@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Forestry, Faculty of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Hwang, Shao-Kang"@en ; dcterms:issued "2011-12-01T21:00:03Z"@en, "1962"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Forestry - MF"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """A study was made of single wood samples from 35 species (27 genera and 16 families) of important Taiwan timbers. Results have been compared with information published by Kanehira in 1921 (30) and others (31, 44). The anatomy of these woods is described in detail. A key based on microscopic features is included for identification. Descriptions follow standard terms of the International Association of Wood Anatomists Two of the coniferous species, Pinus armandi Franch. and Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum., and nine hardwood species Carpinus kawakamii Hay., Quercus gilva B1., Quercus longinux Hay., Cinnamomum camphora Nees., Cinnamomum randaiensis Hay., Lagerstroemia subcostata Koehne., Gordonia axillaris (Don.) Szysz., Trochodendron aralioides S. et Z., and Trema orientalis B1. had features similar to those reported (30, 31, 44). Seven hardwood species, Alnus formosana (Burkill.) Makino., Quercus stenophylloides Hay., Engelhardtia formosana Hay., Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Hay., Cinnamomum micranthum Hay., Zelkova formosana Hay., and Tectona grandis Linn, f. showed different anatomical features from those recorded by Kanehira (30) and Kribs (31). No previous description of wood anatomy has been found for seventeen species including Tsuga chinensis (French.) Pritz., Cunninghamia konishii Hay., Libocedrus formosana Hay., Chamaecyparis taiwanensis Masam. et Suzuk., Scheffera octophylla (Lour.) Harms., Castanopsis longicaudata Hay., Castanopsis stipitata Hay., Lithocarpus amygdalifolia Hay., Actinodaphne nantoensis Hay., Machilus arisanensis Hay., Machilus pseudolongifolia Hay., Machilus zuihoensis Hay., Cassia siamia Lam., Michelia formosana Mas., lllicium leucanthum Hay., Schima superba Gard. et Champ, and Ternstroemia gymnanthera Spr. All species treated in this study are described in more detail than occurs in past records. Mass grouping of longitudinal parenchyma appears as a normal feature of Cunninghamia konishii Hay. This type of parenchyma distribution could be a taxonomic feature of Cunninghamia not previously described in the literature."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/39433?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "THE ANATOMY OF SOME IMPORTANT TAIWAN WOODS By Shao-kang Hwang B.S.F. Taiwan Prov. Coll. of Agr., 1950 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF FORESTRY in the Department of Forestry We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA July, 1962 In present ing t h i s thes i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f the requirements f o r an advanced degree at the Un i ve r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree tha t the L ib ra r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a va i l ab l e f o r reference and study. I f u r the r agree that permission f o r extensive copying o f t h i s t hes i s f o r s cho l a r l y purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by h i s representa t i ves . It i s understood that copying or p u b l i c a t i o n of t h i s t hes i s f o r f i n a n c i a l ga in s h a l l not be allowed without my wr i t ten permiss ion. Department o f The Un i ve r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, Vancouver 8, Canada. i i Abstract A study was made of single wood samples from 35 species (27 genera and 16 families) of important Taiwan timbers. Results have been compared with information published by Kanehira in 1921 (30) and others (31, 44). The anatomy of these woods is described in detail. A key based on microscopic features is included for identification. Descriptions follow standard terms of the International Association of Wood An-atomists . Two of the coniferous species, Pinus armandi Franch. and Cham-aecyparis formosensis Matsum., and nine hardwood species Carpinus kawakamii Hay., Quercus gilva Bl., Quercus longinux Hay., Cinnamomum camphora Nees., Cinnamomum randaiensis Hay., Lagerstroemia subcostata Koehne., Gordonia a x i l l a r i s (Don.) Szysz., Trochodendron aralioides S. et Z., and Trema orientalis Bl. had features similar to those reported (30, 31, 44). Seven hardwood species,Alnus formosana (Burkill.) Makino., Quercus stenophylloides Hay., Engelhardtia formosana Hay., Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Hay., Cinnamomum micranthum Hay., Zelkova formosana Hay., and Tectona grandis Linn, f. showed different anatomical features from those recorded by Kanehira (30) and Kribs (31). No previous description of wood anatomy has been found for seventeen species including Tsuga chinensis (French.) Pritz., Cun-ninghamia konishii Hay., Libocedrus formosana Hay., Chamaecyparis taiwanensis Masam. et Suzuk., Scheffera octophylla (Lour.) Harms., Castanopsis longicaudata Hay., Castanopsis stipitata Hay., Lithocarpus amygdalifolia Hay., Actinodaphne nantoensis Hay., Machilus arisanensis Hay., Machilus pseudolongifolia Hay., Machilus zuihoensis Hay., Cassia siamia Lam., Michelia formosana Mas., l l l i c i u m leucanthum Hay., Schima superba Gard. et Champ, and Ternstroemia gymnanthera Spr. A l l species treated in this study are described in more detail than occurs in past records. i i i Mass grouping of longitudinal parenchyma appears as a normal feature of Cunninghamia konishii Hay. This type of parenchyma distribution could be a taxonomic feature of Cunninghamia not pre-viously described in the literature. iv Table of Contents Acknowledgement 1 Introduction 2 Review of Literature..... 3 Methods 6 1. Source of Materials 6 2. Slide Preparation 6 3. Measurement of Anatomical Features on Sections 7 4. Photomicrography 7 5. Maceration and Fiber Measurements 8 6. Classification of Measurements 9 Species Descriptions Finaceae 12 Pinus armandi Franch 12 Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) Pritz 14 Taxodiaceae 15 Cunninghamia konishii Hay 15 Cupressaceae .17 Libocedrus f ormosana Hay 17 Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum 19 Chamaecypar is taiwanensis Masam. et Suzuk 20 Araliaceae 21 Scheffera octophylla (Lour.) Harms 21 Betulaceae 23 Alnus formosana (Burkill.) Makino 23 Carpinus kawakamii Hay 25 Fagaceae 27 Castanopsis longlcaudata Hay 27 Castanopsis stipitata Hay 29 Lithocarpus amygdalifolia Hay 31 Quercus gilva Bl 33 Quercus longinux Hay 34 Quercus stenophylloides Hay 35 Juglandaceae 36 Engelhardtia formosana Hay 36 V Lauraceae 38 Actinodaptme nantoensls Hay 39 Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Hay 41 Clnnamomum camphora Nees 42 Cinriamomum micranthum Hay 44 Cinnamomum randaiensis Hay 45 Machilus arisanensis Hay 46 Machllus pseudolongifolia Hay . 47 Machilus zuihoensis Hay 48 Leguminosae 49 Cassia siamia Lam 49 Ly thraceae 51 Lagerstroemia subcostata Koehne 51 Magnoliaceae 53 Michelia formosana Mas 53 Schisandraceae 55 Illicium leucanthum Hay 55 Theaceae 57 Gordonia a x i l l a r i s (Don.) Szysz 57 Schima superba Gard. et Champ 59 Terns troemia gymnanthera Spr 60 Trochodendraceae 61 Trochodendron aralioides S. et Z 61 Ulmaceae 62 Trema oriental is Bl 62 Ze Ikova formosana Hay 64 Verbenaceae 65 Tectona grandis Linn. f 65 Key for Identification Based on Microscopic Features.. 