@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Science, Faculty of"@en, "Statistics, Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Wu, Shiying"@en ; dcterms:issued "2010-09-09T21:10:56Z"@en, "1988"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Science - MSc"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """Three-way median polish is used to model the monthly concentrations of three kinds of ions in precipitation, namely sulphate, nitrate and hydrogen ions. In contrast to previous findings that the wet acid deposition had decreased from late 70's to early 80's, the results suggest that there is a V-shaped trend for wet acid deposition during the period of 1980 -1986 with the change point around 1983. Strong seasonality is also discovered by the analysis. Nonparametric monotone trend tests are performed on the data collected from 1980 to 1986 and on the data collected from 1983 to 1986 separately. The results are consistent with the findings from the median polish approach. A nonparametric slope estimate of the trend is obtained for each monitoring station. Based on these estimates, the slope estimate is obtained by Kriging interpolation for each integer degree grid point of longitude and latitude across the 48 conterminous states in the United States. Also, a geographical pattern in the data is suggested by hierarchical clustering and by median polishing."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/28357?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "T R E N D A N A L Y S I S O F M O N T H L Y A C I D R A I N D A T A By S H I Y I N G W U B. S. (Mathematics), Peking University, 1983 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF T H E REQUIREMENTS FOR T H E DEGREE OF M A S T E R OF SCIENCE in T H E FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard T H E UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA October 1988 © S H I Y I N G W U , 1988 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Da,e ft,* | 7,. DE-6 (2/88) A B S T R A C T Three-way median polish is used to model the monthly concentrations of three kinds of ions in precipitation, namely sulphate, nitrate and hydrogen ions. In contrast to previous findings that the wet acid deposition had decreased from late 70's to early 80's, the results suggest that there is a V-shaped trend for wet acid deposition during the period of 1980 -1986 with the change point around 1983. Strong seasonality is also discovered by the analysis. Nonparametric monotone trend tests are performed on the data collected from 1980 to 1986 and on the data collected from 1983 to 1986 separately. The results are consistent with the findings from the median polish approach. A nonparametric slope estimate of the trend is obtained for each monitoring station. Based on these estimates, the slope estimate is obtained by Kriging interpolation for each integer degree grid point of longitude and latitude across the 48 conterminous states in the United States. Also, a geographical pattern in the data is suggested by hierarchical clustering and by median polishing. T A B L E OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ii T A B L E OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vii A C K N O W L E D E M E N T x x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose and scope 1 1.2 A Review of Previous Works 2 1.3 Data Base Description 3 CHAPTER 2 M E T H O D O L O G Y B A C K G R O U N D 6 2.1 Clustering 6 2.2 Nonparametric Monotone Trend Test and Slope Estimator 8 2.3 Median Polish 16 2.4 Kriging and Universal Kriging 21 CHAPTER 3 APPLICATIONS AND OVERVIEW 32 3.1 Transformation and Clustering 32 3.2 Trend and Seasonality 33 3.3 Nonparametric Test, Slope Estimate and Kriging 34 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSES AND CONCLUSIONS FOR SULPHATE 37 4.1 Results for the Historical Data 37 4.1.1 Clustering and Transformation 37 4.1.2 Trend, Seasonality and Spatial Patterns 38 4.1.3 The Results of Trend Testing, Slope Estimation and Kriging 40 4.2 Results for the Recent Data 42 4.2.1 Clustering and Transformation 42 i i i 4.2.2 Trend, Seasonality and Spatial Patterns 43 4.2.3 The Results of Trend Testing, Slope Estimation and Kriging 45 CHAPTER 5 ANALYSES AND CONCLUSIONS FOR NITRATE I l l 5.1 Results for the Historical Data I l l 5.1.1 Clustering and Transformation I l l 5.1.2 Trend, Seasonality and Spatial Patterns 112 ) 5.1.3 The Results of Trend Testing, Slope Estimation and Kriging 114 5.2 Results for the Recent Data 116 5.2.1 Clustering and Transformation 116 5.2.2 Trend, Seasonality and Spatial Patterns 117 5.2.3 The Results of Trend Testing, Slope Estimation and Kriging 119 CHAPTER 6 ANALYSES AND CONCLUSIONS FOR HYDROGEN ION 180 6.1 Results for the Historical Data 180 6.1.1 Clustering and Transformation 180 6.1.2 Trend, Seasonality and Spatial Patterns 181 6.1.3 The Results of Trend Testing, Slope Estimation and Kriging 183 6.2 Results for the Recent Data .' 184 6.2.1 Clustering and Transformation 185 6.2.2 Trend, Seasonality and Spatial Patterns .' 185 6.2.3 The Results of Trend Testing, Slope Estimation and Kriging 187 CHAPTER 7 SUMMARY AND FURTHER STUDIES 251 BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 i V LIST OF TABLES T A B L E 4.1.1 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Sulphate (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '80-'86) 105 4.1.2 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Sulphate (Monthly Median, '80-'86) 106 4.2.1 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Sulphate (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '83-'86) 107 4.2.2 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Sulphate (Monthly Median, '83-'86) 109 5.1.1 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Nitrate (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '80-'86) 174 5.1.2 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Nitrate (Monthly Median, '80-'86) 175 5.2.1 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Nitrate (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '83-'86) 176 5.2.2 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Nitrate (Monthly Median, '83-'86) 178 6.1.1 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Hydrogen ion (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '80-'86) 245 6.1.2 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Hydrogen ion (Monthly Median, '80-'86) 246 6.2.1 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Hydrogen ion (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '83-'86) 247 v 6.2.2 Results of the Mann-Kendall Tests and Slope Estimats for the Concentrations of Hydrogen ion (Monthly Median, '83-'86) 249 v i LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 4.1.1 The Location of the 31 Monitoring Stations from 1980 to 1986 (For Sulphate) 47 4.1.2 (a) Clustering of S04 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1980 - 1986 48 4.1.2 (b) Clustering of S04 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1980 - 1986 (with outliers) 49 4.1.3 Clusters of S04 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1980 - 1986 (k=3) 50 4.1.4 Histograms of Transformed S04 (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86) 51 4.1.5 Histograms of log(S04) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86) .. 52 4.1.6 Yearly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 53 4.1.7 Yearly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1980-1986) 54 4.1.8 Monthly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 55 4.1.9 Monthly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1980-1986) 56 4.1.10 Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 57 4.1.11 Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 58 4.1.12 Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 59 v i i 4.1.13 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly-volume weighted mean, clust 1) 60 4.1.13 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly median, clust 1) 61 4.1.14 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 62 4.1.14 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly median, clust 2) 63 4.1.15 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 64 4.1.15 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly median, clust 3) 65 4.1.16 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 66 4.1.16 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86, monthly median, clust 1) 67 4.1.17 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 68 4.1.17 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86, monthly median, clust 2) 69 4.1.18 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 70 4.1.18 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86, monthly median, clust 3) 71 4.1.19 (a) Trend of log(S04) from 1980 to 1986 at the 31 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) 72 v i i i 4.1.19 (b) Trend of log(S04) from 1980 to 1986 at the 31 Stations (calculated by monthly median) 73 4.1.20 (a) Trend of log(S04) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) 74 4.1.20 (b) Trend of log(S04) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) 75 4.2.1 The Location of the 81 Monitoring Stations from 1983 to 1986 (For Sulphate) 76 4.2.2 (a) Clustering of S04 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1983 - 1986 77 4.2.2 (b) Clustering of S04 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1983 - 1986 (with outliers) 78 4.2.3 Clusters of S04 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1983 - 1986 (k=3) 79 4.2.4 Histograms of Transformed S04 (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) 80 4.2.5 Histograms of log(S04) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) .. 81 4.2.6 Yearly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 82 4.2.7 Yearly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983-1986) 83 4.2.8 Monthly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 84 4.2.9 Monthly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983-1986) 85 4.2.10 Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 86 i x 4.2.11 Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 87 4.2.12 Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 88 4.2.13 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 89 4.2.13 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly median, clust 1) 90 4.2.14 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 91 4.2.14 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly median, clust 2) 92 4.2.15 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 93 4.2.15 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly median, clust 3) 94 4.2.16 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 95 4.2.16 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86, monthly median, clust 1) 96 4.2.17 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 97 4.2.17 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86, monthly median, clust 2) 98 4.2.18 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 99 x 4.2.18 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86, monthly median, clust 3) 100 4.2.19 (a) Trend of log(S04) from 1983 to 1986 at the 81 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) 101 4.2.19 (b) Trend of log(S04) from 1983 to 1986 at the 81 Stations (calculated by monthly median) 102 4.2.20 (a) Trend of log(S04) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) 103 4.2.20 (b) Trend of log(S04) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) 104 5.1.1 The Location of the 31 Monitoring Stations from 1980 to 1986 (For Nitrate) 121 5.1.2 (a) Clustering of N03 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1980 - 1986 122 5.1.2 (b) Clustering of N03 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1980 - 1986 (with outliers) 123 5.1.3 Clusters of N03 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1980 - 1986 (k=2) 124 5.1.4 Histograms of Transformed N03 (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86) 125 5.1.5 Histograms of log(N03) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86)..126 5.1.6 Yearly Effect of log(N03) for 2 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 127 5.1.7 Yearly Effect of log(N03) for 2 Clusters (monthly median, 1980-1986) 128 5.1.8 Monthly Effect of log(N03) for 2 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 129 x i 5.1.9 Monthly Effect of log(N03) for 2 Clusters (monthly median, 1980-1986) 130 5.1.10 Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 131 5.1.11 Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 132 5.1.12 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(N03) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 133 5.1.12 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(N03) (80-86, monthly median, clust 1) 134 5.1.13 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(N03) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 135 5.1.13 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(N03) (80-86, monthly median, clust 2) 136 5.1.14 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 137 5.1.14 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (80-86, monthly median, clust 1) 138 5.1.15 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 139 5.1.15 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (80-86, monthly median, clust 2) 140 5.1.16 (a) Trend of log(N03) from 1980 to 1986 at the 31 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) 141 5.1.16 (b) Trend of log(N03) from 1980 to 1986 at the 31 Stations (calculated by monthly median) 142 x i i 5.1.17 (a) Trend of log(N03) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) 143 5.1.17 (b) Trend of log(N03) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) 144 5.2.1 The Location of the 81 Monitoring Stations from 1983 to 1986 (For Nitrate) 145 5.2.2 (a) Clustering of N03 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1983 - 1986 146 5.2.2 (b) Clustering of N03 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1983 - 1986 (with outliers) 147 5.2.3 Clusters of N03 Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1983 - 1986 (k=3) 148 5.2.4 Histograms of Transformed N03 (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) 149 5.2.5 Histograms of log(N03) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86). 150 5.2.6 Yearly Effect of log(N03) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 151 5.2.7 Yearly Effect of log(N03) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983-1986) 152 5.2.8 Monthly Effect of log(N03) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 153 5.2.9 Monthly Effect of log(N03) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983-1986) 154 5.2.10 Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted.mean, 1983-1986) 155 5.2.11 Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 156 x i i i 5.2.12 Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 157 5.2.13 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 158 5.2.13 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. oflog(N03) (83-86, monthly median, clust 1) : 159 5.2.14 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 160 5.2.14 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly median, clust 2) 161 5.2.15 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 162 5.2.15 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly median, clust 3) 163 5.2.16 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 164 5.2.16 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86, monthly median, clust 1) 165 5.2.17 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 166 5.2.17 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86, monthly median, clust 2) 167 5.2.18 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 168 5.2.18 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86, monthly median, clust 3) 169 x i v 5.2.19 (a) Trend of log(N03) from 1983 to 1986 at the 81 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) 170 5.2.19 (b) Trend of log(N03) from 1983 to 1986 at the 81 Stations (calculated by monthly median) 171 5.2.20 (a) Trend of log(N03) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) 172 5.2.20 (b) Trend of log(N03) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) 173 6.1.1 The Location of the 32 Monitoring Stations from 1980 to 1986 (For Hydrogen ion) 189 6.1.2 Clustering of H+ Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1980 - 1986 190 6.1.3 Clusters of H+ Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1980 - 1986 (k=3) 191 6.1.4 Histograms of Transformed H+ (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86) 192 6.1.5 Histograms of log(H+) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86) .. 193 6.1.6 Yearly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 194 6.1.7 Yearly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1980-1986) 195 6.1.8 Monthly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 196 6.1.9 Monthly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1980-1986) 197 6.1.10 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 198 6.1.11 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 2 x v (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 199 6.1.12 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1980-1986) 200 6.1.13 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 201 6.1.13 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly median, clust 1) 202 6.1.14 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 203 6.1.14 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly median, clust 2) 204 6.1.15 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 205 6.1.15 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly median, clust 3) 206 6.1.16 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 207 6.1.16 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86, monthly median, clust 1) 208 6.1.17 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 209 6.1.17 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86, monthly median, clust 2) 210 6.1.18 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 211 6.1.18 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86, monthly median, clust 3) 212 x v i 6.1.19 (a) Trend of log(H+) from 1980 to 1986 at the 32 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) 213 6.1.19 (b) Trend of log(H+) from 1980 to 1986 at the 32 Stations (calculated by monthly median) 214 6.1.20 (a) Trend of log(H+) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) 215 6.1.20 (b) Trend of log(H+) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) 216 6.2.1 The Location of the 86 Monitoring Stations from 1983 to 1986 (For Hydrogen ion) 217 6.2.2 Clustering of H+ Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1983 - 1986 218 6.2.3 Clusters of H+ Monthly Volume Weighted Mean based on sqrt(MSE), 1983 - 1986 (k=3) 219 6.2.4 Histograms of Transformed H+ (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) 220 6.2.5 Histograms of log(H-t-) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86)... 221 6.2.6 Yearly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 222 6.2.7 Yearly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983-1986) 223 6.2.8 Monthly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 224 6.2.9 Monthly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983-1986) 225 6.2.10 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 226 x v i i 6.2.11 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) 227 6.2.12 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean, 1983-1986) .* 228 6.2.13 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 229 6.2.13 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly median, clust 1) 230 6.2.14 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 231 6.2.14 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly median, clust 2) 232 6.2.15 (a) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 233 6.2.15 (b) Boxplot for the Resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly median, clust 3) 234 6.2.16 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) 235 6.2.16 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86, monthly median, clust 1) 236 6.2.17 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) 237 6.2.17 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86, monthly median, clust 2) 238 6.2.18 (a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) 239 x v i i i 6.2.18 (b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86, monthly median, clust 3) 240 6.2.19 (a) Trend of log(H+) from 1983 to 1986 at the 86 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) 241 6.2.19 (b) Trend of log(H+) from 1983 to 1986 at the 86 Stations (calculated by monthly median) 242 6.2.20 (a) Trend of log(H+) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) 243 6.2.20 (b) Trend of log(H+) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) 244 x i x ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank Professor J. V. Zidek for his guidance and assistance in producing this thesis. I would like to express my gratitude to Doctor Jian Liu, who kindly gave me helpful advice and carefully read this thesis. The work reported here relies heavily on the data provided by the Battelle's Pacific Northwest Laboratories; special thanks go to Doctor A. R. Olsen and Judy Sweeney. I also would like to express my appreciation to Doctor H . Joe and P. Schumacher for their assistance with the computing issues. This work was partially supported by the Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) through a co-operative research agreement with Societal Institute for Mathematics in Society. XX Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The Acid Deposition System (ADS) is an integrated, centralized repository for data from monitoring networks in North America. The purposes of ADS are (1) to facilitate access to deposition data collected by different organizations, (2) to provide annual statistical summaries of available data, and (3) to maintain the data for assessment of long-term trends. A complete description of ADS is available in a system design and user's code manual by Olsen and Slavich (1986). The data set used in this study is obtained from ADS Data Summary (Olsen and Slavich ,1986) and it contains only the data from the NADP network, the largest and most important network among the networks represented in the ADS Data Base. Three important ions of the data set have been singled out for study in this report: SO4, N O 3 and H + (derived from pH). Separate analyses of each have been done in this study. 