerable size on the mountain slopes. The wood is used for the same purposes as the Eastern"white pine. Mr. Anderson says: "It is the most useful wood for. window-sashes, doors, powder barrels and similar work. Being a white and very light wood, it is unsuitable for outside uses, and has a tendency to absorb moisture when in contact with the ground, and is, therefore, liable to decay." It has not heretofore been used to a very great extent. It is a splendid looking tree, having bluish-green fronds and cones from 8 to 12 inches long. BLACK PINE. (Pinus Murrayana, Balfour.) The Black Pine replaces the Pinus banksiana, or jack pine, on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. It is abundant in the northern part of the interior plateau of British Columbia, where it covers great areas. In the southern part of the province it is most abundant at altitudes ranging between 3,000 and 4,000 feet. Though esteemed of little value where other conifers grow, except for railway ties and firewood, it is much used for mine props and other construction work in the mining districts of British Columbia. It is admirably suited for this purpose, as the wood is very tough, and when not exposed to the weather -does not easily decay. It is said to make excellent charcoal. ENGELMANN SPRUCE. (Picea Engelmanni, Engel.) This characteristic spruce of the Rocky and Selkirk Mountains is the most useful tree growing in the interior of British Columbia, and ii there largely used in bridge and trestle work and for heavy construction work generally. In the valley of the Columbia it is often more than 150 feet in height and 4 in diameter. The wood is very like that of the black and white spruces, and may be.used for the YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA same purposes. This was the chief wood used in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway from the Rocky Mountains westward. MENZIES SPRUCE—SITKA SPRUCE. (Picea Sitchensis, Carr.) This spruce grows chiefly in the immediate vicinity of the coast, ranging in British Columbia from the international boundary north to Alaska. In the southern part of the province it grows scattered among other trees, but in the north it is relatively much more abundant, growing sometimes in large clumps. Though averaging less in diameter than the Douglas fir, occasional trees of great size are found. Those cut for lumber are, however, seldom more than five or six feet in diameter. No other tree on the west coast is used for such varied purposes, and as it is easily worked up by machinery there is a great demand for it in the manufacture of doors, window-sashes, .boxes, shelving and interior finishing. The wood is very white, is elastic, and bends with the grain without splitting, so that it is much used in boat-building, the making of light oars, staves, woodenware, etc. It resists decay for a long time, and, like the Douglas fir, is not attacked by insects. -The chief value of the Sitka spruce will in the near future be in the manufactoJH of pulp, for which purpose it is not excelled by any other tree. As soon as pulp mills are established in the vicinity of the large sawmills, the immense waste entailed by the present method of sawing dimension lumber in British ColumbM will be obviated. As the shrinkage is usually very great, it is generally kiln-driej before using, or kept stored away until it is thoroughly seasoned. On account of the sharp-pointed, short fronds, it is quite impossible to grasp them with the naked hand, and this renders this tree easily distinguished from the other British Columbia coniferae. WESTERN HEMLOCK. j (Tsuga mertensiana, Carr.) The hemlock is abundant along the whole coast of British Columbia and in the interior of the province, wherever there is sufficient rainfall. Along the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, in the Selkirk Mountains, it is very abundant, but seldom over 150 feet in height and three in diameter. The abundance of other wood of better quality has prevented the hemlock from coming into general use, and the same prejudice exists in British .Columbia against the Western tree that prevailed until very recently against hemlock in Eastern Canada., Though its grain is coarse, Western hemlock is for many purposes just as serviceable as other woods which cost more. Its bark is rich in tannin, but it is too thin to be extensively used while there is such an abundance of Douglas fir in the same region. As its habitat is generally at no great distance from the sea, it is a wood which could be transported to shipping points without great expense. When young or growing singly, the tree is decidedly pretty, and the yew-like fronds which enshroud the trunk form a most welcome and soft bed for the weary prospector or trapper. WESTERN WHITE OAK. (Quercus Garryana, Douglas.) Though a few trees of this species (according to Macoun) grow on the Mainland of British Columbia, it is practically confined to the southern part of Vancouver island, the finest trees growing in the vicinity of Victoria, where trees 3 or 4. feet in diameter, from which logs 10 to 20 feet long can be obtained, are not uncommon. The wood resembles that of English oak, and is very beautiful when made up into furniture and cabinet work. It is not largely used, for two reasons-^first, because the supply is limited; and second, because there are other woods more easily and cheaply obtainable. It is principally useful, and will always remain so, as an orna- 4tf4||^ AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 241 mental tree. It is very picturesque, and gives to the landscape an appearance which we usually associate with English pastoral scenes. In texture the wood is short-grained and hard, though brittle. ASPEN POPLAR. {Populus tremuloides,v Mich.) This widely distributed tree occurs in nearly all parts of the province, and particularly throughout the northern interior. It is a very useful wood, although in British Columbia not largely used. It is used in many parts of Canada for fence rails, firewood, and making log houses. Commercially, where in sufficient quantities and easily available, it is valuable for the manufacture of pulp. The wood of the aspen is light and easily worked, and in the East is used for wooden ware, light barrels such as those used for sugar and flour, and for crates and light boxes. It is also employed in the manufacture of furniture, and no doubt in the future it will be available for such uses in some parts of the province. BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE. (Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.) The broad-leaved maple is common on Vancouver Island and along the coast in the southern part of British Columbia. It is the most valuable of the deciduous trees of the west coast. Though not as hard or as strong as the hard maple of the East, the wood is much better than that of the Eastern soft maple. Much of it is "curly," which adds greatly to its value as cabinet-making material. It is used in the manufacture of furniture, mantles and handles, and for interior finishing. It grows to a large size, sometimes attaining a diameter of from three to four feet. It takes a fine polish. Some specimens of it may be seen in the interior of the ■Government Buildings at Victoria, the beauty of which as wood would be difficult to excel. It will consequently grow more valuable each year. When grown in the open, the broad-leaved maple makes the most effective shade tree we have. A characteristic feature is, of course, its broad leaves, which invariably attract attention and are greatly admired by strangers. OTHER CONIFERAE. The Western Larch (larix occidentalis) and the Mountain Larch (larix lyallii) Teplace L. Americana in the Rockies and British Columbia, where they are used for lumber, telegraph poles, railway ties and mine props. They are quite plentiful in some parts of the southern interior. Mr. J. R. Anderson, in his paper written for the Forestry Association, describes the other trees of the province as follows : The Western White Fir or Balsam Fir (Abies grandiS, Lindl.), and its synonyms of (Pinus grandis, Dougl.), (Picea grandis, Loudon), (Abies Gprdoniana, Carr), (Abies amabilis, Murray), is quite common in the vicinity of the coast and grows to a large size, but the wood is held in small esteem, being perishable and brittle; it is, however, white and light, and may in course of time be put to use for boxes, etc. The bark, when young, is thickly covered with large bladders or cells filled with a liquid, resinous gum, which has great healing properties. The tree, with its thick, flat fronds and rigid growth, although grand in appearance is rather too stiff and formal, and of the Noah's Ark type, to be quite pleasing.. [It may in time be utilized for the manufacture of pulp.—Ed.] Western Yellow Pine, or Bull Pine (Pinus ponderosa, Dougl.); synonym, Pinus resinosa, Hook. Its habitat is the dry plateau of the interior Mainland, between the Coast and Gold ranges. A remarkably handsome tree>_with smooth, red bark, very large fronds and long cones bearing a large quantity of seed, which the natives formerly used as an article of food. [In the southern interior the bull pine is a characteristic tree, and is very largely used for lumber—Ed.U I 242 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Scrub Pine (Pinus Contorta, Dougl.); synonyms, (Pinus inops, Hook), (Pin$B banksiana, Lindl. and Gordon). Its habitat is everywhere in the province, on | sandy points and exposed, rocky points, seldom growing larger than 15 inches, quite useless for timber, and not at all ornamental. [There is also the yew (Taxus brevi- J folia) and the juniper. These are limited in quantity. The former is a useful I wood, and often takes the place of Eastern hardwoods for axe-handles, whippletr^H and the like.—Ed.] OTHER DECIDUOUS TREES. There are two native maples in addition to the broad-leaved already described, viz., the Vine Maple (Acer circinatum) and another resembling it, called Acer glab- rum. The former is common on the low lands of the Mainland to the westward of | the Coast Range, but does not occur to the eastward of the Coast Range nor on Vancouver or Gulf islands. As its name implies, it only grows small and crooked, I much in the shape of a vine. The latter occurs all over the province, principally in the dry belt to the eastward of the Coast Range, where it never gets beyond rf| bush, and on the islands, where it frequently attains to the dignity of a small tree. Alder (Alnus Rubra; synonym, A. Glutinosa, Pursh.) This is another common tree on Vancouver and Gulf islands and on the Mainland to the westward of the Coast Range. It attains in many places a diameter of two to three feet,J^H much of it is under two feet. Growing as it does in close forests, it runs up to a considerable height and is very straight. The wood, which is of a light, browni^H colour, nearly white, resembles black walnut in the grain, and is used, stained to the proper shade, to a limited degree' in imitation of that wood, for furniture, inside finishing, bannisters, etc The only other representative of this genus is the Mountain Alder (A. rhombi- folia), a worthless variety and more of a shrub than a tree. Its range is general throughout the province, generally on mountain sides. Poplar or Cottonwood (Populus Trichocarpa, sometimes called P. Balsamifera) is a common tree throughout the province on low-lying lands in the vicinity of water. It attains a large size in favourable localities, three or four feet in diameter being common, and attaining a great height in dense forests along low river banks and on low islands. The wood is very little used, being white and soft, without any great quality to recommend it. The principal use it has been put to is for taw manufacture of excelsior, for which purpose it is well adapted. It has also been used for boxes, being very light, but the objection to its use for this purpose, I am informed, is that it turns dark after being sawed. Possibly this difficulty could be overcome by allowing the wood to season in the log, or other methods. Canoe Birch (Betula Papyrifera) is common on the Mainland and very scarce on Vancouver Island. The wood is a good, fine-grained, durable one when not exposed to the weather, but it has never been used, to my knowledge, for any purpose but fire-wood. It attains a size of from one foot to eighteen inches in diameter, but is often smaller. Arbutus, or Madrona (Arbutus Menziesii.) This is quite a common tree on Vancouver Island and the Gulf islands, and on some parts of the coast line on the Mainland. It is a striking-looking tree, with its red bark and bright, evergreen leaves. As a rule, it does not attain to a great size, especially when growing on exposed rocks and headlands, but trees a foot in diameter are common, although, as a rule, twisted and crooked; when growing in forests, however, it grows fairly straight, and sometimes attains a large size. On the Alberni road, in the vicinity of Nanoose Bay, many fine specimens are to be seen. When travelling in company with Dr. Fletcher and Rev. Mr. Taylor, two months ago, I took the measurement of one tree, which was 10 feet 5 inches in circumference. I am not aware that the wood of this tree has been put to any particular use; it is hard, fine and close-grained **Hyi: AND MANUAL OF PROVINCLAL INFORMATION and takes a good polish, but is apt to warp and crack if cut before it is well seasoned. Dog Wood (Cornus Nuttallii). A highly ornamental tree with immense white flowers, fairly abundant throughout the islands and the coast of the Mainland. It often attains a size of twelve inches in diameter and a height of thirty feet or thereabouts, and has a fine-grained, hard, pinkish wood, which takes a good polish. Not used, to my knowledge, except in isolated cases for ornamental work. Buckthorn (sometimes called Bearberry, and from that often wrongly called Barberry) (Rhamnus Purshiana) is not an Uncommon tree on the Islands of Vancouver and the Gulf and on the coast of the Mainland. It attains a size of about a foot in diameter, but more frequently smaller. The wood is of a light yellow colour, close-grained and hard. Not used except for ornamental purposes. Crab (Pirus Rivularis) grows commonly in swamps of the Mainland to the westward of the Coast Range, on Vancouver Island and the Gulf islands. It seldom attains a larger size than nine inches; the wood is hard and close-grained, and is principally used for rollers in mills and similar purposes. The hard woods are usually found in bottom lands, and indicate fruitfulness of the soil. There is no part of British Columbia where the timber supply is not sufficient for local demands. TIMBER LIMITS. The principal timber limits and the great bulk of the timber are located as follows : On Vancouver Island—Running up the valleys of the Cowichan, Chemainus^ Nanaimo, Englishman's, Little Qualicum, Big Qualicum, Comox, Oyster, Campbell, Salmon, Adams and Nimkish Rivers, and French and Black Creeks, and along other streams and tributaries of the foregoing rivers, and in the Alberni Valley. In Westminster District—Along the Fraser and Pitt Rivers; on Burrard Inlet; in South Vancouver; on Howe Sound; the principal inlets of the coast as far as Knight's Inlet. On the Islands in the Gulf of Georgia, notably Cracow, Valdez and Hardwick. North of Knight's Inlet, as already stated, comes the cypress and considerable spruce that will yet be largely utilized in commerce. One feature of the forests of the Coast is their density. As high as 500,000 feet of lumber have been taken from a single acre, which seems almost incredible to a lumberman of the East, where 20,000 is considered not a bad average. There are some fine timber limits in the southern interior, in the valleys of rivers, more particularly in the valleys of the Columbia and Kootenay rivers. There are over 80 sawmills in the province, big and small, with a daily capacity of about 2,000,000 feet, mainly on the coast, but this limit has never been reached, the annual cut running between 50,000,000 and 100,000,000 feet. The acreage of timber under lease is about 1,175 square miles, and the total area of forest and woodland is put down by the Dominion statistician as 285,554 square miles, but this must not be #aken as all of commercial value, as much of this is covered with small trees, suitable only for a local supply of fuel and lumber. In fact, conservative timber men say the available timber area and quantity of timber in sight has been very much over-estimated. Various guesses have been made, but nc estimate can be made from available data, which is at all reliable. Present methods of selection are destructive. In a few years from now, when timber, by reason of its scarcity elsewhere, becomes valuable, much that is now discarded by the timberman will be used, and in all probability old limits will be cut over several times. For many years the principal outlet for British Columbia lumber was the foreign market, and for a long time, owing to competition and our distance from the market, high freights and other causes, the lumber industry remained depressed. In most instances the lumber mills were selling at a low margin of profit, and their YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA operations were productive of the single result of " turning over capital," thus keeping labour employed and preventing undue depreciation of plant. One of the largest mills in the-province, built fifteen years ago, has been idle until the present year. Local demand, owing to the rapid and substantial developsaent of the province, has always been large, but on account of the number of mfllls in operation, competition was keen and prices were low. Manufacturing establishments, such as I planing and sash and door factories and shingle mills, did better usually than sawmills. The future of the lumber industry in British Columbia, however, is very promising. Several causes have recently operated favourably, and the industry as a whole I has greatly revived. As the result of the return of general prosperity, both local and foreign demand has materially increased. The most important factor, however, is the filling up of the Northwest with settlers. That and the prosperity enjoyed in the prairie country through a series of successful wheat crops, have I created a great market for lumber and the manufactures of lumber there, and to supply that demand our lumbermen are in the most favourable position. During the past year the price of rough lumber has increased $5 per thousand, while a good market for shingles and heavy timbers has been found in Eastern Canada. I In fact, the shingle industry during the past two or three years has been experi- I encing a " boom." Facilities for shipment will be increased by the building of the I proposed one or two new transcontinental lines to the coast, and by the completion of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. As it stands at present, the province will be the last resort of the lumberman on this continent, and those who own timber limits will reap rich harvests. Perhaps I not the least remunerative will be the by-products, and particularly that of pulp, dealt with elsewhere. Another possible opening for the timber industry is afforded by the greatly increased demand in Great Britain and elsewhere for wood blocks for pavements. A bulletin by the Bureau of Provincial Information was issued last year as the result of investigations made through the office of the Agent-General in London, Eng., as to the extent of this market in Great Britain. One extract from the bulletin in question synopsises the results as follows : As nearly as can be determined, there were used last year in the 55 cities in Great Britain and Ireland from which returns were received 30,350,000 wood blocks, valued at about $1,500,000. It would, therefore, be safe to compute that the annual value of the market in wood blocks in the United Kingdom is $2,000,000. The total value of the British Columbia shipments last year was $991,350, of lumber, shingles, etc. Certain observations were made in the Year Book of 1897 respecting the conditions of forestry in the province and the possibilities of the timber industry, properly conserved, which are still pertinent, and they are here reproduced : " Economically, the value of the forests of British Columbia could be greatly enhanced by diversification. There is such a wide area unsuitable for any other growth than trees and grass th'at there is almost illimitable opportunity for the seeding and planting of trees on the summit of hills and the sides of hills and mountains, introducing nearly all the deciduous trees of the temperate zone. The climate is favourable to tree growth, and the experience of the Dominion Experimental Farm goes to show that the range of successfully acclimatised trees and shrubs is very wide indeed. When we consider the statement of Mr. E. D. N. Southworth, chief of the Forestry Department in Ontario, that the annual growth in that province—theoretically, of course—is fifty times the annual consumption, we can at least imperfectly imagine the tremendous future possibilities of a coast line so extended and deeply indented, to say nothing of the vast interior. Mr. Southworth's estimate, Which, as already stated, is a theoretical one—or, ratherTJB based upon mathematical conditions of growth—is endorsed by (Sir Henri Joly,^H Quebec, a. reputable authority on the subject. miliyy^ " Of course, practically, the increment of forest growth is subject to conditions of check, which are obvious, and materially modify actual results. Industrial conditions have so altered of late, and are so rapidly changing, that this possible annual growth is of the greatest importance. The increasing demand for wooden- ware, manufactured from various products of wood, and the variety of uses to which wood is being put, places a premium on every stick to be grown for all time to come. The value of the younger trees in the manufacture of pulp, out of which so many things are made, gives a value to our forests they never before possessed. It will be possible hereafter to regard forestry as a branch of agriculture, and to speak of the wood crop, to reap which it will not be necessary to wait a lifetime." " The subject of forestry, as an economic science, is one to which very little attention has been paid in this province, and there is little to be said so far as a special knowledge of the conditions that exist, or of the possibility of development, is concerned, except in so far as the experience of other countries may apply. It is one that will yet demand the most serious consideration on the part of the authorities. Not only is the conservation of the forests a matter of very great importance, because the timber is an asset of great value peculiarly subject to depreciation and vt aste, but of perhaps even greater importance is the utilisation of the timber supply economically and advantageously in an industrial way. There is annually a very large waste going on by forest fires, in clearing land and in other ways, and in view of the many uses to which wood and products of wood are now being put, it is a matter of some concern to determine if methods could not be adopted both to minimise waste and turn it to useful account. The manufacture of wood pulp, of indurated ware, of cabinet woods, of turpentine, of varnish, of tannin, of cordwood, of second rate structural material, of charcoal and of other by-products which enter into modern industrial requirements, are all matters worthy of attention. It is not improbable that a careful study of the economics of forestry would develop a system in connection with tree growth and forest clearing that would ultimately equalise supply and demand, and render the absolute destruction of wood as at present unnecessary. It is difficult to realise the value of forests until they are gone, and until some cheap structural material shall have been obtained to wholly take the place of wood and fulfil all its uses, which does not appear likely to be obtainable, the demand must continue to increase, and British Columbia is of all countries naturally most favourably situated to supply it. As a speculation, nothing in the way of national enterprise can equal the desirability of husbanding the natural resource of timber, because it must inevitably grow into inestimable value. If in Canada, with a population of 5,000,000, the present annual cut of timber is a subject for anxiety as to the future, what consideration will attach to it when the population has grown to 25,000,000 ? "A careful estimate of the aggregate cost of the mills in operation places the amount at $1,500,000. This does not include all the capital invested necessary to carry on the industry, which would increase the amount to $2,000,000. The investment in timber limits is additional to this. Sawmills in British Columbia cost on an average $700 per 1,000 feet of daily capacity, ten hours' running. Of the eighty- five mills constructed, not all are in operation, and the greater number are of limited capacity. [Since the above was written the capital invested has materially increased, but until the census of industrial establishments taken in 1901 is published it would be difficult, without very considerable investigation, to arrive at the amount approximately.—Ed.] " * * * • One of the most promising industries in store for British Columbia is that of the manufacture of wood pulp, and when we consider the opinion of Prof. Macoun that Douglas fir, as well as spruce, is a good pulp tree, the-possibilities of the industry, in a province where Douglas fir is the dominant and most widely distributed conifer, are obvious. A paper mill was started and ran for some 246 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA I time in Alberni, but under conditions not favourable to success, and although it met with failure, reorganisation on a better and successful business basis is confidently anticipated." Since 1897 conditions have made a rapid advance towards converting anticipation into realization. Marked attention has been paid to the possibilities of the pulp Industry in British Columbia. Several preliminary or promotive companies were formed, and the Government, with the object of encouraging the manufacture of pulp and paper, passed legislation enabling these companies to secure for a limitiajB time concessions of timber and water power on special terms. So far, actual operations have not commenced, but active negotiations have been going on with capitalists with that end in view. To place the matter in concise form for the information of the public, the Bureau of Information has published on several occasions information respecting natural conditions favourable to the industry, markets, etc. Additional information has been obtained in respect to markets, which is being published in bulletin form; but it is not necessary to include it here, because it has been established beyond question that a very large market for paper, and incidentally for pulp manufactured in the province, does exist, sufficient to justify the erection of one or more paper mills. .There are, however, one or more important considerations to be kept in mind. The market for pulp alone, apart from a paper mill, is not large enough for a large | pulp mill. Japan is practically the only consumer of that product, so far as we | are concerned. The output of pulp must be largely consumed in the local paper mills, for the products of which there are very exclusive markets in Australia, South America and other countries bordering on the Pacific Ocean. There is, too, in British Columbia and the Northwest a home demand, which is rapidly extending— not sufficient, perhaps, to absorb the entire output of a paper mill, but nevertheless , an important market in that connection. There are also to be considered the questions of labour and shipping facilitieaH Labour on the Coast is higher than in the East; but the other natural conditions are so favourable that careful estimates show that pulp can be manufactured several - dollars a ton cheaper here than in Eastern Canada, on that account. The location of the timber reserves on the water's edge, with water carriage to the mills, is the ■explanation of that, and will compensate for increased cost of labour. Shipping^ facilities and competition in ocean vessels lis more limited on the West than on the East Coast; but the development of ocean traffic on the Pacific.is so rapid that|j any present disadvantages on that score will soon be overcome. Another consideration of moment must not be overlooked. The market while it exists must be cultivated, and pulp and paper manufacturers will come into competition in the foreign market, in certain lines, with British, Canadian, UnitejM States, German and other manufacturers (principally British). To meet these on equal grounds and obtain a share of the market will take time and enterprise. The advantages on the side of the British Columbian manufacturer will be cost of production and geographical situation. With abundance of raw material and water power, there is no reason why the latter could not, in the lines he would naturally undertake to manufacture, such as news, wrapping paper and certain grades of cheaper stationery paper, undersell all competitors, or at least successfully hold his own. The chapter on " Paper and Pulp Industry" previously published is here reproduced : No mills for the manufacture of wood pulp or paper are at present established in this province, but no portion of Canada can show greater advantages for these industries. Water-powers can be found on the coast of the Mainland which afford unique facilities for industrial works, owing to their situation adjacent to deep water, to their ease of development, and to their being in the centre of the timber areas. Illustrations of two important water-powers are given in this volume, and other desirable water-powers are known to exist further north, which at a future time AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 247 will also be used for industrial purposes. In addition to the water-powers on the coast, there are numerous fine water-powers in the interior of British Columbia, where can also be found immense quantities of wood suitable for pulp; but at the present time the rate of freight to the coast would be a bar to successful competition in the outside markets. Along the coast-line of the Mainland of British Columbia and Vancouver Island practically inexhaustible areas of pulp woods can be found. South of Knight's Inlet the most abundant wood is the Douglas fir, which is successfully used for the manufacture of chemical pulp. Its suitability for mechanical pulp is not so certain. North of Knight's Inlet is the spruce and hemlock belt, affording enormous supplies of excellent pulp-wood—the Sitka spruce especially being unexcelled by any other wood for pulp purposes. These woods cover large tracts immediately contiguous to the sea-coast, so that logs can be landed at the mills at very low cost. 'An important point in favour of the industries on the sea-coast of British Columbia is the mildness of the winters, which admits of operations being carried on throughout the whole year. The forests of this province are much more densely wooded than those of Eastern Canada, 500 cords per acre being not uncommon, while from 100 to 150 cords may be taken as a fair average of good timber lands. With proper husbanding the forests are practically inexhaustible for pulp-wood purposes. This ds essentially a timber country. Atmospheric conditions are especially favourable to tree growth, which is very rapid, and the extent of otherwise valueless country along the coast that can be devoted tp forestry is enormous. Owing to its wealth of raw material, excellent water-powers and geographical position, British Columbia occupies a position of eminent advantage in competing for the pulp and paper trade of the Pacific. A practically unlimited market is afforded by Australia, Japan, China and the western coast of America—both North and South. An important factor bearing upon the future of British Columbia as the centre of the pulp and paper trade of the Pacific is the rapid depletion of the forests, of the United States, and it is confidently anticipated that the importation of Canadian pulp and pulp-wood to that country, already large, will continue to rapidly increase. In conclusion, there is no industry, not even mining itself, which gives greater promise of commercial value and general importance than that, of the manufacture of wood pulp and paper in this province. The Legislature of British Columbia has passed an Act which authorises the Government to enter into agreements with pulp companies, granting them leases of pulp lands on very favourable terms, both as regards rental and royalties, and to reserve areas out of which selections of pulp lands may be made. The pu'lp companies with whom agreements have been made are: The Industrial Power Company, the Pacific Coast Power Company, the Cassiar Power and Industrial Company, the Oriental Power Company, and the Quatsino Power and Pulp Company. All of these have large limits and water-powers reserved. A special feature of British Columbia timber areas is their density, the yield being greatly in excess of that obtainable from equal areas in Eastern Canada. The average cut in Ontario is about 10 cords per acre, while upon the lands secured by these companies the estimated cut is over 100 cords per acre. This density enables logging to be carried on to great advantage, and it is estimated that the cost of wood at the mills for many years will be at least one-third the average cost to Eastern American mills. Cheap coal of excellent quality can be obtained from Nanaimo or Union, and shipments can be made directly by water to the mills. The markets that can, with special facility, be supplied from British Columbia are : British Columbia, Japan, Australia, China, New Zealand, Hawaii, the Philippines, Western Coast of South America, Western Coast of Mexico, and Asiatic Russia. The home market is a rapidly-growing one, and with the steady growth of population a correspondingly rapid increase of the requirements in the way of paper 248 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA may reasonably be anticipated. The long distance from the Eastern mills and the freight rates make competition from the East impossible. Japan probably furnishes the greatest possibilities for the future, the imports of paper in 1900 amounting to over $2,000,000, and that of pulp to about $230,000. Both the demand for pulp and paper in Japan ds increasing very rapidly, and the pulp mills of this province will be in the best possible position to supply it. The Australian market is perhaps the most important at the present time. There are no suitable pulping woods on that continent, and no water-powers, so that Australia is almost wholly dependent upon outside sources for its supply of paper. If preferential trade duties were arranged between Canada and Australia* as may be possible in the future, Canada (and British Columbia in particular) will occupy pos'tion of great advantage as compared with other countries competing for this trade It is to be noted' that a considerable portion of the paper imported into Australia from Great Britain and the United States was manufactured from pulp shipped from Eastern Canada. The freight charges (and customs duties, in the case of the United States) on this must materially increase the cost, and can be entirely avoided by manufacturing the paper in British Columbia. The advantage of geographical position possessed by British Columbia in competing for the Oriental and Australian trade is shown by the following table of distances : From Vancouver From London J (Miles). (Miles). Yokohama 4,283 12,186 Hongkong 6,271 10,185 Shanghai 5,461 10,995 Brisbane 6,755 12,465 Sydney 7,265 12,558 Auckland 8,058 13,500 The local or British Columbia market amounts to about $150,000 per annum in news and wrapping paper; while the Northwest, as far as Winnipeg, would he practically reserved for British Columbia paper mills. Full details respecting the markets for pulp and paper are given in Bulletin No. 14, to which enquirers are referred. LEGISLATION AFFECTING MANUFACTURE OF PULP. THE following amendments to the Land Act are included among the provisfi^H of Section 41 : 5. The Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works may enter into an agreement with any incorporated company empowered to manufacture pulp and paper, to grant leases of Crown timber limits, for a term not exceeding twenty-one years, for the purpose of cutting timber for the manufacture of wood pulp or paper, subject to such conditions, regulations and restrictions, not provided for in any agreement or lease, as may from time to time be established by the Lieutenant- Governor-in-Council; such Crown lands to be selected in a manner to be determined by such agreement before the execution of such lease or leases from the areas referred to in such agreement. The said agreement may provide that any areas therein defined shall be reserved for pre-emption, sale or other .disposition for a ,4... .q(RPfisQE£j I ki^& ;jsli£2kfl(| ^fesi! wSSSSS'^ ^|jg£j| ISSfc.^lSS -ai|lf s i ||^^^®^^fe ED^*^ ;/ "\| jlyillllil ML IM ill* Z.4m i^Pf'fSRB '.'"-.jif.-v* :1<41 J-J /J*»flB lii^ial .•-s M-<^i[i"':^r: ^11^11 "• i ^3; '"'''M fit 1 ^•tHe^M ^-'-;'fel?^W'^M :".{■'• |>^ ^Jt^lllB^^^'SsBSlfiKSBffie'S afe*™'' «* %*-";'-fl£fi8&Sli "' > -..; -fpfj ,?!?-.,._-. •. ^>^v*aHHi? r^iiFfe ';• V :-1|| ,;>,-■ PHre ssHssr^ar 1 swjT .J*. ^* »^Ss?SH^Ji2r * ■ v.* ~^S liP^^Ssi "" -■-"V _^ £ ^% -^ x. - ;\--%|[m ^^fctf ■fcj.-'a^^Bjl tit^^PrtfBB - ■■■-'y^-'J.-' '*.J#7rYriir-^^^iSSfB^^Mfe^J FOREST UNDER-GROWTH. f A LUXURIOUS GROWTH OF DEVIL'S CLUB. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 249 period not exceeding two years, to enable such company to select therefrom such portion• of-the lands as shall be commensurate with the output capacity of a pulp or paper mill to be erected : Provided, however, that every such lease shall reserve to the Crown a rental of not more than two cents per acre per annum and a royalty of not more than twenty-five cents per cord of one hundred and twenty-eight cubic feet for spruce or other woods suitable for the manufacture of pulp, or subject to an equivalent royalty based on the tonnage output (either of these royalties to be collected in such manner and at such periods as the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works shall determine) : Provided that the holder of any such leased lands shall erect within the Province of British Columbia, and equip a pulp or paper mill having a capacity for 'an output of not less than one ton of pulp, or half a ton of paper, for each and every square mile of timber limits included in the leasehold, and that such mill shall be kept in actual operation for at least six months in every year, unless the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works shall, for good and sufficient reason, release the lessees from operating said mill for the whole or any part of the said period of six months in each and every year : Provided also that the construction of such mill shall be completed within a period to be determined by the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, as provided for in the agreement : (a) The Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council may also grant a renewal of such lease for pulp purposes for consecutive periods of not exceeding twenty-one years, and for such portion of the area covered by the existing lease at the period of renewal as may be determined by 'the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works : Provided that in any renewal of a lease all rents and royalties shall be subject to such conditions and regulations as may then be in force, or determined by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council : (b) All timber cut on Crown timber limits under such lease, and not used for the manufacture of wood pulp or paper, will be subject to the provisions of the Land Act governing timber licenses or leases in respect to royalties and returns : (c). Lessees of timber leases or holders of timber licenses under Section 53 of Chapter 113 who may sell timber to pulp mills for the manufacture of pulp shall, where such pulp mills pay a royalty based on the tonnage of pulp or paper manufactured, be exempt from royalty upon the timber so sold to such pulp mills : (d) The lessee of a timber limit granted for pulp purposes shall have the right to select out of such limit, or from Crown lands adjacent thereto, and purchase at such price per acre as may be determined by the Lieutenant- Governor-in-Council, a parcel of land, not to exceed forty acres in extent, as a site for the erection of a pulp mill and its appurtenances : (e) The Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council may grant (under certain conditions and restrictions) exemption from taxation to the owner of a pulp mill and its appurtenances for a period of not exceeding five years from the completion of the mill. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA TIMBER CUT IN RAILWAY BELT. T HE following is a statement showing the total quantity of lumber manufactured from timber cut within the railway belt in the Province of British Columbia from the year 1886 to the present time : Year. Feett. 1886-Luniber 18,266,433 1887—Lumber 11,205,478 1887—Shingles 137,000 1888-Lumber 24,486,895 1889—Lumber 23,759,912 1890—Lumber 13,546,943 1891—Lumber 30,507,439 1892—Lumber 20,062,680 1893—Lumber 16,089,067 189^-Lumber 14,475,717 1895—Lumber 10,042,087 1896—Lumber 13,712,594 . 1897—Lumber 15,254,508 1897-^Shingles 217,616 1897—Laths 62,000 Year. Feet. 1898—Figures not publis led. 1899—Lumber . .. 27,076,624 1899—Shingles . 783,000 1899—Laths . .. 364,900 1900—Lumber -. .. 29,684,003 1900—Shingles . . . 4,404,250 1900—Laths ... 344,70i 1901—Lumber . .. 32,877,216 1901-nShingles . *5,233 1901—Laths ... 323,500 1902—Lumber . .. 33,363,844 1902—-Shingles . *5,56i 1902—Laths . .. 1,371,100 1902—Railway ties .... .. ' 214,588 *Cords. HON. RICHARD McBRIDE, Premier and Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. March James Johnson . Chas. E. Moody. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA VICTORIA LUMBER AND MANUFACTURING CO., CHEMAINUS, B. C. January J. L. Stanford Melbourne 1, Lahaina South Africa 1 Sydney 1 Adelaide 1 Ostara South Africa 1 Sonoma Sydney Star of Bengal Adelaide 1 King Cyrus Sydney June Antigone Liverpool 1 Louisiana Sydney 1 Aurora Sydney ; 1 Paramita Sydney 1 Servia Adelaide 1 Ema Louisa Valparaiso Emily Reed Cape Town 1 " Antonietta Chili P Lake Leman Chili October Antofagasta Chili India Chili Prosper Chili November Helios South Africa J. A. Briggs South Africa 1 Balboa South America Atlantic U. K 1 ,137,861 feet ,300,611 " ,166,082 " ,378,381 " ,665,061 " 731,419 "■ ,508,402 (t 844,747 lL ,162,839 lL ,072,534 | ,393,099 " ,151,219 <c ,304,967 "j 965,735 'c ,210,357 (t 787,653 " 859,587 'c 762,189 " 869,053 'c 7«8,573 1 725,696 'J ,505,031 I 844,545 I ,388,279 I 26,503,920 feet The value of the foreign trade was $632,775. SHINGLES IN 1902. The output of shingles in 1902 was very large. There was a boom in the manufacture, owing mainly to the increased demand created in the Northwest as the result of the immigration there. Statistics are not complete; but a fairly approximate estimate is 560,000,000 as the number manufactured, of which 550,000,000 were exported. The statistics of the lumber trade with the country east of the Rockies by rail were not up to the time of writing (June 15th) available. The rail shipments of the B. C. Mills Timber and Trading Co. amounted to 17,992,846 feet, valued at $303,875. There were, however, a number of other mills shipping. 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P <P c i c "p < a | | a e 1 rX "r] c p c a 5 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA THE LUMBER CUT. TIMBER STATEMENT. STATISTICS of the timber and lumber industry are not available prior to the year 1888, when the reports of the Inspector of Forestry began to be published. Since that time a very complete annual statement has been included in the report of the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. However, a careful ? estimate of the cut of timber in the province since the commencement of the . industry, made from available data in various years^ gives the following resuh. To 1871 350,000,000 feet; from 1871 to 1888, 995,000,000 feet; from 1888 to 1903 ■ inclusive, 1,598,227,209 feet, or in the aggregate 2,443,227,209 feet. If we add to .j the above the amount of lumber manufactured on Dominion Government lands- | about 350,000,000 feet, and that cut from private lands, concerning which there is. j no official record,' the total will be very materially increased. j In reference to the following table, it will be observed that the number of millfM varies greatly from year -to year. This arises from the fact that there is a number | of small mills, many of them portable, which shift from place to place, some years I being included in the statistics and some years being omitted. No „Dail£ MT%1^ Lumber Cut T^f Year' I&. °$K* £*£ Feet. j^&M 1S8S • 25 769,000 135,063 31,868,884 1§89 . 30 1,089,000 179,224 48,852,138 1890 .'.'.'.' 41 1,343,000 225,526 78,177,055 l«ai " 57 1,786,000 273,428 88,108,335 1§92 '.'.". 57 1752,000 376,122 64,186,820 1MOQ ... 60 1,785,000 496,956 60,587,360- 1894 .... 66 1,786,000 .524,573 64,498,227 1895 .... 77 1,815,000 495,346 112,884,640 1*96 85 1,903,000 496,746 112,947,106 1897 " * ' 90 1805,000 502,617 105,939,397 $ 97,294 941 1898 . 45 1576,000 493,172 124,546,658 106,104 29.1 i"89Q 45 1506,000 491,649 217,085,656 116,559 « To™ 35 1.742,000 . 476,297 276,236,470- 145,766 78f jooi 32 1412000 430,697 241,311,709 148,980 49 f 1902*'!.*'.!.'!!"" 105 1,904,000 453,251 281,945,866 215,275 25■ 1,578,227,209 *lDcludes 62 small mills. (Statistics cannot be obtained showing daily capacity of all these. CARGO .SHIPMENTS FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA. The following is a comparison of the cargo shipments made from British Columbia during the years 1902 and 1901, all of which went foreign : Lumber. Lath. 1902. 1901. 1902. 1901. Januarv 3,0a3,968 2,972,420 249,930 Februarv 956,499 1,962,026 March * ' 7,609,953 5,107,712 739,170 81,260^ Anril 2,199,886 4,547,642 282,000 M„ .. 6,783,585 5,919,833 90,090 540,360 litV •" ... 5 954 256 4,753,853 852,570 140,9401 7Uiv '.'.*.'...'.... ^6,875,187 4,638,068 270,270 A,L;; . . . 5276,704 8,249,645 1,001,700 888,330 Sen+ember 7,124,471 5,525,381 , 135,000 958,070 GctcS? .*.'•'...' • • ' * • • 4412 095 11.539;752 375,030 2,102,270 November"'''.'. 5,705,029 5,097,676 December. 