@prefix edm: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix dc: . @prefix skos: . edm:dataProvider "CONTENTdm"@en ; dcterms:isReferencedBy "http://resolve.library.ubc.ca/cgi-bin/catsearch?bid=2432419"@en ; dcterms:isPartOf "University Publications"@en ; dcterms:issued "2015-07-15"@en, "1944-06"@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/alumchron/items/1.0224166/source.json"@en ; dc:format "application/pdf"@en ; skos:note """ JUNE,1944 , HON. E. C. CARSON Minister of Mines, British Columbia SUMNER WOOD GRANULATOR EQUIPMENT For manufacturing uniform "Pellet" sawdust for domestic and industrial sawdust burners. Send for Our New Illustrated Bulletin SUMNER SAWMILL PULPMILL SHINGLE MILL AND MARINE MACHINERY Cut Gears and Sprockets Our Specialty * IRON FIREMAN AUTOMATIC COAL STOKERS Canadian Sumner Iron Works Ltd. ENGINEERS and MACHINERY MANUFACTURERS 3550 EAST BROADWAY VANCOUVER, B. C. NATIONAL PORTABLE SAWMILLS National Portable Sawmills lead the field in production, economy and efficiency. FOR FURTHER DETAILS National Machinery Company Ltd. Phone MArine 1251 GRANVILLE ISLAND, VANCOUVER, B. C. MACHINE TOOLS TOOLS — PNEUMATIC & ELECTRIC SHOP SUPPLIES RAILWAY & CONTRACTORS EQUIPMENT SCALES ENGINES —DIESEL & GASOLINE PUMPS TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT COAL STOKERS TRUCKS —HAND & POWER REFRACTORIES WOODWORKING MACHINERY BELTING WELDING EQUIPMENT ABRASIVES VALVES AND STEAM GOODS CHAIN BLOCKS AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT MOTORS AND GENERATORS FAIRBANKS-MORSE *74e *DefavU*Ke*ttcd Stone fa *}*dot4#uf, • Your equipment is your "hand". Prepare for the tasks of reconstruction and peace-time manufacturing. Find out what new and modern tools you will need to give you the strongest possible "bidding hand" in a highly competitive market. After terrific usage ■ in the war-time Battle of Production much of your equipment will be worn out—some of it will not be adaptable to the manufacture of other products. Fairbanks-Morse offers you a great variety of industrial tools, shop supplies, refractories, transmission equipment and materials handling equipment. Known as the Departmental Store for industry, Fairbanks- Morse offers complete stocks and a nation-wide service through its 14 strategically located branch offices and warehouses. ^ (~Jhe CANADIAN Fairbanks • Morse COMPANY jCimited HALIFAX SAINT JOHN QUEBEC MONTREAL OTTAWA TORONTO WINDSOR FORT WILLIAM WINNIPEG REGINA CALGARY EDMONTON VANCOUVER VICTORIA FACTORY. SHERBROOKE, QUE Progressive Winches and Windlasses Ready for Shipments to Our Merchant Fleet DESIGNERS AND BUILDERS OF MARINE EQUIPMENT For every use and purpose. MAKERS OF THE FOLLOWING MARINE AUXILIARIES 6x6 Steam Anchor Windlasses for Canadian and British Minesweepers. 8x91/4 Steam Anchor ■Windlasses for Staffle- screw Corvettes. 9x10 Steam Anchor Windlasses for Frigates. 7x10Steam Cargo Winches for Merchant Marine. lO'/Jxia Steam Heavy Duty Cargo Winches for Merchant Marine. PROGRESSIVE ENGINEERING WORKS LIMITED 360 WEST FIRST AVENUE - VANCOUVER, B. C. The Progressive Engineering Works Limited is a local company, owned and operated by Vancouver citizens. "p. JL foglor (loitBtruttion <£a. ^Bt&. E. R. TAYLOR, President ROAD AND STREET PAVING • ■ • 71st AVENUE and HUDSON STREET Phone LAngara 0411 VANCOUVER, B. C. Babcock Equipment is Serving Both Afloat and Ashore Our over 85 years' experience and facilities unequalled in this country are producing Marine Boilers, Marine Engines, Pumps, Compressors, etc., for corvettes, minesweepers and cargo boats. Also for the Canadian War Effort on land we are supplying boilers and other equipment to generate power for vital war production industries. BABCOCK design and BABCOCK manufacturing standards ensure efficiency and dependability. BABCOCK - WILCOX & GOLDI E - McCULLOCH GALT limited CANADA Branch Offices Montreal Toronto Winnipeg Vancouver B. C. Representative C. C. MOORE & CO., VANCOUVER THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE ...when uou plan for Canada's future Canada, when this war is ended, will stand on the threshold of a splendid and challenging opportunity. The need will be there, the time will be ripe, for vast, unprecedented development.Will- ing hands will be there a-plenty accumulated wealth will be there, national resources and the power to convert them to the general good will be there. Let us plan courageously when we figure out Canada's future. Let us plan for lovelier, more labour- saving homes . . . plan for spacious- and beautiful towns. Let us plan for wider, safer highways, well-graded and well-lit ... for modernized railroads, for greater electrification . . . for new bridges, new clover-leafs. Let us plan the spread of rural electrification until its benefits reach every farm and every hamlet. Let us plan with vision for a richer cultural life. Let us plan new centres of science and art . . . colleges, laboratories, dramatic-centres, galleries. Let us plan, for leisure and health, new open spaces in our cities and towns . . . new sports bowls, new swimming pools. Let us plan the modernization of our factories, offices and stores, by re-equipment and reorganization. Let us plan for lighter work yet greater productivity . . . for increased speed yet greater safety. Let us plan for fuller living, greater opportunity, economic security. While there must not be the slightest relaxation of our all-out efforts to win the war — we must plan and we must start planning now. We have had our lesson in unpreparedness. We must not gamble with peace as we gambled with war. Many governmental municipal and industrial groups already are planning. Many individuals are planning. But not enough. More planning, much more planning is needed. Whether we are houseowners, business operators, farmers, civic leaders — let us at J plan for Canada's postwar future ... let us plan with confidence, with courage — For by planning today, we prepare ready-made markets for tomorrow, markets which will absorb our fullest productive effort and thus create gainful employment for everyone. CANADIAN GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. LIMITED JUNE, 1944 Laminated Dredger Spudder Massive size combined with great strength has been achieved in this huge spudder of wood and Laucks' Glue. 85' long, 30 x 30 across, 320 lbs. of Laux and 10,345 F.B.M. of kiln-dried lumber were used. The spudder is used on a Columbia River dredge. tt Your Glue Headquarters" I. f. LAUCKS LTD. Granville Island, B. C. MArine 4136-7 Power Panels • Switches E P Manufacturers of Lighting and Power Panels Junction Boxes—Throughing Switch Boards (Open and Enclosed) Externally Operated and Open Knife Switches Interlocking Switches and SWING-WA Switch Units ELECTRIC PANEL MANUFACTURING LIMITED 1250 Richards Street Vancouver, B. C. SPECIALTY MACHINE HOP Specializing in Precision Machine Work Heat Treating Small Parts Parts Made Industrial Repairs • Rear of 722 W. PENDER STREET PAcific 2427 Vancouver, B. C. THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE The graduate hiisiimhi: Published by the Alumni Association of the University of British Columbia JUNE, 1944 Editor: Darrell T. Braidwood, M.A., Barrister at Law Associate Editor: A. D. Creer, M.E.I.C, M.Inst.C.E. Assistant Editors: Dorothy Taylor, B.A.; Donald A. C. McGill, B.A. Business Manager: W. E. G. Macdonald TABLE OF CONTENTS 11:59 Page - 7 INDUSTRIES OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 10 PERSONAL NEWS AND NOTES 13 THE PLACE OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 16 EDITORIAL 18 THE STONE .__.__ 20 POST-DISCHARGE REHABILITATION . . . THE RECORD SO FAR! 22 THE FUTURE OF ENGINEERING 24 TEAM WORK IN TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING 29 THE UNIVERSITY'S RETIRING PRESIDENT 30 CO-OPERATIVE ASSOCIATION A SUCCESS 32 U.B.C. INVADES THE CAPITAL 3 5 Editorial Office: Alumni Assn. Office, Brock Bldg., University of B. C. Published at Vancouver, British Columbia. Business Office: 16 - 555 Howe Street Vancouver, B. C. CfiOttMA" tt n NEVER BEFORE SO MUCH HOIST FOR SO LITTLE MONEY! ZIP-LIFT • Saves rime — saves effort — saves money. • It's a real wire rope hoist. • Permits side pull which is impossible in a chain. • Anti-friction bearings throughout make it smooth, quiet-, long-lasting. • Gears are acurately cut of high carbon steel. • Lightweight — portable — easy to handle. THE LARGEST PLANT OF ITS KIND IN WESTERN CANADA B. C. Distributors MACHINERY CD.LTD. 80G BEACH AVENUE PACIFIC 5461 VANCOUVER B.C. JUNE, 1944 PARAMOUNT REG. TRADE MARK tor ^-Ju-^jar. ~tViey deliver ,_vit»l *ar „ witt asree sometim" of normal «* ' 3 1 V B A I IM HYDRAUI-ICS lO EAST CORDOVA ST. VANCOUVER. B.C. Headquarters for HARDWOODS FOR ALL PURPOSES kB^B^^^A^jgggn^^Sjg^^ 1 • V,:" jj^ii': .i.*B ^^^^^HHMtt'i-ij^—u-•...