@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Medicine, Faculty of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Warren, James Darcy"@en ; dcterms:issued "2012-02-02T00:39:19Z"@en, "1960"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Science - MSc"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """The hallmark of essential hypertension is a persistent elevation of blood pressure. Certain changes are associated with the state of hypertension including a derangement of water and electrolytes. Recent work indicates the upset in sodium and water may be causally related to the hypertension. Transitary, acute hypertension may be produced by means of drugs. The drug induced blood pressure rise is accompanied by a disturbance in water and electrolytes. Further work is required to clarify the relationship between shifts in electrolytes and agents that may increase blood pressure (pressor agents). In order to carry out the programme of research on pressor agents it was necessary to review the fundamental tool, namely the accurate measurement of shifts in water. This review led to a refinement in the technique of measuring water by infusing inulin continuously. With nephrectomized animals the inulin dilution technique is a satisfactory method to measure the extracellular space. An equally accurate index of the extracellular space can be provided with an inulin infusion which maintains the extracellular inulin concentration at a constant level. In the present study the cation and water shifts between cells and the extracellular space associated with two dissimilar pressor agents were observed, using trained, conscious dogs. The pressor agents used were norepinephrine, elaborated by the adrenal medulla and pitressin, elaborated by the posterior pituitary gland. Norepinephrine had no effect, in our hands, on sodium, potassium or water movement. Pitressin had distinct effects, with rapid depression of the extracellular volume and the extracellular sodium concentration, and elevation of the extracellular potassium concentration. The changes caused by pitressin were associated with a pressor response."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/40439?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "CATION AND WATER SHIFTS IN RESPONSE TO PRESSOR AGENTS IN THE CONSCIOUS DOG by James D„ Warren A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in the department of ANATOMY WJe accept this thesis as conforming to the standard required from candidates for the degree of Master of Science Members of the Department of Anatomy THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA September 30, 1960 In presenting t h i s thesis i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree that the Library s h a l l make i t f r e e l y available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of t h i s thesis f o r scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It i s understood that copying or publication of this thesis for f i n a n c i a l gain s h a l l not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver 3, Canada. Date - I I -ABSTRACT The hallmark of e s s e n t i a l hypertension i s a p e r s i s t e n t e l e v a t i o n of blood pressure. C e r t a i n changes are a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the s t a t e of hypertension i n c l u d i n g a derangement of water and e l e c t r o l y t e s . Recent work i n d i c a t e s the upset i n sodium and water may be c a u s a l l y r e l a t e d to the hypertension. T r a n s i t a r y , acute hypertension may be produced by means of drugs. The drug induced blood pressure r i s e i s accompanied by a d i s -turbance i n water and e l e c t r o l y t e s . Further work i s required to c l a r i f y the r e l a t i o n s h i p between s h i f t s i n e l e c t r o l y t e s and agents that may increase blood pressure (pressor agents). In order to c a r r y out the programme of research on pressor agents i t was necessary to review the fundamental t o o l , namely the accurate measurement of s h i f t s i n water. This review lead t o a refinement i n the technique of measuring water by i n f u s i n g i n u l i n . c o n t i n u o u s l y . With nephrectomized animals the i n u l i n d i l u t i o n technique i s a s a t i s f a c t o r y method t o measure the e x t r a c e l l u l a r space. An e q u a l l y accurate index of the e x t r a c e l l u l a r space can be provided with an i n u l i n i n f u s i o n which maintains the e x t r a c e l l u l a r i n u l i n c o ncentration at a constant l e v e l . In the present study the c a t i o n and water s h i f t s between c e l l s and the e x t r a c e l l u l a r space a s s o c i a t e d with two d i s s i m i l a r pressor agents were observed, using t r a i n e d , conscious dogs. The pressor agents used were norepinephrine, elaborated by the adrenal medulla and p i t r e s s i n , elaborated by the p o s t e r i o r p i t u i t a r y gland. Norepinephrine had no e f f e c t , i n our hands, on sodium, potassium or water movement. P i t r e s s i n had d i s t i n c t e f f e c t s , with r a p i d depression of the e x t r a c e l l u l a r volume and the e x t r a c e l l u l a r sodium c o n c e n t r a t i o n , and e l e v a t i o n of the e x t r a -c e l l u l a r potassium c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The changes caused by p i t r e s s i n were as s o c i a t e d w i t h a pressor response. - I l l « TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION THE EFFECT OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON WATER AND CATIONS 1 THE EFFECT OF PITRESSIN ON WATER AND CATIONS 4 THE INULIN INFUSION TECHNIQUE 6 EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSE 7 METHODS AND MATERIAL 8 OBSERVATIONS THE INULIN INFUSION TECHNIQUE 10 THE EFFECTS OF NOREPINEPHRINE INJECTION 21 THE EFFECTS OF PITRESSIN INJECTION 36 DISCUSSION 46 CONCLUSIONS 48 TABLES & GRAPHS Pages INULIN INFUSION * » o • > o o o o a o o o o o o o o o e o o • • « > o- o • 13 & 14 INULIN INFUSION © a 0 o < > O O O O O O O 0 O 4 p a e « * o « - o e a o o o « o o o 0 0 o o o 0 0 15 & 16 INULIN INFUSION o e o o i p o o o o o o e o o O o e o o o o o o o o a o o o o o o o 0 o o « o 17 & 18 INULIN INFUSION • 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • O O O O O O O O O O O O « • • O O 0 « • O O 0 19 & 20 INULIN INFUSION WITH 0.4 jug/Kg NOREPINEPHRINE o « O 0 o o o 24 & 25 INULIN INFUSION WITH 1.6 -ug/Kg NOREPINEPHRINE o o 0 o a 0 o 26 & 27 INULIN INFUSION WITH 2.4 ^ g/Kg NOREPINEPHRINE 0 o 0 0 0- O' 0 28 & 29 INULIN INFUSION WITH 2.4 /ug/Kg NOREPINEPHRINE 0 o o o o o 30 & 31 INULIN INFUSION WITH 3.2 ;ug/Kg NOREPINEPHRINE o e> a o o- o- o 32 & 33 INULIN INFUSION WITH 4.8 jig/Kg NOREPINEPHRINE O 0 a • o- o * 34 & 35 INULIN INFUSION WITH 200 mU/Kg PITRESSIN ..... 