Arts, Faculty of
Social Work, School of
DSpace
UBCV
Stalwick, Harvey Noel
Master of Social Work - MSW
University of British Columbia
In the complexity of contemporary society, the welfare of individuals is dependent upon the co-operation of the helping professions and co-ordination of services provided by the many social institutions. This study considered the degree of cooperation between the two helping professions, social work and the ministry, in the suburban community of Richmond, British Columbia. The research method in this qualitative study included interviews with fifteen clergymen and ten social workers in order to apply the concepts of reciprocal awareness and utilization. This method facilitated evaluation of the knowledge one profession had of the other's role and function, and the extent to which this knowledge was used for the benefit of the population they served. Supplementing this main method was a brief historical consideration of the impact of industrialization on the development and contemporary role of the church and social welfare. The findings of the study showed the awareness one profession had of the other was based more on general knowledge than direct interprofessional contact. The utilization of each other's resources, as indicated by referral patterns, was minimal and typically the result of coincidence rather than planning. Reciprocity, the main concept evaluated, was virtually non-existent. This can primarily be accounted for by absence of communication, despite an acknowledgement by both professions, particularly social work, that there were several gains to be realized from more co-operation.
CHURCHES AND WELFARE SERVICES IN BICHMOND. BRITISH COLUMBIA A Survey of R e c i p r o c a l Awa.ren.ess a.nd U t i l i z a t i o n by HARVEY NOEL STALWICK Thesis Submitted i n P a r t i a l F u l f i l m e n t of the Requirements f o r the Degree of MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK i n the School of S o c i a l Work Accepted as conforming to the standard r e q u i r e d f o r the degree of Master of S o c i a l Work School of S o c i a l Work 1962 The U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia In presenting t h i s thesis i n p a r t i a l f u lfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the Library s h a l l make i t f r e e l y available f o r reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of t h i s thesis f o r scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It i s understood that copying or publication of t h i s thesis for f i n a n c i a l gain s h a l l not be allowed without my written permission. Department of £o C / A loO<^ -*C The University of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. Date m ft ^ l g t ^ & 2. - i v -ABSTRACT In the complexity of contemporary s o c i e t y , the welfare of i n d i v i d u a l s i s dependent upon the co-operation of the h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s and c o - o r d i n a t i o n of s e r v i c e s provided by the many s o c i a l i n s t i t u t i o n s . This study considered the degree of co-operation between the two h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s , s o c i a l work and the m i n i s t r y i n the suburban community of Richmond, B r i t i s h Columbia. The research method i n t h i s q u a l i t a t i v e study i n c l u d e d i n t e r v i e w s w i t h f i f t e e n clergymen and ten s o c i a l workers i n order to apply the concepts of r e c i p r o c a l awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n . This method f a c i l i t a t e d e v a l u a t i o n of the knowledge onejorof ession had of the other's r o l e and f u n c t i o n , and the e x t e r n u m ! * knowledge was used f o r the b e n e f i t of the pop u l a t i o n they served. Supple-menting t h i s main method was a b r i e f h i s t o r i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the impact of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n on the development and contemporary r o l e of the church and s o c i a l w e l f a r e . The f i n d i n g s of the study showed the awareness one pro-f e s s i o n had of the other was based more on general knowledge than d i r e c t i n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l contact. The u t i l i z a t i o n of each other's resources, as i n d i c a t e d by r e f e r r a l p a t t e r n s , was minimal and t y p i c a l l y the r e s u l t of coincidence r a t h e r than planning. R e c i p r o c i t y , the main concept evaluated,•was v i r t u a l l y non-existent. This can p r i m a r i l y be acoounted f o r by absence of communication, despite an acknowledgement by both p r o f e s s i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y s o c i a l work, that there were s e v e r a l gains to be r e a l i z e d from more co-operation. -v-A C K J I O I L E D G E M M T To Dr. Leonard Marsh and Mr. Gerald Pepper, f o r i n i t i a l encouragement and continued c l a r i f i c a t i o n , I extend humble g r a t i f i c a t i o n . To the S o c i a l Workers a.nd Clergy i n Richmond, f o r i n t e r e s t a.nd co-operation, my s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n . To my w i f e , f o r d i l i g e n c e i n preparing the t e x t a;nd s u s t a i n i n g support, my admiration. - i -TABLE OP CONTENTS Chapter I The Church and 'Social Welfare Page T h e o r e t i c a l base and premise of the study. H i s t o r i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The e f f o r t s taken toward under-standing and co-operation. D e s c r i p t i o n of the survey area. Explanation of methodology and d e f i n i t i o n s used i n the questionnaires 1 Chapter I I The Churches and Clergy of Richmond D e s c r i p t i o n of the churches' f a c i l i t i e s , member-ship, and o r g a n i z a t i o n s . Explanation of the welfare s e r v i c e s o f f e r e d by the churches. An understanding of the cl e r g y ; t h e i r education, experience i n c o u n s e l l i n g , and response to case i l l u s t r a t i o n s . The c l e r g y s ' awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n of w e l f a r e resources. A t t i t u d e s toward s o c i a l workers 28 Chapter I I I The Welfare Services i n Richmond D e s c r i p t i o n of welfare s e r v i c e s . An understanding of the s o c i a l workers; t h e i r education, experience and a t t i t u d e s toward the clerg y a.nd church. D i f f i c u l t i e s i n co-operation. Suggestions f o r promoting co-operation with the c l e r g y . Response to case i l l u s t r a t i o n s 51 Chapter IV Summary, Recommendations and Conclusion Summary of what each p r o f e s s i o n o f f e r s to the com-munity, what gains may r e s u l t from more mutual awareness, and s o l u t i o n s to d i f f i c u l t i e s i n co-operation. Recommendations f o r the churches and welfare s e r v i c e s . Conclusion i n r e -l a t i o n to i n i t i a l o b j e c t i v e s of the study 65 Appendices: A. L e t t e r to the Clergy, Questionnaires and Guides Used f o r I n t e r v i e w i n g the Clergy and S o c i a l Workers. B. Summary of two Welfare P o l i c y Statements i n the Lutheran Church. C. B i b l i o g r a p h y . - i i -TABLES IN THE TEXT Page Table A. Denominations: Number of Churches and Clergy-Represented, S p e c i f i e d R e l i g i o u s Denominations f o r Census S u b d i v i s i o n s , 1951 22 Table B. Churches: Number and Years E s t a b l i s h e d 29 Table C. Church Membership and R e l i g i o u s A f f i l i a t i o n 30 Table D. Church Organizations: Number of P a r t i c i p a n t s 31 Table E. Churches and Welfare S e r v i c e s : Source, Frequency and Nature of S e r v i c e 32 Table F. Clergy: Education, Degrees 37 Table G. Clergy: Years of Education 37 Table H. Clergy: Deca,de Ordained ,38 Table I . Clergy: Education, P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g 39 Table J . C o u n s e l l i n g : Problem Areas 40 Table K. Clergy: R e f e r r a l s to Community Resources, i n a One Month Pe r i o d 44 Table L. Resources: Rank and Frequency of Use 46 Table M. Clergy: Estimate of Education Required f o r S o c i a l Workers 49 Table N. Clergy: Understanding of S o c i a l Work Education. ... 50 Table 0. S o c i a l Workers: Educational Degrees • 53 Table P. 'Social Workers: Years of Education 53 Table Q. S o c i a l Yforkers: Years of Experience 54 Table R. S o c i a l Workers: Education Related to Understanding the Clergy 54 Table S. S o c i a l Workers: R e f e r r a l s Made to and Received from the Clergy 55 Table T. S o c i a l Workers: Estimate of Education Required f o r Clergy 57 Table 1J. S o c i a l Workers: Problems - S i t u a t i o n s Handled B e t t e r by the Clergy 59 - i i i -Page Table V. S o c i a l Workers: Help R e a l i z e d Prom Knowing R e l i g i o u s A f f i l i a t i o n of the C l i e n t 61 Table W. S o c i a l Workers: D i f f i c u l t y i n Co-operation w i t h the Clergy 62 Table X. S o c i a l Workers: Suggestions f o r Overcoming D i f f i c u l t i e s i n Co-operation with the Clergy 63 CHURCHES AND WELFARE SERVICES IN RICHMOND, BRITISH COLUMBIA A Survey of R e c i p r o c a l Awareness and U t i l i z a t i o n CHAPTER I THE CHURCH AID SOCIAL WELFARE Th e o r e t i c a l Base This study considers c e r t a i n aspects of two very l a r g e 1 2 and complex i n s t i t u t i o n s , the church and s o c i a l w e l f a r e . I n order to c l a r i f y the focus and i s s u e s of t h i s study c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i l l f i r s t be given to the e f f e c t i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n has had on these two i n s t i t u t i o n s as they are manifest i n "±he present Western world. The church and s o c i a l w e l f a r e are a part of the s o c i a l order and are subject to constant change. I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n has and w i l l continue to be a prime f a c t o r i n promoting t h i s change. 1. The term "church" r e f e r s to the major r e l i g i o u s groups which are r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the P r o t e s t a n t , Roman C a t h o l i c , and Jewish f a i t h . 2. P r i e d l a n d e r , Walter A. I n t r o d u c t i o n to S o c i a l Welfare P r e n t i c e - H a l l , Inc., New York, 1955, pp.3-4. The term " s o c i a l w e l f a r e " i s defined as the organized system of s o c i a l s e r v i c e s and i n s t i t u t i o n s , designed to a i d i n d i v i d u a l s and groups to a t t a i n s a t i s f y i n g standards of l i f e and h e a l t h . I t aims at personal and s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s which permit i n d i v i d u a l s the development of t h e i r f u l l c a p a c i t i e s and the promotion of t h e i r w e l l - b e i n g i n harmony w i t h the needs of the community. -2-The word i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n can mean e i t h e r a f o r c e of c o r r u p t i o n — the cause of mankinds s o c i a l i l l s , or the a c t i v e , c r e a t i v e f o r c e that enables countries to enjoy p r o s p e r i t y and progress. There are many pros and cons surrounding the i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h i s 2 word. But regardless of the p o s i t i o n taken, the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n i n i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n has s i g n i f i c a n t bearing on the i n t e n t of t h i s study. S p e c i a l i z a t i o n , a common c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a l l i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t i e s , r e f e r s to the d i v i s i o n of labour . This d i v i s i o n of la b o u r , or the r i s e of s p e c i a l s k i l l s and techniques, a p p l i e s i n i n d u s t r y as w e l l as i n the h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s . Wilensky and Lebeaux^ emphasize that s p e c i a l i z a t i o n a f f e c t s every sphere of l i f e and that i t prompts the growth of l a r g e formal o r g a n i z a t i o n s that e x i s t to co-ordinate the a c t i v i t i e s of the s p e c i a l i s t s . 1. I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n i s used as the term d e s c r i p t i v e of high-energy technology. In the eighteenth *and nineteenth c e n t u r i e s the i n t r o -d uction of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n d i s t u r b e d the t r a d i t i o n a l r o u t i n e s of f a m i l y and community l i f e to such an extent t h a t the term " i n d u s t r i a l r e v o l u t i o n " i s commonly used to describe i t . 2. Wilensky, Harold L. & Lebeaux, Charles N. I n d u s t r i a l S o c i e t y and S o c i a l Welfare R u s s e l l Sage Foundation, New York, 1958. These two authors give an exhaustive and s t i m u l a t i n g d i s c u s s i o n of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , w i t h s p e c i f i c reference to the s o c i a l welfare s e r v i c e s i n the United S t a t e s . 3. "Helping p r o f e s s i o n s " r e f e r s to the m i n i s t e r i a l , medical, law, nu r s i n g , teaching, and s o c i a l work p r o f e s s i o n s . 4. Wilensky & Lebeaux, op. c i t . . p. 95. "These trends i n s p e c i a l i z a t i o n are both cause and consequence of the dominance of the b i g o r g a n i z a t i o n i n i n d u s t r y , commerce, labour, p o l i t i c s , the m i l i t a r y , r e l i g i o n , education, r e c r e a t i o n — i n every sphere of l i f e . Large, complex, formal o r g a n i z a t i o n i s necessary to co-ordinate the e f f o r t s of l a r g e numbers of inter-dependent s p e c i a l i s t s ; and the l a r g e r the o r g a n i z a t i o n the more n e c e s s i t y 1 f o r s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . This i s true whether the s p e c i a l i s t be c l e r g y ' i n a. nationwide church, engineers i n a. c o r p o r a t i o n , s c i e n t i s t s ' i n a u n i v e r s i t y , workers i n an assembly l i n e , or caseworkers i n a f a m i l y agency. Large scale o r g a n i z a t i o n s w i t h s p e c i a l i z e d personnel are c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a l l i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t i e s . " -3-The nature of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n r a i s e s s e v e r a l i s s u e s f o r s o c i a l . workers as w e l l as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from the other h e l p i n g p ro-f e s s i o n s . One of the i s s u e s f o r s o c i a l workers i s t h a t , due to the i n l l u e n c e of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n , the welfa r e s e r v i c e s which e x i s t to provide f o r the needs"*" of the i n d i v i d u a l may he "blunted i n t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s . I t can r e a d i l y be acknowledged that as s e r v i c e s i n c r e a s e and become more s p e c i a l i z e d , the i n d i v i d u a l c i t i z e n knows l e s s about the help which i s a v a i l a b l e . The p r o f e s s i o n a l person to whom the i n d i v i d u a l may turn f o r a d v i c e — m i n i s t e r , doctor, s o c i a l worker, teacher, lawyer, p u b l i c h e a l t h nurse—may als o be u n c e r t a i n of the proper resources to c a l l on. In t h i s growth of formal o r g a n i z a t i o n i n the welfa r e s e r v i c e s , the pro-blems of achieving e f f e c t i v e i n t e g r a t i o n of the many pr o f e s s i o n s and agency special!za.tions has become an urgent one f o r most 1. "Goals of P u b l i c S o c i a l P o l i c y " The N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l W o r k e r s P u b l i c a t i o n . 1959, p.11-12. Suggests t h a t , "The p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l work i s committed to the p r i n c i p l e that democratic s o c i e t y e x i s t s f o r the b e n e f i t of i t s i n d i v i d u a l members. Such a s o c i e t y must, t h e r e f o r e , be so ordered that i t s common resources are devoted to ass u r i n g to each of those members (a) opportunity f o r f u l l growth and development; (b) the means f o r meeting economic needs i n terms of the standards i t s p r o d u c t i v i t y makes p o s s i b l e ; (c) p r o v i s i o n s of mutual a i d f o r meeting those needs i n which s o c i a l interdependence i s a basic f a c t o r ; (d) a share i n advancing and b e n e f i t i n g from the cumulative human h e r i t a g e of knowledge, c u l t u r e , and s o c i a l organizations;^and. (e) f u l l p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n democratic s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . " In the same p u b l i c a t i o n mention i s made of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of needs. "Most s o c i a l workers, whatever t h e i r s p e c i a l t y or s e t t i n g , a c t as agents of s o c i e t y i n meeting the needs or f a c i l i t a t i n g the s o c i a l adjustments of i n d i v i d u a l s . They serve i n t h i s sense as a l i n k between s o c i e t y , w i t h i t s vast and changing array of s o c i a l i n s t i -t u t i o n s , and t h e " i n d i v i d u a l s f o r whose b e n e f i t a l l s o c i a l o r g a n i -z a t i o n e x i s t s . I t i s t h e i r job to make a very complex s o c i a l machinery meet the needs of i t s i n d i v i d u a l members i n two ways: (a) by b r i n g i n g to such needs the b e n e f i t s of e x i s t i n g programs, p o l i c i e s , and knowledge, and (b) by i d e n t i f y i n g and i n t e r p r e t i n g the areas where such machinery i s proving d e f i c i e n t i n terms of a c t u a l unmet needs." c o m m u n i t i e s T h i s presents a considerable challenge to s o c i a l work' and i t prompts an in c r e a s e d acceptance of the n e c e s s i t y of teamwork between s o c i a l work and the other h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s . I t a l s o prompts the need f o r more awareness and more j o i n t study as w e l l as the r e c o g n i t i o n of l i m i t a t i o n s i n the f i e l d of w e l f a r e . To adequately study t h i s problem i n any community, a l l of the h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s should be i n c l u d e d . The focus should be upon what the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of one p r o f e s s i o n recognize i n the other p r o f e s s i o n , and to what extent they use t h i s knowledge f o r the b e n e f i t s of the i n d i v i d u a l s i n that community. Whether 2 a l l or only two p r o f e s s i o n s are i n c l u d e d , the concept of r e -c i p r o c a l awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n . i s d e s c r i p t i v e of such an approach. Premise - Problem The o b j e c t i v e of t h i s study i s to consider the degree of r e c i p r o c a l awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n that i s present i n the two p r o f e s s i o n s of s o c i a l work and the m i n i s t r y . In a s p e c i f i c coin-3 munity, focus w i l l be upon what s o c i a l workers i n that community recognize as the resources of the churches, and the extent these resources are used f o r the b e n e f i t of the c l i e n t s . Of p a r a l l e l 1. This fundamental p o i n t and s e v e r a l of the ideas b a s i c to t h i s study were expressed by Michael Wheeler i n "A Report on Needed Research i n Welfare i n B r i t i s h Columbia". This survey was undertaken f o r the Community Chest and Councils of the Greater Vancouver area and was published i n March, 1961. 2. This concept of r e c i p r o c a l awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n may be g r a p h i c a l l y explained i n the f o l l o w i n g chart of the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p between a doctor and a Family, Service Agency s o c i a l worker: . Awareness—Doctor l e a r n s of the nature of the Family Service Agency. U t i l i z a t i o n — H e r e f e r s p a t i e n t s w i t h m a r i t a l problems to the Agency. R e c i p r o c a l a s p e c t — S o c i a l workers, as a r e s u l t of contact w i t h the doctor, r e f e r c l i e n t s w i t h medical problems. 3. S o c i a l workers w i l l be defined as the personnel a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a d m i n i s t e r i n g the welfare s e r v i c e s . -5-importance i s the o b j e c t i v e to account f o r the r e c o g n i t i o n the clergy"*" has of welfare s e r v i c e s , and the extent these resources are used f o r the b e n e f i t of the p a r i s h i o n e r s or others t h a t have been contacted. This approach to the problem of i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p between s o c i a l work and the m i n i s t r y r a i s e s the f o l l o w i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e general questions that concern both p r o f e s s i o n s : 1. What h i s t o r i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n should be made to understand the two p r o f e s s i o n s ? 2. Have any e f f o r t s been made to b r i n g about understanding and co-operation? 3. Do they see any gains t h a t may r e s u l t from more mutual "awareness? 4. What does each p r o f e s s i o n o f f e r to the community i n the nature of t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e personnel and resources? 5. What s o l u t i o n s may be o f f e r e d to overcome b a r r i e r s toward co-operation and understanding? The f i r s t two questions are b a s i c a l l y concerned w i t h past and present s i t u a t i o n s . I n answering these questions the i n t e n t i s to o f f e r a b r i e f and f a c t u a l account of what the two pr o f e s s i o n s b r i n g to the present s i t u a t i o n . The l a s t three questions o r e l a t e p a r t l y to the i n f o r m a t i o n obtained from the survey. Complete Answers f o r these questions are not a n t i c i p a t e d . The f i n a l and most s a t i s f a c t o r y answers w i l l come from the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the two 1. Clergy w i l l be the term used throughout the r e s t of the study to i n c l u d e a l l m i n i s t e r s or p r i e s t s represented i n the survey. A s p e c i f i c l i s t i n g w i l l be o f f e r e d i n the d i s c u s s i o n of Methodology. 2. These questions w i l l be considered i n Chapters I I and I I I which c o n s i s t of t a b u l a t i o n of data from the survey of clergymen and s o c i a l workers. -6-p r o f e s s i o n s a f t e r a r e f l e c t i o n upon t h e i r f u n c t i o n i n the community. H i s t o r i c a l Base To adequately discuss the h i s t o r i c a l development of s o c i a l v/ork i n respect to the i n f l u e n c e of the church i s f a r beyond the scope of t h i s study. Such a d i s c u s s i o n would be an i n v o l v e d study i n i t s e l f . Throughout the development of s o c i a l work i n the past two to three decades a somewhat a l o o f p o s i t i o n has been main-t a i n e d i n reference to organized r e l i g i o n . This observation i s based upon a personal a t t i t u d e and a t o p i c a l review of a r t i c l e s which have appeared during the past tweny years i n many of the l e a d i n g s o c i a l work p u b l i c a t i o n s . One explanation of t h i s may be that s o c i a l work as a p r o f e s s i o n i s s t i l l s t i n g i n g from former charges of"do-gooder" and "lady b o u n t i f u l " . These charges are not j u s t i f i e d today and s o c i a l work has a t t a i n e d a p o s i t i o n as a. p r o f e s s i o n that should a l l o w i t to "assess i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p to organized r e l i g i o n . I n order to place the church and s o c i a l welfare i n proper h i s t o r i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e , one must acknowledge that the de s i r e to show concern and to o f f e r help to one's fellowmen precedes organized r e l i g i o n . This d e s i r e to help , an a t t r i b u t e of human s o c i e t y even i n i t s p r i m i t i v e stages, soon found expression i n the w r i t i n g s of -7-almost a l l the major ancient p h i l o s o p h i e s and r e l i g i o n s . The c l e a r e s t example of welfare concern i s found i n the Jewish and p C h r i s t i a n r e l i g i o u s teachings. Prank Weil i n h i s paper "Co-3 operation of Churches and S o c i a l Work" w r i t e s , "Every goal of social'work i s s t a t e d i n e i t h e r the Old or the New Testament." 