1,139,802 4,880,612 ' jffl Total 57,121,435 65,194,620 3,713,760 5,003,230 THE present free school system of British Columbia, which has been in operation since 1872, is, in its most salient features, a copy of the Ontario Act of 1846. The immense extent of the province, however, and the sparseness of the population have rendered it necessary to modify in many important particulars the provisions of that Act. Chief among these modification? is the method of paying the rural school teachers directly from the provincial treasury. In 1855 the Hon. the Hudson's Bay Company established free public schools on Vancouver Island. For several years these schools supplied the educational needs of the community, which, it is needless to say, at that period were limited. In 1865 a free school system was established by the Vancouver House of Assembly, and the sum of $10,000 set apart as a school fund for that year. When the union of the colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia was effected in 1868, the free school system first referred to was virtually dead, and school matters throughout the province generally continued in a most crude and unsatisfactory condition until 1872. The educational system in this province, as established by the Public School Act, 1872, was administered by a Board of Education, composed of " six fit and proper persons " appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council, and presided over by the Superintendent of Education. After the abolition of this Board by the Public School Act, 1879, its chief powers and duties were transferred to the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council; more complete control over local school matters was given the Boards of Trustees, notably the power of appointment and dismissal of teachers, formerly held by the Board of Education; and a system of monthly reports of the attendance, etc., for each school was instituted, the teacher being required to supply the Minister of Education and the Trustees with monthly information in all matters pertaining to his school. By the Public School Act of 1891, which involved a somewhat radical departure, the members of the Executive Council are created a Council of Public Instruction, with power to create school districts; provided, as amended in 1896, that no school district shall be created wherein there shall not be at least twenty children of school age (between 6 and 16 years); to grant such sum or sums of money as may be required to pay the salary of the teacher in such district; in rural districts to defray the cost of erecting school houses; to appoint a Board of Examiners to examine teachers and grant certificates; to appoint Inspectors of Public Schools; to make rules and regulations for the conduct of public schools; to prescribe the duties of tt-achers; to determine the subjects and percentage required for teachers' certificates; to prescribe a uniform system of text books, as well as the courses and standard of study for schools; to establish a Normal School and make regulations for its conduct and management; to establish High Schools, where the higher branches may be taught; and to cancel or suspend for cause the certificate of any teacher. The chief executive officer of the Education Department is the Minister of Education, who is assisted by the Superintendent of Education. To the latter YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA official are committed, subject to the approval of the Council of Public Instruction, the supervision and direction of the inspectors and schools; enforcing the provisions of the School Act and the regulations and decisions of the Council of Public Instruc- I tion; the organising of Teachers' Institutes; the granting of temporary certificates, : countersigned by the Provincial Secretary; the preparation of an annual report ofI the condition of the public schools; the closing of schools when the average attendance -falls below ten; and the preparation of suitable forms for making all reports, | required under the Act. From the introduction of the public school system in 1872 until the passing of the amendment of 1888, the whole cost of maintaining the schools was paid directly by the Provincial Treasury. By the amendment of 1888 the City Councils of Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster and Nanaimo were required to refund one-third . of the amount of the salaries of the teaehers employed in the schools of these cities. I Since that time the municipal corporations of the various cities and towns throughout the province have been required to bear more and more the cost of education I within their respective limits. By an Act passed during the session of 1901, all city school districts are divided into three classes, and a per capita allowance of $13, $15 and $20, respectively, based on the average actual daily attendance of public school pupils, is now the full amount of pecuniary assistance granted these cities by the Provincial Government. The salaries of all the rural school teachers are fixed and voted each year by the Legislature. The liberality with which education is provided for is evident from the fact that, wherever outside the limits of the cities there are twenty children of school age •: within a radius of a few miles, known as a school district, a .school house is built, the salary of the teacher paid, and the incidental expenditure borne by the province. For all purposes during the year 1900-01 the cost of education to the province was $350,532.31, and to the cities $182,160.18; or $532,692.49 in all. The various schools embraced in the system are spoken of as common, graded and high schools. These schools are free and are conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles. It is enjoined on all teachers that the highest morality shall be inculcated, but that no religious dogma or creed shall be taught. The Lord's. Prayer may be used at the opening and closing of schools. There are at present in operation 10 high schools, with a staff of 28 teachers; 55 graded schools, with 270 teachers; and 258 common schools, in which are employed 258 teachers. The course of study in rural and graded schools embraces reading, spelling, writing, drawing, arithmetic and book-keeping, grammar, composition, literature, history (English, and Canadian), geography and nature study (physiology, form, color, plants, animals, etc.) In addition to the above the following subjects may be taught : Geometry, agriculture, temperance, music, needlework and calisthenics. The management of schools in rural districts is entrusted to a Board of three Trustees, elected by the duly qualified voters of the district. In city school districts the School Board consists of seven, five or three members. In cities of the first class there are seven trustees; in cities of the second class, five trustees; and in cities of the third class, three trustees. These are elected by the votes of the electors who are duly qualified to vote for mayor, and they act without emolument, except the Secretary of the Board. Women, the wives of qualified freeholders or leaseholders (except the latter be trustees), are eligible for the position of school trustee, and in several cities act in that capacity, with satisfactory results. The question of providing for higher education very early occupied the attention of the Legislature, and as soon as warranted a high school was established. The City of Victoria was the seat of the first institution of this kind. The Victoria High School was opened in August, 1876, and continued to be the only free institution of that rank until the establishment of a similar one in New Westminster in 1884. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION During 1886 a high school was opened in Nanaimo; and in January, 1890, one was established in Vancouver. Since 1890 six other high schools have been opened, as follows: Nelson, Rossland, Cumberland, Vernon, Chilliwack, and Grand Forks. The high schools are under the control of the local Boards of Trustees in the districts in which such high schools are situated, and no such school can be established in any school district in which there are fewer than twenty persons duly qualified and available to be admitted as bigh school pupils. For admission to high schools pupils are required to pass satisfactory examination in the subjects prescribed for graded and common schools. The curriculum of the high "schools is as follows: JUNIOR GRADE. A.—ENGLISH :— 1. Reading and Orthoepy.—Oral reading, with special attention to expression and pronunciation. 2. Writing and Spelling.— In these subjects, an award will be made on each paper handed in by the candidates, but no formal paper on either subject will be demanded. 3. English Grammar.— Etymology and Syntax, as in West's (Advanced) English Grammar (The Copp, Clark Co.), Chapters VII.-XXVI. Exercises in Analysis and Parsing. 4. Composition.— Letter-writing; themes based on extracts in Composition from Models, pages 1-283 (The Copp, Clark Co.) 5. English Literature.— (a) Prose — Composition from Models, pages 1-283, with Apperdix. (b) Poetry — Goldsmith's " The Traveller," Wordsworth's " The Green Linnet," " To the Cuckoo," " Thought of a Briton on the Subjugation of Switzerland " ; Scott's " The Outlaw," " The Rover " ; Keats' " On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer" (select poems ed. Alexander, published by The Copp, Clark Co.) B.— HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY : — 1. British History.— Buckley and Robertson's High School History of England (The Copp, Clark Co.) ; or Gardiner's Outline of English History (Longmans, Green & Co.) 2. Canadian History.— Clement's History of Canada. 3. Geography.— The general geography of the world, with special attention to that of Canada and the British Empire. (Gage's New Canadian Geography, B. C. Edition ; also, Dawson and Sutherland's Geography of the British Colonies, Mac- Millan & Co ) C—MATHEMATICS : — 1. Arithmetic.— Pure and commercial arithmetic, as in Hamblin Smith's Arithmetic, revised edition. 2. Algebra.—The first ten chapters of Hall and Knight's Elementary Algebra may be taken as indicating the amount required. 3. Geometry.— Euclid, Book I., Propositions I. to XXVL, with deductions (Hal) and Stevens). 4. Bookkeeping.— The keeping of accounts. D.— SCIENCE : — 1. Physiology.—Martin's Human Body (Holt & Co.), Chapters I.-XIV. E.— CLASSICS : — 1. Latin.— Henderson and Fletcher's First Latin Book and Reader, including Nepos' " Themistocles, Aristides, and Hannibal" (The Copp, Clark Co.) ; or Collar and Daniell's First Latin Book (Ginn & Co.), with an equivalent from Nepos. Note.— With the view of securing uniformity of pronunciation, it is recommended that the Roman pronunciation be used. F.— DRAWING : — Drawing Series, in preparation. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA INTERMEDIATE GRADE. A.— ENGLISH : — 1. Reading and Orthoepy.— As for Junior Grade. 2. Writing and Spelling.— As in Junior Grade. 3. English Grammar.— West's English Grammar, with special reference to Chapters I.-VI. 4. Composition and Rhetoric— (a) A critical reading of the extracts in Composition from Models, pages 1-284, with a view to illustrating the principles contained in Genung's Practical Elements of Rhetoric (Ginn & Co.) (b) The writing of an ' essay on one of three subjects selected by the examiner. 5. English Literature.— (a) Prose — Composition from Models ; Macaulay's "Essay on Milton" (The Riverside Literature Series). (b) Poetry — Goldsmith's' " The Deserted Village " ; Wordsworth's "Upon Westminster Bridge," " She was,- a Phantom of Delight," jj| The Inner Vision " ; Scott's " Rosabelle," " Jock of | Hazeldean"; Byron's " Childe Harold's Pilgrimage," Canto IV.; Shelley's " Oxymandias of Egypt," " To a Skylark," " The Recollection " : Keats' " The Terror of Death," " Ode to a Nightingale," " Ode to Autumn," " The Human Seasons " (select poems ed. Alexander, published by The Copp, Clark Co.) A criti-" cal reading of the Introductory Chapter will also be exacted. B.- HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY : - 1. British History.—Green's "History of the English people," Chapter VI., Section IV., to Chapter VIII., Section VIII., inclusive, will be read ; or Gardiner's " Student's History of England," Chapter's XXIV. - XXXV., inclusive. 2. Canadian History.— Clement's History of Canada, with special reference to the History of British Columbia. 3. Roman History.— Creighton's History Primer, Rome. (The Copp, Clark Co.) 4. Geography.— The general geography of the world, with special reference to . that of the United States and Europe ; Tarr's Physical Geography, Parts I. and II. (MacMillan & Co.) C— MATHEMATICS : - 1. Arithmetic— Hamblin Smith's Arithmetic, revised edition. 2. Algebra.— The first thirty-one chapters of Hall and Knight's Elementary Algebra may be taken as indicating the amount required. 3. Geometry.—Euclid, Books I., II. and III., with deductions. (Hall & Stevens). 4. Bookkeeping. — The keeping of accounts by single and by double entry. D. — SCIENCE : — 1. Physiology.— Martin's Human Body, complete. 2. Botany. — The first 99 pages of Groom and Penhallow's Elementary Botany (The Copp, Clark Co.) ; or the first 155 pages of Spotton's Elements of Botany fGage & Co.) E.— CLASSICS : — Latin. -Henderson and Fletcher's First Latin Book and Reader, including and Book V., Chapters 1-23 ; also Vergil's Caesar's " De Bello Gallico," Book IV. " Eneid," Book I. (MacMillan's Elementary Classics, Copp, Clark Edition.) 2. Greek. — White's First Greek Book. (Ginn & Co.) ; or, 2. French. — Fraser and Squair's French Grammar and Reader pages 1-336 <The Copp, Clark Co.) ; or Bertenshaw's French Grammar (Longmans Green & Co.) ; or. 2. German. — Vandersmissen's High School German Grammar Part I (The Copp, Clark Co.) ' ' v F. — DRAWING : — Drawing series in preparation. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION SENIOR GRADE. A. —ENGLISH: — 1. Reading and Orthoepy. — As for Junior Grade. 2. Writing and Spelling. — As for Junior Grade. 3. English Grammar. — West's English Grammar. 4. Composition and Rhetoric. — (a) Critical reading of the extracts in Composition from Models, pages 285-458, with a view to illustrating the principles contained in Genung's Practical Elements of Rhetoric (b) The writing of an essay on one of three subjects selected by the examiner. 5. English Literature. — <a) Prose — Composition from Models ; Macaulay's "Essay on Milton" ; Addison's "The Sir Roger De Coverley Papers," Parts I. • and II. (Riverside Literature Series.) (b) Poetry — The Selections f 02 " Sight " Reading, found in the Appendix of Alexander's Select Poems '(The Copp, Clark Co.); also Shakespeare's " Julius Caesar " (Riverside Literature Series), (c) History of English Literature — Stopford A. Brooke's English Literature, Chapters IV - VIII. B. — HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY : — 1. British History. — Green's " History of the English People," Chapter VIIL, Section IX., to the end of the book will be read ; or Gardiner, Chapters XXXVI.- LIV.. inclusive. 2. Canadian History. — Bourinot's " How Canada is Governed." 3. Roman History- — Creighton's History Primer, Rome. 4. Grecian History. — Fyffe's History Primer, Greece. 5. Geography. — Tarr's Physical Geography, complete. C. — MATHEMATICS :— 1. Arithmetic — Hamblin Smith's Arithmetic, with special attention to the Metric System. 2. Algebra. — Hall & Knight's Elementary Algebra. 3. Geometry. — Books I., II., III., IV., V. (definitions), and VI., 4. Trigonometry. — Hall & Knight's Elementary Trigonometry, Plane Trigonometry (Longmans, Green & Co.) D. — SCIENCE : — 1. Groom and Penhallow's Elementary Botany, complete ; or Spotton's ments of Botany, complete. 2. Chemistry. — Waddel's School Chemistry (MacMillan ■& Co.); or Remsen's Elements of Chemistry, Chapters I. to XVII. (MacMillan & Co.) 3. Physical Science. — Gage's Introduction to Physical Science, omitting Chapters VII. and VIIL (Ginn & Co.) E. — CLASSICS : — 1. Vergil's "Eneid," Book II.; Horace "Odes," Book I.; also Fletcher and Henderson's Latin Prose Compositions. 2. Greek. — Xenophon's "Anabasis," Books I. and II. (MacMillan's Elementary Classics, The Copp, Clark Edition) ; or, 2. French. — Fraser and Squair's French -Grammar and Reader, complete, with special attention to pages 395-438 ; or Bertenshaw's French Grammar and Daudet's " Trois Contes Choisis " (Heath & Co.) ; or, 2. German. — Vandersmissen's High School German Grammar, complete ; Leander, " Traumereien." F. — DRAWING : — Drawing Series in preparation. SENIOR ACADEMIC GRADE. The History and Geography, Mathematics, Science and Drawing in this Grade will cover the same amount as in the Senior Grade. Students who have already , with deductions Murray's Ele- 262 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA passed the Senior Grade examination will be examined on the following additional English and Classics : A. — ENGLISH : — . 5. English Literature. - (a) Prose - Scott's "Ivanhoe" (Riverside Literature Series); Thackeray's "Henry Esmond" (Riverside Literature Series); Eliot's ™MH Marner," ed. Davidson (Riverside Literature Series); Buskin's "Sesame and Lilies.' I (b) Poetry —Chaucer's "Prologue to the Canterbury Tales," ed. Mather ^ (Riverside I Literature Series); Milton's "L'Allegro," "II Penseroso,' and "Lycidas" ; Graysjj "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard," and "The Progress of Poesy " ; Burns "Cotter's Saturday Night" ; Cowper's "On the Receipt of My Mother's Picture " ; Keats' "Eve of St. Agnes (Hales' Longer English Poems, MacMillan & Co.) ■ History of English Literature — Brooke's English Literature, complete. E—CLASSICS: — 1. Latin. — Horace, "Odes,".Books II. and III.; Cicero, "Pro Lege ManiliaM Latin Prose Composition. 2. Greek. — Lucian's "Vera Historia" (Jerram, Clarendon Press); Homer, " Iliad," Book I.; Greek Prose Composition ; or, 2. French. — Voltaire's "Histoire de Charles XII.," ed, Fasnaeht (MacMillan & Co.); Victor Hugo's "Les Miserables (abridged by Sumichrast, published by Heath5 & Co.); MoHere's "L'Avare" (MacMillan & Co.) ; or, 2. German.— Baumbach's " Schwiegersohn " (Heath & Co.); Wachenhusen's " Vom Ersten Bis Zum Letzten Schuss" (MacMillan & Co.); Mosen's " Der I Bibliothekar " (Heath & Co.) GENERAL REMARKS. In 1896 authority was granted the Boards of Trustees of the various high schools in the province to enter into affiliation with the leading Canadian universities ; and shortly after the passing of this Act the Board of Trustees of the Vancouver High School • secured affiliation with McGill University. University classes are now carried on in the Vancouver High School, and the results so far have been eminently satisfactory. The standard of qualification for teachers is as high as in any other province of the Dominion. Examinations take place in July of each year in those cities in whicha high schools are established. Certificates are of four elasses — third class, second, class, first class and academic. All certificates are rated for life or during good behaviour, except third-class certificates, which~are rated for three years, but no person is allowed to renew a third-class certificate. AH applicants for second-class^ first-class and academic certificates must be graduates of the Provincial Normal School or of other Normal Schools approved of by the Council of Public Instruction; except that a period of ten years of active service in the public schools of the province is deemed equivalent to graduation from the Normal School. To secure a third-class non-professional certificate a candidate must pass the examination se]|| for Junior Grade candidates in the High School; while second-clas,s, first-class and academic certificates are granted to those that successfully pass the intermediate, senior and senior academic examinations, respectively, of such high schools. The Provincial Normal School was established in 1901, and is located in the City of Vancouver. As has been stated, the educational system of British Columbia is entirely free, undenominational and non-sectarian, and the disposition on the part of the great majority is in favour of its continuance in that form. There -are, however, numerous private and denominational academies, where those who desire may have their children educated on lines agreeable to their own religious beliefs. The Roman Catholics have colleges for boys at Victoria and New Westminster, and mission schools at Victoria, Mission City, Kamloops and elsewhere ; while the Sisters of AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 263 that denomination have successful academies at Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster, Nanaimo and Mission. The Methodist denomination carries on a well equipped college at New Westminster, which is affiliated with similar educational schools in Eastern-Canada. Mission schools for Indians are also conducted under its auspices at Port Simpson, Chilliwack and elsewhere. With the exception of the Roman Catholic body, •the Church of England was the first to establish denominational schools on the Coast. There are several boys' and girls' academies in Vancouver, New Westminster, Victoria and Nanaimo, under its control, and a number of Mission stations along the coast. The kindergarten has not yet been officially incorporated in the public school system, but there are private kindergartens in several of the cities. Recently manual training has been introduced into the schools, under an arrangement voluntarily entered' upon by Sir William McDonald, Montreal. The gradual growth of the schools, as well as the cost of maintenance, are fully shown by the record of attendance and expenditure given in the following tabular statement taken from the Annual School Report of 1901-2 : — COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF ATTENDANCE AND COST OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS FROM 1872-3 TO 1901-02. Number of Average Percentage Expenditure School Aggregate daily of for Education Year. Districts. Enrolment. Attendance. Attendance Proper. 1872-73 25 1,028 575 55.93 $ 37,763 77 1878-74 37 1,245 767 61.60 35,287 59 1874-75 41 1,403 863 61.51 34,822 28 3875-76 41 1,685 984 58.39 44,506 11 3876-77 42 1,998 1,260 63.06 47,129 63 1877-78 45 2,198 1,395.50 63.49 43,334 01 1878-79 45 2,301 1,315.90 57.19 *22,110 70 1879-80 47 2,462 1,293.93 52.56 47,006 10 1880-81 48 2,571 1,366.86 53.16 46,960 69 1881-82 50 2,653 1,358.68 51.21 49,268 63 1882-83 59 2,693 1,383.00 51.36 50,850 63 1883-84 67 3,420 1,808.60 55.88 66,655 15 1884-85 76 4,027 2,089.74 51.89 71,15152 1885-86..... 86 4,471 2,4S1.48 65.50 79,527 56 1886-87 95 5,345 2,873.38 53.75 88,52108 1887-88 104 6,372 3,093.46 48.54 99,902 04 1888-89 109 6,796 3,681.14 54.16 108,190 59 1889-90 123 8,042 4,333.90 53.89 122,984 83 1890-91 141 9,260 5,134.91 55.45 136,90173 1891-92 154 10,773 6,227.10 57.80 160,627 80 1892-93 169 11,496 7,111.40 61.85 190.558 33 1893-94 178 12,613 7,785.50 61.72 169,050 18 1894-95 183 13,482 8,610.31 63.86 189,037 25 1895-96 193 14,460 9,254.25 64.00 204,930 32 1896-97 199 15,798 9,999.61 63.29 220,810 38 1897-98 213 17,648 11,055.65 62.64 247,756 37 1898-99 224 19,185 12,304.32 64.13 268,653 46 1899-00 231 21,531 13,438.41 62.41 284,909 10 1900-01 245 23,615 15,098.28 63.93 312,187 17 1901-02 257 23,903 15,564.25 65.11 365,492.15- ♦Half-year. $3,846,887 15 264 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The expenditure for education proper during 1900-01 and 1901-02 was : — 1900-01. 1901-02. Teachers' Salaries $218,088 23 $216,125 80 Incidental Expenses ." 20,428 07 20,602 32 Per Capita Grant to City Districts 65,840 76 103,225 20 Grant to High Schools, in addition to Per Capita Grant 2,950 00 Education Office 12,205 81 6,888 24 Inspection of Schools 7,374 30 Normal School 1,944 30 5,547 79 Education of Deaf and Dumb 3,208 50 $313,507 17 $365,922 15 Less Fees for Teachers' Examination 1,320 00 430 00 „ ' „ $312,187 17 $365,492 15 Expenditure for construction of new school houses, furniture, repairs and improvements to school property.. 38,345 14 $350,532 31 $365,492 15 In addition to the above, the municipalities of the cities of Nanaimo, New Westminster, Vancouver and Victoria expended, in addition to the per capita grants received from the Provincial Government, the following sums : — 1900-01. Nanaimo j $ 7,459 17 New Westminster 22,445 Gl Vancouver 117,556 20 Victoria - 34,708 20 $182,160 18 Amount expended by Provincial Government 350,532 31 Grand total cost of Education $532,692 49 In 1901-02 the amounts were : — Cities of the First Class — Vancouver $ 44,379 73 Victoria 64,334 27 Cities of the Second Class — Nanaimo 5,354 84 Nelson 4,120 30 New Westminster 11,374 53 Rossland 3,287 78 Cities of the Third Class — Columbia 215 20 Cumberland 53 50 Grand Forks 12,852 71 Greenwood 291 45 Kamloops 458 70 Kaslo 550 84" Phoenix 367 05 Revelstoke 751 88 Sandon 479 45 Slocan 195 87 Tra" 368 25 Vernon 1,045 17 $150,481 52 Amount expended by Provincial Government 438,086 20 Grand total cost of Education $588,567 72 HAULING OUT LOGS. LOGGING WITH OX TEAMS. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION The following table shows the cost of each pupil on enrolment and on average daily attendance during the past ten years : — Year. 1891-92 .. 1892-93 .. 1893-94 .. 1894-95 .. 1895-96 .. 1896-97 .. 1897-98 .. 1898-99 .. 1899-1900 1900-01 .. 1901-02 .. enroln $14 1 16 i 13 * 14 < 14 : 13 i 14 ( 14 ( 13 \ 13 ! 15 \ :ost of each pupil on verage daily 21 71 22 95 .22 14 22 08 22 40 21 83 21 29 20 67 23 48 Average monthly salary in city districts for principals and teachers. Average monthly salary in rural districts for teachers and monitors. VALUE OF SCHOOL PROPERTY. Rural Districts, 22 Victoria City Vancouver City .. New Westminster Nanaimo City Nelson Rossland Columbia Cumberland Grand Forks .... Greenwood Kamloops Kaslo .Phoenix Revelstoke Sandon Slocan Trail Vernon 1900-01 ichools .' v$ 287,095 189,000 452,650 76,500 37,825 1901-02. *$ 256,585 229,000 462,550 76,750 38.000 36,500 38,150 1,900 11,650 22,000 150 9,500 4,850 4,500 7,000 5,725 2,900 4,250 5,930 59 26 >2 66 *The decrease is incorporated towns. accounted for by the takinj $1,041,070 $1,217,890 out of the rural list of a number of COST OF EDUCATION TO CITIES. 1896-97. . $16,163 90 18,217 76 48,213 67 . 60,480 73 1898. $13,102 13 18,255 36 49,718 83 106,946 16 1899. $16,328 37 18,202 42 46,811 52 56,284 15 1900. $15,188 25 19,381 17 50195 31 58,911 12 $15,903 27 30,596 75 55,924 08 145,000 94 1902. $16,625 96 21,509 09 90847 69 81,097 97 6,055 22 6.903 82 577 50 2,132 20 13,828 21 981 55 2.268 60 1.591 54 1,068 25 2,830 68 788 55 905 17 1,322 65 2,372 07 $281,938 72 Total for six years 1,142,340 51 $143,076 06 $188,022 48 $137,626 46 $143,675 85 $218,000 94 Rossland " Greenwood ° Phoenix Revelstoke .. "".'.'..'..'. Trail .'" Vernon I 266 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PER 9! fi-aOR 34 CAPITA $ 7,575 78 6,424 44 19,094 78 19,827 64 GRANT TO $ 8,023 14 8 141 74 20,622 54 25,000 04 $61,787 46 CITIES. $ 7,391 38 6,936 90 20,353 64 22,010 20 $56,692 12 $8,453 10 8,151 14 21,215 88 28,020 64 $11,571 12 New Westminster... 6714 54 Victoria 18,744 24 10,534 56 27,263 42 37,918 29 $49,687 80 $52,922 64 $65,840 76 362 30 2,078 70 975 m 690 10 Kamloops 1,809 90 1,040 70 2,084 92 701 20 2,078 80 3,766 04 309 10 709 30 Trail 954 40 Total six years $111,948 30 510,827 33 COST OF CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIRS. Education proper. 1896-97 $15,870 94 $220,810 38 1897-98 42,498 89 247,756 37 1898-99 67,362'84 268,653 46 1899-1900 22,569 90 284,909 10 1900-1901 38,345 14 312,187 17 1901-1902 72,594 05 365,492 15 TOTAL EXPENDITURE TO DATE. Education proper . . Construction, repairs Government. . .$3,846,924 .. 661,722 Cities. . $1,248,780 565,309 TotalrM $5,095,704 1,227JM $6,322,7321 623,889^ $5,698,840 The following table gives the names of the several High Schools, the number of divisions in each, the total enrolment, the total actual daily attendance, and the percentage of regular attendance : — Less Government grant to cities since 1891 No. of Divisions. Total Enrolment. 74 34 Actual Percentage 1 Daily of Regular Attendance. Attendance. High Schools. Nanaimo 2 Nelson 1 New Westminster 3 95 Rossland 1 29 ♦Vancouver 8 312 Vernon 1 20 HVictoria 5 220 ♦Note.— Is affiliated to McGill University, in so far i first and second years in arts. ||Is affiliated to McGill University, in so far as regards the work of the first year in arts. 38.96 19.99 70.82 16.62 245.42 18.61 144.70 52.65 58.79 74.55 57.31 78.66 93.05 65.77 regards the work of .thill AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION STANDING AND NUMBER OF TEACHERS. At the present time the number of persons in the province holding certificates of qualification is as follows, according to standing and sex : — Male. Female. Total. Academic 110 30 140 First Class 105 98 203 Second Class 20 96 116 Third Class 21 98 119 Old Line Certificates. Second A 54 106 160 Second B 30 68 98 Third A 3 3 6 Temporary Certificates 8 15 23 Renewals 2 2 4 Graduated from Normal School 28 184 212 INDIAN SCHOOLS. The following is a list of the schools for the training of Indians under the control of the Indian Department, but conducted on denominational lines : — Ahousaht Aiyaush Alberni Home Alert Bay Industrial Alert Bay Girls' Home .. Alert Bay Day Bella Bella Cape Mudge Coqualeetza Home Gwayasdums Hazelton Kamloops Industrial Kincolith. Kishfiax Kootenay Industrial Kitkahtla Kuper Island Industrial . Lakalsap Massett Metlakatla Industrial Metlakatla Day Nanaimo Nitinat Oiaht . .* Port Essington Port Simpson Girls' Home Port Simpson Day Skidegate Somenos Songhees St Marv's Boarding Uclueleht William's Lake Industrial Yale Boarding Cowichan Northwest Coast ...'... West Coast Alert Bay Alert Bay Nimkish Bella Bella Cape Mudge Chilliwack Kwawhewlth Hazel-ton Kamloops Kineolith Babine Lake Northwest Coast Kootenay Kuper Island Northwest Coast Massett, Q. C. I Metlakatla Metlakatla Nanaimo West Coast Haines Island Skeena Port Simpson Simpson's Queen Charlotte Islands Somenos Victoria St. Mary's Mission West Coast William's Lake Yale Denomination. Presbyterian Church of England Presbyterian Church of England Church of England Church of England Methodist Methodist Methodist Church of England Church of England Roman Catholic Church of England Methodist Church of England Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Methodist Church of England Church of England Church of England Methodist Methodist Roman Catholic Methodist Methodist Methodist Methodist Methodist Roman Catholic Roman Catholic Presbyterian Reman Catholic Church of England 268 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PROVINCIAL HEALTH LAWS. ON the 23rd of February, 1869, the "Health Ordinance, 1869,'*rwas passed, the preamble reciting : " Whereas it is necessary to adopt measures with the object of preventing or guarding against the origin, rise or progress of endemic, epidemic or contagious diseases, and to protect the health of the inhabitants of this colony, and for the purpose to grant to the Governor-in-Oouncil extraordinary powers to be used when urgent occasion demands." This Act remained in force at the time of the consolidation of the Provincial Statutes in 1888, and, with the exception of the preamble, was incorporated into that consolidation as Chap. 55. Its provisions were found to be inadequate when put to the test at the time of the smallpox epidemic in 1892. The development of health legislation in British Columbia has followed the same course that such legislation has usually followed in the several provinces, states of the Union, and other countries. The incentive of every improvement in the laws concerning the health of the people has been a visitation, or threatened visitation, of some dread disease. The need of a better Health Act was made apparent by the occurrence of an epidemic of smallpox in Victoria in 1892. Over 150 cases occurred,, which cost the City of Victoria alone some $60,000. In consequence, at the next session of the Legislature the then Attorney-General and Premier, Hon. Theodore Davie, introduced an Act modelled on the Ontario Public Health Act, which was very much more comprehensive and complete. An important feature of the new Act was the establishment of a Provincial Board of Health, consisting of five members. The Health Act was again amended in 1899, constituting the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council the "Provincial Board of Health," and providing for the appointment of a qualified medical practitioner as Secretary. In accordance with the above, Charles J. Fagan, M. D., was appointed Secretary in November, 1.899. * TIMBER ON DOMINION LANDS. A LICENSE to cut timber can be acquired at public competition. A rental of $5 per square mile is charged for all timber berths excepting those situated west I of Yale in the Province of British Columbia, for which therental is at the rate of 5 cents per acre per annum. In addition to the rental,dues at the following rates are charged : Sawn lumber, 50 cents per thousand feet, B. M.; railway ties, eight and nine feet long, 1% and 1% cents each; shingle bolts, 25 cents a cord; all other products, 5 per cent, on the sales. A. license is issued as soon as a berth is granted, but in unsurveyed territory n > timber can bo cut on the berth until the licensee has made a survey thereof. Permits to cut timber are also granted at public competition, except in the case of actual settlers who require the timber for their own use. Settlers and others may also obtain permits to cut up to 100 cords of wood for sale, without competition. The dues payable under a permit are $1.50 per thousand feet, B. M., for square timber and sawlogs of any wood except oak; from y% to 1% cents per lineal foot for building logs; from 12% to 25 cents per cord for wood; 1 cent for fence-posts; 3 cents for railway ties; and 20 cents per thousand for shingles. Homesteaders having no timber of their own are entitled to a permit, free of dues, to cut the following quantities : Three thousand feet of building logs, not to exceed 12 inches at the butt end (if the timber is cut from dry trees, 3,000 lineal feet of any diameter may be taken); 400 roof poles; 500 fence posts; 2,000 fence rails. Homesteaders and all bona fide settlers whose farms may not have thereon a supply of timber, or who are not in possession of wood lots or other timbered lands, will be granted a free permit to take and cut dry timber for their own use on their farms, for fuel and fencing. A permit fee of 25 cents in each case is charged. *Omitted from the chapter on " Timber." "■Mb AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION TRAVELLING LIBRARIES. IN 1897 the Government, recognizing the special needs of outlying communities, especially of farmers, for literature of an interesting and instructive character, decided, upon the recommendation of the then librarian of the Legislative Assembly, to establish a system of travelling libraries, which is practically an extension of the Provincial Library. The system adopted is very simple indeed, and the details easily worked out. A certain number of persons in a community send an application, asking for a library to be sent. Upon security being given by responsible persons that the library will be cared for and duly returned, it is forwarded to its destination. Each locality is entitled to retain the library for a period of six months, when it is exchanged for a library from another locality, and thus the various libraries are kept in circulition. In making up the libraries, the needs of each district are kept in mind — that is to say, in farming districts particular attention is paid to farming books, and the latest and most authoritative works on agriculture are bought and supplied. There is a sprinkling of history, fiction, works of travel, philosophy, etc., making up, in 100 or 150 volumes, as the case may be, a very comprehensive, up-to-date assortment. As books are worn out or destroyed, they are replaced with others. Mining camps have special books of mining interest substituted for agricultural works, and so on according to the character of the readers. The system so far has met with gratifying success, and the demand for libraries is rapidly increasing. Up to the present time thirty-nine library stations have been created and supplied with libraries, among which are the following : — New Westminster District — Mount Lehman, Port Moody, Cloverdale, Haney, Coquitlam, Tynehead, Chilliwack, Port Kells, Langley, Hazelmere, Hall's Prairie, Abbotsford, Shortreed, Eburne, Upper Sumas, Huntingdon, Langley Prairie. Cariboo District — 150-Mile House, Quesnel. Vancouver Island — Comox, Gordon Head, Cape Scott, Metchosin, Ucluelet, Saanich, East Sooke, Cumberland. Salt Spring Island — Ganges Harbour, Beaver Point. Yale District — Savonas, Falkland, Ashcroft, Lower Nicola. West Kootenay — Camborne, Slocan City, Trout Lake, Trail. Coast — Bella Coola, Port Simpson, Each library is composed of at least 100 volumes, divided into the following classes : Ethics, Social Science, Natural Science, Useful Arts, Literature, Description and Travel, Fiction, Juvenile Works, Biography, History, and Reference. The libraries at present in use are scattered over an immense area — from 150- Mile House, in Cariboo, to Port Simpson, on the northern coast — among communities widely divergent in interests and tastes. Many of them are stationed in agricultural districts more or less thickly settled and organised; others in recently formed mining communities; and others again in the Scandinavian settlements at Cape Scott and Bella Coola. At meetings of the Central Farmers' Institute held at Victoria, resolutions favouring the continuance and extension of the travelling library system have been unanimously passed. It is gratifying to know that the example thus set by British Columbia, which' is one of the pioneers in adopting the travelling library system, has been followed in many other parts of the world, and the Librarian is constantly in receipt of enquiries as to the working and success of the system. Moreover, the work is sincerely appreciated by those among whom the libraries circulate. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA TAXATION AND ASSESSMENT. TAXES are paid on the assessed value of all property. The;, assessed value is I the actual cash value as the property would be appraised in payment of a just debt from a solvent debtor. The rate of taxation is as follows: On real estate, four-fifths of one per cent.; on wild land, 3 per cent.; on personal property, three-fourths of one per cent. On income exceeding $1,000: Class A, upon excessj| not above i$10,000, 1% per cent, up to $5,000, and 2% per cent, on remainder; Class B, on $10,000 and not exceeding $20,000, 2 per cent, up to $10,000 and 3 per cent, on remainder; Class C, on $20,000 and not exceeding $40,000, 3 per cent, up to $20,000, and 3% per cent, on the remainder; Class D, on all others in excess of $40,000, 3% per cent, up to $40,000, and 4 per cent, on the remainder. Taxes are due and payable on the 2nd of January in each year, but if paid on or before the 30th June, the rate is as follows: On real estate, three-fifths of 1 per cent.; on wild land, 2% per cent.; on personal property, one-half of 1 per cent.; on income upon excess of $1,000, under Class A, on $1,000 and not exceeding $10,000, 1 per cent, up to $5,000 and 2 per cent, on the remainder; Class B, on $10,000 and not exceeding $20,000, 1% per cent, up to $10,000 and 2% per cejW on the remainder; Class C, on $20,000 and not exceeding $40,000, 2% per cent, up to $20,000 and 3 per cent, on the remainder; Class D, on all others in excess of $40,000 3% per cent, up to $40,000 and 3% per cent, on the remainder. Banks and other corporations transacting business in the province are taxed the same as individuals. All have to make returns, on forms provided, to the assessor, and these returns must be full and complete of all personal property and of the gross income. Certain deductions are allowed from personal property and from income under rules laid down by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council, which are printed on the returns. The tax is calculated on both personal property and oh income, and1 if tax on either is greater, the tax on the greater is taken; if equal,- . the tax on income is taken. Cattle and sheep depastured on Crown lands are taxed 25 per cent, per head on all cattle, and 5 per cent, per head on sheep. This tax entitles owners to depasture for six months. If tax is not paid on demand, it may be collected by distress and sale. There is also a tax at 25 cents per acre and fractional part of an acre on all unworked Crown granted mineral or placer claims, due and payable annually on the 30th day of June following the date of issue of the Crown grant. An affidavit may be lodged with the Assessor before 30th June annually that mining development work has been done on the claim, to the value of $200 during the year to entitle the owner exemption from the tax. The work may be done upon any one or more adjoining claims not exceeding eight, to the full value at the rate of $200 per claim, to entitle all of such claims to exemption in lieu of the tax. Taxes not paid when due and on demand may be recovered1 by distress and sale of goods and chattels, and may be levied against lands. Lands may be sold for arrears of taxes at any time after publication for four weeks, and may be redeemed at any time within two years upon paying costs and interest at 12 per cent, per annum. All taxes become delinquent at 31st December after they become legally due, and interest at 12 per cent, per annum is added from that date. Lands on which the taxes are delinquent must be exposed for sale if not paid, annually, between 15th June and 15th September, and if no sale is effected, the lands are absolutely forfeited to the Crown. Lands pre-empted, upon which there may be delinquent taxes, are not exposed for sale, but the Record of Pre-emption is cancelled after notice is given. Mineral or placer claims upon which taxes become delinquent are exposed for sale on the first Monday in November annually after the legal due date, and if not sold revert to the Crown. If sold, one year from date of sale is allowed for redemption. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION Mines and minerals are regarded as a separate class of property for taxation purposes. Two per cent, tax on the assessed value of all ore or mineral-bearing substances, the assessed value to be based on the market value of the ore at the mine, deducting from the gross output the cost of transportation to smelter and cost of smelting or reduction only. Ore not sold or removed from the mine is not taxed. Placer or dredging mines not producing in any one year a gross value of $2,000 are exempt; other mines not producing in any one year a market value of $5,000 are entitled to a refund of one-half of the tax. The 2 per cent, tax is in substitution for all taxes upon the land, and for taxes on personal property used in the worsings of the mines, and for the income from the mine. Mine-owners must notify assessor of any mine being in active production, and no ore can be shipped until such notification has been made. All mineral taxes are payable quarterly. Mine-owners must make returns to assessor, verified on oath, within seven days from end of quarter, under penalty for non-compliance. All male residents of the Province above the age of 18 years are taxed annually $3 per head for revenue tax and the tax is due after the 2nd January in each year. All male persons over the age of 60 years are exempt, if their incomes are less than $700. Employers of labor are responsible for the tax on employees, and may deduct tax from wages. Employers must furnish assessor with list of employees on demand. There is the usual list of exemptions, which include all incomes up to $1,000; capital invested in government or municipal bonds or debentures; income of a farmer from his farm; income of merchants; income of mechanics or other persons derived from capital liable to assessment; all property, real or personal, situate out of land, if the fee is still in taxpayer; so much of the personal property equal to just debt owing on account of the purchase price of the said personal property to the vendor thereof ; the net personal property over $300 ; ministers' salaries ; household effects, books, etc. (except furniture rented from which a revenue is derived); homesteads to the value of $500; dividends or interest from companies when the personal property or income of such companies is assessed or taxed. Railway companies are assessed" under the Railway Assessment Act, at the rate of $3,000 per mile, and the tax levied at the rate mentioned above on real estate. This tax includes personal property used for railway purposes. Every owner of a coal mine shall pay a tax of five cents per ton upon all coal (except shipments to coke ovens in the province) since 1st July, 1900; and every owner of coke ovens shall pay a tax of nine cents per ton upon all coke since that date shipped, exported or delivered from said coke ovens; provided, however, that no tax has been paid upon the coal from which the coke has been produced. For rate of municipal taxation see Municipal Statistics. Gross premium incomes from all insurance companies doing business in British Columbia (except life insurance companies), namely: fire, marine, accident, plate glass, guarantee, etc., for the year ended 31st December, 1902, and the taxes paid thereon for the assessment year of 1903: Gross premiums $1,134,243 89 Losses and expenses 797,742 81 Taxable income $336,501 08 Taxes thereon at lower rate $5,065 19 Gross premium income from life insurance companies, doing business in British Columbia for the year ended 21st December, 1902, and the taxes paid on their taxable income for the assessment year 1903 : Gross Premiums $861,579 75 Taxable income, being 12.7 of gross premiums $109,420 56 Taxes thereon at lower rate $1,497 61 Total gross premiums : All insurance companies (except life) $1,134,243 89 Life companies 869,579 75 Total gross premiums paid in British Columbia $2,003,823 64 Taxes paid : All insurance companies (except life) : $5,065 19 Life companies 1,497 61 Total taxes 8 $6,562 80 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA *CNaoe< g5«ce<5^c ©f <n 5 th ^ cn "~l S co iQO 2'-!trat-^ © >a x eo eft~« r-i oo oo -^coi-icft ei\-i''N»ccooe$i i>-t--cft©eo» 8 S3 0>OQX*Q55QQ- ©t~©co »©•<-_ ■*,-IW0O©©t^t~-*eOC»Cft VlQ^bfi eo©CNC»-*t-3ce»»-J'3iao»H SoiS^ TOOt oo t^CO ^c3^*c5iHCS oc ioeo i-l v V-eo i-HT-T<N<Neo>f ei H >©©©»0©.00a > S 88 fit J"0" &23iS!>:!2SSSt"S2JPS'-^^ I co~ SS5hS£ OOQl© -»©©©CN©« 0 O S.CM • CO CO >S »-• 35 £ J5©Cfta0C •0»©cft«G>oocMeoeci? C^Cft© ■© QX^cneo ••* oeomiocft© © CO © ■* CO CD Q © «5 Cft © «3t- Cft C r- eo ~* ■* t- ® © Cft © 1-1 © ■*? ^ ao 3 ®°.®.'H.^AH.t. -iqt^i^eMCDt-iie ^^lOCfteoeo'eot^' .^cc5c6co-*Qcy cfteocNcocftob tH . i-<CNco9ieo25T- r t~- © oo oo m 38 c» < ill Mr jffiKcoooooojgoNeoo* oi»N-e OOiONOLOiC-ilOiOXO' -HOO 0->*Cft eoo ■*© 1,371 3,402 2,280 6.9H7 5,695 5.941 10,382 3,112 7,491 1,320 733 ->00© CDiO CD© 353 * 25 © co i> ffi*^.- - ~* ^5 eft 5 ©«5©t^eocOjD©eo©©©oct^. 1%. 