@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Arts, Faculty of"@en, "History, Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Meen, Sharon Patricia"@en ; dcterms:issued "2010-03-13T17:19:12Z"@en, "1979"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Doctor of Philosophy - PhD"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """This study traces the growth of the Sabbatarian lobby in Canada. Limited to sporadic and ephemeral groups during the nineteenth century, Sabbatarianism became organized in response to the appearance of the Sunday street car in the early 1890s. This issue precipitated the formation of an aggressive lobby, the Ontario Lord's Day Alliance. Owing to a succession of judicial decisions handed down concerning the Sunday car, the Ontario Alliance found itself balked in its pursuit of provincial Sabbath observance legislation. As a consequence, it expanded in the early 1900s into a national lobby, the Lord's Day Alliance of Canada, in order to pressure the federal government. As the Alliance developed an increasing awareness of the requisites of successful lobbying, it improved and broadened its techniques: first, by presenting the Sabbatarian aim as a social rather than a moral reform; second, by forging a temporary alliance with organized labour; third, by developing new campaigning methods such as a membership and a press campaign; finally, by persuading the Laurier Liberal government that the Alliance had the support of the two major groups within Canadian society. Throughout its campaign, the Alliance maintained a cohesive organization and pressured the government on all fronts -- two key determinants to a lobby's success within the Canadian political system. Political success came to the Alliance when the French Catholic church, for its own reasons, decided to support the campaign for Sabbath observance legislation. Convinced that he was effecting a compromise acceptable to both English and French, Laurier agreed to introduce a Lord's Day bill in 19 06. The subsequent debates forced Laurier to modify his position in the face of unexpected French Canadian hostility. The Alliance's lobbying inside Parliament was markedly less effective than it had been outside. Although a truncated version of the bill became law, the Alliance failed to turn a political victory into a moral triumph. After five years' ardent pursuit of law enforcement, it became apparent that social legislation did not guarantee a reform of Canadian morals. Canadian Sabbatarianism was one of many responses to vast social and economic change in the period leading up to the First World War. The particular solution advocated by Sabbatarians was the reform of society's ills through the reform of the individual's morals. This ideal had little contact with the realities of an emerging urban and industrial society; it had little relevance to the working class need for recreation other than church-going on the week's one day of leisure. Studies of crusades for moral reform legislation demand discussion because restrictions on recreation affected larger; groups more directly than did legislation concerning factory hours or poor relief. The study of moral and social reform groups is attracting the attention of increasing numbers of Canadian his torians, while the study of pressure group activity is attracting that of political scientists. Based on a theoretical framework provided by David Truman and Neil Smelser, the core of my analysis consisted of a detailed examination of the papers of the Lord's Day Alliance of Canada, its allies, and the key politicians involved; the legislation passed at all levels of government; and the numerous judicial decisions concerning Sabbath observance. It is hoped that the study of the Sabbatarian lobby, its transformation from a single issue group to a more institutionalized group, its shift from traditional nine-' . teenth century techniques to more sophisticated methods of lobbying, its political success in 1906 and subsequent failures, will contribute an historical dimension to the debate concerning the relationship between pressure groups and the policy-making process in Canada."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/21831?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "THE BATTLE FOR THE SABBATH: THE SABBATARIAN LOBBY IN CANADA, 1890-1912 by SHARON PATRICIA MEEN B.A., U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o , 1966 M.A., U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o , 1968 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY i n THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ( D e p a r t m e n t o f H i s t o r y ) We a c c e p t t h i s t h e s i s as c o n f o r m i m t o t h e r e q u i r e d s t a n d a r d THE UNIVERSITY'OF BRITISH COLUMBIA S e p t e m b e r , 19 79 (C) S h a r o n P a t r i c i a Meen, 1979 In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s in p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r an advanced degree at the U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, I agree t h a t t he L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e and s t u d y . I f u r t h e r ag ree t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may be g r a n t e d by the Head o f my Department o r by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t c o p y i n g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l not be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . n ^ , H i s t o r y Department o f _ The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date 1 October 197 9 ABSTRACT T h i s s t u d y t r a c e s t h e g r o w t h o f t h e S a b b a t a r i a n l o b b y i n C a n ada. L i m i t e d t o s p o r a d i c and e p h e m e r a l g r o u p s d u r i n g t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , S a b b a t a r i a n i s m became o r g a n i z e d i n r e s -p o nse t o t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e Sunday s t r e e t c a r i n t h e e a r l y 1890s. T h i s i s s u e p r e c i p i t a t e d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f an a g g r e s s i v e l o b b y , t h e O n t a r i o L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e . Owing t o a s u c c e s s i o n o f j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n s handed down c o n c e r n i n g t h e Sunday c a r , t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e f o u n d i t s e l f b a l k e d i n i t s p u r s u i t o f p r o v i n c i a l S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e l e g i s l a t i o n . As a c o n s e q u e n c e , i t e x p anded i n t h e e a r l y 1900s i n t o a n a t i o n a l l o b b y , t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada, i n o r d e r t o p r e s s u r e t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n -ment. As t h e A l l i a n c e d e v e l o p e d an i n c r e a s i n g a w a r e n e s s o f t h e r e q u i s i t e s o f s u c c e s s f u l l o b b y i n g , i t i m p r o v e d and b r o a d e n e d i t s t e c h n i q u e s : f i r s t , by p r e s e n t i n g t h e S a b b a t a r i a n a i m as a s o c i a l r a t h e r t h a n a m o r a l r e f o r m ; s e c o n d , by f o r g i n g a t e m p o r a r y a l l i -a nce w i t h o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r ; t h i r d , by d e v e l o p i n g new c a m p a i g n i n g methods s u c h as a membership and a p r e s s campaign; f i n a l l y , by p e r s u a d i n g t h e L a u r i e r L i b e r a l government t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e had t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e two m a j o r g r o u p s w i t h i n C a n a d i a n s o c i e t y . T h r o u g h o u t i t s campaign, t h e A l l i a n c e m a i n t a i n e d a c o h e s i v e o r -g a n i z a t i o n and p r e s s u r e d t h e government on a l l f r o n t s -- two key d e t e r m i n a n t s t o a l o b b y ' s s u c c e s s w i t h i n t h e C a n a d i a n p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m . P o l i t i c a l s u c c e s s came t o t h e A l l i a n c e when t h e F r e n c h C a t h o l i c church, f o r i t s own reasons, decided to support the campaign f o r Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n . Convinced t h a t he was e f f e c t i n g a compromise a c c e p t a b l e to both E n g l i s h and French, L a u r i e r agreed t o i n t r o d u c e a Lord's Day b i l l i n 19 06. The subsequent debates f o r c e d L a u r i e r t o mo-d i f y h i s p o s i t i o n i n the face of unexpected French Canadian h o s t i l i t y . The A l l i a n c e ' s l o b b y i n g i n s i d e Parliament was mar-ked l y l e s s e f f e c t i v e than i t had been o u t s i d e . Although a t r u n -c a ted v e r s i o n of the b i l l became law, the A l l i a n c e f a i l e d t o t u r n a p o l i t i c a l v i c t o r y i n t o a moral triumph. A f t e r f i v e y e a r s ' ardent p u r s u i t o f law enforcement, i t became apparent t h a t s o c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n d i d not guarantee a reform of Canadian morals. Canadian Sabbatarianism was one of many responses to v a s t s o c i a l and economic change i n the p e r i o d l e a d i n g up to the F i r s t World War. The p a r t i c u l a r s o l u t i o n advocated by S a b b a t a r i -ans was the reform of s o c i e t y ' s i l l s through the reform of the i n d i v i d u a l ' s morals. T h i s i d e a l had l i t t l e c o n t a c t w i t h the r e a -l i t i e s of an emerging urban and i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y ; i t had l i t t l e r e l e v a n c e t o the working c l a s s need f o r r e c r e a t i o n other than church-going on the week's one day o f l e i s u r e . S t u d i e s o f crusades f o r moral reform l e g i s l a t i o n demand d i s c u s s i o n because r e s t r i c t i o n s on r e c r e a t i o n a f f e c t e d l a r g e r ; groups more d i r e c t l y than d i d l e g i s l a t i o n concerning f a c t o r y hours or poor r e l i e f . The study of moral and s o c i a l reform groups i s a t t r a c t i n g the a t t e n t i o n o f i n c r e a s i n g numbers of Canadian h i s -i v t o r i a n s , w h i l e t h e s t u d y o f p r e s s u r e g r o u p a c t i v i t y i s a t t r a c t -i n g t h a t o f p o l i t i c a l s c i e n t i s t s . B a s e d on a t h e o r e t i c a l f r a m e -work p r o v i d e d by D a v i d Truman and N e i l S m e l s e r , t h e c o r e o f my a n a l y s i s c o n s i s t e d o f a d e t a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e p a p e r s o f t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f C a n a d a , i t s a l l i e s , and t h e k e y p o l i -t i c i a n s i n v o l v e d ; t h e l e g i s l a t i o n p a s s e d a t a l l l e v e l s o f g o v e r n -ment; and t h e numerous j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e . I t i s h o p e d t h a t t h e s t u d y o f t h e S a b b a t a r i a n l o b b y , i t s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f r o m a s i n g l e i s s u e g r o u p t o a more i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d g r o u p , i t s s h i f t f r o m t r a d i t i o n a l n i n e - ' . t e e n t h c e n t u r y t e c h n i q u e s t o more s o p h i s t i c a t e d methods o f l o b -b y i n g , i t s p o l i t i c a l s u c c e s s i n 1906 and s u b s e q u e n t f a i l u r e s , w i l l c o n t r i b u t e an h i s t o r i c a l d i m e n s i o n t o t h e d e b a t e c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p r e s s u r e g r o u p s and t h e p o l i c y - m a k i n g p r o c e s s i n C a n a d a . V TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract i i Table of Contents v Abbreviations v i Preface v i i CHAPTER I Sabbath Observance i n B r i t i s h North America, 1800-1850- 1 II Sabbath Observance i n an I n d u s t r i a l i z i n g and T r a f f i c k -ing Age, 1850-1890 25 III The 'Giddy T r o l l e y ' and Sundays — The Question of J u r i s d i c t i o n 70 IV The Sunday Car as Cataly s t : The Formation of the Ontario Lord's Day A l l i a n c e , 1895-1899 87 V A Tale of \" T o i l and Obloquy\": John G. Shearer and the Ontario A l l i a n c e ' s Drive for Popularity 131 VI National Righteousness Aroused: The Organization of the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada, 1898-1903 174 VII The Lobby i n Action, 1903-1906 202 VIII The A l l i a n c e as C l e r i c a l Policeman, 1907-1912 244 Epilogue 283 Bibliography 286 Appendices I Who Worked on Sunday, 1888-1911: Estimates for Pre-and Post-Lord's Day Act of 1906 309 II The Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada: P r o f i l e of Leadership, 1888-1906 311 III Claimed Membership i n the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Cana-da by Province, 1901-1906 332 IV Regional Proportions of Claimed Lord's Day A l l i a n c e Membership i n the years 1901 and 1906 333 V The Lord's Day Act of Upper Canada, 1845 335 VI The Lord's Day B i l l , drafted by the LDAC, and Intro-duced to the House of Commons, March 11, 1906 339 VII The Lord's Day Act of Canada, 1906 341 v i A b b r e v i a t i o n s u s e d i n f o o t n o t e c i t a t i o n s ; A. LDACP L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada P a p e r s The LDACP ( T o r o n t o , Thomas F i s h e r Rare Book Room, U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o ) i n c l u d e t h e M i n u t e b o o k s , R e p o r t b o o k s , S c r a p b o o k s , and o t h e r r e c o r d s o f t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada, t h e O n t a r i o L o r d 1 s Day A l l i a n c e , and o t h e r p r o v i n c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s F o o t n o t e c i t a t i o n s o f t h e s e s o u r c e s have u s e d t h e f o l l o w i n g a b b r e v i a t i o n s : LDAC LDAC, CR LDAC, MB LDAC, SB LB OLDA OLDA, CR OLDA, MB OLDA, SB L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada, Committee Re-p o r t s L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada, M i n u t e b o o k L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada, S c r a p b o o k L e t t e r b o o k (The f i v e L e t t e r b o o k s i n t h e LDACP c o n t a i n l e t t e r s o f b o t h t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada and t h e O n t a r i o L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e , a r r a n g e d c h r o n o l o g i -c a l l y . Hence, no d i s t i n c t i o n b etween t h e two a s s o c i a t i o n s was p o s s i b l e . ) O n t a r i o L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e O n t a r i o L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e , Committee R e p o r t s O n t a r i o L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e , M i n u t e b o o k O n t a r i o L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e , S c r a p b o o k B. PAC, LP P u b l i c A r c h i v e s o f Canada, L a u r i e r P a p e r s C. PC, APGA P r e s b y t e r i a n C h u r c h i n Canada, A c t s and P r o -c e e d i n g s o f t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y (1875-1913) v i i Preface: The Battle for the Sabbath: The Sabbatarian Lobby in Canada, 1890-1912. This study traces the growth of the Sabbatarian lobby i n Canada. Limited to sporadic and ephemeral groups during the nineteenth century, Sabbatarianism became organized i n res-ponse to the appearance of the Sunday street car i n the early 1890s. This issue precipitated the formation of an aggressive lobby, the Ontario Lord's Day A l l i a n c e . Owing to a succession of j u d i c i a l decisions handed down concerning the Sunday car, the Ontario A l l i a n c e found i t s e l f balked i n i t s pursuit of provin-c i a l Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n . As a consequence, i t ex-panded i n the early 19 00s into a national lobby, the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada, i n order to pressure the federal government. As the A l l i a n c e developed an increasing awareness of the requi-s i t e s of successful lobbying, i t improved and broadened i t s techniques: f i r s t , by presenting the Sabbatarian aim as a so-c i a l rather than a moral reform; second, by forging a temporary a l l i a n c e with organized labour; t h i r d , by developing new cam-paigning methods such as a membership and a press campaign; f i n a l -l y , by persuading the Laurier L i b e r a l government that the A l l i a n c e had the support of the two major groups within Canadian society. P o l i t i c a l success came to the A l l i a n c e when the French Catholic church for i t s own reasons, decided to support the campaign for Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n . v i i i Convinced t h a t he was e f f e c t i n g a compromise a c c e p t a -b l e to both E n g l i s h and French, L a u r i e r agreed t o i n t r o d u c e a Lord's Day b i l l i n 1906. The subsequent debates f o r c e d L a u r i e r to modify h i s p o s i t i o n i n the face o f unexpected French Canadi-an h o s t i l i t y . The A l l i a n c e ' s l o b b y i n g i n s i d e P arliament was a l s o markedly l e s s e f f e c t i v e than i t had been o u t s i d e . Although a t r u n c a t e d v e r s i o n o f the b i l l became law, the A l l i a n c e f a i l e d to t u r n a p o l i t i c a l v i c t o r y i n t o a moral triumph. A f t e r f i v e y e a r s ' ardent p u r s u i t of law enforcement, i t became apparent t h a t s o c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n d i d not guarantee a reform of morals. Canadian Sabbatarianism was one of many responses to v a s t s o c i a l and economic change i n the p e r i o d l e a d i n g up to the F i r s t World War. These responses took many forms, but few d i s -p layed as d e f e n s i v e a r e a c t i o n as the Sabbatarian lobby. Richard A l l e n , i n h i s study of the S o c i a l Gospel, has c h a r a c t e r i z e d such c o n s e r v a t i v e reformers as those \" c l o s e s t to t r a d i t i o n a l e v a n g e l i -c a l i s m , emphasizing p e r s o n a l - e t h i c a l i s s u e s , t e n d i n g t o i d e n t i f y s i n w i t h i n d i v i d u a l a c t s , and t a k i n g as t h e i r s o c i a l s t r a t e g y l e g i s l a t i v e reform of the environment.\"^\" The s o l u t i o n advocated by the Sabbatarians was the reform o f s o c i e t y ' s i l l s through the reform o f the i n d i v i d u a l ' s morals: the success of such a r e -form would be evidenced by i n c r e a s e d attendance a t p u b l i c worship twice a Sabbath, accompanied by prayer and p r i v a t e contemplation. T h i s i d e a l had l i t t l e c o n t a c t w i t h the r e a l i t i e s o f an emerging Rxchard A l l e n , The S o c i a l P a s s i o n : R e l i g i o n and S o c i a l Reform i n Canada 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 2 8 ( T o r o n t o : U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto P r e s s , 1973), p. 17. i x i n d u s t r i a l and urban s o c i e t y ; i t had l i t t l e r e l e v a n c e to the working c l a s s need f o r r e c r e a t i o n other than church-going on the week's one day of l e i s u r e . Sabbatarianism was but another of the \"middle c l a s s panaceas which ignored the r o o t causes of 2 urban b l i g h t and the abuses of the f a c t o r y system.\" S t u d i e s of crusades f o r moral reform l e g i s l a t i o n demand d i s c u s s i o n , as B r i a n H a r r i s o n comments, because \"much l a r g e r groups were more d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d by r e s t r i c t i o n s on r e c r e a t i o n and by l i m i t a t i o n s on d r i n k i n g hours\" than by l e g i s l a t i o n on 3 f a c t o r y hours or poor r e l i e f . The study of groups a g i t a t i n g f o r such reform i n Canada i s engaging the a t t e n t i o n of i n c r e a s -i n g numbers of Canadian h i s t o r i a n s , as the work of A l l e n , Terence Morrison, N e i l Sutherland,; and John Weaver, -among o t h e r s , demon-s t r a t e s . At the same time, p o l i t i c a l s c i e n t i s t s are paying more a t t e n t i o n to p r e s s u r e group a c t i v i t y w i t h i n the Canadian 4 p o l i t i c a l system. Based on a t h e o r e t i c a l framework p r o v i d e d 5 6 by David Truman, and N e i l Smelser, the core of my a n a l y s i s c o n s i s t e d of a d e t a i l e d examination of the papers of the Lord's K. McNaught and D.J. Bercuson, The Winnipeg S t r i k e : 1919 (Don M i l l s , O n t a r i o : Longman Canada L t d ~ , 1974), p. 2. 3 B r i a n H a r r i s o n , \"State I n t e r v e n t i o n and Moral Reform i n Nineteenth-Century England,\" i n Pressure from Without i n E a r l y V i c t o r i a n England, ed., P. H o l l i s (London: Edward A r n o l d L t d . , 1974), pp. 288-9. 4 See Paul A. Pross, ed., Pressure Group Behaviour i n Canadian P o l i t i c s (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1975), p. 3. 5 D. Truman, The Governmental Process (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1950) . N. Smelser, Theory of C o l l e c t i v e Behaviour (New York: The Free Press, 1962). X Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada, i t s a l l i e s , and t h e k e y p o l i t i c i a n s i n v o l v e d ; t h e l e g i s l a t i o n p a s s e d a t a l l l e v e l s o f government; and t h e numerous j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g S a b b a t h o b s e r -v a n c e . I t i s hoped t h a t t h e s t u d y o f t h e S a b b a t a r i a n l o b b y , i t s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f r o m a s i n g l e i s s u e g r o u p t o a more i n s t i -t u t i o n a l i z e d g r o u p , i t s s h i f t f r o m t r a d i t i o n a l n i n e t e e n t h c e n -t u r y t e c h n i q u e s t o more s o p h i s t i c a t e d methods o f l o b b y i n g , i t s p o l i t i c a l s u c c e s s i n 1906 and s u b s e q u e n t f a i l u r e s , w i l l c o n t r i -b u t e an h i s t o r i c a l d i m e n s i o n t o t h e d e b a t e c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e -l a t i o n s h i p between p r e s s u r e g r o u p s and t h e p o l i c y - m a k i n g p r o c e s s i n C anada. Chapter I: Sabbath Observance i n B r i t i s h North America, 1800-1850. When Norman McLeod founded h i s settlement a t S t . Ann's on Cape Breton I s l a n d i n the e a r l y 1800s, he s u p e r v i s e d every d e t a i l of the Sabbath with c a r e f u l concern, p e r m i t t i n g o n l y works o f n e c e s s i t y to be done. In the maple sugar season, f o r example, the s e t t l e r s had to make the rounds of t h e i r t r e e s on Saturday evening \"and upset the sap troughs so t h a t they would not even use the Sunday run of sap.\" Even n e c e s s i t y was not an a c c e p t a b l e excuse i f p l e a s u r e accompanied the deed. One Sunday when two boys skated to church, \"they were ordered to c u t a h o l e i n the i c e and throw i n t h e i r s k a t e s . \" McLeod allowed o n l y t h e o l o g i c a l t o p i c s as Sunday c o n v e r s a t i o n . A f t e r the morning s e r v i c e , the a d u l t s d i s c u s s e d the m i n i s t e r ' s sermon while the c h i l d r e n s t u d i e d the catechism.''\" In c o n t r a s t to t h i s model of h o l y l i v i n g , d i s r e s p e c t or i n d i f f e r e n c e to the Sabbath c h a r a c t e r i z e d c o l o n i a l l i f e i n both the Maritime and Canadian c o l o n i e s . A f t e r p r e a ching h i s f i r s t sermon as the new P r e s b y t e r i a n m i n i s t e r i n P i c t o u , Nova S c o t i a i n 1784, James MacGregor l e a r n e d t h a t , immediately a f t e r the b l e s s i n g , \"the l o c a l d o c t o r i n v i t e d the men to the n e a r e s t grog \"Srlora McPherson, Watchman A g a i n s t the World; The .Story of Norman McLeod and His People (Toronto: The Ryerson P r e s s , 1962), pp. 100-102, c i t e d by J.S. Moir, ed., The Cross i n Canada: V i g n e t t e s of the Churches Across Four C e n t u r i e s (Toronto: The Ryerson P r e s s , 1966), pp. 131-133. 2 shop.\" At h i s next s t a t i o n , he had to warn h i s audience \" a g a i n s t the s i n f u l n e s s of t h e i r ' s i n g i n g and w h i s t l i n g , and 2 laughing and b a w l i n g 1 as they approached the s e r v i c e . \" In H a l i f a x , the h i g h l i g h t of the Sunday a f t e r n o o n was the g a r r i s o n parade a t 3 p.m., adding to the b u s t l e a l r e a d y generated by the 3 Sunday market and the open t a v e r n s . On P r i n c e Edward I s l a n d , Bishop P l e s s i s of the C a t h o l i c church viewed the.conduct of the S c o t t i s h s e t t l e r s as \" e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y indecorous.\" His g r e a t -e s t complaint concerned the \"immodesty of the women, who came to the Sacraments w i t h t h e i r t h r o a t s exposed to a degree t h a t should not a l l o w them even to en t e r the church.\" But he was a l s o d i s t u r b e d by the s e t t l e r s ' h a b i t s o f \" t a l k i n g f r e e l y , \" and of p e r m i t t i n g \" t h e i r dogs to en t e r the church and run around, as i f they were i n t h e i r masters' houses, without anyone check-4 i n g them.\" In Lower Canada, the j u s t i c e s of the peace and grand j u r i e s , both i n Quebec and Montreal, complained of the unnecessary p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f taverns which, they claimed, caused \" c o n t i n u a l scenes of r i o t and debauchery, p a r t i c u l a r l y on Sun-2 G. P a t t e r s o n , L i f e of James MacGregor, P.P. (Edinburgh, 1859), p. 96, c i t e d by J . Moir, Enduring Witness: A H i s t o r y of the P r e s b y t e r i a n Church i n Canada (Toronto: Bryant P r e s s , 1975), p. 55. 3 M i c h a e l C r o s s , \"The 1820s,\" i n C o l o n i s t s and Canadiens, ed., J.M.S. C a r e l e s s (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1971), p. 156. 4A.A. Johnston, A H i s t o r y o f the C a t h o l i c Church i n E a s t e r n Nova S c o t i a ( A n t i g o n i s h : S t . F r a n c i s X a v i e r U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1960), v o l . I, pp. 230-233, c i t e d by Moir, ed., The Cross i n Canada, p. 94. 3 d a y s , t o t h e g r e a t s c a n d a l o f s o c i e t y , and t h e r u i n o f l o w e r 5 c l a s s e s o f e v e r y age and s e x . \" I n b o t h Lower an d Upper Canada, Sunday l a b o u r was t h e r u l e n o t t h e e x c e p t i o n . A r r i v i n g i n M o n t r e a l i n 18 20, one i m m i g r a n t , J o h n C r i c h t o n , o b s e r v e d : The f i r s t t h i n g t h a t s t r u c k o u r a t t e n t i o n , b e i n g t h e S a b b a t h , was t h e w h o l e s h o r e c o v e r e d w i t h p e o p l e f i s h i n g , and t h e m a r k e t p l a c e c o v e r e d w i t h s t a n d s o f d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f g o o d s , j u s t t h e same as [ i f ] i t had b e e n a f a i r d a y, and i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f t h e town numerous p a r t i e s g o i n g a b o u t w i t h g u n s , o r amus-i n g t h e m s e l v e s w i t h p l a y i n g a t b a l l . (6) P r o c e e d i n g t o Y o r k and d i s c o v e r i n g t h a t i t was n o t u n u s u a l t o f i n d s e t t l e r s \" i n f i e l d s on t h e S a b b a t h day, o r g o i n g o u t a -s h o o t i n g , \" C r i c h t o n c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e law d i d \" n o t a p p e a r t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h them, and t h e r e f o r e t h e y do what t h e y p l e a s e on C i t e d by J . - P . W a l l o t , \" R e l i g i o n and F r e n c h - C a n a d i a n M o r e s , \" C a n a d i a n H i s t o r i c a l R e view L I I (March 1971), p . 83. F o r d e s c r i p t i o n s o f S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e i n t h e d a y s o f t h e F r e n c h r e g i m e , s e e W.J. E c c l e s , The C a n a d i a n F r o n t i e r , 1534-1760 (New Y o r k : H o l t , R i n e h a r t and W i n s t o n , 1969), p. 98; W.J. E c c l e s , F r a n c e i n A m e r i c a ( T o r o n t o : F i t z h e n r y and W h i t e s i d e , 1972), p. 136; and C . J . J a e n e n , The R o l e o f t h e C h u r c h i n New F r a n c e ( T o r o n t o : M c G r a w - H i l l R y e r s o n , 1976). From E c c l e s 1 comments, i t w o u l d seem t h a t t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e C a t h o l i c c h u r c h l a y n o t so much i n p e r s u a d i n g t h e p e o p l e t o a t t e n d r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s on t h e S a b b a t h , b u t r a t h e r i n m a i n t a i n i n g p r o p e r s t a n d a r d s o f c o n d u c t a t t h e s e r v i c e s . U n a b l e t o s e c u r e p r o p e r b e h a v i o u r t h e m s e l v e s , t h e c l e r g y were f o r c e d t o a p p e a l t o t h e I n t e n d a n t who i s s u e d f r e q u e n t o r d i n a n c e s \" o r d e r i n g t h e h a b i t a n t s o f t h i s o r t h a t p a r i s h t o b e h a v e w i t h more r e s p e c t t o w a r d t h e c l o t h ; t o c e a s e t h e i r p r a c t i c e o f w a l k i n g o u t o f c h u r c h as s o o n as t h e c u r e b e g an h i s sermon; o f s t a n d i n g i n t h e l o b b y a r g u i n g , e v e n b r a w l i n g , d u r i n g t h e s e r v i c e ; o f s l i p p i n g o u t t o a n e a r b y t a v e r n , o f b r i n g i n g t h e i r dogs i n t o c h u r c h and e x p o s t u l a t i n g w i t h t h e b e a d l e who t r i e d t o c h a s e them o u t . \" ( E c c l e s , The C a n a d i a n F r o n t i e r , p. 98). R.F. B u r n s , L i f e and T i m e s o f Rev. D r . B u r n s ( T o r o n t o , 1871), p. 350. 4 t h a t day.\"' Others made s i m i l a r o b s e r v a t i o n s . In the 1810s, W i l l i a m Case, an e v a n g e l i c a l preacher, d e c l a r e d the western set t l e m e n t s along the Thames R i v e r and Lake St. C l a i r to be \"the most wicked and d i s s i p a t e d of any p a r t of America\"; Sunday was but \"a day of wicked amusements, v i s i t i n g p a r t i e s , o f t e n dancing, hunting, f i s h i n g , e t c . \" In the 1820s, John Howison watched people spending \"the day i n i d l e n e s s and amusement, e i t h e r s t r o l l i n g among the woods, or s h o o t i n g game, or wander-9 i n g between t h e i r neighbours' houses.\" L e g a l p r o t e c t i o n f o r the Sabbath d i d e x i s t . Two B r i t i s h s t a t u t e s , the Sunday Observance A c t s of 1677 and 1780, theore-t i c a l l y guaranteed p r o t e c t i o n of the Lord's Day throughout the c o l o n i e s . N e i t h e r s t a t u t e compelled r e l i g i o u s observance of the day through attendance a t p u b l i c worship, but both s t r o v e to secure t h i s end by p r o h i b i t i n g labour and the p u r s u i t of p l e a -sure.\"^ The L e g i s l a t u r e s of the t h r e e Maritime c o l o n i e s , Nova S c o t i a , New Brunswick, and P r i n c e Edward I s l a n d , had a l l passed 7 I b i d . S.D. C l a r k , Church and Sect i n Canada (Toronto: U n i v e r -s i t y of Toronto P r e s s , 1948), p. 95. 9 John Howison, Sketches of Upper Canada (Edinburgh, 1821), pp. 157-8. 1 0 T h e 1677 A c t (29 Car. I I , c.7) p r o h i b i t e d \"any w o r l d l y labour or business or work\" by tradesmen, a r t i f i c e r s , workmen, l a b o u r e r s , or o t h e r persons and forbade such a c t i v i t i e s as \"the showing or h o l d i n g out f o r s a l e of any goods,\" t r a v e l l i n g or f r e q u e n t i n g inns or lodges. Exceptions to t h i s A c t allowed \"works, of n e c e s s i t y and c h a r i t y , \" the p r e p a r a t i o n of meat i n homes, the d r e s s i n g or s e l l i n g of meat i n i n n s and r e s t a u r a n t s , and the c r y i n g and s e l l i n g of m i l k b e f o r e 9 a.m. or a f t e r 4 p.m. 5 Sabbath Observance A c t s as one of t h e i r f i r s t c o l o n i a l laws. The New Brunswick law p r o h i b i t e d \"Shooting, Gaming, S p o r t i n g , P l a y i n g , Hawking, f r e q u e n t i n g T i p p l i n g Houses, or S e r v i l e Labour or Drunkenness on Sunday.\" The Nova S c o t i a Act, empowered church wardens to a c t as c l e r i c a l policemen to walk through the town once i n the forenoon.and once i n the a f t e r n o o n d u r i n g d i v i n e worship \"to observe.and suppress a l l d i s o r d e r s , and apprehend 12 a l l o f f e n d e r s whatsoever.\" The A c t a l s o a u t h o r i z e d them to enter p u b l i c houses o f entertainment to search f o r and s e i z e any o f f e n d e r s . In the 1820s, Nova S c o t i a ' s Lieutenant-Governor, S i r Pe r e g r i n e M a i t l a n d , \"a m o r a l i s t of a p u r i t a n i c a l s o r t not seen i n H a l i f a x s i n c e the days of the Yankee p i o n e e r s , \" took advant-age of t h i s s t a t u t e to a r r e s t the d e c l i n i n g moral tone of H a l i -fax. By walking to church, he put a b l i g h t on the once popular Sunday c a r r i a g e p r o c e s s i o n . He a l s o forbade the time-honoured The 1780 A c t (21 Geo. I l l , c.49) made i t an o f f e n c e f o r keepers of p u b l i c houses to operate t h e i r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a t any time on Sunday e i t h e r f o r p u b l i c entertainment or p u b l i c debate. A f i n e of f i v e s h i l l i n g s punished o f f e n c e s a g a i n s t the 1677 A c t , while f i n e s of up to two hundred pounds were l e v i e d a g a i n s t o f f e n d e r s of the 178 0 s t a t u t e . The main purpose of the 178 0 A c t was to suppress working c l a s s \" d i s p u t i n g s o c i e t i e s \" which the govern-ment viewed as p o l i t i c a l l y u n d e s i r a b l e . See O n t a r i o Law Reform Commission, Report on Sunday Observance L e g i s l a t i o n (Toronto: Department of J u s t i c e , • 1970)., pp. 25-9,•for .information on t h i s l e g a l background. Geo. I l l (1761), c l (N.S.); a l s o 31 Geo. I l l (1791), c.3 (N.S.); 26 Geo. I l l (1786), c.5 (N.B.); 20 Geo. I l l (1779), c.3 (P.E.I.) . 12 In 1851 the Nova S c o t i a A c t f o r the B e t t e r Observance of the Lord's Day was c o n s o l i d a t e d and r e v i s e d i n t o an A c t con-c e r n i n g \"Of Offences a g a i n s t R e l i g i o n . \" R.S.N.S. (1851), c.156. T h i s c o n s o l i d a t i o n omitted the c l a u s e empowering the church war-dens to a c t as c l e r i c a l policemen. 6 pageantry of the Sunday garrison parade, and i n person f e l l 13 upon the Sunday market \" l i k e a wrathful prophet.\" The House of Assembly i n Lower Canada also passed laws to pro-tect the Sabbath: one i n 1805 to ha l t Sunday sales of goods or liquor (\"Wine, S p i r i t s and other Strong Liquors\"); another i n 18 08 to preserve order during r e l i g i o u s services on Sun-days; and a t h i r d i n 18 27 to prevent \" t i p p l i n g i n public 14 houses during divine services.\" In the absence of adequate po l i c e forces to enforce these statutes, \"some parishes even selected muscular strongmen to impose order i n t h e i r churches 15 and throw out the interruptors.\" By the 1830s, only the youngest colony of Upper Canada remained without i t s own Sabbath observance laws. I n d i f f e r -ence to the day offended the r e l i g i o u s convictions of many evangelical Protestants who, believing i n the l i t e r a l interpre-t a t i o n of s c r i p t u r a l passages regarding proper Sabbath obser-16 vance, f e l t i t should be a day devoted e n t i r e l y to r e l i g i o u s exercises, public worship morning and evening, and private de-votions. But the absence of r e l i g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s made these T. Raddall, Halifax, Warden of the North (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1948), p. 182. 1 445 Geo. I l l (1805), c.3 ( L . C ) ; 7 Geo. IV (1827), c.3, s.6 (L.C.) . 1 5 W a l l o t , \"Religion and French-Canadian Mores,\" p. 80. 1 6Genesis 2: 2,3; Exodus 20: 8-11; Isaiah 58: 13; Exeikel 20: 12-20, were the passages most often c i t e d by Sabba-tarians. See also Luke 12: 10-16; Mathew 12: 1-14, for discus-sions between Christ and the Pharisees concerning proper conduct on the Sabbath. Christ argued, for example, that i t was proper 7 r i t u a l s i m p o s s i b l e . In some communities i t was not uncommon f o r a year to pass without a v i s i t from a m i n i s t e r . V i s i t i n g Upper Canada i n the e a r l y 1820s, John Howison e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t w i t h i n one three hundred m i l e area i n the west of the p r o v i n c e , o n l y f o u r v i l l a g e s enjoyed r e g u l a r p u b l i c worship. A p p a l l e d , Howison concluded t h a t : the d e f i c i e n c y i n the number of r e l i g i o u s e s t a b l i s h -ments must have a f a t a l e f f e c t upon the p r i n c i p l e s of the people, the m a j o r i t y of whom are t r u l y i n a s t a t e of most p i t i a b l e moral d e g r a d a t i o n , g r o s s l y c o n c e i v i n g t h a t they never do anything p r o f l i g a t e , v i c i o u s or d i s h o n e s t , except when they i n f r i n g e the laws of t h e i r country. The Sabbath, p r e s e n t i n g no r o u t i n e of d u t i e s to t h e i r r e c o l l e c t i o n , g r a d u a l l y approximates a week day. They, when i t o c c u r s , a b s t a i n from la b o u r , more from h a b i t , than from p r i n c i p l e s . (17) At the end of the decade, immigrant John C r i c h t o n was s t i l l lamenting the l a c k o f church s e r v i c e s , n o t i n g t h a t i n the p a s t 18 year he had heard o n l y f i v e or s i x sermons. Under such circumstances, c o n s c i e n t i o u s Sabbatarians c o u l d do l i t t l e . Before 1830, no one attempted to e n f o r c e the B r i t i s h s t a t u t e s , r e l y i n g i n s t e a d on p e r s o n a l example to remind f o r him to h e a l on the Sabbath, as w e l l as f o r h i s d i s c i p l e s to pluck ears of corn (that i s , work) to feed themselves. In argu-i n g w i t h the P h a r i s e e s , C h r i s t maintained t h a t \"the Sabbath was made f o r man and not man f o r the Sabbath.\" (Mark 2: 27). For d i s c u s s i o n s of the o r i g i n s and theology of the Sabbath, see W i l l i a m Hodgkins, Sunday: C h r i s t i a n and S o c i a l S i g n i f i c a n c e (London: Independent P r e s s , 1960); Winton U. S o l b e r g , Redeem the Time: the P u r i t a n Sabbath i n E a r l y America (Cambridge: Harvard U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1977); O n t a r i o Law Reform Commission, Report on Sunday Observance L e g i s l a t i o n , pp. 69-74. Howison, Sketches of Upper Canada, pp. 142-3. Burns, L i f e and Times of Rev. Dr. Burns, p. 352. 8 neighbours \"of the weekly r e t u r n of the Sabbath.\" Some might r e f u s e to d e s e c r a t e the day by p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n community f u n c t i o n s such as barn r a i s i n g s or q u i l t i n g bees; o t h e r s might i n s i s t t h a t t h e i r employees r e c e i v e t h e i r Sabbath r e s t , as long as they observed i t p r o p e r l y . Farmer Joseph Abbott, f o r example, t o l d h i s l o g g e r s t h a t he would \"much r a t h e r see them g e t t i n g ready to go to church\" than engaging i n other a c t i v i t i e s . When they asked him \"with some astonishment and i n a depreca-t o r y manner\" i f Abbott wished them to go to church every Sunday, he r e p l i e d t h a t he would c o n s i d e r a n e g l e c t of t h i s duty \"with-out s u f f i c i e n t cause\" tantamount to a n o t i c e to q u i t h i s s e r v i c e . 19 Needless to say, the men obeyed h i s wishes. Such i n d i v i d u a l e f f o r t d i d l i t t l e , however, and Sabbath-breaking continued unabated. The town of York observed Sunday q u i t e i n a d e q u a t e l y , a c c o r d i n g to the Reverend W i l l i a m Proudfoot, a staunch S c o t t i s h S a b b a t a r i a n . Although there was, he recorded i n h i s d i a r y on October 7, 1832, \"a g r e a t deal' of church-going at York,\" there was a l s o a g r e a t d e a l of c a r e l e s s n e s s and Sab-bath d e s e c r a t i o n : \"Things are done openly here which I never 19 E. G u i l l e t , The Pioneer Farmer and Backwoodsman (Toronto: The O n t a r i o P u b l i s h i n g Co. L t d . , 1963), pp. 191, 340. Abbott continued i n h i s d i a r y : \"They submitted to my wishes, but one of them thought me a hard and c r u e l task-master; t h a t one, however, i s now a s e r i o u s , o r d e r l y , and r e g u l a r attendant at church and a communicant, and a t t r i b u t e s a l l h i s subsequent success i n l i f e , as w e l l as h i s r e f o r m a t i o n of conduct, to such t r i f l i n g i n s t r u c t i o n as I was l e d to g i v e him on such occa-s i o n s . \" Thus, Abbott concluded smugly, \"a word i n season i s sometimes l i k e bread c a s t upon the waters, which may appear a f t e r many days.\" 9 saw done i n S c o t l a n d . \" While few dared outrage p u b l i c f e e l i n g by working or s h o o t i n g i n the woods, they lounged about the 20 s t r e e t s ; being i d l e , they became \" d i s o r d e r l y . \" The Church of S c o t l a n d Synod w o r r i e d about Sabbath v i o l a t i o n s by persons en-gaging \" i n w o r l d l y c o n v e r s a t i o n , ' i d l e v i s i t i n g and r e c e i v i n g o f v i s i t o r s ' , t r a v e l l i n g , f a i l u r e to do chores b e f o r e Sunday 21 and n e g l e c t of p u b l i c and p r i v a t e means of grace.\" Both the Church of S c o t l a n d and the Methodist church f e l t t h a t i n c r e a s i n g Sabbath labour connected w i t h the m a i l s and steamship t r a f f i c i n t e r f e r e d s e r i o u s l y w i t h C h r i s t i a n i t y . Not o n l y d i d such labour d e p r i v e hundreds of t h e i r o p p o r t u n i t y to a t t e n d d i v i n e worship, but p a r t i e s assembling a t wharfside taverns and crowds g a t h e r i n g a t the docks gave the whole p r o v i n c e \"an a i r of secu-22 l a r i t y and d i s s i p a t i o n . \" The Methodist C h r i s t i a n Guardian, as p a r t of i t s campaign a g a i n s t amusement i n g e n e r a l and l i q u o r i n p a r t i c u l a r , f ocussed on steamship e x c u r s i o n s , the f i r s t p l e a s u r e t r a v e l a v a i l a b l e i n Upper Canada, and t h e i r e f f e c t i n l e s s e n i n g reverence f o r the Sabbath. Not only d i d e x c u r s i o n 20 C i t e d by Jean Burnet, \"The Urban Community and Changing Moral Standards,\" i n Urbanism and the Changing Canadian S o c i e t y , ed., S.D. C l a r k (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto P r e s s , 1961), p. 73. 21 Church of S c o t l a n d Synod Papers, Report of Toronto P r e s b y t e r y on Sabbath V i o l a t i o n , 1837, c i t e d by Moir, Enduring Witness, p. 85. 22 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 21 A p r i l 1841; a l s o P r e s b y t e r i a n Church, Acts and Proceedings of the Synod of the P r e s b y t e r i a n Church of Canada i n Connection w i t h the Church of S c o t l a n d , 1841, Appendix No. IV, p. 35. 10 p a t r o n s , presumably those of the l a b o u r i n g c l a s s , r e t u r n \" h i g h l y i n t o x i c a t e d w i t h l i q u o r \" but those s t i l l a t home were n e e d l e s s l y a f f e c t e d . The n o i s e and b u s t l e , o c c u r r i n g a l l too o f t e n d u r i n g d i v i n e worship, g r e a t l y annoyed m i n i s t e r s and \"every w e l l r e g u l a t e d mind engaged i n p u b l i c worship.\" Excur-s i o n s presented \"to the eye and ear a scene of c o n f u s i o n a l t o -gether a t v a r i a n c e w i t h t h a t p e a c e f u l and o r d e r l y s t a t e of t h i n g s designed t o be secured on t h a t day by the laws o f God and of country.\" E s p e c i a l l y harmful was the e f f e c t upon the young: being c o n f i n e d to busi n e s s d u r i n g the r e s t o f the week, the a t t r a c t i v e n o v e l t y of the Sunday wharfside scene e n t i c e d them from church attendance; as a r e s u l t , they grew up \" i g n o r a n t of 23 g r e a t t r u t h s . \" Demands f o r e i t h e r the enforcement of B r i t i s h law or the p a s s i n g of new l e g i s l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d . The Church of S c o t l a n d p e t i t i o n e d the Lieutenant-Governor f o r the appointment of r e s p o n s i b l e m a g i s t r a t e s to suppress v i c e s such as Sabbath-b r e a k i n g through the p r o h i b i t i o n of Sunday m a i l and Sunday 24 labour on the c a n a l s . The Methodist church, through the Guardian, urged m a g i s t r a t e s and c i t y a u t h o r i t i e s to take the necessary steps \"to pr e s e r v e as f a r as p o s s i b l e the r e l i g i o u s 2 3 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 25 September 1833; I b i d . , 18 May 1836. See a l s o C B . S i s s o n s , Egerton Ryerson: His L i f e and L e t t e r s (Toronto: Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1937), v o l . I, p. 261, n.2. 24 P r e s b y t e r i a n Church, Acts and Proceedings, 18 39, p. 198; I b i d . , 1841, Appendix No. IV, p. 35; I b i d . , 1843, p. 31; I b i d . , 1844, p. 29. 11 r i g h t s of the i n h a b i t a n t s , \" and to e n f o r c e B r i t i s h law a g a i n s t the l a n d i n g and s h i p p i n g of goods on the Sabbath, and \"the pur-s u i t o f t h e i r s e c u l a r occupations by c a r t e r s and o t h e r l a b o u r -in g c l a s s e s . \" When l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s f a i l e d to take a c t i o n , the Guardian pressed upon the Union government i t s duty to pass l e -2 5 g i s l a t i o n \" f o r the accomplishment of so r e l i g i o u s an o b j e c t . \" In 1844, C o l o n e l John P r i n c e , independent member f o r Essex, i n t r o d u c e d a comprehensive Sabbath observance b i l l to the 2 6 L e g i s l a t u r e . Since the b i l l aimed to e n s h r i n e i n l e g i s l a t i o n a B r i t i s h i d e a l , the \"Act to Prevent the P r o f a n a t i o n of the Lord's Day, commonly c a l l e d Sunday,\" was to be a v i r t u a l r e -enactment of the 1677 B r i t i s h s t a t u t e i n a form more s u i t e d t o 27 Canadian c o n d i t i o n s and a c t i v i t i e s . I t s f i r s t c l a u s e forbade Sunday s a l e s and labo u r by \"any merchant, tradesman, a r t i f i c e r , mechanic, workman, l a b o u r e r or other person whatsoever, on the Lord's Day.\" Subsequent c l a u s e s attempted to e x t i r p a t e a l l Sabbath r e c r e a t i o n a l temptations of. c o l o n i a l l i f e : gambling, h o r s e - r a c i n g , hunting, f i s h i n g were a l l f o r b i d d e n ; even b a t h i n g \" i n any exposed s i t u a t i o n i n any water w i t h i n the l i m i t s o f any i n c o r p o r a t e d c i t y o r town, or w i t h i n view of any p l a c e of P u b l i c 25 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 18 May 1836; I b i d . , 21 A p r i l 1841. 2 6 Re P r i n c e , see D i c t i o n a r y o f Canadian Biography, v o l . IX, ed., F.G. Halpenny (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto P r e s s , 1976), pp. 642-6. 27 O n t a r i o Law Reform Commission, Report on Sunday Obser- vance L e g i s l a t i o n , p. 30. 12 Worship, or p r i v a t e r e s i d e n c e , \" was i n c l u d e d i n an amendment by the L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l . By i m p l i c a t i o n the p r o h i b i t i o n of Sabbath labour c o n t r o l l e d p l e a s u r e steamship e x c u r s i o n s . Re-f l e c t i n g the M e t h o d i s t s ' i n t e n s e concern w i t h the consumption of a l c o h o l as a l e i s u r e time p u r s u i t , the second c l a u s e of the b i l l d i r e c t l y forbade persons \"to t i p p l e , or to a l l o w or permit t i p p l i n g i n any i n n , t a v e r n , grocery or house of p u b l i c e n t e r -tainment.\" I n d i r e c t l y i t attempted to c o n t r o l the flow of l i q u o r by f o r b i d d i n g Sunday p o l i t i c a l meetings, p u b l i c d i s p l a y s of i n t o x i c a t i o n and b r a w l i n g , or the use of profane language \" i n the p u b l i c s t r e e t s or open a i r , so as to c r e a t e any r i o t , or 2 d i s t u r b a n c e , or annoyance to Her Majesty's peaceable s u b j e c t s . \" When o p p o s i t i o n from Lower Canadian members f o r c e d him to withdraw the measure, P r i n c e amended i t to apply to Upper Canada alone, r e i n t r o d u c e d the b i l l i n the f o l l o w i n g s e s s i o n , 29 and saw i t through the L e g i s l a t u r e i n 1845. The f a c t t h a t the law would not apply to Lower Canada i r k e d i t s s u p p o r t e r s , par-t i c u l a r l y the C h r i s t i a n Guardian. \"Did members of the Assembly t h i n k , \" i t q u e r i e d : Debates of the L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly of U n i t e d Canada, March 1845, p. 2305. 29 8 V i c t , c.45 (U.C.), see Appendix V; a l s o Debates of the L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly of U n i t e d Canada, March 1845, pp. 2025-28, 2305. The L e g i s l a t u r e added the category \"merchant\" to those whose labour was p r o h i b i t e d by the 16 77 s t a t u t e . The A c t d i d not apply to I n d i a n s . Any person c o n v i c t e d under the A c t was to be f i n e d a sum \"not exceeding f o r t y d o l l a r s , nor l e s s than one d o l l a r , t ogether w i t h the c o s t s and charges a t t e n d i n g the proceedings and c o n v i c t i o n . \" 13 t h a t the God of the C a t h o l i c s was more i n d u l g e n t than the God of the P r o t e s t a n t s , and t h a t l e s s would be exacted from the former than from the l a t t e r ? And d i d they t h i n k t h a t the g r e a t r u l e r of a l l r e -q u i r e d of them to a l l o w a breach of the h o l y day i n one c l a s s of the community and to punish i t i n another? I f not, why the d i f f e r e n c e i n l e g i s l a t i o n ? . . . T h i s may be expediency; but i t i s not c o n s i s t e n c y , nor C h r i s t i a n i t y . Nor i n f a c t i s i t t r u e expediency; f o r s u i t i n g o n l y p r e s e n t d i f f i c u l t i e s , and not r e s t i n g on the immutable p r i n c i p l e s of r i g h t , i t i s o n l y p r e -p a r i n g g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t i e s to come when oth e r l e g i s l a t o r s may resume the u n f i n i s h e d work. (30) The debate on P r i n c e ' s b i l l r a i s e d the problem t h a t would prove i n s o l u b l e to a l l f u t u r e Sabbatarians: how to r e -c o n c i l e r e l i g i o u s c o n v i c t i o n w i t h the d e s i r e f o r economic g a i n . On what b a s i s were d e c i s i o n s to be made to exempt a c t i v i t i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y economic, from the r e s t r i c t i v e c l a u s e s of the b i l l ? An exempting c l a u s e allowed 'works of n e c e s s i t y and c h a r i t y 1 , d e f i n i n g these to be the conveying of t r a v e l l e r s or m a i l by land or by water, and the s e l l i n g of drugs and medicines. But g i v e n the interdependent and seasonal nature of Canada's r e s o u r c e -based economy, should other a c t i v i t i e s enjoy temporary exemption? In 1845 the d i s c u s s i o n concerned hunting and f i s h i n g . On one hand, many f e l t t h a t f i s h i n g along the D e t r o i t R i v e r was an a c t i v i t y of economic n e c e s s i t y and t h e r e f o r e should be exempt; on the o t h e r hand, the same people f e l t t h a t hunting \"was gener-a l l y an amusement.\" In the end, the b i l l i n c l u d e d both i n i t s 31 p r o h i b i t i o n s , but the debate was a p o r t e n t of the f u t u r e . C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 25 September 1844. 31 Debates of the L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly of U n i t e d Canada, March 1845, pp. 2027-8. Another member thought the b i l l should a l s o exempt maple sugar making, but the House voted down t h i s s u g g e s t i o n . 14 F i v e years a f t e r the passage of the Lord's Day A c t of Upper Canada, the f i r s t S abbatarian i n t e r e s t groups appeared i n King s t o n , Toronto, and B r a n t f o r d to lobby f o r f u r t h e r l e g i s l a -t i v e p r o t e c t i o n o f the Sabbath. T h e i r f i r s t t a r g e t was Sabbath labour i n the Post O f f i c e . In 1849 the I m p e r i a l government t r a n s f e r r e d j u r i s d i c t i o n over the Royal M a i l to the c o l o n i a l governments. The simultaneous i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a cheap postage system promised an i n c r e a s e i n the amount of correspondence throughout the country w i t h the c e r t a i n r e s u l t of a \" m a t e r i a l i n c r e a s e i n the l a b o u r e r s r e q u i r e d and the labour exacted.\" I t seemed an a p p r o p r i a t e o c c a s i o n to e f f e c t changes i n procedures, a t l e a s t those a f f e c t i n g the Sunday opening of p o s t o f f i c e s and d e l i v e r y of m a i l . Experience had amply shown, argued the King-ston S o c i e t y i n 1851, t h a t i t was much e a s i e r to put a r e g u l a -t i o n on the S t a t u t e books b e f o r e a s i t u a t i o n developed i n t o com-mon p r a c t i c e than l a t e r . The S o c i e t y t h e r e f o r e b e l i e v e d i t should \" s t r a i n every nerve to p r e v a i l on the p u b l i c a u t h o r i t i e s to begin w e l l . \" The new p o s t a l system should \"not be s t a i n e d with the s i n of l e g a l i z e d Sabbath d e s e c r a t i o n , but s i g n a l i z e d 3 2 by i t s e n t i r e a b o l i t i o n . \" The formal s t r u c t u r e of the groups c o n s i s t e d o f an exe-c u t i v e board and a g e n e r a l membership. Laymen accepted the p r e s i d e n c i e s o f both the Toronto and Kingston s o c i e t i e s . James Hervey P r i c e , Commissioner of Lands i n Upper Canada, i n Toronto, Kingston C h r o n i c l e and News Supplement, 17 January 1851. 15 and a Lieutenant-Colonel Lawrence i n Kingston were the f i r s t presidents of t h e i r respective associations. On average, twenty members, the majority laymen, formed the executive boards ( c l e r i c a l representation was to be only e x - o f f i c i o ) . Consultations between the most active members of the executive, the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, were to take place at l e a s t once every three months, while each society was to meet once a year for the formal presentation of the board's annual report and the e l e c t i o n of new o f f i c e r s . The groups intended to correspond with B r i t i s h and American Sabbatarian associations 33 to c o l l e c t information on methods used i n those countries. They also projected the formation of a larger association, a Canada Sabbath A l l i a n c e . The groups planned to finance opera-tions from membership dues of 2s6d a year. Membership was based on the r e l i g i o u s conviction that: the Sabbath i s of Divine o r i g i n and perpetual obliga-t i o n ; that i t i s an i n s t i t u t i o n fraught with unspeakable blessings to mankind, temporal,sspiritual and eternal; that i t s v i o l a t i o n i n any form, by r u l e r s or subjects, must be highly displeasing to Almighty God; and that i t i s the duty of a l l to pray for, and use t h e i r best exertions to secure, the due observance of the Lord's Day. (34) Though members might come from any church, i t was expected that the congregations of the evangelical Methodist and Presbyterian churches would provide the main body of members; although the 33 Kingston Sabbath Reformation Society, \"11th Annual Re-port,\" 17 January 1861, McGill University Library. 34 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 16 January 1850. 16 groups spoke of s e c u r i n g the a i d of \" a l l c l a s s e s of the commun-i t y , \" no thought was g i v e n to r e c r u i t i n g membership o u t s i d e the churches. To achieve the ends of t h e i r \"pious and p a t r i o t i c a g i -t a t i o n s , \" the groups intended to employ o n l y \" l a w f u l means.\" They r e l i e d s o l e l y on the c i r c u l a t i o n and p r e s e n t a t i o n o f p e t i -t i o n s , the t r a d i t i o n a l technique o f the n i n e t e e n t h century, to 37 demonstrate to the government the s t r e n g t h of p u b l i c support. Such p e t i t i o n s , s t r e s s i n g the r e l i g i o u s b a s i s of sabbata-r.-ranisitb's aim, addressed the government both as a l e g i s l a t i v e body and as the employer o f Sabbath labou r i n the Post O f f i c e . The groups r e l i e d on the e v a n g e l i c a l churches to c i r c u l a t e the p e t i t i o n s and made no pla n s to i n f l u e n c e p u b l i c o p i n i o n through non-r e l i g i o u s means such as a s e c u l a r press campaign. Instead they r e s t r i c t e d themselves to u r g i n g m i n i s t e r s to \" b r i n g the impor-t a n t s u b j e c t d i r e c t l y under the n o t i c e of those committed to t h e i r s p i r i t u a l o v e r s i g h t , \" to r e c r u i t i n g c l e r g y to a c t as spokesmen on l e c t u r e t o u r s throughout the neighbourhoods, and to c i r c u l a t i n g t r a c t l i t e r a t u r e to p u b l i c i z e the cause. In i t s f i r s t y ear o f o p e r a t i o n , the Kingston S o c i e t y sent 5,000 t r a c t s to \"a v a r i e t y o f c e n t r a l p o r t s throughout the P r o v i n c e , whence, 3 5 Kingston C h r o n i c l e and News Supplement, 17 January 1851, 3 6 I b i d . 3 7 See C o l i n Leys, \" P e t i t i o n i n g i n the Nineteenth and Twentieth Century,\" P o l i t i c a l S t u d i e s I I I / l (1955), pp. 45-64. 17 through means of l o c a l agents, t h e i r f u r t h e r d i s t r i b u t i o n might 3 8 be conducted.\" The groups remained a c t i v e throughout.the 1850s and e a r l y 1860s, adding o p p o s i t i o n to Sunday labour on the canals to t h e i r concern about Sunday m a i l . Support f o r t h e i r cause came from a v a r i e t y of sources. The Free Church of S c o t l a n d , formed i n 1843, was the most ardent advocate: v o l u n t a r i s t i n most o t h e r r e s p e c t s , i t i n s i s t e d t h a t i t was the government's 39 duty to l e g i s l a t e i n favour of Sabbath observance. Members of the Free Church, i n p a r t i c u l a r the Reverend Dr. Robert Burns, a m i n i s t e r sent by the Free Church of S c o t l a n d to defend i t s break w i t h the Church of S c o t l a n d , were i n s t r u m e n t a l i n the i n i t i a t i o n of the groups. Free Church Reform p o l i t i c i a n s backed 40 the lobby i n the L e g i s l a t u r e . In 1851, Honourable Adam Fergusson presented the p e t i t i o n s to the L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l w h i l e James Hervey P r i c e took them to the Assembly. From 1853 to 1857, George Brown acted as the groups' p o l i t i c a l champion, both through h i s i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h r e e Sabbath observance b i l l s and through h i s f r e q u e n t e d i t o r i a l s i n the Toronto Globe. As ^\"Kingston C h r o n i c l e and News Supplement, 17 January 1851. 39 See Moir, Enduring Witness, p. 130: \"George Brown was a s e l f - p r o c l a i m e d v o l u n t a r i s t i n a l l t h i n g s — except sabbath observance.\" 40 See S.D. C l a r k , Movements of P o l i t i c a l P r o t e s t , 1640-1840 (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto P r e s s , 1959), p. 418. In d i s c u s s i n g the nature of the 1837 R e b e l l i o n , C l a r k makes the p o i n t t h a t support of the reform cause came not from S c o t t i s h people as such but from S c o t t i s h P r e s b y t e r i a n s who were not att a c h e d to the Church of S c o t l a n d . Scotsmen at t a c h e d to the 18 a p o l i t i c i a n , Brown had d i s c o v e r e d t h a t support of Sabbatarian-ism, l i k e temperance, strengthened him i n the r u r a l , \" r i g h t e o u s 41 West\" where the Free Church was s t r o n g e s t . \"Do s h o a l down p e t i t i o n s , \" he urged Alexander Mackenzie, S e c r e t a r y of the S a r n i a Reform Committee, \"about the Reserves, R e c t o r i e s , Sect-a r i a n Schools, Maine Law, and Sabbath d e s e c r a t i o n . . . . The 42 more the m e r r i e r . \" Although, i n Brown's o p i n i o n , the easy-going nature of e a r l i e r Upper Canadian business l i f e had not encroached on Sabbath r e s t , new business, e n e r g i e s and the \"dense p o p u l a t i o n \" f l o o d i n g the country threatened the c r e a t i o n of \"a growing w o r l d l i n e s s i n the p u b l i c mind on t h i s p o i n t , 43 which would be e a s i e r c o n t r o l l e d now than a t a l a t e r moment.\" He welcomed the formation of Sabbath observance a s s o c i a t i o n s , arguing t h a t \"whether regarded as a r e l i g i o u s , s o c i a l , p h y s i c a l or mere m e r c a n t i l e q u e s t i o n , the s t r i c t observance of one day of r e s t i n seven i s m e r c i f u l l y a n e c e s s i t y . \" But r e l i g i o u s Church of S c o t l a n d , on the o t h e r hand, c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d them-s e l v e s with the Tory cause. T h i s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of r e l i g i o n and p o l i t i c s continued a f t e r the 1837 t r o u b l e s , as S c o t t i s h Free Church P r e s b y t e r i a n s continued to support the Reform, l a t e r the L i b e r a l , p a r t y . As P.B. Waite comments, \"the g r e a t pro-moters of temperance and Sabbatarian laws seem mainly to have been on the L i b e r a l s i d e i n Parliament.\" (Waite, \" R e f l e c t i o n s on an U n - V i c t o r i a n S o c i e t y , \" i n O l i v e r Mowat's O n t a r i o , ed., D. Swainson (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1972), p. 22. 41 J.M.S. C a r e l e s s , Brown of the Globe (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1959), v o l . I, p. 160; Moir, Enduring Witness, p. 106. 42 C i t e d by J . Moir, Church and S t a t e i n Canada West: Three S t u d i e s i n the R e l a t i o n of Denominationalism and N a t i o n a l -ism (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto P r e s s , 1959), p. 67. 4 3 T o r o n t o Globe, 16 May 1850. 19 c o n v i c t i o n alone motivated Brown, as i t d i d a l l Free Church Sabbatarians, and concern f o r the workers 1 r i g h t to a weekly day of r e s t played no part i n h i s support of the Sabbatarian cause. C a l l e d by Toronto workers \"the p r i n c e of Reformers, the paragon of anti-Labour employers,\" Brown had shown himself to be a n t i - l a b o u r i n the p r i n t e r s ' s t r i k e s t h a t had b e d e v i l l e d h i s 44 own paper. His own employees worked on Sunday evenings a f t e r dinner; i n h i s 1850s campaign against the Roman C a t h o l i c s , during which he claimed, among other charges, t h a t C a t h o l i c s \"were bad C h r i s t i a n s who d i d not observe Sunday p r o p e r l y , \" he care-f u l l y covered the Globe's o f f i c e windows w i t h heavy blankets \"so that the good people going to r e l i g i o u s meetings would not see the employees of the 'Globe' were working on Sunday evenings 45 i n defence of Sabbath observance.\" Brown had even l e s s sympathy f o r the workers' need f o r r e c r e a t i o n on what might be t h e i r only day of l e i s u r e : opposed to shorter work days on the grounds t h a t i f men had more time t o spend at home they would make a nuisance of themselves, he d i d not view Sunday as 46 a day of l e i s u r e and r e c r e a t i o n . He r e j e c t e d out of hand suggestions t h a t a m i l i t a r y band might play on Sunday afternoon, Charles L i p t o n , The Trade Union Movement of Canada, 1827-1959 (Montreal: Canadian S o c i a l P u b l i c a t i o n s L t d . , 1966), pp. 17-19; a l s o S a l l y Zerker, \"George Brown and the P r i n t e r s ' Union,\" J o u r n a l of Canadian Studies X (February 1975), pp. 42-7. 45 Henri Bourassa r e l a t e d t h i s p r a c t i c e of Brown i n the 1906 debate on the Lord's Day b i l l . Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906, c. 5653. L i p t o n , op. c i t . , p. 30. 20 or t h a t people might engage i n \"snug dinner p a r t i e s , or cozy-p i c n i c s , or i n s p i r i t i n g d r i v e s , \" a b a l l game or a hand of 47 w h i s t . The Sabbath must be spent i n r e l i g i o u s p r a c t i c e s , attendance a t p u b l i c worship, morning and evening, Sunday-sc h o o l t e a c h i n g , p r i v a t e B i b l i c a l r e a d i n g , and f a m i l y p r a y e r s . In a d d i t i o n to Free Church P r e s b y t e r i a n s , the Method-i s t s s u p p l i e d a d d i t i o n a l support to the Sabbath observance cam-pai g n . Together, Methodists and Free Church P r e s b y t e r i a n s d e l i v e r e d 20,000 s i g n a t u r e s to p e t i t i o n s accompanying Brown's 48 1853 b i l l . Other welcome a i d came from the c o u r t s : i n h i s 1854 d e c i s i o n i n Regina v. T i n n i n g , Judge John B e v e r l e y Robinson concluded t h a t the c l a u s e of the 1845 A c t t h a t exempted the con-veying of t r a v e l l e r s d i d not apply to steamship e x c u r s i o n s . In h i s o p i n i o n , such people were not t r a v e l l e r s ; r a t h e r , they 49 were \"persons n o t o r i o u s l y seeking mere r e c r e a t i o n . \" On the o t h e r hand, the Church of S c o t l a n d , l e s s e n t h u s i -a s t i c than the e v a n g e l i c a l F r e e Church t o lobby f o r l e g i s l a -t i o n c oncerning a s u b j e c t i t c o n s i d e r e d a matter of church d i s -c i p l i n e , made onl y p a s s i n g r e f e r e n c e i n i t s annual r e p o r t s to the campaign f o r l e g i s l a t i o n . ^ The A n g l i c a n Church expressed 4 7 T o r o n t o Globe, 26 June 1856. 48 Moir, Enduring Witness, p. 125. 4 9 1 1 U.C.Q.B. 636. 50 P r e s b y t e r i a n Church, A c t s and Proceedings of the Pres-b y t e r i a n Church i n Canada, i n co n n e c t i o n w i t h the Church of S c o t l a n d , 1853, p. 30: \"The Synod, having had t h e i r a t t e n t i o n c a l l e d to the s u b j e c t of Sabbath Observance, agreed to express t h e i r r e g r e t of the f a i l u r e i n Parliament, of the measure f o r 21 l i t t l e or no i n t e r e s t i n l e g a l i z i n g the severe Sunday required by Sabbatarians. Although he pronounced himself i n favour of a five-and-a-half day work week, 'John Strachan p u b l i c l y stated 51 in 1856 that Sundays should be happy, not \"blue\". The A n g l i -can journal, The Church, supported Strachan's view, maintaining that nowhere did the Bible forbid the pursuit of innocent amuse-ments. God i n fact delighted to see his people \" i n the enjoy-ment of every blessing. . . which His bountiful land has pro-vided for them.\" This was p a r t i c u l a r l y so, the e d i t o r i a l con-cluded, when one considered \"how e n t i r e l y large masses of those upon whom the curse of excessive labour presses most heavily are prevented on a l l other days from enjoying many of the purest 52 natural pleasures of t h i s present l i f e . \" Seconding t h i s sentiment, the Roman Catholic church, e s p e c i a l l y the French Canadian hierarchy, rejected-the emotional and' l i t e r a l interpre-ta t i o n of the Fourth Commandment as a hobbyhorse inherited from 53 the Scottish Reformation. Of the 20,000 pet i t i o n s delivered i n 1853, only 3,000 came from Lower Canada, a l l from Protest-r e l i e v i n g the servants of the Public, from Sabbath labour, agree to declare anew t h e i r determination to use every e f f o r t to promote the better observance of the Sabbath . . . \" Ibid., 1858, pp. 63-4. 51 J. Strachan, \"Charge delivered at the v i s i t a t i o n of the clergy,\" 1856 (Toronto,1856), c i t e d by Moir, Church and State i n Canada West, p. 25. 52 . Cited by Toronto Globe, 16 June 1856. 53 J.S. Moir, The Church i n the B r i t i s h Era: From the B r i t i s h Conquest to Confederation (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1972), p. 189. 22 a n t s . The p r e s s was d i v i d e d i n i t s a t t i t u d e s . B o t h T o r o n t o C o n s e r v a t i v e p a p e r s o p p o s e d Brown's ca m p a i g n . The C o l o n i s t o b j e c t e d t o S a b b a t a r i a n l e g i s l a t i o n on t h e g r o u n d s t h a t i t w o u l d 55 \" c o n t r a v e n e t h e p r i n c i p l e o f s e p a r a t i o n o f c h u r c h and s t a t e , \" w h i l e The L e a d e r , Brown's c h i e f c o m p e t i t o r , s t r e n u o u s l y o b j e c t e d t o t h e i n v a s i o n o f p e r s o n a l r i g h t s : We do n o t p r e t e n d t o d e c i d e t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r i t be an o f f e n c e a g a i n s t h e a v e n f o r t h e a r t i s a n whose p u r s u i t c o n f i n e s h i m w i t h i n d o o r s s i x d a y s a week, t o w a l k o r r i d e o u t i n t h e c o u n t r y on t h e s e v e n t h day t o v i e w and a d m i r e t h e works and b e a u t i e s o f n a t u r e ; and t o i m b i b e t h o s e p o e t i c a l f e e l i n g s and t h a t a m i a b l e temper o f mind w h i c h s u c h a s c e n e i s c a l c u l a t e d t o p r o d u c e ; we do n o t s a y w h e t h e r t h i s be a s i n a g a i n s t t h e A u t h o r o f n a t u r e . B u t , t h e e d i t o r i a l c o n c l u d e d , i t was a c a s e i n w h i c h man had no a u t h o r i t y . I n a m a t t e r s o l e l y between t h e i n d i v i d u a l and h i s Maker, man's b i g o t r y had no r i g h t t o \" u s u r p a j u r i s d i c t i o n t o 56 w h i c h no e a r t h l y power i s e q u a l . \" F o r h i s p a r t , Brown u s e d t h e G l o b e t o expound h i s v i e w s , most o f t e n a t t a c k i n g o t h e r c h u r c h e s and n e w s p a p e r s f o r n o t s u p p o r t i n g h i s b i l l s . I n 1856, he a t t a c k e d The C h u r c h ' s v i e w s as b e i n g t h o s e o f t h e \" d e g e n e r a t e L u t h e r a n s o f Germany.\" A t t h e same t i m e he a t t a c k e d The C h u r c h and The L e a d e r f o r \" l o v i n g l y w o r k i n g i n t h e same c a u s e . \" B o t h a b h o r r e d , he c o n t i n u e d : 54 M o i r , E n d u r i n g W i t n e s s , p. 125. 55 M o i r , C h u r c h a n d S t a t e , p. 25. ^ T h e L e a d e r , 17 September 1852, c i t e d by C h r i s t i a n G u a r d i a n , 22 September 1852. 2 3 what t h e y t e r m a J e w i s h , o r P u r i t a n i c , o r P h a r i s a i c a l o b s e r v a n c e o f t h e f i r s t day o f t h e week, and b o t h a r e d e s i r o u s t o i n t r o d u c e i m p r o v e m e n t s and m o d i f i c a t i o n s , f i t t e d i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e o p i n i o n s , t o c o r r e c t t h e unhappy o r a b o m i n a b l e m i s t a k e s i n t o w h i c h so many o f us h a v e f a l l e n on t h i s momentous s u b j e c t . 'The L e a d e r ' t h o u g h t we w o u l d be a l l r i g h t i f a m i l i t a r y band w o u l d b u t p l a y on Sunday a f t e r n o o n ; 'The C h u r c h ' t h i n k s t h a t m a t t e r s w o u l d mend, i f , f o r t h e p r e s e n t \" J e w i s h s e v e r -i t y , \" we w o u l d o n l y s u b s t i t u t e t h e \" h o l y h i l a r i t y o f t h e h o l y day.\" ( 5 7 ) On a f i n a l v o t e i n 1 8 5 7 , t h e House d e f e a t e d Brown's b i l l (by one v o t e ) ; however, i n 1 8 6 0 t h e P o s t O f f i c e p e r m i t t e d U p p e r C a n a d i a n p o s t o f f i c e s t o c l o s e on Sunday i f t h e y w i s h e d . S i n c e Upper C a n a d i a n c a n a l s r e m a i n e d c l o s e d on S u n d a y s , t h a t i s s u e was o f m i n o r c o n c e r n . I n t h e a b s e n c e o f i s s u e s , t h e Sab-b a t a r i a n g r o u p s d i s a p p e a r e d . M o r e o v e r , t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s them-s e l v e s had n o t d e v e l o p e d a s t r o n g , i n d e p e n d e n t i d e n t i t y . T h e y had r e l i e d t o o much on Brown's p r e s e n c e i n t h e House o f A s s e m b l y and h i s p o s i t i o n as e d i t o r o f t h e G l o b e . B u t h i s a d v o c a c y meant t h a t t h e y c o u l d n o t s e c u r e p o l i t i c a l s u p p o r t f r o m a l l . p a r t i e s . D i f f i c u l t i e s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d e n i e d them a b r o a d b a s i s o f community s u p p o r t , and t h e y d i d n o t o r g a n i z e on a p r o v i n c e - w i d e b a s i s . A l t h o u g h t h e K i n g s t o n S o c i e t y engaged a \" d u l y q u a l i f i e d A g e n t \" t o c i r c u l a t e i t s p e t i t i o n s , n e i t h e r i t n o r t h e o t h e r s o c i e t i e s c o n s i d e r e d t h e h i r i n g o f p e r m a nent s t a f f 5 8 t o r e p l a c e v o l u n t a r y h e l p . The c l e r g y p u b l i c i z e d t h e c a u s e o n l y e r r a t i c a l l y ; S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e was b u t one o f a m u l t i t u d e T o r o n t o G l o b e , 2 6 J u n e 1 8 5 6 . 5 8 K i n g s t o n C h r o n i c l e and News S u p p l e m e n t , 1 7 J a n u a r y 1 8 5 1 . ~ 24 o f c o n c e r n s , a n d t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l p r o f a n i t y w a s o f g r e a t e r c o n c e r n t h a n t h e p o l i t i c a l l o b b y i n g . So t h e s i t u a t i o n r e m a i n e d u n t i l t h e g r o w i n g i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n a n d u r b a n i z a t i o n o f C a n a d i a n s o c i e t y p r o v o k e d a s t r o n g e r a n d m o r e d e t e r m i n e d r e s p o n s e . 25 Chapter I I : Sabbath Observance i n an I n d u s t r i a l i z i n g and T r a f f i c k i n g Age, 1850-1890. Between 1850 and the l a t e 1870s, Canada enjoyed a p e r i o d of Sabbath q u i e t serene enough to r i v a l any other country. Sun-day steamship excursions were common i n but a few of the urban centres. Sabbath labour e x i s t e d i n i s o l a t e d pockets on l y . The major c a n a l s , the Lachine, Cornwall, and Welland c a n a l s , were cl o s e d a l t o g e t h e r on Sundays. With the d e c l i n e of r a i l w a y con-s t r u c t i o n i n the 186 0s, only those few who worked on m a i l t r a i n s were a c t i v e on Sunday. In the commercial l i f e of the urban c e n t r e s , Sabbath r e s t was an assumed part of f a c t o r y or shop employment. Although r e t a i l establishments remained open u n t i l midnight Saturday n i g h t s , most c l o s e d the f o l l o w i n g day. Employment i n i n d u s t r i e s whose processes were of a con-tinuous nature was v i r t u a l l y unknown. Only i n lumbering and mining and i n domestic s e r v i c e was there any s i g n i f i c a n t Sab-bath labour; but such labour, not h i g h l y v i s i b l e to church-goers, d i d not cause concern. Only the Sunday work of some 2,000 p o s t a l employees i n the Quebec post o f f i c e s , which r e -mained open f o r one hour a f t e r morning mass, aroused comment.\"'\" In 1868, the Postmaster-General promulgated by depart-mental order: \"Postmasters i n Canada, except i n the Province of Quebec, are a t l i b e r t y to c l o s e t h e i r o f f i c e s t o the p u b l i c on Sunday; and i n the Province of Quebec postmasters should keep t h e i r o f f i c e s open f o r at l e a s t one hour e i t h e r before or a f t e r d i v i n e s e r v i c e , as may be most convenient t o the p u b l i c gener-26 The bulk of the p o p u l a t i o n was r u r a l and, with the p a s s i n g of harsh pioneer c o n d i t i o n s and the growth of church i n s t i t u t i o n s p r o v i d i n g r e g u l a r s e r v i c e s , Sabbath r e s t became the r u l e not the e x c e p t i o n . A t t i t u d e s and p r a c t i c e s were c a l -c u l a t e d to f i t i n w i t h the a g r i c u l t u r a l economy. E l e v e n o ' c l o c k became the standard hour f o r morning worship to permit e a r l y morning farm chores as weather c o n d i t i o n s and season 2 d i c t a t e d . Church-going became the r u l e and i n most d i s t r i c t s those not a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a church would have been regarded as 3 \"queer.\" For a man l i k e Newton Rowell, f u t u r e l e a d e r of the O n t a r i o L i b e r a l p a r t y and a prominent member of both the Sab-b a t a r i a n and temperance movements i n the 1890s, \"attendance a t church and c l a s s meeting occupied much of every Sunday f o r a l l ages. In t h e i r approach to such Sabbath d e s e c r a t i o n as d i d occur, however, Sabbatarians became as r i g i d and l e g a l i s t i c as e a r l i e r Norman McLeod had been a t S t . Ann's. Committed \"to a l i t e r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the s c r i p t u r e s , Sabbath observance s u p p o r t e r s , both l a y and c l e r i c a l , were c o n s t a n t l y \"aware of a l l y . \" The o n l y c i t y i n the E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g p r o v i n c e s to r e -main open on Sundays was Charlottetown, which opened f o r one hour. Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1876, c. 843. 2 O n t a r i o Law Reform Commission, Report on Sunday Obser-vance L e g i s l a t i o n (^Toronto: Department of J u s t i c e , 1970), p. 79. 3 A.R.M. Lower, Canadians i n the Making (Toronto: Mac-m i l l a n of Canada, 1958), p. 330. 4 Margaret Prang, N.W. Rowell: O n t a r i o N a t i o n a l i s t (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto P r e s s , 1975), p. 7. 27 the presence of God i n human a f f a i r s , \" rewarding and p r o t e c t -ing His supporters, admonishing and punishing those who deviated 5 from His path. B e l i e v e r s i n the idea of o r i g i n a l s i n , they f e l t t h a t d e s e c r a t i o n of the Sabbath would b r i n g r e t r i b u t i o n — D i v i n e wrath i n t h i s l i f e and e t e r n a l punishment i n the next. C e r t a i n that most men and women, i f l e f t to t h e i r own dev i c e s , would not or could not r e s i s t temptation, they appro-p r i a t e d to themselves the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the ac t i o n s of others. When one man, as A.R.M. Lower r e l a t e s , attempted to take i n h i s g r a i n one f i n e Sunday, the neighbours soon put a stop to h i s labours. George Brown demanded enforcement of the 184 5 Upper Canada Act. Boys caught p l a y i n g s h i n t y or hu r l y games i n Toronto's s t r e e t s should be punished as a warn-i n g to ot h e r s , he e d i t o r i a l i z e d : \"Twenty-four hours i n the c e l l s would be a good means of stopping boys from p r a c t i c e s of t h i s k i n d on the Sabbath.\" He and oth e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y the c l e r g y , unanimously opposed Sunday reading of newspapers, s k a t i n g , and other p l e a s u r e s , and frowned upon the making of c a l l s on neighbours. Even v i s i t i n g the s i c k was questioned — only d e f i n i t e s p i r i t u a l e d i f i c a t i o n could e l e v a t e i t above a \"weak apology f o r the crime of Sabbath-breaking.\" ^Goldwin French, \"The E v a n g e l i c a l Creed i n Canada,\" i n The S h i e l d of A c h i l l e s , ed., W.L. Morton (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1968), pp. 18-21. Lower, Canadians i n the Making, p. 330. 7 Toronto Globe, 2 November 1863. g W.H. Elgee, The S o c i a l Teachings of the Canadian 28 But a f t e r t h i s b r i e f r e s p i t e , t h e r e arose the twin t h r e a t s of expanding i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and u r b a n i z a t i o n . With the i n t e g r a t i o n of the r a i l r o a d i n t o Canada's economic s t r u c -t u r e , Canada t r u l y entered the i n d u s t r i a l age. Renewed r a i l w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n i n the 1870s l e d to expansion of r o l l i n g m i l l s i n the c i t i e s of Toronto and Montreal and engine works i n Hamil-ton. Railway needs promoted the new steam and s t e e l technology and the e f f e c t i v e s t a r t of heavy i n d u s t r y , some of whose con-tinuous processes demanded Sunday work. By the l a t e 188 0s a more complicated manufacturing p a t t e r n was emerging i n major e a s t e r n c e n t r e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n Montreal, Toronto, and Hamilton. The f o c u s s i n g e f f e c t of the r a i l w a y s had much to do w i t h i t , l e a d i n g i n d u s t r i e s to c o n c e n t r a t e a t p l a c e s with the b e s t t r a n s p o r t and supply f a c i l i t i e s , where labour c o u l d c o l l e c t and the advantages of l a r g e - s c a l e p r o d u c t i o n c o u l d 9 b e s t be secured. \"Between 1871 and 1891, the number of em-ployees i n i n d u s t r i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n O n t a r i o alone more than doubled, i n c r e a s i n g from 87,000 to 166,000.\" 1 0 A g r i c u l -t u r e a l s o experienced a t e c h n o l o g i c a l r e v o l u t i o n as f i e l d and crop r o t a t i o n , the use of f e r t i l i z e r s , and employment of b e t t e r and more s o p h i s t i c a t e d farm machinery became common. Churches, P r o t e s t a n t , The E a r l y P e r i o d , before 1850 (Toronto: The Ryerson P r e s s , 1964), p. 211. Q J.M.S. C a r e l e s s , The R i s e of C i t i e s i n Canada Before 1914, Canadian H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n , H i s t o r i c a l B ooklet No. 32, 1978, p. 24. 1^ >O.J. F i r e s t o n e , \" I n d u s t r i a l Development,\" i n The Can-adians , ed., J.M.S. C a r e l e s s and R. C r a i g Brown (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1967), p. 458. 29 Of s i g n i f i c a n c e to the S a b b a t a r i a n s was the t r e n d to more d i -v e r s i f i e d f arming, s i n c e i t i n c r e a s e d the demand f o r Sabbath labour i n the a g r i c u l t u r a l as w e l l as the i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r of the economy. The growing urban market f o r food i n c r e a s e d the herds of p i g s and cows i n O n t a r i o by 50 p e r c e n t , e s t a b l i s h e d the modern d a i r y and cheese i n d u s t r i e s , and promoted the c u l t i -v a t i o n of v e g e t a b l e crops and the p l a n t i n g of f r u i t o r c h a r d s . A l l o f these a c t i v i t i e s , the cheese f a c t o r i e s a l l y e a r round, and the f r u i t crops i n season, r e q u i r e d Sunday a t t e n t i o n . A v i g o r o u s growth of urban s e t t l e m e n t accompanied t h i s 12 economic growth. I n d u s t r y a t t r a c t e d p o p u l a t i o n to c i t i e s from farms where new machines such as the r e a p e r - b i n d e r reduced the farmer's need f o r manpower. Although e m i g r a t i o n g r e a t l y o f f - s e t the q u a n t i t a t i v e impact of immigration d u r i n g t h i s 13 p e r i o d , those immigrants who d i d stay were most o f t e n h i g h l y t r a i n e d workers o r p r o f e s s i o n a l men who, b r i n g i n g t h e i r s k i l l s and c a p i t a l w i t h them, wanted to remain i n the c i t i e s . By 1881, O n t a r i o ' s urban p o p u l a t i o n had r i s e n to 375,848 (23.1 ~1'1R. Col e H a r r i s and John Warkentin, Canada B e f o r e Con-f e d e r a t i o n (Toronto: Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1974), pp. 138-42, 12 D e s p i t e economic r e c e s s i o n s , economic growth proceeded through the 1870s and 1880s a t a steady annual r a t e of 4.6 p e r -cent. See G.W. Bertram, \"Economic Growth i n Canadian I n d u s t r y , 1870-1915,\" Canadian J o u r n a l o f Economics and P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e XXIX/2 (May 1963) , r e p r i n t e d i n Approaches to Canadian Economic H i s t o r y , ed., W.T. E a s t e r b r o o k and M.H. Watkins (Toronto: Mc-C l e l l a n d and Stewart, 1967), p. 83. ' 13 See W. Kalbach and W. McVey, The Demographic Bases o f Canadian S o c i e t y (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1971), p. 41, Table 2:4. 30 percent of i t s t o t a l population) from 133,463 i n 1851 (14.0 14 percent). In a d d i t i o n , the number of urban centres i n the var i o u s provinces increased. While manufacturing was concentra-ted i n the l a r g e r c i t i e s such as Montreal, Toronto, and Hamil-ton, other centres grew as t r a d i n g and s e r v i c e centres e i t h e r at crossroads or along the new r a i l w a y system. By 1881 south-c e n t r a l Ontario had a dense p a t t e r n of seventy-seven places w i t h 500 or more i n h a b i t a n t s , whereas i n 1851 there had only been twenty-four such p l a c e s . In Quebec, the number of v i l l a -ges w i t h 500 to 1000 r e s i d e n t s increased from t h i r t e e n to eighty-one. Only the Maritime c i t i e s d i d not \"experience the t h r u s t i n g growth brought on by l a r g e - s c a l e manufacturing and 15 met r o p o l i t a n f u n c t i o n s . \" Improvements i n urban l i v i n g a t t r a c t e d i n c r e a s i n g a t t e n t i o n . In the 1860s and 1870s horse-drawn s t r e e t r a i l w a y systems inaugurated s e r v i c e i n H a l i f a x , Montreal, Toronto, and Hamilton. In 1861; the M o n t r e a l - C i t y Passenger-Company s t a r t e d operations w i t h e i g h t cars and s i x miles of t r a c k running east-west and four m i l e s north-south, w h i l e the Toronto S t r e e t R a i l -way Company began w i t h s i x miles of s i n g l e t r a c k running north-Jacob S p e l t , Urban Development i n South-Central Ontario (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972), p. 144. \" ^ H a r r i s and Warkentin, Canada Before Confederation, p. 212. 31 s o u t h a l o n g Yonge S t r e e t , f o u r c a r s , and s e v e n t y h o r s e s . 1 6 C h a r g i n g a maximum f a r e o f f i v e c e n t s , t h e s y s t e m s r a n s i x d a y s a week, s i x t e e n h o u r s p e r day i n t h e summer months, f o u r t e e n i n t h e w i n t e r . The c i t i z e n s welcomed t h e new c o n v e n i e n c e : e n -t h u s i a s t i c crowds t h r o n g e d T o r o n t o ' s f l a g - d e c k e d s t r e e t s t o LX, „18 17 welcome t h e f i r s t c a r on September 10, 1861. I n H a l i f a x , t h e c a r s \"were a t r emendous s u c c e s s ; e v e r y b o d y wanted a r i d e . As a c o n t e m p o r a r y , H.Y. H i n d , commented, p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w o u l d be a \" g r e a t r e l i e f t o c o m m e r c i a l c i t i e s , where t h e b u s i n -e s s c e n t r e i s e v e r e x t e n d i n g and p u s h i n g t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n t o 19 t h e s u b u r b s . \" • M o r e o v e r , t h e companies were s o o n p r o v i d i n g u r b a n c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h i n c r e a s e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r r e c r e a t i o n . I n T o r o n t o , h o r s e - b o a t s c r o s s e d t h e s h a l l o w w a t e r s o f L a k e O n t a r i o t o t h e I s l a n d , where a l l t h e amusements c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 16 J . I . C o o p e r , M o n t r e a l , A B r i e f H i s t o r y ( M o n t r e a l : M c G i i r ^ Q u e e n ' s U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1969), p. 104; T.H. Rad-d a l l , H a l i f a x : Warden o f t h e N o r t h ( T o r o n t o : M c C l e l l a n d and S t e w a r t , 1948), p. 219; T o r o n t o T r a n s i t C o m m i s s i o n , Wheels o f P r o g r e s s : A S t o r y o f t h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f T o r o n t o and I t s - P u b l i c T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e r v i c e s ( T o r o n t o : T o r o n t o T r a n s i t C o m m i s s i o n , 1946) ; s e e a l s o J o h n McKay, Tramways and T r o l l e y s : The ; ,:Ris'e-of U r b a n T r a n s p o r t i n E u r o p e ( P r i n c e t o n , N . J . : P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r -s i t y P r e s s , 1976) f o r d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h i s e a r l y e r a i n E u r o p e . T o r o n t o and M o n t r e a l b e g an s e r v i c e s o n l y f o u r y e a r s a f t e r t h e m a j o r A m e r i c a n c i t i e s . An E n g l i s h m a n , A. E a s t o n , who had b r o u g h t t h e h o r s e c a r s t o M i l w a u k e e and o t h e r A m e r i c a n c i t i e s , i n t r o d u c e d t h e i d e a t o T o r o n t o . C. A r m s t r o n g and H.V. N e l l e s , The Revenge o f t h e M e t h o d i s t B i c y c l e Company: Sunday S t r e e t -c a r s and M u n i c i p a l R e f o r m i n T o r o n t o , 1888-1897 ( T o r o n t o : P e t e r M a r t i n and A s s o c i a t e s , 1977), p. 28. 