CONTENTdm
Barrington, Daines, 1727-1800
Mourelle de la Rúa, Francisco Antonio, 1750-1820
"Reprinted from Daines Barrington's Miscellanies (no.27). 'A reprint edition of the Journal was also published, evidently after the forms of the Miscellanies were worked off and before they were taken off the press, the folios being changed, as well as the signatures on the press': - Russell, in his 1920 edition, p.ix. Navarrete has a bio-bibliographical note." -- Strathern, G. M., & Edwards, M. H. (1970). Navigations, traffiques & discoveries, 1774-1848: A guide to publications relating to the area now British Columbia. Victoria, BC: University of Victoria, p. 211.
471-477, 471-552 : map, tables ; 27 cm
application/pdf
j>. -P. ^^T^-Ml^.L/^-irvo/j tf&liTtfO - v^S! u>jiWj •<L*~<r fi 'LK mw nmwn Ksa ' 'wL. !K*Sf!E fyf:ff- a^v *><Jt>i Ts&< > . g //• SA. A / JO U R N A L 0 F A V O Y A G E in 1775. To explore the coaft of America, Northward of California, By the fecond Pilot sof the Fleet, Don Francisco Antonio Maurelle, in the King's Schooner, called the Sonora, and commanded by Don Tuan Francisco de la Bodega. ^^uLinsepss^^^jsnt^ [ 47'* ] R E C E. TH E following journal having been placed in my hands for perufal, I conceived it to be fo interefting for the improvement of Geography, that I defired pentaiffion to tranflate and publifh it. I was principally induced to take this trouble, becaufe I fup- pofed, that the Spaniards, from their moft peculiar jealoufy with regard to their American dominions', would never permit that navigators of other countries (particularly the Englifh) fhould know the excellent ports of the Weftern part of America jn high Northern Latitudes, which are here laid down with fuch accuracy and precifion, together with the abundant fupply of malls, Ere wood, and water which may be procured in moft of them. a That moft able Hiftorian Dr. Robertfon, after having mentioned, that moft of the American papers are deported in the Archivo of Shnanca, near Valladolid, thus proceeds z " The profpect of fuch a treasure excited my moft ardent curiofity; " but the profpect of it only is all that I have enjoyed. Spain, with *f an excefs of cauSaon, hath ufiafafmly thrown a veil over her tranf- ** a.ttk>ns w America : from ftrangers they are cdncealed with peculiar " folicitude." Preface to the Hiftory of America, p. ix. 1 H H jr ci ry * O o o 4 It Il?!BW*^Bfa^Sffi^MH»S.l!!Be«RS^J»flElS5SSB3Sr«ElS [ *47* 1 Jt appears, by Venegas's Hiftory of California, publifhed in 1747b, that great jealoufy was then entertained of our difcover- ing a N. W. paflagec, becaufe they apprehended we fhould annoy the coafts of Mexico and Peru. Nothing however can be more groundlefs than thefe fufpicions„ for whenever a N. W. or any other Northern communication is found between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, it may be boldly pronounced that fuch paffage will be fa very precarious, as never to anfwer the purpofe of expeditions in time of war, or commerce during peace. The Spaniards fhould, after our late voyages of difcovery (which reflect fo much honour upon hisMajefty*s reign), be convinced that the Englifh Nation is actuated merely by defiring to know as much as poffible with regard to the planet which we inhabit, and to which our geographical inquiries are neceffarily bounded. This diftruft on the part of Spain would more wifely be directed againft the Ruffians, who from Camfkatfka might eafily eftablifh themfelves on the W. coaft of America, and from thence perhaps in time fhake their unwieldy, and already tottering empire °. From thefe ill-founded apprehenfipns of what the Englifh may meditate againft their American Dominions on the Weftern coaft of that vaft continent, they will not permit an individual, b Madrid, .3 vol. Quarto. c Igualmente notorias fon las ruidofas, y porfiadas tentativas de k>& hglefes, para hallar un paffage al mar del Sur, por el Norte de America. Ibid. Till. p. 225. d I am accordingly informed, that the Emprefs means to fit out four veffels on the coaft of Camfkatfka, which are to be employed in dif- coveries, during the proper feafon. of 1781. sven nei [ 473* ] even of our nation, to fet his foot in their part of America, even for fcientific purpafes \ Notwithftanding this perpetual diftruft of this country in the Spaniards, and our prefent war with them, I will venture to fay, that an attack upon the city or province of Mexico, would not be advifable on our part. If the Spaniards indeed acted wifely, they fhould themfelves abandon it, for the mines * The tranfaction I here allude to is the following;. Lord Morton, as Prefident of the Royal Society, applied to the then Spanifh ambaf- fador at our Court in 1766, for leave that an Englifh Aftronomer might ©bfervethe Tranfit of Venus (expected in 1769) on fome part of California. This was however refufed, when his Lordfhip requefted, that Father Bofcowich, a foreigner and good Catholick, might have the fame permifiion; in which he was at firft more fuccefsful, but the favour was even then granted with many clogs, and the permifiion at laft recalled, on account of his being a Jefuit, who were at that time banifhed from Old and New Spain. At the fame time Chappe Dauteroche obtained this permifiion, and for the fame purpofe; the confequence of which hath been, that a draft of the city of Mexico, in its prefent ftate, was found amongft his papers, and publifhed by his Catholic Majefty's good allies, the French, for the information of his enemies. I once applied myfelf to the late Prince MafTerano (fo defervedly efteemed whilft refident as Minifter of Spain in England) that an ingenious German, named Kukahn *, might be permitted, under any reftrictions, to go from La Vera Cruz, to any part of the province of Mexico, merely to colleft fpecimens of Natural Hiftory. I was aifo re- fponfible that he never would attend to any thing, during his journies, but the animals he might meet with. Though I made this application by a channel which his excellency would have been deiirous to oblige, yet he excufed himfelf, from its being a fundamental rule with the Court of Spain, that no foreigner be permitted to pafs through any part of their dominions on the continent of America. * See an account of his method of preferring animals, and placing them in their proper attitudes. (Ph. Tranf.) He is now eftabluhed in Jamaica, and hath fucceeded in railing many European fruits, as alfo products of our kitchen-garden6, in fome ground which he hath purchafed, about half way up a mountain, f O o o 5 withhi "within any convenient dSfknce are nearly exbaufted, whilft the charge of bringing quickfilver from La Vera Cruz is thereby greatly augmented. Venegas therefore informs us, that it is- not worth while to work the more abundant mines of Ssaaara; to the Northward, from this increase of expeiice. The filvser indeed, at fo diftant a perLd as-i 5oyears ago, waschiefiji brought from? St. Lewis de Sacatecas, which is nearly ioo leagues N. of Mexicof.. This objection does not hold with regard to the continuing to* work the filver mines of Peru, as the famous one of quickfilver,. called Guanacabelica, is fituated in the fame province'. It is be- Meved alfo, that the gold mines in America, as they are improperly called, anfwer as little to the Spaniards.. At leaft I have1 been informed,, by a perfon. who refided two- or three years in> Brafil, wfckh furnifhes the gceateft quantity of tkis precious- metal, that thofe who go m fearch of it are not paid above & tiling per day f$r their labours. Gold is-never found in the* ftate of ore,, or by digging deep i'ntajbhe bowels of the eauth j..the adventurers therefore go in companies of five or fix to. explore. thofe parts where they conceive themfelves to have the beft chance of finding it neat the fu#$ace, bat ©ftett return after being; out months, with a very fmall portion,, by which the fatigues- and daagifrs they hme incurred are poorly compenfated. As little would it anfwer to take poffeffion of Acapulco, for the fake of an annual fhip which would prefently change its. lendefaouz for' another port, or of Panama, in orders, to inter:- 1 To this it may be added,, that the fituation of Mexico.is. very unhealthy,. Gage comparing the many canals to- thofe of Venice,, which* $j$e $f;t©n 'highly offenfive. [Seepage's Survey of fthe W. Indies.] It is aMb-&sfoje<ft. to great kandaiaans; and Don Alzatos infoaans the Academy ©f Sciences, at Paris, that during the years 173,6 and 1768 more, than? ©De-third of the inhabitants died of the black vomit. cepfc ssLzmmamL^mm^sm^Msmmmm [ 75 4*7« ] cept the flotilla, which by late regulations is- never to touch there K The Spaniards moreover fhould learn from what England hath fuffered by conquering Canada for our ungrateful colonies, that the fettlement of a rival nation to the Northward of Mexico,, would poffibly operate in favour of the mother country. We have experienced this- moft unnatural rebellion within a few years after we had removed the dread of the French in Canada from them, and after every foftering indulgence on our part. What may the Spaniards therefore have occafion to dread from their vaft American Empire,, the inhabitants of which they are perpetually oppreffing with their enormous duties and taxes ?' »Thus much have I ventured to fay in hopes that the court of Spain will rather promote, than obftruct, any future voyage of difcovery,, in the Northern parts of the Pacific Ocean. I am forry that I have not an opportunity of engraving with this journal the nine charts which fhould accompany it; but as the Latitudes* and Longitudes of the new Difcoveries on the coaft of America are fo accurately ftated, I fhould hope that the publication will at leaft convince the Spaniards how little it will an<- fvver the purpofe of myftery to withhold them. It appears by this journal-that the Viceroy of Mexico lent fome ©ther ffeags on difcovery to-the Northward in a preceding year, and; s The filver frsxnfcfteru and Chili is either now fent over part of the j&ndes to Buenos Ayres, or otherwife tranfmitfced in fingle regffter fhips- round Cape Horn. The eftablifhment of Galeons failing in a fleet from Cadiz being now alfo abolifhed, Carthagena, Porto Bello, ajid; Banama, are become more than ufelefs to the Spaniards, as the climates- are bad, whilft the civil and military eftablifhment at each is very ex- gen,fk.Si that that they proceded to N. Lat. 55. Don Juan Peres, who was enjignh on board the Frigate in the prefent voyage, had fome ftation in the former, and carried with him a chart of the coaft, in many of the parts which were then explored. I am forry not to be able to ftate any further particulars, but think it right to mention thus much, in hopes that it may produce fome account of this former voyage. I fhould conceive, that both the one and the other were produced by our attempts to difcover a N. W. Paflage ; becaufe it will be found, that wherever the Spaniards landed they were in- ftructed to take pofTefiion (though not to keep it) with every pofii- ble formality, which undoubtedly was to be fet up as a complete title againft future claimants, by right of difcovery. The -compiler of the prefent journal, D. Antonio Maurelle, ferved on board the fchooner employed on this voyage (together with a frigate) under the title of Second Pilot of the Fleetf* In one of the written opinions which he gave whilft thus employed, he ftates, that he had ferved ten years in the Bay of Bifcay k, and feems to have been a moft diligent navigator; whilft, to his honour, he always advifes the proceeding to as high a Northern Latitude as poffible, though fome of his brother officers almoft defpair. At the clofe of the journal a very accurate table is "given of the fhip's courfe for each day, with no lefs than nine columns. Having however confulted fome moft experienced and able fea-officers on this occafion,' they have advifed me only to print h Alferez. 1 I underftand that we have no rank in our marine fervice which an- fwers at all to this. k The expreffion in the original is Golfo de las Teguas, or the Gulf of Mares. The Spaniards alfo call the gulf of Mexico Golfo-de la.s Cierva^ ©r Gulf of Does. 5 & few [ 477* ] a few of thefe heads | as fome of them would not be eafily un* derftood by any navigator, who is not a Spaniard. Upon the whole, it is hoped, that this account of an eight months navigation .on the unfrequented coaft of America, will prove a valuable addition to geography; efpecially as our immortal Captain Cook had fo few opportunities of examining moft parts of the fame continent to the Weftward ™, though his discoveries to^the Northward will prove fo interefting.. 1 It is right alfo toobferve, that (though I give the column which Sates the Variation of the Needle) it is not fpecified whether th« Vari~ ation is Weft or Eaft; I fhould rather indeed fuppofe it to be the latter,, on the authority of Dr. Halley, though perhaps the direction may have altered fince the laft century. This doubt however will be fettled wheni Capt. Cook's laft voyage is publifhed. m This is faid to have beenoccafioned by unfavourable winds.. % t* ! 47i J P-REFA.CE"of Don ANTONIO MAURELLE, FOR the better underftanding this Journal, it will be proper to premife the following particulars. The charts-which, we ufed during the voyage were thofe of Monf. Bellin,- the one publifhed in 176.6, and the other in 17— ; the firfttof which places.the port of St. Bias, no degrees W. Long, from Paris, and the fecond 114, differing confequently 4. degrees. For this reafon I have always reckoned the Weftern Longitude from St. Bias % and not from Paris. At the end*there is an;accurate, table,', every page of which in- el udes.-,a.month, with an account of the Ship's courfe each.day,, together- with.the number of leagues failed,,the longitude, latitude, variation of the needle (which.laft, when attended to, is marked, with an. afterifk),. and the diftance from the nearelL land.. a • San Bias is a -very fmall hamlet, on the W. coaft" of the province of • Mexico, .at the mouth of the River S. Pedro. It is but within thefe. few years that the Spaniards have made a fettlement there, for- the conr veniency of tranfporting the troops and provifioas they fend to California.. Dr. Piobertfon's map places-it about the 22d degree of N. Lat. and 88th W.Long from Fero. See alfo Chappe D'Auteroche's account of his journey from La Vera Cruz to S. Bias in 1769. The Latitude of this- j^art is not fettled by this Journal, ,nor Longitude, except by reference. M At. vm^Brntssm. W W W ifil 1 The plans of the ports which have been difcovered, follow- thefe tables, as alfo a chart of the whole coaft,. drawn with the gfeateft accuracy, as wc always marked the moft diftawZutftable points. In order alfo that we might be more exaft, we compared the fhip's courfe with that of the coaft, and repeated our obfervations, both in failing Northwards, and returning to the South. We likewife have omitted every longitude, in which we conceived there had been miftakes, by accidents that had happened, and when we only doubted in diftances of no great moment, we have laid them down, making the proper allowances. The latitudes of the charts b are marked with the greateft pre- cifion, in thofe fituations where it may be of the moft ufo, having had fufficient time to make the proper obfervations, whilft the allowances for refraction were attended to. b Thefe charts unfortunately'did not accompany the Journal. "January Z3M3B,~SCS23B&^S!me0IVmg&&gl$ I 473 3 'January, 1^5. BEING on board the King's ftorefhipc the Santa Rica, which then lay in the port of Vera Cruz, I received on the ioth of that month an order from his Excellency the Viceroy d Don Antonio Maria deBucarely and Orfua, to undertake the function of firft pilot in the expedition, which was then fitting out at the port of St. Bias for difcoveries on the Northern coaft of California e. As I have always had the ftrongeft defire to ferve his Majefty (be the rifque what it may) I readily accepted this commiffion, and fetting out from La Vera Cruz on the 12th of January, I reached "Mexico on the 18th in order to receive his Excellency's further commands. I left Mexico again on the 16th of February, and arrived at the Port of St. Biasf, putting myfelf under the orders of the officer, who was to fit out the expedition, Don Bruno Heceta. The fhips prepared for this purpofe were a frigate and fchooner s, the latter being 56 feet longh, 12 feet wide, and 8 deep, commanded by the Lieutenant Don Juan de Ayala, affifted by Don Juan Francifco de la Bodega, of the fame c Urea. d Sc. of Mexico. e It fhould feem from this journal, that the Spaniards deem all the N. W. coaft of America beyond California to be part- of that province. f The journey from La Vera Cruz to Port S. Bias is fuppofed to be 300 leagues, thus divided : from La Vera Cruz to Mexico 110 leagues 5 and from the latter to S. Bias 190. 