Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
DSpace
UBCV
Jokanovich, John
Master of Science - MSc
University of British Columbia
An experiment involving the use of the Vetomold variety of tomato plants was conducted in a greenhouse to determine, what effect the absence of minor elements and different combinations of minor elements, would have on the growth, and chemical composition of the tomato. It was found that the presence or absence of minor elements had a significant effect on the following physical, and chemical determinations: growth rate, yield, top weight, sugar content, titratable acidity, nitrogen level, phosphorus level, potassium and calcium level of the plant tissues; iron content, total phosphorus, and potassium content of the tomatoes. It was also shown that the absence, and different combinations of minor elements, had a marked effect on the tissue structure of the leaves.
THE ROLE OF THE MECRONUTRIENT ELEMENTS IN THE GROWTH AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE TOMATO. by JOHN JOKANOVICH,. B.S.A. A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE i n the D i v i s i o n of P l a n t Science We accept t h i s t h e s i s as conforming to the standard r e q u i r e d from candidates f o r the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE Members of the Department of Horticulture THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A p r i l , 1956. ABSTRACT. An experiment i n v o l v i n g the use of the Vetomold v a r i e t y of tomato p l a n t s was conducted i n a greenhouse to determine, what e f f e c t the absence of minor elements and d i f f e r e n t combinations of minor elements, would have on the growth, and chemical composition of the tomato. I t was found that the presence or absence of minor elements had a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on the f o l l o w i n g p h y s i c a l , and chemical determinations: growth r a t e , y i e l d , top weight, sugar content, t i t r a t a b l e a c i d i t y , n i t r o g e n l e v e l , phosphorus l e v e l , potassium and calcium l e v e l of the p l a n t t i s s u e s ; i r o n content, t o t a l phosphorus, and potassium content of the tomatoes. I t was a l s o shown that the absence, and d i f f e r e n t combinations of minor elements, had a marked e f f e c t on the t i s s u e s t r u c t u r e of the le a v e s . In presenting t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t of the requirements f o r an advanced degree at the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r reference and study. I f u r t h e r agree that permission f o r extensive copying of t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purposes may be granted by the Head of rny Department or by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . I t i s under-stood that copying or p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l gain s h a l l not be allowed without my w r i t t e n permission. Department The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver 3, Canada. D-te % v <?3 J§f C _ Acknowledgments -The author wishes to express h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n to Dr. G. H. H a r r i s , P r o f e s s o r of H o r t i c u l t u r e , D i v i s i o n of P l a n t Science, at the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, under whose d i r e c t i o n the work was c a r r i e d out. The author a l s o wishes to thank Dr. A . H. Hutchinson, P r o f e s s o r , Department of B i o l o g y , and Botany; Dr. C. A . Hornby and Dr. A . J . Renney of the D i v i s i o n of P l a n t Science, f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e , and i n t e r e s t i n the work. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Introduction 1 - 2 Review of L i t e r a t u r e 3 - 1 3 Materials and Methods 14 - 19 Results 20 - 49 Discussion of Results 50 - 55 Summary 56 - 57 Bibliography : 58 - 63 Appendix 64 - 73 L I S T O F T A B L E S ; T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t m i n o r e l e m e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e f o l l o w i n g : P a g e T a b l e 1. The g r o w t h r a t e • 2h M 2. The y i e l d 2h » 3. The t o p w e i g h t 27 »• i f . The s u g a r c o n t e n t 27 " 5. T h e a s h c o n t e n t 29 " 6. The v i t a m i n C c o n t e n t 29 M 7v T h e t i t r a t a b l e a c i d i t y 31 « 8. The d r y w e i g h t 31 " 9. The n i t r o g e n l e v e l — — 33 " ! 10. T h e p h o s p h o r u s l e v e l — 33 11. The p o t a s s i u m l e v e l • 31* " 12- T h e c a l c i u m l e v e l • 3*+ M 13. The i r o n c o n t e n t 37 w l l f . The t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t 37 " 15. The p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t 39 " 16. The n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t 39 LIST OF PLATES TREATMENTS Page P l a t e 1 Complete + M i c r o n u t r i e n t s 41 ( C o n t r o l I I ) " 11 Complete - M i c r o n u t r i e n t s 42 ( C o n t r o l I) " 111 Complete + Boron 43 n IV Complete + Manganese • 44 " V Complete + Zinc 45 n VI Complete + (A-Z) - Boron • 46 " V l l Complete + (A-Z), and Complete + (A-Z) -Boron - 47 " V l l l Complete 4 (A-Z), and Complete *• Boron 47 " IX Complete •»• (A-Z) - Manganese and Complete 4- (A-Z) - Boron 48 " X Complete + (A-Z), and Complete + (A-Z) - Zinc 48 n X I Complete 4- (A-Z), and Complete + (A-Z) - Copper 49 (1) INTRODUCTION An experiment w i t h Vetomold tomato p l a n t s was conducted i n the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia greenhouse to determine the e f f e c t of minor elements on the growth, and chemical composition of the tomato. The exact f u n c t i o n of the m i c r o n u t r i e n t elements i s not very w e l l understood, but i t i s b e l i e v e d that they a f f e c t p l a n t growth, i n one or p o s s i b l y more of the f o l l o w i n g ways: 1. Used as d i r e c t c o n s t i t u e n t s of the p l a n t t i s s u e , and e s s e n t i a l f o r the l i f e , and growth of the p l a n t ; 2. May act as c a t a l y s t s , and a i d i n the formation of enzymes, and vi t a m i n s ; 3. May r e g u l a t e the a b s o r p t i o n of the e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t elements, and serve as s u b s t i t u t e s f o r other elements; ^. May a f f e c t the o x i d a t i o n -r e d u c t i o n processes i n the p l a n t ; 5. O f f e r a i d i n r e g u l a t i n g the a c i d content of the p l a n t ; 6. May have a s t i m u l a t i n g e f f e c t , and one element may l i b e r a t e another; 7. May have an i n d i r e c t e f f e c t from the a c t i o n of micro-organisms; 8. May inc r e a s e the r e s i s t a n c e of plant s to disease. I n tomato production the important f a c t o r s to be taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n , a r e y i e l d , and q u a l i t y . F a c t o r s which i n f l u e n c e y i e l d and q u a l i t y i n one p a r t i c u l a r area, may not be a p p l i c a b l e to another area. Seaton (64) i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t i s almost impossible to produce good q u a l i t y tomatoes where summer temperatures are i n excess of 80° F., as the c o l o r of the tomatoes would be poor, and the y i e l d of f i n i s h e d products per ton would be low. He a l s o s t a t e s that i n general, the best (2) q u a l i t y as measured by color, t o t a l s o l i d s , and case y i e l d per ton are obtained i n C a l i f o r n i a . The temperatures f o r the coastal areas of B r i t i s h Columbia f a l l somewhat below what i s considered the optimum range for best color, and s o l i d content of the f r u i t , whereas the temperatures f o r the Gkanagan Vall e y f a l l within the optimum range. (3) REVIEW OF LITERATURE The m i c r o n u t r i e n t s boron, manganese, z i n c , copper, and molybdenum are today considered e s s e n t i a l elements f o r p l a n t growth, along w i t h the t r a d i t i o n a l ten e s s e n t i a l p l a n t n u t r i e n t elements. These m i c r o n u t r i e n t elements which are r e q u i r e d i n only minute amounts, a f f e c t the n u t r i t i o n , and subsequent y i e l d of crops. There are p o s s i b l y a number of other minor elements that could be c l a s s i f i e d as e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t s f o r p l a n t growth, but up to the present time t h e i r e s s e n t i a l i t y has not been e s t a b l i s h e d . I t i s known tha t sodium, c h l o r i n e , s i l i c o n , and i o d i n e are b e n e f i c i a l f o r some plants., and not necessary f o r other p l a n t s . Minor element d e f i c i e n c i e s are u s u a l l y more prevalent on l i g h t sandy s o i l s , than on the h e a v i e r , more r e t e n t i v e types. The r e a c t i o n of the s o i l and i t s lime content, are among the most important f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g the a v a i l a b i l i t y of the minor elements. ;Boron, manganese, z i n c , and i r o n d e f i c i e n c i e s are f r e q u e n t l y induced by l i m e , which tends to render them i n s o l u b l e and u n a v a i l a b l e , even though they may be present i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y i n the s o i l . Hoagland (35) s t a t e s t h a t although the d e f i c i e n t element w i l l n e a r l y always be present i n the s o i l , i t may not be i n a c o n d i t i o n to be absorbed, and so the p l a n t i s more or l e s s starved. The d e f i c i e n t element could be added d i r e c t l y on the f o l i a g e by s p r a y i n g , r a t h e r than as a f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i c a t i o n , f o r the f a c t o r s that induced the d e f i c i e n c y i n the s o i l could make the added f e r t i l i z e r u n a v a i l a b l e . U ) Boron occurs i n the s o i l c h i e f l y as a c o n s t i t u e n t of the mineral tourmaline, and of organic matter. Tourmaline i s a mineral r i c h i n boron, though the boron i s i n a very i n s o l u b l e form; t h e r e f o r e the important f a c t o r i s a v a i l a b i l i t y . The a v a i l -a b i l i t y i s e f f e c t e d by water r e l a t i o n s , pH and lime content of the s o i l . Boron d e f i c i e n c y occurs c h i e f l y i n a l k a l i s o i l s , and i t o f t e n i s the case t h a t a boron d e f i c i e n c y i s induced by over-l i m i n g . Boron i s not absorbed by the s o i l c o l l o i d s and i s t h e r e -f o r e leached out of the s o i l very r e a d i l y . Ferguson and Wright (18) r e p o r t t h a t boron becomes t i e d up w i t h calcium probably forming calcium borate, which i s but s l i g h t l y s o l u b l e . They s t a t e t h a t dry s o i l c o n d i t i o n s , or any other f a c t o r s which may decrease the s o i l s o l u t i o n w i l l reduce the amount of calcium borate i n s o l u t i o n , and thereby b r i n g about a boron d e f i c i e n c y c o n d i t i o n i n the p l a n t s . Most p l a n t s c o n t a i n up to 200 p.p.m. of boron i n the t i s s u e s w i t h the legume p l a n t s c o n t a i n i n g more than the non-legumes. Boron i s not stored by the p l a n t s and t h e r e f o r e they need a c o n t i n u a l supply. Boron d e f i c i e n c y i s u s u a l l y charact-e r i z e d by a s t u n t i n g of growth, t w i s t i n g of l e a v e s , and buds, and a d i s i n t e g r a t i o n of leaves at the base of the p l a n t . Boron excess r e s u l t s i n o v e r - s t i m i a t i o n and r a p i d growth, w i t h char-a c t e r i s t i c brown spots and scorching of l e a f edges. P l a n t s vary i n t h e i r tolerance and s e n s i t i v i t y to boron. Beans, peas, and soy beans are s e n s i t i v e to excess boron, whereas c a r r o t s , asparagus, t u r n i p s , beets, and cabbage r e q u i r e heavy a p p l i c a t i o n s ( 5 ) of boron. Reeve and Shive (59) report that the response of the tomato plant toward boron appears to be determined by the d i r e c t and intimate r e l a t i o n between calcium and boron i n metabolism. They indicate that potassium appears to influence the response of the plant to boron i n d i r e c t l y through i t s determinative e f f e c t s upon the process involved i n the absorption and accum-ul a t i o n of calcium. Brenchley ( l l ) reports that with lack of boron tomato plants gave less growth and f r u i t f u l n e s s , accomp-anied by severe deficiency symptoms, with