1. Chambliss, R o l l i n S o c i a l Thought from Hamurabi to Comte The Dryden Press, New York, 1954. This author suggests the f o l l o w i n g examples: Babylonia - Code of Hamurabi contains s e v e r a l a r t i c l e s that express concern f o r the poor and the weak. Ancient Egypt - A frequent phrase i n s e v e r a l of the e t h i c a l w r i t i n g s i s "I gave bread to the hungry, c l o t h i n g to the naked, and I f e r r i e d him who had no boat." Ancient Chinese c i v i l i z a t i o n - In the w r i t i n g s of Confucius and other Chinese c l a s s i c s there was a very strong emphasis on s o c i a l order. Society as envisaged by Confucius i s l i k e a l a r g e , harmonious f a m i l y . The members of t h i s s o c i e t y are bound together by numerous t i e s , and the proper r e l a t i o n s among them are those found most commonly i n f a m i l i e s where the f e e l i n g of respect, confidence, l o y a l t y , and mutual r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i s strong. In the Chinese w r i t i n g s the Golden Rule i s c i t e d as "do not unto others that which you would not have others do-.'.unto you." Ancient I n d i a - The Upanishads and other w r i t i n g s such as the epic poem, Mahabharata, speak of how the good s o c i e t y may be developed. The Golden Rule i s s t a t e d i n the Mahabharata as "This i s the sum of duty: Do naught to others which i f done to thee, would ca.use thee p a i n . " 2. By comparison i t i s evident that the r e l i g i o n of the Hebrews as seen i n the Old Testament had a more c o n s i s t e n t e t h i c a l emphasis' than any of the preceding r e l i g i o n s . The Old Testament Book, Deuteronomy and L e v i t i c u s , considered the care of widows, orphans, the d e s t i t u t e as w e l l as such matters as freedom, e q u a l i t y , r e l i e f of debtors and r e - d i s t ^ i b u t i o n of l a n d . Deuteronomy 15:8 "...but you s h a l l open your hand to him, and l e n d him s u f f i c i e n t f o r h i s need, whatever i t may be." In the New Testament the predominant theme i s found i n Jesus' teachings and p r a c t i c e of lov e f o r a l l persons. One example of these teachings i s found i n the parable of the Good Samaritan which sets the p a t t e r n of s i n c e r e and u n q u a l i f i e d response to the person i n d i s t r e s s . Luke 10:36-37 "Which of these three, do you t h i n k , proved neighbour to the man who f e l l among the robbers? He s a i d , "The one who showed mercy on him.' And Jesus s a i d to him, 'Go and do l i k e w i s e . ' " 3. Weil, Prank L. "Co-operation of Church and S o c i a l Work" The S o c i a l Welfare Porum New York, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, 1949, p. 128. -8-The caution here should, be to avoid seeing the concern of s o c i a l "welfare as the monopoly of the C h r i s t i a n church. To be d e f i n i t e l y acknowledged i s the f a c t the churches' teachings and works have had a great i n f l u e n c e on s o c i a l welfare and the development of s o c i a l work as seen i n the Western world. A s i g n i f i c a n t theme i s the place of the I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n i n the h i s t o r i c a l growth of s o c i a l welfare and the i n f l u e n c e i t had.upon the church. As suggested i n the i n t r o d u c t o r y d i s c u s s i o n of "T h e o r e t i c a l Base", s p e c i a l i z a t i o n has r e s u l t e d i n the development of l a r g e formal o r g a n i z a t i o n s to co-ordinate the a c t i v i t i e s of the s p e c i a l i s t s . I n many European co u n t r i e s and England during the Medieval p e r i o d , the church was the recognized p r o v i d e r f o r a l l phases of human want. This i n c l u d e d the poor, b l i n d , lame, orphans, and the widows. However, w i t h r a p i d s o c i a l changes that r e s u l t e d from the I n d u s t r i a l R e v o lution and the new economic order that emerged, the church was unable to meet the welfare demands placed upon i t . In response to these e a r l y c o n d i t i o n s of s o c i a l d i s o r g a n i z a t i o n there emerged a form of elementary welf a r e s e r v i c e s . The s o c i a l concepts and le g i s l a t i o n ' * ' of England i n the 17th, 18th, and 1 9 t h c e n t u r i e s have had a great i n f l u e n c e i n the development of modern s o c i a l w e l f a r e and the p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l work i n Canada and the Unit'ed S t a t e s . 1. Examples of such l e g i s l a t i o n and s o c i a l concepts are as f o l l o w s : (1) The Poor Law of 1601 set the p a t t e r n of p u b l i c r e l i e f i n England and l a t e r i n f l u e n c e d American l e g i s l a t i o n f o r p u b l i c w e l f a r e . (2) The C h a r i t y Organization S o c i e t y e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1869 was the f i r s t main e f f o r t to overcome the l a c k of c o - o r d i n a t i o n between c h a r i t a b l e church groups and p h i l a n t h r o p i c s o c i e t i e s . (3) Settlement Houses such as Toynbee H a l l e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1884 set a precedent f o r preventive s o c i a l w e l f a r e . - 9 -Therefore, the d i s t i n c t i o n that has been made between the churches and welfare s e r v i c e s should be seen as the n a t u r a l r e s u l t of a changing s o c i e t y . The p o s i t i o n taken i n t h i s study suggests i t i s most i d e a l i s t i c that the church attempt to r e g a i n the welfare f u n c t i o n s i t once very r i g h t f u l l y performed. Any e f f o r t s i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n would be i n d i r e c t c o n t r a d i c t i o n to the r e a l i t y of our present Western s o c i e t y which i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by i n c r e a s i n g technology and s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . E f f o r t s Toward Understanding and Co-operation On the n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l e v e l there have been se v e r a l s i g n i f i c a n t steps taken toward improving understanding and co-operation between the church and s o c i a l w e l f a r e . I n t h i s respect i t would seem the church has been the most a c t i v e f o r c e . A very c l e a r example of t h i s a c t i v i t y i s the three volume work produced i n 1956 under the auspices of the N a t i o n a l Council of Churches."*" This p u b l i c a t i o n , "The Churches and Welfare", represents the welfare p o l i c i e s of the 34 Pr o t e s t a n t and Eastern Orthodox denominations 1. S o c i a l Work Yearbook I960 N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers, p.450,706. The N a t i o n a l Council of Churches has a membership of 34 P r o t e s -t a n t , Eastern Orthodox and other communions w i t h constituency of t h i r t y - f i v e m i l l i o n members. The N a t i o n a l Council was c o n s t i t u t e d i n 1950 by the merger of twelve interdenominational n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n c l u d i n g the Federal Council of Churches. Since 1930 the Department of S o c i a l Welfare of the N a t i o n a l Council has sponsored the Church Conference of S o c i a l Work, an open forum h e l d annually i n conjunction w i t h the N a t i o n a l Conference of S o c i a l Welfare, of which i t i s an a s s o c i a t e group. The Na t i o n a l Council of Churches i s a charter member of the Council on S o c i a l Work Education and i t continues working w i t h other n a t i o n a l agencies and denominations toward c l o s e r co-operation w i t h schools of s o c i a l work. -10-i n the United States. These p o l i c i e s were formulated at the Na t i o n a l Conference on the Churches and S o c i a l Welfare, h e l d i n Cleveland, p Ohio, November 1955. The keynote speaker at the Conference, Leonard W. Mayo, s t a t e d , " I t i s common knowledge that at one time the church was not only the s p i r i t u a l centre of the community, but to a very l a r g e extent the source of m a t e r i a l r e l i e f , the p r o t e c t o r of the homeless, the educational centre, the haven of the aged and the i l l , and the focus of a l l c h a r i t a b l e a c t i v i t y . L i k e the American home, however, the church has seen many of the f u n c t i o n s i t developed and nurtured pass i n t o the hands of s e c u l a r agencies. As a r e s u l t 1. The three volumes on Churches and S o c i a l Welfare are as f o l l o w s : Volume I - "The A c t i v a t i n g Concern, H i s t o r i c a l and Theological Bases", e d i t e d by E. Theodore Bachmann, N a t i o n a l Council of Churches 1955. This volume exp l a i n s the r a t i o n a l e of N a t i o n a l Conference on Churches and S o c i a l Welfare, and describes the s o c i a l welfare a c t i v i t i e s of t h i r t e e n d i f f e r e n t denominations. Volume I I - "The Changing Scene, Current Trends and Issues" by Horace R. Cayton and Setsuko Matsunaza N i s h i , N a t i o n a l Council of Churches, 1955. This volume was used f o r study purposes at the N a t i o n a l Conference on Churches and S o c i a l Welfare and i t c o n s t i -tutes a very i n t e g r a t e d e f f o r t to r e l a t e the s o c i a l welfare a c t i v i t i e s of the churches to the development of p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i a l work. Volume I I I - " The Emerging Persp e c t i v e - Response and Prospect", e d i t e d by E. Theodore Bachmann, N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l of Churches, 1956. This volume i s a report of the proceedings of the f i r s t Conference on the Churches and S o c i a l Welfare. The p o l i c y statements c l e a r l y . a r t i c u l a t e d i n t h i s volume have equal importance f o r the c l e r g y , congregational members, and s o c i a l workers. 2. I t may be noted that i n attendance at t h i s Conference were a c c r e d i t e d v i s i t o r s from the Canadian Council of Churches, the Coun c i l on S o c i a l Work Education, Family Service A s s o c i a t i o n of America, N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers., N a t i o n a l Conference of S o c i a l Work and N a t i o n a l Welfare Assembly. This gives some i n d i c a t i o n of the nature of the Conference and the p o t e n t i a l that was present to channel i n f o r m a t i o n to the l e a d i n g o r g a n i -z a t i o n s . -11-some churches, l i k e some homes, have become impotent because they have not adjusted to t h i s r e a l i t y . " Mr. Mayo continues by suggesting three c r i t e r i a to counter t h i s s i t u a t i o n . "1. There must be continued and p a t i e n t e f f o r t s on the p a r t of clergymen and s o c i a l workers to understand the f u n c t i o n and r o l e of each other i n various aspects of s o c i a l w e l f a r e . 2. There must be c o n t i n u i n g communication among the churches and s o c i a l agencies and between the c l e r g y and s o c i a l workers w i t h respect to f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s known to each i n order that the a s s i s t a n c e given may be o f f e r e d on a supplementary and co-operative b a s i s . 3. There should be increased p a r t i c i p a t i o n by the c l e r g y and church members i n s o c i a l welfare a c t i v i t i e s i n the community and on the p a r t of s o c i a l workers i n church l i f e and programs. The e f f o r t s of the N a t i o n a l C o u n c i l of Churches are supplemented by the work of numerous church c o u n c i l s on S o c i a l 2 Welfare i n both Canada and the United S t a t e s . These church 1. Bachmann, E. Theodore (ed.) The Emerging: Perspective: - Response and Prospect. Volume I I I N a t i o n a l Council of the Churches of C h r i s t i n the U.S.A., 1956, p.16. 2. M i l l e r , H a s k e l l M. Corn-passion and Community - An A p p r a i s a l of the church's Changing Role i n S o c i a l Welfare A s s o c i a t e d Press, New York, 1961, p.114. "At l e a s t twenty-five c i t i e s ( U . S . ) a l r e a d y have c o u n c i l s of churches w i t h departments of s o c i a l welfare i n which p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f s are employed to co-ordinate and d i r e c t w e l f a r e a c t i v i t i e s . These departments are f r e q u e n t l y supported by Community Chest funds, and serve as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the churches i n l o c a l c o u n c i l s of community agencies." In Canada on the n a t i o n a l l e v e l there i s the C h r i s t i a n S o c i a l Council of Canada, and then the various, denominational departments of s o c i a l w e l f a r e . Examples are as f o l l o w s : -The Council f o r S o c i a l S e r v i c e , A n g l i c a n Church of Canada. -Canadian Jewish Congress. -Board of Evangelism and S o c i a l S e r v i c e , United Church of Canada. - D i v i s i o n of Welfare - Canadian Lutheran C o u n c i l . These c o u n c i l s concern themselves w i t h s o c i a l questions and s o c i a l problems. They a l s o co-ordinate congregational w e l f a r e committees and a c t i v i t i e s . -12-c o u n c i l s channel welfare knowledge to the l o c a l churches and main-t a i n contact w i t h the N a t i o n a l Council of Churches. Frequently they sponsor l o c a l i n s t i t u t e s on some p a r t i c u l a r phase of w e l f a r e / An example of such an i n s t i t u t e was the Great Lakes I n s t i t u t e which met i n 1948 to discuss the theme of " S o c i a l Services Under C a t h o l i c , Jewish and P r o t e s t a n t Auspices i n the Total Welfare System." Robert H. MacRae of the Community Chest of D e t r o i t addressed the group w i t h these words, "I b e l i e v e that s o c i a l work needs the church j u s t as the church needs s o c i a l work. They need to under-stand each other. They are partners i n a common e n t e r p r i z e of s e r v i n g people.""'" A v a l i a n t e f f o r t toward co-operation and understanding was made i n Vancouver, B r i t i s h Columbia when the " I n s t i t u t e on p Church and S o c i a l Welfare" was formed i n 1950. The purpose of the I n s t i t u t e was to l e a r n more about each other's f u n c t i o n and through d i s c u s s i o n of common problems, come to a b e t t e r understanding of the basic p h i l o s o p h i e s u n d e r l y i n g church and w e l f a r e . One of the ways of c a r r y i n g out the purpose of the I n s t i t u t e was the 1. Cayton, Horace R. & N i s h i , Setsuko Matsunagu "The Changing Scene - Current Trends and Issues" Churches and S o c i a l Welfare, Volume I I N a t i o n a l Council of Churches, 1955, p.155. 2. M a t e r i a l was o f f e r e d f o r d i s c u s s i o n of the I n s t i t u t e by Miss Margaret Dick, A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r , S o c i a l Service Department, Vancouver General H o s p i t a l . The I n s t i t u t e was formed by a group of c l e r g y and s o c i a l workers i n Vancouver. This was s t i m u l a t e d by the S o c i a l S e r v i c e Committee of the Convention of B a p t i s t Churches. F o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n w i t h members of the Vancouver Council of Churches and the B.C. Mainland Branch, Canadian A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Work, the I n s t i t u t e was set up. The membership was l i m i t e d to twenty-six and i n c l u d e d c l e r g y from the Roman C a t h o l i c , A n g l i c a n , United, P r e s b y t e r i a n , B a p t i s t , Lutheran, C h r i s t i a n , Ukranian Greek Orthodox churches, the S a l v a t i o n Army, Beth I s r a e l Synagogue, two l a y members of the B a p t i s t Convention, and s o c i a l workers engaged i n p r a c t i c e as w e l l as the teaching f i e l d . -13-p r e s e n t a t i o n and d i s c u s s i o n of cases where -there had "been some attempt at co-operative work between the church and s o c i a l workers. A f t e r s u c c e s s f u l l y f u n c t i o n i n g f o r s i x years, the I n s t i t u t e became non-operative. One of the reasons f o r t h i s was the f a c t some of the c h a r t e r members moved out of the area. The I n s t i t u t e o r i g i n a t e d out of i n d i v i d u a l concern and seemingly remained an i n t e r e s t group during the s i x years of i t s operation. This has been a b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n of the e f f o r t s the church has taken i n promoting co-operation and understanding w i t h s o c i a l welfare and the p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l work. The e f f o r t s and concern, e s p e c i a l l y on the Na t i o n a l Council of Churches l e v e l , are r a t h e r overwhelming. In view of t h i s , one must r a i s e the question asking how much of t h i s concern has been formulated i n t o working p o l i c i e s s u i t a b l e f o r c o n g r e g a t i o n a l - l o c a l community a c t i o n . This' question has been answered to a great extent i n the 1957 p u b l i c a t i o n of " P o l i c y and Strategy i n S o c i a l Welfare, a Report to the Churches" by the N a t i o n a l Council of Churches.'*' The f i n a l answer w i l l come when the var i o u s denominations adopt these p o l i c i e s and incor p o r a t e them i n t o t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e churches' welfare program. Then the e f f o r t s of the N a t i o n a l Council of Churches can be considered of paramount importance i n promoting understanding and co-operation between the churches and w e l f a r e . 1. " P o l i c y and Strategy i n S o c i a l Welfare, A Report to the Churches" Department of S o c i a l Welfare, D i v i s i o n of C h r i s t i a n L i f e and Work N a t i o n a l Council of the Churches of C h r i s t i n the U.S.A., New York, 1957. -14-Consideration must also be given to the e f f o r t s the p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l '.work has exerted toward promoting co-operation and understanding w i t h the church. I t must be im-mediately conceded that the p r o f e s s i o n of social'work has not i n e x p l i c i t terms o f f e r e d ways of co-operating w i t h the church. Nor has t h e ' p r o f e s s i o n set down e x p l i c i t ways of co-operating w i t h lawyers, doctors, p u b l i c h e a l t h nurses, and other members'-of the h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s . This i s not intended to be a c r i t i c i s m of the p r o f e s s i o n . For what has been s a i d i m p l i c i t l y i n statements of goals and o b j e c t i v e s of the p r o f e s s i o n o f f e r s a sound base f o r co-operation w i t h any h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n . As an example, such a statement i s made i n "Goals of P u b l i c S o c i a l Policy^' a p u b l i c a t i o n by the N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers."*" In t h i s a r t i c l e , under the heading'Co-operation and Co-ordination', the f o l l o w i n g comment i s made. " I t i s recognized t h a t many other groups and p r o f e s s i o n s share the concern of s o c i a l workers f o r these areas 2 of s o c i a l p o l i c y and a c t i o n . S o c i a l advances w i l l be f u r t h e r e d through the broadest co-operation by s o c i a l workers w i t h a l l such groups. Moreover, i t i s basic to s o c i a l progress that means should e x i s t f o r co-operative planning among a l l elements i n s o c i e t y so t h a t each may e f f e c t i v e l y f u l f i l l i t s own r o l e , and s o c i e t y may make the best use of a l l i t s i n s t i t u t i o n a l resources i n advancing the welfare and meeting the needs of i t s members. S o c i a l workers 1. Goals of P u b l i c S o c i a l J P o l i c y N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers, 1959, p.13. 2. Op. c i t . -15-can often, make t h e i r most e f f e c t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n to s o c i a l progress by l e n d i n g t h e i r support and knowledge to these broadly based democratic instruments f o r e f f e c t i n g s o c i a l change." This statement puts the concept of i n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n the proper p e r s p e c t i v e and o f f e r s a framework f o r the challenge expressed by Mary Richmond i n 1917. "Only the sham knows every-t h i n g ; the t r a i n e d man understands how l i t t l e the mind of any i n d i v i d u a l may grasp and how many must co-operate i n order to e x p l a i n the simplest theory.""*" The Modern s o c i a l work p r o f e s s i o n tends to date i t s e l f from the p u b l i c a t i o n of Richmond's S o c i a l Diagnosis. These o b j e c t i v e s and goals of co-operation and i n t e r -p r o f e s s i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s are s t u d i e d w i t h i n s i g h t by Eleanor C o c k e r i l l i n her paper "Interdependency of the P r o f e s s i o n s i n Helping People" which was d e l i v e r e d at the N a t i o n a l Conference of p S o c i a l Welfare i n 1953. The p o s i t i o n expressed i n t h i s paper 1. Richmond, Mary E. S o c i a l Diagnosis R u s s e l l Sage Foundation, New York, 1917, p. 190. 2. C o c k e r i l l , Eleanor "Interdependency of the P r o f e s s i o n s i n Help i n g People" The S o c i a l Welfare Forum N a t i o n a l Conference of S o c i a l Welfare, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1953, p. 137-147. The N a t i o n a l Conference on S o c i a l Welfare has as i t s purpose, the promotion and sharing i n d i s c u s s i o n of the problems and methods i d e n t i f i e d w i t h the f i e l d of s o c i a l w elfare and immediately r e l a t e d f i e l d s . The Conference i s a forum f o r such d i s c u s s i o n . I t does not take an o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n on c o n t r o v e r s i a l issues and adopts no r e s o l u t i o n s , except o c c a s i o n a l r e s o l u t i o n s of courtesy. The Conference conducts an annual N a t i o n a l Forum as i t s p r i n c i p l e s e r v i c e , also r e g i o n a l meetings on common s e r v i c e subjects i n co-operation with s e l e c t e d s t a t e conferences. -16-centres around the p r i n c i p l e t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s , i n order to achieve f u l f i l l m e n t i n l i f e , may do so through i n t e g r a t e d l i v i n g . Man and h i s s o c i e t y are seen as an organic whole i n which the welfare, of each i s dependent on the other. When aspects of man or of s o c i e t y are s e l e c t e d f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n purposes, t h i s should be seen as an a r t i f i c i a l device used by man i n order to study m a t e r i a l . I t i s when the separate p a r t s have been r e - i n t e g r a t e d that the process of understanding i s complete. Also to be considered i s the d i v i s i o n of l a b o u r ( s p e c i a l i z a t i o n ) w h i c h evolves i n t o s e v e r a l p r o f e s s i o n a l f u n c t i o n s . These f u n c t i o n s provide the range of s e r v i c e r e q u i r e d to meet human needs. The e f f e c t i v e n e s s of any d i v i s i o n of labour i n t h i s context r e s t s u l t i m a t e l y upon how w e l l these approaches are brought together. The hazard i s tha t d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n may l e a d to the ends de f e a t i n g p o s i t i o n of non-co-operation. What has been s t a t e d here i s an accepted p r i n c i p l e i n the p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l work. I t was questioned i n the d i s c u s s i o n of the e f f o r t s of the church w i t h respect to s e t t i n g down p r i n c i p l e s of co-operation, i f these overwhelming e f f o r t s made on the n a t i o n a l l e v e l had been adapted to the community. The same question a p p l i e s f o r the p r i n c i p l e s of co-operation suggested by the p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l work. Are these p r i n c i p l e s f i n d i n g expression i n the p r a c t i c e s of s o c i a l workers i n t h e i r work w i t h the c l e r g y on the community l e v e l ? This i s a d i f f i c u l t question to answer. As a r e s u l t of a l a c k of pub l i s h e d evidence, one assumes e i t h e r one of two a l t e r n a t i v e s , ( l ) Nothing i s being done, or (2) some e f f o r t s are f r e q u e n t l y c a r r i e d out and the i n d i v i d u a l p r a c t i t i o n e r i s r e l u c t a n t to make these known. The l a t t e r a l t e r n a t i v e i s speculated to be more -17-d e s c r i p t i v e of the p o s i t i o n of the p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l work. Some i n d i c a t i o n t h a t the p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l work has considered the aspect of' r e l i g i o n and co-operation w i t h the church may "be s~een i n the a r t i c l e s p u b lished as w e l l as the va r i o u s papers presented before s o c i a l work audiences."