8 Goleta. h 18 codos, each codo being two feet. P p p rank, '<- '• W [ } rank, and I embarked in the fchooner. It fo happened that the pacquet-boat S. Carlos was at this time in the port of S. Bias, commanded by the Lieutenant D. Miguel Maurrique, who was to proceed to the eftablifhment at Monterey1. Whilft we continued here, we laid in provisions for a year's voyage ; all of which were procured from the neighbourhood. On the 16th of March we had taken on board all fuch necef- faries ; and at 10 o'clock at night the three veffels fet fail, fleering N. W. with a gentle land-breeze at N. N. E. but though we did every thing iii our power during the night to keep company with the other fhips, we were not able, which we conceived to arife from the cargoe not being properly flowed, becaufe the fchooner's reputed rate of failing, by thofe who were well-acquainted with her, left us fcarcely any doubt with regard to this being the real caufe. As foon as day appeared on the 17th it grew calm, and continued fo till three in the afternoon; when a breeze from the N. W. arifing, we fleered N. N. E. and towards the coaft, till fun-'fet, when the wind fell. At this time we caft anchor, and found ourfelves 4 leagues N. N. E. of S. Bias, and in this manner we profecuted our voyage, making ufe of the fea-breeze during the day, and the land-breeze during the night, gaining very little to windward k, and calling anchor when the wind fell, in order not to lofe ground by the currents!, after fo little progrefs, and with fuch trouble. s The latitude of Monterey is fettled afterwards by this journal to be in 36 44 N. Lat. and 1.7 o W. Long, from St. Bias. It is fituated on the Weftern coaft of California, and a million of Jefuits is there eftablifhed. k. Barlovento. 1 The currents are fo ftrong in this fea that a promontory S. of S. Bias is called Corrientes* On MSHSsSRSISMK'' {475 3 On the 13th at three In the evening the S. Carlos Pa,cquet-£eat made a fignal for help, on which our captain fent a boat, in which Don Mignel Maurique (who commanded the Pacquet) was brought to our fhip, when we plainly difcovered, by his actions, that he was out of his fenfes. On this our principal officers accompanied him on board the frigate, that the captain might give the proper orders on this occafion, when a council being held, and the furgeons examined, as well as ocular proofs appearing of D. Maurique's madnefs,- it was determined to fet him on fhore, as alfo to give the command, of the pacquet-boat to Don Juan d'Ayla, lieutenant of the frigate, and that of the fchooner to Don Juan Francifco de la Bodega and Quadra, who had the fame rank. On the 20th, the breeze being moderate, it was difcovered that the foretopfailm was rent in feveral places, which defect it was neceffary to repair immediately. Whilft the wind thus continued, the commander of the fchooner tried many experiments, to make her fail better, one of which indeed rather improved her rate ; but the frigate, not-. . withftanding, was ftill obliged to fhorten fail, in order to keep us company, and indeed to take us in tovven. On the 24th at noon we had fight of the Southernmoft of the Marias0, lying to the N. E. at the diftance of three leagues, which makes the then fituation of our fhip exactly a degree W. of S. Bias, according to M. Belin's map of 1756, and in N. Lat. 21.4. m. Now this differs from my obfervations, being 26 minutes too far Northwards. m.=El maftelero develacho. n In the original another experiment is ftated, which I have not tranflated, as I conceive it would be uninterefting to the reader. 0 There are three iflajids thus called. pp 2 Whilft f f 47* 3j -f '■'•:■: Whilft we were in this fituatibn we loft fight of the pacquet- boat, but we continued our courfe fleering S. W.p when we obferved many birds, fome of which were black, with a white fpot on their breaft, the wings long, beak rather large, belly prominent, and tail like a pair of fciffarsq; others again were entirely white; whilft fome were grey, with "a fingle large feather. We likewife faw other birds, which dived often under the water, named bobos. During great part of March the wind frefhened in the day, and fell at night, particularly a little before the new moon r, (which happened on the 29th,) after which we had often calms,, the wind having before blown from the N. W. to the N. on this fame day (viz. the 29th) we faw an ifland at funfet, which is laid to be called Socorro8, by which name it is not to be found in. the French maps, nor in the Hiftory of California '. We had a view of it whilft it lay to the Eaflward at the diftance of 9 or 10 leagues, which with difficulty we gained to windwardu, wifhing to. fail as nearly as poffible upon the meridian of that ifland. On the 30th we endeavoured to approach nearer to Socorro, leagues, but when it lay W. N. W.x at the diftance of four p Sudoefte quarta al oefte. * Tixera. ' Great attention to the moon, and its fuppofed effe&s on the weather, is to be obferved in other parts of this journal. s This ifland, in Dr. Robertfon's map, is placed in 19 N. Lat. and:. 94 W. Long, from Fero. ' This is probably the hiftory of that country publifhed by Miguel Venegas (a Mexican Jefuit) at Madrid, in 175S-, which was tranflata$ into Englifh, and printed at London in 1759. It is not at all extraordinary however that this ifland fhould not be mentioned in that account as Venegas chiefly defcribes the E. coaft of California. Socorro is- con- fiderably to.the South of that Pcninfula. u Orzando. fct-'gn * Quarta al oefte..- we SSBS^nKiJ*s\t!S9^M*^l^Kgim9SmMmm mmmmmrn [ 477 } we could not effect this on account^ of the currents to the S. which carried us to Leeward y. From the 31ft of March till the 4th of April we had either calms or light breezes,, on which account we could not fail further from this ifland than we loft by the currents. For this reafon alfo we tried by towing the fchooner, and ufing of our oars, whether we might not make fome part of the ifland, where we might procure water •, but in this we could not fucceed on account of the violent currents. -This ifland, which, as. was faid before, is not named Socorro in any maps, is undoubtedly that which was difcovered by Hernando Triabba, who commanded a fhip difpatched from Guan- tepeque, by Hernan Cortes, to explore the coaft of California. This veflel failed 300. leagues z and fell in with an ifland named St. Thomas, which is fo called in the French maps, though erroneoufly placed-, becaufe its real latitude is 180 $?>' Wk Lat. and W. Long. from. S.. Bias 50 18'. On the 4th of April we loft fight of Socorro to the E. N. E. and profecuted our voyage to windward as much as poffible,. without any other accident but the frigate's bowfprit being dar . maged, which we foon repaired. At this time we found that the fky'was not fo clear as. before* we approached Socorro, that the fun did not appear fo frequently,, that the mifts were not fo thick, that the wind was much more cold, and in fhort we experienced a very different temperature. Till the 14th, when the full moon happened, the breezes- were flight, and the currents always to the South, after, this y Sotovento. \ There is a chafm in the MS with regard to the direction in which fhe failed. lioweverr - $.. [ 473 3 however the wind fremeried to the N. N. E. fometimes 'flitting to the N. E. and blowng more ftrongly from that point. By thefe means we had an opportunity of trying the failing capacity of the fchooner, for the rougher the fea the more fail was fet, fo that the deck was conflantly two planksa under water to leeward; which thoroughly convinced thofe on board the frigate of our determined refolution to profecute our voyage. The crews of both fhips, who obferved what a prefs of fail was carried by the fchooner, from the determined refolution of the officers to proceed as far Northward as poffible, faw plainly that they were in fome degree miftaken, by conceiving at our firft departure that the fchooner would be obliged to return to S. Bias in a fortnight. They however ftill fhewed their apprehenfrHns if fhe purfued her voyage, whilft fome of the fchooner's company- began to ficken, and wifh themfelves on board the frigate, where . there were medicines and a furgeon. The furgeon however declared, that if fuch feamen were removed to the frigate, they would be probably feized with a fever, on which the Captain thought it right that this opinion fhould be made known to the fchooner's crew, as he fuppofed it would have a greater effect than the threats of any punifhment. To fay the truth, we could not but be forry to obferve the horror that the crew conceived of the bad condition of the fchooner, which afforded miferable quarters for the fick, as the feamen could not do the bufinefs without being thoroughly wet, except when it was calm. Thefe diftrefTes would have become infufferable, had not the commander behaved with the greateft kindnefs to the crew, he encouraged them to perfift alfo, by giving them frequently fmall a Tablas. 4 prefents, t 479 I prefents, and reminded them of the glory they would obtain on; fheir return, if they reached the proper latitudeb. He added alfo, that the rifque was nearly equalc to both veftels, and that as each fhip's company valued their lives, they might be fiire that it would not be attempted to proceed further than was confiftent with their -mutual fafety. This interpofition of the commander had at length the proper effect, and we agreed to live and dye together. On the nth of May the wind began to veer about, and on every point to the Eaftward, but ended to the E. & S. E. with many fquallsd and mills. The ftrong currents which we had before experienced to the S. were now fcarcely to be perceived. On the 21 ft our commander held a council, in which it was to be determined whether we fhould continue our voyage, or put into the eftablifhment at Monterey, and that the refolutions we fhould come to might be the more deliberate, our opinions, with, the reafon s on which they were founded, were reduced to writing. As the wind however was very violent, there could be no perfbnal communication between the officers of the two mips, and our opinions were therefore tranfmitted by means of a cafk. [Thefe opinions follow, in the journal at length, but as they would not be very interefting even to the navigator, I fhall only ftate that they all agree in advifing that they fhould proceed as far N. as 43. rather than put into Monterey. The principal IF b It appears afterwards that they were inftru&ed to proceed as far N. as 6$ if practicable. c It muft be recollected that at this time the frigate towed the fchooner. d Chuvafcos, which is fuppofed to be a term ufed in the Mexican Seas. §ltl reafon I 480 ] reafon for this advice is, that Martin de Aguilar had difcovered a^ river in this latitude, where they hoped confequently to water, and repair their veflelse.] . We proceeded on our voyage therefore with brifk winds from the N. & N. N. E. the fea running high till the 30th, when the new moon happened during which interval we made many tacks, and did not accurately obferve our longitude or latitude. On this fame day we had gentle breezes between N. W. & S. W. varying thus for the three following days, after which the wind was fteady in the W. N. W. and blew frefher as the moon increafed. On the firft of June one of our feamen was fo drunk with fpirits that we thought it right to remove him to the frigate f, where he afterwards died in lefs than fix hours. On the fame day we obferved fome fea-weeds, the top of which much refem- bled an oranges, from the upper part of which hung large and broad leaves, ij At the extremity of this plant is a very long tube, which fixes to the rocks on the coaft till it is loofened by. the fea, when it often floats to the diftance of 100 leagues. We named this plant the Orange- head. The next day we faw another plant, with Ions: and narrow leaves like a ribband, which is called Zacate del Mar; we alfo faw many lea-wolves, ducks, and fifh. t. In the .account of this voyage in 1601, added to Venegas's Hiftory of California, this river is faid to have been difcovered by the phot Lopes, and not by Mar-tin de Aguilar. In fome maps it is placed in 45 N. Lat. \ f Becaufe there was a furgeon on board that fhip, probably. £ Una naranja. On On the 5th our towing rope h was broke; which indeed had happened feveral times before, notwithftanding the greateft care of both fhip's companies, on which accident we refolved to proceed, as well as we could, without this very inconvenient appendage, m^ On the 7th, from the colour of the fea, we judged ourfelves to be in foundings, and we fuppofed ourfelves to be about thirty leagues from the coaft. By noon on the fame day we diftinguifhed a large tradfc of the coaft (though at a confiderable diftance) lying from the S. W. to the NT. E. but we were not able to get nearer to it, by the winds falling calm during the night and the following day. On the 8th weTaw the coaft much clearer at the diftance of about 9 leagues, and the next 24 hours the currents to the S. in- creafed ftrongly, fo that there was a difference in the latitude by obfervation and our reckoning of 29 minutes. The fame day the wind freshening, the commander made fignal for the fchooner to reconnoitre the coaft, which dire&ion we complied with to our utmoft, fleering to the N. N. E. and hoping to do this before the night. In effect, by fix in the even- ning, we diftinguifhed many headlands, bays, plains, and mountains, with trees and green fields. By eight at night we were not more than two leagues diftant from the land, nor the frigate more than three; we then failed towards her, and thus palled the night. On the oth at break of day the frigate made us a fignal to join them, and by 10 in the morning we followed their courfe till we came to another part of the coaft, where we faw, with the greateft clearnefs, the plains, rocks, bays, headlands, breakers, El remorque. and C 482 ] and trees : here we founded in 30 fathoms, the bottom being a black fand. At the fame time we failed along the coaft, and endeavoured to find out a port, being at the diftance only of a mile, and approaching to a high cape, which feemed to promife fhelter, though we Were obliged to proceed cautioufly, as many fmall iflands concealed from us- fome rocks, which fcarcely appeared above the furface of the fea. As we now perceived a land-locked harbour to the S. W. we determined to enter it, making at the fame time a fignal to the frigate to lend us an anchor, which however they*were not able to do, from their diftance, as well as that the wind blew frefh. For thefe reafons the fchooner entered the port alone, founding all the way, with the greateft care, and the frigate followed in our wake. Whilft we were thus entering the port, we obferved two canoes from the N. which came clofe to the frigate, and exchanged their fkins for bugles, and other trifles, with our feamen, whilft in the mean time the fchooner caft anchor oppo'fite to a little villagek, which was fituated at the bottom of a mountain : the inhabitants however did not fend out any canoes to us. After this we founded the interior parts of the port, and we found fufficient depth of water to anchor at a bow's fhot from the land, we faw likewife the frigate at the bottom of the port, and faftened our cables to fome rocks which nature feemed t© have fixed there for this purpofe. We took however the precaution