1.1 Purpose and Scope The primary purpose of this study is to detect and estimate the possible temporal trends in different levels of chemical constituents of acid deposition at different locations. The analysis is divided into 2 sections, one for the data collected from 1980 to 1986 (the \"historical data\"), and the other for the data collected from 1983 to 1986 (the \"recent data\"). In this way we have tried to differentiate between what happened in the past seven years from what happened in the last four years. 1 A secondary purpose of this study is the classification of the stations into groups such that patterns in the deposition chemistry of the stations in each group are similar. The ultimate aim is to reduce the number of stations in the network to reduce the cost of maintaining the network without loosing too much information. But this issue will not be addressed in this report. Spatial patterns and seasonal patterns of the level of chemical concentration in wet deposition are examined as well. Over time, the NADP network came to include more than 200 monitoring stations. Many pf them either started to operate after 1980 or have a lot of missing data. For convenience and with little apparent loss of information, we consider only the stations with 5 or fewer missing observations. The resulting sets of stations are different for various chemicals under consideration. Roughly speaking, there are just over 80 stations providing the recent data and just over 30 stations providing the historical data. The stations are located throughout the United States and there are more stations in the East than in the West. 1.2 A Review of Previous Works A lot of assessments of acid precipitation have been done during the past years. Among those are Schertz and Hirsch (1985), Eynon and Switzer (1983), Finklestein (1984), Cape and Fowler (1984), Vong etal (1985), Bilonick (1985, 1987), Le and Petkau (1986), Dana and Easter (1986), Lettenmaier (1986), and Altwicker and Johannes (1987). Finklestein (1984) estimates the variograms of H + , S04, N O 3 and N H 4 . These variogram estimates are computed from the observations collected at 31 NAPD stations 2 during the period from July 1979 to June 1980, and are shown to be distance dependent in all cases, increasing with the distance between stations. Bilonick (1985) estimated the space-time semi-variograms of sulfate deposition using the data collected from USGS network and did a 3-dimensional Kriging. He (1987) used indicator Kriging and pointed out that \"it is a nonparametric technique\" and \"is useful for highly skewed data distribution and is resistant to outliers\", while \"the entire probability distribution function at a given point is estimated\". Dana and Easter (1986) applied concentration-time regression analysis to the data from MAP3S network, collected from 1977 to 1983, to estimate temporal trends. Their conclusions are that the levels of sulfur, H + , N H ^ , and NO^ declined during that period. Schertz and Hirsch's study cited above contains three parts: (1) modeling variations in concentration; (2) trend analysis; and (3) multiple station analysis. In the first part, they developed a model: log(C)=a+b*log(P)+c*(27tT)+d*(27tT), and used regression to estimate the parameters. In the second part, they used the Seasonal Kendall Test to detect trends in the concentrations of constituents with the conclusion that most of the stations showed no trends or down trends during the period from 1978 to 1983. In the third part, they analyzed the relationship between the correlation coefficients and the distance of pairs of stations. Our study is more closely related to the second part of their work. 1.3 Data Base Description 3 A D S requires that networks provide documentation on their network operation and that a minimum level of information accompany each sample result. Networks not able to provide the required information are unable to transfer data to A D S . In preparing concentration and deposition summaries, four related steps occur. First, network protocols and data screening procedures are determined and an algorithm to translate this information along with the sample results to the A D S data base is constructed. Second, valid sample criteria for the data summary are determined. They are: (a) all sampling periods for which it is known that no precipitation occurred are considered valid sample periods; (b) the wet deposition sample must be a wet-only sample; (c) Wet deposition samples that have insufficient precipitation to complete a chemical analysis for a specified ion are invalid for that specific ion species; (d) an individual ion species concentration accompanied by a comment code designating the measurement to be \"suspect\" or \"invalid\" is declared as an invalid sample; and (e) The actual sampling period for a wet deposition sample must be close to the network's protocol sampling period. Third, data completeness measures for each summary are computed. Fourth, criteria based on data completeness measures and site representativeness are selected for reporting a specific data summary. For more details, see Olsen and Slavich (1986). One of the networks contained in A D S is N A D P / N T N . The National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) was established in 1978 to monitor trends in the exposure of various ecosystems to acidic deposition in the United States. The N A D P was created by the Association of State Agricultural Experiment Stations (originally as North Central Regional Project NC-141 , now Interregional Project IR-7) to conduct research on atmospheric deposition and its effects, in cooperation with federal, state, and private research agencies. A major program objective is to discover and characterize biologically important geographical and temporal trends in the chemical climate of North America through the continued development and maintenance of a deposition monitoring network. 4 Since its inception the network has grown from 22 operational sites during 1978 to 222 sites in 1986. The Deposition Monitoring Task Group of the Interagency Task Force on Acid Precipitation was charged in the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Plan (Interagency Task Force on Acid Precipitation, 1982) with developing a National Trends Network (NTN). The objective of the 150-station National Trends Network is to provide long-term monitoring (10-years minimum) at sites across the United States that represent broad regional characteristics of the chemistry of wet deposition. Robertson and Wilson (1985) describe the design of NTN. Many existing NADP sites were selected as N T N sites. Because of the operating modes of NADP and NTN, the two networks are considered to be a single network and the acronym NADP/NTN is used to refer to sites which are either NADP or both NADP and NTN. In the following, however, we refer to it simply as NADP. The NADP monitoring protocol is based on a weekly (Tuesday to Tuesday) sampling protocol with wet-only sample collection. The NADP program has developed and adheres to strict requirements regarding sample collection and analysis. The requirements assure uniformity in siting criteria, sampling protocol, analytical chemistry techniques, data handling, and overall network operation. Al l NADP precipitation chemistry samples are analyzed by the Central Analytical Laboratory at the Illinois State Water Survey. For specific details the reader may consult existing publications on siting criteria (NADP 1984a), site operation and collection protocol (NADP 1982), overall quality assurance plans (NADP 1984b), and analytical procedures(NADP 1980). 5 Chapter 2 M E T H O D O L O G Y B A C K G R O U N D The statistical procedures involved in this paper are clustering, median polishing, nonparametric trend testing and slope estimation, and Kriging. 2.1 Clustering In the single sample problem, (x^, —, ) is the ith observed n-dimensional sample, x^ , i = 1, m, which may well be heterogeneous. The aim of cluster analysis is to group these samples into g homogeneous classes where g is unknown, g < m. The multi-sample variant involves x^, k = 1, —, n^ , the observations of the ith sample x-, i=l, —, m and again the aim is to group the m samples into homogeneous classes (Mardia, Kent, Bibby, 1979). Here, we consider only hierarchical methods which cluster the g groups into g+1 groups according to the distances between the samples, dividing one group into two and keeping the others the same. One way to do this is follows. Start with (C-(l) = x-, i = 1, m}. Suppose (C^(p), i = 1, m - p + 1} are the clusterings at step p. Define Djj(p) to be a measure of distance between C-(p) and Cj(p). Let D 1 2 (p) = min{D i j.(p):i,j = 1, - , m-p+1, i * j}. Then set CjCp+l ) = C 1 ( p ) u C 2 ( p ) and C.(p+1) = C i + 1 ( p ) , i = 1, m-p+1. 6 Continue this procedure until all the inter-cluster distances are greater than D Q where D Q is an arbitrary threshold value. If d r s is taken to be the distance between x f and x g (the distance can be defined in different ways), and if Djj(p) = m i n { d r s : (r, s) such that x re Cj(p), x ge Cj(p)} the method is called a single linkage method. If Djj(p) = m a x { d r s : (r, s) such that x f€ C^p), xgG C(p)} then the method is called a complete linkage method. The clusters obtained by a single linkage method are \"rod\" type elongated clusters without nuclei. This leads to a chaining effect. Chaining can be misleading if items at opposite ends of the chain are quite dissimilar (Johnson and Wichern, 1982). On the other hand, the clusters obtained by the complete linkage method tend to be compact clusters without a chaining effect. Thus the within-group distances of the resulting groups are all less than the threshold value D Q . Since the ultimate purpose of the clustering used here is to choose representatives from each cluster and we expect the inter-group distances to be small, we choose complete linkage in this study. For the same reason, the distances used in this study are defined as 2 n d i i = X^ik-xjk) 2^ 1 1- 1)' i, j = 1, m, k=l where n = n;. 7 In the s ing le sample case, such a d-j i s equ iva len t to E u c l i d e a n d is tance s ince the me thod i s invar iant under any mono ton ic t ransformation o f d-j. In mu l t i - s ample prob lems 2 where the samples are one d imens iona l , i f x . has mean \\X{ and var iance a- ( i = 1,—, m) , and 2 i f the covar iance o f x . and x . is denoted by P y , d - is an estimate o f 2 2 V a r ( x j - x j ) = G{ + O j - 2 P y + - p j ) 2 , i , j = l , - , m . Thus a s m a l l d-j requires that both P y be large and that (^j - | i j ) 2 be s m a l l . T h i s means that the two samples va ry i n a s imi l a r fashion. S o m e p r o b l e m s m a y be c o n s i d e r e d both s ing le sample p r o b l e m and m u l t i - s a m p l e p r o b l e m as w e w i l l see i n chapter 3. 2.2 Nonparametric Monotone Trend Test and Slope Estimator L e t X p - - , x n be a sequence o f observat ion ordered by t ime. W e are interested i n the n u l l hypothes is H Q : the observations are r andomly ordered, i.e., X p — , X r are i . i . d . samples, and the al ternat ive hypothes is H i : there is a monotone trend over t ime , i .e., F (x) > (or < ) F (x) X j X j 8 for all i < j with at least one strict inequality, where F (x) is the x i cumulative density function of random variable Xj. Let f 1 x>0 sgn(x) = { 0 x = 0 I-l x < 0 Mann (1945) proposed the following test statistic: S = X sgn< xj- xi>-Under H Q , the test statistic has mean 0 and variance o 2 = [n(n-l)(2n+5)/18]2 and S/o is asymptotically N(0,1). Kendall (1975) gives the mean and variance of S under H Q given the possibility that there may be ties in the x values: E(S) = 0 , Var(S) = { n(n-l)(2n+5)-]Tt(t-l)(2t+5) }/18 , t where t is the extent of any given tie (number of x's involved in a given tie) and ^ denotes t the summation over all ties. 9 Both Mann and Kendall derive the exact distribution of S for n<10 and show that even for n=10 the normal approximation is excellent, provided one uses a continuity correction, i.e., computes the standard normal variate Z by (S-l)(Var(S)) -1/2 S > 0 Z = < 0 S = 0 ^ (S+l)(Var(S)) -1/2 S <0 Then in a two-sided test, a positive value of Z indicates an up trend and a negative value of Z indicates a down trend. This test is commonly called Mann-Kendall test. Bradley (1968, p228) notes that when this test is used as a test of randomness against normal regression alternatives, this test has an asymptotic relative efficiency of 0.98 relative to the parametric test based on the regression slope coefficient. Kendall's (1970) x test for correlation considers a more general case. Suppose ( X p y j ) , - - - , (x n>yn) are a sequence of bivariate observations, ordered by time. The hypothesis to be tested is: where x =2P(X->X.IY.>Y.) - 1. In their procedure , a point estimator of x is given by versus H i : x * 0 , 1 0 For the Mann's test, y- = i, i = 1, —, n. Sometimes the time series data of interest show that there exist seasonal patterns in the data and thus the hypotheses mentioned above may be too restrictive. However, different procedure are given for dealing with such cases. Let X=(Xp —, Xp), where Xg=(x^, —, x n g) 1 is a subsample of season g and x- a is the observation obtained in the ith year and the gth season. A procedure proposed by Dietz and Killen (1981) can be used in this case: The null hypothesis under consideration is that the p vectors are randomly ordered vs. the alternative hypothesis that there is monotone trend in one or mere of the p variables. Let S = ( S 1 , - , S p ) t , and £ = (a g h ) , where S g = £ s g n (x j g -x i g ) > g=l,~,p, i x n j ) ' s 3 1 6 n o t independent and identical S g = I S g n ( V X g i ) , g = 1 , ' \" » P i0 S' = 0 S'<0; then Z ' is asymptotically N(0,1) under H Q . They demonstrate that the normal approximation is quite accurate even for sample sizes as small as n=2, p=12. The Seasonal Kendall Test is similar to a test proposed by Jonckheere (1954) as a multivariate extension of the sign test for the case when the number of observations is greater than 2. In the case that njS are equal, the seasonal test and Jonckheere's (1954) test are equivalent. Let r (S*-l)(Var(S'))\"1 / 2 Z' = < (S'+l)(Var(S'))\"1 / 2 Hirsch and Slack (1984) modified their seasonal Kendall test using Dietz and Killen's estimator of the covariances of S and S, . So the variance of S' becomes g h Var(S')=^Var(S g ) +^cov(S g , S h ) . g=l g*h The approximation is good in this test when p = 12 and n > 10. Compared with the seasonal Kendall test, this test is less powerful but more robust against serial correlation. As van Belle and Hughes (1984) suggest in their paper, Hirsch's (1982) and Farrell's (1980) procedures may be based on the same model, i.e. x.. = u + a- +b- + e--, i = 1, —, n, j = 1, —, p, ii I i ii' 1 3 where i j is the yearly component, bj is the seasonal component and e^ are i.i.d. with E(e-j) = 0. The common hypothesis being tested is H 0 : a l = - = a n = 0 versus H , : a, < ••• < a or a-. > ••• > a l l n l n with at least one strict inequality. These are true for Hirsch's (1984) modified procedure too. van Belle and Hughes (1984) conclude that Farrell's (1980) procedure is more powerful when there are no missing data since ranking all together preserves the relative ranks between seasons which are lost in the Seasonal Kendall Test, while Hirsch's (1982) is easier to compute when there are missing data. Only the Diets and Killen's test is valid when the trends in different seasons are heterogeneous but Hirsch (1982) argues that it is probably only applicable for sets of data including at least 40 years of monthly values. Al l the other tests of seasonal data mentioned above will be misleading if the trends are not homogeneous among seasons especially when there are opposing trends in different seasons. So van Belle and Hughes (1984) develop a 2-way ANOVA-like nonparametric trend test which can test for the homogeneity of trend direction at different locations and 1 4 different seasons. When there is only one location, it looks like a 1-way A N O V A and the statistic they proposed is 2 2 2 P 2 —2 Xhomog = Xtotal\" Xtrend = X Z j \" Z ' g=l where Z g = S g(Var(S g))\"l/2 , Z = i z g / p . and S is the Mann - Kendall trend statistic for the gth season, g 6 2 If the trend for each season is in the same direction then ^ n o m 0 g ^ a s a c ^ s c l u a r e d 2 2 distribution with (p-1) degrees of freedom X ^ j . If % l T c n £ exceeds the predefined critical value, then the null hypothesis of homogeneous seasonal trends is rejected in which case the Seasonal Kendall Test does not apply. However, if that hypothesis is accepted, then 2 ^homog * s t ^ i e s t a u s u c u s e d to test the hypothesis that the common trend direction is significantly different from 0. 2 van Belle and Hughes (1984) point out that the validity of these X tests requires that the S be independent. A procedure for testing the contrasts is proposed and possible use of Newman-Keul's procedure to group the seasons are illustrated in their paper as well. Sen (1968b) developed a nonparametric procedure to estimate the slope of a possible existing trend with a 100(l-oc)% confidence interval and it is robust against gross data errors and outliers. Let 1 5 Q i j = ( X j - xp/O - i ) . Suppose there are N such (i, j) pairs, the median of which is Sen's estimator of the slope. A simple way to get a 100(1 - oc)% confidence interval is by using normal approximation. Suppose Q Q ) > \"'•> Q ( N ) ^ t n e o r < ^ e r statistics of the Q j j ' s - Then [ Q ^ m j y Q(m2+1)^ * s a ^0(1 \" c o nfident interval of the slope estimator, where ml = (N - Z (Var(S))l/2)/2 , m2 = (N+ Z (Var(S))l/2)/2 , ^ l -a /2 x % t n e \" a/2) quantile of the standard normal distribution. A seasonal Kendall slope estimator is given by Gibert (1987). Suppose there are pairs of x^, such that i < j . Then there are N^. Q^^-values where Q j j ] ^ ( X j ^ - \" i) for the kth season. Let N = — + N^. In all, there are N slope estimates Q - j ^ for all the seasons conbined. The median of these N Q ^ s is the seasonal Kendall slope estimator and if Q ^ , Q.Q$) 3 X 0 ^ o r d e r s t a t i s t i c s o f Qijk s' ^ ( m l ) ' (^(m2+l)-' i s a 1 0 0 ( ' 1 \" cc)% confidence interval of the slope estimator where m 1 = ( N - Z 1 . a / 2 ( V a r ( S , ) ) l / 2 ) / 2 , m2 = (N+ Z x _ m (Var(S'))l/2)/2 , and Z j . a / 2 is the (1 - a/2) quantile of the standard normal distribution. 2.3 Median Polish Tukey (1977) proposed a procedure called median polish to fit a three-way model: 1 6 y . j k = u + aj + bj + c k + abjj + a C i k + bc j k + e i j k (1) where u is the common effect, a- is th ith row effect, 1 bj is the jth column effect, c k is the kth layer effect, ab^ is the interaction of a- and bj, ac^k is the interaction of a- and c k , b C j k is the interaction of bj and c k e -^k is the random error of y^ k . Roughly speaking, this procedure uses medians of the data to estimate the main effects and the interactions in the same way as means are used to estimate the effects in the case of A N O V A . Note that when we use means for fitting, the main effects and the interactions can be found in one \"iteration\", further iteration leaving the result unchanged. When we use medians, the first iteration may not be adequate. Tukey (1977) developed one-way and two-way median polish as well while three-way polish is the generalization of two-way procedure. Turkey pointed out that the generalization of this three-way polish to a more-way case is straightforward. Here we describe the three-way median polish procedure only. 1 7 Suppose y . i s the observation under the ith level of factor a, the jth level of factor b, and the kth level of factor c(i = 1, —, I, j = 1, J, k = 1, —, K). Let, in general, x M denote the median of any given set of numbers, X j , x ^ ; these may have additional subscripts like x - j p x-j2> x ^ k where now x . j M amounts to computing the median over the last subscript, and let r i j k = y i j k , f 0 r a l l i ' j ' k -We fit the model (1) as follows: (a) let 1 1 ^ = ^ =bj =c k = ab^ = ac^ = bc j k = 0, r ^ =y i j k , foralli,j,k; (b)forn = 0, 1 , 2 , l e t J3n+1) f3n+0) (3n+0) a b i j = a b i j + r i j M • (3n+l)_ (3n+0) (3n+0) a i _ a i + a c i M . (3n+l) u(3n+0) (3n+0) b j = b j + b c J M • (3n+l)_ (3n+0)+ c(3n+0) and (3n+l)_ (3n+0) (3n+0) rijk \" rrjk \" r i jM 1 8 (3n+l) _ (3n+0) (3n+0) a c i k ~ a c i k ~ a c i M , (3n+l) , (3n+0) (3n+0) bc j k =bc j k - b c J M , (3n+l )_ (3n+0) (3n+0) (3n+2) (3n+l) (3n+l) a c i k = a c i k + r i M k ' (3n+2) (3n+l) (3n+l) a i \" a i + a b i M (3n+2) (3n+l) (3n+l) c k ~ c k + b c M k u ( 3 n + 2 ) = u ( 3 n + l ) + b ( 3 n + l ) 5 (3n+2)_ (3n+,l) (3n+l) rijk ~ rijk \" riMk .