0 © o o O 0 0 39 & 40 INULIN INFUSION WITH 40 mU/Kg PITRESSIN o 0 * 0 o o e 41 & 42 INULIN INFUSION WITH 40 mU/Kg PITRESSIN o o a o o- o 0 43 & 44 PRESSOR EFFECT WITH 40 mU/Kg PITRESSIN ..... • o 0 0 0 o o 45 ~ 1 -INTRODUCTION THE EFFECT OF NOREPINEPHRINE ON WATER AND CATIONS The e s s e n t i a l f eatures of the s a l t and water s h i f t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a norepinephrine i n f u s i o n a re: 1) C e l l u l a r uptake of sodium and water and r e l e a s e of potassium are c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a pressor response. These changes l i k e l y precede the pressor response. 2) Dibenamine and DHE-45 block both the pressor and the e l e c t r o -l y t e responses. 3) A sodium i n f u s i o n blocks the pressor response. The c a t i o n i c s h i f t s have been examined from both the c e l l u l a r and the e x t r a c e l l u l a r standpoint and the r e s u l t s s u b s t a n t i a t e one another. Robertson and Peyser (19) i n 1951 examined the myocardium of cats a f t e r the i n j e c t i o n of large doses of e p i n e p h r i n e In order t o increase the c e l l u l a r sodium and to decrease the c e l l u l a r potassium s i g n i f i c a n t l y . 500 Mg of epinephrine was needed. Tobian and Fox (21) i n 1956 showed that these c a t i o n i c changes were not l i m i t e d to heart muscle. They examined the e f f e c t s of a no r e p i -nephrine i n f u s i o n on the a r t e r i a l smooth muscle of dogs. Twelve t r a i n e d , conscious dogs were used. One femoral a r t e r y was l i g a t e d under l o c a l anaesthesia, and a segment q u i c k l y removed. A norepinephrine i n f u s i o n was begun and the dose was adjusted to elevate and s u s t a i n the blood pressure 100mm Hg above the normal base. The i n f u s i o n was allowed to continue f o r h a l f an hour and at that time a segment of the opposite femoral a r t e r y was s i m i l a r l y e x c i s e d . A n a l y s i s of the a r t e r i a l segments showed - 2 -that the potassium content of the artery had dropped from 8 B1 mg/lOO Gm solids before, to 5.9 mg/100 Gm solids after infusion. The artery segment gained 1.7 mg of sodium/100 Gm solids in the same interval. The sodium gain was more variable than the potassium loss. The dogs showed considerable individual variation in both the pressor and the cationic responses. Muirhead, Goth and Jones (15) examined the effects of a norepi-nephrine infusion on plasma water and electrolytes in anaesthetized dogs. The doses of norepinephrine used were massive. Eleven dogs were given an average of 70 jug/Kg/min of norepinephrine for short periods varying from fifteen to f i f t y minutes. The plasma sodium concentration became depressed two minutes after the onset of the infusion, returned to normal y minutes after termination of the infusion, and was throughout a mirror image of the pressor effect. In the example shown the plasma sodium concentration changed from 145 mEq/L to 130 mEq/L„ The plasma potassium concentration showed no distinct relationship to the pressor effect. The radio-sulfate space showed no change. Muirhead et al pointed out that small doses of norepinephrine cause no distinct change in the plasma sodium concentration. (8) Friedman, Butt and Friedman also showed that the plasma sodium concentration in dogs does not change in response to small doses of norepinephrine. They observed, however, that a measurable change in the total extracellular sodium occurred in anaesthetized dogs with one-tenth the dose of norepinephrine used by Muirhead et a l . In addition, they showed that total extracellular potassium rose coincidentally with the pressure change. Eight anaesthetized nephrecfcomiaed dogs were given - 3 -from 3 - 605 JUg/Kg/min of norepinephrine by infusion. Plasma sodium concentration did not change but inulin space decreased so a f a l l in total extracellular sodium was calculated. The curves for total extra-cellular sodium formed mirror images of the blood pressure0 Friedman et al noted that the cationic changes may precede the pressor effect. Since they had found similar cationic changes with pressor agents other than norepinephrine they advanced the theory that the cationic changes were causally related to pressor effects. Support for this contention was provided by the demonstration of suppression of the pressor response by infusion of sodium, Friedman et al (11) pointed out that the agent responsible for this pressor response suppression is the sodium ion. In a rat a sodium infusion blocked the pressor response to both norepinephrine and pitressin. Moreover, the amount of sodium required to block the pressor response corresponded to the amount lost from the extracellular space with the infusion of the pressor agent. The results of experimental work on the rat by Friedman, Friedman and Nakashima (9) using a norepinephrine infusion were similar to the results described for the dog. They stressed the rapidity with which these changes occur in the rat and found i t necessary to establish hypotension prior to the infusion to detect an early shift of water. The rise of the plasma potassium concentration in response to an epinephrine infusion has been recognized for some time. This was first observed by D'Silva (6,7). He felt that the rise of the plasma potassium concentration was due to the glycogenolytic effect of epinephrine on the liver 0 Obrien, Murphy and Meek (17) have shown that dibenamine blocks the potassium shift as well as the pressor response to epinephrine. This has also been shown by Friedman, Friedman and Nakashima (10) in regard to both sodium and potassium,, Since dibenamine blocks the pressor response but not the glycogenolytic action of epinephrine (Nickerson and Goodman (16) ) 0 D'Silva's contention is probably in error„ Friedman believes the rise in extracellular potassium is in part a loss from the cells and i t is in part due to concentration from the extracellular water loss. Certainly an adequate source of potassium has been demonstrated in arterial smooth muscle and in the myocardium. The rise of the plasma potassium concentration in response to a norepinephrine infusion in the work of Muirhead et al was slow, slight and slow to return to normal. In the work of Friedman et a l , in dogs and rats, the rise of total extra-cellular potassium coincided closely with the blood pressure rise but the change was not as rapid as the change in the total extracellular sodium. THE EFFECT OF PITRESSIN ON WATER AND CATIONS Studies of the effect of the posterior pituitary gland on blood pressure and cation shifts have resolved around -1) Supraoptico-hypothalmic lesions 2) Stimulation of the supraoptico-hypothalamic tract. 