to let fall two anchors on the oppofite fide; (viz. to the S. and S. W.) on which the frigate followed our example. Rancheria. { 4*3 ) As foon as we had anchored, fome Indians in canoes came on board,. who, without the leaft fhynefs, trucked fome fkins for bugles. And here it may be right to obferve the inaccuracies of the French map ', both with regard to the capes, and the lying of the coaft. It fhould feem indeed that the abfolute want of authentic materials hath been the occafion of laying down at random fome large bays, which we neither found to the N. or to the S. as we muft certainly have fallen in with them above Cape Fortuna, which is placed 18 leagues to the S. of Cape Mendocino m, whereas we were twenty leagues to the N. which makes an error of two degrees of latitude n. On the 11 th we had fixed every thing with regard to our anchorage, and we determined to take poffeffion of the country, upon the top of a high mountain, which lyes at the entrance of the port. For this purpofe our crews divided into different parties, which were properly polled, fo that the reft might proceed without any danger of an attack. We moreover placed centi- nels at a confiderable diftance, to reconnoitre the paths ufed by the Indians, who poflefled themfelves of thofe parts from which we had moft to fear. With thefe precautions the crews marched in two bodies, who adored the holy crofs upon difembarking, and when at the top of the mountain formed a fquare, the centre of" which became a chapel. Here the holy crofs was again raifed, mafs celebrated, with a fermon, and poffeffion taken, with all the requifites enjoined by our inftructions. We alfo fired both 1 Of Monf. Bellin. m So called from Mendoza, a Viceroy of Mexico, who fent fome 'fliip's on difcovery. Moft maps place this on the N. W. point of California. n De ocho cavos. Q^qq 2 our - 1 1 - C 4»4 3 . |v . our mufquetry and cannon, which naturally made the Indians fuppofe we were irrefiftible. After they had recovered thek fright however, and found that we had done them no harm, they vifited us again, and probably to examine more nearly what had occafioned the tremendous noife which they had never heard before. As we thus, took pofreffion on the day when holy mother church celebrates the feftival of the moft holy Trinity, we named the port accordingly °.. The following days were taken up in procuring wood and water, whilft the fchooner was careened. We likewife cut fome mails for her. We could not but particularly attend to all the actions of the Indians, their manner of living, habitations, garments, food government, laws, language, and arms, as alfo their ? hunting and fifheries. The diftruft indeed which we naturally entertained of thefe barbarians, made us endeavour to get as great an infipht into all thefe as poffible, yet we never obferved any thing contrary to the moft perfed friendfhip and confidence which they feemed to repofe in us. I may add, that their intercourfe with us was not only kind, but afFedionate. There houfes were fquare, and built with large beams, the- roofs being no higher than the furface of the ground, for the ° There | certainly fome ufe to- geographers in this cuftom of the- Spaniards naming places from the Saint's- day in whieh they take poffeffion, or make the difcovery, as- it points, out to pofterity the time of the year when the event happened. p Sus ^, which like the French word chafe and' Italian cacciax comprehends alfo fowling. In Sir Afhton Lever's moft capital mufeum' may be feen-what contrivances are ufed by the Indians of St. Georee's Sound N. Lat. 50 on this fame coaft and for thefe purpofes. There is f°f • i61™1101316 rePoflto>7 fome birdlime from the newly difcovered- Sandwich iflands. ' ■wr^* door 'S C 485 3 doors to-which they make ufe of a circular hole, juft large enough for their bodies to pafs through. The floors of thefe kuts are perfectly fmooth and clean, with a fquare hole 1 two feet deep in the centre, in which they make their fire, and round which they are continually warming themfelves, on account of the great cold. Such habitations alfo fecure them,, when not employed out of doors, from the wind and noxious animals. The men however do not- wear any covering, except the cold is intenfe, when indeed they put upon their fhoulders the fkins of fea-wolves, otters, deer, or other animals : many of them alfo have round their heads r fweet-fmelling herbs. They likewife wear their hair either difhevelled over their fhoulders, or other- wife en cajlannas. In the flaps of their ears they have rings like thofe at. the end of a mufquetf. They bind their loins and legs quite down, to the ancles, very elofely, with ftrips of hide or thread"* They paint their face, and greater part of their body, regularly either with a black or blueu colour. Their arms are covered with circles of fmall points in the fame manner that common people in Spain often paint fhips and anchors.. i § Oyo or eye literally- r- Una rueda, literally a garland in the form of a wheel". ' The Spaniards apply caftanna to a particular method of dreffihg- the hair—peinado en cajlanna,, h'terally fignifies, hair dreffed to refemble a chefnut tree, c I am informed by a gentleman long refident in Spain, that it is not unufual to have rings fo placed, and. that they are of ufe to prevent the. knapfack from falling off. u Azarcon. The tk ' ' * 486 I v|- :ir ■ ; The women cover the tops of their heads with an ornament dike"- the Creft of a helmet % and Wear their hair in two treffes y, in which they'-ftick many fweet-fmelliB'g herbs. They alfo ufe the fame rings in their caps (which are of bone) as the men are before defcr-ibed to do, and cover their bodies with the fame fkins, befides which they more decently wear an apron of the fame kind, about -a foot wide, with fome threads formed into a fringe. They likewife bind their legs in the fame manner with the men. The underlip of thefe women is fwelled out into three fafcias, or rifings, two of which ifTue from the corners of the mouth to the lowfft part or" the beard2, and the third from the higheft point, and. middle of that point to the lower, like the others % leaving between each a fpace of clear flefh, which is much larger in the young than in the older women, whofe faces are generally covered with puncturesb, fo as to be totally disfigured. On their necks they wear various fruits c, inftead of beads ; fome of thefe ornaments alfo confift of the bones of animals, or fhells from the fea-coaft. This tribe of Indians is governed by a ruler, who dire£ls where they fhall go both to hunt and fifh for what the eom- munity ftands in need of. We alfo obferved that one of thefe Indians always examined carefully the fea-fhoar, when we went $ Copa de timbras. y Colgadas par las mefillas. lf That is, I fuppofe, what would be beard in men. , a I muft own, that I do not thoroughly comprehend this defcription, though I ihink 1 cannot have mis-tranfiated it. b Picadura, fo that I conclude thefe fwellings on the face, in fuch forms as defcribed, muft be occafioned by a fort of tattooing. f Rather feeds perhaps. 7 to [ 4«7 ] to our fhips on the clofe of twilightd, the occafion of which probably was to take care that all their people fhould return fafe to their habitations about that time. It fhould feem that the authority of this ruler is confined to a particular village of thefe habitations, together with fuch a district of country as may be fuppofed to belong to the inhabitants of fuch a community,. who fometimes are at war with. other- villages, againft whom they appeared to afk our afliftance, making us figns e for that purpofe. There are however many other villages which are friendly to each other, if not to thefe Indians ; for on our firft arrival more than 300 came down in different parties, with their- women and children, who were not indeed permitted to enter the village of our Indians. v\& Whilft this fort of intercourfe continued between us, we obferved an infant who could fearcely be a year old, fhooting arrows from a bow proportioned to his fize and ftrength, and who hit one's hand at two or three yards diftance, if it was held up for a mark. We never obferved that thefe Indians had any idols, or made faCrifices : but as we found out that they had a plurality of wives,. or women, at leaft, we inferred, with good reafon,.that they were perfeSi atheijls. Upon the death of one of thefe Indianp they raifed a fort of funeral cry, and afterwards burned the body within the houfe of their ruler; but from this we could not pronounce they were idolaters, becaufe the cry of lamentation might. proceed from, affli&ion, and the body might have been burnt, that the corpfe.'. d Ala oration, in the original, at which time the Spaniards ufually. make a fhort prayer. *■ What thefe were is not ftated, fhould '~ 11* [ 488 ] ' %~~ ' - ^ fhould not be expofed to wild beafts; or perhaps this might have been done to avoid the flench of the deceafed, when putrefaction might commence. We were not able to underftand one of their regulations, as they permitted our people to enter all- their houfes, except that of their ruler; and yet when we had broken through this etiquette, we could not obferve any thing different between the palace, and the other huts. It was impoffible for us to underftand their language, for which reafon we had no intercourfe but by figns, and therefore both parties often continued in a total ignorance of each other's meaning : we obferved however that they pronounced our words with great eafef. Their arms are chiefly arrows pointed with flint, and fome of them with copper or iron g, which we underftood were procured from the N. and one of thefe was thus marked Qr Thefe arrows are carried in quivers of wood or bone, and hang from their wrift or neck. f From hence it may be inferred, that thefe Indians pronounce gut- turally, as all the nations of Europe indeed do, except the Englifh, French, and great part of Italy. g Such are to be feen at Sir Afliton Lever's Mufeum from K. George's found N. Lat. 50. which confirms the journal in their being- brought from the North. I fhould conceive that the copper and iron here mentioned muft have originally been bartered at our forts in Hudfon's Bay, with the travelling hordes of Indians who refort there at ftated times. Some of our own people are alfo very enterprizing in their excurfions as one of them within thefe few years hath been as far as N. Lat. 72. W. Long, from Fort Churchill 24. where he faw an open fea.—In the fame noble Mufeum is a moft particular bow from the W. coaft of America N. Lat. 50. which exactly refembles one from the Labradore Coaft. But ■sea mam mmm [ 4*9 But what they -chiefly value is iron, and partietrlari^f laWes or hoops of old barrels; they alfo readily barter for bugles,! whilft they rejected both provifions or any article of drefs. They) ■pretended however that they fometinies approved the former, in order to procure our efteem; but foon after they had accepted stay fort of meat, we obferved that they fet it afide, as of no. value. At laft indeed they took kindly to our bifcuits, and really/ eat them. Amongft thefe Indians there was one who had more familiar intercourfe with us than all the reft, fitting down with us in fighti of his countrymen. They ufed tobacco, which they ftnoaked in fmall wooden pipes, in form of a trumpet, and procured from little gardens where they had planted ith. They chiefly hunt deer, cibulos, fea-wolves, and otters, nor did we -obferve that they purfued any others. The only birds we met with on this part of the coaft were daws, hawks, very fmall paroquets, ducks, and gulls ; there were alfo fome par-; rots with red feet, bills, and breafts, like lories both in their heads and flight. The fifh on that coaft are chiefly fardines, pejerey', and cod ; of which they only bring home as much as will fatisfy the wants of the day. We tried to find if they had ever feen other ftrangers, or fhips than our own, but though we took great pains to inform ourfelves on this head, we never could perfectly comprehend what they faid; upon the whole we conceived th^t we were the only foreigners who had ever vifited that part of the coaft. h It need fcarcely be obferved that tobacco is an indigenous plant in N.- America, as it is alfo of Afia. a J In this and other inftances where I do not know the animal alluded to. I fhall give the Journalift's name. Rrr We [ 490 ] ' We likewife endeavoured to know from tliem wjkejsher they fiad any mines or precious ftones ; but in this we wereslpsfi^ij^ difappointed. What we faw of the country leaves us no doubttfof itstf^tiktigitf and that it is capable*of producing all the plants of Europe. In moft of the gullies of the hilisl there are rills of clear and cool, water, the fides of which are covered with herbs ($$ in the ■meadows of Europe) of both agreeable verdure and fmell'. Amongft thefe Jwere Caftilian rofes, fmaliage, lilojps, plantain, thirties, camomile, and saany others. We likewife found ftraB^ri berries, rafberries, blackberries, fweet onions, and potatoes, all which grew in confiderable abuncfancej a<nd partifc&larly n£ar the rills. Amongft other plants we obferved one which muefct refembled percely (though not in its.fmell), which the Indians hriiifed and eat, after mixing it with onions. The hills weadel coveredjwith verylarge, highn and ftrait pines, amongft which I obferved fome of 120 feetk high, and 4 in dian meter towards the bottom/i? All thefe pines are proper for mails and fhip*budlding. The outline of the port is reprefehted in Chart the 6th ', which was drawn by D. Bruno Hecefa, D. Juan Fr. de la Bodega, and myfelf. Though the port is there. reprefented as open, yet it is to be underftood that the harbour is well fheltered from the 5. W. W. &N. W. as alfo from the N. N. E. & E. [This difcovery was made by the fchooner on the oth of June.] 1 Perhaps the accounts given by navigators of the beauty of a country or its productions after a long voyage may be not entirely relied uplckf/ as they are commonly exagerated. k Sefar^g. vara?. 1 Thefe Charts, which amount to nine, have never beentranfmittedto "Erigland. 7 111 In the W. part there is a hill 50 fathoms m high, joining to the continent on the N. fide, where there is another riling of 20, both of which afford prote&ion not only from the winds, but the attack of an enemy. 