(3n+2) (3n+l) , (3n+l ) a b i j = a b i j - a b i M • . (3n+2) (3n+l) (3n+l) b c j k = b c j k \" b C M k ' (3n+2) (3n+l) , (3n+l) bj =bj - b M , 1 9 (d) let and . (3n+3) . (3n+2) (3n+2) b c i j = b c i j + r M J k • u(3n+3) ,(3n+2) ,(3n+2) bj =bj + a b M J , (3n+3) (3n+2) (3n+2) c k = c k + a c M k ' (3n+3) _ u(3n+2) (3n+2) u - u + a M (3n+3)_ (3n+2) (3n+2) rijk ~ r ijk \" rMjk u(3n+3) ,(3n+2) ,(3n+2) a b i j = a b i j \" a b M J (3n+3) _ (3n+2) (3n+2) a c i k \" a c i k \" a c M k (3n+3) _(3n+2) o(3n+2) i a, = - a^ (e) Repeat steps (b) to (d) until the sth stage, where s is the smallest number such that either (s) (s) (s) (S) TiJM = a C i M = b < J M = C M = 0 or 2 0 (s) iMk or r. Mjk Tukey (1977) suggested that two cycles of (b) - (d) would be enough — whether or not we are at the end of the process. He also suggested using the box plot to show the relative magnitude of the main effects, interactions and the residuals. Such a plot can display the significant main effects and interactions. Comparing median polish and mean polish (using means to estimate the effects), median polish minimize the sum of absolute values of the residuals while mean polish minimize the sum of squares of the residuals. Median polish is more robust than mean polish against outliers, namely, the median tends to leave outliers as spikes while the mean tends to reduce them and spread the deviations around. Whether or not the outliers are deleted from the data has a lesser effect on the result of median polish than on that of mean polish. 2.4 Kriging and Universal Kriging Kriging is the name given to best linear unbiased estimation of a stochastic process by generalized least squares and its name comes from D. R. Krige, a mining engineer in South Africa. It is used to fit a surface by regression techniques. 21 Definition: A stochastic process Z(x) is said to be strictly stationary if the joint probability distribution function of n arbitrary points is invariant under translation (Delhomme, 1976). i.e., f(Z(xp, - , Z(xn)) = f(Z(x 1 +h), Z(xn+h)) where h is arbitrary. Definition: A stochastic process Z(x) is said to be weakly stationary if its first two moments are invariant under translation, namely, E(Z(x)) = constant for all x and Cov(Z(x)), Z(y)) = C(x - y), i.e., it depends only on x - y. Definition: The covariance of Z(x) is said to be isotropic if Cov(Z(x), Z(y)) = C(lx - yl), i.e., it depends only on the distance between x and y. Definition: A stochastic process Z(x) is said to be intrinsic if the first two moments of Z(x+h) - Z(x) depend only on h. Definition: r(h) = j Var(Z(x+h) - Z(x)) is called semivariogram. 2r(h) is called variogram. Observe that r(h) is essentially the negative of the covariance. If E(Z(x)) = constant, 2 2 then r(h) = j E[Z(x+h) - Z(x)] 2 and it may be estimated by (Delfiner, 1975) where = number of pairs of observation separated by h and Z(x^+h), Z(x-) are observations. There are several commonly used variogram models when Z is istropic. One of those is called generalized covariance model which is used when E(Z(x)) * constant. Definition: m(x) = E(Z(x)) is called the drift of Z(x). where E(e(x)) = 0. In (1), e(x) represents the random fluctuation and m(x) represents the slowly varying, continuous features of Z(x). Therefore, m(x) may be approximated within a restricted neighborhood by Let e(x) = Z(x) - m(x); then Z(x) = m(x) + e(x), (1) L mi (x) = X a P V X ) i=l (2) 23 where are constant coefficients and are arbitrary functions of the point x. In particular, if the (f-(x)} are spatial polynomials, Kriging is called \"universal Kriging\". From (1), it can be seen that to estimate m(x) from the data we need to know the covariance of e(x), and to estimate e(x) we need to know m(x). But usually in practice, neither is known and both must be estimated from the data. Matheron (1973) and Delfiner (1975) have developed a technique to estimate m(x) and the covariance of e(x) simultaneously; the key concept is the generalized increment. Definition: A generalized increment of order k is a linear combination of the sample value 6-Z(x.) for which y, B-f(x-) = 0, where f(x.) is a polynomial of order less than or equal to k. In the plane (x. = (x,., x~.)), this condition yields: k = 0, k=l, X 6 i = X V l i = X V 2 i = 0 ' i i i k = 2, X Bi = X Vii = X 6iX2i = X %4 = X Bix2i = X ¥lix2i = °-i i i i i i A _ A n increment of order k will filter out a polynomial trend of degree k. If Z = 2_, X | Z(x-) i A is a Kriging estimate of Z(x), then Z(x) - Z , the Kriging error, is a generalized increment since it can be written as -Z(x) ^ Z(xp and we see that BQ = -1 and B- = 7^ for all i. i Definition: If there exists a function K(h) such that for any kth order generalized increment X B i Z ( x i } ' i Var( £ BJZCXJ) ) = £ ^ i 6 j K ( x i \" x j ) ( 3 ) then K(h) is called a generalized covariance function, and Z(x) is known as an intrinsic process of order k. Matheron (1973) shows that any isotropic(h = Ihl) generalized covariance function defines a class of functions which are all equivalent up to an addition of an arbitrary even-powered polynomial of degree less or equal to 2k. For example, for k=l , K(h) = -h and 2 K(h) = -h + h are equivalent. For this reason, only the essential odd powers are used when writing a generalized covariance. For orders up to 2, the isotropic polynomial generalized covariance kernels are (Jernigan,1986): K(h) = - < C5 + a Q h, k = 0 3 CS + aph + ajh , k = l (4) C8 + a Q h + a j h 3 + a 2 h 5 , k = 2 where ag, a^, a 2 ^ 0, and in R , a^ > - 1 0 ^ a n a 2 /3, in R , a^ > -^j 10aga 2 , X h = 0 5 ~ '10, h * 0 • 2 5 The constraints insure that (3) is nonnegative. Polynomial generalized covariances with coefficients satisfying these constraints are said to be admissible. Our objective is to estimate Z(x) by Z = ] ^ X]Z(x^) such that J E(Z(x) - Z(x)) = 0 I Var(Z(x) - Z(x)) = E(Z(x) - Z(x)) 2 is minimized. (5) Consider the case of planar region(x = (x^^)). Using the previous assumption of a polynomial drift of order less than or equal to k, m(x) = a pf p(x), 2 2 where fp(x) are given by { 1 } for k = 0, { 1 , x ,^ X 2 } for k = 1, { l ^ ^ ^ , X £ , x-^} for k = 2, it has been shown that the X's satisfy (5) can be found by solving the following system of equations, known as the universal Kriging system: X *iK(x. - xj) + X V p ( x i } = K ( X i \" X ) f O T a U 1 < Y, X:f (x.) = f (: ~ 1 P J P (6) x) for all p. If we know (a) the order of the drift k, and (b) the coefficients of the generalized covariance function, we can solve (6) to estimate (Kriging) Z(x). (6) has a unique solution for X[, provided that the drift functions f are algebraically linearly independent, i.e., a f (x) = 0 for all x if and only if a = 0 for all p. p p P 26 (a) Drift order identification Here is a procedure to determine the order of drift k (Devary and Rice, 1982): for different values of k, assuming Z ( x ) is an intrinsic function of order k, delete each (k) observation Z ( x f ) in turn and calculate Z ( x p , the estimate of Z ( x r ) , from the remaining observations using the generalized covariance function K(h) = - h. This particular generalized covariance function is valid for any value of k. Typically k is chosen to be 0, 1, or 2. (k) The best choice of k depends on the residuals (Z(x - ) - Z ( x p , all i}, k = 0, 1, 2. Three criteria are set up to compare the residuals: (k) 1. rank { IZ(x.) - Z (x.)l, all i, k = 0, 1,2}. The value of k with the smallest average rank is the preferred order of drift value; 2. the value of k with the smallest MSE is preferred, where M S E k = X ( Z ( x p \" Z ( k ) ( X i ) ) , k = 0, 1, 2; i 3. the value of k with IZjJ < 1.96 is preferred, where e = Z ( Z ( x i ) - Z ( k ) ( x i ) ) , 27 1 S(e ) = [X (ZCxp - Z ( k ) ( X i ) - e )2/(n - l ) ] 2 , since under the hypothesis that the true value of k is less than or equal to k, Z^ is asymptotically N(0, 1). So, typically, a k with minimum MSE and/or average rank is selected. (b) Selection of the generalized covariance function. For a chosen k, the model for a polynomial generalized covariance function of order k is Delete the rth observation from data, then estimate Z(x r) with the initial estimates of the coefficients {C = 1, a n = -1 , a, = 1, a~ = -1}. For example, if k = 1, the initial estimates of k K(h) = C 6 + X a l h l 2 p p=0 where h = 0 h * 0 • K(h) is K(h) 1 - h + h 3 . Suppose J is the error of the Kriging estimate of Z(x ); by equation(3), 2 8 Var(Zr(8)) = E(Z r(B)) 2 = £ B ^ B ^ K ^ - X j ) (6) i j or E(Z r(B)) 2 . c £ (Bf >)2 + t a pX % ( l ) B f \\ - x , ! 2 * * 1 j P=l i J (7) Let j i j Equation (7) can be written as k E(Z r (6)) 2 = C T 0+Xa p T p (8) p=l which is linear in the coefficients. To determine the coefficients, Devary and Rice (1982) 2 r r suggest regressing E(Z r(B)) upon T Q , T^with the corresponding constraints on the coefficients shown in (4). The set of coefficients obtained by this regression is used to reestimate the observations, yielding a new set of errors and T* values. The regression, 29 (8), is performed again and again until the parameters converge. The proposed iteration is to be performed on all of the generalized covariance function of order k. Once several sets of admissible parameters have been estimated it remains to choose 2 the best one. Since Zr(6) is a Kriging error and E(Zr(B)) is a estimate of the Kriging 2 variance, if the estimate of K(h) is correct, E(Z r(B)) should be close to Var(Z r(B)) defined by (6). Therefore, the quantity P=I( Z r( B)) 2/I ° r r r should be close to 1, where o' B- T B j 1 K(x. - x.). In practice, a jackknife estimator of l p is recommended by (Delfiner,1975): p = 2R - (n 1r 1 + n~r 9) / (n, + n 9 ), where R = Xz r(B) 2/X\"?. r r 5X \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ <8 CM IO o 7f\\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / / 7 / \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ / / / / / / / / / / / / N LA 7 / / / \\ / / / \\ / / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ \\ median mgan ID o o CO in CO CM stations Figure 4.1.10 Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1980 -1986) Common Effect for Mean = 1.094 Common Effect for Median = 1.212 / V \\ / \\ \\ o / / / / / / / / A \\ \\ \\ / / 7 A \\ \\ V V \\ \\ \\ \\ v / \\ m e d i a n mian to to 03 ro in o <8 to in o stations Figure 4.1.11 Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1980 - 1986) Common Effect for Mean = 0.231 Common Effect for Median = 0.220 V J > \\ / \\ \\ Ar* EL r~i V A / / / / \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ re / re cn io o re CO (0 5 re o CO o re re M- CO CO o o m*dian mian re o o re CO CO stations Figure 4.1.12 Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) station Figure 4.1.13(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly median, clust 1) 3 ro CO cn cn ra eg m station Figure 4.1.13(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) station Figure 4.1.14(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly median, clust 2) station Figure 4.1.14(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) station Figure 4.1.15(a) Boxplot for the resid. of Iog(S04) (80-86, monthly median, clust 3) cn o w 1 t I I I I i 1 ! ra o CO 3 CO o ra CD CO O ra I 1 I 1 CD O CO CO te-station Figure 4.1.15(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 1) Sit MonYr Figure 4.1.16(a) MonSit Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86,monthly median,clust 1) Sit MonYr Figure 4.1.16(b) MonSit YrSit res Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 2) -• -1 • T • • • • i 1 i 1 ~ 1 | 1 1 I—1—| T i 1 1 i 1 . i 1 x 1 1 = 1 i i i I • L—r—} I • i J_ • i T i • Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 4.1.17(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86,monthly median,clust 2) t i t Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 4.1.17(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 3) i i T T ~~T~ 1 1 1 <=F=i 1 1 Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 4.1.18(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (80-86,monthly median,clust 3) i ! i i i I 1 1 1 1 1 X i i I I • Mon . Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 4.1.18(b) Trend of log(S04) from 1980 to 1986 at the 31 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) ro 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(S04) from 1980 to 1986 at the 31 Stations (calculated by monthly median) CO 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(S04) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) - down trend + up trend Trend of log(S04) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) - down trend + up trend The Locations Of The 81 Monitoring Stations From 1983 To 1986 (For Sulphate) Figure 4.2.1 Clustering of S 0 4 monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) \" f 1983- 1986 Figure 4.2.2(a) Clustering of S 0 4 monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 1983- 1986 (with outliers) s ca a a a , dm • IM « 1) U N ID B « ffl B « «| Figure 4.2.2(b) Clusters of S 0 4 monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 1983 - 1986 (k=3) C D Figure 4.2.3 Histograms of Transformed S04 (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) Histgram of S04 (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) Histgram of log(S04) (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) IL oo o Histgram of sqrt(S04) (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) Histgram of (S04)A(1/4) (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Figure 4.2.4 Histograms of log(S04) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) Histogram (or Cluster 1 of log(S04) (vwm, 83 - 86) based on S04 Histogram for Cluster 2 of log(S04) (vwm, 83 - 86) based on §04 Histogram for Cluster 3 of log(S04) (vwm, 83 - 86) based on S04 L L , Figure 4.2.5 Yearly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983 - 1986) 1983 1984 1985 1986 Figure 4.2.6 8 2 Yearly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983 - 1986) J . u 1983 1984 1985 1986 Figure 4.2.7 83 Monthly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters ^ (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983 - 1986) o I § ll 1 1 1 I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Figure 4.2.8 8 4 Monthly Effect of log(S04) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983 - 1986) 1 Jan 1 Mar 1 May 1 Jul Figure 4.2.9 1 Sep 1 Nov 2 Jan 8 5 CO d Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1983 -1986) oo CD & CD C o •3 CM d o d CM 9 CO 9 d Common Effect for Mean Common Effect for Median = 0.961 1.026 co co co co co co co co r- o> co in CD iv jt Tl- CO CO T- O O CM O CM co co co co co co co in T- i - o CM t f- IV to CM CM CO CO O T- T- o o o o CO JO CO CO IO CM •0- (D h-O O CM CO (0 co 10 CO LO o o CO CO CO CO O T— LO CO TT Tt CM LO CO CO T- CD CM in o o LO d stations Figure 4.2.10 co o eg o CO CO C o o d CM Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1983 - 1986) Common Effect for Mean = 0.528 Common Effect for Median = 0.590 -< / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ u CQ HN / N / Ld CM in o cu O) CO o a y- i n O CM / \\ / \\ 7 j n modian mean CO eg co CO O) in o o co CO eg o CO eg stations Figure 4.2.11 Station Effect of log(S04) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1983 - 1986) Common Effect for Mean = 0.083 Common Effect for Median = 0.137 I P P W W 1 f P T T MM median mtan ( I l N N N i n O l f t W N r N l D r - N N l f J r o t D ^ f D W ^ N O N n n i n O O C V 1 0 0 0 0 W ^ O ^ O O O C \\ I C V J O J - r - 0 - i - O C O C \\ I O C v J O O C N J O C \\ I O C J O O - » - C \\ I O C \\ | O C \\ i O trj trj nj rrj nj LO CO CO stations Figure 4.2.12 Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) oo CD o CO L X f J -- p \" \"-p l 1 1 • • I Bi i i i i 1 1 1 1 ! T I ! I ' L f I I I JL co co co O i- CO CM CM CM o o o CO i n CO CM CO o CO CO CO o CO CO O T-•3-o s CO CD t o t5 Tt o co co LO o ro to x i CO Tf LO to CO CO c o c o c o c o c o c o c o c o C O L O * - C O T - C n C M L O l ^ r v c o c D i v T r r ^ c o O O T - T - ^ C M C M C M co o station Figure 4.2.13(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly median, clust 1) co o o CO o i i i • ! i I i i j i f ! I i i i . « i i • i i i i T i i T W c o n j t o i O r t n j W f t i c o n j R i o J w n j c o ^ - - - - - - ^ o ^ - c o ^ - m c j c o o T - t o t ^ m c o c o c o ^ i n c o i O T - c O ' - g O O O O O O O O O O C 3 O O O O O O O O T - T - T - C \\ I C \\ J C \\ I ( Q t o c o c o m m c Q t o n ) c o u > T - c o « - C 3 > c y m o 8 station Figure 4.2.13(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) Figure 4.2.14(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly median, clust 2) station Figure 4.2.14(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) CO I f I c o w c o r a n j c t j c o n j r a r a w r a c o c o c a c o r a c s c B w r a ^ O r W N c o o v i f l i D N r a o i ^ c o o i - ^ t o s c o o n t D w n w o ' i i n m T - n i f l c o p g ^ Q f f i ^ o ^ ^ rz ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ m. ^. \\P. V. tr, tr. tr, tr. tr. 99, ^, ??• ^ O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O T - » - - r - ^ T - C J C S I C \\ ( C M C J C \\ J C \\ I C M C \\ I C , J C V 1 0 J C M C 0 C 0 station Figure 4.2.15(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(S04) (83-86, monthly median, clust 3) I I ! ' ! ! i ! i ! ' ! \" i T i i ! i T T ! i . 1 ! i T l T 1 ' i i i T 1 ! ! • 1 T f O T - c g c ^ o ^ p n L o c p r ^ c p c n - r - c p P T - ' r Ul U ^1 U/ W 1 ^ w \\JI %AJ ^ W t** OO . . O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O T - T - - ^ T - T -c O r t c d n j r a r o r t n j r u r C f O c o t B r a t u r d r t r d i Q n o N n N n < i o O ' - n i f l o B O i - N O ) « — — - - i o i o t o t o i n i - . r > r > r > \" — — — — n i n i i i i i n N S S S N f f l i n f f l S i o r \\ l ( M ( M C V I C M N N C M C M N ( M < M r i i n c O station Figure 4.2.15(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 1) -• • • - 1 1 T 1 T 1 t T \\ E 1 1 1 1 ' • 1 -• • • 1 t • • Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 4.2.16(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86,monthly median,clust 1) i i Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 4.2.16(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 2) I * i -L 4-Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 4.2.17(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86,monthly median,clust 2) Sit MonYr Figure 4.2.17(b) MonSit YrSit res Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86,monthly volume weighted mean.clust 3) i T + I Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit Figure 4.2.18(a) YrSit res Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(S04) (83-86,monthly median,clust 3) T I ! i Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 4.2.18(b) Trend of log(S04) from 1983 to 1986 at the 81 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) o 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(S04) from 1983 to 1986 at the 81 Stations (calculated by monthly median) Figure 4.2.19(b) 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(S04) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) - down trend + up trend Trend of log(S04) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) - down trend + up trend TABLE 4.1.1 RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHATE (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, ' 8 0 - ' 8 6 ) s i t e ID Z p-value est'd slope L-80 -bd % U' -bd 004a -3 .047 0 .002 -0. .005 -0 .007 -0 .003 011a -3 .303 0 .001 -0. .007 -0 .010 -0 .004 017a -0 .750 0 . 453 -0. . 001 -0 . 004 0 .001 020a -2 .516 0 .012 -0. .003 -0 .004 -0 .001 021a -0 . 958 0 .338 -0. .001 -0 .003 0 .0 022a -2 .222 0 .026 -0. .003 -0 .005 -0 .001 023a -2 .391 0 .017 -0. .003 -0 .005 -0 .001 030a -2 .381 0 .017 -0. .004 -0 .007 -0 .002 031a -2 .728 0 .006 -0. .004 -0 .006 -0 .002 032a -2 .828 0 .005 -0, .003 -0 .005 -0 .002 034a -2 .104 0 .035 -0. .003 -0 .005 -0 .001 036a -0 .761 0 .447 -0. .001 -0 .003 0 .001 038a -2 .797 0 .005 -0. .005 -0 .008 -0 .003 039a -2 . 906 0 .004 -0 . 004 -0 .006 -0 . 002 040a -1 .583 0 .113 -0. .002 -0 .004 0 .0 041a -1 .398 0 .162 -0. .002 -0 .004 0 .0 049a -1 . 