■■••:'-*- ■;/■ . iiiiiii ' qMv^HHHlilllll Limi»t^ra0F Vr^tPftnn Mill lull ^gjjllufj II Stocks available at our Vancouver warehouses. LUMBER PANELS VENEER FLOORB r g J. Fyfe Smith Co. Ltd. MArine 2564 1320 Richards St. Vancouver, B. C. COMPLETE GEAR CUTTING DOUBLE REDUCTION GEAR UNIT WITH COVER REMOVED, SHOWING GEAR ARRANGEMENT, ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS AND LUBRICATION SYSTEM. We have the most complete and modern gear-cutting machinery in Western Canada, and the only machine in Western Canada for cutting Helical continuous tooth gears, capacity to 54 inch by 10 inch face up to 2 D.P. Get our prices on Gears of any kind, Cut Sprockets, any pitch and diameter; cost iron or steel. ENGINE REBUILDING Industrial, Marine, Stationary, Gas and Diesel Engine Work CYLINDER AND CRANKSHAFT GRINDING We carry a full line of piston patterns for all engines on this coast. Our stock of Quality Piston Rings is complete to 11" in diameter. "When in Trouble Call Reliance" Reliance Motor & Machine Works LIMITED VANCOUVER, B. C. Phone PAcific 3345 395 Alexander Street THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE By R. S. LYND, Chairman of the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Columbia University. Editor's Note: This article first appeared in the March 26, 1944, edition of PM, New York. It is the Chronicle's policy to present as many views as possible on current problems and we feel that this article expresses one of those views. The material herewith is used by permission of the author. Limitations of space have unfortunately necessitated some condensation of the original article. A wide, and I believe disastrous, gap exists between what the decent people of the democracies are hoping for out of this war and what the pressure of circumstances and organized power under the surface in democracy may force upon them. Both here and in England these people hope that something really better will come out of the war, but private thinking tends to be brow-beaten by the need to get on with the war. We Americans lag somewhat behind Britain in our awareness of the extent of impending change. Our mood—and our American soldiers in Britain share it—is like that of a man driving along a broad concrete road at 50 miles an hour who has come to a barrier marked Detour—Road Under Repair; so he is now, during the war, bumping along at 15 miles an hour in the field beside the road; but he takes it for granted that right up ahead behind that clump of trees he'll be back on the concrete. In England, on the other hand, as they bump along over the rough war road, everybody takes it for granted that there will be extensive new road-building ahead. If our hopes are for a better "world in general," the people of Britain see their own national institutions as also involved. But I felt in England, as I feel here, a basic unprepared- ness and helplessness of the ordinary folk to implement their hopes, and the strong likelihood that the pressure of circumstances—specifically, the need for swift, effective action, and the pressure of organized power groups—will force upon them concurrence in a world they never intended. I am reluctantly skeptical of the great plans of liberal intellectuals and of the hopes of liberal citizens for a brave new world out of this war. I am skeptical because I believe democracy is unready and, especially, unorganized to state its program positively and to see that program through by organized action. I believe that it is now 11:59 p.m. and events have an accumulated momentum that probably cannot be stopped or even seriously deflected in this final minute of feverish effort. In attempting to appraise the future, I make the following assumptions: 1. One may not expect new and better things of the postwar world merely because men of good will all over the world are fed up with war, depression and unemployment, aggressive nationalism, and fascism. 2. There is every likelihood that the dominant direction of thrust of economic and political institutions before the war will primarily determine what we get after the war. 3. How institutions operate depends primarily upon who has power—not theoretical power but factual power to do decisive things. 4. In so far as war or any other emergency puts pressure on this factual structure of power to change conditions, the tendency of those in control is either to intensify their power tactics enough to beat down the opposition or to make the least possible changes necessary to keep the going system running. It becomes crucially important, therefore, to ask: Who really wields controlling power in an industrial nation like the United States? And what are they after? As democrats we Americans have believed that political power should be diffused among all adult citizens. The state has no independent power, but holds its power from the citizens. Latent within the American attempt to marry political democracy and private capitalism was a major conflict between majority rule and minority property rights. The preponderant weight of economic power in the Constitutional Convention, while conceding the outward forms of political democracy, went on to cripple democratic power at the source by parcelling up this power by a marvellously dexterous system of barriers to its expression. And political power was diffused among the people on the unstated, but factually double-locked, assumption that it was not to be used to diffuse equality in the economic sphere. Actually, our nation was founded in a backswing of revulsions from centralized power. Such power was viewed as a thing to be feared, not used. The problem of power was stated negatively. And our political democracy has, all down through our national life, been casual to the point of recklessness about the positive development of its own authority. Formally, the democratic state has held all the aces; but actually as time has passed, to use Harold Laski's words, "The disproportion in America between the actual economic control and the formal political power is almost fantastic." Despite intermittent guerilla skirmishes between state power and private economic power, American democracy has been sluggish about recognizing the challenge to its very existence involved in growing economic power. Several factors have encouraged this casual attitude within democracy: 1. The issue between democratic power and private economic power has been viewed primarily only as a regional issue between agrarian and eastern industrial states. 2. Again, the fact that American democracy began coincidentally with the amazing productive advance we call JUNE, 1944 the Industrial Revolution and the opportunity to exploit the vast internal empire of the United States made it easy for the citizens of democracy to take democracy for granted as essentially completed, whereas we had made only a beginning; and to turn their backs on democracy's unfinished business and to plunge into the grand personal adventure of growing rich. 3. The American way—loose-jointed, wasteful, evoking prodigies of energy from men in the raw frontier era of preempt and exploit—has yielded a sumtuous take. And to a nation manifestly growing rich, the growing insecurities within such a predatory institutional system have prompted us to seek security not through re-examining the system and its contradictions but through the simpler process of reaffirming the perfection and finality of the Constitution. Such has been the theory of power held by us hopeful and busy Americans. But what is the fact of power in industrial society today? 1. First, power is indivisible and economic power is political power. The effort to view political power and economic power as separate things is, has been, and always will be a fiction. Democracies have been able to avoid recognizing this unified nature of power because they have fostered the illusion that the State represents the common interests of the people. In connection with the weak role of the general public, let me stress the fact that power means effective power, and effective power in modern society means organized power. A crucial problem democracy faces today is its lack of effective organization to carry on its affairs. We have proceeded, all down through our national life, on the casual assumption that men are rational, free, and know what is best for them; and that no positive philosophy of social organization is therefore needed, because men can be counted on to recognize the need for organizing themselves wherever that need exists and to go ahead and organize themselves. The catch is that that assumption about human behavior just isn't true. And, as a result, the social organization of the United States today is a shamples, characterized by grossly uneven organization, with business and industry increasingly extensively and effectively organized, with labor rising in organization to meet organized business, and with organization behind other interests of the people of democracy lamentably weak and spotty. This, I submit, is a design for democratic impotence. The power of the meagerly organized or unorganized people of democracy tends to become chiefly the power to protect raggedly after the fact, after a fait accompli, like a man futilely running after the ever-receding rear platform of a train. 2. A second important aspect of power in industrial society today is its technological base. Power in earlier eras was founded on land; later it was based on finance, the control of free capital; but today the basis of power is control over technology. What I mean is that the business system of power that controls giant technology controls the core of power in industrial society. Look at the way big industry has moved in on the Government in this war and is coercing the Government to run the war effort as business itself dictates. In England business has similarly moved into Whitehall; there are 61 officers in the Ministry of Supply holding senior posts remunerated at £600 a year or more whose services have been made available by Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., alone. 