7*^ At the entrance of the port is a fmall ifland of confiderabltf height, without a fingle plant upon it; and on the fides of the coaft are high rocks, which are very convenient for difembarking"; goods alfo may be fhipped fo near the hull0, that a ladder may beufed from the land to the veffelj and near the fend are many fmall rocks, which fecure the fhip at anchor from the S. El and S. W. ' We compleated our watering very early from the number of rills which emptied themfelves into the harbour; we were Mke- wife as i(b6n fupplied with wood. We paid great attention to the tides, and found them to be as regular as in Europe. We made repeated obfervations with regard, to the latitude of this harbour, and found it was,exactly 41 degrees and 7 minutes N. whilft we fuppofed the Longitude to be 19 degrees and 4 minutes W. of S. Bias. We had thus thoroughly inveftigated every thing which relates to this harbour, except the courfe of a river which came from the S. W. and which appeared whilft we were at the top of the hillp. We took therefore the boat on the 18 th, and 'found that the mouth was wider than is neceflary for the difcharge of the water, which is loft in the fands on each fide, fo that we m Tueffas. " By the water being deep alofe. to thefe-rocks;):. c Sc. That of 50 fathoms in height. * The going thither hath been before mentioned. R r r 2 &&;.] could i 492 I could not eVen enter it except at full tide. However we left owf boat, and preceded a league into the country, whilft the river continued of the fame width; viz. 20 feet, and about five deep. Gn the banks of this river were larger timber trees than we had before feen, and we conceived that in land-floods the whole plain (which was more than a quarter of a league broad) muft be frequently covered with water, as there were many places where it continued to flagnate. We gave this river the name of Pigeons, becaufe at our firft landing we faw large flocks of thefe, and other birds, fome of which had pleafing notes. On the fides of the mountains we found the fame plants and fruits, as in the more immediate neighbourhood of Trinity- Harbour. On the 19 th of June, at 8 in the morning, we took up. our anchors, and failed with a gentle breeze from N. W. which had continued in the fame direction all the time we were in port. It fell calm however at ten, on which we caft anchor about a cannon's fhot from the little ifland, where we had ten fathom water,, and a muddy bottom. On the 20th in the evening the wind blew again from theN. W. and we failed to the E. S. W. & S. E. the wind continuing N. W- which made the fea run high. On the 21ft was new moon, and the wind veered about to the W. with fmall rains and mifts, which feparated the two fhips for fix or eight hours, during which we made our fignals- by lights, and firing guns. In order to get into the courfe we were to fleer, If the wind proved favourable, I mentioned to our commander what I had read C 495 1 read in D. Juan Petez's journal % which had been delivered to him, where it was obferved that this navigator had the winds from the S. & S. E.. with,which it was eafy to run along the coaft, toa high Northern latitu4e,,aud for that reafon Perez was of opinion that the coaft fhould not be approached till. 49^ in which I agreed with him. Our commanders indeed kept as much to windward as pqffible in order to take advantage of the wind*, when it fhould become fair; but it foon changed to: the W. & N. W. which drove us on that part of the coaft which we wanted to avoid.. On this fame day we repaired feveral damages which our fhip had fuffered, with the greateft alacrity, in hopes of profecuting our difooveries, and found that fhe failed better comparatively with the frigate than fhe had done beforeT, On the 2d of July fome other damages were repaired; Although we.laid great ftrefs upon getting to the Weftwardr kr order, that we might afterwards proceed N. as alfo difcover fome port in a lower latitude than 65, yet we were not able to effect this, as the wind from being W.. turned to the.N. W. and drove us upon^the coaft [too early].. On the 9th of July I conceived myfelf to be in-the latitude oft the mouth of a rivers, difcovered by John de Fuca (according to the French map) which we therefore endeavoured to make for,. Whilft at the fame time we obferved that the fea was coloured, as in foundings.; many fifhe,. reeds 20 feet long, and^ the Orange^. * It appears-afterwards that this D Juan Perez- was- enfign on board. the frigate, and that he had failed in a former voyage of difcovery to a confiderable is. Latitude on the W. coaft of America. r The particulars of thefe repairs, as alfo-in-what refpect fhe failed' better, are omitted as uninterefting. 5 Perhaps gulf [bocaj. t Toninas,. fuppofed to he porpefles-. heads. |j| _ ; . . - . _. Il 494 j ' '-f heads'^ likewife appeared; all of which circumftsinces fhewai thabwe weite not>fa£idf#ant from the coaft. The fame dar^-both wind and fea increafod fo much that ouc deck-was thoB&igaly wetted, afed ouft^^Mtero of wetter alfo was much damaged, on Xvh&li acc^u-nt^it became neceffery to fteer S. W. from five in the evening till day-break, when the fea became more calm, and wind rifore fair; fo that we^feiled N. and a .point to the Ev Homing to difcover the'land. At fun-fet the horizon was more clear, and the figns of approaching t&e coaft gfeatly increafed ; as we could not diftinguifh it however we kept in the wake of the frigate, by-' very clear moonhght. On the nth at day break the ffey was very bright, there was an appearance of fjoKjadi'ngs, much fea-weed, many fc*»ds, and the greateft figns of being near land. In effect at? n the fun fhone^ and we diftiagtaifhed the coaft to the N. W. when we v&jfekbOut 12 leagues from it.' In the evening bbth wind and fea rofe fo much that the frigate thought it right to keep us in fight, and we were rifeeh fetigued hy the violence of the weailiiei.^ On the lz$i we had got five or fix leagues to the N. of the frigate, whilft we Were-but three-leagues-from the land, with a- more favourable wind and calmer fea, fo that we jbmed her by eleven. At fix in the evening the coaft was not more diftant *han]a league, when we diftinguifhed various headlands, many fmall iflands, as alfo mountains covered with fnow. We likewife found a barseovifland about half a league in ciig* C|jn^ference, "w^ich we called de Dahres. * A fea-plant before defcribed. We [ 495 ] We now carried all the fail we could to follow the frigate, but we qould not do fo at the proper diftance, in fo much that at fun- fet we loft fight. of her, and although during the whole night we hung out lights, fired our guns, as alfo rockets, fhe never anfwered our fignais, from 'which we concluded that they could not be diftinguifhed by our companion. »»:*' On the 15th however the frigate appeared at a great diftance, and feemed to be making for the coaft. We now founded, and found 30 fathoms of water, cafting anchor two leagues and half from the land. At twelve on the fame day we faw the frigate ftill at a greater diftance to leeward, though fhe endeavoured to approach the coaft. On this we 'fet fail to join her, keeping at the fame time as near to the land as We could, and being not farther diftant than a mile, we plainly diftinguifhed, as we palled to the S. W. the plains, fmall detached rocks, and low headlands, till fix in the evening. As we could not however find any port, and could not bear to lofe the Northing we had gained with fo much trouble, we determined to caft anchor near a point, where we thought we fhould be able to procure wood and water, as well as malls. The frigate was now not more than half a league diftant, and We therefore made a fignal to her to caft anchor, having eight fathoms of water upon founding. §1N After this I foon went on board the frigate, the Captain of which told me that the Commander of the fchooner fhould come to him, in order to hold a council, whether the fchooner fhould proceed or not to a higher latitude, as every minute we flayed longeron the coaft, would fubject'us to greater rifques, both from the winds and fea. This was alfo the more to be dreaded, as the whole crew of the frigate had been lick for the two laft days, whilft the commander himfelf was far from well. The captain, 1 4?6 ] captain of the fchooner therefore was to keep near, and jointly take poffeffion of this part of the coaft. I accordingly carried thefe orders to the fchooner, whofe captain directed that the next day we fhould join the frigate. In the mean while nine canoes of taH and flout Indians appeared, who invited the crew of the fchooner with great cordiality to eat, drink, and fleep with them. Our commander took care to regale them in the beft manner he could, and particularly their chieftains, as well as thofe who came the moft readily on board, giving them whatever they feemed moft to defire. The Indians, being-obliged by thefe civilities, rowed near to our fhip, making friendly figns, and as we anfwered by the fame civilities, they left us at nine, and foon Teturned with fifh of many forts, fagro, whale* and falmon, as alfo flefh of foveral animals, well cured -under ground. Thefe prefents, in fufficient abundance, were offered to our commander, after which thev returned to their villages, leaving us in high admiration of their noble proceedings. On the 14th in the morning the fea ebbed fo low, that the ridges of rocks appeared along the coaft, which prevented us from then failing, and obliged us to wait for the full of the tide, which was to happen at 12 at noon. During this interval the Indians trafficked with us for various fkins of animals, for which they expected fome peices of iron in exchange, which they mani- feftedlby putting their hands upon'the rudder-irons *; our people therefore.procured them fuch, from old chefts, after which they returned to their-village, making the-fame figns as they had done .the day before. , * Los Machos del timon. On aa^aammakysr. [ 497 1. On the i ft of July we were to go on more by order of our commander; and as we were ftill to continue our voyage for fome time, it was neceflary we fhould procure a fufficient quantity of water (fo much being ufed fine© we failed from Port Trinity) though hitherto we had not been able to effect this from want of a proper tide, which at the fame time prevented us from getting wood and a malt. For this reafon fuch part of the crew was pitched upon who were likely to be moft active in the fervice, each of them taking a gun and piftol, and fome of them a cutlafsy and cartridge-box, the whole party being put under the command of Pedro Santa*Ana % who always diftinguifhed himfelf upon fuch occafions. They alfo took with them hatchets, and were directed to fend us back the boat, that we might fill it wifcb. cafks, after which they were to carry them to that part of the coaft where they could foqaeft compleat their watering. Our detachment therefore contrived to land where there was the deepeft water, and the neareft poflible to a river. They had fcarcely done this, however, when the Indians rufhed out from the mountains to the number ©f 300, and fijrroundjng our feamen immediately, we concluded that the whole detachment wotild have been cut off", as we only perceived iafingle fire from our people, and that two of them running to the fhore threw themfelves into the fea, whole fate we could not know on account of the fhallows of the coaft. As we therefore could not help our cornratfes, hy not having fufficient depth of fea for our veflel, we fired our great guns and y Sabre. z He is ftated to have been contro-maeftre, or perhaps matter's taste. Ss s jnufkets; IMBSBZHMSeMBS 1: | 498' ] mufkets; but as our fhot did not reach the Indians, nor coulc£ they know what damage we might do them at a- lefs diftance,. they did not move at all, or defift from' their treacherous attack.. On this, not being able to fuceour our comrades, we hoifted a= .fignal of diftrefs, which the frigate being fo far off could not diftinguifh. The Indians however at eleven returned to their villages, whilft we neither could fee our feamen or their- boats;. By twelve at noon it was- full fea, and we endeavoured' to reach the frigate, every one exerting themfelves to the utmoft; our whole crew, indeed, now confifted of but five men and a boy,, who* were in health, with four that were fick. As fbon as we had fet fail,, nine canoes of Bidians, with an: mcreafed number of men on board, placed"themfelves at a fixed diftance from us, whilft one of them^ with only nine chieftains' on board, rowed pretty near to the fide of our veflel, offering, usj whilfttheir-hows were unbent, fome handfome jackets^,, andprac-- tifing their former arts of deceit, by tempting us with the provi* fions they had before fupplied. But we were now upon our guard, and preparing for our de-^ fence^ though we ftill thought it right on our part to entice them nearer, by fhewing bugles and other-trifles, which-had^as little effect upon our enemies-, who ^contrived however to make figns that we fhould go on fhore. At laft they were tired of thefe overtures, and knowing the fmall number of our crew, they made a fhew.of furrounding out veflel; holding theiE-hows^heht. againft us.. On the other hand, though we had but three on board'able to handle a mufquet (viz. our Captain, his fervant, and myfelf), a So the original; and I conclude^the meaning to.he, that in this-canoe there were none but chieftains. 5#fe *BttLJ'-im~~s\.^MKa4Simj!K* [ 499 ] yet we .foon killed fix of the Indians, as alfo damaged their canoe. They now experienced how much we were able to annoy them, and feemed to be aftonifhed. They afterwards covered their dead with their jackets, and at laft returned to fuch a diftance that we could not reach them with our fhot; in which retreat they were affifted by the other canoes, who had not before fupported them. They then held a council, which ended in their going back to their village. Our commander, in the mean time, hearing the difcharge of our mufquets, thought we fhould want ammunition, and fentus fome in the launch, in which we caft anchor along fide of the frigate. We then went on board, hoping that we fhould be permitted to ufe the launch, land with an armed force, deftroy the villages of the Indians, and try to recover thofe of our own people, who perhaps had hid themfelves in the woods, or had faved themfelves by fwimming. On this point we held a council, at which the commander ftatedour dangerous fituation, the difficulties in landing we were to expert, both from fea and weather, and the diftance of the village ; he alfo added, that the deftruction of our people was almoft diftinctly feen, and therefore that there could be little probability of any one's having efcaped. D. Criftoval de Revilla and D. Juan Perez were of opinion we fhould directly fail, although the commanderb and myfelf prefled taking fome revenge for the butchery of our comrades, as likewife waiting to know the fate of thofe who might have furvived by fwimming, and who muft neceffarily furrender themfelves to the Barbarians. We alfo dwelt upon the ftrong pre- fumption, that it would be agreeable to his majefty that the In- b The commander feems to have given different advice befere. Sis j cfrans [ 5«° ] cKans^hoBld feel the fuperior force of his arms, who would other- wife treat future diftoverers in the fame manner; we added, that though the village was not near, yet if we waited till next day we might reach it, whi&l & might be expelled that the winds would not blow with violence at the new moon. The reafon s on both fidfes having been tints urged, the commander readily consented to follow the advice and wifhes of the isaajority.. When this point was decided, our commander took our opi* nions with regard to the fchooner's proceeding, as fhe was in fo bad plight; when (except D.Criftoval de Revilla) we ail agreed that fhe fhould continue to psofecute her voyage. Thefe our opi« aionswere reduced into writing on the 16th. [Thefe are again omittedj as probably unihfeere|Ung to the reader : but both the captain of the fehooner^ and the jotflfnaJ!$fc .agreeing to proceed;] On the 14th of July we failed, at five in< the evening1, from this road,, which lies in 47. 21 N. Lata, the wind being N. W». and N..N. W. by which we left the cjeaft, fleering S. W- On the 1.9th our captain received fome letteES from Dbn Juan Perez (enfign d of the ftigate) as likewife the furgeon,, in which; ihey ftated the then health of their cxewy and defiriug our opinion t hereon. [Here follow the; aniWers; of the captaia of the fehooner and1 "Maurelle the journalift, who,, to their great ci»djt,.gerfiift in theic voyage of difcovery.] c The longitude is not flated, but by tha fhib'gi reckoning I find that the W. Longitude from St. Blaft^wss 2.1 19. d Alfeiez. TUi Till, the 24th the wind continued N. W..&N. when the Ichooner received from the frigate a cannon, with a box of powder and ball. From the 24th to the 50th we fleered N. W. when at funfet there were great threatemngs of a florm, and the weather becoming dark, the fea ran fo high, that we could not diftinguifh the lights of the frigate, and were obliged to make our fignals by guns and rockets. On the 3rft it continued to be fo dark that even during the day We could not fee the frigate. On the 1 ft of Auguft at day-break we had the fame dark weather, fo that we could not diftinguifh at half a league's diftance, nor had we fight of the frigate : we kept on however (the wind abating) with a Wefterly courie, till the 4th, when we fuppofed ourfelves to be 1.7 leagues W. of the continent.. On the 5th the wind began to be favourable from the S. W- and the frigate ftill not appearing, our captain confulted us \vhether we fhould profecute our difcoveries.. We had indeed for the laft two- months been reduced to fhort allowance of pro- vifions,, and a quart of water each day, fince we left the laft landi. our bread alfo was almoft fpoiled by the fea getting into the bread- room, and the feafon for failing to the Northward began almoft to end. Yet notwithftanding thefe, and other objections, we continued unanimoufly of opinion to execute our orders; as, if we did otherwife, his majefly muft have incurred the expence- of a frefh. expedition,. Our crew likewife was now animated, and; every one agreed to contribute proportionably for a folemn mafs to our Lady of Bethlem,. intreating her that we might be able, to- reach the Latitude enjoined by our inftructions.. This propofal of the crew being communicated to the captainy he applauded much their ardour and devotion,, which was rewarded before.