l e s s boron i n the veg-etative parts of the plants. Harris (27) reports that boron applications s i g n i f i c a n t l y increased the vitamin G content, and dry weight of red raspberries i n Coastal B r i t i s h Columbia. Parks (50) found that d i f f e r e n t concentrations of boron i n the culture solutions affected the chemical composition of the l e a f l e t s . In c i t r u s , boron was found to be e s s e n t i a l f o r mer-istematic, and cambial a c t i v i t y (18) (35). Boron deficiency i n apple orchards i s associated with the development of brown spot and corky core of the apple. Boron deficiency i s associated with heart rot, or dry rot of sugar beet and mangold. This condition i s generally most severe on a l k a l i n e s o i l s , and i n dry years. Necrosis of tissues of the crown and the i n t e r i o r of the root, are among the most prominent symptoms for t h i s disease. Cracked stem of celery, browning of cauliflower, top sickness of tobacco and brown heart of swede and turnip, are also attributed to boron (6) d e f i c i e n c i e s (11) (20) (72). In dealing with problems attributed to boron, the crop, s o i l conditions, season, and source of boron must be taken into consideration. The most commonly used f e r t i l i z e r materials i n -clude potassium borate, boric acid, and f i n e l y ground b o r o s i l i c a t e s . With respect to the tolerances of the d i f f e r e n t crops, ten to f i f t y pounds per acre seems to be the desirable range for the appl i c a t i o n of a boron f e r t i l i z e r ( l l ) (72). Manganese deficiency i s most l i k e l y to be found i n a l k a l i s o i l s , , e s p e c i a l l y i n s o i l s which were o r i g i n a l l y acid, and then heavily limed. I t i s believed that manganese i s re-la t e d to oxidation i n plants. Manganese i s considered important i n the photosynthetic process and respiratory system of plants. In the s o i l , manganese i s most available i n the manganese oxide form. Absorption of manganese i s determined by pH, temperature, organic matter, and a v a i l a b i l i t y of reducing agents. High s o i l aeration and high pH reduces the absorption of manganese. The more oxidation occuring i n the s o i l , the more d e f i c i e n t the element becomes. In general manganese deficiency symptoms include c h l o r o t i c patches i n the leaves, development of necrotic areas, reduction and possible cessation of growth. Somers and Shive (68) report that pathological symptoms produced with excessive i r o n are i d e n t i c a l with those produced when manganese i s d e f i c -i e n t . I t i s indicated that i r o n and manganese are d e f i n i t e l y (7) i n t e r r e l a t e d i n t h e i r metabolic f u n c t i o n s , the b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the one being determined by the p r o p o r t i o n a t e presence of the other. Lyon, and Beeson (4.2) found t h a t w i t h tomatoes l a c k of manganese r e s u l t e d i n severe d e f i c i e n c y sympt-oms, accompanied by s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s growth and f r u i t f u l n e s s , but d i d not s i g n i f i c a n t l y e f f e c t the a s c o r b i c a c i d content. Evans (17) r e p o r t s from h i s work w i t h soybeans that a manganese d e f i c i e n c y r e s u l t e d i n leaves h i g h i n phosphorus, potassium, and boron, but had l i t t l e e f f e c t on the uptake of other elements. The disease of oats known as grey speck, grey spot, or dry spot i s a t t r i b u t e d to a manganese d e f i c i e n c y . I t i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by g r e y i s h spots i n the leaves and small c h l o r -o t i c areas, c h i e f l y i n the lower h a l f of the l e a f , which coalesce and form elongated streaks which f i n a l l y t u r n brown. P l a n t s that are badly a f f e c t e d may become stunted and die e a r l y . The grey speck disease of oats can be c o n t r o l l e d by treatment w i t h a s o l u b l e manganese s a l t , e i t h e r by spraying the f o l i a g e or as a s o i l d r e s s i n g . I t has been i n d i c a t e d t h a t the roots of a f f e c t e d p l a n t s always show signs of m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l d i s i n t -e g r a t i o n , w i t h a l k a l i n e products produced i n the roots by the i n f e c t i n g micro-organisms, and that these products are c a r r i e d i n the t r a n s p i r a t i o n stream to the leaves where they produce the grey spots. Pahala b l i g h t of sugar cane, speckled yellows of sugar beet, marsh spot of peas and frenching of tung t r e e s (8) are a l l a t t r i b u t e d to a manganese d e f i c i e n c y . Wheat, b a r l e y , and rye are a l s o s u s c e p t i b l e to a manganese d e f i c i e n c y , w i t h the symptoms much the same as those produced by a manganese d e f i c -iency i n oats. Zinc has been shown to play an important r o l e i n animal n u t r i t i o n , as w e l l as, p l a n t n u t r i t i o n ( 5 6 ) . Zinc has been found to be a c o n s t i t u e n t of the enzyme carbonic a c i d anhydrase, which i s e s s e n t i a l to the normal f u n c t i o n i n g of the animal organism. Carbonic a c i d anhydrase contains about 0 . 3 per cent z i n c . I t i s an important r e s p i r a t o r y enzyme tha t c a t a l y z e s the formation, and decomposition of carbonic a c i d ; H2O + CO2 = H2CO.3. T h i s enzyme i s p a r t i c u l a r l y abundant i n the red blood c e l l s . I t i s considered p o s s i b l e t h a t a s i m i l a r enzyme system may f u n c t i o n i n the photosynthetic, or r e s p i r a t o r y processes of the p l a n t . Hoagland (33) i n d i c a t e s t h a t z i n c i n f l u e n c e s d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y p r o t e i n synthesis i n the p l a n t . Skoog (66) showed tha t z i n c a f f e c t s the a c t i v i t y of a u x i n , the p l a n t growth hormone. He showed that a decrease i n auxin preceded the appearance of v i s u a l symptoms of z i n c d e f i c i e n c y and t h a t a l a r g e i n c r e a s e i n auxin occurred i n the d e f i c i e n t p l a n t s w i t h i n one to a few days a f t e r z i n c was added. He concluded t h a t z i n c was e s s e n t i a l f o r the main-tenance of auxin i n an a c t i v e s t a t e , and th a t l a c k of z i n c l e d to excessive d e s t r u c t i o n of auxin. (9) Z i n c d e f i c i e n c y i s r e l a t e d to the amount of l i g h t the p l a n t r e c e i v e s . Low l i g h t areas do not show z i n c def-i c i e n c y , whereas b r i g h t l i g h t areas show a z i n c d e f i c i e n c y . I n low l i g h t i n t e n s i t y the z i n c p r o t e i n compounds break down and c i r c u l a t e , but i n b r i g h t l i g h t the z i n c compounds accumulate (33) (56). Zinc d e f i c i e n c i e s occur p r i m a r i l y i n sandy s o i l s formed from s i l i c i o u s rocks such as g n e i s s , quartz, or sand-stone (33). On i r r i g a t e d areas, or calcareous s o i l s formed from limestone, z i n c d e f i c i e n c i e s have not been recorded. F l o r i d a and C a l i f o r n i a are among the l e a d i n g z i n c d e f i c i e n t areas. For z i n c d e f i c i e n t areas the element should be added i n sprays and f e r t i l i z e r s . The a d d i t i o n of z i n c has increased c o n s i d e r a b l y the y i e l d s of s e v e r a l crops, on d i f f e r e n t s o i l types. Because of the a t t r a c t i o n that z i n c o f f e r s to s o i l c o l l o i d s , i t i s d i f f i c u l t to get z i n c to move down through the s o i l . I t i s t h e r e f o r e recommended to t r e a t z i n c d e f i c i e n t p l a n t s w i t h deep r o o t s , by spraying r a t h e r than w i t h a s o i l a p p l i c a t i o n . I t i s a d v i s a b l e t h a t z i n c s a l t s should not be added to mixed f e r t i l -i z e r s , because z i n c r e a c t s w i t h phosphate to form i n s o l u b l e z i n c phosphate. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c symptoms of z i n c d e f i c i e n c y i n tomato p l a n t s as reported by Reed (56) are dwarfness, paleness, downward curvatures of the l e a f l e t s , and dead spots on the l e a f l e t s . I t has been reported by Lyon (40) that the p a l i s a d e c e l l s were l a r g e r , and t h a t the spongy parenchyma was more ( 1 0 ) compact, with zinc d e f i c i e n t tomato plants, than i n similar leaves from healthy plants, to which zinc had been supplied. Lyon also states that zinc d e f i c i e n t f r u i t s of the tomato plants were small compared to the controls, and that the coloring of the f r u i t was a mottled red, or yellow orange. Smith (67) states that the zinc content of tomato leaves, on a dry weight basis, increases with increasing concentrations of zinc applied. Cheng Tsui (76) reports that there i s a decrease i n the water content of zinc d e f i c i e n t plants, even before there are any v i s i b l e symptoms of the deficiency. When zinc i s added to the nutrient solution the increase i n water content i s f i r s t observed at about the same time that the increase i n auxin i s observed. Reed (57) reports that tests of sections of l i v i n g stems demonstrated that phenol oxidase i s more abundant i n zinc d e f i c i e n t than i n healthy tomato stems. The healthy plants have been shown to have more hydrogenase and less oxidase. Reed goes on to state that zinc, l i k e i r o n and copper probably forms compounds with various proteins, which have s p e c i f i c properties and functions. Copper d e f i c i e n c i e s have been found i n C a l i f o r n i a , F l o r i d a , South Carolina, and other l i m i t e d areas. I t i s most frequent on sandy s o i l s or on peat or muck s o i l s , and (11) u s u a l l y a f f e c t s f r u i t t r e e s , and c e r t a i n vegetable crops. I n A u s t r a l i a r o t a t i o n crops such as wheat, oats, c l o v e r , and a l f a l f a are frequently a f f e c t e d . For d e f i c i e n t areas copper sulphate i s the usual treatment, w i t h r a t e s of ap-p l i c a t i o n v arying from te n to a hundred pounds per acre. Copper i s present i n the s o i l up to 50 p.p.m. and i n most p l a n t s i n q u a n t i t i e s up to a 100 p.p.m. Copper i s r e a d i l y absorbed by the s o i l c o l l o i d s , but because i t i s very weakly h e l d , i t i s e a s i l y d i s p l a c e d by other ions (2) (69). I t has been found that copper enters i n t o the composition of the o x i d i z i n g enzyme known as ca t e c h o l oxidase, or polyphenol oxidase. The enzyme appears to be a copper p r o t e i n compound c o n t a i n i n g not l e s s than 0.30 per cent of copper. Lipman, and Mackinney (39) found that b a r l e y p l a n t s are unable to produce seed without the presence of a small q u a n t i t y of copper i n the root medium. S i m i l a r r e s u l t s have a l s o been obtained w i t h f l a x , and i t i s , t h e r e f o r e , assumed that copper i s common to the higher green p l a n t s i n general. B a i l e y (4) s t a t e s t h a t tomato p l a n t s grown i n the absence of copper produced a small number of f r u i t s , and a l s o very l i t t l e seed. He i n d i c a t e s t h a t the optimum co n c e n t r a t i o n of copper f o r top growth, was 0.05 p.p.m. and that f o r f r u i t s the optimum copper l e v e l was 0.01 p.p.m. P i p e r (53) found that (12) oats grown i n a copper f r e e n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n u n t i l the d e v e l -opment of acute d e f i c i e n c y symptoms, recovered and completed t h e i r normal l i f e c y c l e on the a d d i t i o n of s u f f i c i e n t copper to the s o l u t i o n . H a r r i s (27) i n d i c a t e d t h a t copper had no e f f e c t on y i e l d , carbohydrate content, or v i t a m i n C content of red rasp-b e r r i e s grown on the c o a s t a l s o i l of B r i t i s h Columbia. Exanthema or die-back disease of f r u i t t r e e s i s r e l a t e d to a copper d e f i c i e n c y (72). I n C a l i f o r n i a t h i s disease has been reported to occur i n French prune, Japanese plum, apple, pear, and o l i v e t r e e s . V i t h the die-back disease the f r u i t i s s m a l l , and f r e q u e n t l y marked w i t h i r r e g u l a r shaped brown spots, or b l o t c h e s , where f i n a l l y the s k i n , a f t e r becoming dry, s p l i t s open. Cases of molybdenum d e f i c