3. The central political fact in the world today is the candid merging of state power with this technologically-based economic power. The day is past, forever, when a nation could afford to view what businessmen do as primarily only the concern of businessmen. In the United States, operating under private capitalism and with some fifteen billion dollars of new wartime productive plant—super-efficient and built for mass production —the structure of our industry has been seriously altered by the war; and foreign trade in greater volume and variety will be an absolute essential for even approximate economic stability. And if we are in this box, I need not elaborate how desperate is Britain's need to crowd the tradeways of the world with her product. What this sort of thing means, in nation after nation, is that business, on the one hand, is less and less willing and able to tolerate checks on its activities by the State; whereas the State, on the other hand, having delivered its welfare, and fundamentally its international power, over into dependence upon the welfare of its business system, needs increasingly the utmost efficiency from its business men. So from here on out, business must be in politics, and the State must be in business. Neither of them can any longer tolerate the frictions and inefficiencies of the kind of legalized guerilla warfare between state apparatus and economic apparatus that has been characteristic of anti-trust actions, NRA, New Deal labor and other social policies, and wartime coercions and recriminations. And the resulting trend is unmistakably toward the monolithic power structure of the totalitarian state. Not, mark you, because certain men are wicked or even necessarily see as yet that they are being forced toward such totalitarianism; but because the logic of giant technology, operating within nationalism and capitalistic rules of the game, no longer allows any other option than centralization and the merging of state and economic power. We people who talk of a better postwar world must face, and face unflinchingly, the fact which liberal democracy has never dared really to face: namely, that industrial capitalism in an era of giant technology is an intensively coercive form of organization of'society that cumulatively constrains men and all of their institutions to work the will of the minority who hold and wield economic power; and that this relentless warping of men's lives and decisions and all of their forms of association becomes less and less the result of voluntary decisions by good and bad men and more and more an impersonal web of coercions dictated by the stark need to keep "the system" going. What this means is that Hitlers are not themselves prime causes, but are a type of role thrust forward by the pressure of events within industrial society, events demanding solutions—political solutions, bold solutions, solutions that brush the plans of idealistic men aside like flies off a table. When these things happen, they are not the work of evil men, but, rather, the grim moves of hard-pressed players in the gigantic international game of poker in which every industry and every nation must play if it is to survive. Modern war, as a mass human experience, does a variety of contrasting things to us: 1. Wartime is a time of enormously enhanced pressure, pressure to get things done—even things that seem impossible of accomplishment under peacetime institutions—and to get them done immediately. And since the game is for keeps and the stakes are survival, there is a tendency to create and foster a temporary and somewhat phony sense of national unity; and a tendency to disregard in the intensity of short-run, wartime preoccupations—the chronic cleavages within American or English society. 2. At the same time war also does a seemingly contradictory thing. By shattering the lock-step preoccupation with habitual institutional ways of doing things, it invites some men to speculate as regards new goals and a better world. Humble men's imaginations in England have been caught and aroused by the vision of Russia as a nation in which people are being allowed to fight this war all-out. THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE Likewise, some intellectuals turn afresh, under the stimulus of war, to the development of plans for international co-opera- tino. Thus war, instead of merely encouraging the glossing over of social problems, can also jolt and stimulate men of all classes to reach for new goals and to chart novel courses towards them. 3. But let's not deceive ourselves. War does still another thing. Common folk dream their hopes and intellectuals spin their plans, yet still other men are learning other things from this war. Big business controllers of industry are perceiving their terrible jeopardy in the postwar world; and they are getting a dress rehearsal in organized power tactics free from the constraints of serious governmental controls. As big business looks ahead at the probable raw, barefisted battle royal for world trade and economic survival in the postwar world, it is learning the vast profitableness of a business world that largely staffs the Government with its own men. Big business will emerge from this war enormously better organized, more sure of the direction it must go, and more powerful than ever before. That goes for the United States. And it goes for Britain. And business is not spending time spinning pretty humanitarian plans for a League of Nations and an international police force. The sort of plans it is making may be seen in The National Policy for Industry put out by 120 British industrialists in November, 1942. Faith in the power of humanitarian reason to transcend stark interest isn't going to stop such powerhouse tactics. The only remaining option—and a desperate one for democracy in its present poorly organized state—is whether: —organized economic power will take over state power and run the nation primarily for the goals of big business under an American and British version of fascism; —or the democratic state will take over the economy, socialize it, and run it for the welfare of the mass of the people. So there is a war within a war going on inside each nation living under capitalism. It is this "war within the war" that leaves the German people cowering united under our bombs because we have offered them no wholehearted alternative to Vansittartism. We live in one of the climactic eras of history, as crucial as the revolutionary era of 150 years ago. And it is characteristic of such a time that it is a time of extreme ideological confusion. Fascist monopolistic capitalism calls itself national socialism. Russian socialism still hangs in the balance, apparently a largely socialist-aimed economy within a dictatorship by the Communist Party. Whether the Soviet Union will, after this war, renew, with the new confidence in itself and its institutions won in the magnificent people's effort of its Stalingrads, the march toward democracy promised in the New Constitutoin of the mid- 1930's remains to be seen. I profoundly hope so. Here in the United States, again a manifestation of this ideological confusion, organized industry opposes organized labor in the name of democracy. And characteristic of this confusion is the fact that we Americans tend to identify democracy and capitalistic free enterprise as two aspects of the same thing—a disastrously naive belief! For the world issue today, the thing Hitlers stand for, is a counter-revolution against democracy. And, again characteristic of the world-wide ideological confusion, the men who in a country like the United States coerce democracy in the name of free enterprise do so not as cynical Machiavellis, but as men who, for the most part, honestly believe in democracy. I am afraid that we people of democracy are going to come out of this war with our democratic ideals badly soiled, and well on the road to less democracy here at home. I don't believe that, either in England or the United States, the sol diers will return prepared to fight positively for democracy. The mood of soldiers and civilians at war's weary end will be: "Thank God! Now let's get out the old car and begin to live again!" Both among soldiers and civilians this relaxed mood of war's end will present a powerful weapon to the forces of reaction. In England, Winston Churchill's history of World War I shows clearly that, as a Tory, he grasped the political significance of the mood of popular relaxation that followed November 11, 1918. And it is no accident that today he is consistently fighting off social reform during the war, thereby postponing the issue to the time when it will be no unmanageable issue. For, during that period of rejoicing when the public ceases momentarily to care for anything but the fact that the fighting has ceased, Tory power will quietly gather up the reins and commence the drive to hold its power. And that in a country where there is an organized Labor Party and where men can call themselves socialists without lowering their voices! So the signals seem set for an exhausted peace dictated by power. I have suggested that this present moment in time is 11:59 p.m. The cause of democracy is probably due for defeat in this round. But the hands of the clock will move on! What have we learned? I believe this: 1. That, if the internal war within capitalist nations is left un-won by democracy, democracy's cause cannot be saved by creating international laws and Leagues of Nations for international society. 