*" One outstanding paper was w r i t t e n \>y Miss'Sue S p e n c e r D i r e c t o r o f the U n i v e r s i t y of Tennessee," School of S o c i a l Work. This pa.per, " R e l i g i o u s and S p i r i t u a l Values i n S o c i a l Casework P r a c t i c e " , could w e l l e s t a b l i s h a precedent f o r s o c i a l work's r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h the church. Miss Spencer p o i n t s to what should be' the r a t i o n a l e of' s o c i a l workers e f f o r t s when she w r i t e s , - " C e r t a i n l y , i n the l i g h t of the high values the s o c i a l work p r o f e s s i o n has always placed upon the c l i e n t ' s r i g h t to solve h i s own problems i n the way tha t seems r i g h t to him, i t i s assumed that any c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the s o c i a l worker's r o l e i n the area of r e l i g i o n would be set i n t h i s context." 1. By l i s t i n g the examples an i n d i c a t i o n i s given of the m a t e r i a l presented. D e l i v e r e d at the N a t i o n a l Conference of S o c i a l Welfare. B i e s t e k , F e l i x P. " R e l i g i o n and S o c i a l Casework" The S o c i a l Welfare Forum Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1956. H i l t n e r , Seward "The Role of the Clergyman as a Counsellor" S o c i a l Work i n the Current Scene Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1950. Ha r r i s o n , Shelby M. " R e l i g i o n and S o c i a l Work: Per s p e c t i v e and Common Denominator" N a t i o n a l Conference of S o c i a l Work Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1950. We i l , Frank L. "Co-operation of Church and S o c i a l Work" The S o c i a l Welfare Forum Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1949. Whiting, Henry J. "Current Emphasis i n Casework under R e l i g i o u s Auspices" The S o c i a l Welfare Forum Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1951. -A r t i c l e s of prominance th a t have appeared i n the l i t e r a t u r e are as f o l l o w s : Baldwin,Ruth M."The M i n i s t e r and S o c i a l Work"The Family Vol.26 June'45. Keith-Lucas, A l a n "Some Notes on Theology and S o c i a l Work" S o c i a l Casework V o l . 41 February, I960. Spencer, Sue " R e l i g i o n and S o c i a l Work" S o c i a l Work I,No.5 July,1956. Spencer, Sue "R e l i g i o u s and S p i r i t u a l Values i n S o c i a l Casework P r a c t i c e " S o c i a l Casework 38, Ho. 10 December 1957. The S o c i a l Work Yearbook N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers, has i n each e d i t i o n given d e t a i l e d r e p o r t s of the Jewish, C a t h o l i c , and P r o t e s t a n t S o c i a l S e r v i c e s . 2. Spencer, Op. c i t . pp.519-520. -18-Miss Spencer continues and asks the question, "Perhaps the time has come f o r the s o c i a l work p r o f e s s i o n to answer t h i s very fundamental question: 'How can the p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i a l worker, r e g a r d l e s s of the auspices under which he i s employed, help h i s c l i e n t make a f f i r m a t i v e use of h i s own r e l i g i o n ? ' " Miss Spencer suggests the knowledge and s k i l l the s o c i a l worker must have i f he i s to work e f f e c t i v e l y i n t h i s area. This i s summarized as f o l l o w s : 1. He must have a mature understanding of r e l i g i o n . I f he professes a r e l i g i o n he must be aware of how he uses t h i s f a i t h . 2. He must have a working knowledge of the b a s i c b e l i e f s t h a t form the crux of a l l r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s and of the e f f e c t each r e l i g i o n may have on the i n d i v i d u a l s a t t i t u d e s and behaviour. 3. He should know where and how to get i n f o r m a t i o n and advise q u i c k l y on r e l i g i o u s problems w i t h which he i s not f a m i l i a r i n order to handle these problems i n h i s p r a c t i c e . 4. He must have a c l e a r understanding of which problems r e q u i r e the help of a s k i l l e d s p i r i t u a l a d v i s o r and should be able to make such r e f e r r a l on the same b a s i s a r e f e r r a l would be made to a lawyer, doctor, or any other community resource." 1" Miss Spencer has o f f e r e d a major c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h i s subject and has aided considerably i n promoting an understanding of the place of r e l i g i o n i n s o c i a l work. The Council on S o c i a l Work Education i n Volume I of the Curriculum Study, "Objectives of the S o c i a l Work Curriculum of the Future", o f f e r s a panoramic c o n s i d e r a t i o n of values and e t h i c s 1. Spencer, Op. c i t . p. 523. -19-and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p to the p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l work. Three of the ten o b j e c t i v e s recommended by the study are: "1. Comprehension of values, d i s v a l u e s , and e t h i c a l judgements as human phenomena; understanding of the p h i l o s o p h i c -s p i r i t u a l component i n every l i f e s i t u a t i o n . 2. A p p r e c i a t i o n of d i f f e r e n t value systems, i n c l u d i n g one's own. 3. A b i l i t y to use one's own value system i n a h e l p i n g r e l a t i o n -ship . ""*" The u l t i m a t e i n f l u e n c e of the Curriculum Study upon education f o r s o c i a l work w i l l not be known f o r s e v e r a l years. The suggested o b j e c t i v e s , mentioned above, when considered and incorporated i n t o the course m a t e r i a l of the schools of s o c i a l work, should provide a p a r t i a l answer to Miss Spencer's question asking how the pro-f e s s i o n a l s o c i a l worker, regard l e s s of the auspices under which he i s employed, may help h i s c l i e n t make a f f i r m a t i v e use of h i s own r e l i g i o n . 1. Boehm, Werner W. "Objectives of the S o c i a l Work Curriculum of the Future" Volume I The Comprehensive Report of the Curriculum Study Council on S o c i a l Work Education, 345 East 46th S t r e e t , New York 17, N.Y., 1959, p.128. The Council on S o c i a l Work Education i s an educational agency w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to speak and act f o r the s o c i a l work p r o f e s s i o n on a l l educational matters of common concern. I t s purpose i s to promote the development of sound programs of s o c i a l work education i n the 63 a c c r e d i t e d American and Canadian schools of s o c i a l work. -20-L e s c r i p t i o n of the Survey Area Richmond, l o c a t e d immediately south of the c i t y of Vancouver, c o n s i s t s of L u l u I s l a n d , Sea I s l a n d , and s e v e r a l other smaller i s l a n d s . S i t u a t e d i n the mouth of the Fraser R i v e r , the 57 square m i l e s of d e l t a l a n d was once the main s u p p l i e r of a g r i c u l t u r a l produce to the surrounding m e t r o p o l i t a n community. There has been a s i g n i f i c a n t r u r a l to suburban s h i f t i n the past ten y e a r s ( l 9 5 1 to 1961). W i t h i n t h i s p e r i o d the l a n d has been r a p i d l y developed f o r housing and i n d u s t r i a l purposes. The population growth p a t t e r n i s i n d i c a t i v e of t h i s s h i f t . The f i g u r e s are as f o l l o w s : 1951, p o p u l a t i o n 19,200tf 1956, po p u l a t i o n 26,000; and i n 1961, po p u l a t i o n 42,600. As i n d i c a t e d during the ten year p e r i o d the p o p u l a t i o n more than doubled. The Oak S t r e e t Bridge, to the n o r t h , the highway route to the east, and the Deas I s l a n d thruway to the south make Richmond w i t h i n easy reach of the l a r g e r mainland centres. Richmond has an environment that o f f e r s many n a t u r a l resources f o r continued housing development. I t has many charac-t e r i s t i c s of a "bedroom" community and i t w i l l i n c r e a s i n g l y develop t h i s a t t r i b u t e as the flo w of f a m i l i e s increases from the surrounding urban centres. A d e s c r i p t i o n and explanation of the churches and welfare s e r v i c e s w i l l be i n c l u d e d i n the f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n on Method-ology. -21-Methodology - D e s c r i p t i o n and D e f i n i t i o n This study i n c l u d e d the churches and welfa r e s e r v i c e s i n Richmond. The survey i n c l u d e d i n t e r v i e w s w i t h both the r e p r e r s e n t a t i v e s of the churches, the c l e r g y , and the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the we l f a r e s e r v i c e s , the s o c i a l workers. There are 32 churches i n the community r e p r e s e n t i n g a cross s e c t i o n of a l l the major denominations and sects."*" Several of the sm a l l e r sects were not i n c l u d e d i n • t h e survey. Census p Tract m a t e r i a l was used as an i n d i c a t i o n of the denominations that- were most r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the p o p u l a t i o n of the community. On the b a s i s of t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , the f o l l o w i n g denominations were s e l e c t e d f o r the survey. 1. There was one exception. The Jewish f a i t h was not represent ed.-2. "Table 4-1 P o p u l a t i o n by S p e c i f i e d R e l i g i o u s Denomination f o r Census S u b d i v i s i o n " Volume I . P o p u l a t i o n - N i n t h Census of Canada. General C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s Queen's P r i n t e r , Ottawa, 1956. The Census Tract i n f o r m a t i o n i s based on 1951 s t a t i s t i c s . Since 1951 the pop u l a t i o n has doubled i n the area. The apparent discrepancy i n us i n g these 1951 s t a t i s t i c s may be r e c o n c i l e d by the f a c t t h a t these s t a t i s t i c s were used f o r an i n d i c a t i o n of r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n on a prop o r t i o n a t e b a s i s . I t i s assumed that when the 1961 census s t a t i s t i c s are a v a i l a b l e , a comparison of the denominations s e l e c t e d f o r the survey w i l l remain r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the area. -22-Table A. Denominations: Number of Churches and Clergy Represented ( S p e c i f i e d R e l i g i o u s Denominations f o r Census S u b d i v i s i o n s ) 2 Denominati ons No. of Churches No. of Clergy United Church of Canada 6 4 3 Church of England 3 3 Roman C a t h o l i c 3 3 P r e s b y t e r i a n 1 1 Lutheran 2 2 B a p t i s t 2 2 Uk r a i n i a n Greek C a t h o l i c 1 1 T o t a l 18 16 This t a b l e represents the survey sample with the f o l l o w i n g m o d i f i c a t i o n s . The C h r i s t i a n Reformed Church was added, and the U k r a i n i a n Greek C a t h o l i c Church was removed from the l i s t . One member of the c l e r g y refused to p a r t i c i p a t e . Therefore, the number of c l e r g y interviewed was 15. These 15 men represented 17 churches. 1. Census Tract, Op.cit. 2. These seven denominations represented 89$ of the po p u l a t i o n i n t h i s census t r a c t d i v i s i o n i n 1951. I f t h i s same r a t e remains f a i r l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h i s area i n 1961, i t i n d i c a t e s that the 18 churches i n the survey should i n c l u d e 80 to 90 per cent of the po p u l a t i o n . This was an assumption t h a t had to be made and the accuracy of i t may be checked when the 1961 s t a t i s t i c s by census t r a c t s are a v a i l a b l e . 3 . Two of the c l e r g y each serve two churches. 4. By i n c l u d i n g the C h r i s t i a n Reformed Church, which i s a member of the M i n i s t e r i a l A s s o c i a t i o n , a l l the members of the A s s o c i a t i o n i n Richmond were included i n the survey. Contact was attempted but not s u c c e s s f u l w i t h the c l e r g y r e p r e s e n t i n g the U k r a i n i a n Greek C a t h o l i c church. -23-D e f i n i t i o n of " c l e r g y " to be used i n t h i s study w i l l r e f e r to the men re p r e s e n t i n g the denominations i n c l u d e d i n the survey. "Churches" r e f e r s to the or g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t are r e p r e -s e n t a t i v e of these denominations. The welfare services"^" i n t h i s community were" e a s i e r to d i f f e r e n t i a t e f o r the purpose of t h i s survey. The Richmond Mu-n i c i p a l S o c i a l Welfare Department provides most of the welfare s e r v i c e s . A l l of the s o c i a l workers i n t h i s Department were i n -2 eluded i n the survey. The P r o v i n c i a l P r o b a t i o n Branch as w e l l 3 as the two Children's A i d S o c i e t i e s were a l s o i n c l u d e d . These three agencies provide a d i r e c t w e l f a r e s e r v i c e to the community wit h s t a f f members c a r r y i n g a caseload of Richmond r e s i d e n t s . One of the concepts f o l l o w e d i n t h i s study i s to consider w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s and not s p e c i f i c agencies. Too f r e q u e n t l y the term "agency" i s used synonymously with "welfare s e r v i c e s . " Therefore, an attempt has been made to i n c l u d e the main agencies and consider them as a part of welfa r e s e r v i c e s . " S o c i a l worker" i s defined as the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the agency performing a welfa r e s e r v i c e i n the survey area. 1. Complete d e s c r i p t i o n of welfa r e s e r v i c e s as i t a p p l i e s to t h i s community w i l l be o f f e r e d i n Chapter I I I when the data from the i n t e r v i e w s w i t h the s o c i a l workers i s discussed. 2. A s t a t i s t i c a l breakdown of the s o c i a l workers i n c l u d e s : 1 - A d m i n i s t r a t o r ; 1 - Casework 'Supervisor; 3 - Caseworkers; and, 1 - former caseworker who was in c l u d e d i n respect of her experience w i t h the agency. 3. The two S o c i e t i e s are: The C a t h o l i c Children's A i d and Children's A i d Soc i e t y , both i n Vancouver. -24-Methodology - Questionnaire The Questionnaire"^or the c l e r g y was intended to con-t r i b u t e i n f o r m a t i o n that would o f f e r an o v e r a l l p e r s p e c t i v e of the resources and work of the church and the c l e r g y i n t h i s community. The Questionnaire was s t r u c t u r e d to i n c l u d e the f o l l o w i n g f o u r general areas of i n f o r m a t i o n : 1. Understanding the churches as p h y s i c a l and o r g a n i z a t i o n a l e n t i t i e s . This was included i n Questionnaire A under the four' groupings: Membership, Organizations, Welfare S e r v i c e s -Committees, and F a c i l i t i e s . 2. Understanding the c l e r g y , and the work that they are doing. This was included i n Questionnaire B under the two groupings: Education and C o u n s e l l i n g . ? 3. The use of Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s was a departure from the d i r e c t question nature of the Questionnaire. The purpose of these Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s was to provide a non-focussed aspect to the i n t e r v i e w i n order to s o l i c i t i n f o r m a t i o n that may con-t r i b u t e to a b e t t e r understanding of how the c l e r g y would handle s p e c i f i c personal problems of t h e i r p a r i s h i o n e r s . The c l e r g y were to respond to the cases as i f these cases may occur i n t h e i r work. They were asked to e x p l a i n what they would do wi t h respect to t h e i r experience and the resources of the community. The cases were created w i t h the a n t i c i p a t i o n that they represented on a graduated s c a l e movement from a f a m i l i a r problem(marital) to a b o r d e r l i n e problem(emotional-mental h e a l t h ) to an u n f a m i l i a r problem ( s o c i a l - f i n a n c i a l ) . I t was a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t the c l e r g y do more m a r i t a l c o u n s e l l i n g than the p r o v i d i n g of m a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e . I t was hoped, a l s o , that d i s c u s s i o n of these 1. Questionnaires A and B are i n c l u d e d i n Appendix A. 2. The three Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s are found i n Appendix A. -25-case i l l u s t r a t i o n s would prompt a more extensive c o n s i d e r a t i o n of f e e l i n g s and a t t i t u d e s that may have been bypassed i n the s p e c i f i c nature of the other questions i n the i n t e r v i e w . I t i s l e a d i l y acknowledged that the main reason f o r i n s i s t a n c e that i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h i s survey be obtained by an i n t e r v i e w r a t h e r than a mailed questionnaire was to i n c l u d e the non-focussed Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s . 4. Understanding the c l e r g y ' s awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n of community r e s o u r c e s ( p r i m a r i l y w e l f a r e services)was the purpose of the second page of Questionnaire B. The groupings were: R e f e r r a l s , Welfare Agencies, and S o c i a l Workers. Some of these questions, as under the grouping R e f e r r a l s , were s p e c i f i c counterparts to the general question asked i n the Case I l l u s t r a t i o n on agencies or persons that may be contacted, i n c l u d i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n of p o s s i b l e r e f e r r a l s . In order to assure u n i f o r m i t y , a guide f o r t h e completion of Questionnaires A and B was drawn up and f o l l o w e d f o r each i n t e r -view."'" The i n t e r v i e w s w i t h the c l e r g y were arranged by sending 2 an i n t r o d u c t o r y l e t t e r , f o l l o w e d by a telephone conversation. E x c e l l e n t co-operation was r e a l i z e d from t h i s method and as i n d i c a t e d p r e v i o u s l y , only one member of the c l e r g y r e f u s e d to p a r t i c i p a t e . The Questionnaire f o r the s o c i a l workers, Questionnaire C , was intended to c o n t r i b u t e i n f o r m a t i o n that would o f f e r an over-a l l p e r s p e c t i v e of the resources and s e r v i c e s o f f e r e d by welfare agencies s e r v i n g the community. The s t r u c t u r i n g of the Questionnaire 1. The Guide i s i n c l u d e d i n Appendix A. 2. See Appendix A. 3. Questionnaire C i s i n c l u d e d i n Appendix A. -26-C was almost p a r a l l e l to Questionnaires A and B which, were used f o r the c l e r g y . The main d i f f e r e n c e being that the questions were asked i n the context of welfare s e r v i c e s . The Questionnaire C i n c l u d e d the f o l l o w i n g general areas of i n f o r m a t i o n : 1. Understanding the s o c i a l workers and what they o f f e r as re p r e s e n t a t i v e of the welfa r e s e r v i c e s . Opportunity was als o given f o r the expression of a t t i t u d e s and opinions. The one grouping used to ob t a i n t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n was Education - Experience. 2. The s o c i a l worker's a.wareness and u t i l i z a t i o n of the r e -sources of the c l e r g y and t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e churches. This was obtained i n the three groupings R e f e r r a l s , Clergy and Churches, and S o c i a l Workers and the Clergy. 3. The use of Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s " * ' was s i m i l a r to the reason f o r t h e i r use i n in t e r v i e w s w i t h the c l e r g y . There was one main change and t h i s was wi t h respect to a r e v e r s a l i n t h e i r p order.. I t was a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t the s o c i a l workers would encounter or have the resources to handle more cases r e -q u i r i n g m a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e than m a r i t a l c o u n s e l l i n g . There-f o r e , on a graduated s c a l e the movement would be from the f a m i l i a r ( m a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e ) t o the b o r d e r l i n e f a m i l i a r (emotional-mental health)and the l e a s t f a m i l i a r ( m a r i t a l c o u n s e l l i n g ) . The s o c i a l workers were asked to e x p l a i n what they would do i n each case, acknowledging t h e i r own experience, a t t i t u d e s and the resources of the community. I t was an-t i c i p a t e d t h a t m a t e r i a l from t h i s non-focussed part of the i n t e r v i e w would evoke an expression of a t t i t u d e s and opinions toward the understanding and place of the c l e r g y as 1. Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s f o r s o c i a l workers. 'See Appendix A. 2. I b i d . , Mr. C, the s o c i a l a s s i s t a n c e case, was placed f i r s t and the case of Mrs. A., m a r i t a l problem, was then l a s t . -27-a member of the h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n . Therefore, the grouping S o c i a l Workers and the Clergy i s in c l u d e d w i t h Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s . I n order to assure c o n t i n u i t y of the questions asked, a guide f o r completion of Questionnaire C was drawn up and f o l l o w e d f o r each i n t e r v i e w . Interviews were arranged w i t h the s o c i a l workers a f t e r personal contact and explanation of the study. A l l of the s o c i a l workers that were s e l e c t e d to c o n s t i t u t e the sample survey p a r t i c i p a t e d and were co-operative. 1. See Appendix A. CHAPTER I I THE CHURCHES AND CLERGY OF RICHMOND This chapter i s an account of the resources of the churches and a d e s c r i p t i o n of the a c t i v i t i e s and a t t i t u d e s of the c l e r g y . The m a t e r i a l i s "based on f i f t e e n i n t e r v i e w s w i t h c l e r g y -men re p r e s e n t i n g seventeen churches. The denominations i n c l u d e d i n the survey were the United Church, A n g l i c a n , Roman C a t h o l i c , Lutheran, B a p t i s t , P r e s b y t e r i a n , and C h r i s t i a n Reformed. The denominations w i l l not be r e f e r r e d to s p e c i f i c a l l y but i n c l u d e d i n the term "churches". Questionnaire A - The Churches of Richmond Questionnaire A provides background i n f o r m a t i o n about the churches. The f o l l o w i n g three headings are used to describe them as p h y s i c a l and o r g a n i z a t i o n a l e n t i t i e s w i t h i n the community. 1. P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 2. Membership - C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Organizations. 