5 ©•'«■*'<© -iOCM<Ni-l ©o I ©© ©"eo" i-i© ©■* O ^ 2 ■♦a O fa = -2 - -1 O » 05 " oj ^ « O O « o-g a) jo.X^ S C O O 3 03m B'S 5 oSooa « g.; 5?1 MUNICIPAL. THE policy concerning municipal legislation continuously followed by the Legislature of this Province has been to give as large as possible a measure of local and self-government to municipal corporations, and to facilitate the incorporation of municipalities wherever warranted by population and property. This general legislation at present in force respecting munici- pahties is contained in three Statutes passed during the session of 1896, known as the Municipal Incorporation Act, the Municipal Elections Act, and the Municipal Clauses Act and amendments to the two last-mentioned Acts, passed in 1897, dealing respectively with municipal incorporations, elections, government and internal management and amendments thereto in the years 1898, 1900, 1901, and 1902. Adequate provisions in these Acts conserve the corporate rights, powers and liabilities of existing municipalities. Under the first mentioned Act a city municipality, to include a tract of land of not more than 2,000 acres in area, may be incorporated by Letters' Patent upon petition signed by the owners of more than one-half in value of the lands within the proposed boundaries, if within such boundaries there are resident and have been so resident for six months immediately previous to the signing of the petition, not less than one hundred male British subjects of full age; 'and a township or district municipality upon petition by the like proportion of owners (including preemption of at least one year's standing), if there be so resident at least thirty male British subjects of full age. The Act also contains elaborate provisions for securing an extension or reduction of corporate limits, and for securing the dissolution of a municipal corporation upon petition of the ratepayers, should circumstances render such a course necessary. The-Election Act codifies the provisions relating to this branch of law; the qualifications of electors, the methods of their registration and the time and method of holding the annual elections being all fixed by Statute, it being left to the Municipal Councils to fix by by-law the places for holding the nominations and polls and to appoint returning officers and their deputies. For the annual elections the nominations are held on the second Monday in January, and the polling, if any, on the Thursday following. The voting is by ballot. By an amendment in 1900 a provision is made for the use of voting machines in all municipalities. The provisions regulating the mode of voting, the counting of ballots and announcing the results, and for the prevention of intimidation and corrupt practices being substantially to the same effect as those regulating elections for the Legislative Assembly; there are also provisions providing for the filling of vacancies in Councils and provisions empowering the 'Supreme and County Courts to try upon petition the validity of contested elections. In order to be qualified for nomination and election in a city municipality as Mayor, the candidate must be a British subject and must have been registered as the owner of the property to the extent of $1,000 in assessed value above any registered encumbrance or judgment, and as Alderman must be a British subject, with a similar real property qualification of $500. In Nanaimo, the qualification is $500 for Mayor and $350 for Alderman. The quali- 274 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA fcations of Reeve and Councillors in district municipalities are similar, with the exception that the real property qualifications are $500 and $250 respectively. All I civic officers and employees are elected by ballot or appointed by .resolution and hold office at the pleasure of the Council. Every municipality is divided into wards so as to allow equal representation as near as may be on the basis'of assessed values, | and a re-division on this basis is necessary when the amount of assessed pr< p rty | in any ward exceeds in proportion to its representation in the Council more than 40 < per cent, of the assessed property in any other ward. Any male or female being a British subject of the full age of twenty-one years who in city municipalities has paid on or before the 1st of November, and in| district municipalities before the 80th day of November prior to the date of nomina- J tion all rates, taxes, fees, imposts, etc., is qualified to vote at the municipal elec-1 tions, (a) who is a land owner; (b) who is the holder of a trade license, the annual J fee for which is not less than $5, or (c) who is a householder, (d) authorized repre- \ sentatives of corporations owning assessed real property within the municipality. The Municipal Clasues Act, continuing and elaborating the policy of the former Municipal Acts, has for its object the creation of a comprehensive system of muni-1 cipal government and management, altogether self-supporting, that is to say, de-J pendent for municipal expenditures entirely upon municipal revenue; the Munici^H Councils being for the more effectual accomplishment of this object invested witiij powers to raise a revenue by taxation, and 'also with legislative and executive pow- ers| the scope and limits of these powers and the methods of their exercise being fully | and carefully defined. In city municipalities the Mayor, and in district municipalities the Reeve, isi the chief executive officer of the corporation, his duties and powers being defined by the Act, and including unrestricted powers and authority to order the conduct of J all municipal officers, to direct the method and management of corporate business, | and to return for re-consideration any by-law or resolution of the Council, this i power of veto being subject to the right of the Couucil to re-consider and again pass the by-law or resolution over the veto of the Mayor or Reeve. The Council exercise the corporate powers of the municipalities and in cities consist of a Mayorjl and not less than five and not more than nine Aldermen, and in districts of a Reeve and not less than four and not more than seven Councillors. Real property ownership, as before mentioned, is a necessary qualification for holding elective office in a municipality. Civic officers may be elected by ballot or appointed by resolution and hold office at the pleasure of the Council. The Council of every municipality has power to make, alter and repeal by-laws in relation to upwards of 150 classes of subjects* the general effect of the elaborate statutory enumeration of their legislative powers being to invest them with authority by by-law to assist the establishment of various enterprises within the corporation limits; to construct and acquire water works, lighting, sewerage, and tramway systems; to aid educational and charitable institutions and objects; to raise municipal revenue by means of taxation and by the issue of trades licenses; to prevent fires and accidents, and to regulate the carrying on of all trades which •have in them elements of danger to life or health; to prevent practices injurious 19 public morals or tending to disturb the peace; to maintain, repair and regulate streets, bridges and wharves; and to enable permanent works to be carried out ou the local improvement principle. The general power of a Municipal Council to incur liabilities on behalf of the corporation is restricted to the extent of the municipal revenue for the current year. The carrying out of municipal works involving expenditure which cannot be met out of the current revenue, loans by the issue of debentures upon the security of rateable lands or improvements (either or both) of the municipality may be obtained upon by-laws passed by the Council and assented to by the ratepayers assessed for property within the municipality up to an aggregate amount (exclusive of loans for works to be performed on the local improvement principle or a debt created AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 275 under the " Corporation of Victoria Water Works Act, 1873,) not to exceed twenty per cent, of the assessed value of the lands and improvements of the municipality. For the purpose of carrying out works to be performed on the local improvement principal by local assessment loans may be obtained upon by-laws in like manner, except that the by-law must expressly show that the debt is created on the sjfecial rate settled by the by-law and on that security only. A by-law passed illegally may be quashed upon application of any ratepayer made to the Supreme Court within thirty days after the by-law has been finally passed by the Council By-laws for contracting debts for other than ordinary expenditure can. only be introduced on a petition of at least one-half of the value of the land in township or district municipalities, and no such by-law after having been passed can be altered or repealed except by consent of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council. Only those who are the assessed owners of land or real property may vote on money by-laws. In city municipalities a three-fifths majority is necessary to carry a by-law requiring the assent of the electors. The Council of every city municipality may invest its sinking fund in Dominion or Provincial Government securities or deposit it in an incorporated bank, or may invest it in other securities. District municipalities may from time to time invest in Dominion or Provincial Government securities or in first mortgages of real property held and used for farming purposes and being the first lien on such property, but no sum invested in mortgages shall exceed one-half of the value of the real property on which it is secured. IN every municipality the Assessment Roll, as annually prepared and returned by the Assessor on the date fixed for such return by resolution of the Council, is revised by the Council sitting as a Court of Revision to hear and determine all complaints made by ratepayers of having been wrongfully inserted in or omitted from the Assessment Roll, or of having been therein undercharged or overcharged. The sittings of the Court are advertised for one month in the "Official Gazette" and in the local press; and the Court is composed of five members of the Council, of whom three form a quorum. An appeal lies from the Court of Revision to a County Court Judge or to a Judge of the Supreme Court and again to the Court of Appeal. The Council may, after the final revision of the Assessment Roll, levy a rate of one mill for health purposes and two mills for school purposes. The Court of Revision is also empowered to act as, and its members are constituted a Board for the equalization of the assessed value of land and improvements which are, under the Act, assessed separately; improvements, in many instances, being exempted. All arrears of taxes bearing interest at six per cent., are by the Act made a first charge on the property affected, and payment may be enforced by action and judgment, or by the sale at public auction of the lands in respect of which taxes are in arrear. Owners of real property which has been sold for taxes have the right to redeem within one year, by paying or tendering to the Clerk of the municipality the sum paid by the purchaser with legal interest thereon. In district municipalities every male person between twenty-one and fifty years of age inclusive, not otherwise assessed, is liable to perform two days' statute labor annually. Any property holder not assessed over $500, and whether resident or non-resident, is also charged with two days; over $500 and not exceeding $1,000, three days; and for every additional $1,000, one day. Statute labour may be commuted in cash, at the amount fixed by by-law, not in any case to exceed $2 per day. Municipalities in addition to powers of taxation by statute labour and assessment may levy and collect license fees in respect of some twenty-nine trade?, occupations and privileges at various rates, the limits of which are defined. Cities are also empowered to construct certain works such as sewers, drains, sidewalks, pavements, etc., under the local improvement system,, for which the YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA property specially benefitted may be taxed. No such local improvements, however, except branch sewers and connections, may be undertaken if a majority of the owners of the property affected {holding at least one-half in value of such property) petition against it. Provision is also made for the carrying oulTpf the works on the local improvement principle in district municipalities. Drainage and dyking I under the supervision of the Commissioners on the local improvement plan are also fully provided for, and in respect of all works of local improvement, the ratepayers are empowered to proceed against the proposed by-law for illegality or to appeal, in regard to any errors in the assessment, to a Court of Revision in the same way as provided for in the general assessment. The following property is exempt from taxation: Churches, burying-grounds and cemeteries, hospitals '(and grounds not exceeding twenty acres for public and three acres for private hospitals); orphanages (and grounds not exceeding five acres);J and property vested in or held by His Majesty in an official capacity; Indian landsrl and lands and improvements belonging to the municipality (except where charge-1 <tDle in respect of local improvement). 19 POLICE Magistrates in city municipalities are appointed by the Lieutenant- Governor-in-Council, who also fixes the salaries, but they are paid by the J municipality. A Police Magistrate is also ex officio a Stipendiary Magistrate,! and is not allowed, directly or indirectly, to act as a barrister or solicitor in criminal I matters. Mayors and Reeves are ex officio Justices of the Peace. The Act ex-1 pressly imposes upon all municipalities the duty of maintaining a sufficient force I of police and providing a gaol and also of enforcing not only the municipal by-laws, I but the criminal law, and the general laws of the Province. In township or districtI municipalities the police are appointed and paid by, and hold office at the pleasure I of the 'Council. In city municipalities the police are appointed by and are under | the control of the Police Commissioners. The Commissioners fix the remuneration I of the police, and tho Council is obliged, subject to the right of appeal to the I Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council, to pay such remuneration, and to provide clothing, I ■accoutrements and accommodation for the police. The Board of Police Commissioners consists of the Mayor and two persons appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council, one of whom must be a member of the Council. Provision is made for the filling of vacancies. The Commissioners have full power as to summoning and examining witnesses and the making of | police regulations. In all cities and towns there are required to be a Chief of Polic<-|| tmd such number of officers and assistants as may be deemed necessary by the Council, but not less than is reported as absolutely necessary by the Police Commissioners. All fines, fees and forfeitures imposed under by-laws, and in cases where a municipality pays $250 or over for a Police Magistrate, those collected under the authority of the Provincial Laws are paid into the Municipal Treasury and used as a part of its revenue. Board of Licensing Commissioners are constituted in each city or district municipality who have exclusive powers in the granting, transfer, renewal and cancellation of licenses for the sale of liquor. In cities the Mayor, and in district municipalities, the Reeve, two Councillors elected annually for that purpose by the Council, and two Justices of the Peace with jurisdiction in the municipality and being the registered owners of property of the value of $500 or over. The Mayor or Reeve as the case may be is the presiding officer. The Board does not make regulations, but simply administers the law. The Council of every municipality has power to pass by-laws regulating the conditions under which the Commissioners may act, and limiting, prescribing and otherwise regulating the issuance of licenses. Retail liquor licenses are granted in respect to premises only, and all applications for transfer or new licenses must be duly advertised in a local newspaper. An AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 277 important feature of the licensing system in regard to new applications is that it recognizes the local option principle. No retail liquor license can be granted in a city unless the application therefor be supported by a petition of two-thirds of the lot owners and resident house-holders and two-thirds of their wives as well within the lot in which the premises are situated, or in the block opposite; and if the premises be situated on a street corner, then of two-thirds of all the lot owners and resident house-holders and their wives. In city or town municipalities of less than 1,000 inhabitants and in township and district municipalities no retail licenses may issue without a similar petition in its favour with respect to the whole of the municipality; and in order to obtain a license in any rural settlement a like petition must be presented signed by two-thirds in number of the house-holders, and the wives of. such house-holders, residing within five miles of the premises for which the license is sought. ASSISTANCE to public schools is dealt with under the head of Education. Local Boards of Health are also dealt with in a special chapter. It is the duty of every city municipality to make suitable provision for its poor and destitute. It is also the duty of all municipalities to publish periodically statements of its financial affairs in pamphlet form; and no municipality can grant special privileges or give exemptions of any kind unless assented to by a vote of the people. Councils may, however, by resolution, grant aid to Hospitals, Agricultural Societies, Mechanics' Institutes and charitable institutions, give bounties for the destruction of wild beasts, provide buildings for municipal purposes, acquire land for sanitary purposes, regulate the meeting of the Council and pay the expenses of delegates so far as these relate to their own municipality. Provisions is made with the assent of the electors for the establishment of a free library, and any municipality may by resolution grant aid in celebrating Victoria Day or in any gathering for public sports and amusements; or in establishing an institution for persons afflicted with contagious or infectious diseases. The city municipalities of Vancouver and New Westminster are incorporated under Statutes granting special charters, which have been from time to time amended by the Legislature. The general Acts, of which an outline has been given above, do not apply except where especially provided, brought into force by, or where no special enactments in that behalf is contained in the special Act. In the charters of the two cities in question, while the methods of organization and administration differ in many details, the principal of government is in general effect the same as that in cities governed by the general Act. In Vancouver the local improvement system has been extensively adopted, while this has not been the case in other cities. In Vancouver also the ratepayers elect representatives to the Licensing and Police Boards and the Boards of Park and Water Commissioners. The municipal system of British Columbia is largely founded on the experience of other Provinces, modified to suit local conditions, but more especially is it based on that of Ontario, where the development of municipal institutions received its earliest and most successful exemplification. In this Province, unlike Ontario, with its extensive and compact rural population, the conditions of municipal growth have been mainly urban in character. In the outlying districts, owing to extent of territory, sparseness of population, and magnitude and costliness of municipal undertakings, the development of municipal organizations has been limited and of slow growth, and attended with difficulties which it is anticipated will be to a great extent removed by the growth of population and consequent development of the natural resources of the Province. As in alL new countries, perfection has not been attained at the outset, and the law has been subject to numerous alterations from time to time to suit conditions which are necessarily more or less transitory. As the Province develops in wealth and population we may look for a more rapid expansion of the municipal system, more particularly in the interior mining districts; and although our municipal code has at last been fairly well established and worked out, it must continue tor some time to be the subject of periodical revision and grave consideration on the part of the Legislative Assembly. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A—MUNICIPAL? Assessed' value of . real estate (actually value of (actually taxed). Total value of exemptions (nearly as possible). —'c 8.80 o.2 '£ "3 rt x O 0 z a 3 T'l acreage within Munis* Total taxes on imprv'd land. 111 0 0 H "c3 °.2 008 H5 g RURAL. Burnaby .... $ 685,462 805,671 245,446 310,637 1,677.482 3<>4.439 702.995 * $ 67.t34 .48 800 2,390 793 1,300 1.75° 43.593 25,000 71.147 24.527 49.980 18,885 58.930 73.680 63.964 $ 2,826 7.251 1,358 2.963 H.9S5 1.315 3-943 3,081 2,500 ".779 2,871 522 5.012 13.624 8.367 $ 6.5*9 $ Chilliwack 43.593 9,000 29.117 10,855 60,855 3.649 17.799 29,411 8,440 16,267 55-595 41.589 8,72. 6,700 7.897 172 4.321 7.480 1,086 787 3,061 1.623 10,415 4,166 Coquitlam 890 1.937 7i 1.735 271 24,380 36 2,066 Cowichan, North Delta Kent 358,543 276,705 17.500 157.070 20,655 211,145 Maple Ridge Mission 121,706 42,107 1,103,194 377,040 Richmond 6,000 Spallumcheen .' Sumas 1,924 860 2,801 4.032 101,992 9*7.935 -„,.-, Surrey 4,35o 14,325 Vancouver, South.... 1,049,720; 98-'35 6,233 URBAN. Columbia 277.92S 1.543.864 17.452 330,454 75.ooo 205,370 76,360 76,211 34.650 L345.030 21,998 3,000 600 6,095 78,034 12,412 162,522 881,471 2.158 177,250 6,000 29 1,824,000 377,391 58,000 506,857 45 756 640 764 483 3.7oo 69.367 49.497 .710. mo i 168.87 s 14.603 853.690 223.310 .28,759 223.370 Kaslo 8,142 1,385,380 1,250,360 540.305 2,504,075 809,450 181.82; 20.22c 33.481 18,130 60,098 2,206 Revelstoke Rossland 314.851 I.T78.2SO 338.420 30,000 415.975 30.850 4.000 3.000,000 3.381.415 595 800 103 150 343 6,000 5.4oo 8,650 •" " 1 r07,I20j I3LI40 111,675 I79.8I01 I 12,792,530 2,730,300 223.287J 111,413 IO,8l4,28o' 6,552,420 ' 2.383 Slocan 568 Trail 1.079 255.85' 4,019 Vernon 866,860 238,034 33.684,979 13.478,039 8,847.761 4.278,681 23,639 704,289 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION STATISTICS. c"c Total imposed. Rate on improved land. 05 fsl a "a Total taxes imposed, 1901. Taxes specially imposed for draina'e, pavements and other Population last No. of on roll. No. entitled to vote. No. who voted at last gen. election Number of $ an mills $ 782 3.'.$'. 9.345 9.577 4.1.8 5.443 16,098 9,998 4.253 4.502 2,884 33.582 3.004 558 |*|jf?f '610 9i 388 83 346 299 442 140 476 503 365 61 9 mills not given o mills 2^% 2,326 761 2,670 562 147 314 7-16 of 1% 7 mills Kofi% Kofi% ija 6-10 of 1% 10 mills 2%% 2^% 2K% 2%% 25 mills ■M milk 52 29 533 249 98 450 600 183 6-10 of 1% U%% 782 195 i46 995 6 mills Y%% 16 mills 16 mills 218 139 174 45° 45o 199 139 2,988 932 932 144,663 3,869 4.43- <l.7«I 16 8.357 800 i,455 1,500 1,596 1,680 6,950 1,050 1,600 6,500 54i 5.968 160 464 409 398 74o 855 i,55o 178 4.844 130 438 55° 409 495 740 855 1.444 175 335 1,631 1.069 *■<; of 1% 374 318 574 2.098 1,276 1,258 416 248 276 306 223 608 667 861 89 3,37720 mills 23,590 8,934 .... 11,849 4,872 41,217 85 3,120 24 nulls 4.46V20 mills 194 34 3-20 ms. / .4^ m. 24 mills 12 mills 17} to 20 m 1 Tei 1-- 19.427 243 5.919 87,157 ...... 2,954 8.808 48 33.369 3,880 ._ 200 177 74 149 183 1801 166 39 8 mills 3-5 of 1% 33 mills 1,145 26. m 143 74.406 m. 082 17.289 9.100 3.948 3,190 1,000 3.188 13.464 7,328 10.180J 327.338 800 265 20,821) 3,113 72,085 1 3.851 191,623 35.053 I.OI4.368 28,676 84,709 irf. 585120,316 6.6861 2,713 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA B. i. URBAN—Receipts Columbia Cum- berland Grand Greenwood Kam- 1 loops Kaslo Nanaimo' $ 946 03 1,56000 12500 3900 16620 $ 39 66 1,303 50 501 25 2275 $ 449 66 18,911 62 9,012 50 1,912 04 6,632 49 6,632 50 $ 82901 .2.8.5 50 6,976 00 1,285 50 3,80620 $ 1 3,78671 9,65219' 1,755 00 1,425 55 9,056 44 $ 1-777 25 16,11675 5.050 00 i.i37 5o 88450 $ .783 42,95831 6,85000 2,663 50 '.23230 Taxes Licenses— i Hotel and liquor 2 Allotber Fees, fines, tolls, etc Electric light Interest and dividends— On Bank deposits " Sinking funds 41096 20390 »65 7i 48963 1,34988 667 57 8,58670. Subsidies and refunds from Government 6,00000 511 " Moo 00 , ,Vj Receipts from loans— Borrowed for current expenses . L»« 10,00000 2.57415 Borrowed on Debentures (face value)— 1,650 00 2 Drainage 38,6tO OO 10.395 OO 116,25000 7 School purposes 8 Other purposes Miscellaneous- Money from Sinking Fund to pa}' ■ Unpaid warrants t 225 78 97i 53 All other sources :a:::r.:::: * 5,0000c I 80081 Total 9,036 23 149,028 4< 1 76,52765 "^ * Forfeited by G. & P. Tramway Co. r meters. J Amount bid over and above taxes U"b mm PENITENTIARY, NEW WESTMINSTER. ASYLUM FOR THE INSANE, NEW WESTMINSTER. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 281 Ending December 31st, 1901. Nelson New Westm'r Phoenix Revelstoke Rossland Sandon Slocan Trail Vancouv'r Vernon Victoria $ $ . 950 74 79,524 60 $ 644 16 3.007 59 $ 11837 7,08979 $ 25,563 75 $ 58 59 $ $ $ $ ? 16,197 19 67353 43969 414.11484 5,552 49 278,300 34 7,50000 3.597 5° 6,521 05 1,70000 16,601 00 6,15000 1,23387 ^,281 61 22,615 00 95000 .7,42000 5,340oo 4.824 75 2,707 So 58500 44516 437 42 10,51025 353 00 14,18970 15,053 28 6,278 52 1,99800 72625 13,036 00 1,003 75 3 5o 32800 21,378 12 300 42,49i 95 17,920 96 18,653 96 18,049 26 82,734 18 1.854 15 .55,979 25 23.747 19 18,501 23 8627 11,11797 13,428 78 30,490 74 9,762 50 747 4o • J 9,058 8s 4,423 25 22,21468 64000 99 29 437oi 449 54 8,234 74 11,563 72 5 52 44.4 9.90925 387 39 1,067 9° 10125 39,ooooo 17.438 94 2,50000 3. 00 53070 53,724 15 20,00000! ,0,00000 4,850 00 238,50000 20,00000 1,00000 52,00000 67900 6,00000 20,00000 24,00000 Wr>. 20,00000 42 15 30,00000 3.78i 25 ■■;;;■■;-;••; 14,081 75 ■ 14.772 36 6,00000 3,611 50 23,559 97 29400 944 50 673 47 "4 35 i,47o 96 .93.89066 215,139 27 j 23,6708c j 13-451 9. 133.595 00 13,665 67! 3,028 53 3,476 72 826,702 71 10,970 44 724,82332 md costs at tax sale, and held ii YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA B. 2. URBAJfcf—Expenditure! Colum- Cum- Forks Greenwood Kam- Kaslo Nanaimo! Municipal Government— * 469c. 82500 153 75 34 5o 28187 45 15 7500 19400 8889 3.013 87 $ 25600 10865 6000 2,065 00 67015 38930 $ $ $• . " $ 7440 9.20; 13825 2 Salaries, commissions, etc 3 Printing, advertising, etc 4 Insurance, heat, light, etc ...... 5 Water supply (maintenance) 6 Lighting streets 7 Fire protection 7,251 00 41865 18578 339 94 1,76391 22455 4000 98820 2,950 18 1,890 00 2,378 87 2,953 3i 664 15 585 47 543 24 12000 691 64 171 95 1.510 75 19 35 * 8,63061 5i5 01 6,68400 232 15 1,864 3° 3,739 00 1.199 63j 5,91301 1,10469 1,89836 1,506 IO 3,684 Q7 36631 67527 3180 3,62319 73633 113 10 io Other expenditures of governm't. Public Works—(Construction) Streets, bridges and parks 376 79 1,851 50 v" 2'763 1 7,41926 Water works 2.474 15 60730 26 161 00 6,808 32 1,650 05 13,473 61 995 75 99675 t 3.37610 5,9oi 45 S.ooSo5 Buildin - d other works 48839 8060 461 7. Shool 2,308 45 04325 Board of Health (including salaries) .... 3000 18850 8500 .35000 400 OO: 362 25 282Q2i 35.9O 1,19460 57. 3o 30325 ,*„ 4,150 00 16,642 18 Investments and Deposits- Bonded Debt— ",^ . Principal 9.733 34 34000 4,4.600 OS 4-434 44 3635 8,113 49 10,862 60 1,5.40. 1,79084 13,896 42 17859 421 20 732 53 5,445 1° 8,846 36 3.775 27 69,815 65 45,645 59 54,251 13 3',387 7i 208,563 24 Including water supply maintenance. f Including polic *HTWin AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 283 ending December 31st, 1901. Nelson New Westm'r Phoenix Revelstoke Ross- land Sandon Slocan Trail Vancouv'r Vernon Victoria $ $ 10340 11,401 28 675 33 1,57656 3.377 95 20,19353 8,713 47 4,232 55 43o 55 $ $ 4650 1,51931 40590 »94 5° 32895 1,279 00 81030 421 92 $ 313 05 10.491 75 78769 2,827 20 7,973 3° $ 1 $ ■Kid 6000 26500 372 10 $ 85207 19,099 32 1,08657 1,13083 20,903 38 33,i97 7i 30,161 20 2,492 72 103,131 16 44-395 4i 54.6i9 5° $ 2,17635 158 30 $ 6,10660 3.094 13 18990 2,872 63 50350 16055 361 17 26,876 75 9,509 44 11384 1,815 23 1,043 21 16,674 62 23,475 54 25,546 76 9.613 io 4.679 67 8,488 62 5,101 99 1.312 35 5.753 20 i.579 4i 1.415 7o 36000 1,512 82 .2,443 73 12,932 61 6,883 18 2,445 58 2,5186. 225 00 9 45 951 50 461 40 86 19 71820 10434 .6. 93 19,743 30 t 18,447 92 1,117 37 3,08084 20,79300 5.34o .3 1,491 91 53 5° 91490 19.52276 1,08936 .21.0 5,84666 40668 3*- S8574 75.341 58 5,930 20 15,13629 5.557 36 12,862 04 36000 1850 io,753 48j 2,701 20 29 28 9.999 25 3,16489 59400 96320I 125Oo| I,500 OO 35O OO 2650 18,646 83 14,544 90 34,849 26 2,789 13 2,11983 93,406 18 53,724 15 ii,ii7 97 168 CO 48800 18000 132 25 42562 4,71498 15.545 00 15,656 98 6.555 95 57,18800 4,227 15 4,53oo8 1.99787 2,498 22 .7916 2, .73 26 6,93975 527 99 9,002 63 38,866 79 . . 32,459 02 io3,549 92 2,590 61 10990 14,563 30 38,00000 64730 38,68931 1.07500 2,500 00 5250 398 11 95.352 52 76.67287 19892 84.07 2,393 61 20 16 22974 35 67 5,89256 tR •jfir 00 '■jr -j 193,990 66 214.65312 -,83733 jg»f 94,62360 12,95876 ^ 2,273 33 745-395 20 1 10,483 io| 494,857 5i YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA C. i. URBAN—Assets,J Columbia Cumberland Forts Greenwood. Kamloops *± Nanaimo $ .8987 56640 30225 15 14 $ 1,514 01 14,331 62 11,45300 3,033 69 23,031 07 6,28892 $ 1,99480 1,50233 $ 1.833 31 8,137 50 $ 366 x 1,020 6+ 11,8116 Sinking funds Land (excluding parks, roads o other 30000 25000 67700 3,00000 17,500 00 52,00000 30,00000 2.4280O 9,984 38 5.55o 98 3.96680 6,60000 . 10,955 86 School property (lands, buildings, Water Works etc)... 25,926 60 5,216 39 t 76,316 63 28,132 50 3,631 45 125.755 69 13.895 6 . J9 -- Electric light (building and plant) 3,96619 1,237 64 1,71738 i»745 So 35 765 52 4,04233 6.75388 7.90852 1,912 54 183,664 15 79,63636 124,082 74 58,18947 203,592 C. 2. URBAN—Liabilities 28,479 78 39,000 00 19,10000 1250 3865 25,500 00 14,60000 125,000 3 Electric light * 80,000 00 15,00000 + 41,000 00 9,00000 35,00000 4,00000 65,500 500 7 Other objects 5,00000 3.*»~ 2,352 35 9.66316 2,871 31 1,48960 4,21283 Loans for current expenses 1,500 00 2,574 19,76797 1,678 81 Total 16315 198,47978 126,504 79 93,489 60 32,491 64 108,15415 1 * Including water works. t Including electric light plant. J Including subsidy to smelter, $30,0! AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION December 31st, 1901. Nelson New Westm'r Phoenix Revel- Ross- stoke land Saridon Slocan Trail Vancouver Vernon Victoria 20,299 25 $ 58572 91.96493 31.85821 80,784 47 103,50729 27.847 47 68,572 58 472.159 42 24.353 35 133.536 31 193 44 579 85 52500 $ 92507 527 99 $ 11,022 94 $ $ 70691 4,973 49 419 92 $ 1,20339 30 00 $ 41,386 19 133,081 06 285,562 76 $ 381 52 66421 1,562 22 68283 1,26456 37,662 07 2,557 88 233 78 4000 $ 230,065 18 59.675 84 358,793 15 1,00000 6,00000 7,243 56 4.00947 4.89764 12649 9000 "tE Ii 418,875 90 178,950 00 822,815 69 85.299 85 9,18605 104.381 95 34.267 27 2.423 45| 75 65 1,86100 1.566 91 4.96150 35,86000 81,00000 125 00 47.41000 6.154 47 1.329 95 12,44024 ! 213.791 02 1,043,330 14 3,865 SO 11,57863 .91.74482 **^ 3.299 39 2,197,23001 45.373 0, 2,133,44386 December 31st, 1901. jjg. 1 349.624 55 976,633 94 37,000 00 994.370 79 302,292 63 455,00000 116,00000 382,000 00 90,000 00 137,000 00 265,00000 00 70,00000 65,00000 +3,00000 1.173,50000 94,20000 2,97864 493.000 00 45000 1,982 50 1,80000 83999 3,00000 Mi 5,00000 50000 46,533 71 67347 58115 21.44490 14.00680 2.347 93 14,772 36 683 83 10,310 39 1 298,24490 1,069,185 53|i 1,500 00 28,339 99 273.533 7117.797 93 67347, 58115 2,703,739 87 42,682 83 2,l6os23I 22 § Steamboat || Including lands YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA RURAL—Assets, , Chilli- urnal)y wack 3,994 59| 667 9 11,153 30 J.433 8< 5,032 00 9,000 00 476 56 17 2,000 00 i»752 35 i»539 30 162 35 3,533 00 '23*9*3 76 20,650 64 Coquitlam 901 03 6,574 60 1,309 70 455 00 [Cowichan (North) 1,000 00 11 56] 10,251 130 73 4,055 20 611 33 12,983 43 6,566 23 10,300 00 673 76 3,123 00 4,090 00 1,542 06 41,791 62 $ 804 19J i,358 93 Langley 802 25 12 50 901 95 7,670 79 267 75 1,170 00 3,301 IB 2,977 8713,39159J C.—4. RURAL—LiabilitM Debentures (princip'l only) Outstanding (face value) for 1 Railways 2 Drainage & Dyk'g 3 All other objects . Interest coupons on 3,500 00 225 00 117 04 13,000 00 6,000 00 1,142 90 1,789 82 1,836 67 102,924 79 20,000 oo 500 00 Due Sinking Funds. Loans for current expenses {princp'l) Interest due on cur- 45 75 3.887 79 23,769 39 595 19 21,095 19 157 85 655 75 Total liabilities 102,924 79 157 85 655 75 37 25 2,372 2 75° °° 1,000 oo 95 o° 4,254 46 174 99 6,823 58J 2,765 3942,281 35,398 20 1,197 44 908 23 45 00 ",358 97 200 50 1,628 0064,082 64 December 31st, 190 60,000 00 8,000 OO I CO, 000 00 2,500 00 1,110 52 12,000 00 2,413 35 35,000 00 875 00 750 00 3656 250 OO 1,400 OO 64,000 OO 64,000 OO 79 68 1,450 05 1,951 62 405 00 36 56 I,IIO K2 250 OO 109,400 OO 79 68 4,700 05 76,364 97 36,280 00 * Roads and bridges. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA XIX 3) ft < P-i r-4 O r—I h3 iSSI .Hi I B-2* 3 STCg IS'g'g ^ 5S.60 S og'S « oS'3 : o-g .SjB T3 fiJ3 11 El«l s Mt-e2oogj®rtios>Ob-o>»o»Q(Nc»5ao t~ ^A"^ fe*afl'§l : •° tea eSiSOj, .- w a-2 B fife's: 3 «S p >.S"S '•'SJS'Sjas a £ «I uzi o«?s c b g*» s-s ce S C S ^ P^a o o ®.® (§5553 as js,*,? §SSS?t25§S3S IS3 838 1 5-3 8 3o : = a l a2 5 © O ■< on ft PHtfo KICKING HORSE RIVER. YALE CREEK FALLS. July Jan. Nov. May Jan. (Rural) Burnaby. ♦Chilliwack. Coquitlam. ♦Delta. Dewdney. Kent Langley *Maple Ridge. Matsqui Mission North Cowichan... North Vancouver. ♦Richmond South Vancouver. Spallumcheen Sumas ♦Surrey Columbia Cumberland (Urban) Grand Forks Greenwood Kamloops . Kaslo.. Nanaimo Nelson iNew Westminster. Phoenix Rossland Sandon Slocan Trail $ Vancouver ^Victoria April Aug. July Sept. Dec. Mar. July Oct. Mar. Jan. June June May Aug. 1897 1897 1893 1893 1874 1897 1860 1900 1897 1898 1901 1901 1886 1862 W: J. Walker S. A. Cawley John Smith N. A. McDiarmid... Edwin Davies Harry Fooks.. ...... R. J. Wark Ernest Wm. Beckett.. John Ball Anthony M. Verchere|l James Norcross Alex. Philip [Alfred B. Dixon W.G.Walker Sifih'd Stuart Pelly. F.York E. M. Carncross .... J.A.McCallum L. W. Nunns W. B. Bower A. B. Taylor John J. Carment.... A. W. Allen Gough J. K. Strachan W. A. Duncan D. McMillan W. McQueen C. E. Lyons J. A. Folev W.J. Devitt Thos. F. McGuigan. jW. J. Dowler 'Letters patent of Chilliwack were surrendered and new letters patent issued in 1881 and again in 1883; those of Maple Ridge and Surrey in 1882; Richmond 1885, reincorporated 1892; Delta tNew Westminster was created a municipality by proclamation of Sir James Douglas July 16,1860. Its limits were extended October 22,1861, and made subject to the provisions of the Municipality Act of 1872. Letters patent were surrendered and new letters issued in 1881. A special charter of incorporation was obtained in 1887, which was amended in 1895. ^Vancouver was incorporated by special act in 1886. The first by-law appointing officers (not dated) appeared in the B. C. Gazette, May 27,1886. The act of incorporation was amended by the Legislature in 1887,1889,1890,1891,1892,1893 and 1895. t ; IVictoria was created a municipality by ordinance, dated April 2,1867, which repealed the original act of incorporation of 1862, and subsequently came under the provisions of the Municipality Act of 1872 on the 25th of June, 187a The General Municipal Act, under which it is governed, has been amended from time to time. •Rossland, Nelson, Greenwood and Grand Forks were incorporated under a special act passed 197, entitled the "Speedy Incorporation Act." Nicomen, Salt Spring Island and "Wellington were municipalities which ceased to exist, fequamish was incorporated in 1892, but did not organize. OUR INDIANS. THE Indian of British Columbia is sui generis. He resembles the PlainI Indian in nothing except the colour of the skin. The Coast tribes are the most diverse in this respect. These are heavy, thick-set, with broad face and large bodies and short legs. Their home is the canoe, and thus after ages have become physically adapted to their peculiar looking crafts, in the management of which they are exceedingly expert. Fish, in whifl the waters of the Coast abound, is their staple diet". As the tribes distribute themselves farther inland they more nearly reach the type of the tall, lithe, sinewy and I aquiline-featured red man of the novel. Ethnologists are of the opinion that they are physically more nearly allied with the Mongoloids than with the latter, who may not even be their cousins many times removed. Their mental, moral and I physical characteristics are quite distinct from the S'oux or the .Blackf e^. The same is true of their language, their cult and their traditions. They are not the same in any respect. The Indians of British Columbia are not Treaty Indians, and receive no annuities or assistance of any kind from the Dominion [Government. In other words, J they are self-sustaining; and while not models of domestic life or industry are, I nevertheless, possessed of a superior civilization. Though not so picturesque, perhaps, as the Plain Indians they are, nevertheless, much more useful. They live on ^ reserves, selected from the Crown lands of the Province. For a number of years, after their first contact with the white man, .their numbers were seriously reduced, especially the tribes immediately on the Coast. The sudden change from old conditions, the contact with the whites, who introduced epidemic diseases, and other causes, produced the inevitable result; but now that the transition stage has almost been lived through and the "Siwash," as he is more familiarly termed, has become habituated to a new and modern Hfe a healthy reaction has set in and he is actually showing a slight increase in numbers. 'While not under treaty regulations I in .this Province, the Indian is still a ward of the nation, he does not possess the right to vote, and while remaining in a tribal relationship is subject to certain disabilities of citizenship contained in the Indian Act. As to his present status, it iifi well described in the admirable report, of Mr. Vowell, Superintendent of Indian Affairs of British Columbia, in his last Annual Report to the Department, from which the following extracts have been made :— "RESOURCES AND OCCUPATION S.-^oming under the scope of the above may be mentioned farming, gardening and working as farm-hands on the ranches of their white neighbours; stock-raising and employment as cowboys on many of the cattle ranges; logging on their own account and working in saw-mills; employment as trimmers on ships loading coal, for which they are paid from $3 to $5 a day; loading lumber on ships for export, at which they earn equally high wages; as fishermen, and at other employments around the canneries; fur-sealing on their own account, and as hunters on schooners owned by white men; curing salmon, halibut and other fish products for sale and for home consumption; as sectionmen on railways and labourers on Provincial roads; as deck-hands on steamers plying between different ports; as boatmen, packers, freighters, guides to hunters, miners and others; mining on their own account and for hire; hop-picking; dairying on their reserves; catching fish and procuring game in season, which they sell at different cities and towns; fruit-culture; poultry raising; making curios (mostly during the winter season), copied from ancient native models, for which they find a ready sale to tourists; building fishing boats and other kinds, also canoes for their own requirements and for sale,; manufacturing dogfish and oulachon oil; working as carpenters, and in various capacities, chiefly in new towns springing up all over the province; cutting cord wood for sale to canneries and to steamboat owners on Crown lands; acting as interpreters; as lighthouse-keepers, and engaging from time to time in all such other desultory occupations wherefrom they expect to derive1 sufficient remuneration to recompense them for their labour. The Indian women, it may be remarked, are also money-earners to no inconsiderable extent, during the canning season and at the hop fields they find profitable employment; they engage ■ extensively in the manufacture of baskets, which they dispose of profitably to tourists and others; they cure and dress deer and cariboo skins, out of which are made gloves and moccasins, and they frequently find a market for the dressed! skins intact, they being useful for many purposes; mats from the inner bark of the cedar and of rags are also made, some of which are of an attractive and superior quality; they make their own and their children's clothing, being much assisted in the latter by sewing and knitting machines; they also gather large quantities of berries, which in some cases they sell among the white people, a major portion is, however, dried for winter use; in doing chores and laundry work for their white neighbours they also find considerable employment. * * * I Stock.—Where grazing lands and hay meadows are available, the cattle and •horses owned by the Indians are steadily increasinig, large sums being paid from time to time for imported stock of a superior breed. In many localities the native ponies are being sold off and cattle purchased in their stead. Sheep and pigs are also becoming more general among them, and, on account of their being easily managed and producing good returns, will be extensively raised in the future. "In the Northwest Coast Agency the Indians own saw-mills and dogfish oil manufactories; they also have many stores, and have commenced in a small way to can salmon and clams; nearly all the trades are there carried on, such as carpenters, blacksmiths, painters, etc., etc., as well as many other different enterprises which are being started, and wholly managed by the advanced natives, with every reasonable prospect of an average measure of success. In other portions of this extensive superintendency may also be noticed many undertakings in the way of substantial progress by the wards of the Government who are steadily working their way towards independence and beginning to think that they are not only above the assistance of the Department, but altogether superior to advice or control, except, perhaps, when they get into difficulties." YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA II 111 m D O u c* PQ to O 5 55 o ■Q < w Q oo to to O <n Z od D •H to & to •saqux o.sf 1 -- vO s $ 1 en SC SO vo'cfl "O apjuia^ 1 * 8 Tf £ o « OS 8 <§ ON P ^S rt o S ? "5 Os~ oo~ O « 2 >^a. 3I«JM os 3 vO 00 Os ON «S1 3 O ON £ <u O sreuia^ *"* so 00 «* O^ " ** c - *" ON sM so c 00 Os — o TT CO «s 3P*W sO SO * O^ a SO to 1) ls-8 apjuwj v© o i? CO J . co sC Os l^ 00 il fc2-a sreft o u-> SO » •* sc CO ON rt- o o rr oo sjcuiaj N CO ""' co *" S **£ 00 OS ■» Os so £~£ slBK co " Tj" CO SC Cs or ON 00 SO o m 3[-BUI9j; " N ■"* N "* *5 1 ■ <* M SC ►5 >» "1 00 Os ►» P a^W s 00 ON co so Q u-bSBjJ CO so 00^ gnpg Os ON trepstrqf) laqio M SO O oqoqnr) CO sO oo r£ Os so co CO UBlUOy n n M M M o O 00 | ^ ON w ?srpoqi3K 3 UEIJ3) AqS3 Jc »0 Tj- «r> OS sC o ^ UKnjSuy 2 so CO 3* OS R o SC co ° ' sujmaM snsuaf) 5 <XL 5 ■> Os OC CO »o N N c? a *> ^ C/5 £ C < g 5^ a a >» xi S3 z\ < c 0 < 1 O- t, <5 < c C c 9 C V OA < O 3 4? 3 8 > c •2 u < o bo "3 O % S "O c o a > 1 St c «c o 'O JS rt '•s* 1 O c r IS b b 2 fcn PQ m W U « X a / IL TOWNS AND CITIES. IN the main the information contained in the following, which has been obtained from a variety of local sources, was prepared in 1902; hut has been revised as far as possible to date. The object of this chapter, also contained in the edition of 1697, apart from general information, is to preserve a record of the various new places in British Columbia, many of which rise and fall as conditions in a new country change within a few years. (Not a few of these enumerated and described are now mere (memories of a former temporary activity. AGASSIZ. Agassiz, on the main line of the C. P. R., 71 miles east of Vancouver, is the site of the Dominion Government Experimental Farm. Besides all kinds of cereals, roots, fodder and plants that are under test, very many varieties of apples, pears, plums, cherries, peaches, apricots, grapes and all varieties of smaller fruits are under cultivation. Almonds, walnuts, filberts and chestnuts are also grown. Attention is paid to the raising of live stock at the farm, and in the district hop- growing is extensively carried on. Agassiz is a starting point for Harrison Hot Springs, -which is reached by stage. AINSWORTH. Ainsworth is the oldest mining town in Kootenay, and is situated on Kootenay Lake. It has seen a great many ups and downs. In the mountain back of it are a number of silver-lead properties, which with either an advance in the cost of lead or a sufficiently reduced price of smelting would make it one of the busiest towns in Kootenay. ALBMRNI. Alberni is at the head of Alberni Canal, some (52 miles from (Nanaimo and 140 miles from Victoria, the boats from which arrive once a week. There are two sawmills located here, a shingle mill, two churches and three schools. The mines at Alberni, which for some time were in statu quo, have recently been more actively developed, and two or three have shipped ore. The principal quartz mines are the Golden Eagle, 18 miles from Alberni, yielding gold and copper; the Hayes mine, principally copper, 12 miles southwest of Alberni on the canal; and the Monitor, close to the Hayes. There are also important iron deposits on the canal, and several properties are feeing worked by the Pacific (Steel Company. Alberni is divided into two parts—New Alberni and Old Alberni—which are about 2% miles apart. ALLISON. Allison is a prospective town on the iSimilkameen River. From Hedley to about three miles below Allison the Valley of the Similkameen is from one to two miles wide, with fine stretches of bottom land and some splendid ranch property. The valley is well timbered, and there is good grazing ground on the benches. ARGENTA. Argenta is a stopping-place at the head of Kootenay Lake, from which a number of trails radiate to different mining properties. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ARMSTRONG. Armstrong is situated 15 miles from Vernon on the iShuswap & Okanagan Railway, and has a population of about 350. It is the centre of the Spallumcheen municipality, and is surrounded by fertile, prosperous and a well-populated country. There is a large co-operative flour mill owned and successfully operated by the farmers. It is equipped in the most modern way. A creamery has been erected and is being operated, capable of handling the milk of 1,000 cows. There are also a sawmill, a fine new public school, a number of large business houses, town hall, and churches of the leading denominations. In the surrounding country farming generally is carried on, but principally grain-growing. ASHCROFT. Ashcroft is a town on the Canadian Pacific Railway, 205 miles east of Vancouver, in the Yale District. Its importance consists in its being the forwarding point to Cariboo, Clinton and Lillooet, via the Cariboo wagon road. The British Columbia Express Company have their headquarters there. The Ashcroft Journal, a mining and general newspaper, is published. It is the centre of the best grazing sections in the interior, and the cattle-shipping point of the Chilcotin, Cariboo and Lillooet grazing districts. It has electric light and water systems, owned by the Ashcroft Water & Electric Light (Company. Population 500. It is also surrounded fey large areas of agricultural land particularly adapted for fruitgrowing. ATLIN. Atlin is situated on the east side of Atlin Lake, 140 miles from Skagway, and, is reached via the White Pass Railway and lake steamer. It came into existence in 1898 as the result of the discovery of gold in Pine Creek, which has its rise in Surprise Lake and flows into Atlin Lake. It is prettily situated and an ideal location for a town, being on a rise gently sloping towards the lake and towards the meadows behind. Atlin was the scene of great activity in 1899 and 1900, during which time there were, it is estimated, 10,000 people in the district, the present population of which is about 3,000. The mineral characteristics and mining development are described elsewhere. The output for 1901 and 1902 increased considerably over previous years, and the outlook is most encouraging. Hydraulic, placer and quartz mining are carried on. Valuable copper deposits are being developed on Copper Island, across the lake from Atlin, and also on the mainland just opposite Copper Island. Several free-milling properties have been partly developed, showing excellent results so far. There are three large companies operating on McKee Creek, three on Spruce Creek, two on Pine Creek, one on Birch Creek, one on Boulder Creek, and one on Wright Creek. Atlin is the official centre of the district, with three hundred houses, Government post office and telegraph office, a hospital, two churches and a school, three sawmills, a brewery, and several good, hotels and business blocks. BARKERVILLE. Barkerville is situated on Williams 'Creek, 180 miles from Ashcroft, at the terminus of the Cariboo wagon road, being reached by the Express Company's stage once a week. Barkerville is an important mining town, and is the centre of a mineral district which is again rapidly coming into prominence. There is a population of about 300. There are several large companies operating on Williams Creek—'the Cariboo Gold Fields, which has already expended over half a million dollars, and the First of May Mining Company. Large companies are also at work on Lowhee Creek and Stout's Gulch, within a short distance of the town. Barkerville has a fire department, a theatre and two churches. BEAVERDELL. Beaverdell is a new mining town, the centre of the new West Fork mining district. Its growth now depends upon railway communication to render available the rich mineral deposits of gold, copper, lead and silver existing there. BENNETT. Bennett is situated on Bennett Lake, on the route of the White Pass Railway, about 85 miles from Atlin. For a time it enjoyed considerable prosperity, but the extension of the railway to White Horse practically gave it a quietus. There is a good railway station and several hotels. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION CAMP MeKINNEY; Camp McKinney lies about midway between Penticton and Greenwood, and is the oldest quartz mining camp in Southern British Columbia. The properties here are principally free gold producers, and several years ago there was a large amount of activity, a number of properties being developed on a large scale. Recently, however, very little has been done. The Cariboo Amelia group, which has been one of the large and steady dividend-payers from the first, is the principal property at present being operated. CARIBOO CROSSING. Cariboo Crossing is the point on the White Pass Railway where the steamers connect for and from Atlin. It is the point where the scows are built for the river trade, and M. King's large sawmills were located there. In summer 300 men have been employed in boat-building and in the sawmill. CASCADE CITY. Cascade City is situated near the international boundary, and occupies an attractive and advantageously-located town site. It has hotels, stores and several saw-mills. It is the natural market for the new mining country around Christina Lake, from whose waters it is but a mile distant. The Cascade Water Power & Light Company has its plant here, generating power for Boundary mines and smelters. During the construction of the Columbia •& Western, Cascade City was an important point. CHEMAINUS. Chemainus, six miles from Ladysmith, is situated on the harbour of Chemainus, one of the best on the Coast. Here the Victoria Lumber and Manufacturing Co. has the largest saw-mills in the Province, doing solely an export business. It is also the terminus of a short line of railway built into the logging camps. Several miles from Chemainus are situated the Mount Sicker and Mount OBrenton mines. The country in the immediate district, however, is very heavily timbered and here are found some of the finest trees in the Province. CHILLIWACK. Chilliwack is a thriving little town situated in the centre of the famous Fraser Valley, on the banks of the Fraser River, and is 50 miles east of New WestmLScer and about 30 miles west of Hope. The district of Chilliwack is distinctly a farming community, and all kinds of fruit, cereals and farm produce grow abundantly. It is also noted for stock-raising and dairying. A great many of the best and most successful farmers and fruit-growers of British Columbia have large, well- cleared farms and comfortable houses here. Fish and game abound, and it is a desirable resort for summer tourists. Among other enterprises carried on here are two finely equipped and modern creameries and several hop-yards, both of which have been successful and remunerative. There are good trunk roads. Chilliwack is the supply point for the Mount Baker mining district, recently opened up. CLINTON. Clinton is a small village situated at the junction of the Cariboo wagon road from Ashcroft and the road from Lytton, Lillooet and Pavilion Mountain. Branch roads lead to the Fraser River from this point. It is the chief town of Lillooet District, containing the Government offices. It is surrounded by considerable farming and grazing lands, and from its altitude and scenery would make an ideal spot for health-seekers. There are a number of fishing lakes and trout streams contiguous to the village. In the fall it is headquarters for sportsmen in quest of feathered game and deer. COMAPLIX. Comaplix is a lumbering town, situated at the Northeast Arm of the Arrow Lakes. The principal sawmilling industry is operated by the Fred Robinson Lumber Company. There are very extensive timber areas in the vicinity. Population, about 200 in 1902. Comaplix 5s a supply point for the miners on Fish Creek. CBJANBROOK. Outside of Fernie, Cranbrook is the principal town on the line of the Crows Nest Pass- Railway. It is most delightfully located on a fertile stretch of prairie m the valley between the Rocky and Selkirk Mountains, and has already become YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA a centre of great importance. It is the chief divisional point on the Crow's Nest Pass Road, and has, besides the shops of the railway, a number of well-stocked stores, chartered banks, hotels, churches, schools, etc. It is the principal lumber manufacturing point in East Kootenay, having four saw-mills operating within its limits. A branch line of railway connects the 'North Star Mines and Kimberley with Cranbrook. CRESTON. Creston, on the Crow's Nest line of the C. P. R., 10 miles from Kootenay Landing, is in the midst of a good farming and grazing district, where fruit growing is being prosecuted with excellent results. CROFTON. Crofton is a new town beautifully situated on Osborne Bay, V. I., about 40 miles north of Victoria, on the east coast. It is named after Mr. Henry Croft, who founded, it and who arranged that the Northwestern Smelting & Refining Co. should there erect a 400-ton smelter to treat ores from the Lenora-Mount Sicker mine, with the Mount (Sicker district as a base of supply. A narrow-gauge railway connects the town with Mount Sicker and Westholme, on the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway, and a stage runs from the latter place. Telephonic communication can be made with Victoria. Owing to the closing down of the smelter and the Lenora mine, Crofton suffered a period of depression for a time, but the smelter acd mines are again fully in operation. DEADWOOD. Deadwood is two miles west of Greenwood. It has two hotels, store, saw-mill, public school, etc., and is in proximity to the Mother Lode, Sunset, Morrison, King Solomon, Big Copper and other mines. DISCOVERY. Discovery is a mining town on Pine Creek, seven miles east of Atlin, built on the site of discovery claim. It has a population of about 300 and has a post office, a church and school, and several hotels and business buildings. DUNCAN. Duncan, on the E. <& N. Railway, 50 miles north of Victoria, is a substantial business place, which is gradually assuming the importance of a county town||| deriving its business from the neighbouring farming community and the mines oifl Mount Sicker and Brenton. The Cowichan creamery at Duncan is famed for the quality of its product. Duncan is a rendezvous for sportsmen, being tue centre of a fine fishing and hunting district. Duncan is also the centre of a community, the population of which is largely drawn from Great Britain, and particularly from England. EHOLT. Eholt is a small town on the Columbia & Western Railway extension of the C. P. R. at Eholt Summit, about nine miles east of Greenwood. It was started in 1899 as the result of the construction of the Columbia & Western, and is the point of shipment for the Summit and Phoenix camps, which are reached from this point by a spur line of railway. There are two sawmills near Eholt. ELKO. Elko is situated at Elk River Falls, at the junction of the two railways, 18 miles north of Fernie. There is a fine water-power here, suitable for carrying on large industries, and there is also considerable agricultural land in the vicinity. ENDERBY. Enderby is situated about 23 miles from Sicamous Junction, and has a popul i tion of about 250. At this point is located one of the most modern roller flour mils in Canada, owned by R. P. Rithet ■& Co., Limited. It has a capacity of 250 barrels per day, and does an extensive business. The same general remarks made with regard to Armstrong apply equally— almost identically—to Enderlby, with the exception that there is no creamery here. Hogs, hay and grain are the principal products of the farming community here, as throughout the Okanagan District as a whole. ISpallumcheen River intersects the town. ■m^ TWO TAL-TAN CHIEFS IN FULL DRESS. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION ESQUIMALT. j Esquimalt, three miles from Victoria, is the naval station for His Majesty's ships on the Pacific Coast, where a dry dock and marine railway have been built and extensive fortifications erected. It is rather a quaint old village, and is one of the points for sight-seers visiting Victoria. -The harbour is one of the finest on the Coast. FAIRVLEW. Fairview is a mining camp a few miles from Penticton, which has had its ups and downs of recent years, but which is now once more on the up grade, with prospects of a good future. A large amount of capital has been invested in the mines in the vicinity by the Fairview Corporation, the properties of which embrace coal fands, townsites and quartz mines. >A 48-stamp mill is iat work on the Stemwinder, the principal property of the district, the showings of ore in which are said to be enormous. Population, about 300. FERGUSON. Ferguson is situated on the Lardeau River, four miles from Trout Lake, 26 miles from Arrowhead and 54 miles from Revelstoke. It is the centre of the rich* mining district of Trout Lake, commonly known as the Lardeau. A numb' r of : important shipping mines are trftwrtarv to this town. Among these are the Silver Cup, sold for $150,000 cash; the Nettie L. and the Triune, sold for $600,000. These are exceptionally rich in silver and lead. A branch line of railway from Kootenay Lake to Trout Lake, 35 miles in length, has recently been completed. This gives the district the necessary transportation facilities so long required. The population is about 400. The Lardeau Eagle is published. Five hotels serve the public. A 30-ton vulcan smelter has been erected to treat local ores. FIELD. At Field is a charming chalet hotel managed by the railway company—the Mt. Stephen House—not far from the base of Mt. Stephen, which rises 10,450 feet above the sea level and facing Mt. Burgess. This is a favorite stopping place for tourists, and has been recently enlarged to meet the wants of increased travel. Field is the portal to the wonderful Yoho Valley, whose Takakkaw Falls, with a sheer drop of 1,200 feet, and the Twin and Laughing Falls are but three of a number of glacier- fed cataracts. There are immense glaciers rivalling the Illeeillewaet of the Selkirks in vastness, and a remarkable canyon whose vertical walls are from 200 to 300 feet high. Trails head along the mountains' sides and through the valley, and shelters are being erected for the convenience of visitors to this new wonderland. North of Yoho Valley are some of the highest peaks of the Rockies, rising 12.000 to 13,000 feet above the sea level. En route to the valley there is a natural bridge, and Emerald Lake, 7 miles from Field, is one of the most charming of the mountain waters. Here a comfortable chalet has been erected by the railway company. On the shoulder of Mount Stephen, is a fossil bed, rich in rare specimens of trilo- bite. During the summer Swiss guides are also stationed here to accompany tourists and mountain climbers. Looking down the valley from the hotel, the Van Horne range is seen on the right.—'Annotated Time-table C. P. R. FORT STEELE. Fort Steele is the present judicial centre of East Kootenay. It is situated on the Kootenay River, 180 miles from Golden, 12 miles from Cranbrook, and 8 miles from Fort Steele Junction. It is about 90 miles from the Crow's (Nest Pass. The Fort Steele Prospector, the pioneer newspaper of the district, is published. A steamer also runs daily from Tobacco Plains, where connection is made with the Crowds 'Nest Southern. It is in the centre of a mining district of considerable prominence; and the North Star mine, one of the principal properties of East Kootenay, is in the vicinity. A smelter has been built at Marysville, on the North Star branch, 16 miles from Cranbrook, to smelt lead ores. GERRARD. Gerrard, at the south end of Trout Lake, is a distributing point for the Trout Lake mining division, and the present northern terminus of the Kootenay & Arrowhead Railway. GLACIER HOUSE. Glacier House, on the C. P. R.. is within thirty minutes' walk of the Great Glacier, from which, at the left. Sir Donald rises a naked" and abrupt pyramid, to a height of a mile and a quarter above the railway. This stately monolith was — YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA named after Sir Donald Smith (now Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal), one ofl the chief promoters of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Farther to the left, looking 3 from the hotel, are two or three sharp peaks, second only to Sir Donald. Roger'sB Pass and the snowy mountain beyond (a member of the Hertfnit range, which is called Grizzly, from the frequency with which bears are met upon its berry-bearingB slopes) are in full view. Again to the left comes Cheops, and in the foreground,! and far down among the trees, the Illeeillewaet glistens. Somewhat at the left of I Cheops the shoulders of Ross Peak are visible over the wooded slope of the moun-1 tain behind the hotel. The hotel is a handsome structure resembling a Swiss chalet, 1 which serves not only as a dining station for passing trains, but affords a most 1 delightful stopping place for tourists who wish to hunt, or explore the surrounding j mountains or glaciers. The Great Glacier is exactly a mile and a half away, and its slowly receding forefoot is only a few 'hundred feet above the level of the hotel. Swiss guides are stationed here during the summer months, this being a favorite; resort of mountaineers. Game is very abundant throughout these lofty ranges.! Their summits are the home of the mountain goat, which are seldom found southward of Canada. Bears can also be obtained.—Annotated Time-table C.P.R. GLENORA. Glenora, on the Stikine River, at the head of navigation, was a point of prominence while the Cassiar Central and Mackenzie & Mann's Yukon Railway were in prospect, but is now practically deserted. There is a Hudson's Bay Company's" store, and several small buildings are still there. GOLDEN. Golden is situated in the valley of the Upper Columbia River, at its junction with the Kicking Horse River. TEe town derives its importance from the fact that I it is the headquarters of navigation on the Upper Columbia River, and also the ' supply point for the country extending along the Columbia and Kootenay valleys. A great deal of lumber is exported annually from Golden, Beaver and Palliser, at which places sawmills 'are established. Mining is assuming extensive proportions, and great activity was for a time displayed in the development of the ore deposits in the McMiurdo District, Cariboo, Bugaboo Basin, and at Ottertail, in the Kicking Horse Canyon. The recorder's office for the Golden Mining District is located in the town, and contains a largo and fine collection of specimens of the mineral ores of the district. Agriculture is carried on along the Columbia Valley. The breeding of horses and cattle-raising are pursuits followed by a large number of settlers. Fishing, shooting and boating are available pastimes, the large sloughs on the Columbia River north of this town affording excellent facilities for canoeing and boating. The present population of Golden is 500. GRAND FORKS. Grand Forks is a city of which the Province and Canada have heard much during the past few years in connection with the development and progress of the Boundary country. It is situated at the junction of the North and 'South Forks of the Kettle River, two miles from the international boundary line, in a beautiful^l picturesque valley, 22 miles east of Greenwood. The valley of the Kettle River at this point is over 20 miles long, with an average width of three miles, rap resenting an area of over 40,000 acres, a large portion of which is fertile and eminently adapted for the production of grain, fruit and vegetables and cattle-raising. Much attention has been attracted to it recently for residential and farming purposes. The city owns its waterworks and electric light plant, and has several fine hotels. One of the important adjuncts of the city is the smelter of the Granby Consolidated Company, which owns and operates extensive mining properties in the Boundary District, notably the Knob Hill and Old Ironsides mines. This smelter has a present capacity of 2,000 tons of ore per day, and its success has done much to establish the reputation of the Boundary country as a mining district, and contributed largely to its prosperity. There are at present three lines of railway leading to and through Grand Forks, viz.: The Columbia & Western, from Robson to Midway, being part of the C. P. R. line; the Kettle River Valley lines, from Republic to Grand Forks; and the Victoria, Vancouver & Eastern, being an exten- . sion of the Great Northern system from Marcus via Grand Forks to Republic. Grand Forks is a port of entry, and has a mining recorder's offiee, three large sawmills, two breweries, churches, public schools, etc. Population, 1,500. GREENWOOD. Greenwood is one of the many prominent towns which have sprung up in the midst of newly-discovered mining camps; situated on Boundary Creek where Tw'n •mjy^ Creek joins it, some nine miles from its mouth. Its growth during the years 1897, 1898, 1899 and 1900 was very rapid and substantial. The Boundary Creek Times is published at Greenwood. The success of the town is dependent upon the development of rich and varied mineral resources of Central, Wellington, Skylark, Providence, Summit, Long Lake, Kimberley, Pass Creek, Deadwood, Copper, Smith's and Graham Camps, which "encircle the town and none of which are at a greater distance than nine miles. All the camps are at a higher altitude than Greenwood, so that the ores can be hauled down hill on, an easy grade. An ample supply of water and waternpower for smelting and other purposes can be secured from Boundary Creek or any of its numerous tributaries. Two smelters have been erected and are in operation—one at Greenwood and the other at Boundary Falls, a short distance below it on Boundary Creek. The route for the Columbia & Western is through the Boundary Creek valley, and the road is constructed: through it as far as Midway, nine miles further. Greenwood is reached from the west by tri-weekly stages from Penticton, a distance of 83 miles. Greenwood is pleasantly situated between hills: stands about 2,400 feet above the sea-level, and in summer is, climatically, a delightful spot to live in, while the winters are not sufficiently severe to prevent mining operations being carried on at all seasons of the year. HALCYON HOT SPRINGS. Halcyon Hot Springs, on Upper Arrow Lake, twelve miles from Arrowhead, is a favorite health resort, the waters of the springs having peculiar curative properties. A fine hotel and cottages for visitors are erected here. HARPER'S CAMP. Forty-five miles from Quesnel Forks is what is known as Harper's Camp, on the Horsefly River, where are located Senator Campbell's Miocene claim and the Ward Company's claim, operated by a hydraulic lift. At the headwaters of the Horsefly were the new discoveries made in the fall of 1901, the value and extent of which were never definitely ascertained. HARRISON HOT SPRINGS. Harrison Hot Springs, a health resort, is situated on Harrison Lake, five miles from Agassiz, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It obtains its name from the mineral springs existing there, to which a large number of persons go for treatment. The Harrison Hot Springs Hotel is located on the lake. The situation altogether is picturesque as well as healthful, and good fishing is available. A new mineral district is being opened up north of this lake. HEDLEY. Hedley City, on Twenty-Mile Creek, near Similkameen River, is another mining camp which has recently sprung into existence owing to the promising character of the mines in the vicinity. It is situated on the proposed line of the Victoria, Vancouver & Eastern Railway. KAMLOOPS. Kamloops is the oldest city of any commercial importance in the interior of the province. It is charmingly situated at the junction of the North and South Thompson Rivers, on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, in the district of Yale, 250 miles from the Pacific seaboard at Vancouver. More than 80 years ago the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading post here, and around this gradually clustered a population which carried on a very widespread commerce throughout the interior. Kamloops (which is the Indian word signifying "the meeting of the waters") was the outfitting place for the adventurous miner and trapper; and the splendid pasturage afforded by the table lands and valleys for many miles around early attracted people to the business of cattle-raising. Ranching, mining, trading and trapping were the industries which first gave Kamloops its start, and it is the progress being made in these industries, but chiefly in that of mining, which is now advancing the prosperity of Kamloops. The completion through the mountains to Eastern Canada in 1886 of the Canadian Pacific Railway ushered in a new era in the progress of this thriving city, and its growth from that time has continued steadily. In 1896 gold-copper ores were discovered on Coal Hill, about four miles south of the city, and development of one of the principal claims has demonstrated the existence of prominent ore bodies and a promising mine. . The cattle ranges adjacent and tributary to Kamloops are very extensive, and sive pasturage from vear to year to about 40.000 head of cattle. About 10,000 head are sent to market each year. Agriculture in the vicinity of the city is YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA carried on by irrigation, and wherever water can be obtained, fine crops of fruit, grain, hops, vegetables, etc., are raised, for which good prices are obtained. Ten years ago the city of Kamloops was incorporated. The city has put in a system of electric lighting and waterworks, assuring at all times a wholesome and copious supply of water for domestic purposes and an efficient protection from fire. One of the most delightful features of this city is the fine climate with which it is blessed. Sunshine is the prevailing condition the year around; there is very little wet weather; the winters are mild and not of long duration, and the spring, summer and fall seasons charming. The remarkable salubrity of the climate has made Kamloops a favorite health resort. Kamloops is well supplied with stores of general merchandise, lumber mills, schools and churches of nearly all denominations; and very many of the citizens have supplied themselves with residences of comfortable and pretty design. At Kamloops the Inland Sentinel and Standard are published. The population of Kamloops is about 1,600. The city is the seat of government for the great Yale District. The Court House and Jail are located here, as well as the land and registry offices of both Dominion and Provincial Governments. There are steamboats plying on the waters of the North and South Thompson Rivers, and in these waters also is to be found as good trout-fishing as is to be had in British Columbia. In season, grouse, duck, chickeu and deer are plentiful, so that the angler and hunter are here favored with good sport in a good climate. KASLO. The city of Kaslo is situated on the west side of Lake Kootenay, 60 miles north from the international boundary line, and 78 miles southeast from Revelstoke, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and has been incorporated afoout ten years; population, 1,680. It has a splendid water supply fey gravitation from Kaslo Creek, and good fire protection. The waterworks cost $28,000. Kaslo is the central distributing point for the Slocan mines, a large number of shipping mines being tributary to it. These may be worked all the year round, and at very little expense. The development work is very considerable, and still increasing. Splendidly equipped steamaers run on the lake, making connection with the through trains on the C. P. R., N. P. R. and Great Northern. The Kaslo & Slocan Railway (Robert Irving, general traffic manager) runs daily trains between Kaslo and Sandon, distance 29 miles, where connection is made with the C. P. R. system to Nakusp. The International Trading & Navigation Company's steamers International and Alberta and the Kaslo run daily between Kaslo and Nelson, and make connection with Five-Mile Point and the various transcontinental railways to the United States, calling at way ports such as Balfour, Ainsworth, Pilot Bay and Proctor. The steamer Kokanee, of the C. P. R., also makes daily trips to and from Nelson. Other steamers ply on the lake to Bonner's Ferry, Lardeau, Argenta and Duncan River districts. Kaslo has a feeautiful situation on a flat plateau on the lake front. There are numerous fine buildings (chiefly wooden frame), churches, school-house, public offices, sawmill (capacity 40,000 feet per day), planing mill, sash and door factory, ore sampling works, brewery and bottling works, a bank, electric light works, and numerous stores for miners' supplies, etc. . Kaslo has one newspaper, the Kootenaian. It is conceded that Kaslo is a good point for the smelting of Slocan and Duncan River lead ores, and the city is offering $50,000 bonus for the erection of a plant of 200 tons daily capacity. KELOWNA. Kelowna is situated on the east side of Okanagan Lake, 35 miles from the terminus of the Shuswap & Okanagan Railway, and has a daily service with the. fine C. P. R. boats running alternately from north to south as far as Penticton. Kelowna has a sawmill, sash and door factory, a cigar factory in which are manufactured cigars from local-grown tobacco, and a pork-packing establishment. The business of the place is largely carried on fey the Kelowna Shippers' Union, which includes among other things evaporated fruits. Kelowna is the centre of the fertile Mission Valley, which is essentially a fruit-growing district, although mixed farming is carried on as well. It may foe remarked here that the products of the whole Okanagan Valley find a market principally in the Kootenays and in the Northwest; fruit only, however, is shipped to the latter. KEREMEOS. Keremeos is situated about 35 miles southwesterly of Penticton. It is purely a mining camp. The Ollalla Mining Company is operating here, and the Nickel Plate, a large and rich mining property, in which the late Marcus Daly was interested, is situated near it, between Keremeos and Penticton. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 301 KIMBERLEY. Kimberley is the terminus of the North Star branch of the Crow's Nest Railway, and is 20 miles from Cranbrook. Near Kimberley are located the celebrated North Star and Sullivan mines, two of the largest silver properties in British Columbia, to smelt the ores of which a large plant was erected at Marysville, a few miles away. KITCHENER. Kitchener, on the Crow's Nest line of the C. P. R., 27 miles from Kootenay Landing, near which iron ore deposits are being developed, is on account of the prospective iron industry there likely to be a place of some importance in the future. LADNER. Ladner's Landing, a town on the south bank of the Fraser River, four miles from its mouth, is the business centre of Delta Municipality, one of the best agricultural districts of the province. It is largely prairie land and extremely fertile. There are also a number of salmon canneries in the vicinity, and steamers from Victoria and Vancouver to iNew Westminster and up-river points call regularly. LADYSMITH. Ladysmith is a small but thriving seaport at the entrance of Oyster Harbor, 14 miles south of Nanaimo and five miles north of Chemainus. The place took ics name from the famous town in Natal, which had been relieved after the memorable siege just about the time that its western namesake was taking shape. The streets in the British Columbia Ladysmith are all named after the celebrated generals who took part in the war, and an eminence at the northwest of the town is called Spion Kop; on the summit has been built a handsome public school. Ladysmith was called into existence by the need of the Wellington Colliery Company for a port from which to export their coal, and upon the site selected stands the busy and progressive seaport of Ladysmith. The company erected a first-class system of coal bunkers and coal-shipping wharves. The facilities at those wharves for giving quick despatch to the largest vessels are unrivalled in this country. It is the point, too, at which the C. P. R. cars are received from the Mainland ferry and sent north and south. Amongst the industries may be mentioned the Tyee Copper Company's large smelter, completed in September last; an iron foundry; the Ladysmith Lumber Company's extensive yards. Ladysmith is the centre of Newcastle distrct, and County and Licensing Courts are held there at regular intervals. The Recorder, a weekly newspaper, is published in the place. With the increased development Of the great coal areas at Wellington, Extension and nearer, and of the metalliferous deposits in the adjacent mountains, Ladysmith has,fair prospects of attaining to considerable importance. LARDEAU. Lardeau is situated at the mouth of Duncan River, and is the Kootenay Lake terminus of the Arrowhead and Kootenay Railway, which has been completed to Trout Lake, a distance of 35 miles. Population, about 100. The C. P. R. lime quarries, which supply the Trail and Hall Mines smelters, are situated here. LILLOOET. Lillooet is situated 49 miles from the C. P. R. at the town of Lytton, near the junction of Cayoose Creek and the Fraser River, on the west bank. It is the supply depot for the quartz mining district of Bridge River, and the outfitting point for big game parties in pursuit of grizzly, deer and bighorn. The Mining Recorder's office Is located at Lillooet, and considerable business is done in the purchase of piacer gold, mined from the adjacent creeks. LUMBY. Lumby is a thriving little town 16 miles east of Vernon, the centre of a prosperous agricultural district. It has a population of about 100. A sawmill is located here, and steps are being taken to put in an electric tram line from Vernon. A number of French-Canadians reside in this vicinity, and are among the most thriving and industrious of the population. MARYSVILLE. Marysville is the site of a smelter, built in connection with the Sullivan group of mines, and is 14 miles from Cranbrook, from which it is reached by railway. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ^*44J MICHEL. Michel is a coal mining camp, the proposed terminus of the Crow's Nest Southern Railway. One of the largest mines of the Crow's Nest Coal Company is being operated here, and a number of coke ovens have been built. The population is 700. MIDWAY. Midway is a town near the international boundary, in Yale, 28 miles distant irom Osoyoos. It is beautifully situated in one of the most picturesque valleys of the southern interior, on the Kettite River, and is in the centre of a farming and mining district. It is the present terminus of the Columbia & Western Railway, . and is connected by stage with the points west and north of it. MISSION CITY. Mission City is a C. P. R. junction point with its Mission branch connecting with the American system. It is 43 miles from Vancouver, on the north, side of the Fraser, and has a large area of farming lands tributary to it, which are also well adapted for fruit-growing. The Pitt Meadows, which include 40.000 acres of bottom lands being reclaimed by dyking, are contiguous to the town. Near Mission! City is located a convent conducted by Sisters of St. Ann. MORRISSEY. Morrissey is a mining town about nine miles south of Fernie, on Morrissey Creek. It is a coal mining camp, the operations here being a branch of the Crow's Nest Coal Company's general works. At this point is located one of the finest outcroppings in the whole Crow's Nest coal fields; and the Dominion Government have selected in this district their coal areas. The Crow's Nest Coal Company are building a large number of coke ovens here for the supply of the smelters. The population is between 300 and 400. MOUNT SICKER. Mount Sicker, situated near the summit of the mountain of-that name, and about 55 miles from Victoria, and several miles from Chemainus, is a flourishing mining camp. It has a good school-house, an hotel and several general stores. It is the headquarters of the Lenora, Tyee, Copper Canyon, Richard III., and other mines. The Mount Sicker Railway connects the town with Westholme and Crofton, J and there is a daily stage service to Duncan, the county town of Cowichan distric&ii MOYD3. Moyie is a mining town on Moyie Lake, where the largest silver mine in North America is situated. Population, 500. Concentrator; mine fully developed. NAKUSP. Nakusp, near the foot of Upper Arrow Lakeris the initial point of the Nakusp & Slocan branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It is prettily situated, and has a shipyard, at which the fine steamers plying on the Columbia River and Arrow Lakes are constructed. A large saw-mill is in operation. NIANAIMO. Coal was discovered at this point in the year 1850, and two years later the Hudson's Bay Company transferred their workmen from Fort Rupert to Nanaimo. At that time the old "Bastion" was erected, which is yet a prominent landmark, and is about the first item of interest to attract the eye of the visitor. From the start - Nanaimo assumed an importance peculiarly its own as the centre and chief point of the coal mining industry of British Columbia. Mining operations are carried on by the New Vancouver Coal Mining & Land 'Company, recently bought out by the Western Fuel Company, and a large number of men are employed; in these mines Asiatic labor is not utilized. This Company was the successor of the Vancouver Coal Company, which purchased its property from the Hudson's Bay Company. The Nanaimo Sawmill and Factory, owned by Mr. A. Haslam, is modern in all its appointments, and gives employment to quite a large number of men. The city possesses a shoe factory, water works (now owned by the municipality), electric light, telephone system, gas works, etc. Nanaimo was incorporated as a municipality in the year 1874, since which time it has gradually increased in importance and population until at the last census the population was given at 6,130, besides a large number of people who reside in the Five Acre Lots, just outside the corporate limits. The city is well supplied with AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 303 graded and high schools, with an efficient staff of teachers. The Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist - commodious edifices. Con Esquimalt & Nanaimo Ra: the service being daily in both instances. It is also connected' by steamer" with' Comox on the one side and Sidney on the other, and the various points intermediate. It is favourably situated for the growing of fruits, and farming is carried on to a considerable extent in the city and vicinity. NELSON. Nelson became a trading point in 1887 through the discovery of the Hall mines in the fall of 1886. Its growth was continuous, if not rapid, and it became an incorporated city in April, 1897. It has a population of 5,500, and is the third city iu the province in commercial importance. It is situated on the West Arm of Kootenay Lake, 20 miles southwest of Kootenay Lake, and is connected by railways and steamboats with Rossland, Trail, Grand Forks, Phoenix, Greenwood, Kaslo, Sandon, Cranbrook, Fernie and all the important towns and mining camps in the southeastern portion of the province. The main line of the Canadian Pacific, at Revelstoke, is reached by travelling 56 miles on railways and 130 miles on steamboats; the Crow's Nest branch of the Canadian Pacific is reached by travelling 55 miles on steamboats; the Great Northern, the Northern Pacific and the Union Pacific Railway systems are reached, within 200 miles, at Spokane, Washington, over the Nelson & Fort Sheppard Railway, and connecting roads. The Land Registry Office for both East and West Kootenay is at Nelson; the office of the Inspector of all Government Offices in the province is at Nelson, as are the offices of the District Chief of Provincial Constables, Timber Inspector, Mines Inspector, Steam Boiler Inspector, and Public Schools Inspector. Four chartered banks have branches in Nelson, and a number of wholesale houses and manufacturing industries do a prosperous business. The city owns it own electric lighting and water works, has graded) and macadamized streets, and several miles of sewers. The British Electric Traction Company, of London, England, operate an electric street car system; and the Hall Mines Company operate lead and copper smelting works. The Daily News, Weekly Tribune and Weekly Economist are the newspaper publications. The Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, Episcopalians, Roman Catholics and Salvation Army have churches. There are a number of military and athletic organizations, and last year (1902) the annual regatta of the North 'Pacific Coast Amateur Rowing Association took place at Nelson, over the finest and longest straight-away course in British Columbia. Among other mines in the immediate vicinity of Nelson is the famous Ymir mine, which paid regular dividends at the rate of 25 per cent, per annum on a capital of $1,000,000. NEW DENVER. New Denver is an important town on the east side of Slocan Lake, at the mouth of Carpenter Creek. It is nine miles from Sandon and about 40 miles west of Kaslo, and 22 miles north of Slocan City. Steamer accommodation is had daily to Roseberry, Silverton and Slocan City. There are a number of mining properties in the vicinity. The New Denver Ledge, a characteristic mining paper, is its journalistic exponent. The Canadian Pacific Railway branch from Nakusp passes close to the city. New Denver is beautifully situated on the lake, and is a residential centre and local watering place. NEW WESTMINSTER. The particulars regarding the founding and early growth of the City of New Westminster are familiar to B. C. readers, and it will not be necessary to refer at length to its history and development. It was founded in 1859. Its commanding situation on the north bank of the Fraser was the reason for its being selected as the capital of the colony of British Columbia. The city is 16 miles from- the Gulf of Georgia, 75 miles from Victoria, and 12 miles in a direct line from Vancouver City, on Burrard Inlet. By the census of 1901 it possessed a population of 6,500 inhabitants, and for practical purposes that may be taken as the population at the present time. In addition to the regular steamer communication from Victoria, Vancouver and river points, the city is connected with the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway by a braneh from Westminster Junction, and hourly communication by electric tram Hne from Vancouver, 12 miles distant, is had. The Royal City, as it is sometimes called, is the centre of the salmon-canning industry of the Fraser River, on which there are located about 44 salmon canneries. (Sailing vessels from England and other parts of the world come up the Fraser as far as New Westmm- YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ster to load lumber and salmon. The city, prior to the great fire of 1898, had a large number of splendid business blocks of brick and stone, which have been rebuilt, but not on so elaborate, though more practical scale. In many respects the city has been greatly improved as the result of the conflagration. Here are located the Dominion Penitentiary, the Provincial Asylum for the Insane, and the Provincial Gaol. The city owns its electric light system, and was the first in the province to. recognize the principle of municipal ownership in this. It also has a splendid system of waterworks. There are several large sawmills, iron, foundries, carriage and furniture factories, a city market which is very successfully carried on, cold storage, creameries and other industries. The Great Northern Railway, via Blaine, has its terminus on the opposite bank of the river, and a bridge is under contract to connect the two shores at this point, and permit railways to enter from the south. There is one daily newspaper, the Columbian; a number of churches, a Methodist college, and good schools. New Westminster City is the centre and chief market town of New Westminster District, which, in respect to farming development, is foremost in the province, and upon the agricultural wealth of the district and the salmon canneries-of the Fraser River its future must largely depend. PEACHLAND. Peachland is a new settlement, largely made up of retired settlers from the Northwest,. who have come here for residential purposes or to engage in fruit farming. Peachland is beautifully situated on Okanagan Lake, and as a residential point, especially from the standpoint of climate and scenery, has everything to recommend it. Two hundred is about the present limit of the population. PENTICTON. Penticton is a stopping place at the foot of Okanagan Lake, where connection is made with the steamers from the north and the stages to the south to the Boundary and Similkameen countries. PHOENIX. Phoenix is one of the towns of the mining district of Boundary, which had a remarkable growth as a result of the development of such mines as the Knob Hill and Old Ironsides and other phenomenal properties there and in the vicinity. It came into existence in 1899 and 1900, and now has a population of 1,200, with a branch line of railway, incorporation, a live newspaper and other adjuncts of a city. PILOT BAY. Pilot Bay is the site of a smelter, which is not now in operation. It is an outfitting point for prospectors for the St. Mary's country. The Davies-Sayward sawmill at this point is operating with a large force of men. PORT MOODY. Port Moody, at the head of Burrard Inlet, was the former terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, from which place the line was subsequently extended to Vancouver. At the time the C. P. R. was completed to that point there was considerable activity in real estate, and Port Moody promised to become what Vancouver is to-day, but the change of terminus suspended all building operations. With the growth of industries around the shores of Burrard Inlet, it will undoubtedly yet assume a considerable degree of importance. The sawmill industry is already assuming large proportions, which will react on the future of the place. PORT SIMPSON. Port Simpson is a Hudson's Bay 'Company post on the northwest coast of British Columbia, near Alaska, 640 miles north of Victoria. A large village of Tsimpshean Indians is located here, and in connection with this there is a Methodist mission and several industries. The harbour at Port Simpson is a good one, and for this reason it was at one time regarded as a possible terminus of the Canadian' Pacific Railway, and it is considered as a probable terminus of the Canadian Northern, under construction east of the Rockies, or of the Grand Trunk Pacific; much attention has been attracted to it recently for that reason. PRINCETON. Princeton is situated at the forks of the Similkameen and Tulameen Rivers. It is the centre of a large mining and ranching district. Here are several hotels and stores, and a local newspaper. The more important mining camps are those on FALLS ON BOULDER CREEK. H. B. Co.'s POST, FORT St. JOHN, PEACE RIVER. THE SKEENA RIVER. Copper and Kennedy Mountains, respectively. Outcrops of coal are to be seen in the bed of the Similkameen River near by. The seams here exposed vary in thickness from 6 to 20 feet. So far as ascertained, the coal basin comprises an area of about 50 square miles, and the establishment of collieries in this neighbourhood promises to become an important industry in the near future. Railway surveys have been made from Princeton to Hope and to Spence's Bridge, on the main line of the C. P. R., and to Penticton in the opposite direction. There is a wagon road from here to Spence's Bridge, and a trail to Hope. QUESNEiL. Quesnel, named after one of the men who accompanied Simon Fraser on his memorable voyage down the Fraser River, is a town at the mouth of the Quesnel River in the Cariboo District. It is 225 miles from Ashcroft and has a flour and a saw mill. Population about 500. QUESNiEL FORKS. Quesnel Forks is a small mining camp situated at the junction of the North and South Forks of the Quesnel River, with a population of about 50 or 100 persons. Near here is located the vast hydraulic plant of the Cariboo Consolidated Company, managed by H. B. Hobson, formerly of California, who has expended in the neighbourhood of $1,500,000 in the development of this mammoth property. REVELSTOKE. On the navigable waters of the great Columbia iRiver where crossed by the Canadian Pacific Railway's main line, Revelstoke is admirably situated as an entrepot of trade for the West Kootenay ©ist^ct, among the principal towns of which it must always be numbered. Reliable business houses of national as well as provincial reputation have established warehouses there, and the Canadian Pacific Railway management has centralized there the business of the Pacific Division as much as possible. Revelstoke is also surrounded by the mineral fields of Big Bend, Jordan Pass, Albert Canyon, Illeeillewaet, Lardeau and Trout Lake, and is for them the chief point of supply. As these camps (now coming rapidly into public favour) progress and are developed, a local as well as district trade is secured to Revelstoke, and a steady growth is noticeable in this respect, the population steadily increasing. It has splendid hotel accommodation, banking, postal and daily mails, and other business facilities; churches, schools, newspapers, societies, and all the advantages of a place much larger. It occupies a splendid site (affording immense room for expansion), is surrounded by magnificent scenery, and has a very mild and fairly equable climate. All hardy plants, fruits and grasses grow well. Population of Revelstoke and immediate surroundings, over 2,000. ROBSON. Rofoson, on the Columbia River, is the terminus of the Columbia & Kootenay Railway, 12 miles below Lower Arrow Lake. A bridge has been constructed here by the C. P. R. to connect the Columbia ••& Kootenay Railway with the Columbia & Western Railway at West Robson. ROOK CREEK. Rock Creek is an old mining camp on the Kettle River nearly midway between Midway and Camp McKinney. Rock Creek was the scene of a very considerab e placer mining excitement in early days. RjOSSLAND. Rossland, population 7,000, is situated on a slope of a basin formed by Red, Monte Christo, Columbia, Look Out, Lake, and Deer Park Mountains, sevek miles west of Trail, on the Columbia, and eight miles north of the International Boundary. Communication is had with the Columbia River by the Columbia & Western Railway to Trail, by which also it is connected with the system of steamships on the Arrow Lakes. It is also connected by the Red Mountain Railway with the Spokane Falls & Northern Railway at Northport, 18 miles distant on the Columbia River and 150 miles distant from the City of Spokane. The townsite was taken up originally in 1892 as a pre-emption by Ross Thompson after whom .the city is named. It was surveyed as a townsite in 1894 and incorporated in 1897. Rossland owes its importance to the immense deposits of iron and copper pyrritic ore carrying gold in the hills surrounding it. These are represented by such well- known properties as the Le Roi, War Eagle, the Centre Star, Giant, Velvet, Le YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Roi No. 2, and many others, which are fully described in the chapter on mining. On account of its elevated position, the difficulty of carrying out a system of public works was unusually great but this has been very successfully accomplished. The city has not only good streets and sidewalks, but it has a complete water;* system and 'electric light plant, sewers and drains. An electric power plant used principally for mining purposes has been installed at Bonnington Falls on the Kootenay River and forms splendid and continuous water power for the surrounding mines and for .the smelter at Trail. It has also saw mills, a brewery, an opera house, local and