468 0 .142 -0 , .002 -0 .005 0 .0 051a -3 .851 0 .0 -0 . 007 -0 .009 -0 .004 052a -2 .048 0 .041 -0. .004 -0 .006 -0 .001 053a -1 . 445 0 .148 -0 . 003 -0 .005 0 .0 055a -1 . 919 0 .055 -0 , .002 -0 . 003 0 .0 056a -0 . 999 0 .318 -0, .001 -0 .002 0 .0 058a 0 .213 0 .831 0. .0 -0 .001 0 . 001 059a -2 .234 0 .025 -0. .003 -0 .006 -0 .001 064a -1 .141 0 .254 -0. .001 -0 .003 0 .0 074a -1 .758 0 .079 -0. .004 -0 .007 -0 .001 075a -0 .936 0 .349 -0. .001 -0 .003 0 .0 076a -3 .831 0 .0 -0. .006 -0 .008 -0 .004 168a -2 . 610 0 .009 -0. .004 -0 .006 -0 .002 171a -1 .736 0 .083 -0. .002 -0 .003 0 .0 173a -4 .274 0 .0 -0. .009 -0 .012 -0 .007 1 0 5 RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHATE (Monthly Median, '80 - '86) s i t e Z p-value est'd 80% ID slope L-bd U-bd 0 0 4 a - 2 . 4 4 5 0 . 0 1 4 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . . 0 0 1 0 1 1 a - 2 . 7 2 8 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . . 0 0 3 0 1 7 a - 1 . 1 4 8 0 . 2 5 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . . 0 0 2 0 a - 2 . 1 0 7 0 . 0 3 5 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . . 0 0 1 0 2 1 a - 0 . 5 4 1 0 . 5 8 8 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 1 0 2 2 a - 3 . 0 9 9 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . . 0 0 3 0 2 3 a - 2 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 4 5 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . . 0 0 1 0 3 0 a - 2 . 4 7 8 0 . 0 1 3 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . . 0 0 2 0 3 1 a - 3 . 2 8 6 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 8 - 0 . . 0 0 3 0 3 2 a - 1 . 9 5 7 0 . 0 5 0 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . . 0 0 1 0 3 4 a - 2 . 4 2 0 0 . 0 1 6 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 , . 0 0 2 0 3 6 a - 0 . 7 1 5 0 . 4 7 5 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 , . 0 0 1 0 3 8 a - 2 . 9 8 2 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . . 0 0 3 0 3 9 a - 0 . 6 4 6 0 . 5 1 8 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . . 0 0 1 0 4 0 a - 1 . 8 5 7 0 . 0 6 3 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . . 0 0 4 1 a - 0 . 6 3 9 0 . 5 2 3 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 1 0 4 9 a - 3 . 4 9 4 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . . 0 0 4 0 5 1 a - 4 . 3 0 6 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . . 0 0 5 0 5 2 a - 1 . 4 4 7 0 . 1 4 8 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . . 0 0 5 3 a - 1 . 0 7 0 0 . 2 8 5 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . . 0 0 5 5 a - 1 . 3 0 4 0 . 1 9 2 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . . 0 0 5 6 a - 0 . 8 4 0 0 . 4 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . . 0 0 5 8 a - 0 . 7 8 6 0 . 4 3 2 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 5 9 a - 1 . 4 9 8 0 . 1 3 4 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . . 0 0 6 4 a - 2 . 2 4 0 0 . 0 2 5 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . . 0 0 1 0 7 4 a - 2 . 4 7 9 0 . 0 1 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . . 0 0 2 0 7 5 a - 0 . 3 8 7 0 . 6 9 9 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 1 0 7 6 a - 3 . 6 0 8 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 8 - 0 . . 0 0 4 1 6 8 a - 2 . 6 0 1 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . . 0 0 2 1 7 1 a - 1 . 6 3 9 0 . 1 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . . 0 1 7 3 a - 3 . 4 4 3 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . 0 1 0 - 0 . . 0 0 5 1 0 6 TABLE 4 . 2 . 1 RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHATE (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, ' 8 3 - ' 8 6 ) s i t e Z p-value est'd 80% ID slope L-bd U-bd 0 0 4 a - 3 . 0 4 5 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . 0 1 3 - 0 . . 0 0 6 0 1 0 a - 1 . 2 4 7 0 . 2 1 2 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 1 2 0 . . 0 0 1 1 a - 1 . 5 7 3 0 . 1 1 6 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . 0 1 4 - 0 . . 0 0 1 0 1 2 a - 0 . 4 6 0 0 . 6 4 6 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 1 0 . . 0 0 3 0 1 7 a 2 . 1 3 7 0 . 0 3 3 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 1 2 0 2 0 a 0 . 6 0 5 0 . 5 4 5 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 5 0 2 1 a 1 . 2 0 0 0 . 2 3 0 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 . . 0 0 7 0 2 2 a 0 . 0 9 8 0 . 9 2 2 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . . 0 0 4 0 2 3 a 1 . 1 6 4 0 . 2 4 4 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 . . 0 0 7 0 2 4 a - 1 . 0 4 0 0 . 2 9 8 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 6 0 . . 0 0 1 0 2 5 a 0 . 5 2 4 0 . 6 0 0 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 4 0 2 8 a 1 . 6 5 4 0 . 0 9 8 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 1 0 . . 0 1 0 0 2 9 a - 2 . 0 5 3 0 . 0 4 0 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 1 1 - 0 . . 0 0 2 0 3 0 a 0 . 6 2 4 0 . 5 3 3 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . . 0 0 7 0 3 1 a - 0 . 7 5 2 0 . 4 5 2 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 . . 0 0 3 0 3 2 a 0 . 0 2 8 0 . 9 7 8 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 , . 0 0 3 0 3 3 a - 0 . 4 9 8 0 . 6 1 9 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 7 0 , . 0 0 2 0 3 4 a - 2 . 1 0 2 0 . 0 3 6 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . 0 1 1 - 0 , . 0 0 2 0 3 5 a - 1 . 5 5 0 0 . 1 2 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 - 0 . 0 1 4 - 0 , . 0 0 2 0 3 6 a 1 . 8 3 1 0 . 0 6 7 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 8 0 3 7 a - 1 . 7 2 3 0 . 0 8 5 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . 0 1 2 - 0 , . 0 0 2 0 3 8 a - 0 . 1 3 8 0 . 8 9 1 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 6 0 , . 0 0 4 0 3 9 a 0 . 1 6 9 0 . 8 6 6 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 , . 0 0 6 0 4 0 a 1 . 3 9 5 0 . 1 6 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 , . 0 0 7 0 4 1 a 1 . 0 4 0 0 . 2 9 8 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 , . 0 0 7 0 4 6 a 0 . 6 6 7 0 . 5 0 5 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 6 0 4 7 a 1 . 1 7 3 0 . 2 4 1 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 , . 0 0 7 0 4 9 a - 0 . 1 6 0 0 . 8 7 3 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 6 0 , . 0 0 5 0 5 1 a 0 . 6 6 0 0 . 5 0 9 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 7 0 5 2 a - 0 . 7 8 6 0 . 4 3 2 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 , . 0 0 2 0 5 3 a 1 . 7 3 3 0 . 0 8 3 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 2 0 , . 0 1 0 0 5 5 a 1 . 1 6 4 0 . 2 4 4 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 , . 0 0 5 0 5 6 a 1 . 7 5 2 0 . 0 8 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 1 0 . . 0 0 8 0 5 8 a 1 . 7 8 6 0 . 0 7 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 0 8 0 5 9 a - 1 . 2 4 7 0 . 2 1 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 , . 0 0 6 1 a - 1 . 8 1 0 0 . 0 7 0 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . 0 1 4 - 0 . . 0 0 3 0 6 3 a 1 . 4 5 8 0 . 1 4 5 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 . . 0 0 5 0 6 4 a 1 . 0 6 7 0 . 2 8 6 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 . . 0 0 6 0 6 5 b 1 . 1 9 4 0 . 2 3 2 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 . . 0 0 6 0 6 8 a - 1 . 0 3 2 0 . 3 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . 0 1 4 0 . . 0 0 2 0 7 0 a - 0 . 4 9 2 0 . 6 2 3 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 . . 0 0 4 0 7 1 a - 0 . 6 6 7 0 . 5 0 5 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 . . 0 0 3 0 7 3 a 2 . 0 5 5 0 . 0 4 0 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 2 0 . . 0 1 2 1 0 7 TABLE 4.2.1 (continued) RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHATE (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '83 - '86) s i t e Z p-value est'd 80% ID slope L-bd U-bd 074a -1 .311 075a 4 .035 076a -1 .211 077a 0 .0 078a -3 .025 160a -3 .278 161a 0 .116 163a 0 .038 164a -0 .956 166a -1 .229 168a 0 .294 171a 1 .591 172a -2 . 994 173a -2 . 427 249a 1 . 644 251a 1 .360 252a -2 . 471 253a 0 .293 254a -1 .468 255a -2 .578 257a 0 .415 258a 0 .0 268a 1 .244 271a -1 .477 272a 0 .436 273a -0 . 924 275a 0 .836 277a 2 .384 278a -2 . 641 279a -1 .324 280a -1 .751 281a 1 .816 282a 1 . 635 283a -1 .577 285a 1 .401 349a 1 . 420 350a 2 .113 354a -3 .539 0.190 -0.007 0.0 0.012 0.226 -0.003 1.000 0.0 0.002 -0.011 0.001 -0.013 0.908 0.001 0.970 0.0 0.339 -0.004 0.219 -0.004 0.769 0.001 0.112 0.004 0.003 -0.011 0.015 -0.008 0.100 0.007 0.174 0.005 0.013 -0.008 0.769 0.001 0.142 -0.005 0.010 -0.007 0.678 0.001 1.000 0.0 0.213 0.003 0.140 -0.005 0.663 0.001 0.355 -0.002 0.403 0.003 0.017 0.008 0.008 -0.008 0.185 -0.007 0.080 -0.006 0.069 0.010 0.102 0.005 0.115 -0.004 0.161 0.006 0.156 0.003 0.035 0.010 0.0 -0.018 -0 . 013 0 . 0 0 .008 0 . 016 -0 .008 0. 0 -0 .005 0. 004 -0 .015 -0. 007 -0 .019 -0. 008 -0 .004 0. 005 -0 .004 0 . 005 -0 .009 0. 001 -0 .008 0. 0 -0 .003 0 . 004 0 . 001 0. 008 -0 .016 -0 . 006 -0 .012 -0 . 004 0 .001 0. 015 0 . 0 0 . 011 -0 .010 -0 . 004 -0 .003 0. 004 -0 .010 -0 . 001 -0 .012 -0. 004 -0 .003 0. 008 -0 . 004 0. 004 0 .0 0 . 009 -0 .009 0 . 0 -0 .001 0. 003 -0 .006 0. 001 -0 .002 0. 007 0 .004 0. 011 -0 .014 -0. 004 -0 .011 0. 0 -0 .010 -0. 002 0 .002 0. 018 0 .001 0. 009 -0 .008 -0. 001 0 .0 0. 013 0 .0 0. 007 0 .004 0. 016 -0 .025 -0. 012 1 0 8 TABLE 4.2.2 RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHATE (Monthly Medain, ' 8 3 - ' 8 6 ) s i t e Z p-value est'd 80% ID slope L-t'd U-bd 0 0 4 a - 2 . 5 3 1 0 . 0 1 1 - 0 . 0 0 8 - 0 . 0 1 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 1 0 a - 1 , . 3 8 5 0 . 1 6 6 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 1 1 0 . 0 0 1 1 a - 1 . . 2 0 9 0 . 2 2 7 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 0 1 2 a - 0 , . 0 2 9 0 . 9 7 7 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 . 0 0 5 0 1 7 a 1 , . 8 6 5 0 . 0 6 2 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 0 2 0 a 0 , . 0 3 7 0 . 9 7 1 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 0 2 1 a 0 , . 6 8 4 0 . 4 9 4 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 6 0 2 2 a - 0 , . 8 3 6 0 . 4 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 . 0 0 1 0 2 3 a 0 , . 9 3 3 0 . 3 5 1 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 9 0 2 4 a - 1 , . 1 7 3 0 . 2 4 1 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 . 0 0 2 5 a - 0 . . 1 3 3 0 . 8 9 4 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 3 0 2 8 a 0 . . 3 3 3 0 . 7 3 9 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 7 0 2 9 a - 1 . . 6 8 0 0 . 0 9 3 - 0 . 0 0 8 - 0 . 0 1 3 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 3 0 a 0 . . 3 4 9 0 . 7 2 7 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 7 0 3 1 a - 1 , . 0 8 2 0 . 2 7 9 - 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . 0 1 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 3 2 a - 1 , . 0 8 2 0 . 2 7 9 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 1 1 0 . 0 0 1 0 3 3 a - 0 , . 5 6 0 0 . 5 7 6 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 2 0 3 4 a - 2 . . 5 0 9 0 . 0 1 2 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . 0 1 3 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 3 5 a - 1 . . 2 4 6 0 . 2 1 3 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 1 3 0 . 0 0 3 6 a 1 . . 2 6 2 0 . 2 0 7 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 7 0 3 7 a - 2 . . 1 6 0 0 . 0 3 1 - 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . 0 1 0 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 3 8 a 0 . . 1 4 7 0 . 8 8 3 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 3 9 a 1 , . 0 7 6 0 . 2 8 2 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 0 a 0 . . 3 5 6 0 . 7 2 2 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 5 0 4 1 a 1 . . 1 1 1 0 . 2 6 7 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 4 6 a - 0 . . 0 6 2 0 . 9 5 0 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 4 0 4 7 a 0 . . 8 2 9 0 . 4 0 7 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 7 0 4 9 a 0 . . 3 2 0 0 . 7 4 9 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 7 0 5 1 a 0 . . 8 6 2 0 . 3 8 9 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 7 0 5 2 a 0 . . 9 8 5 0 . 3 2 5 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 9 0 5 3 a 1 . . 4 8 7 0 . 1 3 7 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 0 5 5 a 1 , . 6 4 4 0 . 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 7 0 5 6 a 1 . . 2 3 5 0 . 2 1 7 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 8 0 5 8 a 2 . . 5 0 7 0 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 8 0 5 9 a - 0 . . 5 4 1 0 . 5 8 8 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 3 0 6 1 a - 1 . . 5 7 6 0 . 1 1 5 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 1 2 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 6 3 a 0 . . 4 6 8 0 . 6 4 0 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 6 4 a 0 . . 7 2 0 0 . 4 7 2 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 6 0 6 5 b 0 . . 0 1 . 0 0 0 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 3 0 6 8 a 0 . . 0 4 7 0 . 9 6 2 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 7 0 a - 1 . . 0 3 6 0 . 3 0 0 - 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 0 7 1 a - 1 . . 1 8 2 0 . 2 3 7 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 1 2 0 . 0 0 1 0 7 3 a 2 . . 1 4 3 0 . 0 3 2 0 . 0 0 9 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 1 5 1 0 9 TABLE 4.2.2 (continued) RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF SULPHATE (Monthly Medain, '83 - '86) s i t e ID Z p--value est'd slope 80 L-bd % U-] bd 074a -1 . 954 0 .051 -0. 007 -0 .014 -0 .003 075a 3 .760 0 .0 0. 012 0 .008 0 .016 076a -2 .100 0 .036 -0. 008 -0 .013 -0 .003 077a 0 .165 0 .869 0. 001 -0 .004 0 .006 078a -1 .409 0 .159 -0. 007 -0 .015 0 .0 160a -3 . 992 0 . 0 -0 . 019 -0 .028 -0 .012 161a 0 .213 0 .831 0. 001 -0 . 004 0 .005 163a -0 .682 0 .495 -0. 003 -0 .008 0 .002 164a -0 .758 0 .449 -0. 004 -0 .010 0 .003 166a -0 . 935 0 .350 -0. 004 -0 . 010 0 .001 168a -0 .161 0 .872 0. 0 -0 .005 0 .003 171a 1 .235 0 .217 0. 003 0 .0 0 .007 172a -2 .211 0 . 027 -0. 006 -0 .011 -0 .003 173a -2 .089 0 .037 -0. 008 -0 .014 -0 .004 249a 2 .505 0 .012 0 . 008 0 .003 0 .016 251a 1 .702 0 .089 0. 007 0 . 001 0 .014 252a -1 .902 0 .057 -0. 004 -0 .008 -0 .001 ' 253a 0 .147 0 .883 0. 0 -0 .005 0 .005 254a 0 .312 0 .755 0. 001 -0 .006 0 .007 255a -1 .804 0 . 071 -0. 009 -0 .015 -0 .003 257a 0 .526 0 .599 0. 002 -0 .003 0 .008 258a 0 . 104 0 . 917 0 . 0 -0 .005 0 .005 268a 0 .560 0 .576 0. 002 -0 .004 0 .009 271a -2 .720 0 .007 -0. 007 -0 .011 -0 .004 272a -0 .862 0 .389 -0 . 002 -0 .005 0 .001 273a -0 .987 0 .324 -0. 003 -0 .007 0 .001 275a 1 . 040 0 .298 0. 004 -0 .001 0 .009 277a 2 . 697 0 .007 0. 007 0 .003 0 .011 278a -2 .580 0 .010 -0. 010 -0 .015 -0 .005 279a -1 . 440 0 .150 -0. 006 -0 .012 -0 .001 280a -1 .218 0 .223 -0. 005 -0 .011 0 .0 281a 1 .816 0 .069 0. 010 0 .003 0 .019 282a 0 .702 0 .483 0 . 002 -0 .002 0 .007 283a -1 .825 0 .068 -0. 005 -0 .010 -0 .002 285a 1 .808 0 .071 0. 008 0 .002 0 .013 349a 0 .511 0 .609 0. 001 -0 .002 0 .005 350a 1 .879 0 .060 0. 007 0 .002 0 .012 354a -3 .277 0 .001 -0. 013 -0 .019 -0 .009 110 Chapter 5 A N A L Y S E S AND CONCLUSIONS FOR N ITRATE Monthly precipitation volume weighted mean and monthly median are are referred to as \"weighted mean\" and \"median\", respectively, below. 5.1 Results for the Historical Data \"Historical data\" refers to the data collected from January, 1980 to December, 1986. For N O ^ , there are 31 sites with 5 or fewer missing observations during the period. The locations of these 31 sites are plotted in Figure 5.1.1. From this figure we can see that more sites are located in the East than the West. The results of this section are based on the data obtained from these 31 sites. 5.1.1 Clustering and Transformation Before clustering the data, one outlier was deleted from the data set, namely the observation at the site with ID=040a (see Olsen and Slavich, 1986), observed in September, 1986. Its value is 37.76, much larger than 6.07, the second largest observation at that site. Figure 5.1.2 (a) shows the hierarchical cluster structure of the weighted means. The sites are partitioned quite naturally into two clusters. The locations of the sites labelled by cluster are shown in Figure 5.1.3. The pattern is obvious: cluster 1 is located in the subregion of highest industrial concentration; and cluster 3 is spread over the rest of the United States. This indicates that the concentration of NO^ in wet deposition is higher for ^ n d - u s t r ^ a r e a s t n a n t n a t f ° r other areas. A cluster analysis was done without deleting outliers. The clusters are the same however, except for site 040a which is ruled out of any cluster (Figure 5.1.2 (b) ). 1 1 1 The histograms of the original data and the transformed data under the three kinds of transformations described in Section 3.1, are shown in Figure 5.1.5. It appears that the histograms of the log transformed data and the 1/4 power transformed data fit the normal curve best. But they still have long left tails. The other two are right skewed. Since the log transformation is good for many other cases as well, it is adopted in this case and the remainder of our analysis of the nitrate data is based on the transformed data. The histograms of the log transformed data for each cluster are depicted in Figure 5.1.5. It turns out that both histograms have log left tails and the one for cluster 2 having the heavier tail. In general, neither histogram fits the normal curve well. 5.1.2 Trend, Seasonality and Spatial Patterns The analysis described below is done for both log transformed monthly volume weighted mean and log transformed monthly median N O 3 data. The analysis is applied separately to each cluster obtained from clustering the volume weighted mean data. Three-way median polishes are applied to both weighted means and medians in each cluster, in the manner described in Section 3.2. Figures 5.1.6 and 5.1.7 show the plots of the yearly effects of the two clusters for weighted mean and median, respectively. They show similar patterns although the one for the medians seems more stable. Both clusters show down-trends before 1983. After 1983, the data of cluster 1 show an increasing trend while that for cluster 2 is basically flat. This suggests that the concentration of NOg in wet deposition increased after 1983 for the most industrialized subregion of the United States and had remained constant for the rest of the United States to 1986. Figure 5.1.8 and Figure 5.1.9 show the monthly effects for the weighted means and medians, respectively. They have almost the same pattern . The patterns of the two clusters are the same as well. The effects are high from January to August and low from 1 1 2 September to December. Sudden jumps occurred around September and December. In addition, there is a gap around March. The fact that the seasonal patterns are very similar for all three clusters suggests a reassuring spatial stability in this seasonal pattern. Further study of this interesting pattern is needed. Figures 5.1.10 to 5.1.11 display the site effects of log(NOg) by cluster; the weighted means and medians are plotted together and sorted by weighted means within each cluster. The site effects of Station 041a, 055a and 056a for weighted means in Figure 5.1.10 are quite different from those of the medians. This may be caused by the fact that the distributions of the data from these stations are quite different from those of the other stations. In this figure, the stations located in the center of the industrial area tend to have large positive effects. In Figure 5.1.11, Stations 059a and 074a, the only two stations located along the West Coast, have remarkably large, negative effects. This fact are reflected in the structure of clustering analysis as well (see Figure 5.1.2). Figures 5.1.12 to 5.1.13 are the boxplots of the residuals of the three-way median polish of the log(NOg) data where (a) is for weighted means and (b) is for medians and each box represents one site. In general, the variations of the residuals in each cluster are of the same order and comparable. The differences between the boxplots for the means and for the medians are even smaller. In Figures 5.1.12 ((a) and (b)), the boxes for Stations 020a and 038a are larger than the others. In fact, these two stations are the ones farthest from the center of the industrial area within cluster 1. In addition, we observe a few extreme outliers from Station 040a, and from Station 075a and 168a as well. For these sites, further detailed study is needed. In Figures 5.1.13 ((a), (b)), extreme outliers are observed in the boxplots for Station 034a, 039a, 049a and 059a and they need a more detailed study as well. But no analyses for specific site are included in this paper. The boxes for the two stations 113 on West Coast, 059a and 074a, are relatively large indicating not only that they have large negative effects but also that they behaved differently from the others so that the model can not fit them well. Figures 5.1.14 to 5.1.15 summarize the median polish for the two clusters, respectively where (a) is for the weighted means and (b) is for the medians. In each figure, boxes represent the main effects, interactions and residuals respectively. We regard interactions as non-negligible if the sizes of the boxes for the interactions are comparable with those for main effects. In Figures 5.1.14 (a) and (b), the boxes for yearly effects are relatively small, especially in (b). This suggests that the variation caused by trend is smaller than the variations caused by the other effects. The variation of the interactions between yearly effects and site effects is small as well. The two boxes for the interactions of month-by-year and month-by-site are relatively large suggesting that their contributions to the model should be taken into account. The pattern of the summary for cluster 2 is quite similar to that for cluster 1 except the effects of the two sites on the West Coast are ruled out of the box for site effects as two outliers (see Figures 5.1.15 (a) and (b)). 