3. Welfare Services - Committees. The f i r s t two headings w i l l i n c l u d e m a t e r i a l that i s p r i m a r i l y s t a t i s t i c a l and s t a t e d w i t h a minimum of i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . The m a t e r i a l on Welfare Services w i l l be discussed i n more d e t a i l 1. See Appendix A. -29-as i t i s recognized t h i s has d i r e c t hearing on the i n t e n t of t h i s study. P h y s i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s There has been a. steady increase i n the establishment of new churches i n the past ten year p e r i o d . This i s p a r a l l e l to the r a p i d p o p u l a t i o n growth of the community. The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s t a t e s the number and approximate time since the churches were e s t a b l i s h e d . Table B. Churches: Number and Ye a r s - E s t a b l i s h e d (Survey Area, Richmond; 1962) Years E s t a b l i s h e d 1-5 6-10 11-20 over 20 Total Number of Churches 5 3 1 8 17 Fourteen of the seventeen churches were completing b u i l d i n g p r o j e c t s and planning f o r f u t u r e development. The p h y s i c a l u n i t s that p r e s e n t l y e x i s t , when supplemented by the proposed b u i l d i n g s and f a c i l i t i e s , w i l l represent a major c o n t r i b u t i o n to the p h y s i c a l composition of the community. Membership and C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Organizations Church membership i s defined as a l l i n d i v i d u a l s who the church has r e g i s t e r e d and acknowledged as t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . 1. A l l succeeding t a b l e s are derived from Survey Area, Richmond; 1962. -30-Consideration, of the number of a c t i v e members, r e g i s t e r e d members and those expressing a r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h i n the total-p o pulation of the survey area suggest the f o l l o w i n g s i g n i f i c a n t t r e n d s . Less than one-half of the po p u l a t i o n -.who express a r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n are considered by the c l e r g y to be a f f i l i a t e d w i t h the church. S l i g h t l y over one-half of t h i s l a t t e r p o p u l a t i o n are a c t i v e members.' These trends are based on the s t a t i s t i c a l breakdown of the p o p u l a t i o n i n d i c a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a h l e . Table G. Church Membership and R e l i g i o u s A f f i l i a t i o n P o p u l a t i o n Total Percentage Survey Area 42,600 1 100 Expressing r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n 36,210 2 85 Acknowledged as a f f i l i a t e d by the c l e r g y 16,730 39 A c t i v e Church members 8,927 5 I i I i 1 21 To supplement t h i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n of membership, the number of p a r t i c i p a n t s i n the var i o u s church o r g a n i z a t i o n s are l i s t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . 1. 1961 census. 2. P r o j e c t e d t o t a l , based on r a t i o of po p u l a t i o n expressing r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n as i n d i c a t e d i n 1951 Census Tract S t a t i s t i c s . See footnote 2, p.22. 3. Includes 3,585 c h i l d r e n Jwho'- attend Sunday School. -31-Table D. Church Organizations: Number of P a r t i c i p a n t s Organizations Number of P a r t i c i p a n t s Sunday School 3,585 Cubs,Scouts,Explorers, Guides 1,050 Women's A u x i l i a r y 830 Youth Groups 420 Men's Groups 320 Others (Young Mothers, Couples Club, etc.) 200 Total 6,405 In these o r g a n i z a t i o n s the Sunday School programs and a c t i v i t i e s of Scouts, Cubs and r e l a t e d groups comprise the m a j o r i t y of the p a r t i c i p a n t s . There are many i m p l i c a t i o n s t h a t could be drawn from an e v a l u a t i o n of the above m a t e r i a l . This e v a l u a t i o n , although i n t e r e s t i n g and o f f e r i n g a balanced view of the work of the church, i s beyond the i n t e n t of t h i s study. The preceding b r i e f mention of the p h y s i c a l and o r g a n i -z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e of the church o f f e r s a background f o r a more d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n of the welfar e s e r v i c e s . These s e r v i c e s represent the a c t i v i t i e s the churches acknowledge as t h e i r c o n t r i -b u t i o n toward meeting welfare needs i n the community. -32-Table E. Churches and Welfare S e r v i c e s : Source, Frequency and Nature of Service Source and Nature of Welfare S e r v i c e Number of times source mentioned Women's A u x i l i a r y M a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r l o c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . Support of c h a r i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n sur-rounding m e t r o p o l i t a n community and on the i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l . Men's Group M a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r church groups. P r a c t i c a l help f o r members of church. Support of churches c h a r i t y p r o j e c t s and s i m i l a r p r o j e c t s i n surrounding m e t r o p o l i t a n community. 1 Clergy A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of cash fund, $25 to $75, to t r a n s i e n t s and others i n need. Sunday School, Scouts. Cubs, Youth Groups M a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r l o c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n and f o r c h a r i t a b l e o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n sur-rounding m e t r o p o l i t a n community. Welfare Committees Autonomous groups, i n v e s t i g a t i n g requests f o r help and r e f e r r i n g to appropriate resources w i t h i n the church or community. 11 7 6 The Women's A u x i l i a r y , mentioned i n eleven out of seventeen churches, was considered a main v e h i c l e f o r p r o v i d i n g welfare s e r v i c e s . These s e r v i c e s were mostly p r e p a r a t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n of food hampers and c l o t h i n g i n the l o c a l community. This a c t i v i t y was heightened during Thanksgiving and Christmas. C o n t r i b u t i o n s of food, c l o t h i n g , and cash donations were sent to orga n i z a t i o n s i n the c i t y of Vancouver such as S a l v a t i o n Army, 1. The clerg y performed sev e r a l welfare s e r v i c e s i n a d d i t i o n to t h i s s p e c i f i c g i v i n g o f f i n a n c e s . I n a l l of the churches they saw themselves i n d i r e c t or close contact w i t h a l l of the church welfare a c t i v i t i e s . - 3 3 -Harbour L i g h t Centre, C e n t r a l C i t y M i s s i o n , F i r s t United Church, and St. James An g l i c a n Church. They a l s o c o n t r i b u t e d to the support of World Mi s s i o n s by conducting annual c l o t h i n g d r i v e s as w e l l as sending cash donations. The Men's Groups were mentioned i n seven out of seventeen churches as promoting various w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s . They s u p p l i e d m a t e r i a l and f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e as w e l l as l e a d e r s h i p f o r l o c a l Cub Packs, Scout Troops, and Youth Groups. I n one church they were seen as g i v i n g p r a c t i c a l help to members i n the church. One i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h i s was of h e l p i n g a f a m i l y move i n t o a house -p r o v i d i n g a stove and other n e c e s s i t i e s , as w e l l as a few minor r e p a i r s . They a l s o r a i s e funds f o r the l o c a l and general c h a r i t y program of the church. In every church the cl e r g y considered themselves as e i t h e r the d i r e c t a d m i n i s t r a t o r s of the m a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e s u p p l i e d by the v a r i o u s groups w i t h i n the church, or the d i r e c t o r s of the group that was i n charge of welfare s e r v i c e s . In s i x churches they' had a cash fund that the church budgets to be used at t h e i r d i s c r e t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n to t h i s s p e c i f i c fund i s the out-of-pocket g i v i n g to those i n need. No r e c o r d was kept of the amount or frequency of t h i s p r a c t i c e . The c l e r g y didn't acknowledge t h e i r c o u n s e l l i n g p r a c t i c e s to be a welfare s e r v i c e . The three general groups of Scouts-Cubs, Sunday School, and Youth Groups were r e f e r r e d to on f i v e occasions. Their pro-v i s i o n of m a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e i s p r i m a r i l y of the same nature as the a s s i s t a n c e o f f e r e d by the Women's A u x i l i a r y and men's groups. - 3 4 -Welfare Committees were mentioned l e a s t of a l l , with, a t o t a l of f o u r churches o f f e r i n g some form of organized w e l f a r e a c t i v i t y . Due to the important bearing the nature of these com-mittees have on t h i s survey, they w i l l be discussed w i t h more e l a b o r a t i o n than the preceding sources of welfare s e r v i c e s . One form of welfare committee c o n s i s t e d of a group of s i x or seven laymen appointed by the c l e r g y . This group, au-tonomous i n nature, accepted r e f e r r a l s from the c l e r g y or other members of the church. The r e f e r r a l would be of f a m i l i e s or i n d i -v i d u a l s needing help w i t h l a c k of f i n a n c e s , unemployment, m a r i t a l :...ahd other s o c i a l problems. One or two members of the group would i n v e s t i g a t e the s i t u a t i o n , assess the need and administer whatever help was a v a i l a b l e . I n cases of f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t y , food, c l o t h i n g , and vouchers were d i s t r i b u t e d . A l l s i t u a t i o n s were handled w i t h acceptance and complete c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y . Another welfare committee c o n s i s t s of three members that work i n clo s e co-operation w i t h the deacons of the church. This committee co-ordinates a f a m i l y a i d program. One s e r v i c e o f f e r e d i s the p r o v i s i o n of housekeeper s e r v i c e s to f a m i l i e s where there i s i l l n e s s or other s i t u a t i o n s t h a t c a l l f o r a d d i t i o n a l h e l p . S e l e c t i o n of a housekeeper and payment of wages i s made by the committee. The fund f o r t h i s s e r v i c e i s e s t a b l i s h e d by member-ship dues. Members may use the s e r v i c e and a token fee i s p a i d f o r each day the housekeeper i s i n the home. This committee co-ordinates other w e l f a r e a c t i v i t i e s of the church which i n c l u d e s d i s t r i b u t i o n of food, c l o t h i n g , and vouchers. This church has s e v e r a l mutual a i d programs f o r i t s ' members. One example i s a f u n e r a l a i d -35-program where each member c o n t r i b u t e s a y e a r l y premium which i s based on a s l i d i n g s c a l e according to a b i l i t y to pay. •. The remaining two welfare committees were s i m i l a r i n i n t e n t and s t r u c t u r e and w i l l be discussed as one. These com-mittees were a recent i n n o v a t i o n i n the two churches and th e r e f o r e l a c k some of the s p e c i f i c d e t a i l s found i n the preceding examples. The welfare committee c o n s i s t e d of f i v e to seven members who were chosen because of t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r s k i l l s " ' " and because they had a desi r e to express the church's concern f o r the w e l f a r e -of the community. " Some of the o b j e c t i v e s of the welfare.committee, i n a d d i t i o n to the o v e r a l l d e s i r e to co-ordinate and prompt more e f f e c t i v e welfare a c t i v i t i e s , were as f o l l o w s ; 1. Studying the - community and a i d i n g the c l e r g y i n educating the members of the church to t h e i r o p p o r t u n i t i e s and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n church s o c i a l w e l f a r e . 2. Emphasizing the d i s t i n c t i o n between the extent of help the l o c a l group can give and the times when a r e f e r r a l should be made to a s p e c i a l i z e d agency. Examples c i t e d were cases of unwed mothers, emotionally d i s t u r b e d c h i l d r e n , and the a l c o h o l i c . 3. Co-operation w i t h l o c a l agencies and emphasis on l e a r n i n g the e s s e n t i a l f a c t s about h e a l t h and welfare s e r v i c e s . 4. The committee serves as a connecting l i n k between the agencies and-the congregation so that t a l e n t s and a b i l i t i e s of people i n the church may be brought to people i n need and t r o u b l e . 5. Efforts.were made to e x p l a i n to the youth of the church what s o c i a l workers do and to suggest t h a t they consider s o c i a l work as a career. 1. P a r t i c u l a r s k i l l s r e f e r s to i n d i v i d u a l s who are nurses, s o c i a l workers, lawyers, doctors, and businessmen, e t c . -36-These two welfare committees represent the l o c a l adaptation of the r e s p e c t i v e churches' n a t i o n a l w e l f a r e program."*" Questionnaire B - The Clergy of Richmond 2 Questionnaire B c o n t r i b u t e s to an understanding of the c l e r g y and the work they are doing. Opportunities were given f o r the expression of a t t i t u d e s and opinions about welfare s e r v i c e s and s o c i a l workers. The d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s m a t e r i a l as i t a p p l i e s to the c l e r g y w i l l be considered under the f o l l o w i n g three headings: 1. Understanding the Clergy - Education and C o u n s e l l i n g A c t i v i t i e s . 2. Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s - Response to P r a c t i c a l S i t u a t i o n s . 3. Awareness and U t i l i z a t i o n - S o c i a l Welfare Agencies and Re f e r r a l s . . The responses i n t h i s p a r t of the i n t e r v i e w were made without any expressed r e s e r v a t i o n s . Before these questions were asked, i t was explained that they r e l a t e d to such areas as education, the nature of t h e i r work, and.were meant to give a b e t t e r understanding of what they as i n d i v i d u a l s brought to t h i s community. Understanding the Clergy - Education P r o f e s s i o n a l education has become a guide or i n d i c a t o r of the competence of i n d i v i d u a l s i n most of the p r o f e s s i o n s . The p r o f e s s i o n a l education as r e c e i v e d by the c l e r g y i s noted i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . 1. See Appendix B. 2. ' See Appendix A. -37-Table P. Clergy: Education, Degrees 1 Degrees Number of Responses Bachelor of A r t s - Diploma 2 Bachelor of Theology 8 Bachelor of Theology and Post-graduate work 4 Doctor of D i v i n i t y 1 T o t a l 15 In a d d i t i o n to the m a t e r i a l i n the t a b l e , i t was de-termined that seven were educated i n Canadian seminaries, f o u r i n American, two Canadian-American, and two European. The l e n g t h of time f o r the education i s i n d i c a t e d In the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Table G. Clergy: Years of Education Years of Education Number of Responses 0 - 2 0 3 - 5 3 6 - 7 7 8 -10 5 Total 15 1. Explanation of Degrees: Bachelor of A r t s Diploma - Bachelor of A r t s or equivalent, u s u a l l y granted by seminary or church school. Bachelor of Theology - Bachelor of Theology, granted by a seminary and obtained a f t e r a Bachelor of A r t s degree from an a c c r e d i t e d u n i v e r s i t y . Bachelor of Theology-Postgraduate work - A f t e r Bachelor of Theology the completion of one to two years of postgraduate education. Doctor of D i v i n i t y - Honorary degree, granted by t h e o l o g i c a l seminaries i n r e c o g n i t i o n of the i n d i v i d u a l s c o n t r i b u t i o n to the work of the church. -38-Th e minimum amount of education was three years of u n i v e r s i t y t r a i n i n g a f t e r s e n i o r m a t r i c u l a t i o n . The maximum amount was ten years. The most r e p r e s e n t a t i v e l e n g t h of time f o r edu-c a t i o n was s i x to seven years. To give some i n d i c a t i o n of the l e n g t h of time that they had been working i n t h e i r profession., a question was asked to i n -d i c a t e the year of o r d i n a t i o n . The t a b l e below records t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n to the past f o u r decades. Table H. Clergy: Decade Ordained Decade Number of Responses 1920 1 1930 3 1940 3 1950 8 Total 15 In many of the church seminaries, P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g courses are taught. They are of a p r a c t i c a l nature, intended to equip the c l e r g y f o r the h a n d l i n g of personal and i n t e r p e r s o n a l problems. The t a b l e below i n d i c a t e s the number who r e c e i v e d courses of t h i s nature and t h e i r e v a l u a t i o n of t h i s t r a i n i n g . -39-Table I . Clergy: Education, P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g Number of Responses Clergy t a k i n g t h i s education 13 Clergy who', didn't take t h i s education 2 Total 15 Education evaluated to be: adequate 3 h e l p f u l 8 inadequate 2 Total 13 An opportunity was given f o r comments on the nature and place of P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g courses i n seminary education. Some of the comments were: "A course l i k e t h i s was given, but I am doubtful of what t h i s amounts t o . . . i t i s d i f f i c u l t to l i s t e n to people and be con-s t r u c t i v e at the same time...one should be more of a teacher to those i n need." "Trai n i n g could have been longer...but i t gave some p r e p a r a t i o n f o r my work." "Some t r a i n i n g l i k e t h i s was given, but r e a l l y very l i t t l e when seen i n r e l a t i o n to the many complicated s i t u a t i o n s that I f a c e . " " S p e c i f i c courses were given but most l e a r n i n g comes from ex-perience and continued reading on. the s u b j e c t . " "We need s p e c i a l i z e d t r a i n i n g i n c o u n s e l l i n g ; my t r a i n i n g was not complete and should have been more i n t e n s i v e . " -40-A few questions were focussed on determining c o u n s e l l i n g a c t i v i t i e s . These a c t i v i t i e s were defined as work w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s , apart from r o u t i n e church contacts, who came or were r e f e r r e d to the c l e r g y . They estimated i n a one month p e r i o d to have counselled 207 i n d i v i d u a l s and to have spent 364 hours. There was a great v a r i a t i o n i n the responses. The range of number of persons seen was from one to 50, and the m o s t v t y p i c a l response was 20 to 30 i n d i v i d u a l s . There was a s i m i l a r v a r i a t i o n i n the l e n g t h of time spent i n t h i s a c t i v i t y . The range was from three hours to 100 hours. I n d i c a t i o n s of the nature of problems c o n f r o n t i n g the c l e r g y i n c o u n s e l l i n g s i t u a t i o n s are l i s t e d i n the t a b l e below. Table J . C o u n s e l l i n g : Problem Areas Problem Areas Number of Times Mentioned Emotional 13 M a r i t a l 12 P r e - m a r i t a l 12 Vo c a t i o n a l 9 Alcoholism 8 C h i l d r e n 8 Adoption 8 Death 7 F i n a n c i a l 4 Others 4 Total 85 -4-1-In t h i s question prollem areas were suggested. The c l e r g y were asked to add to or delete from these suggestions. The most noted a d d i t i o n was. that of death and bereavement. The term such as emotional was i n t e r p r e t e d as severe cases of nervousness, anxiety, or symptoms l e a d i n g to breakdown i n mental h e a l t h . Prom the t a b l e , the problem area that i s mentioned most f r e q u e n t l y i s t h a t of emotional,•followed c l o s e l y by m a r i t a l and p r e - m a r i t a l . These three problem areas, as many of the other areas i n d i c a t e d i n the t a b l e , were d i f f i c u l t to separate. The focus of t h e i r c o u n s e l l i n g was noted to be upon c l u s t e r s of pro-blem areas and not j u s t one. They were asked to s e l e c t the most common problems that they had contact w i t h "in t h i s community. In order of predominance, they were m a r i t a l , emotional, and a l c o h o l i s m . The m a t e r i a l i n t h i s s e c t i o n w i l l be checked against the responses the c l e r g y made to the Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s . Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s The use of case i l l u s t r a t i o n s i n the i n t e r v i e w was experimental. The i n t e n t of having them comment on t h e i r i n i t i a l r e a c t i o n , focus of involvement, and use of r e f e r r a l s was to gain a b e t t e r understanding of how they would respond to a s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n i n t h e i r work. Their comments were r e f l e c t i v e and e v i d e n t l y based on a considerable amount of experience. Through the use of these cases, a greater a p p r e c i a t i o n and p e r s p e c t i v e was gained of these men, the work they are doing, and the p o t e n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n they :can make to the community. 