i e n c y have been observed under f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s i n South A u s t r a l i a , New Zealand, and Tasmania. C a u l i f l o w e r , c l o v e r s , and a l f a l f a have been r e -ported to be a f f e c t e d by molybdenum d e f i c i e n c i e s . Molyb-denum d e f i c i e n t symptoms are c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a m o t t l i n g of the l e a v e s , w i t h a c u r l i n g and breakdown around l e a f edges (31). A treatment of two pounds of sodium molybdate per acre has given maximum crop responses i n A u s t r a l i a n t e s t s . Phosphate rock o f t e n contains molybdenum, and t h e r e f o r e q u a n t i t i e s added as i m p u r i t i e s i n f e r t i l i z e r m a t e r i a l s may prevent extensive d e f i c i e n c i e s . (13) Hewitt, and B o l l e (31) i n d i c a t e t h a t B r a s s i c a crops are h i g h l y s e n s i t i v e to molybdenum d e f i c i e n c i e s . They reported that growth was g r e a t l y reduced by molybdenum d e f i c i e n c y , and tha t t o x i c i t y was not marked at 10 p.p.m. molybdenum. Lyon (40) comparing tomatoes grown i n complete, and molybdenum d e f i c i e n t c u l t u r e s , found no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s . w i t h respect to growth of p l a n t s , and v i t a m i n C content of the f r u i t . I t can be seen from the foregoing that up to the present time, there i s much c o n f l i c t i n g evidence i n regard to the response of p l a n t s to the a p p l i c a t i o n s of minor elements. ( u ) MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted i n the greenhouse a t the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia. Tomato seed of v a r i e t y Vetomold was sown i n f l a t s of washed sand. The f l a t s were watered only w i t h d i s t i l l e d water. As soon as the p l a n t s were l a r g e enough to t r a n s p l a n t they were t r a n s f e r r e d to ten i n c h pots f i l l e d w i t h sand. The pots were coated i n s i d e w i t h as/pha-lt and the sand used had been thoroughly washed. The f i r s t s e r i e s of p l a n t s was s t a r t e d i n May 1 9 5 4 * and grown u n t i l October, 1 9 5 4 - A second s e r i e s of pl a n t s was s t a r t e d i n October, 1 9 5 4 and grown u n t i l March, 1 9 5 5 . A randomized block arrangement was used i n s e t t i n g up the experiment, which c o n s i s t e d of twelve treatments, and four r e p l i c a t i o n s , w i t h the p o s i t i o n of the treatments l e f t to chance. The twelve treatments and four r e p l i c a t i o n s gave a t o t a l of f o r t y - e i g h t p l a n t s . (15) The twelve treatments which were used i n the experiment are l i s t e d as f o l l o w s : 1. Complete - (A-Z), ( C o n t r o l I) 2. Complete + boron 3 . Complete manganese 4 . Complete + z i n c 5 . Complete + copper 6. Complete + molybdenum 7. Complete (A-Z), ( C o n t r o l I I ) 8. Complete (A-Z) - boron 9. Complete (A-Z) - manganese 10. Complete (A-Z) - z i n c 11. Complete + (A-Z) - copper 12. Complete + (A-Z) - molybdenum The term complete designates the t r a d i t i o n a l ten e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t elements, w i t h (A-Z) des i g n a t i n g the f i v e m i c r o n u t r i e n t elements; boron, manganese, z i n c , copper, and molybdenum. The s i n g l e m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I , i n v o l v e d the c o n t r o l w i t h no minor elements added, together w i t h the a d d i t i o n of one of the minor elements f o r each of the other f i v e treatments. The combined m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , together w i t h the c o n t r o l , i n v o l v e d a combination of f i v e minor elements, w i t h the absence of one minor element f o r each of the f i v e treatments. (16) Hoaglands (34-) n u t r i e n t stock concentrations, were used f o r the p r e p a r a t i o n of the complete and micro-n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n s . The complete n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n con-s i s t e d of the f o l l o w i n g s a l t s : KNO3, MgSO^, CaCNG^^, and KH^PO^. The m i c r o n u t r i e n t , or the (A-Z) s o l u t i o n c o n s i s t e d of the f o l l o w i n g s a l t s : H3BO3, MnCl 2, ZnSO^, CuSO^, and molybdic a c i d . I r o n was a p p l i e d once a week from a stock s o l u t i o n of i r o n ( f e r r i c ) c i t r a t e . A l l the pl a n t s r e c e i v e d 500 c.c. a p p l i c a t i o n s of the complete n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n twice a week. The minor elements were a p p l i e d at the r a t e of 1 c.c. per l i t r e of s o l u t i o n every ten days. During the experiment the heights of the p l a n t s were taken a t seven day i n t e r v a l s . At d i f f e r e n t stages of growth, and development, the d e f i c i e n c y symptoms of the various treatments were recorded. At m a t u r i t y , the tomato y i e l d s , along w i t h the top weights of the p l a n t s were recorded f o r the d i f f e r e n t treatments. For some of the treatments photographs were taken to i n d i c a t e the d e f i c -iency symptoms. A t i s s u e study of the leaves was made f o r p o s s i b l e d i f f e r e n c e s and abno r m a l i t i e s i n c e l l s t r u c t u r e . Along w i t h the recording of the p h y s i c a l f a c t o r s , a number of chemical determinations were made which i n c l u d e the f o l l o w i n g : (17) (1) Tissue t e s t s f o r n i t r o g e n , phosphorus, potassium and calcium. (2) V i t a m i n C content of the f r u i t . ( 3 ) Sugar, and ash content of the f r u i t . (4.) T o t a l s o l i d s , and water content of the f r u i t . (5) T i t r a t a b l e a c i d i t y . (6) T o t a l phosphorus, and n i t r o g e n content of the tomatoes'. (7) Potassium, and i r o n content of the tomatoes. Spurway (14) chemical t e s t s were employed f o r the t i s s u e t e s t s . Tissue t e s t s were made to determine the e f f e c t s of the d i f f e r e n t treatments on the absorbing c a p a c i t y of the pl a n t s f o r the e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t elements n i t r o g e n , phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. The p l a n t s themselves through t h e i r appearance i n d i c a t e d the a v a i l a b i l i t y of n u t r i e n t s from the vari o u s c u l t u r e s . For the t i s s u e t e s t i n g .5 gm. p o r t i o n s of l e a f p e t i o l e s from the centre of each p l a n t were obtained, and placed i n t e s t tubes w i t h 10 c.c. of U n i v e r s a l e x t r a c t i n g s o l u t i o n , w i t h a pinch of d e c o l o r i z i n g c h a r c o a l . The e x t r a c t was used f o r the determination of the var i o u s n u t r i e n t s by the procedure used f o r s o l u t i o n t e s t i n g . The r e s u l t s were recorded i n p.p.m. of f r e s h weight of the t i s s u e . (18) The v i t a m i n C determination (62) i n v o l v e d the t i t r a t i o n of sodium 2,6 dichlorobenzenoneindophenol, standardized against a standard s o l u t i o n of as c o r b i c a c i d i n t o the unknown s o l u t i o n of v i t a m i n C. The a s c o r b i c a c i d becomes o x i d i z e d , reducing the dye to give the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o l o r . The vi t a m i n C content of the tomatoes was recorded i n mlgms/100 gms. The ash content of the f r u i t was determined by the c o n d u c t i v i t y method, and the sugar content was made by refractometer readings ( l ) (A.O.A.C.). T o t a l s o l i d s , and percent moisture were obtained from the oven d r i e d samples. • T i t r a t a b l e a c i d i t y was determined by t i t r a t i n g the samples against sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as the i n d i c a t o r . T o t a l n i t r o g e n was determined by use of the K j e l d a l method ( l ) . T o t a l phosphorus was determined by B r i g g ' s method w i t h the use of the N e s s l e r i s e r . A c o l o r comparison was made between the standard and the unknown ( l ) . Potassium was determined by Peech's method, i n v o l v -i n g the use of c o b a l t i n i t r i t e , and potassium permangate, w i t h the f i n a l t i t r a t i o n against o x a l i c a c i d (51)• (19) I r o n was determined by using c i t r i c a c i d , and t h i o g l y c o l l i c a c i d , and employing the N e s s l e r i s e r method ( l ) . During the grand pe r i o d of growth samples of equal s i z e were taken from the leaves of the d i f f e r e n t treatments. The m a t e r i a l was k i l l e d , and f i x e d i n B. C. F i x a t i v e , (Methyl alcohol—iDQcc; water 100 c.c; g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d 10 c.c; f o r m a l i n 25 c . c ) . The m a t e r i a l was dehydrated w i t h a l c o h o l s , and embedded i n p a r a f f i n . The m a t e r i a l was then sectioned w i t h a microtome, (12 microns i n diameter) and t f o l l o w e d by a s t a i n i n g procedure, i n v o l v i n g the use of s a f r a n i n and l i g h t green. Some of the d i f f e r e n t l y t r e a t e d p l a n t s were photographed using a high power m a g n i f i c a t i o n . (20) RESULTS SYMPTOMS The complete - (A-Z) C o n t r o l I , t r e a t e d p l a n t s , along w i t h the C+manganese, C+zinc, C+copper, C*molybdenum, and C-f(A-Z)-boron t r e a t e d p l a n t s , produced very l i t t l e v e g e t a t i v e growth and gave a very small y i e l d i n comparison to p l a n t s which received the remaining treatments. I n most cases the leaves were f o l d e d downward, were o f f - c o l o r ( y e l l o w to purple) and d e s i c c a t e d . The stems were q u i t e t h i n and the f o l i a g e was very weak. The s t u n t i n g of growth, scorching and f o l d i n g of l e a f l e t s , accompanied by the u l t i -mate drop of l e a f l e t s , was c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h i s group. These p l a n t s were very l a t e i n y i e l d i n g f r u i t , compared to the remaining p l a n t s i n the experiment. I t was i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a t the y i e l d of f r u i t produced by i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s of t h i s p a r t i c u l a r group was p r a c t i c a l l y the same. I n the combined m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , the pl a n t s which r e c e i v e d the C+(A-Z)-boron treatment gave the slowest r a t e of growth, and produced the l e a s t f r u i t . T h i s treatment made poor v e g e t a t i v e growth, accompanied by leaves t h a t were f o l d e d and dry. During l a t e r stages of growth the lower leaves began to f a l l o f f w i t h the c h l o r o t i c areas moving upward. The stems were q u i t e t h i n and the leaves gave areas of brownish c o l o r a t i o n which were r a t h e r b r i t t l e . ( 2 1 ) Very l i t t l e t o t a l height was a t t a i n e d w i t h p r a c t i c a l l y no f r u i t produced. During the course of the experiment boron stood out as the element, that gave the most outstanding d e f i c i e n c y symptoms. I n c o n t r a s t to the C+(A-Z)-boron treatment the complete+boron treatment produced pla n t s w i t h an abundance of v e g e t a t i v e growth and produced a high y i e l d . The complete minus m i c r o n u t r i e n t treatment, c o n t r o l I , gave very poor v e g e t a t i v e growth, and produced only one tomato. These t r e a t e d p l a n t s gave a slow r a t e of growth, and a t t a i n e d a low t o t a l height. The leaves were t w i s t e d , f o l d e d downwards and o f f c o l o r . The middle s e c t i o n s of the leaves took on a deep blue c o l o r a t i o n which moved outward toward the margins. V i t h the complete+manganese treatment, growth progressed a t a slow r a t e , u n t i l i t f i n a l l y a t t a i n e d a small t o t a l height and remained constant. This type of growth was a l s o e x h i b i t e d by the f o l l o w i n g treatments: C-(A-Z), C+zinc, C+copper, C+molybdenum and C+(A-Z)-boron. The C+manganese treatment produced p l a n t s showing c h l o r o t i c , and n e c r o t i c areas on the f o l i a g e during the f i r s t stages of growth. Y e l l o w i n g s t a r t e d at the l e a f margins and progressed towards the centre of the l e a f . (22) The complete+zinc treatment r e s u l t e d i n p l a n t s showing poor ve g e t a t i v e