67 References 72 Glossary 76 v i Figures Facing Page 1* Pinus armandi Franch 13 2. Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) Pritz 14 3. Cunninghamia konishii Hay 16 4. Libocedrus formosana Hay 18 5. Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum 19 6. Chamaecypar is taiwanensis Masam. et Suzuk 20 7. Scheffera octophylla (Lour.) Harms 22 8. Alnus formosana (Burkill.) Makino 23 9. Carpinus kawakamii Hay 25 10. Castanopsis longicaudata Hay ..28 11. Castanopsis stipitata Hay 29 12. Lithocarpus amygdalifolia Hay 31 13. Quercus gilva Bl ....33 14. Quercus longinux Hay 34 15. Quercus stenophylloides Hay......... 35 16. Engelhardtia formosana Hay 37 17. Actinodaphne nantoensis Hay 39 18. Beilschmiedia ervthrophloia Hay 41 19. Cinnamomum camphora Nees ..42 20. Cinnamomum micranthum Hay 44 21. Cinnamomum randaiensis Hay 45 22. Machilus arisanensis Hay 46 23. Machilus pseudolongifolia Hay 47 24. Machilus zuihoensis Hay 48 25. Cassia siamia Lam 50 26. Lagerstroemia subcostata Koehne 51 27. Michelia formosana Mas 54 28. Illicium leucanthum Hay 55 29. Gordonia a x i l l a r i s (Don.) Szysz 58 30. Schima superb a Gard. et Champ 59 31. Ternstroemia gymnanthera Spr 60 32. Trochodendron aralioides S. et Z 61 33. Trema orientalis Bl 63 34. Zelkova formosana Hay 64 35-« Tectona grandis Linn, f 65 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to the Faculty of Forestry of The University of British Columbia, and to Dr. J. W. Wilson for his supervision and guidance and under whose direction this thesis was carried outj to Dr. R. W. Wellwood for his valuable suggestions; to Dr. R. W. Kennedy for his assistance in i n i t i a l stages; and to Dr. J. H. G. Smith for his suggestions on sampling methods. The author also wishes to acknowledge Mr. Shan Kou-chin, a graduate student in the Department of Zoology, who assisted with the photomicrography accompanying this thesis. 2 The Anatomy of Some Important Taiwan Woods Introduction Taiwan is an island off the southeastern coast of the Chinese mainland, separated from the mainland China province of Fukien by the Taiwan Straits. Its exact location is 21°45 , 25 i r to 25°27 l 23\" North Latitude and 119°18'13 , r to 122°6'f.2\" East Longitude. The Tropic of Cancer crosses southern Taiwan. Taiwan has an area of 13,808 square miles excluding 77 smaller outlying islands. According to a provincial aerial survey 55.1% of the land area of Taiwan is forested. Conifers comprise 18.9% of the forested land, mixed stands 2.8%, hardwoods 72.5%, while the remaining 5.87. is covered with bamboo. Important coniferous tree species of Taiwan are Chinese hemlock, Taiwan cypresses, Chinese pine, Taiwan spruce and Taiwan f i r ; among hardwoods, camphor, oak, teak, Zelkova spp. and Michelia spp. are of great economic value, particularly the camphor yielding trees. The so-called true camphor, Cinnanmomum camphora Nees., known as \"king of the forest\", is one of the major species used for producing camphor and camphor o i l . The most extensive camphor tree forests in the world are in Taiwan (34) which supplies 707o of the world's yearly requirement of natural camphor products. There are about 105 tree species providing useful woods in Taiwan. These were screened by the author while working at the National Taiwan University. This thesis describes 35 species among 27 genera and 16 families. The author believes that the work has value, since there has been no serious anatomical study of Taiwan woods since that of Kanehira in 1921 (30). 3 Review of Literature Woods of both Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae have been detailed by Peirce (36, 37), while many species and genera of Pinaceae have been described by Brown and Panshin (2) and Kanehira (30). Metcalfe and Chalk (35) have reviewed the literature on micro-scopic features of world hardwoods. They have collected a l l tax-onomic features and made their own system depending on morphology of trees and anatomical features of woods. Their taxonomic system is followed in this study. Kanehira (30) gave much information about Taiwan hardwoods. Lauraceae has been completely examined by Stern (44) while Record (38) and Record and Hess (40) described American woods in the families Theaceae and Lauraceae with general notes on genera. Many families were described by Record and Dadswell (39). Some species included in this study were examined by Kribs (31). Information from these sources is given under Families. A general summary follows on anatomical features of porous wood taxonomic groups included in this study. According to pore arrangement, woods of Araliaceae, Betulaceae and Lauraceae are exclusively diffuse-porous and those of Verbenaceae are exclusively ring-porous. Juglandaceae and Lythraceae always include both types of woods, ring-and diffuse-porous. Some species of Leguminosae are ring-porous while others are semi-ring-porous. Some species of Theaceae and Ulmaceae are semi-ring-porous, while others in these families are either ring-or diffuse-porous. As regards perforation plates, woods with exclusively scalariform plates occur in Betulaceae, Magnoliaceae, Schisandraceae (Illicium only) and Theaceae while those of Juglandaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Ulmaceae and Verbenaceae are exclusively simple. However, woods of Araliaceae and Fagaceae include both types of plates, simple and scalariform. Vestured intervessel pitting of vessels characterizes some woods of Leguminosae. Scalariform pitting, however, is a typical feature of 4 Araliaceae. The vessels of Lauraceae always have coarse pits a l t -ernately arranged, while those of Leguminosae have small pits a l t -ernately arranged. Vasicentric tracheids with scalariform pitting seem' to be the special characteristic; of Trochodendron. Fibres of Araliaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Lythraceae and Verbenaceae a,re always septate. Most woods of Juglandaceae, Magnoliaceae, Schisandraceae (Illicium only) and Theaceae contain fibres with bordered pits while those of Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Ulmaceae and Verbenaceae have fibres with simple p i t s . Fagaceae, however, contains fibres with both simple and bordered p i t s . Longitudinal parenchyma in wood is more complex in arrangement than other features. Woods possessing only one parenchyma arrangement are those of Araliaceae, Leguminosae and Schisandraceae with paratracheal, Juglandaceae with apotracheal, Magnoliaceae with terminal and Tro-chodendraceae with metatracheal-diffuse. Betulaceae has two types of parenchyma arrangement, diffuse and terminal, while Fagaceae has both diffuse and apotracheal. Woods with even more complicated types of parenchyma are those of Lauraceae, Lythraceae and Ulmaceae. Rays are another taxonomic feature in wood. Araliaceae has exclusively multiseriate rays while Lythraceae has simple rays only. Woods of Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Trochodendraceae and Ulmaceae always possess two types of rays, simple and