1. See Appendix A. -42-This i n t e r v i e w technique e l i c i t e d more i n f o r m a t i o n than may be a p p r o p r i a t e l y i n t e g r a t e d f o r d i s c u s s i o n . Therefore, s i g n i f i c a n t trends w i l l be noted i n the f o l l o w i n g reference to t h e i r comments. Case One depicted a m a r i t a l - f a m i l y problem, which was acknowledged to f r e q u e n t l y come to t h e i r a t t e n t i o n . Their i n i t i a l r e a c t i o n was u s u a l l y astute observation coupled w i t h support and acceptance. They revealed i n s i g h t i n t o the problem and were g e n e r a l l y methodical i n t h e i r focus of involvement. The husband's 1 d r i n k i n g was waived and seen as an escape or a symptom of a deeper c o n f l i c t . I f a r e f e r r a l was considered necessary f o r the husband, i t would be to A l c o h o l i c s Anonymous. One of the men considered a r e f e r r a l to Mental Health C l i n i c , Burnaby f o r m a r i t a l c o u n s e l l i n g . The fourteen other men saw themselves as c a r r y i n g the m a r i t a l c o u n s e l l i n g . The general observation was t h a t they had by years of experience developed a p a r t i c u l a r s p e c i a l t y i n c o u n s e l l i n g s i m i l a r m a r i t a l problems. Case Two depected a mental h e a l t h problem. Comments i n d i c a t e d they were not as f a m i l i a r w i t h t h i s problem as w i t h m a r i t a l problems. They d i d show considerable i n s i g h t i n t o the s i t u a t i o n and. would o f f e r the time and opportunity f o r long term contact. The church was seen as a s u i t a b l e environment that would o f f e r to the c l i e n t s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s and the chance f o r r e a l i z a t i o n of value s t r i v i n g s . Three would have r e f e r r e d the case a f t e r a ssessing the s i t u a t i o n , but they d i d not know of any s u i t a b l e resource. Eight would consider a r e f e r r a l to e i t h e r a f a m i l y doctor or to a p s y c h i a t r i s t whom they knew. Eour of the men would handle the problem without any r e f e r r a l s . . As a general -43-p r i n c i p l e , they were w i l l i n g to have the c l i e n t continue at h i s pace and g r a d u a l l y "become in c o r p o r a t e d i n t o the church. They acknowledged a l a c k of f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h resources f o r mental h e a l t h problems. Case Three depicted the s o c i a l a s s i s t a n c e c l i e n t , w i t h suggestions of a medical problem. I t was evident that they were not too f a m i l i a r w i t h s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n s . They d i d not consider t h i s to be a very frequent problem i n t h e i r community. Most of the churches would o f f e r short term m a t e r i a l a s s i s t a n c e . The need f o r medical care was mentioned by a few and the source of medical help was a l o c a l doctor. Some asked i f medical care was provided to s o c i a l a s s i s t a n c e cases. With the exception of one, a l l would ev e n t u a l l y r e f e r t h i s case to the l o c a l w e l f a r e agency. Several pointed out that the churches were not a r e l i e f agency and they didn't i n t e n d to d u p l i c a t e the l o c a l welfare s e r v i c e s . One sug-gested that " r e l i e f " perpetuated l a z i n e s s and drunks, w h i l e the others i n t e r p r e t e d the r e c e i p t of as s i s t a n c e as a r i g h t of the i n d i v i d u a l . I n summary, the trends were: The c l e r g y see m a r i t a l c o u n s e l l i n g p r i m a r i l y as t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , they are l e s s f a m i l i a r w i t h mental h e a l t h problems and the appropriate r e -sources, and the l o c a l welfare agency i s recognized as the main and accepted provider of ass i s t a n c e programs. -44-Awareness and U t i l i z a t i o n I n d i c a t i o n of the awareness the c l e r g y have of w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s and the s o c i a l work p r o f e s s i o n was o f f e r e d by the questions on the second page of Questionnaire B S p e c i f i c a t t e n t i o n was drawn to the use of welfare s e r v i c e s . R e f e r r a l s The number of r e f e r r a l s that they made to resources i n the community i n a one month p e r i o d are i n d i c a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Table K. Clergy; R e f e r r a l s to Community Resource (In a. one month period) Resources Number of R e f e r r a l s S o c i a l Agencies 29 f a m i l y . Doctor 9 Lawyer 4 Nurse 1 Other 0 Total 43 The question on r e f e r r a l s wasn't too s a t i s f a c t o r y but d i d give some i n d i c a t i o n of the p a t t e r n e s t a b l i s h e d by the c l e r g y . A l l f i g u r e s represent estimates as records were not kept. Re-f e r r a l s to s o c i a l agencies were g r e a t l y weighted by one r e p l y of 25. Nine were made to a f a m i l y doctor and i t can be i n f e r r e d that t h i s resource i s more r e p r e s e n t a t i v e than the s o c i a l agency. An open question r e l a t i n g to s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h these 1. See Appendix A, Questionnaire B. -45-r e f e r r a l s evoked response from only seven of the c l e r g y . This low response i s i n d i c a t i v e of a l a c k of r e f e r r a l p r a c t i c e s . Of the seven responding, general agreement was that the r e f e r r a l s Were h e l p f u l . One was of the o p i n i o n that the Mental Health Centre i n Burnaby was s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r m a r i t a l problems. Another mentioned the John Howard Society as o f f e r i n g considerable d i -r e c t i o n to the c l e r g y and the i n d i v i d u a l r e f e r r e d . Hesitancy i n r e f e r r i n g to the l o c a l welfare agency was mentioned by one to be based on a. past i n c i d e n t where the s o c i a l worker revealed i n -experience i n handling an adoption case. Another comment was t h a t s o c i a l a s s i s t a n c e cases were handled w e l l i n the l o c a l welfare agency, but t h a t was a l l the work they were prepared to do. The q u a l i f y i n g statements made by the ten who responded to the question asking i f any d i f f i c u l t i e s were experienced i n contact w i t h the resources of the community i n d i c a t e d s e v e r a l negative f e e l i n g s . A summary of these comments i s as f o l l o w s : "The l o c a l welfare agency has at times seemed somewhat im-personal and l a c k i n g i n compassion...perhaps i t i s a l a c k of an adequate budget." "They have l i m i t a t i o n s l i k e everyone e l s e . Proper care depends upon one's frame of reference. A w e l f a r e agency has to be w e l l s t a f f e d to do the proper job." "The John Howard S o c i e t y has only one aim, and that i s to keep' people out of p r i s o n . They are so busy they have no time f o r s u s t a i n i n g contact w i t h i n d i v i d u a l s . " "Contact i s easy i n Richmond, wi t h only one welfare o f f i c e . In Vancouver i t i s very d i f f i c u l t to t r y and make a r e f e r r a l . " (An example was c i t e d of contact w i t h Family Court). - 4 6 -Th e three community resources that they estimated were used most often i n t h e i r work are ranked as f i r s t , second, and t h i r d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Table L. Resources: Rank and Frequency of Use Resources Rank and I] se of Resoi, irces F i r s t Second Third S o c i a l Agencies Doctors la.wyers 11 1 1 6 3 2 2 Totals 13 9 4 Two abstained from answering any p a r t of the question. Of the t h i r t e e n who answered p a r t s of the question, f o u r didn't give a second choice or nine a t h i r d choice. They acknowledged that they didn't have much experience w i t h making r e f e r r a l s to community resources. They were asked the number of members of t h e i r church who were on the caseload of the l o c a l welfare agency."*" Ten estimated from one to f i v e cases; f o u r , s i x to 15 cases. p The extent and nature of the communication they have with the l o c a l welfare agency i s i n d i c a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g responses. Fourteen s a i d that at some time i n t h e i r work i n Richmond they have had contact w i t h the l o c a l w e l f a r e agency. 1. This i n c l u d e s adopting parents and f o s t e r home placements. 2 . Communication i s defined as l e t t e r s , phone c a l l s , and personal contacts. -47-One reported not having any contact or d e f i n i t e idea, where the w e l f a r e o f f i c e was l o c a t e d . Opportunity was given f o r comments on the nature of the contact. Nine, had communication wi t h the l o c a l welfare agency through the former a d m i n i s t r a t o r , and f o u r w i t h members of the s o c i a l work s t a f f . One stated.he had never made any e f f o r t s to make contact, but d i d r e c e i v e the o c c a s i o n a l reference l e t t e r on adoption cases. An o p i n i o n was expressed that i t was a l e t down not to be i n t e r v i e w e d by the s o c i a l worker seeking reference m a t e r i a l on.prospective adopting parents. The Community Chest Directory"*" was shown to the c l e r g y . Fourteen were not f a m i l i a r w i t h the p u b l i c a t i o n and one had seen i t p r e v i o u s l y . Some of the comments on the p o s s i b l e use of the D i r e c t o r y were as f o l l o w s : "There i s not much need f o r t h i s D i r e c t o r y as most problems can be covered i n Richmond." "This appears very h e l p f u l . . . I was not aware of such p u b l i c a t i o n s . I t would be very good and the church o f f i c e should know of t h i s D i r e c t o r y . " "This i s i n f o r m a t i v e and helpful...we are not aware of other resources and should be." S i x s t a t e d they had some other form of w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s d i r e c t o r y t h a t e l i m i n a t e d the need of a p u b l i c a t i o n l i k e the Chest D i r e c t o r y . Two r e f e r r e d to the p u b l i c a t i o n s of the P r o v i n c i a l Government which i n d i c a t e s various s o c i a l welfare o f f i c e s and the names of the ':. .1. D i r e c t o r y of Health, Welfare and R e c r e a t i o n a l Services i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver—prepared and i s s u e d by Community Chest and Councils of the Greater Vancouver area, I960. The D i r e c t o r y i s organized i n t o nine categories of s e r v i c e f o r meeting the h e a l t h , welfare and r e c r e a t i o n needs of the community. Within each category are s u b d i v i s i o n s r e l a t e d to s p e c i f i c v a r i e t i e s of s e r v i c e . An a l p h a b e t i c a l index at the back of the book l i s t s s e r v i c e s and agencies r e f e r r e d to i n the D i r e c t o r y . A b r i e f statement of f u n c t i o n s and program i s o f f e r e d f o r each o r g a n i z a t i o n . Cost of p u b l i c a t i o n , $2.50. - 4 8 -a d m i n i s t r a t o r s . Three mentioned a p u b l i c a t i o n which l i s t e d the welfare s e r v i c e s sponsored "by t h e i r church. One made reference to the phone hook as p r o v i d i n g a l l the i n f o r m a t i o n that, was needed. The C l e r g y s 1 Understanding of the S o c i a l Worker The questions concerning what they knew and thought about s o c i a l workers a p p l i e s to the awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n they have of welfare s e r v i c e s . Reluctance would be n o t i c e d i n t h e i r use of the welfare s e r v i c e s i f they didn't recognize s o c i a l workers as educated i n d i v i d u a l s , adequately t r a i n e d and having a p e r s o n a l i t y that commanded t h e i r respect. Any continuous contact they may have had w i t h s o c i a l workers seems l i m i t e d . Fourteen didn't have any s o c i a l workers as members of t h e i r church."'" One r e c a l l e d one member of h i s church to be a s o c i a l worker. They were asked to estimate the l e n g t h of education r e -qu i r e d f o r a s o c i a l worker i n terms of years a f t e r s e n i o r ma-t r i c u l a t i o n . As i n d i c a t e d i n the t a b l e below, only f o u r had any d e f i n i t e o p inion on t h i s question. The other r e p l i e s were very i n d e f i n i t e and the usual response was to h e s i t a t e and r e t u r n the question to the i n t e r v i e w e r . When an answer was given ±t was very t e n t a t i v e and was u s u a l l y supported by s e v e r a l q u a l i f y i n g statements. The t a b l e o f f e r s a d i v i s i o n of the responses i n t o d e f i n i t e , ambivalent, and i n d e f i n i t e . 1. A l l of the s o c i a l workers i n c l u d e d i n t h i s survey l i v e outside of Richmond. -49-Table M. Clergy; Estimate of Education Required For S o c i a l Workers Nature of Response Number of Responses D e f i n i t e r e s p o n s e — " F i v e to s i x years of education, i n c l u d i n g f i e l d work." 4 Ambivalent response—"Three to f o u r years. Below education f o r h i g h school teachers... s o c i a l workers are not t r a i n e d s u f f i c i e n t l y .. . toojonany young, o f f i c i o u s g i r l s . " 7 I n d e f i n i t e r e s p o n s e — " I s a B.A. degree a p r e - r e q u i s i t e ? . . . I wouldn't care to even guess...I assume i t must be equivalent to a. B.A. degree.. .three to f o u r years? No a c t u a l information...must be s i m i l a r to teacher t r a i n i n g . " 4 Total 15 To supplement t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e i r e s t i m a t i o n of l e n g t h of education f o r s o c i a l workers, a question was asked about the nature of s o c i a l work education. There was considerable over-l a p p i n g between these two questions due to the ambivalent and i n d e f i n i t e responses. With one exception, the responses were prefaced w i t h , "This i s r e a l l y a guess...", or " I t would seem that the courses should i n c l u d e . . . " , e t c . Several of the responses ended w i t h an i n q u i r y asking, "What i s the a c t u a l nature of the education?" The t a b l e below gives some i n d i c a t i o n of t h e i r understanding of s o c i a l work education. The responses are d i -vided, i n t o s p e c i f i c , general, i n d e f i n i t e , and unknown. -50-Table N. Clergy; Understanding of S o c i a l Work Education Nature of Responses Number of Responses S p e c i f i c — " T h e understanding of p e r s o n a l i t y and r e l a t i o n s h i p s . . . a n extensive course...respect the nature of t h i s education." 1 G e n e r a l — " C o n s i s t s of so c i o l o g y , psychology, h i s t o r y , economics, and some techniques of handling people." 6 I n d e f i n i t e — " M u s t he s i m i l a r to B.A. degree courses on p e r s o n a l i t y . . . some elementary psychology. L i k e pre-medical or h i g h s c h o o l teacher t r a i n i n g . " 2 Unknown—"Is r e a l l y unknown...hut what i t doesn't prepare the s o c i a l worker f o r i s how to handle p e r s o n a l i t y problems...just a few techniques." 6 Total 15 CHAPTER I I I THE WELFARE SERVICES IN RICHMOND This chapter i s an account of the welfare s e r v i c e s and a, d e s c r i p t i o n of the a c t i v i t i e s and a t t i t u d e s of the s o c i a l workers. The m a t e r i a l was obtained from i n t e r v i e w s w i t h ten s o c i a l workers who represented the Richmond M u n i c i p a l S o c i a l • Welfare Department, P r o v i n c i a l Probation Branch, Children's A i d S o c i e t y , and C a t h o l i c C h i l d r e n ' s A i d S o c i e t y . The term "welfare s e r v i c e " i s used to r e f e r to the s e r v i c e s o f f e r e d by these agencies. Welfare Services i n Richmond The Richmond M u n i c i p a l S o c i a l Welfare Department"*", the 2 main pr o v i d e r of s e r v i c e s , i s al s o the prime resource f o r making 3 d i r e c t r e f e r r a l s to agencies outside of the survey area. 1. W i l l be r e f e r r e d to i n t h i s chapter as l o c a l welfare agency. 2. Services o f f e r e d by the l o c a l welfare agency i n c l u d e the f o l l o w i n g : (1) Adoption S e r v i c e s — c h i l d study, c h i l d placement, home f i n d i n g , home s u p e r v i s i o n . (2) P i n a n c i a l A s s i s t a n c e — S o c i a l A s s i s t a n c e , Old Age As s i s t a n c e , B l i n d Persons Allowance, Disabled Persons Allowance, Old Age S e c u r i t y , and Supplementary S o c i a l Allowance. (3) P r o t e c t i v e Services to C h i l d r e n — s u p e r v i s i o n of c h i l d r e n i n own home, i n s t i g a t i o n of court a c t i o n , s u p e r v i s i o n of c h i l d r e n i n own home on court order(other than p r o b a t i o n ) , care of c h i l d r e n made' wards under C h i l d P r o t e c t i o n Act, non-ward care, f o s t e r home f i n d i n g . 3. Examples of r e f e r r a l s would be to Crease C l i n i c , P r o v i n c i a l Mental H o s p i t a l , Woodlands School, Youth C o u n s e l l i n g S e r v i c e , and Mental Health Centre. -52-Ihree other agencies were i n c l u d e d i n the survey as examples of agencies l o c a t e d outside of the survey a.rea and pro-v i d i n g a d i r e c t welfare service."*" The two Children's A i d S o c i e t i e s provide a, c h i l d welfare s e r v i c e , i n c l u d i n g adoption and f o s t e r home f i n d i n g and placement. The P r o v i n c i a l P r obation Branch has a. Probation O f f i c e r f o r the Richmond-Delta area. Questionnaire C p Questionnaire C was s t r u c t u r e d to o f f e r f a c t u a l i n -formation about the s o c i a l workers as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the welfare s e r v i c e s , and to provide o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r expression of a t t i t u d e s and opinions about the church and the work of the c l e r g y . The data w i l l be discussed according to the f o l l o w i n g three headings: 1. Understanding the S o c i a l Worker - Education and Experience. r 2. ' Awareness and U t i l i z a t i o n - S o c i a l Workers, R e f e r r a l s and the Clergy. 3. Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s - Response to P r a c t i c a l S i t u a t i o n s . Understanding the S o c i a l Worker P r o f e s s i o n a l education i s regarded as an i n d i c a t i o n of competence to p r a c t i c e i n the p r o f e s s i o n of s o c i a l work. Emphasis i s a l s o placed on experience i n s o c i a l work p r a c t i c e . Frequently the l e n g t h of experience an i n d i v i d u a l worker may have takes precedence over the nature and l e n g t h of p r o f e s s i o n a l education. I t i s i n t h i s context that the d i s c u s s i o n of education should be considered. The nature of the s o c i a l workers' education a f t e r 1. These agencies have s o c i a l workers who work p r i m a r i l y i n Richmond. 2. See Appendix A. -53-s e n i o r m a t r i c u l a t i o n i s indicated, i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Table 0. S o c i a l Workers; Educational Degrees •n 1 Degrees Number of Responses Equivalent to one year of graduate s o c i a l work education 3 Bachelor of A r t s 1 Bachelor of S o c i a l Work 2 Master of S o c i a l Work 2 Total 2 8 There i s n ' t any one s i g n i f i c a n t grouping to i n d i c a t e the most d e p i c t i v e l e v e l of p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i a l work education. The two w i t h Master of S o c i a l Work degrees were educated i n the United States and the others, w i t h the exception of one from England, attended Canadian Schools of S o c i a l Work. The l e n g t h of time f o r t h i s education i s s t a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Table P. S o c i a l Workers; Years•of Education Years of Education Number of Responses 1 - 2 3 3 - 4 3 5 - 6 2 Total 8 1. Bachelor of S o c i a l Work—granted to candidates who have Bachelor of A r t s and one year of S o c i a l Work education. Master of S o c i a l Work—granted a f t e r Bachelor of A r t s and two years of S o c i a l Work education. 2. Two of the s o c i a l workers had. se n i o r m a t r i c u l a t i o n . - 5 4 -The maximum amount of education was from f i v e to s i x years_ a f t e r s e n i o r m a t r i c u l a t i o n a.nd the minimum amount from one to two years. S o c i a l work experience was defined as years of employment i n a. recognized s o c i a l agency. The range i n years of experience i s i n d i c a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Table Q. S o c i a l Workers; Years of Experience Years of Experience Number of Responses 1 - 5 3 6 - 10 3 11 - 15 2 16 - 20 1 21 - 25 1 Total 10 S o c i a l work education emphasizes the understanding and use of community resources. Responses to the question determining i f courses i n t h e i r education mentioned the church as a resource or suggested ways of working w i t h the c l e r g y , are i n d i c a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Table R. S o c i a l Workers: Education Related to Understanding: the Clergy Nature of Question Responses Yes No To t a l Courses o f f e r e d understanding of the work of the c l e r g y 3 4 7 Courses suggested ways of working w i t h the c l e r g y 2 5 7 -55-Comment on the place and emphasis of t h i s course m a t e r i a l i n d i c a t e d that reference to the church and any c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the c l i e n t s ' r e l i g i o n was on a s u p e r f i c i a l l e v e l . One commented that the only references to r e l i g i o n were of a derogatory nature. The two who stat e d they had taken s p e c i f i c courses which d e a l t w i t h ways of working w i t h the c l e r g y and i n c o r p o r a t i n g r e l i g i o n i n t o s o c i a l work p r a c t i c e were educated i n American Schools of S o c i a l Work. Awareness and U t i l i z a t i o n The m a t e r i a l i n t h i s s e c t i o n i n d i c a t e s the awareness s o c i a l workers have of the c l e r g y , t h e i r education, and the r e -sources of the church. R e f e r r a l s In estimating the number of r e f e r r a l s made to and re= ceived from the cl e r g y i n one month and l a s t year, the responses were as f o l l o w s : Table S. S o c i a l Workers: R e f e r r a l s Made to and Received from the Clergy R e f e r r a l s Number of Responses To the c l e r g y i n one month 6 To the clerg y i n one year 44 ' Prom the clerg y i n one month 0 Prom the c l e r g y i n one year 7 The m a j o r i t y of the r e f e r r a l s c o n s i s t of l e t t e r s and the o c c a s i o n a l phone c a l l . Of the three d e f i n i t e r e f e r r a l s c i t e d 1. See Appendix B, Guide f o r Completion of Questionnaire C, f o r d e f i n i t i o n of " r e f e r r a l s " . -56-by s o c i a l workers, two were f o r the placement of unwed mothers and the other was to meet a. m a t e r i a l need. F i v e expressed the o p i n i o n these r e f e r r a l s had helped and mentioned the c l e r g y as r e s o u r c e f u l i n l o c a t i n g f o s t e r homes and o f f e r i n g p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n . Two f e l t that the c l e r g y r e q u i r e d some i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of agency f u n c t i o n s and p o l i c y . Several pointed out that i n many Instances, such as adoption, i t i s required-by l e g i s l a t i o n to contact the c l e r g y as a reference. Acknowledging that r e f e r r a l s c o n s i s t p r i m a r i l y of correspondence and phone c a l l s , there appears to be, on the b a s i s of t h i s information, a l i m i t e d amount of contact between the two p r o f e s s i o n s . In response to the question on the need f o r mutual awareness eight agreed t h i s need e x i s t e d and they o f f e r e d the f o l l o w i n g suggestions f o r improvement. Fi v e mentioned there should be increased p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s by the welfare agencies.'