5.1.3 The Results of Trend Testing, Slope Estimation and Kriging Mann-Kendall Test and Sen's nonparametric slope estimation procedure are applied to the deseasonalized data for each site in the manner described in Section 3.3. A Mann-Kendall Test statistic with the corresponding p-value and Sen's (1968b) nonparametric slope estimate with its 80% confidence interval are obtained for each site and for both weighted means and medians. These are shown in Tables 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 respectively. In Table 5.1.1, 14 out of the 31 sites have significant trends at the p=0.2 level. In Table 5.1.2, 15 out of the 31 sites have significant trends at the p=0.2 level. 1 1 4 The results of the nonparametric slope estimation are plotted in Figures 5.1.16 (a) and (b) with symbols defined in Section 3.3, for the weighted means and medians, respectively. If the lower 80% confidence bound of the slope estimate is greater than 0 at any site a \"+\" is plotted; if the upper 80% confidence bound of the slope estimate is less than 0 a \"-\" is plotted. Otherwise a \"0\" is plotted . \"+\", \"-\" and \"0\" represent respectively, an up-trend, a down-trend and no-trend. The patterns of these two figures are very similar. More than half of the sites show no-trends and they are mainly located in the Eastern United States. The data from rest of the sites located mainly in the other areas of the United States show a down-trend. This conclusion agrees with the previous finding that the wet deposition concentration of N O ^ has no trend or down-trend for most areas of the United States (Schertz and Hirsh,1985). However, as we mentioned before, this could be a misleading conclusion in the presences of a V-shaped trend. At the very least, this result says that the concentrations of nitrate for the latter years of the sampling period are about the same or smaller than that of early years of the same period. The results of Kriging the slope estimates are displayed in Figures 5.1.17(a) and (b). As before, Figure 5.1.17(a) is for the weighted means and (b) is for medians. A \"+\" means an up-trend is estimated at the corresponding point and a \"-\" means a down-trend, estimated at the point. Again, these two plots are similar. Both Figures 5.1.17 (a) and (b) show that there is a no-trend for the Eastern United States and a down-trend for the rest of the United States. Considering that these results are obtained from the same set of data which produce Figures 5.1.16 (a) and (b), this is quite natural. The difference between these two figures are probably caused by the differences in magnitudes of the slope estimates of weighted means and of medians. Note that these two figures can only be used as a guideline for the spatial distribution of the trends and should be read in conjunction with Figure 5.1.16. At any particular point where the observations were not made, interpolation may not be reliable. This is because (a) estimation is based on the estimated 1 1 5 slopes, not on the observations directly and (b) the spatial resolution of the measurements is low and therefore, the correlations between sites are small. 5.2 Results for the Recent Data \"Recent data\" refers to the data collected from January, 1983 to December, 1986. For N O ^ , there are 81 sites with 5 or fewer missing observations during the period. The locations of these 81 sites are plotted in Figure 5.2.1. From this figure we can see that more sites are located in the Northeast than the rest of the areas. The results of this section are based on the data obtained from these 81 sites. 5.2.1 Clustering and Transformation Before clustering the weighted mean data, a outlier was deleted from the data set, namely the observation for the Station 040a (see Olsen and Slavich, 1986). It was observed in September, 1986, the same one mentioned in Section 5.1.1. Figure 5.2.2 (a) shows the hierarchical cluster structure of the weighted means. The sites first partition naturally into two clusters: a large one on the left and a smaller one on the right. If we ignore Stations 035a, 268a and 283a, then the large cluster can be partitioned into two subgroups: cluster 2 and the group of the rest of the stations, as shown in Figure 5.2.2. For technical convenience, Stations 035a, 268a and 283a were assigned to the group closest to these three stations. We label this group as cluster 1, as shown in Figure 5.2.2. The locations of the sites labelled by clusters are shown in Figure 5.2.3. Keeping in mind that clusters 1 and 2 are subgroups of one big cluster, the pattern of Figure 5.2.3 is similar to that of Figure 5.1.3. In fact, cluster 3 corresponds to cluster 1 in the latter, located in the subregion of highest industrial concentration; and clusters 1 and 2 in the former correspond to cluster 2 in the latter, located throughout the rest of the United States. This gives us the 116 same indications we mentioned in Section 5.1.1, namely, that the concentration of N O ^ in wet deposition is higher for the industrial areas than that for other areas. A cluster analysis was done without deleting outliers. The clusters are the same except for Station 040a which is excluded (Figure 5.2.2 (b) ). The histograms of the original data and the transformed data under the three kinds of transformations described in Section 3.1, are shown in Figure 5.2.5. It appears that the histograms of the log transformed data and the 1/4 power transformed data fit the normal curve best. But they still have long tails. The other two are right skewed. We adopt the log transformation in this case since it is the best transformation in many other cases and, particularly, since it was adopted in the case of \"historical data\". The remaining analyses of this section are based on the log transformed data. The histograms of the log transformed data for each cluster are shown in Figure 5.2.5. It turns out that all the histograms have long tails while the tail in the data for cluster 1 is heavy. 5.2.2 T r e n d , Seasonality and Spatial Patterns The analysis described below is applied to both log transformed monthly volume weighted means and log transformed monthly medians. The analysis is applied separately to each cluster obtained from clustering the volume weighted mean data. Three-way median polishes are applied to both weighted means and medians in each cluster. Figures 5.2.6 and 5.2.7 show the plots of the yearly effects of the three clusters for weighted mean and median respectively. Combining these two figures, it seems that the sites in cluster 1 reveal a degree of down trend while the trends for clusters 2 and 3 are not obvious. Observe that here cluster 3 and cluster 1 in Figure 5.1.3 cover essentially the same geographic subregion while clusters 1 and 2 correspond to cluster 2 in Figure 5.1.3; the pattern of the trends observed here are consistent with the pattern of the trends in Figures 5.1.6 and 5.1.7. 117 Figures 5.2.8 and 5.2.9 show the monthly effects for the weighted means and medians, respectively. Although more than half of the data used in the present analyses were not in the historical data, the patterns seen here are almost the same as those displayed in Figures 5.1.8 and 5.1.9 for historical case: the effects are high from January to August and low from September to December; two sudden jumps around September and December and a gap around March. This convinces us again of spatial stability in the seasonal pattern. Cluster 1 seems have a larger variation than the other clusters. Figures 5.2.10 to 5.2.12 show the site effects of log(NOg) by cluster; the weighted means and medians are plotted together and sorted by weighted means within each cluster. For cluster 1, the stations located in the middle of the United States have large positive effects while the stations located along the West Coast have large negative effects (see Figure 5.2.10). In cluster 3, the stations close to the center of the industrial region tend to have a positive effects and the stations located far from the center of the industrial region tend to have a negative effects (see Figure 5.2.12). In general, the closer a station is located to the center of the industrial region, the more likely it has a large positive effect. Figures 5.2.13 to 5.2.15 are the boxplots of the residuals of the three-way median polish of the log(NO^) data where (a) is for weighted means and (b) is for medians and each box represents one site. In general, the variations of the residuals in each cluster are of the same order and are comparable to each other and to those in Figures 5.1.12 to 5.1.13 as well. The differences between the boxplots for the means and for the medians are even smaller. Extreme outliers are found in Stations 035a, 074a, 078a and 281a in Figures 5.2.13 (a) or (b), 034a, 039a, 049a and 349a in Figures 5.2.14(a) or (b) and 040a, 075a,168a and 350a in Figures 5.2.15 (a) or (b). Among these stations, 034a, 039a, 040a, 049a, 075a, 168a, have the extreme outliers observed in Figures 5.2.12 to 5.1.13 and those outliers may 1 1 8 be the same. Some other stations do have oudiers as well. And all these stations need further study. Figures 5.2.16 to 5.2.18 summarize the median polish for the three clusters respectively where (a) is for weighted means and (b) is for medians. In each figure, boxes represent the main effects, interaction and residuals. In Figures 5.2.16 (a) and (b), we note that the variation of the station effects are quite large. The reason for this is that the Station 035a, 268a and 283a have large positive effects, which can be seen from Figure 5.2.10. Actually these 3 stations were assigned to this cluster only for technical convenience (see Figure 5.2.2(a)). This causes the large variation of the station effects in this cluster. Among the other effects, the variations in year effects and the year-by-station interactions are relatively small as in the situation portrayed in Figure 5.1.15 (a) and (b). For cluster 2, the variation in the yearly effects and the interactions of yearly effects with other effects are all small. This suggests that for the stations in this cluster there was little year to year variation in their data patterns (see Figures 5.2.17 (a) and (b)). Figures 5.2.18 (a) and (b) show the summaries for cluster 3. The pattern in this figure is similar to that in Figure 5.1.14. 5.2.3 The Results of T r e n d Testing, Slope Estimation and Kr ig ing The Mann-Kendall Test and Sen's slope estimation procedure which were applied to \"historical data\" are used for \"recent data\" as well. A Mann-Kendall test statistic with the corresponding p-value and Sen's (1968b) nonparametric slope estimate with its 80% confidence interval were obtained for each site for both the weighted means and medians. These are shown in Tables 5.2.1 and 5.2.2 respectively. In Table 5.2.1, 28 out of the 81 sites have significant trends at the p=0.2 level. In Table 5.2.2, 27 out of the 81 sites have significant trends at the p=0.2 level. 1 1 9 Figures 5.2.19 (a) and (b) are obtained by the same method used to produce Figures 5.1.16 for weighted means and medians respectively. Again, \"+\", \"-\" and \"0\" represent an up-trend, a down-trend and no-trend, respectively. In Figure 5.2.19 (a), 12 of the sites show up-trends and are mainly located in the Eastern United States. 15 of the sites show down-trend and are located mainly in the West and middle of the United States. The rest of the sites show no-trend and are located throughout the United States. The pattern of Figure 5.2.19 (b) is similar to that in Figure 5.2.19 (a) with fewer \"up-trend\" stations. This probably is due to the fact that the estimates based on medians are typically more conservative than those based on means. Comparing Figures 5.2.19 ((a) and (b)) with Figures 5.1.16 ((a) and (b)), we can see that some of the \"-'s\" and \"0's\" in former become \"0's\" and \"+'s\" in latter and such changes happened mainly in the Eastern United States. This suggests that although the trends for the stations located in the Western United States continued to decline, most of the stations located in the Eastern United States no longer have down-trends and some of them had an up-trend during 1983 to 1986. This implies that some of the stations do have a V-shaped trend. The results of Kriging the slope estimates are displayed in Figures 5.2.20 (a) and (b) where (a) is for the weighted means and (b) is for the medians. As before, a \"+\" means an up-trend and a \"-\" means a down-trend estimated at the corresponding point, respectively. Again, these two plots are similar except that both the \"+\" area and \"-\" areas in (b) are smaller than those in (a). Both Figures 5.2.20 (a) and (b) show that there is a down-trend for some areas in the Western United States, an up-trend in the East and no-trend in the rest of the subregions. Comparing these two figures with Figures 5.1.17 ((a) and (b)), we can see that the areas with \"-\" shrink significantly towards the West and the areas with \"+\" appear in the East. The difference in the patterns of the trends is quite remarkable. For the reason given in Section 5.1.3, these two figures can only be used as indicators of the spatial distribution of the trends as the interpolation error for a specific point could be large. 1 2 0 The Locations Of The 31 Monitoring Stations From 1980 To 1986 (For Nitrate) Figure 5.1.1 Clustering of N03 monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 8 8 | S $ a 1980- 1986 S R in r» a e Figure 5.1.2(a) Clustering of N03 monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 1980- 1986 (with outliers) CO « tn a cj Figure 5.1.2(b) Clusters of N03 monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 1980 - 1986 (k=2) Figure 5.1.3 Histograms of Transformed N 0 3 (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86) Histgram of N03 (volume weighted mean, 80 - 86) Histgram of bg(N03) (volume weighted mean, 80 - 86) ro cn Histgram of sqrt(N03) (volume weighted mean, 80 - 86) Histgram of (N03)A(1/4) (volume weighted mean, 80 - 86) Figure 5.1.4 ro CD Histograms of log(N03) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86) Histogram for Cluster 1 of log(N03) (vwm, 80 - 86) based on N03 — Histogram for Cluster 2 of log(N03) (vwm, 80 - 86) based on N03 Figure 5.1.5 Yearly Effect of log(N03) for 2 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980 - 1986) 1 27 Yearly Effect of log(N03) for 2 Clusters (monthly median, 1980 - 1986) 980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Figure 5.1.7 1 2 8 Monthly Effect of log(N03) for 2 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980 - 1986) 1 Jan 1 Mar 1 May 1 Jul Figure 5.1.8 1 Sep 1 Nov 2 Jan 129 Monthly Effect of log(N03) for 2 Clusters (monthly median, 1980 - 1986) 1 1 1 1 1 2 Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Figure 5.1.9 1 3 0 Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1980 Common Effect for Mean = 0.609 Common Effect for Median = 0.719 1986) / 7— / / / / / / 7 / / \\ X l \\ \\ \\ \\ 7~ / \\ / / \\ \\ / / \\ \\ / \\ / S / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ \\ \\ 7K / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ /\\\\ / / T / / / / / / / / / / / z \\ \\ \\ median moan CO CO CO co eg co to in co in in 3 o CO 5 CO CD stations Figure 5.1.10 Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1980 -1986) Common Effect for Mean = 0.013 Common Effect for Median = 0.189 n r - R nn \\h n R ffl nH ft jzi Is Is Ms median mean A3 O l LO CO I'-ll) CO to CO CO CO RI o stations Figure 5.1.11 Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) station Figure 5.1.12(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (80-86, monthly median, clust 1) station Figure 5.1.12(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) I } f T i l ! I { 1 ! j 1 ; T 1 » 1 I V | i • i eg o rs eg SI o o rg rg co o o o eg CO eg co co cn co eo o o CO cn s eg eo m co co to station Figure 5.1.13(a) eg cn m o eg eg eg eg Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (80-86, monthly median, clust 2) station Figure 5.1.13(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (80-86,monthly volume weighted mean.clust 1) Sit MonYr MonSit Figure 5.1.14(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (80-86,monthly median,clust 1) i Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 5.1.14(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (80-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 2) x _J_ I I T Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 5.1.15(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (80-86,monthly median,clust 2) t • Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 5.1.15(b) Trend of log(N03) from 1980 to 1986 at the 31 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(N03) from 1980 to 1986 at the 31 Stations (calculated by monthly median) ro 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(N03) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) CO - down trend + up trend Trend of log(N03) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) - down trend + up trend The Locations Of The 81 Monitoring Stations From 1983 To 1986 (For Nitrate) Figure 5.2.1 Clustering of N03 monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 3 8t 1983- 1986 88 l l i i & K J s s g jn cm o ° \" 8Ki 3 v a o •-fr fl [A Figure 5.2.2(a) Clustering of N03 monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 1983- 1986 (with outliers) O CD co rk. i ro a a w _, r*> Is-^ ™ « IB 83 r l — CO CJ (O 3 » IB ra 8 IB r V T £ m c ° o r A? o n n O O ID r— o o Figure 5.2.2(b) Clusters of N03 monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 1983 - 1986 (k=3) Figure 5.2.3 Histograms of Transformed N 0 3 (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) Histgram of N03 (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) Histgram of log(N03) (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) d 3 Histgram of sqrt(N03) (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) Histgram ol (N03)A(1/4) (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) rrrT 2.0 2.5 Figure 5.2.4 Histograms of log(N03) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) 8 Histogram for Cluster 1 of log(N03) (vwm, 83 - 86) based on N03 Histogram for Cluster 2 of log(N03) (vwm, 83 - 86) based on N03 Histogram for Cluster 3 of log(N03) (vwm, 83 - 86) based on N03 x.t Figure 5.2.5 Year l y Effect of log(N03) for 3 C lus te rs (monthly vo lume weighted mean , 1983 - 1986) li L ] ij 1983 1984 1985 1986 Figure 5.2.6 1 5 1 Yearly Effect of log(N03) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983 - 1986) u 1983 1984 1985 1986 Figure 5.2.7 152 Monthly Effect of l og (N03) for 3 C lus te rs (monthly vo lume weighted mean , 1983 - 1986) d u ' 1 1 1 i i i i I 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Figure 5.2.8 1 53 Month ly Effect of log(N03) for 3 C lus te rs (monthly median, 1983 - 1986) 1 u 1 1 1 1 I I i I i 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Figure 5.2.9 1 5 4 Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1983 - 1986) Common Effect for Mean = -1.116 Common Effect for Median = -0.964 / / / / / / / / / \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ TK / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / U 10 7 / / / \\ \\ \\ 10 O ) in o / \\ / \\ / / / \\ \\ \\ median mean cd o (0 CO o (0 CO (fl CO CO T —' stations Figure 5.2.10 Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1983 - 1986) Common Effect for Mean = -0.084 Common Effect for Median = 0.084 H n 1 III P| media n mean p o ) t o o t o o i o o N ^ o t o w o)^nt - o i t o N c o i o c ) N o»-^(ji^S(Ot-n[Vi-oiT-toa)So ) i o O W O T - O x - C y C \\ J O C A I O O J O r t T - ^ O O T - W O C > I O C \\ I O C M O O O W W O O C M T - O O O C \\ I O C \\ I O stations Figure 5.2.11 cn -4 rf O CM O CM 9 o Station Effect of log(N03) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1983 - 1986) Common Effect for Mean = 0.543 Common Effect for Median = 0.647 H ' \\ ' S L \\ s ne EL EL LL J . co co co co co co CO «- CO