2. So the test of the good faith of our current thinking about a better world is whether it includes plans for immediate and fundamental extension of democracy to our internal economic institutions. 3. Lazy democratic citizenship that comes up for air to vote only once every four years can never curb an economic power that is working all the time. I believe profoundly in the eventual victory of democracy —over the long future. But the road back will be long, and American democracy carries no lucky horseshoe in its pocket. A recent issue of the London Economist says, "Democracy in the twentieth century needs fire in its belly." That kind of fire does not happen. Nor will voting out one President in November and voting in another kindle it. It can come only as the imagination and energies of all the millions of our citizens are enlisted in the direct work of building more democracy—and a lot more. The thing will have to happen which those in power have been afraid to let happen here in the United States during this war: a genuine people's movement, all-out and hell-bent for action. There is no mystery about what men want, except such mystery as those opposed to more decracracy choose to invent. Men want a chance to work at jobs they believe in, and under conditions in which they can share responsibiltiy and exercise initiative, rather than merely laboring as "hands"; security of the sort that enables a man to trust his weight onto life and to grow ahead; more and better education for themselves and their children; better housing; better health; an end to arbitrary class bottlenecks in living; no more phony "social problems" created by nothing more substantial than vested property rights; an end to this shabby business of democracy's fearing to trust the people of democracy; direct movement together toward concrete kinds of mass welfare, and a cessation of the.policy of regarding public welfare as an incidental slopover from profitable private business. To get these things democratic men will have to learn to stand together, everywhere, at the grass-roots where life's meanings are big; and together they will have to thrust against the power that now divides and curbs them—and never stop thrusting. JUNE, 1944 INDUSTRIES... of British Columbia { Each month the Graduate Chronicle will include in its editorial material a descriptive story of the formation and growth of one industry identified with the industrial progress of the Province. *\\n Britannia Mining & Smelting Co. Like "Old Faithful," the Britannia Mining & Smelting Company's copper mine has been a spectacular fixture in British Columbia's mining scene for so many years that it is almost taken for granted. Yet its story is comparatively little known, and many facts concerning the property make it even now, after nearly forty years of operation, one of the Pacific Northwest's outstanding base metal producers. The Britannia, located on fiord-like Howe Sound which lent its name to the parent company controlling the mine's affairs, was until comparatively recently rated as one of the biggest copper properties in the British Empire. It is still large, although shortage of manpower has resulted in sharp curtailment during the past year or so. Since Britannia has been contributing metals for the United Nation's war program detailed figures on recent production are not available. Some hint of the magnitude of the company's operations is given in the fact that the property has produced some 720,000,000 pounds of copper from about 3 3,000,000 tons of ore. Low Grade Ore. Apart from its size and record of production the Britannia is notable as probably the only copper mine in the world handling such low grade ore in underground operations. It is still primarly a tunnel mine, with very little hoisting, and the whole flow of production is by gravity. This, of course, has made Britannia an unusually low cost producer, which it has had to be with recent millheads averaging only .8 to 1.1 per cent copper. In spite of its comparatively long life, Britannia probably still has many good years left. Mine officials believe that the property has passed its production peak and that'from now on 4500 tons of ore daily will probably represent about the top. This is considerably higher than the rate attained at present due to difficulty in getting an adequate number of miners, and it is far from the all-time record of more than 6,000 tons a day achieved about five years ago. But the brakes necessarily applied to production now, although deplored by the management, will of course tend to lengthen the future life of the mine, and present developments indicate that there are still some important ore bodies locked away in the rugged section of the Coast Range batholith dominated by Britannia's group of holdings that extend over 25,000 acres. The current development of the company's 4100 haulage level is an indication of the promise that the future may hold for Britannia. This level, which is the lowest from which ore can be fed into the mill on a gravity basis, is extended past the No. 8 mine, cutting three separate ore bodies. The outlook for volume and higher grade in the No. 8 mine is hope- ful, and the company is now proceeding with the sinking of a shaft to open up that section and later to handle ore, men and supplies. The hoist to be installed will be an 8-foot double drum Canadian Ingersoll-Rand unit with 450-h.p. Canadian Westinghouse motor. President of Britannia Mining & Smelting Company is H. H. Sharp of New York. The company is one of the Howe Sound Company group which also comprises the Chelan Mine, a copper-gold-silver property at Holden, Wash., and El Potosi Mining Company silver-lead-zinc operations at Santa Eulalia, Mexico. Directly in charge of the whole operation is C. P. Browning, who joined Britannia as a young mining engineer in 1913, fresh from the Columbia School of Mines and a brief term of practical experience with the Miami Copper Co. in Arizona and the Tennessee Copper Co. in Tennessee. Mr. Browning- has been on the job since the company's infancy and he has seen and participated in most of its expansion. Mine superintendent is G. C. Lipsey, with Britannia for 19 years, and A. C. Munro, another Britannia pioneer whose association with the company dates back to 1922, is mill superintendent. C. P. Charlton is secretary-treasurer and purchasing agent; E. C. Gillingham, chief accountant; Wm. Hatch, metallurgist; Paul Everett, assistant mine superintendent; E. C .Roper, chief mine engineer; W. A. Matheson in charge of stores; George H. Mead, master mechanic; J. B. Hamilton, mine electrical supervisor; C. H, Watson, electrical supervisor at the Beach operations. Discovered in 1888. The history of the mine, 30 miles north of Vancouver by boat, goes back to 1888 when Dr. A. A. Forbes made the discovery. The story goes that the doctor shot a buck and in dragging it down the hillside its horns scraped the moss from a rock, exposing a green stain. Upon closer investigation Dr. Forbes noticed float nearby and he was so impressed with what he saw what he returned two or three summers in an attempt to prove it up. Nothing came of this, however, and not until ten years later did a trapper named Oliver Furry, tipped off by Dr. Forbes and backed by a Vancouver merchant, go to the trouble of staking five claims. F. Turner of Vancouver and Boscowitz & Sons, Victoria fur traders, became interested, located other claims and established a camp. When an adit driven for 150 feet failed to locate ore the project was discontinued, and not until 1900, when Joseph Adams and H. C. Walters inspected the prospect, was the Britannia Copper Syndicate, forerunner of today's organization, formed. The syndicate purchased a seven-tenths interest from Turner and Boscowitz and three years later took over the remaining interest. Development. It was about this time that Grant B. Schley, the New York banker, became interested and backed the enterprise with his 10 THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE personal fortune. He financed the building of a 200-ton concentrator and an aerial tramway. The concentrates were shipped to Crofton on Vancouver Island for smelting and in 1905 the newly organized Britannia Smelting Company, controlled by Howe Sound Company, acquired the smelter. The Britannia syndicate and Britannia Smelting Co. were merged in 1908 and the name was changed to Britannia Mining & Smelting Company, 'which has prevailed ever since. The smelter was closed down in 1913, and since then most of the concentrates have been shipped to the Tacoma smelter of the American Smelting & Refining Company. Most of the ore bodies are lenticular in shape and lie in a major shear zone that follows the general strike of the formation. The principal copper mineral is chalcopyrite, which is accompanied by pyrite. The mines are about three miles from the concentrator which was built on the steep slope of a hill that drops down to the Beach on which the company's stores, office buildings and community have been established. Exploration is done by drifts, crosscuts and raises, the different shafts serving as centres for such work. Drilling equipment is selected according to the specific conditions encountered. Machines now