- Some sa.w t h i s as the f u n c t i o n of the agency a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and suggested that new s o c i a l work s t a f f members be introduced i n t o the com-munity. One would appreciate i n v i t a t i o n s to speak to church groups on the same basis that he p r e s e n t l y accepts i n v i t a t i o n s from Parent Teacher A s s o c i a t i o n ' s and s e r v i c e c l u b s . Another respondent r e -c a l l e d that i n a. former agency a l i s t of the c l e r g y was a. help i n promoting mutual awareness. Role c l a r i f i c a t i o n was mentioned se v e r a l times i n conjunction w i t h how the s o c i a l worker should be more a.ware of o b j e c t i v e s and t r a i n i n g of the c l e r g y , and the f u n c t i o n s of the church i n the community. Some of the quotes were as f o l l o w s : -57-"There should he tol e r a n c e on behalf of the c l e r g y of the s o c i a l workers' r o l e . They should not see s o c i a l workers as an i n -v a s i o n of t h e i r f i e l d . " "The c l e r g y need a greater understanding of how t h e i r observations of adoption a p p l i c a n t s ' f a m i l y l i f e , f a i t h f u l n e s s to r e l i g i o u s d u t i e s , and general adjustment i n the community can be h e l p f u l to the s o c i a l worker." "The c l e r g y should know about the f o s t e r home f i n d i n g s e r v i c e as they are aware of good homes." Two s i g n i f i c a n t gains a n t i c i p a t e d from improved mutual awareness w e r e c i t e d . F i r s t , the cl e r g y o f t e n know the c l i e n t s and f a m i l y s i t u a t i o n s very w e l l and can c o n t r i b u t e and share v i t a l i n f o r m a t i o n . Second, they are also able to o f f e r l o n g term sup-p o r t i v e contact which i s f r e q u e n t l y denied c l i e n t s due to agency s t a f f l i m i t a t i o n s . I n t h i s reference the a f t e r care of mental p a t i e n t s was mentioned. The s o c i a l workers estimated the le n g t h of education a f t e r senior m a t r i c u l a t i o n that was obtained by the c l e r g y as i n d i c a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Table T. S o c i a l Workers; Estimate of Education Required f o r Clergy Years of Education Number of Responses 3 - 4 2 5 - 6 • 5 7 - 8 3 Total 10 - 5 8 -The most r e p r e s e n t a t i v e e s t i m a t i o n of l e n g t h of education that was obtained by the c l e r g y was f i v e to s i x years. One questioned i f a. Bachelor of A r t s degree was a. p r e r e q u i s i t e . Mention was made of the d i f f e r e n t requirements i n v a r i o u s denominations and the range of education to be from seven to fourteen years. Of the nine who' s t a t e d the c l e r g y r e c e i v e d courses i n P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g , three f e l t t h i s t r a i n i n g was adequate, two suggested i t was h e l p f u l , and f o u r reserved any o p i n i o n on the b a s i s of u n f a m i l i a r i t y . The general f e e l i n g was that the adequacy or i n -adequacy of t h i s t r a i n i n g was p r i m a r i l y dependent upon the person-a l i t y of the i n d i v i d u a l clergymen. Comments on the place of P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g courses i n d i c a t e d that the main emphasis should be on how to detect symptoms of mental i l l n e s s or s o c i a l malad-justment. L i m i t s should be observed so that treatment i s not attempted. The need f o r c l a r i f i c a t i o n of r o l e s i n respect to the extent and depth of c o u n s e l l i n g was emphasized. One was of the opinion that P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g courses taught i n Canadian seminaries were not geared to modern conceptions of casework s k i l l s . These comments overlapped i n t o the question on the c l e r g y and t h e i r adequacy when d e a l i n g w i t h i n t e r p e r s o n a l problems. The general o p i n i o n of the seven i n d i c a t e d that c o u n s e l l i n g i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o n f l i c t was out of the realm of the c l e r g y s ' t r a i n i n g and f u n c t i o n . They expected the emotional-mental h e a l t h problems to be handled by the proper agencies. The s o c i a l workers revealed a f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the b a s i c o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l i f e of the church and the f a c i l i t i e s i t o f f e r e d . -59-Th ey suggested that membership i n the or g a n i z a t i o n s was f l e x i b l e and open to those i n t e r e s t e d . One of the ten s o c i a l workers had a. l i s t i n g of the churches, prepared by the Vancouver Council of Churches. A sug-g e s t i o n was made that i t could be improved i f the names were i n -d i c a t e d of org a n i z a t i o n s and lead e r s w i t h i n each church. The nine who didn't have a s i m i l a r l i s t mentioned that i t would be g e n e r a l l y u s e f u l f o r reference purposes. One remarked that i t ' s use would be increased i f the geographical boundaries of each church were i n d i c a t e d . There was some mention of i t ' s l i m i t e d value since there wasn't time to make community contacts and do "that k i n d of casework". Coupled w i t h t h i s statement was the opi n i o n that many of the .clients do not have any r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n . The s o c i a l workers were a l l of the opi n i o n that c e r t a i n problems were handled b e t t e r by the c l e r g y . The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e c l a s s i f i e s these problems. Ta.ble U. S o c i a l Workers; Problems-Situations Handled B e t t e r by the Clergy Problems - S i t u a t i o n s Number of times problem-s i t u a t i o n r e f e r r e d tb Mar i t a l , pre -mar i t a l 6 Family l i f e problems 6 Death - tragedy 2 A f t e r care of p a t i e n t s discharged from P r o v i n c i a l Mental H o s p i t a l 1 T o t a l 15 -60-As i n d i c a t e d i n the t a b l e the main problems were m a r i t a l , p r e - m a r i t a l , and f a m i l y l i f e problems. The f o l l o w i n g q u a l i f i c a t i o n s were made: "The clergy may handle such problems when i n d i v i d u a l s i n v o l v e d see r e l i g i o n as a major part of t h e i r l i v e s . " "Only when the problem i s of a r e l i g i o u s nature." "When the problem i s not too complex." "Pre-marital c o u n s e l l i n g i s handled much more n a t u r a l l y and ea s i e r by the cl e r g y than by a doctor or s o c i a l worker." " T h e c l e r g y does more i n i n t i m a t e f a m i l y l i f e s i t u a t i o n s -s o c i a l workers often block d i s c u s s i o n of r e l i g i o n . " "This depends on the part r e l i g i o n plays i n the f a m i l y . " "The church members respect the c l e r g y , t h e r e f o r e , i t i s e a s i e r f o r the c l e r g y to handle f a m i l y problems." "Only when there are m i l d personal problems...beyond t h i s there should be r e f e r r a l . " In the s i t u a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from death and tragedy, the cl e r g y were seen as being more capable of expressing warmth and acceptance. There was one reference to the part the church plays i n h e l p i n g w i t h a f t e r care of p a t i e n t s r e l e a s e d from the P r o v i n c i a l Mental H o s p i t a l . I t was pointed out that the resources of the l o c a l welfare agency were l i m i t e d i n being able to o f f e r a f t e r care and follow-up of these p a t i e n t s . The s o c i a l workers were of the op i n i o n that i t was h e l p f u l to give a c l i e n t the opportunity to s t a t e h i s r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n . The comments on the nature of t h i s help i n d i c a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e are d i v i d e d i n t o d e f i n i t e , ambivalent, and negative. -61-Table V. S o c i a l Workers: Help R e a l i z e d Prom_Knowing R e l i g i o u s A f f i l i a t i o n of the C l i e n t Nature of help r e a l i z e d from knowing r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n of the c l i e n t Number of Responses D e f i n i t e source of help "In c h i l d welfare i t i s e s s e n t i a l f o r placement and adoption." "This i s a n e c e s s i t y f o r c h i l d r e n taken i n t o care...would he h e l p f u l i n m a r i t a l problems i f one i s assessing the whole person." " S o c i a l A ssistance and in t a k e forms do not i n -clude t h i s information...would want to know the c l i e n t s a t t i t u d e to r e l i g i o n . H e l p f u l i n assessing c u l t u r a l background and nature of upbringing." "Very much of a help e s p e c i a l l y when p l a c i n g an older c h i l d i n the home...want to know the type of home i n terms of r i g i d or permissive. Of prime importance f o r the emotional h e a l t h of the c h i l d . " " R e l i g i o n i s a p a r t of a. person...not an e i t h e r -or s i t u a t i o n . Knowing r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n i s an i n t a k e n e c e s s i t y . . . h e l p s i n understanding the placement of a c h i l d . In homes of r a d i c a l r e l i g i o n s we have r e s e r v a t i o n s i n p l a c i n g a c h i l d . " 6 .Ambivalent - not too h e l p f u l "This could help...doesn 1t help as much as we may t h i n k . There i s n ' t any agency p o l i c y on t h i s . . . l e f t to i n d i v i d u a l worker." "Peel there i s some value judgement i n askin g . . . may be h e l p f u l f o r the workers to: have an ide a of what r o l e r e l i g i o n , whether absent or present, has i n the c l i e n t ' s l i f e . " "Not t e r r i b l y h e l p f u l . I n t e r e s t i n g to know i f the c l i e n t i s of a s p e c i f i c denomination. Doesn't mean too much." 3 Not a. source of help " I f we d i d want t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , then s o c i a l casework should go beyond i t ' s present ap-p l i c a t i o n i n t h i s agency. I f s o c i a l casework was a means to an end, then i t would be h e l p f u l to know r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n . " 1 T o t a l 10 -62-Responses to the question on main d i f f i c u l t i e s i n co-operation between s o c i a l workers and the c l e r g y were made w i t h much c o n s i d e r a t i o n , o f f e r i n g a wide range of opinions. The t a b l e below i s a summary of the ideas expressed i n these answers. Table W. S o c i a l Workers; D i f f i c u l t y i n Co-operation With the Clergy Reasons f o r D i f f i c u l t y i n Co-operation Number of times Mentioned l a c k of c l a r i f i c a t i o n of c l e r g y s ' and s o c i a l workers' r e s p e c t i v e r o l e s 6 The c l e r g y were ignorant of what s o c i a l workers do 5 S o c i a l workers and the c l e r g y don't know each other on a personal b a s i s . 4 Both the c l e r g y and s o c i a l workers have a shortage of time and were l i m i t e d i n doing t h e i r ' job pro p e r l y 4 S o c i a l workers were ignorant of what the cle r g y can o f f e r 2 Many of the c l e r g y handled problems that should have been r e f e r r e d to another com-munity resource 2 S o c i a l workers were uncomfortable w i t h r e l i g j m whether they profess i t or not 2 S o c i a l work was not doing preventive work 1 The c l e r g y often quesjtioned i f the s o c i a l worker was a C h r i s t i a n 1 The h i g h turnover i n s o c i a l work s t a f f hinders contact w i t h resource people i n the community 1 The question of c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y by both c l e r g y and s o c i a l workers 1 Jealousy i n the p r o f e s s i o n , the cl e r g y remain b i t t e r from the days of p s y c h i a t r i c emphasis i n s o c i a l work. 1 - 6 3 -The above t a b l e i n d i c a t e s f o u r main d i f f i c u l t i e s ? 1. Lack of r o l e c l a r i f i c a t i o n . 2. Ignorance on the p a r t of the cl e r g y as to the f u n c t i o n s performed by s o c i a l workers. 3. Lack of communication, thereby, l i m i t i n g personal contact. 4. Shortage of time f o r both to adequately make use of community resources. S o l u t i o n s to counter these d i f f i c u l t i e s i n co-operation are summarized i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . Table X. S o c i a l Workers; Suggestions f o r Overcoming D i f f i c u l t i e s i n Co-operation w i t h the Clergy Suggestions f o r Overcoming the D i f f i c u l t i e s Number of Times Reference Made The s o c i a l workers and the c l e r g y should get to know each other i n order to recognize the fu n c t i o n s the other performs 8 In the education f o r s o c i a l work, the church should be stud i e d as a community resource 7 S o c i a l welfare agencies should e s t a b l i s h a continuous p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s program 4 O r i e n t a t i o n of new s o c i a l work s t a f f to the agency and community should i n c l u d e meeting members of the c l e r g y 2 The education of the c l e r g y should emphasize proper use of community resources 2 When references are r e q u i r e d from the c l e r g y f o r adoption proceedings,an i n t e r v i e w should be made r a t h e r than the sending of a form l e t t e r 1 The church should have a welfare committee to take the l o a d o f f the c l e r g y 1 Workshops that enable the s o c i a l workers and the c l e r g y to discuss cases and. ways of co-operation 1 I f s o c i a l w elfare agencies were more adequately s t a f f e d there would be o p p o r t u n i t i e s to co-operate w i t h community resources such as the church 1 - 6 4 -Th e three main suggestions f o r improving co-operation between s o c i a l workers and the c l e r g y were: 1. More personal communication between s o c i a l workers and the cl e r g y . 2. - Emphasis i n s o c i a l work education of the place of the church as a community resource. 3. The establishment of a continuous p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s program w i t h i n the s o c i a l w e l f a r e agencies. Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s The use of the Case Il l u s t r a t i o n s " ' " was made i n i n t e r -views w i t h the s o c i a l workers from the l o c a l welfare agency. The s i g n i f i c a n c e of trends i n d i c a t e d i n t h i s m a t e r i a l was l i m i t e d . The s o c i a l workers responded i n a. co-operative, per-c e p t i v e manner and the inf o r m a t i o n confirmed many of the f a c t s and a t t i t u d e s noted i n other s e c t i o n s of the Questionnaire. Their i n i t i a l r e a c t i o n revealed r o u t i n e h a n d l i n g of s o c i a l a s s i s t a n c e cases, i n s i g h t i n t o and acceptance of emotional-mental h e a l t h problems, and f a m i l i a r i t y , but l e s s experience, w i t h m a r i t a l problems. They acknowledged l i m i t a t i o n i n o f f e r i n g s e r v i c e to emotionally upset i n d i v i d u a l s and m a r i t a l problems. This was caused by shortage of s t a f f which r e s u l t e d i n f o c u s s i n g s e r v i c e on short term.problems. Comment was made tha t preventive s o c i a l work was r a r e l y done. M a r i t a l problems u s u a l l y came to the agency's a t t e n t i o n a f t e r the marriage had broken up. The s o c i a l workers had a working f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h a wide range of r e f e r r a l resources. They would use the resource of the church i n some instances pro-v i d i n g they knew the cl e r g y and respected h i s experience w i t h the p a r t i c u l a r case being r e f e r r e d . 1, See Appendix A. CHAPTER IV SUMMARY. RECOMMENDATIONS. AND CONCLUSION In Chapter I suggestion was made that a l l of the h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s i n the community should have been included i n the study. Had that approach "been taken i t would have helped to avo i d the p o s s i b l e i m p l i c a t i o n that by a b s t r a c t i n g the two e n t i t i e s , churches and welfare s e r v i c e s , they were e i t h e r the most important or most i n need of study and change. One hazard i n a study of t h i s nature was tha t the two e n t i t i e s may be considered out of context and viewed as only phenomena e x i s t i n g and f u n c t i o n i n g w i t h i n a given geographical area. They are. much more, and when combined w i t h the other h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s they provide the means a v a i l a b l e to the pop u l a t i o n f o r the meeting of h e a l t h , educational, s o c i a l , personal, and s p i r i t u a l needs. However, t h e i r presence does not ins u r e that a l l of the population's needs may be s a t i s f i e d . One of the reasons f o r t h i s f a i l u r e may be the l a c k of i n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l relatedness and c o - o r d i n a t i o n of s e r v i c e . Therefore, the churches and welfare s e r v i c e s were considered from t h i s p e r s p e c t i v e and the main concept evaluated was r e c i p r o c a l awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n . As a frame of reference f o r t h i s e v a l u a t i o n , f i v e general questions were r a i s e d i n Chapter I that a p p l i e d to the two p r o f e s s i o n s , the m i n i s t r y and s o c i a l work."*" Three of the questions, r e s t a t e d below, 1. See pp. 4-6. -66-w i l l be discussed as a general summary of the m a t e r i a l i n Chapters I I and I I I . 1. What does each p r o f e s s i o n o f f e r to the community i n the nature of t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e personnel and resources? 2. Do they see any gains that may r e s u l t from more mutual awareness? 3. What s o l u t i o n s may be o f f e r e d to overcome b a r r i e r s toward co-operation and understanding? What Does Each P r o f e s s i o n O f f e r to the Community? Throughout t h i s study the r e c i p r o c a l aspects of the two p r o f e s s i o n s have been considered as a g u i d i n g m o t i f . The d i s -cussion of what each o f f e r s to the community prompts c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the a t t i t u d e s and opinions one has of the other. The assumption i s that the a t t r i b u t e s of one are b e n e f i c i a l only as they are acknowledged by the other. In the community the p r o f e s s i o n of the m i n i s t r y was r e -presented by 15 c l e r g y s e r v i n g 17 churches. The c l e r g y , by t h e i r co-operation i n the survey, i n d i c a t e d a d e f i n i t e i n t e r e s t i n d i s -cussing the r e l a t i o n s h i p of the church to welfare s e r v i c e s . They were w e l l educated and the m a j o r i t y had s e v e r a l years of experience i n the m i n i s t r y as w e l l as residence i n the community. Although most had completed courses i n P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g , few found t h i s t r a i n i n g s a t i s f a c t o r y . They were doing a considerable amount of c o u n s e l l i n g , p r i m a r i l y of a n o n - s p i r i t u a l nature and the problems most f r e q u e n t l y encountered were emotional, pre-marita.1, and m a r i t a l . They considered themselves capable of doing m a r i t a l c o u n s e l l i n g without any n e c e s s i t y of making r e f e r r a l s to community resources. When confronted with emotional-mental h e a l t h problems they seemed u n c e r t a i n of t h e i r r o l e and p o s s i b l e r e f e r r a l resources. -67-I t was found that the welfare resources of the church, w i t h few exceptions, were focussed on p r o v i d i n g a small amount of help i n k i n d . The l o c a l welfare agency was considered as the n a t u r a l r e -f e r r a l resource f o r long term f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e . Pour churches had a form of welfare committee and two of these were very pro-g r e s s i v e , meeting welfare needs i n the context of l o c a l welfare s e r v i c e s . The p h y s i c a l resources of the churches were impressive and many of t h e i r f a c i l i t i e s had the p o t e n t i a l f o r extended use. A wide array of organized a c t i v i t y e x i s t e d w i t h i n each church f o r most age groups. The one evident exception was the absence of p a r t i c i p a t i o n by the youth, 14 to 25 years of age. Of p a r a l l e l c o n s i d e r a t i o n to the preceeding i n f o r m a t i o n are the a t t i t u d e s and opinions expressed by the s o c i a l workers about the church and the c l e r g y . The import of these a.ttitudes I s tempered by the f a c t they were based on general knowledge r a t h e r than a c t u a l personal contact. The s o c i a l workers respected the education that the c l e r g y had received, but they underestimated the extent of t h i s education. P a s t o r a l Counselling was mentioned as being i n c l u d e d i n most of the seminary courses, but they expressed some r e s e r -v a t i o n s about the place of t h i s t r a i n i n g i n the c l e r g y s ' work. Several f e l t that i t should not be too extensive f o c u s s i n g more on d e t e c t i n g symptoms of mental i l l n e s s or s o c i a l maladjustment r a t h e r than attempting treatment. They expressed the a t t i t u d e s t h a t the c l e r g y were b e t t e r able to handle m a r i t a l , p r e - m a r i t a l and f a m i l y l i f e problems when r e l i g i o n was a p a r t of the i n d i -v i d u a l s problem or way of l i f e . Any c o u n s e l l i n g performed by the c l e r g y was regarded to be p r i m a r i l y connected w i t h s p i r i t u a l -68-problems. They seemed to have a f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the o r g a n i z a t i o n s and f a c i l i t i e s i n the church. There was an evident l a c k of contact w i t h the cl e r g y , however, an a t t i t u d e of f l e x i b i l i t y toward f u t u r e c o l l a b o r a t i o n and work together. Juxtaposed w i t h the preceeding i s a d e s c r i p t i o n of the welfare s e r v i c e s and the a t t i t u d e s of the c l e r g y . The ten s o c i a l workers represented, i n a d d i t i o n to the l o c a l welfare agency, three agencies l o c a t e d outside but se r v i n g the community. There was a noted l i m i t a t i o n i n the s o c i a l workers' p r o f e s s i o n a l education and a m i n o r i t y had a t t a i n e d the maximum standard of a Master of S o c i a l Work degree. Several considered experience to compensate f o r l a c k of p r o f e s s i o n a l education. There was general agreement that t h e i r s o c i a l work education o f f e r e d l i m i t e d r e c o g n i t i o n of the church as a community resource, while r e l i g i o n , when mentioned, was on a very s u p e r f i c i a l l e v e l . The l o c a l welfare agency, i n a d d i t i o n to p r o v i d i n g d i r e c t s e r v i c e s , was considered i n a p i v o t a l p o s i t i o n f o r making r e f e r r a l s to agencies, i n s t i t u t i o n s , and other resources i n the surrounding m e t r o p o l i t a n area."*" The preventive r o l e of s o c i a l work by t h i s agency was g r e a t l y hampered, and i n many respects non-existent. C o n t r i b u t i n g tb t h i s f a i l u r e i n s e r v i c e s was the shortage and r a p i d turnover of s t a f f . As i n d i c a t e d i n some of the f o l l o w i n g a t t i t u d e s expressed by the c l e r g y , they sensed t h i s weakness i n the welfare s e r v i c e s . 1. See page 51 f o r d e s c r i p t i o n of s e r v i c e s and r e f e r r a l resources. - 6 9 -Th e cl e r g y maintained an a t t i t u d e of ambivalence when s t a t i n g t h e i r e s t i m a t i o n of the le n g t h and nature of s o c i a l work education and p r a c t i c e . They had l i t t l e accurate a p p r e c i a t i o n of course m a t e r i a l , and g e n e r a l l y f e l t that the techniques of handling people were emphasized. They didn't advance too many laudatory comments about the r o l e of s o c i a l workers. T y p i c a l l y , they would look beyond the l o c a l welfare agency when co n s i d e r i n g a r e f e r r a l f o r any problems other than f i n a n c i a l . The m a j o r i t y expressed a l a c k of f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h community resources, and few ha.d any recent contact w i t h s o c i a l workers i n the area. With few exceptions, they d e s i r e d to know more about resources and the nature of problems that oould be r e f e r r e d . This i n t e r e s t was not pronounced and. the general impression was modest c u r i o s i t y about the nature and place of welfare s e r v i c e s i n the community. What Gains May R e s u l t from More Mutual Awareness? I n d i c a t i o n i n the'foregoing m a t e r i a l i s that mutual awareness e x i s t i n g between these two p r o f e s s i o n s was very l i m i t e d Should more be desirea b l e ? One of the o b j e c t i v e s , i n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l relatedness among the h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s , i n s u r e s the most e f f i c i e n t and adequate care f o r i n d i v i d u a l s . However, i t doesn't stop at that but continues as a. means to the l a r g e r and more c o n s t r u c t i v e end of c r e a t i n g a w e l l informed p r o f e s s i o n a l com-munity. I f t h i s were not a t t a i n e d , s o c i a l progress would be hindered and the many groups and p r o f e s s i o n s sharing the concern of s o c i a l work would not be able to f u l f i l l t h e i r own r o l e s . The three general gains from more mutual awareness among the h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s are: -70-1. Maximum use of community resources to meet e x i s t i n g needs. 2. Increased a b i l i t y to detect unmet needs. 