- evening, by the winds blowing from a favourable quarter.. On % I 5°2 ] On the ioth there was a full moon, and the wind blew frefli from the S. W. On the 13th we conceived ourfelves to be hi foundings from the colour of the fea; at the fame time appeared Orange heads t many flags, many birds, with red feet, breaft, and beak, as alfo many whales j all which were certain figns of our nearer approach to land. During the 14th and 15th thefe -figns increafed, when we found ourfelves in N. Lat. 56, 8. & 154 leagues W. of the continent, and 69 leagues from an ifland to be found in our chart % which likewife pointed out an archipelago in the fame parallel. This fearch however was attended with great difficulty, as the wind blew with jjreat violence,, whilft the mills did not permit us to diftinguifh any diftant object. At noon on the 16th we few land to the N. W. at the diftance of fix leagues, and it foon afterwards opened to the N. E. presenting eonfiderable headlands and mountains, one of which was of animmenfe height, being fituated upon a projecting cape, and of the moft regular and beautiful form I had ever feen. It was alfo quite detached from the great ridge of mountains.. Its top was covered with fnow, under which appeared fome wide gullies^ which continue till about the middle of the mountain, and from thence to the bottom are trees of the fame kind as thofe at Trinity f. We named this moutain St. Jacinthus gand the cape delEngan- no h, both of which are fituated in N. Lat. 57.2. and by two e 1 .fhould rather fuppofe that this was the .chart of D. Juan Perez, who was on board, and had been on a former voyage of difcovery. f Before defcribed to be pines. s There is a monaftery of St. Jacinthus, at a finall diftance from Mexico. Gage"s Survey of the W. Indies. h Or of deceit.) repeated inenu repeated obfervations at a mile's diftance we found the W. Long, from St. Bias to be 34.12. From this cape we fixed the principal points on the coaft, as will appear by our chart. On the 17th the wind blew moderate from, the S. by means of which we entered a bay that was three leagues wide at its mouth,.and which was protected from the N. by cape del Enganno; on. the oppofite fide to this cape we difcovered. a port more than a league wide at the entrance, perfectly fecure from all winds but the S- We nearly approached the fides of this bay,, and never found lefs than fifty fathoms in depth ; but we could not perceive any kind of flat or plain, as the. mountains come quite down to the fhore. NotwithftancMng this we diftinguifhed a fmall river, which (it being night) we did not further attend to, but caft anchor in. 66 fathoms, the bottom being, a clay, as we found upon drawing, up our anchors.. This port is fituated in. 57.11 N. Lat. and 34..L2..W. Long. from S. Bias; which,, together, with the headland, we named Guadelupe_ On the. 18th. we. failed, again, with little wind; when two' canoes, with, four Indians in.each, appeared (viz. two men and: two women) who, however, did not feem to wifh to come on: board us, but only made figns that we fhould go on fhore. We continued our courfe however (the wind being, N.W.) till- nine in the. morning, when we entered another port, not fo^ large indeed, but the adjacent country much more defirable to navigators, as a river empties itfelf here of eight or ten feet wide,., whilft the harbour, is protected from almoft every wind, by- means of a long ridge of high iflands, almoft joining each other, with anchorage of 18 fathoms, the-bottom being a fandi. Here we caft. anchor at a piftol's fhot from the land,; wherewe faw, on thex [ 5^4 ] the bank of the river, a high houfe, and a -parapet' of timber fupported by flakes drove into the ground, where We obferved ten ihdian men, befides women and children. We named this port de los Retnedios, and found that it was fituated in $7. 18 N. Lat. and 34. 12 W. Long, from St. Bias. The fame day, having prepared ourfelves for defence againft the Indians, five of us landed about noon, when, "having pofted ourfelves in the fafeft place we couW fix Hipon, we planted the crofs with all proper devotion, cutting another on a rockk, and difplaying the Spanifh colours, according to our injlru&ions on that head. When we had thus tafken pofteflibn of the country we advanced quite to the bank of the river, in order to fix upon the moft convenient place for water, which we w^fe in great want of, as well as ftill greater of wood; fo that we weife under an abfolute necefllty of providing ourfelves with both. Having fixed Hipon the proper fpot, We now returned to the Ihip, the Indians having not come forth from their parsrpet. We foon however perceived them approach the place where we had fixed the crofs, which they took away, and fixed it on the front of their houfe, in the proper dire&ion, wfjilft at the fame time they made us figns with their open arms, that they had thus taken pofleffion of our crofs. On the 19th we landed at a point fomewhat diftant, to procure wood and a maft, whilft we fecured our retreat by a proper difpofition of fwi'vels and mufquetry. Afterwards we returned to the mouth of the river, to fill our barrels with water, when the Indians hung out a white leaf1 from • ProbaW? ftidi'was a flage for curing fifh, of whi6h thefe Indfefts foon jpffered a prefent to the Spaniards. k Penna. [ Oia. we 1 [ 5°S ] a pole, fixed very near to their houfe, and advancing to the op- pofite bank without any arms, they made feveral figns, which we did not comprehend. We however fignified to them in the beft manner we could that we came only for water m ; on which the chieftain of the Indians, conceiving that we were very dry, brought with him a cup of it, w7ith fome cured fifh, as far as the middle of the river, where it was received by one of out feamen, who directed the Indian to prefent the water and fifh to our captain, who immediately returned him in exchange bugles and fmall pieces of cloth. The Indians however were not to be fo fatisfied, but infifted on other barter for the water, which we refuting on our part, they threatened us with long and large lances pointed with flint, which we paid no other attention to but that of fecuring our poft. Our affailants at laft finding that we m The .behaviour of thefe Indians in their intercourfe with the Spaniards feems to prove a rather fuperior degree of civilization, than is generally experienced from Barbarians. We find by this account, that the Spaniards, having fixed a crofs upon their ground, the Indians refent this mark of ownerfhip, and (as a Spaniard would have done in his own country if his neighbour thus endeavoured to make good a claim) immediately remove the crofs ; in which the laws of Europe would certainly have fupported them. The leaving any fymbol of poffeffion upon an uninhabited and uncultivated diftrict may indeed give a right againft pofterior claimants who cannot fet up a better; but this part of the American continent was not only peopled, but we are informed a houfe and fifhing-ftage had been built upon it. We find by this journal, that the Vieeroy of Mexico moft particularly enjoined by his inftructions that poffeffion fhould be thus taken, conceiving probably that the converting Indians to the Chriftian faith, entitles the converter to every thing which may belong to the converts. This flimfy right however could not be maintained an inftant even upon this oround, in any Court of common fenfe, for the Spaniards neither intended then, or hereafter, to make a fettlement in this Northern Latitude, without which it is impeflible that fuch pious intentions could be accomplifhed. Ttt The gjr . , [ 506 ] jr ■ . we did not wifh to furround them, but held them in contempt,, went back to their houfes, as we did to our fhip, having procured the wood and fingle maft which we wanted, though not fo much water/ as would have been convenient; but we did not think it right to carry away more, that we might not further irritate the inhabitants. At the mouth of the river there was abundance of fifh, o£ which our people caught many whilft we were on fhoar, and we could have procured a fufficient quantity to have lafted us a great while, had we been prepared with proper tackle. They were well tailed, and in vaft numbers. The mountains were covered with the fame fort of pines as at ^Trinity: the inhabitants alfo ufe the fame drefs, only rather longer; they likewife wear a cap over their hair,, which covets their whole head. The Spaniards, after this, inform the Indians, by figns, that they want water, on which one of the Americans brings a cup thus filled, with fome cured fifh, half way acrofs the river, and flops there till a Spaniard- advances the other half to receive it, whilft bugles and other trifles are offered in exchange by the Spaniards,, and refufed by the Indians, who infift on a better fort of payment. It is evident, by the prefents of the cup of water * and cured fifh,. that the Indians wifhed to fupply all the wants of thefe ftrangers as far as they were able, notwithftanding they had thus endeavoured to gain a wrongful poffeffion of their country ; they feem therefore to have had a right to that fpccies of barter which they flood moft in need of. This contempt for bugles, and other trifles, offered by the Spaniards,, is a further proof of the civilization of thefe Indians, whofe progenitors, it fhould feem, muft be rather looked for on the Afiatic, than Labradore coaft, as 1 am informed that they have beards, which the Indians of the central and Eaftern coaft of N. America have not. It is faid indeed 'by fome, that thefe Indians eradicate their beard from its earlieft appearance ; but I can as little believe that this can be effected by any induftry, as that they could by any art or pains make hair grow upon the palms of their hands. upo * I am informed, that theinhabitants of K. George's Sound, on thi6 fame coaft, infilled; Dpoq>C"apt. Cook's paying for the^grafs he had cur. We- £ £°-7 U -■ We found the weather exceffively cold, with much raiaiand fogs, nor did we fee the fun for the,three days we continued here. At the fame time we had only faint land-breezes ; from all which circumftances, as well as the great fatigue of our feamen, little cover from the bad weather, and great want ^f proper cloaks to keep them warm, our fhip's company fo fickened, that we could only mufter two men for ewery watch. On the ari-ft we fleered .$f W. the wind being at S. E. in order to difcover whether there was any land to the E. when we might reach two degrees of higher latitude to the N. or whether it did not lie to the W. which we conceived to be more probable. •On the 22d we knew, by our reckoning, that we muft b§#ear the Eaftern part of the coaft m, as we found ourfelves by anobfer- vation at noon to be in 57. 18 N. Lat. At two in the evening the wind blew frefh at N. W. when we wanted to gain fo much Wefting as to permit the reaching a higher Northern Latitude, in which attempt we muft have therefore loft many days, whilft the feafon for profecuting our discoveries drew fo near to an 'end. To this it muftj be added, that the ficknefs of our crew increafed every day, by their great fatigues, on which account we defifted from our Northern courfe, and fleered S. E. approaching the coaft at a lefs diftance than a mile, and endeavouring to obferve every projection of it. -Thoueh we now therefore determined to return to S.Blas, yet we comforted ourfelves in having reached fo high a latitude as 58 n, beyond what any other Navigators had been able to effect. in thofe feas, though-our veffel failed fo indifferently that we often had thoughts of quitting her. m Sc. as laid down by Bellin. n By the table only 57. 57. Capt. Cook however is faid to havetraced the W. coaft of America beyond 60 N. Lat. when it runs for fome degrees nearly Et s Ttt 3 In ixMBKaagaiP*'* if' ' r 508 ] - « In failing along the coaft we took indefatigable pains to obferve- wfth precifion how it lay, from which innumerable objections offered themfelves to M. JBellin's Charts. This engineer hath chiefly founded himfelf upon the tracks of two Ruffian Navigators, Beering and Tfchirikow, who were fent upon discoveries in 1741. It is evident however that the Ruffian maps are not to be depended upon, for if they had been tolerably accurate we fhould have fallen in with the land to the Weftward, more eafily than to the Eaft °. Bellin is not lefs erroneous in laying down the American coafti and indeed it is not at all extraordinary that his errors fhould be fo numerous, as he had no materials for his charts, but his own fruitful imagination; no navigator having vifited many parts of the American continent in thefe high latitudes but ourfelves. We now attempted to find out the ftrartsp of Admiral Fonte, though as yet we had not difcovered the Archipelago of S. Lazarus, through .which he is faid to have failed. With this intent we fearched every bay and recefs of the coaft, and failed round every headland, lying to during the night, that we might not lofe fight of this entrance ;• after thefe pains taken, and being favoured by a,N. W. windq, k may be pronounced that no fuch ftraits are to be found. On* the 24th at 2 in the evening, and being in 5^. 17 N. Lat. we doubled a cape, and entered into-a large bay, discovering to- 0 The journalift feems to fpeak here with regard to the then fituation of the fchooner Other'objections follow to Bellin's map, which cannot be comprehended without having the chart before one. f Entrada, or entrance into them rather. In a map which I have procured, this entrance is laid down in N. Lat. 48. and faid-to have been, difcovered by Juande Fuca in 1592. 1 It muft now be recollected that the fchooner is returning to.S..Bias. * the the N. an arm of the fea, where the temperature was very unpleafantr, but the fea perfectly calm, being fheltered'from the wind. This arm alfo affords excellent water from rills and pools,, whilft the anchorage is good, with a- vaft plenty of fifh. It is delineated in one of our charts. As we were now becalmed, the fchooner rowed till we caft anchor in the entrance or mouth, the water being 20 fathoms, and' the bottom foft mud*. At this time we were not more than- two mufquet fhots from the land, and wifhed to lay down the- ihterior parts, but were not able to effect this for want of windl. We now experienced a pleafant temperature, which probably arofe from fome large volcanoes, the light of which we perceived during the night, though at a confiderable diftance. This unexpected warmth totally reftored the health of our crew As we thus lay at anchor, and fo much to our fatisfadlion, our Captain gave me orders (being himfelf indifpofed) that I fhould' land with fome of our crew, and with the fame precautions as at" Eos Remedios. He alfo directed me to take poffeffion for his-- Majefty of this part of the coaft, and name it Bucarelly K I accordingly obeyed his inftructions in all particulars, without feeing; a fingle Indian, though there were the following proofs of the. country's being inhabited; viz. a hut, fome paths, and' a': wooden outhoufea. On the 24th we went- a fecond time oir fhore, and provided ourfelves with as much wood'and water as wt wanted-. ' It is to be fuppofed on account of the cold. s It muft be recollected, that they were now fheltered from the Wind as well as warmed by the Vulcanoes, 1 Then Viceroy of Mexico. * Corral.. w I 5*9 J We made two obfervations on .different • days, and found our latitude to be 55. 