growth and s e t t i n g very l i t t l e f r u i t . C h l o r o s i s was most evident on the upper leaves of the p l a n t . The leaves were t w i s t e d , s m a l l , sparse, and very b r i t t l e . The eomplete+copper, and complete+molybdenum t r e a t e d p l a n t s a l s o produced very l i t t l e v e g e t a t i v e growth and f r u i t s e t . The complete+copper t r e a t e d p l a n t s a t t a i n e d a smaller height and had l e s s f o l i a g e than the C+manganese and the C+zinc t r e a t e d ones. The C+manganese and C+zinc t r e a t e d p l a n t s e x h i b i t e d leaves t h a t were c h l o r o t i c , t w i s t e d , s m a l l and sparse and a l s o leaves t h a t dropped more q u i c k l y than those from the manganese and zi n c t r e a t e d p l a n t s . With the C+(A-Z)-manganese t r e a t e d p l a n t s , c h l o r o t i c areas developed on the upper lea v e s , and tended to move downward on the p l a n t . The leaves had an abnormal shape and e x h i b i t e d an unnatural c o l o r a t i o n . A small growth r a t e and low y i e l d was obtained, compared to the c o n t r o l I I , C+(A-Z) t r e a t e d p l a n t s . The C+(A-Z)-zinc t r e a t e d p l a n t s d i d not produce the healthy v e g e t a t i v e growth that was c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the c o n t r o l I I , C+(A-Z) treatment. The lower leaves were pa l e , dry and fo l d e d downwards* This treatment a l s o produced a s i g n i f i c a n t l y s maller y i e l d than the c o n t r o l I I , C+(A-Z) t r e a t e d p l a n t s . (23) With the C+(A-Z)-copper treatment the upper leaves gave the f i r s t i n d i c a t i o n of a c h l o r o t i c appearance followed by a d i s c o l o r a t i o n of the lower l e a v e s . This treatment produced a y i e l d which was almost i d e n t i c a l t o the O ( A - Z ) -z i n c treatment and s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower than the c o n t r o l I I , C4(A-Z) t r e a t e d p l a n t s . The C+(A-Z)-molybdenum t r e a t e d p l a n t s d i d not give any outstanding d e f i c i e n c y symptoms although i t d i d appear that some of the leaves developed c h l o r o t i c areas during the l a t e r stages of growth. I t was noted that a small number of leaves had a spotted purple appearance. The f r u i t s produced by the O(A-Z)-copper t r e a t e d p l a n t s were very i r r e g u l a r i n shape i n comparison to the other treatments. The C*(A-Z)-zinc t r e a t e d p l a n t s produced f r u i t s t hat were more abundant and much smaller i n s i z e i n comparison to the remaining treatments. TABLES. The p h y s i c a l and chemical determinations were analysed s t a t i s t i c a l l y using the a n a l y s i s of variance of F i s h e r (19). An example of the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s used i s i n the Appendix. The growth r a t e was recorded i n inches. The s t a t i s t -i c a l a n a l y s i s of data i s shown i n Table 1 i n the Appendix. The summarized r e s u l t s obtained from t h i s a n a l y s i s are given i n Table 1. (2»0 T a b l e 1. The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e g r o w t h r a t e o f t h e p l a n t s m e a s u r e d a t s e v e n d a y i n t e r v a l s . c+U-z) C - ( A - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) G e n . S . D . C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n P= .05 M e a n H e i g h t ( i n c h e s ; 2.90 ^.20 3.87 3.55 3.28 3.22 3.37 3.85 ^.30 h.27 ^.39 3.81 .61 P e r c e n t M e a n 119,70 76,10 110.2 101.5 93.1 86.0 8**.5 88.h 101.0 112.8 112.5 115.2 100 16.0 T h e y i e l d o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s w a s r e c o r d e d i n g r a m s . . T a b l e 2 b e l o w s h o w s t h e s u m m a r i z e d r e s u l t s o f t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s . T a b l e 2. The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e y i e l d o f t h e t o m a t o p l a n t s . . ~~~~ ! ! C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + U - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n P=.Q5 M e a n Y i e l d 822.0 *+6.1 630.0 hQ.h h7.7 kh.O 39.6 55.0 570.0 573.7 725.7 333.9 30.85 ( g r a m s ) P e r c e n t 2*f6.1 13.8 188.6 l * f . * f lh.2 13.1 11.8 16.^ 121.1 170.7 171.8 217.3 100 9.2 M e a n (25) Re Table 1 The c o n t r o l I I , O ( A - Z ) , and the C+(A-Z)-molyb-denum t r e a t e d p l a n t s shoved the f a s t e s t r a t e of growth. These two treatments, along w i t h the C+(A-Z)-copper, and minus zi n c t r e a t e d p l a n t s had a s i g n i f i c a n t l y f a s t e r r a t e of growth, than the c o n t r o l I , C-(A-Z), C+zinc, C+copper, C+molybdenum, and C+(A-Z)-boron t r e a t e d p l a n t s . The C - ( A - Z ) , c o n t r o l I , t r e a t e d p l a n t s showed the smallest r a t e of growth. I n the combined m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , the C+(A-Z)-boron, and the C+(A-Z)-manganese treatments had the g r e a t e s t d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t on growth. The C+boron, C+manganese, and C+zinc treatments showed a s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher r a t e of growth, than the C-(A-Z), c o n t r o l I treatment. I n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s e r i e s , the a d d i t i o n of copper, and molybdenum, d i d not s i g n i f i c a n t l y i ncrease the growth r a t e over the c o n t r o l I , C-(A-Z) treatment. Re Table 2 The c o n t r o l I I , C+(A-Z), and the C+-(A-Z)-molybdenum t r e a t e d p l a n t s gave s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher y i e l d s than the r e s t of the treatments w i t h respect to both s e r i e s . The C-(A-Z), c o n t r o l I , treatment, along w i t h C+manganese, C+zinc, Ctcopper, C+molybdenum, and C+(A-Z)-boron, gave very s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower y i e l d s i n comparison to the r e s t of the treatments. I n the combined m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , C+(A-Z)-boron ( 2 6 ) R e T a b l e 2 ( c o n t ' d ) t r e a t e d p l a n t s g a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r y i e l d , a n d c o n v e r s e l y t h e a d d i t i o n o f b o r o n i n t h e s i n g l e m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I , g a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r y i e l d , c o m p a r e d t o t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e o t h e r m i n o r e l e m e n t s . I n b o t h s e r i e s t h e a d d i t i o n , a n d a b s e n c e o f z i n c , a n d c o p p e r , g a v e c o r r e s p o n d i n g y i e l d s . C + ( A - Z ) - m a n g a n e s e i n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I s h o w e d a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r y i e l d t h a n t h e o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s . B o r o n , a n d m a n g a n e s e h a d t h e g r e a t e s t e f f e c t o n y i e l d , f o l l o w e d b y z i n c , c o p p e r , a n d m o l y b d e n u m . The t o p w e i g h t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t l y t r e a t e d p l a n t s a t m a t u r i t y w a s r e c o r d e d i n g r a m s . The s u m m a r i z e d r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e g i v e n b e l o w i n T a b l e 3 . T a b l e 3. (27) T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e t o p w e i g h t o f t h e p l a n t s . C + U - _ ) C + U - Z ) C ! + ( A - _ ) C + ( A - Z )C + ( A - z ) G e n . S .D . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n n = . Q 5 M e a n T o p W e i g h t 293 . 7 1 7 0 . 0 3 1 1 . 5 1 1 5 . 0 1 3 6 . 0 1 2 3 . 7 8 5 . 2 260 . 7 3 6 2 . 0 . 3 1 7 . 2 2 9 2 . 5 217.h 2hM ( g r a m s ) P e r c e n t M e a n 1 3 5 . 0 7 8 . 2 1 ^ 3 . 2 52 . 8 6 2 . 5 6 5 . 0 5 6 . 9 3 9 . 1 1 1 9 . 9 1 6 6 . 5 l * f 5 . 9 1 3 ^ . 5 1 0 0 1 1 . 2 T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e s u g a r c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t w a s e x p r e s s e d i n p e r c e n t . T h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w i n T a b l e h. T a b l e h. T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e s u g a r c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t • C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n P = . Q 5 M e a n S u g a r ( P e r c e n t ) 3 . 7 0 2.95 3 . 6 2 3 . 1 0 3 . 2 7 2.95 2.95 2.90 3.28 3 . 2 0 3 . 6 0 3.57 3.25 .5^8 M e a n 1 1 3 . 8 9 0 . 7 111 .k 95.h 1 0 0 . 6 9 0 . 7 9 0 . 7 8 9 . 2 1 0 0 . 9 98 . * f 1 1 0 . 8 1 0 9 . 8 1 0 0 1 6 . 8 6 (28) Re Table 3. The O ( A - Z ) - z i n c treatment had a s i g n i f i c a n t l y g reater top weight, than the r e s t of the treatments. The c o n t r o l I I C + (A-Z), C+boron, C+(A-Z)-copper, and Ct-(A-Z) -molybdenum treatments, produced s i m i l a r top weights. These treatments, along w i t h the C+(A-Z)-zinc, and C+(A-Z)-manganese, gave s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher top weights than the r e s t of the treatments. The absence of boron, and manganese had a great e f f e c t on the top weight, i n the combined m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I . Re Table L. The c o n t r o l I I C+(A-Z), C+boron, O(A-Z)-copper, and O(A-Z)-molybdenum treatments showed a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h igher sugar content than the c o n t r o l I C-(A-Z), C+copper, C+molybdenum and C+(A-Z)-boron treatments, which were low i n sugar. I n the combined m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , manganese, and z i n c gave s i m i l a r sugar contents. The ash content of the d i f f e r e n t treatments was expressed i n per cent of f r e s h weight. The r e s u l t s obtained from the s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s are summarized below i n Table 5. (29) T a b l e 5. T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e a s h c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - Mn - Z n - C u - Mb M e a n p = . Q 5 M e a n A s h .5015 M3Q M55 M5l A 5 7 3 .^805 .^572 . 5060 . 5001 A 9 5 8 .5039 .^825 .095^3 ( p e r c e n t ) P e r c e n t M e a n 1 0 3 . 9 9 5 . 9 102.6 9 6 . 3 96.2 9*+.8 99.6 9 ^ . 7 1 0^ . 9 1 0 3 . 6 1 0 2 . 7 IQh.h 100 1 9 . 7 7 T h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among t r e a t m e n t s , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a s h c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e v i t a m i n C c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t w a s e x p r e s s e d i n mlgms/100 g m s . The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m toe s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w i n T a b l e 6. T a b l e 6 . The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e v i t a m i n C c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t . C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A > Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n p = . Q 5 M e a n V i t . C . ( m l g m s / 2 3 . 2 7 20.35 22.1+0 2 0 . 7 7 2 0 . i f 0 20.57 2 0 . * f 2 2 1 . 7 0 2 2 . 0 21.65 2 2 . 2 7 2 3 . 2 2 21.58 3.327 1 0 0 gms) P e r c e n t M e a n 1 0 7 . 8 9 * f . 3 1 0 3 . 8 9 6 . 2 9*f.5 9 5 . 3 9^.6 1 0 0 . 5 101 .h 1 0 0 . 3 1 0 3 . 2 1 0 7.6 1 0 0 l 5 . * f ( 3 0 ) R e T a b l e 6. T h e r e w a s n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n v i t a m i n C c o n t e n t among t h e d i f f e r e n t l y t r e a t e d p l a n t s . T h e c o n t r o l I I C + ( A - Z ) , a n d C + ( A - Z ) - m o l y b d e n u m t r e a t e d p l a n t s t e n d e d t o s h o w a h i g h e r v i t a m i n C c o n t e n t t h a n t h e r e s t o f t h e t r e a t m e n t s . T h e v i t a m i n C c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t i n t h e s i n g l e m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I w a s s l i g h t l y l o w e r , t h a n t h a t o f t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e t i t r a t a b l e a c i d i t y was e x p r e s s e d i n C . C . J | Q a c i d . The s u m m a r i z e d r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e s h o w n b e l o w i n T a b l e 7» T a b l e 7 . ( 3 D The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e t i t r a t a b l e a c i d i t y . ~ ~ C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n p=.Q5 M e a n A c i d -i t y ( c . c . 3 8 . 9 3 ^ . 2 3 6 . 7 3 3 . 9 3 3 . 7 3 ^ . 5 3 3 . 6 3 3 . 1 3 7 . 5 3 7 . 6 3 8 A 38.*f 3 5 . 8 7 3 . 7 5 8 % a c i d ) P e r c e n t M e a n 1 0 8 . ^ 9 5 . 