3. P o t e n t i a l to b r i n g about change to meet unmet needs. The gains from mutual awareness as recognized by the cle r g y were very few. They were g e n e r a l l y i n agreement th a t there was a need f o r t h i s , but queried the nature of the p r a c t i c a l r e s u l t s . This was a r e a l i s t i c response f o r them to make as they have had few experiences w i t h the welfare agencies and are, t h e r e -f o r e , l i m i t e d i n s p e c u l a t i n g the gains that might be r e a l i z e d . The response by the s o c i a l workers i n d i c a t e d unanimous agreement th a t the need f o r more mutual awareness e x i s t e d . Some of the gains i n c l u d e d c o l l a b o r a t i o n on cases, l e a r n i n g more about the other's r o l e and b r i n g i n g to the"community an awareness of welfare needs and s e r v i c e s . The c o n t r i b u t i o n of the c l e r g y i n adoption placement, f o s t e r home f i n d i n g and supportive contact i n the a f t e r care of mental p a t i e n t s was a l s o mentioned. The general a t t i t u d e s of the s o c i a l workers appeared to be one of concern to work w i t h the c l e r g y and respect f o r t h e i r knowledge and observation about f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s . What S o l u t i o n s May be Offered'to Overcome B a r r i e r s Toward Co-operation and Understanding? The d i s c u s s i o n of s o l u t i o n s depends upon a c l a r i f i c a t i o n of the d i f f i c u l t i e s that both recognize as impeding co-operation. The d i f f i c u l t i e s recognized by the c l e r g y were of major pr o p o r t i o n and would present a d e f i n i t e b a r r i e r to co-operation. They were of the opinion that the l o c a l w e l f a r e agency, operating on a l i m i t e d budget, was hampered by a shortage of s t a f f r e s u l t i n g i n l a c k of adequate s e r v i c e and l o n g term contact w i t h c l i e n t s . -71-There was a l s o some suggestion that the s t a f f were' not too capable of handling cases other than those r e q u i r i n g s o c i a l a s s i s t a n c e . Pew recognized the l o c a l agency as a source of welfare i n f o r m a t i o n or as a centre f o r making r e f e r r a l s to h e a l t h , educational, or welfare resources i n the surrounding m e t r o p o l i t a n community. In a d d i t i o n to t h i s unawareness of the welfa r e resources, there was the a t t i t u d e that even i f the resources were known they would a l s o want to know the personnel and respect them i n d i v i d u a l l y as a source of help f o r the c l i e n t . The s o c i a l workers i n d i c a t e d the general d i f f i c u l t i e s i n co-operation were the l a c k of t h e i r r o l e c l a r i f i c a t i o n , poor i n t e r -p r o f e s s i o n a l communication and shortage of time. These d i f f i c u l t i e s would have equal a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h e i r contact w i t h other community resources. A more s p e c i f i c d i f f i c u l t y concerns t h e - a t t i t u d e s the cle r g y have of the s o c i a l workers' r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n . I n a d d i t i o n to the c l e r g y s ' l i m i t e d view of the f u n c t i o n of a s o c i a l worker, they were a l s o seen as w i t h h o l d i n g co-operative contact u n t i l a f t e r they knew the s o c i a l worker to be sympathetic toward or i n support of t h e i r church's teachings. Pew opinions were o f f e r e d by the cl e r g y on how the d i f f i c u l t i e s i n co-operation might be overcome. The reason f o r t h i s d i d not seem to be d i s i n t e r e s t i n promoting co-operation, but more t y p i c a l l y , l a c k of a frame of reference i n the welfare s e r v i c e s . The s o c i a l workers, more s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d w i t h t h e i r s o l u t i o n s , suggested there should be more personal communication, the establishment of a continuous p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s program by the welfare agencies, and c o n s i d e r a t i o n of enabling c l i e n t s to i n d i c a t e t h e i r r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n . A few mentioned the need f o r i n t r o -d uction of new .so c i a l work s t a f f to the c l e r g y , establishment of -72-w e l f a r e committees i n the churches, and workshops to enable s o c i a l workers and c l e r g y to discuss cases and ways of co-operation. The s o l u t i o n s presented by the s o c i a l workers counter most of the d i f f i c u l t i e s i n co-operation expressed i n the pre-ceding p a r t of the Chapter. Do these s o l u t i o n s o f f e r an a l l i n -c l u s i v e answer to the s t a t e d problems? R e f l e c t i o n on the m a t e r i a l from the survey and impressions gained during the i n t e r v i e w s suggests that any e f f o r t s to increase co-operation w i l l not suddenly evolve from a p p l i c a t i o n of any one or a l l of these s o l u t i o n s , d e s p i t e t h e i r many progressive and p o s i t i v e a t t r i b u t e s . Ihy these s o l u t i o n s are not immediately s u i t a b l e may be i l l u s t r a t e d by a n a l y s i s of the one main suggestion: the need f o r more communication. To be s a t i s f a c t o r y and continuous, communication between two h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s should carry w i t h i t an appropriate . r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to account f o r t h e i r r o l e and f u n c t i o n . This enables the r e s p e c t i v e members i n these p r o f e s s i o n s to know the i n f o r -mation they are r e s p o n s i b l e to transmit and what they may expect to have r e l a y e d to them. When attempts are made to implement communication without t h i s assumption of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , i t may r e s u l t i n d i s i l l u s i o n m e n t and i n h i b i t f u t u r e b e n e f i c i a l contacts. I n p r i n c i p l e , t h i s a t t r i b u t e of s a t i s f a c t o r y communication could apply to the establishment of a. p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s programme or a d d i t i o n s to the c u r r i c u l a i n the Schools of S o c i a l Work. I t has been st a t e d p r e v i o u s l y that the most s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n s w i l l come from w i t h i n each p r o f e s s i o n a f t e r a more de-t a i l e d e v a l u a t i o n of t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r o l e s i n ' t h e community. The f o l l o w i n g recommendations o f f e r a gradual and perhaps more r e a l i s t i c approach to a t t a i n i n g the d e s i r e d solutions-. -73-Recommendations f o r the Churches 1. The c l e r g y should assess the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and the r e -sources of the churches f o r meeting the s o c i a l and personal needs of t h e i r members. 2. They should consider i f they have d i r e c t or i n d i r e c t r e -s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r the m a j o r i t y of the population that does not p a r t i c i p a t e i n any church a c t i v i t y . 3. As r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the C h r i s t i a n Church they should r e c o n c i l e i t ' s teachings of mutual l o v e and concern f o r a l l huma.nity w i t h t h e i r presence i n the community. (This recom-mendation would e n t a i l a t h e o l o g i c a l statement of the f u n c t i o n of the church i n contemporary s o c i e t y . ) 4 . There should be d e t a i l e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the impact of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n of f u n c t i o n s and b u r e a u c r a t i z a t i o n on the suburban church. 5 . Consideration should be made of the r o l e of the church as an instrument of s o c i a l change. I t i s a n t i c i p a t e d that the preceding l i s t of recom-mendations have been considered i n p a r t or i n t o t a l by the various "national church bodies. But i t seems advantageous that i n t h i s community the churches reco n s i d e r t h e i r r o l e and f u n c t i o n in. order to f a c i l i t a t e co-operation and tinder standing w i t h a l l the h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y s o c i a l work. Recommendations f o r the Welfare Services 1. The s o c i a l and personal needs of the p o p u l a t i o n should be studied i n r e l a t i o n to the a v a i l a b l e w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s . 2. P r i o r i t i e s i n welfare s e r v i c e s should be e s t a b l i s h e d that w i l l provide d i r e c t i o n to the appropriate a l l o c a t i o n of funds and personnel. 3. The c o - o r d i n a t i o n of welfare s e r v i c e s on an i n t e r - and i n t r a -agency l e v e l should be evaluated. - 7 4 -4 . Consideration of the preventive r o l e that should "be inherent i n s o c i a l work and how other h e l p i n g p r o f e s s i o n s , such as the m i n i s t r y , may c o n t r i b u t e to t h i s r o l e . The c o n s i d e r a t i o n of these recommendations should provide a framework f o r t a k i n g i n i t i a l steps toward r e s o l v i n g the ba s i c problems i n i n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s . I t i s apparent t h a t one of the f i r s t e f f o r t s . w o u l d be the establishment of l i n e s of communication. Conclusion This research p r o j e c t studied the churches and welfare s e r v i c e s i n a community on a general pragmatic l e v e l . This approach o f f e r e d a p r a c t i c a l understanding of the circumstances t h a t made assessment and p r e d i c t i o n p o s s i b l e . The advantages and r e s u l t s of t h i s approach w i l l be a m p l i f i e d only as s i m i l a r r e -search p r o j e c t s are completed. Suggested, areas f o r f u t u r e r e -search i n c l u d e : ( l ) R e p e t i t i o n of a s i m i l a r study i n order to determine the degree of r e c i p r o c i t y and how t h i s may be improved i n communities where i n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l relatedness i s oper a t i v e . (2) An..analysis of case records i n p u b l i c and p r i v a t e agencies to determine what o p p o r t u n i t i e s are given to c l i e n t s to discuss s p i r i t u a l problems, and i f r e f e r r a l s are made to the c l e r g y . (3) A study of a l a r g e sample of s o c i a l workers to determine t h e i r a t t i t u d e s toward r e l i g i o n , present or absent, as an aspect of the c l i e n t ' s p e r s o n a l i t y . In t h i s study, i t was d i f f i c u l t to determine the extent of r e c i p r o c a l awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n between the cl e r g y and s o c i a l workers as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the churches and welfare s e r v i c e s . This i s recognized i n the co n c l u s i o n that the awareness -75-one p r o f e s s i o n had of the other was based more on general knowledge than d i r e c t i n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l contact. I t was a l s o concluded that u t i l i z a t i o n of each other's resources as i n d i c a t e d by r e f e r r a l patterns was minimal and t y p i c a l l y the r e s u l t of coincidence r a t h e r than planning. Therefore, r e c i p r o c i t y , the main concept analyzed i n the study, was v i r t u a l l y n on-existent. This can p r i m a r i l y be accounted f o r by an absence of communication, despite an ac-knowledgement by both p r o f e s s i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y s o c i a l work, that there were s e v e r a l gains to be r e a l i z e d . Both have the p o t e n t i a l to undertake the r e q u i r e d e v a l u a t i o n of f u n c t i o n and r o l e , and. both have more i n common than they can a f f o r d to ignore f o r the sake of the i n d i v i d u a l s they purport to serve. - 7 6 -APPENDIX A L e t t e r _ t o the Clergy. Questionnaires and Guides Used For I n t e r v i e w i n g the Clergy and S o c i a l Workers -77-THE UNIVERSITY OE BRITISH COLUMBIA SCHOOL OE SOCIAL WORK December 4, 1961 Dear In conjunction w i t h my S o c i a l Work education I am conducting a survey of co-operation between the Welfare Services and the churches i n Richmond. As a means of obta i n i n g v i t a l i n f o r m a t i o n about your church and the work you are doing, I would appreciate i t i f you would a s s i s t me i n completing a b r i e f i n t e r v i e w - q u e s t i o n n a i r e i n the immediate f u t u r e . I n order to arrange a s u i t a b l e time f o r t h i s i n t e r v i e w , I s h a l l contact you by phone w i t h i n the next few days. I look forward to meeting you and t r u s t that you w i l l f i n d the nature and purpose of t h i s survey to be of s i g n i f i c a n c e i n your continued work w i t h i n the community. Yours s i n c e r e l y , Harvey S t a l w i c k (M.S.W. Student) -78-CHUECHES OF RICHMOND QUESTIONNAIRE A Name of the church R e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n _____ How long has t h i s church been e s t a b l i s h e d i n Richmond? MEMBERSHIP X 0 - 5 years 6 - 10 years A. Tot a l 11 - 20 years B. A c t i v e over 20 years 2. ORGANIZATIONS A. Name ZZ7 r~7 Z Z Z pzr-Z Z 7 -B. Purpose of Number of the o r g a n i z a t i o n C. p a r t i c i p a n t s /j~T Check the orga n i z a t i o n s that are open to non-members. 3. WELFARE SERVICES - COMMITTEES A. Name B. Purpose-Nature of service 4. FACILITIES A. Worship U n i t - Seating capacity - Other Uses B. R e c r e a t i o n a l U n i t - Yes / / No / / - Equipment and uses _ C. Does your church plan any b u i l d i n g p r o j e c t s ? Yes / / No H~7 I f "Yes", e x p l a i n nature of plans -79-CLERGY OF RICHMOND 1• EDUCATION A. Diploma or Degrees QUESTIONNAIRE B B. Name of I n s t i t u t i o n C. D. How many years of p r o f e s s i o n a l education r e q u i r e d f o r p r e s e n t ' p o s i t i o n . Year ordained Did your undergraduate or t h e o l o g i c a l education i n c l u d e courses i n P a s t o r a l Counselling? Yes / / No /,, / I f "Yes",do you consider t h i s t r a i n i n g : Remarks adequate h e l p f u l inadequate 2. COUNSELLING A. How many persons did you see f o r c o u n s e l l i n g l a s t month? This represent how many h o u r s 9 C. What was the focus of c o u n s e l l i n g which you provided l a s t month? Personal Emotional A l c oh o l i sm, Drugs F i n a n c i a l V o c a t i o n a l P r e - m a r i t a l Others Family M a r i t a l C h i l d r e n Adoption Others a (b (c (d) (e" ( f From the above l i s t please s e l e c t the three most common problems you have had contact w i t h i n your work i n t h i s community. L i s t i n order of predominance. a. b. 3. CASE ILLUSTRATIONS In the f o l l o w i n g case i l l u s t r a t i o n s , comment on how you would handle the s i t u a t i o n w i t h s p e c i f i c reference t o : A. Your i n i t i a l r e a c t i o n to the presenting problem. B. Focus of your involvement. C. The agencies or persons that may be consulted, i n c l u d i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n of p o s s i b l e r e f e r r a l s . -80-4. REFERRALS A. How many persons d i d you r e f e r to any of the f o l l o w i n g resources l a s t month: f a m i l y doctor; lawyer; s o c i a l agencies; nurses; other. B. Did these r e f e r r a l s • help? C. Did you experience d i f f i c u l t y i n any of your contacts w i t h these resources? Yes / / No / / Ex p l a i n D. L i s t the three resources that you use most often i n order of frequency. 1. " 2. 3. 5. W E L F A R E A G E N C I E S A. Have any of your p a r i s h i o n e r s had contact w i t h the l o c a l M u n i c i p a l Welfare Agency? Yes /" / No / I f "Yes", your estimate would he: e - .5 6 - 1 5 1 16 + B. Have you ever t a l k e d w i t h the l o c a l w e l f a r e a d m i n i s t r a t o r about any case(s)? Yes / 7 No /. r / Comment -C. Are you acquainted w i t h the Community Chest D i r e c t o r y of major welfare s e r v i c e s ? Yes /_ / No / 7 I f "Yes", does t h i s D i r e c t o r y seem to be useful, i n Richmond? Comment I f "No", do you have any other d i r e c t o r y or l i s t i n g of .welfare s e r v i c e s ? Yes / / No / 7 Comment 6. SOCIAL WORKERS A. Are there any members of your church t h a t are s o c i a l workers? Yes / 7 No / / I f "Yes", how many? B. Comment on your understanding of s o c i a l work t r a i n i n g . Content of courses Length of t r a i n i n , -81-CASE ONE Mrs. A., a 29 year o l d mother of three, comes to your o f f i c e seeking help f o r her husband who has r e c e n t l y been d r i n k i n g e x c e s s i v e l y . She q u i c k l y r e l a t e s how her husband's d r i n k i n g has reached the p o i n t where h i s steady, w e l l - p a y i n g employment w i l l soon be threatened. She a l s o adds that unless he soon stops the marriage w i l l breakup. As Mrs. A. continues her account of the s i t u a t i o n , i t soon becomes apparent t h a t t h e i r marriage has been weakening f o r s e v e r a l years. Mrs. A. s t a t e s , "You see i t r e a l l y goes back to before we were married. I was brought up i n _i church and my parents were very much against me marrying someone who was nominally of an other f a i t h . But I went ahead anyway." The church had been very meaningful f o r her but she l e f t i t behind on the assumption that marriage comes f i r s t . They have never attended a church since marriage and now that the c h i l d r e n are of school age, they are a l s o of age to attend Sunday School and other church i n s t r u c t i o n . This i s s u e about the c h i l d r e n attending church a c t i v i t i e s has been r a i s e d mostly by Mrs. A's. parents. Mr. A. resents t h e i r i n t e r f e r e n c e . I t has been during t h i s recent p e r i o d that Mr. A. has r e s o r t e d more to d r i n k i n g . CASE TWO John, age 27, i s s i n g l e and has l i v e d alone s i n c e the death of h i s mother two years ago. P r i o r to her death John l i v e d w i t h her continuously. Both h i s f a t h e r and an only brother had been k i l l e d i n a. car accident when John was three years of age. As he presented h i m s e l f i n the o f f i c e , he appeared very withdrawn showing s e v e r a l symptoms of d i s t r e s s e s p e c i a l l y when the sudden death of h i s mother , was discussed. He described the p e r i o d f o l l o w i n g h i s mother's death as being very l o n e l y and as a time when he has t r i e d to t h i n k through the meaning and purpose o f - h i s l i f e . He a l s o r e f l e c t s upon how h i s mother has always expressed, kindness toward him and how she was always so constant i n her f a i t h and church a f f i l i a t i o n . . John f e e l s very unworthy i n not having c a r r i e d through many of h i s mother's wishes w i t h respect to h i s continued p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the church. During these l a s t few months he has considered t h a t by r e t u r n i n g to the church t h i s would be the greatest t r i b u t e he could pay to h i s mother. CASE THREE A neighbour of the C. f a m i l y brings t h i s s i t u a t i o n to your a t t e n t i o n . Mr. C , age 54, and h i s 73 year o l d f a t h e r are l i v i n g on a very substandard, meager l e v e l . Mr. C , a seasonal l a b o u r e r , has i n the past made enough during the summer months to support himself and h i s f a t h e r . Since t h i s l a s t summer Mr. C. has been i l l and unable to work. I t had been suggested to Mr. C. by the neighbour that he should " t r y r e l i e f " . Mr. C. resented t h i s i d e a and s t a t e d i t was bad enough to have one government cheque(father 1s pension)coming i n each month. The neighbour knows the C. f a m i l y f a i r l y w e l l and r e c a l l s how he used to give Mr. C's. f a t h e r a r i d e to church before o l d age prevented him from g e t t i n g out. This neighbour f e e l s very r e s p o n s i b l e about the e n t i r e s i t u a t i o n and wants to know what can be done. -82-GUIDB FOR COMPLETION OF QUESTIONNAIRES A AID B Questionnaire A - Churches of Richmond R e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n - answer i n c l u d e s both the name of the church and the general church body. As an example, St. James, The Ang l i c a n Church of Canada. 1. Membership. Total r e f e r s to the r e g i s t e r e d church p o p u l a t i o n . Note should be made of how t h i s f i g u r e i s determined as some churches may r e g i s t e r only f a m i l i e s , some a l l ages a f t e r baptism and others only a d u l t confirmed members. A c t i v e r e f e r s to the average number of members attending each worship s e r v i c e . 2. Organizations. Refers to a l l organized groups w i t h i n the church population who meet p e r i o d i c a l l y f o r some purpose. An example would be the Scouts, Guides, Youth groups, Women's A u x i l i a r y , e tc. 3. Welfare Services or Committees. The answers are meant to give some i n d i c a t i o n of how the church i s organized or s t r u c t u r e d to meet what i t considers welfare needs. Note should be a l s o made of' the r o l e the clerg y plays i n a d m i n i s t e r i n g or org a n i z i n g t h i s welfare s e r v i c e . 4. F a c i l i t i e s . Worship u n i t r e f e r s to the main church b u i l d i n g and s e a t i n g capacity i s meant to give some i n d i c a t i o n of the p o t e n t i a l use of the b u i l d i n g . R e c r e a t i o n a l u n i t i s j u s t an a r b i t r a r y term to r e f e r to any separate u n i t that i s attached to the main church p l a n t . The term educational u n i t may apply e q u a l l y as w e l l . Answers to t h i s question should give some i n d i c a t i o n of the p h y s i c a l f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e and the use that i s made of the a n t i c i p a t e d use of proposed b u i l d i n g s and an i n d i c a t i o n of how q u i c k l y these plans w i l l be completed. -83-Questionnaire B - Clergy of Richmond !• Education. The Diploma or Degrees should he l i s t e d i n the order they were r e c e i v e d and under the Name of I n s t i t u t i o n the answers are intended to give the name of the U n i v e r s i t y , Seminary, e t c . as w e l l as the geographical l o c a t i o n of the i n s t i t u t i o n . P r o f e s s i o n a l education r e f e r s to years of education a f t e r s e n i o r m a t r i c u l a t i o n or equivalent that were spent i n pr e p a r a t i o n f o r the present p o s i t i o n as a clergyman. P a s t o r a l C o u n s e l l i n g may be defined i n terms of any a p p l i e d theology courses, or courses that were of a. casework nature which were intended to prepare the c l e r g y to handle personal and f a m i l y problems. Adequate means the t r a i n i n g has prepared the c l e r g y f o r the s i t u a t i o n s he encounters i n h i s work. H e l p f u l means that the t r a i n i n g was a good i n t r o d u c t i o n but not a l l i n c l u s i v e . Inadequate means that the t r a i n i n g was s u p e r f i c i a l . To be included i n Remarks should be the opinion of P a s t o r a l Counselling i n t h e o l o g i c a l t r a i n i n g and an expression of the nature of the courses t h a t should be presented. 2. C o u n s e l l i n g . Answers to i n c l u d e an estimate of numbers of i n d i v i d u a l s counselled and the hours r e q u i r e d to do t h i s . Pocus of c o u n s e l l i n g i s meant to give some i n d i c a t i o n of the nature of the problems confronted, and from t h i s d i s c u s s i o n should evolve the three most common problems. 3. Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s . These cases should be introdticed as a way of r e c r e a t i n g s i t u a t i o n s t h a t may have occured f o r the c l e r g y . A f t e r they have read the f i r s t case then d i s c u s s the general areas of d e s c r i p t i o n of the problem, r e a c t i o n and focus of help. This i n c l u d e s c o n s i d e r a t i o n of r e f e r r a l sources. The response of the c l e r g y should be how they would handle the problem, not what they t h i n k should i d e a l l y be done. 4. R e f e r r a l s . This i s to give an i n d i c a t i o n of the use of community resources. R e f e r r a l should be defined as c o l l a b o r a t i o n ( l e t t e r s , phone c a l l s ) a s w e l l as "handing over" a case. I n d i c a t i o n should be made of how i t i s used. 5. Welfare Agencies. Answers should i n d i c a t e an awareness of community resources and r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e i r place w i t h i n the community. Contact would r e f e r to a l l f a m i l i e s on s o c i a l a s s i s t a n c e or other forms of c a t e g o r i c a l a s s i s t a n c e , as adoptions, etc. Welfare A d m i n i s t r a t o r , c l a r i f i c a t i o n should be made i f the reference i s to the former or present a d m i n i s t r a t o r . Comment should include any a t t i t u d e s toward the welfare personnel. Community Chest D i r e c t o r y , t h i s booklet should be shown to the cl e r g y . I f they are not acquainted w i t h the D i r e c t o r y , then some comment should be made as to the usefulness of i t a f t e r they have looked through the contents. - 8 4 -WELPARE SERVICES IN RICHMOND QUESTIONNAIRE C Name of agency Type of s e r v i c e , 1• EDUCATION - EXPERIENCE A. Diploma or Degrees B. I n s t i t u t i o n C. How many years of p r o f e s s i o n a l education r e q u i r e d f o r present p o s i t i o n ? D. How many years of s o c i a l v/ork experience? E. Did your s o c i a l work t r a i n i n g o f f e r any a p p r e c i a t i o n of the work of the clerg y i n the area of i n d i v i d u a l f a m i l y c o u n s e l l i n g ? Yes No Ex p l a i n : P. Did your s o c i a l work t r a i n i n g o r i e n t a t e you to the ways s o c i a l workers and the c l e r g y could work together? Yes No I f "Yes", would you consider t h i s o r i e n t a t i o n to he: __ adequate h e l p f u l inadequate 2- REFERRALS A. How many c l i e n t s d i d you r e f e r to a member of the cl e r g y l a s t month? . La s t 12 months? B. Did these r e f e r r a l s help? Yes No Ex p l a i n : C. — How many c l i e n t s d i d a member of the cl e r g y r e f e r to you l a s t month? . Last 12 months? D. L i d you experience any d i f f i c u l t y i n any of your contacts w i t h the clergy? Yes No E x p l a i n E. Do you f e e l there i s a need f o r a greater mutual awareness between s o c i a l workers and the cl e r g y ? Yes No E x p l a i n -85-3• CLERGY AND CHURCHES A. What i s the l e n g t h of t r a i n i n g f o r the c l e r g y ? B. Does t h i s t r a i n i n g i n c l u d e courses i n P a s t o r a l Counselling? Yes No I f "Yes", what i s your opinion of such t r a i n i n g ? adequate h e l p f u l inadequate E x p l a i n C. Do you f e e l the clergy i s adequately prepared- t o deal w i t h i n t e r - p e r s o n a l problems? Yes No E x p l a i n D. Are the church f a c i l i t i e s used f o r any other purpose than worship? Yes No I f "Yes", e x p l a i n the nature of t h i s use E. Do the org a n i z a t i o n s w i t h i n the churches accept(check one): members only members and those i n t e r e s t e d anyone who i s i n t e r e s t e d Comment i f there are any exceptions P. Do you have a l i s t i n g of the churches and church l e a d e r s i n t h i s community? Yes No Comment 4. CASE ILLUSTRATIONS 5• SOCIAL WORKERS AND THE CLERGY A. Do you f e e l there are c e r t a i n problems or s i t u a t i o n s t h a t are handled b e t t e r by a m i n i s t e r than by a s o c i a l worker? Yes No E x p l a i n B. Do you f e e l i t i s h e l p f u l to give your c l i e n t the opportunity to s t a t e h i s r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n ? Yes No I f "Yes", i n what way i s i t h e l p f u l ? C. What are some of the main d i f f i c u l t i e s i n co-operation between s o c i a l work and the m i n i s t r y ? D. How would you suggest these d i f f i c u l t i e s may be overcome? - 8 6 -GASE ONE A neighbour of the C. f a m i l y brings t h i s s i t u a t i o n to your a t t e n t i o n , Mr. C., age 5 4 , and h i s 7 3 year o l d f a t h e r are l i v i n g on a very substandard, meager l e v e l . Mr. C., a seasonal labourer, has i n the past made enough during the summer months-to support h i m s e l f and h i s f a t h e r . Since t h i s l a s t summer Mr. C. has been i l l and unable to work. I t had been suggested to Mr. C. by the neighbour that he should " t r y r e l i e f " . Mr. C. resented t h i s idea and s t a t e d t h a t i t was bad enough to have one government cheque(father's pension)coming i n each month. The neighbour knows the C. f a m i l y f a i r l y w e l l and r e c a l l s how he used to give Mr. C's f a t h e r a r i d e to church before o l d age prevented him from g e t t i n g out. This neighbour f e e l s very r e s p o n s i b l e about the e n t i r e s i t u a t i o n and wants to know what can be done. CASE TWO John, age 2 7 , i s s i n g l e and has l i v e d alone since the death of h i s mother two years ago. P r i o r to her death John l i v e d w i t h her continuously. Both h i s f a t h e r and an only brother had been k i l l e d i n a car accident when John was three years of age. As he presented himself i n the. o f f i c e , he appeared very withdrawn showing se v e r a l symptoms of d i s t r e s s e s p e c i a l l y when the sudden death of h i s mother was discussed. He described the p e r i o d f o l l o w i n g h i s mother's death as being very l o n e l y and as a time when he has t r i e d to t h i n k through the meaning and purpose of h i s l i f e . He a l s o r e f l e c t s upon how h i s mother has always expressed kindness toward him and how she was.always so constant i n her f a i t h and church a f f i l i a t i o n . John f e e l s very unworthy i n not having c a r r i e d through many of h i s mother's wishes with respect to h i s continued p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the church. During these l a s t few months he has considered that by r e t u r n i n g to the church t h i s would be the greatest t r i b u t e he could pay to h i s mother. CASE THREE Mrs. A., a 29 year o l d mother of three, comes to your o f f i c e seeking help f o r her husband who has r e c e n t l y been d r i n k i n g e x c e s s i v e l y . She q u i c k l y r e l a t e s how her husband's d r i n k i n g has reached the poi n t where h i s steady, w e l l - p a y i n g employment w i l l soon be threatened. She a l s o adds that unless he soon stops the marriage w i l l breakup. As Mrs. A. continues her account of the s i t u a t i o n , i t soon becomes apparent that t h e i r marriage has been weakening f o r sev e r a l years. Mrs. A. s t a t e s , "You see i t r e a l l y goes back to before we were married. I was brought up i n church and my parents were very much again s t me marrying someone who was nominally of an other f a i t h . But I went ahead anyway." The church had been very meaningful f o r her but she l e f t i t behind on the assumption t h a t marriage comes f i r s t . They have never attended a church since marriage and now that the c h i l d r e n are of school age they are a l s o of age to attend Sunday School and other church i n s t r u c t i o n . This issue about the c h i l d r e n a t t e n d i n g church a c t i v i t i e s has been r a i s e d mostly by Mrs. A's. parents. Mr. A. resents t h e i r i n t e r -ference. I t has been during t h i s recent p e r i o d that Mr. A. has r e s o r t e d more to d r i n k i n g . GUIDE FOR COMPLETION OF QUESTIONNAIRE C Welfare Services of Richmond The general purpose of t h i s q uestionnaire i s to determine some i n d i c a t i o n of the awareness and u t i l i z a t i o n s o c i a l workers have of the churches and c l e r g y i n the area. 1. Education. Diploma, or Degrees l i s t e d i n the order they were received and under Name of I n s t i t u t i o n i n d i c a t i o n of .geo-g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n , ( i . e . ) C a n a d a , United States, or Europe. P r o f e s s i o n a l education i n c l u d e s the years of t r a i n i n g a f t e r senior m a t r i c u l a t i o n or high school t h a t were spent i n pre-p a r a t i o n f o r the p o s i t i o n as a s o c i a l worker. S o c i a l work experience i n c l u d e s the years employed i n a recognized s o c i a l welfare agency. A p p r e c i a t i o n of the work of the c l e r g y r e f e r s to the acknowledge-ment that the c l e r g y i s doing c o u n s e l l i n g , ( i . e . ) p r e - m a r i t a l and m a r i t a l . Working together on s p e c i f i c cases r e f e r s to how prepared you are to r e f e r cases to the c l e r g y or to consult them about r e l i g i o u s or church r e l a t e d problems a c l i e n t may have. 2« R e f e r r a l s . The term " r e f e r " may mean to "hand over" a case wit h a minimum of follow-up or i t may mean c o l l a b o r a t i o n where there e x i s t s f a i r l y continued contact. I n d i c a t i o n should be made of how the term i s used. Mutual awareness meant to determine i f there i s much to be gained by the s o c i a l worker knowing more about the church and what i t may o f f e r to c l i e n t s . Reference i s a l s o made to the question of gains r e s u l t i n g from the clergymen's awareness of a v a i l a b l e welfare s e r v i c e s and the f u n c t i o n of s o c i a l workers. 3 ' CIergy and Churches. The l e n g t h of t r a i n i n g r e f e r s to years a f t e r s e n i o r m a t r i c u l a t i o n or h i g h s c h o o l . P a s t o r a l Counselling meant to i n c l u d e t r a i n i n g of a p r a c t i c a l nature which prepares the c l e r g y f o r d e a l i n g w i t h i n t e r -personal or s o c i a l problems. Church f a c i l i t i e s r e f e r s to the churches' p h y s i c a l plant.-Organizations w i t h i n the church r e f e r s to such groups as Women's A u x i l i a r y , Men's Clubs, Youth groups, Sunday School,etc. 4 . Case I l l u s t r a t i o n s . These b r i e f case summaries are intended to t y p i f y problems that may be encountered i n your caseload. The o b j e c t i v e i s to determine: A. Your i n i t i a l r e a c t i o n to the p r e s e n t i n g problem. B. The focus of your involvement. C. The agencies or persons that may be consulted i n c l u d i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n of p o s s i b l e r e f e r r a l s . 5. S o c i a l Workers and the Clergy. When e x p l a i n i n g kinds of problems, d i s t i n c t i o n should be made as f o i l o w s , ( i . e . ) m a r i t a l , death, p r e - m a r i t a l , emotional, etc. R e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n means the church your c l i e n t regards as h i s preference. Main d i f f i c u l t i e s may i n c l u d e ( i . e . ) t h e r e l u c t a n c e to share or r e f e r cases, the pressured of work, the l a c k of a p p r e c i a t i o n one has f o r the other's r e s p e c t i v e r o l e , e t c . Suggestions f o r overcoming these d i f f e r e n c e s may i n c l u d e improvement of education, workshops to discuss mutual problems, increased p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s , e t c . -88-APPETOIX B Summary of two Welfare P o l i c y Statements i n the Lutheran Church - 8 9 -Th e Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod w i t h church o f f i c e s i n St. L o u i s , M i s s o u r i , co-ordinates the program of i t s ' c h u r c h e s both i n Canada and the United States. In a r e s o l u t i o n adopted by the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod i n 1956, i t was recommended t h a t : 1. A l l member congregations should e s t a b l i s h a congregational welfare committee or board f o r the purpose, among others, of i n t e r p r e t i n g the needs of f e l l o w - C h r i s t i a n s to the congre-g a t i o n and suggesting ways and means of a l l e v i a t i n g them, and of w i s e l y a d m i n i s t e r i n g the c h a r i t a b l e resources of the congregation. 2 . D i s t r i c t welfare committees or boards should be e s t a b l i s h e d which s h a l l advise the congregation of the r e s p e c t i v e d i s t r i c t s as to the needs of welfare agencies of the church, suggest ways and means of supporting them, and, i n general, a i d the congregations and the welfare committees of the congregations i n the task of w i s e l y and e q u i t a b l y m i n i s t e r i n g to f e l l o w - C h r i s t i a n s and others who may be i n need of c h a r i t y . 3. The Department of S o c i a l Welfare(of the church body)is to a s s i s t church d i s t r i c t s and i n d i v i d u a l congregations i n e s t a b l i s h i n g such welfare committees, a i d i n g i n d e f i n i n g t h e i r f u n c t i o n s i n d e t a i l , and, i n general, c o u n s e l l i n g them i n a l l matters p e r t a i n i n g to the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of welfare a c t i v i t i e s whenever c a l l e d upon to do so. 4. The Department of S o c i a l Welfare should prepare manuals f o r the use and guidance of d i s t r i c t w elfare committees and congregational w e l f a r e committees. I t i s on the b a s i s of t h i s -resolution that one of the two w e l f a r e committees i n t h i s survey was e s t a b l i s h e d . The other welfare committee o r i g i n a t e d from a c t i o n taken by the Canadian Lutheran C o u n c i l . This Council co-ordinates the program of eight major Lutheran Church bodies i n Canada, excluding the Lutheran Church-M i s s o u r i Synod. At an annual meeting of the Canadian Lutheran - g O -Council i n 1959 the f o l l o w i n g p o l i c y statement was made wit h respect to the Lutheran church's r o l e i n w e l f a r e . I . Structure a. L o c a l Welfare Committees are to he organized on the congregational l e v e l . b. Regional workshops are to be conducted at l e a s t once a year. c. P r o v i n c i a l Lutheran Welfare Councils are to be organized. They w i l l have the f o l l o w i n g d u t i e s ; 1. M a i n t a i n an overview of the Lutheran strength and i n t e r e s t i n the Province and the S o c i a l Welfare Programmes of the Province so that mutual respect, confidence, and co-operation may be increased. 2. See that a n n u a l Lutheran W e l f a r e w o r k s h o p s or other u s e f u l meetings are conducted i n l o c a t i o n s where r e -p r e s e n t a t i v e s from congregations i n the Province can r e c e i v e i n f o r m a t i o n , exchange ideas, and develop appropriate welfare a c t i v i t i e s . 3 . Represent the i n t e r e s t and concern of Lutherans to the L e g i s l a t i o n and planning bodies and secure proper r e p r e s e n t a t i o n and p a r t i c i p a t i o n of Lutherans i n such p o l i c y making and planning bodies. 4. Keep informed on new laws, movements on s e r v i c e s that are of use to c l e r g y and parishes and see that such i n f o r m a t i o n gets to them. 5. P a r t i c i p a t e i n conferences i n s p e c i a l w e l f a r e f i e l d s and .relate t h e i r f i n d i n g s or a c t i o n s to the parishes where u s e f u l . 6. Be i n touch w i t h n a t i o n a l i s s u e s and programs through Lutheran Welfare Council of Canada. References used f o r m a t e r i a l i n t h i s Appendix: A manual " F a i t h That Works By Love - A Guide f o r Congregational Welfare Committee" prepared by the Department of S o c i a l Welfare, Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, 210 North Broadway, St.Louis 2,Mo. A r e p o r t "What S h a l l be the Role of Lutherans i n Canadian S o c i a l Welfare?" A report f o r Study by Congregations based on Welfare Study conducted by the D i v i s i o n of Welfare of the Canadian Lutheran Council from September 1958 to Augiist 1959. L e t t e r from the Executive Secretary, D i v i s i o n of Welfare, Canadian Lutheran C o u n c i l . APPENDIX C BIBLIOGRAPHY - 9 1 -BIBLIOGRAPHY ( a) General References: Annual Report 1961 D i v i s i o n of Welfare, N a t i o n a l Lutheran C o u n c i l , New York. Annual Report 1961 The Council f o r S o c i a l S e r v i c e , The A n g l i c a n Church of Canada, Toronto. B l i z z a r d , Samuel W. "Let the Church Serve I t ' s Community" S o c i a l Progress March 1950. Bower, Molleah Beth; Bregman, Ona Cohn, Clergy, Caseworkers and C l i e n t s - Roles and Goals i n M a r i t a l Counseling. Master of S o c i a l Service t h e s i s , Graduate School of Syracuse U n i v e r s i t y , June 1958. Bowers, Swithun "The Nature and D e f i n i t i o n of S o c i a l Casework" Journal of S o c i a l Casework XXX, No. 10. Chakerian, Charles G., "The Churches a.nd S o c i a l Welfare" The H a r t f o r d Seminary Foundation B u l l e t i n No. 20, P a l l 1955. Damia.no, Carmen A Survey of the Understanding of S o c i a l Work of 54 Clergymen^in the C i t y of Syracuse. N.Y. Master of S o c i a l S e rvice t h e s i s , Graduate School of Syracuse U n i v e r s i t y , I960. Davies, Stanley P. "The Churches and the Non-Sectarian Agencies" R e l i g i o n and S o c i a l Work (ed)P.Ernest Johnston, Harper & Bros., New York, 1956. De Marche, Robinson, Wagle, Community Resources i n Mental Health. J o i n t Commission on Mental I l l n e s s and Health, Monograph S e r i e s Number 5 Basic Books, Inc., New York, I960. Dierher, E.W., " S o c i a l Welfare Within A Congregation" Paper D e l i v e r e d a t the Health and Welfare Conference and Workshop Glendale, C a l i f o r n i a , September I960. A Guide f o r Congregational Welfare Committees " F a i t h that Works By Love" Department of S o c i a l Welfare, Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, I960, Concordia P u b l i s h i n g House, St. L o u i s , M i s s o u r i . H a t f i e l d , Rev. Leonard P. "The Imperatives of the Church's Concern f o r S o c i e t y " The B u l l e t i n No. 175, March 1959, The Council For S o c i a l S e r v i c e , A n g l i c a n Church of Canada, Toronto. Hughes, Tremblay, Rapoport, Leighton, People of Cove and Woodlot- Communities From the Viewpoint of S o c i a l P s y c h i a t r y Volume I I Basic Books, Inc., New York, I960. Johnson, P. E ^ e s t & Villaume, W i l l i a m J . "Protestant S o c i a l S e r v i c e s " S o c i a l Work Year Book 1 9 5 7 N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers. -92-BIBLIOGRAPHY(Cont'd) Johnson, P. Ernest & Villaume, W i l l i a m J . "Protestant S o c i a l S e r v i c e s " S o c i a l Work Year Book I960 N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers. K l o e t z l i , Walter The C i t y Church Death or Renewal. A Study of Eight Urban Lutheran Churches Muhlenberg Press, P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1961. K l o e t z l i , Walter and Hillman, Arthur Urban Church Planning:the church discovers i t s community. Muhlenberg Press, P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1958. Kotinsky, Ruth "An Approach to I n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l Understanding" C h i l d r e n I. Nov.-Dec. 1954. L a t o u r e t t e , Kenneth Scott Church and Community W i l l e t , C l a r k & Co., Chicago, 1938. Lea, Nora. "The Church as a. Partner i n S o c i a l Welfare" A paper presented at the Canadian Conference on S o c i a l Work Ottawa,1956. Leighton, Alexander H. My Name i s Legion - Fqundations_for a Theory of Man i n R e l a t i o n to Culture Volume I , Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1959-McCann, Richard The Churches and Mental Health, J o i n t Commission on Mental I l l n e s s and Health .Monograph Series; No. 8 Ba s I c Books, Inc., New York, I960. Merton, Robert K., P i s k e , M a r j o r i e , and K e n d a l l , P a t r i c i a L. The Focused Interview^ A Manuel of Problems and Procedures Glencoe: The Free Press, 1956. Naegele, Kasper D. "Clergymen, Teachers and P s y c h i a t r i s t s : A Study i n Roles and S o c i a l i z a t i o n " Canadian Journal of Economics and P o l i t i c a l Science, V o l . 22, Feb. 1956. Niebuhr, Reinhold C o n t r i b u t i o n of R e l i g i o n t o j S o c i a l Work New York School of S o c i a l Work, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York,1932. "Partners i n S e r v i c e : The Church and S o c i a l Work" The B u l l e t i n Council f o r S o c i a l S e r v i c e , The A n g l i c a n Church of Canada, Toronto, December 2, 1957. Pelham, Joseph A. "The Theology of C h r i s t i a n S o c i a l S e r v i c e " The B u l l e t i n No. 175, March 1959, The Council f o r S o c i a l . S e r v i c e , The A n g l i c a n Church of Canada, Toronto. Polansky, Norman A.(ed.) S o c i a l Work Research U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago Press, Chicago, I960. A Report f o r Study By Congregations "What S h a l l Be the Role of Lutherans i n Canadian S o c i a l W e l f a r e ? " D i v i s i o n of Welfare, Canadian Lutheran Coun c i l , 1959. -93-BIBLIOGRAPHY(Cont 1d) Report of a Demonstration Workshop "Co-operation Between Churches and Welfare Agencies" Federation•of P r o t e s t a n t Welfare Agencies, Inc., 1952. Scharlemann, M a r t i n H. "The T h e o l o g i c a l and H i s t o r i c a l Basis f o r Lutheran Welfare" A_Paper_ Read_at the_Sessions -of The Lutheran S o c i a l Work I n s t i t u t e V a l p a r a i s o U n i v e r s i t y , V a l paraiso,Indiana, 1958. S e i f e r t , Harvey The Church i n Community A c t i o n Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, New York, 1952. S e l l t i z , Jahoda, Deutsch, Cook, Research Methods i n S o c i a l R e l a t i o n : Revised E d i t i o n , . 1 9 5 9 Henry H o l t and Co., Inc., 1 9 5 9 -S k e n f i e l d , A l f r e d a Cooperation Between S o c i a l Workers and M i n i s t e r s . Master of S o c i a l Work, t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia,I960. "The C h r i s t i a n i n His S o c i a l L i v i n g " Board f o r C h r i s t i a n S o c i a l A c t i o n ^ American Lutheran Church I960. Wells, Roberta Some Aspects of I n t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l Understanding Between M i n i s t e r s and S o c i a l Workers. Master of S o c i a l Work t h e s i s , Smith College School f o r S o c i a l Work, 1 9 5 6 . Whiting, Henry J. "The R e l a t i o n s h i p of the Lutheran Church and the State i n S o c i a l Welfare" Lutheran S o c i a l Welfare Quarterly Vo l . 2, No. 1, March 1962. Whiting, Henry J. "The Role of S e c t a r i a n P h ilanthropy i n the United States" Lutheran S o c i a l Welfare Quarterly V o l . 1, No. 4, December 1961. Young, P a u l i n e V. S c i e n t i f i c S o c i a l Surveys and Research, T h i r d E d i t i o n , 1959, P r e n t i c e - H a l l Inc., Englewood C l i f f s , N.J. - 9 4 -BIBLIPGRAPHY(Cont* d) (k) S p e c i f i c _ R e f e r e nc e s ; Bachmann, Theodore E.(ed.) The A c t i v a t i n g Concern., H i s t o r i c a l T heological Bases ( V o l . I , Churches and S o c i a l Welfare") N a t i o n a l Council of Churches, 1955. Bachmann, Theodore E.(ed.) The Emerging P e r s p e c t i v e - Response and Prospect ( V o l . I l l , Churches and S o c i a l Welfare) N a t i o n a l Council of Churches, 1956. Baldwin, Ruth M., "The M i n i s t e r and the S o c i a l Worker" The Ea.mily V o l . 26, (June 1945). Bi e s t e k , Felixy.p.' " R e l i g i o n and S o c i a l Casework" The S o c i a l Welfare Forum, O f f i c i a l Proceedings, 83rd Annual Forum of the N a t i o n a l Conference of S o c i a l Work, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1956. Boehm, Werner W. Objectives of the S o c i a l Work Curriculum of the Future (Vol.1, The Comprehensive Report of the Curriculum Study) Council on S o c i a l Work Education, New York, 1959. Cayton, Horace R. and N i s h i , Setsuko M. The Changing Scene -Current Trends a,nd_ Issues (Vol.11, Churches and S o c i a l Welfare) 3 Vols., U.S.A.:National Council of Churches, 1955. Chambliss, R o l l i n S o c i a l Thought From Hammurabi to Comte The Dryden Press, New. York, 1954. C o c k e r i l l , Eleanor "Interdependency of the P r o f e s s i o n s i n Helping People" The_Social Welfare Forum N a t i o n a l Conference of S o c i a l Welfare, Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1953. D i r e c t o r y of Health, Welfare and Recreation Services i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Vancouver Community Chest and Councils of the Greater Vancouver Area, I960. F r i e d l a n d e r , Walter A. I n t r o d u c t i o n to S o c i a l Welfare P r e n t i c e -H a l l , Inc., New York, 1955-Goals of P u b l i c S o c i a l P o l i c y N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers, 1959. H a r r i s o n , Shelby M. " R e l i g i o n and S o c i a l Work: Perspective and Common Denominator" N a t i o n a l Conference of S o c i a l Work Columbia U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York, 1950. H i l t n e r , Seward "The Role of the Clergyman as a Counselor" S o c i a l Work i n the Current Scene 1950 N a t i o n a l Conference of S o c i a l Work, Columbia. U n i v e r s i t y Press, New York. Keith-Lucas, Alan "Some Notes on Theology and S o c i a l Work" S o c i a l Casework V o l . 41, February I960. - 9 5 -BI ELI OGRAPHY (Cont 1 d) M i l l e r , H a s k e l l M. Compassion and Community: An A p p r a i s a l of the Church's Changing; Role i n S o c i a l Welfare A s s o c i a t i o n Press, lew York, 1961. 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Thesis/Dissertation
eng
Social Work
Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library
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Graduate
Churches and welfare services in Richmond, British Columbia : a survey of reciprocal awareness and utilization
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