@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Business, Sauder School of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Touchie, Rodger Don"@en ; dcterms:issued "2011-06-17T16:46:53Z"@en, "1969"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Science in Business - MScB"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """The success of the computer utility is extremely dependent upon the efficient interaction of electronic data processing equipment with high speed communication circuits. It is the purpose of this thesis to identify and examine some of the problem areas of a new and rapidly expanding industry. Emphasis is placed on the Canadian environment. However, the obvious influences of the related activities in the United States, are not to be neglected thus, the study includes numerous references to the American situation. This is not a report on computer capabilities, nor a technical analysis of the computer-communications interface. Rather, this study deals with the overlapping concerns of the computer and communications industries, and the implications of these mutual interests. Major issues are the economic considerations, government involvement and the examination of social effects. The paper consists of four main sections. The first of these is a general introduction, including a brief summary of data communication terminology. The second section concentrates upon the present Canadian situation and serves to describe the current state of teleprocessing in this country. Also, it involves a survey of the present services provided by the common carriers and the available interface equipment which developers of a computer utility might employ. One of the traits of common carrier services is regulation and this implies government involvement. Pertinent jurisdictions of both federal and provincial government bodies is described. It is felt, that within this realm, extensive reference to the actions of the Federal Communications Commission in the United States is warranted. It's pertinence to the Canadian scene will be brought directly into Section Two, and this is supplemented by Appendix B which describes some of the relevant occurrences in the United States as stimulated by the FCC. One prime undertaking serves to tie these economic, political and social factors together. As a result the thesis includes a review of progress towards a Canadian telecommunications satellite and what it might mean to cross country computer interactions in the future. Section Three looks at some of the management problems which are a part of data communication systems development. The generalities which are characteristic of any development recipe are applied to a specific case study. A study of this type leads to opinions and conclusions being drawn by the author and these are outlined in Section Four of the thesis."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/35537?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "ECONOMICS OF INTEGRATING COMPUTERS AND COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS IN CANADA by RODGER DON TOUCHIE B. Comm. (Bus. Ad.), University of Windsor, 1967 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION i n the Faculty of Commerce and Business Administration We accept t h i s thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August, 1969 In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a n a d v a n c e d d e g r e e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , I a g r e e t h a t t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e a n d S t u d y . I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may be g r a n t e d b y t h e Head o f my D e p a r t m e n t o r b y h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t c o p y i n g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l n o t be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a V a n c o u v e r 8, C a n a d a ABSTRACT OF THESIS The success of the computer u t i l i t y i s extremely dependent upon the e f f i c i e n t i n t e r a c t i o n of elec t r o n i c data processing equipment with high speed communication c i r c u i t s . I t i s the purpose of thi s thesis to i d e n t i f y and examine some of the problem areas of a new and rapidl y expanding industry. Emphasis i s placed on the Canadian environment. However, the obvious influences of the related a c t i v i t i e s i n the United States, are not to be neglected thus, the study includes numerous references to the American s i t u a -t i o n . This i s not a report on computer c a p a b i l i t i e s , nor a technical analysis of the computer-communications i n t e r -face. Rather, t h i s study deals with the overlapping con-cerns of the computer and communications indu s t r i e s , and the implications of these mutual i n t e r e s t s . Major issues are the economic considerations, government involvement and the examination of s o c i a l e f f e c t s . The paper consists of four main sections. The f i r s t of these i s a general introduction, including a b r i e f summary of data communication terminology. The second section concentrates upon the present Canadian s i t u a t i o n and serves to describe the current state of teleprocessing i n this country. Also, i t involves a survey of the present services provided by the common car-r i e r s and the available interface equipment which developers of a computer u t i l i t y might employ. One of the t r a i t s of common c a r r i e r services i s regulation and t h i s implies government involvement. Pertinent j u r i s d i c t i o n s of both federal and p r o v i n c i a l government bodies i s described. It i s f e l t , that within t h i s realm, extensive reference to the actions of the Federal Communications Commission i n the United States i s warranted. It's pertinence to the Canadian scene w i l l be brought d i r e c t l y into Section Two, and thi s i s supplemented by Appendix B which des-cribes some of the relevant occurrences i n the United States as stimulated by the FCC. One prime undertaking serves to t i e these econo-mic, p o l i t i c a l and s o c i a l factors together. As a r e s u l t the thesis includes a review of progress towards a Canadian telecommunications s a t e l l i t e and what i t might mean to cross country computer interactions i n the future. Section Three looks at some of the management problems which are a part of data communication systems development. The ge n e r a l i t i e s which are c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of any development recipe are applied to a s p e c i f i c case study. A study of this type leads to opinions and con-clusions being drawn by the author and these are outlined i n Section Four of the thesis. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE SECTION 1. INTRODUCING DATA COMMUNICATIONS......... CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION..... 1 A Brief Description of the Study 2 CHAPTER 2. CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA TRANSMISSION... 