3) Infusion and injection of pitressin The observations of Friedman, Webber, Scherrer, and Friedman (12) have important implications for our work. They produced lesions of the supraoptico-hypothalamic tract in rats and observed changes in salt and water distribution which are the reverse of those found in association - 5 -with a pitressin infusion. A pitressin infusion produces a f a l l in the extracellular water and sodium concentration and a rise in extracellular potassium. They were able to show that these changes were not renal in origin since they could be produced in the bilaterally nephrectomisedxrat0 Oliver and Shafer (18) were the first to describe the pressor effect of posterior pituitary hormone. Kolls and Geiling (14) were the first to observe the hormone's action in the conscious dog. These latter workers, using Armour's liquid pituitary, noted the rise in mean and diastolic blood pressure and the sudden bradycardia that follows the blood pressure rise. Scherrer and Friedman (20) have described a sustained blood pressure rise following electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area. The studies of Friedman, Butt and Friedman (8) have direct application to our work and will be dealt with in some detail. Their experiments were performed on anaesthetized dogs, using small and large doses of intravenous pitressin. In the first experiment 12 mU/Kg/min of pitressin was infused for twenty minutes,, Plasma sodium concentration f e l l from 146Q5 mEq/L to 143.8 mEq/L while plasma potassium concentration rose from 4.89 mEq/L to 5.11 mEq/L. Diastolic pressure rose 40 mm Hg in this periodo In the second experiment 50 mU/Kg/min of pitressin was infused for seventeen minutes. In this case bilateral nephrectomy had been previously performed. Extracellular sodium (product of inulin space and plasma Na) f e l l from 28.79 mEq/Kg to 28.13 mEq/Kg. Extracellular potassium rose from 0.8 mEq/Kg to 0.9 mEq/Kg0 The diastolic pressure rose 30 mm Hg in this period. In the third experiment 200 mU/Kg/min of pitressin was infused for ten minutes. Plasma sodium concentration - 6 -f e l l from 147.2 mEq/L to 141.7 mEq/L while plasma potassium concentration rose from 4.7 mEq/l, to 5019 mEq/L. In the dog the cation and water changes produced by a pitressin infusion are more defined than the changes produced by an infusion of norepinephrine. With pitressin these changes are like the pressor response, slower to appear. Similar changes have been shown in the rat by Friedman et al with pitressin. They point out that the magnitude of the cation and water change is greater with pitressin than with norepine-phrine for a comparable pressor response As observed with a norepinephrine infusion, the administration of sodium ions as sodium phosphate or sodium acetate will abort or suppress the normal pressor response to a pitressin infusion. The amount of sodium required approximates the amount the drug normally displaces. THE INULIN INFUSION TECHNIQUE The measurement of changes in extracellular volume in the conscious animal depends on an infusion of inulin which maintains the extracellular inulin concentration at a constant level. The merits of inulin as an accurate measure of extracellular space are well known and a subject of many investigations (1, 2, 3, 4). One of the main disadvantages of inulin is its rapid excretion by glomerular filtration. This property prevents a uniform distribution of inulin in the extracellular space after a single injection and has limited its usefulness to the nephrectomized animal. In 1949 Gaudino and Levitt (3) described a constant inulin infusion procedure for use in trained, conscious dogs. Using the recovery - 1 -technique they were able to measure inulin space that corresponded closely to the inulin space measured in the same dog after nephrectomy* Gaudino and Levitt observed that with a steady infusion of an inulin solution equilibration is reached in about two hours,, A state of equilibration was inferred from steady plasma inulin concentrations,, They noted that the state of equilibration was maintained in one dog up to twelve hours, whereas with nephrectomized dogs both the radio-sulphate space and the inulin space begin to rise after six hours. This rise is presumably a pathological water shift a Inulin equilibration in the extracellular space two hours after the onset of an infusion has been confirmed by other workers (1, 2, 4). Thus i t has been shown that inulin achieves complete distribution and equilibration in the extracellular space in two hours and that this state can be maintained for long periods by a constant inulin infusion. Changes in the volume of the extracellular space would be reflected by increases and/or decreases of inulin concentration. This being so, i t should be possible to ascertain the direction of water movement in the extracellular space in response to various drugs such as norepinephrine and pitressin. EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSE - The aim of the present work was twofold. (1) To establish a workable index for changes of extracellular fluid volume in the conscious dog. (2) To determine the effect of two dissimilar pressor agents on that index and on plasma sodium and potassium in the conscious dog. et 8 — METHODS AND MATERIALS -Two healthy female labradors were used throughout and they were well at the finish of these experiments. Both dogs were a year and a half old at the beginning of the work and were weighed at that time Dog D weighed 24.8 Kgms. Dog M weighed 23.4 Kgms. They were placed in an outdoor compound daily and were exercised, in addition to this, two to three times weekly. They were familiarized with experimental handling over a three month period. This familiarization was greatly facilitated by similar training during the year prior to this experiment. In every instance the dogs were in an 18-hour post-absorptive state and allowed water ad l i b . During experiments the dogs, loosely restrained, rested supine on a board. They assumed this position voluntarily and showed no inclination to struggle. The hind limbs were used for infusion, injection and sampling. In the first phase of the work the constancy of serial inulin