17 T o r o n t o G l o b e , 11 September 18 61. 1 p R a d d a l l , H a l i f a x , p. 219. H.Y. H i n d , e t a l . , E i g h t y Y e a r s ' P r o g r e s s i n B r i t i s h N o r t h A m e r i c a ( T o r o n t o , 1863), i n L e t Us Be H o n e s t and M o d e s t : 32 of beaches and other public playgrounds were a v a i l a b l e . ^ u Various c i t y councils developed parks to meet the needs of c i t i z e n s for open spaces. In Montreal, for instance, Sohmner Park became the destination of picnickers and walkers. This burgeoning i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and urbanization of Canadian society posed threats to the Sabbath unknown i n a pioneer society. In an a g r i c u l t u r a l community, the farmer.was responsible for his decision whether or not to work on the Sabbath; i n such a s i t u a t i o n the church, once established, could hope to a f f e c t behavioural patterns. In the emerging 21 \"bustling and t r a f f i c k i n g age,\" however, the choice might not l i e with the i n d i v i d u a l i f , as an employee, he worked for an employer who demanded Sunday work. Soulless corporations were simply impervious to threats of s p i r i t u a l damnation. Sabbat-arians thus began to associate Sabbath desecration with an i n d u s t r i a l and urban way of l i f e and, forgetting that the Sab-bath quiet of the r u r a l countryside was a value only recently and p a i n f u l l y acquired, praised Sabbath observance as a cher-ished and t r a d i t i o n a l r u r a l value. Moreover, Sabbath obser-vance supporters feared that the demand for Sabbath pleasure would rapidly increase with the growth of c i t i e s . Most mer-chants, artisans, and labourers worked ten to twelve hours a Technology and Society i n Canadian History, ed., B. S i n c l a i r , N.R. B a l l and J.O. Petersen (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1974), p. 257. 20 E. G u i l l e t , The Pioneer Farmer and Backwoodsman (Tor-onto: The Ontario Publishing Co. Ltd., 1963), v o l . I, p. 196. 2 1PC, APGA, 1877, p. cxxiv. day, s i x days a week. Such a r o u t i n e l e f t no time f o r r e c r e a -t i o n on weekdays and, f o r most people, Sunday was the one day of l e i s u r e . A l r e a d y by the 1870s a v i g o r o u s Sunday e n t e r t a i n -ment s u b - c u l t u r e had emerged i n the working c l a s s areas of Montreal and j u s t o u t s i d e the c i t y l i m i t s . On one May Sunday i n 1870, f o r example, n e a r l y f i v e thousand s p e c t a t o r s gathered to watch a v e l o c i p e d e r a c e . During the same year, weekly crowds of up to 4,000 attended a c r o b a t s , p r i z e f i g h t s , cock-f i g h t i n g , and c l o g dancing events. A d d i t i o n a l crowds watched 22 the Sunday horse races on the Lachine c a n a l . E d i t o r x a l com-23 p l a i n t s by the Montreal S t a r had no e f f e c t upon t h i s a c t i v i t y . The r a i l w a y most d i s t r e s s e d the Sabbatarians as i t d i r e c t l y i n c r e a s e d the need f o r Sabbath l a b o u r . Moreover, r a i l -way companies overcame o b j e c t i o n s to Sunday labour by guaran-t e e i n g employees who worked Sunday a day o f f d u r i n g the week and paying any f i n e s l e v i e d a g a i n s t workers f o r working on t h a t 24 day. Employees who r e f u s e d to work on Sundays the companies f i r e d . Railway demands had a m u l t i p l i e r e f f e c t on the economy, i n c r e a s i n g Sabbath labour i n other s e c t o r s , e s p e c i a l l y i n pro-cesses i n v o l v i n g continuous o p e r a t i o n such as the p r o d u c t i o n of i r o n and s t e e l . The number of people working i n the Post '\"''Alan M e t c a l f e , \"The E v o l u t i o n of Organized P h y s i c a l R e c r e a t i o n i n M o n t r e a l , 1840-1895,\" S o c i a l H i s t o r y XI (May 1978) pp. 163-4. 23 M e t c a l f e s t a t e s t h a t the S t a r complained 35 times be-tween 187 0 and 18 94. 24 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1876, c. 855. 2 5 O f f i c e also increased (to 3,000 from 2,000), as special mail trains were established to provide more e f f i c i e n t service through l i n k i n g with the trans-Atlantic ships out of Halifax. This did not take into account the numerous others who, employed 2 6 in domestic service, police forces, or on newspaper s t a f f s , regularly worked on Sunday. The railway's p o t e n t i a l recreational value posed a further threat to the Sabbath. By the late 1870s, railway companies were joining the p o t e n t i a l l y l u c r a t i v e excursion 27 business. Excursions, whether by steamship or railway, could 2 8 only be \"drunken saturnalia,\" scenes of r i o t and disorder. In addition to converting the Sabbath into a mere holiday for amusement, these indulgences f a m i l i a r i z e d one's mind to the 29 idea of Sabbath labour. In short, by \"rushing and rumbling\" from place to place, the railway t r a i n became \"a mighty engine for the dishonour of the Lord, the demoralization of the land, and the s p i r i t u a l ruin of those employed i n connection with 2 5PC, APGA, 1876, p. 229. 2 6The Census of 1871 (Table XIII.) l i s t e d 60,104 people employed i n the Domestic Class. By 1881 (Table XIV) t h i s num-ber had r i s e n to 74,830. This class included barbers and hair dressers, bar-keepers, hospital attendants, hotel keepers, laundresses, midwives, as well as household servants. Not a l l may have worked on Sunday. 2 7PC, APGA, 1878, p. c x x v i i ; Ibid., 1882, p. c x l v i i ; Ibid., 1883, p. c l x i i . 2 8 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1885, c. 263; Ibid., 1891, c. 1483. 2 9 I b i d . , 1878, c. 727. 35 i t . \" 3 0 The P r e s b y t e r i a n church reacted w i t h alarm to the t h r e a t of increased Sabbath labour and pleasure. At the time of the union of the v a r i o u s P r e s b y t e r i a n bodies i n t o the new P r e s b y t e r i a n Church of Canada i n 1875, a Standing Committee on Sabbath Observance was e s t a b l i s h e d to resume the a g i t a t i o n f o r l e g i s l a t i v e enactments. The Committee organized deputations to p r o t e s t government offences, ranging from the members' use of the Commons' l i b r a r y on Sundays to continued labour i n the Post O f f i c e . 3 1 Coincident w i t h these developments, three L i b e r a l Scot-t i s h P r e s b y t e r i a n Members of Parliament, Adam Gordon, Thomas C h r i s t i e , and John C h a r l t o n , introduced b i l l s to prevent Sabbath labour on the canals and t o p r o h i b i t Sunday excursions by steam-32 ship or r a i l w a y . These b i l l s provoked an unexpected response i n the House. The P r e s b y t e r i a n church had never questioned the c o n s t i -t u t i o n a l a b i l i t y of the f e d e r a l government to pass Sabbath obser-vance l e g i s l a t i o n , s i n c e S e c t i o n 91 of the B r i t i s h North America Act empowered the f e d e r a l government to r e g u l a t e a l l crimes 33 against r e l i g i o n . But the Macdonald government, w i t h -3 0 P C , APGA, 1888, Appendix No. 14; Church of Scotland, Acts and Proceedings, 1863, p. 74. 3 1PC, APGA, 1879, p. c x l i v . 32 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1876, c. 851; I b i d . , 1878, c. 726; I b i d . , 1879, c. 75; I b i d . , 1885, c.46, cc. 256-66. 33 The Confederation Debates d e a l t oniy i n d i r e c t l y w i t h the question of Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n . The B r i t i s h North America Act continued a l l previous l e g i s l a t i o n i n f o r c e 36 out testing the matter i n the courts, decided to declare Sab-bath observance a matter of p r o v i n c i a l rather than federal j u r i s d i c t i o n and so avoid a p o t e n t i a l l y troublesome ethno-34 r e l i g i o u s issue. The Presbyterian church greeted t h i s i nterpretation with equanimity and even a cert a i n degree of enthusiasm. In the b e l i e f that a l l l e v e l s of government could l e g i s l a t e on the question, the church urged i t s p r o v i n c i a l Sy-nods to agitate at the p r o v i n c i a l as well as at the municipal 35 l e v e l . As a r e s u l t , i n d i v i d u a l Members of Parliament such as A.F. Wood of the Ontario L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly, or small groups of S a b b a t a r i a n s , presumably members of p r o v i n c i a l Pres-byterian Synods, brought the matter before p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a -tures . The provinces proved responsive to t h i s lobbying. In i t s 1883 Street Railway Act, the Ontario Legislature forbade Sunday operations by street railway companies chartered under at the time of Confederation. With regard to future l e g i s l a -t i o n , two sections of the B.N.A. Act could be interpreted as applying to Sabbath observance: Section 92, which gave the pro-vinces the r i g h t to l e g i s l a t e upon property and c i v i l r i g h t s ; and Section 91, which empowered the federal government to regulate a l l crimes against r e l i g i o n . 34 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1885, c. 266. I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note that Macdonald expressed t h i s opinion notwithstanding the contrary opinion expressed by the J u d i c i a l Committee of the Privy Council i n 1882 regarding the Canada Temperance Act. See Russell v. the Queen (1882), 7 A.C. 829. 35 The municipal codes of most provinces allowed munici-p a l i t i e s to pass by-laws regulating Sabbath observance: C S . N.B. (1877), c.99, s.96(35); R.S.N.S. (1873), c.57, s.65(15); M.C.S. (1880), c.10, s.10; 22 V i c t . (1859), c.54, s.282 (Ont.); C.S.B.C. (1877), c.127, ,s.36 (30). In Ontario, for example, York County had enacted a by-law that prohibited inhabitants from 3 6 the A ct; i n 1885, i t amended the 1845 A c t to p r o h i b i t Sunday-steamboat o r r a i l w a y passenger e x c u r s i o n s undertaken f o r amuse-37 ment o r p l e a s u r e o n l y . In 1891, the Nova S c o t i a L e g i s l a t u r e attempted to c o n t r o l the employment of Sabbath labour by amend-ing the 1851 A c t , \"Of Offences A g a i n s t R e l i g i o n , \" to make i t i l l e g a l f o r a c o r p o r a t i o n to employ or d i r e c t a person \"to per-3 8 form s e r v i l e labour on Sunday.\" Manitoba passed l e g i s l a t i o n 39 p r o h i b i t i n g Sunday o p e r a t i o n s of any s t r e e t r a i l w a y s , w h ile B r i t i s h Columbia passed a Sunday Observance A c t to apply to the p o r t i o n of the p r o v i n c e \"comprised i n the former separate 40 colony o f B r i t i s h Columbia.\" An ordinance d e a l t with the 41 Northwest T e r r i t o r i e s . Only Quebec's stand on the i s s u e seemed ambivalent: on one hand, Montreal's C i t y C o u n c i l c o u l d pass by-laws f o r the proper observance o f the Sabbath, and thus prevent amusement p l a c e s from opening and f o r b i d the s a l e of l i q u o r o f the p l a y i n g of games such as \" b i l l i a r d s , p o o l , m i s s i s s i p p i , pigeon-hole, ten p i n s , b a g a t e l l e \" i n taverns on hunt ng, f s h i n , o r sw aring a t cows on the Sabbath. J.M.S. C a r e l e s s , Brown of the Globe (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1959), v o l . I, p. 160. 3 6 4 5 V i c t . (1883), c.16, s.4 (Ont.). 3 7 4 8 V i c t . (1885), c.44 (Ont.). T h i s b i l l was a d u p l i -cate of the b i l l i n t r o d u c e d i n t o the House of Commons i n 188 5 and r e j e c t e d . 3 8 5 4 V i c t . (1891), c.32 (N.S.). 3 9R.S.M. (1891), c.90, s.143. 4 0C.S.B.C. (1888), c.108; I b i d . , c.88, s.87(65). 41R.O.N.W.T. (1888), c.39. 38 Sundays;\"1\"- on the o t h e r hand, the Quebec L e g i s l a t u r e allowed some expansion o f Sabbath a c t i v i t y by l e g a l i z i n g the s a l e o f cand i e s , f r u i t s , refreshments, c i g a r s , and oth e r s u n d r i e s both 43 i n Montreal and on S t . Helen's I s l a n d . Yet, though i t seemed apparent by the l a t e 1880s t h a t the l e g i s l a t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r Sabbath observance enact-ments was p a s s i n g to the p r o v i n c e s , the P r e s b y t e r i a n church continued to lobby f o r f e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n . I t s t i l l b e l i e v e d t h a t c o n c u r r e n t l e g i s l a t i o n by the f e d e r a l and p r o v i n c i a l governments was both necessary and p o s s i b l e . Although the O n t a r i o government had d e a l t with the problem of r a i l w a y excur-s i o n s , the p r o v i n c e s c o u l d not d e a l with through t r a f f i c on the r a i l w a y s and the problems of Sabbath labour on these i n t e r -44 p r o v i n c i a l r o u t e s . The church b e l i e v e d t h a t the two l e v e l s of government had the a b i l i t y to pass necessary l e g i s l a t i o n 45 without i n f r i n g i n g on one another's j u r i s d i c t i o n a l r i g h t s . The P r e s b y t e r i a n church t h e r e f o r e pressed f o r the formation o f an a s s o c i a t i o n \"of a wider --character r-• e i t h e r c f or e x e c u t i v e pur-4 2 5 2 V i c t . (1889), c.79, ss.8-11 (Que.). 43 I b i d . , s.9. 4 4 P C , APGA, 1888, Appendix No. 14. 45 In 1886 the f e d e r a l government enacted the f i r s t r e -v i s i o n of the S t a t u t e s o f Canada. \"Apparently the law o f f i c e r s of Canada took the view.. . . t h a t i t was d o u b t f u l whether the 1845 Upper Canadian s t a t u t e f e l l w i t h i n the f e d e r a l or p r o v i n -c i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . They d i d not sever the s t a t u t e i n any way as they d i d with some oth e r p r e - C o n f e d e r a t i o n s t a t u t e s . In-stead, they l i s t e d the whole of the Upper Canadian s t a t u t e on p r o f a n a t i o n of the Lord's Day as d o u b t f u l , and omitted i t en-t i r e l y f-rom the f i r s t f e d e r a l r e v i s i o n . \" O n t a r i o Law Reform poses or to combine the influence of a l l interested parties.\" The church perceived the lobby as a fo c a l point for the i n f l u -ence of \"Christian people of t h i s land,\" which, by serving as a channel for \"inter-denominational and international co-opera-46 t i o n , \" would bring ultimate success. By the la t e 1880s i t was e n t i r e l y possible that the Presbyterian church might enjoy a wide measure of support from other groups, both r e l i g i o u s and secular. While i t expected support from the Methodist church, i t might also a t t r a c t sup-port from the Evangelical Movement within the Church of England that was increasingly w i l l i n g to cooperate with other churches 47 i n t h e i r s o c i a l and moral reform campaigns. Moreover, the evangelical Protestants could well look forward to support from the Roman Catholic hierarchy. The Catholic church was generally 48 favouring s t r i c t e r r e l i g i o u s observance of the Sabbath. American Catholic bishops were advocating campaigns for s t r i c t e r controls on Sabbath a c t i v i t i e s and forbidding excursions and pi c n i c s . In 1880, i n response to an American request, Pope Leo XIII had delivered \"an earnest address\" to the Roman Catholic Commission, Report on Sunday Observance -Legislation, p. 31. 4 6PC, APGA, 1888, Appendix No. 14. 47 J.W. Grant, The Church i n the Canadian Era (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1972), p. 7 6 . 48 . . See Aaron I. A b e l l , American Catholicism and Social Action: A Search for Social Justice (Garden C i t y , New York: Hanover House, 1960). 40 49 church opposing Sunday and f e s t i v a l p r o f a n a t i o n . In Quebec, the French C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y was a l s o f i n d i n g t h a t e a r l y morn-ing departures kept \"people away from churches and made them 50 l o s e a l l s p i r i t of m e d i t a t i o n . \" Thus, i n 1880, C a r d i n a l Taschereau of Quebec C i t y had banned \"under p a i n of grievous s i n \" the f a i t h f u l of h i s d i o c e s e t o take p a r t on Sundays or f e a s t s i n p l e a s u r e e x c u r s i o n s on r a i l w a y s , on steamers, or i n v e h i c l e s . Taschereau agreed w i t h the P r o t e s t a n t churches t h a t experience had shown t h a t such e x c u r s i o n s gave r i s e \"to such 51 d i s o r d e r s as intemperance and immorality.\" The P r e s b y t e r i a n church might a l s o expect c l o s e coop-e r a t i o n from the temperance movement. Although the P r e s b y t e r -i a n s were not opposed to the consumption of l i q u o r seven days a week as were the M e t h o d i s t s , the Sunday s a l e of l i q u o r d i s -t r e s s e d both groups. They had a l r e a d y worked together to secure the passage of an O n t a r i o L i q u o r Act, a l b e i t much ear-l i e r , and i t seemed p l a u s i b l e t h a t e x e c u t i v e membership of the two groups might be o v e r l a p p i n g . Besides the churches and the temperance movement, the P r e s b y t e r i a n church might r e c e i v e support from both o r g a n i z e d 4 9 C i t e d by John C h a r l t o n , \"How To P r o v i d e f o r the B e t t e r Observance of the Lord's Day,\" Speech d e l i v e r e d t o the House of Commons, 26 February 1885, p. 2, LDACP. 50 C i t e d by John C h a r l t o n , Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1891, c. 751. 5 1Mandement No. 91, 26 A p r i l 1880, c i t e d by C h a r l t o n , I b i d . , c. 750; see a l s o Grant, The Church i n the Canadian E r a , p. 85. 41 l a b o u r and b u s i n e s s . \" \" I t was e n t i r e l y p o s s i b l e t h a t i n c r e a s -i n g c o m p e t i t i o n among manufacturers, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the t e x -t i l e i n d u s t r y , might f o r c e owners to c o n s i d e r Sunday produc-53 54 t i o n . Labour would thus be ready to support a campaign t h a t would prevent the e x t e n s i o n of the work week to seven days, presumably f o r o n l y s i x days' pay. C o o p e r a t i o n between r e l i -g ious d e p u t a t i o n s and c a n a l workmen had a l r e a d y a v e r t e d the ^'Changes i n the l a b o u r movement's a t t i t u d e towards eco-nomic development i n d i c a t e d \"an acceptance of very l a r g e - s c a l e i n d u s t r i a l i s m , a g i t a t i o n f o r s h o r t e r hours, the o c c a s i o n a l use of s t r i k e s and b o y c o t t s , demands f o r w e l f a r e l e g i s l a t i o n -- i n s h o r t , r e c o g n i t i o n o f the e x i s t e n c e of a permanent urban work-i n g c l a s s w i t h i n t e r e s t s p e c u l i a r to i t s e l f . . . \" S.E.D. S h o r t t , \" S o c i a l Change and P o l i t i c a l C r i s i s i n R u r a l O n t a r i o : The Pa-t r o n s of I n d u s t r y , 1889-1896,\" i n O l i v e r Mowat's O n t a r i o , p. 229; see a l s o B. O s t r y , \" C o n s e r v a t i v e s , L i b e r a l s and Labour i n the 188O's,\" Canadian J o u r n a l of Economics and P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e XXVII (May 1961); a l s o Steven Langdon, The Emergence of the Cana- d i a n Working C l a s s Movement '(Toronto: New Hogtown P r e s s , 1975). 53 See G. Kealey, ed., Canada I n v e s t i g a t e s I n d u s t r i a l i s m (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto P r e s s , 1973), pp. 198, 367. 54 There i s n o t h i n g t o support the n o t i o n t h a t l a b o u r i n i -t i a t e d the f o r m a t i o n o f t h e A l l i a n c e , an i d e a suggested both by Jean Burnet, \"The Urban Community and Changing Moral Standards,\" i n Urbanism and the Changing Canadian S o c i e t y , ed., S.D. C l a r k (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto P r e s s , 1961), p. 82, and John Gray, \"They're F i g h t i n g to Save What's L e f t of Sunday,\" Maclean's Magazine, 15 February 19 55. The LDAC c o n t a i n e d o n l y one p i e c e of evidence to support t h i s view, a pamphlet, \"The Why and How of the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada,\" (n.d., c i r c a 1950), but i t s statement to t h i s e f f e c t seems erroneous. In h i s statement to the LDAC o r g a n i z i n g meeting on A p r i l 20, 1888, W.D. Armstrong, the Convenor of the P r e s b y t e r i a n church's Sabbath Observance Committee, a s s e r t e d t h a t \" i n s e e k i n g to b r i n g about t h i s conference he had a c t e d i n obedience t o i n s t r u c t i o n s of the General Assembly of the P r e s b y t e r i a n Church.\" LDAC, Minutes, 20 A p r i l 1888, LDAC, MB 1888-1901. The P r e s b y t e r i a n church's g e n e r a l wariness i n s e e k i n g the c o o p e r a t i o n of l a b o u r b o d i e s , and the f a i l u r e of the LDAC to do so c a s t s doubts on the v a l i d i t y of Burnet's and Gray's statements. See a l s o E.A. 42 opening of the Welland Canal on Sunday i n the e a r l y 187 0s. For i t s p a r t , the churches would probably support l a b o u r ' s p e t i t i o n s f o r a reduced work day, a t l e a s t on Saturdays. As the P r e s b y t e r i a n church was f u l l y aware, f a c t o r y employees who r e c e i v e d t h e i r wages a t 7 o ' c l o c k Saturday n i g h t were f o r c e d to do t h e i r shopping t h a t evening. R e t a i l b u s i n e s s e s thus remained open u n t i l midnight f o r t h i s t r a d e , i n c a p a c i t a t i n g many from attendance a t Sunday morning w o r s h i p . ^ For t h e i r p a r t , s m a l l r e t a i l merchants would support the E a r l y Saturday c l o s i n g move-ment as p a r t of t h e i r c o l l e c t i v e \" f l i g h t from c o m p e t i t i o n . \" E a r l y c l o s i n g movements, which had appeared i n the 1860s, be-came a \" r e g u l a r f e a t u r e of m u n i c i p a l b u s i n e s s l i f e i n the 1880s 57 and 1890s\"; s u p p o r t i n g such a movement, merchants r e i n f o r c e d t h e i r t a c i t support of a q u i e t Sunday. With a l l t h i s p o t e n t i a l support, the 188 7 General As-sembly of the P r e s b y t e r i a n Church a u t h o r i z e d the Convenor of C h r i s t i e , \"The O f f i c i a l A t t i t u d e s and Opinions of the P r e s b y t e r -i a n Church i n Canada w i t h Respect to P u b l i c A f f a i r s and S o c i a l Problems, 1875-1925\"'' (M.A. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto, 1955); see a l s o Graeme D e c a r i e , \"Something Old, Something New. . .: Aspects of P r o h i b i t i o n i s m i n O n t a r i o i n the 1890s,\" i n O l i v e r Mowat's O n t a r i o , p. 167. 5 5 D . J . O'Donoghue to A.G. B l a i r , 11 June 1898, PAC, LP, C757, p. 24278. 5 6 P C , APGA, 1886, Appendix No. 32. 57 M. B l i s s , \"The P r o t e c t i v e Impulse: An Approach to the S o c i a l H i s t o r y of O l i v e r Mowat's O n t a r i o , \" i n O l i v e r Mowat's O n t a r i o , p. 174; see a l s o , Ian F. J o b l i n g , \" U r b a n i z a t i o n and Sport i n Canada, 1867-1900,\" i n Canadian Sport: S o c i o l o g i c a l P e r s p e c t i v e s , eds., R. Gruneau and J . A l b i n s o n (Don M i l l s , O n t a r i o : Addison-Wesley (Canada) L t d . , 1976), p. 71. 43 i t s Sabbath Observance Committee to b r i n g together a group of i n f l u e n t i a l laymen and c l e r g y from o t h e r P r o t e s t a n t denomina-5 8 t i o n s to d i s c u s s the f o r m a t i o n of a lobby. A f t e r c o n s i d e r -a b l e n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h the Methodist and A n g l i c a n churches, Reverend W.D. Armstrong brought together twelve c l e r g y and e i g h t laymen a t Ottawa's C i t y H a l l on the evening of A p r i l 20, 1888. In a d d i t i o n to ten P r e s b y t e r i a n s and f o u r Methodists p r e s e n t , there were a l s o three e v a n g e l i c a l A n g l i c a n s . Together these men planned the formation of the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada (LDAC). The f i r s t p r i o r i t y was the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a committee to examine the l e g a l aspect of the Sabbath q u e s t i o n . Proposed l e g i s l a t i o n would \" b r i n g employers o f l a b o u r , whether i n d i v i -d ual or c o r p o r a t i o n s , w i t h i n reach of the law.\" Such l e g i s l a -t i o n , by a p p l y i n g to Dominion c o r p o r a t i o n s , g e n e r a l r a i l w a y t r a f f i c , and c a n a l s b e l o n g i n g to the Dominion, and the manage-ment of the p o s t a l s e r v i c e , would be \" i n the h i g h e s t sense, necessary f o r promoting peace, o r d e r and good government i n the Dominion of Canada.\" Offences would be punished as misdemeanours 59 under c r i m x n a l law. The proposed o p e r a t i o n s of the A l l i a n c e showed t h a t the 5 8 P C , APGA, 1887, Appendix No. 15. 5 9LDAC, C i r c u l a r , 1889, i n LDAC, SB 1858-1928; LDAC, meeting of 20 A p r i l 1888, LDAC, MB 1888-1901; PC, APGA, 1888, Appendix No. 14; Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1890, c. 1478. For a comment on the a t t i t u d e of s o c i a l and moral reform p r e s s u r e groups towards the C r i m i n a l Code, see R.C. Macleod, \"The Shaping of Canadian C r i m i n a l Law, 1892 to 1902,\" Canadian H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n , H i s t o r i c a l Papers, 1978, p. 71. f o u n d e r s had some a w a r e n e s s o f t h e r e q u i s i t e s o f s u c c e s s f u l l o b b y i n g . They p r o p o s e d t o f o r m t h e A l l i a n c e a l o n g t h e l i n e s o f t h e D o m i n i o n A l l i a n c e f o r t h e T o t a l S u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e L i -q u o r T r a f f i c , w h i c h had l o b b i e d s u c c e s s f u l l y f o r t h e p a s s a g e 6 0 o f t h e Canada Temperance A c t t e n y e a r s e a r l i e r . The A l l i a n c e was t o be a n a t i o n a l l o b b y and any e x i s t i n g p r o v i n c i a l S a b b a t -a r i a n a s s o c i a t i o n s w o u l d a p p o i n t d e l e g a t e s t o t h e n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e as c o r r e s p o n d i n g members. The E x e c u t i v e w o u l d assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r c r e a t i n g p r o v i n c i a l a s s o c i a t i o n s i n 61 Quebec and B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a where none e x i s t e d . The B o a r d a l s o a r r a n g e d f o r d e l e g a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f r o m t h e B r i t i s h P r o -t e s t a n t d e n o m i n a t i o n s : f o r t y - t h r e e f r o m t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h , t h i r t y - t h r e e f r o m t h e A n g l i c a n , t e n f r o m t h e M e t h o d i s t , s e v e n f r o m t h e B a p t i s t , f i v e f r o m t h e C o n g r e g a t i o n a l , and two 6 2 f r o m t h e Reformed E p i s c o p a l i a n . T h e s e members a l o n e had v o t i n g p r i v i l e g e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e members, t h e A l l i a n c e p r o v i d e d f o r o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s o f membership. Hon-o r a r y members w o u l d be \" e m i n e n t w o r k e r s f o r t h e p r o m o t i o n o f S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e . \" G e n e r a l members w o u l d be a l l t h o s e \"who 6 3 a c c e p t t h e b a s i s o f t h e A l l i a n c e and c o n t r i b u t e t o i t s f u n d s . \" LDAC, M i n u t e s o f E x e c u t i v e Committee, 2 A p r i l 1889, LDAC, MB 1888-1901. 61 T. I b x d . 6 2 LDAC, M i n u t e s o f E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e / 21 March-1889, I b i d , LDAC M i n u t e s do n o t i n d i c a t e t h e r e a s o n i n g b e h i n d t h i s a l l o c a -t i o n o f d e n o m i n a t i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . 6 3 L D A C , C i r c u l a r , A p r i l 188 9, LDACP. 45 Although the r e l i g i o u s basis of membership r e s t r i c t e d the constituency from which the A l l i a n c e might draw a general membership, i t did plan to broaden i t s base by establishing 64 contact with \"interested p a r t i e s , \" both r e l i g i o u s and secu-l a r . The Board hoped to benefit from the change i n the French Roman Catholic hierarchy's a t t i t u d e towards Sabbath observance. Aware of the statements made by the Quebec bishops, the A l l i -ance agreed to seek the cooperation of the h i e r a r c h y . ^ A l -though A l l i a n c e i n s t i n c t s favoured a close association with members of the L i b e r a l p a r t y , ^ i t also t r i e d to e s t a b l i s h contact with the Conservative party and generally broaden i t s lobbying techniques. In 1888 i t appointed a Conservative, the Honourable G.W. Allan,. Speaker of the Senate and Chancellor of T r i n i t y College, as President. In addition to making arrange-ments to meet during the Parliamentary session \" i n order to bring influence to bear,\" i t appointed a committee to consider PC, APGA, 1888, Appendix No. 14; see also A l l e n Potter, Organized Groups i n B r i t i s h National P o l i t i c s (London: Faber & Faber, 1961), p. 134. This basis of membership d i f f e r e d s l i g h t l y from that used by the 1850s groups: \"The basis of th i s A l l i a n c e i s the Divine authority and the universal and perpetual o b l i g a t i o n of the Sabbath, as ordained by God at the creation of the world, enjoined i n the Fourth Commandment of the Moral Law, and continued and maintained by the Church of God to the present day, a\"nd as e s s e n t i a l to the best p h y s i c a l , i n t e l l e c t u a l , moral and s o c i a l welfare of mankind.\" LDAC, C i r c u l a r , A p r i l 1889. 6 5 LDAC, Minutes of Executive Committee, 21 March 1889. Biographical information (Appendix II) concerning the LDAC executive members i n 1888 led to the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of f i v e L i b e r a l Members of Parliament, one L i b e r a l President of the Ottawa Reform Association, one other L i b e r a l , and only one Conservative. See also Chapter I, pp. 17-18, re the 46 ways of persuading i n f l u e n t i a l men i n i n d i v i d u a l r i d i n g s to i n t e r v i e w t h e i r Members of Parliament on the A l l i a n c e ' s be-6 7 h a l f . And, although the A l l i a n c e intended to r e l y h e a v i l y on the p e t i t i o n , i t spoke of mounting both a press campaign and an enforcement campaign to r a l l y support and p u b l i c i z e the 6 8 A l l i a n c e ' s e x i s t e n c e and purpose. Yet, l i k e i t s predecessors i n the 1850s, the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e proved ephemeral. To most m i n i s t e r s and to the church h i e r a r c h i e s , Sabbath observance continued to be but one of a multitude of concerns. Within the movement i t s e l f , there was a s i n g u l a r l a c k of focus on one d e c i s i v e i s s u e t h a t could serve as a c a t a l y s t to s t i m u l a t e the movement i n t o aggressive a c t i o n . I s o l a t e d l a b o u r on the canals or i n the post o f f i c e s d i d not bother the m a j o r i t y of Canadians or r e a l l y i n t e r f e r e w i t h the work of r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r s . Despite S a b b a t a r i a n r h e t o r i c , a Sunday of the e a r l y 1890s was e x a c t l y the k i n d of Sabbatarian a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h the L i b e r a l p a r t y . See a l s o B r i a n H a r r i s o n , \"State I n t e r v e n t i o n and Moral Reform i n Nineteenth-Century England,\" i n Pressure from Without i n E a r l y V i c t o r i a n England, ed., P a t r i c i a H o l l i s (London: Edward Arnold L t d . , 1974), p. 296: \" I t i s i n f a c t the L i b e r a l p a r t y which i s the most c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h V i c t o r i a n i n t e r v e n t i o n i s m i n the moral sphere. . . . L i b e r a l non-conformists were o f t e n impres-sed by the chapel's need f o r p r o t e c t i o n against r e c r e a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i o n , and by the need t o introduce i n t o n a t i o n a l l e g i s -l a t i o n the ' r e l i g i o u s s o c i a l i s m ' of the l o c a l chapel and i t s s t r i c t s u p e r v i s i o n of moral conduct.\" 6 7 P C , APGA, 1888, Appendix No. 14; LDAC, Minutes of Exe-c u t i v e .Committee, 5 May 1890, LDAC, MB 1888-1901; - a l s o M i n u t e s , 23 June 1892, I b i d . 6 8LDAC, C i r c u l a r , A p r i l 1889. day most Sabbath observance supporters could d e s i r e . In 1889, f o r example, the Sabbath Observance Committee of the Presby-t e r i a n church sent out questionnaires to the p r o v i n c i a l synods e n q u i r i n g about the extent of Sabbath d e s e c r a t i o n throughout the land. On the b a s i s of the r e p l i e s , the Committee concluded 6 9 that \"as a whole t h i s i s a Sabbath-keeping land.\" The major-i t y of complaints concerned i n d i v i d u a l moral v i o l a t i o n s such as v i s i t i n g , hunting, f i s h i n g , pleasure d r i v i n g , the reading of s e c u l a r l i t e r a t u r e , and \"the undue indulgence i n sleep on Sabbath morning.\" Although about 18 percent of the labour for c e d i d work on Sunday, few complaints i n f a c t d e a l t w i t h 70 the employment of labour or Sunday trade. Contemporary sources confirm t h i s impression of Sab-bath q u i e t . In her weekly column i n Saturday Night, Lady Gay wondered, on September 1 s t , 1894, i f those i n t h e i r homes up town r e a l i z e d the: grimness which Toronto shows to her Sunday guests. ... On Sunday, the wide bare s t r e e t s are s t i l l , a few men, fewer g i r l s l o a f or lounge; the h o t e l guest d r i v e s through a wilderness of grim s i l e n c e and i f I were the h o t e l guest, I t h i n k I'd stay i n bed a l l day. (71) B r i t i s h guests to the c i t y agreed w i t h her and complained b i t -t e r l y of the \"melancholy and s u i c i d a l \" nature of the Canadian PC, APGA, 1890, Appendix No. 35. See Appendix I to t h i s t h e s i s . Saturday Night, 1 September 1894. 48 72 Sunday. W r i t i n g i n 1895, one s u c h v i s i t o r , D o u g l a s S l a d e n , c o m p l a i n e d t h a t T o r o n t o was \"one o f t h e most u n p l e a s a n t l y . . 73 r i g h t e o u s c i t i e s I was e v e r c a u g h t i n on a Sunday.\" The o n l y e x c e p t i o n s t o t h i s g e n e r a l p a t t e r n were B r i -t i s h C o l u m b i a and Quebec. I n 188 9, t h e Synod o f C o l u m b i a had t h e d a r k e s t r e p o r t o f a l l f o r t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y : f r e i g h t t r a i n s worked on Sundays as on o t h e r d a y s , e x c u r s i o n t r a i n s r a n between V a n c o u v e r and New W e s t m i n s t e r , and s t e a m b o a t s p l i e d t h e g u l f w a t e r s . B o t h V a n c o u v e r and V i c t o r i a h ad Sunday p a p e r s . The p o s t o f f i c e s were open as were s a l o o n s e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e p r o v i n c e , e x c e p t V a n c o u v e r c i t y ; p e o p l e h u n t e d and f i s h e d and p l a y e d a l l s o r t s o f open a i r games. T e a m s t e r s , m i n e r s , and dockmen g e n e r a l l y made no d i s t i n c t i o n between Sab-74 b a t h d a y s and o t h e r d a y s . I n M o n t r e a l , \" t h e customs o f t h e F r e n c h Roman C a t h o l i c s \" were g e n e r a l on Sunday a f t e r n o o n . As t h e M o n t r e a l S t a r d e s c r i b e d i t , \" M o n t r e a l has Sunday c a r s ; i t has t h e Sunday c o n c e r t g a r d e n , and has s e e n an a t t e m p t a t t h e Sunday t h e a t r e and a t t h e Sunday p a p e r . The Sunday s a l o o n a l s o t h r i v e s . \" I n t h e summer, Sohmner P a r k drew t h o u s a n d s o f p i c n i c k e r s , w h i l e i n w i n t e r i c e - s k a t i n g r i n k s were t h e m a i n 72 W.T. C r o s s w e l l e r , Our V i s i t t o T o r o n t o , t h e N i a g a r a F a l l s , and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a ( p r i v a t e l y p r i n t e d , 1898), pp. 69-70, c i t e d by B u r n e t , \"The U r b a n Community,\" p. 83. 73 D. S l a d e n , On t h e C a r s and O f f (London, 1895), p. 154, c i t e d by B u r n e t , p. 85. 7 4 P C , APGA, 1889, A p p e n d i x No. 14. 75 C i t e d by C h r i s t i a n G u a r d i a n , 16 December 1891; PC, APGA, 1891, A p p e n d i x No. 32. a t t r a c t i o n . D e s p i t e i t s s e e m i n g a w a r e n e s s o f t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f s u c c e s s f u l l o b b y i n g , t h e A l l i a n c e f a i l e d t o e s t a b l i s h i t s e l f a s an i n t e r d e n o m i n a t i o n a l g r o u p w i t h a b r o a d b a s e o f s e c u l a r and r e l i g i o u s s u p p o r t . F o r one t h i n g , i t c o n t i n u e d i t s c l o s e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h . A l t h o u g h t h e A l l i a n c e e s t a b l i s h e d a n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e and a p p o r t i o n e d d e l e -g a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t o t h e v a r i o u s d e n o m i n a t i o n s , t h e P r e s b y -t e r i a n c h u r c h c o n t i n u e d t o be t h e e f f e c t i v e a g e n c y f o r t h e c i r c u l a t i o n o f p e t i t i o n s and t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n . The p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f c o o p e r a t i o n among t h e v a r i o u s denomina-t i o n s p r o v e d l i m i t e d . The M e t h o d i s t c h u r c h d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e most w i l l i n g n e s s t o c o o p e r a t e and e x p r e s s e d i t s warm s u p p o r t o f t h e e n d e a v o u r , a n n o u n c i n g t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a S t a n d i n g Committee 7 6 on S a b b a t h O b s e r v a n c e t o s u p p l e m e n t i t s e f f o r t . The C h u r c h o f E n g l a n d a t f i r s t r e s p o n d e d c o r d i a l l y t o P r e s b y t e r i a n i n i t i a -t i v e s . A r c h d e a c o n L a u d e r o f O t t a w a p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e o r g a n -i z a t i o n o f t h e A l l i a n c e and p r e s e n t e d t o -the m e e t i n g o f A p r i l 20, 1888 a l e t t e r f r o m t h e A n g l i c a n b i s h o p s \" s t a t i n g t h e i r 7 7 r e a d i n e s s t o c o - o p e r a t e i n t h i s movement.\" The D o m i n i o n Synod 7 8 a l s o _ : p a s s e d a r e s o l u t i o n l a u d i n g A l l i a n c e a c t i v i t i e s . B u t , 7 6 M e t h o d i s t G e n e r a l C o n f e r e n c e , \" R e p o r t o f S a b b a t h O b s e r -v a n c e Committee,\" J o u r n a l o f P r o c e e d i n g s , 18 90, pp. 298-299; LDAC, M i n u t e s , 22 May 1891, LDAC, MB 1888-1901. 7 7 L D A C , M i n u t e s , 20 A p r i l 1888, I b i d . 7 8 Canada, House o f Commons, D e b a t e s , 1890, c. 1478. 50 unable t o s u s t a i n i t s enthusiasm f o r what seemed a purely Pres-b y t e r i a n concern, A n g l i c a n p a r t i c i p a t i o n faded by the mid 1890s. Although G.W. A l l a n continued as P r e s i d e n t , no o f f i c i a l repre-s e n t a t i v e of the A n g l i c a n church attended board meetings. The A l l i a n c e was even l e s s s u c c e s s f u l i n i t s attempts to gain the approval of the Roman C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y . Although the A l l i a n c e Secretary interviewed C a r d i n a l Taschereau i n 1890 to request o f f i c i a l C a t h o l i c assent t o the lo b b y i n g , the Bishops of Montreal, Quebec, and Ottawa refused to express t h e i r views, without volun-79 t e e r i n g an e x p l a n a t i o n , on a Sabbath observance b i l l . The Roman C a t h o l i c emphasis remained on church d i s c i p l i n e r a t h e r than on c i v i l laws. L i k e the 1850 groups, the A l l i a n c e d i d not e s t a b l i s h an o f f i c e nor d i d i t h i r e any permanent s t a f f to oversee and co-o r d i n a t e a c t i v i t i e s . I t d i d not secure l e g a l a s s i s t a n c e or the s e r v i c e s of a s o l i c i t o r . I t n e i t h e r attempted to enforce e x i s t -i n g laws nor d i d i t take any cases to court to t e s t the law's e n f o r c e a b i l i t y . I t made no e f f o r t to finance i t s a c t i v i t i e s other than to ask the churches f o r c o n t r i b u t i o n s when neces-8 0 sary. As before, the A l l i a n c e r e l i e d s o l e l y on the c i r c u l a -t i o n of p e t i t i o n s among B r i t i s h P r o t e s t a n t church congregations to demonstrate support f o r i t s cause and d i d not e f f e c t i v e l y LDAC, Minutes of Executive Committee, 2 0 March 1890, LDAC, MB 1888-1901. 8 0LDAC, Minutes of Annual Meeting, 20 March 1889, I b i d . In 1893, f o r example, the A l l i a n c e operated on a $50.00 budget, c o l l e c t i n g $15.00 from the Church of England, $15.00 from the Methodist church, and $20.00 from the P r e s b y t e r i a n church; LDAC, Minutes of Executive Committee, 28 March 1893, I b i d . 51 pursue other methods of i n f l u e n c i n g the government.°x The A l l i a n c e took no steps towards the establishment of a general membership, nor d i d i t endeavour to mount a campaign aimed at the secular press. In a d d i t i o n , the A l l i a n c e made no attempt to f o l l o w up i t s r e s o l u t i o n t o seek contact w i t h other groups t h a t might support i t . R e f l e c t i n g the P r e s b y t e r i a n church's c o n t i n u i n g h o s t i l i t y t o the o r g a n i z a t i o n of labour, the A l l i a n c e made no e f f o r t to forge a bond w i t h the n a t i o n a l Trades and Labor Con-gress. Although i t pledged i t s e l f to the sec u l a r aim of secur-i n g \"to the t o i l i n g man h i s r i g h t f u l c l a i m t o one day's r e s t i n seven\" and res o l v e d to i n v i t e the cooperation of labour a s s o c i a -8 2 t i o n s , any commitment by A l l i a n c e members t o t h i s s o c i a l aim was purely r h e t o r i c a l . I t d e l i b e r a t e l y turned i t s back on a whole c l a s s of p o t e n t i a l supporters, n e g l e c t i n g to lobby the Congress a t i t s annual meetings or opening d i s c u s s i o n i n any other manner. Nor d i d i t pursue the i n t e r e s t expressed by the Pr e s b y t e r i a n church i n a re d u c t i o n of the work week t o f i v e and a h a l f days i n the hope th a t t h i s might encourage a b e t t e r a t t e n -dance at church the f o l l o w i n g day. For i t s p a r t , the Congress d i d not i n i t i a t e any contact w i t h the A l l i a n c e . Although i t d i d UJ\"LDAC, Minutes of Executive Committee, 14 A p r i l 1891, I b i d . D i s t r i b u t i o n of p e t i t i o n s : 3,200 each to P r e s b y t e r i a n and Methodist churches; 400 each to A n g l i c a n , B a p t i s t , and Con-g r e g a t i o n a l churches; 100 to the Reformed E p i s c o p a l i a n church. The LDACP do not i n d i c a t e the response r e c e i v e d by the A l l i a n c e to the c i r c u l a t i o n of these p e t i t i o n s . 8 2 LDAC, Minutes of Executive Committee, 22 May 1891, I b i d . 8 3 r a i s e the Sunday work i s s u e a t i t s annual congresses, t h i s i s s u e was not the most urgent matter f a c i n g the Congress, whose focus l a y on the reduced work day. The A l l i a n c e a l s o made no c o n t a c t w i t h the temperance groups and t h u s f a i l e d t o b e n e f i t from t h e i r l o b b y i n g experience. The Dominion Temperance A l l i -ance, f o r example, a l r e a d y l o b b y i n g the Trades and Labor Con-gr e s s , had opened an o f f i c e and employed a p a i d s t a f f o f f i c e r . Although the LDAC d e l i b e r a t e l y p a t t e r n e d i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n on the Dominion A l l i a n c e , i t e s t a b l i s h e d no d i r e c t c o n t a c t w i t h t h i s group, nor d i d i t r e c r u i t a d e l e g a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o i t s 84 board. Such r e l u c t a n c e r e f l e c t e d r e l i g i o u s h o s t i l i t y t o the promotion by temperance s o c i e t i e s of s e c u l a r Sunday a f t e r n o o n a c t i v i t i e s such as temperance meetings, p i c n i c s , and pro-85 c e s s i o n s . In s h o r t , d e s p i t e i t s name, the LDAC d i d not become ah a l l i a n c e and i t was a n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o n l y i n so f a r as i t sought f e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n . Not o n l y d i d i t not pursue i t s own plans f o r a n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n , but i t proved u n r e c e p t i v e to the approaches of p r o v i n c i a l groups. When, f o r example, a Toronto-based group asked f o r c o o p e r a t i o n i n 1895, the LDAC 8 3 Trades and Labor Congress o f Canada, Proceedings, 188 8 p. 26; I b i d . , 1890, p. 31. 8 4LDAC, Minutes, 20 A p r i l 1888, LDAC, MB 1888-1901. The one prominent temperance worker on the LDAC board was John Mac-m i l l a n of Toronto, a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the Sons of Temperance. 8 5 See Burnet, \"The Urban Community,\" pp. 86-7. 53 8 6 h e s i t a t e d and t h e n r e f u s e d . As a c o n s e q u e n c e o f i t s f a i l u r e t o o b t a i n a w ide n e t -work o f s u p p o r t , t h e A l l i a n c e became i d e n t i f i e d , on a n a t i o n a l l e v e l , s o l e l y w i t h t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y a c t i v i t i e s o f J o h n C h a r l t o n , L i b e r a l Member f o r N o r t h N o r f o l k , O n t a r i o . I n l a t e r y e a r s , one A l l i a n c e o r g a n i z e r w o u l d remember i t s e f f o r t s as b e i n g \" r e -s t r i c t e d a l m o s t a l t o g e t h e r t o a s s i s t i n g J o h n C h a r l t o n , M.P. i n b r i n g i n g h i s p r o p o s e d L o r d ' s Day A c t s b e f o r e t h e P a r l i a m e n t s 87 o f C anada.\" B o r n o f S c o t t i s h i m m i g r a n t f a r m e r s , C h a r l t o n remembered h i s c h i l d h o o d S a b b a t h s as a s u c c e s s i o n o f glum, h u m o u r l e s s d a y s . U n a b l e t o f i n d l o c a l r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s t o h i s l i k i n g , C h a r l t o n ' s f a t h e r , a member o f t h e s t r i c t C a l v i n i s t A s s o c i a t e R e f o r m e d c h u r c h , c o n d u c t e d c h u r c h s e r v i c e s i n h i s home. A f t e r m o r n i n g w o r s h i p and c h o r e s , t h e f a m i l y a s s e m b l e d t o h e a r t h e e l d e r C h a r l t o n r e a d a sermon. A f t e r a p l a i n , e a s i l y p r e p a r e d noon d i n n e r , f a m i l y w o r s h i p recommenced w i t h t h e r e a d i n g o f a n o t h e r l o n g sermon. The s h o r t e r c a t e c h i s m and e v e n i n g w o r s h i p f o l l o w e d a f r u g a l s u p p e r . A l t h o u g h t h e \" b i l l o f t h e o l o g i c a l f a r e was a l w a y s sound and wholesome,\" ft fi G. M c R i t c h i e t o A . E . O'Meara, 25 J a n u a r y 1895, i n LDAC, MB 1888-1901: \" I t was s u g g e s t e d (by t h e LDAC Board) t h a t w h i l e a P r o v i n c i a l A s s o c i a t i o n f o r a s p e c i f i c . p u r p o s e . . . w o u l d work i n t h e same l i n e as t h a t o f t h e LDA i t w o u l d be t h e w i s e r c o u r s e t o m a i n t a i n o u r own A l l i a n c e and a c c e p t any c o - o p e r a t i o n i n t h e g o o d work y o u c o u l d g i v e t o u s . I f , however, y o u saw p r o p e r t o work t h r o u g h t h e e x i s t i n g A l l i a n c e and t h u s s t r e n g t h e n i t , any m o d i f i c a t i o n s y o u m i g h t s u g g e s t w o u l d be d u l y c o n s i d e r e d . \" 8 7 A n o n . , l e t t e r o f 31 M a r c h 1906, LDACP. 54 C h a r l t o n r e c a l l e d i t as a \" t r i f l e heavy f o r the c h i l d r e n . \" He never \"looked forward to the coming of the Sabbath with any s p e c i a l a n t i c i p a t i o n of p l e a s u r e , \" nor d i d he have \"a very keen r e l i s h f o r the e x e r c i s e s of the day.\" Often h i s f a t h e r chose him to read the a f t e r n o o n sermon to r e s t o r e him to a \" c o n d i t i o n of wakefulness.\" R e s i s t i n g h i s f a t h e r ' s e f f o r t s to persuade him to become a m i n i s t e r , C h a r l t o n entered mercan-t i l e l i f e i n s t e a d . Only a t the age of twenty, a f t e r moving w i t h h i s f a m i l y to the town of Ayr, O n t a r i o , d i d he begin to \" d e r i v e some enjoyment from r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s and the company of r e l i g i o u s persons.\" But a fondness f o r humour and fun and \"the i d e a t h a t r e l i g i o n was gloomy and gave no p l e a s u r e \" p r e -vented him from j o i n i n g a church f o r another ten y e a r s . At t h a t time, e x p e r i e n c i n g an awakening a t a Methodist r e v i v a l meeting and d e c i d i n g t h a t i t was h i s \"duty, as w e l l as a g r e a t p r i v i l e g e \" to p r o f e s s f a i t h , he j o i n e d the P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h . 8 8 As the \"courage and vim of youth\" vanished and a sense of duty s u p p l i e d \"to a g r e a t extent the p l a c e of hope,\" C h a r l -ton p l a c e d g r e a t e r s t r e s s i n h i s p r i v a t e and p u b l i c l i f e on 8 9 e v a n g e l i c a l r e l i g i o u s v a l u e s . Throughout h i s a d u l t l i f e as a lumber merchant and p o l i t i c i a n , C h a r l t o n always managed to 8 8 John C h a r l t o n , \"Autobiography,\" (n.d., c i r c a 1905), C h a r l t o n Papers, U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto, Thomas F i s h e r Rare Book Room, pp. 27, 110. 8 9 I b i d . , p. 412. 55 be a t home on t h e S a b b a t h . H i s u s u a l r o u t i n e c o n s i s t e d o f a t t e n d a n c e a t m o r n i n g w o r s h i p , a f t e r n o o n Sunday s c h o o l c l a s s and t h e r e a d i n g o f sermons, and p u b l i c w o r s h i p once a g a i n i n t h e e v e n i n g . As h i s one \" s a f e g u a r d a g a i n s t b r e a k i n g down\" i n a l i f e o f \" i n c e s s a n t a c t i v i t y , \" C h a r l t o n f o u n d t h e s e S a b b a t h a c t i v i t i e s \" r e s t f u l and i n v i g o r a t i n g . \" The o n l y n o n - r e l i g i o u s a c t i v i t y he m i g h t o c c a s i o n a l l y a l l o w h i m s e l f was an a f t e r n o o n 90 v i s i t w i t h h i s a i l i n g f a t h e r . Becoming a c t i v e on t h e com-m i t t e e s o f t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y a t t h e same t i m e as he e n t e r e d P a r l i a m e n t , C h a r l t o n s t r o v e t o t r a n s l a t e h i s r e l i g i o u s and m o r a l i d e a s i n t o p o l i t i c a l l e g i s l a t i o n . He made h i m s e l f champion o f s u c h m o r a l r e f o r m c a u s e s as t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f c r u e l t y t o a n i m a l s and t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f young f e m a l e s 91 a g a i n s t s e d u c t i o n u n d e r p r o m i s e o f m a r r i a g e . Upon t h e d e a t h o f Adam G o r d o n , he became r e s p o n s i b l e w i t h D r . Thomas C h r i s t i e f o r i n t r o d u c i n g S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e b i l l s i n t o t h e House. H i s i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a b i l l i n 1884 and a g a i n i n 1885 t o p r o h i b i t s t e a m s h i p and r a i l w a y e x c u r s i o n s p r o mpted M a c d o n a l d ' s d e c i s i o n t o d e c l a r e S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e l e g i s l a t i o n u l t r a v i r e s t h e 90 I b i d . , p . 533; a l s o J o h n C h a r l t o n , \" D i a r i e s , \" J o h n C h a r l t o n P a p e r s , U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o , Thomas F i s h e r R a r e Book Room, v o l . I l l , e n t r i e s o f 1 A p r i l 1888, 15 A p r i l 1888, 29 A p r i l 1888. 91 B o t h a b i l l t o p r e v e n t c a t t l e f r o m b e i n g c o n f i n e d t o r a i l w a y c a r s l o n g e r t h a n t w e n t y - e i g h t h o u r s and a n o t h e r t o p r o t e c t young g i r l s u n d e r age 16 f r o m s e d u c t i o n u n d e r p r o m i s e o f m a r r i a c r e o r mock m a r r i a g e p a s s e d t h e House; f o r some d i s -c u s s i o n o f C h a r l t o n ' s p r o m o t i o n o f t h e s e b i l l s , s e e R.R. H e t t , \" J o h n C h a r l t o n : L i b e r a l P o l i t i c i a n and F r e e T r a d e A d v o c a t e \" (Ph.D. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f R o c h e s t e r , 1 969). 56 f e d e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . B e l i e v i n g f i r m l y t h a t f e d e r a l l e g i s l a -t i o n was e s s e n t i a l to c o n t r o l Sabbath labour on Dominion works ( r a i l w a y s , c a n a l s , and the Post O f f i c e ) , C h a r l t o n i n f l u e n c e d the P r e s b y t e r i a n church's d e t e r m i n a t i o n to continue l o b b y i n g the f e d e r a l government. As a V i c e P r e s i d e n t of the newly-formed Lord's Day A l l i a n c e , he agreed to i n t r o d u c e a g e n e r a l Sabbath observance b i l l i n 1890. The b i l l i n c o r p o r a t e d the core o f the 1845 Upper Canada A c t as w e l l as two new c l a u s e s — one t h a t made the employer of Sabbath labour g u i l t y of a misdemeanour and one t h a t made both the p u b l i s h e r and vendor 92 of a Sunday newspaper l i a b l e to p r o s e c u t i o n . Although t h i s b i l l f a i l e d t o g a i n approval o f the House, C h a r l t o n continued to i n t r o d u c e Sabbath observance b i l l s . H is 18 91 v e r s i o n was a m o d i f i c a t i o n of the pr e v i o u s year's b i l l , and h i s 1892 b i l l , 93 a y e t more \"watered-down v e r s i o n , \" d e a l t p r i n c i p a l l y w i t h the c l o s i n g o f c a n a l s , r a i l w a y s , and newspaper s a l e s . Debate on t h i s b i l l dragged on u n t i l i t was defe a t e d in-1898. C h a r l -ton a l s o i n t r o d u c e d a motion, i n 1893, to c l o s e the Canadian p o r t i o n of the Columbia E x p o s i t i o n i n Chicago on Sunday, but 94 the House r e j e c t e d i t a f t e r a lengthy debate. C h a r l t o n ' s views on Sabbath observance were n e i t h e r o r i g i n a l nor i n n o v a t i v e , but r a t h e r r e p e t i t i o n s of American 92 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 18 90, c. 147 9. 93 O n t a r i o Law Reform Commission, Report, p. 37. 94 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1893, c c . 2217-44. arguments a l r e a d y i n use f o r t h i r t y or f o r t y y e a r s . But, although he borrowed h e a v i l y from these sources to s t r u c t u r e h i s arguments c o n c e r n i n g the needs and b e n e f i t s of a r e l i g i o u s Sabbath, C h a r l t o n ' s arguments and a t t i t u d e s r e f l e c t e d those o f most Canadian S a b b a t a r i a n s . In a world o f r a p i d s o c i a l and economic change, many c l u n g to t r a d i t i o n a l r e l i g i o u s v a l u e s i n an e f f o r t to comprehend and c o n t r o l these changes. C h a r l t o n ' s r h e t o r i c e s t a b l i s h e d the v i s i o n of an i d e a l Sabbath-observing n a t i o n . Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n was the c o n s e r v a t i v e panacea f o r a l l s o c i a l i l l s . I t would secure s o c i a l s t a b i l i t y and e r a d i c a t e n i h i l i s m , anarchism, and s o c i a l i s m by keeping the 96 l a b o u r e r i n h i s proper p l a c e w i t h i n a p a t e r n a l i s t i c s o c i e t y . Not o n l y would such l e g i s l a t i o n p r e s e r v e the b e s t o f Canada's B r i t i s h i n h e r i t a n c e by a s s e r t i n g the dominance of P r o t e s t a n t \"'\"''in 1893, C h a r l t o n r e p r e s e n t e d Canada a t a Congress on Sunday r e s t h e l d i n Chicago as p a r t o f the Columbia E x p o s i t i o n . There he l i s t e n e d to papers t h a t covered v i r t u a l l y the whole spectrum of Sunday observance: the p h y s i o l o g i c a l b a s i s of Sun-day r e s t ; the economic and e t h i c a l v a l u e o f Sunday r e s t ; the e f f e c t s o f Sunday r e s t on c h a r a c t e r , h a b i t s , women, c h i l d r e n , home and f a m i l y l i f e , and so f o r t h . H i s speeches t o the House of Commons r e f l e c t h i s a d o p t i o n o f the id e a s p r e s e n t e d there and h i s c o n s t a n t use o f American r a t h e r than Canadian examples t o i l l u s t r a t e h i s p o i n t s . O n t a r i o Law Reform Commission, Report, p. 3 9.. C h a r l t o n a l s o corresponded f r e q u e n t l y w i t h Wilbur C r a f t s , P r e s i d e n t o f the l a r g e New York Sabbath A s s o c i a -t i o n , and r e c e i v e d and used much American l i t e r a t u r e from C r a f t s . See a l s o H.G. Gutman, \"Work, C u l t u r e , and S o c i e t y i n I n d u s t r i a l i z i n g America, 1815-1919,\" i n h i s Work, C u l t u r e and S o c i e t y i n I n d u s t r i a l i z i n g America (New York: V i n t a g e Books, 1977) , pp. 38-9. Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1890, c. 1478. 58 i d e a l s over r i v a l French C a t h o l i c ones, but i t would guaran-tee n a t i o n a l and i n d i v i d u a l p r o s p e r i t y . In C h a r l t o n ' s view i t was i n the n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t \"to have a v i r t u o u s , i n d u s t r i o u s , i n t e l l i g e n t and sober people,\" and i n the employer's i n t e r e s t to have a \" c l e a n , i n t e l l i g e n t , h e a l t h f u l man to work f o r him.\" C h a r l t o n t h e r e f o r e promised t h a t Sabbath observance laws would secure these ends and t h a t i t would be i n the employee's i n -t e r e s t to be the k i n d of man d e s i r e d by employers. Other f r u i t s o f Sunday observance would be b e t t e r s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s , b e t t e r p u b l i c h e a l t h , a g r e a t e r degree of c l e a n l i n e s s , temper-ance, s e l f - r e s p e c t , and obedience to the law. C h a r l t o n i n -s i s t e d t h a t h i s b i l l ' s r e l i g i o u s aim was subordinate t o i t s s e c u l a r g o a l . The b i l l d i d not i n t e n d \"to f o r c e the people to be r e l i g i o u s and to observe the s a n c t i t y of the Lord's Day\"; r a t h e r i t l e f t each c i t i z e n \"a v o l u n t a r y agent to e x e r c i s e 9 8 t h a t r i g h t or not as he may choose.\" He claimed t h a t govern-^'Having adopted Canada as h i s homeland, C h a r l t o n be-came an ardent B r i t i s h Canadian n a t i o n a l i s t , b e l i e v i n g t h a t Canada's d e s t i n y \"must be blended w i t h t h a t of the Great Em-p i r e to which we belong\" through sympathy with, d e v o t i o n t o , and l o y a l t y f o r , the common i n t e r e s t of a l l the Commonwealths under the B r i t i s h f l a g . He found Canada's own e t h n i c c o n d i -t i o n s \" p e c u l i a r \" and f e l t t h a t any success i t might enjoy i n c r e a t i n g a n a t i o n would depend upon the success i n a s s i m i l a t -i n g the d i f f e r e n t r a c e s . To C h a r l t o n , i t \"was d e s i r a b l e to secure the g r e a t e s t p o s s i b l e degree of homogeneity.\" The \"p e r p e t u a t i o n o f race cleavage,\" h e - b e l i e v e d , would be \"ca l a m i -tous.\" He opposed French Canadian c l a i m s , speaking out a g a i n s t the J e s u i t E s t a t e s b i l l , becoming a member of the Equal R i g h t s A s s o c i a t i o n , and opposing the e l e c t i o n of L a u r i e r as L i b e r a l p a r t y l e a d e r . ( C h a r l t o n , \"Autobiography,\" pp. 568-9, 578, 1012.) 9 8 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1892, c. 338 0. 59. -merit employees res e n t e d t h e i r i n a b i l i t y to a t t e n d d i v i n e wor-s h i p and r e c e i v e r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n . They knew \"by sad experience\" t h a t the c e a s e l e s s round of t o i l and drudgery was not o n l y d i s a s t r o u s to t h e i r p h y s i c a l w e l l - b e i n g , i m p a i r i n g t h e i r h e a l t h and s h o r t e n i n g t h e i r l i v e s , but was d e m o r a l i z i n g i n a l l i t s t e n d e n c i e s , d e p r i v i n g them of many comforts and b l e s s i n g s , \"which would otherwise b r i g h t e n t h e i r l i v e s and make them b e t t e r and purer.\" Sabbath r e s t spent i n p u b l i c worship would produce h e a l t h y c i t i z e n s and happy f a m i l i e s and f o s t e r the i n f l u e n c e of the m i g h t i e s t e d u c a t i o n a l agencies i n 99 the l a n d , the Church and the Sabbath School. In c o n t r a s t to t h i s v i s i o n of s o c i a l harmony which he f e l t d i s t i n g u i s h e d B r i t i s h P r o t e s t a n t c o u n t r i e s , C h a r l t o n p a i n t e d the b l a c k e s t p i c t u r e to d e p i c t the p r a c t i c e s of the Sabbathless s o c i e t y . In C a t h o l i c European c o u n t r i e s , he claimed, o n l y one hour was devoted to morning mass wh i l e the r e s t of the day was \" d e d i c a t e d to the world, the f l e s h and the d e v i l . \" H o r s e - r a c i n g , parades, reviews, p i c n i c s , e x c u r s i o n s , d r i n k i n g , and d i s s i p a t i o n made the day a . h o l i d a y f o r the r i c h and a day of t o i l f o r the poor. C i t i n g e l a b o r a t e s t a t i s t i c s and q u o t i n g eminent a u t h o r i t i e s , C h a r l t o n equated Sabbath de-s e c r a t i o n w i t h i n c r e a s e d r a t e s of crime and s o c i a l i m p u r i t y : not o n l y were 90 p e r c e n t of a l l the men i n c a r c e r a t e d i n New E n g l a n d - j a i l s - S a b b a t h - b r e a k e r s , but i n European c o u n t r i e s Sun-\" i b i d . , 1897, c. 678. 60 day was \"the p r o l i f i c day f o r s u i c i d e s among women and Monday f o r s u i c i d e s among men.\" He compared the 4 p e r c e n t i l l e g i t i -macy r a t e of Sabbath-observing B r i t a i n w i t h the 3 4 and 72 per-cent r a t e s o f heathen P a r i s and Rome.\"^^ The i n e v i t a b l e r e s u l t of such debauchery was p h y s i c a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n . T r a v e l l e r s r e p o r t e d t h a t i n v i s i t i n g European c o u n t r i e s , one s c a r c e l y saw an o l d man and found \"the l a b o u r e r s wan and worn and l a c k -i n g t h a t stamina and v i v a c i t y which c h a r a c t e r i z e s the l a b o u r e r s i n other c o u n t r i e s who have t h e i r Sunday r e s t . \" \" ^ ^ \" To C h a r l t o n , the appearance of the American Sunday newspaper u n f o r t u n a t e l y h e r a l d e d the C o n t i n e n t a l Sabbath's i n -v a s i o n of \"one of the most t r u l y S a b b a t a r i a n n a t i o n s of the world.\" Bear i n g the \"most d i s a s t r o u s f r u i t s , \" i t debased the people, making them f r i v o l o u s , immoral and s e n s a t i o n a l , super-f i c i a l i n t h e i r t a s t e s and p u r s u i t s . Day a f t e r day, the Sun-day newspaper was \"sapping the foundations of n a t i o n a l p r o s -p e r i t y and s t r e n g t h i n t h a t country, sapping p u b l i c v i r t u e , and r e n d e r i n g the outlook as to the f u t u r e of t h a t country most dubious and p e s s i m i s t i c . \" To av o i d f o l l o w i n g the American example and to e s t a b l i s h i n s t e a d i n Canada a \"healthy, sound, p r o g r e s s i v e n a t i o n a l i t y , \" to c r e a t e and f o s t e r sentiments, h a b i t s of thought, and moral a c t i o n t h a t would make Canada a gharlton., \"How To Provide f o r tfie-Better-Observance -of the Lord's Day,\" 26\" February\"1»85. 1 0 1 C a n a d a , House of Commons, Debates, 1897, c. 678. 61 g r e a t , v i g o r o u s , and f l o u r i s h i n g p e o p l e , C h a r l t o n p l e a d e d w i t h h i s P a r l i a m e n t a r y c o l l e a g u e s t o s u p p o r t h i s b i l l f o r t h e b e ne-102 f i t o f f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s . Waving i n f r o n t o f t h e Members o f P a r l i a m e n t a copy o f t h e T o r o n t o Sunday W o r l d , t h e one O n t a r i o p a p e r w i t h a Sunday e d i t i o n , C h a r l t o n d e n o u n c e d i t as 103 \" t h e h a r b i n g e r o f an e v i l swarm o f f o u l b i r d s . \" U n c o n v i n c e d by h i s a r g u m e n t s , C h a r l t o n ' s c o l l e a g u e s were q u i c k t o p o i n t o u t t h e b a s i c i n c o n s i s t e n c y o f h i s r e a s o n -i n g ; t h a t i s , i f he wanted \" t o s t o p l a b o u r and t o p r e s e r v e t h e S a b b a t h f o r t h e w o r k i n g man, he must e n a c t a law t h a t w i l l p r e v e n t t h e s e men f r o m w o r k i n g on Sunday t o g e t o u t a Monday 104 newspaper.\" The p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e Monday p a p e r , n o t t h e Sunday e d i t i o n , i n v o l v e d S a b b a t h l a b o u r . I n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , f o r example, where t h r e e Sunday p a p e r s were a v a i l a b l e , t h e p u b l i s h e r s had d e l i b e r a t e l y a d o p t e d t h e p o l i c y o f p r e p a r i n g a Sunday e d i t i o n l a t e S a t u r d a y n i g h t i n o r d e r t h a t t h e i r employ-e e s m i g h t e n j o y Sunday as a day o f r e s t . O t h e r w i s e , t h e y a r g u e d , \" i f t h e y had t o p u b l i s h on Monday, t h e y w o u l d be com-p e l l e d t o work t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f Sunday,\" as was i n d e e d t h e c a s e w i t h a l l o t h e r p a p e r s . T h e s e a r g u m e n t s had no e f f e c t on C h a r l t o n and he r e -f u s e d t o a c k n o w l e d g e t h e i l l o g i c a l n a t u r e o f h i s p o s i t i o n . He 1 0 2 I b i d . , 1898, c . 1956; I b i d . , 1897, c. 681; I b i d . , 1898, c c . 1976, 2414. 1 0 3 I b i d ; , 1892, c..2303. - - . 1 0 4 I b i d . , 1898, c. 2418; I b i d . , 1894, c. 3423. also refused to forego his Monday paper. Instead he maintained that \"the question of the amount of labour involved i n the publication of a Sunday newspaper i s a question of very small moment\" i n comparison with i t s influence upon society, \"the deleterious and disastrous influence that i s exerted upon society by the c i r c u l a t i o n , by [the] reading and by the sale of that newspaper on the Lord's Day, whether i t i s published 105 on the Lord's Day morning or upon the evening previous.\" Charlton's stand on the Sunday newspaper issue i l l u s -trates how tenuous was his commitment-to the sociali-.aim of Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n , the guarantee to working men of a weekly day of rest. The p r o h i b i t i o n of Sabbath labour was Charlton's key to achieving the underlying r e l i g i o u s and moral aim of the l e g i s l a t i o n . He r e a l i z e d that i f labour i n the f i e l d of newspaper sales and commercial recreation could be prohibited, opportunities for Sabbath pleasure could be severely l i m i t e d . In order to prevent commercial operations from evading r e s t r i c t i o n s by granting another day i n the week_ as a rest day, Charlton refused to countenance the guarantee of any day but Sunday. Thus, although he i n s i s t e d that work-ing men might enjoy \"whatever p r i v i l e g e s they may consider proper to exercise on that day,\" his stress lay on the. provi-sion of \"the l e i s u r e necessary for attending divine worship . . . [and] for attending Sunday Schools.\" Only i f the work-Ibid. 63 ingman observed Sunday as a day of r e l i g i o u s observance, a t -tending \"both morning and evening s e r v i c e , \" would he be a \"sober, a l e r t , c l e a n , r e s p e c t a b l e , e f f i c i e n t l a bourer, pre-pared to take hold of h i s work,\" i n s t e a d of a labourer who, having spent a d i s s o l u t e Sabbath, was \" u n f i t t e d to labour upon Monday and o f t e n u n f i t t e d upon Tuesday.\" 1 0 6 Although Charlton c h a r a c t e r i z e d opponents of h i s b i l l s as \" l o a f e r s , hoodlums, p r o s t i t u t e s , and drunkards,\" o p p o s i t i o n to Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n centred around two respect-able groups, one e t h n i c , the other economic. Their combined 107 o p p o s i t i o n prevented Charlton's b i l l s from becoming law. Most o f t e n \" t a l k e d out,\" only once d i d a b i l l pass t h i r d ,read-108 i n g , then to be r e j e c t e d by the Senate. French Canadian members of the House r e s i s t e d the attempt to impose a P r o t e s t a n t r e l i g i o u s sentiment on them by law. The essence of Charlton's b i l l , they argued, was con-t r a r y to the teachings of the C a t h o l i c church which allowed i t s members to pursue innocent amusements such as walking, 109 t a l k i n g , or s i n g i n g songs a f t e r morning mass. In a d d i t i o n , Charlton's b i l l was u n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l . Both the provinces and the m u n i c i p a l i t i e s had the j u r i s d i c t i o n to pass adequate 1 0 6 I b i d . , 1892, c. 3377; I b i d . , 1891, cc. 763, 2947. 1 0 7 I b i d . , 1892, c. 1076. 108 Ontario Law Reform Commission, Report, p. 38. 109 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1895, cc. 764-5, 64 Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n . L e g i s l a t i o n such as C h a r l t o n proposed would be an i n v a s i o n of c i v i l r i g h t s and would d i s -regard p r o v i n c i a l autonomy. French Canada, Georges Amyot, L i b e r a l member f o r B e l l e c h a s s e , i r t a r t l y reminded the House, had j o i n e d Confederation \"as a commercial p a r t n e r s h i p , and not as a s a l v a t i o n army. We do not b e l i e v e i n t h i s Parliament t u r n i n g i t s e l f i n t o a s a l v a t i o n army, and w i t h drums and f i f e s t r y i n g to f o r c e us i n t o h e a v e n . \" 1 1 0 Economic h o s t i l i t y was not as cohesive as e t h n i c . Wholesale and r e t a i l merchants had l i t t l e d e s i r e to expand t h e i r work week to seven days and thereby run the r i s k of i n -c r e a s i n g c o s t s by spreading the same volume of s a l e s over a l o n -ger p e r i o d of time. To these men, the guarantee of Sunday as a weekly r e s t day reduced the t h r e a t of competition f o r the consu-mer's d o l l a r . 1 1 1 Of course they d i d not object t o Sunday being spent preparing the a r t i c l e s t h a t would then be s o l d i n these shops: i t seems c l e a r t h a t Timothy Eaton, u p r i g h t Sabbatarian who covered h i s st o r e windows so t h a t t h e i r tempting wares would not offend the r i g h t e o u s , tolerated a considerable amount of Sabbath sweatshop labour to prepare h i s goods f o r s a l e the 112 next day. Other S a b b a t a r i a n s , f a c t o r y owners such as the 1 1 0 I b i d . , 1894, c. 3404. 1 1 1 S e e Michael B l i s s , A L i v i n g P r o f i t : Studies i n the S o c i a l H i s t o r y of Canadian Business, 1883-1912- (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974), pp. 33-54. 112 Cf. G. Kealey, Hogtown: Working C l a s s Toronto at the Turn of the Century (Toronto: New Hogtown Press, 1974), p. 13. 65 Massey family's a g r i c u l t u r a l implements concern, could also recognize the value of a pause day i n the d i s c i p l i n e d l i v e s of th e i r i n d u s t r i a l workers, i n that productivity on the other six days of the week would correspondingly increase. But owners of companies that required continuous production such as the emerging iron and s t e e l industries would r e s i s t a Sun-day stoppage of operations and might prefer to follow..the railways' example of guaranteeing t h e i r workers another day o f f i n the week i f they worked Sundays. Above a l l , the transporta-t i o n concerns were implacable i n t h e i r h o s t i l i t y to any sug-gestion that a l l operations stop for a twenty-four hour period from midnight Saturday to midnight Sunday. Both the railway and the steamship companies, argued that the close r e l a t i o n s h i p of Canada's transportation system, both water and r a i l , to the 113 American system made Sunday operations imperative. W. van Home, President of the Canadian P a c i f i c Railway Company, de-fined the railways'; p o s i t i o n ' i n a l e t t e r he wrote: to theuLOrd's Day A l l i a n c e Secretary i n 1888: Our t r a i n arrangements, to the extent that trains are required to entrench more or less on Sundays, whether on the main l i n e or elsewhere, are forced upon us by the action of the American l i n e s with which we are competing for t r a f f i c , and I can see no way to overcome t h i s d i f f i c u l t y without destroy-ing our through business, upon which the railway largely depends. (114) 113 J. Hickson to W.D. Armstrong, 25 March 1889, quoted i n Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1890, c. 1481. 114 W. van Home to W.D. Armstrong, 11 June 1888, i n Ibid., c. 1482. Other f a c t o r s made the c e s s a t i o n of t r a f f i c i m p r a c t i c a l : the s h o r t n a v i g a t i o n season made i t i m p e r a t i v e to keep the c a n a l s c o n t i n u o u s l y open a t the end of the n a v i g a t i o n season i n order to get the g r a i n h a r v e s t down to the Montreal Exchange. P e r i -shable loads of l i v e s t o c k and produce made i t i m p o s s i b l e to stop t r a i n s i n the middle of nowhere f o r a p e r i o d of twenty-f o u r hours, not to mention the inconvenience to passengers t r a v e l l i n g long d i s t a n c e s . Furthermore, c e s s a t i o n of s e r v i c e on Sundays would cause such c o n g e s t i o n of t r a f f i c , both a t the ends of the c a n a l s and on r a i l w a y s i d i n g s , t h a t Monday would ela p s e b e f o r e o p e r a t i o n s c o u l d resume t h e i r n a t u r a l rhythm. As t h e i r trump c a r d , the r a i l w a y s argued t h a t they a l r e a d y o f f e r e d t h e i r employees a day o f f i n l i e u of Sundays i f c o n d i -115 t i o n s n e c e s s i t a t e d Sunday work. C i t i n g such reasons, the r a i l w a y and steamship compan-i e s v i g o r o u s l y l o b b i e d the government. As the r a i l w a y i n t e r -e s t s enjoyed d i r e c t access to the government at the c a b i n e t and prime m i n i s t e r i a l l e v e l , they were able to lobby by r e p r e -s e n t a t i o n s to committees and d i d not need to r e l y on p e t i t i o n s . Ship owners, Boards of Trade, and the Montreal G r a i n Exchange, l o b b i e d a t the same l e v e l to have the Welland Canal re-opened 116 on Sunday. American i n t e r e s t s , both v e s s e l owners and Boards 117 of Trade, supported the Canadian p r o t e s t s . 115 Hickson to Armstrong, 25 March 1889, I b i d . 1 1 6 P C , APGA, 1889, Appendix No. 14. 117 T. I b i d . 67 The f a t e of C h a r l t o n ' s b i l l s r e v e a l e d the s t r e n g t h of both the economic and e.thno-religious arguments a g a i n s t such l e g i s l a t i o n . To a v o i d d i r e c t c o n f r o n t a t i o n over the i s s u e , both the Con s e r v a t i v e and L i b e r a l governments e x p l o i t e d the ambiguity surrounding c o n s t i t u t i o n a l j u r i s d i c t i o n i n such l e -g i s l a t i o n . The Macdonald government and i t s M i n i s t e r of Jus-t i c e , John Thompson, continued to i n s i s t t h a t Sabbath obser-vance was: a s u b j e c t of which the P r o v i n c i a l L e g i s l a t u r e s have f u l l y possessed themselves, and i t i s , no doubt, w i t h i n the competence of the P r o v i n c i a l L e g i s l a t u r e s , and w i t h i n t h e i r p r a c t i c e , to say how f a r the enactments of t h i s s u b j e c t are s u f -f i c i e n t l y severe or how much the s e v e r i t y should be i n c r e a s e d from time to time. (118) On assuming o f f i c e i n 1896, L a u r i e r r e f u s e d to support f e l l o w L i b e r a l C h a r l t o n , adopting the C o n s e r v a t i v e method o f d e a l i n g w i t h the i s s u e . When asked i n 1898 what p o l i c y he proposed to adopt towards Sabbath l e g i s l a t i o n , L a u r i e r r e p l i e d t h a t he i n -119 tended \"to leave the Sabbath to the laws of the p r o v i n c e . \" C h a r l t o n h i m s e l f f i n a l l y wearied of the task o f being a v o i c e c r y i n g i n the w i l d e r n e s s , \" a r i s i n g to advocate t h i s measure . . . under d i s c o u r a g i n g and de p r e s s i n g circumstances 120 . . . to an unsympathetic House.\" In an u n u s u a l l y frank statement to the Commons i n 1897, C h a r l t o n acknowledged t h a t 118 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 18 91, c. 764. 1 1 9 I b i d . , 1898, c. 2429. 120 x u I b i d . , c. 1951. 68 l i t t l e support, even r e l i g i o u s , f o r h i s b i l l s e x i s t e d . \" I t seems,\" he admitted: to be to a l a r g e e x t e n t a matter of i n d i f f e r e n c e to p r o f e s s i n g C h r i s t i a n people i n Canada whether or not a law i s enacted f o r the purpose of s e c u r i n g to l a b o u r e r s t h e i r r i g h t t o the Sunday r e s t . We do o c c a s i o n a l l y have r e s o l u t i o n s passed by synods, conferences, assemblies and p r e s b y t e r i e s b e a r i n g upon t h i s matter; but we have no i n d i c a t i o n of any g r e a t degree of popular f e e l i n g on the s u b j e c t . ... . . so f a r as I am aware, no d e l e g a t i o n of pro-f e s s i n g C h r i s t i a n people has ever v i s i t e d t h i s c a p i t a l to urge upon t h i s government or upon any other Government i n power, the p r o p r i e t y of en-a c t i n g a Sunday r e s t law. (121) At l e a s t a t the n a t i o n a l l e v e l , the Sabbatarian move-ment seemed to l a c k a broad consensus i n p u b l i c o p i n i o n . I f any d i d e x i s t , i t was e i t h e r q u i e s c e n t , owing to the serene (and some s a i d boring) calm of the Canadian Sabbath, or con-cerned w i t h l o c a l aspects of the Sabbath q u e s t i o n . The l a t t e r aspect would seem to p r o v i d e the answer. \"To c r e a t e the sense of urgency and hasten m o b i l i z a t i o n of a c t i o n \" necessary f o r an e f f e c t i v e lobby, a s o c i a l movement needs a c a t a l y s t or \" p r e c i -p i t a t i n g f a c t o r \" as p o l i t i c a l s o c i o l o g i s t N e i l Smelser terms 122 i t . Owing to i t s r e l a t i v e absence i n Canadian l i f e , the Sunday newspaper i s s u e t h a t C h a r l t o n t r i e d to promote as h i s burning i s s u e d i d not have the a b i l i t y to a c t as t h i s c a t a l y s t . But, a t the same time as C h a r l t o n was abandoning h i s f i g h t a t 121 I b i d . , 18 97, c. 67 5. The f i r s t i n t e r d e n o m i n a t i o n a l d e p u t a t i o n o r g a n i z e d by the LDAC took p l a c e i n May 1897. LDAC, Minutes of E x e c u t i v e Committee, 6 May 1897, LDAC, MB 1888-1901. 122 N. Smelser, The Theory of C o l l e c t i v e Behavior (New York: The Free P r e s s , 1962), p. 194. t h e f e d e r a l l e v e l , t h e Sunday c a r was e x c i t i n g tempers i n t h e e a s t e r n C a n a d i a n p r o v i n c e s . I t w o u l d t h u s be t h e Sunday c a r i s s u e t h a t w o u l d p r e c i p i t a t e t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e a g g r e s s i v e O n t a r i o L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e and o t h e r p r o v i n c i a l S a b b a t a r i a n l o b b i e s . 70 Chapter I I I : The 'Giddy T r o l l e y ' and Sundays — The Question of J u r i s d i c t i o n The r e l a t i v e calm of the Canadian Sunday, so disparaged by B r i t i s h v i s i t o r s , owed much to the l a c k of an a l t e r n a t i v e to church-going. Once ot h e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s became a v a i l a b l e , Canadians, l i k e the B r i t i s h and the Americans, q u i c k l y a v a i l e d themselves of new d e l i g h t s . The i n t r o d u c t i o n of urban t r a n s -p o r t a t i o n , f i r s t the b i c y c l e , then the giddy t r o l l e y , x began the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n . Both i n n o v a t i o n s , but p a r t i c u l a r l y the e l e c t r i c s t r e e t c a r , goaded l a t e n t S a b b a t a r i a n s e n t i m e n t i n t o 2 m i l i t a n t a c t i v i t y . Although the Methodist and P r e s b y t e r i a n churches had a l r e a d y complained about steamboat and rai-1 excur-s i o n s , they had convinced themselves t h a t only the lower c l a s s e s and new immigrants a c t u a l l y p a t r o n i z e d them. The Sunday opera-t i o n of s t r e e t r a i l w a y s or i t s proposed i n t r o d u c t i o n , however, threatened to a t t r a c t from church attendance the very c l a s s t h a t p r o v i d e d the f i n a n c i a l backbone of the churches' s o c i a l and economic p o s i t i o n . As such, they c o u l d not a l l o w the c h a l -lenge to go unmet. For a decade (from 1895 u n t i l 1905), sab-x S a t u r d a y Night, 1 September 18 94. 2 For another treatment of the m a t e r i a l presented i n t h i s and the f o l l o w i n g chapter, see C h r i s t o p h e r Armstrong's and H.V. N e l l e s E \"kind of n o n - f i c t i o n entertainment,\" The Revenge of the Methodist B i c y c l e Company: Sunday S t r e e t c a r s and M u n i c i p a l Re-form i n Toronto,. 1888-1897 (Toronto: P e t e r M a r t i n & A s s o c i a t e s L i m i t e d , 1977). 71 b a t a r i a n s t r i e d to defeat the Sunday car i n the c o u r t s ; by so doing they r a i s e d important c o n s t i t u t i o n a l questions concern-in g the r e s p e c t i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n s of the f e d e r a l and p r o v i n c i a l (and even municipal) governments. Most importantly the s t o r y of the l e g a l tangle of those years e x p l a i n s why Macdonald and L a u r i e r were wrong i n a s s i g n i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n over Sabbath oob-servance l e g i s l a t i o n to the provinces and why the Lord's Day Act of 1906 was a f e d e r a l s t a t u t e . * * * * * * * * * * * * The appearance of the b i c y c l e symbolized Canada's o p t i m i s t i c s p i r i t as i t emerged from the r e l a t i v e s tagnation of the 1870s and 1880s. As P.B. Waite describes the Canadian scene of 1896, \"thousands of c y c l i s t s were to be seen d a i l y , ' g l i d i n g along the s t r e e t s and out i n the suburbs of the c i t y , ' pleased w i t h the speed, the ease, and the grace w i t h which they 3 cover d i s t a n c e . \" Although expensive — b i c y c l e s cost at l e a s t 4 $50 each — many were able to buy them and q u i c k l y demonstrated t h e i r i n t e n t to use them, even on Sundays. One Torontonian estimated t h a t one thousand b i c y c l e s passed him on College 5 S t r e e t i n the course of one hour on a Sunday morning. Accord-3 P.B. Waite, Canada 1874-1896: Arduous Destiny (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1971), p. 279. 4 Toronto World, 16 March 1897; I b i d . , 3 A p r i l 1897. 5Saturday Night, 1 May 1897. i n g t o t h e T o r o n t o W o r l d , as many as t e n t h o u s a n d b i c y c l i s t s made t h e i r way t h r o u g h c i t y s t r e e t s on a h o t summer Sunday. T h e r e seemed i n d e e d much t r u t h t o S a t u r d a y N i g h t ' s a s s e r t i o n t h a t \" q u i t e a l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e , i f t r u t h were known, b o u g h t 7 b i c y c l e s t o f r e e t h e m s e l v e s f r o m o u r s t a y - a t - h o m e Sunday.\" The b i c y c l e c o m p e n s a t e d f o r t h e l a c k o f o t h e r f o r m s o f p u b l i c t r a n s -p o r t on Sund a y s , f a c i l i t a t i n g o u t i n g s t o p a r k s and l e s s crowded a r e a s o f t h e c i t i e s . To b i c y c l e e n t h u s i a s t s i n u r b a n and i n d u s -t r i a l c o m m u n i t i e s t h e \"wheel\" e n l a r g e d \" v i e w s on t h e ne e d o f g r e a s o n a b l e r e c r e a t i o n . \" I t o f f e r e d f r e e d o m o f o p p o r t u n i t y , e s p e c i a l l y t o t h e yo u n g , \" t o g e t o u t somewhere on Sunday and 9 shake o f f t h e o d o u r s and c a r e s o f i n d o o r l i f e . \" B u t , i n t h e e y e s and e a r s o f S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e s u p -p o r t e r s , t h e b i c y c l e d i s r u p t e d \" t h e s w e e t n e s s and h o l y c a l m o f t h e Day o f G o d . \" x ^ A l t h o u g h S a b b a t a r i a n s a g r e e d t h a t when p r o -p e r l y u s e d on weekdays, t h e b i c y c l e was as \" h a r m l e s s as a w h e e l b a r r o w \" and i n some c a s e s \"even h e l p f u l and h e a l t h y , \" t h e y a t t a c k e d i t s r o l e i n \" t h e m a t t e r o f Sunday r e c r e a t i o n \" a s \" T o r o n t o W o r l d , 8 A p r i l 1897. 7 S a t u r d a y N i g h t , 1 May 1897. 8 T o r o n t o W o r l d , 8 A p r i l 1897. 9 S a t u r d a y N i g h t , 9 May 1896. \" ^ M e t h o d i s t C h u r c h , T o r o n t o C o n f e r e n c e , M i n u t e s , 1896, p. 55-6, c i t e d by Ge o r g e Emery, \"Methodism on t h e C a n a d i a n P r a i r i e s , 1895-1914: The Dynamics o f an I n s t i t u t i o n i n a New E n v i r o n m e n t \" (Ph.D. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , 1970), p . 98. \" v i c i o u s . \" The C h r i s t i a n Guardian complained t h a t l a r g e num-bers were: brea k i n g away from the q u i e t r e f i n i n g p l e a s u r e s of good homes, and . . . are spending the hours of the Sabbath amid the excitements of the road, of the; park, and of the crowd . .. . For a l l of t h i s the a l l e g e d b e n e f i t to h e a l t h i s but a poor compensation. (12) Yet the f u r o r caused by the b i c y c l e was but a p r e l u d e to the storm t h a t arose over the Sunday s t r e e t c a r . The urban t r a n s p o r t systems i n t r o d u c e d i n the 1860s and 1870s i n major urban c e n t r e s had proved completely inadequate to meet the demand. Slow and e r r a t i c s e r v i c e , l i m i t e d by the horses' phy-s i c a l c a p a b i l i t i e s , c h a r a c t e r i z e d the e a r l y o p e r a t i o n s . In M o n t r e a l , f o r example, the north-south l i n e s climbed grades as steep as 11 p e r c e n t -- \"at what c o s t to the horse must be l e f t 13 to the i m a g i n a t i o n . \" Even a t the b e s t of times,, movement was extremely slow, \" s c a r c e l y b e t t e r than a f o o t ' s pace.\" Compan-i e s f o l l o w e d no f i x e d time schedule and f r e q u e n t stops to accommodate favoured patrons made the o p e r a t i o n s even l e s s de-pendable. Moreover, although the Toronto Globe d e s c r i b e d the Toronto S t r e e t Railway Company c a r s as having a \"neat and com-f o r t a b l e appearance\" and as \" w e l l l i g h t e d and v e n t i l a t e d , \" t h i s was t r u e o n l y d u r i n g the summer months when the r i g h t - h a n d s i d e \" ^ C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 12 May 1897; W. Anderson to W. L a u r i e r , 3 February 1897, PAC, LP, C754, p. 2035. 12 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 12 May 1897. 13 J . I . Cooper, M o n t r e a l , A B r i e f H i s t o r y (Montreal: McGill-Queen's U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1969),.-p. 104. 14 o f t h e c a r was removed, l e a v i n g i t c o m p l e t e l y o p e n . I n t h e w i n t e r , t h e c a r s were i n f a c t e x t r e m e l y c o l d , and o n l y \"a l i b e r a l s p r i n k l i n g o f pea s t r a w on t h e f l o o r s e r v e d t o h e l p keep 15 t h e p a s s e n g e r s ' f e e t warm.\" Sunday s e r v i c e was r a r e , a l t h o u g h most p r o v i n c e s (ex-c e p t i n g O n t a r i o ) d i d n o t f o r b i d i t . The c h a r t e r s o f most 16 c o m p a n i e s p e r m i t t e d (by n o t p r o h i b i t i n g ) Sunday o p e r a t i o n s . E v e n i n O n t a r i o , a d o z e n o r more co m p a n i e s had b een c h a r t e r e d b e f o r e t h e 1883 S t r e e t R a i l w a y A c t ; o f t h e s e , o n l y two c h a r t e r s , t h o s e o f t h e T o r o n t o and O ttawa c o m p a n i e s , c o n t a i n e d a c l a u s e 17 f o r b i d d i n g Sunday o p e r a t i o n s . B u t t h e H a m i l t o n S t r e e t R a i l -way Company, w h i c h i n t r o d u c e d a s e r v i c e i n 1874 a t t h e h o u r s o f p u b l i c w o r s h i p , was t h e o n l y company t o s u s t a i n a Sunday o p e r a -14 T o r o n t o G l o b e , 11 September 1861. 