17. and W. Long, from S. Bias 32.9. The mountains near this port or inlet are covered with the -fame trees as thofe at the other places, where we had landed, but I can fay nothing with regard to the inhabitants, from what hath been before ftated. »£*; To the S. we faw an ifland of a moderate height, at the diftance of fix leagues, whiefo we named S. Carlos, and failed on the 29th with a gentle breeze at N. but which fell calm at noon, when we were oppofite to a bare iftau,<L which fcarcely appeared above the fea ; there are many rocks however, both to the E. and W. Here we anchored in 22 fathoms, and about two leagues diftant from the ifland of S. Carlos. In this fituation we obferved a Cape, which we named St. Auguftine, at the diftance of four or five leagues ; after which the coaft trended to the E. fo much that we loft fight of it. We found alfo that there were here fuch violent currents in oppofite directions, that we could not found. As thefe currents rofe ancj fell with the tide, it fhould feem that this inlet hath no communication but with the fea. This cape S. Auguftine is nearly in 55 N.Lat. and we having heard that in a former voyage D. Juan Perez had difcovered an arm of the fea in this fame parallel, where there were many currents, weju,f|:jY,concluded this muft be the fame, though feveral feamen who were in that voyage, did not recollect either the cape or mountains in the neighbourhood, but this probably arofe frOm their not approaching them in the fame direction. What we obferved on this part of the coaft ftrongly inclined us to have a more perfed knowledge of it; the wind however (it being new moon J became variable, and fixed at laft in the S. W. We We concluded that it would thus continue till the fullx, which would prevent us from approaching the mouth of this bay, and confequently make it impoffible to explore the fides of it. We likewife cojaftdered that we were now in fuch a latitude that we might eafily reach 60 degrees if the wind was favourabley, that moreover we were provided with what we had occafion for, that the health of our crews was re-eftablifhed, and that for all thefe reafons it would be better to attempt reaching the higheft Latitude we could. To thefe arguments it was'added, that we fhould have fewer difficulties in tfhis trial from our knowledge of the coaft; and this meafure being thus refolved upon, the two fhips divided fome deathsz (which the fchooner had on board, to truck with the Indians at Port Trinity) fo that our people feemed now to have forgotten all their fufferihgs. We accordingly failed, fleering N. W. On the 28th the wind was variable, obliging us to approach the coaft at 55. 50. when it fixed in the evening to the S. W. according to our wifhes. On the 29th and 30th the wind was S. though often veering to the S. W. w$h occasional fqualls and tornadoes, accompanied by high feas, which drove us on the coaft in $6 70. from whence we clawed off with the land breeze and tornadoes, in which difagreeable fituation we continued till the firft of September. During tUb two preceding days Its of our crew were feized with ftrong fymptoms of the fcurvy, which not only fhewed * The Spaniards, during this voyage, feem to have paid great attention to the moon, aS having an effect upon the wind. y A S. W. was fo. z This additional cloathing was probably thought neceffary, as the ihips were now to fail IN. whilft the winter was approaching. kfelf r J itfelf in their gums, but from the great fwellings on their legs thev had loft the ufe. of them. From this calamity we could only mufter two on each guard, one of which fleered, and the ■ other handled the fails. We unfortunately caught this terrible diftemper from the feamen of the frigate, with whom we had occafiorial communication. In confequence of this diftrefs we agreed now to return, making as many obfervations as we could in relation to the lying of the coaft. At the beginning of September the wind was variable, but on the 6th it fixed in the S. W. blowing with fuch force that at midnight we were obliged to take in all our fails, and turn the fhip's head to the S. whilft the wind and fea increafed, in fo much that at two in the morning of the 7th neither veflel could 1 refill its violence, though we each endeavoured to keep where we were, on account of the coaft being atfo fmall a diftance. Whilft we were thus employed a fea broke in, which damaged moftofourftores. [The particulars of other damage to parts of the fhip here follows, but is omitted for reafons that have been before mentioned.] On this fame day (viz. 7th of September), both wind and fea became more calm; on which we fleered E. from 6 in the evening till day-break of the next day, when the wind was favourable from the N. W. and v e purfued our intentions of falling in again with the coaft, in Lat. $5. finding ourfelves, fince the florm, with only one feaman who could ftand to the helm, whilft the captain or myfelf managed the fails. The wind continuing favourable, our captain endeavoured to cheer thofe who were fick, but we could only prevail upon two of them who were recovering to affift us during the day ; as for the mailer's mate, we conceived that he would die. On On the nth we faw land, at the diftance of eight or nine leagues, and in l>at. 53.54- but as we wifhed not to approach fo near as not to be able to leave it, on account of our having fo fe\y hands capable -of working, we kept at a proper diftance, only having a view of it from day to day, and not examining its capes, hays, and ports. In Lat. 49. however we endeavoured to draw nearer to the land, both becaufe we were perfuaded that the wind would con*- tinue favourable, and that fome of the convalefcents might now begin to affift us ; fo that in Lat. 47. 3. we were not farther diftant than a mile, when we attended to all proper particularsa, as .before. On the 20th, at eight In the morning, we were within half a league, precisely in the fame fituation as on the 13th of July; we found however 17 leagues difference with regard to our Longitude. On the 21 ft, being ftill nearer the coaft, the wind blew from the S. & S. W. which, though moderate, obliged us to fail from the land. On the 22dfthe<wmd was N. W. but as both the captain and myfelf were ill -of a fever, the fhip fleer'd for the port of Monterey. This our ficknefs made the reft of the crew almoft de- foair ; for which reafon the captain and .myfelf fbewed ourfelves upon the deck as often as we could, in which efforts the Almighty affifted us. On the 24th, finding ourfelves fomewhat better, we difcovered the land in 45. 27. failing along the coaft at about the diftance of a cannon's fhot; and as we therefore could distinctly fee every confiderable objett, we lay to during the night, That is, for laying the coaft down in their charts! U u u hoping [ 51* I ;; hoping thus to find the river of Martin Aquilar, and continued this feareti till we were in Lat. 4 5. 50. when we diftmguilhed a^ cape exactly refembling a rotoid table, wtith fome red gullies V from which the coaft trends to the S. W.- From this part rife ten fmall iflands, and fome others' which are fcarcely above the fea ; the Latitude of this Cape hath before been-mentioned, and its Longitude is 20. 4. W. from S. Bias- As'we therefore could fee- nothing of Martin de Aquilar's River in this fecond trial,, we conclude that it is not tobe found, for we muft have difcovered it,- if any fuch river was on this part of the coaft. It is faid indeed that Aquilar obferved the mouth of this tiver;" in 43% but the inftruments of thofe timesd were very imperfect.- Allowing the error however to have been in making the latitude " too high, and that tfeetefore we might have found it in 42 or lower ; yet this we can fcarcely cofifceiye to be the truth, aswe^ examined all that part of the coaftr except about fifty minutes of Latitude. After this laft return to'the coaft, we endeavoured 1fct make for the port of S. Francifco, which having difcovered in 38. 18. we entered a bay which is fufficiently fheltered from the Ni and< S. W. We foon afterwards diftinguifhed? the mouth of a con- fiderable river, and fome way up a large port exactly refembling. a docke; we therefore concluded this to be the harbour of S. Francifco (which we were in feareh of), as the Hiftory of California places it in 38. 4. b Barancas. c This is ftated before, whea the river was looked out ifor in that latitude. A Viz. in 1603. e Digue. We [ 5l5 ] We wifhed, on this account, to enter this port, which we Should have eafily accomplifhed, if the fea had not run very (high. We began however to doubt whether this was really the (harbour of S. Francifco, becaufe we did not fee any inhabitants, dor the fmall iflands winch are faid to be oppofite. In this flate -of fufpenfe we caft anchor near one of the points which we called de Arenas., in fix fathoms and a clay bottom. A vaft number of Indians now prefented themfelves on both points f, who palled from one to the other in fmall canoes made of Fuleg, 'where they talked loudly for two hours or more, till at laft two of them came along fide of the fhip, and moft liberally prefented us with plumes of feathers, rofaries of bone, garments -of feathers, as alfo garlands of the fame materials, which they wore round their head, and a canifter of feeds, which tafted much like walnuts. Our captain gave them in return bugles, looking glaffes h, and peices of cloth. Thefe Indians are large and ftrong, their colour being the fame as that of the whole territory!; their difpofition is moft liberal, as they feemed to expect no recompenfe for what they had furnifhed us with : a circumftance which we had not experienced in thofe to the Northward. We were not able td found the interior parts of this port, on account of our fick, who were to be as foon as poffible landed in a place of fafety, in order that they might have the better chance of recovering. f Sc. Thofe juft now named by the journalift de Arenas. s Some fort of wood, and probably well known in the province, of Mexico. h In the former intercourfe with the more Northern Indians the Spaniards never produced this article of barter, which feems to have been ill-judged ceconomy. They were now returning however, and muft have thrown away thefe trifles at S. Bias. 1 It is not very clear whether the Journalift means by this of Mexico, or the whole N. Weftern continent of America. U u u 2 Whilft ' ■ [ 5l6 * - !. - Whilft we were in this port (which we did not conceive to be that of S. Francifco) we had no further intercourfe with the inhabitants, and we prepared to clear the point de las Avends, in order that, with a N. W. wind, the next day we might, with lefs difficulty, leave this part of the coaft. Having effe&ed this, we caft .anchor in fix fathoms, the bottom being a clay. This port, which we named'de la Bodega'1,, is fituated in 38. iS. N. Lat. and 18.4 W. Long, from S. Bias. On the 4th of October, at two. in the morning, on the firft flow of the tide, in a contrary direction to that of the currents,, the fea ran fo high that our whole fhip was entirely covered by it, at the fame time that the boat on the fide of her was broken into fhivers. There is not fufficient depth of anchorage at tlie mouth of this port, for a veffel to refift this violence of furge, when it is occa? fioned by the caufes before-mentioned. If we had been apprized of this circumftance, we fhould have either continued where we were firft at anchor, or otherwife failed further from the mouth of the harbour. In all parts of this port, which we had an opportunity of founding, the bottom is nearly of the fame depth k. The entrance Is very eafy with the prevailing wind of N. W. but in leaving it, if the wind blows from the fame quarter, it is neceflary to get further out to fea from the Points % If the wind blows from the S. "\V. E. or S. it is not neceflary to take this precaution m. I The Captain of the Schooner. The Latitude of this harbour coincides nearly with that difcovered by Sir Francis Drake; but the Spaniards would fcarcely infert this brave heretic in their Calendar. k A draft was made of this harbour. 1 Sc. de las Arenas. Becaufe then the wind and currents do not oppofe each other. We m [ sn We obferved, that the tides in this Latitude are regular, as in, Europe, it being high water at noon, when the moon is new. The mountains near this port are entirely naked in every part of them n ; but we obferved that thofe more inland were covered with trees. T?he plains near the fea-coaft had a good verdure,, and feemed to invite cultivation. About eight in- the morning of the 4th of Odlober the fea became more calm, on which the Indians came round us as before, in their canoes, offering,us.the fame prefents,.which had the fame return. At nine we fet fail, and having doubled the point del Cordon ° we fleered S. S. W. the wind being moderate, and at W. in order, toreach a Cape,, which appeared, to the S. at the diftance of about, five leagues... On the fifth we failed near thofe fmafHflands which the charts and hiftory of California place at the entrance of the harbour of S. Francifco ; but as we were very clear that the harbour which we had juft left,, was not that thus-called,, we continued to fleer N. E. (and between fome of thefe iflands) in order to reach the Cape before mentioned, when we intended to approach the coaft, and look out for the port of S; Francifco. At noon-on this fame day we had an obfervation, and found thefe iflands. to be in 37. ^. N. Lat. lying, to the S.W. of the Cape at the diftance of three leagues. As foon as-we reached the Cape we ran along the coaft which lay to the E.and N. E. about the diftance of a. cannon's fhot; and by fix in the evening we were. not. above two. miles, diftant n Thisprobabby arifes from their being expofed to the N. W. which is the prevailing wind. 0 This point undoubtedly is marked in the Spanifh Chirr. from Hi from the month of the harbour of St. FiancTs; but having no boatp, or other convenience for this purpofe, we refolved to ftand for Monterey, and double another Cape, whioh projected ftill further from the coaft i At ten at night it fell calm-; which-continued till the 6*h at noon, when the wind was moderate at W. and we fleered S. S. W. By eight at night the wind frefhened from the N. W. with fqualls and milts. On the yth, at eight in the morning, we conceived ourfelves to be in the latitude of Monterey, which we endeavoured there-* ,fore to keep in, though the weather was fo mifty, that we .could not fee half a league. At three in the evening we difcovered the coaft to the S.W. at the diftance of a mile.; and finding that we now .entered a bay, we foon afterwards difcovered the & Carlos at anchor, and therefore knew that we were now in the port of Monterey. On this we fired fome cannon, and boats immediately came out to us, by whofe afliftance .we anchored in three fathoms, the bottom being a fand. This port is fituated in ^6 44. N. Lat. &-17 W. of S. Bias. On the 8th we landed our fick, and amongft the reft our captain and myfelf, who had fuffered more from the fcurvy than any of them. Not one of the whole crew indeed was .free from this complaint. WTe immediately experienced the kind offices of the -Fathers eftablifhed at this million, who procured for us all the refre(h.- .ments they were able, with the moft .perfect charity. In truth, r It having been demolifhed by a heavy fea not long befcjre,.. * That is, than the before-mentioned Cape. we "*-mmaaavmrjav~/ 1' "- •f 5i9 l :i ■-■ we could not poffibly have fo foon recovered from our diftreffed fituation, but by their unparalleled attentions to our infirmities, which they removed by reducing themfelves to a moft pitiful allowance...--U* Don Fernando de Rivuera, who commanded at this port, was equally kind, in fupplying our wants, fo that in about a month- we were pronounced to be fo much better in point of health* that we determined to return to S. Bias. We failed therefore from Monterey on- the ill of November, and D. Bruno Heceta fupplied us- with fome hands from the Frigate, the crew of which had not fufFered fo • much from the fcurvy as that of the fchooner. At the diftance however of two leagues it fell calm fo that we continued in fight of the port till the 4th, the wind being at S.