in use are furnished by the Chicago Pneumatic Tool Co., Canadian Ingersoll-Rand, Hoyman, Gardner-Denver, and the Sullivan Machinery Co. Most of the drifting and stoping is done with 3 Yz -inch machines. The Britannia property is a consolidation of several mines —including the Jane, No. 8, West Bluff, East Bluff, Fairview, Empress and Victoria. West Bluff is at present the big producer. The Fairview has accounted for most of the com- • pany's past production, but it has seen its best days. The Victoria has been comparatively rich, but it does not rank with the others in size. Mining. The 4100 haulage tunnel commences at the Victoria shaft which, as the accompanying diagram shows, is the most distant from the mill. Ore is drawn through raises to a crusher installed on the 3900 level and the ore therefrom is trammed by 20-car trains, each car having a 19-ton capacity. Several types of raises are used in the mine. All raises over 57° are timbered and contain a chute lined with 4-inch planks, and a manway. These are separated by a row of stulls on 5 to 7 foot centres. A strong bulkhead covers the man- way. Just below the bulkhead a chute plan is left out to facilitate entrance to the face and allow smoke to escape after blasting, which is generally done at the end of the shift. In general, the raise is advanced 20 feet above the bulkhead before the stulls, chute, and bulkhead are raised, and staging rests on round sprags from 4 to 6 inches in diameter. Raises under 57° generally are un timbered. Usually, they are driven from a bulldoze chamber at 50 to 57°, with the broken rock flowing back to the chamber. Bulkheads covering half the raise are placed each 50-foot advance. The ladders used in this work are made from 3 by 4-inch fir with 1-inch pipe rungs over %-inch rods. In the raise they are held in place by U- shaped brackets made from old steel. The different mining methods employed in the mines are determined by the character of each individual block of ore to be mined. These include surface glory holes, shrinkage stoping, shrinkage with powder drifts for primary breaking, horizontal cut-and-fill, horizontal square-setting, open rills, and the Britannia method of mining, a large-scale retreating shrinkage system frequently combined with powder drifts for primary breaking. The Britannia mining method was developed to meet the necessity for low costs and increased safety. After some experimental work a section of the West Bluff mine was laid out for stoping by this method, and in the early part of 1931, when it was decided to mine the very hard East Bluff orebody, the method was modified to fit this work. Britannia Stoping. The general scheme of operation is: 1. Establishment and development of a bulldoze-chamber level or an alternative level for chute drawing. 2. Complete undercutting of a section of the orebody. The orebody is usually cut from foot to hanging wall but may be laid out in various ways, depending upon its size and shape. 3. Development of block for use of powder blasts. 4. Control of ore drawing. In undercutting, the practice is similar to that employed in the big shrinkage stopes. In the East Bluff large areas can be excavated safely with but few pillars, in the West Bluff more frequent support is necessary. However, unless the ground is very soft there is practically no limit to the size of the block that may be undercut if adequate pillar support is provided. The only limitation is that individual pillars must not be so large that they cannot be conveniently drilled and blasted out in one operation. The method is thus adapted to a wide range of ground conditions. Undercuts have been made up to 200 feet in width. For the development of the block one or more service raises are necessary according to the size of the block to be mined, but within fairly wide limits the positions of these raises do not affect subsequent mining and may be selected more by convenience of service. The number and location of such raises are governed by the sublevel development that follows and are considered an individual problem for each stope. The Britannia method has the following advantages: 1. Flexibility and control. Not only can the system be freely modified to suit conditions in the original planning of the stope, but it can also be readily adapted to meet changing conditions encountered as mining progresses. 2. No permanent pillars are left to be recovered by auxiliary methods. 3. In carrying on the mining work there is a constant retreat from the worked-out areas into virgin ground. 4. Safety. As all working excavations following undercutting are of minimum size, the risk of injury from falls of ground is greatly reduced. Gloryhole mining was first practised in the Bluff orebody where the deposit itself was large enough to warrant its use. Later large gloryholes were opened up in the upper Fairview section, where the closely spaced, parallel veins with some mineralization between them made large-scale breaking preferable to expensive selective mining. In both mines glory holing was originally carried out by a system of benches. Drilling was done by pluggers or tripod machines. Milling. Until the present critical manpower shortage developed, the Britannia concentrator was handling five or six thousand tons of ore a day, assaying less than 1 per cent copper. A departure from the usual process is the removal of primary slimes by washing and subsequent flotation in a separate machine, which is designed to effect the following: 1. Removal of sticky mud from the ore, thus simplifying the mechanical problem of getting tonnage through the crushing plant equipment; and 2. The elimination of a large part of the slime from the flotation machines in the main circuit materially increasing JUNE, 1944 11 over-all performance. Another feature is the floating of a bulk concentrate of pyrite and copper, and the subsequent separation of the two sulphides after dewatering and regrind- ing of the coarser particles. Britannia ore consists of a mixture of chalcopyrite and pyrite in a relatively hard schist or quartz gangue. Zinc blende, gold and silver also occur in small amounts. The minerals can be released from one another and from the gangue by moderately fine grinding, but the ore is remarkably hard, as indicated by high steel consumption for roll crushing and fine grinding. The mine-run ore is crushed to 6 inches before being transported to the mill through a system of underground raises and haulage ways. Further reduction is effected by three 5 l/z- foot Symons Cone crushers set to %-inch and thence to 72 inches and 54 inches Traylor Rolls. The rolls are in closed circuit with ten Hum-mer dry screens delivering a 5/32- inch undersize product. An unusual feature of the crushing operation consists of washing and wet scheening of the ore after it is drawn from the receiving bins to remove primary slimes, which otherwise would build up on the rolls and blind the Hum-mer screens. The physical condition of the ore is such that efficient crushing would be quite impossible without this washing operation. The undersize product of the wet screens is further classified into a sand and slime, the latter product containing large amounts of soluble salts, which are very detrimental to flotation. The primary slimes and their contained soluble salts are thus segregated from the major portion of the ore and given special and intensive flotation treatment. Final reduction of the 5/32-inch product of the crushing plant is accomplished in Traylor ball mills, using as grinding media 2-1/16-inch diameter eutetic cast steel balls, manufactured at Britannia Beach. These balls are quick-quenched for high hardness. The ball mills are lined with 6-inch sections of the quenched runner gates obtained in the casting of the grinding balls. This type of lining is set on end to the mill-shell in a 50-50 sand-cement slurry and gives two to three years useful life. Two-stage Flotation. Two flotation concentrates are produced, one containing the copper mineral and the other pyrite, the latter being sold, whenever markets are available, to acid manufacturers for its sulphur content. Concentration is effected in two stages, in the first of which a bulk concentrate, containing both the chalcopyrite and pyrite, is floated. This bulk concentrate, after thickening in Dorr tanks and regrinding in Allis- Chalmers ball mills, is then subjected to differential flotation, from which operation is recovered, first, a high grade copper concentrate and, second, a middling which is retreated, and finally a pyrite concentrate low in copper. Several advantages may be claimed for this practice. The most important is due to the fact that much finer grinding is necessary to free the copper and iron minerals from one another than to liberate either from the gangue. Bulk flotation followed by regrinding, therefore, allows a relatively coarse initial grind—50 per cent minus 200 mesh—without impairing final recovery. The use of larger amounts of powerful reagents in the roughing circuit is also permissable, since differential conditions do not have to be maintained. The small amount of gold in Britannia ore is practically all in the free state. Most of this free gold concentrates with the copper, but a small percentage is retarded. In order to guard against losses from this source, the tailings from the roughing and secondary circuits are passed over blankets, which are washed