7 SECTION 2. THE PRESENT STATUS OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN CANADA.... 14 CHAPTER 3. COMMUNICATION TRANSMISSION FACILITIES IN CANADA. 15 Low Speed Transmission F a c i l i t i e s ....16 CN/CP ' Telex .....16 CN/CP Data Telex 23 Trans-Canada Telephone Teletype-writer Exchange Service (TWX) 27 Medium Speed Transmission F a c i l i t i e s . 3 2 CN/CP Broadband 33 Telephone System Voice Grade Data Services....... 37 Data Sets Employed i n Canadian Data Communications 50 Data Sets Attached to the Trans-Canada Telephone System 55 CN/CP Data Sets Used with Broadband . 55 CHAPTER 4. GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT AND THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN CANADA ...62 The Canadian Government and Data Communications . . . 63 Data Communications and the Canadian, Society 70 PAGE CHAPTER 5. . DATA TRANSMISSION AND COMMERCIAL COMMUNICATION SATELLITES. . , 73 Communication S a t e l l i t e s , 1962-69 .... 73 Economic Advantages to Data Communication V i a S a t e l l i t e . . . . . . . . . . 75 SECTION 3. A DATA COMMUNICATIONS. SYSTEM 81 CHAPTER 6. A DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM. ... .... 82 SECTION 4. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 102 CHAPTER VII CONCLUSIONS 103 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY. . I l l APPENDICES. .116 APPENDIX A GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA TRANSMISSION COST-VOLUME RELATION-SHIPS.. 117 APPENDIX B THE FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION AND THE REGULATORY AND POLICY PROBLEMS IMPLIED BY COMPUTER TELECOMMUNICATIONS.123 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 3-1 Brit i s h . Columbia Telephone Transmission F a c i l i t i e s • • • • 17 3-II Canadian National/Canadian P a c i f i c Transmission F a c i l i t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3-III Telex and Data Telex T o l l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3-IV Telex T o l l s Between Canada and the United States 22 3-V TWX-Telex Rate Comparison Between B.C. Communities. 30 3-VI TWX-Telex Rate Comparison For Major Canadian C i t i e s 31 3-VII Broadband Exchange Locations of , January 31, 1969 34 3-VIII CN/CP Broadband Exchange Rates 35 3-IX Dataline I Rates 38 3-X Rate Schedule for Dataline II and Dataline III Services 41 3-XI Trans-Canada Telephone System Private Services 44,45 3-XII Dataspeed Terminals and Rental Rates 49 3-XIII B e l l Canada Data Sets, A p r i l , 1968. .. 56,57,57A 3-XIV B. C. Telephone Leasable Data Set Rates.. 58,59 3-XV Data Sets Employed i n B. C. with CN/CP Broadband. 60 B-I Federal Communications Commission Docket No. 16979 Paragraph 25 125,126 ,127 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 2- 1 An I l l u s t r a t i o n of a Basic Data Transmission System. 8 3- 1 Western Union Telex Rate Areas i n the U.S 21 3-II The B r i t i s h Columbia Telex Network 24 3-III The Canadian Datatelex Network 25 3-IV B r i t i s h Columbia TWX Zones and Rates 2 8 3-V Canadian TWX Rates from B.C. (604). Zones. 29 3-VI Dataline I Rate Bands from Vancouver 39 3-VII Dataline II and III Band Structure from Vancouver . . . . . . v. 40 3-VIII Cost Benefits of Multiplexing Using the Datapak Service 47 3-IX Analysis of Voice Grade Data Sets........ 52 6- I A B r i t i s h Columbia Data Communications System 83 6-IIj The Economics of Line Alternatives Between V i c t o r i a and Vancouver 97 6-III The Economics of Line Alternatives Between Nanaimo and Vancouver 98 A-I Cost-Volume Relationships for Low Speed Services 119 A-II Cost-Volume Relationships for Voice Grade Channels. . . ; 121 SECTION 1 INTRODUCING DATA COMMUNICATIONS CHAPTER 1 i i INTRODUCTION No person w i l l dispute the dynamic growth of elect r o n i c data processing i n the l a s t twenty years. A s i g n i f i c a n t part of t h i s growth has been the evolution of the computer telecommunications system. The introduction of third-generation computer machinery and the awareness by the common c a r r i e r s that data communications has s p e c i f i c needs, these two events e s p e c i a l l y have provided c a t a l y t i c influence to an already dynamic s i t u a t i o n . As usual, rapid economic growth i n a business en-vironment waits not for the desirable documentation of events. To t h i s author's knowledge the present status of computer telecommunications i n Canada has not been organized into a factual c o l l e c t i o n of pertinent data. The expanding f i e l d s of timesharing and information r e t r i e v a l applications indicate a continued growth pattern for data communications systems i n the foreseeable future. This i n f e r s a need for relevant data by more and more people. The business manager requires comparative information on common c a r r i e r services available to him. The economics of developing a data communication system necessitates cost figures for various channel offerings, terminal equipment and data conversion units . Also of great importance to those who must consider development of teleprocessing networks i s past experience of others. The 2 guidelines which might be the r e s u l t of t h e o r e t i c a l study and t h e i r p r a c t i c a l application to a r e a l - l i f e system, when analysed, can prove extremely hel p f u l when one reaches the stage of systems planning. Advantages of such a study are not limited to the commercial environment. A need for government involvement and some i n d i c a t i o n of possible areas of concentration might be exemplified. References to experience i n the United States and to q u a l i f i e d comments on the s o c i a l e f f e c t of computer telecommunications might c l a r i f y the role of government i n i t s p o s i t i o n as the aegis of society. To a lesser extent a c o l l e c t i o n of relevant data i n this area might contribute to s o c i a l awareness. Any tech-nological developments which w i l l probably have more e f f e c t on the i n d i v i d u a l i n the next f i v e years than w i l l the placing of an astronaut on the moon c e r t a i n l y warrant some form of p u b l i c l y available documentation. These economic, p o l i t i c a l and s o c i a l needs now be-come the purpose for t h i s t h e s i s . A B r i e f Description of the Study This i s not a study of advanced e l e c t r i c a l theory which influences the technological advances of data trans-mission. I t i s not an analysis of computer economics. It is intended as an a l l - i n c l u s i v e report on the dependencies of the data processor and transmitter upon the i n t e r r e l a t i o n -ships of equipment manufacturers and the common c a r r i e r s . 