-& S. W. On the 4th at noon the wind was favourable from the N. W. • aud we continued fleering S. till the 13th when-we approached: the coaft of California in 24. 15. N. Lat. and kept along it till Cape St. Lucas, which we left at fix in the evening, on the *6th. We fuppofe this Cape to be in N.-Lat. 22; 49. & W.Long. • from S. Bias 5. o. Oh the 16th we faw the Iflands of Maria, and on the 20th: in the evening we caft anchor in the port of S. Bias. ' Thus ended our voyage of- difcovery; and I truft that the fatigues and diflrefles which we fuffered will redound to the ad-- vantage and honour of our invincible Sovereign, whom may God always keep under his holy protection !: Francesco Antonio Maur-elde.- Qbfer* 520 J Obfervations of the Journalift D. Antonio Maurelle^ arifing from what happened during the courfe of the voyage, with regard to the beft method of.making Difcoveries on the W. coaft of America, to the Northward of California. I T may be objected, at the outlet of thefe Obfervations, that the experience arifing from a fingle voyage in thofe feas is.not fufficient to form any folid advice on this head, which may be thoroughly depended upon. To this I anfwer, that our continuance on this coaft was.for more than eight months, and therefore muft have afforded us fufficient ^grounds on which to build reafon able prefumptions, though I cannot prefume to offer them to future navigators.in any ftronger light. There is no occafion to give .any directions about the paflage from S.'Bias to Monterey, fince this courfe hath been fo frequently failed after ^the eftablifhment at the latter, and the beft method of making this navigation is therefore fo well known. Suffice it then to fay, that the fhort paflage to windward, as far as the iflands of Maria, is neceflary, on account of the currents, which would otherwife foon carry a fhip in light of Cape St. Lucas, where probably the voyage would be retarded by calms. Some are of opinion, that you fhould not Tail Northward till you are confiderably to the Windward of thefe iflands.; but I do not fee the ufe of this lofs of time, and think that it is fufficient juft to get to the W. of them, and then fleer Northerly on the very day you; reach the parallel of'the Marias. In order to efledl fuch voyage of difcoyery, it is neceflary to gain as much W. Longitude as the winds will permit, which blow 2 K5B9SKSO0 C 521 ] blow from the N. W. to the N. as far as 15 degrees Wa. and which only permit a courfe to the W. N. W. E. or E. S. E. whilft often fuch tr-ade wind extends ftill further to the W. Notwithftanding this circumftance the fhip fhould never lie to, -much lefs fleer Eaftward, as thus the voyage would be much retarded. 'From thefe 15 degrees of Wefting, to 30 in the fame direction, the wind is generally from N. E. to N. which will permit a N. W. courfe. It may perhaps be advifable even to get a Wefting as far as 35 degrees, if the object of the voyage is to reach ^. 60. or even 65 b of Northern Latitude, becaufe the greater the Wefting, the greater is the certainty of S. & S. W. winds, which will be fo favourable to fuch a deftination. If when this Wefting hath been gained, the winds fhould prove variable, I fhould ftill advife a N. E. courfec. Under the fup- pofition that the difcoverer wants to fall in with the coaft of America, in 55 N. Lat. he fhould keep between 35 & 37 W. Long, till he reaches that Latitude. If, on the contrary, he wants to explore the fame coaft in N. Lat. 60. I fhould then .advife a N. W. courfe to be purfued till he hath gained a Welling of 39 degrees. If the navigator wifhes to make difcoVeries -even fo high as 65 N. Lat. I conceive that he fhould then have a wefting of 45 degrees, when he hath gained this parallel. With thefe precautions I imagine that the perfevering navigator would accomplifh the height of his wifhes. a i. e. probably from S. Bias. b It appears by the Journal, that they were inftructed to proceed -thus far N. if poffible, which idea was probably taken from Ellis's Preface to the N.W. Paffage, many extracts from which are made by Venegas, in his Hiftory of California, and particularly what relates to this fuppofed Latitude of 65. c en el primer quadrante, as I conceive the-Spaniards make-the N. E. the firft quarter; the S. E. the fecond ; the S. W. the third; and the jN. W. the fourth. Xxx As C 522 ] As accidents however will happen in all voyages, which may drive the fhip upon the coaft in a lower latitude, I would then by all means advife to gain a Wefting, as far as 200 leagues-- from the land. But it muft be remembered that at perhaps 150 leagues W. the wind may be variable, though I am confident it cannot be depended upon, as favourable for any time, and would foon veer to the N. W. For thefe reafons I hold it to be abfo- lutely neceflary, that a wefting of at leaft 200 leagues fhould be procured, till N. Lat. 50 is reached. If the fhip is blown upon the coaft in lower latitudes, the crew not only fullers commonly from fatigue and ficknefs, but fo much time is loft, that winter comes on before the; great object of fuch a voyage can be compleated. I would- therefore advife failing from S. Bias at the end of January, or at lateft the beginning of February; and for this additional- reafon, that the crew would not fufFer fo much from change of temperature in the different climates, if without flopping in any lower latitude, they at once come upon the coaft of America hi- 55. Here they might reft a little from their fatigues, procure water, recover by that fine air d if indifpofed ; befides, that in this latitude there would be no occafion to lofe time In procuring a further Wefting, as here the winds are very variable. It need be fcarcely faid, that the knowing the weather, which commonly prevails in thefe feas, is of much importance to navigators ; and it is ftill lefs neceflary to advife, that particular attention fhould be paid to the appearances in the horizon which d The port of las Remedios is here alluded to, which is in 57.18. and where the crew recovered very fall from the warmth of the air, attributed to Vulcanoes in the neighbourhood. S. Bias, being in N. Lat.. 22. is confequently more cool in January than perhaps any month of the year, whilft they would be in ^ perhaps at Midfummer. threaten . .If C 523 1 threaten a ftorm. Thefe however are not much to be apprehended till N. Lat. 40. as between S. Bias and that parallel, fuch lowering clouds either difperfe themfelves very foon, or fall in rain, which lulls the fea. From 40 to 50 degrees N. (fuppofing the fhip to have gained a Wefting -of 200 leagues from the American coaft,) thefe appearances are more to be watched, as in thefe latitudes the S. wind blows frefh, though pretty conftant. It is to be obferved alfo, that the S. W. in thefe parallels is fometimes ftronger than the S. for which reafon I would advife not to carry much faiL This laft precaution is flill more neceflary in higher latitudes than 50, fince the S. W. often blows fo violently that it is prudent to lie to, as thefe fqualls do not laft for any time. I alfo particularly advife the navigator to guard againft the effects of winds from the E. which fometimes are violent in thefe latitudes ; not but that fometimes W. winds are equally blufter- ing, yet they are not fo common, nor laft fo long. It fhould alfo be noticed, that the higher the latitude, the more fuch weather is to be apprehended. When the coaft of America is very near, there is no regular wind but the N. W. and this holds to the Southward from 54 N. Lat. it fometimes blows indeed frefh from this quarter, but there is no objection to this, when the fhip is on its return6. The fea from S. Bias to 40 degrees N. Lat. runs commonly high, when the wind is at N. W. or N. but as it does not often blow with violence from this quarter, thefe feas are generally e It muft be remembered, that for this reafon the Journalift advifes the navigator who wants to reach a high N. Latitude, to gain fo large a Wefting from the coaft of America. X xx 2 navigable. 0 navigable. From Lat. 40 to 50 (when near the coaft) the fea often runs ftill higher, meeting the tide from the fhoar, but I do not mean to raife too great apprehenfions on this account. At the diftance however of 100 leagues from the coaft the feas are often ftill heavier; fo that I would advife lying to, if the wind is not favourable. From 50 degrees upwards the feas rife proportionably with the winds, particularly if they blow from the S. or S. W. but foon become calm when the weather clears. [Here follow fome obfervations, with regard to the effect of the moon upon the weather, which I fhall not tranflate, as the influence of this planet in fuch refpect feems now to be much exploded.] As approaches to the coaft ought always to put the navigator on his guard, he may depend upon the following figns for its not being far diftant. When the coaft is about 80 or 90 leagues to the E. thofe fea-plants appear which I have before called Orange heads; but I muft now add, that from the ftate of them, as they float, one may fometimes infer, that the land is not fo far diftant. Its figure much refembles the fiftular ftalk of garlicke ; and from the top of its head hang fome long leaves, by which the plant is fixed to the rocks. Now if thefe leaves are tolerably perfect, they afford a ftrong prefumption, that they have not floated far from the coaft. On the contrary, thofe.which have been wafted to a confiderable diftance, have generally loft this head, and the ftalk becomes more rough, when you may fup- pofe that you are 50 leagues from the land. e The appearance of this plant on the coaft of California, is noticed in Lord Anfon*s Voyage. 6 At NSH J ■'.^4**Sfi^"4».W«' [ ] At the farne diftance the fea begins to indicate, by its colour, that you are in foundiiigs, but this circumftance requires fome attention and habit; when you are not more than1 30s or 40 leagues frond the coaft, this appearance is much more diftm*- guifhable, though if you was to caft anchor you would not find any bottom. In this fame fituation you will likewife perceive birds, fea-wolves f, otters, and whales, together with the plant. Zacate del Mar before-mentioned, which hath long and narrow leaves. When thefe circumftances are obferved, you may depend upon feeing land the fame day, or that following. At the fame time you will perceive, that the fea is of an iron- colour, and looks as ■ if it had' fmall boats, with fails upon the furfaceg, whilft birds refembling lories, with a red head, bill, and: legs, fly around ; their body is black. As concealed fhoals are often fo dangerous to the navigator, I think I may pronounce you may fail in perfect fafety at the distance of a league from the moft fufpicious parts of this whole coaft. If the dtfcoverer fhould firft put into pott in N. L. ^. 17. he will find an inleth, which hath £ood foundings in all parts of it towards the N. and perhaps the beft point' of the whole coaft, if the fhi]£keepk at the diftance of three" league's from it. f Lobos Marinos, perhaps". Seals. s Unas aguafe malas de color merado, que parecen unos barquichuelos,' con belas latinas. h Una entratfa. \ The Journ'alift does not any furtner explain why hejl. *y in m *17t' Latitude- Latitude W. Long. Variation Dift. from Day or by_ £ by # from of the the coaft of the Month reckomag. 18 36 obfervation San Bias Needle America. April i 18 33 5 37 5 104 2- 18 35 18 33. 5 48 5 J3* I07 3 18 56 18.48 5 27 * I02 4 18 36 18 30 6 8 I08 5 18 25. 18 15 6 3.7 117 6 18 2 17 48 7 31*- 132- 7' 17 48 17 43. 8 36 I4O' 8 17 42 1.7 42 9 28 148' 9 J7 43 l7 45 IO-22|- *55- IO 17 42- J7 35 II 8 165. ii 17 47: 17 48 12 42 , 6.- 166 12 r7 54 17 ■ 44 12 22|- 176^ ii 17 49. 17 44 l3 54 181 14 l7 55 *7 47 J4 39 186 1 18 28, l8.20< J5 35 186 16 .19 6 16 24f- 190 1 J9 5i- 19 50 . J7 25* 201* 18 20 33 20 19 18 i6£ 206; p 20 42 20 37 18 50§ 209* 2Q 2° 53, 19 J4 210 21 21 8 20 47 21 r 22 21 16 2 1 4 21 34§- 222~. 23 21 24. 21 21 22 J5 , 232 24 2i 55- 21 47 23 13 248 25 23 3l 22 32 23 8 259 ' 26 23 20 23 22 24 1,3 > 277 27 24* 8 24 14 24 58 284 28 24 48 24 50 25 S2 294 29 25 25 25 J7 j§9E 300 30 26 3 25 57 26 22 7 I 8(8 I 5775- Latitude Latitude W. Long. 'Variation Dift. from Day of by; by from of the the coaft 0; the Month reckoning abfervation San Bias Needle America lay I •26 29 26 31 27 07 7 302 26 45 26 44 27 19 3°3 5 26 55 26 50 27 31 3°$ 4 27 39 27 3° 28 18 3°4 5 28 39 28 37 28 12 8 295 6 29 30 29 J5 281 7 3° 9 3° J4 284 8 3° *9 3° 54 . 284 9 3° 36 3° 45 31 4i 29 I IO 31 18 32 15 297 ii 32 12 32 10 S2 5° 294 12 33 13 33 J5 32 45 • 280 J3 33 57 34 3 31 56 261 •14 34 29 34 35 3° 5° 239 m 34 26 34 3° 3° 12 231 16 34 46 34 54 31 6 238 ■l7 34 5° 34 5° 31 82 240 18 34 49 34 49 31 J7 240 m 35 46 .35 45 30 20 220 20 36 42 36 45 28 42 9 184 21 37 6 37 J 27 46 167 .22 37 42 37 4.6 : 28 41 17* fffi 38 9 38 S 29 33 185 724 - 37 48 37 46 29 10 183 25 .37 29 37 26 29 3 184 26 37 J4 37 -11 28 51 179 27 37 6 29 12 186 .28 37 IO 29 3 185 29 37 48 37 25 28 151. J74 m 37 47 37 45 27 21 i56 31 \ .37.59 . 26 .35 .10 r45 C 529 ] n 171f\ Latitude Latitude W. Long. 1 Variation Dift. from •Day of the m , ^ • from jof the the coaft of month reckoning obfervation 1 — ■ i San Bias Need.'e America me I 38 21 38 14 26 12 1 10 128 2 39 3 25 26 12 122 3 39 46 39 51 24 38 IO7 4 40 33 23 55 13 30 89 5 41 11. 41 22 22 58 70 6 41 41 4i 37 21 15 42 7 8 41 49 41 30 20 19 14 33 49 59 41 14 l3 l3 14 3° 9 4i 25 19 4 10 11 , 12 J3 n *5 41 17 16 l7 41 7 18 41 7 19 4 l9 4o 59 19 21 20 4o 53 19 41 H 12 21 4o 59 40 7 20 56 31 22 40 25 40 21 41 48 23 40 2 23 1 67 24 39 45 39 23 24 7 85 25 39 24 39 20 25 40 13 106 26 39 21 39 21 26 40 121 27 39 22 26 30 *' $ IX3 28 39 51 26 45 118 29 33 43 26 25 107 3° 40 26 40 16 26 Y y y ^775- Day of the Month Latitude Latitude W. Long. Variation Dift. from by reckoning . 41 2( by j obfervation from San Bias of the Needle the coaft of America July i 41 I 26 14 l3 IOO 2 47 l7 42 15 26 49 14. 9° 3 43 25 43 24 26 50 7° 57 47 32 4 44 21 26 30! 5 6 44 27 44 24 26 IO 25 47 J5. 7 46 10 26 6 16 mJL 26 8 46 S9 47 3 25 47 12 9 47 44 47 37 24 20 IO 47 45 47 35 23 28§ 17 til ii 48 32 48 26 22 17 IO 12 48 1 47 39 21 53 6 l3 47 41 47 28 21 34 2 14 47 24 47 20 21 19 r5 16 47 23 47 7 21 40 J7 3° 9 47 20 47 J3 22 3 J7 '7 <-* 47 r7 47 9 22 22 l7 18 18 47 3 46 32 23 32 16* 35 5° 61 J9 46 34 46 26 24 28 20 46 18 46 17 25 29 21 46 6 45 57 27 5 15 82 22 45 5° 45 44 28 j 8 IOO 23 45 44 45 4i 29 24 IJ5 24' 45 5r 45 52 3° 32 124 25 46 4 46 9 29 59 120 26 46 34 46 32 29 52 199 2-7' 2& 47 6 47 5 29 19 16* 117 47 45 47 4o 29 41 / 103 29 48 10 47 5° 28 44 92 30 47 21 , 47 21 29 32 102 31 46 55 1 1 3° 9 I 117 I 535 J ADDENDA to the other Inftances of reaching HiGif Northern Latitudes, p. 40. CAPTAIN ELLIOT, of the Sea Horfe Indiaman (now employed as an ordnance tranfport) during the paffage from New York to England in September, 1780, informed Dr. Morris and fome general officers, " That, in the beginning of June, 1756, he ferved as mate on *' board the King George Greenland fhip, and fifhed for whales S in N. Lat. 82. 