15 L.H. P u r s l e y , S t r e e t R a i l w a y s o f T o r o n t o , 1861-1921,. I n t e r u r b a n s S p e c i a l 25 (Los A n g e l e s : E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y P u b l i c a -t i o n s , 1958), p . 7; M.F. C a m p b e l l , A M o u n t a i n and a C i t y : The S t o r y o f H a m i l t o n ( T o r o n t o : M c C l e l l a n d and S t e w a r t , 1966), p. 163; W.D. M i d d l e t o n , The Time o f t h e T r o l l e y ( M i l w a u k e e : Kalmback P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1967), p. 290. 16 See, f o r example, c h a r t e r s o f t h e S t . J o h n P e o p l e ' s S t r e e t R a i l w a y Company, 30 V i c t . (1866), c.35 (N.B.); o f t h e H a l i f a x S t r e e t R a i l w a y Company, 47 V i c t . (1884), c . 6 2 (N.S.) ; and o f t h e W i n n i p e g S t r e e t R a i l w a y Company, 55 V i c t . (1892), c . 56 (Man. ) 17 C i t y o f T o r o n t o , M i n u t e s o f C o u n c i l , 1861, A p p e n d i x , By-Law No. 353, c i t e d by A r m s t r o n g and N e l l e s , The Revenge o f t h e M e t h o d i s t B i c y c l e Company, p . 187, n. 17; r e O ttawa C i t y P a s s e n g e r R a i l w a y , s e e 29-30 V i c t . (1866), c.10.6.. F o r c h a r t e r s o f c o m p a n i e s c h a r t e r e d between 1867 and 18 83 i n O n t a r i o , s e e O n t a r i o , L e g i s l a t i v e A s s e m b l y , S t a t u t e s , 1867-1883. t i o n u n t i l the l a t e 1880s. Few companies i n f a c t r e a l i z e d the p o t e n t i a l impact of p u b l i c urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n on the 19 m o b i l i t y h a b i t s of c e n t r a l c i t y p o p u l a t i o n s . Instead, company owners f e l t t h a t s e r v i c e should f a c i l i t a t e flow i n t o the c i t y to p l a c e s of employment on workdays and showed l i t -t l e i n t e r e s t i n Sunday s e r v i c e to r e c r e a t i o n a l areas. A c t i v e promotion of Sunday s e r v i c e began wi t h the growth and improvements of s t r e e t r a i l w a y systems i n the l a t e 1880s. Although slow, expansion of t r a c k l a i d had a l r e a d y ad-vanced the development of suburban r e s i d e n t i a l areas to which the more a f f l u e n t c i t i z e n s were moving. The r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n urban p o p u l a t i o n prompted a s i m i l a r e x t e n s i o n of the s y s -tems. In Toronto, f o r example, where the p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d from 86,415- i n 1880 to 144,023 i n 1890, the horse-drawn system expanded from 19 t o 6 8.5 m i l e s , p l a c i n g every p a r t of 20 the c i t y w i t h i n reasonably easy access of the r a i l w a y . The Montreal system underwent s i m i l a r expansion as d i d those i n J \" U J . M i l l s , G a t a r a c t T r a c t i o n : The Railways of Hamilton (Toronto: Canadian T r a c t i o n S e r i e s , 1971), v o l . I I , p. 73. An e f f o r t by the Kingston S t r e e t Railway Company to i n t r o d u c e Sunday s e r v i c e i n the l a t e 1870s f a i l e d ; see PC, APGA, 1879, p. c x l i v . 1 Q Peter Goheen, V i c t o r i a n Toronto, 1850-1900: P a t t e r n s and Growth ( U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago: Department of Geography, Research Paper No. 127, 1970), p. 73. 2 0 I b i d . , p. 72. Between 1861 and 1880 the Toronto system had expanded from 4 to 19 m i l e s . P u r s l e y , S t r e e t Railways, p. 144. 76 21 H a m i l t o n and W i n n i p e g . P r o f i t s i n c r e a s e d a c c o r d i n g l y : by 1890, t h o s e o f t h e T o r o n t o S t r e e t R a i l w a y Company, w h i c h c a r r i e d 55,000 p a s s e n g e r s d a i l y , t o t a l l e d $165,562 on e a r n i n g s o f a b o u t $7 30,000, i n c o m p a r i s o n w i t h i t s 1873 p r o f i t s o f $25,000. 2 2 A l t h o u g h e l e c t r i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m s t o o k p l a c e a f t e r t h e s e m a j o r e x p a n s i o n s , i t s t i l l p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n t h e g r o w t h o f s e r v i c e . The i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e \" g i d d y t r o l l e y \" p e r m i t t e d a t h o r o u g h r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f o p e r a t i o n s . E l e c t r i f i -c a t i o n m a r k e d l y c u t t h e p e r u n i t o p e r a t i n g c o s t s w h i l e a t t h e same t i m e t h e i m p r o v e d s e r v i c e drew more p a t r o n s and t h e r e b y e n l a r g e d t o t a l r e v e n u e s . E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n i n c r e a s e d t h e s y s t e m s ' c a p a c i t y t o c a r r y p a s s e n g e r s ; and, s i n c e g r e a t e r s p e e d meant a l o n g e r t r i p i n t h e same l e n g t h o f t i m e , i t f u r t h e r e n c o u r a g e d s u b u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t and t h e d i s p e r s a l o f u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n s . The q u a l i t y o f t h e j o u r n e y now i m p r o v e d as w e l l , f o r t h e t r o l l e y 23 r i d e was s m o o t h e r and t h e c a r s g e n e r a l l y more c o m f o r t a b l e . G r a d u a l l y c o m p a n i e s i n t h e l a r g e r c i t i e s , a s s u r e d o f s u f f i c i e n t p r o f i t m a r g i n s , went so f a r a s t o o f f e r l o w e r f a r e s t o t h e work-i n g c l a s s . The n o r m a l f a r e was f i v e c e n t s , b u t t h e W i n n i p e g 21 C o o p e r , M o n t r e a l , p . 104; M i l l s , C a t a r a c t T r a c t i o n , p. 75; A.S. Thompson, S p a d i n a : A H i s t o r y o f O l d T o r o n t o ( T o r o n t o : P a g u r i a n P r e s s , 1975), p. 162. 22 A r m s t r o n g and N e l l e s , The Revenge o f t h e M e t h o d i s t B i c y c l e Company, p. 29. 2 3 J . McKay, Trams_and T r o l l e y s : The R i s e o f U r b a n T r a n s p o r t i n E u r o p e ( P r i n c e t o n , N . J . 7 Vrinceton U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1976), pp. 51-58; f o r d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c c a r s , s e e P u r s l e y , S t r e e t R a i l w a y s , p. 144; M i l l s , C a t a r a c t T r a c t i o n , p. 76. 77 S t r e e t Railway Company and o t h e r s s o l d t i c k e t s to workmen a t the r a t e of e i g h t f o r a q u a r t e r between 5.00 and 8.00 a.m. and 5.30 24 and 6.30 p.m. A change i n the t r a n s i t companies 1 a t t i t u d e towards the nature o f t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s accompanied these t e c h n o l o g i c a l changes. Companies now r e a l i z e d t h a t a l a r g e p o t e n t i a l market l a y i n the s u b u r b a n i z a t i o n t h a t f o l l o w e d expansion and improve-ments i n q u a l i t y . Such developments would a l l o w the movement of people out from the core of the c i t y not o n l y on workdays, but on h o l i d a y s as w e l l . Commenting on a proposed e x t e n s i o n o f the Toronto system to the n o r t h and e a s t o f the c i t y i n 1891, the Globe d e s c r i b e d the p o t e n t i a l e f f e c t s on the c i t y ' s development as r e v o l u t i o n a r y : not onl y would i t be a \"boon t o the wealthy and the w e l l - t o - d o , \" who? worked.:,in ..the c i t y but l i v e d , i n the suburbs, but i t would a l s o \"be a b l e s s i n g to the poor, who i n -h a b i t the lowly p l a c e s , the slums and s h a n t i e s of 'the ward,' f o r they w i l l be given o p p o r t u n i t i e s they do not possess o f b r e a t h i n g the f r e s h , pure a i r and of seein g the b e a u t i e s of „25 nature.\" In o r d e r to c u l t i v a t e t h i s market, some companies developed r e c r e a t i o n a l areas a t the end of t h e i r l i n e s w h i l e 24 C i t y of Winnipeg, By-Law No. 543, s.5 i n 55 V i c t . (1892), c.56, Schedule \"A\" .' The Toronto Railway Company o f f e r e d the same f a r e ; see P u r s l e y , S t r e e t Railways, p. 16. See a l s o c h a r t e r of Ottawa E l e c t r i c Railway Company, 57 V i c t . (1894) , c.76, s.39. 25 Toronto Globe, 15 May 1891. 78 others extended l i n e s to l i n k up w i t h e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s . In Winnipeg, James A u s t i n , owner of the Winnipeg S t r e e t R a i l -way Company, created a 5.5 acre park at the southern end of h i s l i n e , complete w i t h refreshment booths, p a v i l i o n s f o r e l e c -2 6 t r i c a l e x h i b i t s and con c e r t s , and b a l l grounds. In Toronto, i n response t o the b u i l d i n g of a new race t r a c k i n Glen Grove Park, the M e t r o p o l i t a n r a i l w a y company, which connected w i t h the c i t y r a i l w a y , extended i t s l i n e s t o the park entrance. During t h i s p e r i o d as w e l l , i n t e r urban companies obtained char-t e r s t o begin operations. Although the c o n s t r u c t i o n of such l i n e s had as i t s primary purpose the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of the f a r -27 mer and h i s produce to market and not the reverse, the poten-t i a l h o l i d a y business q u i c k l y appeared a t t r a c t i v e . In B r i t i s h Columbia, f o r example, i n t e r u r b a n t r a i n s ran from Vancouver to Queen's Park i n New Westminster w i t h m u l t i p l e t r a i n s r e q u i r e d on September days when p r o v i n c i a l or n a t i o n a l l a c r o s s e f i n a l s 28 were played. I t was obvious t h a t Sunday customers e x i s t e d both w i t h -i n the c i t i e s and between c i t i e s . On one hand, a market e x i s t e d i n conveying people to church. As urban expansion continued and' 2 6 Thompson, Spadina, pp. 162, 186. See a l s o H.J. S e l -wood, \"Urban Development and the S t r e e t c a r : The Case of Winni-peg, 1881-1914,\" Urban H i s t o r y Review, No. 3-77 (February 1978), p. 37. 27 M i l l s , C ataract T r a c t i o n , p. 24; re the development of Canadian interurban systems, see John Due, The I n t e r c i t y E l e c t r i c Railway Industry (Toronto: Uni v e r s i t y , of Toronto Press, 1966). 28 Ian F. J o b l i n g , \"Urbanization and Sport i n Canada,' 1867-1900,\" i n Canadian Sport: S o c i o l o g i c a l P e r s p e c t i v e s , ed., Richard S. Gruneau and John G. A l b i n s o n (Don M i l l s , Ontario: Addison-Wesley (Canada) L t d . , 1976), p. 68. 79 people moved away from the central core, the operation of a Sun-day service would allow them to continue t h e i r church a f f i l i a -29 tions. On the other hand, a large po t e n t i a l market existed among those who did not attend church. In the early 1880s the Toronto Globe conducted a survey to determine attendance at that c i t y ' s churches on a winter Sunday: although church attendance was c e r t a i n l y respectable, over half (55 percent) the c i t y ' s 30 population did not attend church. If the same number of people rode the cars on a Sunday as on a normal working day — and there were already indications i n Europe and the United States that i n fac t more people patronized the cars on Sundays than on normal 31 working days — a company such as the Toronto Street Railway Company could hope to r e a l i z e an increased yearly revenue of 32 $105,000 without substantial increases i n cost. The over-whelming success of the bi c y c l e as a means of getting around 2 9Saturday Night, 2 March 1895. 30 Toronto Globe, 7 February 1882, c i t e d by D.C. Masters, The Rise of Toronto, 1850-1890 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1947), p. 193. Masters, interprets t h i s figure to i n d i -cate a strong attendance at church. For a r e v i s i o n of Master's interp r e t a t i o n , see M.G. Decarie, \"Something Old, Something New: Aspects of the Proh i b i t i o n Movement i n Canada,\" i n Olive r Mowat's Ontario, ed., D. Swainson (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1972), pp. 166-7. 31 McKay, Tramways and T r o l l e y s , p. 226. See also T.G. Barker and M. Robbins, A History of London Transport (London: George A l l e n and Unwin Ltd., 1975), v o l . I, pp. 204-7; also George M. Smerk, \"The Streetcar: Shaper of American C i t i e s , \" T r a f f i c Quarterly XXI (December 1967), p..578. 32 Goheen, V i c t o r i a n Toronto, p. 72. This estimate was calculated on the basis of d a i l y passengers figures m u l t i p l i e d by $0.04 (adult fare — 5*, children's — 3*) x 52. 80 c i t i e s on Sundays p r o v i d e d even more c o n v i n c i n g evidence t h a t companies c o u l d w e l l hope to r e a l i z e s i g n i f i c a n t p r o f i t s on Sundays. As companies r e c o g n i z e d the p o t e n t i a l of Sunday s e r v i c e , they began to i n t r o d u c e i t . By the l a t e 1880s, Sunday c a r s were running i n the c i t i e s o f S t . John, H a l i f a x , and M o n t r e a l . In O n t a r i o , the Hamilton S t r e e t Railway Company i n c r e a s e d i t s s e r -v i c e , i n i t i a t e d twenty years e a r l i e r , t o a f u l l twelve hour 33 o p e r a t i o n . Appeals to the c i t y c o u n c i l to h a l t the s e r v i c e 34 were to no a v a i l . Cars a l s o ran on m t e r u r b a n l i n e s r a d i a t i n g out from Hamilton and i n the Niagara F a l l s a r e a . Only i n Toronto d i d r e p e a t e d e f f o r t s to commence Sunday s e r v i c e f a i l . The company c o u l d n e i t h e r o b t a i n an amendment to i t s c h a r t e r p e r m i t t i n g Sunday o p e r a t i o n s nor d i d i t succeed i n o p e r a t i n g i l l e g a l l y . When one well-known l i v e r y m a n , ' C i t i z e n ' W i l l i a m K e l l y , secured f o u r d i s u s e d horse-drawn buses from the company and operated them on a v o l u n t a r y b a s i s , prompting o t h e r s to adopt t h i s method, c i t y by-laws were e n f o r c e d . I n s p e c t o r A r c h i -b a l d , Toronto's P u b l i c M o r a l i t y O f f i c e r , \"swooped down and a r r e s t e d K e l l y d r i v i n g h i s f a m i l y to church i n one of the buses. 33 M i l l s , C a t a r a c t T r a c t i o n , p. 80; The Week, 16 June 1887. 34 OLDA, \"Memorandum c o n c e r n i n g the f o r m a t i o n of a P r o v i n -c i a l A l l i a n c e f o r the b e t t e r observance o f the Lord's Day,\" 15 February 1895, i n LDACP, OLDA, SB ( h e r e a f t e r OLDA, SB) 1892-1900. 35 Armstrong and N e l l e s , The Revenge o f the M e t h o d i s t B i -c y c l e Company, pp. 202-3, n . l ; PC, APGA, 1886, p. c l i x ; Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1894, c. 3437; P u r s l e y , S t r e e t R a i l -ways , p. 142. 81 The Sunday c a r p r e s e n t e d an e l u s i v e t a r g e t t o S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e s u p p o r t e r s , one d i f f i c u l t t o c h a l l e n g e s u c c e s s f u l l y . I n Nova S c o t i a , S a b b a t a r i a n s assumed t h a t t h e 1891 A c t , w h i c h made i t i l l e g a l f o r a c o r p o r a t i o n t o employ o r d i r e c t a p e r s o n t o \" p e r f o r m s e r v i l e l a b o u r on Sunday,\" w o u l d p r e v e n t s t r e e t 3 6 r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s f r o m o p e r a t i n g . I n O n t a r i o , S a b b a t a r i a n s assumed t h a t s e v e r a l a c t s made Sunday s e r v i c e i l l e g a l . A s p a r t o f i t s 1883 S t r e e t R a i l w a y A c t , t h e O n t a r i o L e g i s l a t u r e had f o r -37 b i d d e n t h e Sunday r u n n i n g o f c a r s . F o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s , i t assumed (as d i d t h e S a b b a t a r i a n s ) t h a t t h e 1845 Upper Canada A c t w o u l d a p p l y t o c o m p a n i e s c h a r t e r e d b e f o r e 1883: B r i t i s h l e g a l p r e c e d e n t d e f i n e d t h e p h r a s e \" o r p e r s o n w h a t s o e v e r \" i n t h e A c t ' s f i r s t c l a u s e t o i n c l u d e b u s i n e s s c o r p o r a t i o n s s u c h as 3 8 s t r e e t r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s ; m o r e o v e r , i n 1854 Judge J o h n B e v e r l e y R o b i n s o n o f t h e Upper C a n a d i a n b e n c h had r u l e d t h a t t h e A c t p r o h i b i t e d a l l l o c a l t r a f f i c and a l l o w e d o n l y t h r o u g h 39 t r a f f i c . More r e c e n t c o u r t d e c i s i o n s , however, were r a i s i n g d o u b t s as t o t h e e f f i c a c y o f t h e A c t . The d e c i s i o n by t h e O n t a r i o A p p e a l C o u r t i n Regina. v . Somers (1893) i m p l i e d t h a t t h e 3 6 5 4 V i c t , c.32 ( N . S . ) . 3 7R.S.O. (1887), c.171, s.34. 3 8 OLDA, \"Memorandum o f F a c t s and Reasons r e g a r d i n g De-s i r e d L e g i s l a t i o n amending t h e L o r d ' s Day A c t , \" December 1897, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. 3 9 1 1 U.C.Q.B. 636. 82 A c t a p p l i e d o n l y to those people s p e c i f i c a l l y c i t e d i n the f i r s t 40 c l a u s e . Judge J.H. Hagarty's r u l i n g i n Regina v. Daggett (1882) made i t p o s s i b l e t h a t a l l passengers, whether they t r a -v e l l e d \"wholly f o r p l e a s u r e , f r e s h a i r , r e l a x a t i o n from work, with or without luggage, or a c t u a l l y on important b u s i n e s s , \" were exempt from the A c t . To Hagarty, any attempt to draw a d i s t i n c t i o n between persons, \" a c c o r d i n g to the purpose which i n -duced them to t r a v e l , \" was i n v a i n , \" l e a d i n g to i m p o s s i b l e and i r r i t a t i n g e n q u i r i e s , and tending to b r i n g a u s e f u l and s a l u t a r y 41 enactment i n t o contempt.\" S e v e r a l years l a t e r , Hagarty upheld the r i g h t of the Niagara F a l l s , Wesley Park and C l i f t o n Tramway Company, c h a r t e r e d under the 1883 S t r e e t Railway A c t , to operate on Sundays, a r g u i n g t h a t the company;had i n f l i c t e d no punishable i n j u r y upon p u b l i c p r o p e r t y . G.W. Burton, Hagarty's c o l l e a g u e on the Appeal Court bench, made an even s t r o n g e r statement i n support of the Sunday ca r d u r i n g these same proceedings, com-menting t h a t : Human nature may have changed much i n the l a s t 1800 y e a r s , but i t i s r e a l l y p a i n f u l to f i n d i n t h i s n i n e t e e n t h century anyone, and e s p e c i a l l y a person assuming to be a teacher of r e l i g i o n , grudging the enjoyment of a number of poor people and t h e i r f a m i l i e s who a v a i l themselves o f , perhaps, the o n l y day open to them to v i s i t and enjoy one of nature r s grandest works, because i n o r d e r to do so they have 24 O.R. 24 4. The c o u r t decided t h a t a cab d r i v e r was not i n c l u d e d i n any of the c l a s s e s enumerated i n s e c t i o n 1 of the A c t and t h e r e f o r e c o u l d not be l a w f u l l y c o n v i c t e d f o r d r i v i n g a cab on Sunday. 4 1 1 O.R. 527. 83 to t r a v e l a few miles by t r a i n or other v e h i c l e . I t would seem almost i n c r e d i b l e had we not the witnesses' admission i n evidence. (42) Given the u n c e r t a i n nature of the law, opponents of the Sunday car decided t o ob t a i n l e g a l c l a r i f i c a t i o n . Two important cases entered the c o u r t s : f i r s t , the Hamilton S t r e e t Railway Company, whose c h a r t e r d i d not f o r b i d Sunday 43 ope r a t i o n s , was charged w i t h v i o l a t i n g Section 1 of the 1845 Upper Canada Lord's Day Act. The second case charged the H a l i f a x E l e c t r i c Tramway Company (whose c h a r t e r l i k e w i s e 44 d i d not f o r b i d Sunday operations ) wit h v i o l a t i n g the 1891 Act. In Ont a r i o , the case proceeded through the lower courts to the Ontario Appeal Court which handed down a d e c i s i o n i n 45 favour of the s t r e e t r a i l w a y company i n March 1897. As a r e s u l t , the Ontario L e g i s l a t u r e amended, a few months l a t e r , the 1845 Act to f o r b i d the Sunday operation of s t r e e t r a i l w a y s 46 and r a d i a l e l e c t r i c r a i l w a y s . In January 1898, however, 4 2 1 8 O.A.R. 459. 43 33 V i c t . (1873), c.lOO,(Ont.). 4 4 5 8 V i c t . (1895), c.107 (N.S.) 45 A.G. v. Hamilton S t r e e t Railway Company, 27 O.R. 49; a l s o Toronto Globe, 1 January 1896; A.G. v. Hamilton S t r e e t Railway Company, 24 O.A.R. 170; a l s o Toronto M a i l and Empire, 3 March 1897. The Ontario Appeal Court decided t h a t the phrase 'or person whatsoever', as defined by B r i t i s h precedent d i d not apply. The phrase d i d not apply to s t r e e t r a i l w a y companies, or indeed to any i n d u s t r i a l c o r p o r a t i o n . Chief J u s t i c e Burton reasoned that i f the 1845 L e g i s l a t u r e had wished to p r o h i b i t the labour of cor p o r a t i o n s i n the A c t , i t would have s p e c i f i c a l -l y named them since i t had been so s p e c i f i c i n i t s l i s t of per-sons whose Sabbath labour was p r o h i b i t e d . 4 6 6 0 V i c t . (1897), c.14, s.95 (Ont.); R.S.O.(1897), c.246. 84 the Nova S o c t i a Supreme Court r u l e d t h a t the 1891 s t a t u t e was u l t r a v i r e s the p r o v i n c i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . The court de-cided t h a t the clause f o r b i d d i n g the employment of s e r v i l e labour had been an amendment to an 18 69 A c t , which was i t s e l f an amendment to the pre-Confederation s t a t u t e , \"Of Offences 47 Against R e l i g i o n . \" Since t h i s s t a t u t e was part of the c r i m i -n a l law of Nova S c o t i a , only the f e d e r a l government had the power to r e p e a l or amend i t . 4 8 The Nova Scotian d e c i s i o n c a s t doubt on the v a l i d i t y of a l l e x i s t i n g p r o v i n c i a l ( i n c l u d i n g municipal) l e g i s l a t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h Sabbath observance. As a consequence, the Ontar-i o government resubmitted the Hamilton S t r e e t Railway case to i t s Appeal Court f o r a d e c i s i o n on the Ontario L e g i s l a t u r e ' s a b i l i t y t o pass the 1897 Act. In 1902, the Ontario Appeal Court upheld the Ontario L e g i s l a t u r e ' s r i g h t to pass the A c t , although Chief J u s t i c e Armour d i s s e n t e d : i n h i s o p i n i o n , the pro f a n a t i o n of the Lord's Day was an offence against r e l i g i o n ; s i nce such offences were p r o p e r l y c l a s s e d as crimes, the enact-ment of appropriate laws and the i m p o s i t i o n of punishment by f i n e s or imprisonment p r o p e r l y belonged to the Parliament of 49 Canada. **'R.S.N.S. (1851), c.157; R.S.N.S. (1869), c.159. 4 8 3 0 N.S.R. 469; 1 C.C.C.424 (C.A.). Robert L. Borden was counsel f o r the prosecution. 49O.W.R. 312; 54 C.C.C. 344, quoted i n PC, APGA, 1902, p. 271. 85 Owing to the c o n f l i c t i n g opinions of the Canadian high 50 c o u r t s , the Sunday car issue proceeded to the J u d i c i a l Commi-t t e e of the P r i v y C o u n c i l f o r a f i n a l and a u t h o r i t a t i v e i n t e r -p r e t a t i o n . In J u l y 1903, i n i t s judgement on the Hamilton S t r e e t Railway case, the P r i v y C o u n c i l reversed the d e c i s i o n of the Ontario Appeal Court. In i t s o p i n i o n , the 1845 Act had been a s t a t u t e of c r i m i n a l law at the time of i t s enactment and was thus a matter of f e d e r a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . Any amendments to t h i s A c t , such as t h a t of 1897, were t h e r e f o r e \"beyond the compe-tency of the Ontario L e g i s l a t u r e to enact,\" and the 18 97 Act 51 \"as a whole was i n v a l i d . \" I t seemed c l e a r t h a t , as Chief J u s t i c e Armour had argued, only the f e d e r a l government could pass Sabbath o b s e r v a n c e e l e g i s l a t i o n . The P r i v y C o u n c i l d e c i s i o n s u r p r i s e d governments and Sabbath observance supporters a l i k e . They had assumed th a t the provinces had j u r i s d i c t i o n over t h i s matter, and both the Mac-donald and L a u r i e r governments had declared Sabbath observance a matter of p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n . Since 1867 the provinces had asserted t h e i r supposed competence by passing v a r i o u s s t a t u t e s and amendments. By 1898, New 1 Brunswick, Quebec, Mani-toba, B r i t i s h Columbia, and the Northwest T e r r i t o r i e s , i n a d d i -t i o n to Nova S c o t i a and O n t a r i o , had s t a t u t e s d e a l i n g w i t h In 1899, i n a case unrel a t e d to the Sunday car (Ex Parte re Green, 4 C.C.C. 182; 35 N.B.R. 137), the New Brunswick Supreme Court r u l e d New Brunswick's Sabbath observance l e g i s l a -t i o n i n t r a v i r e s the p r o v i n c i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n . (1903) A.C. 524. 8 6 Sabbath offences. But the provinces and the Prime M i n i s t e r s were wrong: according to l e g a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Canadian law, only the f e d e r a l government could pass laws r e g u l a t i n g Sabbath obser-vance. Yet./Chief J u s t i c e Armour had been e n t i r e l y c o r r e c t i n d e s c r i b i n g the p e c u l i a r i t i e s of the Canadian s i t u a t i o n t h a t not only made p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n p r e f e r a b l e but would a l s o be-d e v i l the problem from t h a t day to the present. \"The Lord's Day Act,\" Armour s t a t e d , was \"not a subject matter i r r e s p e c t i v e or o r i g i n or r e l i g i o n . \" The Quebec Act of 1774 had allowed Lower Canadians to preserve t h e i r customs, property, and c i v i l r i g h t s . Consequently, Quebecers had a d i f f e r e n t Lord's Day Act than d i d the r e s t of the country. To \"fo r c e a Lord's Day Act on them would be the very opposite of what they contracted f o r . The d i f f e r e n t Provinces,\" he.concluded,'\"have d i f f e r e n t ideas on t h i s subject and i t would be contrary to c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s to enforce the average idea of the whole Dominion upon each 53 Province.\" Thwarted i n i t s b i d to o b t a i n comprehensive Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n at the p r o v i n c i a l l e v e l , however, t h i s was e x a c t l y what a new and more a g g r e s s i v e Sabbatarian lobby would attempt to do. P r i n c e Edward I s l a n d continued, without amendment, i t s pre-Confederation s t a t u t e , 20 Geo. I l l (1779), c.3 (P.E.I.). 5 3Quoted i n PC, APGA, 1902, p. 271. 87 Chapter IV: The Sunday Car as C a t a l y s t : The Formation of The Ontario Lord's Day A l l i a n c e , 1895-1899. The Sunday car was but one m a n i f e s t a t i o n of the growing complexity of Canadian s o c i e t y . By the l a t e 18 90s, wheat and immigration were having dynamic impacts upon Canada's economic growth. x F e l t across Canada, t h e i r m u l t i p l i e r e f f e c t s upon the economy stimulated f u r t h e r t e c h n o l o g i c a l change. The expanding use of e l e c t r i c i t y , f o r example, was r a p i d . E l e c t r i c l i g h t i n g , e l e c t r i c r a i l w a y s , and the telephone a l l came i n t o common use. \"Chains of banks, department s t o r e s , and m a i l order houses, s t e e l r a i l s and telephone wires\" t i e d the country together from 2 coast to coast. I n c r e a s i n g l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d urban a r c h i t e c t u r e , i n s t i t u t i o n s of higher l e a r n i n g , and complex municipal govern-ments became the hallmarks of an abundant urban l i f e . So too, however, were the concentrated s o c i a l i l l s of wretched housing, crime, and a l c o h o l i s m . For, d e s p i t e the obvious p r o s p e r i t y of the times, l i f e was bleak f o r the working c l a s s i n the l a r g e c i -3 t i e s of Toronto, Hamilton, Montreal, and H a l i f a x . Unable to \"\"\"See G.W. Bertram, \"Economic Growth i n Canadian Industry, 1870-1915,\" Canadian J o u r n a l of Economics and P o l i t i c a l Science XXXIX/2 (May 1963) , r e p r i n t e d i n Approaches to Canadian Economic H i s t o r y , ed., W.T. Easterbrook and M.H. Watkins (Toronto: M c C l e l l a n d and Stewart, 1967), p. 92. 2J.M.S. C a r e l e s s , The Rise of C i t i e s i n Canada Before 1914, Canadian H i s t o r i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n , H i s t o r i c a l Booklet No. 32, 1978, p. 25. See G. Kealey, Hogtown: Working Class Toronto at the Turn of the Century (Toronto: New Hogtown Press, 1974); J.T. Copp, 88 a f f o r d a h o u s e , most l i v e d i n t e n e m e n t s w i t h s e v e r a l o t h e r f a m i -l i e s . C o l d i n w i n t e r , s t i f l i n g i n summer, s u c h t e n e m e n t s o f f e r e d few a m e n i t i e s , an o u t d o o r p r i v y p o s s i b l y , b a t h i n g f a -c i l i t i e s n e v e r . R e t u r n i n g home f r o m a t e n o r t w e l v e h o u r d a y, t h e w o r k i n g f a m i l y had l i t t l e t i m e o r i n c l i n a t i o n f o r r e c r e a -t i o n a l a c t i v i t y . The one day o f l e i s u r e c o n t i n u e d t o be t h e S a b b a t h . The S a b b a t a r i a n r e s p o n s e t o t h e v a s t and r a p i d s o c i a l and e c o n o m i c c h a n g e was b u t one o f t h e many p r o g r e s s i v e r e f o r m movements t h a t p r o l i f e r a t e d a t t h e end o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n -t u r y . C a n a d i a n s began t o f e e l t h a t t h e c o l l e c t i v i s t , r a t h e r t h a n t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s t , a p p r o a c h m i g h t s o l v e some o f p r o s p e r i -t y ' s a t t e n d a n t e v i l s . Some g r o u p s a t t e m p t e d t h e p u r i f i c a t i o n o f m u n i c i p a l g o v e r n m e n t s ; o t h e r s saw a l c o h o l o r p r o s t i t u t i o n as t h e r o o t o f a l l s o c i a l e v i l . Some f o c u s s e d on t h e c h i l d a s t h e human b e i n g most needy o f h e l p ; o t h e r s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e ex-t e n s i o n o f s u f f r a g e t o women w o u l d c u r e p r o b l e m s t h a t w o u l d o t h e r w i s e go u n s o l v e d . A l l g r o u p s s h a r e d a d e s i r e t o a m e l i o -r a t e c o n d i t i o n s i f p o s s i b l e f o r t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s , b u t t o m a i n -t a i n above a l l t h e s o c i a l and e c o n o m i c s u p e r i o r i t y o f t h e m i d d l e c l a s s . P e r c a p i t a p r o d u c t i v i t y w o u l d n o t r i s e i f a b s e n t -The Anatomy o f P o v e r t y : The C o n d i t i o n o f t h e W o r k i n g C l a s s i n M o n t r e a l , 1897-1929 ( T o r o n t o : M c C l e l l a n d and S t e w a r t , 1974). L i f e i n t h e new c i t i e s o f t h e P r a i r i e s may n o t have been much b e t t e r f o r t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s . See P a u l V o i s e y , \" I n S e a r c h o f W e a l t h and S t a t u s : An E c o n o m i c and S o c i a l S t u d y o f E n t r e p r e n -e u r s i n E a r l y C a l g a r y . , \" i n F r o n t i e r C a l g a r y : Town, C i t y , and R e g i o n , 1885-1914, e d . , A.W. R a s p o r i c h and H. K l a s s e n ( C a l g a r y : U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l g a r y , M c C l e l l a n d and S t e w a r t West, 1975), p. 233. 89 eeism owing to a l c o h o l i s m prevented the worker from c o n t r i b u t i n g to economic growth. P r o s p e r i t y would not continue i f men, women, or c h i l d r e n were absent from work on Monday (and even Tuesday) owing to the debauchery of a Sunday r i d e on a s t r e e t c a r . In r a i s i n g q u e s t i o n s about the nature of s o c i a l and 4 moral reform, the Sunday c a r c o n t r i b u t e d to the debate about the q u a l i t y of l i f e i n an urban and i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y . The c e n t r a l i s s u e was the weekly day of r e s t and i t s use. Should i t be a day devoted s o l e l y t o the h e a l t h of the s o u l , or should i t be p a r t l y devoted to t h a t end and p a r t l y to the r a t i o n a l r e c r e a t i o n of the p h y s i c a l body? Car supporters argued t h a t the Sunday c a r was a necessary convenience i n an urban com-munity. I t d i d not rob the s t r e e t r a i l w a y employee of h i s day of r e s t , f o r companies were w i l l i n g to guarantee t h e i r employ-ees another day i n the week as a r e s t day. Sunday s e r v i c e was e n t i r e l y a matter of c h o i c e f o r both employees and p a t r o n s . The man who worked on the s t r e e t c a r s was a t l i b e r t y to l e a v e h i s job i f he so chose. The p a t r o n , on the o t h e r hand, was a l s o a t l i b e r t y to r e f u s e to r i d e the c a r s i f h i s r e l i g i o u s c o n v i c -t i o n s d i r e c t e d him not t o . The s e r v i c e , however, should be 4 See Brxan H a r r i s o n , \"State I n t e r v e n t i o n and Moral Re-form i n Nineteenth-Century England,\" i n P r e s s u r e from Without i n E a r l y V i c t o r i a n England, ed., P a t r i c i a H o l l i s (London: Edward A r n o l d L t d . , 1974), p. 289: \"The n i n e t e e n t h century debate on S t a t e i n t e r v e n t i o n cannot be f u l l y understood u n l e s s the h i s t o r i a n , l i k e the V i c t o r i a n s themselves, d i s c u s s e s both moral and s o c i a l reform t o g e t h e r ; f o r a t t i t u d e s generated i n the moral sphere c a r r i e d over i n t o the s o c i a l . \" 90 a v a i l a b l e . In a d d i t i o n , car supporters b e l i e v e d t h a t the Sunday car would e f f e c t a true s o c i a l reform. Since working c l a s s people, 5 i t was assumed, d i d not i n any case attend church s e r v i c e s , they should have the opportunity to r e c e i v e some p h y s i c a l and s p i r i t u a l solace i n the open a i r . The Sunday car would allow those who l i v e d i n urban working c l a s s d i s t r i c t s to escape the s t u l t i f y i n g environment i n which they both l i v e d and worked on the one day of the week they could c l a i m as l e i s u r e . Was i t p o s s i b l e , queried Goldwin Smith, a car supporter, to serve the i n t e r e s t s of e i t h e r humanity or of C h r i s t i a n i t y by: mewing men, women and c h i l d r e n up i n a small room or compelling them to s i t on a doorstep i n the c l o s e a i r of the c i t y during a s u l t r y afternoon when they might be enjoying the a i r and verdure of High Park w i t h a t h a n k f u l heart not a l i e n to r e l i g i o n . (7) The Sunday car would i n f a c t \" d r i v e people.out of the slums and g saloons on Sunday i n t o more wholesome and decent surroundings.\" Supporters f e l t , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t the P r o t e s t a n t e v a n g e l i c a l churches would demonstrate a r e a l commitment to reform i f they changed t h e i r f e a r f u l a t t i t u d e towards the car.and, i n s t e a d , ab-5 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 12 September 1888, c i t e d by S.D. C l a r k , Church and Sect i n Canada (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto Press, 1948), p. 393: \"We cannot get the r i c h and poor to mingle i n our f i n e churches. . . Churches are no sooner b u i l t than they have to be enlarged or r e b u i l t to accommodate the worshippers; and y e t , o u t s i d e of a l l t h i s i s a v a s t p o p u l a t i o n of from f o r t y to f i f t y thousand who go to no church.\" 6Toronto World, 14 June 1893. 7 I b i d . , 17 June 1893. 8Saturday Night, 24 A p r i l 1897. 91 sorbed t h i s technological innovation. E.E. Sheppard, editor of Saturday Night, suggested that the churches place themselves i n the forefront of the changes represented by the Sunday car. \"Is i t not manifest,\" he postulated, \"that i t would be wiser to place guiding hands upon the car of progress than to get vainly crushed under i t s wheels and have i t then run mad?\" He recom-mended that the churches disarm the Sunday car \"by acquiescence\" by giving poorer parishioners free Sunday car t i c k e t s and by encouraging people to spend t h e i r afternoons (after public wor-9 ship) i n the parks. Sabbath observance supporters also projected t h e i r cam-paign as one of s o c i a l reform: the Sunday car unnecessarily robbed one class of workers of t h e i r Sunday rest i n order that others might have fr i v o l o u s pleasure. Although they too agreed that the Sabbath should be a day of. l e i s u r e , they wished i t to be a day t o t a l l y devoted to the c u l t i v a t i o n of the r e l i g i o u s s p i r i t . Like t h e i r B r i t i s h counterparts, Canadian S a b b a t a r i a n s \"saw Sunday as a C h r i s t i a n and r u r a l interlude of class harmony amidst the hectic rush of a m a t e r i a l i s t i c , competitive, and urban society. The Sunday car therefore infused new l i f e into the Sab-batarian movement, giving i t a focus that the e a r l i e r Lord's Day A l l i a n c e had lacked. Long before the court actions were 9 I b i d . , 4 July 1896. \"^Harrison, \"State Intervention and Moral Reform,\" p. 295. 92 complete, the Sunday c a r a c t e d as the p r e c i p i t a t i n g f a c t o r i n the f o r m a t i o n of p r o v i n c i a l l o b b i e s i n S t . John, H a l i f a x , and Toronto, whose g o a l i t was to c h a l l e n g e the Sunday c a r ' s r i g h t to run. The two M a r i t i m e a s s o c i a t i o n s , unable t o r e t a i n p u b l i c i n t e r e s t when l i t i g a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g the Sunday c a r dragged on i n the c o u r t s , had l i t t l e o r no v i t a l i t y . Only i n Toronto d i d an a s s o c i a t i o n become t r u l y \" a g g r e s s i v e , \" as John G. Shearer, i n i t i a t o r o f the O n t a r i o Lord's Day A l l i a n c e , was to w r i t e some ye a r s l a t e r . 1 1 Here the anti-Sunday c a r sentiment d i d not focus o n l y on the c o u r t s but a l s o on the m u n i c i p a l referendum i n Toronto which would d e c i d e the i s s u e o f Sunday s e r v i c e . * * * * * * * * * * * * The 1891 c h a r t e r i n c o r p o r a t i n g the Toronto Railway Company ( f o r m e r l y the Toronto S t r e e t Railway Company) al l o w e d Sunday o p e r a t i o n s when approved by a m a j o r i t y o f the c i t y ' s 12 r a t e p a y e r s . The s i g n a t u r e s of 5,000 r a t e p a y e r s on a p e t i t i o n c o u l d o c c a s i o n a v o t e on Sunday s e r v i c e , and the f i r s t such v o t e took p l a c e on January 4, 1892. Over 24,000 people v o t e d and the a n t i - c a r f a c t i o n won h a n d i l y w i t h a m a j o r i t y of 3,936. The announcement o f a second v o t e f o r the end o f August 18 93 l e d to Rev. J.G. Shearer t o Rev. Dr. Waddell, 1 November 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 883. 1 2 5 5 V i c t . , c.99, s s . 1, 4 ( 1 ) , 19(1), 21. 93 the formation of a C i t i z e n s ' Central Anti-Sunday Car Committee to organize p u b l i c meetings, c i r c u l a t e l i t e r a t u r e and p e t i t i o n s , and mobilize the vote i n each ward of the c i t y . Although the Committee was v i c t o r i o u s , the ant i - c a r majority slipped to 13 14 1,003. Fearing an adverse decision i n the next vote, the Committee contemplated two courses of acti o n : p e t i t i o n i n g the government to pass general l e g i s l a t i o n to supersede municipal l e g i s l a t i o n ; or challenging i n the courts Toronto's r i g h t to hold a vote, on the grounds that the 1845 Upper Canada Lord's Day Act forbade s t r e e t railway operations. E i t h e r course of action would \"render a vote upon the question of no use whatso-„15 ever. In Hamilton, appeals by car opponents to the c i t y au-t h o r i t i e s to stop Sunday operations proved \" f r u i t l e s s . \" x ^ In the f a l l of 1894, therefore, a Hamilton Presbyterian minister, John G.. Shearer, approached J.K. Macdonald, h i s Toronto f r i e n d and colleague on committees of the p r o v i n c i a l Presbyterian Synod, with the suggestion of creating a p r o v i n c i a l lobby. As a r e s u l t of t h i s meeting, the Ontario Lord's Day A l l i a n c e was 13 Toronto M a i l , 28 August 1893. 14 In 1894 the Ontario government imposed a three-year i n t e r v a l between p l e b i s c i t e s on the Sunday car i s s u e . C. Arm-strong and H.V. N e l l e s , The Revenge of the Methodist B i c y c l e Company: Sunday Streetcars and Municipal Reform i n Toronto, 1888-1897 (Toronto: Peter Martin & Associates, 1977), p. 146. x^OLDA, \"Memorandum concerning the formation of a Provin-c i a l A l l i a n c e f o r the better observance of the Lord's Day,\" 15 February 1895, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. 16T. I b i d . 94 f o r m e d i n J a n u a r y 189 5. I t s p r i m a r y a i m was t o s e c u r e a s p e c i -f i c amendment t o t h e 1845 Upper Canada A c t p r o h i b i t i n g t h e Sunday o p e r a t i o n o f i n d u s t r i a l and b u s i n e s s c o r p o r a t i o n s . A t t h e same t i m e , i t p e t i t i o n e d f o r g e n e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n s i m i l a r t o t h e 1883 S t r e e t R a i l w a y A c t t o ban Sunday o p e r a t i o n s on t h e new i n t e r u r b a n , r a d i a l e l e c t r i c r a i l w a y s y s t e m s r a p i d l y a p p e a r i n g 17 on t h e O n t a r x o l a n d s c a p e . The A l l i a n c e c e n t r e d i n T o r o n t o i n o r d e r t o c a p i t a l i z e on s u p p o r t a l r e a d y g i v e n t o i t s c a u s e i n p r e v i o u s f i g h t s a g a i n s t t h e Sunday c a r . To a l a r g e e x t e n t , as A r m s t r o n g and N e l l e s ex-p l a i n , t h e a n t i - S u n d a y c a r f a c t i o n d e p e n d e d upon a h o s t o f . e x i s t i n g a g e n c i e s , t h e P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s , t h e M i n i s t e r i a l A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e q u a s i - r e l i g i o u s s o c i e t i e s o f Orangemen, Temp-l a r s , Masons, and t h e l i k e , t o p r o v i d e \"ready-made n e t w o r k s o f a s s o c i a t i o n , l i n e s o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n and s y s t e m s o f a u t h o r i t y . \" The C h r i s t i a n G u a r d i a n , f o r example, \" l e f t no s t o n e u n t u r n e d t o 19 p r e v e n t t h e i n n o v a t i o n . \" The E v a n g e l i c a l Movement o f t h e A n g l i c a n C h u r c h a l s o c a m p a i g n e d a c t i v e l y a g a i n s t t h e Sunday c a r ; members o f t h e l o c a l T r a d e s and L a b o r C o u n c i l s l e n t t h e i r I b i d . Whereas i n 1894 o n l y two s u c h l i n e s r u n n i n g o u t f r o m H a m i l t o n o p e r a t e d , i n 1895 a l o n e e l e v e n c o m p a n i e s a p p l i e d t o b u i l d . 18 A r m s t r o n g and N e l l e s , The Revenge o f t h e M e t h o d i s t B i c y c l e Company, p. 177. 19 M a r i a n R o y c e , \"The C o n t r i b u t i o n o f t h e M e t h o d i s t C h u r c h t o S o c i a l W e l f a r e i n Canada\" (M.A. T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o , 1940), p. 249; C h r i s t i a n G u a r d i a n , 28 J u n e 1893, 12 J u l y 1893, 19 J u l y 1893, 26 J u l y 1893, 2 A u g u s t 1893, 9 A u g u s t 1893, 15 A u g u s t 1893, 23 A u g u s t 1893, 30 A u g u s t 1893. support as d i d s e v e r a l temperance l e a d e r s . ^ u In comparison to the LDAC, t h e r e f o r e , the O n t a r i o A l l i -ance proceeded most e n e r g e t i c a l l y about i t s t a s k . E i t h e r c l e r i -c a l o r l a y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the P r e s b y t e r i a n dhurch formed the core of the e x e c u t i v e ; they i n t u r n q u i c k l y r e c r u i t e d prom-i n e n t members of the Methodist and A n g l i c a n churches. A l l men who j o i n e d the A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e l i v e d i n c i t i e s d i r e c t l y threatened by the Sunday c a r , s i n c e the s t r e e t r a i l w a y companies of these c i t i e s had a l l been c h a r t e r e d b e f o r e the 1883 S t r e e t 21 Railway A c t . In a d d i t i o n , the A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e secured ex-t e n s i v e l e g a l e x p e r t i s e among i t s r e c r u i t s . Ten of Toronto's 22 lawyers, among them Sam Blake and Newton W. Hoyles, both a c t i v e i n the a f f a i r s o f W y c l i f f e C o l l e g e , the c e n t r e of evange-l i c a l A n g l i c a n i s m , and Dr. J . J . Maclaren, an e q u a l l y prominent Methodist layman, v o l u n t e e r e d t h e i r s e r v i c e s to the A l l i a n c e . A.E. O'Meara, a Toronto s o l i c i t o r , became the A l l i a n c e ' s p a i d S o l i c i t o r and S e c r e t a r y . The A l i i ance d i d not i n t e n d to r e l y s o l e l y on the e f f o r t s of one sympathetic member of the L e g i s l a -t u r e to i n t r o d u c e l e g i s l a t i o n , but to lobby the Premier and h i s A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l d i r e c t l y by d e p u t a t i o n . Toronto M a i l , 25 J u l y 1893; I b i d . , 22 J u l y 1893; Toronto World, 22 August 1893. 21 Toronto, B r a n t f o r d , Hamilton, London, Kingston, S t . C a t h e r i n e s , Guelph, and Niagara F a l l s . For c h a r t e r s , see O n t a r i o , L e g i s l a t i v e Assembly, S t a t u t e s , 1867-1883.-2 2 Blake had been r e s p o n s i b l e , as C i t y Counsel, f o r the n e g o t i a t i o n of the 1891 c h a r t e r of the Toronto Railway Company, s e c u r i n g the c l a u s e r e s t r i c t i n g Sunday o p e r a t i o n s . Toronto World, 3 March 1897. 9 6 The A l l i a n c e also made plans to r e c r u i t a general mem-bership to s a t i s f y the government that Sabbatarianism was i n -deed the sentiment of the majority. The membership campaign was to concentrate on urban centres, e s t a b l i s h i n g branches f i r s t i n every c i t y and then \"so f a r as p o s s i b l e i n every town and 2 3 v i l l a g e of the Province.\" A f t e r some discussion as to the f e a s i b i l i t y of a membership fee of one or two d o l l a r s , the Exe-cutive decided on f i f t y cents i n order to a t t r a c t greater num-bers thereby. The Ontario A l l i a n c e attempted to promote contact with the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e i n Ottawa, but the LDAC was unprepared 2 4 to cooperate with the Ontario A l l i a n c e i n any concrete fashion. Nor did the Ontario A l l i a n c e e s t a b l i s h any d i r e c t l i n k s with American S a b b a t a r i a n a s s o c i a t i o n s , although i t was c e r t a i n l y aware of, and made .constant reference to, the f r i v o l o u s obser-vance of the Sabbath i n American c i t i e s . The A l l i a n c e perceived the American Sabbath as the Globe described i t , a day of turmoil 2 5 and abominations, open shows and open theatres. I t was much better, the A l l i a n c e believed, to enact l e g i s l a t i o n i n advance 2 6 of such a s i t u a t i o n than to t r y and regain i t , once l o s t . 2 3 OLDA, \"Memo concerning formation,\" 1 5 February 1 8 9 5 . 2 4 G. McRitchie to A.E. O'Meara, 2 6 January 1 8 9 5 , LDAC, MB 1 8 8 8 - 1 9 0 1 . 2 5 Toronto Globe, 2 4 December 1 8 9 0 . 2 6 OLDA, Memorandum, February 1 8 9 6 , i n OLDA, SB 1 8 9 2 - 1 9 0 0 . 97 Y e t , d e s p i t e i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n and e x p e r t i s e , t h e f i r s t l o b b y i n g o f t h e A l l i a n c e was o n l y p a r t i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l . On one hand, i n 1895 t h e O n t a r i o L e g i s l a t u r e p a s s e d an E l e c t r i c R a i l -way A c t t h a t , among i t s p r o v i s i o n s , f o r b a d e a l l Sunday t r a f f i c on r a d i a l e l e c t r i c r a i l w a y s , e x c e p t f o r t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f m i l k . The A c t a l s o i n c l u d e d a c l a u s e s t i p u l a t i n g t h a t p a r k s o r p l e a s u r e g r o u n d s owned by a company c h a r t e r e d u n d e r t h e A c t \" s h o u l d n o t be open on t h e L o r d ' s Day t o be u s e d f o r games, p i c n i c s , c o n c e r t s , e x c u r s i o n s , o r o t h e r p u b l i c e n t e r t a i n m e n t s . The e l e v e n e l e c t r i c r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s c h a r t e r e d by t h e g o v e r n -2 8 ment i n t h a t y e a r t h u s f e l l u n d e r t h e s e p r o h i b i t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e g o v e r n m e n t amended t h e 1883 S t r e e t R a i l w a y A c t t o i n c l u d e t h e E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y A c t r e s t r i c t i o n on p a r k s o r e n t e r -29 t a m m e n t a r e a s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , P r e m i e r O l i v e r Mowat, b e l i e v i n g h i m s e l f t h a t S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e was r e a l l y a m a t t e r o f m u n i c i p a l r e g u l a t i o n , 3 0 r e f u s e d t o amend t h e 1845 A c t u n t i l t h e A l l i a n c e c o u l d p r o v e t h a t i t was i n s u f f i c i e n t . As a r e s u l t , t h e A l l i a n c e i n s t i t u t e d p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t t h e H a m i l t o n S t r e e t R a i l w a y Company. When t h e c o u r t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e A c t was i n s u f f i c i e n t b e c a u s e t h e p h r a s e 'or p e r s o n w h a t s o e v e r ' d i d n o t i n c l u d e b u s i n e s s c o r p o r a t i o n s , t h e A l l i a n c e a g a i n l o b b i e d t h e 2 758 V i c t . , c.38, s s . 9 ( 2 ) , 136. 28 See O n t a r i o , L e g i s l a t i v e A s s e m b l y , S t a t u t e s , 1895. 2 959 V i c t . (1896), c.50, s.5. ^ T o r o n t o M a i l and E m p i r e , 24 J a n u a r y 1896. 98 31 p r o v i n c i a l government to amend the A c t . I t hoped t h a t t h i s would prevent the Toronto r a t e p a y e r s 1 vote on the Sunday c a r s e t f o r May 1897, as w e l l as f o r e s t a l l i n g Sunday o p e r a t i o n s by the Hamilton company. Again, the p r o v i n c i a l government only p a r t i a l l y acceded to the A l l i a n c e ' s r e q u e st: i n A p r i l 1897, the L e g i s l a t u r e passed an amending c l a u s e t o the 1845 A c t t h a t s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r -bade the o p e r a t i o n of s t r e e t r a i l w a y s and r a d i a l e l e c t r i c r a i l -32 ways on Sundays. Exemptions to the c l a u s e , however, p e r m i t t e d companies t h a t had been o p e r a t i n g on Sundays p r i o r to the enact-ment of t h i s c l a u s e to co n t i n u e , and i t a l s o allowed the vote on the i s s u e to go forward i n Toronto. Although the A l l i a n c e c h a l l e n g e d the v a l i d i t y o f these exemptions, t h e r e was no time 33 to take the matter t o c o u r t b e f o r e the Toronto vote of May 1897. The A l l i a n c e s u f f e r e d p u b l i c h u m i l i a t i o n i n the f i n a l Toronto \"Sunday Car A g i t a t i o n , \" one of the most e x c i t i n g and b i t t e r m u n i c i p a l c o n t e s t s to take p l a c e i n l a t e V i c t o r i a n Toronto. The Globe r e p o r t e d t h a t the Sunday c a r by-law was \" f o r weeks, the c h i e f , i f not the s o l e t o p i c of c o n v e r s a t i o n upon the 34 s t r e e t s , i n the c l u b s and churches and even i n the household.\" 31 A.G. (Ont.) v. Hamilton S t r e e t Railway Company, 27 O.R. 49; A.G. (Ont.) v. Hamilton S t r e e t Railway Company, 24 O.A.R. 170. 3 2 6 0 V i c t . (1897), c.14, s.95 (Ont.); R.S.O. (1897), c.246. 33 Mayor Fleming of Toronto had announced i n January 18 97 t h a t a vote would take p l a c e i n May as long as the O n t a r i o Ap-p e a l Court d i d not d e c l a r e i t a v i o l a t i o n of the 1845 A c t . Toronto World, 28 January 1897. 3 4 T o r o n t o Globe, 17 May 1897. A n t i - and p r o - c a r a s s o c i a t i o n s clamoured f o r the p u b l i c ' s a t t e n -t i o n , c i r c u l a t i n g p e t i t i o n s , h u r l i n g i n v e c t i v e , and employing q u e s t i o n a b l e t a c t i c s to win support. Of an evening, t h r e e or f o u r b o i s t e r o u s meetings f i l l e d t o c a p a c i t y the c i t y ' s l a r g e s t p u b l i c h a l l s , o f t e n l e a v i n g many more o u t s i d e unable to g a i n entrance. On the eve of the vote, the a g i t a t i o n had indeed taken on the a i r of a l i f e - a n d - d e a t h s t r u g g l e between C h r i s t -35 l a n i t y and the Toronto Railway Company. As a l r e a d y noted, the debate c e n t r e d on the moral and s o c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s surrounding the i n t r o d u c t i o n of p l e a s u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n an i n d u s t r i a l c i t y a t a time when Sunday was the o n l y day of l e i s u r e f o r most people. Both s i d e s claimed to be reformers. Those i n support of the c a r s argued t h a t the changed circumstances of modern urban l i f e , the d i s p e r s i o n of p o p u l a t i o n to the suburbs and the crowded 'quarters i n the c i t y c o r e , demanded a cheap t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system as an \"important 3 6 s o c i a l and moral c o n d i t i o n \" of c i t y l i f e . As a s o c i a l bene-f i t , the Sunday car would p l a c e the poor i n a p o s i t i o n of e q u a l i t y w i t h the r i c h man and h i s c a r r i a g e . Moreover, i t would o c c a s i o n p r o p o r t i o n a l l y l e s s labour than a l r e a d y e x i s t e d among coachmen and cabmen. As a moral reform, Sunday c a r s would strengthen the s p i r i t u a l tone of the community and d i r e c t l y a i d 35 Saturday Night, 5 August 1893: \" I t i s not a f i g h t between C h r i s t i a n i t y and the Toronto S t r e e t Railway Company.\" 3 6 C i t i z e n s ' Pro-Sunday Car Committee, \"Manifesto,\" Tor-onto World, 29 A p r i l 1897. 100 the churches by enabling, p e o p l e who had moved to the new sub-urban areas to m a i n t a i n an a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h t h e i r o l d church. The A l l i a n c e , which l e d o p p o s i t i o n t o the Sunday c a r , r e j e c t e d these arguments, a t t a c k i n g the \"contagious c h a r a c t e r 3 7 o f t h i s moral and i n d u s t r i a l p l a g u e . \" As the \" f o r e r u n n e r o f a g r e a t d e a l o f Sunday b u s i n e s s , Sunday c o n c e r t s , s p e c t a c u l a r e x h i b i t i o n s and d e s e c r a t i o n by open p l e a s u r i n g , \" the Sunday c a r 3 8 would open the doors t o Sunday l a b o u r . I t would be but the f i r s t of a n ever-ending s t r i n g o f Sabbath s e c u l a r i z e r s ; a f t e r i t would come worse e v i l s i n the form of the ice-cream p a r l o u r , the shoe-shine and the barber shop, and worst of a l l , the Sunday newspaper. Not o n l y would the Sunday c a r f a c i l i t a t e Sunday v i s i t s to the graves o f the dead and the beds of the s i c k , but i t would encourage s o c i a l v i s i t i n g s t o c i t y parks and amusement c e n t r e s . The e x p e r i e n c e o f o t h e r c i t i e s had i r r e f u t a b l y shown t h a t s t r e e t r a i l w a y companies, i n s e a r c h o f i n c r e a s e d p r o f i t s , would take any s t e p s n e c e s s a r y t o \"make the Sunday c a r s the means of Sunday r e c r e a t i o n s and pastimes and r e f r e s h m e n t s i n 39 parks c o n t r o l l e d by them or o t h e r s . \" Thus, the Sunday c a r would b r i n g no moral b e n e f i t t o the community, and the A l l i a n c e denounced the argument t h a t the Sunday c a r might add \"to the OLDA, \"Memo c o n c e r n i n g f o r m a t i o n , \" F e b r u a r y 1895. 3 8 S h e a r e r t o A. S c o t t , 27 June 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 11. 39 C i t i z e n s ' Anti-Sunday Car Committee, \" M a n i f e s t o , \" i n The Toronto Book, ed.,- W i l l i a m K i l b o u r n (Toronto: M a c m i l l a n o f Canada, 1976), pp. 71-2. 101 i n f l u e n c e and usefulness of the churches and Sunday schools by conveying worshippers to d i s t a n t s a n c t u a r i e s \" as a \"delu-s i o n and a snare\": The i n d i v i d u a l churches throughout the c i t y have a l l the b e t t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n of s t r e n g t h because of the absence of s t r e e t c a r s , as i t leads most people to attend churches near at hand and no doubt the s t r e e t cars would l u r e more from the churches than they would lead to them. (40) F i n a l l y , the Sunday car would not a i d the workingman: i n c i t i e s where the Sunday car was already running, the A l l i a n c e i n s i s t e d , 41 i t d i d not provide \"valuable r e l i e f t o the crowded cent r e s . \" Rather, by robbing the workingman of h i s Sabbath r e s t , the Sunday car shattered h i s home l i f e and \" h i s opportunity to worship on the f i r s t day of each week, together w i t h h i s f a m i l y , 42 h i s f r i e n d s , and the r e s t of the community.\" The A l l i a n c e claimed t h e r e f o r e t h a t the workingman, r e c o g n i z i n g t h i s t h r e a t , had not a g i t a t e d f o r the Sunday car and had i n f a c t c o n s i s t e n t l y voted against i t . The A l l i a n c e viewed the Toronto contest as one of su-preme importance f o r the f u t u r e of the lobby throughout the province. O l i v e r Mowat, w h i l e Premier of Ontario, had i n d i c a t e d t h a t changes to the 184 5 Act would \" l a r g e l y depend on what ap-43 peared to be p u b l i c o p i n i o n on the subject.\" The Toronto 40 C i t i z e n s ' Anti-Sunday Car Committee, \"Manifesto,\" Toronto M a i l and Empire, 1 May 1897. I b i d . I b i d . 43 Toronto M a i l and Empire, 24 January 1896. 102 f i g h t gave the p u b l i c a chance to v o i c e i t s o p i n i o n . A v i c t o r y f o r the p r o - c a r f o r c e s would c a s t s e r i o u s doubt on the v a l i d i t y of the A l l i a n c e ' s c l a i m to r e p r e s e n t the m a j o r i t y of p u b l i c o p i n i o n . I f \"Toronto the Good,\" as contemporaries dubbed the 44 c i t y , should r e j e c t t h a t image by welcoming the c a r , other c i t i e s would soon clamour f o r i t s i n t r o d u c t i o n . Moreover, i f the Toronto Railway Company proved v i c t o r i o u s , s t r e e t r a i l w a y companies i n other c i t i e s would c l a i m exemption from the 1897 A c t on the b a s i s of p u b l i c demand. The A l l i a n c e thus poured a l l i t s r e s e r v e s i n t o the f i g h t to d e f e a t the Sunday c a r i n Toronto. In an attempt to i n c l u d e c i t i z e n s both i n - a n d - o u t s i d e the churches, the A l l i a n c e promoted the f o r m a t i o n of another C i t i z e n s ' Anti-Sunday Car Com-45 m i t t e e on the model of the s u c c e s s f u l 1893 committee. The new committee c i r c u l a t e d l i t e r a t u r e and p e t i t i o n s , o r g a n i z e d huge p u b l i c meetings, and s y s t e m a t i c a l l y canvassed each ward of the c i t y . I t pressed i t s a l l i e s to do a l l i n t h e i r power to a i d the f i g h t , a s k i n g m i n i s t e r s to b r i n g the matter r e p e a t e d l y to the a t t e n t i o n of t h e i r f l o c k s and u r g i n g a l l the c i t y ' s churches to devote the Sunday be f o r e the vote to a d i s c u s s i o n of the 46 i s s u e . I t a l s o r e c r u i t e d Trades and Labor C o u n c i l members to speak a g a i n s t the Sunday car i n the p u b l i c forums. And, i f the 44 C.S. C l a r k , Of Toronto the Good (Montreal: The Toronto P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1898; C o l e s Canadiana C o l l e c t i o n , 1970). 45 Toronto World, 19 A p r i l 1897. 4 6 S a t u r d a y Night, 1 May 1897. 103 o p p o n e n t s o f t h e A l l i a n c e a r e t o be b e l i e v e d , t h e A l l i a n c e went so f a r as t o l o b b y t h e b i c y c l i s t s t o v o t e a g a i n s t t h e c a r i n 47 o r d e r t o p r e s e r v e t h e r o a d s f o r t h e m s e l v e s on Su n d a y s . On S a t u r d a y , May 15, i n t h e h e a v i e s t and p e r h a p s most 48 c o r r u p t p o l l i n T o r o n t o h i s t o r y , t h i r t y - t w o t h o u s a n d p e o p l e r e c o r d e d t h e i r v o t e s on t h e Sunday c a r i s s u e . Crowds a s s e m b l e d i n f r o n t o f t h e newspaper o f f i c e s a f t e r t h e p o l l s c l o s e d a t 5 p.m. I t seemed t h a t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e a n t i - c a r f o r c e s m i g h t a g a i n b r i n g t r i u m p h , b u t t h e p r o - c a r f a c t i o n a c h i e v e d 49 v i c t o r y by a s l i m m a 3 o r i t y o f 480 v o t e s . A l a s t d i t c h e f f o r t by t h e A l l i a n c e t o o b t a i n a c o u r t i n j u n c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e r u n n i n g o f t h e Sunday c a r f a i l e d , and on Sunday, May 23, a wet and m i s -e r a b l e d a y, \" T o r o n t o t h e Good\" welcomed t h e Sunday c a r . Crowds o f p e o p l e — a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 5 , 0 0 0 — r o d e t h e c a r s w h i l e o t h e r s 50 l i n e d t h e s t r e e t s t o w a t c h . * * * * * * * * * * * * * T o r o n t o W o r l d , 8 May 1897. The C h r i s t i a n G u a r d i a n r e -f u t e d t h i s a c c u s a t i o n , 21 A p r i l 1897. 48 A r m s t r o n g and N e l l e s d e s c r i b e g r a n d - s c a l e p e r s o n a t i o n by ward w o r k e r s h i r e d by t h e s t r e e t r a i l w a y company, i n c l u d i n g t h e c a s e o f one unemployed E n g l i s h m a n p e r s o n a t i n g no l e s s t h a n t w e n t y - f i v e v o t e r s . The Revenge o f t h e M e t h o d i s t B i c y c l e Com-pany, p. 165. 49 T o r o n t o G l o b e , 17 May 1897; a l s o C l a r k , Of T o r o n t o t h e Good, p. 64: \"And now, h o r r o r f o r h o r r o r s ! t h e p o p u l a c e o f T o r o n t o have d e c i d e d by a good s u b s t a n t i a l v o t e t h a t t h e y d e s i r e s t r e e t c a r s on Sunday and t h e y have them.\" 50 T h i s number i s c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t o t a l r e c e i p t s 104 Whereas a w e a k e r - w i l l e d g r o u p m i g h t have r e t r e a t e d i n t h e f a c e o f s u c h d e f e a t , t h e A l l i a n c e r e t u r n e d a l m o s t e a g e r l y t o t h e f r a y . \" D e f e a t e d b u t n o t v a n q u i s h e d \" ^ x by t h e T o r o n t o v o t e , t h e A l l i a n c e r e f u s e d t o a c k n o w l e d g e t h a t t h e p u b l i c v o t e had g r a n t e d t h e T o r o n t o R a i l w a y Company a f r a n c h i s e t o o p e r a t e on S u n d a y s . I n s i s t i n g t h a t p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n a l o n e c o u l d g r a n t t h i s r i g h t , i t i m m e d i a t e l y l o b b i e d t h e O n t a r i o g o v e r n m e n t t o a p p e a l t h e H a m i l t o n S t r e e t R a i l w a y d e c i s i o n t o t h e P r i v y 52 C o u n c i l f o r a \" f i n a l and a u t h o r i t a t i v e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . \" I n t h e meantime t h e A l l i a n c e p e t i t i o n e d t h e go v e r n m e n t t o g r a n t an i n j u n c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e r u n n i n g o f Sunday c a r s anywhere i n t h e p r o v i n c e u n t i l t h e P r i v y C o u n c i l d e c i d e d t h e i s s u e . When t h e go v e r n m e n t r e f u s e d t h i s r e q u e s t , on t h e g r o u n d s t h a t a r e v e r s a l o f t h e O n t a r i o c o u r t s ' d e c i s i o n s was i m p r o b a b l e , t h e A l l i a n c e a g a i n demanded amendment o f t h e 18 45 A c t t o p r o h i b i t Sunday s e r -v i c e . The O n t a r i o g o v e r n m e n t seemed r e a d y t o do t h i s when i n J a n u a r y 18 98 t h e Nova S c o t i a Supreme C o u r t r u l i n g t h a t S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e l e g i s l a t i o n was u l t r a - v i r e s t h e p r o v i n c i a l j u r i s -d i c t i o n f o r c e d r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n . As a r e s u l t , t h e O n t a r i o g o v e r n -ment d e c i d e d t o r e s u b m i t t h e H a m i l t o n c a s e t o t h e O n t a r i o A p p e a l C o u r t . I t d i d n o t , however, i s s u e an i n j u n c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e o p e r a t i o n o f Sunday c a r s i n T o r o n t o o r e l s e w h e r e w h i l e t h e i s s u e f o r t h e day and t h e p r i c e o f t i c k e t s , s e v e n f o r a q u a r t e r . T o t a l r e c e i p t s a c c o r d i n g t o S a t u r d a y N i g h t were $2,000 (29 May 1897). C f . A r m s t r o n g and N e l l e s , The Revenge o f t h e M e t h o d i s t B i c y c l e Company, p. 167. 51 T o r o n t o M a i l and E m p i r e , 17 May 1897. 52 C h r i s t i a n G u a r d i a n , 22 September 1897. 105 was i n l i t i g a t i o n . B e l i e v i n g i t s e l f o n l y t e m p o r a r i l y s t a l l e d i n i t s l e g i s -l a t i v e c a m p a i g n , t h e A l l i a n c e p r o c e e d e d t o a p p r o a c h t h e Sunday c a r p r o b l e m w i t h o t h e r m e t h o d s . F i r s t i t a p p e a l e d t o t h e c o u r t s f o r i n j u n c t i o n s a g a i n s t c o m p a n i e s t h a t , e n c o u r a g e d by t h e j u d i c i a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e H a m i l t o n company a n d t h e p u b l i c s u p p o r t i n T o r o n t o , h a d s t a r t e d Sunday s e r v i c e i n d e f i a n c e o f t h e 1897 l e g i s l a t i o n . When t h e c o u r t s r e f u s e d t o g r a n t i n j u n c t i o n s , t h e A l l i a n c e i n s t i t u t e d p r o c e e d i n g s a g a i n s t two c o m p a n i e s t h a t had s t a r t e d S u nday s e r v i c e , b u t whose c h a r t e r s s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o h i -b i t e d s u c h o p e r a t i o n ( t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n S t r e e t R a i l w a y Company o f 53 T o r o n t o a n d t h e T o r o n t o and M i m i c o E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y Company). The A l l i a n c e a l s o o p p o s e d a t t e m p t s t o m o d i f y o r r e p e a l t h e 1897 l e g i s l a t i o n . I n 1899 a l o n e , n i n e c o m p a n i e s a p p l i e d t o t h e O n t a r i o L e g i s l a t u r e f o r p e r m i s s i o n t o o p e r a t e l o c a l p a s s e n g e r 54 s e r v i c e o n S u n d a y s . A l t h o u g h t h e L e g i s l a t u r e r e j e c t e d most o f t h e s e a p p l i c a t i o n s , t h e a p p e a l o f t h e O t t a w a E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y Company r e c e i v e d s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n . S i n c e t h e O t t a w a E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y Company p r o p o s e d s e r -5 340 V i c t . (1877), c.84, s.8 ( r e M e t r o p o l i t a n S t r e e t R a i l w a y Company); 54 V i c t . (1891), c.96 ( r e T o r o n t o a n d M i m i c o E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y a n d L i g h t Company, c h a r t e r e d u n d e r t h e 1883 S t r e e t R a i l w a y A c t ) . A n o t h e r company, t h e S t . C a t h e r i n e s , Mer-r i t o n and T h o r o l d S t r e e t R a i l w a y , w h i c h a l s o commenced Sunday s e r v i c e , h a d b e e n c h a r t e r e d p r i o r t o t h e 1883 A c t [45 V i c t . (1882), c.63 ( O n t . ) ] . The A l l i a n c e d i d n o t c h a l l e n g e t h i s com-p a n y . 54 OLDA, M i n u t e s o f E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e , 12 J a n u a r y 1899, OLDA, MB 1897-1905, p . 30; T o r o n t o M a i l a n d E m p i r e , 9 M a r c h 1899. 106 v i c e b e t w e e n H u l l a n d O t t a w a , t h e f e d e r a l ' g o v e r n m e n t had c h a r t -e r e d t h e company i n 1892 b u t had p l a c e d i t u n d e r p r o v i n c i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n f o r t h e p a r t s o f t h e l i n e t h a t r a n i n t h e r e s p e c -55 t i v e p r o v i n c e s . By 1899 t h e company was i n an awkward s i t u a -t i o n : on t h e Quebec p o r t i o n o f t h e r o a d , no l e g i s l a t i o n e x i s t e d t o p r o h i b i t Sunday o p e r a t i o n s ; on t h e O n t a r i o p o r t i o n , t h e 1897 A c t was p r e s u m a b l y o p e r a t i v e . I n J a n u a r y 1899, t h e O t t a w a C i t y C o u n c i l d e c i d e d t o a p p e a l t o t h e O n t a r i o g o v e r n m e n t f o r exemp-t i o n f r o m t h e 1897 A c t . I n o r d e r t o s t r e n g t h e n i t s h a n d , i t d e c i d e d t o s u b m i t t h e q u e s t i o n t o t h e c i t y ' s r a t e p a y e r s . A f t e r a l i v e l y p u b l i c d i s c u s s i o n s i m i l a r t o T o r o n t o ' s , O t t a w a c i t i z e n s 5 6 v o t e d i n f a v o u r o f t h e c a r s by a c o n v i n c i n g m a j o r i t y o f 1,677. The A l l i a n c e , a r g u i n g . t h a t t h e O n t a r i o g o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d d e l a y i t s d e c i s i o n u n t i l t h e c o u r t s s e t t l e d t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s s u e , manned a n d l e d d e p u t a t i o n s t o t h e L e g i s l a t u r e t o make t h i s 57 p o i n t . B u t t h e g o v e r n m e n t , i m p r e s s e d by t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p r o - c a r v o t e a n d by t h e p e c u l i a r d i f f i c u l t i e s o f t h e company's p o s i t i o n , g r a n t e d t h e company an e x e m p t i o n a t t h e e n d o f M a r c h 58 1899. The f i n a l S u n d a y i n J u l y 1899 was a \" r e d - l e t t e r d a y a t O t t a w a \" as t h e s t r e e t c a r company d i d a \" r e c o r d - b r e a k i n g b u s i -5 555-56 V i c t . , c.53, s.6. ^ T o r o n t o M a i l a n d E m p i r e , 9 M a r c h 1899. 5 7 A . E . O'Meara t o A.S. H a r d y , 29 M a r c h 1899, LB 1899-1900, pp. 105-7; T o r o n t o G l o b e , 9 M a r c h 1899. 5 862-63 V i c t . (1899), c.82, s.5 ( O n t . ) . 62 V i c t . (1899), c.6 6 p r o t e c t e d t h e s t r e e t r a i l w a y e m p l o y e e ' s r i g h t t o a f u l l S unday o f f o r a n o t h e r f r e e t w e n t y - f o u r h o u r p e r i o d e l s e w h e r e i n t h e week. 107 „59 ness. By mid 18 99 the Sunday c a r was p o i s e d to d e f e a t the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e . Sunday s t r e e t c a r s were t r u n d l i n g m e r r i l y through the s t r e e t s o f Toronto, Hamilton, Ottawa, S t . Cather-i n e s , Windsor, Niagara F a l l s , and B e r l i n , as w e l l as on i n t e r -6 0 urban routes i n the Hamilton and N i a g a r a R i v e r d i s t r i c t s . By i t s u b i q u i t y , the Sunday c a r had turned the A l l i a n c e i n t o a one i s s u e lobby. Although the A l l i a n c e c h a l l e n g e d the Sunday opera-t i o n s o f s e v e r a l i n d u s t r i a l c o r p o r a t i o n s by b r i n g i n g c o u r t p r o -ceedings a g a i n s t some employees, and al t h o u g h i t p e t i t i o n e d the government about s p o r a d i c Sunday l a b o u r on the Welland C a n a l , i t devoted i t s e l f almost e x c l u s i v e l y to the Sunday c a r 61 i s s u e . In doing so, i t c o n c e n t r a t e d i t s a c t i v i t i e s i n Toron-t o , f o c u s s i n g i t s a t t e n t i o n on the O n t a r i o L e g i s l a t u r e and the c o u r t s of t h a t c i t y . I t devoted l i t t l e time t o the planned development of membership, e i t h e r i n Toronto o r i n oth e r p a r t s o f the p r o v i n c e . In 1898 i t had branches i n twenty-nine c e n t r e s . That year the Annual Convention e s t a b l i s h e d a Committee on Or-g a n i z a t i o n and E d u c a t i o n under the e n e r g e t i c chairmanship of Reverend John Shearer, w i t h the ambitious g o a l of e s t a b l i s h i n g branches i n every urban c e n t r e throughout the p r o v i n c e . The f o l l o w i n g year, the Committee c o u l d r e p o r t but l i m i t e d p r o g r e s s : 59 \"Flaneur,\" Toronto M a i l and Empire, 29 J u l y 1899. 6 0O'Meara t o H.S. Campbell, 4 February 1899, LB 1899-1900, p. 40.-6 1OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1897,\" i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900; a l s o OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1898, 1899,\" i n I b i d . 1 0 8 o f t h e 1 5 4 u r b a n c e n t r e s i n t h e p r o v i n c e , t h e Committee had man-6 2 aged t o v i s i t o n l y t h i r t y - e i g h t new o n e s . A l t h o u g h c o n s i d e r a b l e numbers had s u p p o r t e d t h e A l l i -a n c e ' s c a u s e by v o t i n g a g a i n s t t h e Sunday c a r , i n d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e A l l i a n c e ' s e x i s t e n c e as a c o n t i n u i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n was g e n e r -a l . A t t h e A n n u a l M e e t i n g i n 1 8 9 6 , A l l i a n c e P r e s i d e n t J.K. M a c d o n a l d had l a m e n t e d t h e f a c t t h a t i n T o r o n t o , a \" c i t y u s u a l l y k e e n l y a l i v e on a l l s u c h q u e s t i o n s , \" so few s h o u l d have g a t h e r e d 6 3 t o t a k e s t e p s t o s a f e g u a r d t h e S a b b a t h . Two y e a r s l a t e r , t h e \" v e r y s m a l l \" a t t e n d a n c e a t t h e A n n u a l C o n v e n t i o n e l i c i t e d f r o m h i m t h e same l a m e n t , and he a g a i n c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o t h e \"won-6 4 d e r f u l a p p a r e n t l a c k o f i n t e r e s t \" i n t h e A l l i a n c e ' s work. What M a c d o n a l d f a i l e d t o m e n t i o n was T o r o n t o ' s i n c r e a s i n g a c -c e p t a n c e o f t h e Sunday c a r . Company r e c o r d s i n d i c a t e t h a t by 1 8 9 8 p e o p l e t r a v e l l e d on Sundays as much as on any o t h e r day o f t h e week.^^ A p a t h y t o w a r d s t h e A l l i a n c e was g e n e r a l o u t s i d e I b i d . 6 3 T o r o n t o M a i l and E m p i r e , 1 3 A p r i l 1 8 9 6 . 6 4 I b i d . , 2 2 O c t o b e r 1 8 9 8 . ^ F i g u r e s a r e b a s e d on p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e s f o r T o r o n t o , t h e r e v e n u e p a s s e n g e r s o f t h e T o r o n t o R a i l w a y Company, and t h e number o f o p e r a t i n g d a y s i n t h e y e a r s 1 8 9 6 ( t h e l a s t y e a r b e f o r e Sunday o p e r a t i o n s ) a n d 1 8 9 8 ( t h e f i r s t f u l l y e a r o f Sunday o p e r -a t i o n s ) . F i g u r e s g i v e n i n P u r s l e y , S t r e e t R a i l w a y s o f T o r o n t o , 1 8 6 1 - 1 9 2 1 , p. 1 4 4 . 1 8 9 6 - p o p u l a t i o n : 1 7 8 , 1 8 5 r e v e n u e p a s s e n g e r s : 2 5 , 5 3 7 , 0 0 0 o p e r a t i n g d a y s : 3 1 3 = . 4 2 2 0 r e v e n u e p a s s e n g e r s p e r c a p i t a p e r o p e r a t i n g d a y . 109 Toronto: of the twenty-nine branches t h a t e x i s t e d i n 1898, 6 6 t h i r t e e n had fewer than f i v e members. When he began h i s work as Chairman of the O r g a n i z a t i o n committee, Shearer found t h a t i t was o f t e n necessary \"to p l e a d f o r an o p p o r t u n i t y to h o l d a meet-„67 m g to o r g a n i z e . \" The Toronto group t h a t formed the core of the A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e was unable to convince o t h e r members of the p r o v i n c i a l scope o f the problem and of the i m p o s s i b i l i t y of f i g h t i n g i t town by town. The Ottawa branch, f o r example, wanted to base i t s o p p o s i t i o n to the Sunday c a r on the s m a l l e r s i z e of Ottawa r e l a t i v e to Toronto. Only a f t e r badgering by the Toronto group d i d i t r e l u c t a n t l y agree to adopt the A l l i a n c e ' s argument t h a t the Sunday c a r was i l l e g a l i n every c i t y , r e g a r d l e s s of s i z e . E x e c u t i v e members from o u t s i d e Toronto simply ceased to a t t e n d meetings. A.E. O'Meara, S e c r e t a r y of the A l l i a n c e , complained o f t h e i r p a r o c h i a l i s m : 1898 - p o p u l a t i o n : 186,527 revenue passengers: 28,710,000 o p e r a t i n g days: 365 = .4217 revenue passengers per c a p i t a per o p e r a t i n g day. Had the same number of people not used the c a r s pn Sundays as on Weekdays, the 1898 f i g u r e would have been 15 to 20 p e r c e n t lower than the 1896 f i g u r e . 6 6OLDA, \" F i n a n c i a l Report, 21 October 1898,\" i n ' , . OLDA, SB 1892-1900. Membership f i g u r e s are estimates and are c a l c u l a t e d on the b a s i s of $0.50 = one member, as e s t a b l i s h e d by the OLDA 1895 C o n s t i t u t i o n . t o J.S. W i l l i a m s o n , 25 September 1900, 295. Shearer LB 1899-1902, p. 110 . . . Our past experience i n connection with meet-ings of the Executive Committee has shown the extreme d i f f i c u l t y of securing such attendance of members even from the p r i n c i p a l c i t i e s [Hamilton, London, and Kingston] outside of Toronto as i s absolutely necessary to render the meeting i n a true sense representative of the various sections of the Province. I do not think that members of the Committee outside of Toronto quite f u l l y r e a l i z e the importance of t h i s point. . . . A very serious weakness has existed i n the work i n the past by reason of the f a c t that many meetings of the Provin-c i a l Executive Committee have been to such a large extent composed of Toronto members. (68) In addition to these personnel problems, the cost of the Sunday car a g i t a t i o n — the preparation of l i t e r a t u r e and the payment of O'Meara's l e g a l fees — exhausted the A l l i a n c e ' s meagre f i n a n c i a l resources. At the 1898 Annual Convention, Treasurer J.C. Copp threatened to resign, since the constant 69 lack of funds placed him so often \" i n a humiliating p o s i t i o n . \" Operating on a budget of $2,158.50, the A l l i a n c e c a r r i e d a debt 70 of $913.00. The s i t u a t i o n did not improve: during the f o l -lowing year, twenty-one of i t s sixty-seven branches contributed 71 nothing to the funds and the debt rose to $1,411.39. Copp made good his e a r l i e r threat and resigned. The A l l i a n c e only made things worse for i t s e l f by taking to the courts. When the Ontario courts rejected the argument 6 O'Meara to G.M. Macdonnell, 17 A p r i l 1899 , LB. 1899-1900, p. 138; also O'Meara to Mrs. T.S. Johnson, Ibid., p. 136. 69 Toronto Mail and Empire, 22 October 1898, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. 70 OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1898,\" i n OLDA,.SB 1892-1900. 71 OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1899,\" i n Ibid. I l l t h a t the 1845 A c t a p p l i e d t o s t r e e t railway,companies, they r u l e d , by e x t e n s i o n , t h a t the A c t d i d not apply to any business c o r p o r a t i o n s ; hence, any business or i n d u s t r i a l o p e r a t i o n i n the p r o v i n c e c o u l d defy the law wit h impunity. Judges were o v e r t l y h o s t i l e to the A l l i a n c e and a l l i t s works: as mentioned e a r l i e r , J u s t i c e G.W. Burton of the O n t a r i o Appeal c o u r t c o n s i -dered i t \" p a i n f u l to f i n d i n t h i s n i n e t e e n t h century anyone, and e s p e c i a l l y a person assuming to be a teacher of r e l i g i o n , \" grudging the enjoyment by poor f a m i l i e s of t h e i r o n l y day of 72 l e x s u r e . The r e l a t i o n s h i p between the A l l i a n c e and the O n t a r i o government a l s o a l t e r e d f o r the worse. Before the formation of the A l l i a n c e , Mowat's L i b e r a l government had been w i l l i n g to pass l e g i s l a t i o n to d e a l w i t h s p e c i f i c i s s u e s such as s t r e e t r a i l w a y s (1883) and steamship e x c u r s i o n s (1885). In 1895 and again i n 18 97 the government a l s o responded to A l l i a n c e lobby-i n g w i t h the Sunday c l a u s e s of the E l e c t r i c Railway A c t and the 1897 amendment to the 1845 A c t . But the government had no de-s i r e to i n t e r f e r e w i t h the o p e r a t i o n s of Sunday c a r s i n l a r g e r c i t i e s and, by i t s 1897 l e g i s l a t i o n , d e l i b e r a t e l y allowed Sun-day o p e r a t i o n s t o continue i n Hamilton, S t . C a t h e r i n e s , Windsor, Niagara F a l l s , and B e r l i n , p e r m i t t i n g a t the same time another vote i n Toronto. I t became c l e a r t h a t most members of the O n t a r i o c a b i n e t favoured Sunday c a r s i n l a r g e urban c e n t r e s but 218 O.A.R. 459. 112 not on the r u r a l i n t e r u r b a n s u n t i l r e s i d e n t s along the r o u t e s a p p r o v e d . 7 3 With r e g a r d to g e n e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h b u s i n e s s c o r p o r a t i o n s , the O n t a r i o government proved more s e n s i t i v e to the l o b b y i n g of economic i n t e r e s t s than to t h a t of the A l l i a n c e . When Premier A.S. Hardy seemed w i l l i n g t o i n t r o d u c e an amend-ment d e s i r e d by the A l l i a n c e t o curb Sunday i n d u s t r i a l opera-t i o n s , a f i e r c e o u t c r y from \"owners of b l a s t f u r n a c e s , m a l t s -t e r s , brewers, bakers, c e r t a i n lumber i n t e r e s t s , the Grand Trunk, Canadian P a c i f i c and Canadian Southern Railways, steamboat owners, f o u n d r i e s , and o t h e r i r o n works, gas companies, c o a l companies, manufacturers of c a l c i u m c a r b i d e and a c e t y l e n e \" 74 f o r c e d him to withdraw the b i l l . The Sunday c a r i s s u e o n l y m a r g i n a l l y i n v o l v e d the f e d -e r a l government through the Ottawa E l e c t r i c Railway case government members showed the A l l i a n c e s c a n t sympathy. When the O n t a r i o government granted the exemption from the 1897 l e g i s l a t i o n to the Ottawa company, the company a l s o a p p l i e d to t h e - f e d e r a l government f o r r e p e a l of the c l a u s e i n i t s c h a r t e r f o r b i d d i n g Sunday o p e r a t i o n s i n O n t a r i o . On t h i s o c c a s i o n , the 7 3 Toronto Globe, 29 March 1899; a l s o O'Meara to Rev. H.R. Home, 1 May 1899 , LDACP, LB 1899-1900, p. 519. 74 Toronto Globe, 15 January 18 98. Moreover, i n h i s s t a t e -ment to the House, Hardy admitted t h a t \"as the time [had been] s h o r t s i n c e the b i l l was d i s t r i b u t e d i n the c o u n t r y and i n which r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s c o u l d be made to the Government, i t i s a l l e g e d t h a t there are many oth e r c a l l i n g s which would be q u i t e s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d . \" See a l s o Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1898, c. 1963. 113 f e d e r a l government, or more s p e c i f i c a l l y i t s Railway Committee, r e a c t e d w i t h h o s t i l i t y t o the A l l i a n c e ' s d e p u t a t i o n s to oppose 7 5 t h i s move, and approved the O n t a r i o government's a c t i o n . In f a c t , the Railway Committee r e f u s e d to hear O'Meara p r e s e n t the A l l i a n c e ' s case and seemed \"to r e s e n t the proposed i n t e r -f e r e n c e of an o u t s i d e body wi t h a matter p e r t a i n i n g s o l e l y to 7 6 the c i t y o f Ottawa. D e s p i t e the 18 98 Nova S c o t i a Supreme Court d e c i s i o n , the f e d e r a l government c o n s i d e r e d Sabbath ob-servance s t i l l a matter of p r o v i n c i a l i f not l o c a l r e g u l a t i o n . The b i t t e r nature of the Sunday c a r a g i t a t i o n and the i n t e n s e l o b b y i n g of the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e provoked s t r o n g p o s i -t i v e and n e g a t i v e r e a c t i o n s i n o t h e r s e c t i o n s of O n t a r i o ' s 77 urban community. The P r e s b y t e r i a n and M e t h o d i s t churches p r o v i d e d the A l l i a n c e ' s p r i n c i p a l support, f o r the Sunday c a r was an i s s u e on which these churches c o u l d e a s i l y u n i t e s i n c e i t d i d not i n v o l v e t h e o l o g i c a l d o c t r i n e s . In 1897 the A l l i a n c e c l a i m e d the support o f 172 of Toronto's 180 P r o t e s t a n t chur-7 8 ches, and as the Globe noted, \"one of the most prominent 7 562-63 V i c t . (1899), c.82, s.5. 7 fi Toronto M a i l and Empire, 26 A p r i l 1899, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. 77 David Truman, The Governmental Process (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1950), p. 59: \"A d i s t u r b a n c e produces an a s s o c i a -t i o n whose e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n a c h i e v i n g i t s g o a l (and thus s t a -b i l i z i n g i t s e q u i l i b r i u m ) so upsets o t h e r groups t h a t they develop an a s s o c i a t i o n i n compensation.\" At t h i s stage, no counter-groups formed to combat Sabbatarianism, except a very s h o r t - l i v e d Canadian R a t i o n a l Sunday League. Toronto M a i l and Empire, 14 May 1898; I b i d . , 19 May 1898. 7 8 Toronto Globe, 14 May 1897. 114 features of the campaign was the active part taken by the min-i s t e r s , a very great majority of whom went into the f i g h t with the very greatest of vigor and enthusiasm, and i n the majority of cases, carried the machinery of t h e i r church organization 7 9 with them.\" The Presbyterians and more p a r t i c u l a r l y the Methodists emphasized the secular and humanitarian r a t i o n a l -i z a t i o n for proper Sabbath observance, e s p e c i a l l y i t s salu-tary e f f e c t upon family l i f e , i t s medical benefits, and so f o r t h . Preaching the cause of the workingman they asked: \"Why should a number of men be deprived of t h e i r Sunday, the only day they can spend with t h e i r f a m i l i e s , i n order that some people may ride about the c i t y i n the street cars?\" Sunday was the poor man's day, affording him \"an opportunity for needed 8 0 re s t , mental culture, worship/and r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n . \" Yet the churches i n s i s t e d that the only day of rest could be Sunday and would not support the p r i n c i p l e of the weekly day of rest. There was no merit to be found i n \"a day of idleness\" during the week. 8 1 Support for the A l l i a n c e ' s cause constituted both a r e l i g i o u s and humanitarian concern, and a pragmatic response by these churches: humanitarian, i n that they s t i l l clung to the evangelical b e l i e f that a reform of an ind i v i d u a l ' s public be-7 9 I b i d . , 17 May 1897. 8 0 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 16 December 1891. 81 Toronto Mail and Empire, 1 May 1897; C h r i s t i a n Guard-ian, 16 August 1893. 115 haviour c o u l d remedy i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y ' s i l l s ; and pragmatic, i n t h a t the churches were aware of the Sunday c a r ' s p o t e n t i a l impact on t h e i r s o c i a l and economic p o s i t i o n i n the community. As Armstrong and N e l l e s comment, Sabbatarians \"were d r i v e n onward\" by the knowledge t h a t many c i t y d w e l l e r s a l r e a d y l a y beyond the p a l e o f C h r i s t i a n i t y , f o r onl y o n e - t h i r d to one-q u a r t e r o f those Torontonians who p r o f e s s e d b e l i e f i n P r o t e s t -8 2 antism were a c t i v e church members. Although the churches i n s i s t e d t h a t \" s o c i a l l y and m o r a l l y r e s p e c t a b l e people\" would never vote f o r the Sunday c a r , the f e a r t h a t they i n f a c t would 8 3 do so prompted church o p p o s i t i o n to the i n n o v a t i o n . The C h r i s t i a n Guardian admitted t h a t the \"organized v i o l a t i o n of the s a n c t i t y of the Lord's Day, i n the way proposed w i l l i n j u r i o u s l y a f f e c t the attendance a t r e l i g i o u s worship and a l l C h r i s t i a n 84 ord i n a n c e s . \" Reverend Dr. W i l l i a m Caven, P r i n c i p a l of Knox C o l l e g e , seconded t h i s sentiment i n 18 9 9 when he wondered what Armstrong and N e l l e s , The Revenge of the Methodist B i c y c l e Company, p. 17 9. A c c o r d i n g to t h e i r f i g u r e s (Appendix B, p. 183), of a t o t a l 120,532 Torontonians who p r o f e s s e d adherence t o the A n g l i c a n , Methodist, P r e s b y t e r i a n , or B a p t i s t churches, only 2 9,06 8 (24.1 percent) were a c t u a l members of these churches. In c o n t r a s t , 7 4.5 per c e n t of those who pro-f e s s e d adherence t o the Roman C a t h o l i c church were a l s o members. 