long-distance telephone communication, and a number of churches representing the principal religious denominations. It is headquarters for a large number of (mining companies operating in Kootenay and Yale. There are excellent: educational facilities, with the usual quota of banks, telegraph, express and other companies operating in British .Columbia. It has a School of Mines, good hotel accommodation, a social club, and various athletic associations. The Rossland Miner and Rossland World, daily papers, are published. SALMO. Salmo is a mining town on the Nelson & Fort Sheppard Railway, which was laid out about 1893. It is situated 32 miles north of the International Boundary and is in the vicinity of a number of mining properties. SALMON -ARM. (Salmon Arm is a station on the main line of the O. P. R., 316 miles- east of Vancouver. It is situated on an arm of Shushwap Lake, and has in the vicinity a considerable extent of farming country. SANDON. Sandon is situated in about the centre of what is known as the wet ore belt of the Slocan District, the ore being mostly galena and carbonates. The first locations were the Payne group, Slocan Star, Noble Five group, Reco and Washington, in 1891. The townsite was located as a mineral claim in 1892 by J. M. Harris, but nothing was done toward laying out the town till January, 1896. About that time two railroads—the Kaslo & Slocan, from Kootenay Lake, and the Canadian Pacific^ from the Upper Arrow Lake—made Sandon their terminus, and the town began to grow rapidly. At the present time it has a population of about 2,000, with water system, electric light, fire department, public school, theatre, Methodist and Presbyterian churches, lodges of the different secret orders, and a newspaper—the Mining^ Review. Six concentrators have been erected in the vicinity of Sandon—the Slocan Star, Noble Five, Washington, Alamo, Ivanhoe and Ruth. Cody, one mile east, ancfcl Three Forks, two miles west of Sandon, have good mines and are promising points. The town is incorporated and is considered one of the typical mining towns of British^ Columbia. SHAWNIGAN LAKE. Shawnigan Lake is 28 miles from Victoria, on the E. & N. Railway, and is an important pleasure resort, largely frequented, especially foy residents of Victoria. There are two first-class hotels, and the lake abounds with trout. Game, large and simall, is abundant in the surrounding country, u. . SICAMOUS. .Sicamous, 385 miles east of Vancouver, is the point on the main line of the C. P. R. from which the Shushwap and Okanagan foran.cn runs to Okanagan Landing, afoout 50 miles distant. The C. P. R. has an hotel at this point. both Sidney is the terminus of the Victoria Terminal Railway, from which point a railway ferry connects with the Mainland. It is 16 miles from Victoria, near the head of the Saanich Peninsula, and is in a very prosperous district. SILVERTON. Silverton is a mining camp on Slocan Lake, at the mouth of Four-Mile Creek, four miles from New Denver, nine miles from Rosehery, on the Nakusp & Slocan Railway, from which point there is a daily steamer via New Denver. The townsite, which has a number of producing mines at the back of it, was started in 1897. There is telephone communication with New Denver and Sandon. Silverton is a very AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION prettily situated town and an ideal spot for tourists and summer residents. It is kept clean and neat, and is an attractive resort. SLOCAN. Slocan is a mining town at the south end of Slocan Lake, 18 miles from Denver and 30 miles from Rosebery, at which latter place there is daily steamer connection with the trains of the Nakusp i& Slocan Railway. Slocan was incorporated as a town in 1901, and has a population of nearly a thousand. It is situated at the mouth of Springer Creek at the head of iSlocan River. - Slocan is the distributing point for the rich groups of mines up Springer and Lemon Creeks. On Springer Creek, quite near the town, there is a good water power. The Slocan Drill is the newspaper of the place. Daily connection with Nelson is afforded by railway to Slocan Crossing. SLOCAN JUNCTION. Slocan Junction is a station on the Columbia & Kootenay Railway, 13 miles from Nelson, where the branch of the Columbia >& Kootenay leaves for Slocan City, 32 miles distant. SODA GREEK. Soda Creek is situated on the lower bank of the Fraser River, 56 miles below Quesnel, at the lower end of navigation on the Upper Fraser River. It is surrounded by a prosperous ranching district, in which stock-raising and general agriculture are carried on. SPENCE'S BRIDGE. Spence's Bridge, on the main line of the C. P. R., is 178 miles east of Vancouver and is bisected by the Thompson River. It is the point from which the Nicola Valley and Similkameen country is reached, 45 miles to Nicola Lake, and 110 miles to [Princeton. The district here is well adapted for fruit-growing, including among its products peaches, melons, grapes, etc, though these are only grown in a limited way as yet. STEVESTON. Steveston is a fishing village at the mouth of the South Arm of the Fraser River, and is the chief town of Richmond municipality. It is surrounded by numerous salmon canneries, to which it owes its existence. There is regular communication by steamers from Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster and river points. The'Vancouver & Lulu Island Railway, projected by the C. P. R., which has its terminus here, was completed last year. A. railway bridge across the North Arm of the Fraser, connecting the Lulu Island, has been constructed. The agricultural interests of Richmond municipality, which is principally alluvial in character, are steadily improving, and with the advent of the railway values have been materially enhanced. SUMMIT CITY. Summit City is a townsite between Eholt and Phoenix on the Phoenix branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway. TELEGRAPH CREEK. Telegraph Creek, is the point where the old telegraph line was to have crossed the Stikine, and where as a matter of fact the new telegraph line crosses the river. It is a divisional point and the headquarters of the inspector; it is the supply point for the Dease Lake Mining Division. Several hotels and stores are located here. The population consists of about 50 whites and several hundred Indians. THREE FORKS. Three Forks is a mining town on the Nakusp & Slocan Railway, 33 miles from Nakusp and two miles from Sandon. Alamo is one mile west of Three Forks, where a concentrator is located. TRAIL. Trail, situated on the Columbia River, six miles north of the international boundary line, seven miles in a direct line from Rossland'—14 miles by railway—is the site of a smelter of the Canadian Smelting & Refining Company, with a capacity of 1,500 tons of ore per day. To the smelting plant there has recently been added YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA a refinery plant for the purpose of treating the silver-lead ores of Slocan. It is the terminus of the C. P. R. line of steamers plying between that point and Arrow-- head, at the mouth of the Arrow Lakes. Besides the business incidental to the demands of the large staff of men employed at the smelter and in the mining proper-~ ties of the vicinity, an excellent supply trade is done with mining camps along the Columbia River. There are excellent hotels, and religious services are regularly held by Roman Catholic, Episcopal, Presbyterian and Methodist denominations. TROUT LAKE. Trout Lake is a town of 500 inhabitants, situated at the head of Trout Lake, and is connected by steamer with the Arrowhead and Kootenay Railway terminus at the foot of the lake, Gerrard townsite. In addition to the mines-referred to as tributary to Ferguson, Trout Lake has three mining camps tributary to and surrounding the lake. The location is picturesque and residentially charming. VANCOUVER. Vancouver is called the Terminal City because it is the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columfoia, and on account of that fact and its situation on Burrard Inlet, one of the finest natural harbours in the world, it has acquired the importance it has during the last decade, within which period it was created and has grown to its present proportions. Early in its existence it was swept 'by fire, fout the loss it then sustained only tended as a further stimulus to the exertions of the citizens. Vancouver, from its position, has always been regarded as a city with a future. As the terminus of the C. P. R., with its multifarious connections, and as a natural seaport, it has every prospect of, and is surrounded foy the proper'conditions I for becoming one of the great shipping marts of the Pacific Coast. At present Burrard Inlet is the centre of the lumber trade of British Columbia, and the shipping I port of the Australian and Oriental steamers running in connection with the Cana- I dian Pacific Railway. The city itself was laid out on a comprehensive scale and I made rapid growth. The authorities early applied themselves to the problems of water supply, sewerage, street paving, electric light and tramways, etc., and succeeded in completing satisfactory and substantial systems. Its paved streets and fine water supply are two things of which its citizens are especially proud. Vancouver is the only city in Canada, and among the very few in America, which has adopted the septic tank system of disposing of sewage. Results have been highly satisfactory, and as a consequence the city has become a point of special interest in connection with this system. It possesses many churches, good schools, several social clubs, a fine theatre, fraternal and benevolent orders in abundance, athletic associations, etc. Conspicuous among the last-named is the Brockton Point Association, which has done much in the direction of encouraging athletic sports in British Columbia and on the Coast. Industrially it has made good progress. Its principal industries are lumbering, sugar refining, jute and cooperage works, iron works (including the C. P. R. shops), fruit-preserving, furniture and candy factories. One of the largest shingle factories in the world is located here. At English Bay, near the city limits, is good bathing, where very modern facilities have been provided for the convenience of bathers; and with Stanley Park, a very large reserve of 950 acres, form the principal pleasure resorts. The beach at English Bay is one of the best natural bathing points on the Coast, and will eventually become a noted bathing place. A number of large wholesale firms have established themselves in Vancouver and are competing successfully for a share of the business of the province. As a distributing point for the province it is attracting increased attention. The population at the last general census (1901) was 26,000. Vancouver is surrounded foy the very finest scenery, having on all sides the elements which go to make up the picturesque. Burrard Inlet lies to the north, with a broad expanse of two or three miles. Beyond, the slopes rise gradually to the foot of the Coast Range of mountains, which then attain a height of about 4,000 feet; their lofty broken crests form a most impressive view. The business portion of the city is located on a peninsula, False Creek to the south, and Burrard Inlet, as mentioned, to the north. The surface rises gradually from the water's edge on both sides to a central elevation of about 100 feet, affording an ideal site for a city from a commercial, sanitary and scenic point of view. The city was incorporated in 1886. What at that time was primeval forest of Douglas fir is now a well laid out centre of population and business, with its business streets paved with bituminous rock or wood block pavement, and lined with handsome stone and brick buildings. It has 160 miles of streets graded, 95 miles of sidewalks, 39 miles of sewers, 51 miles of water-main, and 282 hydrants. A fine electrical tramway service is in operation, and the streets are well lighted by arc AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION 309 lights. The waterworks, which cost the city $1,000,000, is a gravity system, the water being brought by submerged mains across the Narrows of Burrard Inlet from Capilano Creek, which is fed by the glaciers and snows of the Coast Range of mountains, giving the inhabitants a supply of the coldest and purest of water. The receipts for water rates for 1901 were $82,076. The assessed valuation of the city for the same year was $16,512,830. The News-Advertiser, World, Province and Ledger are published. VERNON. Vernon is the centre and chief supply point for the Okanagan District, which ^contains several large agricultural valleys of peculiar promise. It is the terminus of the Shuswap & Okanagan Railway, 46 miles from Sicamous Junction, and has, in addition io the Government Offices, a branch of the Bank of Montreal, and a newspaper—the News—which has creditably reflected the enterprise of the district. There is daily communication via the Canadian Pacific Railway with the southern ^'country, and as far as the Boundary by means of steamers on Okanagan and Dog Lakes, and by stages with various points of the district. Some attention has been llpirected to mineral development in the vicinity, but up to the present development has been limited. The city is beautifully situated and the climate is healthful and exhilarating, and will undoubtedly attract a large population of farmers and small holders from other points in Canada, seeking for such conditions as exist there. Already the large estates are being divided up, and settlers from the Northwest are coming in. A movement is on foot also to connect Vernon with the valleys by short lines of light railway. The surrounding country affords good facilities for fishing and shooting. The whole Okanagan country is very picturesque. VICTORIA. Victoria is the Capital and oldest city of British Columbia, and its history from the outset up until about 15 years ago is practically the history of the Province. Its nucleus of growth was the old Hudson's Bay Company's fort erected in 1843. The city was laid out in 1851 and incorporated in 1862. The fact to which, however, it oWes its greatest stimulus in the way of development, was the gold rush in 1858, when it suddenly grew into a city of tents with from 20,000 to 30,000 inhabitants. This population was, however, of a very temporary character and it subsequently dwindled down to much smaller proportions. The city after 1858 experienced many ups and downs, its fortunes varying with those of mining development,. Between the years of 1881 and 1891 the population increased very rapidly. At the latter date it was 16,800 according to the official census. Its growth since has been steady and substantial. The population in 1901 was, officially, 21,000. Victoria is very beautifully situated on the southeastern part of Vancouver Island, overlooking the waters of Juan de Fuca Strait with the O'lym- pian Mountains in the background. The view from all sides is very picturesque, and its many attractions from a scenic and other points of view have made it a great tourist resort. (Latterly much has been done in the way of block pavement and macadamizing, and in the planting of trees and shrubs to render the city beautiful, and work in this direction is still going on. The James Bay mud flats are ■being filled in, a handsome retaining wall has been erected and an hotel, built by the C. P. R., will occupy part of the reclaimed area. Owing to the attractions of Victoria, already enumerated', the favorable climatic and residential conditions generally promise a future peculiarly its own. Its numerous home-like residences, and profusion of flowers by which it is surrounded, are always favourably commented upon by visitors, and added to these are the different pleasure resorts easy of access, including GB*eacon Hill Park, the Gorge, Oak Bay, Esquimalt, where the Naval Station of the North Pacific Squadron is located. The city owns its own waterworks and electric lighting and has a very complete system of electric tram lines and lighting, owned by a private company. Its shipping trade is a large one, and its industries, of which there are a number, include oatmeal mils, iron foundries, machine shops, furniture and biscuit factories, chemical works, fruit preserving, pickling and spice factories, soap factories, and powder works. The Government Buildings and the new Government House are interesting and attractive structures. If is well supplied with schools, churches, and social and athletic associations. It is a port of call for all the trans-HPacifie steamship lines to the Orient and Australia, and has communication with iSan Francisco, the Sound points, and all ports as far north as Alaska. The Victoria Colonist and Times are the morning and evening papers, respectively. WELLINGTON. Wellington is the terminus of the E. & IN. Railway, five miles from Nanaimo by the railway, on Departure Bay. It was formerly a place of very considerable YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA importance and an incorporated town. Since the closing down of the mines there the greater part of the population has left. It still retains the machine shops of the E. & N. Railway Company. WHITEWATER. Whitewater is a mining town in the Slocan District, 17 miles from Kaslo, on the Kaslo & Slocan Railway. It is the shipping point for the Whitewater, Jackson and other mines in the vicinity. Population, about 100. , WINDERMERE. * Windermere is the site of the mining record office for the Windermere division, and is situated on Windermere Lake, which is an expansion of the Kootenay, about midway between Golden on the mam line of the C.P.R. and Fort Steele in East Kootenay. It is the centre of a promising mining district. YALE. Yale was formerly the site of a Hudson's Bay Company post, and in early days and also during the construction of the C. P. R., was a town of very considerable importance, being at the head of navigation and the gateway into the anterior. It is 102 miles from Vancouver. It possesses a first-class ladies' school, conducted by the Anglican Sisters. ADDENDA. In the following list is a number of places that have been inadvertantly omitted in the regular order in the foregoing, and are given here alphabetically :— 'Alert Bay, on Cormorant Island, ds one of the calling points of the steamers going north. It is 231 miles from Victoria and five miles above Beaver Cove. There is a large Indian village here, with an Indian burying ground and a large totem pole which are conspicuous from the steamer and always attract attention. There are a salmon cannery and a saw-mill located at this place. Nimkish River, J the mouth of which is opposite Cormorant Island, is a famous fishing stream. Bamfield is the Canadian terminus of the new Pacific cable. It is situated at the mouth of Bamfield Creek on the east side of Barkley Sound north of Cape Beale. The cable station, with a staff of operators, and officials is located here. Bella Coola is a settlement on the Bella Coola River at the head of Bentinck Arm, an extension of Burke Channel, 325 miles from (Nanaimo. At this point has been located a colony of Norwegians. There is considerable farming land in the valley and conditions are favorable to agricultural development. This is the point where Sir Alexander Mackenzie reached the Pacific Coast on his memorable overland journey in 1793. From here into the interior is one of the best available routes for a trans-continental railway, being the most direct to and through the Rocky Mountains and possessing the easiest gradients. Bullion is a new mining town in Cariboo, four miles north of Quesnel Forks. It is the direct result of the extensive operations of the Cariboo Consolidated Mining Company. Camborne, a new mining camp with sudden and remarkable growth, is situated at the mouth of Bull River, Fish River Basin. It is seven miles northeast of Comaplix, in the heart of a new district very rich in.minerals. Canterbury is a new mining camp three miles south of Wilmer at the northwest end of Windermere 'Lake, near the mouth of the Columbia River. Cape Scott is the site of the Danish settlement at the extreme northwest corner of Vancouver Island, 300 miles from Victoria, with a steamer connection with the latter once a month. Central Park is a residential suburb of Vancouver, six miles east of Carroll Street, and is connected with Vancouver and New Westminster by the B.C. Electric Railway. Is is surrounded by a number of residences built on small holdings purchased from the Government. Clayoquot is situated on Meares Island, Clayoquot Sound, 150 miles from Victoria and is the principal settlement between that city and Quatsino. There "My^yj AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION are a large Indian population and a number of whites the principal industries carried on. (Cobble Hill is on the DE. & N. Railway centre of an agricultural settlement. Mining and saw-milling are 31 miles from Victoria, and is1 the six miles from Cumberland, on the Courtney is a village in Comox District, Courtney River. Population about 100. Denoro is a townsite in Summit mining camp, two miles from Eholt, and is so named from an adjacent mine. Erie is a mining camp on the Nelson &, Fort Sheppard Railway on the north fork of the Salmon River. It is 32 miles from 'Nelson and 28 miles from the American boundary. Extension, near the Extension Coal Mines, the largest on Vancouver Island, depends upon the mining industry entirely. Coal is shipped from here to Ladysmith, a distance of 12 miles. Large numbers of men are employed here by the Wellington collieries. FERNIE. Fernie is 146 miles from Kootenay Landing, on the Crow's Nest Pass Railway, and is the most important town in East Kootenay. It sprang into life as the consequence of the extensive operations of the Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company in coal mining and the manufacture of coke at that point. It is situated at the junc- ' tion of jCoal Creek and the Elk River and has a population of over 3,000 persons. About 500 coke ovens are in operation and from these are supplied all the smelters of the interior with coke. Fort Graham is a Hudson's Bay Company's post on Findlay River, 50 miles north of the junction of Parsnip and Peace Rivers. Fort MoLeod is a Hudson's Bay Company's trading post at the north end of MeLeod Lake, 85 miles northeast of Fort St. James. Fort Rupert is a trading post on Hardy Bay near the north end of Vancouver /Island. It was here, the first coal mining on Vancouver Island was carried on by the Hudson's Bay Company, who had a fort and trading post at this point. The mining plant was subsequently removed to Nanaimo. Fort St. George is a Hudson's Bay Company's trading post on the Fraser River, 90 miles from Quesnel. Fort St. James is a Hudson's Bay Company trading post on the south end of Stuart's Lake, 160 miles southeast of Hazelton. There is a large Indian Reserve in the vicinity. Fraser's Lake is a trading post on Fraser Lake, the headwaters of the Fraser River, about 150 miles from the mouth of the Quesnel River. Fredericton is j from Nelson. townsite on Toad Mountain, near the Hall Mines, eight miles Galena is a mining camp on the Columbia River, 42 miles from Golden in the East Kootenay District. Granite Creek is a mining camp situated on the forks of the Tulameen River, 60 miles from Lower Nicola. Placer mining for gold and platinum is carried on, also cattle raising. It is 77 miles from Hope and 110 miles from Spence's Bridge. Hanceville, in the Chilcoten country, is situated on the Chilcoten River, 40 miles above its mouth. It may be regarded as the outpost of settlement in the Cariboo District. Hazelton is a village situated 153 miles from the mouth of the Skeena River at the point where the Kispyox River on the north and the Bulkley River on the south join the Skeena. It is the point of entrance into the northern interior, both north and south. The Hudson's Bay Company and another line of steamers ply as far as Hazelton from Port Essington during the season navigation is open. Hope, an old town on the south side of the Fraser River about 90 miles from the mouth. Hope Station is on the opposite side of the river. It is from this point that entrance is made into the Similkameen country over Hope Mountain. Huntingdon is situated at the International Boundary line at the point where the Mission branch of the C. P. R. connects with the Bellingham Bay & British Columbia Railway. It has a population of about 170. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Illeeillewaet, a mining camp and station of the C. P. R., 28 miles east of Revelstoke. Inverness is a fishing and trading station near the mouth of the Skeena River, where there is an Indian Mission and a large salmon cannery. Keithley Creek is a mining camp in Cariboo, distant 210 miles from Ashcroft and 18 miles northeast of Quesnel. It was an important gold mining section in the palmy days of Cariboo. Kimberley is a mining town which has grown up in East Kootenay as a result of extensive mining developments and is in proximity to the North Star and Sullivan mines. A branch of the Canadian Pacific Railway has been built to Kimberley, a distance of 18 miles. Kincolith is a settlement at the mouth of the Naas River, where a saw-mill and an English Church Mission station are situated. Kootenay Landing is the western terminus of the Crow's Nest Pass Railway, from which point cars are ferried to Nelson, 55 miles distant. Kuskanook, a town situated at the south end of the Kootenay Lake. During the construction of the Crow's Nest Pass Railway it enjoyed somewhat of a boom. It is the present terminus of the Nelson & Bedlington Railway, 52 miles distant from Nelson. Laggan is a station on the main line of the C. P. R. which marks the boundary line between British Columbia and the Northwest Territories. In the vicinity of Laggan are many objects of scenic interest which attract the tourist. Laketon is a trading post in the Cassiar District on Dease Lake, 80 miles from the Stikine. It is the official centre of the North Cassiar District. Langley, 15 miles from New Westminster on the south side of the Fraser River, ' is a landing point for a large and prosperous agricultural district, including Langley Prairie. Liverpool, otherwise known as South Westminster, was laid out as a new town some years ago. It is situated on the Fraser River opposite New Westminster City. I Manson Town is a mining camp on Manson River, dn the Omineca District, where the Arctic Slope Mining Company, the Forty-Third Mining & Milling Company and other companies are in operation. Metlakahtla is a celebrated Indian Mission Station on Timpshean Peninsula,; between Port Essington and Port iSimpson. It was here that Mr. Duncan carried on his missionary work before he left for New Metlakahtla, taking with him H large number of his Indian adherents. It is still an important mission station. McGuigan, on the Kaslo >& Slocan Railway line, 28 miles from Kaslo, is an important point for a group of silver-lead mines. Has a population of about 200. North Bend is a divisional town on the main line of the C. P. R., 129 miles east of Vancouver. It is very prettily situated and the C. P. R. hotel and beautiful grounds surrounding them are very picturesque and attractive. INorthfield, two and a-half miles from Nanaimo on the main road to Wellington, is where the New Wellington coal was mined by the New Vancouver Coal Company. The shaft there is not now in operation. North Vancouver is practically a suburb of the City of Vancouver, on the north side of Burrard Inlet, communication foeing maintained by ferry. Okanagan Falls was laid out as a townsite in 1900, at the foot of Dog Lake, 74 miles from Okanagan Landing. Ollalla is a new townsite laid out on Keremeos Creek near Keremeos by the OUalla Copper Refining and Smelting Company. One Hundred and Fifty Mile House is one of the important stage stations on the Cariboo road, 135 miles from Ashcroft, and is a distributing point for a number of hydraulic mines. Port Kells is a settlement on the South Fraser River, near New Westminster. It was laid out as a townsite in 1890. Rivers Inlet is an important stopping place and fishing village at the head of Rivers Inlet, 326 miles from Vancouver. "•4ii|^ LAKE LOUISE. A GREAT GLACIER. ■V^ CENSUS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. THE decennial census-taking of Canada occurred in 1901. The first volume of census returns has recently been issued by the Census Commissioner. From it there have been extracted the following tables respecting British Columbia. There have also been added some particulars that appeared in previous bulletins; and the particulars of the first census taken in British Columbia in 1871, prior to entering Confederation. It is unnecessary in view of the complete details given to make comment, except to note the steady and remarkable expansion shown in the population of the (Province, especially during the past two decades. CENSUS RETURNS, 1901. Districts and S. Districts. Area in acres. Houses. Families. Population. Male. Female. Canada British Columbia 2,316,684,071 236,922,177 119,794,762 119,789,671 5091 4,421,687 206,592 195,895 1,971,200 3,700 2,044,300 7,793,049 3,451,392 2,539,008 640,000 435,200 630 111,513 469,386 89,600 56,320 43,251 12,077 15,162 14,118 1,894 104,869,428 59,715,688 • 3,829,760 6,528,000 4.428,800 5,145,600 1,418,240 3,389,690 1,546,240 2.688,000 4,224,000 7,270,610 4,684,800 1,028,892 36,938 7,209 ( 524 1 161 I 931 5,593 5,128 838 1,108 891 1,206 1,085 5,638 870 705 677 116 1,279 326 1,116 323 226 4,669 291 34 283 4,061 14,294 708 150 741 451 1,264 1,650 766 3,481 1,212 1,160 856 1,855 1,070,747 38,445 7,942 525 161 1,443 5,813 5,191 842 1,119 906 1,234 1,090 5,917 1,098 708 682 128 1,291 327 1,131 326 226 4,752 296 34 284 4,138 14,643 757 155 746 452 1,406 '776 3,540 1,216 1,179 860 1,859 5,371,315 178,657 42,060 2,042 770 12,238 27,010 23,822 3,680 5,074 3,767 6,499 4,802 27,198 4,181 3,493 3,613 504 6,130 1,439 5,146 1,656 1,036 23,688 1,191 160 1,418 20,919 61,889 3,507 789 3,196 1,938 6,508 7,102 3,003 14,603 5,321 4,930 3,837 7,155 2,751,708 114,160 26,060 1,826 479 7,777 15,978 15,017 2,106 3,288 2,203 3,960 3,460 16,968 2,286 2,494 2,471 308 3,488 788 3,427 1,083 623 14,275 702 105 850 12,618 41,840 2,462 553 1,870 1,382 4,653 4,885 • 2,038 10,214 3,962 3,097 2,519 4,205 2,619,607 64,497 16,000 Bennett and Atlin ^ Cassiar (Stikine) > s> Cassiar (Skeena) j 216 291 4,461 11,032 New Westminster B 1 Chilliwack Delta Dewdney New Westminster, City 8,805 1,574 1,786 1,564 2,539 1,342 10,230 Alberni Comox Cowichan Esqnimalt (part) Nanaimo, City Nanaimo, North Nanaimo, South 1,895 999 1,142 196 2,642 651 1,719 573 Victoria, South Victoria 413 9,413 489 Metchosin Victoria 55 568 8,301 20,049 1,045 Lillooet, East 236 1,326 556 1,855 Kootenay, W.—O., Nelson R. Kootenay, W.—0., Revelstoke R. Kootenay, W.—O., Rossland R... Kootenay. W.—0., Slocan R Yale, East Yale, North 2,217 965 4,389 1,359 1,833 1,318 2,950 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA CENSUS RETURNS, 1901. Single. Married. Widowed. Divorced. Male. Female. Male. Female. (Male. Female. M. F. 1,748,582 75,093 17,220 9,419 10,330 9,014 29,110 1,564,011 35,274 8,844 4,847 5,329 5,159 11,095 928,952 36,429 8,228 5,260 6,164 4,941 11,836 904,091 26,090 6,323 3,565 4,307 3,616 8,278 73,837 2,586 610 331 467 313 865 151,181 3,096 832 387 587 629 661 337 52 7 7 7 29 Vi 37 1 6 7 q 14 ORIGINS OF THDEJ PEOPLE. ^English 52,863 Irish 20,658 Scotch 31,068 Others 1,814 •French 4,600 German 5,807 Dutch 437 Scandinavian 4,880 {Russian 1,143 Austro-Hungarian 1,377 Italian . (Jewish . Swiss ... Belgian 1,976 543 249 410 Half-Breeds 3,461 Indian Chinese and Japanese. Negro Various origins Unspecified NATIOiNOALITIES. American (U.S.) 10,088 Austro-Hunigarian 871 Belgian 161 Canadian 144,989 Chinese 14,201 Dutch . . Danisfo . French . German Grecian Italian . 23 271 178 602 31 1,010 Japanese . . Norwegian . Rumanian . Russian . .. Spanish . .. Swedish ... Siwiss Turkish . .. Various ... Unspecified 25,488 19,482 532 479 1,390 3,516 365 1 601 28 850 83 • 20 BIRTHPLACE OF THE PEOPLE. Bbitish Born 132,085 British Islands. Canada 99,612 British (Columbia 59,589 Manitoba 2,203 INew 'Brunswick 2,839 Nova Scotia 4,603 Ontario 23,642 (Prince Edward Island 1,180 Quebec 4,329 The Territories 991. Unorganized Territories Canada, not given 236 30,6 England 19,385 Ireland 3,957 Scotland 6,457 'Wales 710 Lesser Isles 12tf^> British Possessions " 1,843 Australia 378 India 196 Newfoundland 953 New Zealand 203 'South Africa 14 Other Possessions 99 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Hill! M Year. 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 Year. 6,278 3,847 3,266 1,909 1,177 563 270 90-94 95-00 Not given Total 61 19 18 15,203 178,657 IMMIGRANTS. When immigrated: Before 1851 618 1851-1855 440 1856-1860 1,028 1861-1865 1.312 1866-1870 1,423 1871-1875 2,198 1)876-1880 3,467 1881-1885 7,351 1886-1890 12,885 1891-1895 14 280 1896-1900 27,273 1901, 31st March 1,845 Not given 4.551 Total 78,621 Number of males 57,238 Number of females 21,303 Whence immigrated: England Ireland (Scotland Wales Lesser Isles Australasia India Newfoundland New Zealand Other possessions 199 953 203 92 Austria-Hungary ". 1,153 Belgium 312 China 14,516 Denmark 351 France 429 Germany 1,478 Italy 1,470 Japan 4,515 Norway and 'Sweden 2,742 Russia 1,007 59 168 17,164 116 1,687 19,388 3,957 6,457 710 12J Spain and Portugal 'Switzerland United States Iceland All other countries Summary. British Islands iBritish possessions Foreign countries 30,629 1,825 46,167 78,621 POPULATION TOWNS AND VILLAGE'S. Alberni 502 Greenwood Port Moody 539 Kamloops .. Vancouver 26,103 Kaslo New Westminster 6,499 Moyie .... Cumberland 1,149 Nelson .... Rossland 6,159 IPhoenix ... Sandon 551 Revelstoke . Slocan 950 Ashcroft ... Trail 1,369 Fairview .. Vernon 802 Princeton .. Nanaimo 6,130 Duncan . .. Victoria 20,816 Esquimalt . Cranbrook 1,196 Extension .. Columbia 350 Atlin Fernie 1,640 Fort (Steele Golden 705 Ymir Grand Forks 1,012 Kimberley . 1,359 1,594 1,680 582 5,273 866 1,600 475 282 316 465 946 2,160 486 590 256 262 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION Comaplix ... Nakusp New Denver Armstrong .. Enderby Lumby Hope Yale North Bend RJURAL and urban. The population under these heads ds given as follows : Population 1901. 0?otal. Burrard 41,407 New Westminster 23,822 Vancouver 26,391 Victoria 23,763 Yale and Cariboo 61,889 Population 1891. (Rural. Urban. Total Rural. Urban. 14,238. 27,174 24,360 10,651 13,709 17,323 6,499 17,866 11,188 6,678 19,112 7,279 18,229 18,229 2,947 20,816 18,538 1,697 16,841 34,201 27,679 19,180 19,180 Totals .177,272 87,825 89,447 3,173 60,945 37,228 The census returns for areas, etc., are given in the chapter entitled " Physical Characteristics" and the census of agriculture under heading of " Agriculture" beginning at page 123. 1 'So far only one volume of the Census Report has appeared, so that it . is im- possible, except in a limited degree, to institute comparisons with former decades : COMPARISON BY POPULATION. 1901. 1891. 1881. 1871. Burrard 42,060 24,360 8,417 ^ New Westminster 28,822 17,866 7,000 27,198 18,229 9,991 \ 36,247 23,688 18,538 7,301 Yale "and Cariboo 61,889 19,180 16,750 J Totals 178,657 98,173 49,459 36,247 Houses. Families. Population HE 1901. 1891. 1881. 1901. 1891. 1881. 1901. 1891. 1881. Burrard... 7,209 4,796 7,942 4,870 42,060 24,360 N. West.. 5,128 3,542 3,151 5,191 3,649 3,190 23,822 17,866 15,417 Vancouver. 5,638 3,639 1,466 5,917 3,712 1,591 27,198 18.229 9 991 Victoria .. 4,669 3,537 1,919 4,752 3,650 1,940 23,688 18,538 7,301 Yale and Cariboo ...14,294 4,502 3,257 14,643 4,837 3,718 61,889 19,180 16,750 Totals. .36,938 20,016 9,793 38,445 20.718 10,439 178,657 98,173 49,459 COMPARISON OF ' POPULATION BY ORIGIN. 1871. 1881. 1891. 1891. 7,612 19,448 65,527 : 133,075 14,869 4,597 Chinese 1,243 4,350 9,386 (1) Japanese Colored 439 274 (2) 523 (3) Indian i ... 35.000 25.661 23.257 25,593 returns (1) The number of Japanese specifically is not given in any census prior to 1901. 318 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (2) The population was not enumerated by "origin" in the census of 1891. The number of whites, Chinese and Indians was ascertained by a special revision of the schedules for British Columbia. (3) The number of Indians in 1871 was largely a guess. In 1881 their number was arrived at fairly accurately. In 1891 several hundreds in the northern interior were not enumerated. The census of Indians in 1901 corresponds with very careful enumeration on the part of the Indian Department. •OKNfilUS OF 1871. District. Whites. Colored, Chinese. Natives. Victoria City 2,842 217 211 360 District adjacent to Victoria 1,512 56 60 553 Cowichan, Chemainus, Salt 'Spring Island, estimated at 1,400 to 601 102 1,292 Nanaimo and District Comox New Westminster and District Yale-Lytton (estimated) Lil'looet-Clinton Cariboo Columbia and Kootenay Omineca (as now estimated) Total estimated population from settled districts 92 35 850 1,100 27 (est) 300 235 920 108 685 145 906 570 543 Total. 3,600 2,181 2,000 1,579 1,202 1,656 1,000 1,224 2,207 798 1,800 19,277 The census of British Columfoia was not taken in 1871 by the Dominion authorities. The above enumeration, which as will be seen is not very complete, and did not include the Indians except in the settled districts, was made by the Government of the Province of that day. PASSENGER AND FREIGHT TRAFFIC AND EARNINGS Passengers Tons Passenger Freight carried. moved. traffic. traffic. ei Bedlington & Nelson 5,4Qi 31,293 $ 4,027 $ 10,272$ British Yukon 18,033 38,208 113,022 708,532 tC P. R. lines , Esquimalt & Nanaimo 130,562 158,595 99,920 115,886 Kaslo and Slocan 14,853 18,597 15,289 50,329 Lenora and Mt. Sicker 7,775 1,127 New Westminster and Southern.. 6,964 8,652 5,348 2,064 Nelson and Ft. Sheppard 17,309 24,285 34,077 48,739 Red Mountain 11,901 275,881 13,900 87,645 Victoria and Sidney 22,761 18,726 9,703 10,281 * These are represented by minus signs, indicating losses. t As the C. P. R. lines are all bunched in the returns for the general to the main or branch lines in B. C. can be given. > 14,543 $* -12,632 846,321 562,790 234,194 18,028 67,427 26,962 1,127 *- 7,877 9,o53 * -24,771 86,315 21,364 103,680 45,595 20,386 154 system no details as RAILWAY ENTERPRISE. IN the Year Book of 1897 a chapter of some length was devoted to railways then present and prospective. Substantial advance has foeen made since tfiat time in the construction and operation of steam highways. All that was anticipated has not, however, been realized. The short table of statistics appended hereto is a history in itself of what has been accomplished up to the present time, and little is to be added to complete the information. It is mainly official, and has been abstracted from the Dominion Government Report on Railways and Canals. Brief reference may be made to projected railways. Readers are familiar with the details of the new proposed transcontinental line of the Grand Trunk Pacific from Monckton, in New Brunswick, to some point on the Pacific Ocean, at or near Port Simpson. So far as the Province is concerned, it will enter British Columbia either through the Pine River Pass, in the Peace River country, or through the Yellowhead Pass, and be carried along one of the routes surveyed for the Canadian Pacific Railway in the early seventies. The actual route has not yet been fixed, that being a matter for determination as soon as the engineers can take the field. As the project is authorized and liberally assisted by the Dominion Government, and is being undertaken by the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, its construction in the near future may foe regarded as a certainty. The length of line will be about 3,500 miles and its cost roughly estimated at $100,- 000,000. It will open up an entirely new district with considerable agricultural possibilities and mineral resources of great potentiality. The Peace River District, containing possibly the largest agricultural area in the Province; the Canoe River Valley, with an area of 75,000 acres of tillable land contiguous to the Yellowhead Pass; Nechaco Valley, lying north of Quesnel Forks, available for pastoral, if not agricultural, purposes; the Bulkley Valley, south of the iSkeena River on the Bulkley River; the Ootsa Lake District in the vicinity of Ootsa Lake, said to be considerable in extent and very fertile; the Kispyox Valley, along the Kispyox River, a northern tributary of the ISkeena, known to foe rich pasture land; and not inconsiderable grazing tracts between the Naas and the Kispyox Rivers, will all, j if not directly tapped, be rendered tributary to this line of railway, and no doubt will in time be reached by branch lines of railway or public highways. There are extensive coal formations; but enough is not known concerning their value to speak definitely, as they have never been carefully prospected. The same is true to some extent of the metalliferous deposits of gold, copper, iron and silver. That the whole country, however, is mineralized is certain; and the discoveries in former years of placer gold in the Omineca, in Cassiar and on the iSkeena are sufficient upon which to base flattering hopes of the future. The Coast line has abundant timber. The adjacent waters of the Pacific have abundance of salmon, halibut, cod and other merchantable fishes; and the geographical .position in relation to the •■ 320 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA trade of the Orient, being the shortest of all the ocean routes by many miles, and , possessing good harbors render the outlook from a commercial point of view, footh locally and internationally, very promising indeed. It is a route pregnant with many possibilities for the Province and the Dominion of Canada. To this section of the Northwest will foe directed for the next few years the energies and capital of many Americans and) of the people of Great Britain. Another enterprise of a similar character was projected in advance of the Grand Trunk Pacific. The Canada Northern Railway Company, having in ^iew the completion of a transcontinental railway, entered into negotiations with the Government of British Columbia to continue their line by way of Edmonton, N. W. T., through the Yellowhead Pass. After following the natural passes to a point near the Coast it was intended to divert the line down along the Homalthco Valley to the mouth of Bute Inlet, and from there by ferry cross to the Island and proceed along the east coast of the Island to Victoria. This line would have had one, at least, of its terminii at the latter place. Av provisional arrangement was entered into for a cash bonus of $4,000 per mile and 20,000 acres of land per mile, with numerous conditions attached. This, it was found, would not receive the support of the Legislature, and was changed to a straight land subsidy of $5,000 per mile for 480 miles, which, however, was not effectual in bringing about construction. Whether or not it is the intention of the Canadian Northern Railway Company to renew the negotiations at a later date has not transpired. Much of the benefits ascribed to the building of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway would have accrued in this instance. One of these not yet referred to was the bringing of the Northwest and British Columbia markets into more direct contact with each other. Another railway enterprise that has foeen long talked of and has undergone many mutations as the result of political conditions is what is popularly known as the Coast-Kootenay line from a point at or near Midway, the terminus of the Columbia & Western Railway, to Vancouver City, passing through the ISimilkameen Valley, over Hope Mountain, and through the Westminster District. The object of this railway, for which there was a great deal of agitation at one time, was a more direct connection between the cities of the Coast and the mining regions of the Southern Interior, and as well to open up a new and rich district known generally as Similkameen. It received various forms of assistance from the Provincial Government, none of which have so far resulted in a scheme being matured for its construction. At the session of. Parliament of 1902 it was placed on practically the same basis as the Canadian Northern, except that the cash subsidy was $4,500 per mile, not exceeding 330 miles. These subsidies expired on the 1st of September of this year. An application was before the Dominion Parliament for assistance, with what success at the time of writing was not known. It is said that what is known as the V. V. & E., which has been built into the Boundary by the Great Northern, will be extended to the Coast without the assistance of governments. This road, which begins at Marcus on the Columbia River and extends to Republic, in Washington State, is now under construction. Another railway was projected to join Midway with the Okanagan Valley, and to afford communication to the mining properties in course of development in the West Fork country. It is known as the Midway & Vernon. It is proposed to be 152 miles in length. It was before the Provincial Legislature in 1901 and also in 1902, and received a subsidy of $5,000 per mile, which was not considered suf- ficent for the purpose. Assistance was also asked for this line at Ottawa during the recent session. The Okanagan Valley at its southern extreme is connected with the Boundary country by stage, the distance foy time from Vernon being 48 hours. It is claimed for the Midway >& Vernon, if built, that it will reduce the time between Boundary and Vernon to six hours, and the time to the Coast by one day. On the Island of Vancouver two projects have foeen particularly in view, one is the extension of the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway to the north end of the Island, a distance of about 240 miles; and another, a line of railway from Nanaimo, or Duncan, to Alberni. For the first of these, in 1901, provision was made in the Public Works Loan Act for assistance to the" extent of $4,000 per mile. An application has also been before the Dominion Government for assistance for the Cape Scott & Comox Railway, which is the extension of the Island Railway referred to. The latter has been strongly agitated and the Government had a preliminary survey and report made in respect to it. In 1902 an Act was passed to incorporate the Victoria & Seymour Narrows Railway Company to run from Victoria by way of Nanaimo City and Alberni to Seymour Narrows. This was proposed in connection with the construction of the Canadian Northern Railway. During the present year a charter was obtained to build a line of railway from Hardy Bay to (Rupert Arm, on Quatsino Sound. Another incorporation was that of the Adams River Railway Company, proposing to run a line from the Adams River to the valley of the Klaanch River, and from there to a point at or near Hecate Channel, via the mouth of Gold River on the West Coast. The Kootenay Central Railway Company, which has also had an application before the Dominion Government, at Ottawa, during the present year, was incorporated during a recent session of the Legislature. It proposes to run a line of railway from Fort Steele to Elko, and thence to the International Boundary on the south, and from Fort 'Steele to Golden, on the C. (P. R., via Windermere, following the valley of the Kootenay River about 150 miles. Provision was made in 1902 for a cash subsidy of $4,000 a mile for 150 miles. The Public Works Loan Act of 1901 also subsidized a line of railway from the |- Coast at Kitimaat to Hazelton, a distance of approximately 100 miles. Another Act was passed in 1902 increasing the subsidy to $5,000 a mile. A very large number of charters for railways have been obtained since 1897, which indicate the possibilities of development in various sections of the Province rather than the probabilities of all of them being constructed. Many of these were purely speculative in character. Regarding some others, there is a fair probability of realization, provided aid is obtained from the Dominion Government in addition to what has already been done foy the Provincial