3 Section One includes the introductory remarks and a summary of basic data communication concepts. The only technical knowledge required to understand 'industry terms 1 and the general implications of data flow are hopefully supplied i n Chapter 2. Section Two of the paper i s intended to provide a detailed description of the Canadian telecommunications en-vironment. The f i r s t of three chapters i n thi s section des-cribes the economic t r a i t s of the available channel services of the common c a r r i e r s . This includes both public and p r i -vate l i n e services. Also some ind i c a t i o n of costs of termi-nal and interface equipment i s provided although a complete description of available equipment i s beyond the scope of this paper. This chapter should c l e a r l y indicate to the system builder exactly what services are on the Canadian market. A second chapter i n t h i s section deals with the governmental and s o c i a l implications of data communications development i n Canada. This i s supplemented by an appendix (Appendix B) which describes events and regulatory p o l i c i e s already established i n the United States by the Federal Com-munications Commission. Analysis i n t h i s area stimulated some personal opinions as to the d i r e c t i o n regulatory p o l i c y might take i n Canada. The f i n a l chapter of Section Two i s devoted to one technological development which i s and w i l l greatly influence the economics of data transmission. The development of the 4 communications s a t e l l i t e i s described and forecasts of i t s commercial a v a i l a b i l i t y schedules and economic ef f e c t s are offered. Section Three i s devoted to a case study of the planning and implementation of a data communication system. Although t h i s author does see some useful purpose i n a r t i c l e s which suggest systems planning procedures, i t does not seem reasonable to develop another v a r i a t i o n of this general theme. Rather, by describing a p r a c t i c a l application i n terms of more general systems development plans the reader might derive more insight of the problems involved i n data commu-nication systems design. The author's investigations into these pre-described areas have produced some conclusions on his part. Section Four w i l l deal with these conclusions and the rationale be-hind them. To complement the main body of the thesis two appendices e x i s t . Appendix A extols the virtues of graphic analysis i n a study-of data communications systems. Appendix B develops a summary description of the recent a c t i v i t i e s of the Federal Communications Commission i n the United States. It i s f e l t that the newly established Department of Communications i n Canada might be heavily influenced by past experiences of this body. Of spe c i a l i n t e r e s t to the data communicator i s Notice of Inquiry 16979, \"Regulatory and Policy Problems Presented by the Interdepen-dence of Computer and Communication Services and F a c i l i t i e s \" . 5 The main portion of data resulted from personal interviews carried out i n Vancouver, B r i t i s h Columbia. This included discussions with representatives of the national common c a r r i e r s , some of the computer manufacturers and various users of the available communication services. This was supplemented by correspondence with the Canadian Federal Government and other corporations such as Comsat and the Canadian Overseas Telecommunications Corporation. Also available printed material has greatly influenced the content of the f i n a l product. Canada \"is a communications oriented nation. In 1967 there were more telephone c a l l s i n t h i s country per capita than i n any other country i n the world.'1- Although employ-ment of data transmission systems i s s t i l l minimal within t h i s country i t i s now that a firm understanding of what exists and of future trends and desirable goals should deve-lop. Many questions must be asked. What service f a c i l i t i e s e x i s t for data transmission? What w i l l exist i n two years? f i v e years? ten years? What controls can the common c a r r i e r impose upon the user? Should data processing as well as transmission be allowed by the same company? What degree of government control should exist? The problems w i l l not be answered as the r e s u l t of 1 This data comes from an AT&T summary of facts on worldwide telephone usage e n t i t l e d \"The World's Telephone, 1967\". 6 pne research study. Rather i t w i l l take a devoted e f f o r t from government bodies, business corporations and academic f a c u l t i e s to create s u f f i c i e n t awareness of the f i e l d of data communications. Only when knowledgeable people can represent the attitudes and desires of these groups w i l l there develop an adequate path to progress. This author tackles the problem only with the hope that he w i l l aid the readers comprehension of the subject by a matter of degree. As he enters t h i s task the true feelings of the author are best summarized i n the words of Robert B. Forest, editor of Datamation: I can t e l l you exactly when the headaches started, Doctor. It was one\" hour after I decided I would write... about communica-tions and information proccessihg - yeah, computers - and how things are r e a l l y . What communications services are a v a i l -able to computer users, and how the t a r i f f s - no, not l i k e duties. Like rates -are set and...Maybe i f I t r y to explain i t to you, i t w i l l help me c l a r i f y things and ease the nervous tension? Well, I doubt i t but i t s worth a t r y . . 1 R.B. Forest, \"Editor's Readout,\" Datamation, November, 1966, p.. 19. 7 CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTS OF COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA TRANSMISSION Although, as previously mentioned, i t i s not the intention of thi s paper to concentrate on the technical aspects of telecommunications, i t i s hoped that the follow-ing b r i e f w i l l aid the reader with l i t t l e technical prepara-ti o n i n understanding the basic p r i n c i p l e s underlying a computer-communications system. To f a c i l i t a t e the transmission of commercial data, the common c a r r i e r s have developed a wide range of telphone, telegraph and wide band networks to support demands of the business community. To employ these networks, acceptable input for network terminals must be prepared by computer output equipment. Also, a code conversion to provide suitable signals for the communication channels i s necessary. Figure I i l l u s t r a t e s a sample computer-communications system to show the applications of electronic data flow. E l e c t r i c a l transmission of information i s carried from one terminal to another over a communication channel. The channel might be one of three basic types. A simplex c i r c u i t can carry information i n only one d i r e c t i o n , i . e . a doorbell. Half-duplex c i r c u i t s can carry information i n either d i r e