values in the extracellular space during constant inulin infusion was determined. For this purpose a constant infusion apparatus was set up to deliver inulin solution at the rate of 0.75 ml/min. The rate was irregular within any thirty second interval but varied only ± 0.03 ml/30 seconds,. The rate varied from day to day but was constant for each experiment. The small volume of infusion was used in order to avoid undue expansion of the extracellular fluid volume. This small volume necessitated the use of a fairly concentrated inulin solution. A. 10% inulin solution of 40 ml was diluted with 60 ml of saline to give an inulin solution of - 9 -40 mg/ml. This solution permitted the controlled administration of 30 mg inulin per minute. A loading dose of 10 ml of 10% inulin solution was given i n i t i a l l y over a ten second interval. In the earlier experiments to be described this loading dose of inulin was too high and accounted for high plasma levels with a steep falloff. After the leg had been prepared and local anaesthetic injected the vein selected for infusion was cannulated with a No. 19 short bevel needle. A vein in the opposite hind limb was similarly cannulated and used for serial blood samples. Clotting in the needle was avoided by attaching a 2 ml syringe with heparin solution to the sampling needle and injecting a small amount in the interval between sampling. The first ml of sampled blood was always discarded. The blood was centrifuged immediately and the plasma drawn off, appropriately diluted and stored. Plasma inulin concentration was measured by the method of Hagishi ahd / Peters (5). Timed urine specimens were collected. The bladder raas cleared of urine by two washouts of ten ml of tap water each, followed by thirty ml of air. The delay time was set at six minutes and though this is open to criticism i t is not important since the same delay time was used in a l l experiments. Drugs were always administered by single injection in the sampling needle. The intra-arterial pressure was recorded from the right femoral artery. The inulin used was: Solution Purified Inulin. (U.S. Standard Products Co.) . The Norepinephrine used was: Levophed (Winthrop Stearns) The Pitressin used was: Pitressin (Parke Davis & Co.) - 10 -OBSERVATIONS INULIN INFUSION TECHNIQUE The f i r s t seven experiments deal with the development of a method to maintain plasma inulin values at a constant level. The fir s t three experiments in this group were spoiled due to faulty apparatus and are therefore not presented. In experiment IV the priming dose of inulin, 1.3 grams was given at 10:35 A.M. The sustaining dose of inulin was begun simultan-eously and continued for three and one-half hours. Blood samples were taken at approximately fifteen minute intervals after thirty minutes of infusion. The results are presented in Table I and Figure I. The large priming dose resulted in early, high levels of plasma inulin. The observed variation in the plasma inulin concentration was calculated on the figures obtained after two hours of infusion. In experiment IV the variation from the mean was & 0.875 mgm% plasma inulin. In experiment V the priming dose of inulin, 1.3 grams was given at 11:30 A.M. The sustaining dose of inulin was given simultaneously and continued for five hours. Blood samples were taken at approximately fifteen minute intervals after one hour of infusion. The results are presented in Table II and Figure II. The large priming dose again resulted in early, high plasma inulin levels. The period from the onset of the infusion to two hours after the onset is considered to be the equilibration time. The plasma inulin levels in this period were not included in the calculation of variation. In experiment V the variation from the mean was t. 1.0 mgms% plasma inulin. - 11 -In experiment VI the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 10:30 A.M. The sustaining dose of inulin was given simul-teneously and continued for four and one-half hours. Blood samples were taken every fifteen minutes after fi f t y minutes of infusion. The results are presented in Table III and Figure III. The equilibration time is shortened, probably due to the modified priming dose. The observed variation from the mean was t 1.25 mgms% plasma inulin. A l l the figures for plasma inulin concentration were taken into account. The priming dose of 1.0 grams of inulin was used for a l l succeeding experiments. In experiment VII the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given 0 at 11:30 A.M. The sustaining dose of inulin was given simultaneously and continued for three and one-half hours. Blood samples were taken every fifteen minutes after forty minutes of infusion. At 12:40 P.M. and 1:40 P.M. the period within two fifteen minute intervals was examined with blood samples taken every three minutes. The urine excreted during these two intervals was collected and the inulin excretion is presented in Table IV. The results of the plasma inulin concentration are presented in Table IV and Figure IV. The observed variation from the mean was t 1.5 mgm% plasma inulin. The plasma inulin concentration in the three minute intervals showed the same constancy as the plasma inulin concentration in the fifteen minute intervals. In experiments IV and V, 1.3 grams of inulin was used as a loading dose. In Experiments VI and VII this was reduced to 1.0 gram. In Experiments IV and V, the observations on variation from the mean were begun after 2 hours of inulin infusion. The period between the onset of the infusion and two hours after the onset was considered to - 12 -be the equilibration time. The observed variations in the plasma inulin concentration are shown for each experiment,, In Experiments VI and VII the equilibration point was shortened, probably due to the modified loading dose„ In Experiments IV, V, and VI the samples are fifteen minutes apart. In Experiment VI the fifteen minute intervals were examined on two occasions by sampling every three minutes. This was considered a prerequisite to later experiments involving acute water shifts. The greatest variation from the mean plasma inulin concentration over several hours was 1.5 mgm % plasma inulin. The plasma inulin concentration in the three minute intervals showed the same constancy as the plasma inulin concentration in the fifteen minute intervals. - 13 -TABLE I EXPERIMENT IV INULIN INFUSION DOG M Sample Time In. mg% Start 10.35 1 11:00 37.0 2 11:18 36.25 3 11:34 35075 4 11:54 35.75 5 12:12 37.0 6 -spoiled-7 12:46 30.75 8 12:59 32.5 9 1:14 32,25 10 1:30 31.25 11 1:44 31.25 12 