8 3 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 16 August 1893. The Guardian maintained t h a t o n l y \"the rowdies, the d r i n k i n g l o a f e r s , the profane and ungodly, the a g n o s t i c s and i n f i d e l s \" ( p r o v i d i n g they somehow passed v o t e r q u a l i f i c a t i o n s ) would vote f o r the c a r . A f t e r the d e f e a t , the Guardian apportioned blame to the money f o r c e s , \"the f o r c e o f a f o r e i g n element to some exten t , and to young men p a n t i n g f o r f a s t e r l i f e to some ext e n t . \" I b i d . , 19 May 1897. 4 I b i d . , 18 June 1893. 116 the churches would do when they \" s u f f e r e d the l o s s e s of peo-p l e . \" 8 5 Support from the other churches was more fragmented. The Church of England was d i v i d e d i n i t s a t t i t u d e s towards the Sunday ca r . Members of the High Church p u b l i c l y supported the i n n o v a t i o n , although at l e a s t one of them, Bishop Sweatman of Toronto, refused to s i g n a p u b l i c p e t i t i o n i n support of the 8 6 Sunday car. To Hector Charlesworth, who was s o l i c i t i n g h i s s i g n a t u r e , Sweatman explained t h a t to give expression to h i s views i n h i s o f f i c i a l c a p a c i t y would be \"an embarrassment\" to those of h i s f l o c k , laymen as w e l l as c l e r g y , who d i d not share 8 7 h i s views. The \"most s p l e n d i d \" Church of England supporter of the Sunday c a r , according to Charlesworth, was the Reverend W i l l i a m C l a r k , P r o f e s s o r of Philosophy at T r i n i t y C o l l e g e , Toronto: \"The opponents of the Sunday cars could not break down h i s imperturbable good humour, nor was the whole host of them a match f o r him i n t h e o l o g i c a l argument; f o r from the standpoint of C h r i s t i a n d o c t r i n e , S a b b a t a r i a n i s m , l i k e p r o h i b i -8 8 t i o n , has not a l e g to stand on.\" The A n g l i c a n j o u r n a l , The Churchman, a l s o favoured the Sunday c a r , asking p o i n t e d l y i f \"every other c i t y of the s i z e of Toronto has Sunday c a r s , are 8 5 Toronto Globe, 11 November 1899. 8 6 T o r o n t o World, 11 May 1897. 8 7 Hector Charlesworth, Candid C h r o n i c l e s : Leaves from the Note Book of a Canadian J o u r n a l i s t (Toronto: Macmillan, 1925), pp. 52-3. 8 8 I b i d . , p. 145. 117 they not more apt to be a l l r i g h t than Toronto, which stands 8 9 alone to be r i g h t and a l l the others wrong?\" Some support for the A l l i a n c e anti-Sunday car campaign did come from the Evangelical Movement. In response to the public announcement of the support of Anglican Bishops Du Moulin and S u l l i v a n for the Sunday car, the Toronto diocese adopted a re s o l u t i o n moved by Newton Hoyles and seconded by John Langtry to support the A l l i a n c e . At the request of Hoyles and Langtry, the Globe 90 made public t h i s r e solution. Nonetheless, no Anglican clergy openly supported the A l l i a n c e . As O'Meara wrote to Reverend Dyson Hague i n 1899, urging him to attend Executive meetings: broadly speaking, i t has been heretofore impossible to get any one minister of the Anglican church to j o i n i n any way i n the Executive business of the A l l i a n c e . Anglican laymen are i n evidence but so far Anglican pastors are conspicuous by t h e i r absence. This has been f e l t to be a weakness i n the whole work and I t r u s t that you w i l l see the force of t h i s point and w i l l be w i l l i n g to attend at l e a s t the more im-portant meetings of the Executive Committee even i f i t means s a c r i f i c e on your part. (91) With the high l e v e l of h o s t i l i t y between the Roman Catholics and Protestants i n the c i t y of Toronto, so recently aroused by the a c t i v i t i e s of the Equal Rights Association and the Protestant Protective Association, the A l l i a n c e made l i t t l e 92 e f f o r t to curry Roman Catholic votes. The presence on the Quoted i n Saturday Night, 15 May 1897. 9 0Toronto Globe, 13 May 1897. 9 10'Meara to Hague, 18 A p r i l 1899, LB 1899-1900, p. 148. 9 2 In 18 9 3 an attempt was made to placate the large Roman Catholic vote i n one Toronto ward by s u b s t i t u t i n g the word 118 A l l i a n c e board of four members of the former e x e c u t i v e of the Equal Rights A s s o c i a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g i t s chairman, P r i n c i p a l W i l l i a m Caven of Knox C o l l e g e , r e i n f o r c e d the A l l i a n c e ' s a n t i -93 C a t h o l i c image. In 189 3 the Roman C a t h o l i c church openly supported Sunday c a r s , and the C a t h o l i c R e g i s t e r e d i t o r i a l i z e d t h a t \"the cause of m o r a l i t y would be advanced by a l i m i t e d c a r s e r v i c e on Sunday. There i s much more tendency to d r i n k and immorality when people are crowded together i n m i s e r a b l e rooms i n c i t i e s than when b r e a t h i n g the f r e s h a i r of suburban d i s -94 t r i c t s . \" There i s n o t h i n g to i n d i c a t e t h a t any members of the C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y or c l e r g y supported the f i g h t a g a i n s t the Sunday c a r , and the o n l y C a t h o l i c prominently i n v o l v e d was D a n i e l O'Donoghue, the I r i s h labour l e a d e r . Since the f i g h t a g a i n s t Sunday c a r s c o i n c i d e d w i t h a r a p i d growth i n the s t r e n g t h and a s s e r t i v e n e s s of o r g a n i z e d labour i n O n t a r i o , c o n s i d e r a b l e p o t e n t i a l f o r c o o p e r a t i o n be-tween the A l l i a n c e and the Trades and Labor C o u n c i l s e x i s t e d . B e s i d e s , the Sunday car was an i d e a l i s s u e f o r a c o l l a b o r a t i v e \" C h r i s t i a n i t y \" f o r the word \" P r o t e s t a n t i s m \" i n a r e s o l u t i o n s t a t i n g t h a t Sunday c a r s were \" c o n t r a r y to the i n t e r e s t s of P r o t e s t a n t i s m . \" Toronto M a i l , 22 J u l y 1893. 9 3 Toronto World, 11 May 1897: \"Most of the clergymen who were prominent i n the Equal Rights movement are s t r o n g a g a i n s t Sunday c a r s . They do not b e l i e v e i n equal r i g h t s i n the matter of c a r s . They wish to d i c t a t e to t h e i r f e l l o w s how they s h a l l get about on Sunday.\" 94 C i t e d by Armstrong and N e l l e s , The Revenge of the Methodist B i c y c l e Company, p. 112. 119 95 e f f o r t . To t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r , t h e f i g h t t o r e t a i n Sunday a s a day o f r e s t was p a r t o f i t s o v e r a l l s t r a t e g y t o a c h i e v e a s h o r t e r work week, f i r s t t h e g u a r a n t e e d w e e k l y r e s t day, t h e n t h e S a t u r d a y h a l f - h o l i d a y , and e v e n t u a l l y t h e 9 6 f i v e - d a y week. To t h e A l l i a n c e , t h e Sunday c a r r e p r e s e n t e d t h e p r i n c i p l e o f S a b b a t h l a b o u r i n t h e s e r v i c e o f S a b b a t h p l e a s u r e . R e c o g n i z i n g t h e n e e d f o r a s e c u l a r r a t i o n a l e and a measure o f s u p p o r t f r o m o u t s i d e t h e c h u r c h , t h e A l l i a n c e moved away f r o m i t s s t r e s s on t h e r e l i g i o u s a r g u m e n t s a g a i n s t t h e Sunday c a r , a n d e m p h a s i z e d more and more t h e s o c i a l and humani-97 . . t a r i a n a r g u m e n t s . I n a d d i t i o n , i t j o i n e d l a b o u r d e p u t a t i o n s 9 8 l o b b y i n g g o v e r n m e n t f o r t h e S a t u r d a y h a l f - h o l i d a y . L a b o u r l e a d e r s r e s p o n d e d i n t u r n . Members o f t h e n a t i o n a l T r a d e s and L a b o r C o n g r e s s e x e c u t i v e , P r e s i d e n t J o h n Tweed and f o u r o t h e r s , a c c e p t e d p o s i t i o n s on t h e 1895 A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d . D . J . O'Donoghue, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e H a m i l t o n T r a d e s a n d L a b o r C o u n c i l , was p a r t i c u l a r l y a c t i v e on t h e A l l i a n c e ' s b e h a l f t h r o u g h o u t t h e 18 9 7 c o n t e s t . I n O'Donoghue's mind, t h e w e e k l y 95 O r g a n i z e d l a b o u r a n d t h e A l l i a n c e c o u l d n e v e r h a ve a g r e e d on t h e b i c y c l e , f o r i n s t a n c e , f o r workingmen c o n s i d e r e d t h e b i c y c l e s i m p l y a n o t h e r f o r m o f w a l k i n g . T o r o n t o W o r l d , 27 A p r i l 1897. 96 T o r o n t o M a i l a n d E m p i r e , 13 A p r i l 1896. 97 C f . B r i a n H a r r i s o n , \"The Sunday T r a d i n g R i o t s o f 1855,\" H i s t o r i c a l J o u r n a l V I I I (1965), pp. 222, 240; T o r o n t o W o r l d , 29 A p r i l 1897; I b i d . , 11 May 1897. -9 8 T o r o n t o M a i l a n d E m p i r e , 24 J a n u a r y 1896; OLDA, \" A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1896,\" i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. 120 r e s t day issue was \"eminently a case where the church and l a b o r , i n t h e i r c o l l e c t i v e c a p a c i t i e s , can make common cause,\" and he maintained t h a t i t was \"a gross impertinence . . . t o say t h a t a l l opposed to the car are under the domina-99 t i o n of the c l e r g y . \" As the Toronto contest w e l l i l l u s t r a t e d , support from organized labour's l e a d e r s h i p guaranteed n e i t h e r the support of the rank and f i l e nor of unorganized labour. In 1893, the Toronto Trades and Labor C o u n c i l passed a r e s o l u t i o n i n favour of the Sunday car as d i d the Knights of Labor. In 1897, the Toronto C o u n c i l not only helped i n preparing the company's agree-ment w i t h i t s employees, but prominent members of i t s executive, among them G.T. Beales, George Dower, and John Armstrong, a l s o took the p l a t f o r m t o advocate the Sunday c a r . 1 ^ The Toronto Railway Employees' Union a c t i v e l y opposed the Sunday car as long as the s t r e e t r a i l w a y company refused a w r i t t e n guarantee of a weekly r e s t d a y . x ^ x But, when the company signed the w r i t t e n agreement i n 1897, the r a i l w a y employees immediately supported the Sunday c a r , denouncing O'Donoghue's a c t i v i t i e s . \"Much annoyance,\" the union stated to the p r e s s , had been created among the members and o f f i c e r s of the union \"by reason 99 London A d v e r t i s e r , 14 November 1899, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900; see a l s o Toronto M a i l , 22 J u l y 1893. x ^ ^ C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 16 August 1893; Toronto M a i l , 22 J u l y 1893; Toronto M a i l and Empire, 12 May 1897; Toronto World, 29 A p r i l 189 7; I b i d . , 15 May 1897. 1 0 1 T o r o n t o World, 5 May 1897. 121 102 o f Mr. 0'Donoghue's m x s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . \" The May 18 97 v o t e c o n f i r m e d w o r k i n g c l a s s s u p p o r t f o r t h e Sunday c a r . The G l o b e ' s a n a l y s i s o f t h e v o t e f o u n d t h a t t h e c e n t r a l and e a s t e r n p a r t s o f t h e c i t y where t h e p o p u l a t i o n was \"most d e n s e and t h e a r e a o f b r e a t h i n g s p a c e p e r r e s i d e n t s m a l l e s t \" were s o l i d l y f o r t h e c a r s . I n t h e s e d i s t r i c t s , new male v o t e r s ( n o n - r a t e p a y e r s ) , v o t i n g f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e on t h e 103 i s s u e , e x p r e s s e d t h e m s e l v e s i n f a v o u r o f t h e Sunday c a r . The G l o b e e v e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t had t h e p o l l s s t a y e d open p a s t t h e 5 p.m. c l o s i n g o f f a c t o r i e s and s h o p s , t h e v o t e f r o m t h e s e 104 d i s t r i c t s m i g h t have b e e n e v e n h e a v i e r . A f t e r t h e T o r o n t o d e f e a t , c o o p e r a t i o n between o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r and t h e A l l i a n c e d w i n d l e d . The T r a d e s and L a b o r C o n g r e s s o f Canada p a s s e d i t s a n n u a l r e s o l u t i o n s p r o t e s t i n g S a b b a t h 105 l a b o u r w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o t h e A l l i a n c e ' s e x i s t e n c e . The A l l i a n c e c e a s e d c i r c u l a t i n g p e t i t i o n s on b e h a l f o f t h e S a t u r d a y h a l f - h o l i d a y . When few workingmen were i n a t t e n d a n c e a t t h e 1897 C o n v e n t i o n t o h e a r a Mr. Whyte p r e s e n t a p a p e r on \"The L o r d ' s Day and t h e Workingmen,\" t h e A l l i a n c e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e y were \"busy men, and have t h e i r own methods o f a p p r o a c h i n g t h e 1 0 2 I b i d . , 15 May 1897. 103 A r m s t r o n g and N e l l e s , The Revenge o f t h e M e t h o d i s t B i c y c l e Company, pp. .166, 185, A p p e n d i x D. 1 0 4 T o r o n t o G l o b e , 17 May 1897. 105 T r a d e s and L a b o r C o n g r e s s o f Canada, P r o c e e d i n g s , 18 97, p. 28; I b i d . , 1899, p. 19. 122 106 s u b j e c t . \" As the Sunday c a r i s s u e i l l u s t r a t e d , the A l l i -ance, i n f a c t , had not done i t s homework on the labour q u e s t i o n . I t had fought the Sunday c a r wit h arguments a g a i n s t s i x days' pay f o r seven days' work even though the company's agreement w i t h i t s employees e f f e c t i v e l y negated the v a l i d i t y of t h i s argument. The A l l i a n c e , i n s h o r t , had not de v i s e d a success-f u l means of s e c u r i n g s u s t a i n e d labour support. With the temperance movement, the other major s o c i a l and moral reform lobby of the p e r i o d , the A l l i a n c e ' s r e l a t i o n -107 s h i p was s i m i l a r l y uneasy. At an o f f i c i a l l e v e l , few l i n k s e x i s t e d with the Dominion A l l i a n c e f o r the T o t a l Suppression of the L i q u o r T r a f f i c . J . J . Maclaren, a member of the Dominion A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e , was a l s o a member of the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e ' s board, but was not an o f f i c i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . The O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e d i d not r e c r u i t F.S. Spence, l e a d i n g temperance advo-cate and Toronto alderman, t o i t s board, although, at City-Coun-c i l meetings, Spence p r o t e s t e d the i n t r o d u c t i o n of cheaper Sunday f a r e s and the e x t e n s i o n o f s t r e e t r a i l w a y s e r v i c e t o 10 8 Toronto I s l a n d on Sundays. The Woman's C h r i s t i a n Temperance Union was the only temperance group a c t i v e on the A l l i a n c e ' s b e h a l f . In 18 9 5 the W.C.T.U. formed a Sabbath Observance Com-1 0 6 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 22 September 1897. 107 The formal r e l a t i o n s h i p between the S a b b a t a r i a n and temperance movements does not seem t o have been as c l o s e as Armstrong and N e l l e s (The Revenge o f the Methodist B i c y c l e Company, p. 178) i n d i c a t e . 1 0 8 Toronto World, 31 December 1896; I b i d . , 2 January 1897 123 m i t t e e , and i n 1897 the Toronto committee cooperated i n the \" d i s a s t r o u s \" a n t i - c a r campaign by canvassing the wards f o r the 109 women's v o t e . In 1898, the Toronto committee again j o i n e d the A l l i a n c e i n p e t i t i o n i n g government f o r l e g i s l a t i o n , w h i l e i t s o t h e r p r o v i n c i a l committees kept tabs on the exte n t of Sabbath d e s e c r a t i o n throughout the p r o v i n c e . (The W.C.T.U. i n f a c t seemed to have a b e t t e r grasp of t h i s a spect of the pro-blem than d i d the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e executive.) Although the W.C.T.U. d i d not c o o r d i n a t e i t s l o c a l committees' approach to the Sabbath problem, i t d i d a d v i s e members \"to read up the law on t h i s q u e s t i o n , so as to be abl e to know when the law i s b e i n g kept or broken i n our towns and cit i e s . \" \" 1 \" \" 1 \" 0 W.C.T.U. enthusiasm f o r the S a b b a t a r i a n cause, however, a l s o faded. The Superintendent of the 1899 Sabbath Observance Committee r e c e i v e d o n l y one r e p l y to the c i r c u l a r l e t t e r she had sent to a l l 250 unions. A t the annual meeting, she found t h a t over h a l f the union meetings had not even bothered to c o n s i d e r the subject. 1\"'\" 1 The l a c k o f st r o n g c o o p e r a t i o n between the temperance and S a b b a t a r i a n groups r e f l e c t e d the c o n f l i c t between them 109 Woman's C h r i s t i a n Temperance Union, \"Annual Report, 1895,\" pp. 82-3; I b i d . , 1897, p. 90. Widows and unmarried women who owned or ren t e d p r o p e r t y assessed a t over $400 or earned an income of a t l e a s t $400 h e l d the m u n i c i p a l f r a n c h i s e , Armstrong and N e l l e s , The Revenge of the Methodist B i c y c l e Company, p. 14. There i s no i n d i c a t i o n of how many women voted i n the v a r i o u s p l e b e s c i t e s on the Sunday c a r i s s u e , or how they voted. 1 1 0W.C.T.U., \"Annual Report, 1898,\" p. 93. 1 1 1 I b i d . , 1899, pp. 101-3. 124 concerning the proper use of Sunday. Whereas S a b b a t a r i a n s i n -s i s t e d that only r e l i g i o u s exercises might f i l l the day, tem-perance advocates were w i l l i n g to promote other a c t i v i t i e s as d i s t r a c t i o n s from drinking. The tension emerged into the open when Sam Blake blamed the Sunday car defeat p a r t l y on \"temper-ance organizations which conduct lectures and public meetings o ^ « 1 1 2 on Sunday. The A l l i a n c e ' s press r e l a t i o n s underwent considerable modifications throughout this period. In the early f i g h t s against the Sunday car, the A l l i a n c e enjoyed considerable press support. In Toronto, the established papers, the Conservative Mail and Empire and the L i b e r a l Globe, opposed the Sunday car, as did the newer journals, the Star, the News, and the Tele-113 gram. The Maxl and Empire i n p a r t i c u l a r supported the moral 114 objections to the Sunday car; i n 1897 i t went so far as to muzzle i t s weekly columnist \"Flaneur\" who u n t i l that time had maintained a r e l e n t l e s s campaign against the S a b b a t a r i a n 112 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 22 September 1897; see also Satur-day Night, 9 May 1896. 113 See Charlesworth, Candid Chronicles, p. 144. 114 See, for example, i t s pre-1897 vote e d i t o r i a l , 14 May 189 7: \"Add to the breaking down of the Sunday observance and a l l the accessories which attach to i t — i t s fetes, i t s papers and i t s labor --absolute contempt for the p u l p i t and where s h a l l we land? We are engaged i n the creation of a new land. The chi l d r e n of today w i l l be the leaders and r u l e r s of tomorrow. Let us not commit the error of supposing that we can weaken r e l i g i o n and yet have a sound and l a s t i n g morality behind us.\" 125 115 \" e n t h u s i a s t s . \" Nonetheless, v o c a l press o p p o s i t i o n e x i s t e d . In i t s e a r l y days, The Week had supported the Sunday c a r as p a r t of i t s campaign f o r the i n t r o d u c t i o n of the B r i t i s h \" R a t i o n a l Sunday\" concept of open museums, a r t g a l l e r i e s , l i b r a r i e s , and so f o r t h . 1 1 6 When The Week faded i n the 18 90s, B i l l y Mac-lean ' s Toronto World assumed the l e a d e r s h i p o f the p r o - c a r 117 f a c t i o n . In the 1897 campaign he wrote d a i l y e d i t o r i a l s . , . 1 1 5 0 n A p r i l 17, 1897, \"Flaneur\" s t a t e d t h a t , because of the pending vote, he would not \" d i s c u s s the Sunday q u e s t i o n i n any form.\" Toronto M a i l and Empire, 17 A p r i l 1897. For an example of \"Flaneur\" a t h i s b e s t , see I b i d . , 20 A p r i l 1895: \"Who i s Mr. Paterson? I have asked s e v e r a l people who t h i s p e r-son i s , and the g e n e r a l answer has been, w i t h a laugh and shrug of the sh o u l d e r s , \"Oh, he i s an e n t h u s i a s t . \" I f some words i n the papers a re c o r r e c t , the g e n e r a l estimate i s e v i d e n t l y a shrewd one. J.A.P. t e l l s us t h a t the people a re not to be a l -lowed to s e t t l e the q u e s t i o n of Sabbatarianism, but t h a t J.A.P. and h i s c l i q u e w i l l do i t f o r us. W e l l , as one of the people, I t h i n k not. R i g h t l y o r wrongly, we q u i t e mean to run our own a f f a i r s , and we can do i t without l e t or hindrance from persons of the J.A.P. genus. What d i s c r i m a t o r y f e l l o w was i t who s a i d t h a t a f o o l was hatched about every minute? I wonder what the r e i s i n the a i r of Toronto t h a t tends to encourage the breed? The people o f t h i s c i t y are to be g i v e n a candy and t r o t t e d o f f to church w i t h a p a t on the head from J.A.P. and h i s congenors. Fancy, how n i c e . S i x days' hard labour a l l week, and then '•— s p e c i a l Sunday a f t e r n o o n s e r v i c e i n the Pavi-l i o n , John. S t i l l i t i s s c a r c e l y a.matter f o r j o k i n g . There w i l l be an a c c i d e n t soon i f these poor people are allowed to wander about without a keeper. The Lord's Day A l l i a n c e should gather i n i t s garments and go home to bed; the hour i s too l a t e i n the n i n e t e e n t h century f o r o l d l a d i e s to be out alone.\" 1 1 6 T h e Week, 12 June 1884; I b i d . , 14 J u l y 1887; Toronto World, 3 A p r i l 1897; I b i d . , 22 A p r i l 1897. 117 Maclean p u b l i s h e d a Sunday e d i t i o n of h i s paper. The paper was p r i n t e d and d i s t r i b u t e d Saturday n i g h t , but was c a l l e d the Sunday World. See Charlesworth, Candid C h r o n i c l e s , p. 144. 126 u r g i n g c a r supporters to r e g i s t e r to vote and not to be com-p l a c e n t about the outcome. By the 1897 vote, o t h e r papers supported the Sunday c a r . E.E. Sheppard o f Saturday Night a r -gued on b e h a l f of the c a r s f o r reasons a k i n to those of Maclean: both men b e l i e v e d t h a t the i s s u e was c i v i l , not r e l i g i o u s . Since n e i t h e r t h e o l o g i c a l creed nor d o c t r i n e s p e c i f i c a l l y pro-h i b i t e d Sunday c a r s , why should something t h a t was eminently 118 moral f o r s i x days of the week suddenly change on the Sabbath? Rather i t was a m u n i c i p a l q u e s t i o n concerning both the c i t i z e n ' s and the v i s i t o r ' s f r e e w i l l to a v a i l themselves of the \"most 119 economical and convenient methods of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . \" As a f r i e n d of the working c l a s s , the S t a r r e v e r s e d i t s o p p o s i t i o n once the Toronto Railway Company signed an agreement wi t h i t s employees. Most s i g n i f i c a n t l y , the Globe m o d i f i e d i t s r i g i d o p p o s i t i o n to the Sunday c a r . In 1890, the Globe had b e l i e v e d t h a t the Sunday c a r would b r i n g \"the American and French Sab-118 Toronto World, 28 August 1893: \"For s i x days i n the week t h i s same means of g e t t i n g about i s c o n s i d e r e d the cheap-e s t , the s p e e d i e s t . . . Unprotected females t r a v e l i n them i n p e r f e c t s a f e t y and even Sunday School teachers board them w i t h -out f e a r of l o s i n g t h e i r v i r t u e . But on Sunday the very d e v i l gets i n t o these c a r s and no young woman i s s a f e , not to mention the o r d i n a r y young man. As f o r the working man and h i s f a m i l y g e t t i n g about i n t h i s way. . . there i s every l i a b i l i t y of h i s becoming a beer g u z z l e r and a whiskey d r i n k e r , and once he le a v e s one of these c a r s on Sunday and gets i n t o a park we have testimony unimpeachable t h a t f i f t y policemen w i l l not c o n t r o l him when on o r d i n a r y days one i s more than s u f f i c i e n t . \" 1 1 9 I b i d . , 17 A p r i l 1897; Saturday N i g h t , 24 A p r i l 1897. Sheppard became an enemy of Sabbatarianism i n 188 5 when boys d e l i v e r i n g a s p e c i a l Sunday i s s u e o f h i s paper, the News, con-t a i n i n g the l a t e s t despatches from Batoche, were a r r e s t e d . 127 bath, w i t h a l l i t s t u r m o i l and a l l i t s abominations, open shows, open t h e a t r e s , and open or a t l e a s t an enormous i n c r e a s e 120 of s e c r e t business f o r the sa l o o n s . \" By 1897 i t r e a l i z e d t h a t t h i s development was not i n e v i t a b l e : every Sunday b i c y -c l i s t s , worthy young men and women, crowded Toronto parks. \"Are we to suppose,\" the Globe wondered, t h a t \" d i s o r d e r and v i c e w i l l s e t i n when the c a r s i n t r o d u c e the non-wheeling element, 121 i n c l u d i n g o l d e r people and c h i l d r e n ? \" Although i t aided the S a b b a t a r i a n cause d u r i n g the 1897 p l e b i s c i t e , i t s support 122 l a c k e d c o n v i c t i o n . In a balanced a n a l y s i s of the vote, the Globe acknowledged t h a t the i s s u e was a c i v i l , not r e l i g i o u s , one and i t emphasized t h a t the change had \"not been f o r c e d upon the community by some a l i e n power.\" Rather the \" f r e e vote of f r e e c i t i z e n s \" had chosen the convenience of the Sunday c a r . Having \"got i n t o the h a b i t of jumping on a car and t r a v e l l i n g from one to f i v e m i l e s , \" people chafed when Sunday came and they e i t h e r had to walk or forego t h e journey, whether i t s p u r -123 pose was \" h e a l t h , p l e a s u r e , f r i e n d s h i p , o r duty.\" 120 Toronto Globe, 24 December 18 90. Yet John Cameron, e d i t o r of the Globe and a P r e s b y t e r i a n church e l d e r , opened the newspaper's o f f i c e s every Sunday evening a t seven o ' c l o c k , f i r i n g any employee who f a i l e d to t u r n up. See Armstrong and N e l l e s , The Revenge of the Methodist B i c y c l e Company, p. 58. Re the f i r s t e d i t o r of the Globe, George Brown and h i s Sunday n i g h t a c t i v i t i e s , see Chapter One, p. 19. 1 2 1 T o r o n t o Globe, 17 May 1897. 1 2 2 I b i d . , 10 May 1897. 1 2 3 I b i d . , 17 May 1897. 128 As w i t h the p r e s s , the Sunday ca r i s s u e provoked a v a r i e d response from the b u s i n e s s community. Some members of the f i n a n c i a l community — f o r example, J.K. Macdonald, Manag-i n g D i r e c t o r of C o n f e d e r a t i o n L i f e Insurance Company, and G.T. Ferguson, P r e s i d e n t of the Toronto Stock Exchange — opposed the i n n o v a t i o n ; w h i l e o t h e r s , Byron Walker, P r e s i d e n t of the Bank of Commerce, to choose one example, favoured the Sunday c a r . Important business groups s u p p l i e d e f f e c t i v e support f o r the c a r . E.C. Gurney, P r e s i d e n t of the Board of Trade, and B.B. O s i e r , a member of the Board, f r e q u e n t l y spoke a t pro-car r a l l i e s d u r i n g 1897. They argued t h a t i n t r o d u c t i o n of s e r v i c e would m a t e r i a l l y a i d the development of the c i t y , not only b e n e f i t t i n g i t s own c i t i z e n s but a l s o a t t r a c t i n g t o u r i s t s and o u t s i d e i n v e s t o r s . Without the c a r , Toronto ran the r i s k of 124 economic s t a g n a t i o n . The s t r e e t r a i l w a y companies themselves a c t i v e l y pro-moted acceptance of the Sunday c a r . For a company such as the Toronto Railway Company, estimated revenues from Sunday opera-t i o n s ran to a t l e a s t $105,000 per. year. In 1893 , t h e r e f o r e , C L . Porteous, agent f o r the Toronto Railway Company, p a i d the 125 c o s t s of h o l d i n g the vote. The company f u r t h e r responded to p u b l i c sympathy f o r the s t r e e t r a i l w a y employee by agreeing to a w r i t t e n guarantee of a s i x day work week. In order to 124 Saturday Night, 15 May 1897; see a l s o Toronto M a i l and Empire, 14 May 1897; Toronto World, 30 January 1897. 1 2 5 T h e Week, 25 August 1893. 129 secure Sunday patrons, the company a l s o proposed a reduced f a r e of seven t i c k e t s f o r t w e n t y - f i v e cents, n e a r l y two cents cheaper than on weekdays,and i t agreed to extend s e r v i c e to 126 the I s l a n d on a o n e - t i c k e t f a r e . Then i n 1897 i t bought the support of two popular newspapers, the News and the S t a r , 127 to ensure v i c t o r y . In 1899, i t seemed t h a t many Ontarians were e i t h e r hos-t i l e or i n d i f f e r e n t to the Sabbatarian aim. Yet, as i n 1897, the Ontario A l l i a n c e d i d not succumb to apparent defeat as do 128 many i s s u e - o r i e n t e d groups. Instead, i n the s p r i n g of 1899, the A l l i a n c e executive took the d e c i s i o n to organize systemati-c a l l y the constituency which i t claimed to represent. To do t h i s , i t had t o transform i t s e l f from a group attempting \"to 129 i n f l u e n c e government p o l i c y on a s i n g l e s p e c i f i c i s s u e , \" to a more i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d group w i t h broader goals and more 130 o r g a n i z a t i o n a l c o n t i n u i t y and cohesion. To e f f e c t t h i s t r a n s i t i o n , the A l l i a n c e had to abandon the somewhat ad hoc and l a r g e l y v o l u n t a r y e f f o r t s of i t s Sunday car campaign, 126 Toronto World, 31 December 18 96. 127 P.F.W. Rutherford, \"The People's Press: The Emergence of the New Journalism i n Canada, 1869-1899,\" Canadian H i s t o r i -c a l Review LIV (June 1975), p. 180. 128 Paul A. Pross, ed., Pressure Group Behaviour i n Cana-dian P o l i t i c s (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1975), p. 11. 129 Donald Barry, \" I n t e r e s t Groups and the Foreign P o l i c y Process: The Case of B i a f r a , \" i n Pross, ed., op. c i t . , p. 133. 130 Pross, ed., op. c i t . , p. 11. 130 e s t a b l i s h a permanent o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h a p h y s i c a l presence ( i . e . , \"an o f f i c e , a l i s t e d t e l e p h o n e number, and a permanent 131 o f f i c e s t a f f \" ) , and use new methods and te c h n i q u e s o f p o l i -t i c a l l o b b y i n g . By a d o p t i n g these p r a c t i c e s , the O n t a r i o A l l i -ance e x h i b i t e d a v i t a l i t y and r e s i l i e n c y t h a t e a r l i e r S a b b a t -a r i a n groups had not po s s e s s e d . I t a l s o made an i m p r e s s i v e s h i f t from the t r a d i t i o n a l t e c h n i q u e s o f the n i n e t e e t h c e n t u r y p r e s s u r e group t o the more s o p h i s t i c a t e d t e c h n i q u e s o f the t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y . J\"~>XD.A. Chant, \" P o l l u t i o n Probe: F i g h t i n g the P o l l u t e r s w i t h t h e i r Own Weapons,\" i n I b i d . , p. 66. In December 1898, the E x e c u t i v e Committee recommended the opening o f an o f f i c e , and the employment o f an o f f i c e a s s i s t a n t . In January 1899, i t a l s o recommended the purchase o f a t y p e w r i t e r and the i n s t a l -l a t i o n o f a t e l e p h o n e . OLDA, Minutes o f E x e c u t i v e Committee, 9 December 1898, OLDA, MB 1897-1905, p. 25; Minutes o f E x e c u t i v e Committee, 12 January 1899, I b i d . , p. 27. 131 Chapter V : A Tale of \" T o i l and Obloquy\": John G. Shearer and the Ontario A l l i a n c e ' s Drive f o r P o p u l a r i t y . As the nineteenth century c l o s e d , the Sunday car was poised t o defeat the Sabbatarian lobby. But the Ontario A l -l i a n c e d i d not succumb. Instead i t congratulated i t s e l f on i t s l e g i s l a t i v e v i c t o r i e s : the 1895 R a d i a l E l e c t r i c Railway A c t, the 1897 l e g i s l a t i o n , the Ontario government's d e c i s i o n to send the Sunday car question t o the P r i v y C o u n c i l f o r c l a r i f i -c a t i o n of the c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i s s u e . 1 Defeats such as the On-t a r i o government's withdrawal of proposed l e g i s l a t i o n i n 1898 the A l l i a n c e ignored. These i n c i d e n t s were \"simply new proofs of the seriousness and great importance of the work undertaken.\" Nevertheless, the f i g h t against the Sunday car had convinced the A l l i a n c e t h a t i t must transform i t s e l f from a s i n g l e -i s s u e lobby i n t o a more i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d i n t e r e s t group; t h a t i s , i t must \" r e l a t e i t s concern f o r a s p e c i f i c i s s u e to a 3 broader and l e s s c l e a r l y defined cause\" that would'unify Sabbatarian sentiment throughout the province. To do xOLDA, \"An O u t l i n e of the S i t u a t i o n , \" June, 1898, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. 2OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1899,\" i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. 3 Paul A. Pross, ed., Pressure Group Behaviour i n Cana-dian P o l i t i c s (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1975), p. 11. 1 3 2 4 t h i s , i t must a d o p t new methods. W h i l e r e l i a n c e on t h e c o u r t s t o v i n d i c a t e i t s c a u s e h a d p r o v e d a \" p a i n f u l \" d i s a p p o i n t m e n t , 5 t h e A l l i a n c e r e m a i n e d c o n v i n c e d t h a t p u b l i c o p i n i o n s u p p o r t e d i t s c a u s e . The \" o v e r w h e l m i n g m a j o r i t y , \" i t c l a i m e d , welcomed t h e 1 8 9 7 l e g i s l a t i o n . The t a s k ahead was one o f m a r s h a l l i n g t h i s m a j o r i t y i n t o a c o h e r e n t v o i c e ; t h e p r o b l e m t o be overcome was p a r o c h i a l s e n t i m e n t — most c o m m u n i t i e s f e l t t h e y c o u l d s u c c e s s f u l l y f i g h t S a b b a t h d e s e c r a t i o n on t h e l o c a l l e v e l , n o t r e a l i z i n g t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n l a y i n p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n . As O'Meara w r o t e t o an E x e c u t i v e member a f t e r t h e O t t a w a E l e c t r i c R a i l w a y Company g a i n e d e x e m p t i o n f r o m t h e 1 8 9 7 A c t , \"any hope w h i c h may now be e n t e r t a i n e d i n c e r t a i n o f o u r c i t i e s t h a t l o c a l r e s t r a i n t s o r l o c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w i l l p e r m a n e n t l y be s u f f i c i e n t t o p r e v e n t a Sunday c a r s e r v i c e i n t h e s e c i t i e s , i s 7 s u r e t o be d e l u s i v e . \" On 2 1 A p r i l 1 8 9 9 , t h e A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e met t o d e c i d e g upon a s t r a t e g y w i t h w h i c h t o u n i f y p u b l i c o p i n i o n . The p r o -4 See N. S m e l s e r , T h e o r y o f C o l l e c t i v e B e h a v i o r (New Y o r k : F r e e P r e s s , 1 9 6 2 ) , p. 3 0 2 : \" . . . t h e h i s t o r y o f any g i v e n movement — i t s ebbs and f l o w s , i t s s w i t c h e s , i t s b u r s t s o f e n t h u s i a s m — c a n be w r i t t e n i n l a r g e p a r t as a p a t t e r n o f a b a n d o n i n g one method w h i c h a p p e a r s t o be l o s i n g e f f e c t i v e n e s s and a d o p t i n g some new, more p r o m i s i n g method.\" 5 T o r o n t o G l o b e , 7 O c t o b e r 1 8 9 9 . ^ C h r i s t i a n G u a r d i a n , 2 2 September 1 8 9 7 . 7 A . E . O'Meara t o M r s . T.S. J o h n s o n , 1 7 A p r i l 1 8 9 9 , LB 1 8 9 9 - 1 9 0 0 , p. 1 3 6 ; OLDA, M i n u t e s o f E x e c u t i v e Committee, 1 2 J a n u a r y 1 8 9 9 , OLDA, MB 1 8 9 7 - 1 9 0 5 , p. 2 9 . o OLDA, M i n u t e s o f E x e c u t i v e Committee, 2 1 A p r i l . 1 8 9 9 , I b i d . , pp. 4 9 - 5 4 . 133 posed p o l i c y was to c o n s i s t of a three^pronged campaign. Con-v i n c e d t h a t there was \"no b e t t e r way . . . of forming p u b l i c o p i n i o n than by the e x t e n s i o n of membership,\" the A l l i a n c e planned an i n t e n s i v e membership d r i v e . C l o s e l y r e l a t e d to t h i s would be a prudent enforcement programme to secure the Day of Rest to a l l c l a s s e s . The A l l i a n c e assumed t h a t i t would t h e r e -by become g e n e r a l l y popular, and t h a t such p o p u l a r i t y would 9 t r a n s l a t e i t s e l f i n t o i n c r e a s e d membership. As a complement to these two programmes, the A l l i a n c e would attempt to \" b r i n g i n f l u e n c e to bear\" on the p r o v i n c i a l p r e s s . x ^ L a t e r t h a t same year, the E x e c u t i v e decided to ap p o i n t a F i e l d S e c r e t a r y to execute t h i s campaign. x x An i n n o v a t i o n i n S a b b a t a r i a n methods, the E x e c u t i v e f e l t such a p o s i t i o n to 12 be \" i n d i s p e n s a b l e to the permanent success of the movement.\" S e c r e t a r i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s were to i n c l u d e a r r a n g i n g and c h a i r i n g meetings; o r g a n i z i n g d e p u t a t i o n s and p e t i t i o n s ; per-forming a l l s e c r e t a r i a l work connected with l e g i s l a t i o n and 9Rev. J.G. Shearer to C. H a r r i s , 6 June 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 62a. 1 0 T o r o n t o Globe, 22 A p r i l 1899. ^O'Meara to J . Scanlon, 8 December 1899, LB 1899-1900, pp. 348-9; O'Meara to Rev. F.A. C a s s i d y , 13 December 1899, I b i d . , p. 352. 1 2OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1899.\" See a l s o C. Copp to Shearer, 29 J u l y 1899, LB 1899-1900, p. 244: \"With you I f e e l t h a t i f we had the r i g h t stamp of man working the p r o v i n c e of O n t a r i o we should have more money than i s needed to put t h i s work on a proper f o o t i n g , and i f such a man c o u l d be found, no amount of expense or remuneration to him would be l o s t . \" 134 keeping A l l i a n c e r e c o r d s , correspondence, and r e p o r t s ; p repar-in g l i t e r a t u r e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n ; i n v e s t i g a t i n g a l l q u e s t i o n s 13 i n v o l v i n g Sabbath labour; and s e c u r i n g f i n a n c i a l support. In the hope of d i s p e l l i n g the image of the A l l i a n c e as a p u r e l y P r e s b y t e r i a n group, the E x e c u t i v e f i r s t o f f e r e d the p o s i t i o n to Reverend F.A. C a s s i d y , a Methodist m i n i s t e r from Guelph. When he d e c l i n e d , Reverend John G. Shearer, a P r e s b y t e r i a n 14 m i n i s t e r , became the Board's \"unanimous c h o i c e . \" At the time of h i s appointment, Shearer was f o r t y - o n e years o l d . Raised i n western O n t a r i o near the town.of B r i g h t , Shearer was the son of an immigrant S c o t t i s h farmer. He r e c e i v e d h i s e a r l y e d u c a t i o n i n l o c a l s c h o o l s and graduated from the U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto i n 1889, w i t h a Bachelors degree i n mental and moral 15 s c i e n c e , and c i v i l p o l i t y and l o g i c . Ordained as a Presby-t e r i a n m i n i s t e r i n the e a r l y 1890s, Shearer accepted the pas-t o r a t e of E r s k i n e Church i n Hamilton. A f t e r the Hamilton f i g h t a g a i n s t the Sunday ca r f a i l e d , he i n i t i a t e d the formation of the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e . Although he took no p a r t i n the Toronto Sunday c a r a g i t a t i o n , he f o s t e r e d A l l i a n c e a c t i v i t i e s 13 OLDA, \"Report of S p e c i a l Committee r e Adjustment of S e c r e t a r i a l Work,\" 4 January 1900, OLDA., CR 1899-1903, p. 7. U n t i l 1899, A l l i a n c e r e c o r d s were not s y s t e m a t i c a l l y kept and o n l y a few c o p i e s of correspondence b e f o r e t h i s year are among the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e papers. Between 1899-1906, the A l l i a n c e kept a f a i r l y complete r e c o r d of i t s papers; t h e r e a f t e r , the papers, p a r t i c u l a r l y correspondence, become e r r a t i c . 14 Lord's Day Advocate ( h e r e a f t e r Advocate), (November 1907). 15 H.J. Morgan, The Canadian Men and Women of the Time: A Handbook of Canadian Biography of L i v i n g C h a r a c t e r s (Toronto: CW. B r i g g s , 1912), p. 1015. 135 by c h a i r i n g i t s Organization and Education Committee. For three years a f t e r h i s appointment as F i e l d S e c r e t a r y , Shearer worked mostly alone, helped o c c a s i o n a l l y by O'Meara, who c o n t i n -ued as A l l i a n c e S o l i c i t o r . Reverend T. A l b e r t Moore, P r e s i d e n t of the Hamilton Methodist Conference, became A s s o c i a t e Secre-t a r y i n 1902 and F i e l d Secretary a year l a t e r when Shearer, as a r e s u l t of the P r i v y C o u n c i l d e c i s i o n , assumed r e s p o n s i -b i l i t y f o r lobbying the f e d e r a l government. As John Cha r l t o n had done i n the 1890s, so Shearer came to t y p i f y the Sabbatarian movement i n the e a r l y 1900s. Both men represented the most conservative wing of the reform movement tha t was emerging i n the l a t e nineteenth and e a r l y t w e n t i e t h century. As described by Richard A l l e n i n h i s analy-s i s of the S o c i a l Gospel, such conservatives \"were c l o s e s t to t r a d i t i o n a l e v a n g e l i c a l i s m , emphasizing p e r s o n a l - e t h i c a l i s s u e s , tending to i d e n t i f y s i n w i t h i n d i v i d u a l a c t s , and t a k i n g as t h e i r 16 s o c i a l s t r a t e g y l e g i s l a t i v e reform of the environment.\" These t r a d i t i o n a l c o n v i c t i o n s r e f l e c t e d Shearer's background: he had received h i s education i n the l a t e 188 0s and had been t r a i n e d by t r a d i t i o n a l i s t s such as Dr. W i l l i a m Caven, P r i n c i p a l of Knox C o l l e g e . Thus Shearer may w e l l have had l i t t l e or no d i r e c t contact w i t h the \"new forms of s o c i a l thought and R. A l l e n , The S o c i a l Passion: R e l i g i o n and S o c i a l Reform i n Canada, 1914-1928 (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto Press, 1973), p. 17. 136 a c t i o n \" which were a f f e c t i n g a \"growing group of C h r i s t i a n and the Sunday c a r f i g h t i n Hamilton and h i s a c t i v i t i e s w i t h the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e i n the 1890s, i t i s probable t h a t Shearer d i d not a t t e n d any meetings of the Queen's T h e o l o g i c a l Alumni Conference which, under P r i n c i p a l G.M. Grant's t u t e l a g e , d i s -cussed papers on such t o p i c s as \" b i b l i c a l c r i t i c i s m , economic development, the problems of poverty, s o c i a l i s t i c schemes, the 18 s i n g l e tax, s o c i a l e v o l u t i o n , \" and so f o r t h . Although he presented the Sabbatarian aim as one of s o c i a l reform, the guarantee of a weekly day of r e s t , Shearer r e j e c t e d any modi-f i c a t i o n s to h i s t r a d i t i o n a l e v a n g e l i c a l c o n v i c t i o n s concern-i n g proper Sabbath observance. He cared l i t t l e f o r the de-s i r e s and needs of working men f o r r e c r e a t i o n , p h y s i c a l and s o c i a l , on t h e i r one day of l e i s u r e . I t may w e l l be t h a t h i s c a l l o u s stance was the simple r e s u l t of ignorance: as Secre-t a r y to the A l l i a n c e i n Toronto, Shearer both l i v e d and worked i n the a f f l u e n t r e s i d e n t i a l suburb of Rosedale and may w e l l have never seen the overcrowding, the outdoor p r i v i e s , the f i l t h and the squalour t h a t c h a r a c t e r i z e d the downtown l i v i n g a r e a s . Whatever the cause, Shearer remained convinced t h a t a t l e a s t one problem of an i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y c o u l d be reduced to a simple moral q u e s t i o n to which C h r i s t i a n i t y had a d e c i -m i n i s t e r s and laymen. II 17 Preoccupied w i t h h i s new m i n i s t r y . 17 I b i d . 10. , P -18 I b i d . 137 s i v e answer: man s h o u l d work s i x d a y s a week and r e s t , t h r o u g h 19 w o r s h i p , on t h e s e v e n t h . B o t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l and t h e n a t i o n w o u l d p r o s p e r as a r e s u l t . T h u s , a l t h o u g h S h e a r e r b e l i e v e d h i m s e l f t o be i n t h e v a n g u a r d o f a p r o g r e s s i v e r e f o r m movement, he r e m a i n e d i n r e a l i t y i n i t s r e a r g u a r d . By e m p h a s i z i n g p r o -p e r Sunday b e h a v i o u r t h r o u g h a t t e n d a n c e a t m o r n i n g and e v e n i n g w o r s h i p , he r e s i s t e d any i n n o v a t i o n s t h a t m i g h t have g i v e n h i s c a m p a i g n t r u e s o c i a l c o n t e n t . A l t h o u g h h i s new r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s r e p r e s e n t e d a \" g r e a t s a c r i f i c e t o my c o m f o r t , my p e r s o n a l p r e f e r e n c e , and my i n t e r -e s t s as a m i n i s t e r , \" S h e a r e r f e l t \" d i v i n e l y g u i d e d \" i n a c c e p t -20 m g t h e p o s i t i o n as A l l i a n c e S e c r e t a r y . The s i t u a t i o n he f a c e d was most u n i n v i t i n g : t o h i s d i s m a y , he f o u n d t h a t most p l a c e s he had v i s i t e d t h e y e a r b e f o r e as C h a i r m a n o f t h e O r g a n -i z a t i o n Committee were i n a \"comatose\" c o n d i t i o n and \"had t o 21 be p r a c t i c a l l y o r g a n i z e d a f r e s h . \" As he w r o t e t o one o f t h e more e n e r g e t i c b r a n c h p r e s i d e n t s : I have v i s i t e d some b r a n c h e s r e c e n t l y w h i c h were v i s i t e d a y e a r ago and a b s o l u t e l y n o t h i n g has b een a c c o m p l i s h e d o r a t t e m p t e d i n t h e i n t e r v a l , w h i c h \"\"^See C l y d e G r i f f e n , \"The P r o g r e s s i v e E t h o s , \" i n The D e v e l o p m e n t o f an A m e r i c a n C u l t u r e , e d . , S. Cobden and L. R a t -n e r (Englewood C l i f f s , N . J . : P r e n t i c e - H a l l , 1970), p. 147. 2 0 S h e a r e r t o R.B. M i l l e r , 25 J a n u a r y 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 394; a l s o S h e a r e r t o J.M. Thompson, 4 A u g u s t 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 253. 21 S h e a r e r t o C A . G o o d f e l l o w , 29 J u n e 1900, I b i d . , p . 136; OLDA, R e p o r t o f O r g a n i z a t i o n Committee, 28 J u n e 1900, OLDA, CR 1899-1903; a l s o S h e a r e r t o Rev. W.A. Duncan, 3 A u g u s t 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 235. 138 from my sta n d p o i n t i s simply c r i m i n a l i n a g r e a t and urgent work l i k e t h i s . . . (22) In a d d i t i o n , Shearer d i s c o v e r e d t h a t no machinery e x i s t e d f o r 23 the enforcement o f the 1845 A c t . Although the A c t s t i p u -l a t e d f i n e s f o r breaches of the law, the a u t h o r i t i e s d i d not g e n e r a l l y assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . Most p o l i c e r e f u s e d \"to serve without s p e c i a l o r d e r s and f e e s , \" and the p r o v i n c i a l L „25 24 Crown A t t o r n e y s f o l l o w e d s u i t . F u r t h e r , adverse j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n s were r e n d e r i n g the A c t \"to a l a r g e e x t e n t u s e l e s s The d e c i s i o n s i n the Hamilton'^Street Railway case e s t a b l i s h e d the l e g a l precedent t h a t the 1845 A c t d i d not apply to employ-ers of labour such as c o r p o r a t i o n s nor to persons not s p e c i f i -c a l l y c i t e d i n the f i r s t s e c t i o n of the A c t (the ejusdem gen-e r i s p r i n c i p l e ) . Using t h i s precedent, s e n i o r O n t a r i o c o u r t s quashed such c o n v i c t i o n s as d i d occur i n the lower c o u r t s . The d i v i s i o n a l Court, f o r example, r e v e r s e d a P o l i c e Magis-t r a t e ' s c o n v i c t i o n o f a bandmaster who pla y e d sacred music on Toronto I s l a n d on a Sunday a f t e r n o o n , reasoning t h a t \"the A c t was no more intended to apply to a bandmaster than t o an o r -2 6 g a n i s t i n a church.\" In a case i n v o l v i n g the Grand Trunk 22 Shearer to Rev. W.R. Mcintosh, 31 J u l y 1900, I b i d . , p. 218. 2 3 T o r o n t o Globe, 7 October 1899. 24 OLDA, Minutes of E x e c u t i v e Committee, 12 January 1899, OLDA, MB 1897-1905, p. 27; Toronto Globe, 7 October 1899. 2 50'Meara to Rev. J.H. Jackson, 12 J u l y 1899, LB 1899-1900, p. 236; O'Meara to Mrs. W.E. Hutcheson, 3 June 1899, I b i d . , p. 200. 2 fi C.S. C l a r k , Of Toronto the Good (Montreal: The Toronto 139 Railway, the same court r u l e d t h a t the 1845 Act d i d not apply to an employee a c t i n g under i n s t r u c t i o n s from a su p e r i o r o f f i -c e r , nor d i d i t apply to e i t h e r the employer or the employee 27 of a Dominion c o r p o r a t i o n . The press had become e i t h e r i n d i f f e r e n t or i n c r e a s i n g -l y h o s t i l e towards the A l l i a n c e a f t e r the Sunday car campaigns. On one hand, the Toronto Globe published r e p o r t s of A l l i a n c e 28 annual meetings w i t h l i t t l e e d i t o r i a l comment. On the other hand, \"Flaneur,\" who shared the opinions of B i l l y Maclean and E.E. Sheppard on the proper use.of Sunday l e i s u r e , resumed h i s r e l e n t l e s s a t t a c k on A l l i a n c e a c t i v i t i e s . Opposed to \"unneces-sary work done on Sunday,\" Flaneur recognized t h a t men and women \"confined at work the e n t i r e week r e q u i r e healthy and wholesome r e c r e a t i o n on the only h o l i d a y they have.\" To him, the \"crazy i n c o n s i s t e n c y \" of the A l l i a n c e was the support i t r e c e i v e d from those who earned t h e i r l i v i n g by Sabbath labour. \"We must,\" he argued, \" s i t on these cranks, and the sooner we 29 do so the b e t t e r . \" He supported the formation i n 1898 of a P u b l i s h i n g Co., 1898), p. 64. 27 O.R. 732. Apparently the Court a l s o ordered c o s t s \"to be p a i d by the informant mainly upon the ground that the prosecution was promoted by an o r g a n i z a t i o n of people desirous of imposing t h e i r own views upon ot h e r s , and that t h e r e f o r e such o r g a n i z a t i o n should be w i l l i n g to pay c o s t s . \" See OLDA, Minutes of Executive Committee, 21 A p r i l 1899, OLDA, MB 1897-1905, p. 50. 2 8 Toronto World and Saturday Night p a i d l e s s a t t e n t i o n t o the i s s u e . Sheppard announced t h a t he wished to drop the subj e c t . Saturday Night, 29 May 1897. 29 Toronto M a i l and Empire, 16 A p r i l 1898. 140 C a n a d i a n R a t i o n a l Sunday League.whose o b j e c t was \" t o o b t a i n g r e a t e r f r e e d o m i n t h e e n j o y m e n t o f t h e w e e k l y day o f r e s t \" by o p e n i n g r e a d i n g rooms, r e f e r e n c e l i b r a r i e s , a r t g a l l e r i e s , and 30 museums, and by a l l o w i n g bands t o p l a y i n t h e p a r k s . S uch were t h e c o n d i t i o n s f a c e d by S h e a r e r a s he em-b a r k e d on h i s d u t i e s . A t f i r s t S h e a r e r i n t e n d e d t o o r g a n i z e a c c o r d i n g t o p r o v i n c i a l e l e c t o r a l c o n s t i t u e n c i e s , w i t h a v o l u n -31 t a r y c o r r e s p o n d e n t i n e a c h . I t q u x c k l y became a p p a r e n t , however, t h a t r e l i a n c e on e r r a t i c and u n r e l i a b l e v o l u n t a r y e f f o r t s w o u l d n o t s u c c e e d , and S h e a r e r p r o c e e d e d w i t h t h e f o r -m a t i o n o f b r a n c h e s c i t y by c i t y . The t a s k f a c i n g him was im-mense and g r u e l l i n g , t a x i n g S h e a r e r ' s e n e r g i e s t o t h e u t m o s t , y o u t h f u l and d y n a m i c t h o u g h he was. S i n c e i t was r a r e i n d e e d t h a t a b r a n c h o r g a n i z e d i t s e l f s p o n t a n e o u s l y , S h e a r e r ' s d u t y 32 was t o v i s i t i n p e r s o n e a c h c i t y and town. S i n c e t h e A l l i -a n c e 's g o a l was a b r a n c h i n e a c h c e n t r e w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n e x-33 c e e d i n g 1,000, t h i s i n v o l v e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 150 v i s i t s . To c a r r y o u t h i s work, S h e a r e r f o u n d he had t o t r a v e l e l e v e n I b i d . , 19 May 1898. The League p r o v e d s h o r t - l i v e d b u t F l a n e u r c o n t i n u e d t o s u p p o r t t h e i d e a . See I b i d . , 6 F e b -r u a r y 1904. 3 1 S h e a r e r t o J . J . M a c l a r e n , 12 November 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 370; a l s o OLDA, \" A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1899.\" 32 . • O n l y two i n s t a n c e s o f s p o n t a n e o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n appear-ed i n t h e L e t t e r b o o k s . See Rev. T.A. Moore t o Rev. E . B u r n s , 28 A p r i l 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 262; Moore t o R.S. M c L a u g h l i n , 13 M a r c h 1905, LB 1904-1905, pp. 834-5. 33 Canada, C e n s u s , 1901, i n Canada Y e a r Book 1912. 141 months of the year. 34 His p l a n was to v i s i t one town each day, meeting w i t h the m i n i s t e r s and i n f l u e n t i a l townspeople i n the a f t e r n o o n and conducting a mass meeting i n the evening. I r o n i -c a l l y , t h e . f a c t t h a t many towns f e l t Sunday i t s e l f to be the most p r o p i t i o u s day f o r d i s c u s s i n g the formation of such a group o b l i g e d Shearer, a g a i n s t h i s own p r e f e r e n c e , to t r a v e l 35 to two or more towns on a g i v e n Sabbath. Consequently, he h i m s e l f never r e a l i z e d the S a b b a t a r i a n i d e a l of the Sabbath as a day of r e s t . As the years passed, h i s r o u t i n e became t h a t of speaking \"from nine to f o u r t e e n times i n the week, and keep-i n g i t up week a f t e r week.\" He attended to the \"voluminous correspondence, on the r a i l w a y t r a i n , i n the n i g h t , or when 3 6 and wherever e l s e i t may be p o s s i b l e . \" Although the f e a r t h a t h i s body \"would break under the s t r a i n \" brought Shearer c l o s e t o the \" r e s i g n a t i o n or r e b e l l i o n s t a t e \" i n 1901, he d i d 37 n e i t h e r . He took few h o l i d a y s and those o n l y as a \"matter 3 8 of duty\"; i n s t e a d , as he wrote to an A l l i a n c e member i n 1904, the \" i mperative sense of duty\" kept him going as a \"wanderer on the face of the earth\"\"and helped him bear the \"burden of 34 Shearer to A. M c K i l l o p , 21 December 1900, LB 1899-504. 1902 / P-35 Shearer to H.C. Hunt, 14 May 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 873. 36 Shearer to Rev. M.G. Freeman, 5 January 1904, LB 1902-1904, p. 592. 37 LB 1899-1902, pp. 940-2. 38 I b i d p. 562. 142 39 d e t a i l , of t o i l and of t e n of obloquy\" which the work i n v o l v e d . Shearer conceived the campaign he was t o organize i n m i l i t a r y r h e t o r i c , a \" B a t t l e f o r the Sabbath.\" He spoke of the need f o r \"heroic g a r r i s o n s \" and \"worthy Generals\" and r e f e r r e d t o the information he sent to branches as \"ammunition f o r cam-40 paign gunners.\" Shearer's top p r i o r i t y was the membership d r i v e , \"to add as many as p o s s i b l e to our side i n the B a t t l e 41 f o r the Sabbath.\" A strong membership would impress \"the p u b l i c , the press and the L e g i s l a t u r e \" t h a t the A l l i a n c e d i d 42 enjoy a broad base of se c u l a r support. Branch d u t i e s i n -cluded o r g a n i z i n g deputations of i n f l u e n t i a l townspeople to 43 \" t e r r o r i z e \" the l o c a l member of Parliament, a i d i n g i n the enforcement programme by supplying p r e c i s e d e t a i l s of v i o l a -t i o n s of the e x i s t i n g Lord's Day A c t , and doing everything p o s s i -b l e to o b t a i n press coverage of A l l i a n c e a c t i v i t i e s . F u r t h e r , Shearer hoped t h a t increased membership would make the A l l i -ance s e l f - f i n a n c i n g and independent of p r i v a t e s u b s c r i p t i o n s . 39 Shearer t o Rev. M.G. Freeman, 5 January 1904, LB 1902-1904, p. 592. 4 0 S h e a r e r to W.H. Hayes, 14 November 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 427; Shearer to Rev. J.A. Cranston, 6 June 1900, I b i d . , p. 100. 41 Shearer to Rev. L. Brown, 4 A p r i l 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 690. 42 Shearer to C. H a r r i s , 6 June 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 62a. 43 Shearer to H.C. Hunt, 23 August 1900, I b i d . , p. 271; f o r other examples of the expected p o l i t i c a l r o l e of branches, see Shearer to Rev. W. Moffat, 14 March 1900, LB 1899-1900, p.567; Shearer to Rev. Dr. Johnston, 17 March 1900, I b i d . , p. 583; O'Meara to G.S. Wright, 20 March 1900, I b i d . , p. 630; O'Meara to T.A. Moore, 23 March 1900, I b i d . , p. 643. 143 Not o n l y d i d Shearer f e e l t h a t i t was a \"great t h i n g i n any movement of t h i s k i n d to be able to s o l v e the money q u e s t i o n 44 without d i r e c t appeal t o s u b s c r i b e r s , but he a l s o thought t h a t the number who \"would be w i l l i n g to promise more than one 45 year's s u b s c r i p t i o n a t a time\" was \"comparatively l i m i t e d . \" Shearer sent each branch an estimated requirement of i t s ex-pected donation based on the p o p u l a t i o n of the town. For example, he r e q u i r e d s m a l l towns with p o p u l a t i o n s around one thousand t o r e c r u i t f i f t y members and donate $25.00; f o r towns w i t h p o p u l a t i o n s of f i v e thousand such as Cornwall or C o l l i n g -wood, the e x p e c t a t i o n doubled; ,and, f o r c i t i e s w i t h ten thou-46 sand such as Guelph or B e l l e v i l l e , i t doubled a g a i n . He counted on l a r g e r c i t i e s to c o n t r i b u t e even more, and of Tor-onto he a n t i c i p a t e d w e l l over one thousand members. Each branch was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the c o l l e c t i o n of fe e s and was to send a l l monies, except f o r l o c a l expenses., to the head 47 o f f i c e . But the branches c o u l d not i n c r e a s e t h e i r number, 44 Shearer to Dr. Eede, 28 J u l y 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 215. 45 Shearer to Mrs. M. Thornley, 4 A p r i l . 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 693. In 1899 the A l l i a n c e was c a r r y i n g a debt of $932.82. I t s revenue f o r t h a t year had been $1,511.73, an i n c r e a s e o f approximately $500 over 1898. See OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1898\"; I b i d . , 1899. 46 Shearer to A.E. T r o u t , 28 June 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 133; Shearer to Rev. R.S.E. Large, 1 October 1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 162. 47 See Shearer t o C. H a r r i s , 6 June 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 62a; Shearer to Rev. Dr. McRae, 1 August 1900, I b i d . , p. 223; Shearer to Rev. Dr. Torrance, 16 November 1900, I b i d . , p. 453. 144 of members by reducing fees. At i t s 1900 Annual Convention, the Executive r e j e c t e d a proposal to reduce the a d u l t fee to twenty-five cents, arguing t h a t the higher fee placed upon the 48 members \"a l a r g e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y regarding the Sabbath.\" Adult membership fees continued to be f i f t y c ents, and j u v e n i l e 49 members paid ten cents. Although never r i g o r o u s l y e l a b o r a t e d , c e r t a i n p r i n c i -p l e s d i d guide the formation of branches. Shearer concentrated on urban centres w i t h the hope th a t these branches would organ-i z e t h e i r surrounding r u r a l d i s t r i c t s , \" i n c l u d i n g any small 50 v i l l a g e s or country churches w i t h i n easy access.\" Only i n ex c e p t i o n a l cases such as the small mining town of Bruce Mines, where the existence of a branch might deter Sunday operations, could Shearer \" e a s i l y imagine a wise exception\" being made to 51 t h i s p o l i c y . In a more p a r t i c u l a r sense, branches were es-t a b l i s h e d i n response to i n c r e a s i n g outcroppings of Sabbath d e s e c r a t i o n . For example, Shearer attempted to create branches along any r a i l w a y l i n e t h a t a p p l i e d f o r exemption from the 1897 l e g i s l a t i o n and i n border areas v u l n e r a b l e to the impor t a t i o n 48 Toronto Globe, 10 November 1900; Moore to S. Sample, 28 December 1904, LB 1904-1905, p. 687. 4 9OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1899.\" 5 0 S h e a r e r to C. H a r r i s , 6 June 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 62a. 5 1 S h e a r e r to N.A. Campbell, 7 May 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 820. 145 52 o f A m e r i c a n Sunday n e w s p a p e r s . He p a i d s p e c i f i c a t t e n t i o n t o towns where A m e r i c a n f i n a n c i n g o f i n d u s t r i a l c o n c e r n s , s u c h as t h e A m e r i c a n C e r e a l Company i n P e t e r b o r o , m i g h t s t i m u l a t e membership by a p p e a l i n g t o a n t i - A m e r i c a n s e n t i m e n t . V a c a t i o n a r e a s a l s o r e c e i v e d s p e c i a l v i g i l a n c e a s S h e a r e r s t r o v e t o keep one s t e p a h e a d o f t h e summertime \" S a b b a t h - b r e a k i n g season\". and t h e e x c u r s i o n s whose \" m i s c h e v i o u s \" i n f l u e n c e a d v e r s e l y 53 a f f e c t e d c o m m u n i t i e s . I n t h e summer o f 1900 he e n d e a v o u r e d t o o r g a n i z e \"a v i g o r o u s B r a n c h i n e v e r y one o f t h e [ G e o r g i a n ] 54 Bay p o r t s . \" F i n a l l y , S h e a r e r a l w a y s p l a n n e d b r a n c h e s i n towns where he wanted t o p r o c e e d w i t h an i m p o r t a n t t e s t c a s e s u c h as t h o s e a g a i n s t t h e P e t r o l i a and S a r n i a o i l w e l l s o r a g a i n s t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f Sunday l a b o u r i n t h e H u n t s v i l l e 55 t a n n e r i e s . T h r o u g h o u t t h i s campaign, S h e a r e r ' s l i m i t e d r e s o u r c e s f o r c e d him t o r e l y h e a v i l y on e x i s t i n g c h u r c h s t r u c t u r e s . He u s u a l l y c o n t a c t e d a f e l l o w P r e s b y t e r i a n m i n i s t e r i n ma k i n g t h e 52 OLDA, M i n u t e s o f O r g a n i z a t i o n Committee, 31 December 1900, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p . 28; S h e a r e r t o Rev. J.A. Chapman, 15 May 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 863; OLDA, M i n u t e s o f C o n v e n t i o n , 1901, OLDA, MB 1897-1905, p. 237. 5 3 S h e a r e r t o E . J . M i t c h e l l , 24 May 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 635; S h e a r e r t o Hon. W. P a t t e r s o n , 11 A p r i l 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 252. 5 4 S h e a r e r t o Rev. J.A. Chapman, 15 May 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 863. 55 OLDA, M i n u t e s o f S u b - E x e c u t i v e Committee, 17 F e b r u a r y 1899, OLDA, MB 1897-1905, p. 34; a l s o OLDA, M i n u t e s o f E x e c u -t i v e C ommittee, 21 A p r i l 1899, I b i d . , p . 78; OLDA, R e p o r t o f L e g a l Committee, 5 A p r i l 1900, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p. 12. 146 p r e l i m i n a r y a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r a v i s i t . T h i s m i n i s t e r was t h e n e x p e c t e d t o a r r a n g e b o t h t h e m e e t i n g w i t h o t h e r m i n i s t e r s and l a y p e o p l e and t o p r omote t h e e v e n i n g p u b l i c m e e t i n g f r o m h i s p u l p i t and i n t h e l o c a l p r e s s . When a b r a n c h was f o r m e d , e a c h p a r t i c i p a t i n g m i n i s t e r w o u l d a u t o m a t i c a l l y become a V i c e - P r e s i -d e n t , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d r a w i n g up l i s t s o f p o t e n t i a l members fr o m h i s c o n g r e g a t i o n f o r u s e by t h e b r a n c h e x e c u t i v e . A t t h e o u t s e t o f a \" s y s t e m a t i c and t h o r o u g h \" c a n v a s s o f t h e names on t h e l i s t s , S h e a r e r u r g e d e a c h m i n i s t e r t o t a k e \" a d v a n t a g e o f t h e s t a r t i n g o f t h i s new work t o make a p o w e r f u l i m p r e s s i o n upon t h e p u b l i c community\" by p r e a c h i n g a sermon d e v o t e d t o t h e s u b j e c t and d i s t r i b u t i n g A l l i a n c e l i t e r a t u r e a t t h e c h u r c h d o o r . S h e a r e r c o n s c i o u s l y t r i e d t o b r e a k away f r o m t o o c l o s e an i d e n t i f i c a t i o n w i t h t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h . R e a l i z i n g e a r l y t h a t t h e M e t h o d i s t s a c c u s e d t h e A l l i a n c e o f b e i n g \" r a t h e r t o o P r e s b y t e r i a n , \" S h e a r e r a s k e d h i s b r a n c h p r e s i d e n t s t o 57 a r r a n g e f o r him t o p r e a c h i n o t h e r c h u r c h e s . I n l o o k i n g f o r S h e a r e r t o D r . E e d e , 28 A u g u s t 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 213. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n was c o n t a i n e d i n L e a f l e t No. 8 o f t h e OLDA, \" F o r t h e G u i d a n c e o f B r a n c h E x e c u t i v e s . \" .No c o p y was f o u n d i n t h e LDACP. 57 S h e a r e r t o Rev. T. W i l s o n , 22 F e b r u a r y 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 495. See, however, S h e a r e r t o Rev. D r . J o h n s t o n , 31 A u g u s t 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 273: \" I w o u l d l i k e y o u t o q u i e t l y f i n d o u t w h i c h i s t h e b e t t e r s e r v i c e f o r e a c h C h u r c h — I mean f o r r e a c h i n g t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p e o p l e o f t h e c o n -g r e g a t i o n — and s e c u r e t h a t s e r v i c e f o r me. . . . T h o s e M e t h o d i s t D.D.'s m i g h t t r y t o p u t me o f f w i t h t h e s e c o n d b e s t s e r v i c e o f t h e day. . . . Don't l e t them.\" someone t o a s s i s t him as A s s o c i a t e S e c r e t a r y , S h e a r e r d e l i b e r -5 8 a t e l y s o u g h t a M e t h o d i s t , d e c i d i n g upon T. A l b e r t Moore. He a l s o s u g g e s t e d t h a t b r a n c h e x e c u t i v e s c o n t a c t A n g l i c a n and e v e n Roman C a t h o l i c p r i e s t s t o e s t a b l i s h a n o n - s e c t a r i a n image 59 f o r t h e A l l i a n c e . I n c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h l o c a l m i n i s t e r s , S h e a r e r s t r e s -s e d t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f e n t i r e c o n g r e g a t i o n s i n t o A l l i a n c e membership and a l w a y s recommended t h a t \" e n e r g e t i c \" laymen assume t h e a c t i v e e x e c u t i v e p o s i t i o n s o f P r e s i d e n t , S e c r e t a r y , 6 0 and T r e a s u r e r . N o t o n l y d i d he f e e l m i n i s t e r s were t o o b u s y t o a c c e p t more r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , b u t he a l s o f e l t t h a t i n f l u -e n t i a l laymen w o u l d more s u c c e s s f u l l y s o l i c i t f u n d s i n t h e 61 community t h a n w o u l d m i n i s t e r s . I n s p i t e o f c o m p l a i n t s f r o m some members, S h e a r e r p e r m i t t e d f e m a l e p a r t i c i p a t i o n on e x e c u -t i v e s , e n c o u r a g i n g b r a n c h o f f i c e r s t o r e c r u i t women t o head 6 2 c h u r c h c a n v a s s i n g c o m m i t t e e s . He u r g e d c h u r c h young p e o p l e t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e j u v e n i l e membership, t o make t h e 58 W i t h r e g a r d t o Moore, S h e a r e r w r o t e : \". . . a c a p i -t a l w o r k e r , t i r e l e s s i n e n e r g y and a p p l i c a t i o n , and i s p r o b a b -l y t h e s t r o n g e s t man t h a t we c o u l d have g o t t e n . We, o f c o u r s e , were p r a c t i c a l l y t i e d t o s e l e c t i n g a M e t h o d i s t . \" S h e a r e r t o Rev. A.H. S c o t t , 30 December 1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 195(b). 5 9 S h e a r e r t o H.C. Hunt, 14 May 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 874. 6 0 S h e a r e r t o J . McKay, 2 A u g u s t 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 218; S h e a r e r t o Rev. W.J. C l a r k , 28 J u n e 1900, I b i d . , p. 118. 61 T, I b i d . S h e a r e r t o Rev. D r . McRae, 1 A u g u s t 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 225; a l s o S h e a r e r t o Rev. Mr. K e r r , 21 June 1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 117. 148 p u b l i c m e e t i n g s y o u t h r a l l i e s , and \" t o f e e l t h e p e r s o n a l r e s -6 3 p o n s i b i l i t y f o r b e i n g p r e s e n t and g e t t i n g o t h e r s t o come.\" C h r i s t i a n young p e o p l e , S h e a r e r t h o u g h t , \"ought t o t a k e a more a c t i v e i n t e r e s t i n t h e B a t t l e \" w h i c h t h e i r e l d e r s were p a t r i -64 o t i c a l l y f i g h t i n g f o r t h e i r b e n e f i t . B e l i e v i n g t h a t more c o u l d be done \"by i n f o r m i n g and i n s p i r i n g t h e C h r i s t i a n p e o p l e t o t a k e t h e i n t e r e s t t h e y o u g h t t o t a k e i n t h i s g r e a t c a u s e , \" S h e a r e r made l i t t l e a t t e m p t t o go o u t s i d e t h e c h u r c h e s f o r m e m b e r s . ^ A l t h o u g h he t a l k e d o f a p p e a l i n g t o a l l \" c l a s s e s , \" he r e s t r i c t e d h i m s e l f t o t h e m i d -d l e c l a s s — t o him, \" c l a s s e s \" meant young p e o p l e , l a d i e s , and 6 6 \" r e p r e s e n t a t i v e men\" o f t h e community. S h e a r e r was u n s u r e \" t h a t t h e g e n e r a l i n d i f f e r e n t crowd i s t h e c l a s s t h a t we need 6 7 most t o r e a c h . \" S h a r i n g t h e A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e ' s s u s p i c i o n o f t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s , S h e a r e r d i d n o t o p p o s e i t s r e j e c t i o n o f a p r o p o s a l t o l o w e r membership f e e s f o r i n d i v i d u a l members o f fi 3 S h e a r e r t o Rev. S.W. Muxworthy, 2 5 September 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 301; S h e a r e r t o Rev. Mr. K e r r , 28 J u n e 1900, I b i d . , p . 111. 6 4 S h e a r e r t o E.T. P e e l , 3 September 1901, I b i d . , p. 772. 6 5 S h e a r e r t o D r . W.P. T o w l e r , 19 May 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 944. S h e a r e r was a l s o u n i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e i n d i f f e r e n t w i t h -i n t h e c h u r c h : he u r g e d t h o s e a r r a n g i n g t h e c a n v a s s o f c h u r c h members t o arm t h e i r c a n v a s s e r s w i t h l i s t s o f o n l y t h o s e who were s u r e t o r e s p o n d t h e t h e a p p e a l , i n o r d e r t o s h i e l d t h e c a n v a s s e r s f r o m e x p o s u r e t o mass i n d i f f e r e n c e and d i s c o u r a g e -ment. See S h e a r e r t o D r . E e d e , 28 A u g u s t 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 213. 6 6 S h e a r e r t o Rev. C A . E a t o n , 23 F e b r u a r y 1900, LB 1899-1900, p . 580. 6 7 S h e a r e r t o D r . W.P. T o w l e r , 19 May 1900, I b i d . , p. 944, 149 labour unions. He supported the decision to reduce the mem-bership fee by h a l f only i f twenty members of one union joined and to extend t h i s p r i v i l e g e only i f the f u l l twenty came from one union and were \"not made up by canvassing outside i t s own ranks.\" To obtain the discount, the f u l l l i s t of twenty names accompanied by the $5 membership was to be handed into the branch at one t i m e . 6 8 Shearer i n f a c t had l i t t l e sympathy or respect for the workingman, as an encounter with Welland canal workers i n 1900 i l l u s t r a t e s . Recognizing that \"the whole future of the ques-tion depends upon the a t t i t u d e of the Government employees who are concerned i n the matter,\" Shearer t r i e d to persuade 69 the canal men to protest Sunday canal openings. When the OLDA, Minutes of Executive Committee, 28 June 1900, OLDA, MB 1899-1904, p. 18;-.Shearer to D. Ward, 13 November 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 395. 6 9Shearer to Rev. J.H. R a t c l i f f e , 6 A p r i l 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 719: \" I t seems to us of the utmost possible conse-quence that i n some way or other between now and the government inv e s t i g a t i o n of the question, every man, high and low on the canal should be reached and informed of these facts and assured that i f he values his Rest Day he had better make i t clear to the Secretary of the Department when he comes that he i s deeply anxious to have the whole twenty-four hours of the Lord's Day, and that i t i s a matter of very great consequence to him that he should have i t . \" Shearer wanted the pastors to v i s i t the various men on the canal \"on t h e i r own part, each as i t were on his own r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , and without l e t t i n g i t be known that the A l l i a n c e i s suggesting such action, so that the men may be f u l l y aware of what i s to take place,, and of what hangs on i t , and impressed with the importance of r i g h t l y representing t h e i r attitude towards Sunday opening.\" (underlining h i s ) ; also Shearer, c i r c u l a r , 4 May 1900, I b i d . , p. 804: \"I think i t w i l l be well not to mention my name or the A l l i a n c e s p e c i a l l y , but simply to say that you have absolutely r e l i a b l e information upon the points that you wish to emphasize i n t h e i r minds.\" 150 employees i n s t e a d expressed themselves i n favour of Sunday work, Shearer a n g r i l y p r otested to the Deputy M i n i s t e r of R a i l -ways and Canals t h a t he could not understand why the government attached so much importance to the workers 1 views, \"many of whom are very f a r from i n t e l l i g e n t men, and to whose o p i n i o n s , we, as repr e s e n t i n g the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e , a t t a c h very l i t t l e 70 importance.\" Although Shearer d i d not intend to r e c r u i t working c l a s s membership, the o s t e n s i b l e goal of h i s enforcement pro-gramme was the f r e e i n g of men from Sabbath labour. With Sab-bath observance l e g i s l a t i o n under l i t i g a t i o n , the A l l i a n c e decided to assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r r a i s i n g funds and i n i t i a t -ing proceedings. I t s f i r s t task was to di s c o v e r whether or not prosecutions could be made under the Ac t , l i m i t i n g i t s e l f to t e s t cases i n which a \"new development of Sunday labor i s shown to have occurred,\" r a t h e r than endeavouring \"to prevent such forms of apparently unnecessary labo r as have been u s u a l -71 l y c a r r i e d on f o r some time.\" Once i t was e s t a b l i s h e d that the law co u l d , w i t h i n l i m i t a t i o n s , be enforced, Shearer l o b -b i e d the Attorney-General to i s s u e i n s t r u c t i o n s to the p r o v i n -72 c i a l p o l i c e to apply the law. When the Attorney-General agreed to t h i s , Shearer himself wrote to i n d i v i d u a l p o l i c e 70 Shearer to Collmgwood Schreiber, 18 June 1900, LB 1899-1902, pp. 81-3. 71 OLDA, Minutes of Executive Committee, 12 January 1899, OLDA, MB 1897-1905, pp. 27-8. 7 2 S h e a r e r t o J.M. Gibson, 15 May 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 648. 151 c h i e f s , s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e y i s s u e \" s t r i c t i n s t r u c t i o n s \" t o 73 t h o s e u n d e r t h e i r command t o do t h e i r d u t y . He a l s o t r i e d t o i n f l u e n c e t h e A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l ' s c h o i c e o f p o l i c e c o n s t a -b l e s , a r g u i n g , f o r example, t h a t t h e N i a g a r a f r o n t i e r a r e a r e -q u i r e d a man o f more \" v i g o r and d e t e r m i n e d p u r p o s e \" t h a n t h e 74 man p r o p o s e d by t h e D e p a r t m e n t . W i t h t h e o p e n i n g up o f t h e l a n d s i n t h e a r e a o f New O n t a r i o , S h e a r e r p r e s s e d t h e g o v e r n -ment t o a p p o i n t a m o b i l e o f f i c e r t o s u p e r v i s e t h e e n f o r c e m e n t 75 o f t h e L o r d ' s Day A c t i n t h a t d i s t r i c t . S h e a r e r was p e r s o n a l l y most i n v o l v e d w i t h e n f o r c e m e n t i n T o r o n t o . The P o l i c e C o m m i s s i o n e r s and t h e A l l i a n c e E x e c u -t i v e a g r e e d t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e w o u l d t a k e t h e \" n e c e s s a r y s t e p s f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f s e t t l i n g t h e law\" w h i l e t h e P o l i c e Commis-7 6 s i o n e r s w o u l d e n f o r c e t h e l a w \"when c l e a r l y a s c e r t a i n e d . \" B u t by 1901 S h e a r e r f e l t t h a t t h e p o l i c e were n o t l i v i n g up t o t h e i r commitment. He c o m p l a i n e d t o M o r a l i t y B r a n c h I n s p e c t o r A r c h i b a l d t h a t i t was \"becoming a m a t t e r o f common t a l k t h a t t h e P o l i c e A u t h o r i t i e s o f T o r o n t o a r e com i n g v e r y s h o r t o f t h e i r d u t y , \" and he h i n t e d t h a t u n l e s s t h e r e was \"a v e r y m a t e r i a l d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e P o l i c e t o w a r d s t h e e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h i s law i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e , a p u b l i c a g i t a t i o n 73 S h e a r e r t o Mr. M a i n e s , 20 May 1901, I b i d . , p. 659. 7 4 S h e a r e r t o J.M. G i b s o n , 15 May 1901, I b i d . , p. 648. 75 S h e a r e r t o W.A. C h a r l t o n , 21 J u n e 1901, I b i d . , p. 697 7 fi OLDA, R e p o r t o f L e g a l Committee, 27 M a r c h 1902, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p . 72, 152 and appeal to the P o l i c e Commissioners w i l l be v i g o r o u s l y i n -7 7 s t i t u t e d . \" One month l a t e r , Shearer r e c r u i t e d a squad of \" c l e r i c a l policemen,\" t r u s t e d m i n i s t e r s who would p a t r o l down-town s t r e e t s a f t e r Sunday School i n the a f t e r n o o n and a f t e r church i n the evening i n search of d r u g g i s t s s e l l i n g soda water or ice-cream, c o n f e c t i o n e r s s e l l i n g c a n d i e s , or tobac-7 g c o n i s t s s e l l i n g c i g a r s . H i s observers were merely to \"take a walk along where such p l a c e s of business are, see whether they are open and what i s going on w i t h i n . \" I f t h e r e were good reason to b e l i e v e t h a t business of an i l l e g a l k i n d was o c c u r r i n g , they were to r e p o r t the matter to I n s p e c t o r A r c h i -7 9 b a l d f o r a c t i o n . The clergymen were not to be d i r e c t l y i n -v o l v e d themselves; r a t h e r , t h e i r a c t i o n s were to s t i r the p o l i c e to do t h e i r duty and p r o v i d e them wi t h necessary e v i -8 0 dence. To the p o l i c e , Shearer wrote: . . . we w i l l always be found as ready to commend the f a i t h f u l n e s s as to condemn seeming n e g l i g e n c e on the p a r t of the P o l i c e f o r c e . . . . We propose s t a n d i n g by the P o l i c e b e f o r e the p u b l i c and i n x the p r e s s and e l s e w h e r e — m e e t i n g u n f a i r c r i t i c i s m as f a r as i t i s p o s s i b l e f o r us to do so, though 77 Shearer to I n s p e c t o r A r c h i b a l d , 18 June 1901, LB 1899-1902, pp. 673-5. 7 8 S e e Saturday N i g h t , 12 May 1897. 79 Shearer to Rev. H.S. Magee, 4 J u l y 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 725; see a l s o , Toronto Lord's Day A l l i a n c e , Minutes of Exe-c u t i v e Committee, 29 A p r i l 1901, OLDA, MB 1901-1909, p. 23; Shearer to W. F i s h e r , 6 J u l y 1901, LB 1899-1902, I b i d . , p. 742. 8 0 I b i d . ; see a l s o Shearer t o I n s p e c t o r Vaughan, 6 J u l y 1901, I b i d . , p. 734. 153 we s h a l l do i t as p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s and o f t e n u n d e r assumed name. We b e l i e v e t h i s i s due t h e P o l i c e f o r c e . (81) S h e a r e r h oped t h a t h i s p a t r o l i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h e f -f e c t i v e p o l i c e a c t i o n w o u l d q u i c k l y stamp o u t most e v i l s i n T o r o n t o . I n t h e r e s t o f t h e p r o v i n c e , t h e b r a n c h e s were t h e k e y t o a s u c c e s s f u l e n f o r c e m e n t programme. They were t o s u p -p l y S h e a r e r w i t h p r e c i s e i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e n a t u r e o f t h e m a n u f a c t u r i n g p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d , t h e number o f men em-p l o y e d , t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f work done, and t h e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f workmen i n v o l v e d , as w e l l as a c a r e f u l s t a t e m e n t o f 8 2 t h e r e a s o n s u s e d by t h e company t o j u s t i f y Sunday l a b o u r . S h e a r e r p a s s e d t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n on t o O'Meara who t h e n a d v i s e d t h e b r a n c h w h e t h e r o r n o t t o p r o c e e d . S i n c e S h e a r e r t h o u g h t t h a t b r a n c h e s m i g h t be \"a l i t t l e r e c k l e s s a b o u t r u s h i n g i n t o l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s \" w h i c h c o u l d i n v o l v e t h e A l l i a n c e \" i n v e r y l a r g e c o s t s , \" t h e b r a n c h e s assumed a l l l e g a l e x p e n s e s s u c h as t h e s e c u r i n g o f w i t n e s s e s , t h e s e r v i n g o f s u b p o e n a s , and t h e 8 3 l i k e , t o g e t h e r w i t h O'Meara's t r a v e l l i n g e x p e n s e s . I f O'Meara a d v i s e d a b r a n c h n o t t o p r o c e e d and i t d i d s o , i t a l s o had t o pay f o r h i s l e g a l s e r v i c e s . C o n v e r s e l y , i f a g i v e n b r a n c h 8 1 S h e a r e r t o H.J. G r a s s e t t , 6 J u l y 1901, I b i d . , p. 728; s e e a l s o S h e a r e r t o Rev. H.S. Magee, 4 J u l y 1901, I b i d . , p. 726: The P o l i c e \"need. . .and a r e e n t i t l e d t o , t h e a s s i s t -a n c e o f p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s . \" 82 O'Meara t o Rev. R. W e i r , 20 J a n u a r y 1899, LB 1899-1900, p. 14. 8 3 S h e a r e r t o Mr. M c D o n a l d , 28 September 1900, LB 18 99-1902, p. 322. 154 was\" u n w i l l i n g to proceed, Shearer and O'Meara c o u l d do l i t t l e . In a l l cases, Shearer advised branches to employ moral s u a s i o n t a c t i c s i n t h e i r f i r s t e f f o r t , f o r \"to proceed a t once to e n f o r c e the law would unquestionably arouse a s t r o n g anta-gonism.\" Instead, \" k i n d l y conference should be had with the o f f e n d i n g p a r t i e s , \" as w e l l as reasoning \" i n a f r i e n d l y and 84 C h r i s t i a n s p i r i t . Such f r i e n d l y g e s t u r e s might i n c l u d e , as i t d i d i n Glencoe i n 1901, the sending of a telegram t o a c i r -cus which planned t o e r e c t i t s t e n t on a Sunday. In t h i s i n -stance, Shearer a d v i s e d h i s branch o f f i c e r to couch the t e l e -gram \" i n g e n e r a l terms perhaps something l i k e the f o l l o w i n g : 'No Sabbath-breaking p e r m i t t e d w i t h impunity i n Glencoe — 8 5 accept t i m e l y warning. 1\" I f t h i s approach proved unsuccess-f u l , the next step was to urge m i n i s t e r s to c h a s t i s e the o f -fenders p u b l i c l y from t h e i r p u l p i t s , as Shearer b e l i e v e d t h a t \"many people have regard f o r t h e i r r e p u t a t i o n s , t h a t have none 8 6 f o r c h a r a c t e r or con s c i e n c e . \" Only as a l a s t r e s o r t might O'Meara and Shearer a d v i s e recourse to the c o u r t s . They f e l t t h a t the \" u n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n of the law,\" owing to the c o n t i n -8 7 uing l i t i g a t i o n , made i t unwise to enter the c o u r t s . Having 84 Shearer to Rev. J.S. Woodsworth, 28 September 1901, I b i d . , pp. 847-8. 85 Shearer to Dr. J.Y. Mc L a c h l i n , 14 May 1901, I b i d . , p. 627. 86 Shearer to Dr. Waddell, 1 November 1901, I b i d . , p. 883, 8 7 Shearer to D.J. McKinnon, 11 December 1900, I b i d . , p. 494. 155 f o u n d t h a t many m a g i s t r a t e s were \" n o t i n sympathy w i t h L o r d ' s Day P r e s e r v a t i o n \" and were \" c o n s i d e r a b l y i n f l u e n c e d i n g i v i n g t h e judgement by t h e i r own v i e w s and p r e j u d i c e s , \" S h e a r e r a d -v i s e d b r a n c h o f f i c e r s \" n o t t o make t h e a t t e m p t \" u n l e s s t h e y 88 were \" p r e t t y s u r e t o s u c c e e d . \" S h e a r e r hoped an e f f e c t i v e p r e s s campaign w o u l d com-p l e m e n t t h e membership and e n f o r c e m e n t programmes and a i d i n mak i n g t h e A l l i a n c e p o p u l a r . W i t h t h e h e l p o f O'Meara and a P r e s s Committee, S h e a r e r c o n t a c t e d p r o m i n e n t w r i t e r s o f t h e T o r o n t o d a i l i e s , e d i t o r s o f C a n a d i a n and A m e r i c a n r e l i g i o u s n e w s p a p e r s , and S e c r e t a r i e s o f t h e A m e r i c a n N a t i o n a l S a b b a t h A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e B r i t i s h L o r d ' s Day O b s e r v a n c e S o c i e t y , as w e l l as t h e London Workingmen's L o r d ' s Day R e s t A s s o c i a t i o n t o o b t a i n a p p r o p r i a t e a r t i c l e s f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s e c u l a r 8 9 p r e s s . The A l l i a n c e a l s o hoped t h a t p u b l i s h i n g h o u s e s f u r -n i s h i n g \" r e a d y - p r i n t \" m a t e r i a l t o ne w s p a p e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o v i n c e w o u l d i n c l u d e A l l i a n c e m a t e r i a l g r a t i s i n t h e i r s h i p -S h e a r e r t o Mrs. G. A c h e s o n , 7 A u g u s t 1900, I b i d . , p. 259; a l s o T o r o n t o G l o b e , 10 November 1900; a l s o OLDA, Re-p o r t o f L e g a l C ommittee, 5 A p r i l 1900, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p. 12. 8 9 OLDA, M i n u t e s o f S u b - E x e c u t i v e Committee, 9 November 1900, OLDA, MB 1897-1905, p. 79; OLDA, R e p o r t o f P r e s s Campaign Committee, 7 December 1899, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p. 4; S h e a r e r t o E d i t o r , The Ram's Hor n, 9 F e b r u a r y 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 411; a l s o S h e a r e r t o Rev. M.D. K n e e l a n d , 10 F e b r u a r y 1900, I b i d . , p. 413; O'Meara t o Rev. F. Peak e , 3 J a n u a r y 1900, I b i d . , p. 369; O'Meara t o Rev. J.B. D a v i s o n , I b i d . , p. 371; O'Meara t o C. H i l l , I b i d . , p. 372; O'Meara t o Rev. W.F. C r a f t s , I b i d . , p. 374. 