c t i o n , but only one d i r e c t i o n at a time. A f u l l -duplex or duplex c i r c u i t can transmit information i n both directions at once. Also of importance are the channel grades. Presently available grades are telegraph, sub-voice, voice grade and Figure 2-1 AN ILLUSTRATION OF A BASIC DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEM ; ? DATA S e r i a l by- Character, P a r a l l e l by B i t DATA PROCESSING —w>- — — SET • TERMINAL Internal Computer Code (i.eV EBCDIC) S e r i a l by Character, S e r i a l by B i t ASCII Code S e r i a l by Character, P a r a l l e l by Bit Internal Computer Code DATA PROCESSING -TERMINAL Generally the major function of a data set is to convert business machine signals into tones suitable for transmission over telephone f a c i l i t i e s or vi c a versa. In this i l l u s t r a t i o n the sign a l conversion unit ( i . e . data set) also performs code conversion. Although computer manufacturers market separate units for this purpose there is no reason why i t cannot be a function of the data set. 9 broadband. The grade i s determined by the capacity of the c i r c u i t to transmit data per time unit, i . e . by the basic l i n e speed. This speed i s usually referred to i n terms of b i t s per second, characters per second or words per minute. Because d i f f e r e n t codes require varying numbers of b i t s per character, .and due to the vagueness implied by the phrase words per minute, a l l comparative references to d i f f e r e n t services w i l l be made i n terms of b i t s per second - i n the common ASCII code one word = 6 characters = 48 b i t s . There i s a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n between l i n e signal capacities and channel bandwidth.\"*\" P r a c t i c a l applications have indicated that i n general a r a t i o in, the v i c i n i t y of two to one i s necessary where 2X cycles are required to tran-smit X signals per second e f f i c i e n t l y . The services of the common c a r r i e r s are an example (see Tables 3-1 and 3-II) .' At present, however, technological advances are apparently outdating t h i s statement. Line speeds for telegraph grade channels, 150-200 cycles, range from 45 to 75 b i t s per second. Sub-voice 1 U n t i l recent advance i n technology the l i m i t between bandwidth i n cycles and data transmission i s one signal per cycle ( i . e . a channel with a 4K bandwith has a th e o r e t i c a l l i m i t of 4000 signals per second). A technique c a l l e d duo binary signaling however has been developed which allows the transmission of two b i t s of information per signal unit. 10 c i r c u i t s generally range from 150 to 600 baud (bits per second) where bandwidth i s between 400 to 2000 cycles. Voice grade channels range from 3 to 4 k i l o c y c l e s , while l i n e speed might vary from 1600 to 2400 baud or even higher. Different grades of wire use d i f f e r e n t signaling methods. The more common techniques are s e r i a l start-stop, s e r i a l synchronous, and p a r a l l e l (18). S e r i a l codes are transmitted one b i t at a time, with a l l coming over the same channel. Each code requires a set number of b i t s per character. Where i t i s necessary to indicate the be-ginning or end of a character by b i t signals we are tal k i n g of s e r i a l stop-start.transmission. Synchronous s e r i a l signals do not require the s t a r t and stop signals for a s p e c i f i c character. P a r a l l e l transmission refers to a l l the b i t s for one character being transmitted simultaneously over i n d i v i d u a l channels. Adaptation of computer signals to f a c i l i t a t e trans-mission over communication l i n e s requires data sets. Data sets are also referred to as modems, modulator-demodulators, sub-sets and l i n e adapters. The data set forms the interface between communication l i n e s and computer equipment. The data set receives, translates and transmits coded data. Obviously, the b i t rate or rate of handling of the data set i s very im-portant, as t h i s l i k e any other part of the system could prove to be the l i m i t i n g factor i n systems speed. The computer communication system i s only as fast as i t s slowest l i n k . 11 Another important consideration i s the coding system. The common unit to a l l codes i s the b i t . I t i s e a s i l y seen that the fewer b i t s per character within a code, the faster the character might be transmitted. However th i s advantage i s counteracted by the limited variations i n b i t configuration. The character set might be much more exten-sive for instance with an eight b i t code than with a f i v e b i t code. I t i s s u f f i c i e n t for our purposes to i s o l a t e the ASCII and Baudot codes which are commonly used for data transmission. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) i s an 8 b i t code that has been approved by the American Standards Association for use on a l l public communication l i n e s . Other services employ the Baudot code although i t s character set i s somewhat lim i t e d because i t i s a 5 b i t code. One further code component should be introduced. To improve the r e l i a b i l i t y of transmission, many codes em-ploy a p a r i t y b i t . This i s a one b i t per character checking device and could c a l l for either even or odd p a r i t y . ' Using odd p a r i t y , for example, each character transmitted would require an odd number of 'on1 b i t s . I f not, t h i s would i n -dicate a transmission error. The parity b i t would be 'on' only when needed to make the odd b i t . The receiving termi-nal would detect a transmission error i f i t did not receive an odd number of 'on' b i t s . This i s one of many methods to enhance r e l i a b i l i t y . Data can be transmitted, not only over telephone 12 li n e s but also microwave communication systems. Transmission speed i s limited only by the bandwidth and terminal equipment speeds as well as data set speeds. (Most microwave channels are of the broadband or wideband nature). Telpack services have bandwidths of 4 8 KC, 9 6 KC, and 24 0 KC and maximum transmission rates of 40,800 baud, 84,000 baud and 100,000 baud respectively. Long distance broadband data tr a n s i s s i o n employs a Trans-Canada microwave system. Microwave transmission uses frequencies above 4 m i l l i o n cycles to transmit i n a straight l i n e between repeater stations with t h e i r d i s h l i k e antennae. These reamplifiers are necessary every 20 to 25 miles across Canada to transmit the signa l . One further d i s t i n c t i o n should be drawn - that i s the difference between analogue and d i g i t a l communication systems. Information flow within the system may remain i n a continuous form, simply by tr a n s l a t i n g one continuous variable ( i . e . distance) into another continuous variable ( i . e . e l e c t r i c current). Such a technique i s one means of analogous data transmission. Human recognizance of informa-t i o n , however, often requires a more discrete format to be-come meaningful. This necessitates a d i g i t a l breakdown which expresses with meaning, the 'message' i n terms of symbols such as numbers or characters (4, Ch. 2). An example of an analog signal system i s an amplitude-modulated broadcase system. Pulse-code modulation i s one form of 13 d i g i t a l data transmission. I t has been projected that the techniques of d i g i t a l transmission w i l l l i k e l y replace analogue methods i n TV and voice systems (1, Ch.l). The major importance of d i g i t a l communications, i n the computer environment i s that i t f a c i l i t a t e s the processing of data by d i g i t a l computers. This completes a b r i e f introduction to some of the terminology necessary to discuss meaningfully data communications. Further insight into the technical as-pects of data transmission may be found i n (1,4,18,23). 