30. when the fea was perfectly clear and open* * Captain Elliot at the fame time obferved, that the attempt to jf proceed to high Northern Latitudes fhould not be made later p than the time abovementioned." There is a very fcarce trait, in the Bodleian Library ^ entitled, N. W. Foxe, or Foxe from theN. W. Paflage*; to which is an-* nexed, a map reprefenting three iflands in 8^. and nearly N. of Spitsbergen. Foxe failed on this attempt in 1631, and had a letter from Charles I. to the Emperor of Japan ; this navigator having intended to^return to Europe by theEaft Indies. One of the articles to which his crew were obliged to fubfcribe was the following: " No one fhall fpeak doubtfully or defpairing words about the " fuccefs of the voyage." a Quarto. London, 1638/ Zzz 2 AD- • . -:|-, '. [ 53* 1 ADDENDA to p. 151. with regard to Turkies. MONARDEZ, who was a phyfician, and publifhed a medical hiftory of America in 1574 b (where he feems to have long, refided), makes mention of many Mexican birds, but not of turkies. Torque'mada's Monarquia Indiana was printed in 1615 s, an(^ flates that he had lived in the province of Mexico 25 years, yet does not particularize turkies in the famous aviary of Montezuma,, the account of which he feems to have received from an ancient eye-witriefs. >' a. There is the fame omiflion in another Spanifh Hiftorian infer» ted in Venegas's Hiftory of California. Ruyfch, in his hiftory of animals, publifhed in 1718, obferves,. that the Gallo-Pavus is Calecutenfis, or from Calecut, which was- fo much the emporium of the Indian ocean, after the Portuguefo difcoveries, that in the iff. Vol", of Ramufio, printed at Venice in.. 1554, there is a wooden engraving of a map, in which a fhip is. reprefented under fail, with the following words on the. fide,.. " Vado a Calicut." Count Francefco Giniiani, in his account of the pine forefts near Ravennad, makes the following obfervation under the article Gallina Indica, or Gallo-pavone. <* Queft' uccello fu da naturalifti chiamato Gallina Indiana* non *' pere he dall India a noi prima veni{fe,_ perche nella Eoetia e Grecia u nafcono frequentemente." An undoubted BafTan was fold at ChrifnVs in 1780, reprefentihg- a whitifh Turkey Cock and hen going, into Noah's Ark. This b Seville. Quarto. f Roma, 1774. Quarto. % Seville, 3 vol. Quarto. bird C 537 ] bird" was therefore become very common in Italy, where it was probably introduced from Greece according to the above citation from Ginnani. A defeription of the Animals and Plants of the Indies by Cof- mas the hermit was publifhed at Paris in 1664, in which a Flora and Fauna Sinenfis alfo is inferted from Michael Boym ; amongft: the animals is an engraving of the Chinefe bird called a Yeki; named by Boym Gallina Syheftris, and faid to be very large. As; the bird thus engraved is reprefented with a caruncle of flefh: covering the bill, and a bunch of hairs on the breaft, there can be; little doubt but that this is a turkey. Le Bruyn ftates that in 1704 a large turkey was ufually fold in > Perfia for 7 or 8 fois, when a tame goofe could not be procured, under 40 or 50. Qahow this is at all reconcileable to Tavernier's. account that thefe birds are>not known in Perfia | The 3d volume of DeBry's Americae mentions that hawks and' Eagles where fent fromMexico to the Spanifh nobles,, but is filent. as to turkies.. Rabelais wrote his hiftory of "Pantagruelin 1533, which was. but 13 years after the conquefl of Mexico, and makes Poulles de Inde a difh at an entertainmentf. Dr. Grew, in his Catalogue of the Royal Society's Mufeum, 0;hj| ferves that one of the known gems is called Jurcois, becaufe it is Jfoundin that part ofAfia, or at leafl purchafed there. From the. fame circumflance only could this bird"therefore.receive its appellation. I conceive, laftly, that fome of the American fowls mentioned by early Geographers, are the Curafoa birds, and not turkies, as they do not differ materially in fize,, and. are. faid to-be good' e Printed in 1602. f• JL. 1. ch. 3 7. See alfo 1. IV. ch. §2. and 1. V. ch. 7) meat, [ 533 J meat. The firft: defcribers of the animals of the new world are very inaccurate, as they always enumerate lions amongft the quadrupeds, to which there is no American animal that bears the leafr. refemblance. ADDENDA to the Essay on the Migration of Birds, p. 174. S TORKS are a bird of paffage at Perfepolis as elfewhere, and only ftay to build and rear their young. LeBruyn, vol. IV. p. 306. This is precifely what they do in Holland, though there are fb many degrees of difference in Latitude. In Cyprus they fay, that during winter ftorks retire beyond the Jordan. Ibid. vol. II. p. 205. As they thus migrate from all places during the winter, I rather fufpeft that they are torpid during that time. If the fize of this bird is confidered as an objection, why fhould it not for the fame reafon be feen fomewhere during that feafbn ? Birds are fometimes by ftorms of wind blown from the fea coaft: far inland ; a puffin was, not many years ago, killed upon Thar- field-common, in Hertfordfhire. Turnefort mentions woodcocks, amongft: other birds of game, in the ifland of Crete, where he happened to be during the month of July, which feemes to imply that they were to be found on that ifland after Midfummer. ADi aa [ 539 ] ADDENDA to the Essay on the torpidity of the Swallow tribe, p. 225. PROFESSOR Fabricius of Copenhagen informed me, that fix or feven years ago he faw a Swallow which was fifhed up from a pond near that city, and which revived. Plot, in his Plinius Anglicus, hath an article de avibus fub- terraneis (fc. hirundinibus") qui brumali tempore in mineris Cor- nubienfibus reperiuntur. This work of Plot's is fuppofed to be a MS. and' I am indebted for the reference to the Reverend and Learned Mr. Price, Bodley Librarian- Mr. Roufe hath likewife hi formed me, that he was prefent when a-fwallow was taken out of a hole, by a failor, in the winter, on the banks of the Thames, near Long-Reach, who^ feid he had often found them there, and could procure more- ADDENDA to the essay on Cuckows, p. 245. IN the continuation of the Hiftory of the French King's Collection, it is afferted, that almoft: all the Cuckows killed are- males ; does not this moft: ftrongly prove,, that the females are fitting on their eggs ? P. 247. I would add' to other prevailing and erroneous notions relative to animals, that of the Cameleon's being able to vary its colours- at pleafure, and to the greateft extremes- si A E& zm I 540 ] ADDENDA to p. 268. " LA liberte temeraire de faire des methodes;" des petits fyf- temes nouveaux, dans lefquels on claffe des etres qu'on n'a jamais vu, & dont on ne connoit que le nom—nom fouvent equivoque, obfcur, mal applique." Buffon, T. II. p. 374. Je ne me laflerai jamais de repeter que ce n'eft pas par des petits characteres particuliers, que l'on peut juger la nature, & qu'on doit en differencier les efpeces, les methodes loin d'avoir eclairci l'hiftoire des animaux n'ont au contraire fervi q'ua l'obfcurcir &c. p. 370.—"C'eft par cette raifon que nos nomenclateurs fe trompent a tout moment & ecrivent prefque autant des erreurs que des lignes." Ibid. Buffon's Nat. Hift. '* Praecipua illi ivoluptas eft: fpe&are formas, ingenia, & af- fe£tus diverforum animantium. Proinde nullum fere genus eft avium, quod domi non alat, fi quod animal aliud vulgo ■*' rarum, velutifimia, vulpes, viverra., muftela, •& hisfimilia. Ad **~haec fi quid exoticum, aut alioqui fpectandum occurrat avidif- " fime mercari folet, atque his rebus dorrium undique inftruftam " habet, ut nufquam non fit obvium, quod oculos ingredientium demoretur, ac toties fibi renovat voluptatem quoties alios con- fpicit oble<ftari." Erafmus's Life of Sir Thomas More, printed in 1519.—This Englifh chancellor, therefore, feems to have formed a more early colledion of live animals, than perhaps any Other perfon in Europe. As for the Tower lions, the ufe made of them even fo late as the reign of CKElizabeth, was for prefents to the Northern powers, -who, by having fcarcely any Mediterranean trade, had not frequent opportunities of procuring them. ii ADDENDA to the Account of master Samuel Wesley. P. 306. DR. JOHNSON had never feen or read Othello when he wrote his Irene; but had (unintentionally) imitated fome part of it fo ftrongly, that he ftruck it out from fear of the imputation of plagiarifm. [Note of Mr. Steevens on Pericles Prince of Tyre.] Sampfon Eftwick, a Minor Canon of St. Paul's, performed " choral duty till nearly 90 years of age, preferving his voice, " which was a deep bafe." Sir J. Hawkins, vol. V. p. 14. In the fame moft ufeful compilation we find mention of a boy named Pierfbn, who, rather before the age of nine, played extemporary voluntaries on the organ; he had been however a fcholar of Dr Green's for two years. ADDENDA to the Essay on the Deluge, p.326. THE cabinets of the curious exhibit often more fuppofed foflil bones of elephants found in Europe, than they do of thofe common quadrupeds, horfes, cows, and fheep. The inference from this need not be dwelt upon. Mr. Ellis, in the Philofophical Tranfactions, enumerates the following refemblance of plants, which are generally found on different fubftances: " The ramified configurations of Sal Ammoniac, the elegant " branched figures in Mocha and other gems, the Arbor Dianae, |? or arborefcent figures of Cornifh native copper." Vol. XXXVI. 4 A Part •'■ .1;. -. [ 5±* ] Part I. p. 17. Thus again we are informed, that in the mines of Huajannato, N. of Mexico, there are petrifactions which, hi whatever direction they are divided, always exhibit an exa£t imitation of a ced^ar tree. [ Letfier of Don Jofej^ Anthon^T de aftdzate,dfto the Academy of Sciences at Paris..] - ^oThen^rare fo jagiany of the; fuppofed foflil animals unknOw^ jjfhat Eefper publifhed, in 1774, a Folio, at Nuremberg, of fevera!* with coloured engravings. *' Cataclyfmi Univerfalis certa rudera ego nondum attigi.'* Linnaeus*s Ifl'fcrododfcion to his Pvegnum'TLapideom. SheHs, in rude tsjmes, may have pafTed for money, as they do now in fome parts of AHay Why therefore may they not have been;-fometimes buried under ground, as coin was generally fe- creted, before paper cra^S took place ? m$.. ADDENDA to the~HisToRY of thb-G-w-edir family.. ■i««wiS«;-*- |p'356, • I,—ft1.- I HAVE received the following infcription, in Wimbledon Church, from Mr. Jones, of Park-ftreet, Weftminfter, and F. S. A. to whom I have not only this obligation. " Hie jacet Ricardus Wynn de Gwedir, in eomitatu de-Car- " narvon, M. etBaronettus, Thefaurarius, necnon Conciliariu-s ho- jj| noratiflimi principis, 6c Henriettas Mariae Reginae, qui linea pa- ** rentali ex illuftri ilia familia & antiquiffima ftirpe Britannica " Northwalliae principum oriundus, denatus 19 die Julii, 1640. " set. 61." In the Temple Church there alfo is a monument to Henry Wynn of Gwedir, who died in 1671. 7 AD- « A D DE N D A to p. 356. EXTRACT from | An Account of fome of the moft Romantic Parts of North Wales. Lond. 1777." nmo. by Joseph Cradock, Efq. P. 72. " I could not poflibly leave this part of the country with- <{ out feeng the Vale of Llanrooft, the Bridge built by Inigo Jones, y and the Chapel fuppofed to have been planned by him, which " contains the rich monument of the Guedir Family.—The Vale upon the whole I thought inferior to that I had feen in Mont- • gomeryfhire, but the Bridge is certainly a very elegant ftrucfure, * and fpeaks itfelf to be the work of a great Architect, moft pro- " bably of Jones, for I incline to the opinion that Llanrooft " was the place of his Nativity. " The chapel which adjoins to the parifh church was eredted by " Sir Richard Wynne, one of the grooms of the bed-chamher to ii Charles the Firft when Prince of Wales, and was chiefly made " ufe of for the alms-houfe in the neighbourhood, which was en- *' dowed by the Guedir Family. I took the pains of copying the v different infcriptions in it; and as they are not contained in.the " hiftory of that family lately publifhed, they may not be unac- " ceptable to the curious Antiquary." P. 7^. " This chapel was erected Anno Domini 1633, by Sir *' Richard Wynne of Gwydir, in the county of Carnarvon, Knight il avid E»arbnet, Treafurer to the High and Mighty Princefs Hen- *l rietta Maria Queen of England, daughter to King Henry the 4 A 2 " Fourth [ 55^ J *fc Fourth King of France, and wife to our Soveraing King Charles. " Where lieth buried Sir John Wynne of Gwedir,. in the county " of Caernarvon, Knight and Baronet, fbn and heyre to Maurices " Wynne, fon and heyre to John Wynne, fbn and heyre to* " Meredith ; which three lye buried in the church of Dolwyd- " delan, with tombs over them. This Meredith was fon and heyre " to Evan, fon. and heyre to Robert,, fon. and heyre to Meredith,, " fon and heyre to Howel, fbn and heyre to David, fon and heyre "-to Griffith, fon- and heyre to Carradock, fbn and heyre to "■ Thomas, fon and heyre to Roderick Lord of Anglefey, fon " to Owen Gwynedd Prince of Wales,, and younger brother to *' David Prince of Wales,, who married Ema Plantagenet, fifter " to King Henry the. Second.. There fucceeded this Dayid three, " Princes ; his nephew Leolinus Magnus, who married Jane " daughter to King John,; David his fon,, nephew to King Henry " the Third, and. Leoline the laft Prince of Wales of that Houfe " and Line, who lived in King Edward the Firft his time. Sir "•John Wynne, married Sydney, who lyeth buried here, the " daughter of Sir William Gerrard9knight, Lord Chancellor of " Ireland; by whom he had iffue Sir John Wynne, who- died at " Lucca in Italy, Sir Richard Wynne now living,. Thomas Wynne who lieth here, Rogeil* [rather Owen\ Wynne who * lieth here,, William.,Wynne now livings Maurice Wynne now living, Ellis.Wynne who lieth. buried att Whitford in the " county of Flint, Henry Wynne now. living, Roger Wynne " who lieth here,, and two daughters,aMary now living,.married. ** to Sir Roger Moftyn, in the county of.Flint, Knight, andEli- " zabeth now.liveing, married.to Sir. John Bodvil, in the County. " of Caernarvon, Knight." * I fufpeft Roger here to have been a miftake of the Tranfcriber, in, Head of. Owen.—See. the Pedigree, &c. Befides Roger occurs below.. P., i oife u u a a <« «t a u « On the floor are four brafs plates, with drawings of figures tipon each of them in the dreffes of the times; one of Maria Moftyn wife of .Roger Moftyn, another of Sir Owen Wynne, another of Sir John Wynne,, and a fourth of Lady Sydney Wynne,, wife of Sir John Wynne. And in the corner of the Chapel a ftone coffin, which was, removed from the Abbey of Conway „ about two miles from hence, on which is the following infcription- This is the coffin of Leolinus Magnus Prince of Wales,. " who was buried in the Abbey of Conway, and upon- " the Diflbhationr removed- from thence. " On each fide are fix carved recefies in the figure of Flower " de Luces, which bear evident marks of having contained ** brafs plates, and two at the bottom of the coffin. *' There is now. erecTed in the-church a gallery of exquifite ** workmanfhip, which was removed likewife from the abbey ; «' and I was at the trouble of having a large quantity of rubbifh a- taken away from, under an old flair-cafe, that 1 might infpect "- a ftone effigy, which is faid to be of Hoel Cbetmore, who " fold the Guedir eftate to the Wynne Family; the word % Gwedir isfuppofed to fignify glafs, and that family-probably " was- the firft who, in thefe parts,, had. a houfe with glazed **• windows. " I ought ten make fome apology- for the- foregoing heavy " articles : but elaborate inferiptions frequently illuftrate hiftory; u and thefe will at leaft fhew that fome of the Welfh were not' "•totally regardlefs of Pedigree." See Mr. Cradock's Tour. % At:' ' -' !■ ■ '■■■■ f S52 ] At Moftyn Caftle in Flintfhire (the ancient manfion of Sir Roger Moftyn) is a portrait of Sir John Wynne of Gwedir, set. 6$. A. D. 1629, with the following words; " Nee timet, nee tumet." The drefs is a black cap and cloak, with a ruff round the head ;. the beard is large and filvery. There is alfo another portrait of him at Sir. W. Williams Wynne's, at Winftay in Denbighfhire. ADDENDA to the Spanish Voyage. P. 482. Fifth line from the bottom. I have there mentioned, that I did not thoroughly comprehend from the defcription, how the face of the Indian was marked; but this will be explained by a mafque in Sir Afhton Lever s Mufeum brought from the American coaft in N. Lat. $o. P. 486, note [a], lam informed by a gentleman long refident at Cadiz, that efpiare fignifies to warp as well as to fpy ; and I rather conceive that in this paffage it fhould have been fo tranflated. P- '55- J -«l m
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Original Format: University of British Columbia. Library. Rare Books and Special Collections. F864 .M933 1781
Bucareli y Ursúa, Antonio María, frey, 1717-1779
Sonora (Ship)
Pacific Coast (U.S.)--Description and travel
Northwest Coast of North America--Description and travel
Spain--Exploring expeditions
Journal of a voyage in 1775. To explore the coast of America, Northward of California, by the second pilot of the fleet, Don Francisco Antonio Maurelle, in the King's Schooner, called the Sonora, and commanded by Don Juan Francisco de la Bodega
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