156 90 . . merits. When o r g a n i z i n g b r a n c h e s , S h e a r e r e x h o r t e d m i n i s t e r s t o i n v i t e e d i t o r s t o a t t e n d h i s a f t e r n o o n m e e t i n g s . Once f o r m e d , he u r g e d b r a n c h e s t o i n t e r v i e w e d i t o r s t o s e e k t h e i r c o o p e r a t i o n . On t h e a d v i c e o f s e v e r a l e d i t o r s , S h e a r e r s e n t a l l A l l i a n c e m a t e r i a l t o t h e b r a n c h s e c r e t a r y t o d e l i v e r p e r -s o n a l l y t o e d i t o r s i n t h e hope t h a t i t w o u l d t h e n r e c e i v e more 91 a t t e n t i o n t h a n were i t s e n t f r o m T o r o n t o . I t was t h e b r a n c h s e c r e t a r y ' s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o p r o v i d e n e w s p a p e r s w i t h i t e m s o r a r t i c l e s \" a f f e c t i n g t h e l o c a l o b s e r v a n c e o f t h e S a b b a t h w i t h 92 t h e v i e w o f i m p r o v i n g l o c a l o p i n i o n . \" I n p l a c e s where no b r a n c h e x i s t e d , S h e a r e r s e n t m a t e r i a l t o t h e e d i t o r h o p i n g t h a t , were he f a v o u r a b l y d i s p o s e d , he m i g h t h i m s e l f t a k e t h e 93 i n i t i a t i v e i n o r g a n i z i n g a b r a n c h . To t h o s e e d i t o r s \"who s i g n i f i e d t h e i r w i l l i n g n e s s t o p r i n t i t e m s , \" S h e a r e r a l s o s e n t h i s n e w l y d e v e l o p e d A l l i a n c e n e w s l e t t e r , \"News and N o t e s From 94 t h e F i e l d . \" P r i m a r i l y a b r i e f s t a t e m e n t o f p r o v i n c i a l execu-t i v e d e c i s i o n s and t h e f i n a n c i a l s t a t e m e n t p r i n t e d a f t e r B o a r d 90 OLDA, M i n u t e s o f E x e c u t i v e Committee, 6 December 1900, OLDA, MB 1899-1904, p. 34. 9 1 S h e a r e r t o J . C . H a m i l t o n , 3 J u l y 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 157. 92 S h e a r e r t o D r . C F . M c G i l l i v r a y , 14 J a n u a r y 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 521; OLDA, R e p o r t o f P r e s s Campaign Committee, 5 September 1901, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p. 52. 93 OLDA, M i n u t e s o f S u b - E x e c u t i v e Committee, 9 November 19 OLDA, MB 1897-1905, p. 79. 9 4 S h e a r e r t o D. Ward, 2 May 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 800, OLDA, R e p o r t o f P r e s s Campaign Committee, 28 J u n e 1900, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p. 17. 157 m e e t i n g s , t h e l e a f l e t was i n t e n d e d f o r o f f i c e r s and c o n t r i b u -95 t o r s o f t h e A l l i a n c e \"more t h a n f o r g e n e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . \" S h e a r e r a l s o u s e d t h e p r e s s t o r e s p o n d t o h o s t i l e c r i -t i c i s m . To one b r a n c h p r e s i d e n t , he s u g g e s t e d : t h a t a l e t t e r o r s e r i e s o f l e t t e r s be w r i t t e n by some o f y o u r own men, e i t h e r o v e r t h e i r own names o r o v e r nom de p l u m e s , making known t o t h e p u b l i c t h e v a r i o u s f a c t s r e g a r d i n g l o c a l d e s e c r a t i o n o f t h e L o r d ' s Day, s u c h as by t h e H o t e l men, t o b a c c o n -i s t s , d r u g g i s t s , c y c l i s t s ' r e f r e s h m e n t b o o t h s . . . and m a k i n g a s t r o n g p r o n o u n c e m e n t i n d i c a t i n g t r o u b l e i f t h e s e t h i n g s a r e c o n t i n u e d o r r e p e a t e d . . . . (96) He u r g e d h i s London b r a n c h p r e s i d e n t t o promote a l e t t e r cam-p a i g n i n t h e p r e s s t o p r o t e s t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e Sunday 97 c a r . A l t h o u g h he d i s m i s s e d h o s t i l e l e t t e r s - t o - t h e - e d i t o r a s \" n o t w o r t h y o f much a t t e n t i o n , \" he d i d u r g e b r a n c h p r e s i d e n t s t o r e p l y t o them and t o l o b b y e d i t o r s t o o b t a i n t h e i r r e f u s a l 9 8 t o p u b l i s h s u c h \" v i l l a i n o u s \" c o r r e s p o n d e n c e . \" O c c a s i o n a l l y he w o u l d s u g g e s t w r i t e - i n c a mpaigns t o e d i t o r s o f p a p e r s w h i c h ^ S h e a r e r t o N.W. H o y l e s , 6 A p r i l 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 713. 96 S h e a r e r t o J . Penman, 19 M a r c h 1900, I b i d . , pp. 618-9. 97 S h e a r e r t o W.E. S a u n d e r s , 30 A u g u s t 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 753; a l s o S h e a r e r t o M r s . M. T h o r n l e y , 30 A u g u s t 1901, I b i d . , p. 755: \" I c a n r e a d i l y s e e t h a t i f many p e o p l e were w r i t i n g t o t h e 'News' i n f a v o r o f t h e Sunday c a r t h a t a g r e a t many weak-kneed p e o p l e i n t h e C i t y w o u l d g e t t h e i d e a t h a t p u b l i c o p i n i o n was i n f a v o r o f t h e c a r s and t h e y t h e m s e l v e s w o u l d be more i n c l i n e d t o d i s m o u n t f r o m t h e i r p e r c h on t h e f e n c e , t o t h a t s i d e . Now t h e t r o u b l e w i t h v e r y many o f o u r f r i e n d s i s t h a t t h e y do n o t t h i n k i t w o r t h w h i l e t o e x p r e s s t h e i r v i e w s when an o p p o r t u n i t y o f t h i s k i n d i s a f f o r d e d . \" 9 8 S h e a r e r t o A. M c K i l l o p , 21 December 1900, I b i d . , pp. 504-5. 158 were most c e n s o r i o u s o f t h e A l l i a n c e . T h u s , f o r example, when a c o r r e s p o n d e n t i n t h e O t t a w a J o u r n a l c r i t i c i z e d A l l i a n c e c o -o p e r a t i o n w i t h l a b o u r a s h y p o c r i t i c a l , S h e a r e r s u g g e s t e d t o h i s O t t a w a b r a n c h p r e s i d e n t , R e v e r e n d D.M. Ramsay: Do y o u n o t t h i n k t h a t somebody, p o s s i b l y u n d e r an assumed name, s h o u l d answer Mr. P a t t e r s o n ? I h a v e no d o u b t t h a t l a r g e numbers o f r e a d e r s a r e n o t aware t h a t he i s a man o f no i n f l u e n c e , i n d e e d i s r e p u d i a t e d by them. Would i t n o t be w e l l t o b r i n g t h e s e p o i n t s o u t i n t h e c o l u m n s o f t h e J o u r n a l i t s e l f s o t h a t t h o s e who h a v e r e a d h i s r e m a r k s may h a v e t h e i r m i n ds d i s a b u s e d . I t h i n k i t i s a m i s -t a k e t o a l l o w s u c h l e t t e r s as h i s t o go u n n o t i c e d t h o u g h I t h i n k i t w o u l d be w e l l t o r e p l y u n d e r an assumed name. . . (99) R e s p o n d i n g t o F l a n e u r ' s c o n t i n u i n g a t t a c k s , S h e a r e r p u b l i c l y -- and u s i n g h i s own name -- e n g a g e d t h e c o l u m n i s t i n d e b a t e . 1 0 D e s p i t e t h e c o n f i d e n c e and t h e t e n a c i t y o f t h e A l l i -a n c e ' s e f f o r t s , n e i t h e r t h e m embership n o r t h e e n f o r c e m e n t programmes e n j o y e d s u c c e s s . A l t h o u g h i t c l a i m e d 10,000 members i n 1903, membership c l a i m s were g r o s s l y i n f l a t e d as t h e names o f members r e m a i n e d on t h e r o l l s l o n g a f t e r t h e y had c e a s e d t o c o n t r i b u t e a n n u a l f e e s . A s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n e x i s t e d i n t a l l y -i n g t h e number o f b r a n c h e s -- a l t h o u g h i n 1903 t h e A l l i a n c e c l a i m e d an i n c r e a s e i n b r a n c h e s f r o m 202 t o 237, t h e number o f \" d e f a u l t i n g b r a n c h e s \" t h a t c o n t r i b u t e d n o t h i n g t o A l l i a n c e 99 S h e a r e r t o Rev. D.M. Ramsay, 28 M a r c h 1901, I b i d . , p. 594. 1 0 0 T o r o n t o M a i l and E m p i r e , 15 November 1900; I b i d . , 1 December 1900; I b i d . , 8 December 1900, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900, f u n d s r o s e f r o m f o r t y - f o u r t o s i x t y . F o r a l l any one knew, s u c h b r a n c h e s h a d d i s a p p e a r e d e n t i r e l y . Many towns f a i l e d t o r e s p o n d t o S h e a r e r ' s a p p e a l s t o o r g a n i z e b r a n c h e s . Few o f t h e p o r t towns a l o n g L a k e s O n t a r i o and Huron m a i n t a i n e d a c t i v e b r a n c h e s . P o r t D o v e r , f o r example, a c t i v e i n p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h e Sunday r u n n i n g o f a f e r r y i n 1897, became t o t a l l y i n a c t i v e , w h i l e r e s i d e n t s i n P o r t Hope e x p r e s s e d \"an u t t e r l a c k o f e n t h u s i a s m t o pay l a w y e r s ' f e e s i n 10 2 T o r o n t o . \" M e a n w h i l e , i n b o r d e r c i t i e s s u c h as W i n d s o r where \" t h e b a r b e r , t o b a c c o and f r u i t s t o r e s were o p e n , and t h e D e t r o i t Sunday p a p e r s . . . s o l d o p e n l y , e v e n l o u d l y a n n o u n c e d on t h e s t r e e t s , \" few s u p p o r t e d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f an A l l i a n c e 103 b r a n c h . The l a c k o f v o l u n t e e r s f o r e x e c u t i v e p o s i t i o n s o f t e n made i t i m p o s s i b l e t o e l e c t a p r e s i d e n t o r t o a r r a n g e 104 m e e t i n g s a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . S h e a r e r and Moore a l s o f o u n d t h a t t h e method o f \" e l e c t i n g \" community l e a d e r s t o e x e c u t i v e p o s i t i o n s and i n f o r m i n g them a f t e r w a r d s o f t e n a r o u s e d 1 0 1 S e e T a b l e 1. T o t a l r e v e n u e s f o r 1903 were $4,578.63. A p p r o x i m a t e l y $1,000 o f t h i s were d o n a t i o n s f r o m a b o u t t e n w e a l t h y A l l i a n c e s u b s c r i b e r s . A more r e a l i s t i c e s t i m a t e o f t h e A l l i a n c e m e m bership w o u l d seem t o be a b o u t 7,000, b a s e d on $0.50 = one member. 1 0 2 S h e a r e r t o T.A. K i r k c o n n e l l , 7 A p r i l 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 737. P o r t D o v e r ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n o f $25 i n 1897 d e -c r e a s e d t o $6.24 i n 1899 and $4.25 i n 1906. 1 0 3 S h e a r e r t o Rev. D.R. Drummond, 7 O c t o b e r 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 860; S h e a r e r t o W.H. H a y e s , 14 November 1900, I b i d . , p. 427. The s i t u a t i o n n e v e r i m p r o v e d ; s e e Moore t o J . Duncan, 9 J u n e 1904, LB 1902-1904, pp. 956-8. 104 S h e a r e r t o Rev. G. M a c A r t h u r , 12 F e b r u a r y 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 425. 160 THE OLDA AND ITS T A B L E DEFAULTING 1 BRANCHES, 1899-1906 1899 1902 1903 1904 1906 No. of Branches Claimed 67 202 237 315 346 Number Contributing 46 158 177 230 233 Number Not Contributing 21 44 60 85 113 Tot a l Branch Receipts ($) 2,270.00 3,646.91 4,578.63 N/A 6,783.00 Tota l Expenditures ($) 2,530.80 3,904.14 5,079.59 6,553.95 6,941.00 SOURCE: OLDA, Annual Reports 1897, 1898, 1899. OLDA, Reports of the F i n a n c i a l Committee, 1899-1906. 161 antagonism and some l e a d e r s so e l e c t e d r e f u s e d t o accept.''' 0 5 Other branches l a p s e d a f t e r m i n i s t e r s who had i n i t i a t e d organ-106 i z a t i o n were t r a n s f e r r e d t o o t h e r p a r i s h e s ; o t h e r men who had helped the A l l i a n c e s e c r e t a r i e s o r g a n i z e found e i t h e r t h a t 107 they had no time o r , i n the absence of g l a r i n g v i o l a t i o n s of 108 the Sabbath or i n the f a c e of p u b l i c apathy, l i t t l e enthusiasm 109 to c ontinue the work. P r o t e s t a n t m i n i s t e r s themselves were Shearer to J.M. G i l l , 12 February 1900, I b i d . , p. 431; Shearer to Rev. A.A. Graham, 31 August 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 27.5; Shearer to W.A. Wilson, 6 March 1902, LB 1 902-1904, p . 3 2 . • - ' • 1 0 6 S h e a r e r t o Rev. A.H. S c o t t , 30 December 1902, I b i d . , p. 195(b). 107 Shearer t o Rev. T.G. Thomas, 3 January 1902, I b i d . , p. 2; Shearer t o Mrs. D. McAlpine, 4 January 1902, I b i d . , p. 15. 1 0 8 S h e a r e r t o R.T. Slemon, 14 November 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 438. 109 T h i s was the case, f o r example, i n the town of Thes-s a l o n , O n t a r i o . James Baxter, branch s e c r e t a r y , wrote Shearer t h a t \"two attempts to get a meeting of the E x e c u t i v e Committee have been a b o r t i v e , t h a t none of the m i n i s t e r s of the town attended. . . \" He a d v i s e d the d i s b a n d i n g of the o r g a n i z a t i o n and the r e t u r n o f membership fees to the few who had p a i d . (LB 1899-1902, p. 881). Shearer's r e p l y t o Baxter was t h a t \" i t would be a v e r y g r e a t mistake to e n t e r t a i n f o r a moment the thought of d i s b a n d i n g on account of l a c k of i n t e r e s t : t o my mind t h i s i s o n l y an a d d i t i o n a l reason f o r p e r s e v e r i n g i n the work, t h a t an i n t e r e s t worthy of the cause should be aroused. I am a g r e a t b e l i e v e r i n what Dr. P a r k h u r s t of New York on one o c c a s i o n c a l l e d ' S a n c t i f i e d doggedness' or what we Presby-t e r i a n s c a l l 'the f i n a l perseverance o f the s a i n t s ' . . . Be-s i d e s i f t h e r e a r e no l o c a l reasons t o be i n t e r e s t e d i n the p r e -s e r v a t i o n o f the Sabbath, C h r i s t i a n s everywhere should f e e l r e s -p o n s i b l e f o r the support of the g e n e r a l work. . . \" At the same time, Shearer wrote to the branch p r e s i d e n t t h a t \" i f Dr. Baxter i s so e a s i l y d i s c o u r a g e d i t might be w e l l t o have him drop out of the S e c r e t a r y s h i p . . . \". 162 o f t e n l e s s t h a n a n x i o u s t o promote t h e A l l i a n c e ' s c a u s e , f e e l -i n g t h a t t h e f i n a n c i a l demands o f t h e A l l i a n c e competed w i t h l o c a l n eeds f o r t h e a v a i l a b l e d o n a t i o n s . x x < ^ As i n e a r l i e r y e a r s , i n d i v i d u a l m i n i s t e r s were t o o c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e i r im-m e d i a t e work t o have an i n t e r e s t i n a l e g i s l a t i v e c a m p a i g n . x x l The p o l i c y o f l o c a l e x p a n s i o n s i m i l a r l y f a i l e d . By t h e end o f h i s t e r m as F i e l d S e c r e t a r y i n 1903, S h e a r e r had ex-h a u s t e d t h e number o f p o t e n t i a l new u r b a n b r a n c h e s . T. A l b e r t Moore's f i r s t t a s k as t h e new O n t a r i o s e c r e t a r y was t o a t t e m p t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e f r o n t i e r a r e a s i n New O n t a r i o . Moore r e a s o n e d t h a t s i n c e p i o n e e r l i f e seemed \" t o s u g g e s t t o some p e r s o n s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f b r e a k i n g t h e law w i t h i m p u n i t y , \" i t was i m p e r a t i v e t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e \"be on t h e g r o u n d e a r l y b e f o r e any l a x p r a c t i c e s [became] e s t a b l i s h e d customs among o u r c i t i -z e n s i n New O n t a r i o , \" p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h t h e i n v a s i o n o f \"so many f o r e i g n e r s f r o m S a b b a t h l e s s c o u n t r i e s and S a b b a t h l e s s 112 homes, w i t h t h e i r g r e e d f o r g o l d and p a s s i o n f o r p l e a s u r e . \" M o o re's s e l f - a p p o i n t e d d u t y was t o i n s t r u c t r u r a l c i t i z e n s t h a t , 1 1 0 M o o r e t o G.H. M i l n e , 16 J u n e 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 372, l x l M o o r e t o J.A. G i f f i n , 7 November 1904, LB 1904-1905, p. 501: \". . . T o have m i n i s t e r s t h r o w i n t h e w a s t e b a s k e t s u c h i m p o r t a n t documents as t h e p e t i t i o n s r e Sunday l e g i s l a t i o n , i s e v e n w o r s e , f o r i f t h e m i n i s t r y o f t h e c h u r c h e s o f Canada do n o t s t a n d w i t h us i n o u r work, what c a n we e x p e c t o f t h o s e whom t h e y a r e e x p e c t e d t o l e a d . . . i n a l l t h e e n d e a v o r s t o o b t a i n b e t t e r m o r a l c o n d i t i o n s . \" See a l s o Moore t o D r . F.C. M c G r e g o r , 6 May 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 298. 112 Moore, C i r c u l a r t o n o r t h e r n m i n i s t e r s , 30 J u l y 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 464; Moore t o J . M u n c a s t e r , 7 O c t o b e r 1904, LB 1904-1905, p. 378. 163 although they f e l t that the Lord's Day question had no r e l a t i o n to them, they needed to r e a l i z e that r u r a l areas as well as the c i t i e s were: being honeycombed by the influences that destroy the i n t e g r i t y of the Lord's Day. These things may creep i n almost, i f not quite unawares, and yet are as surely robbing us of the Lord's Day as though they were the wholesale attack of a l l the massed powers of e v i l . (113) Secondly, he hoped to i n s t i l impregnable values into p o t e n t i a l 114 migrants to the a l i e n urban environment. Unaware of or un-acquainted with the dangers that the urban-based A l l i a n c e f e l t so acutely — the Sunday car, newspaper or ice-cream parlour -- r u r a l communities simply did not respond to Moore's appeals. Indifferent to the need to lobby for l e g i s l a t i v e protection of a day they did not perceive as endangered, men either did not reply to Moore's l e t t e r s or used the busy harvest season as an 115 excuse to postpone Moore's v i s i t . Continuous f i n a n c i a l demands caused tensions with branches. Shearer and Moore i n s i s t e d that expenditures — the cost of his tours, o f f i c e overheads, and the preparation and d i s t r i b u t i o n of l i t e r a t u r e — were incurred s o l e l y on behalf of the branches and j u s t i f i e d the demands. Having sent out es-timates of monies required to each branch, the Secretaries 1 1 3Moore to V.J. G i l p i n , 19 May 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 320. 1 1 4Moore to Rev. J.W. Robinson, 17 August 1904, LB 1904-1905, p. 126. p. 572 1 1 5Moore to T.E. Finlay, 12 November 1903, LB 1902-1904, 164 e x e r t e d i n t e n s e p r e s s u r e on them t o r e s p o n d , b o m b a r d i n g them w i t h l e t t e r s a nd t i m i n g t h e i r v i s i t s t o c o i n c i d e w i t h a n n u a l m e e t i n g s t o add f u r t h e r w e i g h t t o t h e f i n a n c i a l a p p e a l . 1 1 6 E v e n a f t e r t h e y r e c e i v e d c o n t r i b u t i o n s , t h e y demanded more and i n v e i g h e d a g a i n s t b r a n c h e s t h a t r e t a i n e d more t h a n t h e y o u g h t 117 f o r l o c a l e x p e n s e s . The b r a n c h e s a n g r i l y r e s p o n d e d t o t h e A l l i a n c e ' s f i n a n c i a l i m p o r t u n i t i e s , f e e l i n g t h a t i t n e g l e c t e d t h e i r l o c a l c o n c e r n s . T hey r e s e n t e d t h e r e q u e s t s f o r more f u n d s 118 when t h e y f e l t t h e y h a d a l r e a d y done q u i t e w e l l . A s t h e j u d i c i a l b a t t l e d r a g g e d on, many b r a n c h e s p r o t e s t e d t h e A l l i -a n c e ' s l a c k o f p r o g r e s s and i n a c t i v i t y , c r i t i c i z i n g t h e money 119 1 2 0 s p e n t on \" h i g h - s a l a r i e d o f f i c e r s \" and \" e x p e n s i v e l a w s u i t s \" i n T o r o n t o . The A l l i a n c e t h e r e f o r e f a i l e d t o become s e l f - f i n a n c i n g / and t h e membership campaign, r a t h e r t h a n e a s i n g , f u r t h e r s t r a i n e d i t s f i n a n c i a l s i t u a t i o n . I n 1903, f o r example, a g a i n o f $931.72 i n new r e v e n u e s d i d n o t c o v e r t h e i n c r e a s e d a d m i n i -116 See, f o r example, Moore t o F.C. Macnee, 5 O c t o b e r 1904, LB 1904-1905, p. 341; Moore t o J . E a d i e , 19 December 1904, I b i d . , p. 641; Moore, c i r c u l a r t o v a r i o u s m i n i s t e r s , 23 M a r c h 1904, LB 1902-1904, p. 715. 1 1 7 S h e a r e r t o R.B. M i l l e r , 1 A u g u s t 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 232. 1 1 8 S h e a r e r t o J . G i b s o n , 25 September 1900, I b i d . , p. 291. 1 1 Q S h e a r e r t o Rev. M.G. Freeman, 5 J a n u a r y 1904, LB 1902-1904, p. 592. 1 2 0 S h e a r e r t o A.E. T r o u t , 28 J u n e 1900, I b i d . , p. 133-5; a l s o Moore t o G.W. L i n g , 18 M a r c h 1904, LB 1902-1904, p. 688; Moore t o Rev. M.G. Freeman, 4 O c t o b e r 1904, LB 1904-1905, p. 312. 165 s t r a t i v e e x p e n s e s , w h i c h r o s e by $1,175. 1 2 1 To meet t h e s e e x-p e n s e s , S h e a r e r a n d l a t e r Moore made an a n n u a l a p p e a l t o w e a l t h y 122 i n d i v i d u a l s i n T o r o n t o , O t t a w a , and Lo n d o n . T h i s method o f f i n a n c i n g p r o v e d u n r e l i a b l e , however, when d o n o r s were u n w i l l -i n g t o s u b s c r i b e as much as r e q u e s t e d . As a r e s u l t , t h e A l l i a n c e ' s f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s assumed \" a l m o s t c o l o s s a l p r o -123 p o r t i o n s . \" The e n f o r c e m e n t programme was e v e n l e s s s u c c e s s f u l t h a n i t s membership programme. A l t h o u g h no one a c t i v e l y d i s p u t e d i t s membership c l a i m s , e n f o r c e m e n t f a i l u r e s were p l a i n f o r e v e r y -one t o s e e . J u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n s t h a t d i d o c c u r were u n f a v o u r - -a b l e t o t h e A l l i a n c e . The O n t a r i o A p p e a l C o u r t ' s 1902 d e c i s i o n i n t e r p r e t e d t h e e x e m p t i n g p h r a s e \"work o f n e c e s s i t y \" i n a much b r o a d e r c o n t e x t t h a n d i d t h e A l l i a n c e . By c o n c l u d i n g t h a t t h e p h r a s e d i d n o t a p p l y o n l y t o t h o s e i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s \" w i t h -o u t w h i c h t h e p a r t i c u l a r m a n u f a c t u r e , t r a d e o r c a l l i n g c a n n o t s u c c e s s f u l l y be c a r r i e d o n d u r i n g t h e r e m a i n i n g s i x d a y s o f 121 OLDA, R e p o r t o f F i n a n c i a l Committee, 1902; I b i d . , 1903 1 2 2 S h e a r e r t o M r s . W.E.H. Massey, 26 May 1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 81; S h e a r e r t o C. Massey, 10 F e b r u a r y 1903, I b i d . , p. 204; S h e a r e r t o J.N. S h e n s t o n e , 10 F e b r u a r y 1903, I b i d . , p. 181; S h e a r e r t o T i m o t h y E a t o n , J o h n Penman, J o h n M c G i l l , J . J . M a e l a r e n , R o b e r t K i l g o u r , Thomas West, Rev. E . H a r r i s , ( T o r o n t o ) ; . M r s . M. E l l i o t t , ( L o n d o n ) ; E.H. B r o n s o n , A. F r a s e r , J o h n C h a r l t o n , G e o r g e Hay, M r s . H.S. H o w e l l , F.C. K e e f e r , ( O t t a w a ) ; H. R o b i n s o n , (Hawkesbury); E l i a s R o g e r s ( T o r o n t o ) , 17 M a r c h 1903, I b i d . , p. 223; S h e a r e r t o Hon. E . B r o n s o n , 18 O c t o b e r 1904, LB 1904-1905, p . 392. 123 Moore t o Rev. W.C. H e n d e r s o n , 2 September 1904, LB 1904-1905. 166 the week,\" Chief Justice Armour l e f t industries to t h e i r own 124 interpretations of what might constitute a work of necessity. The A l l i a n c e ' s only recourse was prosecution of employees; an 125 action i t was loath to adopt. Moreover, because Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n was sub judice, the A l l i a n c e was unable to publish l i t e r a t u r e s e t t i n g out i t s p o l i c i e s and methods for d i s t r i b u t i o n among the branches. I t was r e s t r i c t e d to publish-ing i n i t s newsletter b r i e f items dealing with p a r t i c u l a r en-forcement matters calculated, i t hoped, \"to remove misconcep-126 tions\" regarding the A l l i a n c e ' s \"true p o l i c y and methods.\" Industrial operations such as the P e t r o l i a o i l wells ignored A l l i a n c e appeals and government instructions to stop 127 Sunday operations. In other cases the government refused to take action, and the A l l i a n c e made no progress i n prosecu-ting mining operations such as the Copper C l i f f and Bruce 128 Mines companies. Test cases involving e x i s t i n g l e g i s l a t i o n usually resulted i n adverse decisions, either on the grounds that the work was i n f a c t necessary, as were the decisions i n 124O.W.R. 312; 54 C.C.C. 344. 1 2 5 S e e Moore to Rev. G.C. L i t t l e , 25 November 1904, LB 1904-1905, p. 575. 1 2 6OLDA, Minutes of Legal Committee, 30 May 1902, OLDA, CR 1899-1903. 1 2 7Advocate (November 1905). 1 2 8Moore to J.M. Gibson, 15 February 1904, LB 1902-1904, p. 652. 167 t h e c a s e s a g a i n s t t h e A m e r i c a n C e r e a l Company o f P e t e r b o r o and a g a i n s t t h e O n t a r i o S u g a r Company i n B e r l i n ; o r on t h e e j u s d e m g e n e r i s p r i n c i p l e , t h a t i s , t h a t the. men p r o s e c u t e d , b e i n g t r a d e f o r e m e n , e n g i n e e r s , and so f o r t h , were n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y 129 m e n t i o n e d i n S e c t i o n 1 o f t h e A c t . R e s p o n d i n g t o p u b l i c demand, s t r e e t r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s c o n t i n u e d t o d e f y t h e 1897 l e g i s l a t i o n . I n S c a r b o r o , S a u l t S t e . M a r i e , and K i n g s t o n , c o m p a n i e s s t a r t e d Sunday s e r v i c e and t h e A l l i a n c e , f e a r i n g an a d v e r s e d e c i s i o n b a s e d on t h e e j u s d e m 130 g e n e r i s p r i n c i p l e , d i d n o t t a k e a c t i o n . I n P o r t A r t h u r t h e company a r r a n g e d a p l e b i s c i t e on t h e i s s u e and won a c o n v i n c i n g 131 m a j o r i t y . The c o u r t s s u p p o r t e d t h e s t r e e t r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s , d i s m i s s i n g a c a s e a g a i n s t t h e K i n g s t o n , P o r t s m o u t h , and C a t a -r a q u i R a i l w a y Company on t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e company was n o t o n l y a u t h o r i z e d t o o f f e r d a i l y s e r v i c e , \" b u t i n d u t y bound t o o p e r a t e d a i l y . \" The w o r d i n g o f i t s c h a r t e r was \" i m p e r a t i v e , t h e c a r s s h a l l r u n d a i l y . \" I f t h e c a r s d i d n o t r u n on Sunday, t h e c o u r t c o n c l u d e d , t h e company l e f t i t s e l f \"open t o have a n 132 a p p l i c a t i o n made t o c a n c e l i t s c h a r t e r f o r n o t r u n n i n g . \" O'Meara t o Rev. C E . S c o t t , 6 September 1899, LB 1899-1900, p. 257; O'Meara t o Rev. J . L o c k e , 31 J a n u a r y 1900, I b i d . , p. 400; Moore t o Rev. J.A. W i l s o n , 6 J a n u a r y 1904, LB 1902-1904, p. 590. 1 3 0 S h e a r e r t o J.M. G i b s o n , 10 J u n e 1902, I b i d ; , p. 105. 1 3 1 A d v o c a t e ( O c t o b e r 1904). 132 I b i d . ; a l s o OLDA, M i n u t e s o f L e g a l Committee, 8 Novem-b e r 1904, OLDA, MB L e g a l Committee, 1903-1912. See Company C h a r t e r , 56 V i c t . (1893), c.91, s . 1 6 ( c ) . 168 Steamship companies proved equally adept at circumvent-ing the law. By making no special e f f o r t such as o f f e r i n g cheaper fares to promote Sunday t r i p s as excursions, steamship operators could claim to be \"but l i n k s i n a l i n e of t r a v e l , \" merely conveying t r a v e l l e r s and unfortunately unable to \"pre-133 vent people coming on the i r boats who may be excursionists.\" The onus lay on the A l l i a n c e to prove that any p a r t i c u l a r ex-cursion had for i t s only or p r i n c i p a l object amusement or 134 pleasure and t h i s i t found \"exceedingly d i f f i c u l t \" to do. Moreover, as any excursion involving a r e l i g i o u s exercise was also exempt, steamship companies took to i n v i t i n g ministers 135 aboard to preach. A l l the A l l i a n c e could do was to warn 136 against t h i s c a l c u l a t i n g f l a t t e r y . I t received l i t t l e sup-port from the government on the question. Responding to one appeal, the Attorney-General r e p l i e d thatr since Sunday excur-sions had been running for some twenty years, l o c a l sentiment, not the government, should regulate the s i t u a t i o n . If l o c a l sentiment was not strong enough to end excursions, \"he did not 137 f e e l c a l l e d upon to undertake the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . \" 133 OLDA, Report of Legal Committee, 4 September 1901, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p. 56. Ibid. 1 3 5 S h e a r e r to J . Penman, 19 June 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 90; Moore to W.M. Howe, 28 A p r i l 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 270. 1 3 6Moore to W.L.H. Rowand, 16 July 1903, Ibid., p. 438. 1 3 7 S h e a r e r to J.W. Ridgeway, 6 July 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 7 3 6. 169 I n a d d i t i o n t o i t s p r o b l e m s w i t h Sunday l a b o u r and p l e a s u r e t r a v e l , Sunday t r a d i n g c o n t i n u e d , a i d e d by t h e c o u r t s and t h e go v e r n m e n t . The A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l ' s o f f i c e and t h e p o l i c e were w i l l i n g t o t o l e r a t e c o n s i d e r a b l e Sunday l i q u o r s a l e s , a n d t h e A l l i a n c e made meagre p r o g r e s s i n i t s a t t e m p t s t o 13 8 c u r t a i l them. The c o u r t s a l s o p e r m i t t e d a v i g o r o u s Sunday t r a d e i n o t h e r c o m e s t i b l e s d e s p i t e A l l i a n c e p r o t e s t s . I n 1900, T o r o n t o ' s J u d g e M c D o u g a l l r u l e d i n R e g i n a v . A l b e r t i t h a t a l i c e n s e d r e s t a u r a n t owner was \" w i t h i n h i s l e g a l r i g h t s i n s e l -139 l i n g i c e - c r e a m . \" When London's P o l i c e M a g i s t r a t e a s s e r t e d t h e l e g a l i t y o f S a b b a t h i c e - c r e a m and s o d a w a t e r s a l e s i n r e s t a u r a n t s , many i c e - c r e a m p a r l o u r owners i n t h e c i t y a p p l i e d 140 f o r r e s t a u r a n t l i c e n s e s . A l t h o u g h a t f i r s t t h e c o u r t s s u p -p o r t e d t h e A l l i a n c e ' s p r o t e s t s t h a t s a l e s by shops t h a t had o b t a i n e d l i c e n s e s \" s o l e l y i n o r d e r t o s e l l i c e - c r e a m on Sunday\" 141 were i l l e g a l , s i n c e t h e y were n o t bona f i d e r e s t a u r a n t s , g r a d u a l l y t h e y t u r n e d a g a i n s t t h e A l l i a n c e . I n 19 05 an O t t a w a 138 A d v o c a t e (December 1903) 3 C.C.C. 356. S h e a r e r t o M r s . A. J o h n s o n , 2 J u l y 1900, LB 1899-1902, p . 155; s e e a l s o Moore's d e s c r i p t i o n i n 1904: \"A r e s t a u r a n t k e e p e r who s u p p l i e s m e a l s i n t h e o r d i n a r y week d a y s c o u l d s u p p l y a me a l on Sunday i f t h a t m e a l c o n s i s t s e n t i r e -l y o f i c e - c r e a m . [ M c D o u g a l l ] d e c l i n e d t o make a d i s t i n c t i o n between what m i g h t be c a l l e d i n p o p u l a r l a n g u a g e a 'good s q u a r e m e a l ' a n d a c u s t o m e r g e n t l y t o u c h i n g h i s a e s t h e t i c p a l a t e by f r o z e n c r eam d i l u t e d w i t h some t a s t y e x t r a c t . \" Moore t o Rev. N. L i n d s a y , 24 J u n e 1904, LB 1904-1905, p. 3. 140 S h e a r e r t o Rev. J . C . T i b b , 4 J u n e 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 992. 141 R e g i n a v . S a b i n e (1900), 3 C.C.C. 356. 170 c o u r t q u a s h e d a c o n v i c t i o n on t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e law u n d e r 142 w h i c h t h e c h a r g e had been l a i d was o b s o l e t e -The A m e r i c a n Sunday newspaper c o n t i n u e d t o c r o s s t h e b o r d e r and s e l l b r i s k l y i n r a i l w a y s t a t i o n s and on t r a i n s . A l t h o u g h t h e A l l i a n c e wanted t o a r r e s t t h e a g e n t s o r d e l i v e r y b o y s , n e w s a g e n t s s u c h a s t h o s e i n Chatham overcame t h e l a w by h a v i n g t h e p a p e r s s e n t t o t h e c i t y ' s I n s u r a n c e A g e n t who t h e n 143 had s c h o o l b o y s d e l i v e r them. The A l l i a n c e was a l s o u n a b l e t o c h a r g e t h e T o r o n t o Sunday W o r l d ' s p u b l i s h e r , B i l l y M a c l e a n , 144 f o r h i s p a p e r was p r i n t e d w h o l l y b e f o r e t h e L o r d ' s Day b e g a n . The p u r s u i t o f Sunday p l e a s u r e c o n t i n u e d u n a b a t e d when p o l i c e g e n e r a l l y r e f u s e d t o p r o s e c u t e s e e m i n g l y i n o f f e n s i v e 145 a c t i v i t i e s a s b a t h i n g o r f i s h i n g . The T o r o n t o p o l i c e \" s a n c -t i o n e d t h e n o n - e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h e L o r d ' s Day A c t i n H i g h P a r k and a t t h e I s l a n d , \" t h e c i t y ' s most p o p u l a r r e c r e a t i o n a l 142 A d v o c a t e ( J u l y 1905). The A l l i a n c e r e s p o n s e was p r e -d i c t a b l e : \"What a t r a v e s t y o f J u s t i c e ! B e c a u s e a law was p a s s e d b e f o r e C o n f e d e r a t i o n , and has n e v e r b een r e p e a l e d , t h e r e -f o r e i t i s o b s o l e t e ! ! B e c a u s e a man who does n o t p r e t e n d t o do an e a t i n g h o u s e b u s i n e s s h o l d s a r e s t a u r a n t l i c e n s e , he i s a t l i b e r t y t o do h i s o r d i n a r y b u s i n e s s on Sunday!!! Was e v e r t h e a i m o f t h e law d e f e a t e d w i t h l e s s r e a s o n ? S u r e l y t h e P o l i c e M a g i s t r a t e and C o u n t y Crown A t t o r n e y c a n n o t be p a r t i e s t o an e f f o r t t o b r e a k down t h e S a b b a t h . . . \" 1 4 3 M o o r e t o Rev. J . E . F o r d , 12 J a n u a r y 1905, LB 1904-1905, p . 758; a l s o S h e a r e r t o T. G r o v e s , 7 M a r c h 1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 44. 1 4 4 Moore t o Rev. D.W. S n i d e r , 12 September 1903, I b i d . , p. 527. 1 4 5 M o o r e t o W.H. M a i n e s , 19 A u g u s t 1903, I b i d . , pp. 395-6. The A l l i a n c e c o n t i n u e d t o o f f e r i t s s u p p o r t . See Moore t o T. G r o v e s , 7 M a r c h 1902, I b i d . , p. 44; Moore t o C h i e f o f P o l i c e , N i a g a r a F a l l s , 16 J u l y 1903, I b i d . , p. 442; Moore t o A. M u r r a y , 171 146 areas. Appeals over the P o l i c e C h i e f ' s head were to l i t t l e 147 a v a i l ; a l t h o u g h the Board of Commissioners was prepared t o apply the l i q u o r laws, i t d i d not see i t s way to p r o h i b i t r e -freshment s a l e s a l t o g e t h e r on Sundays as d e s i r e d by the A l l i -148 ance. By 1905, t h e r e f o r e , the f r u s t r a t e d A l l i a n c e was con-v i n c e d t h a t \" i t would be an immeasurable g a i n to the cause of Temperance and moral reform g e n e r a l l y i f , throughout the Domin-i o n , the m u n i c i p a l p o l i c e system were r e p l a c e d by a p r o v i n c i a l or n a t i o n a l f o r c e , \" modelled on the example of the Northwest Mounted P o l i c e . They, so the A l l i a n c e b e l i e v e d , were f e a r l e s s -149 l y e n f o r c i n g Sunday laws i n the Northwest T e r r i t o r i e s . Of the t h r e e phases o f h i s campaign, Shearer enjoyed g r e a t e s t success w i t h the p r e s s . By 1901, he claimed t h a t 90 perc e n t o f the newspapers i n the 140 communities w i t h branches had \" d e c l a r e d themselves w i l l i n g to forward the ends of the 28 J u l y 1903, I b i d . , p. 452. The O n t a r i o government r e f u s e d to a p point \" s t r o n g , i n t e l l i g e n t , r e l i a b l e p r o v i n c i a l C o n s t a b l e s , a t l e a s t two i n number, one l o c a t e d i n P o r t A r t h u r o r F o r t W i l l i a m , the o t h e r a t Sudbury, or the Soo, whose s e r v i c e s would be a v a i l a b l e a t any p o i n t i n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e d i s t r i c t s . \" Shearer to J . J . Foy, 5 J u l y 1905, LB 1905-1906, p. 28. 146 OLDA, Minutes of Sub-Executive Committee, 3 0 September 1902, OLDA, MB 1899-1904, p. 63. 147 Shearer t o Board o f Commissioners of P o l i c e o f the C i t y of Toronto, 16 A p r i l 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 247. 1 AQ Shearer t o C o l o n e l G r a s s e t t , 29 A p r i l 1903, I b i d . , p. 272. The A l l i a n c e c o n t i n u e d to demand.enforcement. See Moore to Chairman and Members, of the Board of Commissioners of P o l i c e , 27 June 1903, I b i d . , p. 397. 149 Advocate (February 1905). 172 150 A l l i a n c e . \" W i t h t h i s d e g r e e o f s u c c e s s , S h e a r e r c o n t i n u e d w i t h t h e a p p r o a c h a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d . T he r e l i g i o u s p r e s s r e g u l a r l y m e n t i o n e d t h e b a t t l e a nd t h e W i l s o n Ready P r i n t Com-pany d i s t r i b u t e d A l l i a n c e m a t e r i a l t o a l l p r o v i n c i a l news-151 p a p e r s . On t h e t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f \"News and N o t e s \" i n t o t h e L o r d ' s Day A d v o c a t e i n 1903, t h e A l l i a n c e began t o s e n d i t s house o r g a n t o a l l l o c a l p a p e r s t h u s a d d i n g t o t h e m a t e r i a l s e n t t h r o u g h b r a n c h s e c r e t a r i e s . F i n a l l y , S h e a r e r d e v e l o p e d an u n s o p h i s t i c a t e d method o f m o n i t o r i n g p r e s s c o v e r a g e t h r o u g h -o u t t h e p r o v i n c e by h a v i n g b r a n c h e s s e n d i n c o p i e s o f r e l e v a n t a r t i c l e s : i n r e s p o n s e t o h o s t i l e a r t i c l e s and l e t t e r s , he c o n t i n u e d t o u r g e members t o bombard e d i t o r s w i t h p r o - A l l i a n c e 1 4 - 4 - 1-52 l e t t e r s . A l t h o u g h u n p r e p a r e d t o s u p p o r t o n l y a r e l i g i o u s o b s e r -v a n c e o f t h e d a y , most p r o v i n c i a l p a p e r s came t o s u p p o r t t h e p r i n c i p l e o f a w e e k l y d a y o f r e s t c o n t a i n e d i n S a b b a t h o b s e r -153 v a n c e l e g i s l a t i o n . E a r l i e r A l l i a n c e c r i t i c s s u c h a s t h e S h e a r e r t o E d i t o r , S t r a t f o r d H e r a l d , 19 J u n e 1901, LB 1899-1902, p . 682. 1 5 •'\"OLDA, R e p o r t o f P r e s s Campaign Committee, 26 December 1901, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p. 68; I b i d . , 27 M a r c h 1902, p. 73. 152 . . OLDA, R e p o r t o f O r g a n i z a t i o n and E d u c a t i o n C o m m i t t e e , 1 September 1904, OLDA, R e p o r t s o f O r g a n i z a t i o n and E d u c a t i o n C ommittee, 1903-1912; Moore t o J.A. C r i c h t o n , 18 A u g u s t 1904, LB 1904-1905, p. 132. 1 5 3 S e e P a u l R u t h e r f o r d , \"The New N a t i o n a l i t y , 1864-1897: A S t u d y o f t h e N a t i o n a l A i m s and I d e a s o f E n g l i s h Canada i n t h e L a t e N i n e t e e n t h C e n t u r y \" (Ph.D. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r -o n t o , 1973), p . 60. 173 154 O t t a w a J o u r n a l f i n a l l y came t o s u p p o r t i t . I n T o r o n t o t h e e s t a b l i s h e d p a p e r s and t h e more p o p u l a r d a i l i e s b o t h r a l l i e d t o t h e c a u s e ; t o g e t h e r , t h e y p o s s e s s e d a p o t e n t i a l i n f l u e n c e w i t h 115,000 r e a d e r s . M o r e o v e r , e i t h e r by \" p r i v a t e u n d e r s t a n d -i n g s \" w i t h e d i t o r s , as A.M.C. Waterman a l l e g e s , o r by some o t h e r 155 methods, v o c i f e r o u s c r i t i c s o f t h e A l l i a n c e became s i l e n t . A f t e r t e n y e a r s o f u n s t i n t i n g c r i t i c i s m , \" F l a n e u r \" w r o t e h i s l a s t s a l l y a g a i n s t t h e \"Sad Sunday S o c i e t y \" on A u g u s t 10, 1904; E.E . S h e p p a r d o f S a t u r d a y N i g h t d e l i v e r e d h i s f i n a l b l a s t on November 19, 1904. W i t h t h e r e t i r e m e n t o f t h e s e two o p p o n e n t s f r o m t h e b a t t l e f i e l d , S h e a r e r and h i s c l o s e s t c o l l e a g u e s were, d e s p i t e t h e d i s a p p o i n t m e n t s o f t h e membership ..drive and t h e f a i l u r e s o f t h e e n f o r c e m e n t programme, \" s u p r e m e l y c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e i r c a u s e was t h e wave o f t h e f u t u r e . \" 1 5 6 A d v o c a t e (March 1904); I b i d . ( A p r i l 1906). 155 A.M.C, Waterman, \"The L o r d ^ s Day i n a S e c u l a r S o c i e t y , A H i s t o r i c a l Comment on t h e C a n a d i a n L o r d ' s Day A c t o f 1906,\" C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l o f T h e o l o g y XI (1965), p. 114. The o n l y r e -f e r e n c e t o \" F l a n e u r \" i n t h e A l l i a n c e p a p e r s i s i n t h e A u g u s t , September 1905 i s s u e o f t h e A d v o c a t e ; \"The M a i l and E m p i r e i s one o f t h e b e s t j o u r n a l i s t i c f r i e n d s t h e L.D.A. has . . . B u t i t h as t r o u b l e o c c a s i o n a l l y i n k e e p i n g some members o f i t s s t a f f i n l i n e . The k i c k e r u s e d t o be F l a n e u r , b u t f o r l o n g . h e has b een k e p t s i l e n t . \" I f S h e a r e r d i d make an a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h t h e e d i t o r , i t must have been i n p r i v a t e c o n v e r s a t i o n . 1 5 6 W a t e r m a n , \"The L o r d ' s Day,\" p. 114. 174 Chapter V I : N a t i o n a l Righteousness Aroused: The Organization of the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada, 1898-1903. In 1898, the Ontario A l l i a n c e assumed r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the formation of a n a t i o n a l lobby. In January of t h a t year, the Supreme Court of Nova S c o t i a declared t h a t province's l e g i s l a t i o n u l t r a v i r e s . For t h e i r p a r t , the Ontario courts had not yet decided i f Ontario's 1897 l e g i s l a t i o n was c o n s t i -t u t i o n a l . But the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t the courts might d e c l a r e p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n i n v a l i d spurred the Ontario A l l i a n c e to consider the n e c e s s i t y of lobbying f o r f e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n , at l e a s t i n matters d i r e c t l y under f e d e r a l c o n t r o l such as ca-n a l s , r a i l w a y s , and the Post O f f i c e . No other a s s o c i a t i o n was as strong as the Ontario A l l i a n c e . The Lord's Day A l l i a n c e was moribund. By 1898, John Ch a r l t o n had abandoned h i s f i g h t f o r f e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n , a a n d the r a i s o n d 1 e t r e of the LDAC diasppear-ed. The Lord's Day A l l i a n c e d i d not respond t o the Ontario A l l i a n c e ' s p l e a f o r help i n the f i g h t against the Sunday car i n Ottawa nor to i t s request to suggest a plan \"by which the l e a d e r s h i p of the Dominion Committee, the co-operation of other p r o v i n c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . . . could be secured, so as to b r i n g the strongest and widest p o s s i b l e i n f l u e n c e t o bear upon the Dominion Government and P a r l i a m e n t . \" 1 Although Sabbath obser-vance a s s o c i a t i o n s e x i s t e d i n Montreal, H a l i f a x , Winnipeg, and A.E. O'Meara to Rev. W.D. Armstrong, 2 6 January 189 9, LB 1899-1900, p. 21. 175 V i c t o r i a , o n l y the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e had the a g g r e s s i v e nature 2 and the impetus to expand beyond p r o v i n c i a l b o r ders. In promoting the o r g a n i z a t i o n of a n a t i o n a l lobby, the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e d i s p l a y e d the growing s o p h i s t i c a t i o n w i t h which i t p e r c e i v e d i t s f u n c t i o n as a p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t group. From i t s experience i n O n t a r i o , i t had r e a l i z e d the need to r e l a t e i t s concern f o r a s p e c i f i c i s s u e , the Sunday c a r , to a broader 3 but l e s s c l e a r l y d e f i n e d cause. The O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e was a l -ready seeking to t r a n s f o r m i t s e l f i n t o an \" i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d \" i n t e r e s t group: having a c q u i r e d \"a heightened understanding of 4 p u b l i c p o l i c y p r o c e s s e s , \" i t had r e c o g n i z e d t h a t Sabbatarianism c o u l d not become s o l e l y i d e n t i f i e d . w i t h one backbench Member of P a r l i a m e n t . Sabbath observance must become a n o n - p a r t i s a n i s s u e , and the A l l i a n c e must approach the r e a l c e n t r e s of power, Cabinet members, p r o v i n c i a l or f e d e r a l , and o t h e r p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s , r e g a r d l e s s of t h e i r p o l i t i c a l p e r s u a s i o n . 5 In doing so, the A l l i a n c e would emphasize the s e c u l a r s o c i a l p r i n c i p l e of Sabbatarian l e g i s l a t i o n , the guarantee of a weekly r e s t day, 2 O'Meara to J . Scanlon, 11 September 1899, I b i d . , p. 271: \". . . S o f a r as I know the Manitoba A l l i a n c e i s the o n l y a c t u a l l y o r g a n i z e d p r o v i n c i a l A l l i a n c e b e s i d e s the O n t a r i o A l l i -ance.\" The OLDA was unaware of the e x i s t e n c e of the Quebec a s s o c i a t i o n u n t i l J u l y 1899; see O'Meara to J . Scanlon, 10 J u l y 1899, I b i d . , p. 226. 3 Paul Pross, ed., Pressure Group Behaviour i n Canadian P o l i t i c s (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1975), p. 59. 4 I b i d . , p. 12. 5 I b i d . , p. 60; OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1897,\" i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. 176 c l e a r l y s e p a r a t i n g i t f r o m t h e m o r a l p r i n c i p l e o f r e l i g i o u s o b s e r v a n c e . L e g i s l a t u r e s , t h e A l l i a n c e had r e a l i z e d , s o u g h t S a b b a t h p r e s e r v a t i o n , n o t S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e . \" I t was n o t t h e p r o v i n c e o f t h e S t a t e t o l e g i s l a t e on t h e p a r t i c u l a r methods 7 o f k e e p i n g t h e S a b b a t h . \" Y e t , t h o u g h t h e S t a t e w o u l d n o t s e e k t o a d v a n c e e c c l e s i a s t i c a l o r r e l i g i o u s i n t e r e s t s , \" i t s h o u l d l e g i s l a t e i n f a v o u r o f r e s t . . . a n d have t h e l a w s r e f e r r i n g t o t h i s e n f o r c e d . E v e r y man s h o u l d have s e c u r e d t o him t h e p r i v i l e g e o f w o r s h i p and o t h e r r e l i g i o u s e x e r c i s e s . \" The A l l i -a n c e ' s g o a l t h e r e f o r e a s a p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t g r o u p w o u l d be \" t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e day so t h a t a l l c l a s s e s may be f r e e t o t e a c h and p r a c t i c e i t s [ s i c ] o b s e r v a n c e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d i c -t a t e s o f c o n s c i e n c e . \" C h u r c h e s , s c h o o l s , and homes w o u l d t h e n assume t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y \" t o t e a c h and i n c u l c a t e p r o p e r S a b b a t h p r a c t i c e s and t o i m p r e s s t h e s a c r e d n e s s o f t h e S a b b a t h on t h e 9 y o u t h and t h e community a t l a r g e . \" I n t h e s p r i n g o f 1899, t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e r e c e i v e d an i n v i t a t i o n . t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a c o n f e r e n c e s p o n s o r e d by t h e C h r i s t i a n E n d e a v o u r S o c i e t y . The C o n f e r e n c e , p l a n n e d f o r O c t o -b e r , was t o d i s c u s s a b r o a d r a n g e o f q u e s t i o n s f a c i n g t h e P r o -t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s , among them S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e . The A l l i a n c e , 6 0 ' M e a r a t o H.S. C a m p b e l l , 13 F e b r u a r y 1899, LB 1899-1900, p. 53. 7LDAC, M i n u t e s o f C o n v e n t i o n , 25 J u n e 1901, LDAC, MB 1888-1901. 8 T o r o n t o G l o b e , 7 O c t o b e r 1899, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. g y I b i d . ' 177 unaware of the LDAC 1s l e t h a r g i c c o n d i t i o n , took t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y to i n i t i a t e formal c o n t a c t w i t h the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e execu-t i v e . Q u i c k l y i r r i t a t e d by the l a t t e r ' s l a c k - o f \" a g g r e s s i v e s p i r i t . . . and enthusiasm\" and i t s f e a r o f \"attempting to do anything too d e f i n i t e , \" the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e d e l i b e r a t e l y sought to c o n t r o l p l a n s f o r the October conference.\"'\" 0 I t s del e g a t e s were to approve of \"no form of Dominion o r g a n i z a t i o n . . . which would i n any way i n t e r f e r e w i t h the complete auton-omy of any p r o v i n c i a l a l l i a n c e . \" \" ' ' 1 The October meeting t h e r e -f o r e r e s u l t e d i n an agreement to e s t a b l i s h p r o v i n c i a l A l l i a n c e s \" s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f O n t a r i o \" ; t h a t i s , they would not be branches of the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e but would be independent 12 p r o v i n c i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s with t h e i r own network o f branches. The meeting a l s o agreed to appoint as General S e c r e t a r y of the n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e a man of \" i n s p i r a t i o n a l i n i t i a t i v e s and 13 a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a b i l i t y i n marked degree.\" The p r e s s u r e s on the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e — i t s exhausted f i n a n c i a l s t a t e and l a c k of membership — p r e c l u d e d f u r t h e r development of these plans u n t i l 1900. By t h a t time, the ener-g e t i c e f f o r t s of John Shearer as F i e l d S e c r e t a r y of the O n t a r i o 1 0O'Meara to Rev. J.G. Shearer, 19 June 1899, LB 1899-1900, p. 214. 1 1OLDA, Minutes o f E x e c u t i v e Committee, 8\"September 1899, OLDA, MB'1897-1905, p. 73. 1 2 T o r o n t o Globe, 5 October 1899 i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. I b i d . 178 A l l i a n c e had d o u b l e d i t s membership and c l e a r e d i t s o u t s t a n d -i n g d e b t . S i n c e t h e O n t a r i o C o u r t o f A p p e a l had s t i l l n o t handed down i t s d e c i s i o n a b o u t t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y o f O n t a r i o ' s 1897 A c t , S h e a r e r t u r n e d t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a new L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada as t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e w r i t l a r g e . I n J a n u a r y 1900, S h e a r e r became G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y t o t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e a s w e l l a s F i e l d S e c r e t a r y o f t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e . I n l a t e 1900 and e a r l y 1901 he t r a v e l l e d f i r s t t o t h e M a r i t i m e p r o v i n c e s and Quebec and t h e n t o M a n i t o b a and B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a t o t a l k w i t h f r i e n d s . o f S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e i n t h e s e p r o v i n c e s a n d , i f p o s s i b l e , e s t a b l i s h p r o v i n c i a l a s s o c i a t i o n s . S h e a r e r ' s p l a n s . f o r o r g a n i z a t i o n f o l l o w e d p a t t e r n s t h a t he f e l t h ad b e e n s u c c e s s f u l i n O n t a r i o : he made c o n t a c t e i t h e r w i t h a member o f an e x i s t i n g S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e a s s o c i a -t i o n o r w i t h a P r e s b y t e r i a n m i n i s t e r whom he knew f r o m G e n e r a l 14 A s s e m b l y m e e t i n g s . He c o n c e n t r a t e d on u r b a n c e n t r e s and p a i d g r e a t e r a t t e n t i o n t o m e e t i n g s w i t h i n f l u e n t i a l t o w n s p e o p l e t h a n t o t h e mass p u b l i c m e e t i n g i n t h e e v e n i n g . He a l s o p r o -moted new a v e n u e s s u g g e s t e d by h i s e x p e r i e n c e i n O n t a r i o , p a r -15 t i c u l a r l y t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f A n g l i c a n s and Roman C a t h o l i c s . O n l y i n Quebec d i d he s u g g e s t r e s t r i c t i n g t h e e f f o r t t o t h e 14 S h e a r e r , c i r c u l a r t o Nova S c o t i a m i n i s t e r s , A p r i l 1900, LB 1899-1902; a l s o S h e a r e r , c i r c u l a r t o w e s t e r n m i n i s t e r s , 29 September 1900, LB 1899-1900, p . 335. ( I d e n t i f i c a t i o n was done t h r o u g h t h e C a n a d i a n Almanac.) 15 S h e a r e r , c i r c u l a r t o Nova S c o t i a m i n i s t e r s , 3 J u l y 1900, LB 1899-1902, p . 171. 179 16 \"main P r o t e s t a n t c e n t r e s . \" At t h i s time Shearer a l s o made e f f o r t s to extend the s o c i a l base of the membership to i n c l u d e workingmen i n the r a i l w a y and manufacturing c e n t r e s , and he asked D.J. O'Donoghue, F a i r Wages O f f i c e r i n the L a u r i e r govern-ment, to supply him wit h labour c o n t a c t s i n the western pro-17 v i n c e s . The r e s u l t s o f Shearer's t o u r s were p e r s o n a l l y most g r a t i f y i n g , e s p e c i a l l y i n the West. 0 'Donoghue ' s-v a s s i s t a n c e f a c i l i t a t e d c o n t a c t w i t h labour groups i n g e n e r a l and i n par-t i c u l a r with Ralph Smith, a former Methodist m i n i s t e r , l e a d e r of the Nanaimo M i n e r s 1 Union, P r e s i d e n t of the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, and L i b e r a l Member of Parl i a m e n t i n the L a u r i e r government. Shearer found the labour groups w i l l i n g to extend \"hearty c o - o p e r a t i o n \" to h i s cause and, a f t e r h i s r e t u r n to Toronto,he e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y f o r e c a s t t h a t Canada's 18 \"moral r e g e n e r a t i o n \" would come from the west. As an added f i l l i p , i n Quebec where he had expected to f i n d \"a degree of i n d i f f e r e n c e , the r e s u l t of hopelessness,\" Shearer had found such \"unexpected l i f e on the q u e s t i o n \" t h a t he made immediate 19 plans to r e v i s i t the p r o v i n c e . 1 6 S h e a r e r to Rev. A. F a l c o n e r , A p r i l 1900, LB 1899-1902. 17 Shearer, c i r c u l a r t o New Brunswick m i n i s t e r s , 24 Aug-u s t 1900, I b i d . , p. 272; Shearer to D.J. O'Donoghue, 11 Novem-ber 1900, I b i d . , p. 492. ^ H a m i l t o n S p e c t a t o r , 4 May 1900, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900; Shearer to Rev. G. MacArthur, 20 May 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 548. 19 Shearer to Rev. R. Murray, 28 September 1900, I b i d . , p. 324. 180 The formal r e - o r g a n i z a t i o n of the L o r d 1 s Day A l l i a n c e of Canada took p l a c e a t a meeting on the 25th of June, 1901. S t r u c t u r a l l y , the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e was to be a \" f e d e r a t i n g 20 E x e c u t i v e of v a r i o u s P r o v i n c i a l and T e r r i t o r i a l A l l i a n c e s . As such, the n a t i o n a l A l l i a n c e would not \"be of a popular c h a r a c t e r \" ; t h a t i s , i t would not have a membership independent of the p r o v i n c i a l a s s o c i a t i o n s . I t s E x e c u t i v e would c o n s i s t of the P r e s i d e n t s of the p r o v i n c i a l groups i n a d d i t i o n to an Honorary P r e s i d e n t and the General S e c r e t a r y . The General S e c r e t a r y would be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o v e r s e e i n g the o r g a n i z a t i o n and running o f p r o v i n c i a l a l l i a n c e s , p r o v i d i n g a d v i c e on the re c r u i t m e n t o f l e a d e r s h i p and membership, and s u p p l y i n g l e g a l a d v i c e on enforcement of e x i s t i n g laws. The A l l i a n c e would meet i n convention once every three y e a r s , although the core of the E x e c u t i v e would meet once a yea r . The c h i e f r e s p o n s i -b i l i t y of the n a t i o n a l o f f i c e would be to disseminate informa-t i o n about the Sabbath q u e s t i o n i n Canada, to suggest methods of combatting d e s e c r a t i o n , and to r e p o r t the g e n e r a l s t a t e of the p o l i t i c a l b a t t l e . Since the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e a l r e a d y had a body of campaign l i t e r a t u r e , the o r g a n i z e r s o f the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e decided to adapt t h i s m a t e r i a l f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n 21 throughout the country. 20 Shearer to Rev. D.R. Drummond, 29 A p r i l 1901, I b i d . , p. 578. 21 See Shearer to Rev. E.S. Rowe, 25 September 1900, I b i d . , p. 286; Shearer to Rev. R. Murray, 28 September 1900, I b i d . , p. 324; Shearer to Rev. G. S t e e l e , 13 November 1900, I b i d . , p. 442. 181 The A l l i a n c e ' s s t r e n g t h was to l i e i n the p r o v i n c i a l a s s o c i a t i o n s . T h e i r d u t i e s i n c l u d e d the r e c r u i t m e n t of a prom-i n e n t l e a d e r s h i p , both l a y and c l e r i c a l ; the es t a b l i s h m e n t of l e g a l , o r g a n i z a t i o n a l , and pr e s s committees; and the r a i s i n g of money to pay f o r the S e c r e t a r y ' s s a l a r y , h i s t r a v e l expenses, the c o s t s of d i s t r i b u t i n g l i t e r a t u r e , as w e l l as any o f f i c e overhead. The f i r s t A l l i a n c e budget was s e t a t $4,000. The O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e pledged over h a l f of t h i s amount, but i t ex-pressed a d e t e r m i n a t i o n to ma i n t a i n an independent s t r e n g t h by r e s e r v i n g h a l f i t s monies f o r the h i r i n g o f a P r o v i n c i a l Secre-2 2 t a r y . The s t r u c t u r e of the n a t i o n a l a l l i a n c e r e f l e c t e d the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e ' s optimism about the outcome of the pending j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n . The O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e assumed t h a t , once the c o u r t s confirmed the v a l i d i t y of p r o v i n c i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , the p r o v i n c i a l a s s o c i a t i o n s would lobby t h e i r governments f o r as much p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n as p o s s i b l e . Strong p r o v i n c i a l l o b b i e s would complement each o t h e r ' s e f f o r t s . S ince the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e as a u n i t would on l y lobby the f e d e r a l government f o r l e g i s l a t i o n a f t e r the bulk had passed, p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a -t u r e s , the A l l i a n c e d i d not e s t a b l i s h a n a t i o n a l o f f i c e but was housed i n the Toronto o f f i c e s of the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e . The A l l i a n c e ' s o b j e c t i v e was to \"secure to every man OLDA, Minutes o f - E x e c u t i v e Committee, '5 September 1901, OLDA, MB 1897-1905. 182 23 and woman the b e n e f i t s o f the Day of Rest.\" I t pledged i t -s e l f to inform \"the p u b l i c mind concerning the danger by which the Lord's Day i s threatened\" and to arouse \"the p u b l i c con-s c i e n c e to a sense of the paramount importance of . . .[Sabbath] p r e s e r v a t i o n i n the i n t e r e s t s a l i k e of the domestic, the indu s -24 t r i a l , the n a t i o n a l , and the r e l i g i o u s l i f e of the people.\" The A l l i a n c e i d e n t i f i e d the enemies of the weekly r e s t day as coming from two groups, both\"to be found w i t h i n the P r o t e s t a n t churches: \"those who had the greed f o r g a i n and those who had 25 the d e s i r e f o r p l e a s u r e . \" In the f i r s t i n s t a n c e , the A l l i -ance co n c e n t r a t e d on the motives of the i n d i v i d u a l who, as a member o f a business c o r p o r a t i o n , consented to \" r e c e i v e the p r o f i t s of t h i s i n d e f e n s i b l e i n v a s i o n of the sacred hours of 2 6 the Sabbath.\" But r a t h e r than d i r e c t l y c e n s u r i n g the i n d i -v i d u a l businessman, more l i k e l y than not a r e s p e c t a b l e member of the church, the A l l i a n c e blamed changes i n Canada's economic c o n d i t i o n f o r these p r a c t i c e s . The switch from i n d i v i d u a l manufacturing a c t i v i t y to \"organized companies, c o r p o r a t i o n s , combines and t r u s t s \" had produced a s i t u a t i o n i n which \"the c o n v i c t i o n s of the i n d i v i d u a l are overcome by the a n x i e t y of the combined body to secure the best d i v i d e n d s p o s s i b l e on the 2 3LDAC, Minutes of Convention, 25 June 1901, LDAC, MB 1888-1901. 24 LDAC, \" C o n s t i t u t i o n , 1901.\" 2 5 T o r o n t o Globe, 28 October 1899. I b i d . 183 c a p i t a l i n v e s t e d . \" In a company, men d i d what they would not do themselves. Such circumstances placed \" c a p i t a l i s t s and managers i n great temptations to encroach upon the Sabbath day, w h i l e the h e l p l e s s a r t i s a n s must coerce t h e i r consciences 27 i n t o passive and h e l p l e s s acquiescence.\" In a t t a c k i n g the \" l u s t f o r pleasure,\" the A l l i a n c e blamed \"the n a t i v e s e l f i s h n e s s of human nature,\" which demanded the opening of the post o f f i c e before and a f t e r church, the Sunday ice-cream p a r l o u r and soda water f o u n t a i n , the butcher, barber, and tobacco shops, the d e n t i s t ' s o f f i c e , and the photo-28 grapher's g a l l e r y . F u r t h e r , the A l l i a n c e d e c r i e d the \"love of outward d i s p l a y \" t h a t l e d people to attend Sunday f u n e r a l s , 29 . . parades, and outdoor r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s . Such v a n i t i e s would e v e n t u a l l y \"reduce a l l l i f e to the dreary dead l i f e of a s o r d i d and s o u l - d e s t r o y i n g commercialism\" which would i n turn r u i n the f e l l o w s h i p of the f a m i l y , negate i t s a u t h o r i t y , and 30 undermine f a m i l y r e l i g i o n and f a m i l y happiness. Deprived of the p r i v i l e g e of proper Sabbath observance, a r t i s a n s would \"lose i n t e r e s t i n r e l i g i o u s matters and s e t t l e down to a de-31 graded s e c u l a r l i f e . \" A few more generations of such a l i f e 2 7 I b i d . , 7 October 1899, 2 8 Shearer, \"The Sabbath of the Dawning Century i n Canada,\" C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 6 February 1901, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900; Vancouver D a i l y World, 3 March 1901, i n I b i d . 29 C h r i s t i a n Guardian, 6 February 1901. 30 Vancouver D a i l y World, 3 March 1901. 3 1 T o r o n t o Globe, 7 October 1899, i n OLDA, SB 1892-1900. 184 and t h e r e w o u l d be few w i t h s t r o n g enough c o n v i c t i o n s \" t o l i f t up t h e i r v o i c e s on b e h a l f o f t h e s a c r e d r i g h t o f e v e r y t o i l e r t o a day o f r e s t . \" The m a i n e m p h a s i s o f S h e a r e r ' s r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f t h e A l l i a n c e l a y i n m a k i n g i t a f o c u s f o r a l l p a r t i e s c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e w e e k l y day o f r e s t . More s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h i s e n t a i l e d an a l l i a n c e w i t h o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r and t h e T r a d e s and L a b o r Con-g r e s s . S h e a r e r and h i s c l o s e s t c o l l e a g u e s had r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e p o l i t i c a l power o f t h e workingman's v o t e and i n f l u e n c e c o u l d b r i n g them t h e i r v i c t o r y . I t was i m p e r a t i v e t h a t p a i n s \"be t a k e n t o show t h e workingman o f o u r c o u n t r y t h a t w h e t h e r t h e y : be p e r s o n a l l y C h r i s t i a n s o r n o t , t h e y , as workingmen, have a 32 v i t a l i n t e r e s t a t s t a k e i n t h i s s t r u g g l e . \" S p u r r e d by t h e e n t h u s i a s t i c c o o p e r a t i o n o f o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , S h e a r e r d i r e c t e d t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e t o r e v i t a l i z e i t s c o n t a c t s w i t h l a b o u r , f l a g g i n g s i n c e t h e d e f e a t s i n 1899. The L e g i s l a -t i o n Committee o f t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e t h e r e f o r e recommended t h e c o l l e c t i o n and t a b u l a t i o n o f \" f u l l i n f o r m a t i o n a s t o a l l l a b o r b o d i e s and o t h e r s y m p a t h e t i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s \" t h r o u g h o u t 33 t h e p r o v i n c e . The Committee a l s o a d v i s e d e s t a b l i s h i n g c o n -t a c t w i t h t h e T o r o n t o T r a d e s and L a b o r C o u n c i l s t h r o u g h a d d r e s -s e s t o t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y e i g h t y c i t y u n i o n s b e f o r e u n d e r t a k i n g 32 C h r i s t i a n G u a r d i a n , 6 F e b r u a r y 1901; a l s o V a n c o u v e r D a i l y W o r l d , 3 March 1901: \"The l a b o r i n g c l a s s e s must r e a l i z e what t h e day o f r e s t means t o them...\" 33 OLDA, R e p o r t o f L e g i s l a t i v e C ommittee, 7 F e b r u a r y 1901, OLDA, CR 1899-1903. 185 a p r o v i n c e - w i d e e f f o r t . As p a r t o f i t s p r e s s campaign, t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e a l s o p l a n n e d t o p r e p a r e a l e t t e r t o l a b o u r j o u r n a l s \" s e t t i n g f o r t h t h e i n t e r e s t s t h a t l a b o r men h a v e i n t h e 34 p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e Weekly Day o f R e s t . \" I t f u r t h e r recom-mended t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e c o l l e c t c o m p l e t e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m G r e a t B r i t a i n and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e Sunday l a b o u r a s p e c t o f t h e i r L o r d ' s Day l e g i s l a t i o n and t h e a t t i t u d e o f l a b o u r t o w a r d s t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e L o r d ' s Day. T h r o u g h o u t 1901 and 1902, S h e a r e r worked on r e n e w i n g l i n k s w i t h t h e T r a d e s a n d L a b o r C o n g r e s s on t h e same b a s i s as had e x i s t e d i n T o r o n t o a t t h e t i m e o f t h e Sunday c a r a g i t a t i o n . I n r e t u r n f o r l a b o u r ' s s u p p o r t f o r L o r d ' s Day l e g i s l a t i o n , t h e A l l i a n c e p r o m o t e d t h e TLC's campaign f o r t h e S a t u r d a y h a l f -h o l i d a y as a \" v a s t a d v a n t a g e t o t h e community a t l a r g e i n t h e 35 c a u s e o f S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e and i n d u s t r i a l r e f o r m . \" He u r g e d b r a n c h e s t o a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s o f t h e p r e s t i g e o f D.J. O'Donoghue's p o s i t i o n a s F a i r Wages O f f i c e r when p l a n n i n g s p e a k e r s f o r t h e i r 3 6 a n n u a l m e e t i n g s . He a l s o r e - e s t a b l i s h e d c o n t a c t w i t h C h a r l e s H i l l , S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Workingmen's L o r d ' s Day R e s t A s s o c i a t i o n i n L o ndon, E n g l a n d , t o a c q u i r e i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e n a t u r e o f Sab-b a t h l a b o u r and t h e demands made f o r i t by B r i t i s h i n d u s t r i a l 34 OLDA, R e p o r t o f P r e s s Campaign Committee, 25 A p r i l 1901, OLDA, CR 1899-1903. 35 LDAC, M i n u t e s o f C o n v e n t i o n , 25 J u n e 1901. 3 6 S h e a r e r t o Rev. D.M. Ramsay, 13 May 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 622. 1.86 37 concerns. Moreover, he attempted to assess the extent of Sabbath labour on the Canadian r a i l w a y system by sending h i s branch o f f i c e r s q u e s t i o n n a i r e s to be answered by r a i l w a y workers 3 8 i n t h e i r d i s t r i c t s . Besides speaking at v a r i o u s Trades Council meetings throughout the province, he addressed the annual meeting of the Trades and Labor Congress f o r the f i r s t time i n September 1901. In t a l k i n g to such groups, Shearer concentrated on the A l l i a n c e ' s s e c u l a r aim, t r y i n g to make i t a t t r a c t i v e to the workingman. The A l l i a n c e b e l i e v e d , he. promised: t h a t men whould be p r o t e c t e d i n the observance of the day e x a c t l y as they wished to enjoy i t . They d i d not wish to c u r t a i l i n d i v i d u a l enjoy-ment of the Lord's Day, except i n cases where the d e s i r e s of i n d i v i d u a l s could only be met at the expense of a d d i t i o n a l work on the p a r t of other men. (39) The Trades and Labor Congress responded by appointing a commit-40 tee to cooperate w i t h the A l l i a n c e . Other l o c a l Trades and Labor C o u n c i l s , i n p a r t i c u l a r the powerful Toronto C o u n c i l , 41 followed the n a t i o n a l body's example. 3 7 S h e a r e r to C. H i l l , 8 October 1901, I b i d . , p. 866. 3 8 Shearer to Rev. M.L. L e i t c h , 30 May 1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 91. 39 Trades and Labor Congress of Canada, Proceedings, 1901, p. 74. 40 T, I b i d . 41 Shearer to G.M. Macdonnell, 27 September 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 833; Shearer to P.M. Draper, 22 J u l y 1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 137. 187 S h e a r e r a l s o worked t o c o n s o l i d a t e s u p p o r t f r o m t h e o f f i c i a l c h u r c h b o d i e s , t o make t h e A l l i a n c e an \"agency. . . 42 t h r o u g h w h i c h a l l t h e c h u r c h e s c a n a c t i n u n i o n . \" From h i s e x p e r i e n c e i n O n t a r i o , S h e a r e r r e a l i z e d t h a t p r e j u d i c e s a g a i n s t t h e s t r o n g P r e s b y t e r i a n i d e n t i t y o f t h e A l l i a n c e s t i l l e x i s t e d and, as he w r o t e t o one b r a n c h o f f i c e r , \" I f e e l t h a t we a l l .. must s i n k o u r p r e f e r e n c e s r a t h e r t h a n r i s k i n j u r i n g o u r g r e a t 43 c a u s e by g i v i n g any s e e m i n g j u s t i f i c a t i o n t o s u c h a c h a r g e . \" T h e r e f o r e , i n 1901, S h e a r e r made a r r a n g e m e n t s t o v i s i t t h e f i v e M e t h o d i s t C o n f e r e n c e s i n O n t a r i o i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e t h r e e P r e s -b y t e r i a n S y n o d s . He a l s o a p p l i e d t o t h e f o u r A n g l i c a n Synods 44 f o r p e r m i s s i o n t o p r e s e n t t h e A l l i a n c e ' s c a s e . B u t , e i t h e r u n a b l e t o overcome h i s a n t i p a t h y t o t h e C a t h o l i c s o r f e a r i n g r e j e c t i o n , S h e a r e r made no a t t e m p t t o e s t a b l i s h c o n t a c t w i t h t h e C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y b e y o n d e n c o u r a g i n g t h e p r o v i n c i a l a s s o c i a -t i o n s t o c o n t a c t l o c a l Roman C a t h o l i c p r i e s t s . S u c c e s s i n t h e O n t a r i o c o u r t s seemed t o c o n f i r m ; t h e A l l i a n c e ' s 1901 d e c i s i o n t o have s t r o n g p r o v i n c i a l a s s o c i a t i o n s and a weak n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n . I n 1902 t h e O n t a r i o C o u r t o f A p p e a l u p h e l d t h e r i g h t o f t h e O n t a r i o L e g i s l a t u r e t o p a s s t h e 45 18 97 A c t . T h i s meant t h a t two p r o v i n c i a l h i g h c o u r t s , t h e 42 C h r i s t i a n G u a r d i a n , 6 F e b r u a r y 1901. 4 3 S h e a r e r t o Rev. T. W i l s o n , 22 F e b r u a r y 1900, LB 1899-1900, p. 495. 44 OLDA, R e p o r t o f O r g a n i z a t i o n Committee, 25 A p r i l 1901, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p. 50; S h e a r e r t o Rev. D.M. Ramsay, 28 M a r c h 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 594. 188 the Ontario Appeal Court and the New Brunswick Supreme Court, supported the province's r i g h t to pass l e g i s l a t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h Sabbath observance, wh i l e one c o u r t , the Supreme Court of Nova S c o t i a , opposed t h i s r i g h t . D e s i r i n g f i n a l c l a r i f i c a t i o n of the i s s u e , the Ontario Government submitted the Hamilton S t r e e t Railway case to the J u d i c i a l Committee of the P r i v y C o u n c i l i n 1903; meanwhile, A l l i a n c e optimism t h a t the f i n a l outcome would favour p r o v i n c i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n remained high. Shearer there-f o r e continued along l i n e s already e s t a b l i s h e d , annually t r a v e l -l i n g to the var i o u s provinces- and v i s i t i n g as many c i t i e s and la r g e towns as p o s s i b l e . Owing to incessant demands on h i s time, Shearer had few hours to devote to a n a t i o n a l press campaign. He sent copies of the Lord's Day Advocate, the A l l i a n c e n e w s l e t t e r , to every . l o c a l paper i n the Dominion and, i f an a r t i c l e were p a r t i c u l a r l y appropriate to the r e g i o n , would enclose a postcard c a l l i n g 46 a t t e n t i o n to the page and paragraph. 'Ks an added e f f o r t to promote the recruitment of membership, the Executive decided i n 1902 to send the Advocate to each member and not only to church 47 m i n i s t e r s as had been done formerly. Among other t h i n g s , the Advocate was to p r i n t items d e a l i n g \"with p a r t i c u l a r matters 46 Shearer to Ramsay, 28 March 1901. 4 7 S h e a r e r to Rev. G.C. Cook, 10 June.1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 110; Shearer to Rev. J.M. A u l l , 6 January 1902, I b i d . , p. 11: \"This w i l l be a great improvement and ought to r e s u l t i n adding to the i n t e r e s t taken by the members.\" 189 a r i s i n g i n s e c u r i n g o b e d i e n c e t o t h e law . . . c a l c u l a t e d t o remove m i s c o n c e p t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t h e t r u e p o l i c y and methods o f 48 t h e A l l i a n c e i n s e e k i n g t h a t end.\" B e c a u s e o f t h e u n c e r t a i n s t a t e o f t h e law a t t h e t i m e o f A l l i a n c e r e - o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h e C o n v e n t i o n o f 1901 had n o t e s t a b l i s h e d a p o l i c y r e g a r d i n g t h e e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h e law i n t h e p r o v i n c e s , some o f w h i c h had p r e -C o n f e d e r a t i o n s t a t u t e s d e a l i n g w i t h S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e . R a t h e r , t h e A l l i a n c e i n t e n d e d t o f o l l o w t h e model o f t h e O n t a r i o A l l i -a n c e an d e x e r t p r e s s u r e o n o t h e r p r o v i n c i a l A t t o r n e y s - G e n e r a l t o e n f o r c e w h a t e v e r p r o v i n c i a l s t a t u t e s e x i s t e d . I t r e a c h e d no c o n c l u s i o n as t o what works o f n e c e s s i t y m i g h t be c o n s i d e r e d exempt u n d e r t h e b i l l , p r e f e r r i n g t o l e a v e s u c h i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s 49 t o t h e c o u r t s . The A l l i a n c e ' s m a j o r e n f o r c e m e n t e f f o r t f o c u s s e d on t h e i n c r e a s i n g Sunday t r a f f i c on t h e m a j o r r a i l w a y l i n e s between M o n t r e a l , T o r o n t o , and t h e w e s t . I n 1901, S h e a r e r n a i v e l y c o n -c l u d e d t h a t p u b l i c o w n e r s h i p o f t h e M a r i t i m e I n t e r c o l o n i a l r a i l -50 way s y s t e m a c c o u n t e d f o r i t s f e w e r demands f o r Sunday l a b o u r , f a i l i n g t o r e a l i z e t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c p r o s p e r i t y o f t h e wheat boom made a demand upon t h e h e a r t o f Canada's c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s -tem t h a t d i d n o t e x i s t i n t h e M a r i t i m e p r o v i n c e s . He t h e r e f o r e 4 8 O L D A , R e p o r t o f L e g a l Committee, 30 May 1902, OLDA, CR 1899-1903, p. 77. 49 LDAC, M i n u t e s o f C o n v e n t i o n , 25 J u n e 1901. 5 0 S h e a r e r t o D.H. Drummond, 29 A p r i l 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 577. 190 promoted the idea of p u b l i c ownership: * i n a l e t t e r to George Reeve of the Grand Trunk Railway, Shearer suggested t h a t unless the r a i l w a y companies had \"more regard f o r the laws of God and of the Country,\" i t would be \"necessary to i n s t i g a t e a vigorous and determined a g i t a t i o n f o r a new and l a r g e measure of popular c o n t r o l of the Railways.\" The C h r i s t i a n sentiment of the coun-t r y , he i n s i s t e d , was \"growing r e s t i v e to the p o i n t of r e v o l u -51 t i o n . \" In a l e t t e r to a colleague, Shearer r e i t e r a t e d h i s not i o n : \"My own d e l i b e r a t e judgement,\" he wrote to Reverend D.H. Drummond, \" i s t h a t the only remedy i s to a g i t a t e f o r s t a t e 52 ownership and d i r e c t c o n t r o l of the r a i l w a y systems.\" Shearer took no a c t i o n , however, on e i t h e r t h r e a t . When the Ontario high court declared p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n i n -a p p l i c a b l e both to Dominion corporations and t h e i r employees i n 53 1902, Shearer r e t r e a t e d from h i s e a r l i e r r a d i c a l proposals. Robbed of any l e g a l recourse w i t h which to dea l w i t h the r a i l -ways, he r e v e r t e d to the t r a d i t i o n a l technique of a moral sua-s i o n e f f o r t . Organizing a large deputation to the Montreal head o f f i c e s of the ra i l w a y c o r p o r a t i o n s , he appealed to the 54 Trades and Labor Congress of Canada f o r i t s support and urged h i s branch o f f i c e r s i n the l a r g e r urban centres i n c e n t r a l 5 1 S h e a r e r to G. Reeve, 14 January 1901, I b i d . , pp. 524-6. 52 Shearer to D.H. Drummond, 29 A p r i l 1901. 53O.W.R. 312; 54 C.C.C. 344. 5 4 S h e a r e r to R. Smith, 18 A p r i l 1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 73 191 Canada to c o n t a c t i n f l u e n t i a l manufacturing and business men w i t h the request to j o i n the \" r e s p e c t f u l but s t r o n g remonstran-55 ces.\" In a d d i t i o n , Shearer c o n t a c t e d Wilbur C r a f t s of the American N a t i o n a l Sabbath A l l i a n c e to ask i f he would arrange a complementary demonstration i n the S t a t e s . 5 6 In November 1902, a d e p u t a t i o n from the Trades and Labor Congress, the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e , and the v a r i o u s P r o t e s t a n t churches waited upon C h a r l e s Hays, General Manager of the Grand Trunk Railway, to ask him to a b o l i s h unnecessary t r a f f i c and labour on the 57 Lord's Day. Although h i s e f f o r t f a i l e d , Shearer advised those who wrote about the problem to complain c o n t i n u a l l y i n l e t t e r s to Hays. As he wrote to one m i n i s t e r : Every time t h e r e i s anything to complain about, w r i t e a g a i n , and do not h e s i t a t e to appeal to him on the score of such t r a f f i c being a v i o l a t i o n o f the law of God. I have found Mr. Hays and others i n l i k e p o s i t i o n s very amenable to such ap-p e a l s . They do not l i k e to be accused of b r e a k i n g the D i v i n e law. They are more concerned about t h a t than about v i o l a t i o n o f the c i v i l law. (58) In a d d i t i o n to a l l h i s other o b l i g a t i o n s , Shearer assumed r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d i r e c t i n g any p u b l i c c o n t e s t s a g a i n s t 55 LDAC, Minutes of E x e c u t i v e Committee, 27 March 19 02, LDAC,. MB 1901-17, p. 7. 5 6 S h e a r e r to Rev. W. C r a f t s , 21 A p r i l 1902, LB 1902-1904, p. 79. 57 J . C a s t e l l Hopkins, Canadian Annual Review, 1903, p. 551; LDAC, Minutes of E x e c u t i v e Committee, 6 November 1902, LDAC, MB 1901-1917, p. 13. 5 8 S h e a r e r t o Rev. J.K. Godden, 29 August 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 493. Although Hays was a P r e s b y t e r i a n , h i s business c o n v i c t i o n s were s t r o n g e r than h i s r e l i g i o u s , b e l i e f s . 192 the Sunday c a r . In 1902, the i s s u e arose i n Winnipeg, when the p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t u r e amended the c i t y ' s c h a r t e r t o per-59 mit a vote on the q u e s t i o n o f Sunday s e r v i c e . Immediately Shearer wrote t o the Manitoba A l l i a n c e P r e s i d e n t , Reverend Joseph Hogg,urging him to o r g a n i z e a s t r o n g Winnipeg A l l i a n c e branch q u i c k l y and not to w a i t u n t i l the vote was \"suddenly sprung on the community.\" 6^ To marshal the a n t i - c a r f o r c e s , Shearer a d v i s e d Hogg t o seek s t r o n g c o o p e r a t i o n o f o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r : . . . get i n touch w i t h the o r g a n i z e d workingmen and reason w i t h them p o i n t i n g out what t h i s must n e c e s s a r i l y l e a d t o i n o t h e r d i r e c t i o n s i n v o l v i n g Sunday l a b o r on the p a r t o f l a r g e numbers of work-ingmen . . . i f p o s s i b l e , g e t t i n g them to take t h e i r stand i n o p p o s i t i o n t o the c a r s , o r i f t h a t cannot be secured a t l e a s t p r e v e n t i n g them from f a v o r i n g the c a r s . He a l s o requested the l e a d e r s h i p o f the Trades and Labor Con-gress to f u r n i s h him w i t h \" s t r o n g p e r s o n a l testimony showing any e v i l consequences of the Sunday c a r s , e s p e c i a l l y t h a t t h e i r running i s i n g e n e r a l not i n the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f l a b o r . \" 6 1 The support o f o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r allowed the A l l i a n c e t o d e f e a t the Sunday c a r ' s b i d t o run. An a n a l y s i s of the vote i n d i c a t e d t h a t the wage ear n e r s voted a g a i n s t the c a r 6 2 w h i l e b u s i n e s s and the middle c l a s s e s voted f o r i t . The Winnipeg Trades and Labor C o u n c i l , the S t r e e t Railway Employees' 5 9 l - 2 Edw. VII-, (1902), c.7, s.736a. 6 0 S h e a r e r t o J . Hogg, 26 March 1902, LB 1902-1904, pp. 55-7. 6 1 S h e a r e r t o S. Landers, 21 J u l y 1902, I b i d . , p. 135. 6 2 Winnipeg V o i c e , 19 December 1902; PC, APGA, 1903, p. 231 193 Union, and the Labor Party a l l a c t i v e l y opposed the Sunday car. The l a t t e r passed a strong r e s o l u t i o n t h a t Winnipeg workingmen \"should be prepared to walk on Sunday f o r another three years, i f necessary, and on week days as w e l l , r a t h e r than submit to 63 l e g i s l a t i o n i n which l a b o r i s l e f t without c o n s i d e r a t i o n . \" The Trades and Labor Congress endorsed A l l i a n c e demands t h a t only Sunday be recognized as the l e g i t i m a t e day of r e s t . Ralph Smith, f o r example, i n s i s t e d t h a t i t must be Sunday \"or i t i s not a h o l i d a y , \" and Sam Landers, Congress P r e s i d e n t , p u b l i c l y s t a t e d : I do not agree w i t h the argument th a t as long as a man r e s t s one day i n seven t h a t i s s u f f i c i e n t . When a l l r e s t on the same day the e f f e c t of the r e s t and the quietness i s f a r greater than otherwise, and since Sunday i s the recognized day of r e s t i n t h i s as a C h r i s t i a n country, l e t the day of r e s t f o r the working c l a s s e s be on t h a t day. (64) The i n f l u e n t i a l labour newspaper, the Winnipeg Voice, and i t s e d i t o r , A.W. Puttee, supported the f i g h t against the Sunday c a r , encouraging f u r t h e r cooperation between the A l l i a n c e and labour. Puttee himself j o i n e d the Manitoba A l l i a n c e executive and sug-gested that Trades and Labor Councils i n v i t e c l e r g y to address t h e i r meetings \"once a month perhaps\": I t i s c l e a r t h a t where the churches and the working-men u n i t e they can c a r r y the day. There i s probably no question i n which t h i s i s not t r u e . This suggests what has o f t e n been i n the mids of some of us. That Winnipeg Voice, 14 November 1902; I b i d . , 7 November 1902. [ I b i d . , 5 December 1902; I b i d . , 28 November 1902. 194 i t would be worth w h i l e f o r workingmen to t r y more than they o f t e n do to c u l t i v a t e the sym-pathy and c o - o p e r a t i o n o f the churches. (65) In p a r t i c u l a r the V o i c e welcomed A l l i a n c e support of the f i v e -a nd-a-half day work week f o r i t seemed to i n d i c a t e r e c o g n i t i o n \" t h a t f o r those who work . . . some p r o v i s i o n must be made f o r p l a y , and a l s o t h a t a f u l l week with an e x t r a l a t e rush on Saturday makes of Sunday a r e s t day i n the s t r i c t e s t animal ,,6 6 sense.\" By l a t e 1902, i t seemed t h a t most of Shearer's e f f o r t s t o e s t a b l i s h a b r o a d l y based i n t e r e s t group had borne f r u i t . H is e f f o r t s to c o n s o l i d a t e support among the P r o t e s t a n t churches had been s u c c e s s f u l , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h the A n g l i c a n church. In 1901, the Toronto Synod \"appointed a s t r o n g , sympathetic Com-mi t t e e to a c t w i t h the A l l i a n c e . . . a t any time they might 6 7 t h i n k wise.\" The f o l l o w i n g year, the General Synod, d e p l o r -i n g \"the l a x i t y everywhere manifested i n the observance of the Lord's Day as a day o f r e s t and worship,\" approved the a p p o i n t -ment o f a committee to cooperate w i t h the A l l i a n c e . 6 8 At the same time, the P r e s b y t e r i a n General Assembly and the Methodist Conferences passed s t r o n g r e s o l u t i o n s i n support of the A l l i -I b i d . , 13 December 1902. 6 6 I b i d . , 14 November 1902; Rev. T . A l b e r t Moore to Rev. H.W. McTavish, 4 May 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 281. 6 7 S h e a r e r to J.L. Mathews, 18 June 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 679. 6 8 Church of England, General Synod, J o u r n a l of Pro- ceedings , 1902, p. 85. a n c e . \" \" The P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s s u p p o r t e d t h e d i s t i n c t i o n made by t h e A l l i a n c e between t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e w e e k l y r e s t day as an i n t e r e s t g r o u p ' s p o l i t i c a l g o a l and t h e p r o p e r o b s e r v a n c e o f t h e S a b b a t h as t h e c h u r c h e s ' r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . The c h u r c h e s a l s o gave t h e i r w h o l e h e a r t e d s u p p o r t t o c o o p e r a t i o n between r e l i g i o u s and s e c u l a r f o r c e s as t h e y t o o r e c o g n i z e d t h e p o l i t i -c a l i n f l u e n c e o f t h e workingman. \"With t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e r e l i g i o u s and l a b o u r f o r c e s o f o u r c o u n t r y , \" t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h d e c l a r e d , \"we may c o n f i d e n t l y a n t i c i p a t e u l t i m a t e and c o m p l e t e s u c c e s s a s f a r as t h e L e g i s l a t i v e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e w e e k l y r e s t day i s c o n c e r n e d . \" The c h u r c h e s , P r e s b y t e r i a n s c o n c l u d e d , s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e \"watch and welcome e v e r y p o i n t o f c o n t a c t w i t h t h i s e l e m e n t o f t h e n a t i o n , and 70 s h o u l d e r t o s h o u l d e r , h e l p t o g u a r d t h i s h o l i d a y . \" S t r u c t u r a l l y , t h e A l l i a n c e seemed s t r o n g . I n 1901 t h e A l l i a n c e had c l a i m e d 5,000 members i n O n t a r i o and 3,000 i n t h e o t h e r p r o v i n c e s ; by 1903, i t b o a s t e d a t o t a l o f 20,000 members 71 and 375 b r a n c h e s . I n a d d i t i o n , p r o v i n c i a l a s s o c i a t i o n s had r e c r u i t e d an i m p r e s s i v e l e a d e r s h i p t o t h e i r e x e c u t i v e s . R e p r e -s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h h i e r a r c h i e s ; Members o f W \" P C , APGA, 1901-1903; M e t h o d i s t C h u r c h , J o u r n a l o f P r o -c e e d i n g s , 1902, p. 197. 7 0 P C , APGA, 1902, p . 271. 