multiseriate. Only Betulaceae has three types of rays, simple, multiseriate and aggregate. Botanists have always considered wood to be a refractory material to section usually requiring time-consuming schedules for preliminary softening. Usual paraffin embedding methods have seldom been found useful with normal woods. Some hardwoods cause d i f f i c u l t y in microtome sectioning due to high mineral content (19, 29, 41), particularly various silicates (7, 35). Crystals of calcium oxalate and e l l a f i c acid were also found in some woods by Chattaway (7, 8). There are 5 about 1,000 genera among 160 families containing different kinds of crystals (8). These are useful in identification, but cause d i f f -iculty in preparing materials. Hence, many chemicals have been used to soften refractory woods prior to sectioning (17, 20). Most operate through removal of mineral and crystalline matter. Penetration of water into wood blocks is another important factor affecting microtome sectioning (46). Numerous methods have been described to accomplish this (16, 17, 20, 41). Among these, the most effective method has been to reflux wood blocks in solvents that remove extractives peculiar to the species being treated. Common solvents include water, alcohols, benzene and ether. F o l l -owing these pretreatments the time required for complete saturation of wood blocks is much shortened (46). Techniques for sectioning, staining and mounting, as well as photomicrography methods are detailed in several texts and pub-lications (1, 10, 14, 18, 19, 29, 41, 42). Methods for fibre mac-eration with mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid are available in the literature (15, 48). Film stop bath and wash water test solutions are particularly valuable photomicrographic techniques which have been discussed by Shillaber (42). Classifications of various anatomical features for describing dicotyledonous woods were made by many authors (5, 6, 11, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 43) and were followed in this study. Terminology of wood anatomy and wood properties have been described by the International Association of Wood Anatomists, as well as wood tech-nologists and botanists (2, 4, 8, 12, 13, 28, 31). 6 Methods 1. Source of materials A l l wood samples were selected from authenticated mature, old growth tree stems grown in different parts in Taiwan. Part of these were collected by the author, the remainder was obtained from the Taiwan Forest Administration. One wood sample (%\" x 3\" x 4\") was examined for each species included. 2. Slide Preparation Two to three small blocks were chosen for each surface of each species. A l l the blocks were cut to size for the three sections desired. Blocks for tangential and radial sections were prepared with a cutting surface of 0.5 x 1.0 cm., while blocks for cross-section had a 2.0 x 2.0 cm. face. The blocks were then sanded to improve directional orientation and limit microtome trimming. Wood softening treatments followed two schedules. Coniferous woods were soaked in cold water u n t i l they sank (18, 19, 39). Deciduous woods were refluxed in water 10 to 30 minutes depending on specific gravity; boiled with alcohol-benzene for 15 minutes, then ethyl ether for 30 minutes; refluxed again in water 10 minutes with repeated t r i a l microtome sectioning. Test-sections were examined microscopically following phloroglucin staining.^ The solvent extractive treatments were especially useful with Cinnamomum spp. which are high i n o i l content and thereby resist water penetration. A \"Reichert\" sliding microtome was used for preparation of sections at 15 and 20 microns. Green soap was applied as a lubricant. Curling, when i t occurred, was controlled by the paper adhesion technique. Sections were stored i n 30% ethyl alcohol following several washings in the watch glass. 1. Solution: phloroglucin 1 gm., HCl 25 ml. and H^ O 25 ml. applied for 5 minutes. 7 The staining schedule included Haidenhain1s mordanted hema-toxylin followed by Safranin 0 (10, 14, 19, 29, 41). 2. Repeated washings were done at appropriate stages. Dehydration was done through the ethyl alcohol series (50, 70, 85, 95%) and followed by 100% n-butyl alcohol with a maximum 10 minutes in each stage. Xylene was used as clearing agent followed by \"Depex\" mounting medium (16, 19). Slides were clipped and dried at 50° C. for one week. 3. Measurements of Anatomical Features on Sections (3,5,6,11,22, 23,24,25,26,43) In this work, vessel density means the number of vessels occurring per square millimeter. Ten random measurements were made from a cross-section projected onto a target (9). Tangential vessel diameters were measured under a microscope using an eyepiece micro-meter with 20 random measurements taken on a cross-section. The ten measurements occurring most frequently were selected and averaged to describe vessel diameter. Number of bars, bar thickness of scalariform plates and size of intervessel pits were measured on 3 to 5 vessels on both pulp slides and tangential sections; ten observations were obtained. Ray width and height were determined on the widest and highest simple ray occurring on a tangential section. 4. Photomicrography (1, 18, 29, 41, 42) A \"Leitz Wetzlar\" microscope (10 x 10 magnification) and light source were used without f i l t e r s in combination with a Leica (Wetzlar 1 G) 35 mm. camera. Exposure time was varied from 5-10 seconds through readings made on a \"Wetzlar Microsix\" photometer. 2. Mordant solution: iron alum 2 gnu, glacial acetic acid 1 ml., cone. E 2S0^ 1 drop, H^ O 100 ml.; filtered immediately before use and applied for 30 minutes. Hematoxylin solution: Hematoxylin 1 gm., thymol several grains, H£0 100 ml., ripened, fi l t e r e d and applied as 5% solution for 15 minutes u n t i l the proper color intensity was obtained; washed and treated with dilute NH^ OH. Safranin solut ion: Safranin 0 10 gm., aniline o i l 20 ml., 95% ethyl alcohol 180 ml., filtered and applied as a 5% solution overnight followed by 30% ethyl alcohol leaching overnight. 8 Kodak plus-X panchxomatric film was used. Exposed films were treated with Kodak D - l l developer for 5 minutes, washed briefly, drained, stopped 2 minutes,3, fixed 10 minutes in \"Kodak Fixer\"^ washed for 15 minutes-* and air dried. Enlargements (3%\" x 4%\") were made at a total lOOx magnification with a \"Durst 606\" enlarger. Kodak F2-4 glossy, single weight enlargement papers were used with usual exposure time at 5-20 seconds. Exposed paper was treated with freshly prepared \"Kodak Dektol Developer\" for 2 minutes, stopped 2 minutesy*3, fixed 15 minutes in \"Kodak Fixer\", washed 60 minutes-*, soaked in glycerol water, drained, rolled on a chrome plate and dried 8 minutes in an \"Arkay\" dryer. 5. Maceration and Fibre Measurements (15, 45, 47, 48) • Match-stick sized pieces of wood were cooked in an active oxygen solution^ for up to one hour depending on species. The macerated materials were washed, shaken to defibrate and stained i n Bismark brown Y overnight.