CM CO CO CM CD r» i- CO h-O »- CM O t- O modlan msan S 8 C O C O C O C O C O C Q j Q C O C d C Q C O C O C O C O C Q C O C O C O — l O O T - l O C D L O C M ' - C O C O l O C M ' - C O f O C O c o c M c o c M m c o i ^ c M c o c D i n c o ' < t i o c o T r T j -C M O O O O O C M O O O O O O O O O O stations Figure 5.2.12 Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) station Figure 5.2.13(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly median, clust 1) station Figure 5.2.13(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) n J n j r o n j n s n j n j n J n J n j n j r o n J o j r o n j n j o j n j n j n J ^ O T - N C O O ) 0 ^ ( D C O ( J 1 0 ) T - O J O C D ~ — — -ot-t-T-wtMocococoo^inwmtD, o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o _ . co to S N - K — — o o o (TJ (5 CO W O CO CD CO CO tO CO i n j r o n i r o n l f l j f l j r r j t T ] i N C O i n N C O t D O W O ) ( M W W W W W N N W W O I N O I W O (0 trj rO fd co CO O) T - CM CO station Figure 5.2.14(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly median, clust 2) i • : . ! ; i i 1 1 i ! ^ O r - N c o c n o t « D ( O O i o ) i - ( M n f l o o r n ( o [ s O » - r r W N n n C 0 W ( < ) T t U ) l 0 W « 0 S N S N S o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o c o r o c o c d c o n j f f l c o c d c G r o t n c i i r o r o c O R i c d t x j W < \\ t o J W C \\ l < N O I N W N « O I N O i n station Figure 5.2.14(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) T - N c g N w c M w c o c > c o ^ T f ^ ^ i n i n i o ( D ( D U 5 f > c D i o t ^ r ^ c o u 2 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O - r - ^ C N J C N J O J C O station Figure 5.2.15(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(N03) (83-86, monthly median, clust 3) O ) C O o rararamnjrarorararanjraairoioronjrararinjnjraranjranj O J O T - c > ] c o T r i n ^ w c o o ^ c o h * L o t D o o c O ' t i O L o ^ c o c \\ i c o L O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - t - - » - c \\ i c \\ J c \\ j c o station Figure 5.2.15(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 1) 1 : I i i . i i 1 1 -L ' i 1 1 1 I 1 r JL I I • I Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 5.2.16(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86,monthly median,clust 1) CO , — _ , CJ CO cn CM co Mon Yr Sit MonYr Figure 5.2.16(b) MonSit YrSit I res Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 2) CO I — — . CM J. _ l _ I co CO CM U co in Mon Yr Sit MonYr Figure 5.2.17(a) MonSit YrSit res Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86,monthly median,clust 2) CO I — — , CVI ± + I _L_ t ca i n Mon Yr Sit MonYr Figure 5.2.17(b) MonSit YrSit res Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86,monthly volume weighted mean.clust 3) Sit MonYr MonSit Figure 5.2.18(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(N03) (83-86,monthly median,clust 3) I Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 5.2.18(b) Trend of log(N03) from 1983 to 1986 at the 81 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) O 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(N03) from 1983 to 1986 at the 81 Stations (calculated by monthly median) Trend of log(N03) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) - s i ro Figure 5.2.20(a) - down trend + up trend Trend of log(N03) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) CO down trend Figure 5.2.20(b) up trend TABLE 5.1.1 RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRARTIONS OF NITRATE (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '80 - '86) s i t e ID Z P- value e s t ' d s l o p e L-80 -bd % u--bd 004a -1 .697 0 .090 -0 .003 -0 .005 0 .0 011a -1 .021 0 .307 -0 .002 -0 . 004 0 .001 017a 0 .152 0 . 879 0 .0 -0 . 002 0 .002 020a -2 . 801 0 .005 -0 .003 -0 . 006 -0 .002 021a -0 .333 0 .739 0 .0 -0 .003 0 .001 022a -2 .059 0 .039 -0 .003 -0 . 006 -0 .001 023a -2 .252 0 .024 -0 .003 -0 . 005 -0 .001 030a -1 .135 0 .256 -0 .003 -0 . 006 0 .0 031a -1 .007 0 .314 -0 .001 -0 .004 0 .0 032a -1 .831 0 .067 -0 . 002 -0 .004 0 .0 034a -1 . 970 0 .049 -0 .002 -0 .004 0 .0 036a -1 .684 0 .092 -0 .002 -0 .004 0 .0 038a -2 . 607 0 .009 -0 .005 -0 .007 -0 .002 039a -1 .613 0 .107 -0 .003 -0 .006 0 .0 040a -0 . 604 0 .546 0 .0 -0 .003 0 .001 041a -0 .711 0 .477 -0 .001 -0 .003 0 .001 049a -0 .890 0 .373 -0 .001 -0 .005 0 .0 051a -2 .269 0 .023 -0 .004 -0 .006 -0 .001 052a -1 .279 0 .201 -0 .002 -0 .005 0 .0 053a 0 . 449 0 .653 0 .001 -0 .002 0 .004 055a -0 .732 0 .464 -0 .001 -0 .002 0 .0 056a -1 .025 0 .305 -0 .001 -0 .004 0 .0 058a 0 . 406 0 . 685 0 .0 -0 .001 0 .002 059a -1 . 913 0 .056 -0 .005 -0 .010 -0 .001 064a -0 .290 0 .772 0 .0 -0 .003 0 .001 074a -4 .169 0 .0 -0 .011 -0 . 015 -0 .008 075a -0 .178 0 .859 0 .0 -0 .002 0 .001 076a -3 .099 0 .002 -0 .004 -0 .007 -0 .003 168a -1 .114 0 .265 -0 .002 -0 .005 0 .0 171a -0 .237 0 .813 0 .0 -0 .003 0 .002 173a -3 .122 0 .002 -0 .006 -0 .009 -0 .003 174 TABLE 5 . 1 . 2 RESULTS OF THE' MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRARTIONS OF NITRATE (Monthly Median, ' 8 0 - ' 8 6 ) s i t e Z p-value est'd 80% ID slope L' -bd U--bd 0 0 4 a - 1 . . 9 5 4 0 . 0 5 1 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 1 1 a - 0 , . 7 4 6 0 . 4 5 6 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 1 0 1 7 a 0 , . 5 3 8 0 . 5 9 1 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 3 0 2 0 a - 2 . . 5 7 5 0 . 0 1 0 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 2 1 a - 1 , . 3 8 3 0 . 1 6 7 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 2 2 a - 3 . . 2 3 6 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 8 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 2 3 a - 1 . . 6 6 0 0 . 0 9 7 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 3 0 a - 0 . . 4 2 8 0 . 6 6 9 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 2 0 3 1 a - 1 . . 0 5 3 0 . 2 9 3 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 3 2 a - 1 . . 4 8 9 0 . 1 3 6 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 3 4 a - 1 . . 9 9 4 0 . 0 4 6 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 3 6 a - 1 . . 2 0 7 0 . 2 2 8 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 3 8 a - 2 , . 3 6 3 0 . 0 1 8 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 3 9 a - 0 . . 9 2 5 0 . 3 5 5 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 4 0 a - 0 . . 0 6 2 0 . 9 5 1 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 2 0 4 1 a 0 . . 3 8 1 0 . 7 0 3 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 2 0 4 9 a - 1 . . 2 4 0 0 . 2 1 5 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 5 1 a - 2 . . 2 4 8 0 . 0 2 5 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 5 2 a - 1 . . 1 4 6 0 . 2 5 2 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 5 3 a - 0 . . 2 5 3 0 . 8 0 0 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 2 0 5 5 a - 1 . . 2 2 3 0 . 2 2 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 5 6 a - 1 . . 2 6 5 0 . 2 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 5 8 a - 0 . . 9 3 7 0 . 3 4 9 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 5 9 a - 1 . . 5 3 3 0 . 1 2 5 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 6 4 a - 1 . . 3 6 7 0 . 1 7 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 7 4 a - 3 . . 6 5 4 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 1 1 - 0 . 0 1 6 - 0 . 0 0 7 0 7 5 a - 0 . . 5 9 2 0 . 5 5 4 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 1 0 7 6 a - 3 . . 0 6 4 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 0 2 1 6 8 a - 2 . . 3 9 4 0 . 0 1 7 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . 0 0 2 1 7 1 a - 0 . . 8 5 0 0 . 3 9 5 - 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 1 7 3 a - 2 . . 0 8 0 0 . 0 3 7 - 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 7 - 0 . 0 0 1 1 7 5 TABLE 5.2.1 RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRARTIONS OF NITRATE (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '83 - '86) s i t e z P-value est'd 80% ID slope L-•bd U--bd 004a -2 .111 0 .035 -0.006 -0. 010 -0 .002 010a 0 .514 0 . 608 0.001 -0 . 003 0 .006 011a -0 .382 0 .702 -0.001 -0 . 006 0 .004 012a 0 .029 0 . 977 0.0 -0 . 005 0 .005 017a 2 .757 0 .006 0.009 0. 004 0 .014 020a -1 .256 0 .209 -0.004 -0 . 008 0 .0 021a -0 . 453 0 .650 -0.001 -0. 005 0 .002 022a 0 .258 0 .797 0.001 -0. 004 0 .004 023a -0 .222 0 .824 -0.001 -0. 005 0 .004 024a -0 .880 0 .379 -0.003 -0 . 009 0 .002 025a -1 .093 0 .274 -0.002 -0 . 005 0 .0 028a 0 .597 0 .550 0.002 -0. 002 0 .007 029a -1 .502 0 .133 -0.007 -0. 011 -0 .001 030a 1 .202 0 .230 0.007 0. 0 0 .014 031a 1 . 119 0 .263 0.005 -0. 001 0 .009 032a -2 . 036 0 .042 -0.006 -0 . 011 -0 .002 033a -0 .018 0 .986 0.0 -0. 004 0 .003 034a -1 .193 0 .233 -0.003 -0. 007 0 .0 035a -2 .062 0 .039 -0.008 -0. 015 -0 .004 036a 0 .284 0 .776 0.001 -0. 003 0 .005 037a -0 .767 0 .443 -0.005 -0. 014 0 .004 038a -0 . 422 0 .673 -0.001 -0. 004 0 .002 039a 0 .507 0 .612 0.003 -0 . 005 0 .010 040a 1 . 840 0 .066 0.008 0 . 003 0 .012 041a 1 .218 0 .223 0.003 0. 0 0 . 007 046a 0 . 960 0 .337 0.003 -0. 001 0 .007 047a 1 .730 0 .084 0.005 0 . 001 0 .008 049a 0 . 018 0 . 986 0.0 -0 . 008, 0 .008 051a 0 .183 0 .854 0.001 -0. 005 0 .006 052a 0 . 445 0 .656 0.002 -0. 004 0 .007 053a 0 .841 0 .400 0.005 -0. 003 0 .013 055a -0 .364 0 .716 -0.001 -0. 004 0 .002 056a 1 .022 0 .307 0.003 -0. 001 0 .008 058a -0 .436 0 .663 -0.001 -0. 004 0 .003 059a -2 .194 0 .028 -0.016 -0. 026 -0 .006 061a -0 .716 0 .474 -0.003 -0. 011 0 .002 063a 1 .229 0 .219 0.004 0. 0 0 .008 064a 0 .595 0 .552 0.002 -0. 002 0 .006 065b -1 .133 0 .257 -0.003 -0. 007 0 .0 068a -1 .392 0 .164 -0.006 -0. 014 -0 .001 070a -0 .544 0 .586 -0.002 -0. 008 0 .004 071a -1 .680 0 .093 -0.006 -0. 013 -0 .001 073a 0 .734 0 .463 0.003 -0. 002 0 .008 1 76 TABLE 5.2.1 (continued) RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRARTIONS OF NITRATE . (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '83 - '86) s i t e ID Z P-value est'd slope L-80 -bd % U--bd 074a -3. ,799 0 .0 -0 .021 -0 .030 -0 .014 075a 3. .511 0 .0 0 . 009 0 . 006 0 .012 076a -0 . 770 0 .441 -0 .003 -0 . 006 0 .002 077a -0. .257 0 .797 -0 .001 -0 .007 0 . 004 078a -1. .204 0 .229 -0 .005 -0 .012 0 .0 160a -2 . 974 0 .003 -0 .014 -0 . 019 -0 .008 161a 0 . ,116 0 .908 0 .001 -0 .005 0 . 005 163a 1. . 941 0 .052 0 .005 0 .001 0 . 010 164a 1. ,013 0 .311 0 .006 -0 .002 0 .014 166a 0 . 0 1 .000 0 .0 -0 .004 0 .005 168a 0. 975 0 .329 0 .003 -0 .001 0 .008 171a 1. 902 0 . 057 0 .007 0 .002 0 .011 172a 0 . 914 0 .361 0 .0 0 .0 0 .005 173a -3. 013 0 .003 -0 .009 -0 .014 -0 .006 249a 1. 096 0 .273 0 .005 -0 .001 0 .012 251a 1. 702 0 .089 0 .011 0 .003 0 .020 252a -1. 698 0 .090 -0 .007 -0 .011 -0 .002 253a -0. 761 0 . 447 -0 .003 -0 .009 0 .002 254a -1. 013 0 .311 -0 .005 -0 .012 0 .001 255a -0. 667 0 .505 -0 . 003 -0 .011 0 .003 257a 1. 598 0 .110 0 .008 0 . 001 0 .017 258a -0 . 502 0 . 616 -0 .002 -0 . 006 0 .004 268a 0. 293 0 .769 0 .002 -0 .003 0 .006 271a -0 . 479 0 . 632 -0 .003 -0 .013 0 .003 272a -1. 253 0 .210 -0 .004 -0 .009 0 .0 273a -1. 902 0 . 057 -0 .005 -0 .010 -0 .002 275a -0. 107 0 . 915 0 .0 -0. .006 0 .005 277a 1. 816 0 .069 0 .012 0 .004 0 .018 278a -3. 329 0 .001 -0 .014 -0 .022 -0 .009 279a -2 . 32 9 0 .020 -0 .011 -0 .018 -0 .004 280a -1. 351 0 .177 -0 .005 -0, .011 -0 .001 281a -0. 431 0 .666 -0 .003 -0 .013 0 .006 282a 1. 129 0 .259 0 .004 -0 .001 0 .009 283a -1. 247 0 .212 -0 .003 -0 .005 0 .0 285a 1. 411 0 .158 0 .008 0 .0 0 .016 349a 1. 506 0 .132 0 .004 0 .001 0 .006 350a 1. 879 0 .060 0 .011 0 .003 0 .019 354a -4. 106 0 .0 -0 .028 -0 .040 -0 .018 177 RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRARTIONS OF NITRATE (Monthly Median, ' 8 3 - ' 8 6 ) s i t e ID z P~ v a l u e e s t ' d s l o p e L-8 0 - b d % U' - b d 0 0 4 a - 1 . 5 7 7 0 . 1 1 5 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 1 2 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 1 0 a 0 . 1 3 8 0 . 8 9 1 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 3 0 1 1 a 0 . 1 2 4 0 . 9 0 1 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 1 2 a 0 . 1 2 7 0 . 8 9 9 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 6 0 1 7 a 1 . 7 8 1 0 . 0 7 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 2 0 2 0 a - 0 . 9 3 5 0 . 3 5 0 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 1 0 2 1 a - 0 . 7 1 1 0 . 4 7 7 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 2 0 2 2 a - 1 . 4 6 7 0 . 1 4 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 - 0 . 0 1 0 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 2 3 a 0 . 6 6 7 0 . 5 0 5 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 7 0 2 4 a - 2 . 3 9 1 0 . 0 1 7 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . 0 1 6 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 2 5 a - 0 . 6 6 7 0 . 5 0 5 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 2 0 2 8 a 0 . 0 2 0 0 . 9 8 4 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 2 9 a - 0 . 6 4 9 0 . 5 1 6 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 3 0 3 0 a 1 . 4 3 1 0 . 1 5 3 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 4 0 3 1 a 0 . 2 4 8 0 . 8 0 4 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 5 0 3 2 a - 2 . 0 5 4 0 . 0 4 0 - 0 . 0 0 8 - 0 . 0 1 4 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 3 3 a 0 . 0 7 1 0 . 9 4 3 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 3 0 3 4 a - 1 . 8 2 7 0 . 0 6 8 - 0 . 0 0 8 - 0 . 0 1 4 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 3 5 a - 1 . 8 7 4 0 . 0 6 1 - 0 . 0 1 0 - 0 . 0 1 6 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 3 6 a 0 . 2 5 8 0 . 7 9 7 0 . 0 0 1 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 3 7 a - 0 . 3 8 8 0 . 6 9 8 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 6 0 3 8 a - 0 . 1 6 5 0 . 8 6 9 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 0 0 3 0 3 9 a 1 . 7 8 6 0 . 0 7 4 0 . 0 0 9 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 1 7 0 4 0 a 1 . 0 8 4 0 . 2 7 8 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 9 0 4 1 a 2 . 0 6 2 0 . 0 3 9 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 1 0 0 4 6 a 0 . 5 6 0 0 . 5 7 6 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 6 0 4 7 a 1 . 7 6 0 0 . 0 7 8 0 . 0 0 6 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 9 0 4 9 a 0 . 4 7 1 0 . 6 3 8 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 0 1 1 0 5 1 a 0 . 9 5 4 0 . 3 4 0 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 7 0 5 2 a 0 . 7 6 7 0 . 4 4 3 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 1 1 0 5 3 a 1 . 3 5 0 0 . 1 7 7 0 . 0 0 7 0 . 0 0 . 0 1 4 0 5 5 a - 0 . 0 0 9 0 . 9 9 3 0 . 0 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 4 0 5 6 a 1 . 0 2 2 0 . 3 0 7 0 . 0 0 4 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 0 5 8 a 0 . 8 2 7 0 . 4 0 8 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 2 0 . 0 0 7 0 5 9 a - 1 . 9 9 2 0 . 0 4 6 - 0 . 0 1 1 - 0 . 0 2 2 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 6 1 a - 1 . 2 4 3 0 . 2 1 4 - 0 . 0 0 9 - 0 . 0 1 6 0 . 0 0 6 3 a 1 . 1 0 0 0 . 2 7 1 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 7 0 6 4 a 0 . 7 8 2 0 . 4 3 4 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 0 8 0 6 5 b - 0 . 7 3 4 0 . 4 6 3 - 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 . 0 0 2 0 6 8 a - 0 . 5 1 1 0 . 6 0 9 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 0 4 0 7 0 a - 0 . 6 8 0 0 . 4 9 6 - 0 . 0 0 2 - 0 . 0 0 8 0 . 0 0 4 0 7 1 a - 1 . 1 4 7 0 . 2 5 2 - 0 . 0 0 6 - 0 . 0 1 4 0 . 0 0 1 0 7 3 a 0 . 7 2 4 0 . 4 6 9 0 . 0 0 3 - 0 . 0 0 3 0 . 0 0 8 178 TABLE 5.2.2 (continued) RESULTS OF THE MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRARTIONS OF NITRATE (Monthly Median, '83 - '8 6) s i t e z p - value e s t ' d 80% ID s l o p e L--bd u--bd 074a -2 .039 0 .041 -0 .013 -0 .022 -0 .004 075a 2 .711 0 .007 0 .010 0 .005 0 . 016 076a -1 .495 0 .135 -0 .004 -0 .008 -0 . 001 077a -0 .330 0 .741 -0 .001 -0 . 004 0 .002 078a -0 .489 0 . 625 -0 .003 -0 .011 0 .004 160a -3 . 933 0 .0 -0 .018 -0 .025 -0 .012 161a 0 .338 0 .736 0 .001 -0 .003 0 .004 163a 0 . 407 0 . 684 0 . 002 -0 .005 0 .006 164a 1 .165 0 .244 0 .008 0 .0 0 .015 166a -0 . 917 0 .359 -0 .003 -0 .008 •0 .001 168a • 0 . 104 0 .917 0 .0 -0 .006 0 .006 171a 1 . 627 0 . 104 0 . 006 0 .002 0 .011 172a 3 .227 0 .001 0 .010 0 .006 0 .013 173a -1 .964 0 .049 -0 .009 -0 .015 -0 .003 249a 1 .252 0 .210 0 .003 0 .0 0 .011 251a 1 .772 0 .076 0 .013 0 .005 0 .021 252a -1 .733 0 .083 -0 .006 -0 .011 -0 .002 253a -0 .715 0 .474 -0 .002 -0 .007 0 .002 254a -0 .218 0 .828 -0 .002 -0 .010 0 .004 255a -0 .844 0 .398 -0 .005 -0 .013 0 .003 257a 0 .850 0 .396 0 .005 -0 .002 0 .011 258a -0 .739 0 .460 -0 .003 -0 .008 0 .002 268a -0 .373 0 .709 -0 .002 -0 .007 0 .003 271a -0 .108 0 . 914 0 .0 -0 .009 0 .006 272a -0 .080 0 . 936 0 .0 -0 .005 0 .003 273a -2 .195 0 .028 -0 .008 -0 .013 -0 .003 275a 0 . 142 0 .887 0 .001 -0 .005 0 .006 277a 2 . 623 0 .009 0 .019 0 .011 0 .027 278a -3 .299 0 .001 -0 .015 -0 .023 -0 .009 279a -1 .964 0 .050 -0 .010 -0 .017 -0 .004 280a -1 .12 9 0 .259 -0 .005 -0 .012 0 .001 281a -0 .138 0 .891 -0 .001 -0 .008 0 .011 282a 0 .702 0 .483 0 .003 -0 .003 0 .009 283a -0 .972 0 .331 -0 .002 -0 .006 0 .001 285a 1 .155 0 .248 0 .007 -0 .001 0 . 011 349a 1 .278 0 .201 0 .004 0 .0 0 .008 350a 1 .106 0 .269 0 .007 0 .0 0 .015 354a -3 .486 0 .0 -0 .018 -0 .026 -0 .012 179 Chapter 6 A N A L Y S E S AND CONCLUSIONS F O R H Y D R O G E N ION Monthly precipitation volume weighted mean and monthly median are referred to as \"weighted mean\" and \"median\", respectively, below. 6.1 Results for the Historical Data \"Historical data\" refers to the data collected from January, 1980 to December, 1986. For H + (calculated from pH), there are 32 sites with 5 or fewer missing observations during the period. The locations of these 32 sites are plotted in Figure 6.1.1. From this figure we can see that more sites are located in the East than the West. The results of this section are based on the data obtained from these 32 sites. 6.1.1 Clustering and Transformation Figure 6.1.2 shows the hierarchical cluster structure of the weighted means. The sites are partitioned quite naturally into three clusters. The locations of the sites labelled by clusters are shown in Figure 6.1.3. The pattern is obvious: clusters 3 and 1 are located in the subregion of highest industrial concentration and the surrounding regions; cluster 2 is spread over the rest of the United States. This indicates that the pattern of wet acid deposition in the industrial areas is different from that of the other areas. Note that cluster 2 can be split into two subgroups according to Figure 6.1.2, one subgroup is located along the East Coast and the other spread over the West and the middle of the United State. This suggests again that the geographical location and the manner of wet acid deposition are closely related. 1 8 0 The histograms of the original data and the transformed data under the three kinds of transformations described in Section 3.1, are shown in Figure 6.1.4. None of the four histograms appears symmetric. The ones for 1/4 power transformation and for log transformation seem better than the other two. Since the log transformation of H + is equivalent to the pH value, which gives us a familiar measure of acidity, the log transformation is adopted in this case and the remainder of our analysis of the hydrogen ion data is based on the transformed data. The histograms of the log transformed data for each cluster are depicted in Figure 6.1.5. It seems that the histogram for cluster 3 fits the normal curve well and that for cluster 1 it is approximately symmetric. The one for cluster 2 is left skewed. 