7 1 S h e a r e r t o Rev. D.E. M a r t i n , 20 A p r i l 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 249. See A p p e n d i c e s I I I and IV. P a r l i a m e n t and o f t h e S e n a t e , b o t h C o n s e r v a t i v e and L i b e r a l , l o c a l p o l i t i c i a n s , u n i v . e r s i t y p r o f e s s o r s , i n d u s t r i a l i s t s , mer-c h a n t s , l a w y e r s , and e d i t o r s — a p p r o x i m a t e l y 256 C h r i s t i a n a c t i v i s t s i n t o t a l — had a g r e e d t o l e n d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e i r 72 names t o t h e A l l i a n c e c a u s e . As a r e s u l t o f l o b b y i n g , more-o v e r , t h e A t t o r n e y s - G e n e r a l o f O n t a r i o , M a n i t o b a , and Nova S c o t i a a g r e e d o f f i c i a l l y t o u n d e r t a k e t h e e x p e n s e o f f u r n i s h i n g c o u n s e l i n any p r o s e c u t i o n n e c e s s a r y t o e n f o r c e t h e law, w h i l e t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r o f P o l i c e f o r t h e N o r t h w e s t T e r r i t o r i e s i n -73 s t r u c t e d h i s p o l i c e f o r c e t o impose t h e law. A l t h o u g h t h e p r e s s f o r t h e most p a r t i g n o r e d t h e A l l i a n c e , r e p o r t s t h a t d i d a p p e a r on t h e c o o p e r a t i o n between l a b o u r and t h e A l l i a n c e were g e n e r a l l y f a v o u r a b l e . 7 4 D e s p i t e i t s i m p r e s s i v e show o f s t r e n g t h , t h e r e were i n -d i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e was d a n g e r o u s l y c o m p r o m i s i n g i t s e l f . As a p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t g r o u p , i t had c o m m i t t e d i t s e l f t o a c h i e v i n g t h e s o c i a l r e f o r m o f a g u a r a n t e e d w e e k l y r e s t day w i t h o u t i n s i s t i n g t h a t t h e p r o p e r r e l i g i o u s o b s e r v a n c e o f t h i s day r e c e i v e e q u a l l e g i s l a t i v e s a n c t i o n . To a t t a i n t h i s end t h e A l l i a n c e had f o r g e d a l i n k w i t h o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r , and r e p r e s e n t a -t i v e s o f t h e T r a d e s and L a b o r C o n g r e s s s a t on A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e 72 See A p p e n d i x I I . 7 3 P C , APGA, 1903, p . 230. 74 See, f o r example, H a m i l t o n M o r n i n g P o s t , 1 May 1901: \" A c t i o n on t h e p a r t o f t h e d i f f e r e n t C e n t r a l N a t i o n a l and I n t e r -n a t i o n a l L a b o r b o d i e s a g a i n s t t h e d e s e c r a t i o n o f t h e L o r d ' s Day e v i d e n c e s t h e f a c t t h a t ' t h e r e a r e o t h e r s ' b e s i d e s t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e who d e s i r e a day o f r e s t . \" 197 boards. Yet the A l l i a n c e remained p r i m a r i l y a r e l i g i o u s organ-i z a t i o n : the bulk of i t s l e a d e r s h i p supported the A l l i a n c e f o r r e l i g i o u s , not s e c u l a r , reasons. The bulk of i t s membership was middle c l a s s , drawn from the major P r o t e s t a n t denominations; few, i f any, of i t s members came from the working c l a s s . The A l l i a n c e ' s primary task t h e r e f o r e was to b e n e f i t the churches t h a t i d e n t i f i e d themselves w i t h i t . The churches f e a r e d the de-f e c t i o n s from prosperous congregations which i n n o v a t i o n s such as the Sunday ca r and i n c r e a s e d commercial r e c r e a t i o n threatened to produce. Once the A l l i a n c e ' s l o b b y i n g bore f r u i t , the churches hoped to e f f e c t moral reform and secure proper Sabbath observance through i n c r e a s e d middle c l a s s attendance at p u b l i c worship. The problems and needs of working c l a s s people concerned the A l l i a n c e and i t s s u p p o r t i n g churches o n l y i n s o f a r as v i s i b l e i n d i f f e r e n c e to the Sabbath — the patronage of e x c u r s i o n s , or the purchase of a c i g a r or c a n d y — offended the s e n s i b i l i t i e s of church members. Once o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r such d e s e c r a t i o n were removed, o f f e n c e s would, i t was hoped, cease. The churches remained unsympathetic toward the problem of working c l a s s r e c r e a t i o n , although they r e c o g n i z e d t h a t \" a l l e f f o r t s to stem the t i d e of p l e a s u r e - s e e k i n g and u l t i m a t e l y of l a b o r \" would be of no a v a i l i f the churches f a i l e d \"to f i l l the day w i t h some 75 . . form of a c t i v i t y and v i t a l u s e f u l n e s s . \" Yet, d e s p i t e t h i s PC, APGA, 1901, pp. 244-5; a l s o I b i d . , 1903, p. 231: \"The C h r i s t i a n Church can never be content w i t h s e c u r i n g the day as a day of r e s t . She must s t i m u l a t e the conscience of the 198 r e a l i z a t i o n , the churches made l i t t l e c o ncrete e f f o r t t o f i n d a s o l u t i o n t o t h i s problem. Instead, they expressed the b e l i e f t h a t workingmen, having seen the advantages o f c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h the churches to achieve a s o c i a l reform, would defend \"the sanc-7 6 t i t y of the Lord's Day a l s o . \" But, f o r i t s p a r t , labour gave the A l l i a n c e no guarantee t h a t , once l e g i s l a t i o n p r o t e c t e d the weekly day of r e s t , working-men would observe the Sabbath i n a r e l i g i o u s manner. I t became i n c r e a s i n g l y obvious t h a t , i n the a l l i a n c e between Sabbatarianism and organized labour, S a b b a t a r i a n i s m was the weaker a l l y . Sabba-t a r i a n i s m was dependent upon the labour movement to achieve i t s g o a l . Labour was not n e a r l y as dependent upon S a b b a t a r i a n i s m ; i n s u p p o r t i n g the A l l i a n c e , the Trades and Labor Congress merely a v a i l e d i t s e l f of convenient r e l i g i o u s a i d to achieve one p a r t of i t s o v e r a l l p l a n f o r a s h o r t e r work week. Labour's a t t i t u d e i n the Winnipeg Sunday car c o n t e s t made i t c l e a r t h a t , once the company guaranteed i t s employees a weekly day of r e s t , workingmen would vote f o r the c a r s . For i n s t a n c e , the Labor p a r t y , which favoured \"a reasonable s e r v i c e of Sunday c a r s , \" agreed to r e s i s t t h e i r i n t r o d u c t i o n only u n t i l the company consented to such 4 - 7 7 an agreement. people u n t i l the element o f worship and r e l i g i o u s e f f o r t domi-nates the day throughout the l a n d . \" I b i d . 77 Winnipeg V o i c e , 14 November 19 02. 199 O t h e r p r o b l e m s t h r e a t e n e d t h e A l l i a n c e . D e s p i t e o f f i -c i a l a s s u r a n c e s , i t d i d n o t a c h i e v e a t r u l y e f f e c t i v e programme o f e n f o r c e m e n t . As t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r has i l l u s t r a t e d , t h e O n t a r i o A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l d i d as much as p o s s i b l e t o evade t h e p r o b l e m o f e n f o r c e m e n t . O t h e r A t t o r n e y s - G e n e r a l f o l l o w e d a s i m i l a r c o u r s e . I n t h e N o r t h w e s t T e r r i t o r i e s , t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r o f t h e N o r t h West Mounted P o l i c e t o o k l i t t l e a c t i o n and t h e 7 8 p o l i c e r e s p o n d e d o n l y when b a d g e r e d by p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s . Of an a v e r a g e 2,359 c r i m i n a l a r r e s t s b r o u g h t a n n u a l l y b e f o r e t h e c o u r t s by t h e Mounted P o l i c e between 1901 and 1903, o n l y t w e n t y -79 one c a s e s a y e a r d e a l t w i t h b r e a c h e s o f t h e S a b b a t h . S e c o n d , t h e n a t i o n a l r a i l w a y s t o t a l l y i g n o r e d t h e 1902 m o r a l s u a s i o n c a m p a i g n . The G e n e r a l Manager o f t h e G r a n d T r u n k R a i l w a y had c l e a r l y s t a t e d t o S h e a r e r i n 1901 t h a t \" i t was t h e r i g h t o f r a i l -ways t o j u d g e f o r t h e m s e l v e s as t o what i s n e c e s s a r y and t o a c t upon t h e judgment i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e s e n t i m e n t o f t h e community 8 0 o r t h e law o f t h e l a n d . \" D e s p i t e t h e 1902 A l l i a n c e d e p u t a t i o n , r a i l w a y management d i d n o t change i t s m ind. F i n a l l y , t h e A l l i -a n c e r e p r e s e n t e d o n l y Canada's E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g community. The membership o f t h e Quebec A l l i a n c e , f o r example, c e n t r e d i n t h e 7 8 R . C . M a c l e o d , The NWMP and Law E n f o r c e m e n t , 1873-1905 ( T o r o n t o : U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o P r e s s , 1976), p. 124. 79 Canada, S e s s i o n a l P a p e r s , 1902, No. 28, \" R e p o r t o f t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r o f t h e N o r t h West Mounted P o l i c e f o r t h e y e a r 1901\"; I b i d . , 1903; I b i d . , 1904. 8 0 S h e a r e r t o Rev. D.H. Drummond, 29 A p r i l 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 577. 200 81 a r e a s h e a v i l y p o p u l a t e d by E n g l i s h C a n a d i a n s . The F r e n c h C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y d i s p l a y e d no i n t e r e s t i n s u p p o r t i n g t h e c a u s e . The l a s t a t t e m p t t o e s t a b l i s h c o n t a c t w i t h t h e h i e r a r c h y h a d b e e n i n 1899 when A. E . O'Meara ha d w r i t t e n M o n t r e a l A r c h -b i s h o p P a u l B r u c h e s i t o e n q u i r e i f he w o u l d s e n d \" c o p i e s o f any p u b l i c a t i o n s s h o w i n g y o u r v i e w s on t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e p r e v e n t i o n 8 2 o f u n n e c e s s a r y l a b o r on t h e L o r d ' s Day.\" B r u c h e s i had n o t r e p l i e d . When S a b b a t h l a b o u r c o n c e r n e d him, he w r o t e t o P r i m e 8 3 M i n i s t e r L a u r i e r d i r e c t ; o t h e r w i s e , he and t h e o t h e r C a t h o l i c b i s h o p s r e s i s t e d s t a t e i n t e r v e n t i o n i n an i s s u e w h i c h t h e y c o n -s i d e r e d a m a t t e r o f c h u r c h d i s c i p l i n e . I n t h e w e s t , t h e r e i s n o t h i n g t o i n d i c a t e t h a t members o f n o n - B r i t i s h P r o t e s t a n t im-84 m i g r a n t g r o u p s j o i n e d t h e p r o v i n c i a l A l l i a n c e s . I n 1903, t h e r e f o r e , t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada a p p e a r e d t o be a n u m e r i c a l l y w e l l - s u p p o r t e d l o b b y w i t h an a g g r e s s i v e l e a d e r s h i p and l i n k s w i t h t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s . I t s p r i n c i p a l weakness was i t s m i d d l e c l a s s , E n g l i s h C a n a d i a n b i a s . As l o n g as t h e A l l i a n c e assumed t h a t t h e f i g h t f o r l e g i s l a t i o n w o u l d o c c u r a t t h e p r o v i n c i a l l e v e l , 81 T h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s b a s e d on an e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e p e t i t i o n s p r e s e n t e d t o P a r l i a m e n t f r o m t h e p r o v i n c e o f Quebec i n F e b r u a r y 1904. Canada, House o f Commons, J o u r n a l s , 1904, pp. 19-96. 8 2 0 ' M e a r a t o P. B r u c h e s i , 9 J a n u a r y 1899, LB 1899-1900, p. 5. 8 3 B r u c h e s i t o L a u r i e r , 4 J a n u a r y 1900, PAC, LP, C7 71, p. 40729. 84 Canada, House o f Commons, J o u r n a l s , 1904, pp. 19-96. 201 i t accepted t h i s b i a s . In 1903, however, the J u d i c i a l Commit-tee of the P r i v y C o u n c i l d e c l a r e d p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n u l t r a v i r e s — the B a t t l e f o r the Sabbath entered i t s f i n a l phase. 202 Chapter V I I : The Lobby i n A c t i o n , 1903-1906 What was the nature of Sunday i n the e a r l y 1900s? Seventy years l a t e r , L e s t e r B. Pearson, son of a Methodist min-i s t e r , remembered the day as \" o p p r e s s i v e \" : i t began a t t e n w i t h a round of J u n i o r League, morning s e r v i c e f o l l o w e d a t eleven, then Sunday School a t h a l f - p a s t two, and evening s e r v i c e a t s e v e n . 1 At the time, however, the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada p e r c e i v e d the day as one of unceasing f r i v o l i t y , as i t s des-c r i p t i o n of an Ottawa Sunday i l l u s t r a t e s : Sunday b a s e b a l l i s i n f u l l swing j u s t a c r o s s the r i v e r i n H u l l . . . . The Ottawa E l e c t r i c Railway has not h e s i t a t e d to take the low l e v e l of s o r d i d greed i n p u t t i n g on a t i t s park r e s o r t s , band c o n c e r t s , moving p i c t u r e s e x h i b i t i o n s , the refreshment b u s i n e s s , e t c . , i n order to \" a t t r a c t the crowd\" to use i t s cars\"and c o n t r i b u t e to i t s c o f f e r s . . . . (2) As w i t h most t h i n g s , the t r u t h probably l a y somewhere i n the middle. Doubtless, Sabbath labour and Sabbath p l e a s u r e were on the i n c r e a s e . The A l l i a n c e e s t imated t h a t a t l e a s t 100,000 men, about 10 p e r c e n t of the labour f o r c e , worked on 3 the Sabbath, and t h i s f i g u r e seems p l a u s i b l e . Although r e g i o n a l L.B. Pearson, Mike, The Memoirs of the Right Honourable L e s t e r B. Pearson (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto P r e s s , 1972), v o l . ' I, .p. 10 . 2 Lord's Day Advocate ( h e r e a f t e r Advocate) (June 1905). 3 PC, APGA, 1902, p. 271; For an estimate of the amount of Sunday lab o u r , see Appendix I. 203 v a r i a t i o n s e x i s t e d , Sunday work p a t t e r n s were b a s i c a l l y the same f o r the e n t i r e country. The t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems, r a i l w a y s , steamships, c a n a l s , s t r e e t r a i l w a y s , and i n t e r u r b a n s , continued to account f o r the g r e a t e s t amount of labour, although i n d u s -t r i a l p rocesses t h a t needed to run c o n t i n u o u s l y to achieve maxi-mum e f f i c i e n c y were i n c r e a s i n g the demand f o r Sunday labour. In the c i t y of S a u l t Ste. Marie, f o r example, the Algoma Iron works r e p a i r e d i t s machinery on Sunday and, a c c o r d i n g to the A l l i a n c e , the machine and b l a c k s m i t h shops were \" b u s i e r on Sun-4 day than on any other day of the week.\" A t the s t e e l p l a n t men worked to keep the b l a s t furnaces and coke ovens running u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y . At the docks men unloaded i r o n ore from the boats and then loaded them wi t h lumber. In other p a r t s of O n t a r i o , cement works, o i l w e l l s , sugar r e f i n i n g p l a n t s , and cheese f a c t o r i e s employed a t l e a s t h a l f t h e i r s t a f f s on Sunday. In Nova S c o t i a , O n t a r i o , Quebec, and B r i t i s h Columbia, most miners worked on Sunday as i f i t were a weekday. Pockets of Sunday labour o c c u r r e d i n other areas of Canadian s o c i e t y as w e l l . Domestic s e r v a n t s continued to be the l a r g e s t s i n g l e s e c t o r of 'hidden 1 Sabbath la b o u r , although s e r v a n t s might w e l l r e c e i v e another day i n the week o f f . P o l i c e -men and firemen, f o r t h e i r p a r t , worked a seven day week almost without a break. Most newspaper o p e r a t i o n s , w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of the three papers i n ' i B f i t i s h Columbia t h a t d i d not p r i n t a 4 Advocate (February 1905). 204 Monday e d i t i o n , began p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r the next day on Sunday evening a f t e r d i n n e r . The Post O f f i c e was g e n e r a l l y c l o s e d i n the Maritimes (except f o r the c i t y of Charlottetown where i t remained open f o r an hour a f t e r church) and the o l d e r p a r t s of O n t a r i o , but was open f o r an hour i n the morning i n Quebec and e i t h e r f o r the whole or major p a r t of the day i n New O n t a r i o 5 and the western p r o v i n c e s . Although most l a r g e r e t a i l b u sinesses and manufacturing f a c t o r i e s remained c l o s e d on Sundays by custom, c o n s i d e r a b l e Sunday trade was done by sma l l merchants i n a l l p a r t s of the country. T r a i n s t a t i o n s were busy c e n t r e s f o r the s a l e of news-papers, c i g a r s , and l i g h t refreshments. Drug s t o r e s s o l d not onl y medicines but a l s o a l l s o r t s of sundries — postage stamps, c a n d i e s , c i g a r s , and so f o r t h . In Winnipeg and Vancouver, Chinese and other e t h n i c communities were 'wide open,' \"running l a u n d r i e s , shoe shine and ice-cream p a r l o r s , s e l l i n g f r u i t and 7 c o n f e c t i o n e r y , c i g a r s and tobacco, newspapers and magazines.\" In some p a r t s of the country, saloons may w e l l have been c l o s e d , but l i q u o r was s t i l l f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r consumption w i t h one's f r i e n d s . In B r i t i s h Columbia not on l y were saloons open on Sundays, but ot h e r forms of d i v e r s i o n were a v a i l a b l e as w e l l : i n the mining r e g i o n s , \"the lawless l i q u o r bar, the b r o t h e l , the 5 I b i d . 6 I b i d . 7 I b i d . (March 1905). (August, September 1904). (November 1905). 205 g a m b l i n g den o r d e v i c e , f l y t h e i r n e f a r i o u s t r a d e s unashamed and i n some c a s e s f l a u n t t h e i r f l a g s as i t were i n t h e f a c e s a l i k e o f t h e o f f i c e r s o f t h e l a w and t h e h e r a l d s o f g r a c e and o r i g h t e o u s n e s s . \" I n t h e c i t y o f W i n n i p e g , where no law e x i s t e d t o r e s t r i c t t h e Sunday t r a d e o f t h e b r o t h e l s , \" t h e y o p e r a t e d r o u n d t h e c l o c k as t h e demand w a r r a n t e d , a n d t h e demand on week-9 ends c o n s i s t e n t l y d i d s o . \" D e s p i t e s u c h Sunday t r a d e , Sunday c o n t i n u e d t o be a day, i n d e e d t h e o n l y day, o f l e i s u r e f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f C a n a d i a n s . P r e c i s e l y as t h e A l l i a n c e had a l w a y s f e a r e d , t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f Sunday l e i s u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d i d s p a r k t h e demand f o r more f o r m s o f Sunday r e c r e a t i o n . As t h e demand i n c r e a s e d , so t o o d i d t h e q u a l i t y and q u a n t i t y o f a v a i l a b l e c o m m e r c i a l r e c r e a t i o n . Sunday e x c u r s i o n s s t i l l a t t r a c t e d many p a t r o n s among g r o u p s s u c h as l a b o u r u n i o n s and s o c i a l c l u b s a r r a n g i n g o u t i n g s f o r t h e i r m e mberships. I n o r d e r t o draw p a s s e n g e r s , s t r e e t r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s c o n t i n u e d t o d e v e l o p r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s n e a r t h e l a r g e u r b a n c e n t r e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o r e f r e s h m e n t s t a n d s , t h e c ompanies o f t e n made p r o v i s i o n f o r band c o n c e r t s and o t h e r f o r m s o f e n t e r -t a i n m e n t . I n N o r t h V a n c o u v e r , f o r example, t h e r e was a p p a r e n t l y \"a s o r t o f Coney I s l a n d o f t h e c o a s t , w i t h open b a r s , g a m b l i n g , 8 I b i d . ( O c t o b e r 1904); se e a l s o A . J . H i e b e r t , \" P r o h i b i -t i o n i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a \" (M.A. t h e s i s , Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y , 1969), p. 15. 9 James G r a y , Red L i g h t s on t h e P r a i r i e s ( S c a r b o r o u g h , O n t a r i o : New A m e r i c a n L i b r a r y , 1973), p. 51. 206 s p o r t s , b a l l o o n a s c e n s i o n s , e t c . , e t c . , on t h e L o r d ' s Day.\" 1^ 1 W i t h i n t h e c i t i e s , o t h e r d i s t r a c t i o n s g r a d u a l l y a p p e a r e d . C i r -c u s e s o f t e n s e t up t h e i r t e n t s on Sundays and crowds g a t h e r e d t o w a t c h . A l t h o u g h n o t e x t e n s i v e , Sunday s p o r t s s u c h as b a s e -b a l l a t t r a c t e d s p e c t a t o r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n p r a i r i e c i t i e s . 1 1 More and more f r e q u e n t l y , m i l i t a r y p a r a d e s t e m p t e d c h i l d r e n away f r o m t h e Sunday s c h o o l s . I n l a r g e c i t i e s s u c h a s T o r o n t o and M o n t r e a l , t h e a t r e s and c o n c e r t h a l l s b e g a n t o o f f e r r e g u l a r 12 Sunday e v e n i n g p e r f o r m a n c e s . I n s h o r t , t h e c h u r c h e s f o u n d t h e m s e l v e s i n a c t i v e c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h s e c u l a r f orms o f r e c r e a -t i o n on Sundays and i n c r e a s i n g l y , a t l e a s t i n t h e c h u r c h e s ' e y e s , t h e y were l o s i n g . The A l l i a n c e l e a p t t o t h e c h u r c h e s ' d e f e n c e . A l t h o u g h r e c o n c i l e d t o t h e u s e o f t h e Sunday c a r i n \" v e r y l a r g e and c o n -g e s t e d c e n t r e s o f p o p u l a t i o n , \" i t s t i l l f e l t t h a t t h e c a r was u n n e c e s s a r y i n most p a r t s o f Canada. The A l l i a n c e c o n t i n u e d t o o p p o s e Sunday s e r v i c e on t h e i n t e r u r b a n s y s t e m s on t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f p a t r o n s were \"mere p l e a s u r e s e e k e r s . \" A l l e x c u r s i o n s , w h e t h e r by t r a i n , s t e a m s h i p , o r s t r e e t r a i l w a y , 13 c o n t i n u e d t o be a \"most f r u i t f u l s o u r c e o f v i c e s . \" 1 0 A d v o c a t e ( A u g u s t 1903); I b i d . ( O c t o b e r 1904); I b i d . (March 1905); I b i d . ( J u l y 1905). i : L I b i d . ( J a n u a r y 1905) . 1 2 I b i d . ( J a n u a r y 1904); I b i d . (June 1904); I b i d . (Novem-b e r 1905) . 1 3 I b i d . ( J u l y 1905); I b i d . ( F e b r u a r y 1904); I b i d . ( J u l y 1904) . 207 In a t t a c k i n g a l l forms of Sabbath d e s e c r a t i o n , the A l l i a n c e adopted n a t i v i s t arguments a l r e a d y being heard a t Pro-14 t e s t a n t church meetings. I t a l i a n s were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r r a i l -way c o n s t r u c t i o n ; O r i e n t a l s w i t h \" t h e i r i d o l a t r y , r e e k i n g v i c e , and g e n e r a l l y 'wide-open town'\" s e r i o u s l y lowered \"the r e s p e c t , not o n l y f o r sacred t h i n g s , but f o r law and order i n g e n e r a l \" 15 xn B r i t x s h Columbia. B r i t i s h r e m i t t a n c e men, \" l a z y , l i s t l e s s , s h i f t l e s s , s t r a n g e r s to r e l i g i o n , o f t e n moral d e r e l i c t s or l e p e r s , \" s e t a d r e a d f u l example to the community: \"To them th e r e i s no 'Lord's Day,' and Sunday i s a day of lounging or s p o r t . B a l l , t e n n i s , hunting, f i s h i n g , are the b e s t of t h e i r 16 Sunday o c c u p a t i o n s . \" Refusing to acknowledge t h a t E n g l i s h Canadians owned i n d u s t r i e s t h a t operated on Sundays, the A l l i -ance blamed the demand f o r Sabbath lab o u r , whenever p o s s i b l e , upon the i n v a s i o n of American c a p i t a l and i t s s o u l l e s s p r o f i t motive. American c a p i t a l , f o r example, had \"high-handedly t h r u s t the Sunday car on the good people\" of Cape Breton communi-t i e s . A.greedy American c a p i t a l i s t ran the B r o o k f i e l d Mines i n North Queen's, Nova S c o t i a , where men mined g o l d ore u n t i l 4 a.m. Sunday,.and ran the steam m i l l to p u l v e r i z e i t f o r t h i r -14 See, f o r example, PC, APGA, 1902, p. 270. The Committee on Sabbath Observance and L e g i s l a t i o n r e p o r t e d t h a t i t was \"no smal l matter of church convenience and advantages, t h i s of Sab-bath Observance and l e g i s l a t i o n , but a l a r g e concern of n a t i o n a l and even r a c i a l moment.\" 15 Chrxstxan Guardxan, 26 June 1901. 1 6 A d v o c a t e (May 1904); I b i d . (October 1904); I b i d . (Octo-ber 1905) . 208 teen out of twenty-four hours. Workers r e g u l a r l y ran the cyan-i d e p l a n t to remove the ' t a i l i n g s ' from the g o l d and g e n e r a l l y 17 behaved as though Sunday were any day of the week. The use of n a t i v i s t arguments was a convenient a d d i t i o n to the A l l i a n c e ' s a r s e n a l of r h e t o r i c . The A l l i a n c e ' s c h i e f concern was to h a l t the tendency of church members \"to d r i f t 18 i n t o the p r a c t i c e \" of Sabbath p l e a s u r e . As had been obvious s i n c e the i n t r o d u c t i o n of b i c y c l e s and s t r e e t c a r s i n O n t a r i o c i t i e s i n the 1890s, E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g , n a t i v e - b o r n Canadians welcomed r e c r e a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s on the Sabbath. The Sabba-t a r i a n s t r u g g l e a g a i n s t commercial (or non-commercial) r e c r e a -t i o n would have o c c u r r e d without the immigrant: h i s a r r i v a l (be he European, B r i t i s h , or American) d i d not c r e a t e a problem, but o n l y exacerbated an e x i s t i n g one. By imposing Sunday as a day of r e s t upon the immigrant and b a n i s h i n g h i s p l e a s u r e -seeking example from the eyes of the churches' middle c l a s s c o n s t i t u e n c y , the A l l i a n c e hoped to r e g a i n church-going as \"the 19 o n l y show i n town\" on Sunday. 1 7 I b i d . ( J u l y 1905) 18 I b i d . (June 1905): \"They keep one end of the day h o l y by going to church, d e c l a r i n g t h e i r d e s i r e to obey God's laws and enjoy h i s b l e s s i n g , then spend the r e s t of the day i n s e t t i n g a t naught the D i v i n e law, 'Remember the Sabbath Day to keep i t h o l y . ' \" 19 Roger H a l l and Gordon Dodds, A P i c t u r e H i s t o r y of O n t a r i o (Edmonton: H u r t i g P u b l i s h e r s , 1978), p. 10 9. 209 The f i n a l engagement of the B a t t l e f o r the Sabbath was fought a g a i n s t t h i s background of i n c r e a s i n g l y busy and l i v e l y Sundays. The 1903 P r i v y C o u n c i l d e c i s i o n was indeed a \"sharp 'ri g h t - a b o u t f a c e ' \" to the Sabbatarian f o r c e s , as A l b e r t Carman, 20 Superintendent of the Methodist Church, wrote to L a u r i e r . . In r u l i n g the O n t a r i o 1897 A c t u l t r a v i r e s the p r o v i n c i a l j u r -i s d i c t i o n , the J u d i c i a l Committee of the P r i v y C o u n c i l reasoned t h a t t h i s l e g i s l a t i o n had been an amendment to the 1845 A c t which, although i t a p p l i e d o n l y to Upper Canada, was i n r e a l i t y a f e d e r a l s t a t u t e . Since p r o v i n c i a l governments d i d not have the power to amend f e d e r a l s t a t u t e s , the e n t i r e b i l l of 1897 was i n v a l i d . T h i s d e c i s i o n provoked a v a r i e t y of responses from the p r o t a g o n i s t s i n the B a t t l e . Shearer and the Lord's Day A l l i -ance e x e c u t i v e i n t e r p r e t e d the d e c i s i o n to mean t h a t a l l pro-v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n a f f e c t i n g the Lord's Day, passed by the 22 p r o v i n c e s s i n c e Confederation,, was u l t r a v i r e s . Wishing to spend no more v a l u a b l e time on the endless j u d i c i a l b a t t l e s , Shearer proposed t h a t the A l l i a n c e accept the d e c i s i o n as f i n a l and immediately prepare to do b a t t l e on the f e d e r a l l e v e l . 20 A. Carman to W. L a u r i e r , 19 February 1904, Carman Papers, U n i t e d Church A r c h i v e s (Toronto), 28A. 2 1A.C. (1903) 524. 22 • By i m p l i c a t i o n , t h i s i n c l u d e d a l l m u n i c i p a l l e g i s l a t i o n as w e l l . 210 Launching the a t t a c k , he promptly wrote to L a u r i e r to e s t a b l i s h the A l l i a n c e ' s c r e d e n t i a l s as a lobby e n j o y i n g the \" a c t i v e support\" of o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r , the p r i n c i p a l P r o t e s t a n t churches, and \"the Roman C a t h o l i c s so f a r as we have had the o p p o r t u n i t y of s u b m i t t i n g our purposes and plans to t h e i r judge-23 ments.\" P o r t r a y i n g the p r o v i n c e s as b e r e f t of a l l p r o t e c t i o n and \"at the mercy of f o r e i g n as w e l l as Canadian greed and s e l -f i s h n e s s , \" he i n s i s t e d t h a t the A l l i a n c e d i d not want: the re-enactment o f the Blue Laws of a by-gone age, but the p r e s e r v a t i o n i n i t s i n t e g r i t y of our N a t i o n a l Sabbath a g a i n s t a l l unnecessary Sunday l a b o r and business and a l l d i s t u r b a n c e of the be-coming q u i e t of the Day when the g r e a t mass of Canadians d e s i r e o p p o r t u n i t y to worship God. . . (24) Shearer a l s o l o b b i e d members of L a u r i e r ' s c a b i n e t , i n p a r t i c u l a r C h a r l e s F i t z p a t r i c k , the M i n i s t e r of J u s t i c e and a Montreal I r i s h C a t h o l i c , who would be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the i n t r o d u c t i o n of any Lord's Day l e g i s l a t i o n . Shearer arranged an i n t e r v i e w \"to a s c e r t a i n h i s views, and i f p o s s i b l e , e n l i s t h i s sympathetic ..25 c o - o p e r a t i o n . Shearer r e a l i z e d t h a t the support of the Roman C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y would be c r u c i a l i n c o n v i n c i n g L a u r i e r t h a t a Lord's Day A c t was a c c e p t a b l e to the most powerful segments of Canadian s o c i e t y . Immediately a f t e r h e a r i n g of the P r i v y C o u n c i l 2 3 R e v . J.G. Shearer to W. L a u r i e r , 23 J u l y 1903, PAC, LP, C892, p. 75336. 24 ^ I b i d . 25 LDAC, Minutes of L e g i s l a t i o n D r a f t i n g Committee, 7 Nov-ember 1903, LDAC, CR 1902-1907. 211 d e c i s i o n , Shearer contacted Archbishop Bruchesi of Montreal. \"Since t h i s i s the f i r s t time we have gone before the Dominion a u t h o r i t i e s , \" Shearer informed B r u c h e s i , \" i t i s of the utmost consequence t h a t our Delegation should be the most i n f l u e n t i a l p o s s i b l e . \" Besides requesting him t o appoint a deputy to accom-pany the d e l e g a t i o n , he asked Bruchesi to w r i t e to L a u r i e r per-s o n a l l y , \"urging t h a t prompt measures be taken to avert the s e r i o u s p e r i l t h a t threatens the Lord's Day i n our country as 2 6 a r e s u l t of the P r i v y C ouncil's d e c i s i o n . \" Shearer concluded from an i n t e r v i e w w i t h Bruchesi l a t e i n August 1903 t h a t the A l l i a n c e \"might count upon h i s co-operation i n seeking at l e a s t most of what we would t h i n k of asking from the Dominion P a r l i a -ment.\" He immediately wrote to other members of the C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y , E n g l i s h and French, to inform them of Bruchesi's 27 supposed support and to s o l i c i t t h e i r s . Shearer a l s o d i r e c t e d h i s a t t e n t i o n to s t r u c t u r a l changes i n the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e . He organized a L e g i s l a t i o n D r a f t -ing Committee and made plans to h i r e a s o l i c i t o r , strengthen the Ottawa branch,aand e s t a b l i s h p r e s t i g i o u s , p o l i t i c i a n - l a d e n 2 8 Legal and L e g i s l a t i v e Committees. 2 fi Shearer to B r u c h e s i , 8 August 1903, PAC, LP, C803, pp. 76039-40. 2 7 S h e a r e r to Rev. Dr. W. Caven, 20 August 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 477; Shearer to Bishops Macdonnel, Begin, O'Brien, Gauthier, Casey, and D e c e l l e s , 24 August 1903, I b i d . , p. 479. 2 8 LDAC, Minutes of Executive Board, 12 & 13 August,19 03, LDAC, MB 1901-1917; Rev. T.A. Moore to W. Steen, 5 September 1903, LB 1902-1904, p. 507; Moore to Rev. J.W.H. M i l n e , 16 Sep-tember 1903, I b i d . , p. 532. 212 Although the other p r o v i n c i a l a l l i a n c e s supported Shearer's d e c i s i o n , the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e decided on a c o n t r a r y 29 course of a c t i o n . The A l l i a n c e ' s s o l i c i t o r , A.E. O'Meara, had argued the case b e f o r e the J u d i c i a l Committee and he i n t e r -p r e t e d the d e c i s i o n as d e a l i n g w i t h a p r o v i n c e ' s a b i l i t y to amend a f e d e r a l b i l l but not a t a l l w i t h the q u e s t i o n of j u r i s -d i c t i o n over Sabbath l e g i s l a t i o n . 3 ^ He b e l i e v e d that, i f the O n t a r i o L e g i s l a t u r e had passed the c l a u s e concerning the Sunday o p e r a t i o n of s t r e e t r a i l w a y s as a p i e c e of new l e g i s l a t i o n i n 1897 r a t h e r than as an amendment to the 1845 A c t , the J u d i c i a l Committee would not have d e c l a r e d i t u l t r a v i r e s . O'Meara t h e r e f o r e argued t h a t the O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e ought to lobby the p r o v i n c i a l government t o pass l e g i s l a t i o n i n those f i e l d s over which the p r o v i n c i a l governments had, by S e c t i o n 92 of the B r i -t i s h North America A c t , e x c l u s i v e j u r i s d i c t i o n , namely c i v i l r i g h t s , l o c a l undertakings, and l o c a l matters. Such l e g i s l a t i o n c o u l d r e s t r i c t employment•• on Sundays i n mines and f a c t o r i e s , i n shops and r e s t a u r a n t s , and i n companies i n c o r p o r a t e d by pro-v i n c i a l c h a r t e r such as s t r e e t r a i l w a y companies. Thus, although O'Meara was not-sure i f the p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t u r e s \" c o u l d occupy the whole f i e l d by e n a c t i n g complete and adequate l e g i s l a t i o n under ' c i v i l r i g h t s ' \" or whether the Dominion Par-liament would have to assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r l e g i s l a t i o n 29 Advocate (December 1903). 30 A.E. O'Meara, \"The P r i v y C o u n c i l Case,\" i n I b i d . c o n c e r n i n g D o m i n i o n c o r p o r a t i o n s s u c h as t h e r a i l w a y s , he was o p t i m i s t i c t h a t t h e p r o v i n c e s c o u l d e n a c t t h e b u l k o f S a b b a t h 31 l e g i s l a t i o n . O'Meara's arguments c o n v i n c e d t h e e x e c u t i v e o f t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e . A t i t s a n n u a l c o n v e n t i o n i n November 1903, i t r e s o l v e d t o p r e s s f o r as much p r o v i n c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n a s p o s -s i b l e b e f o r e l o b b y i n g t h e f e d e r a l g o v ernment and i t a p p o i n t e d 32 a f u l l t i m e S e c r e t a r y t o t a k e c a r e o f t h e O n t a r i o c a m p a i g n . The f e d e r a l g o v ernment i t s e l f , t h e t h i r d p a r t y a f f e c t e d by t h e P r i v y C o u n c i l d e c i s i o n , s u p p o r t e d t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e ' s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n b e c a u s e i t d i d n o t w i s h t o a c c e p t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e l e g i s l a t i o n . L a u r i e r had a l w a y s m a i n -t a i n e d t h a t t h e s u b j e c t was a p r o v i n c i a l c o n c e r n , h o p i n g i n t h a t way t o a v o i d F r e n c h and E n g l i s h r e l i g i o u s c o n f l i c t . Upon r e c e i p t o f S h e a r e r ' s l e t t e r i n A u g u s t 1903, B r u c h e s i had w r i t t e n t o L a u r i e r , e x p r e s s i n g h i s c o n c e r n a b o u t S h e a r e r ' s l o b b y i n g : C e t t e q u e s t i o n d'une l e g i s l a t i o n c o n c e r n a n t 1 ' o b s e r v a n c e du d imanche e s t b i e n g r a v e . L e s , p r o t e s t a n t s [ v u e n t ? ] 1 ' e n v i s a g e a n t p a s comme n o u s , j e c r o i s que nous d e v o n s y a p p o r t e r l a p l u s g r a n d e p r u d e n c e . Dans t o u s l e s c a s j e f a i s r e p o n d r e a M. S h e a r e r que j e v o u s a i e c r i t a c e s u j e t . P o u r l a moment j e ne v o i s r i e n a f a i r e . . . (33) L a u r i e r a g r e e d c o m p l e t e l y w i t h B r u c h e s i : \" J e ne me r e n d s pas compte de ce que d e s i r e M. S h e a r e r , \" he c o n f i d e d : 31T, I b i d . 3 2OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1903,\" i n Advocate (December 1903) 3 3 B r u c h e s i to Laurier, 10 August 1903, PAC, LP, C803, p. 76803. 214 N a t u r e l l e m e n t s i l ' e f f e t de l a d e c i s i o n du c o n s e i l e t a i t de l a i s s e r t o u t l e p a y s s a n s aucune l o i p o u r 1 ' o b s e r v a t i o n du d i m a n c h e , i l y a u r a i t c e r t a i n e m e n t q u e l q u e c h o s e a f a i r e . L a q u e s t i o n s e r a i t s i m p l e m e n t de s ' a r r e t e r a l a l i m i t e a c c e p t a b l e : l a l e g i s l a t i o n que nous a v o n s t o u j o u r s eue j u s q u ' i c i dans l a p r o v i n c e de Quebec me p a r a i t a b s o l u m e n t s u f f i s a n t e . (34) C h a r l e s F i t z p a t r i c k s u p p o r t e d L a u r i e r ' s s t a n d . A l t h o u g h he a g r e e d w i t h t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e t h a t t h e D o m i n i o n p o s s e s s e d \" f u l l and u n l i m i t e d j u r i s d i c t i o n t o l e g i s l a t e on t h e q u e s t i o n \" i f i t c h o s e t o do s o , he s t i l l c o n s i d e r e d c o n c u r r e n t 35 l e g i s l a t i o n a v i a b l e method o f d e a l i n g w i t h t h e i s s u e . He b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e p r o v i n c i a l e n a c t m e n t s f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f c i v i l r i g h t s and t h e c o n t r o l o f l o c a l u n d e r t a k i n g s c o u l d c o v e r a w i d e p o r t i o n o f t h e f i e l d o f L o r d ' s Day l e g i s l a t i o n i B e f o r e p r o c e e d i n g i n t h i s manner, however, F i t z p a t r i c k a n n o u nced h i s i n t e n t i o n t o s e e k c l a r i f i c a t i o n f r o m D e p a r t m e n t o f J u s t i c e l a w y e r s . The O n t a r i o L i b e r a l g o v ernment o f S i r G e o r g e Ross s u p p o r t e d t h i s i d e a and r e f u s e d t o e n a c t l e g i s l a t i o n a l o n g t h e l i n e s s u g g e s t e d by t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e . I t a g r e e d o n l y t o r e -e n a c t t h e s t r e e t r a i l w a y c l a u s e s o f t h e 18 97 A c t by c i v i l s t a t u t e . F r u s t r a t e d i n i t s c ampaign, t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e c o n -s e n t e d t o a i d t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e i n i t s f i r s t n a t i o n a l 3 4 L a u r i e r to B r u e h e s i , 13 August 1903, PAC, LP, C803, p. 76041. 35 LDACP, \"Report of Interview w i t h the Honourable, the M i n i s t e r of J u s t i c e , C h a r l e s F i t z p a t r i c k , \" 29 December 1903. 3 6OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1904.\" 3 7 l o b b y i n g e f f o r t d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r and s p r i n g o f 1903-1904. H o p i n g he c o u l d now e x e r t maximum p r e s s u r e on L a u r i e r 1 s g o v e r n -ment, S h e a r e r m o b i l i z e d a l l t h e r e s o u r c e s so c a r e f u l l y c u l t i - . v a t e d o v e r t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s . He a s k e d h i s l e a d e r s h i p , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e h i e r a r c h i e s o f t h e E n g l i s h C a t h o l i c and A n g l i -c a n c h u r c h e s , t o w r i t e l e t t e r s o f s u p p o r t t o L a u r i e r , and he p r e s s e d h i s a l l i e s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n a l l a g i t a t i o n s f o r t h e 3 8 b i l l . I n a d d i t i o n , he e s t a b l i s h e d c o n t a c t w i t h g r o u p s s u c h as t h e l o d g e s and t h e f r a t e r n a l o r d e r s , (Masons, O d d f e l l o w s , F o r e s t e r s , and T e m p l a r s ) , a s k i n g them t o a u t h o r i z e t h e i r o f f i -c e r s t o s i g n and f o r w a r d p e t i t i o n s a s k i n g f o r \" r e a s o n a b l e \" 39 l e g i s l a t i o n . He a p p r o a c h e d o r g a n i z e d b u s i n e s s , a d d r e s s i n g t h e 1904 A n n u a l C o n v e n t i o n o f t h e C a n a d i a n M a n u f a c t u r e r s ' A s s o -c i a t i o n a nd r e q u e s t i n g i t s s u p p o r t . I n a d d i t i o n , he e n c o u r a g e d b r a n c h o f f i c e r s t o a r r a n g e s p e c i a l c a n v a s s e s \" o f t h e b u s i n e s s and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e men o f t h e c i t i e s , r a t h e r t h a n t r u s t t o 40 r e a c h i n g them t h r o u g h t h e c h u r c h e s \" as f o r m e r l y . T h r o u g h o u t t h e w i n t e r , he and T. A l b e r t Moore, t h e new O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e S e c r e t a r y , t r a v e l l e d e x t e n s i v e l y , S h e a r e r t o t h e w e s t e r n p r o -v i n c e s and Moore t o M a n i t o b a and New O n t a r i o . They u r g e d b r a n c h 37 OLDA, M i n u t e s o f L e g i s l a t i v e Committee, 2 F e b r u a r y 1904, OLDA, M i n u t e s and R e p o r t s o f L e g i s l a t i o n Committee 1903-12. 3 8 See, f o r example, T r a d e s and L a b o r C o n g r e s s , P r o c e e d -i n g s , 1903, p. 36. 39. A d v o c a t e ( J a n u a r y 1904). i n d u s t r i a l Canada (Octob Rev. W.J. S m i t h , 27 A p r i l 1904, LB 1902-04, p. 834. 4 0 I e r 1904), p. 157; S h e a r e r t o 216 e x e c u t i v e s t o o r g a n i z e mass meetings and o b t a i n as much l o c a l p r e s s coverage as p o s s i b l e . They a l s o emphasized the p o s s i b i l -i t i e s of e x e r t i n g p ressure through a Lord's Day Week, arranged to c o i n c i d e w i t h P a r l i a m e n t a r y s i t t i n g s . Branches were exhorted to send as many de l e g a t e s as p o s s i b l e to the A l l i a n c e ' s T r i -e n n i a l Convention, which was a l s o scheduled to c o i n c i d e w i t h the P a r l i a m e n t a r y s e s s i o n . I n d i v i d u a l members were prodded.: to w r i t e \"earnest l e t t e r s \" to t h e i r Senators and Members of 41 Pa r l i a m e n t . F i n a l l y , Shearer a l t e r e d the format of the Advocate, changing i t from a q u a r t e r l y magazine p r i m a r i l y i n -tended f o r the membership i n t o a monthly whose content was aimed d i r e c t l y a t the p o l i t i c i a n s . He f i l l e d i t s pages w i t h q u o t a t i o n s from prominent r e l i g i o u s , l abour, and i n d u s t r i a l l e a d e r s , both domestic and i n t e r n a t i o n a l , and r e p r i n t e d a l l f a v o u r a b l e press comment from across the country. Copies were 42 then sent to every member of the House and the Senate. Throughout the campaign, the A l l i a n c e c oncentrated s o l e l y on the s e c u l a r aim of the l e g i s l a t i o n , d e f i n e d as the p r o t e c t i o n of \"every man and woman i n t h e i r r i g h t to r e s t and 43 o p p o r t u n i t y to worship.\" Applauding those newspapers t h a t presented the \"humanitarian, economic and i n d u s t r i a l arguments,\" Advocate (March 1904); see Advocate (December 1903-March 1904) passim. 4 2LDAC, Minutes of E x e c u t i v e Committee, 12 & 1-3 August 1903, LDAC; MB 1901-17.-43 Advocate (January 1904). 217 i t a g r e e d t h a t \" i t was b e s t t o l e a v e t h e t h e o l o g i c a l s i d e o f 44 t h e q u e s t i o n t o t h e p u l p i t . \" As t h e c l i m a x o f t h e s e e f f o r t s , S h e a r e r o r g a n i z e d a huge p e t i t i o n c a mpaign, c i r c u l a t i n g p e t i -t i o n s among a l l t h e g r o u p s whose i n t e r e s t s t h e A l l i a n c e c l a i m e d t o r e p r e s e n t — t h e b r a n c h e s , t h e t r a d e a s s o c i a t i o n s , t h e 45 c h u r c h b o d i e s , and t h e f r a t e r n a l s o c i e t i e s . The s u p p o r t t h a t r a l l i e d t o t h e A l l i a n c e ' s c a u s e c o u l d o n l y be c h a r a c t e r i z e d as i m p r e s s i v e . The l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e c h u r c h e s , b o t h P r o t e s t a n t and E n g l i s h C a t h o l i c , s e n t l e t t e r s t o L a u r i e r . The o f f i c i a l b o d i e s o f t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n and M e t h o d i s t 46 c h u r c h e s p a s s e d r e s o l u t i o n s o f s u p p o r t . Members o f P a r l i a m e n t and o f t h e S e n a t e who were a l s o members o f A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e s a t t e n d e d t h e T r i e n n i a l C o n v e n t i o n h e l d i n M a r c h . A l l i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s r e s p o n d e d t o t h e r e q u e s t f o r p e t i t i o n s : t h e D o m i n i o n T r a d e s and L a b o r C o n g r e s s d e l i v e r e d a p e t i t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g 61,606 u n i o n m e n ; 4 7 i n t o t a l , t h e A l l i a n c e c l a i m e d t h a t \"more t h a n 1,8 50 o r g a n i z a t i o n s , c h u r c h e s , b r a n c h e s o f t h e L o r d ' s Day Ibid.; also Ibid. (March 1904). 4 5 Ibid. (April 1904). The A l l i a n c e Papers do not explain why the temperance organizations were not included. 46W. Bond to Laurier, 18 February 1904, PAC, LP, C809, p. 82657; W.L. M i l l s to Laurier, 18 February 1904, Ibid., pp. 86258-60; Booth to Laurier, 1 March 1904, Ibid., p. 83000; Courtney to Laurier, 19 February 1904, Ibid., p. 82680; C. Ham-i l t o n to Laurier, 22 February 1904, Ibid., p. 82796; House to Laurier, 20 February 1904, Ibid., pp. 82692-4; A. Carman to Laurier, 19 February 1904, Carman Papers, United Church Archives (Toronto), 28 A; PC, APGA, 1904, p. 266.-. The , English / Catholics declared t h e i r support i n public statements, see Advocate (January 1904). 47 P.M. Draper to Laurier, 20 February 1904, PAC, LP, C809, p. 82761. 218 A l l i a n c e , f r a t e r n a l s o c i e t i e s , a nd l a b o u r b o d i e s , r e p r e s e n t i n g i n a l l n e a r l y 400,000 p e r s o n s , j o i n e d i n p e t i t i o n i n g t h e Dom-48 i n i o n P a r l i a m e n t f o r a L o r d ' s Day A c t f o r a l l Canada.\" News-p a p e r e d i t o r i a l s were g e n e r a l l y f a v o u r a b l e , a n d t h e p o p u l a r p r e s s , i n t h e p a s t o f t e n h o s t i l e t o A l l i a n c e g o a l s , came o u t i n s u p p o r t . The Ottawa J o u r n a l , f o r example, f o r m e r l y c r i t i c a l o f t h e c o o p e r a t i o n between t h e A l l i a n c e and l a b o u r , u r g e d \" l a b o r men and o t h e r s . . . a l i v e t o t h e i r own b e s t i n t e r e s t \" t o s i g n 49 t h e p e t i t i o n s . B u t l a c k o f F r e n c h C a n a d i a n s u p p o r t , p a r t i c u l a r l y f r o m t h e C a t h o l i c c h u r c h , c a u s e d L a u r i e r t o h e s i t a t e and t h e n t o t a k e e v a s i v e a c t i o n . B r u c h e s i had n o t a l t e r e d t h e o p i n i o n e x p r e s s e d i n h i s A u g u s t 1903 l e t t e r t o L a u r i e r , d e s p i t e h i s m e e t i n g w i t h S h e a r e r . He p r e f e r r e d t o keep S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e a s u b j e c t o f c h u r c h d i s c i p l i n e r a t h e r t h a n a m a t t e r o f c i v i l 50 law. He d i d n o t a u t h o r i z e anyone t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n A l l i a n c e d e p u t a t i o n s , n o r d i d he make a p u b l i c s t a t e m e n t i n s u p p o r t o f t h e l o b b y i n g . N o t one F r e n c h C a n a d i a n member o f P a r l i a m e n t o r t h e S e n a t e a t t e n d e d t h e A l l i a n c e ' s T r i e n n i a l C o n v e n t i o n and few, ** \" A d v o c a t e ( A p r i l 1904). The A l l i a n c e c l a i m e d 25,000 members and 550 b r a n c h e s . PC, APGA, 1904 ,-p. '268 . 4 9 C i t e d by A d v o c a t e (March 1904). 50 See J . L e v i t t , H e n r i B o u r a s s a and t h e G o l d e n C a l f ; The S o c i a l P r o g r a m o f t h e N a t i o n a l i s t s o f Quebec, 1900-1914 (Quebec: P r e s s e s de l ' U n i v e r s i t e de L a v a l , 1972), p . 12 r e a t t i -t u d e o f C a t h o l i c c h u r c h t o w a r d s s t a t e i n t e r v e n t i o n on m a t t e r s o f m o r a l b e h a v i o u r . 219 i f any, of the p e t i t i o n s o r i g i n a t e d from French Canadians. Moreover, the French Canadian ^press gave no i n d i c a t i o n of sup-p o r t f o r the a g i t a t i o n . L a u r i e r ' s government t h e r e f o r e hedged, seeking ways to a v o i d the i s s u e . When the Crown O f f i c e r s of the Department of J u s t i c e confirmed F i t z p a t r i c k ' s i n t e r p r e t a -t i o n of the J u d i c i a l Committee's r u l i n g , F i t z p a t r i c k decided to submit a d r a f t p r o v i n c i a l A c t to the Supreme Court. Then, i f necessary, he c o u l d submit t h a t d e c i s i o n to the P r i v y C o u n c i l 52 f o r a r u l i n g on i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y . F r u s t r a t e d , Shearer d e p i c t e d the s i t u a t i o n to Advocate readers i n these terms: We s h a l l have. . . the novel s p e c t a c l e of the Dominion, through c o u n s e l , a r g u i n g b e f o r e the c o u r t s i n f a v o r of P r o v i n c i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , and q u i t e l i k e l y some of the Pr o v i n c e s arguing i n fa v o r of Dominion j u r i s d i c t i o n . C h a r i t y , however, r e q u i r e s us to assume t h a t i n t h i s the good p o l i t i c i a n s a re but p r a c t i s i n g the s c r i p t u r a l i n j u n c t i o n , to not \"look each of you to h i s own t h i n g s , but each of you a l s o to the t h i n g s of o t h e r s . \" (53) Between May 1904 and March 19 06, however, L a u r i e r d i d change h i s mind once agai n , f i n a l l y c o nsenting to i n t r o d u c e Sab-bath observance l e g i s l a t i o n . As Shearer had re c o g n i z e d i n 1903, the key to t h i s change was the a t t i t u d e of Archbishop B r u c h e s i and the French C a t h o l i c church. The b a s i c c o n f l i c t between the 51 Canada, House of Commons, J o u r n a l s , 1904, pp. 38-40. The one e x c e p t i o n might be a p e t i t i o n signed by one Joseph Bourassa (p. 96). 52 Shearer t o Rev. D.R. Drummond, 12 A p r i l 1904, LB 1902-1904, p. 783. 5 3 A d v o c a t e (May 1904). 220 P r o t e s t a n t a n d C a t h o l i c c h u r c h e s c e n t r e d i n t h e i r a t t i t u d e t o -wards amusements, f o r t h e C a t h o l i c c h u r c h was l e s s r i g i d i n i t s d e f i n i t i o n o f b r e a c h e s o f t h e S a b b a t h t h a n were t h e e v a n g e l i c a l 54 P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s . The C a t h o l i c c h u r c h d i d n o t c o n s i d e r i t s i n f u l t o t a k e a t r a m r i d e on a Sunday. B r u c h e s i , f o r example, d i d n o t w i s h t o s e e t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f a l l t r a i n s and s t e a m e r s on Sunday. \" I t be h o o v e s us t o a c c o r d t o o u r p e o p l e , \" he w r o t e t o F i t z p a t r i c k , \"and p a r t i c u l a r l y t o t h e l a b o u r i n g c l a s s e s , f a c i l i t i e s f o r l e a v i n g t h e c i t y , a nd t o ma k i n g t r i p s on Sunday 55 w h i c h t h e y c o u l d n o t p e r h a p s make on any o t h e r d ay.\" B u t t h e i n c r e a s i n g c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n o f r e c r e a t i o n and i t s a b i l i t y t o compete w i t h t h e c h u r c h e s p r o v i d e d common g r o u n d f o r C a t h o l i c s and P r o t e s t a n t s . B r u c h e s i o p p o s e d t h e a t r i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s , c o n c e r t s , and t o u r n a m e n t s g i v e n as p u b l i c o r p a y i n g e n t e r t a i n -m e n t s . ^ 6 L i k e o t h e r C a t h o l i c c l e r g y , he f e l t t h a t modern t h e a t r e - g o i n g , \" w i t h a l l o f i t s t e n d e n c i e s t o thr o w o f f r e -s t r a i n t s and become a c o n s t a n t menace t o t h e m o r a l i t y o f t h e 57 . . c o u n t r y , must be h e l d i n c h e c k . \" I n a d d i t i o n , B r u c h e s i was \" a b s o l u t e l y o p p o s e d t o t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f p u b l i c e x c u r s i o n s , 54 B o t h t h e P r o t e s t a n t and C a t h o l i c c h u r c h e s were u n i t e d i n t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n t o S a b b a t h l a b o u r . F o r a d e t a i l e d e x a m i n a -t i o n o f C a t h o l i c a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s t h i s p r o b l e m , s e e W.F. Ryan, The C l e r g y and E c o n o m i c Growth i n Quebec (1896-1914) (Quebec: L e s P r e s s e s de l ' U n i v e r s i t e L a v a l , 1966). 5 5 A d v o c a t e (June 1906). I b i d . 5 7 I b i d . (May 1905). 221 organized f o r gain and amusement. Experience has shown that these excursions are the occasions of d i s o r d e r s and deplorable 58 abuses.\" By mid 1905, Bruchesi was f i n a l l y r e c o g n i z i n g that church mandements were i n s u f f i c i e n t to c o n t r o l the expanding r e c r e a t i o n a l businesses i n Montreal. In p a r t i c u l a r , the p r o l i -f e r a t i o n of beer gardens and qua s i - t h e a t r e s such as 'Le Stadium' and the Montreal Gymnasium, which operated as combination wine p a r l o u r , beer garden, amusement h a l l , and gambling den, aroused Bruchesi's anger. Since the P r i v y C o u n c i l d e c i s i o n cast doubt on the v a l i d i t y of c i t y by-laws to f o r b i d such operations on Sunday, many amusement promoters were eager to t e s t the waters. Bruchesi and h i s colleagues l e n t the weight of t h e i r i n f l u e n c e to the f i g h t f o r reinstatement of the municipal by-law. As one high e c c l e s i a s t i c t o l d the Montreal S t a r , \"the C a t h o l i c church w i l l be i n the f o r e f r o n t of the ranks which w i l l array them-selves i n o p p o s i t i o n to the attempt which i s about to be made 5 9 to introduce l e g a l i z e d theatre-going oh Sundays.\" When the combined P r o t e s t a n t and C a t h o l i c f o r c e s emerged triumphant i n June 1905, the French Roman C a t h o l i c church decided to promote f u r t h e r cooperation. Meeting w i t h the other C a t h o l i c bishops i n October 1905, Bruchesi a s s i s t e d i n d r a f t i n g a r e p o r t to be sent to the M i n i s t e r of J u s t i c e concerning the 5 8 B r u c h e s i to C. F i t z p a t r i c k , 29 March 1906, PAC, LP, C836, p. 111497. 5 9Advocate (May 1905). 222 Canadian Catholic church's attitude towards Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n . He agreed with the other bishops that the State did not have the power to make i t s c i t i z e n s Christians, nor to pu r i f y t h e i r private l i v e s by an Act of Parliament, but that i t did have \"the power and the duty of re s t r a i n i n g those who would force i t s people to forego t h e i r r i g h t to bodily rest on Sun-6 0 day.\" The Report concluded by \"urging on Parliament the d e s i r a b i l i t y of enacting such l e g i s l a t i o n . \" In March 1906, Bruchesi set out his own views i n a private l e t t e r to F i t z -patrick. \"Contrary to what has been written i n many newspapers,\" he assured F i t z p a t r i c k , \"I am of [the] opinion that the Govern-ment has the ri g h t and the duty to l e g i s l a t e i n thi s matter.\" Believing personally that \"nearly a l l our fellow c i t i z e n s admit that l e g i s l a t i o n i n thi s matter i s necessary,\" he urged F i t z -patrick that i t was \"high time to act.\" \"Without precise and firm l e g i s l a t i o n t h i s Canada of ours w i l l before long be as several countries of Europe; not a vestige w i l l be found therein 61 of the respect due to the Lord's Day.\" In p a r t i c u l a r , the French Catholic hierarchy approved of l e g i s l a t i o n dealing with labour and organized amusements, those \"veritables fleaux,\" as 6 2 Bruchesi c a l l e d them. I t would not, however, assent to l e g i s -l a t i o n that would p r o h i b i t the general populace from pursuing 6 0 I b i d . (February 1906). 6 1 B r u c h e s i to F i t z p a t r i c k , 29 March 1906, PAC, LP, C836, p. 111497. 6 2 Bruchesi to Laurier, 3 June 1906, PAC, LP, C836, p. 111156. 6 3 innocent amusements such as walks and p i c n i c s . When the A l l i a n c e o f f e r e d the guarantee t h a t the b i l l would o n l y p r o h i b i t amusements \"where there i s an admission f e e , or p r i z e , or r e -ward contended f o r , \" L a u r i e r was s a t i s f i e d t h a t Canada's two 64 \" e t h n i c c h a r t e r groups\" agreed on the need f o r l e g i s l a t i o n . Moreover, i t had become c l e a r t h a t o n l y the f e d e r a l government c o u l d pass the necessary law. In March 1905, the Supreme Court o f Canada r e j e c t e d the c l a i m t h a t the p r o v i n c e s c o u l d pass Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n as c i v i l l e g i s l a t i o n : \" L e g i s l a t i o n having f o r i t s o b j e c t the compulsory observance o f such day or the f i x i n g of r u l e s of conduct. . . to be f o l l o w e d on t h a t day, i s l e g i s l a t i o n p r o p e r l y f a l l i n g . . . w i t h i n the 65 j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the Dominion Parliament.\" When the f e d e r a l government attempted to appeal t h i s d e c i s i o n to the P r i v y C o u n c i l , the judges of t h a t c o u r t p e r e m p t o r i l y r e f u s e d to g i v e l e a v e to hear the appeal, d e c l a r i n g t h a t they had \"already ex-6 6 pressed themselves on t h i s Sunday b u s i n e s s . \" 6 7 Shearer and h i s lobby were s u c c e s s f u l , and L a u r i e r s a i l e d i n t o the storm. On March 11, 1906, F i t z p a t r i c k i n t r o -6 3 B r u c h e s i t o F i t z p a t r i c k , 29 March 1906, quoted i n Advocate (June 1906). 64 See Robert Presthus, E l i t e Accommodation i n Canadian P o l i t i c s (Toronto: Macmillan o f Canada, 1973), pp. 3-19. 6 5 \"In re J u r i s d i c t i o n of a P r o v i n c e t o L e g i s l a t e Respect-i n g A b s t e n t i o n from Labour on Sunday,\" 35 S.C.R. (1905), 581. 6 6 LDAC, Minutes of E x e c u t i v e Committee, (n.d., c i r c a -August 1905), LDACP. 6 7 Richard Van Loon and M i c h a e l W h i t t i n g t o n , The Canadian duced the Lord's Day B i l l , drafted by the A l l i a n c e , to the House of Commons. The House of Commons gave second reading to the b i l l i n A p r i l and duly referred i t to a Select Committee. The b i l l returned to the House i n late June. On July 9, i t was delivered to the Senate and on the 13th, when the House passed the Senate's amendments, the Lord's Day Act became a federal statute. In a l l three forums, furious debate raged over the b i l l ' s s o c i a l and moral implications. C o n f l i c t developed along ethno-religious and economic l i n e s . The major economic battles took place i n the Select Committee hearings, while the ethno-r e l i g i o u s b a t t l e raged i n the House of Commons and the Senate. In a l l , they were \"some of the most acrimonious public discus-6 8 sions ever witnessed i n Canada up to that time.\" Shearer knew he was i n for a f i g h t . \"There may be much public opposition,\" he wrote to his members when the b i l l was introduced to the House. \"The deadly work w i l l be done 69 when the measure i s i n committee.\" And so i t was. The pur-pose of Select Committee hearings into the b i l l was to a i r \" a l l the honest c r i t i c i s m that may be offered of i t s provisions and 70 to meet the reasonable needs of the community.\" Shearer and P o l i t i c a l System (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1976), pp. 302-3. The A l l i a n c e had displayed.the r e q u i s i t e \"determinants of success,\" namely, a cohesive organization and an application of pressure on government on a l l fronts. 6 R Ontario Law Reform Commission, Report on Sunday Obser-vance^Legislation (Toronto: Department of - J u s t i c e , 1970), p.- 44. 6 9Advocate (March 1904). 7 0 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906, c. 1010. R.U. Macpherson, the A l l i a n c e ' s s o l i c i t o r , were i n cons t a n t attendance a t the Committee hearings to rebut a c c u s a t i o n s . .'.As the most c r i t i c a l s e c t o r , the business community was w e l l r e -presented by the h o s t i l e testimony of s i x t y c o r p o r a t i o n s . The economic b a t t l e c e n t r e d on the c l a u s e s r e s t r i c t i n g the opera-t i o n s of r a i l w a y s , steamships, and i n d u s t r i a l processes such,:as mining, a n d - s t e e l and i r o n works.,„As* proposed by. the A l l i a n c e - , the b i l l allowed o n l y t r a i n s i n t r a n s i t when the Lord's Day began and t r a i n s t h a t c o n t a i n e d e i t h e r l i v e s t o c k , p e r i s h a b l e goods, or g r a i n to continue to t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n . Ships c o u l d proceed to t h e i r n e a r e s t p o r t of c a l l i f they too were i n t r a n -s i t when the Lord's Day began. But the b i l l d i d not a l l o w the unloading of such f r e i g h t on a r r i v a l a t i t s d e s t i n a t i o n . In-d u s t r i a l concerns c o u l d perform o n l y i n c i d e n t a l r e p a i r s of an 71 emergency nature. The t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o r p o r a t i o n s i n s i s t e d t h a t , as e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e s , they needed the r i g h t to operate twenty-f o u r hours a day seven days a week. Competition from the Un i t e d S t a t e s , the s h o r t d u r a t i o n of the wheat h a r v e s t and the n a v i g a t i o n season, as w e l l as the p e r i s h a b l e nature of much of the f r e i g h t , were o t h e r arguments advanced. In a d d i t i o n , the r a i l w a y s maintained t h a t t h e i r men enjoyed a weekly day of r e s t . I n d u s t r i a l c o r p o r a t i o n s such as the. s t e e l and i r o n i n d u s t r i e s and the mining i n d u s t r y a l l e g e d t h a t they must continue opera-71 Advocate ( A p r i l 1906). For b i l l d r a f t e d by the A l l i -ance, see Appendix VI. 226 72 t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t Sunday o r s u f f e r r u i n . On a d v i c e o f t h e Committee, t h e A l l i a n c e and r e p r e s e n t -a t i v e s o f t h e s e b u s i n e s s e s met i n p r i v a t e s e s s i o n s . As a r e -s u l t , t h e A l l i a n c e a g r e e d t o m o d i f i c a t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d t o i n d u s -t r i a l o p e r a t i o n s . As amended, t h e c l a u s e l e t s u c h c o r p o r a t i o n s s t a r t o r m a i n t a i n f i r e s , make r e p a i r s , and do: any o t h e r work when s u c h f i r e s , r e p a i r s o r work a r e e s s e n t i a l t o any i n d u s t r i a l p r o c e s s o f s u c h a c o n t i n u o u s n a t u r e t h a t i t c a n n o t be s t o p p e d w i t h o u t s e r i o u s i n j u r y t o i t s p r o d u c t o r t o t h e p l a n t o r p r o p e r t y u s e d i n s u c h p r o c e s s . (73) W i t h r e g a r d t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e e d s , t h e A l l i a n c e c o n s e n t e d t o e x e m p t i o n s t h a t a l l o w e d s t e a m s h i p c o m p a n i e s t o a v o i d t h e i c e t h a t c l o s e d n a v i g a t i o n and t o u n l o a d p e r i s h a b l e s t o c k a t i t s d e s t i n a t i o n on S u n d a y s . I t g r a n t e d r a i l w a y s t h e r i g h t t o un-l o a d f r e i g h t f r o m p a s s e n g e r t r a i n s a t s t o p p i n g p o i n t s a l o n g t h e r o u t e as w e l l and do some work i n r a i l w a y . y a r d s ; b o t h Sunday m o r n i n g and e v e n i n g . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e A l l i a n c e f i n a l l y a s s e n t e d t o t h e p r i n c i p l e o f a w e e k l y r e s t d a y . As amended, t h e b i l l made i t u n l a w f u l f o r any p e r s o n t o p e r m i t an employee t o work on Sunday \" u n l e s s s u c h employee i s g i v e n d u r i n g t h e n e x t s i x 74 d a y s o f s u c h week t w e n t y - f o u r c o n s e c u t i v e h o u r s w i t h o u t l a b o r . \" The m o d i f i c a t i o n s p r o d u c e d m i x e d r e a c t i o n s among oppon-e n t s t o t h e b i l l . The i n d u s t r i a l c o n c e r n s were p l e a s e d , f o r 72 Canada, House o f Commons, S e l e c t Committee on t h e L o r d ' s Day B i l l , M i n u t e s o f . E v i d e n c e , pp. 68-116, p. 180. 7 3 A d v o c a t e (June 1906). I b i d . 227 they r e a l i z e d t h a t the A l l i a n c e had handed them \"a v i r t u a l 7 5 blank check. . . to c l a i m exemption from the b i l l . \" The steamship companies were a l s o reasonably s a t i s f i e d . The r a i l -way c o r p o r a t i o n s , however, unceremoniously l e f t the meeting with the A l l i a n c e w i t h the i n t e n t i o n of d i r e c t l y l o b b y i n g mem-bers of the House and Senate to o b t a i n f u r t h e r m o d i f i c a t i o n s . As a r e s u l t , the House amended the b i l l , g r a n t i n g the Board of Railway Commissioners p e r m i s s i o n to all o w exceptions to the b i l l which they unanimously deemed \"necessary. . . i n connec-7 6 t i o n w i t h the f r e i g h t of any r a i l w a y . \" The House r e f u s e d f u r t h e r amendments proposed by the Senate t h a t would have gi v e n the r a i l w a y s t o t a l l i b e r t y to perform a l l g e n e r a l r e p a i r work on Sundays, assuming i n s t e a d t h a t the Railway Commissioners would make the necessary a l t e r a t i o n s ^ w h e n the b i l l went i n t o : e f f e c t . The A l l i a n c e i n f a c t scored o n l y two minor v i c t o r i e s i n the economic f i e l d . The S e l e c t Committee r e j e c t e d the ap-p l i c a t i o n from Grimsby Park, the lone amusement business to appear b e f o r e i t . Theppark owner asked p e r m i s s i o n to continue c h a r g i n g admission on Sunday on the grounds t h a t he pr o v i d e d r e l i g i o u s s e r v i c e s and not f r i v o l o u s entertainment. The Com-mittee a l s o supported the i n s e r t i o n of a c l a u s e d i r e c t l y f o r -75 A.M.C. Waterman., \"The' Lord ' s. Day i n a-Secular. S o c i e t y : A H i s t o r i c a l Comment on the Canadian Lord's Day A c t of 1906,\" Canadian J o u r n a l of Theology XI (1965), p. 118. 7 6 A d v o c a t e (May 1906); I b i d . (June 1906). 228 bidding the im p o r t a t i o n of f o r e i g n newspapers on Sundays, a r e s t r i c t i o n d i r e c t l y aimed at the American Sunday paper. Although e t h n o - r e l i g i o u s tensions simmered throughout the S e l e c t Committee hearings, no f u l l - b l o w n c o n f l i c t took place u n t i l the b i l l went before the House i n l a t e June. The two issues concerned were a S a b b a t a r i a n exemption to Jews and Seventh Day A d v e n t i s t s , and the s o - c a l l e d 'amusement1 clauses t h a t f o r -bade any amusement business, which charged an entrance f e e , to operate on Sunday. In 1891 John Charlton had been amenable to p r o v i d i n g an 77 exemption from h i s proposed b i l l s to the Jews, but by 1906 the S a b b a t a r i a n a t t i t u d e towards the Jews had hardened i n t o r i g i d o p p o s i t i o n . The s i z e of the Jewish community i n Canada had increased' s i g n i f i c a n t l y , more than doubling from i t s 1901 7 8 t o t a l of 16,401 to approximately 40,000 i n 1906. To the A l l i -ance i t seemed that the Jewish community was r e s p o n s i b l e f o r most Sunday t r a d i n g i n the l a r g e r c i t i e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n Montreal. In 1905, when the Montreal Jewish community sought permis-s i o n to c a r r y on Sunday trad e , the A l l i a n c e responded: While we sympathize w i t h those who s u f f e r f o r conscience sake, y e t i t i s b e t t e r t h a t a few should so s u f f e r than t h a t the many t o i l e r s 77 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1891, c. 761. Ch a r l t o n had proposed a S a b b a t a r i a n exemption c l a u s e . 7 8 Canada, S e l e c t Committee, Minutes, p. 187. Shearer disputed these f i g u r e s , but the Canada Census 1911 f i g u r e s would seem to confirm the accuracy of the f i g u r e s Rabbi Jacobs pre-sented to the House. In 1911 the Census recorded 74,564 Jews i n Canada. Canada Year Book, 1912, p. 28. s h o u l d l o s e t h e i r S a b b a t h r e s t f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e s e few . . . . . . . Our n a t i o n a l R e s t Day, i n a C h r i s t i a n c o u n t r y l i k e Canada, must be on t h e L o r d ' s Day w h i c h i s t h e S a b b a t h o f t h e v a s t m a j o r i t y o f C a n a d i a n s . And a l l t h o s e who come i n t o o u r c o u n t r y t o s h a r e i t s g r e a t w e a l t h must a l s o a c c e p t i t s i n s t i t u t i o n s . I t i s t h e f o r e i g n e r s who most f r e q u e n t l y b r e a k o u r l a w s . (79) A d d r e s s i n g t h e a n n u a l m e e t i n g o f t h e Quebec A l l i a n c e i n t h e same y e a r , t h e P r e s i d e n t , D r . E . H i l l , w h i n e d : \"Why s h o u l d a l i e n s be e n c o u r a g e d and t o l e r a t e d , who t r a m p l e upon o u r r i g h t s and i n s t i t u t i o n s , when we make them s h a r e r s i n o u r h e r i t a g e o f law, l i b e r t y and e q u a l i t y ? S u r e l y i t i s u n g r a t e f u l o f them t o assume 8 0 o t h e r t h a n t h e i r l e g i t i m a t e r i g h t s . \" J e w i s h community l e a d e r s a r g u e d t h a t b o t h B r i t i s h and A m e r i c a n l e g i s l a t i o n r e g a r d i n g employment on t h e S a b b a t h g r a n t e d e x e m p t i o n s t o t h e Jews. S i n c e Canada had c o n f e r r e d f u l l c i v i l , p o l i t i c a l , a nd r e l i g i o u s l i b e r t y upon J e w i s h c i t i z e n s i n 1832, 81 i t s h o u l d g r a n t s i m i l a r e x e m p t i o n s i n a l l s u c h l e g i s l a t i o n . When t h e Jews a d o p t e d t h e same l o b b y i n g t e c h n i q u e s a s t h e A l l i -a n c e — i n t e r v i e w i n g t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r and h i s M i n i s t e r o f J u s t i c e , c i r c u l a t i n g p e t i t i o n s , and g i v i n g \" t e s t i m o n y b e f o r e t h e S e l e c t Committee — i t t r i e d t o d i s c r e d i t t h e i r c l a i m s . S h e a r e r m o b i l i z e d h i s f o r c e s t o d e f e a t t h e e x e m p t i o n m e a s u r e , e x h o r t i n g 79 A d v o c a t e ( A u g u s t , September 1905). I b i d . 81 Canada, S e l e c t Committee, M i n u t e s , p. 13. J a c o b s c i t e d t h e B r i t i s h F a c t o r i e s A c t o f 1878 and 1901 as g i v i n g s p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e s t o Jews . . . 230 h i s branches to send r e s o l u t i o n s to Members of Parliament and Senators \" s t r o n g l y u r g i n g against the exemptions cl a u s e f o r Jews and others\" and o r g a n i z i n g a mass deputation to Lau-8 2 r i e r and F i t z p a t r i c k . Jewish testimony impressed the members of the S e l e c t Committee, and i t passed the exempting clause by a m a j o r i t y of one. In the House, the debate on the issue \"saw party l i n e s 8 3 wiped out and p r o v i n c i a l v o t i n g b l o c s disregarded.\" L a u r i e r h imself supported the exemption f o r , \"par i n s t i n c t et par t r a -d i t i o n , \" he was i n c l i n e d t o p r o t e c t m i n o r i t y r i g h t s although, as he assured the A l l i a n c e , he would c e r t a i n l y not approve of Jews \"being allowed to do general business or t r a f f i c or any-84 t h i n g t h a t would be a scandal t o t h e i r neighbours. 1 1 Two members of L a u r i e r ' s c a b i n e t , F i e l d i n g and Lemieux, a l s o sup-ported the exemption, as d i d Robert Borden. But o p p o s i t i o n to the exemption centred i n Aylesworth, L a u r i e r ' s new M i n i s t e r 8 5 of J u s t i c e , and Henri Bourassa and h i s f o l l o w e r s . Despite L a u r i e r ' s support, the House defeated the amendment. Forgotten i n the f i g h t over the Sabbatarian exemption, t r a d i t i o n a l patterns of E n g l i s h Canadian, French Canadian con-f l i c t r e a s s e r t e d themselves i n the debate over the amusement clauses. How d i d L a u r i e r , u s u a l l y so shrewd i n e f f e c t i n g com-8 2 Advocate ( A p r i l 1906). 8 3 T o r o n t o Globe, 2 8 June 1906. 84 Advocate ( A p r i l 1906); L a u r i e r to Br u c h e s i , 16 June 19 PAC, LP, C835, p. 111161; L a u r i e r to H.H. M i l l e r , 4 June 1906, I b i d . , p. 110834. 8 5 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906, c. 5637. 231 promise between the E n g l i s h and the French, make the mistake of assuming t h a t c o n f l i c t over the b i l l would focus on the economic clauses and t h a t the amusement and labour clauses would pass the House w i t h l i t t l e comment? I t would seem tha t he b e l i e v e d t h a t French Canadian views on these subjects d i f f e r -ed l i t t l e from those of the French Roman C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y . L a u r i e r thought t h a t once French Canadian p u b l i c o p i n i o n under-stood t h a t the b i l l d i d not p r o h i b i t steamship or t r a i n excur-s i o n s , or amusement parks, but r a t h e r forbade \"des speculations q u i pourraient e t r e f a i t e s sous couvert d ' e x h i b i t i o n s de jeux a t h l e t i q u e s , de r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s ou d 1 excursions,\" i t would sup-port the b i l l . French Canadian members of Parliament would then echo t h i s p u b l i c support by v o t i n g f o r the clauses t h a t banned commercial r e c r e a t i o n but l e f t untouched the i n d i v i d u a l ' s r i g h t \"de se r e c r e e r , de se d i s t r a i r e , de se d e l a s s e r , de r e s p i r e r 8 6 l ' a i r pur et d ' e n t r e t e n i r ses r e l a t i o n s f a m i l i a l e s . \" Instead, much to L a u r i e r ' s d i s c o m f i t u r e , the b i l l pro-voked enormous and v o c a l p r o t e s t s from Quebecers both outside and i n s i d e Parliament. Outside Parliament, the powerful Mon-t r e a l Board of Trade, the P r o t e s t a n t Mayor of Montreal and h i s C i t y C o u n c i l had already expressed t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n to the b i l l i n s t r o n g l y worded l e t t e r s to L a u r i e r and memorials to the L a u r i e r to G. L a n g l o i s , 3 A p r i l 1906, LP (Prang t r a n s -s c r i p t ) . 232 S e l e c t Committee. The F r e n c h C a n a d i a n p r e s s was h o s t i l e ; a M a r c h e d i t o r i a l i n L e Canada, an o t h e r w i s e l o y a l L i b e r a l p a p e r , e s p e c i a l l y d i s t r e s s e d L a u r i e r . A r g u i n g t h a t t h e b i l l \"ne p o u -v a i t c o n v e n i r n i au temperament n i a l a m e n t a l i t e de l a p r o v i n c e de Quebec,\" t h e e d i t o r i a l i m p l i e d t h a t F r e n c h C a n a d i a n members o f P a r l i a m e n t s h o u l d v o t e a g a i n s t t h e b i l l i n f u l l k nowledge t h a t t h e i r e l e c t o r s b a c k e d them. O t h e r p a p e r s j o i n e d t h e 8 8 a t t a c k . \"We hope,\" c r i e d I s r a e l T a r t e ' s L a P a t r i e l a t e i n J u n e , \" t h a t s u c h a D r a c o n i c measure w i l l n e v e r be a d o p t e d ! \" : N e v e r has t h e l i b e r t y o f t h e s u b j e c t b e en so d i s -r e g a r d e d . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t s u c h a B i l l w o u l d n o t be a c c e p t e d i n a c o u n t r y g o v e r n e d by t h e most a u t o c r a t i c methods. T h e r e i s no Government o r p u b l i c man c a p a b l e o f c a r r y i n g s u c h a measure i n t o f o r c e . We a r e a s k e d how S i r W i l f r i d L a u r i e r e v e r became a champion o f so r e t r o g r a d e a m e a s u r e . (89) I n s i d e t h e House o f Commons, H e n r i B o u r a s s a d i r e c t e d t h e a t t a c k . To B o u r a s s a , as H. B l a i r N e a t b y comments, t h e L o r d ' s Day B i l l \"meant f o r c i n g on Quebec t h e p u r i t a n i d e a l s o f t h e p r o -v i n c e o f O n t a r i o \" and was b u t one more example, on t h e h e e l s o f t h e Autonomy B i l l s , o f L a u r i e r ' s w i l l i n g n e s s t o s a c r i f i c e Quebec's i n t e r e s t s . \" B o u r a s s a was a b l e t o a r g u e t h a t he, n o t L a u r i e r , was d e f e n d i n g t h e L i b e r a l p r i n c i p l e o f f r e e d o m o f c o n -0 / G . H a d r i l l t o L a u r i e r , 23 M a r c h 1906, LP ( P r a n g T r a n -s c r i p t ) ; Canada, House o f Commons, S e l e c t Committee, M i n u t e s , p. 7. 8 8 L e Canada, 28 M a r c h 1906, c o p y i n LP; L a u r i e r t o God-f r o y L a n g l o i s , 3 A p r i l 1906, LP ( P r a n g t r a n s c r i p t ) , \" J e s u i s en e f f e t t r e s m e c o n t e n t de 1 ' a r t i c l e que l e \"Canada\" a p u b l i e s u r l a q u e s t i o n du b i l l du d i m a n c h e . . .\" Q u o t e d i n J . C a s t e l l H o p k i n s , C a n a d i a n A n n u a l Review, 1906, p. 560. science against t h i s 'most i l l i b e r a l measure ever advocated i n 90 the Canadian parliament.'\" Armand Lavergne and the three L i b e r a l Montreal members, Honore Gervais, Camille Piche, and Louis Rivet, supported Bourassa, arguing that the Lord's Day B i l l contradicted p r o v i n c i a l autonomy. Directing the attack f i r s t at the labour clause, Camille Piche introduced an amend-ment to make i t subject to p r o v i n c i a l laws \"now or hereafter i n 91 force.\" In late June, these French Canadians arranged a mas-sive demonstration against the b i l l , to be larger, they claimed, 92 than those of March 1885 protesting R i e l ' s hanging. Laurier capitulated to t h i s French Canadian h o s t i l i t y . The night before the planned demonstration i n Montreal, the government not only accepted the p r o v i n c i a l autonomy amendment to the labour clause, but also made known i t s intention to delay enactment of the b i l l u n t i l A p r i l 1, 1907. 9 3 Although the government attempted to r e s i s t demands to make the amusement clauses subject to the same proviso, continued French Canadian pressure forced additional amendments. Ten thousand- workers and small merchants attended Bourassa's mass demonstration, at which he submitted \"resolutions for the assembly's approval, p e t i t i o n i n g parliament to respect p r o v i n c i a l rights by submit-90 H. B l a i r Neatby, Laurier and a L i b e r a l Quebec (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973), p. 163. 91 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906, c. 5647. 9 2D. Monet to Laurier, 28 June 1906, PAC, LP, C835, p. 111649. 93 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906, cc. 5651, 6590, 6675. 234 t i n g t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e law i n e a c h p r o v i n c e t o t h e d e c i s i o n 94 o f t h e l e g i s l a t u r e . \" The Quebec A s s e m b l y r e s p o n d e d by v o t i n g h i s r e s o l u t i o n s by a c c l a m a t i o n and a d o p t i n g a r e s o l u t i o n \" w hich d e p l o r e d t h e i n t e n t i o n t o impose on Quebec a law c o n t r a r y t o t h e c u s t o m s , t h e s e n t i m e n t s , t h e i n t e r e s t s and c i v i l r i g h t s o f 95 i t s i n h a b i t a n t s . \" W h i l e B o u r a s s a i n s i s t e d t h e r e w o u l d be no o u t r i g h t r e v o l t , he t h r e a t e n e d , i n t h e same b r e a t h , t h a t t h e p e o p l e o f Quebec w o u l d n o t \" s w a l l o w t a m e l y t h i s p i e c e o f l e g i s -96 l a t i o n . \" E d i t o r i a l s i n t h e O t t a w a p r e s s spoke o f t h e d a n g e r s 97 o f \"a s e m i - r e v o l u t i o n i n t h a t p r o v i n c e \" s h o u l d t h e b i l l p a s s . U n der p r e s s u r e f r o m t h e L i b e r a l c a u c u s , t h e L i b e r a l S e n a t o r s a g r e e d t o a d d i t i o n a l m o d i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e b i l l . N o t o n l y d i d t h e S e n a t e add t h e p r o v i n c i a l autonomy amendment t o c l a u s e s f i v e and s i x , b u t i n a d d i t i o n , i t i n t r o d u c e d a d i s c r e -t i o n a r y \" o p t i n g o u t \" c l a u s e by w h i c h l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s u n d e r t h e A c t c o u l d n o t be commenced \" w i t h o u t t h e l e a v e o f t h e A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l f o r t h e p r o v i n c e i n w h i c h t h e o f f e n c e i s a l l e g e d t o have 9 8 been c o m m i t t e d . \" Amid howls f r o m A l l i a n c e s u p p o r t e r s t h a t \" w i t h t h i s amendment c a r r i e d , t h e B i l l i s dead — dead as J u l i u s C a e s a r , \" t h e amendment p a s s e d by a v o t e o f 32 t o 19, w i t h a l l 94 Mason Wade, The F r e n c h C a n a d i a n s , 1760-1967 ( T o r o n t o : M a c m i l l a n o f Canada, 1968), v o l . I , p. 547. 95 Canada, House o f Commons, D e b a t e s , 1906, c . 7330. 9 6 I b i d . , c . 7315. 97 Ottawa F r e e P r e s s , 5 J u l y 1906, c i t e d by B o u r a s s a i n I b i d . , c . 7332. 9 8 Canada, S e n a t e , D e b a t e s , 1906, c c . 1163, 1201. 235 9 9 L i b e r a l Senators s u p p o r t i n g i t . The French Canadians were most s a t i s f i e d w i t h these amendments, p a r t i c u l a r l y the \"opting-out\" c l a u s e . Bourassa was j u b i l a n t : I t h i n k the government are to be c o n g r a t u l a t e d on having accepted the very good amendments t h a t have been made to t h i s B i l l by the Senate. . . I do not t h i n k t h a t , w i t h the B i l l i n i t s p r e s e n t form, the d i s f a v o u r w i l l be q u i t e what i t was. I t h i n k pro-bably the people of Quebec w i l l r e g a rd t h i s law as some Americans.said they regarded I n d i a n s . The say-in g t here was t h a t the onl y good Indian was a dead India n . I t h i n k the people of Quebec w i l l r e g a rd t h i s as a good law because i t i s a dead law. (100) Commentators i n the 1970s have c a l l e d the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e \"one of the most e f f e c t i v e l e g i s l a t i v e l o b b i e s i n Cana-d i a n h i s t o r y . \"-'-Ol ^he. A l l i a n c e ' s i n f l u e n c e , however, peaked wit h the i n t r o d u c t i o n of the feill. The subsequent hearings and debate r e v e a l e d the d e c l i n i n g i n f l u e n c e of the A l l i a n c e a g a i n s t the i n c r e a s i n g s t r e n g t h o f i t s economic and e t h n o - r e l i g i o u s opponents. Shearer h i m s e l f must assume r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r numerous 102 mistakes. H is testimony b e f o r e the S e l e c t Committee r e v e a l e d 9 9 I b i d . c. 1201-6; O n t a r i o Law Reform Commission, Report on Sunday Observance L e g i s l a t i o n , p. 56. 1 ^Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906, c. 7689. x ^ x O n t a r i o Law Reform Commission, op. c i t . , p. 4 4 . 1 07 Shearer t o Rev. W. Rochester, 5 May 1906, LB 1905-1906, p. 527: \"Th i s f i g h t a t Ottawa breaks a l l r e c o r d s i n my e x p e r i -236 a general ignorance of Canada's economic development. He d i s -regarded advice t h a t ran contrary to h i s own a t t i t u d e s : f o r example, when D.W. Bole, the L i b e r a l member from Boissevan and an Executive member of the Manitoba A l l i a n c e , advised Shearer to modify r e s t r i c t i o n s on the ha u l i n g of f r e i g h t , Shearer concluded t h a t Bole had been \" s t u f f e d \" by h i s advi s e r s and t h a t he was \"wrong i n h i s statement of the i m p r a c t i c a b i l i t y of the proposed 103 l e g i s l a t i o n . \" Instead, Shearer r e l i e d on arguments s u p p l i e d by American Sabbatarian groups without v e r i f y i n g t h e i r v a l i d i t y . He claimed, f o r i n s t a n c e , t h a t some American r a i l w a y s had com-p l e t e l y ceased Sunday operations. But h i s opponents e a s i l y punctured t h i s argument. By c o n t a c t i n g the American companies c i t e d by Shearer, r a i l w a y lawyers could t e s t i f y t hat American companies had c u r t a i l e d only n o n - p r o f i t a b l e passenger s e r v i c e s , 104 not f r e i g h t t r a f f i c . Canadian companies d e s i r e d no more. Shearer made other e r r o r s of the same k i n d . Before the S e l e c t Committee he claimed to have r e c e i v e d \"a considerable number of communications\" from the r a i l w a y brotherhoods, 8 9 per-ence and i s , i n a sense, a whole education to one, but the way the d i f f i c u l t i e s have been met and overcome, i n the good p r o v i -dence of God, i s wonderful.\" In l a t e June, however, Shearer admitted.to \"having a desperate f i g h t . \" See Shearer to W. Hend-son, 23 June 1906, I b i d . , p. 586. 1 0 3 S h e a r e r to J.B. M i t c h e l l , 3 March 1906, I b i d . , p. 468. 104 Canada, House of Commons, S e l e c t Committee, Minutes, 1906, p. 178, pp. 192-8. This lack of seriou s i n v e s t i g a t i o n seems to have been a common f a i l i n g among Canadian reformers. See John Weaver, \"'Tomorrow's M e t r o p o l i s ' R e v i s i t e d : A C r i t i c a l Assessment of Urban Reform i n Canada,\" i n The Canadian C i t y : Essays i n Urban H i s t o r y , ed., G.A. S t e l t e r and A. A r t i b i s e (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1977), pp. 393, 413, n.2. 237 c e n t o f whom had d e c l a r e d s u p p o r t f o r t h e b i l l . C r o s s - e x a m i n a -t i o n , however, f o r c e d h i m t o a d m i t t h a t o f t h e 225 b r o t h e r h o o d s t o whom he had s e n t c o p i e s o f t h e b i l l , he had r e c e i v e d o n l y 105 t w e n t y - f o u r f a v o u r a b l e r e p l i e s , t h a t i s , 10 p e r c e n t . L a t e r , when t h e House made t h e b i l l ' s l a b o u r c l a u s e s u b j e c t t o p r o v i n -c i a l a u t h o r i t y , S h e a r e r f o o l i s h l y commented t o t h e p r e s s t h a t s i n c e t h e p r o v i n c i a l autonomy amendment o n l y a p p l i e d t o t h e one c l a u s e , i t d i d n o t i n v a l i d a t e t h e e n t i r e b i l l . T h i s comment pr o m p t e d B o u r a s s a t o p r o p o s e s i m i l a r amendments t o t h e amuse-ment c l a u s e s , and S h e a r e r l o s t any a d v a n t a g e he m i g h t have . , 106 g a i n e d . The c o h e s i o n o f t h e A l l i a n c e b r o k e down as i t became o b v i o u s t h a t many men had c o n s e n t e d t o s u p p o r t t h e A l l i a n c e 107 w i t h o u t f u l l y e x p l o r i n g t h e r a m i f i c a t i o n s o f i t s a i m s . The d e b a t e e x p o s e d v a r i o u s f a c e t s o f A l l i a n c e p o l i c y : on one hand, i t s i n f l e x i b i l i t y on i s s u e s s u c h a s t h e S a b b a t a r i a n e x e m p t i o n ; on t h e o t h e r hand, i t s a b i l i t y t o compromise w i t h s e c u l a r g r o u p s s u c h as o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e i t s d e s i r e d g o a l . A l l i a n c e members, f o r c e d by t h e h e a t o f b a t t l e t o come t o t e r m s 105 Canada, House o f Commons, S e l e c t Committee, M i n u t e s , p. 174-5. 106 M o n t r e a l W i t n e s s , 2 J u l y 1906, c i t e d by H. B o u r a s s a , Canada, House o f Commons, D e b a t e s , 1906, c c . 7314-5. 107 D. Truman, The G o v e r n m e n t a l P r o c e s s (New Y o r k : A.A. Kn o p f , 1950), p. 156: \"Complete s t a b i l i t y w i t h i n any i n t e r e s t g r o u p i s a f i c t i o n . . . A l l g r o u p s e x p e r i e n c e c o n t i n u o u s a l t e r -c a t i o n s o v e r p o l i c i e s , i n v o l v i n g b o t h means and e n d . . . [The] i n t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l l i f e o f t h e g r o u p i s made up o f a c o n t i n u o u s e f f o r t t o m a i n t a i n l e a d e r s and f o l l o w e r s i n some measure o f har-monious r e l a t i o n s h i p . \" A l s o I b i d . , p. 535. 