in place. Roughing of the primary slimes and of the ground feed is carried on in 8-foot deep air cells, the slimes in a cell 55 feet long and the ground feed in a 100-foot cell in series with a 40-foot cell, the latter Deep-cell serving as a scavenger machine. A Deep air cell is used as a recleaner. Concentrates are settled in Dorr thickeners and American disc fitters are used to dewater the final concentrates for marketing. Hydrated Lime is added at the primary mills in sufficient quantity to maintain a trace of free alkalinity in the rougher tailings. This slight alkalinity benefits recovery without depressing the pyrite. Potassium Ethyl Xanthate and Pine Oil are applied at the heads and centres of the roughers. Cyanide is fed at the head of concentrate regrinding to depress the pyrite while the copper is being floated in the secondary circuit. Very small amounts of Pine Oil and Butyl Xanthate are required for this operation, after which a relatively large quantity of Ethyl Xanthate is added to reactivate the pyrite. Filtered copper and pyrite concentrates are transported by belt conveyors to covered storage bins of 6,000 and 4,000-ton capacity, from which clamshell buckets operated from overhead cranes load them onto a conveyor discharging directly in the hold of the steamer. Sampling is done automatically- wherever possible. Community Life. From the standpoint of the miner Britannia is a model community. There is a regular boat service daily to and from Vancouver, and the wharf is within a few hundred yards of the office buildings, stores, laboratories, dormitories, mess and recreation halls. For more than 20 years the Britannia stores have been operated on a co-operative basis, employees participating in a total of $513,000 in rebates since the system was inaugurated. Apart from safety measures which are constantly being improved and extended, employees are the beneficiaries of non- contributory life insurance to a total of $1500 each. House rentals to employees amount to only one dollar per room per month. There are schools, churches, gymnasiums, libraries and other facilities to contribute to the contentment and convenience of Britannia people, and those who have lived there a considerable time often wonder why anyone should be attracted to jobs nearer the big cities. After nearly forty years of harmonious labor relations at Britannia without unionization the company early in September signed a working agreement with Local 663 of the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers' Union, Affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations. For over a year Britannia has been operating under a contract arranged with the Wartime Metals Corporation, a company wholly owned by the Canadian Government, under the terms of which all the copper produced is used in the United Nations' war effort by sale to the Metals Reserve Company, a U. S. government organization. —Reprinted by Kind Permission of "The Mining World" "cJfdp. BudU BidiA CoLmka.". 12 THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE C/"er5ona/- .NEWS and NOTES- The Western branch of the Carter-Halls-Aldinger Company has been reorganized as the Commonwealth Construction Company Ltd. Headquarters of the firm will be Winnipeg and Mr. RALPH C. PYBUS has been appointed Western Manager in Vancouver. Congratulations to Major J. B. HEDLEY, R.C.E.M.E., on his promotion. Also to Group Captain J. ALLAN JONES, who has been appointed Director of Construction Engineering and Maintenance of the Division of Construction Engineering, R.C.A.F. This Division replaces the old Directorate of Works and Buildings. The first person to make an .automobile trip over the new Skeena River Highway from Smithers to Terrace was Mr. S. A. CUNLIFFE, Assistant District Engineer for the Department of Public Works. Major-General J. P. MACKENZIE, D.S.O., Inspector- General for Western Canada, is retiring from army service. Members of the 1944 engineering graduating class going on active service: HUGH ABBOTT, B. W. ANDERSON, O. W. BENNETT, C. A. CARNCROSS, R. G. CHESTNUT, R. S. CROSBY, R. A. DAVIDSON, N. J. FILMAN, J. B. GUSH, P. S. JAGGER, D. A. LIVINGSTON, J. A. PORTER and J. M. WALLACE. Mr. J. A. WALKER has returned to the City from Ottawa and is resuming his work as Town Planning Engineer. Mr. N. E. NELSON, Consulting Engineer for the Granby Company for many years, has joined the satff of the Wright Hargreaves Mine at Kirkland Lake, Ontario. The Chief Mine Engineer for the same company, Mr. C. H. BREHAUT, is now with the Beattie Gold Mines at Duparquet, Quebec. The Assistant General Manager, Mr. W. R. LINDSAY, is now in Toronto. Recently transferred to the Vancouver office of the C. M. & S. Company, is Mr. H. S. FOWLER, previously at Trail. Mr. C. L. BATES, Chief Engineer for the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, is retiring after seventeen years with the Company. Faculty promotions at the University include Major A. H. FINLAY, now Professor of Civil Enginereing, and Mr. D. W. THOMSON, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. ' Lieut. J. E. STOREY, 1941 graduate in Mechanical Engineering, is among those listed as missing in the recent sinking of the H.M.C.S. Valley field. Deepest sympathy is extended to Mr. and Mrs. L. J. Street in the loss of their son, Louis, who died recently of wounds received while serving with the Central Mediterranean Forces. Wing Commander "Don" Macdonald, D.F.C, known as the "ghost raider," has recently left command of the Intruder Squadron and has been assigned to what is termed a "more important task." "She was beautiful, too," adds. Lt. Graham Darling, B.A. '40, to his description of the Tirpitz bombing in which he participated. Graham joined the R.C.N, immediately on graduation, and served two years overseas with the Royal Navy before taking a flying course in Canada. He is now with the Fleet Air Arm. Our sincere sympathy also to Mr. J. T. Coutts, whose wife passed away on June 2nd. Lenora Millerd, graduate of U.B.C. and Montreal's Royal Victoria Hospital, was "the recent bride of Major H. C. Slade, R.C.A.M.C., of Newfoundland. Katherne ("Kay") Brooke Hewitt was married last month to Lt. Alfred Smith of the Royal Navy. Kay took her B.A. in 1940 and her M.A. in 1941 from U.B.C. Margaret Ecker, former Ubyssey pubster and the Canadian Press' only woman staff representative overseas, was awarded the Canadian Women's Press Club Memorial Award for the "best personality biographical sketch" published in 1941. Margaret is married to Fl. Lt. Bob Francis and is at present living in London, England. Our Congrats to a top-drawer newswoman. Recently home in Vancouver on short leave - from the Medical Corps was Dr. F. Wells Brason who just graduated from the University of Toronto Medical School. Dr. Brason took his parchment from U.B.C. in 1940. Phylis Wayles, B.A. '40, was married to Mr. Oliver Mel- vin Julson early this month. Off to Washington, D.C., to take up posts with British Supply Mission are Graduates Elizabeth (Bobby) Boultbee and Joan Villiers. To Lt. and Mrs. Rodney Poisson, April 27, 1944, a daughter, Renee. Rod was B.A. '35 and an instructor in English at U.B.C. from 1940 to 1942, when he joined the Canadian Navy. Mrs. Poisson was Helen Ferguson, B.A. '3 3. Chang-Lu Quo, graduate of National Wu-han University, and a M.A. from British Columbia, is returning to Chungking for a post with the Chinese Foreign Office. Mr. Quo came to Vancouver via Hongkong in 1941. Vic Freeman, B.A. '40 and a debater of some prominence, is back in Vancouver on a short holiday from his medical studies at Toronto Medical School. Also back in the city are Peter Bell-Irving and W. K. Lindsay. In town recently was Fl. Lt. W. C. (Bill) Gibson, now with the No. 1 Clinical Investigation Unit, R.C.A.F., Toronto. Bill arrived at the coast after lecturing at the University of Alberta on the physiology of high altitude flying. He has travelled extensively through the U. S., England, Spain and Russia, and wherever he has gone he has been one of the university's greatest boosters. He's promised to do some articles for future editions of the Chronicle. Peter Fowler, B.Ap.Sc. '3 3, has returned to Vancouver after a long session at Trail with the Consolidated. Pete will be in charge of explorations in the coast district for his company. Oscar Orr, Jr., is now in the Persian Gulf area with a large oil company. Flight-Lieutenant Campbell Kenmuir was in Vancouver on leave recently and is now stationed at Pat Bay. JUNE, 1944 13 KILLED ON ACTIVE SERVICE % P/O JACK SCRIVENER—Scout Master of Kerrisdale troop. Joined R.C.A.F. in March, 1942. MISSING AFTER AIR OPERATIONS SGT. OBSERVER ALASTAIR J. YOUNG, R.C.A.F.—Enlisted in January, 1942. W/C C. A. WILLIS, R.C.A.F.—WeU-known for attacking enemy shipping in the face of heavy anti-aircraft opposition. F/L J. H. "JIMMY" WHALEN, R.C.A.F.—Shot down three Japanese dive-bombers in 45 minutes over Burma during 1943, following a bag of three Nazi planes in the European theatre—the first wing commander of the Vancouver Air Cadets, of which he was an original member—also the first member of the league to graduate under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan after joining the R.C.A.F. SGT. GORDON PREECE, R.C.A.F.—Listed missing after his seventh operational flight over enemy territory on March 31—went overseas in October, 1943. F/L CHARLES MADDIN, R.C.A.F.