1:52 30.75 13 2:00 31.75 Exp.Iffi: 4 0 PLASMA INULIN mgm % 30 31-62-i-mg % MEAN + «87-L nig % VARIATION FROM MEAN — 2 2 0 2 r i 21 T I M E - H O U R S 31 2 Figure 1 - 15 -TABLE II EXPERIMENT Y INULIN INFUSION DOG D Sample Time In. mg$ Start 11:30 1 12:25 44.0 2 12:42 35.75 3 1:02 33.0 4 1:20 30.5 5 1:35 30.5 6 1:51 28.0 7 2:09 26.0 8 2:26 24.5 9 2:42 24.5 10 3:00 25.75 11 3:15 26.5 12 3:30 26.0 13 3:45 25.5 14 4:02 25.75 15 4:17 25.0 16 4:30 25.0 Exprs: Figure 2 -17-TABLB ni EXPERIMENT VI INULIN INFUSION BOG D Sample Time In. mg$.:'-Start 10:30 1 11:20 27.0 2 11:45 25.5 3 12:00 27.25 4 12:15 28.0 5 12:37 28.0 6 12:53 28.0 7 1:08 28.5 8 1:25 28.25 9 1:40 28.75 10 1:53 27.75 11 2:03 27.75 12 2:15 28.5 13 2:31 28.0 14 2:45 27.25 15 2:58 26.25 4 0 - Exp.lZE PLASMA 27-5 mg% MEAN INULIN ± I-25 mg% VARIATION FROM MEAN mgm % 3 0 - _ J I • ' I I I 1 I I i 2 2 1 3 3J_ 4 4J-2 2 2 2 TIME HOURS Figure 3 -1% TABLE IV EXPERIMENT VII INULIN INFUSION DOG D Sample Start Time 11130 In. m 1 12.10 24.5 2 12:27 22.5 3 12.40 22.5 4 12:43 23.0 5 12:46 22.25 6 12:49 23.0 7 12:52 22.25 8 12:55 23.0 9 1:10 23.0 10 1:25 23.75 11 1:40 23.75 12 1:43 21.25 13 1:46 21.25 14 1:49 20.75 15 1:52 21.25 16 1:55 21.5 17 2:12 21.5 18 2:25 21.5 URINE - Sample I collected 12:47-1:03 - 336 rag In. or 21 mg In./min. Sample II collected 1:48-2:04 - 280 mg In. or 17*5 mg In./min. PLASMA INULIN mgm % 30f Exp . i zn 22-25 mg% MEAN ± 1-5 mg% VARIATION FROM MEAN 20 n 2 T I M E 21 2 HOURS 3L 2 Figure 4 - 21 -THE EFFECTS OF NOREPINEPHRINE INJECTION The effect of norepinephrine injection on water and cation shifts was tested in six experiments. Water movement was estimated by the method previously established. In experiment VIII the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 11:20 A.M. The sustaining infusion was begun simultaneously and continued for thvee and one-half hours. Norepinephrine (0.4 ug/Kg) was given at 2:03 P.M. Blood samples were taken every three minutes for fifteen minutes following the norepinephrine injection and at fifteen minute intervals after this. Blood samples were taken as a control every three minutes for fifteen minutes and at fifteen minute intervals prior to norepinephrine injection. Results are presented in Table V and Figure V, Urinary inulin excretion in the fifteen minute interval before and after norepinephrine injection is presented in Table V. No consistent movement of plasma inulin concentration is seen following the injection of 0.4 .jug/Kg norepinephrine. In experiment LX the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 11:00 A.M. The sustaining infusion was begun simultaneously and continued for three and one-half hours. Norepinephrine (1.6 jng/Kg) was given at 1:58 P.M. Blood samples were taken as before. Urinary inulin excretion was measured as before. Results are shown in Table VI and Figure VI. No consistent movement of plasma inulin concentration is seen following the injection of 1.6 4ig/kg norepinephrine. In experiment X the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 10:00 A.M. The sustaining infusion was begun simultaneously and continued for four hours. Norepinephrine (2.4 jig/Kg) w.as given at 1:14 P.M. Blood samples were taken as before. Urinary inulin - 22 -excretion was measured as before. Plasma sodium and potassium were measured in each sample, fiesults are presented in Table VII and Figure VII. No consistent movement of plasma sodium or plasma potassium is seen. The possibility of a slight f a l l of plasma inulin concentration thirty minutes after norepinephrine injection is suggested. In experiment XI the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 11:15 A.M. The sustaining dose was begun simultaneously and continued for three and one-half hours. Norepinephrine (2.4 ;ug/Kg) was given at 2:12 P.M. Blood samples were taken as before. Urinary inulin excretion was measured as before. Plasma sodium and potassium were measured in each sample. Results are presented in Table VIII and Figure VIII. No consistent movement of plasma sodium or potassium is seen. The possibility of a slight f a l l of plasma inulin concentration thirty minutes after norepinephrine injection is suggested again. In experiment XII the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 10:00 A.M. The sustaining dose of inulin was begun simultaneously and continued for four and one-quarter hours. Norepinephrine (3.2 /ug/Kg) was given at 12:46 P.M. Blood samples were taken at fifteen minute intervals only. Plasma sodium and potassium were measured in each sample. Urinary inulin excretion was measured over intervals of an hour before and an hour after norepinephrine injection. Results are presented in Table IX and Figure IX. No consistent movement of plasma sodium or potassium is seen. The suggestion that plasma inulin con-centration decreases thirty minutes after norepinephrine injection is not supported. - 23 -In experiment XIII the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 11:00 A.M. The sustaining dose of inulin was begun simultaneously and continued for four hours. Norepinephrine (4.8 ;ug/Kg) was given at 1:46 P.M.. Blood samples were taken at fifteen minute intervals only. Plasma sodium and potassium were measured with each sample. Urinary excretion of inulin was measured over intervals of forty minutes before and fif t y minutes after norepinephrine injection. Results are presented in Table X and Figure X. No consistent movement of plasma sodium or potassium is seen. A decrease of plasma inulin at thirty minutes is not observed. Increasing doses of norepinephrine were used in these experi-ments. In each case the test interval was preceded by a similar control interval. Experiments 8, 9, 10, 11 show no consistent pattern of inulin movement in the fifteen minute interval following norepinephrine injection. Experiments 10 and 11 suggested the possibility of a slight f a l l in plasma inulin concentration at thirty minutes but Experiments 12 and 13 offer this no support. Experiments 10, 11 and 12 and 13 examine the effect of norepinephrine in large doses on the cations both in the fifteen minute interval and over ninety minutes. No significant cation movement is observed. The blood pressure was not recorded in these experiments. With doses of 1.6 ;ug/Kg norepinephrine and over, the animal reacted violently and abruptly. She began to pant, groan and whine, an abrupt tachycardia ensued, followed closely by a more prolonged bradycardia which lasted five to ten minutes. TABLE V EXPERIMENT VIII INULIN INFUSION fflTH NORE PINSPHRINS INJECTION DOG D Sample Time In. mg?? Start 11:20 