Government. Among the lines of railway which have been constructed without assistance of any kind are: The Grand Forks & Kettle River Railway from Republic, Washington, to Grand Forks to connect the mining camp of Republic with the Granby .Smelter; the Vancouver & Lulu Island Railway from Vancouver to Steveston; the Crow's Nest Southern Railway from Michel to the International Boundary, fouilt by the Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company to form part of the Montana & Great Northern Railway system, extending from the International Boundary to Jennings, Montana, a distance of fifty-one miles; the branch line of the .C- P- R. from Lardo to Gerrard, in the Lardeau country; the line from- Revelstoke to Arrowhead on Arrow Lake ; the C. P. R. branch line from Cranbrook to Kimberley; the Bedlington & Nelson, owned by the Great Northern; the V. V. & E. from Marcus, on the Columbia River, to Republic via Grand Forks, now under construction; the Lenora & Mount Sicker Railway, from Lenora Mine to Crofton and Osborne Bay; the Red Mountain Railway, from Rossland to Northport; and the line from Vancouver to New Westminster to connect the Great Northern system on the opposite side of the Fraser River, now under construction. Prior to 1903 the principal charters obtained were : The Canadian Yukon, from Douglas Channel to the end of Teslin Lake. This was to form part of the. all-Canadian railway to the Yukon projected by Messrs. MoKenzie i& Mann, ^f^ failed to proceed on account of opposition on the part of the tSenate of Canada^o the concessions offered- foy the Dominion Government. This has not been reviveo: The Vancouver, Northern i& Yukon Railway was projected in 1899, to start from Burrard Inlet and proceed to the northern boundary of the Province by way YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA of Squamish Valley, Pemberton Meadows, Quesnel and Hazelton. A subsequent^ incorporation, the Kamloops & Atlin, was projected to start from Kamloops Lake., and proceeding to the plateau of the Bonaparte River follow the route of the Cariboo wagon road to Quesnel and thence north to Hazelton. A concession of Graham Island was asked for the construction of a railway from Skidegate Harbour northward to the coal deposits, a distance of about forty miles. The session of 1903 was fertile in railway legislation. In addition to those which have foeen previously referred to the following are among the charters obtained : The B. C. Northern & McKenzie Valley Railway, from the mouth of Naas River by way of Naas and Skeena Rivers and Dease Lake to the northern boundary of the Province, and from Dease Lake to Glenora; also from some point on the route to Atlin City; The Flathead Valley Railway, from a point on the International Boundary to Elko; Kootenay, Cariboo and Pacific Railway, from Golden through the Canoe River Valley via Tete Jeune Cache, Giscome Portage, Nechaco and Skeena Rivers to Port Simpson; Morrissey, Fernie •& Michel Railway, from Fernie by way of the mouth of Morrissey Creek along Flathead River to the International Boundary; Nicola, Kamloops & Similkameen Coal & Railway Company, proposing to construct a railway from the western extremity of Nicola Lake to Spence's Bridge; The Pacific Northern & Eastern Railway, from Hazelton to Teslin Lake, and from Hazelton via the Skeena and through the Omineca and Peace River district ; to the Pine River Pass. These incorporations indicate better than anything else the prospective lines of development—the opening up of the northern country as a result of the filling up of the Northwest Territory, and the construction of another transcontinental line having a terminus at or near Port Simpson; the development of the coal and j oil fields of Southeastern Kootenay; the exploitation of the coal and mineral deposits of the Nicola and Similkameen countries; the development of the northern c and interior parts of Vancouver Island; and the evident desire to reach the gold I fields of Cariboo, so long denied railway communication. . RAILWAYS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. C. P. R. Main Line and Branches within the Province— (Owned). Laggan to Vancouver 524.8 New Westminster branch 8.2 Mission branch to Huntingdon 10.0 Vancouver to Coal Harbour 1.2 Arrow Lake, Revelstoke to Arrow Head 27.7 Vancouver to Steveston 17-2 Lardo to Gerrard i 33.6 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA » o m* . »o o O on o ■> vo t^ On O «S ; *. On • * °^ '. '. *° o" ! O Q On On •* O O O O m O* rn o O 1 vo O On O O O Q O O O O O O O O O a a -I 1 j> ° 0II'Ii III s* - 5 'J S •3Sc.ccnco_ou: C ««• g S _ g rt u"u o "■ ^ tj be'S to to to 2* %S , a Pi <iz < < < o o GAME OF BRITISH COLUMBIA IT is difficult, in brief compass, to write about the game of British Columbia. The animals and birds which are hunted for sport are numerous and widely distributed over a vast extent of country presenting many opportunities of, as well as many obstacles to, success. The big game, such as grizzly bear, mountain sheep, caribou, are only found in the mountain fastnesses or the more inaccessible parts of the Province, and, therefore, their pursuit is not to be undertaken lightly. As, however, the difficulties and dangers incident to this life form the principal zest for true sport, British Columbia as a country is, and ought to be, a very attractive field for sportsmen. In a bulletin—Nb. 17—recently published by the Bureau of Provincial Information, is a check list of the more familiar birds and mammals. This was prepared by Mr. John Fiannin, Curator of the Provincial Museum, than who no one is better qualified to deal with the subject. As this list, which is available for all seeking such information, gives the habitat of the game animals, it is unnecessary to more than refer to some of the phases of sport in British Columbia. Frequent inquiries are made foy persons in Great Britain and elsewhere, who are looking to this country as a field in which to shoot and fish; and there are many disappointments upon the part of such persons upon arrival in regard to the conditions which exist. Many of the big game sportsmen who come to the Province are extravagantly outfitted, and to many others the supposed cost acts as a deterrent. In regard to big game — grizzly, caribou, and mountain sheep — it may be well to quote a letter written to a gentleman in quest of such information. " First, as to the cost of outfitting, $500 a month, which will include a cook, a guide, and five ponies, will take any person very comfortably. Complete outfits can be obtained here, and much cheaper and better than at home, and all that are really necessary to obtain are rifles and blankets. It is a great mistake to buy expensive outfits in England, and in writing to your friends you should advise them on this point. Guides vary from $2.50 to $3.50 per day and can be obtained on the ground. Manson, of Lillooet, a half-breed son of an old Hudson's Bay Company officer, is the best guide in the country, and consequently the most expensive. He lives at Ashcroft. Indian guides can be had for $2.50 a day. Hunting parties can foe outfitted at Lillooet or Hope. I would advise Manson because he knows every corner and nook of the country and is thoroughly reliable and well informed on every phase of big game sport. However, in order to obtain his services it will be necessary to give him ample notice as he is constantly in demand. " Now then, as to the game itself, for mountain sheep, perhaps the most attractive game of British Columbia, the best places are the Bridge River country in Lillooet District, French Bark Creek, Chilcotin, and Ashnola in the Similkameen country. The last named place was the most famous for big horn in the country, YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA but is now pretty well shot out. October and November are the best months for " Mountain goats are found anywhere on the mountains of the Coast from the 49th parallel as far north as you can go. They inhabit the most inaccessible mountains and are not regarded as much sport as they are stupid animals and easily bagged when reached. The mountain goat can be hunted at any time in season. " The wapiti (American Elk) are found only in the centre of Vancouver Island, where they are fairly plentiful. " The nearest place for the caribou is in the Okanagan District. They are plentiful throughout Kootenay, in the Cariboo District and away north in the Omineca, Cassiar and Peace River Districts, where they are exceedingly plentiful. The caribou are shot principally in September and October. " The best place for grizzly is in the Bridge River country, and they are found throughout Kootenay, in the Hope Mountains and all up the Coast Range into Alaska. May and June are" the months for shooting grizzly. Black and brown bear are found everywhere in the country. " The common kind of deer are plentiful everywhere." The charges of good guides, who are absolutely necessary, are as a rule $2.50 and '50 cents for horses per day. Where special arrangements are made in regard to a cook, the consideration would be about $1.50 a day. In a word, the requirements depend very largely upon a man's tastes, but $500 a month is an ample allowance for two men, and it can be done very comfortably for $300. Of course, men like Manson of Lillooet and McDougall of Vernon are more expensive, but in the opinion of sportsmen who know the country they are the best obtainable and well worth the money. The following notes from Mr. W. F. Burton, from whom the information in this chapter is largely obtained, will give practically all that is necessary to be known on the subject : For mountain sheep (ovis montana), mule deer, grizzly and mountain goat, Chilcotin and Bridge River countries are specially recommended. In respect to mountain sheep, larger heads, but less plentiful, are to be found in the Rocky Mountains, Golden being the best starting place. In respect to other varieties of sheep (ovis fannini, stonei and dalli) moose and caribou, the Atlin country is recommended. On Vancouver Island, wapiti (elk), black bear, black tailed deer, wolf and panther are plentiful. Caribou, mule deer, grizzly, brown and foiack foear and mountain goat are to foe found in the Okanagan and Kettle River country, for which Vernon is the principal starting point. Here is a very wide extent of country to be exploited. In Cassiar there are mostly cariboo, grizzly, brown and foiack bear. In the far north, if the hunter had the time and would risk the expense, moose and caribou in great numbers would reward him. In the northern interior, beaver are very plentiful, particularly in the Ootsa Lake country; very few foxes are to be found except in the extreme north land; otter are very plentiful on the Island and are found scattered on the Mainland; lynx are distributed all over the Mainland, also the wolverine. Panther are quite numerous on the Island of Vancouver. They are to be found also in the southern interior and are hunted with dogs. In respect to feathered game and fishes it is still more difficult to specify without going into lengthy details, as they are very widely distributed. Pheasants, which have foeen imported, are now very plentiful in the southern end of Vancouver Island, and on the Lower Mainland. All kinds of grouse are also plentiful in the same localities. Blue grouse are very abundant everywhere. Snipe are found principally on Lulu Island, and this district for that particular sport is hard to beat. A good average day's shooting will give thirty brace to the AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION man for a day, but larger bags can be had. There are also plover to be found here in the spring, and the duck shooting is excellent. Wild fowl, such as geese and ducks, are to be found in great abundance over the whole Coast, in the proper season, but particularly on the bays and inlets of Vancouver Island. Sooke Harbour on the south, and Quatsino on the north, are perhaps" the most favourable localities. Attempts have been made to give a list of lakes and streams in the Province recommended for fishing, fout this is quite hopeless, as it is difficult to discriminate. As in everything else there are favourite localities, but in respect to trout nearly every part of the Province has its attractions. The best known resorts, however, on the Island are Shawnigan Lake and Cowichan River and Lake; on the Mainland the Coquitlam and Brunette Rivers, streams in Lillooet, the Shuswap and Okanagan Lakes, and the Kootenay River. In -chapter on " Fisheries " will be found reference to game fish and trout. Salmon in British Columbia, though not ready to rise to the fly, are considered good sport during the season. Spring salmon and steelheads are caught throughout the year. Cohoes and sockeyes during the runs in the latter part of August and September and during the early part of October, according to the run, afford good sport. They may be trolled for in nearly all the waters of the Coast. The best salmon fishing in British Columbia, and possibly in the world, is to be found in Campbell River, on Vancouver Island. Fish have been caught here with rod and line, weighing over 70 pounds, while the average is about 50 pounds. VITAL STATISTICS. No provision has yet been made for the systematic and thorough compilation of vital statistics in this Province. The record of births, deaths and. marriages is contained in the following, taken from the official reports of registration; but up until recent years registration was very imperfect, and it cannot be regarded as accurate for the whole period covered. Year Births Deaths Marriages Year Births Deaths Marriages 1872 [4 mos] 50 [4 mos] 37 [4 mos] 15 1888 462 527 342 1873 164 112 88 1889 572 552 431 1874 174 83 78 1890 641 555 431 1875 181 113 96 1891 922 750 655 1876 236 130 141 1892 1,165 757 655 1877 193 98 95 1893 1,241 827 640 1878 226 104 122 1894 1,378 836 595 1879 223 134 145 1895 1,252 735 621 1880. 263 170 94 1896 1,641 1,020 636 1881 314 249 148 1897 1,331 1,013 629 1882 293 280 146 1898 2,038 1,340 965 1883 283 328 169 1899 1,755 1,415 872 1884 263 377 227 1900 1,774 1,494 1,004 1885 320 323 193 1901 2,146 1,488 1,150 1886 335 307 212 1902 1,977 1,655 1,148 1887 362 439 262 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA a-ca-a 5k§ o o si:** s SS Q W O Q 2 < _3-g g © © ©o ©' ® ©-2 ©£©"©"© ©"° © o & aaaiaas§-a8a-aal&al.§ >>>>>>© >>>>>*© t^&pti^^l^rt >-.© to eg eg eg O eg eg eg O cg-£ eg eg eg cg.2 eg«g'3 g-gai-gaaaaja s asa aosoo^'-ssr 0+3 >, '&&M >>© >s© © >»fc^»4»j.6p>> 3 >s>st» a fn a p fn ci erprw c a w see 03=2 *«25 * «3 «8 e8"C eg -« eg eg eg += ©^ © ©+3+3-^-W S+3 "S +3-W-t= «j ai «j pq pq <j «j <j < Q «1,_^<j «* <) o g-a eg* O eg o 11^3 p&oa 111 15* '.a a a a a~ ga a | a g^5 js^ § a a a a a a a^ a a* a a.g fc >>s, >>a >>t>»>>®,2> * a >>>> a >»a §"fc >!%% c K®<g >>>>>> >>£ >»Sr§ >>>>>» 5*aiS a eg a a aQQStf a a eg a tS^Lg-ajrvS «s aQQ a a a a>3 a a s a a a <J eg^3 egi-s eg eg egj^j^i'-s eg eg t-j eg>-s^<leg<!^>-s eg rij-j eg eg eg cg^ eg g eg eg eg eg I'Slel :Sao«^i ■'£x>3v~ 3*Ecg«8eg ^M ■^ala S©90cg©ooc $222a 5 .a .a ta SINCE the publication of the Year Book in 1897, there has been a very considerable expansion in the influence and extent of labour unionism in this Province. In fact, from there being a comparatively few labour organizations in the larger Coast cities, embracing only a limited number of avocations, the whole of the inhabited part of the Province is organized and nearly every avocation is included. Prior to 1897 there had been organized 36 I labour unions of all kinds. There are now, or was at the end of July, 1903, 187. The later organizations include fishermen, barbers, hotel and restaurant employees, musicians, laundry workers, cabmen, general labourers and the like. Agriculture is practically the only industry to which unionism does not extend. The Labor ^Gazette, June, 1902, officially, published at Ottawa, gives a table showing the years in which the organizations were formed and the number in each year as follows (Only one organization is prior to 1884—under the head of " Metal, Engineering and \ Ship Building "—in 1860) : 4v 84I85I86 f 1 1 1 88 1 89 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 ! 1890|91t92]93|94|95|96!97 1 i ill!!. 98i99|1900|01]02l| i^Or'pin j Province Building 1. . 1 ' 1 1 11 1 3 1 JJJJ2 f>\ 4 M 9 9 919. Metal, engineering] and ship buildingl. . Wood working and| furnishing 1. . Printing [ 1 Clothing ;i i l B i i "i 2 "i \\ .. i U i " l $■ ,1 i 2 1 i i it 3 'i l 6 1 2 1 .3 *3 i 2 ,3 1 1 1 2 4 9 1 3 1 1 2 *2 2 4 39 'i *i 5 2 "i l 'i ■■'■ 14 18* 3 10 6 Food preparations . . 2 Mining and quar- . Transport Fishing Employees of public authorities . . ^Brewery workers Hotel and restaurant employes Barbers Laundry workers Clerks gMnsicians General labour .. Total number organizations .. . 1 I-: V. ii i ■" l 2 " 2 *2 5 1 " 9 i 2 .... l 1 1 2 i 10 11 3 1 i "i '%£' 28 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 22 21 26 8' 5 1 4 5 4 4 2 6 150 In a sufosequent issue. July, 1903, the list is detailed by localities and, increased to 216, showing very rapid growth. It is as follows : YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LABOUR ORGANIZATION IN BRITISH Locality. Class of Organization. Ashcroft Transport COLUMBIA. Number • .of Organizations in Class. 1 Total Number of Organization in Locality. 1 Camp McKinlev Mining .; 1 1 Cumberland Mining 1 1 Cranbrook Woodworking Transport 1 4 Eburne Fishing 1 1 Eholt Woodworking 1 1 2 Extension Mining 1 1 Fernie Trades and Labour Council 1 District Union, W. F. of M., No Building 7 1 1 Mining 1 4 Golden Transport 1 1 Greenwood Trades and Labour Council 1 Building 1 1 Clothing 1 Mining 1 Hotel and restaurant employees. Clerks 1 1 ■j, Grand Forks General labour 1 1 Kamloops Tobacco 1 Mining 1 Transport r- Kaslo Mining 1 1 Kimberley Mining 1 1 Ladysmith Mining 1 1 Maywood Transport 1 1 Michel Mining 1 1 Mission City. Transport 1 1 Morissey Mining 1 1 1 1 1 Metal Printing Clothing 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 i Metal Woodworking Printing ' Clothing 1 1 1 1 1 Transport ... 1 1 1 Clerks 1 1 2 17 1 1 1 Metal 1 1 1 Fishing . . 1 1 General labour 1 7 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION Locality. Phoenix Class of Organ . .. Trades and Labour Building zation. Council Number of Organizations 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 j 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 11 4 '. 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 2 1 1 '. 9 2 1 2 1 o | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 187 Total Number of Organizations in Locality. Mininer . --- Hotel and restaurant employees. . Barbers Clerks General labor qj Revelstoke ... Trades and Labour Metal Transport Council 6 Roger's Pass . . .Transport 1 .; .Transport 1 .. .Building K .. .Mining 1 Shuswap .. .Transport 1 1 Slocan City .. . Mining 1 South Wellington. . . . .Mining 1 Texada .. .Mining 1 Trail 1 Vancouver ... Trades and Labour Council Building Trades Council Allied Printing Trades Council.. . District Association W. F. of M. Buildinsr Metal Woodworking Clothing Food preparation . Transport Employees of publi Hotel and restaurai Barbers Laundry Workers. Clerks 2 authorities. .. it employees. .. Victoria General lafoour . .. . ..Trades and Labour Building Trades Co Council 51 Metal Printing Leather Clothing Food preparation . Transport Employees of public authorities.. Clerks Barbers (Musicians 34 1 Yale 1 Ymir 1 Total for British Columbia. .. 187 During and since 1899 strikes have been frequent. The whole mining industry of the Interior was affected. The difficulty largely arose out of the coming into YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA operation of the eight hour law. At least feeling between employers and employees. Was greatly embittered on that account. Happily the principle became generally recognized and settlements were effected in all the mining camps. During the present year very serious strikes occurred, which promised to become general; but they were all fortunately compromised and there are not now any labour troubles existing. In regard to wages paid, hours per week, etc., it would occupy a great deal of space to give them in detail as in every locality there are local conditions which cause them to vary. The scale is governed in each district by local organizations. It has been deemed sufficient to give the lowest and highest wage, which will indicate the variations according to locality. It must not be understood, however, that there is steady employment at the wages given. In many instances the schedule will only apply for six or eight or ten months. As a rule, too, supply is equal to demand, except perhaps in the logging camps. The following is the schedule referred to : IN THE TRADES. Wage, Millwrights 30c Carvers 30 Cabinet Makers 27% Polishers and finishers. .27% Bench-hands 25 Turners 35 Stair builders 30 Door-makers 20 Sash and blind-makers. .20 Frames-makers 20 Bench-hands' helpers . . .10 Machine hands .24 iper hands 25 Sticker hands ....;... .25 Band-saw hands 25 Jig-saw hands 25 Circular-saw hands ... .20 Matcher hands .15% Planer hands 15% Labourers 10 Blacksmiths 25 Blacksmiths' helpers . . .20 Body and gear builders. .25 Wheelwrights 25 General painters, stripers and varnishers ... 25 Steam-fitters 30 •Plumbers 30 Gas-fitters 30 Plasterers 30 Painters 28 Glaziers . .25 Tinsmiths .25 Ordinary labourers . . . .20 Stone drillers 25 Stone cutters 30 Quarrymen : 25 Metal roofers 30 Ivera ge hours Rate of per hour . Wages per week. per week. overtime. to 35c $16 50 to $19 '80 55 to 60 1% to 1% 35 16 50 19 00 55 VA 35 15 00 16 50 55 60 1% 1% 30 15 10 16 50 55 m 1% 35 16 50 17 00 54 60 m 32% 16 50 21 00 52 60 i% 1% 35 16 25 19 '25 52 60 iy+ 1% 30 11 00 21 00 52 58 i% 1% 30 11 00 21 00 52 60 iy+ 1% 30 11 00 15 00 52 60 i% 1% 25 6 00 15 00 55 58 m 30 17 00 19 00 52 60 i% 1% 35 13 00 18 00 52 60 i% 1% 35 13 00 18 00 52 60 i% 1% 30 13 00 21 00 52 58 i% 1% 35 13 00 10 50 52 60 iy+ 1% 30 11 00 24 00 52 60 i% 1% 35 9 00 16 50 52 60 i% 1% 35 9 00 16 00 52 60 1% 1% 20 6 00 12 00 55 60 i% 40 16 50 - 19 50 55 60 i% 1% 30 11 00 18 00 55 60 i% 1% 30 14 00 18 50 55 60 30 14 00 18 00 55 60 331-3 14 00 18,50 54 56 40 18 OO 24 00 48 59 i% 2 50 16 00 30 00 48 60 i%. 2 44 16 00 24 00 48 55% i% 2 175 24 00 36 00 48 54 . i% 39 15 00 21 00 48 54 i%, 44% 15 00 21 00 48 60 i% 40 16 00 24 00 54 60 i% 2 30 11 00 18 00 53 60 i% 2 40 13 00 19 50 48 60 i% 62% 22 OO 30 00 48 54 i% 40 13 00 19 50 48 60 i% 40 18 00 24 00 54 60 i% AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION Average hours Rate of Wages per hour. Wages per week. per week. overtime. Metal roofer .helpers .. .20c to 25c $10 00 to $13 50 54 to 1% to Slate roofer helpers 22 30% 13 50 15 00 49 54 1% Slate roofers 33 55 18 00 27 OO 49 54 1% Derrick men 25 331-3 13 00 18 00 54 60 1% Electricians 30 40 16 OO 25 00 54 60 1% Galvanzed iron workers.30 4J 16 00 21 00 54 55% 1% 2 Lathers 25 30 16 50 18 00 50 54 1% Steel workers 35 20 00 55 1% Coppersmiths 30 40 16 00 20 00 54 1% Excavators 20 27% 11 00 15 00 48 60 1% 1% Felt and gravel roofers. .25 44% 13 00 2175 49 55% 1% ; Felt and gravel roofers' helpers- 20 25 12 00 49-54 1% I Powder men 25 35 13 00 18 00 54 60 1% Teamsters (2 horses and waggon) 27% 70 15 00 42 00 54 60 1% I Teamsters (1 horse and S^BIS cart) 20 40 12 00 24 00 54 60 1% 1% I Carpenters $3 to $3.50 per day 54 1% 1% " Shinglers $2.70 to $3 per day 54 1^4 1% FARMING AND MINING. Farm labour is becoming to foe rather a serious problem in the agricultural I communities, more especially on account of the Chinese per capitation tax being increased to $500. Chinese were mainly employed throughout the Province for farm -labour. They received from $10 to $20 a month. Last year a considerable number of white farm labourers were employed and are paid from $20 to $30 a month with board. A large demand exists for skilled milkers, who are paid as high as $40 a month and board. The current wages paid in and about the metalliferous mines are as follows :— Miners receive from $8 00 to $3 50 per day .(12 to 14 shillings) I Helpers receive from 2 00 to 2 50 per day ■( 8 to 10 shillings) Labourers receive from 2 00 to 2 50 per day ( 8 to 10 shillings) Blacksmiths & mechanics receive from 3 00 to 5 00 per day (12 to 20 shillings) Number of Hands Employed, Daily Wages Paid, &c. (1902) in Coal Mines. Underground. Above Ground. Totals. Character of Labour. No. Emply'd. Average Daily Wage. No^ Emply'd. Average Daily Wage. No^ Emply'd. Average Daily Wage. Supervision and Clerical Assistance 63 1,625 494 569 47 133 38 132 $4 30 4 30 2 40 2 73 2 81 1 42 1 37 1 37 48 $4 85 Ill 1,625 494 775 246 156 84 520 $4 57 4 30 2 40 2 53 206 199 23 46 388 2 34 3 10 I 15 I 12 I 21 Mechanics and Skilled Labour.. Boys 2 95 1 28 1 24 1 29 Totals 3.ioi 910 4,011 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA EMPLOYEES AND SALARIES, PACIFIC DIVISION, C. P. R. Officers (not general) General Office Clerks Station Agents Other Stationmen Enginemen Firemen Conductors Other Trainmen Section Foremen Other Trackmen Switchmen, Flagmen and Watchmen. Telegraph Operators and Despatchers Employees—Floating Equipment.... All other Employees and Laborers ... Total 18 104 58 259 126 135 83 174 153 633 210 1,212 Total Number of Days Worked. ,124 929 .859 ,398 431 ,6oi ,380 992 ,461 .530 .834 727 ,ooo 837,159 Total Yearly Compensation. 32,569.70 55>i°5-i5 52,676.14 145,106.20 174,065.59 101,752.01 104,033.82 132,612.52 113,425.76 220,918.32 37,376.35 55.309-54 i35,546-34 494,256.06 51,854,753.50 Note.—This return to cover operating expenses only. DETAILS OF ALL OTHER EMPLOYEES AND LABORERS. Class Bridge Inspectors Road Masters Masons , Extra Fcremen Extra Laborers Private Car Porters Carpenters in shops ... Foremen in shops Road Foremen Laborers in shops Master Mechanic Pumpers and Repairers Machinists Other Shopmen Storekeepers Store Foremen Storemen Total...... 3 5 8 17 344 2 52 17 3 41 3 1 13 Day 1,095 1,823 141 3,065 53,679 506 15,401. 5,619. 993 8,203. 375 3,273- 5,6i3- 135,726. 1,109 346 2,924 239,893 Yearly Compensation. $ 3,385.00 7,495-25 429-95 8,454.08 72,641.77 754.00 39,985.60 17,797-34 4,384-03 u,746.35 2,204.03 5,673-86 16,008.16 294,349-97 3,300.96 814.11 4,931.60 ~ $494,256.06 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION PRINTING AND PRESSWORK. Wages in the printing trade vary somewhat according to locality. For machine composition the standard is 50 cents per hour on morning papers, and from 40 to 45 cents per hour for evening papers and book work; by the week on morning papers, $22.50 to $27 and from $20 to $24 for evening papers and other work. Time and a half is usually allowed for overtime per hour, 48 hours being the standard weekly time. For hand composition wages are 50 cents per 1,000 ems on morning papers and 40 to 45 cents on evening papers and for book work; 50 to 60 cents per hour is paid on morning papers, and 31% to 60 cents on evening and weekly papers and for 'book and job work. The high rate is unusual, however, and is only paid at Nelson. The weekly wage on morning papers is $21 to $22.50, and from $18 to $21 on evening papers and for other work. The usual time and a half is allowed for overtime. The hours per week vary from 42 to 54—53 and 54 being the average. The foregoing are union wages. In towns not organized the wages are from $12 to $18 per week. - Pressmen's wages are from $3 to $3.50 per day, $17 to $21 per week, with 48 to 54 hours per week. Pressmen's assistants receive $2.50 per day and upwards, from $12 to $18 per week; apprentices from $4 to $15 per week. ♦OTHER OCCUPATIONS. Altogether there were in 1900 about 1,800 whites, 240 Chinese and 452 Japanese employed in the lumbering industry in British Columbia. With regard to wages, a foreman earn from.$30 to $140 a month and board, and a Japanese labourer from 90 cents to $1.25 a day and board. Board is estimated to cost 35 cents a day. Unskilled white labour is paid from $1.50 to $2 a day, semi-skilled from $2 to $2.50 } and skilled from $2.50 to $3,50, or as high as $4.50 or $5 a day. In the same year there were 445 whites, 183 Chinese and 364 Japanese engaged in the shingle mills of the Province. The ordinary sawyer earns $2.75 a day and .$3.50 if exceptionally efficient. Cord-wood cutting is done through the agency of Chinese contractors who employ the men at about $1.20 a day. The process of salmon canning is almost exclusively done by -contract, the agreement being made with boss Chinamen, who hire their own help in their own way. Certain Chinamen have become experts in the business and earn from $35 to $45 a month, being furnished generally with an advance of from $30 to $40 at the ■' -opening of the season. The contractor also supplies the provisions of his men, and ': it is on this that he counts on making the chief item of his profit. Whit© men make from $40 to $100 a month, including board, which is commonly estimated at $12 a month. The value of a plant of a canner runs from $10,000 to $15,000, when capable of producing from 1.500 to 2,000 cases a day. White girls as domestic servants can get employment in British Columbia at from $15 to $20 a month, and are very scarce. In Victoria, Vancouver, New West- • minster, Nanaimo, Kamloops and Rossland Chinese domestic servants earn wages varying from $10 to $30 a month in private families and from $25 to $45 in hotels. The laundry business is principally carried on by Chinese, there being steam laundries in but one or two of the cities. The average paid to Chinamen is from $8 to $18 a month and bord. In merchant tailoring women and girls work at an average wage of $6 per week and men at $12 per week, high-class workmen being paid at the rate of $18 per week. There is a number of Chinese and Japanese merchant tailors. The Chinese pay from $25 to $40 a month to men, who live at from $7 to $8 per month. * The particulars following Royal Commission appointed t s contained in the Labour Gazette were gleaned from the report of the nauire into Chinese and Japanese labour in this Province. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA In the wholesale manufacture of clothing, chiefly centred in. the City of Victoria, Chinese have largely displaced white labour, although a few white women and girls find employment. From $2.25 to $6 per dozen is paid for making trousers, the work as a rule being done by contract in all lines. The boot and shoe factory in Victoria employed 16 Chinamen at from $1 to $1.35 a day and four white men from $3 to $4 a day. The rate of wages paid to the cigarmakers of the International Union, which prevails in British Columbia, ranges from $11 to $19 per thousand, or from $1.10 to $1.90 a hundred. iSome Chinese are employed at from 50 cents to $1 per hundred cigars. In briekmaking Chinese are largely employed. They are paid from $9 to $10 per week, a Chinese labourer earning $2.50 a day. A moulder's work is 8,000 bricks a day. Lime burning is largely done by Chinese, receiving $1 to $1.25 a day, white men receiving $45 to $50 per month. In fruit canning, not largely developed as yet, men receive from $50 to $60 per month, women and girls 75 cents to $1 a day, boys $25 to $35 a month, and Japanese $1 a day. In sugar-refining, in which skilled labour is mainly employed, the lowest wage paid is 20 cents per hour. THE GOVERNMENT SCALE. The wages paid by the Provincial Government vary somewhat, according to the district; but, speaking generally, labourers employed on public works receive from $2 to $2.50, and foremen from $3 to $3.50 per day. There is a clause in all contracts for public works that contractors must pay the rate of wage in the district current at the date of signing the contract. OTHER EMPLOYMENTS. In regard to a large class of unorganized employees, such as clerks, bookkeepers, stenographers, typewriters, etc., there is no general statement that would accurately define their remuneration. Experience, length of service and skill determine in a great measure the salaries which are paid. Clerks receive from $40 75 per month, typewriters and stenographers from $25 to $60 per month; bookkeepers and accountants receive from $60 to $'125 per month. Positions of special responsibility in all these avocations command special remuneration. As a rule in all sedentary occupations of this character the supply exceeds the demand* Teachers receive salaries varying from $50 a month to $100. In the eases of the principals of the larger public schools and in higfo schools the salaries range higher according to position and special qualifications. AN EXPERIMENT IN CO-OPERATION. The only experiment in co-operation or profit-sharing which has so far been made in British Columbia is the system introduced by the British Columbia Electric Company in connection with the company's business in Vancouver and Victoria. After the ordinary shareholders have received a four per cent, dividend, the balance of the profits is divided on the following basis: Two-thirds to the shareholders and one-third to the employees. Every employee who has worked regularly for the company during the twelve months ending June 30th each year will participate in the division and the proportion of the profits will be divided equally among them. Mr. Buntzen, General Manager and Controller, is quite enthusiastic as to the general results of this policy. Recently the first dividend was declared and the employees received $25 each for their share of the profits during the year ending June 30, 1903. The Manager states: " We have about 200 regular employees. Our men have an organization of their own which the management has recognized from the start. So far no difficulties have arisen which could not be adjusted by a quiet talk, without loss of dignity to either side, and without any break in our friendly relations." Mil A WINTER DAY'S FISHING ON OKANAGAN LAKE. A COWICHAN RIVER CATCH. CONDITIONS IN KOOTENAY. The correspondent of the Labour Gazette of Ottawa, Roland A. Laird, Rossland, speaking of the industrial development of the Kootenay districts with special reference to the labour conditions, has this to say in the December number : "The Kootenays have witnessed serious misunderstandings between employers and employed, as might be expected in a district where great industries were being established with an expedition that is probably only paralleled in the experience of the West. Each of these collisions has been followed by an understanding which ensured peace for a considerable length of time, and it would seem as if the danger of serious interruption to industrial progress from this source had about passed away. There is a desire for good feeling manifested on all sides, and this is a happy augury of continued freedom from dissension. A strong factor in maintaining this desirable state of affairs is the notable tendency to recognize and reward true merit and zeal, which is so characteristic of conditions in the Kootenays." BOARD. Perhaps in nothing affecting labour is there such a variation as in the matter of board. It varies according to locality and also according to quality. Private board ranges from $20 a month, which is the very cheapest, to $40 in first-class boarding houses. As to hotel and restaurant fare, that is, of course, very difficult to indicate. It ranges in price from $25 to $60 a month, or from $1 to $4.50 a day. POLITICAL INFORMATION. GOVERNORS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. Name. From; Richard Blanshard 1849 Sir James Douglas, K.C.B Nov., 1851 Arthur Edward Kennedy Oct., 1864 Nov., 1851 Mar., 1864 GOVERNORS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Name. From. To. Sir James Douglas Sept., 1858 Apr., 1864 Frederick Seymour Apr., 1864 June, 1869 Anthony Musgrave, CM.G Aug., 1869 July, 1871 LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS SINCE CONFEDERATION. Name. From. To. Sir J. W. Trutch, C.M.G July 5.1871 July, 1876 A. N. Richards June 27,1876 July, 1881 C. F. Cornwall June 21,1881 Feb., 1887 Hugh Nelson Feb. 8, 1887 July, 1892 Edgar Dewdney Nov. 1,1892 Nov., 1897 T. R. Mclnnes Nov. 18, 1897 June, 1900 Sir Henri Joly de Lotbiniere June 21, 1900 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Theodore Davie , Feb. Angus John McColl Oct, Gordon Hunter Mar. 4, 1902 ND b. c From To. Dec. 2, 1853 Oct. II, 1865 Oct. 11, 1865 Mar. 29, 1870 Sept. 2, 1858 June 11, 1894 Feb. 23, 1895 Mar. 7, 1898 Oct. 13, 1896 Jan. 16, 1902 From. To. 1856 1871 1872 1878 1899 I900 19OO I902 1902 1903 The Supreme Court of British Columbia is composed of a Chief Justice and four Puisne Judges. Prior to the passing of the Act 42 Vict., (B.C.) Chap. 20, (1878) the Court was composed of a Chief Justice and two Puisne Judges. The Court was originally called " The Supreme Court of Civil Justice of British Columbia," and was constituted by proclamation having the force of law, issued by the Governor of the Colony of British Columbia, on the 8th of June, 1859. The following is a list of Judges appointed from the outset: 1870—March 11. The Hon. Henry Pering Pellew Crease, first Puisne Judge. Received Knighthood January 1st, 1896. Retired January 20th, 1896. (1). 72—July 3. The Hon. John Hamilton Gray, Puisne Judge. Died June 5th, 1889. -Nov. 26. The Hon. John Foster McCreight, Puisne Judge. Retired Nov. 17th, 1897. -Nov. 26. The Hon. Alexander Rocke Robertson, Puisne Judge. Died Dec. 1st, 1881. The Hon. George Anthony Walkem, Puisne Judge. The Hon. Montague William Tyrwhitt Drake, Puisne Judge. The Hon. Theodore Davie, Chief Justice, succeeding Sir Matthew Baillie- Died March 7th, The Hon. Angus John McColl, Puisne Judge. August 23rd, 1898, appointed Chief Justice, succeeding the Hon. Theodore Davie. Died Jan. 16th, 1902. 1897—Dec. 18. The Hon. Paulus ^Emilius Irving, Puisne Judge. -Sept. 12. The Hon. Archer Martin, Puisne Judge. 1902—March 4. Hon. Gordon Hunter, Chief Justice, succeeding the Hon. Angus John McColl. (1). Mr. Justice Crease was appointed Deputy Judge in Admiralty of the Exchequer Court of Canada for the Admiralty District of British Columbia, 27th November, 1893. He was succeeded by Hon. Angus McColl. (2). Hon. Archer Martin was appointed Local Judge in Admiralty in the room and stead of the Hon. Angus McColl, deceased, March 4th, 1902. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION THE COUNTY COURTS. By "The County Court Act, 1883," passed by the Legislative Assembly of the Province of British Columbia, which came into force on the 29th February, 1884, the following Comity Courts, which are Courts of Record, were established, namely : The County Court of Victoria; The County Court of New Westminster; The County Court of Yale; The County Court of Cariboo; The County Court of Kootenay; The County Court of Nanaimo. An additional County Court, called the "County Court of Vancouver," was established by the Act 56 Vict (B.C.) Chap. 10, which, as respects this Court, came into force on the 1st December, 1893. Any County Court Judge may act as Judge in any other district than that assigned him for causes such as death, illness or unavoidable absence, or at the request of the Judge of that other district; the fact of his doing so with the cause to be reported in writing to -the Provincial Secretary. The several Judges of the Supreme Court may sit and dispose of any business in any County Court of the Province After the union of the Colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island the procedure of the County Courts in all parts of British Columbia was amended and assimilated by the "County Court Ordinances, 1867," and the Governor of the Colony empowered to appoint any "Stipendiary Magistrates or Justices of the Peace to be County Court Judges. This provision of the ordinances was repealed, and the "Governor-General of Canada. .Subsequently the commissions held by the then County Court Judges were revoked and the Courts were presided over by a Judge of the Supreme Court until County Court Judges were again appointed under the provisions of " The County Courts Act, 1883." Following is a list of County Court Judges who have been appointed in British Columbia : Name. Place. From. To. I Augustus F. Pemberton Victoria 23rd Sept., 1867. Edward H. Sanders Lillooet and Clinton 18th Sept., 1867. Warner R. Spalding Nanaimo and Comox.... 28th Sept., 1867. Henry M. Ball Cariboo 18th Sept., 1867 14th J Peter O'Reilly Yale 18th Sept., 1867 14th J Arthur T. Bushby New Westminster 18th 1 Eli Harrison (1) Cariboo 25th April, 1884 2nd A I William N. Bole New Westminster 19th Sept., 1889 Clement F. Cornwall .... Cariboo 18th Sept., 1889 I Eli Harrison Nanaimo 3rd Aug., 1889 William Ward Spinks Yale 19th Sept., 1889 John Forin Kootenay 1896 Alexander Henderson Vancouver 6th June, 1901 Andrew Leamy Kootenay 13th June, 1901 Andrew Leamy Yale 31st Oct., 1901 ,1875 (1) Judge Harrison transferred to the County Court of Nanaimo, 3rd August, 1 340 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1 oo ty 1 o < c w>2 - 2 §) 22 2 2222 w £; co O <o & s £ e C (U c 'a" § ~ *s "S " ~ " "^-i£.' *5f" Vr *c .^2 J3 o S rt 1 1 <J Pi <N N <—*—» M ■<*■ vO VO O <—*—' 00 00 VO v© VO l^ N N N t-^ i-, N N r^t- t^ r^ t-» «r>vo r^ t^ ^ t^ t^ t*% oo 00 00 oo oo r^r-» oo oo 00 0O00 1^ t^ 00 OOOOOOOQOO 00 00 00 W ►H HH 00 00 HH W U 2 o H Dec, Dec, Jan., Dec, Dec, Feb.. Jan., Jan., Jan., Feb., Jan., June, June, Feb., Sept., June, Aug., Tune, c c 3 3* vj fnn uiO O h t>» t-^*--. OO N £jh u->mw| H N N i- « N -< N NN <* N W N "-II M HH w vj n ~^ NN N « VO *OVO>0\0 N OO t-» f^ t^ f>» t-^ *■» . 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Ell rnon . tmphre £ 1 C/3 s s G. A. Wi Robert B< John Ash W. J. An Hon. A. F. G. Ve T. B. Hv E. Browi Wm. Smi A TT R < \ c p • < O - S 2 2 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION '2 1 Resigi Minis Decea Q P4 G- Decea Minist fc£- j 5 "2 * 1 ^ 2 2 m 00 00 oo 00 00 OO 00 00 Os 1 oooooo 00 00 00 On On On On On OOOOOO 00 00 XT) XT) \J~, li-> inu^ On On On On On On 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 On On 00 00 00 On 00 On On 00 00 .. .. - . , „ * a OJO •1 1 ci « bio c c c c c 3 3 3 3 3 5 cS c< rt S ri tc bo bp < bfibO 3 3 o no o o* « rofo cs 1 1 00 upt^ Mill ^r m xt *r ■* ^r 00 00 00 0000 00 00 « « N CO 00 00 00 oo 00 00 00 00 CO oo co 00 00 co»ovO t^t* 00 00 OOOOOO 00 00 00 00 OC . ^ On On On On On 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 oooooo On On On On Ov On oooooo oooooo On ON 00 00 ON OO On On 00 00 C 3 Ifei d d d rt tj o. < < c tp tp tp tp bA tf. £A£J££ rt cJ OS ii ei rococo On o> o> o i vo 1-1 00 00 rOfOWfjr^ <N <N <NO0 t^N ^r tt •* ■* ■* ■££ -2* pH<jeL,pt, <; 8<S.%v< >■%< So Igolf§*2g9f 8 gS-oS gauges 2.1'J IS 2.1 2*11 | 2 d icJ9 • £'•'■' p '■ o l_l ° o 2 a ?2 2 3 2 c 3 g g, 6 : o 11 < £ fC ^ ^ CO n (S Aj S nt /~\ 3 n AHU H fa h A O AO* YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The Turner Ministry was dismissed on August 8th, 1898, as the result of the elections, the Lieutenant-Governor claiming that it had lost his confidence and had not a majority of the Members-elect in support. The Semlin Ministry succeeded August 12th, 1898, constituted as follows : C. A. Semlin, Premier and Minister of Public Works and Agriculture. Joseph Martin, Attorney-General and Acting Minister of Education. F. Carter-Cotton, Finance Minister. J. Fred Hume, Provincial Secretary and Minister of Mines. R. McKechnie, President of the Executive Council without portfolio. On March 10th, 1899, changes were made in the distribution of portfolios. Mr. Semlin retired from the Chief Commissionership of Lands and Works and undertook the Provincial Secretaryship, Mr. Hume resigning that but continuing to be Minister of Mines, while Mr. Carter-Cotton became Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works in addition to his office as Minister of Finance and Agriculture. Mr. Martin continued to hold the Attorney-Generalship and Dr. McKechnie the Presidency of the Council. On July 27th at the request of the Premier, Mr. Martin resigned, and was succeeded August 7th, 1899, by Mr. Alex. Henderson. On February 27th, 1900, the Lieutenant-Governor dismissed the Ministry and called on Mr. Joseph Martin to form a Government. The Martin Ministry was composed of: Hon. Joseph Martin, Premier and Attorney-General. Hon. C. S. Ryder, Minister of Finance. Hon. Smith Curtis, Minister of Mines. Hon. J. Stuart Yates, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. Hon. George W. Beebe, Provincial Secretary. In April, 1900, Mr. Ryder retired and Mr. J. C. Brown became Minister of Finance. Mr. Martin appealed to the country and in consequence of the election resigned office June 14th, 1900. Mr. Dunsmuir was called on to form a Cabinet. Another result of the elections was the dismissal of the Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. T. R. Mclnnes, from office, June 21st, 1900. Hon. James Dunsmuir was called on to form a Ministry in which he succeeded June 15th, 1900, his Cabinet being as follows : Hon. James Dunsmuir, Premier and President of the Council. Hon. D. McE. Eberts, Attorney-General. * Hon. J. H. Turner, Minister of Finance and Agriculture. Hon. Richard McBride, Minister of Mines. Hon. W. C. Wells, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. Hon. J. D. Prentice, Provincial Secretary and Minister of Education, The Premier and Messrs. Eberts and Turner were sworn in June 15th, but Messrs. Wells McBride and Prentice not until June 21st. Mr. Turner resigned September 3rd, 1901, to accept the position of Agent-General in London. Mr. Prentice became Finance Minister and Mr. J. C. Brown, M. P. P., was sworn in September 3rd, 1901, as Provincial Secretary. Mr. McBride thereupon resigned- from the Cabinet in consequence of the calling in of Mr. Brown. On going back for election Mr. Brown was defeated and resigned his portfolio. Mr. McBride's place was filled by the appointment of the Hon. E. G. Prior February 26th, 1902. Mr. Dunsmuir resigned November 21st, 1902, and Col. The Hon. E. G. Prior was called on to form a Government. Col. The Hon. E. G. Prior, Minister of Mines, succeeded as Premier November 21st, 1902, and formed the following Administration : AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION Hon. Edward G. Prior, Premier and Minister of Mines. Hon. D. McE. Eberts, Attorney-General. Hon. J. D. Prentice, Minister of Finance and Agriculture. Hon. Denis Murphy, Provincial Secretary. Hon. W. C Wells, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. Hon. W. W. B. Mclnnes, President of the Council. Messrs. Wells and Murphy were appointed November 22nd, and Messrs. Eberts and Mclnnes November 25th. Mr. Murphy relinquished office within a few days and Mr. Mclnnes was appointed Provincial Secretary and Minister in charge of Education December 1st, 1902, having been President of the Council for one week. On May 26th, 1903, it was announced that Premier Prior had requested the resignation of Mr. Eberts and Mr. Wells. On May 27th Mr. Mclnnes resigned in order, he explained, to facilitate an appeal to the country on party lines. On June 1st the Lieutenant-Governor dismissed the Prior Ministry and called on the Hon. Richard McBride to form a Government, which he succeeded in doing as follows, dating from June 1st, 1903 : -, ,j0, Hon. Richard McBride, Premier and Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. Hon. A. E. MePhillips, Attorney-General. Hon. R. G. Tatlow, Minister of Finance and Agriculture. Hon. Charles Wilson, President of the Council. Hon. Robert F. Green, Minister of Mines. Hon. A. S. Goodeve, Provincial Secretary. Hons. A. E. MePhillips and A. S. Goodeve were both defeated and subsequently resigned. On November 5th, the Ministry was reconstructed as follows : Hon. R. McBride, Premier, Minister of Mines and Provincial Secretary. Hon. R. G. Tatlow, Minister of Finance and Agriculture. Hon. Chas. Wilson, Attorney-General. Hon. R. F. Green, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. Hon. F. J. Fulton, President of the Council. ALIENS. Aliens in British Columbia have the same rights in regard to the ownership of lands and real estate of every description as natural born British subjects. This was first granted by proclamation of His Excellency, James Douglas, in 1859, and has been continued in subsequent legislation. An alien, however, in order to become a pre-emptor of Crown lands must declare his intention to become a British subject, and must be a naturalized British subject before receiving a Crown grant of the same. A residence of three years in the Province is necessary for the purpose of naturalization. QUALIFICATIONS OF ELECTORS. The franchise in British Columbia is practically manhood suffrage. At elections for members of the Legislature of the Province every male of the full age of twenty-one years entitled to the privilege of a natural born British subject, having resided in the Province for twelve months and in the electoral district in which he claims to vote for one month immediately previous to sending in a claim to vote, shall be entitled io vote at any election. Indians, Chinese and Japanese, however, are debarred. In each electoral district there are one or more collectors of votes whose duty it is to revise the list of voters, and persons desiring to enter as a voter must make application on and according to printed forms prescribed for that purpose. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BRITISH COLUMBIA LEGISLATURE. Table Shewing the Dates of Opening and Prorogation of the Several Sessions, and of the Dissolutions of the Legislature. Session. Opening. Prorogation. Dissolution. First ^'Igfejj Feb. 16, 1872.... 17, 1872.... April Feb. II, 1872. 21, 1873. 2 Dec. £8|lt§l Dec. 18, 1873.... Mar. 2, 1874. 4 Mar. 1, 1875-•.. April 22, 1875 , ... 1 Aug. 30, 187$ Second I Tan. 10, 1876 May 19, 1876. 2 Feb. 21, 1877.... April 18, 1877. 3 Feb. 7, 1878.... April 10, 1878. ... April 12, 1878 Third i Jury 29, 1878.... Sept. 2, 1878. 2 Jan. 29, 1879.... April 29, 1879. 3 April 5, 1880.... May 8, 1880. 4 Jan. 24, 1881.... Mar. 25, 1881. 5 Feb. 23, 1882.... April 21, 1882. .. June 13, 1882 j 25, 1883.... 3, 1883.... May Feb. 12, 1883. 18, 1884. 2 Dec. 3 Jan. 12, 1885.... Mar. 9, 1885. 4 Jan. 25, 1886.... April 6, 1886. ... June 3, 1886 Fifth i 2 Jan. Jan. 24, 1887..;. 27, 1888.... April April 7, 1887. 28, 1888. 3 Jan. 31, 1889.... April 6, 1889. 4 Jan. 23, 1890.... April 26, 1890. ... May 10, 1890 Sixth I Jan. 15, 1891 ... April 20, 1891. 2 Jan. 28, 1892 ... April 23, 1892. 3 Jan. 26, 1893.... April 12, 1893. 4 Jan. 18, 1894.... April 11, 1894. ... June 5, 1894 Seventh j Nov. 12, 1895 Feb. 21, 1895. 2 Jan. 23, 1896-.... April 17, 1896. 3 Feb. 8, 1897.... May 8, 1897. 4 Feb. 10, 1898.... May 20, 1898. .. June 7, 1898 Eighth Jan. 5, 1899.... Feb. 27, 1899. 2 Jan. 4, 1900 Mar. 1, 1900. ... April 10, 1900 Ninth Feb. 19, 1900 Aug. 31, 1900. 2 21, 1901 May 11, 1901. 3 Feb. 20, 1902.... June 21, 1902. ... 4 Apri 2, 1903.... June 4, I903- ... June 16, 1903 1 ! A DAY'S SPORT ON OKANAGAN LAKE. A BIG-HORN TROPHY. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION Lieutenant-Governor : The Hon. Sir Henri Gustave Joly de Lotbiniere, K. C. M. G. Private Secretary: Robert B. Powell. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL: President of the Council Hon. F. J. Fulton Premier, Minister of Mines and Provincial Secretary Hon. R. McBride Minister of Finance and Agriculture Hon. R. G. Tatlow Attorney-General . Hon. Chas. Wilson Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works Hon. Robert F. Green OFFICERS OF THE HOUSE : Clerk of the Legislative Assembly Thornton Fell, Victoria Law Clerk W. Fisher, Victoria Sergeant-at-Arras D. O'Hara, Ashcroft King's Printer Lt.-Col. R. Wolfenden, Victoria Librarian of the Legislative Assembly E. O. S. Scholefield, Victoria DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS : Attorney-General Hon. A. E. MePhillips, K. C., Victoria Deputy Attorney-General II. A. Maclean, Victoria ■ Secretary Provincial Board of Health C. J. Fagan, M. D., Victoria Deputy Commissioner of Fisheries J. P. Babcock, Victoria Superintendent Provincial Police F. S. Hussey, Victoria Superintendent Juvenile Reformatory J. M. Mutter, Victoria Minister of Mines Hon. R. F. Green, Kaslo Deputy Minister of Mines R. F. Tolmie, Victoria Provincial Mineralogist W. F. Robertson, Victoria Provincial Assayer H. Carmichael, Victoria Inspector of Coal Mines A. Dick, Cranbrook " " T. Morgan, Nanaimo " " J. McGregor, Nelson Minister of Finance Hon. R. G. Tatlow, Vancouver Deputy Minister of Finance J. McB. Smith, Victoria Auditor-General J. A. Anderson, Victoria Inspector of All Offices , W. J. Goepel, Nelson Inspector of Revenue and Surveyor of Taxes J. B. McKilligan, Victoria Provincial Assessor T. B. Hall, Victoria Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works Hon. R. McBride, New Westminster Deputy Commissioner of Lands and Works W. S. Gore, Victoria Public Works Engineer F. C. Gamble, Victoria Provincial Timber Inspector R. J. Skinner, Vancouver Chief Inspector of Boilers J. W. Peck, New Westminster Provincial Secretary Hon. A. S. Goodeve, Rossland Deputy Provincial Secretary A. Campbell Reddie, Victoria Medical Superintendent Hospital for the Insane Dr. Manchester, New Westminster Superintendent Provincial Home H. McLean, Kamloops Curator Provincial Museum John Fannin, Victoria Secretary Bureau Information and Immigration R. E. Gosnell, Victoria Minister of Agriculture Hon. R. G. Tatlow, Vancouver 346 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Deputy Minister of Agriculture J. R. Anderson, Victoria Commissioner of Freight Rates R. M. Palmer, Victoria Inspector of Fruit Pests Thos. Canningham, Vancouver Inspector of Animals J. Gibbins, Vancouver Veterinary Inspector S. F. Tolmie, Victoria Minister of Education Superintendent of Education Alex. Robinson, Victoria Principal Normal School Wm. Burns, Vancouver Inspector of Schools D. Wilson, Nelson " S. B. Netherby, Victoria " A. C. Stewart, Vancouver " J. S. Gordon, Vernon SUPREME COURT REGISTRARS. Victoria New Westminster.... Nanaimo Vancouver Kamloops Nelson E, B. H. T. Drake .J. J. Cambridge H. Stanton A. E. Beck . .G. C. Tunstall T .H. Simpkins Atlin E. M. N. Woods Barkerville John Bowron Clinton F. Soues Vernon L. Norris Kaslo A. Lucas Golden C. E. Hamilton Grand Forks >S. R. Almond Greenwood W. G. McMynn. Fort Steele J. F. Armstrong Revelstoke F. Fraser Rossland P. Sehofield COUNTY COURT REGISTRARS. Victoria. .. Vancouver. Nanaimo . Kamloops.. Nelson ... .Harvey Coombe A. E. Deck H. Stanton G. C. Tunstall .E. T. H. Simpkins Barkerville J. McKen Duncan J. Maitland-Dougall Yale Wm. Dodd Ashcroft J. W. Burr Nicola George Murray Cumberland J. Baird Chilliwack G. W. Chadsey Fairview .C. A. R. Lambly Princeton H. Hunter Greenwood W. G. McMynn Vernon H. F. Wilmot Revelstoke F. Fraser Golden F. C. Lang Rossland R. R. Townsend (Fort Steele J. F. Armstrong Grand Forks S. R. Almond Atlin E. M. N. Woods New Denver A. Mclnnes Alberni A. L. Smith. Wilmer E. J. Scovil Kaslo A. Lucas Trout Lake F. C. Campbell Ladysmith G-. Thomson Fernie L. R. Forbes LAND REGISTRARS. Victoria »>' Vancouver J. New Westminster Victoria New Westminster. Nelson !. Y. Wootton L. G. Abbott .C. S. Keith Kamloops W. H. Edmonds Nelson H. F. McLeod PROVINCIAL GAOLERS. R. F. John .W. C. Armstrong ... .R. E. Lemon Vernon A. G. Fuller I Kamloops .J. R. Vicars Nanaimo W. Stewart Cowichan Alberni Comox Nanaimo Newcastle New Westminster East Kootenay (Northern) East Kootenay (Southern) West Kootenay— Slocan (Nelson Revelstoke Rossland Cariboo— Barkerville Quesnel Forks Omineca Cassiar— Telegraph Creek Atlin Port iSimpson Kamloops Yale— Ashcroft Vernon Osoyoos Clinton Kettle River Similkameen YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA MEMBERS OF THE PRESENT LEGISLATURE. (Elected 3rd October, 1903). Name. Constituency. P. O. Address. Clifford, C. W. D Cotton, F. Carter Drury, R. L Grand Forks Kamloops. New Westminster New Westminster. Cumberland. Green, Hon. R. F Kaslo. Hall, Richard Victoria. Nanaimo. Yale Ashcroft. Nelson. Stanley. King, Dr. J. H Cranbrook. McBride, Hon. Richard Dewdney iNew Westminster. Lillooet. Rossland*. Vancouver. Mclnnes, W. W. B Nanaimo. McNiven, J. D Victoria. Alexandria. Chilliwack Delta Chilliwack. Delta. Victoria. Paterson T. W Victoria. Ross W. R Fernie. iShatford, L. W iSimilkameen Fairview. Saanich. Tatlow, Hon. R. G Vancouver. Taylor Thos Revelstoke. Wells, W, C... Palliser. Williams P. 'Nanaimo. Wilson, Hon. Charles Vancouver. Ymir Nelson. Atlin Atlin. Votes 1900 polled Alberni— *A. W. Neill 108 Bedford 57 J. B. Thomson 33 Cariboo— ♦Joseph Hunter 302 *S. A. Rogers 289 Jones 201 J. C. Kinchant 177 Cassiar— *C. W. D. Clifford 318 * J. Stables 277 J. Irving 244 Godfrey 198 Chilliwack— *C. W. Munro 267 S. Ashwell 251 Cowichan— *C. H. Dickie 224 Ford 107 Comox— *L. A. Mounce 338 MePhee 279 Delta— * J. Oliver 324 Berry 215 T. Forster 173 Dewdney— *R. McBride 338 C. Whetham 285 Esquimalt— *C. E. Pooley 230 *W. H. Hayward 272 D. W. Higgins Ill D. Fraser 75 Bizanston 50 Kootenay—Northeai *W. C. Wells 246 Armstrong 111 Burnett 78 Kooten ay—Southeast— *E. C. Smith 428 .7. Fernie 383 Coslisjan .171 Kootenay West—Nelson— * J. Houston 747 Fletcher 508 Hall 293 Kootenav—Revelstoke— *Thomas Taylor 513 McRae | 368 Kootenay—Rossland— ♦Smith Curtis 1 .^23 C. H. Mackintosh 1.287 Kootenav—Slocan— *R. F. Green 639 J. Keen 373 Kane 170 Lillooet East— * J. D. Prentice 164 Graham 43 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1900 Votes polled Lillooet West— *A. W. Smith 134 Skinner 80 Lochore 7 Nanaimo City— ♦5Ralph Smith 763 J. S. Yates 86 Nanaimo North— *W. W. B. Mclnnes... 238 John Bryden 195 Dixon 73 Nnnaimo South— * James Dunsmuir 249 Radcliffe 225 New Westminster City— *6J. C. Brown 628 Reid 540 Richmond— ♦Thomas Kidd 222 Rowan 204 Wilkinson 133 Vancouver— 4*J. F. Garden 1.787 ♦Joseph Martin 1,737 *R. G. Tatlow 1,645 ♦H. B. Gilmour 1,465 C. Wilson 1,457 R. Macpherson 1.435 J. McQueen 1,391 W. H. Wood 1,344 Joseph Dixon 853 F. Carter-Cotton 802 F. Williams 716 W. MacClain 683 Victoria City— ♦H. D. Helmcken 1.688 ♦Richard Hall 1,597 7^J. H. Turner 1,552 ♦A. E. MePhillips 1,449 Joseph Martin 1,352 J. G. Brown 1,259 J. S. Yates 1,233 J. L. Beekwith 1,154 Victoria North— 8M. P. Booth 323 White 117 Robertson Victoria South— ♦D. M. Eberts . Sangster Yale East— *Price Ellison . J. W. Snodgrasf Raynrer Yale North— ♦F. J. Fulton . . F. J. Deane . . A. J. Palmer . Yale West— ♦Denis Murphj 41 259 208 619 351 45 504 388 84 G. W. Beebe 149 354 1,344 826 580 1,564 1,291 7,940 423 750 1,738 1,451 Votes Voters polled on list ♦A. W. Smith E. S. Peters . A. McGregor . .. ♦R. E. McKechnie 170 678 ♦John Bryden 249 70S W. J. G. Hillier 153 ♦Ralph Smith 193 W. W. Walkem 53 J. C. Brown . ♦A. Henderson 534 555 ♦Thomas Kidd 357 J. McQueen 173 W. J. Bowser 879 John T. Carroll 954 ♦J. F. Garden 1,157 ♦Joseph Martin 1,651 W. S. McDonald 735 ♦Robert Macpherson . .1,795 ♦C. E. Ti*dall 1,798 Robert Beaven 906 A. L. Belyea 949 F. B. Gregory 1,149 ♦Richard Hall 1.274 ♦H. D. Helmcken . 1,484 ♦A. E. MePhillips 1.229 A. Stewart .1,065 ♦J. H. Turner 1,352 . ♦J. P. Booth 144 T. W. Paterson 129 ♦D. M. Eberts 236 J. S. Yates 210 ♦Price Ellison A. Graham . ♦F. J. Deane 427 G. B. Martin 423 John J. McKay SS 595 ♦C. A. Semlin 203 ♦Those with a star were elected. lOn a recount D. W. Higgins was seated, instead of W. F. Bullen. 2Mr. Neilson died before taking his seat in the House, and in the bye-election Mr. Wells was elected. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 351 3Mr. Hume was appointed Minister of Mines, and upon returning for re-election was re-elected by acclamation, but owing to technical irregularity subsequently resigned and the seat was contested by A. S. Farwell, but unsuccessfully. 4Mr. Garden resigned his seat to contest the Burrard division in the Conservative interest for the House of Commons, but being defeated ran again, being opposed by R. Macpherson, and was elected. 5Mr. Smith resigned his seat to contest the Dominion election for the Nanaimo Riding, and was succeeded by Mr. J. H. Hawthornthwaite. 6Upon Mr. Brown accepting the office of Provincial Secretary, he was opposed by Mr. Thomas Gilford, and was defeated. 7Mr. Turner in September, 1901, resigned his seat to accept the position of Agent-General in London, Eng., and was succeeded by Col. Prior, who was appointed .Minister of Mines. He was elected over Mr. E. V. fBodwell by the following vote, Prior 1,539, Bodwell 1,484. SDeeeased. There were three bye-elections after the formation of the Prior Administration, as follows : North 'Nanaimo, 15th December, 1902, W. W. B. Mclnnes, appointed Provincial •Secretary, being elected over his opponent Parker Williams by 263 to 155. iNorth Victoria, rendered vacant by the death of Speaker Booth, December 23, 1902, T. W. Patterson being elected over his opponent Robertson by 196 to 153. West Riding Yale, rendered vacant by resignation of Mr. Dennis Murphy, appointed Provincial Secretary, 26th February, 1003, Mr. C. A. Semlan being elected over his opponent, Dr. Sansom by 282 to 170. LIQUOR LICENSES. The following is the number of liquor licenses of all kinds (not including restaurant licenses) issued in the Province in licensing districts and in municipalities for the year 1903. The revenue arising out of licenses in the Provincial districts for 1901 was about $50,000, and in the urban municijpality $110,418.53. Licensing District. Hotel Ainsworth 7 Alberni 4 Ashcroft 9 Atlin 19 Barkerville 11 Boundary Creek 24 Chilliwack 1 Comox 14 Cowichan 7 Dewdney 3 Esquimalt 15 Fort Steele 44 Golden 9 Lillooet, East 10 Lillooet West 3 Nanaimo, North 7 Wholesale. Licensing District. Hotel. Nanaimo, South 16 •Nelson 24 Nicola 8 150 Mile House 3 Richmond 5 Revelstoke 34 Slocan 12 Soda Creek 4 Victoria, North 4 Victoria, South 5 Windermere 5 Yale, North 8 Yale, Northeast 7 Yale, Southeast 16 Yale, West 4 Wholesale. 3 MUNICIPALITIES. Hotel Saloon Shop Wholele Hotel Saloon Shop Whole'le N. West. .. . . 13 2 1 Rossland 15 11 1 1 Sandon ... o 0 Vernon 4 1 Trail 9 1 Cumberland.. 4 4 1 1 1 Vancouver .. 47 12 10 7 Phoenix ... .. 14 Victoria . . . . 35 39 5 18 Greenwood . . 17 2 Revelstoke . . 8 1 Kamloops . 1 1 Grand Forks. 7 9 2 Nanaimo . . 22 o Nelson 15 6 Slocan . . . .. 8 1 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA at m *** -S a> gig .2 o i o g«2 _. bn-g *JS g p< I* • E- < : * 3W£ SSagSagST Q 3 3 §"8 J YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA O rj "n\% ^<*><2S©?2»cri I 2 -t-SSrHCCM^OjHWt- rte.;" : -1 5s • i b :'I il;: s a, $ _cl : s « w-S-a^ g'g tvg b"S i B YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA gig bws Si OX3 >©2>© «<N I SJ • CN| <* COOT^t-SO •fc-Ht-soio 150 •THost-Qoo^O 100 •t^OOJOOOJ"*t- I rj • csic0>G>»OT-ic<JcOt- • iH CO tH t- • O SO SO <N iH T-IOQ • O SO -H SO SO <M tH Q . <N SO t-I rH <N r-i t-I •m \r-i -rH 0-1 • N • Ol o i id Z\ •GOs0GOt-<M •CM O «lO<M»£lCO»QOl© rH •OC»C»H3Cr<OaO "<# .OQCiCiOlGOCJiaa ^ -i35Hr-feo£4 00 -CO -WS I «5 .r-lt- ■ & cbr?£ CO j t—! [ T-l • C\ S3 I > fl * u 9 » -«d ^t,d erf ci ej Q Sa o^a moo •-•3 § S ^ n <=> Q -.2 Sp 2 ° « I YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA . •01<MOt-C<l»«»0005-*C<»0'*SOrHC30THt-OTHSO £ -r-ir-lT-l OOSO-HSOOlrH OC5rH -H £ ' rH T-l . •05l>'C001^CRiOOOHU5<»OOOJC30-*fc-',!HCNIO;l C • SM^t^I SOlQrH-gjkOrH tHiHQCOtH -H - -(MSOtHOD 'SOTHCSIrHQO • (N Ol XO t-CM SO rH H 00 %-m •OlSOrHOOOlJOTHOOOeOSOi-l ^3sS^^^oo3e3s3j3o.^|£!i=I0joPc3.-h 1 i?J b- KS © ©.S ©SJH.S lllal YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA o p rtfP II M K5 . -TflOOSOSOt-01rHOQt-pTH»OeOt-05 I Ci "HOOIOTHeOaGsOTHCieOb-OT-l C .iH iHr-!01r-ieoS«T-i01-* rfr OS '>O01 rH Ol rH SO <5 «3 Bm ^ ) fc O °^ O »6p Sco g^S &m §i3 3^-^ »;ip 83 ^9 as8 3 .£ a © u „-. ^3 0) YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 1 Ss | • >o • • •. GO' Z\ O v H c/3 ' Z\ La O • •OJiHOSOOOlSOrHOOOOirHOOllOOOOS I O • r+l OJ t- Ol O I© Ci1- SO r-l 00 OS IO r-l t- SO OJ O 001- H g JO .OOCOrt tH r-trHOIr-l OlSO ri O .00 rH rH tHsOOI rH. j . .-HO -OiQOliOlO OOiaOQb-rHOOiO I rH 'sOO0>O t-C0»0OlioS0rHOC0>OS0C»01b-b-O0001 *~\ S .rHSO • OlOl r-lrH © r-l rHrHr-lrH OOrHrHrHOl rH t+I frl r-i 81*8.3 8 : O S5 O el CD §«£ 5 5 hS « O O) Pir2ir5-P £> ^M ?«§" « S3 P>" i ^ Sf §*§ S3 o & O , wbC£> -J2 * *> fe: & ©>^P.+4.os-iT,'s<I)** 5 *» *$j? The election returns in these pages were printed without being fully completed. The totals are :— * Number of voters on list in Province, 1903 39,291 ballots actually cast 32,293 a votes cast for Conservative candidates 28,295 " " Liberal candidates 23,801 Labour « 5,085 Socialist // 4,123 n ballots rejected 141 // spoilt 201 votes polled, 1900 47,204 voters on the list, 1900 43,979 votes polled, 1898 31,048 voters on the list, 1898 34,334 votes polled for candidates, 1903 61,304 * It will be observed that the number of votes cast largely exceeds the number of voters on the lists. This is accounted for by the fact that in some Electoral Districts there were more than one candidate to be elected, as in Vancouver and Victoria, and, consequently, each elector had as many votes as there were candidates to be elected. In Lillooet and Columbia Districts, in which candidates were elected by acclamation, the whole number of votes in the list is credited to the respective candidates. The number of votes registered in the Rossland District is 965. By mistake, the vote cast for the Labour candidate in Slocan is credited to the Liberals in the table of election returns. ■BT" d « VO o\ a c/3 « c I2 s s if s OS < £ Ph Ph rto so YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA iIs,® § p t,3 . O fl^ g « nG 5 5 o) P.^rSrP-: HrP P I s p a-2^-2 £S g-S p § £ o 3 :*«arf* lis* «SiMg *s-ag!JHfgS .AiND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. o ^ (3 ,£ >» $►» rA ^ o -o -a T3 g c £ g i-c rJ < r* W I t I <= * g ^ * « Q Qisl | H )-. ** „, 2 < a ti 1 Is o5 c3 ej eS . © . • < 5 pi x6 ,e *o T3 'a . > . <J W W Wh^—fc rA g g OK .2 _o | g g | E §2 § -CCrCOOggo D « Ph © • .2 £ rt eirr: g I d < •7 © >7- © ©-o © P, P. Pi '. J2c>5 d >, O >>>< ^i. r. Sw h '-©SW©S5tL S S.S S S£~ S Is g g a g « £ ^«i P ef w ©.-p > SB <; tc <«3 < .g .E c c c c c c*" O O C O O « u <d p2 OOOOjgoOPHfi g e« ^ .^ U c O o a > .s. ■.c Oft y c o j: o -C © o EErErEEfcOOK W £ £ <J ^W f~ JH Uh UHO © 'O v_, J2 " " .g ii ii P > § -G M PC s o 1 c c D O y r5 < ra C k. m .2 ° S c« 3 p T3 T3 1 ? ^ S So « ^ < •< . | c a S £ £ IgrJ -1 8 PQ 'g oo > ^ffi"£ £ p. © 0 £ 3 * d< ^ % Si H ed g ^ ^^ g rC sis Is- T3 s a OX) c/ o o S "s "« § t> s^ uoq Z\ £ U Stf©* ^O^ rO o o i o U § 1 f f. 1 *<«f£«i |w-| W "3 *3 & K a A H^; r-^ qo ad si | < << c c c p o o o O p, p. p. a, g g S S § s hi o o o o o _C JG rC Si ^O t-5 o H H H H-g^ ^Sr^ 1 3 8 "3 5 S © © iS'S-P'© '© £'« O < g g 3 Sf^Hrt tf^P* © © © ©tA©cn a u m g 1 a, Pi P< P,0»O0) « -/ O oo oo oo o:g">a a> OO ^ '%■ © rJ-l . eS ""' cl cSr/^' e£ I 1 .O rt $1 «i tJ- OO N vO « *^ *T" *T* °? oo on vo" o 8, J, « •<+ 00 N vO 6 P co" OO CO CO oo oo CO vO Ov a w5 1 1 g g g g g ^J- c » £d 6 1 S g S S 5 .g .JS J3 .ei _oj l i 1 .g S «> li _rt rt eS ci ci ci . H o ^ H* Ph cm Ph Pm C^ Ph Ph ffi Q 1 K ^ : s o vt 3 ; CO YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DOMINION ELECTIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, *George Maxwell i G. H. Cowan i W. J. Bowser *AuIay Morrison R. McBride *W. W. B. Mclnnes A. Haslam James Haggart *Hon. E. G. Prior *Thomas Earle Wm. Templeman Dr. Milne *Hewitt Bostock J. A. Mara Number of valid votes polled 3 1896. •urrard. 512 214 420 Victoria. Cariboo. 1,758 1,460 823 647 146 3,218 1,647 1,551 1,452 i,355 6,005 1,824 i,479 3,303 DOMINION ELECTIONS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA, 1900. New( Burrard. Westm'r. Vancouver. V *George R. Maxwell 2,716 James F. Garden 2,089 • • • • Hon. E. Dewdney 1,627 *Aulay Morrison i,772 .... *Ralph Smith 1,256 Clive Phillips-Wolley William Sloan *Hon E. G. Prior 1,872 *Thomas Earle 1,775 R. L. Drury 1,657 George Riley .... .... 1,640 *W. A. Galliher C. Foley John McKane Number of valid votes polled 4,805 3>999 2,956 6,944 Rejected votes 36 9 26 33 Spoiled 33 21 16 37 3,"2 2,652 2,583 8,347 43 ected. YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA o C/3 w O < o H O Q. w w i 3 w S o to « &9 bo bJO o OO VO »- 00 O vc VO- vd VO N ^- ^ "1 -HCOC VO f^OvvOi-i ^" N t> Ov ^ CO m co * h >C CO CO Ov O <fr i ^ O O 1 vOvOOvOO tJ- sO ci O OONl^O 00 N m m N ts 00 00 M moo N Jt^^vO «"> "-• r-T vd « tC dv ci oo~ d" ►- i- vo ■* co •-» O Ov M ■- _, — o ^o Ov Ov VO u"> W Ov io d Ov CO CJ * NOO ^ CO "■> 00 >-< OOOOOO IO * tl fl NJt^i-iii-i *~» 00 00 VO ■§£ Ov vb~ Ov ^O TT rH 00 O VO Ov Is* co vo •- tft- p. o o 1 NmvoO N fO ^ m O t^ co O NMvorH « rr Ov co i-i rr O O U~> C^ U"> CJ 1-lOOrHvO M W •<£ ci O" ON ■* Ov CJ Ov TT 00 N rH CJ § *T c* .««•«*«?• ci ^ H o 1 > N O >0 Ifl H U1 Tf O ^O U~) Tf O u-it^Nio t^OOoo -3- ov m to rHt^.Ot~» CJ. 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SRi 1 c c g < c t a | 1 c £ < | O Ov CO G bfi P .i w c c3 c ^ 6 "^ c tuo c •g ^ bJO C J i © V. .2 © |l 5 c c g < J .C 4. £ 3 {2 c s: c £ < 'Pi £ YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Cjr^O^OCJVOCJN CO00 NNIOO h m m o» N CO i> ^- O* vO «0 C^ Ov Tl-OO "<*• CJ OvO 00 "i" CJ vO 00 00 "1NH-OVO —CO •H rH IO rH rH »H N C^ COvO CJ rH CJ CO CJ ■* Cl T w tJ-00 00 IO • OO vO CJ u-> COVO Ov C N V© ©WO rH rH CO ^l- C rj- <0 »0 CJ 00 00 CJ O "") O O CJVOOOl — .O b£ C • • OVh O N N to • — • TT . • CJ • • CO • 0j . «vO -h io • ,C n Q J-^ nuotJ-ih — CO-h CO "TOO vO to r^ cj — to tj- co u to rovO to Ov CO CJ to Ov Ov CJ too *C0N tt ^-v© "3- Ov m to 1^ — rOLOI^CJ rH IT)-H COOV O^vO «>. c^ cj r^» u- io co < ** " 1 CO Tj- rH .Scl >, . § ,ri s.. -§ cj • tj- io uivo • ii ■<*■ r^oo covo a CXoo" K Oh : J? &O0 c_,*oC(-«^.3^5*5CC3C.S 3^i gal --S1 »a gS k Iv'S'S'S 8 8 .o ». * *^JS f* a o^ & & Q *V v ° * u a ° G ** u'g Smmv6<JlnOOOi4Z,Z\Z\&&&&<%>>'£pH > H&-* 9 ,«J£« > g j> ;1B ||. 3£ £ «E O: §| £« c« -„ ..is 2 O.W 0£ u | J S.t:-3 a-5 o'5 ?sJ**tj| YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ROADS AND TRAILS. The following table gives the approximate mileage of all roads and trails in the several electoral ridings throughout the Province, built and maintained by the Province of British Columbia up to the year 1900 : South Victoria North Victoria Esquimalt Cowichan Alberni Nanaimo City South Nanaimo North Nanaimo Comox Westminster Yale—North Riding Yale—West Riding Yale—East Riding Lillooet—West Riding Lillooet—East Riding Cariboo West Kootenay—Revelstoke Riding. W7est 'Kootenay—Slocan Riding West Kootenay—Nelson Riding West Kootenay—Rossland Riding. . East Kootenay—North Riding East Kootenay—South Riding Cassiar H7-75 46.75 L78.10 142.25 167.50 157 82 25 282.12 723 601 664 181 302 721 106 109 97 164 440 51-25 5,6i5-49 12 50 16 90 21 So 65 56 5° 124.40 144 12 258 155 5 757 5i3 355-25 290.50 124 565 385 542 Since the above statement was compiled by the Department of Public Works no further information has been prepared in detail by districts. Approximately, however, the number of miles of new roads is about 200, and the number of miles of trail roo. Gross Postal Revenue. 1902 $259,831 1901 249,460 1900 237,356 1899 242,235 1898 247,282 1897 204,219 1896 156,883 1892 127,328 1888 , 67,183 1884 34,244 1880 . 17,886 1876 15,507 1872 8,809 ♦Including interest. POST OFFICE. ount Orders Amount Orders Savings Bank issued. paid. Deposits. Withdrawn 12,383,670 $1,445,227 $ 372,004 $ 371,908 1,951,290 1,175,898 *397,081 348,581 1,864,691 895,764 368,041 344,822 1,633,144 754,330 390,870 304,020 1,396,605 705,768 392,923 299,897 1,142,974 606,240 408.822 288,326 1,053,389 545,925 386,851 281,008 1,089,791 487,170 278,891 439,844 656,507 334,461 496,129 980,284 604,301 364,064 1,516,704 1,306.739 171,108 100,032 996,277 891,510 10,416 11,294 919,609 881,523 21,283 717,564 672,380 AiND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. LOANS, BRITISH COLUMBIA, TO 30TH JUNE, 1903 1877 1887 1891* 1893* 1895* 1899* 1902* Amount Amount Issued. Redeemed. i 727,500 $264,810 996,190 614^80 239,141 599,945 2,037,000 1,649,000 3,496,850 100,000 50,000 ♦Issue of inscribed stock. The following have been guaranteed in aid of railways : 1890—Interest of the Shuswap & Okanagan Railway Company's bonds, 4 per cent, per annum on $1,249,763 $49,980 52" 1892—Interest of the Victoria & (Sidney Railway Company's bonds, 2 per cent, per annum on $300,000 6,000 00 1893—Principal and interest of the iNakusp & Slocan Railway Company's bonds, interest at 4 per cent, per annum on $647,072 25,882 88 All of the above are terminable in 25 years. Against the guarantee to the iShuswap & Okanagan and (Nakusp & Slocan -Railways, the Province receives 40 per cent, of the gross earnings, under agreement with the O. P. R. Co., which company is operating both lines. In aid of dyking and drainage, the Dkying Acts guarantee the payment by the Government of the principal on $671,000 of debentures redeemable in 1937, with interest at Sy2 per cent, per annum. As security to the Government, the lands of the six dyking districts are liable for the payment, by a special dyking rate, levied annually. iNet public debt of the Province, being balance of liabilities over assets at 30th June, 1903 $8,539,632 Net revenue, 1903 2,044,630 Net expenditure, 1903 3,393,182 IMPORTS, 1903 •Statement showing IMPORTS into the Province of British Columbia by Ports for the Fiscal Year 1903. Dutiable. Grand Forks $ 212,895 Kaslo 40,029 Nanaimo 231,466 Nelson 433,083 New Westminster 463,038 Rossland 232,831 Vancouver 4,019,178 Victoria 2,490,124 Total $8,122,639 Free. Total. $ 232,467 $ 445,362- 7,313 47,342 98,540 580,006 310,758 743,841 304,290 767,323 73,213 306,044 1,476,498 5,495,676 515,350 3,005,474 $3,018,429 $11,141,068 372 . YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA t^-^OvOtO-srOON ivo VO iO VO vO VO 00 00 • >■ •< . Ov Tl--^-C»iOrH<MCOCOOO oo r^>H tocoo cot O Tj- t«- roOOOOOcoc O O o CO -"T to Ov O CO VO W H CO >-f cT cT "£ •- f to X H Z\ •S 'O J O vo O 00 : £ IS & 1—1 te- q. i>. rH -rj- CO H U * ^ ! cf oo" : o s P4 O pq Ph CO OV >- < o <ft Mis lani Arti %t ; M 00 rH t^OtOVO^-cOTl-t^ vO t2 «5 to to co oo too Ov C rn CJO\O^J"C)OV»0 vO 3 © C 3 *"■ toi^'^-TfoitCcrc^ cT -H f^ C w u 2 " "si o5 -h tJ- o O Ov <*■ ^ co N to >h Ov VO -*r o ^ Ph ,,. 1? 3 & 2 «ft Cjv 00 OC <o vO T OV CO vO <J Pm w s H _, ,,, vO vo to co 'dr O Tf t^ to 00 VO VO O Ov £) O £ 3 CO <tf- CO 00 00 O vo to O £ (ft « n IO rf ON C 00 Sg 'A 1 Ah N O vo O C4 w Tt- O | vOrHCOOvOO-^vO-^" *- tO00<OtO000000 to < Cl -*r O VO t-» ■* Ov M l-H r-J « H S • Ov Ov Ov *■ < o fn CO rj- q^ <JrD > ""I 1 -H o Ov O co CO t •tt o © 'C OV rH C rH ifi «fl- VO cf C ~ o c 00 CJ vc V rH £ PQ CO00 CJOOvOvO O OC rH ■-< tj- Ov co -<i- oo oo c CO Ovvo OvO tO-^-00 C •<£ o , rfl C t o~ xo ^ H s CO 00 vO •* 1^ tJ- C 00 cj^ to oo t>. •- OV •-co S CO > 3 o > pq ¥-< fc TA % © tt £ p -« ! St 's fH o « 3 ro O ' © T3 > '1 § * 1 § 1 c J2 £ $ 8 1 o u a z z <£ ** r> IMPORTS. BRITISH COLUMBIA. For home consumption. By 4-year periods. Dutiable. Free. Total. (Ending— June 30, 1872 $1,603,361 $ 166,707 $ 1,767,068 June 30, 1876. 2,287,069 707,906 2,944,978 Jnne 30, 1880 1,614,165 122,451 1,736,616 June 30, 1884 3,387,642 702,693 4,040,335 June 30, 1888 2,674,941 729,266 3,401,207 June 30, 1892 4,306,921 1,831,069 6,137,970 June 30, 1896 3,963,650 1,593,894 5,496,944 .June 30, 1900 7,815,925 2,516,894 10,322,819 June 30, 1901 8,311,650 2,825,788 10,805,794 June 30, 1902 7,946,110 2,445,146 10,391,256 EXPORTS. Duty collected. Value, $342,400 48 488,384 52 450,175 43 884,076 21 861,465 14 1,412,878 27 1,306,738 56 2,354,779 06 2,358,842 64 2,354,404 78 P 1,858,050 2,714,082 2,584,001 3,075,177 3,858,618- 6,275,774 10,289,908- 17,851,812 21,648,191 18,385,335- TONNAGE SEA-GOING VESSELS. Statement showing the number and tonnage of sea-going vessels which arrived at and departed from British Columbia ports during the fiscal year 1908. No. Chemainus 83 Comox .- 112 Nanaimo 120 Ladysmith 161 New Westminster 149 Douglas 43 Vancouver 787 Victoria 1,271 Port Simpson 12 Stickeen 10 Tons. No. Tons. 35,836 71 4231T 115,841 112 115.841 134,009 177 149.020- 132,373 195 137,056- 15,520 177 17,312 1,081 40 772 565,960 811 555396 1,053,384 1,232 1,002,894 4,098 12 4,098 2,777 10 2,777 VESSELS IN COASTING TRADE Statement showing the number and tonnage of vessels engaged in the Coasting Trade which arrived at and departed from British Columbia ports during the fiscal year 1903: A No. Comox 6/74 Chemainus 127 Kaslo 719 Nanaimo 1,503 Nelson 5,125 New Westminster 1,098 Douglas 4 Vancouver 3,583 Victoria 1,956 Ladysmith 491 Port Simpson 28 Nakusp 1,010 Rykerts 10 red. Departed. Tons. No. Tons. 148,534 678 150,103 7,874 142 8,804 192,224 718 192,059 350,214 1,521 352,242 1,699,831 5,125 1,699,831 1712,933 1,117 172,242 136 5 270 850154 3,740 768,629 633,483 1,985 681,998- 67,433 478 67,378 746 28 746 397,854 1,010 397,854 2,034 10 2,034 CLEARING HOUSE RETURNS. Victoria. 1900 $32,295,337 1901 30,801,369 1902 28,580,754 Vancouver $46,161,432 46,738,805 54,223,969 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. . INLAND REVENUE COLLECTIONS. 1902-3. Island. Spirits $119,721 30 Malt 23,57656 Manufactured Tobacco 29,469 57 Cigars 10,208 04 Raw Leaf Tobacco 3,7H 42 Licenses 1,465 00 Methylated Spirits . 139 4° Other Receipts 33813 Fines and Seizures $188,632 42 Mainlan 1. $156,526 35 31,989 48 59,391 5o 22,461 72 81,229 79 3> 030 00 313 65 3,193 20 178 66 $285,314 35 1903 1902 Island. 188,632 191,649 1901... 192,910 1900 184,011 1899 220,995 1898 192,970 1897 155,702 1896 1892,. 148,782 1888 87,819 1880 1876 38,016 14,943 Mainland. 285,314 277206 290,056 324,370 293,010 229,017 172,055 127,870 89,184 DOMINION GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS. J. S. Clute New Westminster Inspector of Customs. A. R. Milne, C.M.G Victoria Collector of Customs. J. M. Bowell Vancouver " 1 A. Munn New Westminster. " " B. R. McDonald Rossland " George Johnstone Nelson " " B. H. Smith Nanaimo " " R. R. Gilpin Grand Forks " " E. H. Fletcher , Victoria , P. O. Inspector, V. 1. W. H. Dorman Vancouver P. O. Inspector, Mainland. Jos. H. McLaughlin Vancouver Asst. Receiver-General. Wm. Gill Vancouver Inspector Inland Revenue. Richard Jones Victoria Collector Inland Rev., V. I. J.E.Miller Vancouver " " " Mainland. Hugh Findley Victoria Inspector Weights and Measures. E. Baynes-Reed Victoria Supt. Meteorological Office. Wm.. Henderson.. Victoria Supt. Public Works Office. Geo. C. Keefer New Westminster Resident Engineer Public Works. John McKenzie New Westminster Agent Dominion Lands. E. A. Nash Kamloops " " " James Gaudin Victoria Agent Marine and Fisheries Dept. C. B. Sword New Westminster Inspector of Fisheries. J. C. Whyte New Westminster Warden, Penitentiary. James Leamy New Westminster Inspector of Timber. A. W. Vowell Victoria Supt. Indian Affairs. Lt.-Col. J. G. Holmes Victoria D. O. C. Militia. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Title Page. Introduction 3 Physical Characteristics 5-49 Geology of British Columbia. . 7-9 Rivers and Lakes 10-11 Political Divisions 11-16 •A Coast Trip 16-25 Climate 25-47 Agriculture 49-128 Upper Mainland 5271 Lower Mainland 71-80 Vancouver Island and Adjacent Islands 80-90 General Conditions 91-99 Fruit-growing in Okanagan... 99-100 Poultry-raising in B.0 101-102 Hog-raising 102 iSheep-raising 102 Cattle-raising 103 Dairying 103-106 Fruit-growing 106-108 General Farming 108-109 Dominion Census Returns... .109-114 Land Returns 115-117 Priees, Current Market, Etc. .116-120 Laws Affecting Agriculture. . .122-128 Natural History Society of B.C. 128 Mining in British Columbia 129-212 Page Mining Statistics 137-139 Coal and Coke Production.... 139-140 Placer and Hydraulic Mining. 141-142 Mining by Districts 142186 Coal Mining 186-190 Iron Ores in B.C 190-198 Coal and Coke Supply 199-204 Synopsis of Mining Laws 204-208 Gold Commissioners and Mining Recorders 209-211 The (Fisheries 213-236 Forest Wealth 237-256 Legislation Affecting Manufacture of Pulp 248-249 Timber Statistics 250-256 Timber on Dominion Lands. . 268 Educational 257-269 Provincial Health Laws 268 Taxation and Aassessment 270-272 Municipal 273-289 Our Indians 290-292 Towns and Cities 293-312 Census of British Columbia 313-318 JRailway Enterprise 318-324 Game of British Columbia 324-328 Labour and Wages 329-337 Political Information 337-371 Trade and Navigation Statistics.371-375 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Frontispiece: Parliament Buildings, Victoria. Olympian Range from Victoria.... 8 Oak Bay, showing Mount Baker. . 8 tySiwash Rock, Burrard Inlet ...... 16 pScene in Stanley Park, Vancouver. 16 pEsquimalt Harbour 17 Shipping in Vancouver Harbour... 17 i View from Bamfield Creek (Cable Station) 24 LAlberni Canal 24 An Alberni Pastoral Scene 25 Haying on Vancouver Island 25 Nicola River 32 I [Rapids, Kicking Horse River 40 Hon. J. D. Prentice 47 I (Sunset on Harrison Lake 48 | Exhibition Buildings, New West- j minster 56 •Exhibition Buildings, Victoria 56 City Market, New Westminster... 57 Flour Mill, Enderby 57 - Round-up of Cattle, Nicola 64 Rounding-aip Cattle, Kamloops ... 65 (Branding of Cattle, Kamloops 65 i Page Thoroughbred Stock, Ladner 72 Harvesting .Scene, Delta 73 A Westminster District Farm-house 75 Harvesting, Vernon 80 Peeps into Vancouver Island Interior 96 Bonnington Falls, Kootenay River. 97 Powell Lake Falls 97 Reflection on Okanagan Lake 104 Powell River Falls 104 Okanagan Lake 105 Str. "Aberdeen" on Okanagan Lake 105 Yale 112 Kaslo 112 Junction Woss and Kla-anch Rivers 113 Foot of Woss Lake, Vancouver Isl. 113 Van Anda Smelter 120 BjC. Copper Co.'s Smelter 121 Boundary 'Palls Smelter 121 Atlin 128 Freighting into Cariboo 128 Fort St. James 128 Fort McLeod 128 Atlin Gold Diggings 129 Atlin Views 129 376 Page Tyee Smelter, Ladysmith 136 Crofton Smelter 136 Coke Works at Comox 137 Hall Smelter, Nelson 137 Views in Atlin, 1901 144 Two views of social life in Atlin. .. 144 Thibert Creek Mining 145 Oanyon Creek, Kettle River 145 Lytton, Looking South 152 Lillooet 152 Kamloops 153 Princeton 153 Skeena River 160 Glenora 161 Telegraph Creek 161 ITulameen Valley 168 Ptarmigan 169 Marble 'Canyon 169 Peace River, below Canyon 176 Mount Selwyn, Peace River 177 Lake Louise, Rocky Mountains .. . 184 View of Interior Vancouver Island. 184 Estero Basin, Frederick Arm 185 Stikine Glacier 200 -Nootka 200 Nimkish River 201 Chief Maquinna 208 Mt. Burgess, Emerald Lake 208 Salmon Fleet on Fraser 209 Thompson River 209 Hon. R. P. Green 212 Fishing Fleet Mouth of Fraser 216 Indians Fishing 224 An Oolachan Catch 224 Trap Pishing 225 Scow-load of Salmon 225 Hon. A. E. MePhillips 236 Hastings Saw Mill 240 Cutting Down Big Trees 248 Forest Undergrowth 249 Luxuriant Growth Devil's CLub. .. 249 Hon. Richard McBride 250 Pioneer Steamer Beaver 256 Schools and Churches, Victoria.... 257 Hauling Logs 264 Harrison Saw Mill 265 Page Brunette Saw Mill 265 'Churches, Vancouver 272 * Public Schools, Vancouver 272 Public School, Kettle River 273 I Public School, Nanaimo 273 I All Hallows School, Yale 273 Public School, Rossland 273 Penitentiary, New Westminster.... 280 Asylum for Insane 280 Indians (Spearing Pish 281 Indians Working Gold 281 New Westminster, 1864 288 New Westminster of To-day 288 Bridal Veil Palls, Kamloops 289 Stave River Falls 289 Kicking Horse River 289 Yale Creek Palls 289 ■Chief John and His Son 296 A Chilliwack Chief 296 Tal-Tan Indians (Pull dress) 297 Kanaka 'Creek Palls 304 Boulder Creek Falls 304 ■ Peace River 305 Fort St. John 305 Skeena River 305 An Ideal Trout Stream 312 A. Prospecting Expedition 312 'Lake .Louise, Rocky Mountains .. . 313 A Great Glacier 313 Manson, Big Game Hunter and Guide 320 A Grizzly Asleep 320 Bruin Taking a Nap 321 Elk Hunters, Vancouver Island.... 321 Victor and Vanquished 328 Mountain Goats "In Place" 829 Fish and Game 336 Days' Fishing 337 A Caribou 344 Mule Deer at Home 344 A Big Horn Trophy 345 'Day's Sport, Okanagan 345. His Honour Lieutenant-Governor Sir, Henri Joly de Lotbiniere, K C. M. G 375 Pirst Conservative Administration. 376. I N D X. Page Abattoirs 103 A. Rhombifolia 242 AJberdeen, Lord 56 Abbottsford 73 Abfies Grandis 241 Academies 262, 263 Acreage, Municipal 278 Active Pass 19, 218 Active Gold Mining Company 162 Adams Lake 11 Adams Lake Series 130, 168 Adams Lake Valley 60 Adams River 21 Page Adams River Railway Company. . 321 Addenda, Towns . 310 Administrations, Since Confederation i 340, 341. Agassiz 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 77, 78, 109, 116, 125, 293. Agent Dominion Lands 127 Ages of People 315 Agriculture 28, 29, 119, 49-126^ Agricultural Acts 10^ Agricultural Associations. .119, 122, 2T^| Agricultural Credit Societies Act.. 124|| Agricultural Census Returns.. .109, 113 Page Agricultural Department 122 Agricultural Implements Ill Agricultural Lands 16, 23, 56, 57 60, 61, 68, 69, 70, 75, 175. Agriculture, Laws Affecting....... 122 Agriculture, Minister of 47 Agricultural Statistics 110 Aid to Railways 324 Ainsworth Mining Division 130, 132, 158, 159, 181. Alamo Mine •. . 131 i Alaska. .10, 15, 17, 24, 25, 175, 224, 326 | Alaska Salmon Pack 233, 234 Alberni 16, 17, 18, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48, 84. 88, 89, 116, 169, 172, ! 192, 210, 293. Alberni Canal.. .16, 17, 18, 89, 170, 172 Alberni Farmers' Institute 120 ] Alder 21, 52, 62, 64, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 88, 90, 242. Aldergrove 73 Aldermen, Qualifications, Etc., of. 273 Alert Bay. .26, 86, 87, 188, 228, 229, 310 Alexandria 14, 65, 66, 173 Alfalfa 50, 63, 96 Alkali Lake 65, 66, 67 Alkali Lake, Dog 'Creek, Big Bar and Empire Valley 115 Allison 293 Alma Fraction 152 Almonds 13, 94 Alnus Rubra 242 Alpine Trias 8 AJsike ...61, 72, 88 "American Boy' Mine 158,. 160 (Analysis, Coal 165, 16S, 200, 201, 203, 204. Analysis, Iron 191, 192, 193, 197, 198. 199. Anchovy 223 Anderson Lake 215 Animals and Cattle Acts 124 Animal Pests 96 Animal Products Ill, 114 LAnneville 183 Annual Pack of Salmon 283 Anoplopoma Fimbria 223 Anthracite Coal 8, 173, 187, 188, 190 lAntimony 136 Antler Creek 141 Antoine Mine 131, 159, 160 lAnvil Island 78 Apiculture 95 'Apples 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 94, 100, 106, 107, 110, 112, 118. Apricots 54, 55, 57, 60, 64, 82 Arable Land 91, 96, 166 Arbutus 83, 88, 242 Arctic Current . 25 Arctic Slope Hydraulic Mining Co. 184 Archaean Rocks 8 Areas 110, 115 Area British Columbi x 109, 313 Areas, Comparative 11 i (Areas Cultivated Lands 1-13 Areas Districts 12 j Area Farm Lands Area Lakes Area .110-3 Argenta Argolytes 8, 9 Arlington Mine 158, 160, 162 Armstrong 56, 57, 93, 106, 108, 294 Armstrong Creamery 104 Arrow Creek 194, 195 Arrowhead . 182 Arrow Lakes 11, 12, 26, 70, 181, 200, 201. Arsenic 136 Arsenopyrite 134, 135, 182 Asbestos 137, 190 Ashcroft 13, 14, 63, 65, 74, 115, 183, 294. Ashnola 325 Aspen Grove 62, 183, 202 Aspen Poplar 241 Assay Office—Provincial Gov't.... 199 Assessment and Taxation 270, 272, 275, 278. .Assessment Work 205, 206, 207 Assets, Municipal 284,285, 286, 287 Atlin... 15, 142, 175, 178r 209,294, 326 Atlin Lake 11, 175, 176, 177 'Atlin Lake Mining Company 177 Atlin Mining Company 177 Atlin Mountains 176 Atlrnto River . 175 Australian Trade 248 Australian Wool 50, 102 B Babcock, J. P., Report of 217 Babine Lake 8, 11, 23 Babine River 10, 187 Back Narrows 20 Bacon 97 Bait. Pish 224,225 Baker Mountain 165 Balsam 61, 83, 88, 89, 90 Balsam Fir 78, 231 Banff 186 Banfield 310 Banks Island 175 Banksian Pine 175 Bar Diggings 206 Barkerville 14, 28, 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 39, 42, 43, 166, 167. Barkley Sound 16, 17, 18, 191. 192 Barley 49, 53, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 72, 86, 87, 93, 108, 110, 113. Barnston Island 73 Barrier River 60 Bartlett Pears 106 Bass 224" Basking Shark Beans . .• .60 Bears 58, I Bearberry : Bear Creek I Bearwood Beaver 20, 178. i Beaver Creek 84, Beaver Creek Station, C.P.R : Beaver Cove 64. 110 -1 Page Beaverdell 294 Beaver Foot Creek 178 Beaver Mouth 180 Beaver Point 89 Bedlington & Nelson Railway 318, 321, 323, 324. Beecher Bay 17, 218 Beef 61, 86, 88, 92, 96, 118 Beef Cattle 61 Bees 64, 84, 88, 95, 111, 113 Bee-keeping 84, 95 Beets 65 Behring Straits 23 , Bella Bella Indians 23 Bella Coola 28, 36, 38, 42, 43, 78, 79, 175, 228, 229, 310. Bella Coola Farmers' Institute.... 120 Ben D'or 180 Bench Lands 54, 56 Bennison 179 Bennett 175, 294 Bentinck Arm 23, 79 Berries 24 Betula Papyrifera 242 Bickley Bay 21 I Big Bar 65, 66, 67 Big Bend 10, 70, 178, 180 Big Copper 157 Binns Creek 167 Birch 21, 57, 61, 62, 63, 74, 78, 242 Birch Creek 177 Births 327 Birthplace of People 314 Bismuth 136, 158, 179 Bismuthinite 134 Bituminous Coal 8, 60, 187, 189, 200 Black Bear 58 Blackberries 48, 107 Black Cod 223 Black Jack Creek 183 Black Pine 65, 73, 239 Black Prince Mine 160 Black Sands 172 Black Spruce 73 Black-tailed Deer 326 Blackwater 14 Blairmore 200, 202,203 Blinkinsop Bay 21 Blueback Salmon 214 Bluebird Mine 161 Blue Birds 48 Bloaters 224 177 326, 72 17f Blue Canyon Blue Grouse Blue Jays Blue Joint Blue Water Country Board, Cost of 357 Boat Harbour 90 Bob White Quaii 90 Bog Ore 191 Bonanza Mine 146 Bonaparte 65 Bonaparte River :.. .. 13 Bond Holder Mine 160 Boot and Shoe Factory Labour.... 336 Boot Jack Lrke 166 Boot Jack Mine 185 Boston, The, Mine 18 Boston, The 18 Page Bornite 182, 183 Boulder Creek 177, 178 Boundary Bay 71 Boundary Creek 52 Boundary District 13, 52, 53, 55, 98, 128, 135, 148, 151, 156, 201, 210. Boundary Falls 154, 148, 149, 157 Boundary Mining Co 151 Boundary Ores 134 Bowen Ls?ar.c 78, 219 Bow River 5, 8 (Bowman's Creamery, Sumas 106 Boyd Cr.-ek 181, 182 Brandon & Golden Crown Mining Company . ; 155 Brandon Mine 163 Breeds of Cattle 104 Breeding Stock Act 124 Brenton Crossing 84 Brick 53, 138, 190, 336 Brickyards 24, 75 Bridge Creek 65, 115 Bridge River Country 180, 325, 326 Lnti*.!} American Copper Co., Ltd. 145 British Columbia Cattle Co 61 British Columbia Chartered Co. 149, 154 B.C. Copper Company. .. .149, 151, 154 British Columbia Exploration Syn. 174 B.C. Fraction 154 B.C. Fruit Growers' Association. . 120 B.C. Mills & Timber & Trading Co. 251 E.C. Mine 149, 150 B.C. Northern & McKenzie Valley Railway 322 B.C. Southern Ry 202, 328, 324 British Columbia Syndicate 152 British Born 314 Brifish Pacific Railway 79 British. Yukon Railway...... .318, 323 Britannia Mine 174 Brockton Point 20 Bromus Inermis 103 Brooklyn Mine 150, 155, 156 Broughton Archipelago 21 Broughton Straits 21 Brown's River 173 Browning Harbour 90 Brunette River 327 Buckthorn 243 Buckwheat ,. L13 Bugaboo Creek 179, 198, 199 Buffalo 68 Building Stone 138, 190 Buildings, Values 114 Bulkley Valley 10, 91, 185, 187, 319 Bullar Creek 181 Bullion 310 Bull Pine 61, 63, 68, 88, 241 Bull River 187, 165 Bunch Grass 26, 27, 52, 54, 63, 67, 68, 93, 103. Bureau of Provincial Information. . 99 Burnaby 14, 75 Burnaby and South Vancouver. .. . 116 Burrard Farmers' Institute 120 Burrard Inlet 7, 20, 78, 174 Bush Fire Act '. 125 Butter 54, 69, 73, 74. 77. 85, 104, 105, 106, 111, 114, 117, 118. Bute Inlet 14, 15, 20, 78, 70 Page Butts Claim 167 By-Laws, Municipal 274, 275 Cabbage 47, 118 Oabinets Since Confederation . .340, 341 Cache Creek ....'. 63, 168 Cactus 63 C. F. & T. Company 89 California Salmon Pack '.. 235 Camborne .182, 310 Oaimeron District 83 Camp Anthracite 187 Campbell Creek 59, 60 Campbell River 20, 85, 327 Camp Creek 180 'Camp McKinney 148, 149, 157, 295 Camp Robertson 187, 188 Camp Wilson 187 Canada Western Co 66 Canadian Geological Survey 134, 176, 191. Canadian Northern Railway. .. .20, 199, 200, 201, 321. Canadian Pacific Railway 10, 13, 14, 20, 23, 24, 46, 59, 61, 62, 65, 66, 68, 69, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 107, 128, 130, 152, 166, 178, 180, 183, 185, 186, 191, 199, 200, 201, 321, 322. C. P. R, Branches 318, 322, 323 €. P. R. Lands 128 Canadian Smelting Works 129 Canadian Yukon Railway 321 "Canal Flat 68 Candle Fish 223 Canmore Mines 200 Canned Vegetables 108 Cannel Coal 187, 189 Canneries, Salmon 103, 227, 228, 229, 233, 235. .Canning Factories 107 Canning Salmon 221 Canoe Birch 242 Canoe Pass 71 Canoe River 168 Canoe River Valley 91, 319 Canterbury 310 Canyon Creek 179 Cape Beale ..: 17 Cape Caution 21, 22 Cape Cook 19 Cape Fox 25 jOapella Mine 158 Cape Scott 19, 37, 39, 42, 43, 86, 87, 310. . Cape Scott & Comox Railway 321 Capital of Railways 324 Capital Invested Fisheries 232 Capital Invested in Timber 245 Carbonate Landing 179 Carbonate Mountain 179 Cariboo 10, 12, 14, 15, 27, 58, 65, 67, 91. 139, 141, 158, 166, 167, 175, 186, 191, 194, 209, 322, 326. Cariboo Consolidated, Ltd 166, 167 Cariboo Crossing 295 Cariboo Exploration Co 167 Cariboo Gold Fields, Ltd 167 Page Cariboo-McKinney Mining & Milling Company 149, 157 Cariboo Mountains 5 Cariboo Waggon Road. .13, 65, 66, 166 Caribou 325, 326 Caribou Creek 179 Carmanah.. .7, 17, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43 Carnes Creek 70 Carolina Channel 18 Carrots 54, 65, 81, 118 Cascade 145, 146, 295 Cascade Mountains -... .20, 22 Cascade Power Company 153 Cassiar 10, 12, 15, 139, 141, 175, 209, 326. Castle Mountain 8, 85 Cattle 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 96, 97, 103, 109, 111, 114, 124, 270. Caulfield 37, 39, 42, 43 Cauliflower 47 Cayuse 50 Cayuse Creek 180 Cedar 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 53, 61, 68, 71, 73, 74, 76, 79, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 237, 238. Cedar District 83, 84 Cement 190 Census Returns, Agricultural 109,. 112, 113, 114. Census of British Columbia.. .313, 318 Census Returns, Indians 292 Central Farmers' Institute . .. .1*23, 269 Central Nicola 61 Central Park 310 Centre Star Mine 143, 145, 146, 147 Certificate of Improvement 126 Champion Creek 160 Channel, Carolina 18 Charcoal . 197, 239 Charleston 159 Chatham Point 21 Chatham Straits 24 Cheam Mountain 78 Cheese 74, 77, 117 Cheese Factory 123 Cheese and Butter Associations... 124 Chemainus ... 82, 83, 191, 197, 295 Chemainus River 82 Chemainus Saw Mill 252, 254 Cherries 48, 54, 55, 57, 62, 64, 67, 69, 70, 73, 76, 81, 84, 93, 107, 110, 112, 118. Cherry Bluff 191 Cherry Creek 13, 59, 88 Cherry Creek Copper King Mines.. 169 Chickens 94, 101, 113, 114, 118 Chieftain Creek 168 Chief Justices of British Columbia. 338 Chilco Lake 11 Chilcotin 23, 27, 37, 39, 42, 43, 48, 66, 67, 91, 115, 325, 326. Chilcotin River 10, 67 Chilliwack 14, 36. 38, 42, 43, 71, 74, 77, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 116, 125, 295. Chilliwack Agricultural Association 119 Chilliwack Farmers' Institute 120 Chimney Creek 65 3S0 Page China Creek 170, 172 China Hat Village 23, 228, 229 Chinese Labour .54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 74, 81, 83, 86, 108, 162, 221, 333, 335, 386. Chinese, Number of 317, 318 Chinook Salmon 48, 215, 235 Chopped Feed 117 Christina Lake 52, 148 Christie Passage 22 Church of England 24 Oigarmaking 95, 336 Cinnabar Mines 137, 168 Cities, Coast 116 Cities, Population of 316 Clams 225, 232 Clay ; 53, 57, 192 Clayoquot 18, 37, 39, 41, 43, 48, 88, 89, 116, 169, 310. Clayoquot Sound 18 Clearing 92, 98 Clearing House Returns ......... Clerks, Municipal 289 Climate 25, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 55, 69, 79, 86, 87, 89, 104, 107, 176, 182, 184. Clinton 65, 115, 295 Clo-oose 17 Clovers 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 63, '65, 72, 73, 74, 80, 83, 85, 87, 89, 90, 96, 108, 113. Coal... .8, 15, 19, 20, 21, 54, 60, 83, 133, 138, 139, 164, 165, 168, 172, 173, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 208, 204, 208, 387. Coal Creek ,164, 165, 189 Coast Cities 116 Coast, The 54, 101, 104, 139, 173 Coast-Kootenay Railway 320 Coast Range 6, 9, 22, 25, 27, 46, 52, 826. Cobalt 133 Cobble Hill .. . 311 Cookies 225 Cod 213, 223, 224, 232 Codlin Moth 94 Cohoe Salmon 214, 215, 221, 233, 235, 327. Coke 133, 136, 138, 139, 140, 164, 183, 188, 202, 204, 271. Coldstream Ranch 37, 39, 42, 43, 56, 108. Cold Storage 96, 103, 222 Collieries 173 Colony of Norwegians 23 Columbia & Kootenay Railway. .. .145, 146, 323, 324. Columbia & Kootenay Valley 162 Columbia Mining Company. .. .177, 178 Columbia Lake 68 Columbia River 5, 10, 12, 67, 69, 133, 141, 142, 143, 148, 178, 179, 180, 181. Columbia & Western Railway 128, 134, 148, 152, 154, 155, 157, 320, 323, 324. Columbia River Valley 26, 28, 70, 91 Colwood 80 Page Comaplix 295 Comiaken 82 Commonage 56, 57*' Commons, House of, B.C. Representatives in 346 Comox 8, 1.1, 15, 16, 84, 85, 89, 116, 169, 173, 190. Comox Agricultural AsSos. . . .119, 120 Comox Creamery 104 'Comstoek Mine 172 Condensed Milk .104, 106 " Conditions of Labour 143 Coniferae 52, 95, 235, 240, 241 Conqueror Group 198 Consolidated Spruce Creek Placers, Ltd 178 Contagious Diseases Act 125 Cook, Captain 19 Co-operative Creameries 55 Co-operative Mill '.'