6.1.2 T r e n d , Seasonality and Spatial Patterns The analysis described below is done for both log transformed monthly volume weighted mean and log transformed monthly median H + data. The analysis is applied separately to each cluster obtained from clustering the volume weighted mean data. Three-way median polishes are applied to both weighted means and medians in each cluster, in the manner described in Section 3.2. Figures 6.1.6 and 6.1.7 show the plots of the yearly effects of the three clusters for weighted mean and median, respectively. In general they both show a V-shaped pattern where the one for weighted means is more obvious. In Figure 6.1.6, clusters 1 and 3 show down-trends before 1983 and up-trends after 1983. Cluster 2 behaved slightly differently, namely, the suggested change point is 1984 instead of 1983. Figure 6.1.7 shows a pattern like the one in Figure 6.1.6 except that the estimated effect of 1982 for cluster 2 is different. The reason for this needs further study. Generally speaking, Figures 6.1.6 and 6.1.7 suggest that the concentration of H + in wet deposition decreased before 1983 and increased after 1983 for the most industrialized 1 81 subregion of the United States. They also suggest that for the other regions of the United States, there is a similar V-shaped trend. Figure 6.1.8 and Figure 6.1.9 show the monthly effects for the weighted means and medians, respectively. They have almost the same pattern. The patterns for all three clusters are similar as well. The effects are high from June to September and low from November to April. The transitions from month to month are quite smooth and there is a peak in August. The fact that the seasonal patterns are very similar for all three clusters suggests a reassuring spatial stability in this seasonal pattern. Figures 6.1.10 to 6.1.12 display the site effects of log(H +) by cluster; the weighted means and medians are plotted together and sorted by weighted means within each cluster. In Figure 6.1.10, the stations located close to the center of the industrial area tend to have large positive effects and the stations located far from the center of the industrial area tend to have large negative effects. In Figure 6.1.11, there is an interesting pattern: all the stations with positive effects are located in the Eastern United States and all the stations with negative effects are located in the West or the middle of the United States. Figures 6.1.13 to 6.1.15 are the boxplots of the residuals of the three-way median polish of the log(H +) data where (a) is for weighted means and (b) is for medians and each box represents one site. In general, the variations of the residuals in each cluster are of the same order. The differences between the boxplots for the means and for the medians are even smaller. The variation of the residuals is relatively small for cluster 3 and relatively large for cluster 2. In Figures 6.1.13 ((a) and (b)), we observe a few extreme outiiers from Station 021a, 032a and 051a. In Figures 6.1.14 ((a), (b)), extreme outliers are observed at Stations 011a, 017a and 053a. In Figures 6.1.15 ((a), (b)), the boxes for Stations 041a have extreme outliers. Note that some other stations have outliers as well. Al l the stations 1 8 2 with outliers should be carefully checked and further studied. But no analyses for specific site are included in this paper. Figures 6.1.16 to 6.1.18 summarize the median polish for the three clusters, respectively where (a) is for the weighted means and (b) is for the medians. In each figure, boxes represent the main effects, interactions and residuals respectively. We regard interactions as non-negligible if the sizes of the boxes for the interactions are comparable with those for main effects. In these figures, the boxes for yearly effects are smaller indicating that compared with seasonal variation and site variation, the yearly changes are smaller. The boxes for the interactions of month-by-year and month-by-site have the sizes comparable to those of the main effects, which suggests that they have to be taken into account. For cluster 2, the box for site effect is very large. This may be caused by the fact that cluster 2 is the largest cluster spreading over the United States, and hence the variation of site effects is large (see Figures 6.1.17 (a) and (b)). Figures 6.1.18 (a) and (b) show the summaries for cluster 3. The fact that the boxes for site effects and their interactions are very small suggests that the four sites behaved very similarly. 6.1.3 The Results of Trend Testing, Slope Estimation and Kriging Mann-Kendall Test and Sen's nonparametric slope estimation procedure are applied to the deseasonalized data for each site in the manner described in Section 3.3. A Mann-Kendall Test statistic with the corresponding p-value and Sen's (1968b) nonparametric slope estimate with its 80% confidence interval are obtained for each site for both weighted means and medians. These are shown in Tables 6.1.1 and 6.1.2 respectively. In Table 6.1.1, 11 out of the 32 sites have significant trends at the p=0.2 level. In Table 6.1.2, 10 out of the 32 sites have significant trends at the p=0.2 level. The results of the nonparametric slope estimation are plotted in Figures 6.1.19 (a) and (b) with symbols defined in Section 3.3, for the weighted means and medians respectively. 1 8 3 If the lower 80% confidence bound of the slope estimate is greater than 0 at any site a \"+\" is plotted; if the upper 80% confidence bound of the slope estimate is less than 0 a \"-\" is plotted. Otherwise, a \"0\" is plotted . \"+\", \"-\" and \"0\" represent respectively, an up-trend, a down-trend and no-trend. The patterns of these two figures are very similar. In Figure 6.1.19 (a), 7 of the sites show down-trends and they are mainly located in the Eastern United States. The two located along the West Coast show up-trend. Other sites show no-trend. Figure 6.1.19 (b) shows a slightly different pattern in which two sites located in the South show up-trend. The main result is that during the period of 1980 - 1986, most of the sites have no-trend. However, keeping Figures 6.1.6 and 6.1.7 in mind, the results of trend tests and slope estimation may be misleading in case of the presences of a V-shaped trend. The results of Kriging the slope estimates are displayed in Figures 6.1.20(a) and (b). As before, Figure 6.1.20(a) is for the weighted means and (b) is for medians. A \"+\" means an up-trend is estimated at the corresponding point and a \"-\" means a down-trend, estimated at the point. Since the estimated variograms used for these two plots are both constant, Figures 6.1.20 (a) and (b) are actually produced by moving averages. Hence these two figures are relatively rough and should be read in conjunction with Figure 6.1.19. At any particular point where the observations were not made, interpolation may not be reliable. This is because (a) estimation is based on the estimated slopes, not on the observations directly and (b) the spatial resolution of the measurements is low and therefore, the correlations between sites are small. 6.2 Results for the Recent Data \"Recent data\" refers to the data collected from January, 1983 to December, 1986. For H + , there are 86 sites with 5 or fewer missing observations during the period. The 1 8 4 locations of these 86 sites are plotted in Figure 6.2.1. From this figure we can see that more sites are located in the Northeast than the rest of the areas. The results of this section are based on the data observed at these 86 sites. 6.2.1 Clustering and Transformation Figure 6.2.2 shows the hierarchical cluster structure of the weighted means. The sites are partitioned naturally into three clusters. The locations of the sites labelled by cluster are shown in Figure 6.2.3. It gives a pattern similar to the one in Figure 6.1.3: cluster 2 is located in the subregion of highest industrial concentration; cluster 1 is located around that region; and cluster 3 is located throughout the rest of the United States, corresponding to cluster 3, 1 and 2 in Figure 6.3.1 respectively. This gives us the same indications that we mentioned in Section 6.1.1, namely, that the wet acid deposition in the industrial areas has a different manner from that of the other area. The histograms of the original data and the transformed data under the three kinds of transformation described in Section 3.1, are shown in Figure 6.2.4. It appears that the histogram of the 1/4 power transformed data fits the normal curve slightly better than that of the log transformed data. For the reason given in Section 6.1.1, also for the reason that the log transformation is used in the case of \"historical data\", the log transformation is adopted for our analysis so that comparisons can be easily made. The histograms of the log transformed data for each cluster are depicted in Figure 6.2.5. It appears that the histogram for cluster 2 fits the normal curve well. The histogram of cluster 1 fit the normal curve too but it has a light long left tail. The histogram of cluster 3 is left skewed. 6.2.2 Trend, Seasonality and Spatial Patterns 1 8 5 The analysis described below is applied to both log transformed monthly volume weighted means and log transformed monthly medians. The analysis is applied separately to each cluster obtained from clustering the volume weighted mean data. Three-way median polishes are applied to both weighted means and medians in each cluster. Figures 6.2.6 and 6.2.7 show the plots of the yearly effects of the three clusters for weighted mean and median respectively. They show similar patterns. In general, all three clusters show up-trends. This conclusion, obtained from 86 stations instead of 32, is consistent with what we got from Figures 6.1.7 and 6.1.8. That is, during the period of 1983 to 1986, the concentration of H + in wet deposition increased for the most industrialized subregion of the United States, and for most of the other regions of the United States as well. Figures 6.2.8 and 6.2.9 show the monthly effects for the weighted means and medians, respectively. Although more than half of the data used in the present analyses were not included in the historical data, the patterns are quite close to those for the latter displayed in Figures 6.1.8 and 6.1.9: high from June to September; low from November to April with a peak in August. This convinces us again of spatial stability in the seasonal pattern. Besides, it seems more clearly that there is a gap in April for cluster 3. Figures 6.2.10 to 6.2.12 show the site effects of log(H +) by cluster; the weighted means and medians are plotted together and sorted by weighted means within each cluster. In Figure 6.2.10, the difference between the effects of the weighted means and the medians at Station 021a is large. To see how this occurred we need to study the original data further. For cluster 2, the stations located in the center of the industrial region tend to have larger effects. Figures 6.2.13 to 6.2.15 are the boxplots of the residuals of the three-way median polish of the log(H +) data where (a) is for weighted means and (b) is for medians and each box 1 8 6 represents one site. In general, the variations of the residuals in each cluster are of the same order and are comparable to those in Figures 6.1.13 to 6.1.15. The differences between the boxplots for the means and for the medians are even smaller. The boxes for Station 035a and 038a in both Figures 6.1.15 (a) and (b) are larger indicating that the data from these two station do not fit the model well. Extreme outliers are found in Stations 021a, 023a, 025a,039a, 051a, 053a and 161a in Figures 6.2.13 (a) or (b), 058a in Figures 6.2.14 (b) and 015a, 024a, 029a, 068a, 071a, 077a, 225a and 339a in Figures 6.2.15 (a) or (b). Among these stations, 021a, and 053a have extreme outliers observed in Figures 6.1.13 to 6.1.15 and those outliers may be the same ones. Al l these sites and the other stations with outliers need further study. Figures 6.2.16 to 6.2.18 summarize the result of the median polish for the three clusters respectively where (a) is for weighted means and (b) is for medians. In each figure, boxes represent the main effects, interaction and residuals. These figures are similar to those in Figures 6.1.16, 6.1.18 and 6.1.17 respectively. The interpretation for them can be applied here correspondingly. Generally speaking, cluster 2 fit the model best. 6.2.3 The Results of T r e n d Testing, Slope Estimation and Kr ig ing The Mann-Kendall Test and Sen's slope estimation procedure which were applied to \"historical data\" are used for \"recent data\" as well. A Mann-Kendall test statistic with the corresponding p-value and Sen's (1968b) nonparametric slope estimate with its 80% confidence interval are obtained for each site for both weighted means and medians. These are shown in Tables 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 respectively. In Table 6.2.1, 39 out of the 86 S l t e s h a v e significant trends at the p=0.2 level. In Table 6.2.2, 40 out of the 86 sites have significant trends at the p=0.2 level. Figures 6.2.19 (a) and (b) are obtained by the same method used to produce Figures 6.1.19, for weighted means and medians respectively. Again, \"+\", \"-\" and \"0\" represent an 1 8 7 up-trend, a down-trend and no-trend, respectively. In Figure 6.2.19 (a), 10 sites show down-trends and are located in the middle east of the United States. Slightly more than half of the sites show no-trend and the rest of the sites show up-trend. Those sites are located throughout the United States. The pattern of Figure 6.2.19 (b) is quite similar to Figure 6.2.19 (a) except that there are a few more \"up-trend\" stations and fewer \"down-trend\" stations. Comparing Figures 6.2.19 ((a) and (b)) with Figures 6.1.19 ((a) and (b)), we can see that a lot more stations with \"+\" appear in the former. Some of the stations with \"-\" in Figure 6.1.19 have \"+\" in Figures 6.2.19. This implies that some stations do have a V-shaped trend during the period of 1980 - 1986. The results of Kriging the slope estimates are displayed in Figures 6.2.20(a) and (b) where (a) is for the weighted means and (b) is for the medians. As before, a \"+\" means an up-trend and a \"-\" means a down-trend estimated at the corresponding point, respectively. Again, these two plots are similar except that both the \"+\" area and \"-\" areas in Figure 6.2.20 (b) are smaller than those in Figure 6.2.20 (a). Both figures show that there is an up-trend for the East Coast area, a down-trend in certain areas of the middle of the United States and no-trend in the rest of the areas. For the reason given in Section 6.1.3, these two figures can only be used as indicators of the spatial distribution of the trends as the interpolation error for a specific point could be large. 1 8 8 The Locations Of The 32 Monitoring Stations From 1980 To 1986 (For Hydrogen ion) Clustering of H+ monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) r 1-989-4986-1 8 8 8 & s 3 Figure 6.1.2 Clusters of H+ monthly vo lume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 1980- 1986 (k=3) Figure 6.1.3 CD ro Histograms of Transformed H+ (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86) Histgram ol H+ (volume weighted mean, 80 - 86) 50 100 150 200 250 300 Histgram ol log(H+) (volume weighted mean, 80 - 86) Histgram of sqrt(H+) (volume weighted mean, 80 - 86) S 8 -n s . CM S Histgram of (H+)A(1/4) (volume weighted mean, 80 - 86) i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 1.0 1.5 20 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 «.5 Figure 6.1.4 Histograms of log(H+) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 80-86) Histogram lor Cluster 1 ol log(H+) (vwm, 80 - 86) based on H+ 8 . Histogram lor Cluster 2 ot log(H+) (vwtn, 80 - 86) based on H+ C D C O Histogram for Cluster 3 of log(H+) (vwm, 80 - 86) based on H+ Figure 6.1.5 Yearly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980 - 1986) \\! 3 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 F igure 6.1.6 1 94 Yearly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1980 - 1986) 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 1 1 9 8 2 1 9 8 3 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 5 1 9 8 6 Figure 6.1.7 1 95 Monthly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1980 - 1986) 2 ,1 J 1 1 1 1 2 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Figure 6.1.8 1 96 Monthly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1980 - 1986) 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan F i g u r e 6 . 1 . 9 1 97 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1980 - 1986) Common Effect for Mean = 3.734 Common Effect for Median = 3.709 \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ V Si 7 / / / / / / \\ / / / / > \\ / \\ \\ T / —| \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ / \\ \\ / N / / / / / \\ \\ \\ \\ / \\ \\ median mean (0 to to oo to to to m to nj m i n stalions Figure 6.1.10 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1980 -1 Common Effect for Mean = 2.350 Common Effect for Median = 2.393 V\\ a \\ / / / / / / / / / / / / N P N / / Tjsr / median moan CO CO CO nl cn to nj co ra stations Figure 6.1.11 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1980 - 1986) Common Effect for Mean = 4.085 Common Effect for Median = 4.177 stations Figure 6.1.12 Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) o 8 CO CM CM CO CM CO CO o CO station Figure 6.1.13(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly median, clust 1) s lat ion Figure 6.1.13(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) T « I to co CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO co to CO to •>* o IS o \"3- CD oo 01 CM CO 01 CD CO o cn CO CO CO in i n m o o o o o o O o o o o o o o station Figure 6.1.14(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly median, clust 2) ro o 4^ ra o ro CO to station Figure 6.1.14(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) station Figure 6.1.15(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (80-86, monthly median, clust 3) i ra in station Figure 6.1.15(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 1) Sit MonYr Figure 6.1.16(a) MonSit YrSit res Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86,monthly median,clust 1) Mon Sit MonYr MonSit Figure 6.1.16(b) YrSit res ro o CD CO CM Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 2) CM CO Sit MonYr Figure 6.1.17(a) MonSit YrSit res ro o Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86,monthly median,clust 2) o h OJ Sit MonYr MonSit Figure 6.1.17(b) YrSit res Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 3) _T_ T I ± I ± I ! Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 6.1.18(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (80-86,monthly median.clust 3) • Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit Figure 6.1.18(b) Trend of log(H+) from 1980 to 1986 at the 32 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(H+) from 1980 to 1986 at the 32 Stations (calculated by monthly median) 2 1 5 Trend of log(H+) from 1980 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) Figure 6.1.20(b) - down trend + up trend The Locations Of The 86 Monitoring Stations From 1983 To 1986 (For Hydrogen ion) Figure 6.2.1 Clustering of H+ monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) r • 1983 - 1 Figure 6.2.2 Clusters of H+ monthly volume weighted mean based on sqrt(MSE) 1983- 1986 (k=3) Histograms of Transformed H+ (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) Histgram of H+ (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) Histgram of log(H+) (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) 0 50 1 00 150 200 250 300 6 -4 2 0 2 4 6 9 ro ro o Histgram of sqrt(H+) (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) Histgram of (H+)A(1/4) (volume weighted mean, 83 - 86) 8 -Figure 6.2.4 Histograms of log(H+) by Clusters (Volume Weighted Mean, 83-86) Histogram lor Cluster 1 of log(H+) (vwm, 83 - 86) based on H+ - i 1 — - i Histogram for Cluster 2 of log(H+) (vwm, 83 - 86) based on H+ i i r - - i r \" LJZL I 1 Histogram for Cluster 3 of log(H+) (vwm, 83 - 86) based on H+ 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4 5 5.0 5.5 8.0 Figure 6.2.5 Yearly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983 - 1986) 1983 1984 1985 Figure 6.2.6 1986 2 2 2 Yearly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983 - 1986) 1983 1984 1985 1986 Figure 6.2.7 223 Monthly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly volume weighted mean, 1983 - 1986) 2 .1. \\ i \\ * \\ i \\ i \\ / \\ / 3 1 Jan 1 Mar 1 May 1 Jul 1 S e p 1 Nov 2 Jan F i g u r e 6 . 2 . 8 224 Monthly Effect of log(H+) for 3 Clusters (monthly median, 1983 - 1986) i i '2' /• i /• i r •» 1 1 1 1 1 Mar May Jul Sep Nov Figure 6.2.9 225 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 1 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1983 -1 ro ro CD Common Effect for Mean = 3.503 Common Effect for Median = 3.479 \\ L \\ 1 / / -/ \\ / \\ V / \\ / s / s median mean to d ro CO in o ro ro co cn o o ro ro I f ) CO CM i -SI o ro ro ro ro CO i— r— CO CM CO CO CO O O T - r-ro ro ro ro CM T— o CM CO CM IT) r ~ O O CO CM ro tn oo CM Stations Figure 6.2.10 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 2 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1983 - 1986) Common Effect for Mean = 4.011 Common Effect for Median = 4.026 / / / \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ / \\ / \\ \\ / \\ \\ / \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ (0 \\ / 7 / / / / / / / \\ / / T / / / / \\ / / / y / \\ / \\ / \\ \\ \\ \\ mfldian mtan stations Figure 6.2.11 Station Effect of log(H+) for Cluster 3 (monthly median/volume weighted mean (sorted by volume weighted mean), 1983 Common Effect for Mean = 2.160 Common Effect for Median = 1.918 1986) ro ro co median mean stations Figure 6.2.12 Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 1) l I I _L I I i * T T f 1 * i 1 I i L I ro ro CO + X t a c G a i t t i t t i B i t B t a t Q a s a i G i t a a i e i s c a c a t o a i a i a i t t i Q t n O r - C A i c o u o o D T - c M c o c n c ^ T - c v j c o c O T - ^ ' c o c n ^ - r ^ c M i o o C M C M C \\ i C \\ J C M C M C O M M C O ^ r U 7 U l i n r ^ C D C D C D ^ L O l O f ^ C O L O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O - r - T - » - C a c \\ J C \\ i C M C M C 0 station F i g u r e 6 . 2 . 1 3 ( a ) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly median, clust 1) CO 8 ra 03 nl nl ro ra ro nl nl ro to ro ra ro ro ro ro to to ra ra CO in 00 CM CO cn c n CM CO CO 00 CM in o C J CM CM CO CO CO CO in in m t^ CO CO CO *r in in 00 in o o O o O o o o o o o o CM CM CM CM CM CO station Figure 6.2.13(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 2) r o CO + X station F i g u r e 6 . 