3 1 0 2 . 3 9 ^ . 5 9 3 . 9 9 6 . 2 9 3 . 7 9 2 . 3 l Q i f . 5 1 0 ^ . 8 1 0 7 . 0 1 0 7 . 0 100 10M The d r y w e i g h t s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s were e x p r e s s e d i n p e r c e n t . T h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w i n T a b l e 8 . T a b l e 8 . The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e d r y w e i g h t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n p= .05 M e a n D r y Wt. k.97 V.25 *f.37 hte ^.25 >+.27 ^.25 * f . lO ^ .82 i f .72 ^.85 >+.5l .905 P e r C e n t M e a n 1 1 0 . 2 9*f.2 9 6 . 9 9 8 . 0 9*f.2 9*f.7 9 ^ . 2 ' 9 0 . 9 1 0 6 . 8 l Q i f . 6 1 0 7 . 5 1 0 9 . 7 100 2 0 . 0 (32) R e T a b l e 7. T h e c o n t r o l I I , C + ( A - Z ) , C + ( A - Z ) - m a n g a n e s e , C + ( A - Z ) - z i n c , C + ( A - Z ) - c o p p e r a n d C + ( A - Z ) - m o l y b d e n u m , t r e a t e d p l a n t s g a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r l e v e l s o f a c i d i t y , c o m p a r e d t o t h e C+ z i n c , C + m o l y b d e n u m , a n d C + ( A - Z ) - b o r o n t r e a t e d p l a n t s . I n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , t h e a d d i t i o n o f b o r o n t e n d e d t o g i v e a g r e a t e r i n c r e a s e i n a c i d i t y , t h a n d i d t h e o t h e r m i n o r e l e m e n t s i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s e r i e s . R e T a b l e 8 . T h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e t r e a t m e n t s , w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e d r y w e i g h t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . The C + ( A - Z ) - b o r o n , C - ( A - Z ) , c o n t r o l I , C+ z i n c , C + c o p p e r , a n d C + m o l y b d e n u m t r e a t m e n t s t e n d e d t o s h o w l o w e r d r y w e i g h t s , t h a n t h e r e s t o f t h e t r e a t m e n t s . The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e a b s o r b i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e p l a n t s , f o r t h e e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t e l e m e n t s ; n i t r o g e n , p h o s p h o r u s , p o t a s s i u m , a n d c a l c i u m , a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w i n T a b l e s 9 , 10, 11, a n d 12, w i t h t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s s h o w n i n t h e A p p e n d i x . (33) T a b l e 9 . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e n i t r o g e n l e v e l o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s . C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - Mn - Z n - C u - Mb M e a n p = . Q 5 M e a n N i t -r o g e n 252.5 15 5 . 0 152.5 1 3 2 . 5 1 5 5 . 0 1 3 7 . 5 1 2 5 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 5 5 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 150 . 0 157.5 158.5 19.25 ( p . p . m ) P e r C e n t M e a n 1 5 9 . 3 9 7 . 7 9 6 . 2 8 3 . 5 9 7 . 7 8 6 . 7 7 8 . 8 1 0 0 . 9 9 7 . 7 1 0 7 . 2 9* f .6 9 9 . 3 1 0 0 1 2 . 1 T a b l e 10 T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e p h o s p h o r u s l e v e l o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s . C + ( A - Z ) C-- ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n p = . 0 5 M e a n P h o s -p h o r u s 2 2 . 7 ( p . p . m . ) P e r C e n t M e a n 118.2 15.0 2k.2 2k.2 21.2 Ik .5 18.2 25.0 16.2 1 7 . 7 1 5 . 7 1 5 . 7 19.2 2.6k2 78.1 1 2 6.0 1 2 6 . 0 110.k 7?.? 9 V . 8 1 3 0.2 8^ . 3 92.1 8 1 . 7 8 1 . 7 1 0 0 1 3 . 7 6 (3*0 T a b l e 11. The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e p o t a s s i u m l e v e l o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n TJ=.05 M e a n P o t -a s s i u m 367.5 ( p . p . m . ) P e r C e n t M e a n 10^.1 310.0 87.8 *K>7.5 302.5 380.0 320.0 290.0 392.5 377.5 355.0 3^5.0 387.5 362.9 69.5^ 115A 8 5.7 1 0 7 . 6 90.6 82.1 111.2 1 0 6 . 9 100.6 97.7 1 0 9.8 100 19.7 T a b l e 12. T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e c a l c i u m l e v e l o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n n = . 0 5 M e a n C a l -c i u m 815.0 ( p . p . m . ) P e r C e n t M e a n 1 1 5 A 700.0 9?,o 685.0 725.0 6^7.5 675.0 625.0 697.5 717.5 715.0 700.0 768.5 705.9 90.53 97.0 102.7 91.7 95.6 88.5 98.8 101.6 101.1 99.1 108.8 100 12.8 (35) A l l o f t h e t r e a t m e n t s g a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w l e v e l s o f n i t r o g e n i n t h e i r p l a n t t i s s u e s , w h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l I I , C + ( A - Z ) t r e a t m e n t . I n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , t h e C + ( A - Z ) - z i n c t r e a t m e n t t e n d e d t o s t i m u l a t e a b s o r p t i o n o f n i t r o g e n , w h e r e a s t h e o t h e r m i n o r e l e m e n t s i n t h i s s e r i e s h a d a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same e f f e c t o n t h e n i t r o -g e n l e v e l . T h e a d d i t i o n o f m a n g a n e s e , a n d m o l y b d e n u m i n t h e s i n g l e m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I , t e n d e d t o g i v e a l o w e r l e v e l o f n i t r o g e n , c o m p a r e d t o t h e o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s i n t h i s g r o u p . T h e c o n t r o l I I C + ( A - Z ) , C + b o r o n , C + m o l y b d e n u m , C + z i n c , a n d C + ( A - Z ) - b o r o n t r e a t e d p l a n t s g a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r l e v e l s o f p h o s p h o r u s i n t h e i r p l a n t t i s s u e s , t h a n d i d t h e r e s t o f t h e t r e a t m e n t s . I n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o -n u t r i e n t g r o u p t h e C + ( A - Z ) - b o r o n t r e a t m e n t , g a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r l e v e l o f p h o s p h o r u s , c o m p a r e d t o t h e o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s i n t h e g r o u p . I n t h i s g r o u p t h e a b s e n c e o f m a n g a n e s e , c o p p e r , a n d m o l y b d e n u m h a d a s i m i l a r e f f e c t o n p h o s p h o r u s a b s o r p t i o n . I n t h e s i n g l e m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I , t h e a d d i t i o n o f b o r o n , m a n g a n e s e , a n d z i n c e n -h a n c e d t h e a b s o r p t i o n o f p h o s p h o r u s t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r l e v e l s , o v e r t h e c o n t r o l I , C - ( A - Z ) , C + c o p p e r , a n d C + m o l y b d e n u m t r e a t m e n t s . (36) I n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , t h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among t r e a t m e n t s , w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e p o t a s s i u m l e v e l , o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s . I n t h e s i n g l e m i c r o n u t r i e n t g r o u p t h e a d d i t i o n o f m a n g a n e s e , a n d m o l y b d e n u m g a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r l e v e l s o f p o t a s s i u m i n c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e l e v e l s o f p o t a s s i u m o b t a i n e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o f b o r o n , a n d z i n c . The a b s e n c e o f b o r o n , m a n g a n e s e , z i n c , a n d c o p p e r , g a v e s i m i l a r l y l o w r e s u l t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a b s o r p t i o n , a n d t r a n s l o c a t i o n o f c a l c i u m t o t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e C + ( A - Z ) - m o l y b d e n u m t r e a t m e n t , t h e c o n t r o l I I , C + ( A - Z ) t r e a t e d p l a n t s g a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r l e v e l s o f c a l c i u m t h a n t h e o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s . T h e i r o n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s w a s e x p r e s s e d i n m i l l i g r a m s p e r h u n d r e d g r a m s . The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w i n T a b l e 13. (37) T a b l e 13. The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e i r o n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . C + U - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + U - Z ) G e n . S , D . - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b M e a n t>=.05 M e a n I r o n ( m l g m s / .763 100 gms) P e r C e n t M e a n 1 0 7 . 7 .651 91,9 .728 .6^5 102.8 9 1.1 .650 91,8 .65*+ 92,3 .629 88.8 .755 .751 .759 .731 .785 .708 .0905 1 0 6 . 6 1 0 6 . 0 1 0 7.2 1 0 3.2 1 1 1 . 1 100 12.7 The t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s , w a s e x p r e s s e d I n m i l l i g r a m s p e r h u n d r e d g r a m s . The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w i n T a b l e lh. T a b l e ih. The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . " C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + U - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - Mn - Z n - C u - M b M e a n p = . Q 5 M e a n P h o s - 2 5 . 1 1 9 . 8 2*+.5 2 2 . 9 2 0 . 2 1 9 . 9 1 9 . 5 2 ^ . 9 2 ^ . 2 2 1 . 9 22.1+ 2 1 . 7 2 2 . 2 3 . 6 0 ^ -p h o r u s ( m l g m s / 1 0 0 gms) P e r C e n t M e a n 1 1 3 . 0 8 9 . 2 1 1 0 . 3 1 0 3 . 1 9 1 . 0 8 9 . 6 8 7 . 8 1 1 2 . 1 1 0 9 . 0 9 8 . 6 1 0 0 . 9 9 7 . 7 1 0 0 1 6 . 2 (38) R e T a b l e 1 3 . I n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t g r o u p t h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s , among t h e t r e a t m e n t s , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r o n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . The i r o n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s f o r t h e c o n t r o l I , C - ( A - Z ) , C + m a n g a n e s e , C + z i n c , C + c o p p e r , a n d C + m o l y b d e n u m t r e a t e d p l a n t s w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w , w h e n c o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l I I , C + ( A - Z ) t r e a t m e n t , a n d t o t h e o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s i n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t g r o u p . R e T a b l e Ih. T h e c o n t r o l I I , C + ( A - Z ) , a n d C + b o r o n t r e a t e d p l a n t s h a d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t s , a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l I , C - ( A - Z ) , C + z i n c , C + c o p p e r , a n d C + m o l y b d e n u m t r e a t e d p l a n t s . T h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e t r e a t m e n t s i n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . The p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s , w a s r e c o r d e d i n m i l l i g r a m s p e r h u n d r e d g r a m s . The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w i n T a b l e 15. (39) T a b l e 1 $ . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a m e n t s o n t h e p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - Mb M e a n p=.Q5 M e a n P o t -a s s i u m 19Q.k 1 ^ . 9 191 . 9 15V.2 172.9 153 . 9 159 . 8 165 A 188 . 6 195.2 185 . 8 202 . 7 177.0 35.*+3 ( M l g m s / 100 gms) P e r C e n t M e a n 1 1 2 t l 8 7 . 5 1 0 8 . 5 87 . 1 97 . 7 8 7 . 0 9 0 . 3 9 3 . 5 1 0 6 . 6 110 . 3 1 0 5 . 0 1 1 ^ . 0 100 20 . 0 T h e n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s , w a s e x p r e s s e d a s g r a m s p e r h u n d r e d g r a m s . T h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e l o w i n T a b l e 1 6 . T a b l e 1 6 . The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . " C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) G e n . S . D . C + C A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - Mb M e a n p= .05 M e a n N i t -r o g e n .1575 .1198 .1235 .1221 .1288 .1325 .1205 .1^ .1527 .1366 .1363 .1^90 .1353 .0^-233 (gms/100 gms) P e r C e n t 116.3 88.5 91.2 90.1 95 . 1 9 7 . 9 89 . 1 106.*f 112 . 1 100 . 9 100 . 7 110 . 