1 Baghdady E l i e J . , Lectures on Communication System Theory, 1961, pp 3-4. SECTION 2 THE PRESENT STATUS OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS IN CANADA 15 CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION TRANSMISSION FACILITIES IN CANADA Communication transmission f a c i l i t i e s available to computer users i n Canada can be c l a s s i f i e d into three general groups. This breakdown i s based on the bandwidth and transmission rate of the d i f f e r e n t services. Sub-voice or narrow band services include a l l f a c i l i t i e s using a band-width below 2 KC and having transmission rates below 1000 bps. Voice grade channels might range between 2 and 4 KC with present maximum transmission c a p a b i l i t i e s approaching 9600 bps.\"*\" Wideband services involve the grouping of many voice channels to develop a bandwidth extended from 8 KC to 240 KC by additives of 4 KC or one voice channel. The two major communication systems i n Canada provide competing and yet d i s t i n c t i v e services. An analysis of these services, t h e i r s i g n i f i c a n t t r a i t s and the related rate struc-1 To avoid confusion when r e f e r r i n g to maximum transmission rates i t i s necessary to d i f f e r e n t i a t e between signal units and b i t transmission. Most of the common c a r r i e r reference data as discussed i n t h i s chapter defines maximum l i n e capacities i n terms of b i t s per second. This approach assumes a rel a t i o n s h i p of one b i t per signal. Actual l i n e capacities should be referenced i n terms of signal units per second. The confusion arises with the innovation of duobinary signaling (and possible multiples of duobinary) which allows for the transmission of two b i t s within one signal unit (p. 9). Therefore while a Schedule 4C l i n e (see Table 3-1) i s said to have a maximum rate of 2400 bps this a c t u a l l y means 2400 signal units per second. Techno-l o g i c a l advances allow for 4800 or 9600 b i t s to be trans-mitted at t h i s signal rate. 16 tures, and the e x i s t i n g networks within which these services are ava i l a b l e , w i l l provide the analyst with .that data most pertinent to any s p e c i f i c f e a s i b i l i t y study of a computer-communications system i n Canada. A summary of these services i s given i n Tables 3-1 and 3-II. Table 3-1 l i s t s the transmission f a c i l i t i e s of the Trans-Canada Telephone System, and Table 3-II shows the corresponding f a c i l i t i e s provided by the Canadian/National/ Canadian P a c i f i c network. For comparative purposes, i t w i l l s u f f i c e to divide these services according to transmission rate. Separate segments regarding low speed, medium speed and high speed transmission w i l l be presented. The area of data sets w i l l only be discussed gene-r a l l y while describing the services. They w i l l be dealt with s p e c i f i c a l l y a f t e r the various services have been described. LOW SPEED TRANSMISSION FACILITIES CN/CP TELEX Service Description: Telex i s an international 50 baud (bits per second), full-duplex network, which i s equivalent to a capacity of 100 words per minute transmitted i n Baudot code (5 bits/character, 6 characters/word). Telex i s a d i a l up system. By employing a regular telephone-type d i a l which i s a part of the terminal, i n i t i a l contact can be made with any of 16,000 terminals i n Canada or one of the 200,000 users Table 3-.jE= BRITISH COLUMBIA TELEPHONE TRANSMISSION FACILITIES Name of Service Bandwidth 'Transmission Rate Transmission Mode & Code Cost Interface Equipment Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule Schedule 1 * Narrow Band (150-200 ^ eycles) 2 - Narrow Band 3 * Narrow Band 4 Voice Band 4A Specially conditioned Voice Band Schedule 4B Specially conditioned * Voice Band Schedule Telpak A Telpak B Telpak C 4C Specially conditioned^ Voice Band 48 k i l o c y c l e s 96 k i l o c y c l e s 240 k i l o c y c l e s 45 bits/sec 55 bits/sec 75 bits/sec 1200 bits/sec 1600 b i W s e c 2000 bits/sec 2400 bits/sec (2800 bps possible) 40,800 bits/sec 84,000 bits/sec 100,000 bits/sec Most services are s e r i a l mode and ASC II code Dataspeed 5 # i s p a r a l l e l mode, (see discussion of voice-grade transmission) Transmission rates are shown i n Table 3-V, 3-X and 3-XI and an ind i c a t i o n of terminal rates appears i n discussions of the various services Data sets are bought by the c a r r i e r and leased at monthly rates which include servicing * The optimal capacity of telephone voice grade channels i s 2800 bps. However with minimal maintainance and testing only the Schedule 4 l e v e l of 1200 bps can be ensured. Schedules 4A, 4B, and 4C necessitate more frequent testing and maintainance of f a c i l i t i e s and are optional at a higher cost. $ These are c o l l e c t i v e l y referred to as TWX services. # This i s a voice grade terminal service referenced l a t e r i n th i s chapter. Table 3-11 CANADIAN NATIONAL/CANADIAN PACIFIC TRANSMISSION FACILITIES Name of Transmission Transmission Interface Service Bandwidth Rate Mode and Code Cost Equipment Telex International Narrow Band 50 bps S e r i a l See a l l data or Sub Voice (approximately 200 cycles) Baudot Tables 3-III and 3-IV sets are bought by CN/CP Data Telex* trans- according same as Telex 110 bps,' channel S e r i a l mission to c l i e n t capable of ASC II rates wishes 200 bps, res- (8 bits/char) same as and t r i c t e d by out- Telex leased put terminal monthly gears. at rates which Broadband 4KC 0-2400 bps S e r i a l ASC II See Table 3-VII include servicing Supergroups contains 68 4KC voice bands ( t o t a l of 272 KC) dependent on bandwidth of channel and data set or terminal re-s t r i c t i o n s S e r i a l ASC II non-standard * Both Telex and Datatelex employ the same channel network. The v a r i a t i o n i n services i s act u a l l y r