2 . 1 4 ( a ) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly median, clust 2) station Figure 6.2.14(b) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly volume weighted mean, clust 3) (O _ co I ! c a c o n j c o r o r o c o r o t d c o n i n j r a r o o a n j c a c a r o n j f f l ^ i ^ o * - c \\ i i n c o r ^ T f c n o - ^ i n < o r ^ r o c n T - c > j m o i - ^ < o r ^ o 3 0 c o < o c \\ i m c ^ o o T - ^ r - t - r - ^ - w w n o n n c ^ n ^ n l O ^ O ( 0 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ( D a ^ o ^ ^ l n l n l n l f l l n f f l ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ c o l o c o c o n * l n O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O T - T - T - ^ ^ C \\ I C M C \\ J C V 1 C M C \\ J C M C \\ J C M O J C \\ J C M C > 1 C > I C J C O C O C O station Figure 6.2.15(a) Boxplot for the resid. of log(H+) (83-86, monthly median, clust 3) CO | * N o > - N i n c o N ^ O ) 0 ^ i n i D N o i j i - N ( O O t - * i o N f f l o n c o N n c \\ i n ^ m o o i x i T - n i n a j ( i ) O r - N n o ) o ) ' t o o T - T - T - T - i - T - ( \\ i w p ) P ) p ) n c o c o m i D ( 0 ( D S N S N S S ( O t O ( O N N i n i n i n i n i n « ) N N N S N c o ( D c o o ) c , i t ' 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O ^ T - ^ station Figure 6.2.15(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86,monthly volume weighted mean.clust 1) i i Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit Figure 6.2.16(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86,monthly median,clust 1) i i i i Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit Figure 6.2.16(b) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86,monthly volume weighted mean,clust 2) Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 6.2.17(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86,monthly median,clust 2) 1 i I Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit Figure 6.2.17(b) T J , L Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86,monthly volume weighted mean.clust 3) i i Mon Yr Sit MonYr MonSit YrSit res Figure 6.2.18(a) Summary of the Effects and Residuals from Median Polish of log(H+) (83-86,monthly median,clust 3) Sit MonYr Figure 6.2.18(b) MonSit YrSit res Trend of log(H+) from 1983 to 1986 at the 86 Stations (calculated by monthly volume weighted mean) 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(H+) from 1983 to 1986 at the 86 Stations (calculated by monthly median) Figure 6.2.19(b) 0 no trend - down trend + up trend Trend of log(H+) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly volume weighted mean) - down trend + up trend Trend of log(H+) from 1983 to 1986 in the USA (calculated by Kriging from monthly median) - down trend + up trend TABLE 6 . 1 . 1 RESULTS OF MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN ION (Month ly Volume W e i g h t e d Mean, '80 - '86) s i t e ID z ] p - v a l u e e s t'd s l o p e L-bd 80 % U-b 004a -1 . 610 0 .107 -0 .004 -0 . .007 -0 .001 010a 0 . 944 0 .345 0 .002 -0 . .001 0 .007 011a 1 .275 0 .202 0 .003 0. .0 0 .007 017a 0 . 961 0 .336 0 .002 0 . 0 0 .005 020a -1 .7 68 0 .077 -0 .002 -0 . .004 -0 .001 021a -1 .231 0 .218 -0 .002 -0 . .004 0 .0 022a -1 .784 0 .074 -0 .002 - 0 . .004 0 .0 023a -2 .186 0 .029 -0 .003 -0 . .005 -0 .001 030a -0 .877 0 .381 -0 .002 - 0 . .005 0 .001 031a -1 .115 0 .265 -0 .002 - 0 . .004 0 .0 032a -0 .169 0 .866 0 .0 - 0 . .001 0 .001 034a -0 .393 0 .694 -0 .001 - 0 . .004 0 .002 036a 0 .769 0 .442 0 .001 - 0 . .001 0 .004 038a -0 .213 0 .832 0 .0 -0 . .007 0 .005 039a -1 .432 0 .152 -0 .002 - 0 . .005 0 .0 040a -0 . 654 0 .513 -0 .001 - 0 . .003 0 .001 041a -0 .724 0 .469 -0 .001 . - 0 . .003 0 .001 049a -0 .731 0 .465 -0 .001 - 0 . .004 0 .001 051a -2 .477 0 .013 -0 .005 - 0 . .009 -0 .002 052a -2 .193 0 .028 -0 .004 - 0 . .007 -0 .001 053a -1 .106 0 .269 -0 .003 - 0 . .006 0 .0 055a -1 .753 0 .080 -0 .002 - 0 . .003 0 .0 056a -0 .387 0 .699 0 .0 - 0 . .001 0 .001 058a -0 .159 0 .874 0 .0 - 0 . .001 0 .001 059a 2 . 953 0 .003 0 .005 0. .002 0 .007 064a 0 .066 0 . 948 0 .0 - 0 . .001 0 .002 074a 1 .385 0 .166 0 .002 0. .0 0 .004 075a 0 .337 0 .736 0 .0 - 0 . .001 0 .002 076a -1 .288 0 .198 -0 .002 -0 . .006 0 .0 168a -1 .042 0 .297 -0 .002 - 0 . .004 0 .0 171a -0 .457 0 .648 0 .0 - 0 . .003 0 .001 173a -0 .469 0 .639 -0 .001 - 0 . .004 0 .002 245 TABLE 6.1.2 RESULTS OF MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN ION (Monthly Median, '80 - '8 6) s i t e ID z p-value est'd slope L-bd 80; % U-b 004a -1 .462 0 .144 -0, .004 -0 .008 0 .0 010a 0 .191 0 .849 0, .0 -0 .004 0 .007 011a 1 . 656 0 .098 0. .007 0 .001 0 .012 017a 1 . 639 0 .101 0 , .003 0 .001 0 .006 020a -0 . 410 0 . 682 0 . 0 -0 .003 0 .001 021a -1 .419 0 .156 -0, .002 -0 .005 0 .0 022a -1 .923 0 .054 -0, .003 -0 .006 -0 .001 023a -2 .012 0 .044 -0. .003 -0 .005 -0 .001 030a -0 .466 0 .641 -0, .001 -0 .005 0 .001 031a -1 .127 0 .260 -0. .002 -0 .004 0 .0 032a 0 .733 0 .464 0, .001 -0 .001 0 .003 034a 0 .261 0 .794 0, .0 -0 .003 0 .004 036a 1 .605 0 .109 0, .004 0 .001 0 .006 038a -0 .240 0 .810 0 , .0 -0 .008 0 .005 039a -0 .259 0 .795 0, .0 -0 .003 0 .002 040a -1 .021 0 .307 -0, .001 -0 .004 0 .0 041a -0 .894 0 .372 -0, .001 -0 .004 0 .001 049a -0 . 917 0 .359 -0 , .001 -0 .004 0 .0 051a -1 .670 0 .095 -0, .004 -0 .007 0 .0 052a -1 .595 0 .111 -0. .003 -0 .006 0 .0 053a -0 .323 0 .747 0 , .0 -0 .004 0 .003 055a -0 .205 0 .837 0 . 0 -0 .001 0 .001 056a 0 .282 0 .778 0. .0 -0 .001 0 .002 058a -0 .569 0 .570 0, .0 -0 .002 0 .001 059a 4 . 155 0 .0 0 . 009 0 .006 0 .012 064a -0 . 604 0 .546 0 . 0 -0 .002 0 .001 074a -0 .008 0 .993 0. .0 -0 .001 0 .002 075a -0 .553 0 .580 0. .0 -0 .002 0 .001 076a -0 .323 0 .747 0 . 0 -0 .005 0 .002 168a -1 .271 0 .204 -0. .003 -0 .005 0 .0 171a -0 .629 0 .529 -0. ,001 -0 .003 0 .001 173a 0 .373 0 .709 0. .001 -0 .002 0 .005 2 4 6 TABLE 6.2.1 RESULTS OF MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN ION (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, '83 - '86) s i t e ID Z p-value est'd slope L-bd 80! % U-bd 004a -1. .926 0 .054 -0 .011 -0 .019 -0 .004 007a -0. .324 0 .746 -0 .002 -0 .011 0 .004 010a 1. .769 0 . 077 0 .007 0 .002 0 .014 011a 1. .609 0 . 108 0 .009 0 .003 0 .016 012a 0, . 947 0 .344 0 .008 -0 .004 0 .017 015a 0. .670 0 .503 0 .001 -0 .001 0 .007 016a -1. .246 0 .213 -0 .009 -0 .019 0 .0 017a 3, .918 0 .0 0 .016 0 .009 0 .021 020a 0 , .101 0 . 920 0 .0 -0 .003 0 .003 021a 0 , .204 0 .838 0 .0 -0 .004 0 .003 022a 0 , .436 0 . 663 0 .001 -0 .003 0 .007 023a 0 , .169 0 .866 0 .001 -0 .003 0 .005 024a -1 .502 0 .133 -0 .008 -0 .014 -0 .002 025a -0. .240 0 .810 -0 .001 -0 .005 0 .002 028a 1, .526 0 .127 0 .006 0 .001 0 .012 029a -0 , .542 0 .588 -0 .002 -0 .008 0 .004 030a 1, .559 0 .119 0 .006 0 .002 0 .012 031a -0. .367 0 .714 -0 .002 -0 .006 • 0 .002 032a -1, .577 0 .115 -0 .004 -0 .007 -0 .001 033a -1, .822 0 .068 -0 .005 -0 .009 -0 .002 034a -2 .708 0 .007 -0 .016 -0 .023 -0 .009 035a -1 .507 0 .132 -0 .022 -0 .036 -0 .002 036a 2 .729 0 .006 0 .012 0 .006 0 .019 037a 0 .956 0 .339 0 .002 -0 .001 0 .006 038a -2 .568 0 .010 -0 .028 -0 .042 -0 .014 039a 0 . 898 0 .369 0 .005 -0 .002 0 .012 040a 1, .271 0 .204 0 .005 0 .0 0 .009 041a 0 , .391 0 .696 0 .001 -0 .003 0 .005 046a 1. .395 0 .163 0 .003 0 .0 0 .005 047a 1 . 841 0 .066 0 .006 0 .002 0 .009 049a 0. .880 0 .379 0 .004 -0 .002 0 .011 051a 1, .155 0 .248 0 .007 0 .0 0 .014 052a -0, .578 0 .564 -0 .003 -0 .009 0 .003 053a 2 . 446 0 .014 0 .009 0 .003 0 .016 055a 1. .307 0 .191 0 .004 0 .0 0 .007 056a 2 . 195 0 .028 0 .006 0 .003 0 .010 058a 0 , .613 0 .540 0 .002 -0 .002 0 .005 059a 1, .155 0 .248 0 .003 0 .0 0 .007 061a 2. .301 0 .021 0 .005 0 .002 0 .008 062a -0. .335 0 .737 -0 .003 -0 .016 0 .008 063a 2. . 146 0 .032 0 .005 0 .002 0 .008 064a 1. .253 0 .210 0 .003 0 .0 0 .006 0 65b -0. .147 0 .883 0 .0 -0 .003 0 .003 068a -0 . ,294 0 .769 -0 .002 -0 .014 0 .008 070a -0 . 142 0 .887 -0 .001 -0 .008 0 .008 071a -0 . 773 0 .439 -0 .007 -0 . 020 0 .005 073a 1. . 683 0 .092 0 .007 0 .002 0 .013 2 4 7 TABLE 6 . 2 . 1 (continued) RESULTS OF MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN ION (Monthly Volume Weighted Mean, ' 8 3 - ' 8 6 ) s i t e Z F >-value e s t ' d 80% ID s l o p e L-bd U-bd 074a 3 .136 0. 002 0, .008 0 .005 0. 012 075a 3 . 920 0. 0 0 , .009 0 .006 0 . 012 076a 1 .027 0 . 304 0 . 005 -0 .002 0 . 011 077a -1 .155 0. 248 -0 .010 -0 .023 0. 001 078a -0 .685 0. 493 -0, .004 -0 .014 0 . 005 160a 1 .096 0 . 273 0. .007 -0 .001 0 . 013 161a -0 .382 0 . 702 -0 .001 -0 .007 0 . 003 163a 0 .871 0 . 384 0. .003 -0 .002 0 . 008 164a 0 .161 0. 872 0 .001 -0 .007 0. 008 166a 0 . 624 0. 533 0 , .004 -0 .003 0 . 010 168a 0 . 994 0 . 320 0. .005 -0 .001 0 . 010 171a 2 .755 0 . 006 0. .009 0 .005 0 . 014 172a 1 .311 0. 190 0 , .003 0 .0 0. 008 173a 0 .578 0. 563 0, .003 -0 .004 0 . 008 249a 1 .448 0. 148 0. .008 0 .0 0. 015 251a 1 . 976 0. 048 0 . 013 0 .005 0. 023 252a -1 .075 0. 282 -0 .007 -0 .013 0. 002 253a 0 .862 0 . 389 0 .003 -0 .002 0 . 009 254a -1 .240 0. 215 -0 .005 -0 .012 0. 0 255a 0 .453 0 . 650 0 .004 -0 .010 0. 014 257a 1 .922 0 . 055 0 .009 0 .003 0. 016 258a 0 .265 0. 791 0. .001 -0 .004 0 . 007 268a 0 .791 0 . 429 0 . 005 -0 .003 0. 012 271a -0 .792 0 . 428 -0 , .003 -0 .008 0 . 002 272a -1 .733 0 . 083 -0, .004 -0 .008 -0. 001 273a -2 .106 0. 035 -0. .011 -0 .017 -0. 005 275a 0 . 933 0. 351 0, .004 -0 .002 0. 010 277a 1 . 687 0. 092 0, .006 0 .001 0. 010 278a 0 .744 0 . 457 0. .009 -0 .003 0. 029 279a 2 .160 0. 031 0, .011 0 .005 0. 017 280a 1 . 129 0 . 259 0, .006 -0 .001 0. 013 281a 2 .714 0. 007 0, .010 0 .005 0. 015 282a 1 .698 0 . 090 0 , .007 0 .002 0. 014 283a -1 .467 0. 143 -0, .010 -0 .021 -0. 001 285a 1 .316 0. 188 0. .007 0 .0 0. 015 339a 1 .350 0. 177 0. .014 0 .0 0. 027 349a 2 .036 0. 042 0. .011 0 .005 0. 016 350a 2 .759 0. 006 0. .012 0 .006 0. 017 354a 0 .450 0. 653 0. .002 -0 .004 0. 008 248 RESULTS OF MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN ION (Monthly Median, '83 - '86) s i t e ID Z p - v a l u e e s t ' d s l o p e L-bd 80: % U-b< 004a -1 . 825 0 .068 -0 .014 -0 .022 -0 .004 007a 0 .0 1 .000 0 .0 -0 .011 0 .008 010a 0 .382 0 .702 0 .003 -0 .008 0 .013 011a 1 .324 0 .185 0 .010 0 .0 0 .019 012a 0 .379 0 .705 0 .005 -0 .010 0 .018 015a 0 .859 0 .390 0 .005 -0 .002 0 .011 016a -0 .743 0 .457 -0 .004 -0 .012 0 .003 017a 3 .163 0 .002 0 .012 0 .007 0 .018 020a 1 .770 0 .077 0 .004 0 .001 0 .007 021a -0 .356 0 .722 -0 .002 -0 .011 0 .005 022a -0 .791 0 .429 -0 .003 -0 .008 0 .002 023a 0 .009 0 .993 0 .0 -0 .005 0 .004 024a -0 .178 1 0 .859 -0 .001 -0 .007 0 .005 025a -1 .093 0 .274 -0 .005 -0 .009 0 .0 028a 1 .174 0 .240 0 .008 0 .0 0 .017 029a -0 .595 0 .552 -0 .003 -0 .010 0 .003 030a 1 .247 0 .212 0 .007 -0 .001 0 .012 031a -0 . 908 0 .364 -0 .004 -0 .009 0 .001 032a -1 .706 0 .088 -0 .006 -0 .012 -0 .002 033a -0 . 613 0 .540 -0 .001 -0 .005 0 .002 034a -1 .875 0 .061 -0 .016 -0 .026 -0 .005 035a -1 .790 0 .074 -0 .022 -0 .035 -0 .009 036a 1 . 946 0 .052 0 .009 0 .003 0 .015 037a 1 . 657 0 .097 0 .006 0 .001 0 .011 038a -2 .265 0 .023 -0 .029 -0 .042 -0 .013 039a 2 .373 0 .018 0 .013 0 .007 0 .019 040a 1 .040 0 .298 0 .004 -0 .001 0 .008 041a 1 .067 0 .286 0 .003 -0 .001 0 .008 046a 1 .102 0 .270 0 .002 -0 .001 0 .005 047a 1 .740 0 .082 0 .004 0 .001 0 .008 049a 1 .004 0 .315 0 .005 -0 .001 0 .011 051a 1 .541 0 .123 0 .008 0 .001 0 .014 052a 1 . 402 0 .161 0 .007 0 .0 0 .012 053a 2 .563 0 .010 0 .015 0 .007 0 .022 055a 1 . 698 0 .090 0 .005 0 .001 0 .008 056a 1 . 929 0 .054 0 .006 0 .001 0 .010 058a 0 .631 0 .528 0 .002 -0 .002 0 .005 059a 1 . 954 0 .051 0 .008 0 .003 0 .013 061a 0 . 985 0 .325 0 .002 -0 .001 0 .006 062a 0 .084 0 .933 0 .0 -0 .013 0 .014 063a 0 . 688 0 .492 0 .002 -0 .001 0 .005 064a 0 .755 0 .450 0 .002 -0 .001 0 .005 065b 0 .084 0 .933 0 .0 -0 .002 0 .002 068a 0 . 142 0 .887 0 .002 -0 .011 0 .012 070a 0 .718 0 .472 0 .007 -0 .006 0 .020 071a -0 . 418 0 .676 -0 .007 -0 .019 0 .006 073a 2 .622 0 .009 0 .010 0 .004 0 .016 249 TABLE 6.2.2 (continued) RESULTS OF MANN-KENDALL TESTS AND SLOPE ESTIMATES FOR THE CONCENTRATIONS OF HYDROGEN ION (Monthly Median, '83 - '86) s i t e ID Z F i-value e s t ' d s l o p e L-bd 801 % U-b 074a 2 .210 0 . 027 0 .008 0 .003 0 .013 075a 3 .013 0. 003 0 .008 0 .005 0 .012 076a 0 .0 1. 000 0 .0 -0 .011 0 .012 077a -0 .807 0 . 420 -0 .010 -0 .021 0 .005 078a -0 .558 0 . 577 -0 .004 -0 .016 0 .003 160a -0 .724 0 . 469 -0 .004 -0 .013 0 .004 161a -0 .613 0 . 540 -0 .003 -0 .009 0 .003 163a 0 .843 0 . 399 0 .004 -0 .003 0 .011 164a 1 .790 0 . 074 0 .011 0 .003 0 .020 166a 0 .990 0. 322 0 .005 -0 .002 0 .015 168a 1 .846 0. 065 0 .008. 0 .003 0 .015 171a 2 .480 0. 013 0 .010 0 .005 0 .014 172a 1 .820 0 . 069 0 .004 0 .001 0 .007 173a 1 .395 0 . 163 0 .009 0 .001 0 .016 249a 2 .486 0 . 013 0 .011 0 .004 0 . 021 251a 2 . 955 0. 003 0 .023 0 .014 0 .030 252a -0 .800 0 . 424 -0 .003 -0 .011 0 .002 253a 1 .752 0 . 080 0 .007 0 .002 0 .013 254a -0 .123 0 . 902 -0 .001 -0 .010 0 .011 255a 1 .182 0 . 237 0 .009 -0 .001 0 .019 257a 1 . 477 0 . 140 0 .008 0 .001 0 .014 258a 1 .004 0 . 316 0 .006 -0 .001 0 .014 268a 1 .155 0. 248 0 .007 -0 .001 0 .015 271a -0 .039 0. 969 0 .0 -0 .005 0 .005 272a -1 .555 0 . 120 -0 .006 -0 .012 -0 .001 273a -0 .729 0. 466 -0 .007 -0 .015 0 .003 275a 0 .907 0. 365 0 .006 -0 .003 0 .014 277a 1 .834 0 . 067 0 .007 0 .002 0 .012 278a 1 .772 0 . 076 0 .015 0 .004 0 .032 279a 1 .431 0. 152 0 .008 0 .001 0 .019 280a 1 .715 0 . 086 0 .013 0 .002 0 .024 281a 2 .421 0 . 015 0 .012 0 .006 0 .019 282a 1 .058 0. 290 0 .003 0 .0 0 .008 283a -0 . 622 0 . 534 -0 .007 -0 .022 0 .008 285a 1 .013 0. 311 0 .005 -0 .001 0 .012 339a 2 .397 0. 017 0 .020 0 .009 0 .031 349a 1 .790 0. 074 0 .010 0 .002 0 .016 350a 2 .407 0 . 016 0 .011 0 .005 0 .016 354a 1 .780 0 . 075 0 .014 0 .001 0 .026 250 C h a p t e r 7 S U M M A R Y A N D F U R T H E R STUDIES The primary purpose of this study is to detect and estimate the possible temporal trends in different levels of chemical constituents of acid deposition at different locations. Spatial patterns and seasonal patterns of the levels of the chemical concentrations are also of interests. Three ions, sulphate, nitrate and hydrogen ion are analyzed in this study. Some characteristics of the chemical precipitation data, for example, nonnormality, existence of missing data and the limited number of observations available, create some difficulties in using the traditional parametric statistical methods. Some nonparametric statistical techniques are thus suggested and used here, namely, hierarchical clustering, median polishing, the Mann-Kendall Test for monotone trend, Sen's slope estimate and Kriging. The data are clustered into two to three clusters according their temporal patterns, then transformed by the log transformation so that the transformed data are approximately symmetric. The analyses are then based on the transformed data. The result of median polish suggests that there is a V-shaped trend for all the three chemicals in the subregion of highest industrial concentration. That is, the concentrations of the chemicals decreased first and then increased (or remained constant in a few cases) during the period, 1980 -1986, with the change point around 1983. Strong seasonality and spatial patterns are discovered as well where the seasonal patterns of sulphate and hydrogen ion are similar but different from that of nitrate. The Mann-Kendall Test for monotone trend and Sen's slope estimation procedure are applied to the deseasonalized data for each site. The main result is that there is overall an up-trend in the East for all the three ions during the period of 1983 - 1986. This result is 2 5 1 consistent with the results of median polish. Sen's nonparametric slope estimate is obtained for each site. Based on these estimates, the slope estimate is obtained by Kriging interpolation for each integer degree grid point of longitude and latitude across the 48 conterminous states in the United States. For further study, the outliers found in the data need to be examined; the serial independence of the data may be examined by testing independence to assure the validity of the trend test; and a rank test for umbrella alternatives can be used to test the V-shaped trend for which the monotone trend test is not valid. In addition, that the spatial patterns of the estimated trends for sulphate and nitrate are different from that for hydrogen ion suggests the possibility of multivariate analysis to explore the relationship of the concentration levels of different chemicals. 2 5 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Altwicker, E . R. and Johannes, A. H. (1987). Spatial and Historical Trends in acidic deposition: A Graphical Intersite Comparison, Atmospheric Environment,Vol. 21 No. 1, pp.129-137. Bilonick, R. A. 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Statistical Methods for Environmental Pollution Monitoring, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Hirsch R. M . and Slack, J. R. (1984). A Nonparamatric Trend Test for Seasonal Data With Serial Dependence, Water Resources Research, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp727-732. Hirsch R. M . , Slack, J. R., and Smith R. A. (1982). Techniques of Trend Analysis for Monthly Water Quality Data, Water Resources Research, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 107-121. Interagancy Task Force on Acid Precipitation. (1982). National Acid Precipitation Assessment Plan. Jernigan, R. W. (1986). A Primer on Kriging, report for U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Johnson, R. A. , Wichern, D.W. (1982). Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N J . Jonckheere, A. R. (1954). A distribution-free k sample test against ordered alternatives, Biometrika, Vol. 41, pp. 135-145. Kendall, M . G. (1970). Rank Correlation Methods, London: Charles Griffin. Kendall, M . G. (1975). Rank Correlation Methods, 4th ed. London: Charles Griffin. Le, D. N. and Petkau, A. J. (1988), The variability of rainfall acidity revisited, The Canadian Journal of Statistics, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp.15. Mann, H. B. (1945) Non-parametric tests against trend, Econometrica, Vol. 13,pp. 245-259. 2 5 4 Mardia, K. V. , Kent, J. T., Bibby, J. M . (1979). Multivariate Analysis. London: Academic Press. Matheron, G. (1973). The Intrinsic Random Functions and Their Applications, Advances in Applied Probability, Vol. 5, pp. 439-468. NADP. (1980). NADP Quality assurance Report, Central Analytical Laboratory, 1/1/79 to 12/31/79. Colorado State University, Ft., Collins, CO. NADP. (1982). National Acid Deposition Program Instruction Manual, Site Operation, natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft., Collins, CO. NADP. (1984a). Instruction Manual, NADP/NTN Site Selection and Installation, natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft., Collins, CO. NADP. (1984b). NADP Quality assurance Plan, Deposition Monitoring, natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Ft., Collins, CO. Neuman, S. H. and Jacobson, E.A. (1984). Analysis of Nonintrinsic Spatial Variability by Residual Kriging with Application to Regional Groundwater Levels, Mathematical Geology, Vol. 16, No, 5, pp. 499-521. Olsen, A.R. and Slavich A . L . (1986). Acid Precipitation in North America: 1984 Annual Data Summary from Acid Deposition System Data Base. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA/600/4-86/033. Robertson, J. K. and Wilson, J. W. (1985). Design of the National Trends Netwok for Monitoring the Chemistry of Atmospheric Precipitation. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 964 U. S. Geological Survey ; Alexandria, V A . Schertz, T. L . and Hirsch, R. M . (1985). Trend Analysis of weekly Acid Rain Data — 1978-83, U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 85--4211 Seilkop, S. K. and Finkelstein, P. L . (1987). Acid Precipitation Patterns and Trends in Eastern North America, 1980-84, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, Vol. 26, pp. 980-994. Sen, P. K.(1968a). On a class of aligned rand order tests in two-way layouts, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 39, pp. 1115-1124 2 5 5 Sen, P. K.(1968b). Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's tau, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 63, pp. 1379-1389. Tukey, J. W. (1977). Exploratory Data Analysis, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass. van Belle, G. and Hughes, J. P. (1984). Nonparametric Tests for Trend in Water Quality, Water Resources Research, Vol. 20, No. l,pp. 127-136. 2 5 6 "@en ; edm:hasType "Thesis/Dissertation"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0097841"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:degreeDiscipline "Statistics"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:rights "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "Trend analysis of monthly acid rain data - '80 -'86"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28357"@en .