1 100 31.2 M e a n -0 * 0 ) R e T a b l e 1 5 . T h e t o m a t o e s o f t h e c o n t r o l I , C - ( A - Z ) , C + m a n g a n e s e , C + c o p p e r , C + m o l y b d e n u m , a n d C + ( A - Z ) - b o r o n t r e a t e d p l a n t s , c o n t a i n e d s i m i l a r a m o u n t s o f p o t a s s i u m . T h e C + ( A - Z ) - b o r o n t r e a t m e n t i n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s t e n d e d t o d e c r e a s e t h e p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s , a n d c o n v e r s e l y i n t h e s i n g l e m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I , i t t e n d e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t . R e T a b l e 1 6 . T h e r e w e r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s r e c o r d e d among t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . On) PLATES The following plates give an i n d i c a t i o n of the e f f e c t , that some of the minor elements, have on the tissue structure of the leaves. PLATE 1 COMPLETE +(A-Z), CONTROL I I . In t h i s treatment the c e l l s were quite uniform i n structure. The palisade mesophyll c e l l s were well constructed, and contained an abundance of chloroplasts. This treatment showed epidermis, and mesophyll c e l l s that were compressed, and de t e r i o r -ated i n structure. The c e l l s of the palisade meso-p h y l l were compressed, deteriorated and poorly shaped. The palisade layer contained a small amount of chlor-oplasts, as compared to the control I I , C+(A-Z) treatment. The spongy mesophyll was p a r t i c u l a r l y not well defined. P L A T E 1 1 1 . COMPLETE + BORON T h e a d d i t i o n o f b o r o n h a d a m a r k e d e f f e c t o n c e l l s t r u c t u r e . T h e c e l l s o f t h e p a l i s a d e , a n d s p o n g y p a r e n c h y m a , t o o k o n a m o r e u n i f o r m , a n d i m p r o v e d s t r u c t u r e , a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l I , c o m p l e t e - ( A - Z ) t r e a t m e n t . (W P L A T E I V . COMPLETE + MANGANESE T h o u g h t h e p a l i s a d e , a n d s p o n g y p a r e n c h y m a c e l l s w e r e d i s t o r t e d , t h e a d d i t i o n o f m a n g a n e s e g a v e a s l i g h t i m p r o v e m e n t t o t h e g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e t i s s u e , a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l I , c o m p l e t e - ( A - Z ) t r e a t m e n t . P L A T E V . COMPLETE + Z I N C . T h i s t r e a t m e n t s h o w e d t i s s u e t h a t w a s d i s t o r t e d , a n d r a t h e r c o m p r e s s e d a s c o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l I I , c o m p l e t e + ( A - Z ) t r e a t m e n t . C o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l I , C - ( A - Z ) t r e a t m e n t , t h e a d d i t i o n o f z i n c s l i g h t l y i m p r o v e d t h e t i s s u e s t r u c t u r e . P L A T E V I . COMPLETE + ( A - Z ) - BORON I n t h i s t r e a t m e n t t h e p a l i s a d e m e s o -p h y l l l a y e r was n o t w e l l d e f i n e d , a n d t h e s p o n g y m e s o p h y l l l a y e r w a s c o m p r e s s e d . C o m p a r e d t o t h e c o n t r o l I I , c o m p l e t e + ( A - Z ) t r e a t m e n t t h e a b s e n c e o f b o r o n g a v e a m a r k e d d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t i s s u e s t r u c t u r e . 0*7) The following photographs give an in d i c a t i o n , of some of the d i f f e r e n t minor element deficiency symptoms. AND COMPLETE + BORON ikS) PLATE I X . COMPLETE +(A-Z) - MANGANESE, AND COMPLETE +(A-Z) - BORON JL PLATE X. COMPLETE +(A-Z), CONTROL I I , AND COMPLETE +(A-Z) - ZINC 0*9) PLATE X I . COMPLETE +(A-Z), CONTROL I I , AND COMPLETE +(A-Z) - COPPER (50) D I S C U S S I O N OF R E S U L T S T h e c o n t r o l I I , C + ( A - Z ) t r e a t e d p l a n t s g a v e t h e l a r g e s t v e g e t a t i v e g r o w t h , a n d y i e l d . T h i s t r e a t m e n t g a v e t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e s f o r t h e p h y s i c a l , a n d c h e m i c a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s t h a t w e r e u s e d i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t . A s t h i s t r e a t m e n t c o n t a i n e d t h e f i v e m i c r o n u t r i e n t e l e m e n t s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e c o m p l e t e s o l u t i o n , i t w a s u s e d e x t e n s i v e l y a s a b a s i s f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e t r e a t m e n t s . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e c o m p l e t e + b o r o n t r e a t m e n t , t h e c o n t r o l I , c o m p l e t e - ( A - Z ) t r e a t m e n t , a l o n g w i t h t h e o t h e r t r e a t m e n t s i n t h e s i n g l e m i c r o -n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I , g a v e r e s u l t s w h i c h w e r e s i g n i f i c -a n t l y l o w e r i n m o s t c a s e s , t h a n t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f b o r o n i n t h e s i n g l e m i c r o n u t r i e n t g r o u p , p r o v e d t o b e m o r e b e n e f i c i a l f o r p l a n t g r o w t h , t h a n t h e s i n g l e a d d i t i o n o f a n y o f t h e o t h e r m i n o r e l e m e n t s . I t w a s a l s o s h o w n t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n o f b o r o n t o a c o m p l e t e s o l u t i o n , i n t h e s i n g l e m i c r o n u t r i e n t g r o u p g a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r y i e l d t h a n t h e f o l l o w i n g t r e a t m e n t s i n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o -n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I : C + ( A - Z ) - b o r o n , C + ( A - Z ) -m a n g a n e s e , C + ( A - Z ) - z i n c , a n d C + ( A - Z ) - c o p p e r . T h i s (51) i n d i c a t e s that the a d d i t i o n of boron to a complete s o l u t i o n , gave a s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher y i e l d than the a d d i t i o n of boron i n combination w i t h the other minor elements, w i t h the absence of manganese, z i n c , and copper r e s p e c t i v e l y . This a l s o i n d i c a t e s that the a d d i t i o n of boron to a complete s o l u t i o n gave a higher y i e l d , than a complete s o l u t i o n i n combination w i t h manganese, z i n c , copper, and molybdenum? The complete +boron treatment, a l s o gave s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher r e s u l t s than the C-i-(A-Z) -boron treatment, w i t h respect to the f o l l o w i n g determinations: growth r a t e , top weight of p l a n t s , and sugar content of the f r u i t . The c o n t r o l I , complete-(A-Z) treatment along w i t h the complete-manganese, complete-vzinc, complete+copper, and completetmolybdenum treatments, gave s i g n i f i c a n t l y low r e s u l t s throughout the experiment. , These treatments gave very l i t t l e v e g e t a t i v e growth, accompanied by h i g h l y s i g -n i f i c a n t y i e l d r e d u c t i o n s . These treatments produced approx-imate l y one small tomato per p l a n t . This i n d i c a t e s the importance and n e c e s s i t y of the minor elements i n the growth, and chemical composition of the tomato. (52) The a d d i t i o n o f m a n g a n e s e , a n d z i n c t o a c o m p l e t e s o l u t i o n , (C + m a n g a n e s e , a n d C + z i n c ) g a v e r e s u l t s t h a t w e r e q u i t e s i m i l a r w i t h r e s p e c t t o y i e l d , s u g a r , a n d a s h c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t • I n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s I I , t h e m i n u s z i n c , a n d m i n u s c o p p e r t r e a t m e n t s g a v e s i m i l a r y i e l d s . I n t h i s s e r i e s t h e C + ( A - Z ) - m a n g a n e s e t r e a t m e n t g a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r y i e l d , t h a n t h e m i n u s z i n c , a n d m i n u s c o p p e r t r e a t m e n t s . I n t h e c o m b i n e d m i c r o n u t r i e n t s e r i e s t h e C + ( A - Z ) - b o r o n t r e a t e d p l a n t s g a v e t h e l o w e s t v a l u e s , a n d t h e C + ( A - Z ) - m o l y b d e n u m t r e a t e d p l a n t s g a v e t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e s , w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e p h y s i c a l , a n d c h e m i c a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n s e m p l o y e d f o r t h e e x p e r i m e n t . T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t b o r o n h a s a m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t , a n d i m p o r t a n t r o l e , t h a n t h e o t h e r m i n o r e l e m e n t s , w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e g r o w t h , a n d p h y s i o l o g -i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e t o m a t o . I t a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h a t m o l y b d e n u m i s u t i l i z e d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t , f o r t h e g r o w t h , a n d c h e m i c a l a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e t o m a t o . No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e r e c o r d e d among t r e a t m e n t s f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g d e t e r m i n a t i o n s : a s h , a n d v i t a m i n C c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t , d r y w e i g h t o f t h e t o m a t o e s , a n d n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e ( 5 3 ) v i t a m i n C content, the r e s u l t s obtained from the minus manganese t r e a t e d p l a n t s , correspond to the r e s u l t s obtained by Lyon, and Beeson (42) i n t h e i r work w i t h tomato, where they found that l a c k of manganese d i d not s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t the v i t a m i n C content of the f r u i t . With regard to the n i t r o g e n l e v e l of the p l a n t t i s s u e s , a l l of the treatments gave s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower values, compared to the c o n t r o l I I , complete-*(A-Z) treatment. There were s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n the absorbing c a p a c i t y of the v a r i o u s treatments, f o r the e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t elements, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. This i n d i c a t e s that the minor elements play an important r o l e i n s t i m u l a t i n g the a b s o r p t i o n of these p a r t i c u l a r e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t elements. Evans (17) found t h a t w i t h soybeans a manganese d e f i c i e n c y r e s u l t e d i n leaves that were high i n phosphorus, and potassium. The r e s u l t s obtained from the t i s s u e t e s t s i n t h i s experiment w i t h tomatoes, i n d i c a t e d that a manganese d e f i c i e n c y , r e s u l t e d i n leaves that contained h i g h l e v e l s of potassium, and low l e v e l s of phosphorus, compared to the e o n t r o l I I , C+(A-Z) t r e a t e d p l a n t s . For some of the d i f f e r e n t treatments i n the experiment, the d e f i c i e n c y symptoms were q u i t e elaborate and extensive. The d e f i c i e n c y symptoms that were recorded (54) f o r the minus boron t r e a t e d p l a n t s were much the same as the boron d e f i c i e n t symptoms reported by Brenchley ( l l ) . The z i n c d e f i c i e n c y symptoms recorded f o r t h i s experiment, were q u i t e s i m i l a r to the z i n c d e f i c i e n c y symptoms found by Reed (56), i n t h i s work w i t h tomatoes. Lyon (4.0) found that z i n c d e f i c i e n t f r u i t of the tomato p l a n t s were small compared to the c o n t r o l s , and tha t the c o l o r of the f r u i t was a mottled red. This experiment i n d i c a t e d t h a t the minus copper t r e a t e d p l a n t s produced i r r e g u l a r i t y i n the shape of the f r u i t , and t h a t the minus z i n c t r e a t e d p l a n t s produced small f r u i t . I t was noteworthy that the absence of these two p a r t i c u l a r elements had such an e f f e c t on the shape and s i z e of the tomatoes. For some of the d i f f e r e n t treatments i t was shown, th a t the absence of the m i c r o n u t r i e n t elements, had a marked e f f e c t on the t i s s u e s t r u c t u r e of the leaves. Although i t has been i n d i c a t e d t h a t the f i v e minor elements f u n c t i o n i n some e s s e n t i a l c a p a c i t y , f o r the proper growth and development of the p l a n t , t h e i r order of importance could a l s o be of some s i g n i f i c a n c e . With respect to the y i e l d , and chemical composition of the tomato, i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r experiment, the r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d that boron had (55) t h e m o s t p r o n o u n c e d e f f e c t a n d m o l y b d e n u m t h e l e a s t . I t w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t t o e s t a b l i s h t h e o r d e