e s t r i c t e d to terminal differences. ithroughout, the world. • Line Charges: Charges are based on fixed monthly terminal re n t a l plus variable l i n e charges related to usage. Canada has been subdivided into 24 regions to develop a rate struc-ture. A l l locales and t h e i r regions are l i s t e d i n \"Schedule of Telex T o l l Charges and Tel-tex Information\" available through CN/CP Telecommunications. The corresponding rate-region r e l a t i o n s h i p i s supplied i n Table 3-III. To supple-ment t h i s , Figure 3-1 shows the regional breakdown of the United States, and Table 3-IV indicates representative rates between these areas and major Canadian c i t i e s . It i s natural that a system of r i g i d geographic boundaries to determine rates should lead to inconsistencies. An example of t h i s i r r e g u l a r i t y are comparative rates of a Brantford-London transmission and London-Windsor transmission. Both would occur i n the province of Ontario. However the f i r s t c a l l which covers a distance of 51 a i r miles would cost $ .20 per minute. This involves Area 7 and Area 8. On the other hand, the London-Windsor transmission covers 102 a i r miles between Areas 9 and 10 and the cost i s half as much, $ .10 per minute. This i s one of the many situations which serve to defend the arguement that a thorough study of e x i s t i n g rate structure i s advisable when undertaking a s p e c i f i c project. An ad hoc analysis of distances between desired terminals might lead .to a distorted picture and im-proper decisions when developing a computer-communications 20 TABLE 3-III TELEX AND DATATELEX TOLLS PER MINUTE BETWEEN EXCHANGES IN CANADA RATE AREAS 1 .10 2 . 3 7 ! .10 3 . 4 5 .30 .10 3A . 4 5 .30 .30 .15 4 .52f .52r .52I . 3 7 ! .25 . 3 7 ! .10 5 . 4 5 . 3 7 ! . 3 7 a . 4 5 . 3 7 J .io 1 6 . 4 5 . 4 5 .20 . 3 7 2 .10 7 .60 . 4 5 • 3 7 i . 4 5 . 3 7 1 • 3 7 i .25 8 .60 .52 ! . 4 5 . 4 5 . 3 7 | . 3 7 1 .30 9 .60 . 4 5 . 3 7 ^ • 3 7 | . 4 5 . 3 7 1 • 3 7 | .30 .25 10 .60 . 4 5 . 4 5 .25 • 3 7 | 11 12 . 7 5 . 7 5 .60 . 7 5 .521 .60 .521 .60 .521 .60 . 3 7 1 .52 1 •52| . 4 5 •52£ 13 .90 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 .60 14 .90 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 .60 . 7 5 15 .90 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 .75 .60 . 7 5 16 .90 .90 . 7 5 .90 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 17 .90 .90 . 7 5 . 7 5 .75 . 7 5 . 7 5 18 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 . 7 5 .90 19 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 . 7 5 .90 20 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 . 7 5 .90 21 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 . 7 5 .90 22 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 23 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .10 .20 .10 .15 .25 .10 .25 .30 .20 .10 . 4 5 . 4 5 . 4 5 . 3 7 1 .10 .521 •521 .521 . 4 5 . 3 7 1 .60 .60 .60 . 52 . 4 5 .60 .60 .60 .60 . 4 5 .60 .60 .60 .60 • 52| . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 .60 v,75 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 .60 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 .60 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 .60 .90 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 . 7 5 .90 .90 . 7 5 . 7 5 .75 .90 .90 .90 .90 . 7 5 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 1 Newfoundland & 8 Ontario South West 16 Alberta South Labrador 17 Alberta North 2 Maritimes 9 Georgian Bay 18 Peace River 3 Quebec East 10 Algoma 19 Okanagan-3A Quebec North East 11 Lakehead Kootenay 4 Quebec Central 12 Manitoba South 20 Lower B. C. 5 Quebec North West 13 Manitoba North 21 Northern B. C. 6 Ontario East 14 Saskatchewan South 22 North West 7 Ontario Central 15 Saskatchewan North T e r r i t o r i e s 23 Yukon .10 • 37^ • 37i .371 .45 .45 .521 .521 .521 .60 .75 .75 .10 .30 .10 .25 .20 .10 .45 .371 .371 .10 .371 •371 .371 .20 .45 .45 .45 .30 .45 .45 .45 .30 .521 .52* .45 .45 .37 .45 .45 .37 .60 .60 .60 .52 .60 .60 .60 .52 .10 .30 .371 371 »i 2 .37 52 i ,10 3 7 ! 371 25 45 45 10 20 30 60 521 10 30 60 521 .10 .52 .45 3 7 1 3 71 .10 2 1 2 3 3A 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 FIGURE 3-1 WESTERN UNION TELEX RATE AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES TABLE 3-IV TELEX TOLLS PER MINUTE BETWEEN AREAS IN CANADA AND THE UNITED STATES From To 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 CALGARY .75 .75 .75 .75 .60 .60 .75 .37! /60 .60 •37! .60 EDMONTON .75 .75 .75 .75 .60 .60 .75 .37 ! .60 .60 .37 1 .60 FORT WILLIAM .60 .60 .371 .60 .30 .45 .60 .60 .60 .75 .75 .75 GRANDE PRAIRIE .90 .90 .75 .90 .60 .75 .75 .45 .60 .75 .37! .60 HAMILTON .30 .45 .30 .45 .45 .45 .60 .60 .60 .75 .90 .90 KAMLOOPS .90 .90 .75 .75 .60 .60 .75 .45 .60 .60 .30 .60 KINGSTON .30 .45 .371 .60 .45 .60 .60 .75 .75 .90 .90 .90 KITCHENER .30 .45 .30 .45 .37! .45 .60 .60 .60 .75 .75 .90 LONDON .30 .45 .30 .45 .37! .45 .60 .60 .60 .75 .75 .90 MONCTON .371 .60 .60 .60 .60 .75 .75 .75 .75 .90 .90 .90 MONTREAL .30 .60 .45 .60 .60 .60 .75 .75 .75 .90 .90 .90 NANAIMO .90 .90 .75 .90 .60 .75 .75 .45 .60 .60 .20 .60 NELSON .90 .90 .75 .75 .60 .60 .75 .37! .45 .60 .30 .60 OTTAWA .30 .60 .45 .60 .45 .60 .60 .75 .75 .90 .90 .90 PRINCE GEORGE .90 .90 .75 .90 .60 .75 .75 .45 .60 .75 .37! /60 QUEBEC .37! .60 .60 .60 .60 .60 .75 .75 .75 .90 .90 .90 REGINA .75 .75 .60 .75 .45 .60 .60 .30 .45 .60 .45 .60 ST. JOHN'S .60 .75 .75 .75 .75 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 .90 SASKATOON .75 .75 .60 .75 .45 .60 .60 .37! .45 .60 .45 .60 SUDBURY .37 \\ .45 .37| .60 • 37| .45 .60 .60 .60 .75 .75 .90 THE PAS .35 .75 .60 .35 .45 .66 .60 .45 .60 .75 .60 .75 TORONTO .30 .45 .30 .45 .45 .45 .60 .60 .60 .75 .90 .90 VANCOUVER .90 .90 .75 .90 .60 .75 .75 .45 .60 .60 .?0 .60 WINNIPEG .60 .60 .60 .60 .37z .45 .60 .45 .45 .60 .60 .7.5 23 network. A p r a c t i c a l analysis which incorporates t h i s data w i l l appear i n Section 3. Terminal Charges: Terminals suitable for this system are limited by transmission speeds. Two terminals marketed so l e l y through CN/CP are the Model 32 KSR and Model 32 ASR. The KSR i s a dial-and-type unit with copies typed at each end. Rental fees are $45.00 per month plus t o l l s . The ASR rents for $77.00 per month and allows per-forated paper tape prepared i n advance to be transmitted at maximum terminal speed when operated automatically. Copies are developed i n both on and o f f l i n e positions. A lack of compatibility between l i n e and terminal capacities should be noted. While the maximum ca p a b i l i t y with CN/CP supplied terminals i s 66.7 words per minute, the l i n e capacity i s 100 words per minute. A representation of the B r i t i s h Columbia Telex network and subscriber capacities i s shown in Figure 3-II. CN/CP DATA TELEX Service Description: Data Telex i s a 200 baud capacity network. Terminal f l e x i b i l i t y , allows for transmission i n 5-level, 6-level, 7-level, and 8-level codes.