—Missing after air operations on April 24—enlisted in 1942. MISSING ON THE FRIGATE "VALLEYFIELD" LT. E. JOHN EDMUND STOREY, B.A.Sc. '41. INJURED ON ACTIVE SERVICE P/O CAMERON WESLEY McKENZIE, R.C.A.F.—Spine injury received at Macleod, Alta. F/O CHARLES CLEVELAND CUNNINGHAM—Now serving on active service on the Atlantic Patrol. GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR FLT. SERGT. EWART ALBERT SIM HETHERINGTON, R.C.A.F.—B.A. 1936. SGT. M. G. McGEER, R.C.A.F. Sent letters in thanks for parcels received in prison camps— LIEUT. GEORGE KANE, British Army. F/L RALPH A. HENDERSON, R.C.A.F. GENERAL NEWS OF SERVICEMEN AND WOMEN P/O DAVID DALE, R.C.A.F. overseas—Well-known in golfing circles. SUB-LT. RONALD SINCLAIR NAIRNE, R.C.N.V.R.— Recently graduated from H.M.C.S. King's College. F/L MURRAY K. PICKARD, R.C.A.F.—Promoted recently from F/O—spent 16 months service in Coastal Command, West Africa. F/O HAROLD M. McDONALD, R.C.A.F.—Awarded the D.F.C. W/C D. C. S. MacDONALD, D.F.C—"Ghost raider" of Vancouver—has left the command of the Intruder Squadron to assume a more "important task." LT. EARL CUSHING, Canadian Forestry Corps, Died, Hospital Ship "Lady Nelson," April, 1944. F/O W. W. COLLEDGE, R.C.A.F.—Killed in action overseas—received the award of D.F.C.—accepted by his mother, Mrs. W. W. Colledge—awarded due to F/O Col- ledge's bravery in an action in which he was attacked by four enemy aircraft. Shot down one and damaged two others. F O W. A. T. WHITE, R.C.A.F.—Recently promoted to F/O from P/O—is at present serving with the Coastal Command at a northern Scotland base. CPL. JOHN B. CORNISH, R.C.A.M.C—Returned home after two and a half years overseas—lost an eye in a bomb explosion in 1942—has been serving with the Basingstoke Neurological and Plastic Surgery Hospital in England— was Edtior-in-Chief of the Ubyssey while at U.B.C. LAC BILL MUNRO, R.C.A.F.—Overseas in January, 1944. P/O ANDREW M. "MONTY" FOTHERINGHAM, R.C. A.F.—Navigator in England. P O STANLEY H. JENKINS, R.C.A.F.—Stationed at Sum- merside, P.E.I.—U.B.C. grad. P O ALBERT M. BUCKLEY, R.C.A.F.—Serving overseas. Navy Graduates from King's College— P/O ROBERT G. McMYNN, R.C.A.F. Air Navigator Graduates— WILSON DUFF. R. M. VOSBURGH. F/O ROBERT GORDON CROSBY—Reported missing, now safe in England—B.A.Sc. 1940. BARBARA DIETHER—Training with the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service at Gait, Ont.—Kappa Kappa Gamma Sorority. PROB. SUB. LT. MARGARET W. CREELMAN—In the Wrens doing naval library work—B.A. 1931. PROB. SUB LT. MARION M. DIGNAN—Wrens—naval writer in Halifax and Ottawa—made naval history by being the first woman to accompany trial parties on inspection runs aboard new ships for the navy.—B.A. 1936. 14 THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE 3ln emunam MM., (&.M., EJG.3.. 3UUC*. ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE FUNERAL SERVICE CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL MAY 27th, 1944 BY L. S. KLINCK The Chronicle publishes herewith Dr. L. S. Klinck's address at the funeral service ior the late Chancellor of the University, held Hay 27, 1944, in Christ Church Cathedral. To the many graduates unable to be present at this service, this address will express their admiration for Dr. McKechnie and their sorrow at his passing. —Editor. This afternoon, long-established tradition has been departed from in that a layman has been requested to speak from this lectern at a memorial service. The explanation for this departure from accepted custom lies in the character and work of the man whose passing we mourn today. In our common sorrow, in our sympathy with the bereaved family, and in our common loss, my remarks will be simple, brief and direct. Your presence here in almost unprecedented numbers is, in itself, the highest tribute which could be paid to the esteem and affection in which Dr. McKechnie was held. As one who was privileged to know him long and intimately, it is not possible for me to express, with any degree of adequacy, the deep sense of my personal loss. My remarks, therefore, will be not so much in the nature of a personal tribute as to attempt to express the conviction of the thousands of citizens who knew Dr. McKechnie as a physician and surgeon, as Chancellor of the University of British Columbia, as a man, and as a friend. It has been said that no two observers see the same rainbow, nor do any two critics see precisely the same excellencies in canvas or marble. Nor do'men, in the same degree, see the virtues and abilities of a great and good man. But what, by common consent, did Dr. McKechnie's fellow citizens see in his life and in his work? They saw a strength of personality, a nobility of character, a professional proficiency, an altruistic public spirit. They saw a man whose interests and sympathies were as spontaneous as they were catholic; a man gentle in disposition, quiet and unassuming in manner, constant in friendship, wise in counsel, and tireless in his devotion to duty; a man who gave cheerfully and unsparingly of his scanty leisure time to worthy community causes; one whose friendly smile and kindly eyes revealed his sympathy with all that is good in life; a man who won their confidence, commanded their respect, and retained their undying affection. They saw a man of more than purely intellectual culture in whose person were happily blended a strong will, a sensitive conscience, and a highly developed moral sense In him the ideal of unselfish service was exalted. Anything that was less inclusive than humanity itself was not sufficiently inclusive for him; anything less comprehensive in its outreach, anything less restricted in its perspective, made only a secondary appeal to his generous nature. The quality of his life was such as to make him at home in the best traditions of the race. The leadership he gave had a distinctive quality and carried something of the impress of the win- someness of his own personality. During his long life, many signal, unsought honors came to him, all of which were borne with characteristic modesty. These honors bear testimony to the esteem in which he was held by those whose opinion he valued most highly—namely, the foremost scientific men in his profession. Though his voice is stilled, what this gifted and beloved man said, and did, and was, will live long in the minds and hearts of his fellow-citizens, be they rich or poor, high or low. In his life there was the quality of immortality—a spiritual insight which inspired confidence and infused new courage and resolution into the hearts of men. May we here assembled be imbued with something of a like perspective; be supported by something of a like poise; be imbued with something of a like spirit, and inspired by something of a like faith! The Placer mining Industry in British Columbia Before endeavouring to show the part mining has played in the development of British Columbia, the present position of that industry, and some of the problems and prospects which it faces today, it might be well to establish a few points of reference by recalling that in 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company's fort was established on the site of Victoria, that after a period of government by the Company as separate colonies, the Vancouver Island and Mainland colonies were united under one government, and a few years later in 1871 entered confederation as the Province of British Columbia. Overland communication with the rest of Canada was provided when service over the Canadian Pacific Railway began in 1886. Railways were being built in the southern part of the Province in the 90's, the line through Crows Nest Pass was completed in 1898, but it was not until 1912 that communication with the southern interior became possible entirely over British Columbia railways. The first of our mineral resources to be utilized on an important scale was coal. In 183 5 an Indian is said to have reported existence of coal on northern Vancouver Island to the blacksmith at a trading post on Millbanke sound, up the coast from the northern end of the Island. Outcrop coal from deposits exposed on the beach was obtained from the Indians for several years and was used in Hudson's Bay Company steamers and in naval vessels. In 1849 the Hudson's Bay Company established Fort Rupert on the Island, southerly from where Port Hardy is now situated, and attempts were made to mine the coal, but the unsatisfactory quality of the coal, and difficulties in mining it, caused the operation to be abandoned. The difficulties included opposition from the Indians, who resented the whites taking from them the source of revenue which they had enjoyed for several years. Discovery of the Nanaimo field also followed a report made by an Indian. In 1850 a party, sent by Governor Douglas to investigate the report, discovered one coal seam and other seams were soon found. In 1851 a pit was started, coal was shipped to Victoria in 1852, and in 1853 to San Francisco where it is said to have sold for $28.00 per ton. The development of the interior coal fields depended on the building of railways. The Crows-Nest Pass field, now our greatest producer, began production about 1896, while the railway was being built. Coal mining now employs about 2,500 men and produces approximately 2,000,000 tons of coal per year with average value of close to $8,000,000. Indians also contributed to the first gold discoveries. Lode- gold in a narrow