238 with t h e i r own r e l i g i o u s convictions and commitment to moral reform, responded i n varying ways, none of which materially aided Shearer. Robert Borden, for example;, opposed compromis-ing Sabbatarianism's moral aims. Membership i n the A l l i a n c e , he declared, did not allow him to waive his own judgement, and his conduct throughout the debate was consistently at odds with 108 Shearer's wishes. In order to provide provinces with the opportunity to pass s t r i c t e r laws i f they so wished, Borden supported the p r o v i n c i a l autonomy amendments and proposed one of his own (which failed) to make the playing of games, whether 109 for p r o f i t or not, an offence. Other executive members opposed Shearer's i n f l e x i b i l i t y on the economic clauses and the S a b b a t a r i a n exemption clause. E.M. Macdonald, a member of the Select Committee, was also a member of the Allian c e ' s L e g i s l a t i o n Committee. A Presbyterian, \"imbued strongly. . . from early t r a i n i n g and association with the idea that the Sabbath day should be kept holy,\" Macdonald was \"most sympathetic to a l l reasonable propositions. . . made for the purpose of bringing t h i s about.\" But the Committee hearings forced him to r e a l i z e : that the proposal to l e g i s l a t e on the subject was a matter of wider importance and affected a great many more interests than one would have thought Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906, c. 7353. 9 I b i d . , c. 5753. 239 who had n o t p r e v i o u s l y d e l v e d i n t o t h e s u b j e c t w i t h some d e g r e e o f c a r e . (110) T e s t i m o n y by t h e J e w i s h l e a d e r s i m p r e s s e d h i m g r e a t l y a nd i t was h i s . v o t e t h a t gave t h e S a b b a t a r i a n e x e m p t i o n c l a u s e i t s one v o t e m a j o r i t y . A s t h e h e a r i n g s c o n t i n u e d , M a c d o n a l d came t o r e s e n t S h e a r e r ' s b u l l y i n g t a c t i c s , s p e c i f i c a l l y h i s h a b i t o f l u r k i n g i n t h e h a l l s t o a c c o s t members a f t e r s e s s i o n s . \" 1 \" 1 1 A n o t h e r A l l i a n c e member, J.R. D o u g a l l , e d i t o r o f t h e M o n t r e a l W i t n e s s , e x p r e s s e d h i s s u r p r i s e a t t h e s c o p e o f t h e b i l l and i t s r e s t r i c -t i o n s o n \" p e r s o n a l work t h a t d i d n o t r e q u i r e t h e work o f 112 o t h e r s . \" R e q u e s t e d by L a u r i e r t o v o i c e h i s o p i n i o n on t h e S a b b a t a r i a n e x e m p t i o n c l a u s e , D o u g a l l e m p h a t i c a l l y s u p p o r t e d 113 i t . O t h e r A l l i a n c e members a v o i d e d commitment by a b s e n t i n g 114 t h e m s e l v e s f r o m t h e d e b a t e . F . L . S c h a f f n e r , C o n s e r v a t i v e Member o f P a r l i a m e n t f o r S o u r i s , M a n i t o b a , c o n c l u d e d midway t h r o u g h t h e d e b a t e t h a t P a r l i a m e n t h ad no r i g h t t o p a s s t h e b i l l . 115 and s t a y e d away t h e r e a f t e r . I n a l l , f o u r t e e n o f t h e t w e n t y -1 1 0E.M. Macdonald, R e c o l l e c t i o n s , P o l i t i c a l , and Pe r s o n a l (Toronto: The Ryerson P r e s s , 1938), p. 98. 1 1 1 I b i d . Macdonald t o l d Shearer he would r e p o r t him to the Speaker and have him excluded i f he continued t h i s b u l l y i n g . 1 1 2 J . R . Do u g a l l to L a u r i e r , 6 A p r i l 1906, PAC, LP, C834, p. 109260. I b i d . 114 H.R. Emmerson, the one c a b i n e t m i n i s t e r on the A l l i a n c e E x e c u t i v e Board, was e x p e r i e n c i n g such d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h h i s per-son a l \" d i s s o l u t e l i v i n g \" t h a t he was unable to render e f f e c t i v e a i d to the A l l i a n c e . See J . S c h u l l , L a u r i e r (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1965), p. 459. 115 Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906, c c . 6335-8. 240 s i x p o l i t i c i a n s on the A l l i a n c e ' s . L e g i s l a t i o n Committee were absent from the f i n a l votes. In a d d i t i o n to i n t e r n a l s t r a i n s , tensions developed be-tween the A l l i a n c e and i t s s e c u l a r supporters. One, the Cana-dian Manufacturers' A s s o c i a t i o n , repudiated i t s cooperation w i t h the A l l i a n c e . F i n d i n g the proposed b i l l u t t e r l y \" o b j e c t i o n a b l e , \" the A s s o c i a t i o n a c t i v e l y l o b b i e d against the b i l l i n Committee 116 hearings. Organized labour a l s o hindered as much as i t helped: on one hand, the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada forwarded i t s r e s o l u t i o n \"that t h i s Congress take a l l p o s s i b l e means to secure the a b o l i t i o n of a l l Labor on Sundays\"; w i t h the same p e t i t i o n , however, i t included a l e t t e r e x p l a i n i n g t h a t the r e s o l u t i o n \"must not be understood as passed i n the sense of i n any way wishing to i n t e r f e r e w i t h the normal laws of r e c r e a t i o n , 117 to which working people f e e l themselves e n t i t l e d . \" Moreover, the Trades and Labor Congress's S o l i c i t o r was unprepared to give testimony before the S e l e c t Committee hearings and, only when pressed by the Committee chairman, d i d he submit a formal s t a t e -118 ment of support f o r the b i l l . In d i r e c t o p p o s i t i o n to Con-gress support, the Railway Employees' Union, the union most 116 I n d u s t r i a l Canada (October 1906), p. 214; Canada, House of Commons, S e l e c t Committee, Minutes, p. 200. 117 Trades and Labor Congress of Canada to L a u r i e r , 16 A p r i l 1906, LP (Prang t r a n s c r i p t ) . 118 Canada, House of Commons, S e l e c t Committee, Minutes, 30. 241 a f f e c t e d by the b i l l , a u t h o r i z e d i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , J . H a l l , to p r o t e s t the b i l l v i g o r o u s l y . H a l l t h e r e f o r e emphasized how the b i l l would a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t the r a i l w a y men by decreas-in g t h e i r e a r n i n g power w h i l e i n c r e a s i n g t h e i r work, owing to 119 the c o n g e s t i o n b u i l t up over a twenty-four hour Sunday stoppage. Labour support i n the House d i d l i t t l e t o a i d the b i l l . Ralph Smith defended the b i l l and the A l l i a n c e l o y a l l y , but another Member of Parliament, Armand V e r v i l l e , who, Shearer hoped, would be one o f the A l l i a n c e ' s \"best f r i e n d s i n f i g h t i n g through 120 the proposed l e g i s l a t i o n , \" c o n s i s t e n t l y opposed the b i l l . He p a r t i c i p a t e d i n Bourassa's mass meeting and voted f o r a l l p r o v i n c i a l autonomy amendments.\"'\"21 Not o n l y d i d Shearer's a l l i a n c e s break down, but h i s 122 dependence on L a u r i e r ' s a b i l i t y t o 'whip' h i s p a r t y i n t o l i n e and the i n f l u e n c e of the French C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y a l s o proved v a i n . By assuming r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the b i l l , L a u r i e r ' s govern-123 ment o n l y guaranteed i t s passage through the House. I t o f f e r e d no assurance t h a t the b i l l would emerge 119 I b i d . , p. 116. 120 Shearer to A. V e r v i l l e , 27 February 1906, LB 1905-1906, p. 457. 121 Wade, The French Canadians, p. 547; L e v i t t , H e n r i Bourassa and the Golden C a l f , p. 104; Canada, House of Commons, Debates, 1906, c. 7348, 1 2 2 S h e a r e r to Rochester, 5 May 1906, LB 1905-1906, p. 527. 123 Cf. van Loon and W h i t t i n g t o n , The Canadian P o l i t i c a l System, p. 26: \"There has never been a p i e c e of government l e g i s l a t i o n d e f e a t e d by the House of Commons i n a m a j o r i t y s i t u a t i o n , and even w i t h a m i n o r i t y government, government l e g i s l a t i o n has o n l y been d e f e a t e d on r a r e o c c a s i o n s . \" 242 i n t a c t . T h u s , a f t e r i n i t i a l a t t e m p t s t o e n f o r c e p a r t y d i s c i p l i n e i n s u p p o r t o f t h e b i l l a s i n t r o d u c e d , L a u r i e r a c c e d e d t o F r e n c h C a n a d i a n demands. Not o n l y d i d he a g r e e t o t h e amendments p r o -p o s e d by P i c h e and B o u r a s s a , b u t he e x e r t e d p r e s s u r e on L i b e r a l S e n a t o r s t o i n t r o d u c e i m p o r t a n t m o d i f i c a t i o n s s u c h as t h e o p t i n g -124 o u t c l a u s e . A f t e r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e b i l l , t h e F r e n c h C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y was u n a b l e t o r e n d e r f u r t h e r a i d t o t h e A l l i -a n c e . L a u r i e r r e j e c t e d B r u c h e s i ' s r e q u e s t t h a t he o p p o s e t h e 125 S a b b a t a r i a n e x e m p t i o n c l a u s e . D e s p i t e B o u r a s s a ' s l o y a l t y t o t h e t e a c h i n g s o f t h e C a t h o l i c c h u r c h , h i s f i g h t a g a i n s t L a u r i e r was more i m p o r t a n t . \"I t a k e my t h e o l o g y f r o m Rome,\" he s t a t e d , 126 \" b u t my p o l i t i c s f r o m home.\" B o u r a s s a and h i s s u p p o r t e r s com-p l e t e l y i g n o r e d t h e C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y ' s s u p p o r t o f t h e b i l l The L o r d ' s Day A c t as p a s s e d by P a r l i a m e n t on J u l y 13, 127 1906 was b u t a n e m a s c u l a t e d v e r s i o n o f t h e o r i g i n a l L o r d ' s 128 Day B i l l . The c h i e f c l a u s e f o r b a d e t h e s a l e o f p r o p e r t y o r g o o d s , t h e p u r s u i t o f o n e ' s \" o r d i n a r y c a l l i n g , \" o r t h e employ-Canada, Senate, Debates, 1906, c. 1163; R.W. S c o t t , S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e , r e s p o n s i b l e f o r shepherding the B i l l through the Senate, acknowledged t h i s i n h i s comment about the amendment to the amusement c l a u s e : \"The people of Quebec t h i n k the f i r s t c l a u s e i s not broad enough. I t h i n k i t i s . But i f i t i s going to g r a t i f y them and secure t h e i r , c o - o p e r a t i o n i n the B i l l I have no o b j e c t i o n . \" ( I b i d . , c. 1193) 1 2 5 B r u c h e s i to L a u r i e r , 3 June 1906, PAC, LP, C836, pp. 111157-58; L a u r i e r to B r u c h e s i , 16 June 1906, I b i d . , pp. 111161-62. 1 2 6 C i t e d by L e v i t t , H e n r i Bourassa.and the Golden C a l f , pp. 23-4. 1 2 7 7 Ed. V I I , c.4. See Appendix V I I . 128 See a l s o Appendix v i . 243 merit o f a n o t h e r p e r s o n t o do any work, b u s i n e s s , o r l a b o u r on 129 Sunday. P r o v i n c i a l l aws \"now o r h e r e a f t e r i n f o r c e \" c o u l d s u p e r s e d e t h e A c t and a P r o v i n c i a l A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l had t o c o n -s e n t i n w r i t i n g t o any p r o s e c u t i o n . E x e m p t i o n s t o t h e A c t were so numerous t h a t one C o n s e r v a t i v e Member o f P a r l i a m e n t l a b e l l e d i t \"an A c t t o l e g a l i z e p r a c t i c e s h e r e t o f o r e p r o h i b i t e d on t h e L o r d ' s Day,\" w h i l e a n o t h e r c r i t i c d e s c r i b e d i t as \"an A c t f o r 130 t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e l e g a l p r o f e s s i o n . \" B u t i n an open l e t t e r t o t h e p r e s s , S h e a r e r d e f e n d e d t h e A c t : A l r e a d y v e r y d i f f e r e n t e s t i m a t e s have a p p e a r e d i n t h e p u b l i c p r e s s . . Some have s a i d t h e A c t i s d e a d , o t h e r s t h a t i t i s u s e l e s s , on t h e one hand; and on t h e o t h e r , t h e r e a r e t h o s e who c o n s i d e r i t t h e b e s t L o r d ' s Day A c t on t h e S t a t u t e b ooks o f any c o u n t r y ; o t h e r s t h a t i t i s i n many p a r t i c u l a r s o v e r - s t r i n g e n t . The t r u t h l i e s b etween t h e two e x t r e m e s . We have n o t s e c u r e d a l l we s o u g h t . The A c t has been weakened i n c e r t a i n p a r t i c u l a r s , b u t on t h e whole i t i s a good A c t . I t i s an immense g a i n o v e r what we had b e f o r e . I t c o v e r s t h e p o i n t s t h a t were l e f t u n c o v e r e d i n o u r o l d P r o v i n c i a l A c t s , w h i c h s t i l l r e m a i n i n f o r c e . I t i s much more s w e e p i n g t h a n , p e r h a p s , many p e o p l e r e c o g n i z e . (131) The law had b e e n p a s s e d , b u t had t h e A l l i a n c e i n f a c t won t h e b a t t l e a n d l o s t t h e war? W i t h t h i s p i e c e o f s o c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n w o u l d i t be a b l e t o a c h i e v e m o r a l r e f o r m ? 1 2 9 R . S . C . (1906), c.153. 130 C a s t e l l H o p k i n s , C a n a d i a n A n n u a l Review, 1906, p. 562. 1 3 1 I b i d . , p . 563. 244 C h a p t e r V I I I : The A l l i a n c e a s C l e r i c a l P o l i c e m a n , 1907-1912. On M a r c h 1, 1907, t h e L o r d ' s Day A c t came i n t o e f f e c t . The f i r s t o f f e n d e r c o n v i c t e d was t h e \" r e d o u b t a b l e \" L o u i s B i r k , a H a m i l t o n newspaper v e n d o r who.had a l r e a d y d e m o n s t r a t e d \"some -means and i n g e n u i t y \" i n d e f y i n g t h e 1845 Upper Canada A c t : n o t o n l y had he o f f e r e d c i t y a u t h o r i t i e s a $600 b r i b e t o a v e r t t h e i r e y e s , b u t he had a l s o s o u g h t l e g a l a d v i c e a b o u t o b t a i n i n g a D o m i n i o n c h a r t e r t o ev a d e t h e O n t a r i o law. The A l l i a n c e r e -j o i c e d when a p o l i c e m a g i s t r a t e f i n e d B i r k $30 and c o s t s . 1 I n o t h e r c i t i e s , p o l i c e t o o k s i m i l a r a c t i o n a g a i n s t p e r s i s t e n t , and u s u a l l y i m m i g r a n t , o f f e n d e r s S y r i a n m e r c h a n t s i n S t . J o h n , New B r u n s w i c k , and Hebrew, S y r i a n , I t a l i a n , and o t h e r f o r e i g n shop owners i n W i n n i p e g were c h a r g e d w i t h v i o l a t i n g t h e S a b b a t h . 2 Such a c t i o n p l e a s e d t h e A l l i a n c e , f o r i t i n t e n d e d t o a d v o c a t e e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h e A c t as v i g o r o u s l y as i t had p u r s u e d i t s e n a c t m e n t . As S h e a r e r w r o t e t o members, t h e A l l i a n c e , had no 3 i n t e n t i o n o f \" d i s p e r s i n g i t s f o r c e s o r e v e n s t a c k i n g arms.\" x L o r d ' s Day A d v o c a t e ( h e r e a f t e r A d v o c a t e ) , ( A u g u s t , September 1905); I b i d . ( A p r i l 1907). F o r f i n e s and o t h e r s e n -t e n c e s l e v i e d u n d e r t h e A c t , s e e A p p e n d i x V I I . 2 A d v o c a t e ( A p r i l 1907). 3 I b i d . ( O c t o b e r 19 07). The A l l i a n c e e n f o r c e m e n t campaign c o n t r a d i c t s t h e t h e o r y a d v a n c e d by M u r r a y Edelman t h a t t h e sym-b o l i c v a l u e o f l e g i s l a t i o n may d e f l a t e t h e i m p e t u s o f a s o c i a l movement. See M. Edelman, \"Symbols and P o l i t i c a l Q u i e s c e n c e , \" 245 I n s t e a d , t h e A l l i a n c e e x e c u t i v e i n t e n d e d , t h r o u g h \" i m p a r t i a l e n f o r c e m e n t \" o f t h e A c t , t o a r o u s e \" t h e C h r i s t i a n c o n s c i e n c e t o 4 t h e r i g h t u s e o f t h e L o r d ' s Day.\" I n i t s p u r s u i t o f e n f o r c e m e n t , t h e A l l i a n c e assumed w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n i t s r i g h t t o do s o . A c c o r d i n g l y , i t made p l a n s t o s t r e n g t h e n i t s own o r g a n i z a t i o n . I n 1905, i t a p p o i n t e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e a W e s t e r n S e c r e t a r y , R e v e r e n d W i l l i a m Roch-e s t e r , an O n t a r i o P r e s b y t e r i a n m i n i s t e r . I n 1907, when S h e a r e r r e s i g n e d t o become S e c r e t a r y o f t h e newly f o r m e d S o c i a l and M o r a l R eform D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h , T. A l b e r t Moore became G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y . Between 1907 and 1912, t h e E x e c u t i v e a p p o i n t e d A s s o c i a t e S e c r e t a r i e s , a l l P r e s b y t e r i a n m i n i s t e r s , f o r t h e o t h e r m a j o r r e g i o n s o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h a t t h e s e men worked t i r e l e s s l y i s i l l u s t r a t e d by Moore's r e p o r t t o t h e 19 09 a n n u a l m e e t i n g . D u r i n g t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , he r e p o r t e d , he h ad: d e l i v e r e d 424 a d d r e s s e s and sermons; a t t e n d e d 55 m e e t i n g s o f Committees o f P r o v i n c i a l A l l i a n c e s and 213 B r a n c h E x e c u t i v e s ; i n t e r v i e w e d 217 e m p l o y e r s o f l a b o r ; c o n f e r r e d w i t h s e v e r a l h u n d r e d i n d i v i d u a l workingmen, and met 39 l a b o r u n i o n s ; i n t e r v i e w e d M i n i s t e r s o f t h e Crown, P r o v i n c i a l and F e d e r a l , 38 A m e r i c a n P o l i t i c a l S c i e n c e R e view LIV (September 1960) , p. 695. When J o s e p h G u s f i e l d a p p l i e d t h i s i d e a t o t h e A m e r i c a n temper-a n c e movement, he c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e p r o h i b i t i o n i s t s , h a v i n g a t t a i n e d s y m b o l i c v i c t o r y , were u n w i l l i n g t o p r e s s f o r a more t a n g i b l e k i n d o f change and t h u s d i d n o t p u r s u e a v i g o r o u s e n -f o r c e m e n t o f t h e law. J o s e p h R. G u s f i e l d , S y m b o l i c C r u s a d e : S t a t u s P o l i t i c s and t h e A m e r i c a n Temperance Movement (Urbana, I l l i n o i s : U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s P r e s s , 1972), p. 122. 4 A d v o c a t e ( A u g u s t , September 1906); Rev. J.G. S h e a r e r t o A. M a c g i l l i v r a y , 17 A u g u s t 1906, LB 1905-1906, p. 656. 246 t i m e s ; t r a v e l l e d 41,813 m i l e s , and a l o n g w i t h t h i s . . . c o n d u c t e d t h e n e c e s s a r y c o r r e s p o n d e n c e and g i v e n a t t e n t i o n t o o t h e r d u t i e s d e v o l v i n g upon t h e o f f i c e . (5) As t h e e n f o r c e m e n t campaign p r o c e e d e d , t h e A l l i a n c e m a i n t a i n e d o l d and d e v e l o p e d new p u b l i c i z i n g t e c h n i q u e s . On an i n f o r m a l l e v e l , t h e A l l i a n c e c o n t i n u e d t o r e l y h e a v i l y on t h e P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s f o r t h e c i r c u l a t i o n o f p e t i t i o n s , l e t t e r c a m paigns t o p o l i t i c i a n s , and so f o r t h . The S e c r e t a r i e s a l s o d e p e n d e d on m i n i s t e r s t o s e t a good example t o t h e i r f l o c k s , p l e a d i n g w i t h them, f o r i n s t a n c e , n o t t o p a t r o n i z e t h e Sunday 7 s t r e e t c a r . The A l l i a n c e r e t a i n e d t h e p r a c t i c e o f s u p p l y i n g b o t h t h e r e l i g i o u s and s e c u l a r p r e s s w i t h i t e m s o f i n t e r e s t b u t , as i t c o n s i d e r e d t h e A d v o c a t e t h e o n l y r e l i a b l e s o u r c e o f i n f o r -m a t i o n , i t made p l a n s f o r i t s e x p a n s i o n . I n a d d i t i o n t h e A l l i a n c e a u t h o r i z e d t h e p r i n t i n g o f p o s t e r s f o r d i s p l a y i n p u b l i c p l a c e s , w h i c h w o u l d i n f o r m t h e p u b l i c o f t h e laws ( b o t h g f e d e r a l and p r o v i n c i a l ) i n f o r c e i n e a c h p r o v i n c e . The p r i n t -i n g o f t h e p o s t e r s i n German, I t a l i a n , S c a n d i n a v i a n , R u t h e n i a n , I c e l a n d i c , and G a l i c i a n as w e l l as E n g l i s h r e f l e c t e d t h e A l l i -a n c e ' s r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t i m m i g r a n t s , \" t h e c h i l d r e n o f S a b b a t h l e s s a n c e s t o r s , \" c o u l d n o t \" i n a few d a y s u n l e a r n t h e t e a c h i n g o f 5LDAC, \" A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1909.\" Rev. T.A. Moore t o A . J . Cadman, 29 November 1909, LDACP. Moore p l e a d e d w i t h m i n i s t e r s n o t t o t h r o w h i s m i s s i v e s i n t o t h e w a s t e b a s k e t upon r e c e i p t . See Moore, c i r c u l a r t o m i n -i s t e r s , 3 May 1909, LDACP. 7 A d v o c a t e ( F e b r u a r y 1908). 8OLDA, \" A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1908.\" 247 g e n e r a t i o n s , n o r u n d e r s t a n d and a p p r e c i a t e t h e b e n e f i t s \" o f i n s t i t u t i o n s s u c h as t h e S a b b a t h , w h i c h A n g l o - S a x o n s p r i z e d a s 9 \"among t h e m i g h t i e s t f a c t o r s i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c h a r a c t e r . \" F i n a l l y , t h e E x e c u t i v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t A l l i a n c e b r a n c h e s make t h e i r m e e t i n g s \" r e a l , l i v e [and] e l e c t r i c \" t h r o u g h t h e a d d i t i o n o f \"an a t t r a c t i v e programme o f a d d r e s s e s and m u s i c \" t o t h e u s u a l b u s i n e s s d i s c u s s i o n s . P e o p l e w o u l d t h e n r e a l i z e t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e was \" a l i v e , a c t i v e , and a c c o m p l i s h i n g r e s u l t s . \" \" ' \" 0 The A l l i a n c e a l s o c o n t i n u e d , w i t h m o d i f i c a t i o n s , i t s a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e c h u r c h e s and o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r . On one hand, t h e A l l i a n c e f o r m a l l y a t t e m p t e d t o a l t e r i t s c l o s e r e l a -t i o n w i t h t h e P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s : s i n c e e m p h a s i s on c i v i l r i g h t s had f a c i l i t a t e d c o o p e r a t i o n between t h e A l l i a n c e and l a b o u r i n t h e l e g i s l a t i v e c a m p a i g n , i t seemed o n l y l o g i c a l t o c o n t i n u e i n t h i s v e i n . The f o r m a t i o n o f a D e p a r t m e n t o f M o r a l and S o c i a l R e f o r m by t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h ' s 1907 G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y , and S h e a r e r ' s s u b s e q u e n t a p p o i n t m e n t . a s D e p a r t m e n t S e c r e t a r y , p r o v i d e d t h e A l l i a n c e w i t h an o p p o r t u n i t y t o d e f i n e i t s s p h e r e o f a c t i v i t y v i s a v i s t h e c h u r c h e s . The A l l i a n c e w o u l d p r e s e r v e t h e L o r d ' s Day as a day o f r e s t t h r o u g h l e g a l e n -a c t m e n t and l a w e n f o r c e m e n t . The c h u r c h e s w o u l d t h e n s e c u r e t h e r i g h t u s e o f t h e day t h r o u g h r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n and t h e o r -LDAC, M i n u t e s o f E x e c u t i v e Committee, -1-0 December: 1908, LDAC, MB 1901-17, p . 82; A d v o c a t e (December 1908). 1 0 I b i d . ( O c t o b e r 1907). 248 dinances of w o r s h i p . 1 1 With regard to organized labour, the A l l i a n c e ' s need f o r i t s a c t i v e support had disappeared w i t h the passage of the Lord's Day Act. The A l l i a n c e t h e r e f o r e no longer l o b b i e d Trades and Labor Congress meetings, although i t continued t o support labour's campaign f o r the Saturday h a l f - h o l i d a y and to portray the cooperation between labour 12 and r e l i g i o n as the p o s i t i v e impetus t o the b i l l . Concerning a c t u a l enforcement procedures, the A l l i a n c e intended to employ p o l i c i e s developed by the Ontario A l l i a n c e p r i o r to 1906. To avoid c r e a t i n g a p u b l i c image of a petty prosecuting agency, the A l l i a n c e assumed r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r s e t t l i n g as many cases as p o s s i b l e out of court by \"persuasive 13 and c o n c i l i a t o r y methods.\" By such methods as \" f r i e n d l y \" l e t t e r s of warning to o f f e n d i n g p a r t i e s or p u b l i c admonitions 14 from church p u l p i t s , the A l l i a n c e addressed not only shop-keepers and f a c t o r y owners, but a l s o a r e l i g i o u s group such as the S a l v a t i o n Army to p r o t e s t i t s Sunday afternoon l i g h t shows. 1 1LDAC, \"Annual Report, 1908\"; I b i d . , 1909. 12 Advocate (May 1907). The A l l i a n c e a l s o supported labour's demand tha t the Act's f o u r t h clause be amended. As passed, the Act forbade an employer \"to r e q u i r e \" an employee to work on Sunday. Labour wanted t h i s changed to \"to permit.\" LDAC, \" T r i e n n i a l Report, 1907.\" 1 3LDAC, \"Annual Report, 1908.\" 14 See, f o r example, the Winnipeg Telegram of 2 0 January 1910 (LDACP) which r e p r i n t e d an A l l i a n c e C i r c u l a r : \"We have no d e s i r e to cause you t r o u b l e or expense although we are expected to r e p o r t the complaint t o the a u t h o r i t i e s f o r prosecution and are w r i t i n g y©u w i t h o u t - p r e j u d i c e , t h i s f r i e n d l y l e t t e r to ask you to have a l l such work on the Lord's Day dis c o n t i n u e d . We 249 A s s u r i n g t h e Army's c o m m i s s i o n e r t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e a p p r e c i a t e d \" i n t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e t h e n o b l e work\" t h e Army was d o i n g , S h e a r e r n o n e t h e l e s s f e l t he must p o i n t o u t t h a t \"even more harm i s l i k e l y t o come f r o m a body o f t h e b e s t p e o p l e , l i k e t h e Army, c o m m i t t i n g a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e Sunday l a w s , t h a n i f t h e v i o l a t i o n were c o m m i t t e d by some g o d l e s s t r o u p e o r p u r e l y s e c u l a r i n d u s -..15 t r y . \" The A l l i a n c e p r o m o t e d e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h e law a g a i n s t t h r e e f o r m s o f Sunday a c t i v i t y : a g a i n s t employment o f l a b o u r ; a g a i n s t p e t t y s a l e s by m e r c h a n t s i n f r u i t s t o r e s , c i g a r s h o p s , c o n f e c t i o n e r i e s , and n e w s - s t a n d s ; and a g a i n s t o p e r a t i o n o f com-, m e r c i a l r e c r e a t i o n a l b u s i n e s s e s s u c h as a t h e l e t i c e v e n t s , m o t i o n p i c t u r e s , and any o t h e r f o r m o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t t h a t a p p e a r e d . To j u s t i f y i t s a s s a u l t , t h e A l l i a n c e c o n t i n u e d t o u s e t h e \" t h i n edge o f t h e wedge argument,\" t h a t Sunday t r a d e i n one s e c t o r w o u l d l e a d t o a \" p l e a f o r l i b e r t y t o do Sunday b u s i n e s s i n a l l c l a s s e s o f t r a d e . \" \" 1 \" 6 I f t h e s m a l l c o n f e c t i o n e r y shop r e m a i n e d o pen, t h e n t h e b u t c h e r and t h e b a k e r m i g h t l e g i t i m a t e l y c l a i m t h e i r r i g h t t o m a i n t a i n a c o m p e t i t i v e p o s i t i o n i n t h e m a r k e t t h r o u g h Sunday t r a d e . w i l l be p l e a s e d t o h e a r f r o m y o u by r e t u r n m a i l and beg t o a s -s u r e y o u t h a t i f y o u w i l l s t a t e t h i s Sunday work w i l l n o t be c a r r i e d on h e r e a f t e r , we w i l l n o t r e p o r t t h e c o m p l a i n t . \" 15 S h e a r e r t o C o m m i s s i o n e r Coombes, 20 December 1906, LB 1905-1906, p. 799. The A l l i a n c e d i d n o t p u b l i c l y o r p r i v a t e l y c r i t i c i z e t h e M e t h o d i s t P l e a s a n t Sunday a f t e r n o o n s , p r e s u m a b l y b e c a u s e o f t h e s t r o n g s u p p o r t w h i c h t h e M e t h o d i s t c h u r c h gave t o t h e A l l i a n c e , and a l s o b e c a u s e s u c h a f t e r n o o n m e e t i n g s were h e l d i n c h u r c h e s , and n o t i n p u b l i c . A d v o c a t e ( J u l y , A u g u s t 1906). 250 To o b t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n about: v i o l a t i o n s o f the law, the A l l i a n c e depended on i t s membership to supply p r e c i s e d e t a i l s concerning who s o l d what to whom or who worked where, and to 17 secure r e l i a b l e w i t n e s s e s . The S e c r e t a r i e s c ontinued to urge members to spy on o t h e r s . In 1907, f o r i n s t a n c e , s h o r t l y a f t e r the A c t went i n t o e f f e c t , T.A. Moore suggested to branch p r e s i d e n t s t h a t they have \"some i n t e l l i g e n t young man, or men\" meet the Sunday a r r i v a l s o f t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l t r a i n s to a s c e r t a i n whether or not the agent was on the t r a i n and doing b u s i n e s s . I f p o s s i b l e , the youths were to buy a c i g a r from the agent, \"or see him s e l l something to somebody e l s e , which would be b e t t e r , \" 18 and then r e p o r t to Moore. When necessary, the A l l i a n c e expected f u l l c o o p e r a t i o n of f e d e r a l , p r o v i n c i a l , and l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s . From the f e d e r a l government, i t demanded c o o p e r a t i o n i n b r i n g i n g i n d u s t r i a l c o r -p o r a t i o n s to h e e l . I t wanted n o t i f i c a t i o n of any a p p l i c a t i o n s from r a i l w a y companies to the Board of Railway Commissioners, and i t expected to be o f f i c i a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d a t any hearings on 19 such a p p l i c a t i o n s . The major area of concern, however, was the r o l e of p r o v i n c i a l governments i n e n f o r c i n g the A c t . The Act s t i p u l a t e d t h a t consent of the p r o v i n c i a l A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l 17 Moore, c i r c u l a r t o m i n i s t e r s , 6 November 1907, LDACP. 18 Moore to Dr. Bayne, 12 A p r i l 1907, LDACP; a l s o Moore, c i r c u l a r to m i n i s t e r s , 6 November 1907; F. Hooper to Moore, 21 January 1908, LDACP. 19 OLDA, Minutes of L e g a l Committee, 26 September 1906; LDACP, Minutes of E x e c u t i v e Committee, 29 November 19 06, LDAC, MB 1901-1917, p. 39. 251 had t o be o b t a i n e d b e f o r e a p r o s e c u t i o n c o u l d o c c u r . The A l l i -a n c e f o u n d t h e p r o v i s o a b s u r d : I t i s r i d i c u l o u s i n t h e h i g h e s t d e g r e e f o r P a r l i a m e n t s o l e m n l y t o e n a c t t h a t b e f o r e t h e p o l i c e o f M o n t r e a l o r T o r o n t o o r W i n n i p e g c a n c l o s e a c a n d y shop o r s a l o o n u n d e r t h i s A c t t h e y must w r i t e t h e A t t o r n e y -G e n e r a l and g e t h i s f o r m a l a p p r o v a l o f t h e a c t i o n . I t i s u n r e a s o n a b l e f o r a s e l f - r e s p e c t i n g P a r l i a m e n t t o e n a c t t h a t b e f o r e a gang o f I t a l i a n n a v v i e s d o i n g c o n -s t r u c t i o n work i n open c o n t r a v e n t i o n o f t h i s A c t c a n be s t o p p e d , e i t h e r i n t h e s t r e e t s o f a g r e a t c i t y o r i n a q u i e t r u r a l community t o t h e s c a n d a l o f a l l d e c e n t C h r i s t i a n p e o p l e who s e e i t b e i n g done, t h e A t t o r n e y -G e n e r a l must be w r i t t e n t o and h i s c o n s e n t o b t a i n e d . (20) W h i l e p r e p a r e d t o t o l e r a t e t h e c l a u s e , t h e A l l i a n c e e x p e c t e d f u l l c o o p e r a t i o n o f p r o v i n c i a l A t t o r n e y s - G e n e r a l , a n t i c i p a t i n g d i f -f i c u l t i e s o n l y i n Quebec. I m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g t h e p a s s a g e o f t h e A c t , two p l a n s had a p p a r e n t l y b een a f o o t i n Quebec, t h e one t o l o b b y f o r l e g i s l a t i o n t o n u l l i f y t h e A c t , t h e o t h e r t o e n -f o r c e t h e A c t w i t h s u c h \" r i g o r i n a v e x a t i o u s s p i r i t \" t h a t i t w o u l d f a l l i n t o t o t a l d i s r e p u t e , f o r c i n g L a u r i e r , who a l r e a d y f e l t t h a t t h e b i l l had c o s t him d e a r l y , t o c o n s e n t t o e v e n more 21 amendments. The A l l i a n c e , however, h o p e d t h e e i g h t - m o n t h d e l a y between e n a c t m e n t and e n f o r c e m e n t w o u l d g i v e \" t h e l i t t l e 22 r e b e l l i o n \" i n Quebec a c h a n c e t o s u b s i d e . To t h e c o u r t s , t h e A l l i a n c e a s s i g n e d t h r e e f u n c t i o n s . I f and when m o r a l s u a s i o n t a c t i c s f a i l e d , t h e A l l i a n c e e x p e c t e d p r o v i n c i a l a u t h o r i t i e s t o p r o s e c u t e o f f e n d e r s , and i t a d v i s e d A d v o c a t e ( A u g u s t , September 1906). 21 S h e a r e r t o Rev. F.G. S c o t t , 17 J u l y 1906, LB 1905-1906, p . 605; S h e a r e r t o Rev. E . H i l l , 16 J u l y 1906, I b i d . , p. 596. 22 S h e a r e r t o J.B. M i t c h e l l , 14 J u l y 1906, I b i d . , p . 592. 252 i t s b r a n c h e s t o e n s u r e t h a t m u n i c i p a l o r p r o v i n c i a l a u t h o r i t i e s 23 d i d t h e a c t u a l a r r e s t . I t f u r t h e r i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e p r o v i n -c i a l A t t o r n e y s - G e n e r a l assume f i n a n c i a l and l e g a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a l l c o u r t c a s e s . F u r t h e r , t h e A l l i a n c e e x p e c t e d t h e c o u r t s t o s e t t l e c o n t e n t i o u s p o i n t s o f t h e law t h r o u g h t e s t c a s e s . F o r example, t h e A c t a l l o w e d r e s t a u r a n t s t o s e r v e m e a l s as an a c t o f n e c e s s i t y , b u t i t was n o t c l e a r i f i c e - c r e a m c o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a f o o d and t h e r e f o r e exempt u n d e r t h e A c t . I f c o n s i -d e r e d a f o o d , a f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n a r o s e as t o w h e t h e r i t c o u l d be consumed i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f a m e a l i n s i d e a r e s t a u r a n t o r away f r o m t h e p l a c e o f p u r c h a s e a l t o g e t h e r . F i n a l l y , t h e A l l i a n c e e x p e c t e d t h e c o u r t s , t h r o u g h t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f h e f t y f i n e s , t o f o r c e i n d u s t r i a l c o r p o r a t i o n s , most p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e r a i l w a y s , t o obey t h e law. T h r o u g h o u t t h e e n f o r c e m e n t c a m p a i g n , n a t i v i s t a rguments assumed an e v e r l a r g e r r o l e i n A l l i a n c e r h e t o r i c , as i t s o u g h t t o p r o j e c t t h e image t h a t \" e v e r y w h e r e i n Canada i t i s t h e f o r -e i g n e r who l e a d s i n t h i s i l l e g a l o p e n i n g o f s t o r e s on t h e L o r d ' s 24 Day.\" P r o p r i e t o r s o f f r u i t s t a n d s , c o n f e c t i o n e r y s h o p s , and i c e - c r e a m p a r l o u r s were a l l , i t assumed, \" I t a l i a n s , Jews and o t h e r f o r e i g n e r s , \" as were t h e n e w s a g e n t s and newsboys who \" l o u d l y c r y t h e i r p a p e r s , o f t e n e v e n i n t h e p r o x i m i t y o f a 25 c h u r c h w h i l e D i v i n e w o r s h i p i s b e i n g c o n d u c t e d . \" Such t r a d e , 23 A d v o c a t e ( F e b r u a r y 1907) . 2 4 I b i d . ( J a n u a r y 1913) . 25 Moore t o J . J . F o y , 1 F e b r u a r y 1906, LDACP. 253 the A l l i a n c e claimed, f o r c e d Canadians to keep t h e i r shops open .... 26 i n c o m p e t i t i o n . The r e a l i z a t i o n , however, t h a t l a r g e r numbers than c o u l d be accounted f o r by immigration were p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n the pur-s u i t of Sabbath p l e a s u r e meant t h a t the A l l i a n c e c o u l d not con-c e n t r a t e s o l e l y on the n a t i v i s t element. Since the \"worm i n the bud\" was indeed \"the seeming decay among C h r i s t i a n people of t h a t r e g a r d f o r the sacredness of the Day . . ., and the apathy w i t h which they view the many encroachments made upon i t , \" the A l l i a n c e t h e r e f o r e emphasized the purchase's e f f e c t s 27 on the buyer r a t h e r than on the vendor. I t s t r e s s e d the d i s -t r a c t i n g i n f l u e n c e such purchases might have on the i n d i v i d u a l ' s church attendance. Thousands who might otherwise go to church would stay a t home to read the \"unwholesome s t u f f \" spread before them i n the Sunday newspaper. The ice-cream p a r l o u r might a t t r a c t young and o l d to w h i l e away a Sunday a f t e r n o o n p a r t a k i n g of the \" d e l i c i o u s l u x u r y \" i n i t s \"v a r i o u s forms, f l a v o r s and f i x t u r e s . \" 2 8 The \" p e r n i c i o u s i n f l u e n c e \" of Sunday s a l e s was most d e l e t e r i o u s i n i t s e f f e c t on youth. Young c h i l d r e n w a i t i n g a t the s t a t i o n to c o l l e c t Sunday papers f o r t h e i r parents were ex-2 6 See Advocate ( J u l y , August 1909). 27 ' i b i d . 2 8 I b i d . (May 1909) . p o s e d t o \" v i l e s t o r i e s \" t o l d by t h e i r e l d e r s . C i t y p a r k s and p l a y g r o u n d s i n t h e summer, and t o b o g g a n i n g and s k a t i n g i n t h e w i n t e r s e d u c e d young p e o p l e away f r o m t h e q u i e t and c u l t u r e o f home l i f e . The \" i n s i d i o u s l u r e o f t h e candy s h o p \" p e r s u a d e d c h i l d r e n \" t o s p e n d t h e money, e n t r u s t e d t o them f o r s a c r e d p u r -p o s e s , on t h e d e l i g h t s o f t h e c o n f e c t i o n e r ' s s h o p . \" I n s h o r t , i f t h e i d e a o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t became \"uppermost i n t h e mind o f 30 y o u t h , d i s i n t e g r a t i o n i n t h e f i b r e o f h i s s o u l \" w o u l d e n s u e . God, t h e A l l i a n c e warned, w o u l d have no mercy. A l l i a n c e r h e t o r i c made o b v i o u s i t s c o n t i n u i n g p r e o c c u p a -t i o n w i t h r e f o r m o f an i n d i v i d u a l ' s b e h a v i o u r r a t h e r t h a n w i t h r e f o r m o f i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y ' s n a g g i n g i l l s . I t c o u l d n o t r e s i s t a t t a c k i n g i n d i v i d u a l p u r s u i t o f p l e a s u r e t h a t had l i t t l e o r n o t h i n g t o do w i t h t r a d e o r l a b o u r . A Sunday s p e n d \" i n d o -l e n t l y i n b e d , \" Sunday r a m b l e s and v i s i t i n g were s e l f i n d u l g e n t a c t i v i t i e s ; g o l f i n g , b o a t i n g , o r m o t o r i n g s e r i o u s l y e n d a n g e r e d home l i f e . E v e n i f a man s p e n t t h e day a t home w i t h h i s w i f e , n o t o n l y w o u l d he s i n k down i n t o d e g r a d a t i o n , b u t he w o u l d d r a g 31 t h e f a i r s e x down w i t h him. The A l l i a n c e was r e l u c t a n t t o temper i t s r i g i d s t a n d on what c o n s t i t u t e d p r o p e r S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e , m o d i f y i n g i t s i d e a s 2 9 I b i d . ( J u l y , A u g u s t 1911); OLDA, \" A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1912.\" 30 A d v o c a t e (September 1911); I b i d . ( J u l y , A u g u s t 1911); I b i d . ( F e b r u a r y 1912). 3 1 I b i d . (March 1907); I b i d . ( J u l y 1907); I b i d . (May 1910) I b i d . ( J a n u a r y 1913). 2 5 5 o n l y s l i g h t l y by a d o p t i n g t h e M e t h o d i s t b e l i e f i n d o i n g good 32 w o r k s , \"deeds o f k i n d l y t h o u g h t f u l n e s s , \" on t h e S a b b a t h . A l t h o u g h i t m a i n t a i n e d t h a t t h e day was n o t t o be one o f \"wry f a c e s and gloomy s p i r i t o r a day o f p u n c t i l i o u s o b s e r v a n c e o f 3 3 a d a i l y r o u n d o f r e l i g i o u s f o r m s , \" t h e A l l i a n c e o f f e r e d n o t h -i n g e l s e t o t h e w o r k i n g c l a s s on i t s one day o f l e i s u r e . I n s t e a d , i t c o n t i n u e d t o r e f l e c t t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e a t t i t u d e s o f i t s s u p p o r t i n g c h u r c h e s ; p r o p e r S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e s t i l l meant a t t e n d a n c e a t p u b l i c w o r s h i p m o r n i n g and e v e n i n g i n a d d i t i o n t o p r i v a t e c o n t e m p l a t i o n . By i t s o u t r i g h t r e j e c t i o n o f any f o r m o f r e c r e a t i o n on Sunday, t h e A l l i a n c e a r t i c u l a t e d t h e p e r s i s t e n t c o n s e r v a t i v e n a t u r e o f i t s aim, t h a t i s , t o d e f e n d a t r a d i t i o n a l v a l u e t h r e a t e n e d by c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m s e c u l a r a t t r a c t i o n s . I t s s t a n d on t h e q u e s t i o n o f r e c r e a t i o n e x p r e s s e d i t s c o n s t a n t f e a r o f l o s i n g t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o f t h e c h u r c h e s ' m i d d l e c l a s s membership f o r , w i t h s u c h a l o s s , t h e c h u r c h e s ' s o c i a l and e c o n o m i c s t a t u s w o u l d d e c l i n e . P l e a s u r e j e o p a r d i z e d t h e 34 \" w a t e r - s u p p l y \" o f a l l m i s s i o n and c h u r c h work. Such s t a t e -ments as \" t h e L o r d ' s Day i s t h e r i g h t arm o f t h e c h u r c h ; i f p a r a l y s e d , she i s h e l p l e s s , \" o r \" L e t them s e c u l a r i z e Sunday and t h e y s i g n t h e d e a t h w a r r a n t o f p u b l i c w o r s h i p \" e x p r e s s e d t h e 3 2 I b i d . (May 1908) . 3 3 I b i d . ( F e b r u a r y 1910). 3 4 I b i d . (March 1908) . 256 A l l i a n c e ' s concern. Thus i t r e a c t e d w i t h antagonism to middle c l a s s o p p o s i t i o n to i t s i d e a l s , which r e v e a l e d i t s e l f i n the f o r m a t i o n of groups such as the s h o r t - l i v e d Canadian R a t i o n -a l Sunday League. The League, o r g a n i z e d i n 1907 on the B r i t i s h model, sought to promote programmes of Sunday r e c r e a t i o n w i t h open museums, a r t g a l l e r i e s , and c o n c e r t s . Faced w i t h such o p p o s i t i o n , the A l l i a n c e dropped any pretence of f i g h t i n g f o r the Sabbath on s e c u l a r and c i v i l grounds. \" R e l i g i o n must be the s o u l of the day,\" i t demanded: That c o n s t i t u t e s a s e n s i b l e Sunday. How u n j u s t the demands of s e c u l a r i s m ! To r e l i g i o n we owe the boon of weekly r e s t , and to no s e c u l a r source, y e t now s e c u l a r i s m , given by r e l i g i o n surcease from t o i l on the f i r s t day of the week, would dethrone r e l i g i o n and i m p e r i l both the p h y s i c a l and s p i r i t u a l w e l f a r e of mankind. (36) * * * * * * * * * * * * In the f i r s t f i v e years a f t e r enactment of the Lord's Day A c t , the A l l i a n c e enjoyed some success i n a c h i e v i n g i t s g o a l s . The e x t e n t of success i t might hope to a t t a i n , however, always depended more h e a v i l y upon the support of s e c u l a r groups such as government, b u s i n e s s , and labour o r g a n i z a t i o n s than upon i t s own e f f o r t s , e n e r g e t i c though they were. 1907); I b i d . (November 1910). 1912) . I b i d . (January I b i d . (October The s u p p o r t o f t h e p r o v i n c i a l A t t o r n e y s - G e n e r a l p r o v e d l i m i t e d . On one hand, t h o s e o f t h e M a r i t i m e s , O n t a r i o , A l b e r t a , and S a s k a t c h e w a n r e s p o n d e d f a v o u r a b l y when t h e A l l i a n c e r e -37 q u e s t e d p r o s e c u t i o n s . S a s k a t c h e w a n ' s P r e m i e r S c o t t was most 3 8 e n t h u s i a s t i c t o e n f o r c e t h e .law .-\"vigorously-. \" F u r t h e r , t h e e x p e c t e d h o s t i l i t y i n Quebec f a i l e d t o m a t e r i a l i z e , and i n s t e a d t h e Quebec l e g i s l a t u r e p a s s e d a p r o v i n c i a l \"Sunday O b s e r v a n c e 39 B i l l \" j u s t p r i o r t o t h e e n a c t m e n t o f t h e f e d e r a l B i l l . T h i s B i l l r e f l e c t e d t h e F r e n c h C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y ' s a t t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e s u b j e c t , an a t t i t u d e w i t h , w h i c h t h e A l l i a n c e was a l r e a d y i n a c c o r d . The A c t ' s m a i n c l a u s e banned a l l S.unday t r a d i n g ,and b u s i n e s s , o r g a n i z e d p l e a s u r e e x c u r s i o n s , and t h e a t r i c a l p e r -f o r m a n c e s . Not o n l y d i d Quebec A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l G o u i n announce h i s i n t e n t i o n t o e n f o r c e t h i s p r o v i n c i a l law w i t h v i g o u r , b u t he a g r e e d t o p r o s e c u t e v i o l a t i o n s by r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s o r o t h e r 40 d o m i n i o n c o r p o r a t i o n s u n d e r t h e f e d e r a l A c t . As i t h a p p e n e d , t h e n , o f f i c i a l h o s t i l i t y t o e n f o r c e m e n t d e v e l o p e d n o t i n Quebec b u t i n two w e s t e r n p r o v i n c e s , M a n i t o b a and B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . I n M a n i t o b a , c o n t r a d i c t o r y o f f i c i a l o p i n i o n s on t h e s t r i c t n e s s o f p o l i c y r e s u l t e d i n e r r a t i c e n f o r c e ment. A l t h o u g h t h e A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l e x p r e s s e d h i s w i l l i n g n e s s 3 7 I b i d . ( O c t o b e r 1906); I b i d . (March 1907); M a n i t o b a F r e e P r e s s , 2 M a r c h 1907. I b i d . 3 9 7 E d . V I I (1907), c.42 ( Q u e . ) . 40 A d v o c a t e (June 1907). 258 t o p r o s e c u t e v i o l a t i o n s , t h o s e who had t o a r r e s t t h e o f f e n d e r s b a l k e d a t a p p l y i n g t h e law t o o r i g i d l y . The W i n n i p e g p o l i c e , f o r example, r e s i s t e d a r r e s t i n g m e r c h a n t s f o r o f f e n c e s s u c h as n e w s - s t a n d and c i g a r shop s a l e s i n h o t e l s and r a i l w a y s t a t i o n s . C o n s e r v a t i v e P r e m i e r R o b l i n , u n s y m p a t h e t i c t o a l l \" r e f o r m \" p r o -grammes, n o t o n l y a p p r o v e d o f s u c h an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , b u t f u r -t h e r m o d i f i e d i t i n o r d e r t o a l l o w r e s t a u r a n t s t o s e l l c a n d i e s , n u t s , t o b a c c o , i c e - c r e a m , and o t h e r s u n d r i e s . P i q u e d by s u c h i n t e r f e r e n c e , t h e A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l r e f u s e d t o g i v e h i s c o n s e n t 41 t o any p r o s e c u t i o n s u n t i l t h e m a t t e r was c l a r i f i e d . The m a t t e r d i d n o t s i m p l y end t h e r e . I n F e b r u a r y 1908, t h e W i n n i p e g p o l i c e , a p p a r e n t l y \"goaded by t h e t a u n t s o f t h e S a b b a t a r i a n s , \" swooped down on t h e c i t y ' s N o r t h E nd on two s u c c e s s i v e Sundays and, w i t h s p e c i a l n o t e b o o k s i n hand, n o t e d 42 some f i v e h u n d r e d v i o l a t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n t o two h u n d r e d R u s s i a n s , G a l i c i a n s , Hebrews, and R u t h e n i a n s who c u s t o m a r i l y k e p t open t h e i r g r o c e r i e s and c o n f e c t i o n e r i e s , t h e p o l i c e n o t e d down t h e names o f a Hebrew w e d d i n g p a r t y , t h e o f f i c i a t i n g c l e r g y , members o f t h e band, a n d t h e c a b d r i v e r s who had d r i v e n t h e 43 p a r t y t o t h e Synagogue. When t h e A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l c o n s e n t e d M o n t r e a l W i t n e s s , 29 A p r i l 1907, LDACP; A d v o c a t e (March 1908). The A l l i a n c e f o u n d t h i s b e h a v i o u r \" u n j u s t and u n - B r i t i s h . \" I b i d . (May 1907). 42 M a n i t o b a F r e e P r e s s , 11 F e b r u a r y 1908; I b i d . 17 F e b r u -a r y 1908. 43 W i n n i p e g T e l e g r a m , 8 F e b r u a r y 1908, LDACP; I b i d . , 12 F e b r u a r y 1908, LDACP; M a n i t o b a F r e e P r e s s , 11 F e b r u a r y 1908. t o t h e p r o s e c u t i o n o f o v e r two h u n d r e d c a s e s , t h e c o n g e s t i o n t h r e a t e n e d b o t h t o c l o g t h e c o u r t s f o r weeks — on one S a t u r d a y , t h e p r e s i d i n g m a g i s t r a t e c o u l d h a n d l e o n l y t h i r t e e n o f h i s 44 a s s i g n e d t h i r t y - s i x c a s e s — and t o c o s t t a x - p a y e r s an i m p r e s -s i v e sum. I n t h e l i g h t o f t h e s e e v e n t s , t h e a u t h o r i t i e s c o n -c e r n e d , t h e A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l , t h e p r o v i n c i a l P o l i c e C o m m i s s i o n e r , and W i n n i p e g ' s C h i e f o f P o l i c e , a g r e e d t o p r o s e c u t e o n l y \"open 45 and f l a g r a n t v i o l a t i o n s o f t h e law.\" The A l l i a n c e ' s o p i n i o n t h a t t h e a u t h o r i t i e s had \"assumed a p r e r o g a t i v e o f i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e A c t w h i c h was n o t t h e i r s t o e x e r c i s e \" had no i n f l u e n c e on 46 t h e a u t h o r i t i e s , who c o n t i n u e d t h i s p o l i c y . I n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , t h e A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l r e f u s e d t o e n f o r c e t h e A c t a l t o g e t h e r when a s u r g e o f o p p o s i t i o n f r o m b o t h b u s i n e s s and l a b o u r g r e e t e d e n a c t m e n t o f t h e b i l l i n M a r c h 1907. The V i c t o r i a C o l o n i s t and V a n c o u v e r P r o v i n c e o p e n l y d e c l a r e d t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n , w h i l e v a r i o u s B o a r d s o f T r a d e t h r o u g h o u t t h e 47 p r o v i n c e p a s s e d r e s o l u t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e A c t . Lumber and m i n i n g i n t e r e s t s i n t h e i n t e r i o r , b o t h e m p l o y e r s and e m p l o y e e s , demanded t h a t e n f o r c e m e n t be d e l a y e d \" u n t i l t h e o p p o r t u n i t y i s a f f o r d e d t h o s e whose l i v e l i h o o d and i n d u s t r i e s a r e d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d o f 44 M a n i t o b a F r e e P r e s s , 8 F e b r u a r y 1908, LDACP. 45 W i n n i p e g T e l e g r a m , 17 F e b r u a r y 1908; W i n n i p e g T r i b u n e , 17 F e b r u a r y 1908, LDACP. 4 6 A d v o c a t e ( A p r i l 1909). 4 7 I b i d . ( A p r i l 1907); V i c t o r i a D a i l y C o l o n i s t , 2 M a r c h 1907; I b i d . , 3 M a r c h 1907; I b i d . , 20 M a r c h 1907. 260 II 48 B o t h t h e V a n c o u v e r and V i c t o r i a e x p r e s s i n g an o p i n i o n . T r a d e s and L a b o r C o u n c i l s o p p o s e d t h e b i l l ' s i n e f f i c i e n c y , a t t a c k i n g i t s many l o o p h o l e s . S i n c e t h e law made no p r o v i s i o n f o r e f f e c t i v e f i n e s , t h e y a r g u e d , e m p l o y e r s c o u l d k e e p t h e i r e m p l o y e e s \" a t work a t w i l l . . . w h i c h means f o r t h e w o r k e r 4 a b s o l u t e l y n o t h i n g b u t t h e f u r t h e r c u r t a i l m e n t o f h i s f r e e d o m . \" R e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s o p p o s i t i o n , B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a ' s A t t o r n e y -G e n e r a l announced i n May 1907 t h a t he w o u l d r e f u s e a s s e n t t o 50 any p r o s e c u t i o n s . A l t h o u g h he s l i g h t l y m o d i f i e d h i s s t a n d by 1912, few c o n v i c t i o n s were made u n d e r t h e A c t . The u n e v e n q u a l i t y o f p r o v i n c i a l s u p p o r t was b u t a p r e -l u d e t o t h a t g i v e n by o t h e r g r o u p s t o t h e A l l i a n c e ' s t h r e e - p h a s e e n f o r c e m e n t c a m p a i g n . The campaign a g a i n s t Sunday t r a d e was t h e o n l y p h a s e t o e n j o y a w i d e measure o f a c c e p t a n c e . t i o n o f Sunday t r a d e . Once t h e b i l l became law, j u d i c i a l d e -c i s i o n s c o n f i r m e d s e v e r a l key i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e A c t . A 1907 r u l i n g by t h e O n t a r i o A p p e a l C o u r t r e s t r i c t e d t h e s a l e and c o n s u m p t i o n o f i c e - c r e a m , p o p c o r n , p e a n u t s , and s o f t d r i n k s t o f i d e r e s t a u r a n t owners who f u r n i s h e d m e a l s and n o t j u s t s n a c k s The c o u r t s p r o v i d e d e s s e n t i a l s u p p o r t f o r t h e r e s t r i c -r e s t a u r a n t p r e m i s e s . 51 A 1911 d e c i s i o n r u l e d t h a t o n l y bona 48 I b i d . , l O M a r c h 1907; A d v o c a t e ( A p r i l 1907). 49. V a n c o u v e r D a i l y P r o v i n c e , 8 M a r c h 1907, LDACP. 50 A d v o c a t e (May 19 07). 51 Rex, v. W e a t h e r a l l , 11 O.W.R. 946; 18 C.C.C. 327. 261 c o u l d s e l l i c e - c r e a m , c a n d i e s , and o t h e r s u n d r i e s on Su n d a y s . T h i s r u l i n g made i t c l e a r t h a t i c e - c r e a m p a r l o u r s , f r u i t s t o r e s , c i g a r and c o n f e c t i o n e r y s hops were b r e a k i n g t h e law i f t h e y 52 s o l d s u c h i t e m s on S u n d a y s . The p r e s t i g i o u s Canada Law J o u r n a l , whose e d i t o r , H e n r y O ' B r i e n , had been a f o u n d i n g member o f t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e , s u p p o r t e d t h e s e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s . I n t h e J u n e 15, 1907 i s s u e , O ' B r i e n c o n c l u d e d t h a t a r e s t a u r a n t owner m i g h t n o t s e l l a r t i c l e s t h a t c l e a r l y a p p e a r e d t o be c o n -v e n i e n c e s r a t h e r t h a n n e c e s s i t i e s . C a n d i e s and i c e - c r e a m m i g h t \" c h e m i c a l l y c o n t a i n f o o d e l e m e n t s \" and m i g h t \" t h e r e f o r e s c i e n t i -f i c a l l y be f o o d \" , b u t t h e q u e s t i o n i s , O ' B r i e n c o n t i n u e d : a r e t h e y f o o d u n d e r t h e p r i n c i p l e o f \"works o f n e c e s s i t y \" and a l l t h a t s u c h i n v o l v e s ? W i l l any man s e r i o u s l y c o n t e n d t h a t i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o s e l l s u c h t o o t h s o m e c o n f e c t i o n s t o s a t i s f y h u n g e r ? f o r t h a t i s r e a l l y what i t comes t o . We must on Sunday, w i t h o u t d o u b t , f e e d t h e h u n g r y , b u t must we c a t e r t o t h e f a n c i f u l t a s t e a n d d e l i c a t e p a l a t e w i t h what a r e c a l l e d d a i n t i e s ? B u t i t i s answ e r e d , — a f t e r a l l , i t i s o n l y a d i s h o f i c e - c r e a m and a p a c k a g e o f i n n o c e n t c a n d i e s . T h a t i s n o t an answer. I f c a n d i e s must be b o u g h t , and we may w i t h o u t p r e j u d i c e a d m i t t h a t t h e y a r e n e c e s s a r y a r t i c l e s o f commerce, and p l e a s a n t t o t h e eye and g r a t i f y i n g t o t h e p a l a t e , w h e t h e r t h e y b e l o n g t o t h e g l u c o s e g r o u p o r t h e s a c -c a r o s e g r o u p , . . . l e t t h o s e who d e s i r e t h o s e c a r -b o h y d r a t e s h i e t o t h e emporium on S a t u r d a y and l a y i n a Sunday s t o c k ; t h i s s a f e p r a c t i c e w o u l d n o t i n t h e s l i g h t e s t d e g r e e a c i d u l a t e t h e h o n e y e d s p e e c h e s t h a t o f t e n accompany c h o c o l a t e s on Sunday a f t e r n o o n . (53) I n a d d i t i o n t o s u p p o r t f r o m t h e l e g a l p r o f e s s i o n , law e n f o r c e m e n t o f f i c e r s seemed w i l l i n g t o c o o p e r a t e i n r e s t r a i n i n g Rex, v . W e l l s , 24 O.L.R. 77. Canada Law J o u r n a l , LXVIII/12 (1907), p. 432. 54 the Sunday trade of ice-cream p a r l o u r s and c i g a r shops. To make examples of the o f f e n d e r s , p o l i c e magistrates l e v i e d hefty 55 f i n e s , o f t e n as much as $20. In one i n c i d e n t i n Toronto, Senior P o l i c e M a g i s t r a t e George Denison went so f a r as to r u l e that i t was \" i l l e g a l even f o r a machine to s e l l chewing gum on the Lord's Day,\" and he ordered three shopkeepers to remove the o f f e n d i n g a r t i c l e s from t h e i r doorways on Sundays. 5 6 A p o l i c e magistrate i n Winnipeg r u l e d t h a t , although a c i g a r could be purchased as p a r t of a meal, he must f i n e a man because he had 57 walked around a b i t before buying the \" d i g e s t i v e weed.\" Once J u s t i c e Middleton's r u l i n g i n 1911 made i t c l e a r t h a t ice-cream p a r l o u r s could not operate on Sunday because they d i d not o f f e r f u l l meals, both p o l i c e o f f i c e r s and magistrates proceeded to e r a d i c a t e the problem. On one Sunday i n the summer of 1912, Calgary p o l i c e a r r e s t e d t h i r t y - t w o shopkeepers and merchants 5 8 f o r i l l e g a l s a l e s . When magistrates c o n s i s t e n t l y r u l e d a g a i n s t p a r l o u r owners, the shops c l o s e d . I n f l u e n t i a l economic groups supported c o n s t r a i n t s on Sunday t r a d i n g as a means of l i m i t i n g u ndesirable competition. The u n s o l i c i t e d support of the Canadian Press A s s o c i a t i o n at 54 Advocate (October 1907-1910) passim. 55 I b i d . (June 1909). In one case a magistrate f i n e d a man $50 f o r s e l l i n g l i q u o r to a policeman. I b i d . (September 1909) . 5 6 I b i d . (May 1909). 57 Winnipeg Tribune, 2 March 1909, LDACP. 58 Advocate ( A p r i l 1912); I b i d . ( J u l y , August 1912). 263 t h e 1906 S e l e c t Committee h e a r i n g s , f o r example, e n s u r e d t h e p r o h i b i t i o n on A m e r i c a n Sunday p a p e r s . When t h e A c t went i n t o e f f e c t , t h e g o v e r n m e n t s t o l e r a t e d o n l y a s m a l l amount o f i m p o r -59 t a t i o n . E x p r e s s c o m p a n i e s r e f u s e d t o b r i n g t h e p a p e r s i n t o t h e c o u n t r y , and t h e l a r g e r r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s removed t h e i r 6 0 n e w s a g e n t s f r o m r a i l w a y s t a t i o n s . E i g h t months a f t e r t h e A c t went i n t o e f f e c t , t h e A l l i a n c e c l a i m e d t o have s t o p p e d t h e 61 e n t r y o f 100,000 A m e r i c a n Sunday p a p e r s ; and by 1909, t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f t h e s e n e w s p a p e r s had b e e n r e d u c e d t o a b o u t 2 6 2 p e r c e n t o f i t s pre-1907 l e v e l o f 50,000 p a p e r s p e r week. P h a r m a c i s t s , one o f t h e l a r g e r E n g l i s h C a n a d i a n g r o u p s i n v o l v e d i n Sunday t r a d i n g , a l s o g e n e r a l l y s u p p o r t e d t h e ban on Sunday s a l e s . I n c i t i e s , d r u g g i s t s a r r a n g e d r o t a t i o n a l methods o f s e r v i n g c u s t o m e r n e e d s by o p e n i n g o n l y one h o u r i n 6 3 t h e a f t e r n o o n s and a n o t h e r h o u r i n t h e evening\". I n s m a l l e r towns, d r u g g i s t s e i t h e r r o t a t e d o p e n i n g hours- or l e f t a c a r d i n t h e i r window i n d i c a t i n g where t h e y m i g h t be f o u n d i n an emer-64 g e n c y . P r o f e s s i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s s u p p o r t e d t h e s e moves: i n 59 A d v o c a t e (March 1907). E . B a y l e y t o Rev. W.G. Hanna, 2 O c t o b e r 1909, LDACP. B a y l e y , t h e Deputy A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l o f O n t a r i o , a l l o w e d a m i n o r amount o f i m p o r t a t i o n t o a v o i d t h e c o n f u s i o n o f t h o s e who were d e t e r m i n e d t o have t h e p a p e r c r o s -s i n g t o D e t r o i t by f e r r y and b a c k a g a i n . 6 0 A d v o c a t e ( A p r i l 1907) . 61 LDAC, \" T r i e n n i a l R e p o r t , 1907.\" fi 2 1906 f i g u r e f r o m Moore t o F o y , . l F e b r u a r y 1906. 1909 f i g u r e s f r o m Hanna t o F o y , 28 September 19 09, LDACP. 6 3 A d v o c a t e (June 1907). 6 4 I b i d . ( J u l y , A u g u s t 1909). 264 Toronto, the druggists' section of the R e t a i l Merchants' Association urged i t s members to discourage customers by plac-ing placards i n t h e i r windows c i t i n g the law and i t s penalties, by r e s p e c t f u l l y asking shoppers not to request i l l e g a l a r t i c l e s , 6 5 and by covering showcases for the day. The A l l i a n c e ' s n a t i v i s t r hetoric against Sunday trade complemented the increasing h o s t i l i t y of Canadian society, both French and English, to the i n f l u x of immigrants, p a r t i c u l a r l y 6 6 the Jews. The Saskatchewan Premier, W. Scott, welcomed the Act, as he wrote to Laurier, for \"western Canada, more-than the eastern provinces, feels the need of c a r e f u l measures and s t r i c t administration i n the matter of the observance of the Lord's Day owing to the less s e t t l e d conditions which p r e v a i l out here as a r e s u l t of the comparatively enormous additions which are 6 7 being made now year by year to our population.\" In 1908 Scott refused to grant any indulgence to the colony of Jews 6 8 that had s e t t l e d i n the southern part of the province. In 6 5 Ibid. (May 19 07). In Toronto, according to the A l l i -ance, the Druggists' Association also refused to support the court case of a druggist who argued that a cigar was a drug and therefore necessary. Ibid. (July, August 1909). 6 6 By 1911, there were 76,564 Jews i n Canada i n compari-son to 16,000 i n 1901. Although concentrated i n Toronto and Montreal, other provinces (excluding P.E.I, and the Yukon) had received s i g n i f i c a n t increases. Canada Year Book, 1912. 67W. Scott to W. Laurier, 8 February 1906, PAC, LP, C831, p. 106942; also Advocate (January 1909). 6 8 I b i d . (September 1908). 265 1909, when t h e M a n i t o b a F r e e P r e s s p u b l i s h e d a s e r i e s o f e d i t o r -i a l s u r g i n g a m a s s i v e C a n a d i a n i z a t i o n programme f o r t h e s e immi-g r a n t s , t h e A l l i a n c e e a g e r l y a d v o c a t e d p r o p e r S a b b a t h o b s e r v a n c e as an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f any s u c h c a mpaign: I f t h e y [ t h e i m m i g r a n t s ] a r e p e r m i t t e d on t h a t day t o k e e p t h e i r s t o r e s o pen, o r t o f o l l o w t h e i r u s u a l o c c u p a t i o n s , i t w i l l be f o u n d an a l m o s t i m p o s s i b i l i t y t o e l e v a t e them i n t o t h e t r u e C a n a d i a n c h a r a c t e r . I f on t h e o t h e r hand, t h e y c a n be g i v e n t h e L o r d ' s Day as a day o f r e s t , and t h e n i n d u c e d t o s p e n d t h a t day i n s u c h p u r s u i t s as w i l l b e n e f i t them p h y s i c a l l y , m e n t a l l y , s o c i a l l y and m o r a l l y , t h e r e w i l l s o o n a p p e a r an improvement i n t h e i r c o n d u c t , t h e i r c h a r a c t e r , t h e i r homes, and a l l t h e i r s u r r o u n d i n g s . . . . G i v e t h e s e p e o p l e t h e f r e e d o m o f t h i s good c o u n t r y , and w i t h i t t h e s c h o o l , t h e B i b l e , t h e L o r d ' s Day, and s u c h o t h e r u p l i f t i n g a g e n c i e s as a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s , and i t w i l l n o t be v e r y l o n g u n t i l t h e y w i l l show t h e b e n e f i t o f s u c h t r e a t m e n t . (69) Quebec s h o p k e e p e r s s i m i l a r l y r e a c t e d t o t h e J e w i s h p r a c t i c e o f open Sunday. I n 1908 and 1909 t h e M o n t r e a l R e t a i l G r o c e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n p e t i t i o n e d t h e c i t y t o s e c u r e b e t t e r e n -f o r c e m e n t o f t h e law. The c o u r t s s u p p o r t e d t h i s demand. D u r i n g t h e summer o f 1908, t h e C o u r t R e c o r d e r f i n e d a s c o r e o f J e w i s h m e r c h a n t s e i t h e r $5 o r one month's i m p r i s o n m e n t , w a r n i n g 70 t h a t f i n e s w o u l d i n c r e a s e i f t h e s e l l i n g d i d n o t s t o p . By 1912 most \" p r o m i s c u o u s Sunday s a l e s \" had c e a s e d ex-6 9 I b i d . (June 1909). 70 I b i d . (March 1908); I b i d . ( J u l y , A u g u s t 1908); I b i d . (December 1909). 266 cept i n Winnipeg's North End and the c i t i e s o f B r i t i s h Co-lumbia. In B r i t i s h Columbia, A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l F u l t o n , sup-po r t e d by a strong measure of p u b l i c o p i n i o n , s t i l l r e s i s t e d A l l i a n c e p ressure to enf o r c e the law on any uniform b a s i s . Drugstores maintained a \"stubborn a t t i t u d e of r e s i s t a n c e , \" w h i l e on an average Sunday a V i c t o r i a A l l i a n c e member might r e p o r t a t o t a l o f f o r t y - e i g h t s t o r e s open, i n a d d i t i o n to Chinatown 72 c a r r y i n g on a \" r e g u l a r weekday b u s i n e s s . \" * *. * • * * • . . * • * * * * * * * Consent to the c e s s a t i o n of Sunday trade came from many segments of the p o p u l a t i o n . S i m i l a r support, however, was not forthcoming f o r the A l l i a n c e ' s crusade a g a i n s t Sunday i n d u s t r i a l labour and Sunday p l e a s u r e ; without s t r o n g s e c u l a r s a n c t i o n , the A l l i a n c e ' s e f f o r t s i n these areas proved f u t i l e . I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o assess the A l l i a n c e ' s success i n de-c r e a s i n g or r e t a r d i n g the amount of Sabbath la b o u r . Although i t c o u l d l e g i t i m a t e l y c l a i m to have reduced the amount of Sabbath t r a d e , the numbers i n v o l v e d i n t h i s a c t i v i t y , a l b e i t h i g h l y In most other p a r t s o f Winnipeg, Sunday t r a d i n g d i d cease. See James Gray, Red L i g h t s on the P r a i r i e s (Scarborough, O n t a r i o : New America L i b r a r y (Signet) L t d . , 1973), p. 67. He concludes t h a t Sunday t r a d e c l o s e d down so much t h a t \"the onl y a v a i l a b l e r e c r e a t i o n f o r the populace was going f o r a s t r o l l . A n n a b e l l a and McFarlane S t r e e t s became the mecca f o r Winnipeg s i g h t s e e r s on a Sunday a f t e r n o o n . The women of the houses sunned themselves on t h e i r f r o n t steps, c l a d o n l y i n f l i m s y kimonos, and exchanged o b s c e n i t i e s w i t h such passersby as spurned t h e i r p r o f f e r e d wares.\" 72 Advocate (March 1912); I b i d . ( A p r i l 1912). 267 v i s i b l e , d i d not account f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n of those working on S undays. 7 3 The A l l i a n c e t a l k e d c o n s t a n t l y about the 150,000 Sabbath t o i l e r s , but n e i t h e r the A l l i a n c e o f f i c i a l papers nor Shearer's correspondence i n d i c a t e s how such a f i g u r e was e s t a b l i s h e d . A s i d e from one b r i e f and u n s u c c e s s f u l attempt i n 1902 to docu-ment the amount of Sunday r a i l w a y work, the A l l i a n c e never attempted a s y s t e m a t i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the a c t u a l amount of 74 Sabbath labour i n Canada. The A l l i a n c e ' s a t t i t u d e towards Sabbath labour i s a l s o p r o b l e m a t i c . The A l l i a n c e accepted the A c t ' s symbolic v a l u e : i t should f r e e 150,000 t o i l e r s ; t h e r e -f o r e i t d i d so. A t i t s 1907 T r i e n n i a l Convention, the A l l i a n c e p r o u d l y claimed: Out of 150,000 Canadian workmen t h a t b e f o r e the new law came i n t o f o r c e were d e p r i v e d of t h e i r weekly r e s t day, w i t h the p r i v i l e g e s i t c a r r i e s w i t h i t , 7 5,000 have a l r e a d y been gi v e n back these p r i v i l e g e s , and when the law i s g e n e r a l l y observed, throughout the country, and by a l l the c o r p o r a t i o n s , t h i s number w i l l i n c r e a s e to 100,000, and the remaining 50,000, See Appendix 1. 74 I t would seem,in f a c t , t h a t the A l l i a n c e may have adopted as i t s f i g u r e the membership number rep r e s e n t e d by the Trades and Labor Congress which, i n 1906, was 150,000. The A l l i a n c e may have laboured under the misapprehension t h a t the Congress r e p r e s e n t e d those who d i d work on Sunday or i t may have b e l i e v e d t h a t u n t i l a Lord's Day A c t l e g a l l y guaranteed these men t h e i r weekly day of r e s t , they were p o t e n t i a l Sabbath, l a -bourers. Members of the S e l e c t Committee seemed unaware or con-fused about t h i s p o i n t . See Canada, House of Commons, S e l e c t Committee, Minutes, 1906, p. 122: Question to Mr. Draper: \"At the p r e s e n t time those whom you r e p r e s e n t are not c a l l e d upon to labour on Sunday?\" A. - (Mr. Draper): \"No, they are not.\" Q. \"There i s no complaint i n t h a t regard from the people you r e p r e s e n t ? \" A. \"There are not very many of them c a l l e d upon to 268 occupied at work which from i t s nature has to be continued over Sunday, w i l l be protected against having to work seven days i n the week. (75) 7 fi By 1911, i t claimed to have freed the entire 100,000. Yet again, A l l i a n c e papers do not suggest that a systematic examin-ation of the labour s i t u a t i o n took place at any time during those years to support t h i s claim. I t i s possible that industries ceased Sunday operations or p a r t i a l l y reduced them, but i t i s more probable that they continued Sunday operations and guaranteed t h e i r employees a weekly day of r e s t . With few exceptions, industry accepted the p r i n c i p l e of a weekly day of r e s t : management and employees al i k e were looking towards further reduction of the work week through the Saturday half-holiday and the eight-hour workday. By reducing manpower needs, continuing technological advances would f a c i l i t a t e t h i s development. labour on Sunday.\" The only other source of s t a t i s t i c s might be the 1901 Census returns. By assuming that a l l 80,756 trans-portation employees and a l l 45,3 75 s t e e l and iron workers worked every Sunday, Shearer would have a t o t a l of 126,131. To t h i s he might have added another 25,000 to represent cement plant, pulp and paper, and other i n d u s t r i a l workers, plus an assortment of service workers — restaurants, druggists, and so f o r t h . Canada, Census, 1901. This seems u n l i k e l y . 7 5LDAC, \"Tri e n n i a l Report, 1907.\" 7 6 Ibid., 1911. See Appendix I. The estimate tends to confirm the A l l i a n c e ' s claim. Although the numbers involved i n Sunday labour increased i n absolute terms between 1901 and 1911, the percentage involved decreased. If 20 percent of the 1911 workforce had worked on Sunday as i t had i n 1901, 545,000 men would have been working. As i t was, the estimate indicates that 444,246 ( i . e . , 100,000 less) were working. 269 The A l l i a n c e m i g h t w e l l have c l a i m e d c r e d i t f o r s e c u r -i n g Sundays t o u n o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r . Y e t t h e A l l i a n c e had l i t t l e o r no c o n t a c t w i t h u n o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r and i n d e e d seemed t o t a l -l y unaware o f t h o s e s e c t o r s o f t h e economy ( s u c h as d o m e s t i c s e r v i c e and s w e a t s h o p l a b o u r ) , i n w h i c h men, women, and e v e n c h i l d r e n , had b een w o r k i n g s e v e n d a y s a week u n n o t i c e d ' f o r y e a r s . The p e r i o d 1907-1912 c o u l d be c h a r a c t e r i z e d as a p e r i o d o f e d u c a t i o n f o r t h e A l l i a n c e , d u r i n g w h i c h i t d i s c o v e r e d t h e r e a l i t i e s o f t h e C a n a d i a n e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e and t h e demands i t made f o r c o n t i n u o u s l a b o u r . The most i r o n i c o f many s u c h i n -s t a n c e s a r o s e as t h e A l l i a n c e embarked on i t s n a t i o n - w i d e e n f o r c e m e n t c a m p a i g n . I t r e a d i l y became a p p a r e n t t h a t p o l i c e -men t h e m s e l v e s were b r e a k i n g t h e law as no p o l i c e f o r c e i n 77 Canada r e c o g n i z e d t h e p r i n c i p l e o f t h e w e e k l y r e s t d a y . I n T o r o n t o , f o r example, a new man on t h e f o r c e worked h i s e n t i r e f i r s t y e a r w i t h o u t a b r e a k ; t h e r e a f t e r he m i g h t r e c e i v e one o r 7 two d a y s a month, and t h e y m i g h t o r m i g h t n o t f a l l on a Sunday. A l t h o u g h t h e A l l i a n c e g r a d u a l l y t u r n e d i t s a t t e n t i o n t o s u c h a r e a s , by 1912 o n l y t h e c i t i e s o f T o r o n t o and O t t a w a g r a n t e d t h e i r f o r c e s a w e e k l y r e s t d a y . I n b o t h i n s t a n c e s , o t h e r g r o u p s s u c h as t h e p r e s s and c i v i c a u t h o r i t i e s c o u l d c l a i m t h e c r e d i t 79 f o r t h e a c h i e v e m e n t r a t h e r t h a n t h e A l l i a n c e . I n 1912, t h e 7 7 M a n i t o b a F r e e P r e s s , 18 M a r c h 1907; LDAC, \" A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1909.\" 7 8 A d v o c a t e (May 1909); I b i d . (March 1910); LDAC, \" T r i -e n n i a l R e p o r t , 1911.\" 7 9 A d v o c a t e (September 1910); I b i d . ( O c t o b e r 1910); I b i d . ( J a n u a r y 1912). 270 R o y a l N o r t h West Mounted P o l i c e were s t i l l w o r k i n g a s e v e n day week. The A l l i a n c e , however, n e v e r f l a g g e d i n i t s e f f o r t s t o e n f o r c e t h e law a g a i n s t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and i n d u s t r i a l c o n c e r n s . I t f a n c i e d t h a t w i t h t h e A c t i t w o u l d be p o s s i b l e t o make c o r -p o r a t i o n s \" s u b m i t t o t h e l a w s o f t h i s c o u n t r y j u s t as o t h e r 8 0 c i t i z e n s do.\" The A l l i a n c e a t t e m p t e d t o make c o r p o r a t i o n s s u b m i t t o t h e l a w by c o u r t c h a l l e n g e s and a p p e a l s t o t h e B o a r d o f R a i l w a y C o m m i s s i o n e r s . A l l t h e s e e f f o r t s f a i l e d , d e f e a t e d by t h e combined s t r e n g t h o f t h e c o r p o r a t i o n s t h e m s e l v e s , t h e f e d e r a l g o vernment, and r a i l w a y e m p l o y e e s . A f t e r p a s s a g e o f t h e A c t , t h e r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s made no a t t e m p t t o c u r t a i l e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e s on Sunday: between o n e - t h i r d and o n e - h a l f o f r a i l w a y s t a f f s worked on Sundays and had a n o t h e r d a y i n t h e week as t h e i r d a y o f r e s t . The companie e i t h e r r e l i e d o n t h e B o a r d o f R a i l w a y C o m m i s s i o n e r s t o g r a n t them e x e m p t i o n s as n e c e s s i t y a r o s e , o r may w e l l have a d o p t e d t h e p o l i c y s u s p e c t e d by t h e A l l i a n c e : The p o l i c y o f t h e r a i l w a y s seems c l e a r l y t o be t o i g n o r e t h e l a w t i l l i t i s e n f o r c e d , t h e n d e l i b e r a t e l y a l l o w a g e n e r a l b l o c k a d e i n t h e hope o f r a i s i n g an o u t c r y among c o m m e r c i a l men a g a i n s t t h e L o r d ' s Day A c t , and t h e n t o go t o P a r l i a m e n t and a s k f o r t h e r e p e a l o f t h e c l a u s e s a f f e c t i n g r a i l w a y s . (81) 8 0 I b i d . ( A p r i l 1907); s e e a l s o S h e a r e r t o J.B. M i t c h e l l , 14 A u g u s t 1906, LB 1905-1906, p. 592: \". . .we have r e a s o n t o know t h a t t h e r a i l w a y men a r e a b o u t t h e m a d d e s t crowd t h a t y o u c o u l d f i n d i n t h i s D o m i n i o n . I t i s s o m e t h i n g new f o r them t o b b e a t e n , and t o be b e a t e n by p r e a c h e r s and t h e i r l i k e i s t o o h u m i l i a t i n g a l t o g e t h e r . \" o -I A d v o c a t e ( A p r i l 1907) . 271 As i t was, t h e R a i l w a y C o m m i s s i o n e r s g r a d u a l l y e x t e n d e d r a i l -way p r i v i l e g e s t o t h e two l a r g e c o m p a n i e s , t h e G r a n d T r u n k R a i l w a y and t h e C a n a d i a n P a c i f i c R a i l w a y . I n i t s r u l i n g s t h e B o a r d a l l o w e d t h e c o m p a n i e s g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y i n d e f i n i n g what a n e c e s s i t y was, p a r t i c u l a r l y when a p p l i e d t o t h e s h i p p i n g 8 2 o f t h e g r a i n h a r v e s t . By 1912, t h e A l l i a n c e was f o r c e d t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t \" t h e enormous amount o f t r a f f i c , and c o n g e s t i o n t h a t i s i n e v i t a b l e b e c a u s e o f t h i s and t h e l i m i t e d r a i l r o a d f a c i l i t i e s \" p u t an i n c r e d i b l e s t r a i n on t h e r a i l r o a d f a c i l i t i e s and p o s e d an a l m o s t i n s u r m o u n t a b l e o b s t a c l e t o any v i g o r o u s 8 3 a c t i o n on i t s p a r t . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d as w e l l , r a i l w a y c o m p a n i e s c a l m l y e xpanded t h e i r p a s s e n g e r s e r v i c e s . I n 1909, t h e C.P.R. s t a r t e d 84 p a s s e n g e r s e r v i c e s on a l l i t s New B r u n s w i c k l i n e s ; t h e s e o p e r a t i o n s f o r c e d t h e I n t e r c o l o n i a l R a i l w a y i n t o o f f e r i n g a 8 5 c o m p e t i t i v e s e r v i c e . By 1912 as w e l l , p a s s e n g e r t r a i n s were r u n n i n g i n a l l t h e w e s t e r n p r o v i n c e s , and t h e S a s k a t o o n E v e n i n g C a p i t a l commented t h a t t h e w e l l - f i l l e d t r a i n s showed \" t h a t t h e 8 6 t r a v e l l i n g p u b l i c a p p r e c i a t e a Sunday t r a i n . . \" The f e d e r a l g o v e rnment a l s o s a n c t i o n e d t h i s e x p a n s i o n . When t h e A l l i a n c e c o m p l a i n e d , t h e M i n i s t e r o f R a i l w a y s r e f u s e d t o t a k e a c t i o n , 8 2 I b i d . (Decemb 1908); I b i d . (June 1909). 8 3 I b i d . ( A p r i l 1912); I b i d . ( J a n u a r y 1913). 8 4 L D A C , \" A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1909.\" 8 5 A d v o c a t e (December 1912). Q c. 18 O c t o b e r 1909, LDACP; s e e a l s o LDAC, \" A n n u a l R e p o r t , 1909\"; A d v o c a t e (December 1912). s t a t i n g t h a t t h e t i m e had come when b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s demanded t h e s e r v i c e . F i n a l l y , w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e r a i l w a y s i n p a r t i c u l a r and t h e L o r d ' s Day i n g e n e r a l , t h e A l l i a n c e r e c e i v e d l i t t l e h e l p f r o m t h o s e on whose b e h a l f i t c l a i m e d t o work. The U n i o n o f R a i l w a y E m p l o y e e s , f o r example, o f f e r e d t h e A l l i a n c e no s u p p o r t 8 8 i n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t o t h e B o a r d o f R a i l w a y C o m m i s s i o n e r s . I n T o r o n t o , w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o t h e A l l i a n c e , t h e U n i o n o f S t r e e t R a i l w a y E m p l o y e e s p r e p a r e d i t s own demands f o r r e d u c t i o n o f 8 9 Sunday h o u r s f r o m t e n t o e i g h t . As t h e campaign f o r e n f o r c e -ment c o n t i n u e d , l a b o u r 1 s i n d i f f e r e n c e t o t h e A l l i a n c e grew more p r o n o u n c e d . By 1912, t h e D o m i n i o n T r a d e s and L a b o r Con-g r e s s had resumed i n d e p e n d e n t l o b b y i n g o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t t o 90 o p p o s e Sunday l a b o u r , as i t had done i n p r e - A l l i a n c e d a y s . L a b o u r h o s t i l i t y was most e v i d e n t i n t h e w e s t e r n p r o -v i n c e s , and m e n t i o n has a l r e a d y been made o f t h e a c t i o n s t a k e n by t h e V a n c o u v e r a n d V i c t o r i a T r a d e s and L a b o r C o u n c i l s . I n M a n i t o b a , where l a b o u r had c o o p e r a t e d w i t h . t h e A l l i a n c e u n t i l 19 06 i n p r e v e n t i n g t h e Sunday s t r e e t c a r , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s o u r e d s t e a d i l y t h e r e a f t e r . Once t h e s t r e e t r a i l w a y company g u a r a n t e e d i t s e m p l o y e e s a w e e k l y day o f r e s t , o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r 8 7 I b i d . (December 1912). 8 8 I b i d . (June 1908) . 8 9 I b i d . (June 1912). 9 0 M a n i t o b a F r e e P r e s s , 9 J a n u a r y 1912, 91 approved the Sunday car. By 1908, the Canadian Labor Party and the Winnipeg Trades and Labor Council were denouncing the Lord's Day Act as \"class l e g i s l a t i o n procured by emasculated 92 and effeminate preachers.\" This condemnation r e f l e c t e d the influence of a v i s i t by prominent European s o c i a l i s t Emma Gold-mann who, i n a f i e r y speech to Winnipeg workingmen i n March 93 1908, denounced the Act as \"of no use to the working man.\" In her opinion, Winnipeg's theatres, lecture h a l l s , music par-lours, and a l l places of recreation should be open on Sunday \"as i t was the only day the working man got a chance to broaden his mind.\" By 1912, then, business and labour enmity to the Act was well established. V i o l a t i o n s were frequent and the r a i l -ways operated as they pleased. In the area of curbing Sunday labour the A l l i a n c e could take c r e d i t for few v i c t o r i e s . Its e f f o r t s to h a l t the spread of Sunday pleasure were equally i n e f f e c t i v e . F i r s t , i t s old enemy, the Sunday street car, became ubiquitous. Since the federal law made street railway l e g i s l a -94 t i o n a matter of p r o v i n c i a l j u r i s d i c t i o n , Manitoba and Ontario re-enacted t h e i r statutes, and i n 1907 the Alberta Legislature 9 1Winnipeg Voice, 8 December 1906. 9 2Manitoba Free Press, 6 A p r i l 1908; Advocate (April 9 3Manitoba Free Press, 16 March 1908. 9 45-6 Edw. VII (1906), c.51, S.22A (Man.); 6 Edw. VII (1906), c.30, ss.193, 197(4), (Ont.). 1908) . 274 passed a Railway A c t t h a t i n c l u d e d a c l a u s e f o r b i d d i n g Sunday s t a t u t e s , the Sunday car continued i t s conquest of Canadian c i t i e s . S e v e r a l O n t a r i o s t r e e t r a i l w a y companies t h a t had been o p e r a t i n g on Sundays s i n c e the 1903 P r i v y C o u n c i l d e c i s i o n r e -c e i v e d government approval f o r t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s . The f e d e r a l government took no a c t i o n a g a i n s t the Grand V a l l e y Railway Company when the A l l i a n c e f a i l e d to f i n d someone to a c t as an 96 informer a g a i n s t the Company. In 1908, the P o r t A r t h u r R a i l -way Company o r g a n i z e d two p l e b i s c i t e s on the Sunday car i s s u e 97 m P o r t A r t h u r and F o r t W i l l i a m . When the c i t i z e n s expressed t h e i r wish to have the convenience, the O n t a r i o Railway and M u n i c i p a l Board r e i n f o r c e d the p u b l i c support by r e f u s i n g to p r e s s charges a g a i n s t the company. \"The comfort, convenience, and n e c e s s i t i e s of the people,\" reasoned the Board, demanded Sunday c a r s . The c a r s were operated by the people f o r the people, and the people were \"almost a u n i t i n demanding a Sunday s e r v i c e . \" T h e r e f o r e , the Board concluded, \" i f s t r e e t c a r s should be operated on Sunday a t any p l a c e i n O n t a r i o , they 9 8 should be operated between P o r t A r t h u r and F o r t W i l l i a m . \" o p e r a t i o n s of s t r e e t r a i l w a y companies. 95 D e s p i t e these 95 7 Edw. VII (1907), c.8, s.241 ( A l b . ) . 96 LDAC, \" T r i e n n i a l Report, 1907 II OLDA, \"Annual Report, 1909. II OLDA, Minutes of L e g i s l a t i o n Committee, 28 March 1907, 9 January 1908. Advocate (September 1908); a l s o I b i d . ( J u l y , August 1908); I b i d . (October 1908). 275> The s t o r y was the same i n other p r o v i n c e s . The 1906 c h a r t e r of the C harlottetown E l e c t r i c T r a n s i t and Power Cor-p o r a t i o n r e q u i r e d the company to operate every day of the 99 week, and the C i t y C o u n c i l r e j e c t e d , by a vote of e i g h t e e n to e i g h t , a proposed amendment to p r o h i b i t Sunday o p e r a t i o n s . 1 0 0 In the same year, Winnipeg c i t i z e n s , s a t i s f i e d t h a t the company had guaranteed i t s employees a f a i r d e a l , j o i n e d labour i n v o t i n g f o r the Sunday c a r . In a d d i t i o n , the Manitoba L e g i s l a -t u r e gave ot h e r m u n i c i p a l i t i e s the r i g h t to vote on the i s s u e . 1 0 1 A l b e r t a f o l l o w e d s u i t by amending i t s Railway A c t to permit the c i t i e s of Edmonton, St r a t h c o n a , and C a l g a r y to vote 102 on the q u e s t i o n . Edmonton and C a l g a r y immediately organ-i z e d p l e b i s c i t e s and Sunday s e r v i c e b e g a n . 1 0 3 In the face of such an onslaught, the A l l i a n c e c o u l d c l a i m but two s l i m and f l e e t i n g v i c t o r i e s : i n 1909, the O n t a r i o L e g i s l a t u r e adopted the l o c a l o p t i o n p r i n c i p l e as o f f i c i a l p o l i c y , r e s t r i c t i n g the r i g h t to vote to c i t i e s w i t h a minimum p o p u l a t i o n of 50,000 104 i n h a b i t a n t s . In 1911, the Saskatchewan L e g i s l a t u r e amended 9 9 6 Edw. V I I (1906), c.30, s.33 (P.E.I.) . 1 0 0 A d v o c a t e (June 1906). 1 0 1 5 - 6 Edw. V I I (1906), c.41, S.22A (Man.) ;',also 6-7 Edw. V I I (1907), c.27, s.12 (Man.). 1 0 2 9 Edw. V I I , c.4, s.16 ( A l b . ) . 103 LDAC, \"Annual Report, 19 09.\" 1 0 4 9 Edw. V I I (1909), c.68 (Ont.). A l l O n t a r i o c i t i e s w i t h t h a t p o p u l a t i o n a l r e a d y had Sunday car s e r v i c e . London, wit h a p o p u l a t i o n of 46,300, f a i l e d to o b t a i n a.vote on the i s s u e b e f o r e 1912. 276 i t s Railway Act to p r o h i b i t Sunday operations by street r a i l -105 way companies. With regard to the new Sunday car, the automobile, the A l l i a n c e seemed naively unaware of the threat i t posed to future Sunday behavioural patterns. Although mentioned i n the 1906 House of Commons debates, there was l i t t l e concern to enact a clause to deal with i t s p e c i f i c a l l y . Between 1907 and 1912, the A l l i a n c e newsletter made only one d i r e c t reference to the potential threat. \"The Sunday car,\" the editor wrote in A p r i l , 1912, \"has introduced a new Sunday problem\": There i s , of course, a reasonable, an i d e a l use of such a modern convenience on the Lord's Day, but the actual facts of Sunday motoring may well create alarm. . . (106) As with the Sunday street car, the A l l i a n c e was equally unsuccessful i n i t s war against other forms of Sunday enter-tainment. Commercial sport was only gradually appearing on the Canadian landscape and as yet posed l i t t l e threat to Sunday. In places where i t did appear, however, i t continued despite A l l i a n c e protests. Baseball .teams i n B r i t i s h Columbia, for 8 Geo. V (1910-11), c.41, s.3 (Sask.). This s i t u a t i o n did not l a s t long. By 1913, Saskatchewan had agreed to l e t urban ratepayers decide on the issue for themselves. In Regina, 4 25 ratepayers voted i n favour of a Sunday car service while only 8 5 were against such a move. The morning newspaper de-clared that \"altogether the f i r s t day's operation has more than j u s t i f i e d the decisions of the c i t i z e n s to have the convenience every day of the week.\" I t was clear that most patrons were using the cars to go to the parks rather than to church. See C o l i n K. Hatcher, Saskatchewan Pioneer Streetcars: The Story of the Regina Municipal Railway (Montreal: A R a i l f a r e Book, 1971), pp. 26-7. (April 1912) . 277 example, simply adopted the method already employed by the churches of c o l l e c t i n g voluntary contributions from spectators 107 rather than charging an admission fee. Promoters of Sunday 108 concerts adopted the same method. In both cases, secular authorities endorsed these actions. A Winnipeg court dismissed charges against the Walker Theatre Band for performing Sunday afternoon concerts of l i g h t c l a s s i c a l works, and i n some i n -stances, C i t y Councils and Park Boards themselves sponsored 109 such events as free concerts. «. In the ssummer \"of 1912, •• for example, the Edmonton council \"authorized a grant to the City Band for the purpose of playing during the week, and i n the summer season, on Sunday afternoons.