\"'\" Although this service i s marketed separate from Telex, i t employs 2 b a s i c a l l y the same channel network. The major difference 1. A 5-level code i s a 5-bit code. 2. A high l e v e l of line, q uality must be-maintained to f a c i -l i t a t e 200 baud transmission. F i g u r e 3 - I I T H E B R I T I S H C O L U M B I A T E L E X N E T W O R K Dawson Creek (80) Watson Lake (20) Fort St. John (80) Fort Nelson (40) Prince Rupert o (60) Kelowna (60) 0 ReveLslfoke-O Verr.on (60) Kamloops (180) •O Penticton (40) Nanaimo (1Q0 Campbell River (20) r C o u r t e n a y ^ - ' V i c t o r i a (120) -Moutrej Nelson (80) ° Cranbrook (60) T r a i l (00) T o S a n F r a n c i s c o ( W . U . ) ( ) = s u b s c r i b e r c a p a c i t i e s S o u r c e : C N / C P T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s Figure 3-III THE CANADIAN DATATELEX NETWORK ( ) = s u b s c r i b e r c a p a c i t i e s Source i CN/CP Telecommunications 26 i s i n terminal capacity. Figure 3-III shows the 200 baud network i n Canada. Line Charges: Line charges are exactly the same as Telex and again, reference can be made to Table 3-III and Table 3-IV. Figure 3-III shows the 200Sbaud network across Canada and gives subscriber capacities i n brackets. Terminal Charges: The user has a choice of transmitting through use of Teleprinter or any privately.selected data handling equipment. The CN/CP unit transmits at 110 b i t s / -second i n ASCII code which i s synonomous with 137 1/2 words per minute (1 word = 6 characters, 1 character = 8 b i t s ) . This terminal may be leased for $110.00 per month. This unit also allows for the advanced preparation of perforated paper tape. Other terminals which have been t i e d into the Data Telex system are the IBM 1050 and the IBM 2741. These units transmit at 135 bps., but monthly rentals'are somewhat higher. Exact rates are available through IBM o f f i c e s . The main additional feature which these units have i s a b u i l t i n i error detection-correction. The economic merits of such a unit become a trade-off between cost and transmission r e l i a -b i l i t y . This relationship i s discussed i n more d e t a i l i n the introduction to Section 3. I t ' i s not intended to.develop.the merits of d i f f e r e n t terminal equipment i n t h i s thesis. Such a topic i s a complete project i n i t s e l f . Those which were b r i e f l y introduced were chosen because of t h e i r frequency of usage i n the Vancouver 27 area. Private Line Charges; Telex and Data Telex wire f a c i l i t i e s are also available on a private basis. The schedule of p r i -vate t a r i f f s i s b u i l t on the following format. A h a l f -duplex channel capable of transmitting 6 0 words per minute (one word = 6 characters =•' 48 bits) for a four hour period per day may be leased for $ .69 per a i r mile per month. The same service i s available for eight hours per day at a rate of $1.10 per a i r mile per-month. Comparable services which are^ capable of transmitting 75 words per minute and 100 words per minute are available for basic rate plus 10% and basic rate plus 25% respectively. F u l l duplex channels which allow simultaneous two way communication can be leased for 125% of basic rates. Thus a f u l l duplex, 100 words per minute channel with private usage eight hours per day costs $1.65 per mile. TRANS-CANADA TELEPHONE TELETYPEWRITER EXCHANGE SERVICE (TWX) Service Description: TWX competes with the Telex and Data Telex services provided by CN/CP. This service u t i l i z e s the regular d i a l network to interconnect stations i n Canada, the United States and many other countries. Three levels of service are provided with transmission rates of 45 bps., 55 bps., and 75 bps. These rates are dependent on the terminal unit. A l l services are transmitted i n 8-bit ASCII code. TWX i s available.anywhere there i s a telephone service. Line Charges: Charges are.fixed monthly rental for the terminal and a timed t o l l charge based on usage. Figures i ' l g U l C J - J . V BRITISH COLUMBIA TWX ZONES AND RATES ZONE 604 C ZONE 604 B t i l l . 'll'. (, •1ri . : / i >V.rkA J i 1:r* y i..i:> >..rt M'-i riti M - ^ . y ; - » M * : Z O N E \" A \" .10 • Mc;;m :>:: Vii.^iv Z O N E \" B \" .10 A T I 1*»> H;vpr Z O N E \"C'\" . 2 0 A:»..•«- Al*\". ' - - • - i .\" A; i I : - ;<-r Z O N E : ' A \" TO \" B \" .20 • Atl ' f* \" c . - ( i r e , I T . Z 0 N £ \" B f l T O \" C \" . 2 5 Z O N E \" A \" T O .27 Ji - i i r . n r N*..-K-ii V i C l ' » r ; i •t/tn'ti'iiirr J'.e.t.-l.sK'Rf (A) Ji-.r*,.If l 1. O r , ; * ^ 1 . ' A n.IA.fr (H| ViUI \\>i non Wmdr l i * . ; « ) ~.iijri . . i u . - Cay co Source: B r i t i s h Columbia Telephone Co. PROVINCE NPA OC 604 A OC 3 ac eo4 c C-S1TISH C0l.UM3tA . 604 A GC4 0 604 C ALTA. 403 SASK. 300 1. JL£,V MAN. Z04 .10 .20 .27 .20 .10 .27 .25 .20 .375 .375 .370 .45 .•45 .40 .CO .GO .50 CANADIAN TWX RATES FROM B. C. (604) ZONES 1o, < NOTE: BRITISH COLUMBIA IS DIVIDED INTO T H R E E Z O N E S F O R I N T R A P R O V I N C I A L T W X . Source: B« C. Telephone Co. \\fi. .i.u..|-j.;.i • t-l '-• j '•'-.!.'.•;'• •\\-frr<~~ p;:!;!±|T:^ :T:r.r!:::-'' Y. YrY YY:Y ' KO Source: B. C. Telephone Co. •. TABLE\" 3-VL. . :-^^AA^':-'^ '/v/-' S•\"' ' • TWX-TELEX RATE COMPARISON FOR MAJOR CANADIAN CITIES S o u r c e - B. C, . TVL^pbone Co. oo . 32 3-IV and 3-V i l l u s t r a t e the rate relationships between the three B r i t i s h Columbia TWX zones and the Canadian zone structure. In addition to t h i s , Tables 3-V and 3-VI are i n -eluded to show comparative rates for Telex and TWX between communities i n B r i t i s h Columbia and the major c i t i e s of Canada.. These rates are subject to change, but have appeared very stable over a period of time. Terminal Charges: B.C. Telephone Company has two terminals which they lease for use with TWX l i n e s . The Model 33 ASR Set i s capable of transmitting pre-punched paper tape at a rate of 80 b i t s per second or 100 words per minute for a monthly ren t a l fee of $90.00 per month plus message charges. There i s a one-time connection charge of $20.00. The Model 35 ASR i s a comparable heavy-duty machine designed for con-tinuous operation. The cost difference i s i n the monthly rent a l charge, which i s $110.00. MEDIUM SPEED FACILITIES The competitive services i n the voice grade channel range of approximately 3,000 cycles per second are Broad-band and Dataline (Dataline includes Schedule 4, 4A, 4B, and 4C services of Table 3-1). They are transmitted over a microwave or radio relay system\"*\" for long distance commu-nication and over voice-grade wire for shorter distances. 