1 12:30 30.0 2 12.50 29.5 3 1:10 30.75 4 1:13 33.0 5 1:16 34.0 6 1:19 34.25 7 1:22 31.5 8 1:25 33.5 9 1:28 32.5 10 1.31 32.25 11 1:50 33.5 2:03 - 0.4 yg/kg • norepinephrine I.V. 12 2.05 35.5 13 2:08 34.25 14 2:11 33.5 15 2:14 34.25 16 2:17 33.5 17 2:20 32.75 18 2:23 33.5 19 2:26 33.5 20 2:40 34.25 21 2:50 35.25 URINE - Sample I collected 1:17-1:33 - 352 mg In. or 23.5 mg/ln./min Sample II collected 2:11-2:28 - 350 mg In. or 20.6 mg/ln./min Exp.izm 4 0 -PLASMA INULIN m g m % 3 0 -2 0 us TIME — HOURS 3 r Figure 5 - 2& -TABLE VI EXHSRIMENT IX INULIN INFUSION WITH NOREPINEPHRINE INJECTION DOG M Sample Time In. mg% Start lliOO 1 12:45 26.75 2 1:00 26.25 3 1:15 27.0 4 Ii l 8 26.75 5 1:21 26.25 6 1:24 26.25 7 = spoiled -8 1:30 27.0 9 1:45 25.5 1:58 - 1.6 $tg/&g:. nor e pine pi 10 2»00 24.0 11 2:03 24.25 12 2:06 25 .5 13 2:09 24.25 14 2:12 23.5 15 2:15 24.25 16 2:18 25.0 17 2:30 25.0 URINE - Sample I collected 1:20-1:36 - 502 mg In. or 31.2 mg In./min. Sample II collected 2:05-2:21 - 355 mg In. or 22.2 mg In./min. 4 0 | PLASMA INULIN h n g m % 3 0 l -Exp.-TX 40yLxgm NOREPINEPHRINE 2 0 ' 4 T I M E 3 HOURS 3i Figure 6 TABLE VII EXPERIMENT X. INULIN INFUSION WITH NOREPINEPHRINE INJECTION DOG M -Sample Time In.rng^ K.mSq/L Na.mEq/L Start 10:00 1 12:00 20.75 3.49 156.88 2 12:15 22.0 3.34 153.29 3 12:30 . 23.0 3.34 152.57 4 12.45 24.0 3.80 150.06 5 12.48 23.5 3.70 156.16 6 12:51 25.0 3.60 152.57 7 12.54 23.5 3.62 152.57 8 12:57 24.0 3.71 153.29 9 1:00 25.0 -Spoiled- 153.65 . 1:14 - 2.4|Jg/Kgj;inorepinephrine I.V. 10 1:15 25.25 3.68 152.57 11 1:18 25.25 3.46 153.29 12 1:21 25.25 3.35 152.57 13 1:24 24.25 3.33 153.29 14 1:27 24.75 3.22 150.06 15 1:30 25.5 3.38 150.06 16 1:45 25.5 3.48 152.57 17 2:00 24.25 3.72 152.57 URINE Sample I collected 12:51 Sample II collected 1:21 - 1:07 - 527mg In. or 33 mg In/min. - 1:37 - 637 mg In. or 39. mg In/min. Figure 7 -30-TABLE VIII EXPERIMENT XI INULIN INFUSION WITH NOREPINEPHRINE INJECTION DOG D Sample Time In.rng^ K.mEq/L Na.mEq/L Start 1 1 : 1 5 1 l ! l 5 3 6 . 5 3 . 1 1 5 1 o 4 9 2 1 . 3 0 3 7 c 0 3 . 3 1 5 1 o 4 9 3 1 : 3 3 3 8 o O 3 . 3 5 1 4 7 . 1 9 4 1 . 3 6 3 9 . 5 3 . 3 1 5 0 . 7 5 5 1 : 3 9 3 9 . 5 3 . 3 5 1 4 7 . 9 0 6 1 . 4 2 3 9 . 5 3 . 3 1 4 8 . 9 8 7 1 . 4 5 3 6 . 7 5 3 . 0 1 4 5 . 3 9 8 2 . 0 0 3 8 . 0 3 » 2 1 4 7 o l 9 2.12 - 2.4£4g/KgJ norepinephrine I.V. 9 2sl5 39.0 3.1 152.57 10 2.18 39.75 3.2 148.98 11 2.21 40.75 3.3 147.90 12 2.24 40.5 3.1 148.98 13 2827 39.5 3 o 4 145.39 14 2s30 39=35 3.3 147.90 15 2.40 38.25 3.1 145.39 16 2 . 5 0 38.75 3.2 145o39 U1INE - Sample I collected 1:36 - 3:52 - 900 mg In. or 56.2 mg In/Min. Sample II collected 2:19 - 2:37 - 892 mg In. or 49.5 mg In/min. PLASMA INULIN mgm% 40 No m E q / L 160 30- 150-20- 140-E x p . 3 L 60/i.gm NOREPINEPHRINE (2-4/i.gm/kgm) T I M E HOURS Figure 8 -32-TABLE IX EXPERIMENT XII INULIN INFUSION WITH NOREPINEPHRINE INJECTION DOG M Sample Time In.mg# K.ra!Bq/L Na.mEq/L Start 16:00 1 12:00 26.25 3.40 155.08 2 12:10 -26.75 3.30 156.16 3 12i30 - Spoiled -4 12:45 26.5 3.12 152.57 12:46 - 3.2 Xg/Kga norepinephrine I.V. 5 1:00 27.0 3.10 148.26 6 1:15 27.25 3.12 155.80 7 1:30 28.75 3.15 151.85 8 .1:45 28.5 3.35 152.57 9 2:00 27.0 3.12 154.72 10 2:15 27.25 3.02 145.03 URINE - Sample I collected 12:00 - 1:05 - 1401.75 mg In. or 21.6 mg In/min. Sample II collected 1:05 - 2:05 - 1336»,6mg In. or 22.6 mg In/min. Figure 9 TABLE X EXPERIMENT XIII INULIN INFUSION WITH NOREPINEPHRINE INJECTION DOG M Sample Time In.mg$ K.mBq/L Na.mEq/L Start 11:00 1 1:00 26.75 3.05 151.85 2 lsl5 27.0 3.08 151.13 3 1:30 27.5 3.02 152.93 4 1:45 25.0 2.90 150.78 1:46 - 4.8 tig/Kgi. norepinephrine I.V. 5 2:00 24.75 3.00 153.65 6 2:15 26.0 3.02 151.85 7 2:30 25.0 3.03 151.45 8 2:45 25.25 3.01 159.75 9 3:00 25.25 3.91 151.85 Urine not measured for Volume but: Sample I collected 1:10 - 1:50 - 36.5 mg In/cc* Sample II collected 1:50 - 2:40 - 36.75 mg In/cc* # including washout. PLASMA INULIN mgm % 40 30 No mEq/L - 160-150 ZD - 140 Exp.TTTT K I20^gm NOREPINEPHRINE (4-8/ igm/kgm) T I M E HOURS -o-K mEq/L 4 3-5 Figure 10 - 36 -THE EFFECTS OF PITRESSIN INJECTION The effects of pitressin injection on water and cation shifts were tested in three experiments. Water movement was estimated by the method previously established. In experiment XIV the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 9:45 A.M. The sustaining infusion was begun simultaneously and continued for three hours and twenty minutes. Pitressin (200 mU/Kg) was given at 12:29 P.M. Blood samples were taken every three minutes for fifteen minutes following the pitressin injection and at ten minute intervals after this. Blood samples were taken as a control every three minutes for fifteen minutes and at fifteen minute intervals prior to the pitressin injection. Plasma sodium and plasma potassium were measured in each sample. Urinary inulin excretion was measured as before. Results are presented in Table XI and Figure XI. With the administration of 200 mU/Kg of pitressin the plasma inulin concentration rose from 32.75 mgm % to 39 mgm % in six minutes. The plasma sodium concentration f e l l from 153.4 mEq/L to 144.67 mEq/L in three minutes. The plasma potassium concentration rose from 3.26 mEq/L to 3.42 mEq/L over a fifteen minute interval. In experiment XV the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 10:15 A.M. The sustaining infusion was begun simultaneously and contin-ued for four hours. Pitressin (40 mO/Kg) was given at 1:44 P.M. Blood samples were taken as before. Urinary inulin excretion was measured as before. Results are presented in Table XII and Figure XII. With the administration of 40 mU/Kg of pitressin the plasma inulin concentration rose from 34,5 mgm % to 36.25 mgm % in three minutes. The plasma sodium - 37 -concentration f e l l from 159.3 mEq/L to 154.01 mEq/L in six minutes. The plasma potassium concentration rose from 3.80 mEq/L to 4.09 mEq/L in an interval of 12 minutes. In experiment XVI the priming dose of inulin, 1.0 grams was given at 10:20 A.M. The sustaining infusion was begun simultaneously and continued for four and one-half hours. Pitressin (40 mU/Kg) was given at 1:32 and again at 2:11. Blood samples were taken as before. Urinary inulin excretion was measured as before. The results are shown in Table XIII and Figure XIII. With the first injection of 40 mU/Kg of pitressin, plasma inulin concentration rose from 25.0 mgm % to 26.75 mgm % in thirteen minutes. Plasma sodium concentration f e l l from 150.06 mEq/L to 147.19 mEq/L in seven minutes. Plasma potassium concentration rose from 3.4 mEq/L to 4.08 mEq/L in thirteen minutes. With the second