\"\"'\" 1 0 Upon being i n -formed that t h i s was i l l e g a l , the council stated i t s w i l l i n g -ness to assume a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and ordered the band to pro-ceed. The A l l i a n c e could do l i t t l e but howl: The public bodies seem to be governed by the thought that Sunday entertainment i s a special necessity of our time, and that i n harmony with a broad-minded, progressive public p o l i c y provision should accordingly be made. In whatever form these Sunday entertainments come, by whomsoever promoted, or with whatever motive, 107 Ibid.; also Ibid. (July 1912). For a general discus-sion of the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e ' s problems with sports i n these and l a t e r years, see Barbara Schrodt, \"Sabbatarianism and Sport i n Canadian Society,\" Journal of Sport History IV/1 (Spring 1977), pp. 22-33. 1 0 8Advocate (April 1911). 109 Manitoba Lord's Day A l l i a n c e , \"Annual Report, 1910.\" See Winnipeg Evening Tribune, 26 October 1909, LDACP; Manitoba Free Press, 6 January 1912, LDACP. 1 1 0Advocate (January 1913). 278 t h e y c o n s t i t u t e an a l a r m i n g f e a t u r e o f o u r t i m e . No t h o u g h t f u l p e r s o n c a n f a i l t o s e e t h a t , j u d g e d i n t h e b e s t l i g h t , t h e a d v o c a t e s o f t h e s e Sunday c o n c e r t s , e t c . , m i s r e a d t h e t i m e s and f a i l t o a p p r e c i a t e t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e L o r d ' s Day; and i t i s n o t d i f f i c u l t f o r one o f o r d i n a r y d i s c e r n m e n t t o n o t e t h e f a c t t h a t u n d e r a p l e a o f p h i l a n t h r o p y b u s i n e s s i n a s u b t l e f o r m i s s e e k i n g t o a p p r o p r i a t e o u r day o f r e s t . ( I l l ) In M o n t r e a l , t h e s e v e n t y m o t i o n p i c t u r e house p r o p r i e -t o r s s p e a r h e a d e d o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e Quebec Sunday o b s e r v a n c e law. D i s p e n s i n g w i t h f o r m a l a d m i s s i o n f e e s , t h e y r e l i e d i n -s t e a d o n d o n a t i o n s f r o m t h e i r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 150,000 w e e k l y 112 c u s t o m e r s . T h o s e c o n v i c t e d i n t h e l o w e r c o u r t s p a i d t h e 113 $100 f i n e s , and o n l y f i v e t h e a t r e s had t o c l o s e t h e i r d o o r s . In a d d i t i o n , t h e a t r e owners s u c c e s s f u l l y c h a l l e n g e d t h e v a l i d i -t y o f t h e p r o v i n c i a l A c t . I n 1912, C h a r l e s F i t z p a t r i c k , f o r m e r M i n i s t e r o f J u s t i c e , now C h i e f J u s t i c e o f t h e Supreme 114 C o u r t , d e c l a r e d Quebec's A c t u l t r a v i r e s . L i t t l e hope e x i s t e d t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e m i g h t p r o s e c u t e u n d e r t h e f e d e r a l A c t . T h u s , a f t e r a f i v e y e a r p u r s u i t o f law e n f o r c e m e n t a g a i n s t S a b b a t h p l e a s u r e , i t was c l e a r t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e was f i g h t i n g a r e a r g u a r d a c t i o n . * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * C a n a d i a n S a b b a t a r i a n i s m was a c o n s e r v a t i v e and d e f e n -11L, I b i d . 112 M o n t r e a l W i t n e s s , 25 J a n u a r y 1909; I b i d . , 15 J u l y 1909, LDACP. 113 London F r e e P r e s s , 18 J a n u a r y 1909, LDACP. • 114 A d v o c a t e ( J a n u a r y 1913). 279 s i v e movement t h a t hoped to achieve a moral reform through the l e g i s l a t i v e guarantee of a s o c i a l reform. With i t s long t r a -d i t i o n w i t h i n Canadian s o c i e t y , i t t r i e d t o merge i n t o the \"generous reform impulse\" of the e a r l y t w e n t i e t h century which sought ways of a m e l i o r a t i n g the i n j u s t i c e s , i n e q u a l i t i e s , and 115 s u f f e r i n g s of a s o c i e t y undergoing r a p i d change. To do t h i s , i t forged a temporary l i n k w i t h or g a n i z e d labour, d i s -g u i s i n g i t s moral i n t e n t behind the r h e t o r i c of s o c i a l reform. But the Sabbatarian a l l i a n c e w i t h labo u r was but a s t r a t e g i c t a c t i c , s i g n i f y i n g the l o b b y 1 s dilemma. I t was the labour movement t h a t stood to g a i n from the p a r t n e r s h i p , not the Sab-b a t a r i a n . Once the a l l i e s had achieved the p o l i t i c a l g o a l , the guarantee of the weekly r e s t day, the two a l l i e s p a r t e d company. In the ensuing s t r u g g l e f o r enforcement of the Lord's Day Act, labour became one of the A l l i a n c e ' s c h i e f c r i t i c s , a r g u i n g on b e h a l f of i n c r e a s e d s p o r t and r e c r e a t i o n on Sunday. Sabbatarians f o r t h e i r p a r t remained ro o t e d to the world of t r a d i t i o n a l , e v a n g e l i c a l r e l i g i o u s c o n v i c t i o n s t h a t had l i t t l e c o n t a c t , d e s p i t e the r h e t o r i c adopted, w i t h Canada's emerging i n d u s t r i a l and urban s o c i e t y . Sabbatarians had, more-over, l i t t l e to o f f e r to the d i s c u s s i o n s t a k i n g p l a c e w i t h i n the P r o t e s t a n t churches ( e s p e c i a l l y the Methodist) about new approaches to s o c i a l problems. A l l t h a t they c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e were o r g a n i z a t i o n a l and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s k i l l s ; both John G. R. C r a i g Brown and Ramsay Cook, Canada, A Nation Transformed, 1896-1921 (Toronto: M c C l e l l a n d and Stewart, 1974), p. 25. 280 Shearer and T. Albert Moore subsequently headed the Moral and Social Reform Council of Canada. But these men did not contribute to the i n t e l l e c t u a l ferment of the Social Gospel nor to i t s programme of action. Men who were t r u l y impelled to confront the s o c i a l problems of Canada as i t was transformed before, during, and after the F i r s t World War, and who were w i l -l i n g to adopt less conservative and more r a d i c a l measures :to solve society's i l l s , had l i t t l e time to devote to the Sabbatar-ian lobby. Both Salem Bland and J.S. Woodsworth, for example, f l i r t e d b r i e f l y with the A l l i a n c e i n the early 1890s, but then passed on to other a c t i v i t i e s . Bland, after serving as branch president i n Smith's F a l l s , Ontario, i n the hope of b e n e f i t t i n g railway workers i n his area, did not serve a c t i v e l y with the A l -liance once he moved to Manitoba. Woodsworth, a branch o f f i c e r for a b r i e f period i n Keewatin, had l i t t l e regard for the A l -liance's aim when he became involved with the A l l Peoples' Mission i n Winnipeg. His Sunday afternoon programmes i n the Winnipeg Grand Theatre attracted up to 1,200 people weekly, while 116 8 00 or more might attend an evening function. Save for the hymns, these gatherings were devoid of r e l i g i o u s content. A.W. Puttee, a member of the Manitoba A l l i a n c e executive during the 1902 f i g h t against the Sunday car, resigned his seat once the street railway company guaranteed i t s workers a weekly day of r e s t . More r a d i c a l representatives of the Social Gospel, William G. Emery, \"Methodism on the Canadian P r a i r i e s , 189 5-1914: The Dynamics of an I n s t i t u t i o n i n a New Environment\" (Ph.D. thesis, University of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1970), p. 250. 281 Ivens and William Irvine, had nothing at a l l to do with the Sabba-t a r i a n lobby at any time. fore but a continuance of an older world of C h r i s t i a n s o c i a l ex-pression of which the concern for personal and moral vice was the need-of a people of an urban and i n d u s t r i a l , society-\" for recreation on t h e i r one day of l e i s u r e . Undeniably, the Presbyterian church, the body s t i l l most clos e l y i d e n t i f i e d with the A l l i a n c e , recognized the problem i t faced. In 1912, i t admitted that attendance at divine services was f a l l i n g o f f \"while the number bent on mere pleasure-seeking appears to i n -crease.\" Moreover, i t admitted that orthodox methods of a t t r a c t -ing new members, adapted to \"ordinary communities of i n t e l l i g e n t , r e l i g i o u s people,\" had f a i l e d to \"get hold upon these incoming 118 thousands.\" Membership figures of both the Presbyterian and Methodist churches confirm t h i s f a i l u r e . Although both churches increased t h e i r o v e r a l l membership between 1901 and 1911, the proportion of Canada's t o t a l population professing to follow Pres-byterian or Methodist teachings declined as non-British Protes-119 tant immigration increased. Further, of those who spe c i f i e d Richard Alle n , The Social Passion; Religion and So- c i a l Reform i n Canada, 1914-1928 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), p. 17. The S a b b a t a r i a n movement of t h e e a r l y 1900s was t h e r e -a prominent c h a r a c t e r i s t i c . 117 It proved unable to adjust to PC, APGA, 1912, pp. 320-1. Methodist Presbyterian 17 .07 15.68 14.98 15.48 282 t h e i r a l l e g i a n c e to the P r e s b y t e r i a n church i n 1911, o n l y 25 percent were members, while 75 percent were at b e s t i r r e g -120 u l a r church a t t e n d e r s . The churches' p l i g h t was most no-t i c e a b l e i n the p r a i r i e p r o v i n c e s , where they had hoped to make gr e a t gains among the incoming p o p u l a t i o n . The 1911 Census i n -d i c a t e d t h a t only 24 percent of the r e g i o n ' s p o p u l a t i o n pro-121 f e s s e d to be P r e s b y t e r i a n , 14 percent Methodist. T h i s r e p r e -sented j u s t over o n e - t h i r d of the p o p u l a t i o n . These f i g u r e s were high, moreover, i n comparison w i t h a c t u a l church membership or church attendance. By 1913 the P r o t e s t a n t churches were i n -formed t h a t over h a l f the a d u l t s c l a s s i f i e d .by the 1911 Cen---~ 122 sus as P r o t e s t a n t r e a l l y belonged to no church a t a l l . The growth recorded by the churches came mainly from w i t h i n , from 123 the c h i l d r e n o f the membership. To s o l v e the problem, the P r e s b y t e r i a n church recom-124 mended the adoption of \" e x c e p t i o n a l methods.\" I t was c l e a r t h a t the Lord's Day Act had not helped; i t seemed e q u a l l y c l e a r t h a t i t would not help i n the f u t u r e . The B a t t l e f o r the Sab-bath might continue, but new and e x c e p t i o n a l methods would be c r i t i c a l to save the day f o r the churches. 12 0 PC, APGA, 1912, p. 551; a l s o Canada, Census, 1911. I b i d . 1 2 2 A . J . H i e b e r t , \" P r o h i b i t i o n i n B r i t i s h Columbia\" (M.A t h e s i s , Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y , 1969), p. 22. 123 G. Emery, \"Ontario Denied: The Methodist Church on the P r a i r i e s , 1896-1914,\" i n Aspects o f Nineteenth-Century On- t a r i o , ed., F.H. Armstrong, H.A. Stevenson, and J.D. Wilson (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto Press, 1974), p. 320. 124 PC, APGA, 1912, p. 551. 283 E p i l o g u e Modern commentators have c a l l e d the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada \"one of the most s u c c e s s f u l l o b b i e s i n Canadian h i s -t o r y . \" 1 And indeed, throughout i t s long c a r e e r , under circum-stances t o which a weaker-willed group would probably have suc-cumbed, the A l l i a n c e proved r e s i l i e n t and tena c i o u s i n p u r s u i t of i t s l e g i s l a t i v e g o a l . In 1899, when the Sunday car was po i s e d to de f e a t the On t a r i o A l l i a n c e , the \" A l l i a n c e was.:ablei...- ' to t r a n s f o r m i t s e l f from a s i n g l e i s s u e group t o an i n s t i t u t i o n a -l i z e d lobby, and t o adapt p r e s s u r e technigues more i n f l u e n t i a l and s u i t e d to contemporary s o c i e t y . When, i n 19 03, the hope t h a t Sabbath observance l e g i s l a t i o n was a p r o v i n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y was s h a t t e r e d , the A l l i a n c e q u i c k l y recovered, proceeding to l o b -by the f e d e r a l government immediately. When, f o r two yea r s , the f e d e r a l government hedged, Shearer and h i s p r o v i n c i a l a l l i a n c e s managed to mai n t a i n a cohesiv e o r g a n i z a t i o n and to pressure the government on a l l f r o n t s -- two key determinants t o a lobby's suc-ces s . When the French C a t h o l i c church, f o r reasons of i t s own, decided to support the A l l i a n c e , L a u r i e r , convinced t h a t t h i s support assured the acceptance of l e g i s l a t i o n by French Cana-1 O n t a r i o Law Reform Commission, Report on Sunday Obser-vance L e g i s l a t i o n (Toronto: Department of J u s t i c e , 1970), p. 44. 2 R. van Loon and M. Wh i t t i n g t o n , The Canadian P o l i t i c a l System: Environment, S t r u c t u r e and Process (Toronto: McGraw-H i l l Ryerson, 1971), pp. 302-3. 2 8 4 dian c i t i z e n s , agreed to introduce the Alliance's Sabbath ob-servance b i l l . The All i a n c e ' s effectiveness as a lobby peaked, how-ever, with the introduction of i t s b i l l in the House of Com-mons on March 11, 19 06. Laurier could guarantee passage of the b i l l , but could off e r no assurance that i t would emerge in the same state i n which i t had been introduced. As the in t e n s i t y of opposition led by Henri Bourassa mounted, Laur-i e r capitulated to French Canadian demands. Further, the spokes-men for economic interests proved more e f f e c t i v e at lobbying during the debate than did Shearer, who saw much of his support vanish by the end of the debate. When the b i l l emerged from Parliament i n July 1906, i t was but an emasculated version of i t s former s e l f . The government may have hoped that passage of l e g i s l a -t i o n would defuse the aggression of the S a b b a t a r i a n lobby. Yet the A l l i a n c e shifted the focus of i t s lobbying once again, t h i s time to demand scrupulous enforcement of the law. An examina-t i o n of law enforcement over the subsequent f i v e year period, however, reveals the ineffectiveness of the Alli a n c e ' s e f f o r t s and d e t a i l s i t s dependence upon the support of secular groups for the v i c t o r i e s i t did achieve. Thus, of i t s three-pronged campaign against Sabbath trading, labour, and pleasure, the A l l i a n c e was only able to r e s t r a i n Sunday trading, and then only because other groups i n Canadian society desired i t . To 285 i t s dismay, the A l l i a n c e learned that s o c i a l l e g i s l a t i o n guaranteeing a weekly day of rest did not guarantee a re-form of morals. In i t s ongoing competition with Sunday plea-sure, the A l l i a n c e was f i g h t i n g a losing b a t t l e . 286 BIBLIOGRAPHY I PRIMARY SOURCES A. M a n u s c r i p t C o l l e c t i o n s L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada P a p e r s . T o r o n t o , Thomas F i s h e r R a r e Book Room, U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o . B. P e r s o n a l P a p e r s S a l e m B l a n d P a p e r s . T o r o n t o , U n i t e d C h u r c h o f Canada A r c h i v e s . R o b e r t B o r d e n P a p e r s . O t t a w a , P u b l i c A r c h i v e s o f Canada. A l b e r t Carman P a p e r s . 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Emery, George. \"Methodism on the Canadian P r a i r i e s , 18 95 to 1914: The Dynamics o f an I n s t i t u t i o n i n a New E n v i r o n -ment.\" Ph.D. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h Columbia, 1970. H i e b e r t , A.J. \" P r o h i b i t i o n i n B r i t i s h Columbia.\" M.A. t h e s i s , Simon F r a s e r U n i v e r s i t y , 1969. Houston, Susan E. \"The Impetus to Reform: Urban Crime, Poverty and Ignorance i n O n t a r i o , 1850-1875.\" Ph.D. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of T o r o n t o , 1974. M a r k e l l , H. K e i t h . \"Canadian P r o t e s t a n t i s m A g a i n s t the Back-ground of U r b a n i z a t i o n and I n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n i n the P e r i o d 1885 t o 1914.\" Ph.D. d i s s e r t a t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of Chicago, 1971. 308 Mor r i s o n , T.R. \"The C h i l d and Urban S o c i a l Reforms i n Late Nineteenth Century O n t a r i o . \" Ph.D. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto, 1971. Royce, Marion. \"The C o n t r i b u t i o n of the Methodist Church to S o c i a l Welfare i n Canada.\" M.A. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i -t y of Toronto, 1940. Rutherford, P.R.W. \"The New N a t i o n a l i t y , 1864-1897: A Study of the N a t i o n a l Aims and Ideas of E n g l i s h Canada i n the Late Nineteenth Century.\" Ph.D. t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto, 1973. APPENDIX I: WHO WORKED ON SUNDAYS: ESTIMATES FOR PRE- AND POST LORD'S DAY ACT OF 19 0 6 . PRE-LORD's DAY ACT POST LORD'S DAY ACT 1 8 8 1 CATEGORY No. Percent 1 8 9 1 No. Percent 1 9 0 1 1 9 1 1 No. Percent No. Percent Domestics 9 0 , 0 8 5 1 0 0 . 0 1 3 9 , 9 2 9 1 0 0 . 0 1 6 3 , 6 7 0 1 0 0 . 0 1 9 2 , 6 1 1 9 0 . 0 Policemen 1 , 3 1 3 1 0 0 . . 0 3 , 8 8 0 1 0 0 , . 0 2 , 4 1 1 1 0 0 , . 0 3 , 7 3 4 1 0 0 . 0 F i s h i n g & Hunting 1 4 , 2 5 0 5 0 . . 0 1 5 , 0 2 3 5 0 , . 0 1 3 , 6 1 3 5 0 . 0 6 , 9 6 2 2 0 , . 0 2 Forestry 8 , 1 1 6 1 0 0 , . 0 1 2 , 8 1 2 1 0 0 , . 0 1 6 , 7 6 4 1 0 0 , . 0 8 , 5 8 2 2 0 , . 0 2 Cement Workers 1, 5 1 1 1 0 0 . . 0 4 , 0 6 5 1 0 0 . . 0 4 , 1 6 2 1 0 0 , . 0 2 , 6 2 5 5 0 , . o 3 Bakers 4 , 0 1 3 1 0 0 . . 0 5 , 1 6 1 1 0 0 , . 0 6 , 3 7 0 1 0 0 , . 0 1 , 7 4 6 2 0 , . o 2 M i l k & Cream — 1 , 8 0 1 1 0 0 . . 0 3 , 9 7 0 1 0 0 . . 0 1 , 0 0 6 2 0 , , o 2 Iron & S t e e l 4 , 7 1 1 1 0 0 . . 0 1 3 , 2 6 1 1 0 0 , . 0 1 1 , 7 3 0 1 0 0 . . 0 1 2 , 8 7 3 5 0 , , 0 3 Pulp & Paper __. 1 , 0 4 2 1 0 0 . , 0 2 , 0 7 2 1 0 0 . . 0 3 , 8 6 5 1 0 0 . . 0 Mining 7 , 1 6 0 1 0 0 . . 0 1 6 , 1 2 7 1 0 0 . . 0 2 8 , 6 5 0 1 0 0 , . 0 3 1 , 3 8 4 5 0 . . o 3 Photographers 7 6 5 1 0 0 . . 0 1 , 2 7 8 1 0 0 . , 0 1 , 5 7 3 1 0 0 . . 0 0 0 . . 0 R e l i g i o u s Workers 6 , 3 2 9 1 0 0 . . 0 7 , 1 6 4 1 0 0 . , 0 9 , 0 2 7 1 0 0 . . 0 1 1 , 7 7 2 1 0 0 , . 0 J o u r n a l i s t s & Ed i t o r s — 7 8 6 1 0 0 . , 0 1 , 3 0 6 1 0 0 . . 0 1, 0 9 8 1 0 0 . . 0 Trade & Merchandising 7 8 9 1 . 0 1 , 0 9 6 1 . , 0 1 , 6 0 4 1 . . 0 2 , 8 3 0 1 . . 0 Transportation 4 0 , 7 4 1 1 0 0 . , 0 6 9 , 0 4 8 1 0 0 . . 0 8 0 , 7 5 6 1 0 0 . . 0 1 6 3 , 1 5 8 7 5 . , 0 Number Working Sundays T o t a l Workers, A l l Occupations Sunday Workers as a Percentage T o t a l Population Sunday Workers as a Percentage 1 7 9 , 7 8 3 1 , 3 7 7 , 5 8 5 4 , 3 0 6 , 1 1 8 2 9 2 , 4 7 3 3 4 7 , 6 7 8 1 3 . 1 4 . 2 1 , 6 0 6 , 3 6 9 1 , 7 8 2 , 8 3 2 1 8 . 2 4 , 8 0 1 , 0 7 1 5 , 3 1 8 , 6 0 6 6 . 1 19 . 5 6 . 5 4 4 4 , 2 4 6 2 , 7 2 3 , 6 3 4 7 , 1 7 9 , 6 5 0 1 6 . 3 6 . 2 SOURCE: Census of Canada, 1 9 1 1 . V o l . IV. Occupations of the People. 310 N o t e s t o A p p e n d i x I P e r c e n t a g e o f w o r k e r s (as l i s t e d by c a t e g o r y i n Census) deemed t o be w o r k i n g on Sunday. 2 Twenty p e r c e n t was c h o s e n a s t h e number c o n s i d e r e d a c c e p t a b l e by t h e A l l i a n c e . 3 F i f t y p e r c e n t c o n s i d e r e d a c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e i n t h o s e a r e a s known t o have e x t e n s i v e Sunday l a b o u r . 311 APPENDIX I I : The Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada: P r o f i l e of Leadership, 1888-1906. As a p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t group, the Lord's Day A l l i -ance of Canada explored a l l avenues of i n f l u e n c i n g p u b l i c p o l i c y . One of the most obvious avenues was the recruitment of an i n f l u e n t i a l l e a d e r s h i p f o r then, as now, a group's l e a d e r s h i p was an important i n d i c a t o r of i t s p r e s t i g e . P o l i t i c a l s c i e n t i s t s such as Richard van Loon and Michael Whittington note t h a t : The p r e s t i g e of a group i s important, f o r when i t t a l k s t o d e c i s i o n makers, they may be impressed by the group's ideas i n d i r e c t p r o p o r t i o n to how im-pressed they are by i t s members as i n d i v i d u a l s . . . Thus the p r e s t i g e of a group . . . w i l l play an important p a r t i n determining the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the group i n i n f l u e n c i n g p o l i c y . (1) The upper l e v e l s of s o c i e t y had shunned a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h moral reform movements i n the e a r l i e r nineteenth century, and the A l l i a n c e was at pains to demonstrate t h a t such was no longer 2 the case w i t h the Sabbatarian lobby. An examination of the A l l i a n c e l e a d e r s h i p t h e r e f o r e begins w i t h a c o n s i d e r a t i o n of R. van Loon and M.S. W h i t t i n g t o n , The Canadian P o l i t i c a l System: Environment, S t r u c t u r e and Process (Toronto: McGraw-H i l l Ryerson, 1971), p. 316. 2 J . Burnet, \"The Urban Community and Changing Moral Stan-dards,\" i n Canadian S o c i a l H i s t o r y , ed., M. Horn and R. Sabourin (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974), p. 301, r e p r i n t e d from Urbanism and the Changing Canadian S o c i e t y , ed., S.D. C l a r k (Toronto: U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto Press, 1961). 312 t h e p r i n c i p l e s t h a t g u i d e d t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f l e a d e r s h i p . The d e t a i l e d b i o g r a p h i c a l a n a l y s i s w h i c h f o l l o w s e v a l u a t e s t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e r e c r u i t m e n t p r o c e d u r e s and . a l s o s u g g e s t s some m o t i v a t i o n s f o r t h e s u p p o r t g i v e n by t h e s e men. * * * * * * * * * The^ a c t i v e - M n i r i o r i t y o f t h e \"LDAC E x e c u t i v e - - S h e a r e r , t h e G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y , W. C a v e n , P r i n c i p a l o f Knox C o l l e g e , J.K. M a c d o n a l d , M a n a g i n g D i r e c t o r o f C o n f e d e r a t i o n L i f e I n s u r -a n c e Company, and J o h n P a t e r s o n , a l a w y e r — e s t a b l i s h e d r e c r u i t -3 ment p r o c e d u r e s . A l l o f t h e s e men were P r e s b y t e r i a n , l i v e d i n T o r o n t o , and had b e en a c t i v e i n t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e s i n c e i t s f o r m a t i o n i n 18 95. They aimed a t r e c r u i t i n g two d i s t i n c t t y p e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s t o l e a d e r s h i p p o s i t i o n s i n t h e A l l i a n c e : f i r s t , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s w i t h w h i c h t h e A l l i -4 a n c e hoped t o a l l y i t s e l f ; and s e c o n d , p r o m i n e n t i n d i v i d u a l s o f c h u r c h c o u n c i l s who were a l s o p r o m i n e n t i n t h e s e c u l a r com-m u n i t y . The A l l i a n c e ' s c o n s t i t u t i o n r e f l e c t e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e t h e E x e c u t i v e a t t a c h e d t o l e a d e r s h i p r e c r u i t m e n t : t h e f i f t y - t w o 3 See H.W. Ehrmann, \" I n t r o d u c t i o n , \" i n I n t e r e s t G r o u p s on F o u r C o n t i n e n t s ( P i t t s b u r g h : U n i v e r s i t y o f P i t t s b u r g h P r e s s , 1965), p. 2. 4 A. P o t t e r , O r g a n i z e d G r o u p s i n B r i t i s h N a t i o n a l P o l i t i c s ( London: F a b e r and F a b e r , 1961), p. 134: \"Among t h e members o f a p r o m o t i o n a l g r o u p , an i n t e r e s t e d p a r t y may be d e f i n e d as a mem-b e r one o f whose p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t s i s r e l a t e d t o t h e c a u s e o f t h e g r o u p i n s u c h a way t h a t i t i s ' i n h i s i n t e r e s t ' t o b e l o n g . H i s o p p o s i t e i s a d o - g o o d e r . \" 313 man n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e c o n s i s t e d o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e p r o -v i n c i a l a l l i a n c e s , and e a c h p r o v i n c i a l e x e c u t i v e r e c r u i t e d ap-p r o x i m a t e l y t w e n t y - f i v e men t o i t s b o a r d . (The O n t a r i o A l i i - - - . .. a n c e , w h i c h had more e x t e n s i v e s u b - c o m m i t t e e s t h a n t h e o t h e r p r o v i n c e s , r e c r u i t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y s e v e n t y men t o i t s b o a r d . ) In.1906, t h e r e f o r e , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 256 men p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e A l l i a n c e . The E x e c u t i v e was p r i m a r i l y i n t e r -e s t e d i n t h e r e c r u i t m e n t o f m a l e s . A l t h o u g h i t p r o f e s s e d t o ne e d t h e \" q u i c k e n i n g i n f l u e n c e o f woman's p r e s e n c e \" on i t s 5 b o a r d s , t h e o n l y women e n c o u r a g e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e were key w o r k e r s i n t h e t e m p e r a n c e movements s u c h as A n n i e R u t h e r f o r d , P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Women's C h r i s t i a n Temperance U n i o n . The a n n u a l m e e t i n g s o f t h e p r o v i n c i a l a l l i a n c e s e l e c t e d t h e b o a r d s , and i t was c u s t o m a r y t o r e - e l e c t t h e same b o a r d e a c h g y e a r . I f a v a c a n c y d i d o c c u r , t h e same c r i t e r i a g u i d e d t h e s e l e c t i o n o f a r e p l a c e m e n t as had g u i d e d o r i g i n a l r e c r u i t m e n t ; t h u s , f o r example, when J o h n M c i n t o s h , a C o n s e r v a t i v e Member o f P a r l i a m e n t on t h e Quebec b o a r d , d i e d i n 1904, H e r b e r t Ames, a n -7 o t h e r C o n s e r v a t i v e Member o f P a r l i a m e n t , r e p l a c e d him. O c c a -s i o n a l l y , i t became p r u d e n t t o s u g g e s t t h a t a b o a r d member 5 T. A l b e r t Moore t o M r s . A.M. Bascom, 15 November 1904, LDACP. g T h a t i s , t h e y were e l e c t e d and i n f o r m e d o f t h e e l e c t i o n a f t e r w a r d s ; s e e , f o r example, Rev. J.G. S h e a r e r t o C h e s t e r M a s s e y , 12 November 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 371. 7 LDAC, \" A n n u a l M e e t i n g o f E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , 1904,\" L o r d ' s Day A d v o c a t e ( F e b r u a r y 1905). 314 r e s i g n when p o t e n t i a l c o n f l i c t s o f i n t e r e s t a r o s e , s u c h a s , f o r example, i n 1905 when an i m p o r t a n t t e s t c a s e i n v o l v i n g S a b b a t h l e g i s l a t i o n came b e f o r e a m a g i s t r a t e who was a l s o a member o f g a n A l l i a n c e b o a r d . The i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s whose r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e E x e c u -t i v e s o u g h t were t h e B r i t i s h P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s , o r g a n i z e d . : . , l a b o u r , and t h e t e m p e r a n c e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . S h e a r e r p a i d p a r t i c u -l a r a t t e n t i o n t o t h e A n g l i c a n c h u r c h by i n v i t i n g t h e B i s h o p o f M o n t r e a l t o be H o n o r a r y P r e s i d e n t . F e a r i n g r e j e c t i o n , S h e a r e r d i d n o t a p p r o a c h t h e F r e n c h C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y a l t h o u g h he d i d a p p r o v e o f e f f o r t s made by t h e M a r i t i m e a l l i a n c e s t o e n l i s t E n g l i s h C a t h o l i c s u p p o r t . W i t h r e g a r d t o o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r , he a d v i s e d t h o s e p r o v i n c e s , t h e M a r i t i m e s , O n t a r i o , M a n i t o b a , and B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , i n w h i c h l a b o u r was s t r o n g t o s e e k c o o p e r a t i o n . I n e s t a b l i s h i n g c o n t a c t w i t h t e m p e r a n c e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , however, S h e a r e r r e s t r i c t e d h i m s e l f t o t h e women's a s s o c i a t i o n s i n O n t a r i o . S h e a r e r a l w a y s s t r e s s e d t h e need o f s t r o n g l a y r e p r e -s e n t a t i o n on t h e b o a r d s . S e n s i t i v e t o p u b l i c and p r e s s c r i t i c i s m t h a t t h e A l l i a n c e was b u t \"a c o l l e c t i o n o f c r a n k s and m i n i s t e r s w i t h o u t c o n g r e g a t i o n s , \" S h e a r e r s o u g h t t o b e l i e t h e s e a c c u s a t i o n s by h a v i n g \" a l l men o f o u t s t a n d i n g p o s i t i o n and i n f l u e n c e , \" j u d g e s , l a w y e r s , d o c t o r s , e d i t o r s , s h e r i f f s , m a y o r s , and Members g S h e a r e r t o Rev. W.B. C r o w e l l , 4 J u l y 1905, LB 1905-1906, p. 33. 315 of P arliament, p u b l i c l y i d e n t i f y themselves w i t h the A l l i a n c e 9 cause. Presumably these men would be i n v o l v e d i n a number of p u b l i c a c t i v i t i e s and would thus r e p r e s e n t o t h e r sources of i n f l u e n c e i n the community. I t was important, however, t h a t they be C h r i s t i a n a c t i v i s t s , prominent i n the o f f i c a l c o u n c i l s of the P r o t e s t a n t churches. S i n c e Shearer's own b i a s was to r e s t r i c t membership to the B r i t i s h P r o t e s t a n t churches, he never advised v e n t u r i n g o u t s i d e the socio-economic c l a s s e s r e p r e s e n t e d by these churches. N e i t h e r he nor the Quebec e x e c u t i v e , f o r example, made an attempt to secure l a y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the French Canadian community; nor d i d he approach o l d e r immigrant groups such as the O n t a r i o German Lutherans. Shearer encouraged the r e c r u i t m e n t of i n d i v i d u a l c l e r g y r e p r e s e n t i n g important sources of i n f l u e n c e i n the community such as e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , the r e l i g i o u s p r e s s , Sabbath School and Young People's a s s o c i a t i o n s , or f a s h i o n a b l e and p r e s t i g i o u s congregations i n the major urban c e n t r e s . He a l s o welcomed c l e r g y a c t i v e i n the d e l i b e r a t i o n s of the church assem-b l i e s on the l o c a l , p r o v i n c i a l , or n a t i o n a l l e v e l . P a r t i c i p a t i o n on the A l l i a n c e board was an a c t i v e commit-ment. Shearer expected h i s r e c r u i t s to make use of any access they possessed, e i t h e r i n t h e i r p u b l i c o r p r i v a t e c a p a c i t y , to A. M a c K i l l o p t o E d i t o r , H a r r i s t o n T r i b une , 22 November 1900, OLDA, SB 1892-1900; Shearer to Rev. A. Rogers, 28 J u l y 1900, LB 1899-1902, p. 211. 316 t h e l e g i s l a t i v e bodies.\" 1\"\" A n n u a l m e e t i n g s c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e s i t t i n g s o f p r o v i n c i a l and f e d e r a l p a r l i a m e n t s a n d S h e a r e r e x p e c t e d b o a r d members t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n d e p u t a t i o n s t o and i n t e r v i e w s w i t h members o f t h e government, t o communicate w i t h t h e f e d e r a l c a b i n e t and i f p o s s i b l e t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r , t o d e -f e n d t h e A l l i a n c e ' s c a u s e i n c o m m i t t e e s and d e b a t e , and t o a r o u s e p u b l i c o p i n i o n whenever p o s s i b l e , e i t h e r by e x e r c i s i n g e d i t o r i a l i n f l u e n c e o r by w r i t i n g l e t t e r s t o t h e e d i t o r . W i t h i n t h e A l l i -a n c e s t r u c t u r e i t s e l f , t h e E x e c u t i v e e x p e c t e d b o a r d members, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e l a w y e r s , t o d o n a t e t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l t a l e n t s g r a t i s t o t h e e x h a u s t i n g c o m m i t t e e w o r k ; 1 1 m o r e o v e r , i t hoped t h a t b o a r d members w o u l d a l s o c o n t r i b u t e h a n d s o m e l y t o A l l i a n c e f u n d s . 1 2 A b i o g r a p h i c a l a n a l y s i s o f t h e 430 men i n v o l v e d i n A l l i a n c e l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e y e a r s 1899-1906 documents i t s s u c c e s s i n r e c r u i t i n g t h e d e s i r e d t y p e o f man t o e x e c u t i v e p o s i t i o n s . T h i s sample i n c l u d e s , f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f c o m p a r i -son, t h e e x e c u t i v e o f t h e f i r s t L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e i n 1888, t h e ''\"\"see, f o r example, S h e a r e r t o Rev. N.A. McLeod, 6 J u l y 1901, LB 1899-1902, p. 741: \" I f y o u c o u l d g e t men l i k e t h e B r o n s o n s , o r o t h e r p r o m i n e n t L i b e r a l s i n Ottawa t o w r i t e good s t i f f l e t t e r s t o t h e A t t o r n e y - G e n e r a l . . . i t w o u l d be h e l p f u l i n s t i f f e n i n g h i s b a c k b o n e . \" x l S e e L o r d ' s Day A d v o c a t e ( A u g u s t , September 1906), and t h e remark c o n c e r n i n g 0. P a t e r s o n who as C o n v e n o r o f t h e L e g a l Committee \"has g i v e n i n t h e a g g r e g a t e weeks and, i n d e e d , months o f h i s v a l u a b l e p r o f e s s i o n a l t i m e , f o r w h i c h he has n e v e r r e -c e i v e d n o r been w i l l i n g t o r e c e i v e a s i n g l e d o l l a r o f re m u n e r a -t i o n . \" 12 Rev. T.A. Moore t o Rev. W. S p a r l i n g , 2 J a n u a r y 1904, LB 1902-1904, p. 584. 317 o r g a n i z e r s o f t h e O n t a r i o , New B r u n s w i c k , Quebec, and M a n i t o b a A l l i a n c e s i n t h e y e a r s 1895-1900 as w e l l as t h e e x e c u t i v e b o a r d s o f a l l p r o v i n c i a l a l l i a n c e s i n t h e y e a r 1906 when t h e L o r d ' s Day A c t was p a s s e d . The e x t e n t o f b i o g r a p h i c a l d e t a i l a v a i l a b l e f o r s u c h a g r o u p v a r i e s c o n s i d e r a b l y : f o r example, i n t h e c a s e o f e i g h t y (19 p e r c e n t ) o f t h e sam p l e , o n l y one v a r i a b l e , t h a t o f l a y o r c l e r i c a l s t a t u s , was e s t a b l i s h e d . I n most c a s e s , however, a t l e a s t t h r e e v a r i a b l e s . w e r e a s c e r t a i n e d : l a y o r c l e r i c a l s t a t u s , p l a c e o f d w e l l i n g , and r e l i g i o u s a f f i l i a t i o n . To t h e s e were added, whenever p o s s i b l e , b i r t h d a t e , b i r t h p l a c e , e t h n i c b a c k g r o u n d , s o c i o - e c o n o m i c b a c k g r o u n d , e d u c a t i o n , o c c u p a -t i o n , p o l i t i c a l a f f i l i a t i o n , and o t h e r p u b l i c s e r v i c e i n t e r e s t s . A l t h o u g h t h e sample was most o f t e n a n a l y s e d i n t h e a g g r e g a t e , r e g i o n a l and t e m p o r a l breakdowns were em p l o y e d t o f a c i l i t a t e c o m p a r i s o n s , t h e i s o l a t i o n o f s i g n i f i c a n t e x c e p t i o n s , o r t h e 13 i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p e r s i s t e n t p a t t e r n s . A l l i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s r e s p o n d e d w e l l . The M o d e r a t o r o f t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h , t h e G e n e r a l S e c r e t a r y o f t h e M e t h o d i s t c h u r c h as w e l l a s t h e S e c r e t a r i e s o f E d u c a t i o n , and M o r a l and Temperance Reform, j o i n e d t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e . The A n g l i c a n h i e r a r c h y r e s p o n d e d p a r t i c u l a r l y w e l l : B i s h o p Bond o f M o n t r e a l 13 The s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s a n a l y s i s was i n f l u e n c e d by B r i a n H a r r i s o n ' s e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e T e e t o t a l l e a d e r s h i p i n t h e B r i t i s h t e m p e r a n c e movement. See B r i a n H a r r i s o n , D r i n k and t h e V i c t o r -i a n s : The Temperance Q u e s t i o n i n E n g l a n d , 1815-1872 (London: F a b e r and F a b e r , 1971), pp. 147-78; a l s o B. H a r r i s o n , \"The B r i -t i s h P r o h i b i t i o n i s t s 1853-1872: A B i o g r a p h i c a l A n a l y s i s , \" i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Review o f S o c i a l H i s t o r y XV (1970), pp. 375-467. 318 a c c e p t e d t h e p o s i t i o n o f H o n o r a r y P r e s i d e n t o f t h e n a t i o n a l A l l i a n c e , and o t h e r b i s h o p s a c c e p t e d p o s i t i o n s on p r o v i n c i a l b o a r d s ; i n a l l , s e v e n t e e n members o f t h e A n g l i c a n h i e r a r c h y were i n v o l v e d i n t h e 1906 l e a d e r s h i p p r o f i l e . I n t h e M a r i t i m e s , t h e C a t h o l i c c h u r c h d i d r e s p o n d t o r e q u e s t s f o r c o o p e r a t i o n and i n 1905-1906 a p p o i n t e d t h r e e p r i e s t s t o e a c h o f t h e Nova S c o t i a 14 and P r i n c e Edward I s l a n d b o a r d s . The T r a d e s and L a b o r C o n g r e s s a l s o e x t e n d e d i t s c o o p e r a t i o n : i n 1905, t h e p r o v i n c i a l C o n g r e s s o f Nova S c o t i a a p p o i n t e d i t s s e c r e t a r y , I r a Mason, t o t h e A l l i -15 a n c e b o a r d ; i n O n t a r i o , J o h n Tweed, n a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s P r e s i d e n t and f o u r o f h i s e x e c u t i v e members, as w e l l as D.J. O'Donoghue, were o r g a n i z e r s o f t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e i n 1895, and O'Donoghue c o n t i n u e d t o a c t as t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f o r g a n i z e d l a b o u r on t h a t b o a r d ; i n M a n i t o b a , A.W. P u t t e e , e d i t o r o f t h e i n f l u e n t i a l W i n n i p e g V o i c e , j o i n e d t h e A l l i a n c e b o a r d i n 1902; and i n B r i -t i s h C o l u m b i a , R a l p h S m i t h , f o r m e r P r e s i d e n t o f t h e n a t i o n a l e x e c u t i v e o f t h e T r a d e s and L a b o r C o n g r e s s (1898-1902), and L i b e r a l Member o f P a r l i a m e n t f o r Nanaimo, became P r e s i d e n t o f t h e B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a A l l i a n c e i n 1904. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e P r e s i -d e n t s o f b o t h t h e n a t i o n a l and O n t a r i o W.C.T.U. s a t on t h e O n t a r i o b o a r d . As t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s i l l u s t r a t e , S h e a r e r s u c c e e d e d i n A d v o c a t e (June 1905); I b i d . ( J a n u a r y 1906) . 1 5 I b i d . (May 1905) . 319 r e c r u i t i n g an u r b a n - b a s e d , h i g h l y e d u c a t e d , B r i t i s h P r o t e s t a n t l e a d e r s h i p . L a y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n was s t r o n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e P r a i r i e p r o v i n c e s and B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . P r o m i n e n t r e p r e s e n t a -t i v e s o f t h e s e c u l a r w o r l d i n c l u d e d a f e d e r a l C a b i n e t M i n i s t e r , H.R. Emmerson, M i n i s t e r o f R a i l w a y s i n t h e L a u r i e r Government, S e n a t o r J.D. M c G r e g o r , f o r m e r L i e u t e n a n t - G o v e r n o r o f Nova S c o t i a , i n f l u e n t i a l men o f t h e l e g a l community s u c h as D r . S i l a s A l w a r d , Dean o f t h e Law F a c u l t y a t K i n g ' s C o l l e g e (New B r u n s w i c k ) , and J u d g e S.A. C h e s l e y o f H a l i f a x . I n d u s t r i a l i s t s and m e r c h a n t s a l s o l e n t t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e i r own p o s i t i o n s and o f t h e i r c o n -n e c t i o n s w i t h o t h e r i n t e r e s t s . i n t h e b u s i n e s s community: Andrew B e l l , f o r example, P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Nova S c o t i a A l l i a n c e i n 1906, was a t t h e same t i m e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e H a l i f a x B o a r d o f T r a d e ; W.A. M a r s h was P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Quebec b r a n c h o f t h e C a n a d i a n M a n u f a c t u r e r s * A s s o c i a t i o n when he became a member o f t h e Quebec A l l i a n c e i n 19 00 and c o n t i n u e d t o be a c t i v e i n b o t h a s s o c i a t i o n s . T h e s e were a l s o t h e C h r i s t i a n a c t i v i s t s S h e a r e r d e s i r e d , as many o f them were i n v o l v e d n o t o n l y i n t h e c h u r c h a s s e m b l i e s b u t a l s o i n S a b b a t h S c h o o l and Young P e o p l e ' s A s s o c i a t i o n s : f o r example, B.H. E a t o n , a H a l i f a x l a w y e r , was t h e f o r m e r P r e s i d e n t o f t h e B a p t i s t C o n v e n t i o n , as was H.R. Emmerson; J u d g e S.A. C h e s l e y o f H a l i f a x was a member o f t h e M e t h o d i s t c h u r c h ' s com-m i t t e e on c h u r c h u n i o n , w h i l e J u d g e F o r b e s was s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n Sunday S c h o o l s i n S t . J o h n , New B r u n s w i c k . M o r e o v e r , t h r o u g h t h e i r o v e r l a p p i n g memberships i n numerous 320 o t h e r p r o m o t i o n a l c a u s e s and c h a r i t a b l e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t h e y e s -t a b l i s h e d i n f o r m a l c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s : Dr. J . J . M a c l a r e n , a T o r o n t o l a w y e r , was a l s o V i c e - P r e s i d e n t o f t h e D o m i n i o n A l l i a n c e f o r t h e T o t a l S u p p r e s s i o n o f t h e L i q u o r T r a f f i c ; J.K. M a c d o n a l d , M a n a g i n g D i r e c t o r o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t i o n L i f e I n s u r a n c e Company, had b e e n one o f t h e f o u n d e r s o f t h e Y.M.C.A.; and Hugh Graham, e d i t o r o f t h e M o n t r e a l S t a r , was a c t i v e i n t h e S o c i e t y f o r t h e S u p p r e s s i o n o f C r u e l t y t o A n i m a l s . I t i s t o be n o t e d t h a t c e r t a i n c o n t e m p o r a r y i n t e r e s t s a r e a b s e n t f r o m t h i s l i s t , e s p e c i a l l y t h e c a u s e o f woman's s u f f r a g e . C l e r g y d o m i n a t e d t h e O n t a r i o e x e c u t i v e , owing t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f many c h u r c h o f f i c i a l s and p r o m i n e n t churchmen i n t h a t p r o v i n c e — men s u c h as A.C. C o u r t i c e , e d i t o r o f t h e C h r i s -t i a n G u a r d i a n , R e v e r e n d J.A. M a c d o n a l d , e d i t o r o f t h e T o r o n t o G l o b e , o r C h a n c e l l o r W a l l a c e o f McMaster U n i v e r s i t y , o r R e v e r e n d R.P. B o w l e s , p a s t o r o f t h e f a s h i o n a b l e S h e r b o u r n e S t r e e t M e t h o d i s t C h u r c h i n T o r o n t o , a t t e n d e d by, among o t h e r s , H.H. F u d g e r , A.E. Ames, and J o s e p h F l a v e l l e . Many o f t h e l e a d e r s h i p were p o l i t i c a l l y a c t i v e . A l t h o u g h b i o g r a p h i c a l d e t a i l s r a r e l y r e v e a l e d t h e p o l i t i c a l a f f i l i a t i o n o f a c l e r g y m a n , o t h e r f a c t o r s i n d i c a t e d p o l i t i c a l i n v o l v e m e n t : f o r example, s e v e r a l o f t h e O n t a r i o and Quebec e x e c u t i v e s had b e e n a c t i v e i n t h e E q u a l R i g h t s A s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e 1890s. As m e n t i o n e d i n an e a r l i e r c h a p t e r , D r . W i l l i a m Caven, P r i n c i p a l o f Knox C o l l e g e , had c h a i r e d t h e O n t a r i o b r a n c h , and among o t h e r s on h i s 1891 e x e c u t i v e had been t h e R e v e r e n d s A.C. 321 C o u r t i c e , J o h n P o t t s , G.M. M i l l i g a n , and J o h n L a n g t r y , a l l f u t u r e members o f t h e O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e . S e v e r a l laymen had a l s o b e e n a c t i v e i n t h e E q u a l R i g h t s A s s o c i a t i o n , and C a v e n ' s 1891 e x e c u t i v e had i n c l u d e d J o h n C h a r l t o n , Dr. J . J . M a c l a r e n , J.K. M a c d o n a l d , and H e n r y O ' B r i e n , a l l members o f t h e f i r s t O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e b o a r d . I n Quebec, L.S. C h a n n e l l , e d i t o r o f t h e S h e r -b r o o k e D a i l y R e c o r d , and M a j o r E . L . Bond o f M o n t r e a l had h e l p e d o r g a n i z e t h e E q u a l R i g h t s A s s o c i a t i o n o f t h a t p r o v i n c e and had j o i n e d t h e 1900 Quebec A l l i a n c e b o a r d . By t h e t u r n o f t h e c e n t u r y t h e A l l i a n c e a t t r a c t e d men o f b o t h p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s . Of t h e 127 men whose p o l i t i c a l a f f i l i a t i o n was i d e n t i f i e d , o v e r h a l f were L i b e r a l , t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s u p p o r t e r s o f S a b b a t a r i a n l e g i s l a t i o n , b u t 30 p e r c e n t were C o n s e r v a t i v e , i n c l u d i n g t h e l e a d e r o f t h e p a r t y , R o b e r t B o r d e n . Many were n o t e d by b i o -g r a p h e r s t o be s t a u n c h I m p e r i a l i s t s . Many were a l s o i n v o l v e d i n l o c a l p o l i t i c s as f o r t y men were i d e n t i f i e d who had b een e l e c t e d a t some l e v e l as mayor, a l d e r m a n , c o u n c i l l o r , s c h o o l t r u s t e e , o r h a r b o u r c o m m i s s i o n e r . Some, s u c h as T o r o n t o l a w y e r H e n r y O ' B r i e n , had c a m p a i g n e d a c t i v e l y f o r t h e e l e c t i o n o f r e -f o r m c a n d i d a t e s . s u c h as W i l l i a m Howland. O t h e r s were a c t i v e i n c i t i z e n u r b a n r e f o r m g r o u p s : S h e r r i f f S w e e t l a n d , f o r example, ha d b e e n P r e s i d e n t o f t h e O t t a w a R e f o r m A s s o c i a t i o n ; Hugh Graham, e d i t o r o f t h e M o n t r e a l S t a r , had h e l p e d o r g a n i z e t h e Good Government A s s o c i a t i o n ; w h i l e J.R. D o u g a l l , e d i t o r o f t h e Mon-t r e a l W i t n e s s , L.H. D a v i d s o n , Dean o f t h e M c G i l l Law F a c u l t y , and C . S . J . P h i l l i p s , a p r o m i n e n t b u s i n e s s m a n , had a l l b een a c t i v e 322 i n the Montreal C i t i z e n s ' League. U n l i k e the temperance movement which r e c e i v e d a l a r g e measure of s e c u l a r support from those who d e s i r e d a sober, produc-t i v e work f o r c e , the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e r e c e i v e d support from laymen motivated p r i m a r i l y by the e v a n g e l i c a l t eachings of the P r o t e s t a n t churches. These men formed the f i r s t e l i t e of an urban, i n d u s t r i a l i z e d Canada, i d e n t i f i e d by T.W. Acheson i n h i s a r t i c l e , \"The S o c i a l O r i g i n s of the Canadian I n d u s t r i a l E l i t e , 17 1880-1885.\" Older, mature men ( i n 1906 the average age of 18 e x e c u t i v e members was f i f t y - t h r e e years ) , . t h e i r r e l i g i o u s d u t i e s were \"a matter of c o n v i c t i o n , \" ' and they were devoted \" i n v a r y i n g degrees to t h i s symbol [the church] of t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l 19 c u l t u r e . \" Moreover, as men of a r u r a l background (only 14 p e r c e n t of the sample was born i n c i t i e s of more than 10,000 i n h a b i t a n t s ) , they tended to t h i n k , as S.D. C l a r k has commented i n h i s Church and Sect i n Canada, \" i n terms of a r u r a l 1 c See J . G u s f i e l d , The Symbolic Crusade: Status P o l i t i c s and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana, I l l i n o i s : U n i v e r -s i t y of I l l i n o i s P r e s s , 1972), p. 118; a l s o M.G. D e c a r i e , \"The P r o h i b i t i o n Movement i n O n t a r i o , 1896-1916\" (Ph.D. t h e s i s , Queen's U n i v e r s i t y , 1972), pp. 62-3; a l s o T. M o r r i s o n , \" ' T h e i r Proper Sphere': Feminism, the Family and C h i l d - C e n t e r e d S o c i a l Reform i n O n t a r i o , 1875-1900,\" O n t a r i o H i s t o r y LVII (March 1976), pp. 54-5. 17 T.W. Acheson, \"The S o c i a l O r i g i n s of the Canadian Indus-t r i a l E l i t e , 1880-1885,\" i n Canadian Business H i s t o r y , ed., David S. Macmillan (Toronto: M c C l e l l a n d and Stewart, 1972). 18 Only on the A l b e r t a E x e c u t i v e d i d the average age f a l l below f i f t y years (to f o r t y - f i v e y e a r s ) . F i f t y - s i x p e r c e n t of the t o t a l sample of 236 were over f i f t y years of age; .85 p e r c e n t were over f o r t y . 19 Acheson, o p . c i t . , p. 158. 323 s o c i e t y . \" ^ \" These men may w e l l have recognized that a weekly day of r e s t was b e n e f i c i a l to the employees as w e l l as e s s e n t i a l to the o r d e r l y progress of an i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t y . But i t was the d e s e c r a t i o n by those very employees who sought pleasure on the Sabbath t h a t prompted them to support the. A l l i a n c e as a p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t group. Many l e n t the p r e s t i g e of t h e i r names i n the s e c u l a r world without q u e s t i o n i n g the s o c i a l and economic i m p l i c a t i o n s of the proposed l e g i s l a t i o n . Unfortunately the s o l u t i o n proposed by the A l l i a n c e and supported by these men went but a l i t t l e way to f u l f i l l i n g the needs of an i n d u s t r i a l and urban p o p u l a t i o n . S.D. C l a r k , Church and Sect i n Canada (Toronto: Univer-s i t y of Toronto Press, 1948), p. 390. TABLE I RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION OF THE LDAC LEADERSHIP BY PROVINCE, 1888-1906 DENOMINATION LDAC 1888 ONT. QUE. N.B. N.S. P.E.I. MAN. SASK. ALTA . B.C . TOTAL PERCENT PRESBYTERIAN METHODIST ANGLICAN BAPTIST ROMAN CATHOLIC CONGREGATION-ALIST REFORMED EPISCOPALIAN UNITARIAN QUAKER LATTER DAY SAINT 11 7 7 40 41 15 7 2 14 14 16 6 5 10 6 5 1 11 4 4 12 3 3 106 104 58 29 11 10 32.7 32.1 17.9 9.0 3.4 0.9 0 . 3 0.3 0.3 0.3 RELIGION KNOWN 26 109 56 28 28 13 29 6 19 10 324 100.0 RELIGION UNKNOWN 8 27 20 24 7 3 8 4 3 2 106 TOTAL 34 136 76 52 35 16 37 10 22 12 430 325 TABLE I I ETHNIC ORIGINS OF THE LDAC LEADERSHIP, 1888-1906 ETHNIC ORIGIN NUMBER PERCENT S c o t t i s h 70 46 .7 E n g l i s h 38 25.3 I r i s h 22 14 .7 Welsh 2 1.3 Un i t e d Empire L o y a l i s t 11 7.3 A u s t r a l i a n 1 1 0.7 European 3 2.0 Unknown 3 2.0 TOTAL 150 100 .0 Assumed to be of B r i t i s h e t h n i c o r i g i n . 326 TABLE I I I EDUCATIONAL PROFILE OF THE LDAC LEADERSHIP, 18 8 8-19 06 NUMBER PERCENT POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e , Seminary, Law School, e t c . 190 21 44.2 4.9 TOTAL .2.11 SECONDARY EDUCATION 1 13 3.0 GRAMMAR SCHOOL 14 3.3 PRIVATE TUITION 2 0.5 TOTAL 240 EDUCATION UNKNOWN2 190 44.2 TOTAL 430 \"\"\"Included i n t h i s number are those whose p r o f e s s i o n assumes secondary e d u c a t i o n , ( i . e . , lawyers and s e v e r a l of the A n g l i c a n church h i e r a r c h y ) although b i o g r a p h i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n s have not i n c l u d e d d e t a i l s . 2 Among those f o r whom no d e t a i l s concerning e d u c a t i o n were a v a i l a b l e were 42 m i n i s t e r s , 7 manufacturers, 15 bankers and businessmen, 3 j o u r n a l i s t s , 7 labour l e a d e r s , 5 temperance workers, and 6 p o l i t i c i a n s . 327 TABLE IV REPRESENTATION ON LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE PROVINCIAL BOARDS FROM CANADA'S MAJOR CITIES, (POPULATION EXCEEDING 20,000), 1906 1 NO. ON BOARD CITY AS A RESIDENCE NO. FROM PERCENT OF PROVINCE KNOWN CITY CITY PROVINCE P.E.I. 12 Charlottetown 8 66.7 Nova Scotia 30 Hal i f a x 12 40.0 New. Brunswick 24 St. John 11 45.8 Quebec 34 Montreal 20 58.8 Quebec C i t y 3 8.8 Ontario 69 Toronto 46 66.7 Ottawa 2 2.9 Hamilton 1 1.4 London 1 1.4 Brantford — — Manitoba 19 Winnipeg 12 63.2 Alberta 20 Edmonton 5 25.0 Calgary 7 35.0 B r i t i s h Columbia 13 V i c t o r i a 5 38.5 Vancouver 3 23.1 TOTAL 221 136 61.5 Although Charlottetown d i d not have a p o p u l a t i o n of 20,000, i t i s l i s t e d because of i t s c a p i t a l c i t y s t a t u s . SOURCE: Census of Canada, 19 01. TABLE V LAY OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE, LDAC LEADERSHIP BY PROVINCE, 1888-1906 OCCUPATION TOTAL SAMPLE LDAC 1888 P.E.I. N.S. N.B. QUE. ONT. MAN . SASK. ALTA. B.C . Active P o l i t i c i a n s : Cabinet Minister 1 1 Senator 8 2 1 3 1 1 Lieutenant-Governor 1 1 P r o v i n c i a l Premier 1 1 M.P. 13 2 1 1 2 2 4 1 M.P.P. 15 2 2 2 3 1 2 3 Mayor/Alderman 7 2 1 2 1 1 Judges 11 Lawyers, B a r r i s t e r s 34 Doctors 10 Professor 1 Educationist 1 Businessman 11 Merchant 24 Manufacturer 6 Druggist 1 Edit o r 10 Farmer 0 Mechanic 1 Labour Representative 8 Temperance Rep. 6 1 16 1 TOTAL: Occupation Known Unknown TOTAL 170 65 235 The occupation of a man has been counted under the category for which he was r e c r u i t e d ; that i s , most p o l i t i c i a n s have been counted as p o l i t i c i a n s rather than as businessman. TABLE VI CLERICAL OCCUPATIONAL PROFILE, LDAC LEADERSHIP BY PROVINCE, 1888-1906 OCCUPATION TOTAL LDAC P.E.I. N.S. N.B. QUE. ONT. MAN. SASK. ALTA. B.C. SAMPLE 18 8 8 Clerical Sample 194 16 9 18 20 26 76 14 3 8 4 Religious Institutions: Chancellor 1 1 Principal 6 1 1 1 3 Dean/Rector 1 1 Professor 6 2 1 1 2 Church Officials: Anglican 19 2 3 3 4 3 1 1 2 Presbyterian 1 1 Methodist 3 3 Editors/Religious Press 7 2 2 1 2 Pastors 150 14 9 9 14 19 65 8 2 6 4 330 TABLE V I I LAY/CLERICAL REPRESENTATION IN LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE LEADERSHIP 1888-1906 PERCENT 1906 PERCENT T o t a l 430 100.0 256 100.0 Lay R e p r e s e n t a t i o n 236 54.9 125 48.8 C l e r i c a l 194 45.1 131 51.2 TABLE V I I I LAY/CLERICAL REPRESENTATION IN LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE LEADERSHIP BY PROVINCE, 19 06 TOTAL LAY CLERICAL PROVINCE SAMPLE NUMBER PERCENT NUMBER PERCENT P.E.I. 16 7 43.7 9 56 .3 Nova S c o t i a 35 17 48.6 18 51.4 New Brunswick 33 15 45.5 18 54.5 Quebec 36 20 55.6 16 44.4 O n t a r i o 69 23 33.3 46 66.7 Manitoba 21 12 57.1 9 42.9 Saskatchewan 10 7 66.7 3 33.3 A l b e r t a 23 14 60.9 9 39 .1 B r i t i s h Columbia 13 9 69.2 4 30.8 TOTAL 256 125 4 8.8 131 51.2 331 TABLE IX OTHER REFORMING ACTIVITIES OF LORD'S DAY ALLIANCE LEADERSHIP, 1888-1906 NAME NUMBER Woman's C h r i s t i a n Temperance Union 5 Dominion P r o h i b i t o r y A l l i a n c e 6 Royal Templars o f Temperance 2 On t a r i o Temperance A l l i a n c e 1 White Ribboners 1 On t a r i o S o c i e t y f o r the Reform o f I n e b r i a t e s 1 S o c i e t y f o r the Pr e v e n t i o n of C r u e l t y t o Animals 4 Toronto Humane S o c i e t y 1 S o c i e t y f o r the P r o t e c t i o n of Women and C h i l d r e n 1 S o c i e t y f o r the Suppression of V i c e 1 C i t i z e n s ' Moral Reform A s s o c i a t i o n 1 Montreal S o c i a l Union 1 C i t i z e n s ' C e n t r a l Anti-Sunday Car Committee 1 Y.M.C.A. 16 P r i s o n e r ' s A i d 5 Boys' Home (Montreal) 4 Toronto C i t y M i s s i o n 3 Boys' Brigade 2 Toronto A s s o c i a t i o n of C h a r i t i e s 2 United C h a r i t i e s (Quebec) 1 House of Industry 1 House of Refuge 1 C h i l d r e n ' s A i d 1 P r o t e s t a n t Orphanage ( V i c t o r i a ) 1 Boys' Farm and T r a i n i n g School 1 Toronto Mechanic's I n s t i t u t e 1 Red Cross 1 TOTAL NUMBER OF MEN INVOLVED 48 APPENDIX I I I : C l a i m e d M e m b e r s h i p i n t h e L o r d ' s Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada by P r o v i n c e , 1901-1906. O n t a r i o A l l i a n c e M a n i t o b a , A l b e r t a , and S a s k a t c h e w a n A l l i a n c e s M a r i t i m e A l l i a n c e s B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a LDA Quebec A l l i a n c e CN ro m VO r-O 1 o o 1 o O o 1 ' r H CN 1 ro -a1 1 in 1 VO O o o o o o cn 0\\ CTl CTl r H • r H r H r H r H r H N o t e s : 1. A l l f i g u r e s a r e a p p r o x i m a t e , c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e f i n a n c i a l s t a t e m e n t s o f t h e p r o v i n c i a l a l l i a n c e s when a v a i l a b l e and LDAC r e p o r t s where n e c e s s a r y . A l l f i g u r e s c a l c u l a t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f $0.50 = one member, a c c o r d i n g t o a l l A l l i a n c e c o n s t i t u t i o n s e x c e p t t h o s e o f New B r u n s w i c k and Quebec. I n t h e f o r m e r c a s e , members were c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f $0.25 = one member, w h i l e . i n t h e c a s e o f Quebec, $1.00 - one member. 2. T o t a l m embership i n t h e LDAC: 1901- 1902: 8,725 1904-1905: 27,314 1902- 1903: 12,830 1905-1906: 36,545 1903- 1904: 19,343 15,000 13,000 11,000 9,000 7,000 5,000 3,000 1,000 500 S o u r c e : LDACP. 333 APPENDIX IV: R e g i o n a l P r o p o r t i o n s of Claimed Lord's Day A l l i a n c e o f Canada Membership i n the Years 1901 and 1906. Percentage 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 TOTAL MEMBERSHIP: 8,725 - Maritimes - Quebec - O n t a r i o - The P r a i r i e s j ^ ] - B r i t i s h Columbia m a 36,545 m i n i 1901 1906 Notes: 1. Membership f i g u r e s were taken from Annual Reports of the p r o v i n c i a l a l l i a n c e s . On the \" r e c e i p t s from branches\" were c o n s i d e r e d , as the t o t a l r e c e i p t s might i n c l u d e other monies such as bank l o a n s . 2. Only where no p r o v i n c i a l Annual Report was a v a i l a b l e were f i g u r e s taken from the f i n a n c i a l statements of the LDAC Annual Reports. T h i s was the case f o r B r i t i s h Columbia i n both y e a r s , and f o r Nova S o c t i a , New Brunswick, P r i n c e Ed-ward I s l a n d , Manitoba, and the T e r r i t o r i e s i n 19 01. 334 3. F i g u r e s were computed on the b a s i s of f i f t y cents = one member f o r a l l p r o v i n c e s except New Brunswick and Que-bec. By i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n s (OLDA, SB 1892-1900), the New Brunswick A l l i a n c e e s t a b l i s h e d a membership fee of twenty-f i v e cents and Quebec se t a fee of one d o l l a r ; f i g u r e s were c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g l y . These f i g u r e s do not allow f o r j u v e n i l e members (at ten cents) or group membership from labour unions, s i n c e membership f i g u r e s do not p r o -v i d e such a breakdown. A l l f i g u r e s are t h e r e f o r e approximate. Source: LDACP. 335 APPENDIX V: The Lord's Day A c t of Upper Canada, 1845. An Act to prevent the Profanation of the Lord's Day, in Upper Canada. W HEREAS it is expedient to enact a Law ngainst the Profanation of the Lord's Day, commonly called Sunday, which day ought to be duly observed and kept holy : Her Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council and Assembly of Canada, enacts as follows : 1. It is not lawful for any Merchant, Tradesman, Artificer, N o ™ i o I O l a k e Mechanic, Workman, Labourer or other person whatsoever, on J,'^ 00 o n S u n' the Lord's Day to sell or publicly shew forth, or expose, or offer for sale, or to purchase, any goods, chattels, or other personal property, or any real estate whatsoever, or to do or exercise any worldly labour, business or work of his ordinary calling, (con-, veying Travellers or Her Majesty's Mail, by land or by water, • selling Drugs and Medicines, and other works of necessity, nnd works of charity, only excepted). 8 V. c. 45, s. 1. 2. It is not lawful for any person on that day to hold, convene p 0ij l i r ni meei-Or to attend'any public political meeting, or to tipple, or to i n g s , l i p p i i n g , .' 'How or permit tippling in any Inn, Tavern, Grocery or House on''sundnyb'led jf Public Entertainment, or to revel, or publicly exhibit himself in a state of intoxication, or to brawl or use profane languuge ; in the public streets or open air, so as to create any riot or dis-turbance, or annoyance to Her Majesty's peaceable subjects. ' 3. Il is not lawful for any person on that day to play nt skittles, Gomes and ball, foot-ball, racke t, or any other noisy game, or to gamble prXhitcd\"''' 5 • '. with dice or otherwise, or to run races on font, or on horseback, ' . or in carriages, or in vehicles of any sort. 8 V. c. 45, s. 1. ! 4. Except in defence of his property, from any wolf or other E x c e p t i o n . ! ravenous beast or a bird of prey, it is not lawful for any person J f„ n l i n B m i on that day to go out hunting or shooting, or in quest of, or to. s h o o t i n g , take, kill or desiroy, any deer or other game, Or any wild animal, or any wild fowl or bird, or to use any dog, gun, rifle .oroiher engine, net or trap, for the above mentioned purpose. /8 V. c. 45, s.l. • .: . . . .: Source: O n t a r i o . C o n s o l i d a t e d S t a t u t e s f o r Upper Canada. 1859. 336 'Fishing Bathing. Penally. Sales and agree inenla made on Sun-Jay to be void. J u s i i c e to s u m -m o n a c c u s e d p a r t y . Commitment. - 1 < 3 » . It is not lawful for any person on that Jay Io go out fishing onto take, ki l l or destroy any fish, or to use any gun, fishing rod. net or other engine for that purpose. 8 V. c. 45, 8 . 1 . '•. G. It is not lawful for any person on that day to bathe in any exposed situation in any water wilhin the limits of any incor-porated City or Town, or within view of any place of Public Worship, or private residence. 8 V. c. 45, s. 1 . 7. Any person convicted before a Justice of the Peace of any act hereinbefore declared not to be lawful, upon the oath or aflirmation of one or more lhan one credible witness, or upon view had of the offence by ihe said Justice himself, shall, for every such offence, be fined in a sum not exceeding forty dollars, noriless than one dollar, together with the costs and charges attending the proceedings and conviction. 8 V. c. 45, s. 3. 8. A l l sales and purchases, and all contracts and agree-ments for sale or purchase, of any real or personal property whatsoever, made by any person or persons on the Lord's Day, shall be utterly null and void. 8 V. c. 45, s. 2. • • — > c • • -;9j. When any person has been charged upon oath or otherwise, in vyriting, before any Justice of the Peace, with any offence against this Act, the said Jusiice shall summon the person so charged to appear before him, at a time and place to be named in such Summons, and if such person fails or neglects Io ap-pear accordingly, then (upon proof of due service of the Sum-mons upon such person, by delivering or leaving a copy thereof at his house, or usual or last place of abode, or by reading the same over to him personally,) the said Justice may either pro-ceed to hear and determine the case ex parte, or issue his Warrant for apprehending such person, and bringing him before himself, or some other Justice of the Peace having jurisdiction withjn the same County or Municipality; and. the Justice' beforp whom the person charged appears or is brought, shall proceed to hear and determine the case, or the said Justice, on vie w of the offence, may verbally order, or if on the complaint of a third party, then may, in writing, order the offender to be at once committed (although it be on the Lord's Day) to the common gaol of the place, or into other safe custody, there to remain until the morrow, or some other day, according to circumstances, until the case be heard and disposed of. 8 V. i C . 45j s. 4. Form of con-victioD. lOj. The Justice before whom any person is convicted of any offence against this Act, may cause the conviction to be drawn up injthe following form, or in any other form of words Io the same effect, as the case may require, that is to say : 8 V c 45, s . l 5. . . > 337 . Be it remembered, that on the . , . . day of , in the year of our Lord, eighteen , at • - , in the County of , [or at the City of , as the case may be,) A. B., of , is convicted before me, C. D., one of Her Majesty's Justices of the Peace for the said County, [or City, as the case may be,) for that he the said A. B. did [specify the offence, and the time und place, when and where the. same was committed, as the case may be ;) and I, the said C. D;, adjudge the said A. B., for his offence to pay (immediately, or on or before the day of ,) the sum of , and also the sum of , for costs ; and in default of payment of the said sums respectively, to be imprisoned in the common gaol of the said County [or City, as the case may be,) for the space of months, unless the said sums be sooner paid ; and I direct that the said sum of [the penalty) shall be paid as follows, that is to say : one moiety thereof to the party charging the offence, and the other moiety to the Treasurer of the County, [naming the one in which the offence was committed, or Chamberlain, of the said City, as the case may he,) 10 be by him applied according to the provisions of the Act, [insert the title of this Ad)... . . . . . Given under my hand and seal, the day and year first above mentioned.. C. D., J. P.. [L. S.] 11. A conviction under this Act shall not be quashed for conviction and want of form ; nor shall any Warrant of Commitment be held \"\"'\"'^\"y void by reason .of ,any defect therein, if it be therein alleged f0°rWani of\" that the party has been convicted, and there be a good and fotm. valid conviction to sustain the commitment. 8 V. c. 45, s. 6. 12. In default of payment of any fine imposed under this i n default, may Act, together with the costs attending the same, within tbe l e vy f i n e' period by the Justice of the Peace before whom such conviction takes place, specified for the payment thereof at the time of conviction, such Justice of the Peace (if he deems it expedient so to do) may issue his Warrant directed to any Constable to levy the amount of such fine and costs within a certain time, to be in the said Warrant expressed ; and in case no distress C o m m i t m e n t . sufficient to satisfy the amount be found, he may commit the offender to the Common Gaol of the County wherein the offence was committed, for any term not exceeding three months, unless the fine and costs be sooner paid. 8 V. c. 45, s. 7. IS. The'prosecution for any offence punishable under this L i m i l a l i o n o r Act, must be commenced within one month after-the com- lime (ur prose-mission of the offence, and not afterwards ; and the evidence cu\"cm-nf anw inhabitant of the County or Municipality in which the ' H U H '' \" offence 338 ! Appeal to the Quarter Ses-sions. j.offence\" has been committed, shall be admitted and receivable\" ^notwithstanding the fine incurred by the offence may be { V V f c o u i a y i p e J , payable for'the benefit of such Municipality; but the party witnesseg/l«^ ; %y] ) 0 m a k e s the charge in writing before the Justice, shall not' ;b^ admitted as a witness in the case. € V. c. 4 5 , s. 8.; - 5 14. In case a person thinks himself aggrieved by 'any con? viction or decision under this Act,'then, in case such person,' within six days after such conviction or decision, and ten days) at least before the first Court of General Quarter Sessions of the* Peace, or in Cities before the first Recorder's Court, (if there1 be a Recorder's Court) to be held not sooner than twelve days next after such conviction or decision, may appeal in the! manner provided in and subject to the provisions of the Aot! respecting Appeals in cases of Summary Conviction. 8 V / c. 45, s. 9. .. • 15. Every Justice of the Peace before whom any person ia convicted of any offence against this Act, shall transmit the conviction to the next Court of General Quarter Sessions, ori Recorder's Court (as the case may be) to be holden for the County or City wherein the offence was committed, there to be kept by the proper officer among the records of the Court. 8 V. c. 45, s. 10. Justices to transmit the conviction to the Quarter Sessions. Where actions, ice, are to be tried. Defendant maj plead genera! issue. Tender of amends, &c. Defendant if successful to have full costs. 16. A l l actions and prosecutions to be commenced against any person for any thing done in pursuance of this Act, shall, be laid and tried in the County where the fact was committed, and must be commenced within six months after the fact committed, and not afterwards; and notice in writing, of such action, and of the cause thereof, must be given to • the Defendant one month at least before the action; and', in any such action the Defendant may plead the general issue, ' and give this Act and the special matter in evidence at any trial*tobe had thereupon. 8 V. c. 45, s. 11. 17. No Plaintiff shall recover in such action, if tender of sufficient amends be made before such action brought, or if a sufficient sum of money be paid into Court after such action brought, by or on behalf of the Defendant ; and if a ver-dict passes for the Defendant, or the Plaintiff becomes non-suit, or discontinues any si^oh action after issue joined, or if upon demurrer or otherwise judgment be given aguinstthe Plaintiff, the Defendant may recover his full costs, as between Attorney and Client, and have the like remedy for the same as any . Defendant hath by law in other cases. 8 V. c. 45, s. 11. Distribution of ' 18. A l l sums of money awarded or imposed as fines or penalties. penalties, by virtue of this Act, shall be paid as follows, i \".: that is to say : one moiety thereof shall be paid to the party i \" . charging the offence in writing before the Justice, and the _1_ other moiety j to the. .Treasurer of the C m m t v nrCAtv wherein. the-offence was committed, to be by him accounted for in the bme manner as for other moneys deposited with or paid over no him. 8 V. c 45, s. 12. 19. This Act is not to extend to the people called Indians. N o u o extend 8 V. c. 45, s. 14. 339 APPENDIX VI: The Lord's Day B i l l d r a f t e d by the Lord's Day A l l i a n c e of Canada, and i n t r o d u c e d to the House of Commons, March 11, 19 06. THE GOVERNMENT'S LORD'S DAY BILL T h e f o l l o w i n g is B i l l N o . 12 ( p r o -posed L o r d ' s D a y A c t ) w i t h p r o p o s e d a m e n d m e n t s agreed u p o n by a confer-ence of s o m e 75 S e n a t o r s a n d M e m -bers of P a r l i a m e n t as s u g g e s t i o n s for c o n s i d e r a t i o n of G o v e r n m e n t a n d P a r -l i a m e n t . T h e s e a r c i n d i c a t e d w i t h i n b r n c k e t s . H i s M a j e s t y , by a n d w i t h the a d v i c e u n d c o n s e n t of the S e n a t e a n d H o u s e of C o m m o n s of C a n a d a , enacts as f o l -l o w s : — 1. In t h i s A c t , unless the c o n t e x t o t h e r w i s e r e q u i r e s . — ( a ) \" T h e lyord's D a y \" m e a n s the p e r i o d . o f t i m e w h i c h begins at t w e l v e o ' c l o c k on S a t u r d a y a f t e r n o o n and ends a t t w e l v e o ' c l o c k on the f o l l o w -i n g a f t e r n o o n ; ( b ) \" P e r s o n \" h a s the m e a n i n g w h i c h it h a s in the C r i m i n a l C o d e , 1H92 ; ( c ) \" V e s s e l \" includes a n y k i n d of vessel or b o a t used for c o n v e y i n g p a s -sengers o r freight by w a t e r ( s u b s t i -t u t e \" m o d e o f \" for \" k i n d of vessel o r b o a t used f o r \" ) ; ( d ) \" R a i l w a y \" includes s t e a m - r a i l -w a y , e l e c t r i c r a i l w a y , street r a i l w a y a n d t r a m w a y ; ( e ) \" P e r f o r m a n c e \" includes a n y g n m c , m a t c h , s p o r t , c o n t e s t , e x h i b i -t i o n or e n t e r t a i n m e n t ; ( f ) \" K m p l o v e r \" includes every p e r -r o n to w h o s e o r d e r s o r d i r e c t i o n s a n y o i l i e r person is by his e m p l o y m e n t b o u n d t o c o n f o r m . 1. t t s h a l l n o t he l a w f u l for a n y p e r s o n 011 the L o r d ' s D a y t o sell o r o f l c r for s a l e o r purchase any goods, c h a t t e l s , o r o t h e r p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y , o r a n v r e a l estate, o r to c a r r y on o r t r a n s a c t a n y business of h i s o r d i n a r y c a l l i n g , o r t o d o or e m p l o y a n y o t h e r person to d o on t h a t d a y any w o r k , business, o r l a b o r , in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h such c a l l i n g ( a d d \" o r for g a i n \" ) ex-cept as herein p r o v i d e d . 3. N o t h i n g herein c o n t a i n e d s h a l l be t a k e n o r h e l d t o m a k e u n l a w f u l in the P r o v i n c e of Quebec such sales a t c h u r c h d o o r s of c o u n t r y p a r i s h e s as n.rc p e r m i t t e d under the l a w of t h a t p r o v i n c e . 4. N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g a n y t h i n g herein c o n t a i n e d , a n y person m a y on the L o r d ' s D a v do a n y w o r k of necessity or m e r c y , a n d for g r e a t e r c e r t a i n t y , b u t n o t so as t o r e s t r i c t the o r d i n a r y m e a n i n g of the e x p r e s s i o n \" w o r k of necessity o r m e r c y , \" i t is hereby de-c l a r e d t h a t i t s h a l l bo deemed t o i n -c l u d e the f o l l o w i n g classes of w o r k : •( a ) A n y necessary or c u s t o m a r y w o r k i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h d i v i n e wor-s h i p ; . ( b ) S e l l i n g d r u g s a n d m e d i c i n e s ( a d d \" b y r e t a i l i n cases of uri\"r>-c y \" ) ; ( c ) T h e w o r k of p h y s i c i a n s a n d s u r g e o n s for the relief of s i c k n e s s a n d suffering (ormit \" t h e \" a n d \"of p h y s i -c i a n s a n d s u r g e o n s \" ) ; ( d ) R e c e i v i n g , t r a n s m i t t i n g , or de-l i v e r i n g t e l e g r a p h o r te lephone mes-sages ; ( e ) T h e c o n v e y i n g of t r a v e l l e r s a n d I-Iis M a j e s t y ' s m a i l s ; ( f ) M a i n t a i n i n g fires, o r d o i n g u r -gent r e p a i r s in cases of e m e r g e n c y o r o t h e r w o r k of a l ike i n c i d e n t a l c h a r -a c t e r w h e n such fires, r e p a i r s o r w o r k a r e essential to a n v m a n u f a c t u r -ing process a c t u a l l y in o p e r a t i o n w h e n the L o r d ' s D a y begins, w h i c h is of s u c h a n a t u r e t h a t w i t h o u t the d o i n g of such w o r k on the L o r d ' D a y such process c a n n o t be c a r r i e d o n d u r i n g the o t h e r s i x clays of the w e e k ; ( g ) T h e c o n t i i . n a n c e to t h e i r des-t i n a t i o n of r a i l w a y t r a i n s i n t r a n s i t w h e n the L o r d ' s D a y b e g i n s , w h i c h are l o a d e d e x c l u s i v e l y e i t h e r w i t h l i v e s t o c k d e s t i n e d for i m m e d i a t e s h i p -m e n t a t a n y ocean p o r t , o r w i t h p e r -i s h a b l e g o o d s ( a d d \" o r g r a i n \" ) o r w i t h b o t h ( s u b s t i t u t e \" o r w i t h such l i v e s t o c k , p e r i s h a b l e g o o d s and g r a i n \" ) ; ( h ) T h e c a r r i a g e t o the next d i v i -s i o n a l p o i n t on a n y r a i l w a y o r t o the n e x t r e g u l a r p o r t of c a l l of a n y vessel , of a n y freight w h i c h is in t r a n s i t b v such r a i l w a y o r vessel w h e n the L o r d ' s D a y begins. * ( a d d ( i ) \" T h e h i r i n g of horses a n d c a r r i a g e s for any p u r p o s e n o t p r o h i b i t e d b y t h i s a c t . \" ) • 5 . I t s h a l l n o t be l a w f u l for a n y p e r s o n o n t h a t d a y t o engage i n any-g a m e o r c o n t e s t for g a i n o r for a n y *Sinco Conference. Mr. H. U. Mcl'lier-son. L-L.lt., sutre'osts that after \"lilrlnc\" the -words lie nflrlert, \"for the personal use of hirer or hip familv.\" Thin would BhuL nut Tally-Ho'fl, which renlly curry excursions. Source; Lord's Day Advocate ( A p r i l 19 06). 340 prij.e or r e w a r d , or t o be present there-a t , o r t o p r o v i d e , engage i n , o r be present a t a n y p e r f o r m a n c e a l w h i c h a n y /ee is c h a r g e d d i r e c t l y o r i n -d i r e c t l y , c i t h e r for a d m i s s i o n t o such p e r f o r m a n c e , o r for a n y service o r p r i v i l e g e t h e r e a t . 2. W h e n a n y p e r f o r m a n c e a t w h i c h an a d m i s s i o n fee o r a n y o t h e r [ec is so c h a r g e d is p r o v i d e d in a n y b u i l d -i n g o r place t o w h i c h persons are c o n v e y e d for h i r e b y tiie p r o p r i e t o r s o r m a n a g e r s of such p e r f o r m a n c e , or b y a n y one a c t i n g as t h e i r agents or u n d e r t h e i r c o n t r o l , the c h a r g e for such c o n v e y a n c e s h a l l be deemed an i n d i r e c t p a y m e n t of such fee w i t h i n the m e a n i n g of t h i s s e c t i o n . 6. H s h a l l n o t be l a w f u l for a n y p e r s o n on the L o r d ' s D a v t o r u n , c o n -d u c t , o r convey by a n y m o d e of c o n -v e y a n c e a n y e x c u r s i o n on w h i c h p a s -sengers are c o n v e y e d for hire, a n d h a v i n g for i t s p r i n c i p a l or o n l v object the c a r r i a g e on t h a t d a y of such p a s -sengers for a m u s e m e n t o r pleasure, a n d p a s s e n g e r s so c o n v e y e d s h a l l n o t be deemed t o be t r a v e l l e r s w i t h i n the m e a n i n g of t h i s A c t . 7. I t s h a l l n o t be l a w f u l for a n y person on the L o r d ' s D a y t o open to the p u b l i c a n y p a r k or p l e a s u r e g r o u n d o r o t h e r p l a c e m a i n t a i n e d for g a i n , t o w h i c h an a d m i s s i o n fee is c h a r g e d d i r e c t l y o r i n d i r e c t l y , or w i t h i n w h i c h n fee is charged lor a n y service, o r p r i v i l e g e . R. It s h a l l n o t be l a w f u l for any person to a d v e r t i s e in a n v m a n n e r w h a t s o e v e r anv p e r f o r m a n c e or other t i l i n g p r o h i b i t e d bv t h i s A c t . 2: It s h a l l n o t lie l a w f u l for any person t o a d v e r t i s e in C a n a d a in anv m a n n e r w h a t s o e v e r a n y p e r f o r m a n c e o r o t h e r t h i n g w h i c h if g i v e n o r done in C a n a d a w o u l d be a v i o l a t i o n of t h i s A c t . 9. It s h a l l n o t be l a w f u l for a n y p e r s o n o n t h a t d a y ( a d d \" t o engage i n h u n t i n g or f i s h i n g \" ) t o s h o o t at a n y t a r g e t , m a r k or o t h e r object, o r t o use a n y ( a d d \" a p p l i a n c e \" ) g u n , r i f le o r o t h e r engine for t h a t p u r p o s e . 10. E v e r y c o n s t a b l e o r o t h e r peace officer w h o suspects t h a t a v i o l a t i o n of t h i s A c t is b e i n g c o m m i t t e d in o r u p o n a n y p r e m i s e s o t h e r t h a n a d w e l l i n g house s h a l l , w i t h i n the l i m -i t s for w h i c h he is such c o n s t a b l e o r peace o l f i c c r , h a v e the r i g h t a l a n y t i m e t o e n t e r i n t o o r u p o n and l a search s u c h p r e m i s e s for tlfe-vgttrposc of a s c e r t a i n i n g w h e t h e r such offence i.« b e i n g c o m m i t t e d . 2. E v e r y p e r s o n w h o o b s t r u c t s such c o n s t a b l e o r peace officer a c t i n g under the a u t h o r i t y o f t h i s s e c t i o n , s h a l l be g u i l t y of a v i o l a t i o n of t h i s A c t . 11. E v e r y p e r s o n w h o v i o l a t e s a n y of t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s A c t s h a l l for each offence be l i a b l e , o n s u m m a r y c o n v i c t i o n , t o a fine, n o t less t h a n one d o l l a r a n d n o t e x c e e d i n g f o r t y d o l l a r s , t o g e t h e r w i t h the cost of p r o s e c u t i o n . 12. E v e r y e m p l o v e r w h o a u l l i o r i 7 . e s o r d i r e c t s a n y t h i n g t o be d o n e in v i o -l a t i o n of a n v p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s A c t , s h a l l for each offence be l i a b l e , on s u m m a r y c o n v i c t i o n , t o a fine not ex-ceeding one h u n d r e d d o l l a r s a n d n o t less t h a n t w e n t v d o l l a r s , in a d d i t i o n to a n v o t h e r p e n a l t y p r e s c r i b e d by l a w f o r the s a m e offence. 1 ? . E v e r y c o r p o r a t i o n w h i c h a u t h o r -izes, d i r e c t s o r p e r m i t s i t s e m p l o y e e s t o c a r r y o n a n y p a r t of the business ot s u c h c o r p o r a t i o n i n v i o l a t i o n of a n y of the p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s A c t , s h a l l be l i a b l e , o n s u m m a r y c o n v i c -t i o n before t w o j u s t i c e s o f the peace, for the f i r s t offence t o a p e n a l t y n \" t exceeding t w o h u n d r e d a n d fiftv d o l -l a r s , a n d n o t less t h a n ( \" f i l t v d o l -l a r s , \" ) a n d for each s u b s e q u e n t of-fence, t o a p e n a l t y n o t e x c e e d i n g five h u n d r e d d o l l a r s , a n d n o t less t l ' i t i ( \" o n e h u n d r e d d o l l a r s \" ) i n n d d i t i o -to a n y o t h e r p e n a l t y p r e s c r i b e d bv l n w for the s a m e offence. 14. N o t h i n g h e r e i n s h a l l p r e v e n t the o p e r a t i o n of a n v A c t n o w o r hereafter in force in a n y p r o v i n c e of C a n a d a r e g a r d i n g a n v r a i l w a y subject ns such t o the l e g i s l a t i v e a u t h o r i t y of such p r o v i n c e . 15. N o t h i n g h e r e i n s h a l l be c o n -s t r u e d t o r e p e a l o r i n a n y w a y alfc.ct the p r o v i s i o n s of a n y A c t r e s p e c t i n g the L o r d ' s D a y i n force in a n v p r o -v i n c e of C a n a d a w h e n t h i s A c t is p a s s e d ; a n d w h e r e a n y p e r s o n v i o -l a t e s a n y of the p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s A c t , a n d s u c h j offence is a l s o a v i o l a -t i o n of a n v o t h e r A c t , t h e offender m a y be proceeded a g a i n s t e i t h e r under the p r o v i s i o n s of t h i s A c t o r u n d e r t h e p r o v i s i o n s of a n v other- A c t a p p l i c a b l e to the offence c h a r g e d . ' 341 APPENDIX V I I : The Lord's Day Act of Canada, 1906. 6 E D W A R D V I I . CHAP. 27. An Act respecting the Lord's Day. ' [Assented to 18th July, 1906.] HIS Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Commons of Canada, enacts as fol-lows:— 1. In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,— Definitions. (a.) \"The Lord's Day\" means the period of time which-Lord 's begins at twelve o'clock on Saturday afternoon and ends at Da>'-\" twelve o'clock on the following afternoon; (b.) \"Person\" has the meaning which it has in the Criminal \"Person.\" Code, 1892; (c.) \"Vessel\" includes any kind of vessel or boat used for < -, . \" J p e r f o r m a n c e s except as providedin any rrovmcial Act or law now or hereafter « - h e r P » d m i 3 -in force, to engage in any public game or contest for gain, or for V O L . I—10* any ° S\" ' 3 4 4 Chap. 27. The Lord's Day. 6 EDW. VII. Charges for conveyance to perform-ance. any prize or reward, or to be present thereat, or to provide, engage in, or be present at any performance or public meeting, • elsewhere than in a church,, at which any fee is charged, directly or indirectly, either for admission to such performance or meet-ing, or to any place within which the same is provided, or for any service or privilege thereat. 2. When any performance at which an admission fee or any other fee is so charged is provided in any.building or place to which persons are conveyed for hire by the proprietors or man-agers of such performance or by any one acting as their agent or under their control, the charge for such conveyance shall be deemed an indirect payment of such fee within the meaning of this section. - . . . Excursions 6 . It shall not be lawful for any person on the Lord's Day, a^ce^ a Jhere\" except as provided by any Provincial Act or law now or here-fee is charged, after in force, to run, conduct, or convey by any mode of conveyance any excursion on which passengers are conveyed for hire, and having for its principal or only object the carriage on that day of such passengers for amusement or pleasure, and passengers so conveyed shall not be deemed to be travellers within the meaning of this Act. 7. It shall not be lawful for any person to advertise in any manner whatsoever any performance or other thing prohibited ' this Act. 2. It shall not be lawful /or any person to advertise in Canada in any manner whatsoever any performance _or other thing which if 'given or done in Canada would be a violation of this Act. Shooting. s. It shall not be lawful for any person on the Lord's Day to .shoot with or use. any gun, rifle or other similar engine, either for gain or in such a manner or in such places as to disturb other persons in attendance at public worship or in the obser-vance of that day. Sale of foreign 9. It shall not be lawful for any person to bring into Canada oTs^day ^ o r s a^ e o r distribution, or to sell or distribute within Canada, on the Lord's Day, any foreign newspaper or publication classified as a newspaper. Advert ise-ments- of prohibited performances by this Act etc., where- - — - •• •< ever taking . place. Penalty for infraction of A c t . IO- Every person who violates any of the provisions of this Act shall for each offence be liable, on summary conviction, to a fine, not less than one dollar and not exceeding forty dollars, together with the cost of prosecution. Employer's - - n•- Every-emplQyer who authorizes-xrrnirrecrte-mrythn^ r S u Y s c V b e done i n violation of any provision of this^Act, shall for each-offence be liable, on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding ~ . • one 345 rr-1906.-.- The Lord's Day. - - • Chap-27^.-•one hundred dollars and not less than twenty dollars, in addition to any other penalty prescribed by law for the same offence. 12. Every corporation which authorizes, directs or permits Liabi l i ty of its employees to carry on any part of the business of such cor- ^ ^ t t i n ™ poration in violation of any of the provisions of this Act, shall unlawful be liable, on summary conviction before two justices of the R peace, for the first offence to a penalty not exceeding two hun-dred and fifty dollars and not less than fifty dollars, and for each subsequent offence to a penalty not exceeding five hundred dollars and not less than, one hundred dollars, in addition to any other penalty prescribed by law for the same offence. 13. Nothing herein shall prevent the operation on the Lord's O p e r a t i o D o f Day for passenger traffic of any railway subject to the legis-lative authority of any province unless such railway is pro-hibited by provincial authority from so operating. 2. Nothing herein shall prevent the operation on the Lord's Day for passenger traffic by any railway company incorporated ' . by or subject to the legislative authority of the Parliament of Canada of its railway where such operation is not otherwise prohibited. 14. Nothing herein shall be construed to repeal or m any Provincial way affect any provisions of any Act or law relating in any A c t f n o t * 1 way to the observance of the Lord's Day in force in any pro- affected.\" vince of Canada when this Act comes into force; and where any person violates any. of the provisions of this Act, and such offence is also a violation of any other Act or law, the offender may be proceeded against either under the provisions of this Act or under the provisions of any other Act or law applicable to the offence charged. 15. No action or prosecution for a violation of this Act shall^im^'on be commenced without the leave of the Attorney General for ™ act,ona- > the province in which the offence is alleged to have been com-, mitted, nor after the expiration of sixty days from the time' of the commission of the alleged offence. 16. This Act shall come into force on the first day of March, Commence-one thousand nine hundred and seven. m e n t o f Act\" "@en ; edm:hasType "Thesis/Dissertation"@en ; dcterms:spatial "Canada"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0094766"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:degreeDiscipline "History"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:rights "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "The battle for the sabbath: the sabbatarian lobby in Canada, 1890-1912"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/21831"@en .