**. A fibre suspension was made, aliquots were mounted with water soluble \"Aquamount\". Fi f t y individual fibres were measured for length and diameter (center of fibre) from projections and using a systematic sampling method (9). The 25 fibres with most common length and diameter were used to describe fibre size. The average was the mean of the 25 numbers. Cell wall thickness (center of fibre) was measured by micrometer under a microscope at 40 x 10 magnification. Twenty wall thickness readings were obtained on individual fibres. The ten most frequent readings from among these twenty numbers were averaged and used to 3. Film stop bath: chrome alum 14 gm., glacial acetic acid 8 ml., H20 1,000 ml. 4. Fixer tested with \"Edual Hypo-check\" and discarded when two drops formed a white precipitate. 5. Wash water test solution: KMnO^ 0.3 gm., NaOH 0.6 gm., H20 2,500 ml., with 1 ml. of stock solution diluted to 250 ml. with H2O; i f a few drops of wash water discolored the dilute solution orange the washing was continued. 6. Paper stop bath: glacial acetic acid 24 ml., water 500 ml. 7. Maceration solution: equal part of hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. 8. Staining solution: Bismark brown Y 2 gm. in 100 ml. of 957. ethyl alcohol. 9 express wall thickness. The mean thickness of the fibre wall, however, was expressed in terms of the ratio of the mean fibre lumen width to the mean double fibre wall thickness (5). The mean fibre lumen width was obtained from the difference between the mean fibre diameter and the mean double fibre wall thickness. 6. Classification of Measurements (1). Size of pores (27) Class Small Medium-sized Large Subclass Extremely small Very small Moderately small Moderately large Very large Extremely large Tangential diameter in microns up to 25 25-50 50-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 over 400 (2). Density of pores (3) Class Number per sq. mm. Very few up to 2 Few 2-5 Moderately few 5-10 Moderately numerous 10-20 Numerous 20-40 Very numerous over 40 10 Diameter of intervessel pits (43) Class Small Medium-sized Large Subclass Extremely small Very small Moderately small Moderately large Very large Extremely large Diameter in microns less than 3 3-5 6-8 9-14 15-17 18-20 over 20 Diameter of fibres (43) Class Subclass Fine Medium-sized Coarse Extremely fine Very fine Moderately fine Moderately coarse Very coarse Extremely coarse Diameter in microns less than 8 9-11 12-15 16-21 22-25 26-29 over 29 Length of fibres (27) Class Short Medium-sized Long Subclass Extremely short Very short Moderately short Moderately long Very long Extremely long Length in mm. less than 0.5 0.5-0.7 0.7-0.9 0.9-1.6 1.6-2.2 2.2-3.0 over 3.0 11 Thickness of fibre walls (5) Class Ratio of lumen to double wall thickness Very thin over 6 Thin 6-4 Thick 4-2 Very thick less than 2 Width of rays (43) Class Subclass Width in Microns Fine Extremely fine up to 15 Very fine 15-25 Moderately fine 25-50 Medium-sized 50-100 Broad Moderately broad 100-200 Very broad 200-400 Extremely broad over 400 Height of rays (3, 43) Class Height in mm. Extremely low up to 0.5 Very low 0.5-1.0 Low 1.0-2.0 Rather low 2.0-5.0 Moderately high 5.0-10.0 High 10.0-20.0 Very high 20.0-50.0 Extremely high over 50 12 PINACEAE The family comprises 9 genera and approximately 210 species, widely distributed through the Northern Hemisphere (21). There are 6 genera and 9 species of trees in Taiwan (32). The woods of two timber species are described. Anatomical Featurest Longitudinal tracheid diameter 25-50 microns; pitting one row or occasionally two rows; sometimes spiral thickening present; pits at ray crossing, small to wide window-like, 1-several per crossing. Both longitudinal and transverse resin canals present in Pinus, Picea, Pseudotsuga and Larix, only longitudinal resin canals present in Keteleeria., Traumatic longitudinal canals occasion-a l l y found in other genera. Longitudinal parenchyma absent in some genera. Rays fusiform in those genera containing ray canals; uniseriate to biseriate, rarely triseriate, height variable, up to 20 plus cells high. Ray tracheids present (2, 30). Anatomical Features of Pinus and Tsuga; Longitudinal tracheids as the family description; spiral thickening absent; pits at ray crossing, medium to wide window-like, 1-several per crossing. Longitudinal parenchyma absent and terminal in some species of Tsuga. Both longitudinal and ray resin canals present in Pinus. Rays uni-seriate and fusiform in Pinus, 1-12 cells high (2, 30). Pinus armandi Franch. Commercial Name; Chinese pine, Haw-san-soun (mandarin). Other Names: Hon-saon-ba. Tree; A large tree, ranging from 7,500 to 11,500 feet elevation from central to northern Taiwan; associated with Tsuga chinensis, Chamaecyparis formosensis, Chamaecyparis taiwanensis, Picea morr-isonicola and Trochodendron aralioides. Fig. 1. Pinus armandi Franch. (x-sec, t-sec. and r-sec.) at lOOx 13 General Propertiest Wood pink with medium lustre; grain straight; texture coarse; moderately light, specific gravity 0.43 (27 pounds per cubic foot); with pine odor and a bitter taste. Macroscopic Features; Growth rings distinct and uniform with reg-ular contour, delineated by narrow and conspicuous bands of dark summerwood, springwood to summerwood transition abrupt. Longitudinal and transverse resin canals present, sparse in a l l growth rings, but large and vi s i b l e to the naked eye, mostly confined to the summer-wood, arranged singly. Microscopic Features: (See Fig. 1) Longitudinal tracheids mostly 45-50 (average 48) microns in diameter, 5.0-5.5 (average 5.3) m i l l -imeters in length; crassulae present; bordered pitting on radial walls first-formed springwood as one row or occasionally two rows; bordered pitting present on tangential walls last-formed summerwood; pits at ray crossings large, round, window-like, 1-2 (mostly 2) per crossing; spiral thickening absent. Longitudinal parenchyma absent. Longitudinal resin canals mostly 114-120 (up to 130) microns in tangential diameter; 1-2 per square millimeter; epithelium thin-walled; tylosoids present. Rays of two types: uniseriate, numerous (t), 1-9 plus cells in height (less than 30 microns high); fusiform scattered, with one transverse resin canal, two seriate at central portion tapering to uniseriate margins, up to 9 cells in height, epithelium thin-walled; ray tracheids present in both types of rays, marginal and interspersed, walls smooth; ray parenchyma thin-walled on a l l faces. Uses: The wood is used for furniture manufacture, clothes cabinets, aquaducts and as match-stick blocks. Small wood is suitable for chemical pulp manufacture. Remarks: Kanehira (30) has recorded similar features for P. armandi Franch. Fig. 2. Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) Pritz. (x-sec, t-sec. and r-sec.) at lQOx 14 Tsuga chinensis (Franch.) P r i t z . Commercial Names t Chinese hemlock, Ti-san (mandarin). Other Names: U-saun. Tree: A large tree, up to 150 feet t a l l , and 3-5 feet in diameter; ranging from 6,500 to 9,800 feet elevation about the whole island; associated with Chamaecyparis taiwanensis, Chamaecyparis formosensis, Pinus spp., Taxus chinens i s , and Trochodendron aralioides. General Properties: Wood yellow with medium lustre; grain straight; texture medium; moderately heavy, specific gravity 0.49 (30.5 pounds per cubic foot); without characteristic odor or taste. Macroscopic Features: Growth rings distinct with regular contour due to narrow darker summerwood zones, springwood to summerwood transition gradual to abrupt. Normal longitudinal resin canals absent. Microscopic Features: (See Fig. 2) Longitudinal tracheids mostly 45-50 (average 46) microns in diameter, 4.5-5.0 (average 4.5) m i l l -imeters in length; bordered pitting on radial walls first-formed springwood as one row or sometimes 2 and 3 rows, bordered pitting present on tangential walls last-formed summerwood; pits at ray crossings medium, round, with border, 2-3 (mostly 2) per crossing; spiral thickening absent. Longitudinal parenchyma terminal, single cells sparse. Rays uniseriate, numerous (t), 1-14 plus cells in height (less than 35 microns high); ray tracheids present, marginal, walls smooth; ray parenchyma thin-walled on a l l faces. Uses: The wood is used for structural timbers, veneer and plywood for tea cases, r a i l ties after preservative treatment and for chemical pulp manufacture. Remarks: Kanehira (30) reports similar features for wood of T. formosana Hay. 15 TAXODIACEAE The family contains about 8 genera, 4 of which are monotypic and 14 species distributed in eastern and southern Asia and western North America (21, 36). There are 3 genera and 4 species in Taiwan (32). The wood of one species is described. Anatomical Features: Longitudinal tracheid diameters 30-60 microns; pitting biseriate to multiseriate in early wood, rarely uniseriate; spiral secondary thickenings absentj crassulae present, usually abundant. Longitudinal parenchyma abundant scattered or occasionally somewhat banded tangentially; intercellular canals absent. Rays uniseriate, occasionally partly biseriate (36). Anatomical Features of Cunninghamiat Longitudinal tracheid diameters 30-60 microns, pitting uniseriate to multiseriate; pits at ray crossing often simple, e l l i p t i c and diagonal, occasionally circular, 2-4 per crossing; crassulae distinct. Longitudinal parenchyma abundant and scattered. Rays uniseriate, occasionally biseriate, 1-24 occ-asionally 30 cells high; cells rarely resinous; normal ray tracheids absent (36). Cunninghamia konishii Hay. Commercial Namet Han-san (mandarin). Other Names; Woo-san. Tree: A large tree; ranging from 4,300 to 5,900 feet elevation from central to northern Taiwan. General Properties: Wood light pink with medium lustre; grain straight; texture medium; moderately light, specific gravity 0.41 (25.5 pounds per cubic foot); with fragrant odor and bitter taste. Macroscopic Features: Growth rings distinct with regular contour due to narrow darker summerwood zones, springwood to summerwood transition gradual. Normal resin canals absent. Longitudinal parenchyma irregularly collected in large patterns. Fig* 3. Cunninghamia konishii Hay. (x-sec, t-sec. and r-sec.) at 100 x and x-sect. at 60 x showing mass grouping of longitudinal parenchyma. 16 Microscopic Features; (See Fig* 3) Longitudinal tracheids mostly 30-55 (average 35) microns in diameter, 5.0-7.0 (average 5.5) m i l l -imeters in length; crassulae present; bordered pitting on radial walls first-formed springwood as two rows with microscopic checking present along the inner apertures, bordered pitting present on tang-ential walls last-formed summerwood; pits at ray crossings medium, oval to lenticular, 1-2 (mostly 2) per crossing; spiral thickening absent. Longitudinal parenchyma metatracheal; cells solitary or as tangential multiples of 2-cells with dark resinous contents, occas-ionally grouped in a large area. Rays uniseriate, 1-31 plus cells in height (less than 740 microns high), not infrequently biseriate, broadest rays 28.5 microns wide; ray parenchyma thin-walled on a l l faces; ray tracheids absent. Uses; The wood is used for general construction, pencil stock and r a i l t i e s . Remarks: Kanehira (30) reports C. konishii Hay. as a light yellow-brown wood with one-two rows of bordered pits on radial walls of springwood tracheids. 17 CUPRESSACEAE The family comprises 15 genera, 6 of which are monotypic, and about 130 species widely scattered throughout the world, most genera occur in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (21, 37). There are 2 genera and 3 species in Taiwan (32). The woods of a l l three species are described. Anatomical Features; Longitudinal tracheid diameters 35 microns; pitting uniseriate, occasionally biseriate and rarely multiseriate; pits at ray crossing e l l i p t i c to circular borders and s l i t - l i k e to narrow e l l i p t i c , v e rtical to diagonal apertures, 2-4 per crossing. Normal resin canals absent. Rays uniseriate, occasionally partly biseriate and rarely multiseriate, height variable, 10-40 cells high, resinous deposits usually abundant in heartwood; ray tracheids present, but none in Actinostrobus and Libocedrus in part (37). Anatomical Features of Libocedrus t Longitudinal tracheid pitting sometimes biseriate in early wood, pits at ray crossing as in family description, the pits small. Longitudinal parenchyma abundant, distribution variable. Rays uniseriate, occasionally biseriate, 22-27 microns or up to 24 cells high (37). Anatomical Features of Chamaecyparisi Longitudinal tracheid pitting uniseriate to biseriate i n early wood, rarely multiseriate; pits at ray crossing as family description. Longitudinal parenchyma abundant, often banded tangentially, occasionally scattered. Rays uniseriate, rarely partly biseriate, 15-19 microns or up to 24 cells high; ray tracheids present, sometimes numerous (37). Libocedrus formosana Hay. Commercial Name; Shao-nan (mandarin). Other Name; Hwang-roa-soo. Tree: A large tree, ranging from 1,000 to 6,200 feet elevation from central to northern Taiwan associated with the hardwood forest. Fig. 4. Libocedrus formosana Hay. (x-sec, t-sec. and r-sec.) at 100 x 18 General Propertiest Wood red-brown with, medium lustre; grain straight; texture medium; heavy, specific gravity 0.59 (37 pounds per cubic foot); with fragrant odor, but no characteristic taste. Macroscopic Features; Growth rings not very distinct, but with regular contour due to narrow bands of darker summerwood, springwood to summerwood transition gradual. Resin canals absent. Microscopic Features; (See Fig. 4) Longitudinal tracheids mostly 30-35 (average 32) microns in diameter, 2.5-3.0 (average 2.8) m i l l -imeters in length; bordered pitting on radial walls first-formed springwood as one row, bordered pitting absent on tangential walls last-formed summerwood; pits at ray crossings medium, round to lenticular, 1-2 (mostly 2) per crossing; spiral thickening absent. Longitudinal parenchyma terminal and metatracheal. Rays uniseriate 1-13 plus cells in height (less than 50 microns high); ray parenchyma thin-walled on a l l faces; ray tracheids absent. Uses: The wood is mostly used for structural purposes, furniture, carving and decoration. Remarks: Kanehira (30) reports similar features for L. macrolepis Benth., except for tracheid length at 3.3-3.8 millimeters. Fig. 5. Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum. (x-sec.j t-sec. and r-sec.) at 100 x 19 Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum. Commercial Namet Red cypress, Hon-gha (mandarin). Other Names: Bao-pi (thin bark), Ben-ni-hi (Japanese). Tree; The largest of a l l Taiwan conifers, up to 36 feet in diameter and 148 feet in height; ranging from 3,400 to 6,600 feet elevation from central to northern Taiwan; associated with Chamaecyparis t a i -wanensis, Tsuga chinens i s , Pinus armandi, Taxus chinens is and Taiwania cryptomerloides in the forest, or associated with hardwoods such as Neolitsea acuminatissina, Machilus pseudolongifolia, Quercus morii, Trochodendron aralioides, Schefflera taiwaniana, Acer rubescens and Castanopsis spp. General Properties: Wood red to pink with medium lustre; grain straight; texture medium; moderately heavy, specific gravity 0.45 (28 pounds per cubic foot); with pronounced fragrant odor and spicy acrid taste. Macroscopic Features: Growth rings distinct with regular contour due to slight darkening of terminal tissues, springwood to summer-wood transition gradual to abrupt. Resin canals absent. Microscopic Features: (See Fig. 5) Longitudinal tracheids mostly 30-40 (average 34) microns in diameter, 4.0-4.5 (average 4.1) m i l l -imeters in length; bordered pitting on radial walls first-formed springwood as one row, bordered pitting present on tangential walls last-formed summerwood; pits at ray crossings medium, round, lenticular, 1-2 per crossing; spiral thickening absent. Longitudinal parenchyma terminal, metatracheal and metatracheal-diffuse or occasionally more or less tending toward zonation. Rays uniseriate, 1-15 plus cells in height (less than 24 microns high); marginal ray tracheids present; ray parenchyma thin-walled on a l l faces. Uses: The wood is used for structural purposes, furniture manufacture, r a i l ties, boat building and plywood manufacture. Remarks: Kanehira (30) has reported similar features for C. for-mosensis Matsum. Fig. 6. Chamaecyparis taiwanensis Masam. et Suzuk. (x-sec, t-sec. and r-sec.) at ltO x 20 Chamaecypar is taiwanensis Masam. et Suzuk. Commercial Namet Yellow cypress, Pin-ber (mandarin). Other Namest Hoo-pi (thick bark), Hi-nor-ki (Japanese). Tree: A large tree, ranging from 4,300 to 9,200 feet elevation from the central mountains to eastern Taiwan; associated with Cham** aecyparis formosensis, Tsuga chinens i s , Pinus armandi, Taxus chinensis and Taiwania cryptomerioides. General Properties; Wood yellow with red strips and low lustre; grain straight; texture medium; moderately heavy, specific gravity 0.48 (30 pounds per cubic foot); with fragrant odor and acrid taste. Macroscopic Features: Growth rings distinct with regular contour due to slight darkening of terminal tissues, springwood to summerwood tran-sition gradual. Resin canals absent. Microscopic Features: (See Fig. 6) Longitudinal tracheids mostly 30-35 (average 34) microns in diameter, 3.5-4.0 (average 3.7) m i l l -imeters in length; bordered pitting on radial walls first-formed springwood as one row, bordered pitting present on tangential walls last-formed summerwood; pits at ray crossings small, orbicular to lenticular, 2-4 (mostly 2) per crossing; spiral thickening absent. Longitudinal parenchyma metatracheal-diffuse. Rays uniseriate, 1-11 plus cells in height (less than 20 microns high); marginal ray tracheids present and entirely forming some low rays, walls dentate; ray par-enchyma thin-walled on a l l faces. Uses: The wood is used for structural timbers, general construction, furniture, wagons, agricultural implements, carving and plywood. In addition, wood shavings are used for making hats. Remarks t Kanehira (30) does not record C. taiwanensis Masum. et Suzuk., but does report on C_. obtusa S. et Z. with light yellow-brown heartwood and slightly finer texture in comparison to C. formosensis Matsum. 21 ARALIACEAE The family comprises 56 genera and many species of trees and shrubs, mostly tropical (35). There are 11 genera'and 14 species in Taiwan (30, 32). The wood of one timber species is described. Taxonomic Notes; The genera in this family are not very clearly defined (35). Anatomical Features; Several genera are ring-porous, while others are diffuse-porous (39) . Pore arrangements are solitary, as short radial multiples and as clusters. Intervascular pitting is coarse with a tendency toward scalariform; Perforation plates are simple or scalariform. Medium length to moderately short fibres are commonly septate in the simple pitting. Longitudinal parenchyma is paratracheal and extremely sparse. Rays are heterogeneous, up to 4-6 cells wide (35). Anatomical Features of Scheffera: A l l features are as the above description. In addition, intervascular pitting is alternate and perforation plates are scalariform. Intercellular canals are reported in rays of some species (35). Scheffera octophylla (Lour.) Harms. Commercial Name: Chian-moo (mandarin). Other Names: Ya-moo-pan. Tree; A semi-deciduous tree, up to 65 feet in height and 28 inches in diameter; occurring at sea level about the whole island. General Properties; Heartwood yellowish-white with medium lustre; grain wavy; texture fine; moderately heavy, specific gravity 0.46 (29 pounds per cubic foot); without characteristic odor or taste. Macroscopic Features; Growth rings indistinct. Vessels visible at 10 x magnification; wood diffuse porous with pores evenly distributed. Pore arrangement solitary, as radial chain multiples up to 4 and as cluster groupings up to 5. Broad rays distinct. Fig. 7. Scheffera octophylla (Lour.) Harms. (x-sec, t-sec. and r-sec.) at 100 x 22 Microscopic Features; (See Fig. 7) Vessels numerous 20-35 per square millimeter, the larger medium-sized, mostly 100-110 (up to 135) microns in diameter; perforation plates scalariform with 3-13 bars 10 microns in thickness; intervessel pits orbicular, very small (4-5 microns in largest diameter), close, orifices lenticular, oppositely arranged in transverse rows. Fibres thick-walled; extremely coarse, mostly 30-35 (average 33) microns in diameter; medium length 1.0-1.5 (average 1.4) millimeters; longitudinal parenchyma metatracheal diffuse with cells widely spaced. Rays of two types; simple, very low 0.53 mm. or up to 8 cells high; multiseriate moderately broad 140 micron or up to 10 cells wide; simple rays comprised entirely of procumbent c e l l s . Use; The wood is used for furniture, back boards, tea cases, wooden slippers, match-stick blocks and mechanical pulp. 23 BETULACEAE The family includes 6 genera and about 100 species of deciduous trees and shrubs which are restricted mostly to cooler regions of the Northern Hemisphere (21). There are 2 genera and 2 species in Taiwan (30,32). The woods of both species are described. Taxonomic Notes; Alnus is considered the most primitive, while Carpinus is the least primitive (35). Anatomical Features: Diffuse-porous (39). Vessels small; perforation plates scalariform with many bars. Fibres of medium length to mod-erately long. Longitudinal parenchyma diffuse and terminal. Rays of two types, homogeneous, 3-4 cells wide or exclusively uniseriate; aggregate (35). Alnus formosana (Burkill.) Makino. Commercial Name: Formosan alder, Chi-yung (mandarin). Other Names; Sau-low-tsu. Tree: A deciduous tree, up to 31 inches in diameter; ranging from sea level to 8,200 feet elevation. General Properties: Seasoned heartwood light brown with high lustre; grain straight; texture fine to medium; moderately heavy, specific