vein on Moresby Island fo the Queen Charlotte group, was reported in 1851; attempts to mine it were not commercially successful. Discovery of placer gold in the Thompson River and in bars on the Fraser River near Yale encouraged miners to search farther in the interior. By 1861 discoveries had been made at Quesnel Forks, Keithley Creek, Antler Creek, Williams Creek and Lightning Creek; and in the southern interior at Rock Creek and Fort Steele and north of Revelstoke on the Columbia River. Political developments were forced by the rapid growth of mining. The great influx of gold seekers transformed By Hon. E. C. CARSON Minister of Mines, British Columbia Victoria from a quiet trading post into a roaring boom town. Governor Douglas, who in 1853 had proclaimed regulations governing digging or mining gold on the Queen Charlotte Islands, undertook to collect licence fees from the miners on the mainland and to maintain law and order. His firm handling of the situation probably kept the colony under British control. Fascinating tales have been written of life in the very raw country—of the stupendous efforts such as the building of the Cariboo Road to serve the placer mining camps of the Cariboo, of enterprising people who drove beef cattle up the Okanagan Valley and into the heart of the Cariboo country, and of course of the unfortunate attempts to use camels on the Cariboo Road. Placer mining in British Columbia has yielded gold worth about $92,000,000. The production of the first 25 years, 1858 to 1883, had an estimated value of more than $54,000,- 000. By the end of fhat period the annual output had declined greatly, and from that time until 1936 the annual value of placer gold rarely reached $1,000,000. The lowest year was 1929 with production valued at less than $120,000. The output increased to more than $1,000,000 in 1936 and even under wartime conditions the output had not again fallen below $1,000,000 at the end of 1942. Prospectors interested in lode-deposits had made some discoveries while placer mining was still the principal interest. The decline of placer mining and the construction of railways in the southern part of the Province tended to increase prospecting for lode deposits. The 15 years following the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1886 saw the discovery of most of the important lode mining camps in southern British Columbia: Slocan-Ainsworth, Nelson, Kimberley, Moyie, Rossland, Boundary, Field and Texada Island. With the development of these camps, British Columbia became an important lode-mining Province, producing gold, silver, copper and lead. By 1900 the annual value of lode- mine production had reached $10,000,000, and coal production was valued at more than $4,000,000. Mining has continued to expand in volume and in value of material produced, and has also become the basis for a great chemical industry at Trail. We now produce a long list of refined metals or high- grade concentrates, for export. We also produce, largely for home consumption, coal and building materials, including cement and clay products, in substantial quantity. 16 THE GRADUATE CHRONICLE For the 10 years ending in 1941 the average annual value of production exceeded $56,000,000, divided between Metals (refined or in concentrates) nearly $48,000,000 Fuel (refined or in concentrates) nearly 7,000,000 Non-metallics more than 800,000 Clay and clay products 300,000 Other structural materials nearly 1,500,000 Gold valued at more than $16,000,000 constituted more than a third of the metal and considerably more than quarter the value of all mineral products. This 10-year period includes the worst years of the depression, including 1932, when the total value of production was approximately half of the average annual value for the 10-year period. The increase in gold production to an average of nearly $23,000,000 per year for the four years 193 8 to 1941 inclusive, was an extremely important factor in the total production. A measure of the importance of the industry is the number employed in it. The average for the 10-year period, computed as full-time employment, was 14,260 according to our figures. The figures for the average number of employees in all industries in 1941 is 97,300. For that year the total number employed in the three main branches of the mining industry was 12,350, or rather more than one-eighth of the total for all industries. A Dominion Bureau of Statistics figure for 1942 places the average earnings of workers in the mining industry at 1% above the average for all industries. When fewer people were employed in highly paid war industries the average earnings in the mining industry were considerably higher than the average for all industries. In the war years the mining industry produced gold in substantial volume, while gold was desired for foreign exchange. It has produced refined lead and zinc in large volume, at prices from a third to a half of United States prices, and copper at the United States export price. The production of these base metals reached maximum figures in 1941 and 1942. The Province has produced important quantities of tungsten concentrates and of refined mercury which were urgently required for war purposes. British Columbia is the only important source of mercury within the Empire. Tungsten and mercury are now coming fom other sources and British Columbia production has been stopped or drastically reduced. Tin, still in short supply, and several other metals are being produced as by-products of base metal mining and refining. Gold-miners were urged to increase or at least maintain their production in the earlier years of the war when foreign exchange was needed. The peak value of gold production was reached in 1940. Since 1941 production has fallen off and for 1943 the amount of gold produced was less than 40 per cent of the quantity produced in 1940. Coal production has been set at a higher rate than for the pre-war years but 1943 production was materially below that for 1942. Lead and zinc production have declined in the last two years and the production of copper has fallen off greatly. The reductions in output have been caused by war conditions, principally labour shortage, which under National ^*tfcs--" regulations affects gold mines most seriously. Mines in general have been unable to keep up their development programs, that is, they have been unable to devote enough effort to searching for ore and to opening up ore-bodies which have been discovered. To varying degrees production has been at the expense of developed ore reserves. This situation holds serious difficulties for the present and future; unless ore continues to be discovered, reserves shrink rapidly; and frequently the effort to maintain production results in difficulties in mining. The gold mines have met the difficulties of declining reserves or inability to maintain production at a profitable level by reducing the rate of production, alternating between production and development, or shutting down completely. The base metal mines, because of the urgent need of metal for war purposes, have tried to maintain production at high rates. If at the end of the war our ore reserves are seriously depleted and at that time we face low metal ptices, the situation will be grave for the mining industry and this situation will certainly be reflected by the Provincial economy in general. It will be essential for the good of the Province that new ore be made available. This can only be done by finding new ore-bodies in established mining areas, and by finding new areas which contain commercial ore-bodies. To a degree provision of transportation in under-developed parts of the Province may contribute to the latter. To date our ore depostis have been discovered very largely by prospectors whose hope of gain has depended on finding mineral deposits which they could sell. Some of them have been assisted by individuals or groups contributing toward or meeting the expenses. For some years the number of men actively prospecting has been inadequate, accordingly in 1943 the Provincial Government began to provide grub-stakes for prospectors. It is hoped that experienced prospectors will be encouraged to continue prospecting, that others will be attracted to prospecting, and that training and experience under this program will benefit both the new recruits and the old- timers. Geological maps and reports are of great assistance in searching for ore, and in planning prospecting programs. The Dominion Geological Survey, and the Provincial Department of Mines in a real mapping and examination of minerals occurrences have made contributions of great value. However, to meet present and post-war needs this type of work will have to be increased. So far the mining industry has been based principally on the production of the metals—gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, fuel—and structural materials. Mercury and possibly tungsten, which have been produced during the war years, may also make a contribution to our future mineral output. Utili zation of our iron ore deposits, long a topic of interest, is to the fore again with prospects that production of pig iron and of steel may be undertaken on a modest scale. With increas ing industrialization and with some demand for export, it is probable that production of industrial minerals may becomt increasingly important. JUNE, 1944 17 czditoxial ^ i/i LEVJi iT