1. The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of microwave b r i e f l y introduced i n Chapter 2. transmission were 33 While Broadband i s a f a i r l y well defined service and most references to the system are made under that name Data-l i n e services need a more thorough introduction. Different subservices are offered by the Telephone System under such labels as Dataline I, II and I I I , Data-speed, Dataphone services and Datapak. A systematic look at t h i s trans Canada service w i l l be carried out under these subheadings. CN/CP BROADBAND Service Description: The CN/CP Broadband service i s a fl e x i b l e , dial-up, coast-to-coast, microwave t o l l data transmission system. Line bandwidth i s presently r e s t r i c t e d to 4 KC (2400 bps) but can be expanded as required, i n i n -crements of 4 KC, to a maximum of 48 KC. The maximum w i l l allow transmission at speeds up to 40,800 bit s / s e c . No firm announcement of the a v a i l a b i l i t y of the maximum f a c i l i t y has been made. The system employs a push button voice data set with a l l subscribers assigned a seven d i g i t code. F u l l duplex channels are standard. Ideally, t h i s can reduce l i n e time and cost to h a l f that of one way transmission. If preferred, the user can be assigned a group of 99 two-digit numbers for a limited location system to estab l i s h faster contact. Cost i s $2.00 per number location per month. Security and screening features are available to deny entry e l e c t r o n i c a l l y into a 'private' network. Table 3-VII BROADBAND EXCHANGE AS OF JANUARY 31 LOCATIONS . 1969 Calgary- Ottawa Char o lo 11 e to wn Prince George Corner Brook Prince Rupert Edmonton Quebec Fort William Regina Fredericton St. John Halifax Sudbury Hamilton Sydney Kamloops The Pas. Kingston Toronto London Vancouver Moncton V i c t o r i a Montreal Whitehor.se Nelson Windsor North Bay Winnipeg Table 3-VILL CN/CP Broadband Exchange Rates VCR CLGY EDM SKN REG WPG FT WLM WIND TOR LDN HAM OTT MTL QUE HFX VCR — _ — .10 .15 .15 .20 .30 .40 .50 .50 .50 .50 .60 .60 .60 .70 CLGY .10 .10 .10 .15 .20 .30 .40 .40 .40 .40 .50 .50 .50 .60 EDM .15 .10 .10 .15 .20 .30 .40 .40 .40 .40 .50 .50 .50 .60 SKN .15 .10 .10 .10 .15 .20 .30 .30 .30 .30 ., .40 .40 .40 .50 REG .20 .15 .15 .10 .10 .20 .30 .30 .30 730 .40 .40 .40 .50 WPG .30 .20 .20 .15 .10 .15 .20 . 2-20 .20 .20 .30 .30 .30 .40 FT. WLM .40 .30 .30 .20 .20 .15 .15 .15 .15 .15 .20 .20 .20 .30 WIND .50 .40 .40 .30 .30 .20 .15 .10 .10 .10 .15 .15 .15 .20 TOR .50 .40 .40 .30 .30 .20 .15 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .15 .20 LDN .50 .40 .40 .30 .30 .20 .15 .10 .10 .10 .15 .15 .15 .20 HAM .50 .40 .40 .30 .30 .20 .15 .10 .10 .10 .10 .10 .15 .20 OTT .60 .50 .50 .40 .40 .30 .20 .15 .10 .15 .10 .10 .10 .15 MTL .60 .50 .50 .40 .40 .30 .20 .15 .10 .15 .10 .10 .10 .15 QUE .60 .50 .50 .40 .40 .30 .20 .15 .15 .15 .15 .10 .10 .10 HFX .70 .60 .60 .50 .50 .40 .30 .20 .20 .20 .20 .15 .15 .10 (PER MINUTE) Source: CN/CP Telecoiranunications 36 Line Charges: Cost consists of a fixed monthly connection charge plus t o l l charges based on distance, bandwidth used and l i n e time. The monthly connection charge i s $100.00 which i n -cludes the Voice/Data set. Table 3-VII shows a l i s t of the c i t i e s where a Broadband exchange i s presently located. Table 3-VIII gives the rate schedule for the major exchanges i n the system. The table shows the per minute \"rates for ex-change connections. For each c a l l there i s a minimum charge of 30 second usage and charges are based on six second i n -crements. Charges are only made on a completed increment (i.e . a 35 - second c a l l between Vancouver and Ottawa would cost 30 cents). Private Line Charges: Broadband i s also available on a dedicated l i n e basis. Line r e n t a l i s available on a monthly rate scale as follows. Charges are $4.00 per mile for the f i r s t 100 a i r miles, $3.25 per mile between 100 and 500 miles and $2.25 per mile over 500 miles. This schedule applies to between exchanges with a system. In other words i f terminals were located i n Vancouver, Calgary and Toronto, rates from Vancouver to Calgary (42 2 a i r miles) would be (100 x $4.00) + (342 x $3.25) = $1,511.50. Calgary to Toronto rates (1690 a i r miles) would be (100 x $4.00) + ($3.25 x 400) + (1190 x $2.25) = $4,377.50. This presents an alternative to the user. I f , over a certa i n l i n e route the monthly usage reaches a high enough l e v e l there could be an economic advantage i n 37 leasing a dedicated l i n e . For example l e t us look at l i n e services between Vancouver and Toronto, with a distance of 2078 a i r miles. Private l i n e charges would be determined as follows: (100 x $4.00) + (400 x $3.25) + (1578 x $2.25) = $5,250.50. The switched Broadband rate between Vancouver and Toronto i s $0.50 per minute. From this i t can be seen that usage up to 175 hours per months i s more p r a c t i c a l on the switched l i n e s . Any amount over that, i f l i n e costs are the only r e a l consideration, j u s t i f i e s leasing of a private line.\"*\" Graphic analysis i s used to develop a sample comparison i n Appendix A. TELEPHONE SYSTEM VOICE'GRADE DATA SERVICES Service Description: Data-phone i s a dial-up-data service, marketed by the Trans-Canada Telephone System, and competi^ ti v e with Broadband. It permits both voice transmission and data transmission at speeds up to 2800 bps. The Tele-phone Company c l a s s i f i e d a l l operations which require data sets under the general heading of Dataphone.services. Line services i n this c l a s s i f i c a t i o n are marketed under the t i t l e Dataline. A complementary terminal service exists under the heading Dataspeed ( i . e . a Dataphone service consists of the two subcomponents Dataline and Dataspeed). 1. This neglects private lines of the day). such (i . e . considerations as f l e x i b i l i t y of double as voice l i n e for a part 38 Line Charges; The l i n e services provided by the Trans Canada Telephone System, and description i s broken down under the d i f f e r e n t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s . Dataline I This i s a Trans-Canada pay-as-you-use data service. It i s an optional ha l f or f u l l duplex (add 25% to standard rates) d i a l system with transmission rates to 2000 bps (Schedule 4B, Table 3-1). Connection charges are $20.00 for the main station connection and $10.00 per extension terminal. Monthly rentals are $100.00 for the main connec-ti o n and $10.00 per extension. Data set rental i s based on normal t a r i f f rates (see s p e c i f i c section l a t e r i n this chapter). Table 3-IX outlines the usage rate structure. TABLE . 3-IX Rate Distance (air miles) Rate per minute * 0-350 $0.10 351-700 0 .15 701-1050 0.20 1051-1400 0.30 1401-1750 0 . 40 1751-2100 0.50 2101-2500 0.60 2500-UP 0.70 * Add 25% for f u l l duplex l i n e s . Charges are based on a 30 second minimum and 6 second increments. Figure 3-VI DATALINE ' I RATE BANDS FROM; VANCOUVER Band • -1 - 350 miles, lOc/min. g - 700 miles, 15c/min. Terminal $100/month Source: B. CV Telephone _Col_ \" -* . SCALE >\"e 60.MILES1 •1 Co Table 3-X