pitressin injection of 40 mU/Kg the plasma inulin concentration rose from 23.75 mgm % to 25.0 mgm % in eleven minutes. The plasma sodium concentra-tion f e l l from 152.6 mEq/L to 148.6 mEq/L in five minutes. The plasma potassium concentration rose from 3.77 mEq/L to 3.96 mEq/L in eleven minutes. A blood pressure tracing was taken with the administration of the second dose of pitressin. The result is shown in Figure XIV. In experiment 14 the administration of a large dose of pitressin (200 mU/Kg ) was followed by a sudden and distinct rise of 6.25 mg % plasma inulin. The rise in plasma inulin concentration reached its peak in six minutes and remained elevated for fifteen minutes. Plasma sodium concentration behaved as a mirror image of plasma inulin. Plasma sodium concentration f e l l 9 mEq/L in three minutes and then rose coincidentally with the f a l l of the plasma inulin concentration. Plasma potassium - 38 -concentration rose 0.16 mEq/L reaching its peak at fifteen minutes. Similar changes were noted with 40 mU/Kg doses of pitressin in three occasions in experiments 15 and 16. These changes were of less magnitude than in experiment 14. Though the direction of shift is similar in a l l experiments there is variation in the magnitude of movement of cations relative to water and of sodium relative to potassium. The blood pressure responsenwas observed in experiment 16. This is shown in Figure 14. Our findings correspond with those of Kolls and Gelling (14)„ A. rise of diastolic pressure of 30-40 mm/Hg is recorded. The systolic pressure rose less, so the pulse pressure diminished. The bradycardia observed developed over a thirty second period. The clinical description of the reaction corresponded closely with the description given by Kolls and Geiling. - 3 9 -TABLE XI EXPERIMENT XIV INULIN INFUSI0B1 WITH PITRESSIN INJECTION DOG D Sample Time Start 9:45 In.mg^ K.mEq/L Na.mEq/L 1 11:45 32.5 3.58 154.37 2 12:00 31.5 3.18 153.65 3 12:03 3?.5 3.30 153.65 4 12:06 33.0 3.50 150.78 5 12:09 32.0 3.36 153.29 6 12:12 31.25 3.06 147.19 7 12:15 32.5 3.18 148.98 12:29 - 200 mU./Kgfi pitressin I.V. 8 12:30 32.75 3.26 153.39 9 12:33 ' 34.75 3.24 144.67 10 12:36 39 3.41 150.78 11 12:39 34.75 3.38 147.19 *2 12:42 34.0 3.36 147.90 13 12:45 33.5 3.42 148.62 14 liOO 29.75 3.40 153.29 15 1:10 29.25 3.40 153.29 16 1:20 28.75 3.27 150.06 17 1:25 29.25 3.52 148.98 18 }:35 29.25 3.50 148.62 URINE - Volume not recorded Sample I collected 12:02 - 12:18 - 40 mg In/cc Sample II collected 12:30 - 12:47 \" 37 mg In/cc Sample III collected 1:09 - 1:26 - 34 mg In/cc TIME HOURS 3T 4 Figure 11 -'CI-TABLE XII EXPERIMENT XV INULIN INFUSION WITH PITRESSIN.: INJECTION DOG D Sample Time In„mg# K.mEq/L Na.mEq/L Start 1 0 : 1 5 1 1 2 8 1 5 3 4 o 5 3 . 9 1 1 6 0 . 8 3 2 1 2 : 3 0 3 5 . 2 5 4 . 1 2 1 5 6 . 5 2 3 1 2 : 4 5 37 .0 4 . 0 1 5 2 . 9 3 4 1 : 0 0 3 7 . 2 5 4 . 0 2 1 5 5 . 8 0 5 1 : 0 3 3 6 o O 3.89 1 5 6 . 5 2 1 : 0 6 3 4 . 2 5 3 . 6 5 1 5 1 . 4 9 7 1 :09 3 2 . 5 3 . 7 4 1 5 5 . 8 0 a 1 : 1 2 - Spoiled -9 1 : 1 5 3 3 . 0 3.75 1 6 0 . 4 7 1 0 1 : 3 0 3 4 . 7 5 3.90 1 6 3 . 2 6 1 : 4 4 - 4 0 mU/Kgi pitressin I.V. 1 1 1 : 4 5 34.5 3 . 8 0 1 5 9 . 0 3 1 2 1 : 4 8 3 6 . 2 5 4 o 0 1 1 5 7 . 9 6 1 3 1 : 5 1 34 .0 3.75 1 5 4 . 0 1 1 4 1 : 5 4 3 4 . 0 3.99 1 5 7 . 2 4 1 5 1 :57 34.5 4 . 0 9 1 5 7 . 2 4 1 6 2 : 0 0 3 3 . 2 5 3.89 1 5 7 . 2 4 1 7 2 : 1 0 3 2 . 5 4 . 1 8 1 5 0 . 0 6 1 8 2 : 2 0 3 1 . 7 5 4 . 0 1 1 4 7 . 5 4 URINE - Sample I collected 1 : 0 5 - 1 : 1 6 - 3 9 0 mg In. or 3 5 . 5 mg In/min. Sample II collected 1 : 4 8 - 2 : 0 4 - 8 9 0 mg In. or 5 5 mg In/min. Figure 12 •43-TABLE XTII EXPERIMENT XVI INULIN INFUSION WITH PITRESSIN INJECTION DOG M Sample Time Irumg^ KmEq/L Na.mEq/L Start 10:20 1 1 2 . 2 5 26.0 3.5 1 5 0 . 0 6 2 1 2 : 4 5 26.0 3 . 2 5 147*90 3 12:55 2 5 o 7 5 3.55 144.32 4 1:00 26.0 3.5 1 5 0 . 7 8 5 1 : 1 0 26.0 3 . 4 7 148.63 6. 1 : 3 0 2 5 oO 3.4 150.06 1:32> 4 0 miU/Kgu pitressin I.V. 7 1:33 - spoiled - 3 . 3 5 148.63 8 1 : 3 6 25.5 3.7 147.90 9 1 : 3 9 25«5 3.7 147.19 1 0 1.42 2 5 . 7 5 3 . 9 2 148.63 11 1 : 4 5 26.75 4.08 1 5 2 . 9 3 1 2 1:48 23.0 3.4 1 5 2 . 5 7 13 2:00 2 3 . 7 5 3 . 9 2 153.29 14 2sl0 2 3 . 7 5 3.77 1 5 2 . 5 7 2:11 - 40 mtf/kg).. pitressin I.V. 15 2:13 24 0 75 3.6 153.29 16 2:16 2 4 o 7 5 3 . 6 5 148.63 17 2:19 2 4 . 2 5 3 o 7 2 148.63 18 2:22 25.0 3 . 9 6 152.57 19 2 : 3 6 24 .25 3 . 8 5 150.06 2 0 2 : 4 5 24.25 3 . 8 5 145.04 URINE - Sample I collected 12:39 - 12:58 - 399.5 mg In. or 26 .75 mg In/min. Sample II collected 2:13 - 2 : 2 5 - 410 mg In. or 31.5 mg In/min. Blood pressure was recorded from 2:11 to 2:16 and shown in Figure 14. Figure 13 - 46 -DISCUSSION The reliability of the inulin infusion technique was tested, A fairly constant level of extracellular inulin can be maintained for up to three hours by this technique. The greatest variation from the mean was 1,5 mg% of plasma inulin. The plasma inulin concentration measured over three minute intervals showed no more variation than i t did in fifteen minute intervals. Enough control of the plasma inulin concentra-tion was thus achieved to justify the use of the technique to indicate the direction of extracellular water shift. In addition to providing constant extracellular inulin levels the inulin infusion technique has the advantage of simplicity. No critical intake and output methods are necessary. The technique simply involves the administration of an approximate concentration of inulin solution at a constant rate. Norepinephrine and pitressin show different effects on cation and water movement in the conscious dogD Six experiments with norepine-phrine injection were performed and our results do not conflict with those results recorded in the literature for the anaesthetized animal. We observed no change in the plasma sodium concentration with the doses of norepinephrine we administered. Friedman et al (8) observed no change in the plasma sodium concentration in anaesthetized dogs with comparable doses of norepinephrine. Muirhead et all (15) noted a significant decrease in the extracellular sodium concentration with a norepinephrine infusion but the doses in his experiments were twenty times the doses used in our work. Similar comment can be made in respect to the work of Robertson and Peyser (19). - 47 -Muirhead et al (15) observed no change in the radiosulfate space with a norepinephrine infusion. In our experiments the inulin space did not change in response to a norepinephrine injection. Both of these observations are at variance with the results of Friedman et al (8) who observed a distinct depression of the inulin space