r o f i m p o r t a n c e o f m a n g a n e s e , z i n c , a n d c o p p e r . T h e a b s e n c e o f m a n g a n e s e f r o m t h e c u l t u r e s o l u t i o n t e n d e d t o r e d u c e t h e y i e l d t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t , t h a n d i d t h e a b s e n c e o f z i n c a n d c o p p e r . (56) SUMMARY Tomato plants were grown i n sand cultures i n a greenhouse during the winter of 1954-55 to determine the e f f e c t of the micronutrients boron, manganese, zinc, copper and molyb-denum on t h e i r growth and chemical composition. Series I consisted of a control group and the f i v e treated groups indicated above. The control group received a complete nutrient solution (Hoaglands) without the addition of any of the microelements. Each of the remaining f i v e groups received one of the microelements only. Series II consisted of a control group which received a complete nutrient solution, and a l l f i v e of the micronutrients. Each of the remaining f i v e groups had one of the micronutrients omitted. Plants i n the control group of series II and those of t h i s series i n which molybdenum was omitted gave the largest y i e l d , f a s t e s t growth rate and the highest values for a l l con-stituents determined i n the experiment. Plants i n the control group of Series I gave the smallest y i e l d s , slowest growth rate and the lowest values f o r a l l constituents determined i n the experiment. A l l plants i n thi s series gave lower values than any of the groups i n Series II with the exception of the group which received boron only. ( 5 7 ) The s i n g l e a d d i t i o n of boron to a complete n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n not only had a greater e f f e c t on i n c r e a s i n g the growth r a t e and development of tomatoes than the s i n g l e a d d i t i o n of manganese, copper, zi n c or molybdenum but a l s o produced p l a n t s which gave a higher y i e l d and growth r a t e than those i n S e r i e s I I where a combination of a l l microelements, other than boron, were added. The omission of manganese i n S e r i e s I I s i g n i f i c a n t l y lowered the y i e l d , whereas the omission of z i n c or copper d i d not reduce the y i e l d , but was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r small and malformed f r u i t . I n S e r i e s I I the omission of molybdenum was l e a s t d e t r i m e n t a l of a l l treatments to p l a n t growth. The s i n g l e a d d i t i o n of e i t h e r manganese, boron or z i n c to the n u t r i e n t s o l u t i o n increased the phosphorous uptake by the p l a n t s . 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C i r c . 7 5 7 . 1 9 4 7 . P e t e r s o n , W . H . , J . T . S k i n n e r , a n d F . M . S t r o n g . E l e m e n t s o f f o o d b i o c h e m i s t r y . P r e n t i c e - H a l l I n c . 1 9 4 6 . P i p e r , C . S . I n v e s t i g a t i o n s o n c o p p e r d e f i c i e n c y i n p l a n t s . J o u r . A g . S c i . 3 2 : 1 4 3 - 7 8 . 1 9 4 2 . P i p e r , C . S . S y m p t o m s a n d d i a g n o s i s o f m i n o r e l e m e n t d e f i c i e n c i e s i n a g r i c u l t u r a l , a n d h o r t i c u l t u r a l c r o p s . E m p . J o u r . E x p . A g . 8 : 8 5 - 9 6 . 1 9 4 0 . ( 6 2 ) P o w e l l , T . Y o u r t r a c e e l e m e n t s o u r c e s . O r g a n i c G a r d . a n d F r t . 1 : 6 1 - 2 . 1 9 5 4 -R e e d , H . S . E f f e c t s o f z i n c o n g r o w t h . C a l . C i t o g r a p h . 2 2 : 4 - 1 1 - 1 2 . 1 9 3 7 . R e e d , H . S . R e l a t i o n o f c o p p e r , a n d z i n c s a l t s t o l e a f s t r u c t u r e . A m e r i c a n J o u r . B o t . 2 6 : 2 9 - 3 3 . 1 9 3 9 . R e e d , H . S . , a n d J . D u f r e n o y . R e g r e s s i o n c u r v e s o f p l a n t g r o w t h . S o i l S c i . 6 5 : 2 9 1 - 5 - 194-8. R e e v e , E . , a n d J . W . S h i v e . P o t a s s i u m - b o r o n , a n d c a l c i u m - b o r o n r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n p l a n t n u t r i t i o n . S o i l S c i . 5 7 : 1-14. 1 9 4 4 -R i c h a r d s , F . J . C r i t i c a l e x a m i n a t i o n o f new t h e o r i e s o f t h e m e t a b o l i s m o f m a j o r n u t r i t i v e e l e m e n t s i n p l a n t s . A m . B o t . N s . 8 : 4 3 - 5 5 - 1 9 4 4 -R o b i n s o n , ¥ . 0 . , a n d G . E d g i n g t o n . M i n o r e l e m e n t s i n p l a n t s . S o i l S c i . 6 0 : 1 5 - 2 8 . 1 9 4 5 -R o b i n s o n , W . B . , a n d E . S t o t z . T h e i n d o p h e n o l X y l e n e e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d f o r a s c o r b i c a c i d a n d m o d i f i c a t i o n s f o r i n t e r f e r i n g s u b s t a n c e s . B r . B i o l . C h e m . B u i . 1 6 0 a n d 2 1 7 . S a y r e , C . B . E f f e c t o f b o r o n o n b e e t s . B e t t e r c r o p s , 3 8 : 1 5 - 1 6 . 1 9 5 4 . S e a t o n , H . L . P r o g r a m s F o r T o m a t o Q u a l i t y I m p r o v e m e n t . C h i c a g o , I l l i n o i s . C o n t i n e n t a l C a n C o . I n c . 1 9 5 4 -S h e r m a n , G . D . R o l e o f m a n g a n e s e i n c r o p p r o d u c t i o n . C o m m e r c i a l F e r t . 6 7 : 2 8 . 1 9 4 3 . S k o o g . F . R e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n z i n c a n d a u x i n i n t h e g r o w t h o f h i g h e r p l a n t s . A m . J o u r . B o t . 2 7 : 9 3 9 - 5 1 . 1 9 4 0 . S m i t h , C . B . N u t r i e n t - e l e m e n t b a l a n c e o f t h e t o m a t o . P l a n t P h y s i o l o g y , 2 6 : 7 3 9 - 4 9 . S o m e r s , J . a n d J . W . S h i v e . I r o n - m a n g a n e s e r e l a t i o n i n p l a n t m e t a b o l i s m . P l a n t P h y s i o l o g y , 1 7 : 5 8 2 - 6 0 2 . 1 9 4 2 . (63) 69. Sommer, A.L. Copper and plant growth. S o i l S c i . 60:71-9. 1945-70. Steele, C.C.. An introduction to plant biochemistry. London, G. B e l l and Sons, Ltd. 1949. 71. Stephenson, R.E. Balance i n plant n u t r i t i o n . C a l . C u l t i v a t o r . 92:130. 1945-72. S t i l e s , ¥. Trace elements i n plants and animals. New York, Macmillan Co. 1948-73. Thomas, W., and V.R. Mack. F o l i a r diagnosis study of spring and f a l l grown greenhouse tomatoes. Plant Physiology, 16:117-44- 1941-74- Thorne, D.V., and H.B. Peterson. I r r i g a t e d s o i l s . Toronto and Philadelphia, The Blackiston Company. 1949-75- Truog. E. Mineral n u t r i t i o n of plants. Univ. of Wis. Press, Bui. 811. P. 147. 1941. 76. Tsui, C. E f f e c t of zinc on water r e l a t i o n and osmotic pressure of the tomato plant. Am. Jour. Bot. 35:309-11. 1948. 77. Tsui, C. Role of zinc i n auxin synthesis i n the tomato plant. Am. Jour. Bot. 35:172-9. 1948. 78. Virtanen, A.J. Use of seeds with low content of trace elements. Plant Physiology. 28:323-4- 1953-79- Wallace, T.Nutrition problems of h o r t i c u l t u r a l plants with s p e c i a l reference to trace elements. Jour. Royal Hort. Soc. 73:366-80, 423-38. 1948. 80. Wann, F.B., and D.W. Thorne. Zinc deficiency of plants i n the Western States. Science Mo. 70:180-4. 1950. 81. Whatley, F.R. D i s t r i b u t i o n of micronutrient metals i n leaves and chloroplast fragments. Plant Physiology, 26:414-18. 1951. 82. Withrow, R.B. Nutrient solution culture of greenhouse crops. Ind. Ag. Exp. C i r c . 277:1-27. 1943. (6-4) APPENDIX THE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA IS GIVEN IN THE FOLLOWING PAGES. T a b l e 1 . ( 6 5 ) The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e g r o w t h r a t e o f p l a n t s m e a s u r e d a t s e v e n d a y i n t e r v a l s ( i n c h e s ) C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) B l o c k B l o c k C + U - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b T o t a l s 1 i f . 50 2 h.75 3 ^ . 6 0 3.20 3.10 2.50 2.80 i f . 50 ^.37 3.25 3.87 k.00 3.75 3.75 3.50 3.70 3.62 3.75 3.25 3.00 2.75 2 . 6 2 3.10 3.75 3 A 2 3.37 3.75 3.85 2 . 5 0 3.87 3.80 3.75 ^ . 00 W 3 7 if .10 if .00 i f.75 i f . 1 0 i f . 2 5 i f . 2 5 i f . 50 if .10 i f .50 i f . 6 2 i f . 3 7 45.75 if7.0if if 5.32 i f 5 . 0 6 T r e a t , l b . 2 5 T o t a l s 1 1 . 6 0 1 6 . 8 2 1 5 A 9 1 4 . 2 0 13.12 12. 89 13.^7 17.22 17.10 17.59 1 8 3.17 M e a n M-.56 2.90 4.20 3.87 3.55 3.2b1 3.22 3.37 3.85 ^.30 i f .27 4.39 T a b l e 2 . The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e y i e l d o f t o m a t o p l a n t s , ( g r a m s ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) B l o c k B l o c k C + U - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b T o t a l s 1 . 8 2 2 . 0 i f 2.5 6 3 0 . 0 i f 7 . 0 i f 8 . 0 M+.5 3 1 . 0 5 5 . 0 385 . 0 530 . 0 573 . 0 725 . 0 3933 . 0 2 . 8 0 0 . 0 i f 8 . 0 625 . 0 5 1 . 0 4 3 . 0 3 6 . 0 i f 2.5 4 6 . 0 4 0 5 . 0 570 . 0 550 . 0 698 . 0 391*+.5 3 . 836 . 0 5 3 . 0 6 6 0 . 0 5 2 . 0 i f 8 . 0 53 . 0 if3.5 6 2 . 0 i f 2 i f . 0 580 . 0 580 . 0 736 . 0 i f l 2 7 . 5 *»* 8 ^ Q ' ° fo'Q 6 0 5 . 0 5 2 ' 0 ^ J ' J ^ 7 . 0 ^ ' 0 6Q0»0 592-0 7 4 4 . 0 J+053.5 T r e a t . 3 2 8 8 . 0 l 8 i f . 5 2520 . 0 193.5191 .0 1 7 6 . 0 158.5 2 2 0 . 0 1 6 1 8 . 0 2 2 8 0 . 0 2295 . 0 2903 . 0 1 6 0 2 7 . 5 T o t a l s M e a n cJ2_To IfoTl 6 3 0 . 0 4 8 . 4 4 7 . 7 4 4 . 0 3 9 . 6 557b~ 4 0 4 . 5 570 . 0 ^7377 72570 T a b l e 3. The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e t o p w e i g h t o f t h e p l a n t s , ( g r a m s ) ' ~ ~ C + ( A - Z ) C + C A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) B l o c k B l o c k C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - Mn - Z n - C u - Mb T o t a l s 1 270.0 2 295.0 3 300.0 4 ^10-0 T r e a t . 1 1 7 5 . 0 T o t a l s M e a n 293.7 300 . 0 1 1 8 . 0 135 . 0 1 4 2 . 0 1 1 6 . 0 9 0 . 0 2 6 0 . 0 3 1 2 . 0 1 1 3 . 0 128 . 0 1 3 6 . 0 1 2 4 . 0 8 6 . 0 252 . 0 323 . 0 1 0 9 . 0 1 4 3 . 0 1 4 8 . 0 132 . 0 7 8 . 0 2 7 0 . 0 3 1 1 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 1 3 8 . 0 l 4 0 . 0 1 2 3 . 0 8 7 . 0 2 6 1 . 0 150 . 0 1 7 5 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 8 5 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 1 2 4 6 . 0 4 6 0 . 0 372 . 0 3 1 0 . 0 2 8 0 . 0 2543 . 0 3 6 3 . 0 3 1 7 . 0 295 . 0 2596 . 0 352 . 0 3 2 4 . 0 305 . 0 2 6 5 4 . 0 _ 3 6 1 . 0 3 1 8 . 0 2 9 0 . 0 2 6 4 4 . 0 0 5 6 6 . 0 4 9 5 . 0 3 ^ 1 . 0 1 0 4 3 . 0 1 4 4 8 . 0 1 2 6 9 . 0 1 1 7 0 . 0 1 0 4 3 7 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 3 H . 5 1 1 5 . 0 1 3 6 . 0 1 4 1 . 5 1 2 3 . 7 8 5 . 2 0 292.5 T a b l e 4 . The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e s u g a r c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t , ( p e r c e n t ) B l o c k C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) B l o c k - B - Mn - Z n - C u - Mb T o t a l s 2 . 9 0 3.50 3 . 0 0 3 . 1 0 2 . 9 0 2 . 8 0 2 . 8 0 3 . 4 0 2 . 8 0 3 . 3 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 0 0 3 . 1 0 3 . 6 0 3 . 2 0 3.50 3 . 1 0 2.90 3 . 0 0 3 . 4 0 3 . 4 0 3 . 2 0 2 . 8 0 3 . 1 0 1 1 . 8 0 1 3 . 9 0 1 2 . 4 0 1 3 . 1 0 1 1 . 8 0 1 1 . 8 0 2 . 8 0 2 . 9 0 2 . 7 0 3 . 2 0 1 1 . 6 0 1 3 . 1 0 3.20 3.00 3.30 36.80 3.50 3.30 3.50 38.70 2 . 8 0 3 . 6 0 3.6O 39.30 3.30 3,90 3T 9 0 ^ 4 0 1 2 . 8 0 1 3 . 8 0 14.30 155.20 M e a n 3.70 2795 3 . 6 2 3.10 3.27 2.95 2.95 2^90 3T2B 3T20 TW ( 6 7 ) T a b l e 5. The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e a s h c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s , ( p e r c e n t ) C + ( A - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) B l o c k B l o c k C + U - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - Mb T o t a l s 1 . 4 9 9 0 . 4 9 9 1 .5130 .3952 . 3 8 2 0 . 4 6 2 0 . 4 6 1 0 .4832 .4950 .5160 .5122 .5210 5.75Q7 2 .5210 . 3 9 5 6 . 4 8 6 0 . 4 8 0 0 .4932 . 4 7 3 1 . 4 8 3 2 .3920 .5212 .5123 .5231 . 4 9 9 5 5 . 7 8 0 2 3 . 4 7 3 1 . 4 6 4 1 .5120 . 4 8 9 2 . 4 8 6 0 . 3 9 8 1 . 4 9 2 0 . 4 6 6 0 . 4 8 6 0 .4850 . 4 8 6 0 .4832 5 . 7 2 0 7 4 . 5 1 3 2 . 4 9 3 2 . 4 7 1 0 . 4 9 6 0 . 4 9 7 0 . 4 9 6 2 . 4 8 6 0 . 4 8 7 6 . 5 1 2 0 . 4 8 7 2 . 4 6 2 2 .5120 5 . 9 1 3 6 T r e a t . 2 . 0 0 6 3 1 . 8 5 2 0 1 . 9 8 2 0 1 . 8 6 0 4 L 8 5 8 2 1 .8292 1,9222 1 . 8 2 8 8 2 . 0 2 4 2 2.0005 1 . 9 8 3 5 2 . 0 1 5 7 23.1732 T o t a l s Mean" 7^015 74^30 . 4 9 5 5 . 4 6 5 1 . 4 6 4 5 . 4 5 7 3 . ^ 8 0 5 7^72 3 0 6 0 75001 74*955 3 0 3 9 T a b l e 6 . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e v i t a m i n C c o n t e n t o f t h e f r u i t ( m l g m s / 1 0 0 g m s . ) B l o c k C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) 0 - B - Mn + ( A - Z ) C + U - Z ) C - Z n - C u + ( A - Z ) B l o c k - Mb T o t a l s 1 2 3 4 2 2 . 