. 56 Co-operation 51, 123, 336 Copper 16, 18, 84, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139, 144, 155, 169, 171, 172, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182, 185, 198. Copper Camp 135 Copper Canyon 170 Copper Creek 157, 179. Copper Island 172, 192, 197 Copper King 168 - Copper Mountain 182, 202 Copper Ore 134, 135, 202. Coquitlam 14, 37, 39, 42, 43, 75, 115, 125. Cordilleran Region 9, 95 Cormorant' Island 21 Corn 48, 79, 85, 108, 110, 113 I Cornell Mine 173 : Cortez Island 20, 22, 86, 87 (Cottonwood 56, 61, 62, 64, 70, 73, 74, 79, 80, 242. Council of Public Instruction .... 258 Councils, Municipal 273 County Courts, Constitution of.... 339 Courtenay 106, 311 Cowichan... 16, 82, 83, 97, 116, 119 Cowichan Agricultural Association. 119 Cowichan Creamery.. .82, 104, 105, 106 Cowichan Farmers' Institute 120 Cowichan Lake 82, 83, 170, 171, 327 Cowichan River 82, 327 Cows 58, 61, 62, 85, 111 Coyotes 50, 54, 56, 97, 98, 102 Crab Apple. .75, 83, 85, 88, 89, 225, 243 Cracrolft Island ; 21 Craigellachie 58, 115 Cranberries 51 Cranberry District 83, 1733 Cranbrook. .12, 26, 37, 39, 42, 43, 68, 69 v Cranbrook to Kimberley, Railway. . 321 : Creameries 55, 82, 83, 85, 93, 104, 105, 106, 111, 123. "Creek" Claims 205 Creek Diggings 206 Creighton Valley 56 Creston 295 4 Cretaceous Rocks 8, 9 Crofton 136, 171, 29§| Chromium 198 381 Page Crops 49, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 79, 80, 82, 85, 88, 89, 94, 96, 110, 111. Drown Grants 126 204 Crown Lands 126, 127 Crown Silver 153 Crows 98 Crow's Nest Pass 12, 133, 162, 196, 199, 202. Crow's Nest Pass Coal Company. .139, 162, 163, 164, 186, 189, 202, 321. Crow's Nest Pass Railway 12, 69, 128, 168, 195, 200. Crow's Nest Smelter 12 Crow's Nest Southern Railway.321, 328 Cucumber 64 Cultus Cod .- 224 Cumberland 37, 39, 42, 43, 173 Cumberland Mine 131 Currants .24, 56, 82, '83, 118 Current Prices, New Westminster Market 118 Curriculum, High and Public Schools 259,262 Curing Pish 226 Customs Revenue 337 Customs Statistics 372-873 Cypress 24, 238 Cyanide Plant 183 Daffodil Mine 163 Dairying 28, 50, 55, 57, 59, 60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 97, 103, 104, 108. Dairymen's Association 97, 119, 120 Dairymen's Association Act 124 Daisy Fraction 154 Danish Colonv 19, 86 Dardanelles Mine 131, 158, 159 David Claim 198 Davie, Hon. Theodore 268 Dawson 46, 47 Dawson, Dr. G. M 7, 8, 13, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194. Dayton 157 Deadwood Camp 148, 149, 151, 153, 156, 296. Dean Channel 228, 229 Dease Lake 15, 190 Deaths 327 Debentures, Municipal 274 Debt, Municipal 278-288 Debt, Provincial . .. .• 371 Debt, Railways 324 Deciduous Trees .240, 241, 242 I Deep Water Fisheries 87 Deer 21, 58, 68, 87, 90, 326 Delta 14, 71, 72, 116 Denman Island 20, 85 Denoro Mines 154, 156, 311 Departmental Officials 345 Deriphine Group 162 Desolation Sound 20 JJewdney 14, 75, 76, 77, 116 Dewdney Trail 143 Discovery (town) 2QQ Discovery Claim 207 Page Discovery Island 220 Discovery Pass 20, 205 Dissolution of Legislative Assembly, Dates of 344 District of B.C 313 Divorced Population 314 Dixon Creek Valley 60 Dixon Entrance 25 Dog Creek 66, 67, 73, 83, 88, 89, 90 Dog Fish 225 Dog Salmon 214, 216, 221 Dogwood 243 Dominion Copper Co 149, 154 Dominion Geological Survey.. .130, 186 Dominion Government Lands. .128, .268 Dominion (Government Officials .... 374 Donald 178 Don Julio 151 Douglas Channel 23 Douglas, David Botanist 237 Douglas District 83, 173 jDoHglas Fir 19, 21, 54, 57, 63, 68, 70, 71, 73, 78, 83, 85, 90, 237, 238.: Douglas Lake Cattle Co 61' Douglas Portage 66 Downie Creek 70, 180 Drag Nets 217 Dragon Creek Co 167 Drainage 26) 51, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 92, 98, 125. Drany & Shotbolt 23 Dredging 167, 169, 207, 208 Drift Nets 219 Dry Belt 25, 51, 52, 94 Dry Diggings 206 Dry Ore Belt 160 Ducks. 22, 58, 113, 114, 118, 327 Ducks (town) 59, 115 Duffin, Mr 17 Duncan. .37, 39, 42, 43, 83, 87, 106, 296 Duncan River 181 Duncan's United Mines 161 Dunsmuir, R. & Sons 84 Dyking 14, 51, 68, 71, 72, 75, 76, 87, 88, 89, 98, 125. '' Eagle River 58 'Earthquake 48 East Delta 71 Eastern Fish Combine 222 East Kootenay 10, 12, 26, 46, 68, 91, 132, 137, 139, 162, 163, 198, 202. Eddystone Lighthouse 17 Eden Bank Creamery 104, 106 Educational Facilities . .. .77, 257, 267 Eelgrass " .'. 224 'Effingham, Port of 18 Eggs 50, 70, 75, 77, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 97, 101, 111, 114, 117, 118. Eholt 154, 156, 296 Eight-hour Law 143 iBight-Mile Creek 332 Elk 19, 21, 68 Elko 12, 296 Elk River 164, 165, 189 Election Returns '249; 352, 862 Elections Acts, Municipal 273 Emma Mine 149, 150, 154, 185 Page Empire Development Co 169 /Empire Valley 66, 67 Enderby 37, 30, 40, 41, 42, 43, 56, 58, 59, 93, 108, 296. Engelmann's Spruce 239 Englishman's River 83, 84 (Enterprise Mine 131, 158, 160 Erie Mine 160, 162, 311 Erie Group 182 Esquimalt 16, 27, 80, 81, 116, 297 Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway.... 16, 82, 83, 85, 318, 320, 328, 324. Esperanza Bay 19 Estevan 18 Estelle Mine 162 'Euclataw Narrows 20 Eva Mine 182 Evaporated Vegetables 108 (Evening (Star Mine - 145 Everett Smelter 162 Everett & Spokane Mining Co 156 Evermann Sockeye 215 Examiners, Board of 257 Exchange «. 160 (Executive Council, Members of.... 345 (Exemption Act 127 Exemptions 271,278 Expenditure, Education 268, 265 Expenditure, Municipal . .280, 283, 288 Experimental Farm, Dominion 31, 46, 78. Exports 337 Extension 83,311 (Extension Mines 83, 173 Fairplay Fraction 152 Fairview 183,297 Pall Salmon .216, 229' Families, Number of, B.C 313, 317 Fannin, John 325 Fan tail Route 176 Farming.. .52, 60, 75, 91, 108, 112, 114 Farmers' Institutes, Etc 120,122, 128, 269. ' Farmers, Number of 337 Farm Labour 53, 333 Female Population 313 Fences Act 125 Ferguson 297 Fernie.. 12, 69, 133, 140, 164, 208, 311 Fern Mine 161 Field 178, 297 Field Crops 110, 111 Fifteen-Mile Creek 179, 182 Findlay Creek 162 Findlay River 184 Findlay Valley 165 Fir 58, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64, 74, 76, 79. 80, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 96, 241. Fire Clay 190 Fire Valley 56 'Pish and Fishing 16, 55, 62, 68, 71, 76, 79, 86, 87, 89, 90, 175, 184 213, 236, 326, 327. Pish Companies 226 Fish Creek Camp 70, 181 Page Pish River . 181 "Fisher Maiden" Mine 159 Fishing Resorts 226 Fishermen, Statistics of 214, 337 Pish Oil 282 Fitzhugh Sound 22 Flathead Valley Railway 322 Flax 51, 109, 110, 113 Fleming, Sandford 67 Plockmasters' Association 97, 120 Florence Mine 158 Florentia Island 18 Plores Island 18 Flounder 222, 224 Flour 53, 61, 117 Flour Mills 56, 57, 67, 108 Forage 54, 113 Foreign Shipments, Lumber 251' Forestry. .93, 95, 98, 110, 112, 238, 256 Port Constantine 47 Fort Graham 311 Port McLeod 14, 163, 311 Fort MCLaughlin 23 Fort Rupert .21, 22, 86 Port St. George 311 Fort St. James 14, 311 Port St. John 14 Port Simpson 24 Port Steele 12, 08, 69, 115, 162, 163, 210, 297, 31L— FOrt Stuart 14 Forty Thieves Claim 180 Forty-Third Mining & Milling Co. 184 Forward Inlet 19 Four Ace Group 185 Foxes 326 Fraser Canyon 25 Fraser River 6, 8, 10, 14, 20, 23, 27, 52, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 103, 141, 142, 173, 180, 183, 188, 194, 215, 217, 219, 220, 223. Fraser River Canneries 227, 229 Fraser River Valley 14, 46, 91, 102, 108. Fraser's Lake 311 Free Goods, Canadian. Customs... 118 Free Miners 204, 205, 207 Free Schools 262 Freight Rates 63, 136, 185 French Creek 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 84, 180. Friday Creek 182 Froek 78, 79 Frosts 41, 46, 48, 52, 54, 57, 58 IFruit 13, 24, 28, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75 77, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92, 93 ,94, 95, 96, 100, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 117. Fruit Canning Factory 123, 336 Fruit Growers' Association of British Columbia 122, 123 Fry, Distribution of 231 Fuca, Straits of ai^-J^ WM Fuel. 139, 196, 199,201 "Fuli House" Mine • • l<j|j Fungus Diseases 19, 1OT Fur Sealing **z INDEX. Page Gabriola Island 83, 84 Gadidae 224 iGadus 224 Galena 67, 68, 70, 129, 132, 134, 135, 159, 160, 163, 178, 179, 181, 311. 'Galiano Channel 22 'Galiano Island 22 Gambier Island 78, 89 Came 21, 55, 58, 62, 69, 73, 74, 76, 79, 81, 84, 87, 88, 89, 325, 328. Game Fish 225 Game Laws 327 Gang Ranch 66 Gardens 87,110 'Gardner Inlet 23 Gardom, R 43 Garry Point 29, 30, 37, 39, 40, 41 Gaspard Creek 66 Geese 22, 48, 58, 77, 87, 113, 114 Geleorhainus Galeus 225 Geographical Position 248 JGeological Formation 7, 130, 137, 142, 157, 159, 161, 162, 164, 169, 170, 176, 178, 187. Georgia Glacier 7 Georgia, Straits of 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 219. Germansen Creek 183, 184 Gerraxd = 297 Giant Arbor Vitae 238 Giant Mine, the 145, 146 Gills Bay 197 Gill "Nets 217, 219 Glacier Creek 181 Gftacier House 297 Glaciers 23, 25, 95 Glen Uron Mine 168, 169, 190, 193 G-lenora 10 Glue 103 Goat, Mountain 326 Goat River 163, 195 Goat River Canyon 194 Gold...: 16. 19, 20, 74, 84, 133, 134 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 144, 148, 155, 160, 162, 166, 167, 168, am, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 177, 179, 182, 184, 185. 198, 206. Gold Commissioners . .206, 207, 208, 209 Gold Dredge 169 Gold Drop Mine .150, 155, 156 Gottden 67, 68, 115, 162, 178, 179, 298, 326. Golden Chariot Mine 145 Golden Crown Mine 149, 150, 155 Colden District 178, 210 Golden Eagle Mine 172 Gold Mountains 5, 9, 12, 56 Coldstream Lake. .. 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48. Golden Monarch Mining & Milling Company 161 Goldstream and Britannia 174 Golden Slipper Claim 173 Goldstream 70, 80, 170 Goletas Channel 19 G-ood Luck Mine 163 Gooseberries 24, 82, 83,. 84, 118 Page Gordon River 17, 172, 197, 198 Government Buildings 128 Government Lands 53, 58, 61. 67 76, 88, 89, 90. Governors B.C . 126 Government Scale of Wages 336 Graham Reach . 23 Graham Island 7, 187 Grains 49, 59, 61. 62, 67, 69, 75, 80, 82, 84, 85, 108, 113. Granby Co.'s- Mines . 150 GT-aniby Consolidated Mining, Smelting & Power Co 149, 150 Granby Smelter 169 Grand Forks 52, 53, 151, 156, 298 Grand Forks & Kettle River Ry.. 321 Grand Prairie 59 Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.319, 320 Granite Creek 53, 62, 172, 182, 311 Grapes 13, 46, 53, 54, 57, 63, 64, 73, 94, 107, 112. . Graphite 170 Grasses 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, <68, 72, 74, 75, 78, 80, 83, 87, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 98, 104. Gray Eagle Mine 150 Gray Eagle aVitiiiing Co 149 Grayling 175 Grazing Lands 87, 91, 166 Great Central Lake 89 Creat Lake Trout 326 Great Northern Railway 130, 133, 183, 321, 323. Great Western Mine 145 Grenville Channel 23 Green Hills River 202 Green, Hon. R. P., Portrait of 212 Greenwood 148, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 298. Grey's Harbour Salmon Pack 234 Gribbel Island 23, 175 Grizzly Bear 58, 325 Ground Hog Basin 180 Grouse .48, 58, 87, 90, 326 Grouse Creek 167 Guano, Fish 224 Guichon Creamery 104, 106 Guides, Hunting 325, 326 Gulf of Georgia. .13, 16, 20, 71, 84, 192 Gulls 22 Gulf Side 71 Gulf Stream 25 Gypsum 190 H 21, Haddington Island Halcyon Hot Springs Halibut 87, 89, 213, 222, Hall Creek Hall Mines 132, Hall's Landing Hampton 159, Hancevilie Haney Happy Valley Hardfie Cinnabar Mine Hardwoods Hardy Bay Page Hardhack 74 Hardwicke 86 Hardwick Island 20, 21 Hardy. Bay to Rupert Aran, Railway 321 Haro Straits 81, 218, 219 Harper's Camp 299 Harriot Harbour 192 ; Harrison Hot Springs 78, 299 Harrison Lake 11, 66, 78 Harrison River 10, 78 Hartford Junction 155 Hartley Bay 23 Hartney 158 Haslam Creek 84 Hasting Saw Mill 251, 254 Hatcheries 201, 217 Hatzic Prairie 77, 125 Hay 48, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 79, 81, 82, 84, 92, 96 108, 110, 113, 117, 118 Hazelton 10, 15, 23, 183, 311 Hazlemere 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48 Heallth Laws, Provincial 268 Hector Mine 178 ! Hedley City 182, 183, 299 Hematite 76. 78. 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 137, 165, 194. Hemlock 19, 21. 23, 24, 61, 71, 73, I 74, 237, 240, 247. Henry Creek 182 Hens 113, 114 Hernando Island 20, 22, 86 Herring 224, 232 Hesquodt . 18 Hewitt .Mine 158 Highland District 80, 81 High Schools 257, 266 Hilda Mine 154 Hill Barr 141 Hippoglossus Vulval us 222 Hocsall 185 Hog-raising 59, 76, 86, 102 Holdings, Land . 51 Homalko River 79 Homestake Creek 168, 169 Homestead Act 125, 127 Homesteads, Taxation of 271 ! Homesteaders, Timber 268 Honey 84, 88, 114 j Hope 13, 53, 71, 116, 183, 311 j Hope Mountain 182, 201, 326 I Hornby Island 20, 85, 86 I Hops 51, 56, 75, 79, 81, 95, 109, 113 Horned Cattle...... 54, 69, 73, 111, 113 Horsefly 166 Horses 50, 56, 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 08, 69, 70, 72, 74, 75, 80, 81, 86, 96, 111, 113, 114. Horticulture 82, 94 Horticulture. Board of 123 Horticultural Society of Britfsh Columbia 1 122 Hospitals 277 Hospital Statistics, Table of 368 Household Effeets, Taxation on 271 Houses,- Nnmiber of B.C.. 313, 317, 337 House of Commons, B.C. Representatives in 363 Howe MMne 174 I Page Howe Sound 20, 78, 79, 174, 219 Hydraulic Mining 141. 142, 162, 165, 166, 167, 169, 172, 177, 178. Hydraulic Leases 204, 207 Hydraulic Mining Co 167 Hudson's Bay Co 14. 22, 23, 24, 69, 287. Hudson's Hope 186 Humming Birds 48 Humpback Salmon 214, 216, 221 Hunting 232, 325, 328 Huntingdon 311 Hydralagus CoMiioei ......... 225 Hypomesus Pretiosus ,. 223 I Icebergs 25 Idaho Mine 150 "Ida May" Mine 180 Illeeillewaet , 312 Immigrants to B.C 316 Imports 337 Improved Farms 58, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 76, 80, 81, 83, 86, 89, 90, 91, 110. Improvements, Municipal Taxation 278 Income Tax 270, 272 Incorporated Cities, Statistics re. .. .273 280, 289. Indian Corn 54, 55, 60, 81 ilndian Labour 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 70, 81, 83, 333. Indian Reserve 78 Indians 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 70, 81, 83, 213, 214, 215, 221, 263, 267, 290, 292, 317, 318. Industrial Schools 24 Industries, Statistics of 329, 337 Ingenica River 184 Inland Agricultural Associatou. .. . 119 'Inland Revenue Collections 374 Insect Pests 93, 93, 107 Inspector of Fisheries 221, 232 Insurance Companies, Taxation *of. 271 International Basin 179 Introduction 2 Inverness 312 Iola Smelter 160 Iphi/genia 17 Iron Mask Mine 145, 168 Iron 16, 20, 84, 135, 137, 168, 169, 173, 174, 181, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198. Irondale 173, 191, 197 "Iron Horse" 160 Iron Range 194, 195 Irrigation 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 80. 91, 94, 96, 98, 108. Island Railway 321 Islands, The 16, 21, 52, 89, 97, 107, 108, 116. Islands Agricultural Associations. .119, 120. Island Range 6 Italian Bees 88 "Ivanhoe" Mine 158, 160 I. X. L. Mine '. 145, 185 INDEX. Page . 61 . 175 . 81 . 108 25 Jack Pine Jackspruce James Island Jaru-cmakdng Japan Current Japanese 214, 216, 221, 317 Japanese Labour 56, 61, 62, 74, 81, 83, 86, 383, 335. Jerseys 104 Jervis Inlet 15, 20, 174 Jewell Mine 149 Jewitt, Armourer 19 "Jim Crow" Mine 158 Johnston Straits 20, 21, 218, 219 Joly de Lotbiniere, The Hon. Sir Henri G 345 Jordan Meadows 80 Josde Mine 143, 144 Juan de Fuca Straits 27, 220 Jubilee Motrntais 178 Judges, List of 338 Juneau 25 Juniper 64, 242 K Kaleanza River 186 Kamloops 10, 13, 14, 20, 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 51,54, 59, 60, 61, 63, 96, 108, 115, 128, 168, 169, 191, 193, 210, 299. Kamloops Agricultural Assos. .119, 120 Kamloops Lake 10, 63, 226 Kammutseena River 21 Kaslo 12, 37, 39, 42, 43, 70, 71, 300 Kaslo & Slocan' Railway 130, 318, 323, 324. Keithley Creek 166, 167, 312 Kelowna 55, 56, 95, 100, 106, 300 Kelp 224 Kendrick, Capt 18 Kennedy Lake Camp 172 Kennedy River 89 Kennerley's Sound 215 Kent 14, 75, 78 Kent Agricultural Assos 119, 120 Keremeos 53, 54, 115, 183, 300 Kettle Creek 181 Kettle River 52, 54, 98, 189, 201 Kettle River, North Fork. .52, 200, 202 Kettle River Country 13, 106, 115, 148, 326. Kettle River Valley Railway 323 Key City Mine 170, 171 Kicking Horse Pass 199 Kicking Horse River 5, 68 Kaldare Creek 183 Kffldella River 192 Killarney 56, 70 KdmibeTley 12, 69, 163, 301, 312 Kincolith 312 Kindergarten Schools 263 Kingcombe Inlet 15 King Mining Co 150, 154, 156 "King Solomon" Mine . 157 Kispyox River 10, 185 Kispyox Valley 91, 319 Kitchener 137, 194, 195, 196, 301 | Page Kitimaat 15, 23 Kdtimaat <fc Aortnern Railway.... 321 Kitloop Indians 23 Kiuloop Inlet 23 Kitsilas Canyon . 15 Kitsilas Mountain 185, 186 Klem-too 23 Klondike 46, 50, 175 Klootchmen 221 Knight's Inlet 15, 191 Knob Hill 148, 149, 150, 151 Koksilah River 82 Kootenay 12, 13, 26, 55, 57, 98, 127, 139, 140, 326, 337. Kootenay Central Railway 321 Kootenay Lakes 8, 10, 11, 12, 26, 70, 71, 129, 158, 159, 160, 163, 181, 226. Kootenay Landing 312 Kootenay River 10, 12, 68, 69, 70, 71, 160, 162, 163, 194, 327. Kootenay Valleys Company 68, 69 Kuper Island 36, 38, 42, 43, 48, 82 Kuskanook 312 Kyuquot Bay 19 Labour 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67. 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 89, 90, 98, 103, 108, 109, 111, 143, 163, 329, 337. Labour, Unions .329, 337 Lac la Hache 65 Lacoore 157 Ladner 36, 38, 42, 43, 71, 104, 106, 301. Ladysmith 83, 84, 136, 169, 172, 173, 301. Ladysanith Smelter 172 ILa Forme Group 180 Laggan , 312 Lake District 81, 116 Lakes 10, 11 Laketon 312 Lama Passage 23 Lambs 86, 90 Lanark Mine 160 Land Grants to Railways 324 Lands 52, 58, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83, 110, 111, 112, 126, 127. Land Acts 125, 126, 127 Lands, C. P. R 128 Land Clauses Consolidation Act... 125 Land Clearing 98 Lands, Pre-emption of 126, 127 Land Returns 115, 116, 121 Lands, Schedule of 112 (Land Values 8, 111, 114 Langley 14, 71, 72, 73, 74, 116, 312 Langley Agricultural Associations 119, 120 Larch 37, 241 Lard 117 Lardea-u 181, 301 Larks 48 "Last Chance" Mine 158, 159, 160 INDEX. Page Lasqueti Island 88, 84 Lavina Mine 158 Laws Affecting Agriculture... .122, 125 Laws, Mining 204 Lead 131, 132, 137, 138, 189, 159, 164, 179. Leech River 141, 169, 170 (Legislative Assembly, Members of..348, 350. Legislature since Confederation 344 Lenora 'Mine 170, 171 Lenora & Mt. Sicker Railway 318, 321, 323, 324. Le Roi Mines 133, 143, 144, 145, 146, 154. Lesser Dog Creek 67 Lexington Creek 181, 182 Lexington Mountain 182 Liard River 6, 10, 14, 15 Libraries, Travelling 269 Licenses, Liquor, Statistics of 351 Licenses, Timber 268 Lieutenant-Governors Since Confederation 337 Lignite Coal 8, 189 Lightning Creek 141 Lillooet 12, 13, 14, 65, 66, 91, 115, 139, 141, 180, 217, 301, 325, 327. Lillooet River 10 Lime 6, 8, 20, 53, 130, 13o, 190, 193, 198. Liquor Licenses '• 276 Liquor Licenses, Statistics of 351 Little Sheep Creek 142 Live Stock 49, 113 Loans, Provincial 371 ILode Mining 137, 178 Lodge Pole Greek 203 Log Cabin • • • 176 -Logging 21, 72, 82,238 (London Hill Mane lo9 Long Lake °7 (Lome Mine • • • ISO (Lost Creek Mine 183, 184 Louis Creek ■• 60 Lowe Inlet -23, 228 Lower Arrow Lake 06, 70 Lower Columbia 26 Lower Kootenay River 10 Lower Mainland 52, 71, 97, 106, 107, 108, 116. Lower Nicola 61, 62 (Lower Thompson River Valley... 63 Lowhee Creek 167 Lucerne ■ •■• J» Lulu Islands 116,326 Lumbering... .14, 16, 77, 194, 248, 256 tLumby 301 Lummi Island -*1«J Lynx 326 Lytton 10, 03, 66, 115 Mc iMieCull ought Creek ...' 180 (MoDougal Creek 181 McDougall, Guide 181, 326 McEwen's 67 McGill University 262 MeGuigan 158, 312 Page MbGuigan Basin 160 McKee Creek 176, 177, 178 Mackenzie Mountain 182 Mackenzie Basin 47 Mackenzie River 11 Mackenzie & Mann Railway 821 MdMurdo Creek 179 McRae Creek 181 M Mable Lake 56 Mable Lake Valley :. 58 Mabon Group 160 Mackerel 220 Macoun, Prof 237, 245 Magnetite 37, 169, 171, 172, 191 192, 197, 198. Magnetic Iron 169 Mainland, The 15, 20, 21, 22, 27, 46, 49, 50, 91, 101, 136, 173, 188, 191, 192. Mainland, Lower 52, 71, 97 Malahat Mountain 171 Malaspina Straits 79 Malcolm Island 21 Male Population 313 Manganese 191, 193 Mangolds 81 Manson Creek 183, 184 Manson, Guide 325, 326 Manson Town 312 Manual Training Schools 263 Maple 48, 64, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 88, 89, 90, 95, 241, 242. Maple Bay Mine 170 "(Maple Leaf" 156 Maple Ridge 14, 75, 76, 116 Maple 'Sugar and Syimp 112 Maquinna, King 18 Mara 57, 93 Marble 8r 20, 21, 190 Marble Bay Mine 173 Marble Canyon 66 Marble Creek Valley 87 Markets 49, 50, 52, 53, 61, 63, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 78, 81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 90, 92, 101, 107, 108, 109, 116, 196, 197, 204, 244, 247. Market for Coal 204 Market for Iron 196, 197 Markets for Paper and Pulp 247 Market for Timber 244 "Marion" Mine 158 Marriages 327 Married Population 314 Marten Creek 164 Mary Island 20 Marysville 301 Massett .37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48 Matsqui 14, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 71, 73, 74, 116, 120, 125. Matsqui Prairie 30, 321 Maverick Mine 163 Mayors, Qualifications, Etc., of.... 273 Meadow Land 54, 75 Meares, Capt 17, 18 Meares Island 18 Meat Packing 1U& Mechanics' Institutes 277 387 Page Melons 3, 64, 107 Members of the Legislative Assembly 348 Menhinick 181, 182 Menzies Bay 20 Mercury 159 Metallic Iron 192, 193, 199 Metchosin 80, 116 Metchosin Farmers' Institute 120 Meteorological. .25, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 43 Meteorological Tables 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45. Metlakahtla 24, 312 Methodists 17, 24 Michel .12, 164, 165, 189, 302 Mica 168, 190 Midway 13, 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 54, 134, 302, 320. Midway & Vernon Railway 320 Milch Cows 59, 73, 80, 88, 111, 113 Mill Bank Sound 23 Milling 49, 54, 94 Millstream Valley 84 Mineral Act 205, 207 Mineral Claims. .205, 206, 208, 270, 271 Miners, Number of 337 Mines and Mining 70, 89, 92, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 189, 141, 143, 144, 148, 158, 162, 163, 173, 209, 210, 333. (Mining Divisions 209, 210 Mining Laws, .Synopsis of 204 Mining Recorders 208, 209, 210 (Minister of Mines 212 (Ministries Since Confederation.340, 343 Mission 14, 75, 76, 106, 116, 302 Mission Junction 76 Mission Schools 263 Mixed Farming 31, 60, 90, 93, 103 Molly Gibson Mine 159 Molybdenite 154, 173 Monk Creek 163 Monitor Mine... 131, 158, 159, 260, 172 Montana Gold Mining Co 161 Monte Christo Mine 145 Montezuma Mine 150, 155 Montgomery Claim 167 Montreal .& Boston Copper Co. 149, 153, 154, 156. Montreal-Boundary Creek Mining Company 153 Moodyville Saw Mill 254 Moose 18, 326 Morehead Lake 166 Morning Star Mine 160 Morrison Mines, Limited 156 Morrissey . •. 12, 165, 208, 302 Morrissey Creek 164, 189 Morrissey, Fernie and Michel Ry.. 322 Morrissey Siding 164 Mortgages Registered, Return of.. . 366 Mt. Brenton 170, 171 Mountain Alder 242 'Mountain Chief" Mine 158 Mountain District Mountain Goat . Mountain Larch Mt. Selwyn (Mountain Sheep Mt, Lehman . .. 88 . .58, 68, 326 241 183 68, 325, 326 Page Mt. Murchdson 5 Mount Sicker 136, 170, 171, 302 Mountain View Mine 156 Mother Lode Mine.'..148, 149, 151, 152 Moyie 12, 69, 163, 302 Mud Bay 71, 72 Mule Deer 326 Municipal Aid, Railways 324 Municipal Acts 273, 277 Municipalities, List of 289 Municipal Statistics 278, 289 Museum, Provincial 128, 325 Mosquito Pass and Point 218 Mutton 50, 86, 90, 118 Mutual Credit Associations 109, 128 Myrtle Creek 160 N Naas District 319 Naas Harbour 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 Naas River 10, 24, 175, 225 Nakusp 302 Nakusp & Slocan Railway. 130, 323, 324 Namu Harbour 23, 228, 229 •Nanaimo 8, 16, 20, 31, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 71, 74, 79, 82, 83, 84, 88, 90, 116, 169, 173, 302. Nanaimo District 210 Nanaimo Mining Division 173 Nanaimo, North 83 Nanaimo River 84, 173 Nanaimo, South 83 Nanoose Bay 83, 84 Narrow Gauge Railway 144 (Natal 204 (Nationalities of People 314 Native Copper 135 (Native Silver 160 Natural History Society of British Columbia 128 Nechaco Valley and River 8, 14, 91, 188, 319. Nectarines 82, 94 (Neepawa Mine • 158 Nelson.. 12, 36, 38,40, 41, 42, 43, 70, 71, 85, 129, 132, 136, 137, 160, ' 161, 191, 120, 302. ^Nelson, N. C 43 Nelson River 14 Nelson & Fort Sheppard Railway. .318, 323, 324. Nelson Smelter 161, 169 Nesparti Bay 19 Nettie L. Mine 181 Nets, Salmon 219 New Caledonia 23, 237 (New Denver 12, 303 New England Fish Co. 222 New Fairview Corporation 183 New Metlakahtla 24, 25 Newspapers of the Province, List of 365 ;New Vancouver Coal Co 84 New Westminster 10, 30, 32, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76. 77, 90, 104, 105, 125, 127, 128, 303. New Westminster Creamery Co. .. 106 New Westminster & Southern Railway 318, 323, 324 Hi ft i Page Nickle 133 Nickle (Plate Mine. 55, 145, 182 Nicola District, Lake and River. .. .8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 29, 30, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 53, 54, 61, 62, 63, 115, 168, 182, 183, 189, 201, 202, 322. Nicola, Kamloops & Similkameen Coal & Railway Co 322 Nicomekl 72 Nicomen 75 Nicomen Island 76 Night Hawk 158 Nimkish Lake, River and Valley.. 21, 215. iNimrod Syndicate 178 Nitinat Lake 17 No. 1 Mine 144, 149 No. 7 149,150 Noble Five Mine 158, 159 Nootka 18,191 North Arm Burrard Inlet 174 North Bend 115, 312 Northern Part Vancouver Island •and Adjacent Islands 86 Northfield 312 Normal School 257,262 Northern Interior 186 Northern Spy 100, 106 North Fork of Kettle River.52, 53, 148 North Kootenay Pass 200, 203 North Nanaimo 83, 85 North Nicomen 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48. North Pender Island 90 North Saanich 16, 81, 116 North Side of Fraser River 75 Northport Smelter 144, 161 North and South Thompson River Valleys 91 North Star Mine 162, 165 North Surrey 72 North Thompson River 10, 13, 59, 60, 61, 168. North Vancouver 14, 312 Notre Dame Mine 163 Norwegians 23, 86 Norwegian Colonv 79 Notch Hill 58, 59 Novelty Fraction 154 Noxious Weeds ; 98 (Noxious Weeds Prevention Act. .. 125 Number of Fruit Trees in B.C 112 Nurseries : 110 Nursery Stock Ill Nut Pine 65 o Oak 8, 80, 81, 83, 85, 240 Oats..... .53, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 108, 110, 113, 117, 118. Observatory Inlet 15 Offal 221 Officials, Departmental 345, 347 Officials, Dominion 374 O. Gorbuscha 214, 216, 221 Oil, Fish 225, 232 Okanagan Creamery Association. . 106 Page Okanagan 12, 13, 49, 51, 56, 57, 58, 91, 93, 95, 96, 99, 108, 109, 326 " O. K." Mines 163, 168, 169 Okanagan Falls 312 Okanagan Landing 183 Okanagan Lake 11, 55, 56, 57, 58, 201, 226, 327. Okanagan Mission 37, 39, 42, 43, 48, 35, 115. Okanagan River 103, 182 Okanagan Valley. .28. 93, 115, 148, 320 O. Keta 216, 221 O. Kisutch 214, 216, 221 Ollalla 182, 312 Old Ironsides 149, 151 Omineca 10, 14, 23, 141, 183, 186, 209, 326. Omineca River 15, 184 One Hundred and Fifty Mile House. 14, 16, 66, 312. One Mile Creek 182 Oneesh (little red fish) 215 O. Nerka 217, 2211 Onions 54, 66, 90, 117, 118 Onward Creek 167 'Oolachan, The 222, 223 Ootsa Lake Country 91, 319, 326 'Opening of Legislative Assembly, Dates of 344 Ophiodan Elongatus 224 Oro Denoro 156 Orcas Island 219 Oregon Coast Salmon Pack: 285 Oregon Pine .237, 2881 Organizations, Labour 328 Oriental Trade 248 Origin of Population 314, 317 Ormonde Claim 185 Osbourne Bay 171 Oslinca River 10 Osoyoos 54, 115 Osmerus Thaleichthys 223 Otter 326. Otter Creek 53 Otter Point 218 Otter Tail 178 O. Tschawytscha 214, 215, 221 Ou-Ou-Kinsh Bay ; 19 Output of Mines... 137, 138, 139, 141, 144, 146, 148, 158. 'Ovis Dalli, Fannini. Montana, Stonei 326 Owls 98 Owikana Lake 3 Oyster Bay 83, 84, 116, 173 Oyster-Criterion Group 182 Oyster District 83 ■Oyster Harbour 136 Pacific 19, 22, 25, 51 Pacific Coast Salmon Pack 232, 233, 234. Pacific Division C.P.R. (Employees. 334 Pacific Northern & Eastern By... 322 Pack of Salmon 231, 232, 233, 234 I Palliser 178 ■ Panther 21, 58, 97, 98, 326 Paper and Pulp Industry 245, 249 389 Page Paradise Group 162 Park Commissioners 277 Parksville 84 Parliament Buildings 86 Parsnip River 183, 184 Parsnips 54 Passenger and Freight Earnings.. . 318 Pastoral Land 91, 98 Pasturage 68, 93 Pavillion 66, 115 Paystreak Mine 158 Payne Mine 131, 158, 160 Peace River and District 5, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 183, 186, 319, 326. Peaches 13, 46, 52, 54, 55, 57, 63, 64, 70, 73, 82, 94, 107, 110, 112, 118. Peachland 55, 304 Peardonville 73 Pears 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 70, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81, 84, 86, 88, 90, 94, 106, 107, 110, 112, 118. Peas 59, 62, 76, 80,^82, 86, 89, 110, 113. Pedder Bay 80 Pemberton Meadows 66 Pender Island 90 Pendugwig Creek Company 177 Penticton 304 Personal Property, Assessment of. 272 Personal Property Tax 270 Peter Mine 165 Petroleum 165, 190, 208 Phesants 90, 152, 326 Phillips Arm 16 Phoenix 148, 154, 150, 304 Phoenix-Viking 160 Physical Characteristics 5 Picea Engelmanni 239 Picea Sitchensis 240 Pig Lead 129 Pig Iron. ...... .173, 191, 192, 196, 198 Pigs 97 Pilot Bay 37, 39, 42, 43, 304 Pine 53, 54, 56, 63, 70, 241, 242 Pine, Black 62, 65, 239 Pine, Bull 63 Pine City 176 Pine Creek 142, 175, 177, 178 Pine Falls 177 Pine Grass 65, 68 Pine River 186 Pine River Pass 319 Pine, Western White 239 Pinks (Salmon Pack) 235 Pinto Mine 159 Pinus Banksiana 239 Pinus Contorta 242 Pinus Monticola 239 Pinus Murra'yana 239 Pinus Ponderosa 57, 241 Pirus Rivalaris 243 Pitt Lake 173 Pitt Island 23 Pitt Meadows 75, 125 Pitt River 10, 173 Placer Mines 138, 141, 162, 165, 169, 170. 172, 177 ,182, 189, 205, 206, 208. Plant Diseases 93, 97 Plateau, Interior 52 Page j Platinum 137, 175, 182, 190 ■ Pleuronectes Vetulus 224 Pleuronectidae 222 I Plover .... 327 Plumbago .' 190 I Plumper's Pass 218 Plums 52, '54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 67, 70, 72, 73, 76, 81, 84, 86, 88, 90, 93, 107, 110, 112, 118. I Point Atkinson 219 Point Breakers 18 '■ Point Claim 167 Point Gray 20, 219 Point Holmes 20 Point Roberts 20, 219 | Police 276 Police .Commissioners . 276 Police Magistrates 276 I Political Divisions Ill Polly Lake 166 Pool Creek 181 Poorman Mine 161 I Poplar. . .8, 57, 61, 62, 63, 90, 175, 242 Population 71, 86, 88, 90, 91, 175, 313, 318, 337. Population, Municipal 279 Populus Tremuloides 241 Populus Trichocarpa 242 I Porcupine Mine 159 ! Porcupine Group 162 Port Bobs 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48 j Port Colville 69 Port Cox 18 Port Douglas 66 Port Effingham 18 Port Essington 24, 37, 39, 42, 43, 48, 223. Port Haney 75 Port Hartney 21 Port Kells 73, 312 Port McNeill 21. 86, 188 Port Moody 304 Port Neville 21 Port Renfrew 17, 88, 89 Port San Juan 17, 218, 220 Port Simpson 32, 36, 38, 40, 42, 43 304, 319. Port Simpson, Southeastern Kootenay 322 Pothook Mine 168 Potatoes 24, 47, 48, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 110, 113, 117, 118. Poultry 28, 58, 60, 61, 64, 66, 68, 70, 78, 75, 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 88, 90, 110, 111, 114, 117. Prairie Chicken 58 Prairie Mountain 179 Precious Stone Diggings 206 Precious Minerals 206 Pre-emptions, Taxation of 270 Pre-emption of Lands 126, 127 Prevost Island 89 Prices Current at New Westminster Market H7, 118 Prices, Produce 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79. 81, 82, 83, 89, 90, 116, 101, 116, 117. Page Price of Land 51, 53, 58, 83, 92, 99 Princeton 32. 37, 39, 42, 43, 48, 53, 54, 55, 61, 183, 201, 304. Princess Royal Island 23, 175 Produce, Prices of (see Prices, Produce). Prospecting Coal and Petroleum.. . 208 Petroleum 208 Protection Island 173 Prorogation of Legislative Assembly, Dates of 344 Providence Mining Company...... 149 Provincial Aid Railways . 324 Provincial Assessment, Table of... 272 Provincial Dairymen's Association. 124 Provincial Library 269 Provincial Museum 128, 325 Prunes 52, 56, 57, 59, 73, 76, 84,; 90, 106. Pseudo Tsuga Douglasii 287 Ptarmagan Group 185 Public Schools 88, 257 Public Works Loan Act 321 Public Works, Municipal 275 Puget Sound.... 191, 192, 217, 219, 221 Puget 'Sound Iron Company. .. 191, 197 Puget Sound Pack, Salmon 234 Pulp Companies 247 Pulp, Legislation Concerning. .247, 248 Pulp Wood 241, 245, 249 Purcell Mountains 162 Purse Nets 217, 220 Python Creek 168, 169 Q Quadacha River 184 Quadra 18 Qualicum 83, 84 Qualifications, Municipal 274 Quamichan Lake 82 Quatsino 16, 19, 86 Quarries 53 Quarrying 136 •Qualo Salmon 221 Quartz 159 Quartz Mining 167, 170 Quatsino Sound 169, 172, 188, 327 Queen Mine 162 Queen Bess Mine 158 Queen Charlotte Coal Mining Co. . 187 Queen Charlotte Islands 6, 8, 9, 15, 187, 191, 192, 213, 228, 239. Queen Charlotte Islands Railway. . 322 Queen Charlotte Sound 21, 22, 222, 223, 225. Queen of the Hills Mine 163 Quercus Garryana 240 Quesnel 166, 183, 305 Quesnel Forks 166, 305 Quesnel Lake 11, 167 Quesnel Mouth 10 Quesnel River 14, 15, 166, 167 Quilchena 61 Quinnat Salmon 214, 215, 219 R Race Island 17 Race Passage 17 Page Race Rock 80, 218, 220 Railways, Etc 16, 28, 54, 61, 89, 92, 127, 130, 133, 134, 143, 161, . 250, 260, 271, 318, 324. (Railways, Mileage 322, 323 Rains and Raintall 26, 30, 37, 39, 41, 44, 46, 48, 103. Rambler Mine 156, 159 "Rambler-Cariboo," Mine 159, 160 Ranges, Cattle 93, 103 Raspberries 24, 56, 60, 77, 82, 83, 84, 87, 107, 108, 118. Ratepayers, Number, Municipal... 279 Ratfish 225 Rawhide Mine 150, 155, 156 Real Property, Assessment of. .270, 272 Receipts, Municipal 280, 281, 288 Reclamation Farm 36, 38 Reco Mine 131, 158, 160 Red .Cedar 78, 83, 87, 238 Red Clover 48, 79, 88 Red Cod 224 Red Fish, The Little 215 Red Fox 159 Red Mountain 143 Red Mountain Railway 144, 318, 321, 323, 324. Redistribution Act 13, 94 Redonda 86 Red Pine 54 Reeves, Municipal 274 Refinery at Trail 129 Refining Ores 144 Regulations, Fishery. .21.7, 219, 220 221 Religions of the People 292, 315 Renfrew District 198 Renfrew, Port 17 Revelstoke 12, 70,' 37, 39, 180, 191, 210, 305. Revenue, Provincial 337 Revenue Tax 271 Revision, Court of 275 Rhubarb 48, 118 Richmond- 14, 75, 119, 120 Richard III. Mine 170, 171 Rivers and Lakes 10 Rivers Canal 22 Rivers Inlet 22. 29, 30, 32, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 191, 192, 312. Roads 88 Roads and Trails, Mileage of 370 Robbie Burns Basin 179 Robins 48, 98 Robson 134,305 Roche Harbour 218 Rock Creek 53, 54, 158, 305 Rocky Mountains 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 25, 26, 46, 53, 54, 67, .69, 162, 166, 178, 184, 200, 326. Rocky Point 80 Roots 53, 55, 58, 59, 61, 65, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 79, 81, 83,'84, 86, 87, 93, 110, 113, 117. \Rosario Strait 218, 219, 220 Roseberry Group 180 Rossland 12, 70, 129, 132, 133, 142, 144, 154, 210, 305. Rossland Great Western Mine. 145, 146 Rossland Mines 132, 162 Rowan Mine 163 INDEX. 391 Page Royal Oak. 37, 39, 40. 41, 42, 43 Ruby Creek 78, 181, 182 Ruby Mine 157 Rural Municipalities, Statistics.286, 287 Ruth Mine 131, 159, 160 Rye 54, 55, 56, 110, 113 s Saanich 7, 16, 81, 82, 169 Sable Creek 181 (Sage Brush 63 (Sahtlam 82 (Salaries 258, 333, 334 Salmo Gairdneri 226 Salmo Kamloops 226 Salmo Salar 214 Salmon 115, 231, 223, 225, 226, 232 Salmon Arm 56, 58, 59, 119, 306 Salmon Canneries 16, 21, 22, 23, 24, 71, 76, SO, 87, 227, 228, 229, 236, 335. Salmonidae 213, 223 Salmon Pack..; 221, 229, 230, 231, 232 Salmon River and Vailev. .. .21, 57, 59, 183. Saltery 22 Salted Salmon 222 Salt Spring Island 16, 89, 116 Sandon 12, 130, 132, 158, 160, 306 Sanfoin 61, 63, 65 Sahquash 188 San Josef Valley . 19 San Juan 17, 169, 172, 198, 199 San Juan de Fuca Strait 218 San Juan Island 19, 218 San Juan Valley 17 Sardines 223 Sardis 102, 104, 106 Sarita River 192, 197 Saturna Island. ..37, 39, 42, 43, 89, 218 Savona 59, 62, 63,169 Sawmills 21, 22, 23, 24, 56, 78, 82, 243, 245. Schools 71, 78, 88, 257, 267, 277 School Boards ". 258 •School Property 265 Schools, Indian 267 Scotia Bav 176 Scott Creek 181, 182 'Sealing 223, 232,. 235 Seaton 'Lake 13, 215, 217 (Sechart Group 172, 192, 197 Second Relief Mine 162 (Selkirks. .5, 6, 8, 12, 25, 26, 67, 162, 178 (Selwyn, Dr 162, 186 ISemiahmoo Bay 72 Sequoia 8 Serpentine River 8, 72 Settlers 51, 52 Settlers' Effects 119 Seventy Mile House 65 Seymour Creek 173 'Seymour Narrows 7, 15, 19, 20, 27 Shad 225 iShark, Tope 225 Shawnigan Lake 82, 171, 306, 327 Sherringham Point 218 Shingles and Shingle Mills. 78, 244, 250, 252, 254, 335. Page (Sheep Creek 200 Sheep and Sheep-raismg. .. .49, 50, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 74, 75, 77, 80, 83, 89, 90, 97, 102, 111, 113, 114, 270. Shipping Shooting 325, 328 Shuswap 58, 59, 115 (Shuswap Lake. .... .10, 11, 27, 56, 57, 58, 59, 226, 327. Shuswap & Okanagan Railway..... 13, 55, 58, 323, 324. (Sicamous 13, 56, 58, 59, 183, 306 Sidley 53 Sidney 81, 89, 306 (Sidney Inlet 18 -Sidney Island 218 (Silver. 16, 84, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 144, 155, 160, 163, 164, 168, 169. Silver Creek 181, 182, 184 "Silver Cup" Mine 181 "Silver Glance" Mine 158, 160 Silver King Mine 160 Silver Lead Ores 129, 132, 144, 158, 159, 162, 178. Silver Salmon : 214, 216 iSilverton 306 (Similkameen 13, 53, 54, 62, 91, 94, 106, 182, 103, 191, 199, 201, 202, 320, 322, 325. Similkameen River 41, 182, 190 (Single Population 314 'Sitka Spruce 240, 247 iSixteen-Mile Creek 182 Skeena 15, 24, 185,209 Skeena River 6, 8, 10, 15, 23, 24, 175, 183, 185, 186, 187, 229. (Skidegate Inlet 8, 187, 188 Skil 228 Skirt Mountain 170 Slate 16, 20, 130, 159, 170 Slate Creek 183, 184 Slocan 12, 129, 130, 131, 158, 160, 163, 210, 307. "Slocan Boy" Mine 158 Slocan Junction 307 Slocan Lake 11, 130, 160 Slocan River 160 Slocan Star Mine 131, 158 Slough Creek, Ltd 167 Small Fruits 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 02, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 75, 76, 81, 83, 87, 89, 90, 93, 106, 107, 110, 112. Small Holdings 84, 96, 109 Smelters and Smelting. .. .55, 132, 133, 134, 136, 144, 147, 154, 171, 191, 199, 201. Smelts 223 (Smith Creek 180 iSmith's Camp 157 'Smith's Inlet 22, 228, 229 Snipe 326 Snow and Snowfall 38, 40, 41, 42, 48, 52, 54, 58, 78, 184. Snowshoe Mine 149, 150, 152, 159 (Snowshoe Creek , 166 Snowshoe Mountain 167 (Snuggery Cove 17 392 INDEX. Page Societe Miniere de la Columbia Brittanique 177, 178 Sockeye Salmon 214, 215, 217, 218, 221, 229, 234, 327. Soda Creek 10, 14, 15, 65, 60, 67, 115, 307. Soft Maple 73, 74, 89 Soho 159 Soil 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 107, 108. Solander Island 19 Soles 224 Somas River 18 Somenos 82 Sooke 7, 80, 85, 116, 188, 191, 192, 193, 327. Sooke Mountains 170 (Sooke River 169, 170 Southgate 79 Southfield 173 South Nanaimo 83 South Saanich 81, 116 South Thompson River 10, 13 South Vancouver 14, 75 Spallumcheen 56, 59, 108, 115, 120, 178. Spallumcheen Landing 179 Spallumcheen River 56, 57, 59 Spawning, Salmon 215, 217 Speakers of Legislative Assembly. . 338 "Spectator" Group 159, 160 Spence's Bridge 13, 27, 54, 01, 62, 63, 64, 183, 201, 307. Spike Dog Fish 225 Spitzee Mine .145, 146 Spokane Northern Railway... .143, 157 Sport 19, 64, 67, 68, 69, 77, 81, 84 Spring Salmon 214, 215, 219, 221, 229, 234, 237. Sproat Lake 18, 88 Spruce 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 61, 62, 65, 70, 71, 78, 79, 85, 87, 88, 90, 237, 239, 240, 247. Spruce Creek 177 Spruce Tree Creek 179 Squalus Acanthias 225 Stamp Harbour 18 Standard Basin 180 Standard Cannery 23 Standard Mine 149, 150, 162 Stark's Crossing 83 Stations, Meteorological 43 Steamboat Communication... .28, 84, 87 Steam Fuel 188, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204/ Steel 137, 198 Steelheads 226, 327 Stemwinder Mine 150, 155, 163, 183 Sterling Creek 182 Steveston 307 Stikine River .6, 10, 15, 175 Stipendiary Magistrates 276 Stock-raising 50, 54, 60 ,62, 96, 108, 111, 114. Strait of Georgia 7, 17, 19, 20, 22, 46. 173. Strawberries 24, 52, 54, 56, 60, 77, «lf 82, 83, 84, 86, 90, 107, 108,118. Page Strikes, Labour 331 St. Eugene Mine 162, 168 Straits of Fuca 7, 19 Strength of B. C. Timber, Table of 253 Stuart Lake.. .11, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43 Stuart River 183 Stump Lake .• 61 Stupart, R. F., Article on Climate.45, 47 Sturgeon 223, 225, Subsidies, Railways 320, 324 Sugar Lake 56 ^Sullivan" Mine 162, 163 Sulphur 135, 159, 191, 193, 197, 198 Sumas 71, 74, 116 Sumas Dyking Works . 125. Sumas Lake 74 Summer Frosts 26, 54 Summit Camp 154, 156 Summit City 307 Sunflower Mine 151 Sunset Mine 149, 153, 158, 159, 182 Supreme Court, Constitution of. ... 338 Surprise Lake 177 Surrey 14, 71, 72, 73, 116, 119, 120, 125. Swamps 85 Swine 58, 60, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73, 75, 83, 86, 88, 90 111, 113, 114. Tacla Lake 11 Tagish Indians 175 Tagish Lake 11, 175 Tailoring, Merchant, Labor 335 Taku Arm 176, 177 Taku City 176 Taku Inlet 175 Taku Mountain 186 Tamarack 53, 68, 71, 160 Tappen Siding 58, 59 115 Taxes, Arrears of 275 Taxation and Assessment, Chapter on 270-272 Taxation of Mines 208 Taxation, Municipal. .274, 275, 278, 279 Taxus Brevifolia 242 Taylor Arm and Road 89 Teachers' Institutes 258 Teachers, Public School 258, 267 Telegraph Creek 10, 307 Telegraph Passage • 23 Telephonic Communication 61 Telkwa River 185 Temperature, Tables, Etc 26, 29 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41, 46, 47, 176 Templar Channel 18 Ten Broeck Mine 151 Ten-Mile Creek 183 Teslin Lake 11 Teslin Mining Division 175 Tete Jeune Cache 190 Texada Island 20, 22, 83, 84, 136, 137, 173, 191, 193, 197. Thaleichthy Pacificus 223 Thetis Island 82 Thistle Co 167 Thompson River 10, 59, 63, 64, 103. 141, 142, 168, 169, 189, 190, 217, 226 393 Page Thompson's Landing 70 Thompson River Valley 59, 94, 106, 107, 108. Thompson, Sailmaker 19 Thoroughbred Stock 97 Three Forks 12, 130, 158, 307 Thurlow 86 Thuya -Excelsa 238 Thuya Gigantea 238 Tiles 53, 190 Timber 16, 20, 21, 28, 24, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 176, 182, 237, 256, 268. Timothy 53, 54, 56, 58, 59, 61, 65, 69, 72, 73, 79, 80, 84, 88. Tip Top Mine 150 Titanium 197, 198 Title page Toad Mountain 160 Tobacco 46, 51, 55, 95, 110, 113 Tobacco Plains 29, 30, 32, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 48, 68, 69. Toba Inlet 15, 20 Tocheica River 184 Tofino Inlet 197 Tom Creek 183 Tomatoes. 13, 48, 54, 63, 64, 94, 107, 118 Tom Creek 184 Tongas Islands 20 " Tonquin," The J° Tookwa Claim 1* Twenty-Mile Creek Tyee Copper Co. . . Tope Shark 225 iuFC r-w*«^«. Torquart Harbour AO (Towns and Cities in B.C. ..293-312, 316 Toy's Bar Ig4 Trades and Labour Organizations.. 6JM, 330, 331. (Trade Dollar Mine 158 Trade and Navigation Returns Trades, Wages m 329-337 Traffic, Railways 218 Trail 12, 133, 142, 143, 144, 156, 307 Trail Creek District 142 I Trails in B.C., Mileage of 370 Trail Smelter 129, 146, 161, 169 Tranquille 59, 169 Transportation 58, 201 Traps, Fish . 219, 220 Travelling Libraries 269 Trees, Fruit 112 Trennant 71 Triangle Fraction 150 Triune Mine 181 Trolling 327 Trout 175, 215, 225, 226, 232, 327 Trout Creek 55, 182 Trout Lake. ..11, 55, 70, 137, 181, 182, 308. Truckee Mine 154 Trustees, Schools 257 (Tsimnaws River 186 Tsimpsean Peninsula 24 Tuberculosis 125 Tulameen 54, 190 Tunnel Mine 173 Turkeys 77, 113, 114 Turnips 81, 118 Turtle Mountain 204 Page 182, 202 .136, 170, 171, 215 u 18, Ucluelet Ungava Union Union Bay Union Coal Mines Union Colliery Co. of B.C., Ltd.. Union Iron Works 191, Union Jack Mine Unimproved Land 73, United States 51, 53, U.S. Boundary Universities, Affiliation with Upper Arrow Lake Upper Columbia Valley 26, 67 Upper Country 50, 56, 115, Upper Fraser Upper Fraser, Valley of the Upper Kootenay River Upper Sumas 74, Upper Mainland Upper Nicola Urban Municipalities 284, Urban Municipalities, Expenditure 280, Urban Municipalities, Liabilities of 284, Urban Municipalities, Receipts of 280, Urban Population Urquhart,. A 88 11 173 173 85 173 197 162 110 102 74 262 181 281 317 106 V. & M. Mines 160 Valdez Island 20, 22, 86, 116, 219 Van Anda Mines 173, 197 Vancouver. 14, 19, 20, 29, 32, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 87, 90, 101, 173, 199, 308. Vancouver, Captain 18, 22, 23 Vancouver Island 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 27, 46, 50, 51, 55, 80, 82, 83, 87, 97, 101, 102, 106, 107, 116, 129, 136, 137, 141, 169, 170, 173, 188, 190, 191, 197, 198, 213, 215, 218, 220, 243, 322, 327, 376. Vancouver & Lulu Island R.R 321 Vancouver & New Westminster R.R. 323 Vancouver Island Collieries 186 Vancouver Northern & Yukon R.R. 321 Van Horne, Sir W 166 Vargas Island 1° Vashti Mine ■■• • •-j *2>4 Vegetables 33, 57, 59, 63, 6o, 72, 74, 79, 81, 86, 87, 91, 93, 94, 96, 108, 110, 111, 184. Vegetation 2o, 26,27 Velvet Mine 145> }|g Vermillion Creek • • • • • • 189 Vernon. .13, 55, 56, 57, 70, 108, 210, 309 1 Page Victoria 8, 16, 17, 19, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 71, 74, 79, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 101, 106, 116, 128, 150, 151, 199, 309. Victoria & Sydney Railway 16, 318, 323, 324. Victoria & Seymour Narrows Railway Co 321 Victoria Creamery 104, 106 Victoria District 80, 81, 210 Victoria Lumber & Manufacturing Company 252 Victoria Mining Division. .169, 172, 192 V. V. & E. Railway 320, 321, 323 Village Island 18 Vine Maple 73, 89, 242 Vineyards 110 Vital Creek 183, 184 Vital Statistics 327 w Wages 58, 300-337 Waggon Roads 130 Wakefield Mine 158 Walker Group 192 Wapiti 326 War Eagle Mine 143, 144, 145 Ward Horsr fly 167 Wards,- Muni-ipal 274 Washington Mine 131 Washington, West Coast Salmon Pack 235 Water 55, 56, 61, 95, 103 Water Clauses' Consolidation Act 118, 125 Water for Agricultural Purposes. .. 118 Watermelons 13, 94 Water Power 87, 182 246 Water Rates 96 Waverley Hydraulic 167 Webster's Corners 75 Wellington I 20, 83, 84, 173, 309 Wellington Collieries Company .... 173 ' Wenatchee 183 West Coast 46, 88, 137, 229 Western Condensed Milk, Canning, Coffee & Creamery Co 105, 106 Western Fuel Company 173 Western Hemlock 240 Western Larch 241 Western Union Telegraph Co...23, 185 .Western White Fir 241 Western White Oak 240 Western White Pine 239 Western Yellow Pine 241 . (West Fork Country 320 Westham Island . 71 West Kootenay 12, 30, 46, 69, 70, 115, 130, 139, 202. Westminster District 12, 13, 14, 51, 91, 243. . West Redonda Island 192 West Vancouver Commercial Co.. . 188 Whale, .The 22 Wheat. ..:..53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 94, 106, 108, 110, 113, 118. Page Wharnock 75, 76 Whelks - 226 White Bear 146 White Clover 48 White Fir 73 White Fish 175 White Grouse, Mountain 195 White Labour 61, 62, 333 White Lake 53 White Leghorns 101 White Pass & Yukon Railway 176 White Pine 71, 83, 88, 89 Whites, Number of 317, 318 White Valley 56, 70 Whitewater 158, 159, 160, 310 Whitewater Mine 131. Wiccaninish 18 Widowed Population 314 Wigam River 202 Wilcox Mine ... 161 Wild Fowl 5 327 Wild Horse Creek . 141, 162 Wild Horses 54. 98 Wild Land Tax 270, 272, 278 Wild Meadow Land . .*. 96 Williams Creek '.'.,... 141, 167 Williams Lake V*f-;f.... .65, 115 Willow 61, 62, 64, 65, 73, 74, 79, 83, 90, 95. Willow Creek 176, 177 Willow Creek Hydraulic Company. 177 Windermere 67, 68, 115, 162, 310 Winnipeg 150 Winnipeg Mine 149, 155 'Winter Harbour 19 Winthrop Claim 167 Wolves 58, 97, 98, 326 Wood Block Pavement .... ... 244 Woodchuck Mine 180 Wool...50, 59, 73, 81, 88, 102, 111, 114 Woollen Mill 24, 50, 90, 97 Wolverine 326 Wormwood 63 Wreck Bay 18 Wright Creek 177 Wyandottes 101 Wyatt Island 86 Yakoun River 187, 188 Yale 10. 12, 13, 14, 46, 52, 74, 75, 139, 141, 310. Yellow Cedar 83, 89, 237, 238 Yellow Head Pass 20, 199, 200, 319 Yellow Pine 62, 63, 64 Yew 73, 83, 88, 89, 242 Ymir 160, 161 Ymir Mine 161 Yorke Mine 157 Yukon 11, 46, 47 ) Yukon River 15, 175 Zinc ...... .131, 169, 160 Zinc Blend 181 Zinc Smelters 159 Zymoetz River 10 "f *!*" ——1
Includes index. Other copies: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/977251114
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Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
Victoria : [Authority Legislative Assembly]
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Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. F5803.1 .Y39
British Columbia
Yukon Territory
The year book of British Columbia and manual of provincial information
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