gravity 0.44 (27.5 pounds per cubic foot); without characteristic odor or taste. Macroscopic Features; Growth rings distinct due to bands of darker terminal fibres. Vessels vi s i b l e at 10 x magnification; wood diffuse porous with pores evenly distributed. Pore arrangement solitary and in radial chain multiples up to 4. Broad rays distinct. Microscopic Features; (See Fig. 8) Solitary vessels e l l i p t i c a l or oval, numerous 20-35 (mostly 20) per square millimeter, the larger mostly moderately small 85-95 (up to 115) microns in diameter; 24 perforation plates scalariform with 10-25 bars 7 microns in thickness; intervessel pits orbicular to oval, very small (4.5-5.5 microns in largest diameter), close, orifices lenticular, oppositely arranged as transverse rows. Fibres septate, thin-walled; pits distinct; extremely coarse mostly 30-35 (average 32) microns in diameter, medium -length 1.5-2.0 (average 1.4) millimeters. Longitudinal parenchyma metatracheal diffuse, fusiform cells absent. Rays of two types: simple uniseriate very low up to 0.54 millimeters or 19 plus cells high; aggregate rays very broad 210 microns, containing units similar to simple rays, but with longitudinal fibers and vessels included; simple rays homogeneous, a l l cells procumbent; cells with contents. Uses; The wood is used for tea cases, mine props, charcoal prod-uction and for making mechanical and chemical pulp. Remarks: Wood from this species was previously described by Kanehira (30) as semi-diffuse porous. Other differences include his measure-ments of 35-50 vessels per square millimeter, inter-vessel pits at 9 microns, and simple rays up to 30 cells high. Fig. 9. Carpinus kawakamii Hay. (x-sec, t-sec. and r-sec.) at 100 25 Carpinus kawakamii Hay. Conunercial Name: Shang-son-soo-li (mandarin). Other Names: Chi-go. Tree: A medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 20 inches in diameter; ranging from central to southern Taiwan. General Properties: Heartwood light gray with low lustre; grain straight; texture medium; heavy, specific gravity 0.68 (42.5 pounds per cubic foot); without characteristic odor and taste. Macroscopic Features: Growth rings undulating and distinct to the naked eye due to a line of terminal parenchyma. Vessels vi s i b l e at 10 x magnification; wood diffuse porous with pores evenly distributed. Pore arrangement solitary, as radial chain multiples up to 6 plus and in cluster groupings of several. Microscopic Features: (See Fig. 9) Solitary vessels e l l i p t i c a l , numerous 20-40 per square millimeter, the larger moderately small mostly 70-80 (up to 90) microns in diameter; perforation plates simple, occasionally scalariform with 1-2 bars 5 microns in thickness; walls with spiral thickenings; intervessel pits orbicular, medium-sized (10-13 microns i n largest diameter), widely spaced, orifices linear, oppositely arranged as transverse rows. Fibres very thick-walled; pits indistinct; moderately fine, mostly 15-18 (average 17) microns in diameter, medium length 1.0-1.8 (average 1.1) millimeters. Long-itudinal parenchyma of two types; terminal 1-cell wide; and meta-tracheal-zonate 1-2 cells wide. Rays simple 1-2 seriate and very low 0.57 millimeters or up to 30 plus cells high; rarely 3 plus cells wide; mostly homogeneous, occasionally heterogeneous; cells containing dark deposits. Uses: The wood is used as structural timbers (bridge work) and con-struction lumber, as well as for manufacture of wagons and agric-ultural implements. Remarks: A l l features agree well with those reported by Kanehira (30): except that he records the wood as rosy-brown in color. He also examined a second species C. randa±ensis Hay. which appears to have different sized elements. 27 FAGACEAE The family includes 6-9 genera (35, 37) and about 600 species of trees and shrubs scattered throughout both hemispheres, but occurr mostly in the northern temperate zone (21). There are about 4 genera and 13 species of trees in Taiwan (32, 35). The woods of six timber species are described. Taxonomic Notest The family seems to be more highly specialized anatomically than Betulaceae (35). Anatomical Features; Pores solitary, very small to very large; perforation plates simple or scalariform in the smallest vessels (39). Fibre pits are simple to bordered. Longitudinal parenchyma is apotracheal, diffuse or in fine lines. Rays are heterogeneous, uniseriate or 20-60 cells wide (35). Anatomical features of Castanopsis, Lithocarpus and Quercus; A l l features are as the above descriptions. Vessels are medium-sized to large among diffuse-porous species, while some temperate species are ring-porous; perforation plates are scalariform in some of the evergreen species of Quercus, tyloses sometimes occur in species of Quercus (39). Rays are exclusively uniseriate in Castanopsis and both uniseriate and multiseriate in Lithocarpus and Quercus, and aggregate commonly in a l l the genera. Vasicentric tracheids are characteristic of a l l three genera (35). Castanopsis longicaudata Hay. Commercial Name: Kow-tsu (mandarin). Other Names: Va-yue-kaw. Tree: A medium-sized deciduous tree, up to 16 inches in diameter; ranging from eastern to southern Taiwan. General Properties; Heartwood medium brown in color without lustre; grain straight; texture coarse; heavy, specific gravity 0.62 (38.5 pounds per cubic foot); with characteristic odor and acrid taste. Fig. 10. Castanopsis longicaudata Hay. (x-sec, t-sec. and r-sec.) at 100 x 28 Macroscopic Features; Growth rings distinct due to darker terminal bands of fibrous tissue. Largest vessels visible to the naked eye; wood ring porous. Summerwood pores arranged i n cluster groupings; springwood pores with occasional tyloses evenly distributed and arranged solitary or as radial chain multiples. Aggregate rays di s t i n c t . Microscopic Features; (See Fig. 10) Solitary vessels rounded, moderately few 5-15 per square millimeter, the larger medium-sized mostly 100-200 (up to 215) microns in diameter; perforation plates simple, occasionally scalariform in the smaller summerwood vessels with 1-2 bars 2.5 microns in thickness; summerwood intervessel pits orbicular, very small (5--6 microns in largest diameter), widely spaced, orifices lenticular, oppositely arranged as transverse rows. Fibres very thick-walled; round bordered pits distinct; medium diameter mostly 18-23 (average 20) microns, medium length 1.2-1.3 (average 1.2) millimeters. Longitudinal parenchyma metatracheal diffuse in fibrous tissues, sparse. Rays of two types; simple uniseriate very low 0.54 millimeter, or up to 17 plus cells high; aggregate moderately broad 132 microns or up to 7 seriate and including longitudinal fibres and small vessels; simple rays heterogeneous, upright cells marginal. Uses; The wood is used for agricultural implements. F i g . 