5 2 3 . 0 2 4 . 0 2 3 . 6 2 0 . 2 2 1 . 0 2 0 . 2 0 2 0 . 0 2 1 . 0 1 8 . 8 21.3 2 2 . 0 21.30 2 1 . 6 1 9 . 9 1 9 . 6 1 9.7 2 3 . 4 2 1 . 2 0 1 9 . 8 2 1 . 2 2 1 . 3 2 0 . 2 2 3 . 2 2 0 . 4 0 2 0 . 2 2 0 . 2 2 2 . 5 2 2 . 0 2 1 . 0 2 1 . 3 2 2.5 2 3 . 0 2 1 . 2 2 1 . 0 2 2 . 8 2 1.5 2 2 . 0 2 2 . 0 2 3 . 0 2 1 . 0 2 2.5 2 2 . 1 2 1 . 6 2 4 . 0 256 . 2 0 2 2 . 6 258.50 2 2 . 0 2 5 9 . 2 0 2 3.5 2 6 2 . 3 0 T r e a t . T o t a l s 9 3 . 1 0 8 1 . 4 0 8 9 . 6 0 8 3 . 1 0 8 1 . 6 0 82.30 81.70 8 6 . 8 8 8 . 0 8 6 . 6 8 9 . 1 0 9 2 . 9 0 D 3 6 . 2 M e a n 23727 20.35 2 2 . 4 0 20.77 2 0 . 4 0 20.57 2 0 . 4 2 21770 22700 2 l 7 6 l 22.27 23.22 T a b l e 7. ( 6 8 ) T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e t i t r a t a b l e a c i d i t y , ( c . c . i ^ j a c i d ) B l o c k C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) B l o c k - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b T o t a l s 1 38.2 34.6 3 6 . 0 3 4 . 0 35.3 36.2 3^ . 0 2 38.5 34.2 35.5 35.5 32.4 3^ . 0 32.5 3 4 0 . 5 33.5 3 8 . 0 3 2 . 0 3^.0 33.5 3^.6 4 38.6 34.5 37.5 3 4 . 0 3 3 . 0 34.3 33.2 T r e a t T o t a l s 2 * ; f t f g *?' fttQ 3 » Q fr. 1 . 1 5 5 . 8 1 3 6 . 8 1 4 7 . 0 1 3 5 . 5 1 3 4 . 7 1 3 8 . 0 1 3 4 . 32.0 37.2 39.0 38.3 37.5 432.3 33.7 36.4 38.6 4Q.1 40.2 4 3 1 . 6 35.2 37.5 35.8 39.0 38.5 432.1 3 1 . 6 38.9 37.2 3 6 . 3 3 7.6 4 2 4 . 7 M e a n 3 ^ 9 3 4 . 2 3 6 . 7 3 3 . 9 3 3 . 7 132.5 150.6 150 . 6 153.7 1538.81720.7 37.5 3775 3 B 7 T T a b l e 8 . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e d r y w e i g h t o f t h e t o m a t o e s , ( p e r c e n t ) C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) B l o c k B l o c k C + C A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - Mn - Z n - C u - Mb T o t a l s 1 5 . 2 3 . 7 3 . 9 3 . 7 3 . 8 4 . 6 4 . 0 3 . 7 5 . 0 5 . 3 5 . 1 5 . 2 5 3 . 2 2 4 . 6 4 . 2 4 . 1 »f.6 ±.7 3 . 9 3 . 7 ±.5 4 . 2 4 . 6 4 . 4 5 . 1 5 2 . 6 3 5 . 3 5 . 0 h.8 ^ . 5 ±.2> 4 . 1 H-.9 3 . 9 4 . 9 3 . 9 4 . 8 4 . 6 5 5 . 0 4 4 . 8 4 . 1 ±.7 ^ . 9 4 . 2 4 . 5 4 . 4 ^ . 3 5 . 2 5 . 1 5 . 1 4 . 9 5 6 . 2 T r e a t . 1 9 . 9 1 7 . 0 1 7 . 5 1 7 . 7 1 7 . 0 1 7 . 1 1 7 . 0 1 6 . 4 1 9 . 3 1 8 . 9 1 9 . 4 1 9 . 8 2 1 7 . 0 T o t a l s M e a n 4 . 9 7 4.25 4 . 3 7 4 . 4 2 4 . 2 ^ 4.27 4.25 4 . 1 0 4 . 8 2 4 . 7 2 4 . 8 5 4 . 9 5 / ( 6 9 ) T a b l e 9 T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e n i t r o g e n l e v e l o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s ( p . p . m . ) B l o c k C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b B l o c k T o t a l s 1 2 I 250 . 0 2 6 0 . 0 230 . 0 2 7 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 1 3 5 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 3 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 4 5 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 130.0 1 4 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 180 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 150.0 1 4 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 150.0 1 7 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 1 8 3 5 . 0 1 9 5 5 . 0 1 9 2 0 . 0 1 9 0 0 . 0 T r e a t . 1 0 1 0 . 0 T o t a l s 6 2 0 . 0 6 1 0 . 0 530 . 0 6 2 0 . 0 550 . 0 500 . 0 6 4 0 . 0 6 2 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 6 0 0 . 0 6 3 0 . 0 7 6 1 0 . 0 M e a n 25275^ 1 5 5 . 0 152.5 132.5 155.0.137.5 1 2 5 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 1 5 5 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 150 . 0 157.5 T a b l e : L0 The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e p h o s p h o r u s l e v e l o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s ( p . p . m . ) B l o c k C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + Q A - Z ; C + U - Z ) C + C A - Z ) C + C A - Z ) C + C A - Z ) B l o c k - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b T o t a l s 1 2 2 3 . 0 2 2 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 6 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 7 . 0 1 3 . 0 1 5 . 0 2 5 . 0 2 3 . 0 2 3 . 0 2 6 . 0 2 2 . 0 2 1 . 0 1 3 . 0 1 7 . 0 2 6 . 0 2 2 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 8 . 0 2 4 . 0 2 2 . 0 1 7 . 0 2 0 . 0 2 5 . 0 2 0 . 0 1 3 . 0 1 8 . 0 2 6 . 0 2 4 . 0 2 6 . 0 2 4 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 8 . 0 1 6 . 0 1 6 . 0 1 8 . 0 1 6 . 0 1 9 . 0 1 8 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 7 . 0 1 6 . 0 1 5 . 0 1 6 . 0 15.0 1 7 . 0 1 5 . 0 2 2 6 . 0 2 3 3 . 0 2 3 3 . 0 2 3 1 . 0 T r e a t . T o t a l s 9 1 . 0 6 0 . 0 9 7 . 0 9 7 . 0 8 5 . 0 5 8 . 0 7 3 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 6 5 . 0 7 1 . 0 6 3 . 0 6 3 . 0 9 2 3 . 0 M e a n 2 2.7 1 5 . 0 2 4 . 2 2 4 . 2 2 1 . 2 1 4 . 5 1 8 . 2 2 5 . 0 1 6 . 2 1 7 . 7 1 5 . 7 1 5 . 7 ( 7Q ) T a b l e 1 1 . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e p o t a s s i u m l e v e l o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s , ( p . p . m . ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) B l o c k - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b T o t a l s B l o c k C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zu C+Cu C+Mb 1 380.0 300 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 300 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 300 . 0 2 8 0 . 0 38O.O 370 . 0 2 360.0 320.0 4 2 0 . 0 2 8 0 . 0 380.0 320.0 300 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 350.0 3 350.0 320.0 430.0 300 . 0 360.0 3 ^ . 0 300 . 0 38O.O 390.0 4 3 8 0 . 0 3 0 0 . 0 3 8 0 . 0 3 3 0 . 0 3 8 0 . 0 3 2 0 . 0 2 8 0 . 0 4 1 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 360.0 350.0 360.0 50.0 350 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 320 . 0 4 1 0 . 0 350 . 0 3 8 0 . 0 3 6 0 . 0 3 6 0 . 0 4 2 2 0 . 0 4 2 1 0 . 0 4 2 6 0 . 0 4 2 5 0 . 0 1- -SOU . v J - S U U . v J j j U . u , -sou .u .-SgU.U ^ O U . U H - X U . U H - U U . U ^ ? U . U j O U . U i O U . U H-£?U.U T r e a t . 1 4 7 0 . 0 1 2 4 0 . 0 1 6 3 0 . 0 1 2 3 0 . 0 1 5 2 0 . 0 1 2 8 0 . 0 1 1 6 0 . 0 1570 . 0 1 5 1 0 . 0 1 4 2 0 . 0 1380 . 0 1 5 5 0 . 0 1 6 9 4 0 . 0 T o t a l s Mean" 3677!> 3 1 0 . 0 4 0 7 . 5 3 0 2 . 5 3 8 0 . 0 3 2 0 . 0 2 9 0 . 0 3 9 2 . 5 3 7 7 . 5 3 5 5 . 0 3 ^ 5 . 0 3 8 7 . 5 T a b l e 1 2 . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e c a l c i u m l e v e l o f t h e p l a n t t i s s u e s , ( p . p . m . ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) B l o c k B l o c k C + ( A - Z ) C - C A - ^ Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - Mn - Z n - C u - Mb T o t a l s 1 8 1 0 . 0 700.0 7 0 0 . 0 7 1 0 . 0 6 6 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 6 2 0 . 0 8 1 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 7 1 0 . 0 2 8 0 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 6 6 0 . 0 7 3 0 . 0 63O.O 6 7 0 . 0 6 0 0 . 0 8 0 0 . 0 7 2 0 . 0 730 . 0 3 8 2 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 7 4 0 . 0 6 5 0 . 0 6 8 0 . 0 6 3 0 . 0 78O .O 7 3 0 . 0 720 . 0 4 8 3 0 . 0 7 2 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 7 2 0 . 0 6 5 0 . 0 6 7 0 . 0 6 5 0 . 0 8 0 0 . 0 7 2 0 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 700.0 780.0 680.0 750.0 720.0 760.0 700.0 780.0 8580 . 0 8 3 7 0 . 0 8 6 1 0 . 0 8 5 4 0 . 0 T r e a t . 3 2 6 0 . 0 2 8 0 0 . 27±0 2 9 0 0 2590 2 7 0 0 2500 3190 2870 2&60 2 8 0 0 2 0 7 0 3^100 T o t a l s M e a n 8 1 5 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 6 8 5 . 0 7 2 5 . 0 6 4 7 . 5 6 7 5 . 0 6 2 5 . 0 7 9 7 . 5 7 1 7 . 5 7 1 5 . 0 7 0 0 . 0 7 6 8 . 5 ( 7 D T a b l e 13. The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e i r o n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s , (mlgms/100 g m s . ) B l o c k C + U - Z ) C - U - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) B l o c k - B - Mn - Z n - C u - Mb T o t a l s . 1 .691 2 .852 3 .721 4 . 7 9 0 .653 .720 . 6 6 0 . 5 7 0 .680 .822 .690 . 7 2 0 .670 . 7 1 0 . 6 6 0 . 5 4 1 .670 .520 .691 . 7 2 1 . 7 1 3 .673 .690 ,570 .781 .523 .670 . 5 4 2 .890 .650 .710 . 7 7 0 .812 .680 .731 .780 . 8 4 2 .721 .690 »785 .873 .622 .690 . 7 4 0 .822 .870 .730 9.097 8.363 _ 17.333. 8.220 T r e a t . 3 . 0 5 4 T o t a l s 2.603 2.912 2 . 5 8 1 2 . 6 0 2 2 . 6 1 6 2 . 5 1 6 3.020 3.003 3.03§ 2.925 3 . 1 4 3 33.013 M e a n .763 . 6 5 1 .728 . 6 4 5 .650 . 6 5 4 .629 ..72$ .751 .759 .731 .785 T a b l e l 4 T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e t o t a l p h o s p h o r u s c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . (mlgms/100 g m s . ) B l o c k C + U - Z ) C - U - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + U - Z ) C + U - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + U - Z ) B l o c k - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b T o t a l s 1 28.3 2 24.2 3 26.0 4 22.0 1 8.0 23.1 21.0 1 7.2 22.3 26.0 27.3 22.4 24.6 27.2 20.2 1 9.8 18.4 1 7.6 20.2 2 4.5 19.6 18.5 24.2 17.3 1 7.6 22.3 21.1 1 6 . 9 26.2 21.3 24.8 27.6 19.9 26.2 24.3 22.6 18.0 23.6 22.1 24.0 19.2 26.2 17.6 2 6 . 3 17.9 27.2 22.6 19.1 250.0 283.4 2 7 1.4 2 5 9.7 T r e a t . 1 0 0 . 5 T o t a l s 79.3 98.0 91.8 80.7 79.6 77.9 99.9 93.0 87.7 89.3 86.8 1 0 6 4 . 5 M e a n 25.1 197S 24.5 22.9 20.2 1 9 . 9 19.5 2479" 2472 2 l 7 9 2274" H 7 7 (72) T a b l e 15. The e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e p o t a s s i u m c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s , ( m l g m s / 1 0 0 g m s . ) B l o c k C + ( A - Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) B l o c k - B - Mn - Z n - C u - Mb T o t a l s , 1 2 I 210.5 203.2 192.6 187.4 T r e a t . 793.7 T o t a l s 1 7 2 . 3 203 . 6 1 7 0 . 2 1 7 6 . 0 155 . 3 1 8 5 . 2 1 6 0 . 2 2 0 6 . 5 1 8 9 . 3 1 5 6 . 7 1 8 6 . 2 1 6 3 . 1 1 6 5 . 3 1 4 1 . 0 1 6 3 . 4 1 7 3 . 0 1 6 9 . 5 1 7 6 . 2 1 4 3 . 2 1 6 3 . 4 1 4 5 . 6 158 . 0 1 6 9 . 3 1 4 1 . 2 1 4 2 . 0 1 8 2 . 0 2 0 9 . 3 1 4 7 . 6 2 1 4 . 6 1 3 8 . 2 1 9 2 . 4 1 5 0 . 2 1 4 9 . 6 1 8 6 . 4 1 9 6 . 4 2 0 6 . 1 6 1 9 . 8 7 6 7 . 8 6 1 7 . 1 6 9 1 . 7 6 1 5 . 8 6 3 9 . 4 6 6 1 . 6 7 5 4 . 4 7 8 0 . 9 178.6 159.0 187.2 218.6 743.4 2 0 6.5 1 9 3 . 1 2 1 3 . 2 198 . 0 8 1 0 . " M e a n 1 9 8 . 4 1 5 4 . 9 1 9 1 . 9 1 5 4 . 2 1 7 2 . 9 1 5 3 . 9 1 5 9 . 8 1 6 5 . 4 1 8 8 . 6 1 9 5 . 2 1 8 5 . 8 2 0 2 . 7 2 2 1 4 . 2 2 0 4 9 . 7 2 0 4 7 . 0 2 1 8 ! W T a b l e 1 6 . T h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t t r e a t m e n t s o n t h e n i t r o g e n c o n t e n t o f t h e t o m a t o e s . ( g m s . / l O O g m s . ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + ( A - Z ) C + U - Z ) B l o c k B l o c k C + ( A ^ Z ) C - ( A - Z ) C+B C+Mn C+Zn C+Cu C+Mb - B - M n - Z n - C u - M b T o t a l s 1 . 1 5 6 2 .1021 .1231 .1030 . 1 1 6 3 . 1 2 4 1 . 1 0 1 1 . 1 3 4 1 . 1 6 3 2 .1230 . 1 4 3 1 . 1 6 2 0 15.513 2 . 1 3 2 1 . 1 4 2 3 .1563 . 1 2 1 6 . 1 4 3 1 .1531 . 1 3 2 0 . 1 6 2 1 . 1 7 6 1 . 1 4 2 1 . 1 6 7 0 . 1 3 6 0 1 7 . 6 3 8 3 . 1 6 5 8 .1120 . 1 0 2 6 . 1 6 2 1 . 1 0 2 6 .1230 .1030 . 1 1 6 0 .1282 .1152 .1021 . 1 4 2 0 1 4 . 8 2 6 _J± 4262 . 1 2 3 0 .1021 . 1 0 2 8 . 1 5 3 2 . 1 3 0 0 . 1 4 6 0 . 1 2 4 0 . 1 4 3 2 . 1 6 8 1 . 1 3 3 0 . 1 5 6 0 1 6 . 5 6 6 T r e a t . . 6 3 0 3 . 4 9 4 1 . 4 8 8 5 .5152 .5302 . 4 8 2 1 3361 T6l07 7W52 . 5 9 6 0 6 4 . 5 4 3 T o t a l s M e a n 71^73 T l l 9 B .1235 .1221 . 1 2 8 8 .1325 .1205 . 1 4 4 0 0 ^ 2 7 . 1 3 6 6 73630 . 1 4 9 0 ( 7 3 ) C A L C U L A T I O N E X A M P L E . V I T A M I N C CONTENT. T o t a l S . S . 2 2 . 5 2 •* 2 3 - 0 2 + 2 2 . 8 2 + 2 3 - 5 2 -1 0 3 6 . 2 2 = 1 7 6 . 0 7 T r e a t m e n t S . S . 9 3 . I 2 + 8 1 . 4 2 > 8 9 . 1 2 • 9 2 . 9 2 -4 1 0 3 6 . 2 2 = 51.31 4 8 B l o c k S . S . 2 5 6 . 2 2 + 2 5 8 . 5 2 + 2 5 9 . 2 2 4 2 6 2 . 3 2 -1 0 3 6 . 2 2 = 1 . 5 9 4 8 E r r o r 1 7 6 . 0 7 - ( 5 1 . 3 1 * 1 . 5 9 ) = 1 2 3 . 1 7 A N A L Y S I S OF V A R I A N C E F a c t o r Sum o f S q u a r e s D e g r e e s o f F r e e d o m V a r i a n c e F C a l c u l a t e d F {5%) T a b l e T o t a l 1 7 6 . 0 7 47 T r e a t m e n t 5 1 . 3 1 11 4-66 1 . 2 5 0 2 . 0 9 B l o c k 1.59 3 .53 .142 2.89 E r r o r 1 2 3 - 1 7 33 3.73 L . S . D . = / n -f 2 x v a r i a n c e = / 2 x 3 . 7 3 " 4 x 2 . 4 4 7 = 3 - 3 2 7
Thesis/Dissertation
eng
Plant Science
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
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Graduate
The role of the micronutrient elements in the growth and chemical composition of the tomato
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