in response to a norepinephrine infusion in the dog. In order to observe this depression in the rat Friedman found i t necessary to induce a hypotensive state, such is the rapidity of the change in the extracellular space. On-doubtably the infusion of norepinephrine provides a measurable interval not provided by a single injection. It is also conceivable that the conscious dog may have an adaptive capacity not present in the anaesthetized dog. In view of the fact, however, that the space does change with a pitressin injection the latter possibility is unlikely. We observed no change in the plasma potassium concentration in response to the norepine-phrine injection. Plasma potassium concentration did not change in response to norepinephrine infusion in the work of Friedman et al (8) 0 Muirhead et al (15) observed a slight rise in the plasma potassium concentration but with very large doses of norepinephrine. Three experiments were performed with pitressin injections. These three experiments suggest a definite pattern of water and cation movement associated with the pressor response. No inference can, however, be drawn as to which comes f i r s t . Following a pitressin injection water moves out of the extracellular space as is shown by the sudden increase in the plasma inulin concentration. The renal excretion of inulin did not diminish during the testing intervals. In association with the water movement plasma sodium concentration dropped markedly while plasma - 48 -potassium concentration rose slowly,, These responses to a pitressin injection are similar to those responses obtained by Friedman et al (8) on anaesthetized dogs with comparable pitressin doses. It can be seen in Friedman's work and ours that the magnitude of the change varies with the magnitude of the dose„ Tobian and Fox (21) noted the individual variation of cationic changes in dogs and this may explain the relative differences observed by us since experiments 14 and 15 were performed with dog D and experiment 16 with dog M. As stressed by Friedman et a l v the shift of water and cations is less rapid with pitressin than with norepinephrine, as is the pressor effect. Consequently pitressin changes are more easily measured. CONCLUSIONS 10 An index of extracellular fluid shift has been developed. 2. Norepinephrine has not been shown to affect water or cationic movement in the extracellular compartment,, 3. Pitressin has been shown to affect water and cationic move-ment in the extracellular compartment. This has been interpreted to indicate a movement of water and sodium into cells and potassium out of cells in association with the pressor response. - 49 -BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Becket, E 4 L . and B.J. Joseph: Measurement of e x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d volume i n normal dogs„ Am„ J . of P h y s i o l . 1955. 2. Berne, R.M. and N.M. Levey: A modified procedure f o r determing i n u l i n space. Proc. of Soc. of Exp. B i o l . & Med* 21, 583, 1951. 3. Gaudino, M„ and M.F. L e v i t t : I n u l i n space as a measure of e x t r a c e l l u l a r f l u i d . Am. J . of P h y s i o l . 151, 387, 1949. 4. R a i s z , L.G., M.K. Young and I.T.Stinson: Comparison of d i s t r i b u t i o n of i n u l i n , sucrose and t h i o s u l f a t e i n normal and neprectom-ize d dogs. Am. J . of P h y s i o l . 174, 72, 1953. 5. H i g a s h i , A„ and L. P e t e r s : J . Lab. & C l i n . Med. 35, 475, 1950. 6. D ' S i l v a , J.L., The a c t i o n of a d r e n a l i n e - l i k e substances on serum potassium. J . of P h y s i o l . 1QS, 218, 1949. 7. D ' S i l v a , J.L„, The a c t i o n of adrenaline on serum potassium. J . of P h y s i o l . £2., 393, 1934. 8. Friedman, S,M„, R.M. Butt, and C.L. Friedman: Cation s h i f t s and blood pressure r e g u l a t i o n i n the dog. Am. J . of P h y s i o l , 12Q, 507, 1957. 9. Friedman, S.M., C.L. Friedman, and M. Nakashima: Cation s h i f t s and blood pressure r e g u l a t i o n . C i r c u l a t i o n Res. 5_, 261, 1957. 10. Friedman, S.M., M. Nakashima and C,L. Friedman: S e p a r a b i l i t y of the e f f e c t of p i t r e s s i n and adrenaline on blood pressure and e l e c t r o l y t e s . Arch. I n t e r n a t , Pharmacodyne, HQ, 170, 1957. 11. Friedman, S.M., W. Webber, J . Jamieson, C.L. Friedman: Pressor respon-siveness f o l l o w i n g acute e l e v a t i o n of sodium i n the r a t . Can. J . of Biochem. & P h y s i o l . 35, 327, 1957. 12. Friedman, S.M„, W. Webber, H.F. Scherrer, C.L. Friedman: Changes i n s a l t and water d i s t r i b u t i o n , blood pressure and adrenal a c t i v i t y f o l l o w i n g neurohypophyseal denervation i n the r a t . Can. J . of Biochem. & P h y s i o l . 34, 425, 1958. - 50 -13. Friedman, S.M., H. F„ Scherrer, M0 Nakashima and C.L. Friedman: Extrarenal factors in diabetes insipidus* Am. J, of Physiol. 152, 401, 1958. 14. Kolls AeC. and E'.M.K. Geiling: Contributions to the Pharmacology of Extracts of the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary. J. of Pharm. 24, 67, 1924. 15. Muirhead, E.E., A. Goth and F. Jones: Sodium and Potassium Ex-changes Associated with Norepinephrine Infusions. Am. J. of Physiol. 12£, 1, 1954. 16. Nickerson, M. and L.S. Goodman: Pharmacological properties of a new adrenergic blocking agent, N9N, Dibenzyl-B-chloro-ethyl-amine., (Dibenamine). J. of Pharm. £9_„ 167, 1947. 17. Obrien G.S., Q.R. Murphy and W.J. Meek: Effect of Sympathomim-etic amines on arterial plasma potassium and cardiac rythym in anaesthetized dogs. J. of Pharm. 1Q9_, 453, 1953. 18. Oliver, G. and E.A. Shafer: On the Physiological action of extracts of pituitary body and certain other glandular organs0 J. of Physiol. Ifi, 277, 1895. 19. Robertson W.Van B. and P. Peyser: Changes in water and electrolytes of cardiac muscle following epinephrine. Am„ J. of Physiol. 1M S 277, 1951. 20. Scherrer H.F. and S.M. Friedman: A sustained pressor response to hypothalmic stimulation in the rat. Acta Endocrin-ologica. 21, 89, 1958. 21. Tobian, L. and A. Fox: The effect of norepinephrine on the elect-rolyte composition of arterial smooth muscle. J. Clin. Invest. 25., 297, 1956. "@en ; edm:hasType "Thesis/Dissertation"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0106285"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:degreeDiscipline "Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:rights "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "Cation and water shifts in response to pressor agents in the conscious dog"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/40439"@en .