11. Castanopsis s t i p i t a t a Hay. ( x - s e c , t-sec. and r-sec.) at 100 x 29 Castanopsis stipitata Hay. Commercial Namer Dan-tau-shu-li (mandarin). Other Names; Kaw-tsu. Tree; An evergreen tree, up to 39 inches in diameter; ranging the whole island. General Properties: Heartwood light brown without lustre; grain straight; texture coarse; heavy, specific gravity 0.64 (40 pounds per cubic foot); without characteristic odor and taste. Macroscopic Features: Growth rings dimpled and distinct due to bands of thick-walled fibres. Largest vessels v i s i b l e to the naked eye; wood ring porous. Summerwood pores small, unevenly distributed and occasionally containing tyloses. Pore arrangement solitary and in radial chain multiples up to 3. Aggregate rays distinct. Microscopic Features: (See Fig. 11) Vessels moderately few 5-10 (mostly 10) per square millimeter, the larger moderately large 255-285 (up to 290) microns in diameter; perforation plates simple in both springwood and summerwood vessels; intervessel pits elongated, oval or orbicular, moderately small (6-7 microns in largest diameter), widely spaced, orifices lenticular, oppositely arranged as transverse rows. Vasicentric tracheids associated with springwood vessels with rounded bordered pit s . Fibres very thick-walled; pits indistinct; medium diameter mostly 18-23 (average 19) microns, medium length 1.2-1.4 (average 1.3) millimeters. Longitudinal parenchyma of several types: terminal 1-cell wide; metatracheal-diffuse; metatracheal-zonate 2-3 cells wide; metatracheal-aggragates forming short tangential zones in the summerwood; and paratracheal-confluent forming irregular tangential or diagonal bands. Rays of two types; simple uniseriate extremely low 0.47 millimeters up to 18 cells high; aggregate extremely broad 440 microns up to many-seriate and including longitudinal fibres and small vessels; simple rays heterogeneous with small marginal 1 upright c e l l s ; procumbent cells containing dark deposits. 30 Uses: The wood is used for construction of wagons and agricultural implements. Remarks: Kanehira (30) described the wood from Taiwan species of Castanopsis including C. kawakamii Hay. C. taiwaniana Hay. C. formosana Hay. and JC. subaciminata. A l l show some differences from C. longicaudata Hay. and C. stipitata Hay. reported here, although common elemental features of the genus persist. Fig. 12. Lithocarpus amygdalifolia Hay. (x-sec.j t-sec. and r-sec.) at 100 x 31 Lithocarpus amygdalifolia Hay. Commercial Name; Gau-li (mandarin). Other Names; S h i - l i . Tree; A large evergreen tree, up to 28 inches in diameter; mostly ranging from 4,900 to 6,600 feet elevation in central Taiwan. General Properties; Heartwood light brown without lustre; grain straight; texture medium; heavy, specific gravity 0.70 (43.5 pounds per cubic foot); without characteristic odor or taste. Macroscopic Features; Growth rings indistinct. Largest vessels vi s i b l e to the naked eye; wood diffuse porous with pores unevenly distributed, thick-walled and containing tyloses. Pore arrangement solitary. Broad rays distinct. Microscopic Features: (See Fig. 12) Vessels rounded, few 2-5 per square millimeter, the larger moderately large mostly 200-210 (up to 240) microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits orbicular, extremely small (2.4-3.6 microns in largest diameter), widely spaced, orifices lenticular, oppositely arranged as transverse rows. Vasicentric tracheids are present intermingled with parenchyma as 1-2 plus cells surrounding vessels and otherwise aggregated with longitudinal parenchyma; round bordered pits distinct. Fibres very thin-walled; pits indistinct; extremely coarse mostly 43-47 (average 45) microns in diameter, very long 2.2-3.7 (average 2.9) millimeters. Longitudinal parenchyma of several types: metatracheal-diffuse; metatracheal short tangential zones and aggregated; metatracheal-zonate usually 1-cell wide always combined with paratracheal-vasi-centric. Rays of two types: simple uniseriate, numerous and variable in height ( very low 0.55 millimeter or 2 plus cells high); aggregate rays very broad 230 microns, composed of simple rays separated by strands of fibrous tissue; simple rays homogenous to heterogenous, when heterogenous upright cells marginal; ray cells containing dark deposits. 32 Uses: The wood is used for general construction, agricultural implements and wooden slippers. Remarks t Kanehira (30) does not record any Lithocarpus. but does report br i e f l y on anatomy of Quercus amygdalifolia Skau. which closely matches the description of L. amygdalifolia Hay. given here, except that his sample had smaller fibres (14-16 microns in diameter and 0.8-1.5 millimeters in length). Fig. 13. Quercus gilva Bl. (x-sec., t-sec. and r-sec.) at 1©0 x 33 Quercus gllva Bl. Commercial Name; Si-choo (mandarin). Other Names; Chi-pi. Tree: A large evergreen tree, up to 10 feet in diameter; ranging from sea level to 800 feet elevation in northern Taiwan. General Properties; Heartwood light pink with medium to high lustre; grain straight; texture medium to coarse; heavy, specific gravity 0.76 (47.5 pounds per cubic foot); without characteristic odor or taste. Macroscopic Features; Growth rings indistinct. Largest vessels visible to the naked eye; wood diffuse porous with pores unevenly distributed and containing dark gum. Pore arrangement radial, solitary or as occasional pairs. Broad rays distinct. Microscopic Features; (See Fig. 13) Vessels moderately few 5-8 (mostly 5) per square millimeter, the larger moderately large mostly 220-235 (up to 280) microns in diameter; perforation plates simple; intervessel pits orbicular, very small (4.8-6.1 microns in largest diameter), close, orifices round, alternately arranged spirally, or small, widely spaced'pits oppositely arranged. Vasicentric tracheids present, with round, bordered pits; medium-sized mostly 0.9-1.3 millimeters in length. Vascular tracheids present as imperforate cells resembling small vessels in form. Fibres very thick-walled; pits indistinct; moderately fine 15-20 (average 17) microns in diameter, medium length 1.0-1.5 (average 1.4) millimeters. Longitudinal par-enchyma of several types: metatracheal-diffuse; metatracheal-zonate; paratracheal-vasicentric 1-several cells wide, intermingled with vasicentric and vascular tracheids and extending to paratracheal-confluent. Rays of three types: simple uniseriate, numerous and varying in height extremely low 0.45 millimeter or up to 25 cells high; multiseriate very broad 340 microns or 18-25 cells wide; aggregate rays composed of simple rays> and longitudinal fibres; simple rays homo-geneous; cells usually containing dark deposits. > Uses: The wood is used for r a i l ties, agricultural implements and musical instruments. Remarks: This description reconfirms that made by Kanehira (30) for wood from (J . fcilva Bl., except for color which he records as dark red-brown. 34 Quercus longinux Hay. Commercial Name: Zou-go-li (mandarin). Other Names: Dau-tsu. Tree; A medium-sized evergreen tree, up to 23 inches in diameter; ranging from 2,600 to 4,600 feet elevation about the whole island. General Properties: Heartwood pinkish brown with medium lustre; grain straight; texture coarse; very heavy, specific gravity 0.82 (51 pounds per cubic foot); without characteristic odor or taste. Macroscopic Features: Growth rings indistinct. Largest vessels vi s i b l e to the naked eye; wood diffuse porous with pores unevenly distributed and usually containing tyloses. Solitary pores arranged radially with e l l i p t i c a l , oval or rounded shape and mostly uniform in size. Broad rays distinct. Microscopic Features;