@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Arts, Faculty of"@en, "Psychology, Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Joy, Lesley Ann"@en ; dcterms:issued "2010-02-26T01:20:57Z"@en, "1978"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Arts - MA"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description "The impact of television on children's aggressive behaviour was studied longitudinally in the context of a natural experiment. The study was conducted in three small towns in British Columbia, Canada, first in 1973, when one town, Notel, did not yet have television reception, and again in 1975, two years after Notel received one Canadian channel, CBC. In both 1973 and 1975 the second town, Unitel, received CBC, and the third town, Multitel, received CBC and the three major U.S. networks (ABC, CBC, and NBC). The major focus of the study was on the aggressive behaviour displayed by elementary school children at play on the school grounds; physical and verbal aggressive behaviours of 120 children at time 1 and 120 children at time 2 were coded by observers. In addition, teacher and peer ratings of aggressive behaviour and information about television viewing habits were obtained. The aggressive behaviour of children in Notel increased significantly from 1973 to 1975, whereas, the aggressive behaviour of children in Unitel and Multitel did not change significantly over the same period. The increase in aggressive behaviour observed in Notel children was not restricted merely to children initially high in aggression, as previous researchers have suggested (Stein & Friedrich, 1975). On the whole, the peer and teacher ratings supported the findings from the observational measures of aggression, and consistent sex differences were found for physical aggression. That is, males were more physically aggressive than females. The information collected about children's favourite shows revealed no differences between the aggressive and less aggressive children. In addition, there was no difference among the three towns in the repertoires of aggressive behaviour displayed. The most probable explanation of the increased aggression in Notel children was heightened arousal, resulting from Notel children's lack of familiarity with television. Heightened arousal would result in a greater likelihood of aggression being elicited. Furthermore, because children learn from television that aggression is acceptable, appropriate, and effective, the increase in aggressive behaviour would likely be maintained."@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/21031?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "TELEVISION EXPOSURE AND CHILDREN'S AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR by LESLEY ANN JOY B.Sc. (Hons), Southampton University, 1975 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS i n THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department, of Psychology We accept t h i s thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA February, 1978 © Lesley Joy, 1978 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements foi an advanced degree at the University of Brit ish Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of PSYCHOLOGY The University of Brit ish Columbia 2075 W e s b r o o k P l a c e V a n c o u v e r , C a n a d a V6T 1W5 n . FEBRUARY 1*+ th 1978 uate i i ABSTRACT The impact o f t e l e v i s i o n on c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r was s t u d i e d l o n g i t u d i n a l l y i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a n a t u r a l e x p e r i m e n t . The s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d i n t h r e e s m a l l towns i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , Canada, f i r s t i n 1973, when one town, N o t e l , d i d n o t y e t have t e l e v i s i o n r e -c e p t i o n , and a g a i n i n 1975, two y e a r s a f t e r N o t e l r e c e i v e d one C a n a d i a n c h a n n e l , CBC. I n b o t h 1973 and 1975 t h e second town, U n i t e l , r e c e i v e d CBC, and t h e t h i r d town, M u l t i t e l , r e c e i v e d CBC and t h e t h r e e major U.S. n e t w o r k s (ABC, CBC, and NBC). The major f o c u s o f t h e s t u d y was on t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r d i s p l a y e d by e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a t p l a y on t h e s c h o o l grounds; p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r s o f 120 c h i l d r e n a t t i m e 1 and 120 c h i l d r e n a t t i m e 2 were coded by o b s e r v e r s . I n a d d i t i o n , t e a c h e r and p e e r r a t i n g s o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r and i n -f o r m a t i o n about t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h a b i t s were o b t a i n e d . The a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o f c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i -c a n t l y from 1973 t o 1975, whereas, t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o f c h i l d r e n i n U n i t e l and M u l t i t e l d i d n o t change s i g n i f i c a n t l y o v e r t h e same p e r i o d . The i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o b s e r v e d i n N o t e l c h i l d r e n was n o t r e s t r i c t e d m e r e l y t o c h i l d r e n i n i t i a l l y h i g h i n a g g r e s s i o n , as p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h e r s have s u g g e s t e d ( S t e i n & F r i e d r i c h , 1975). On t h e wh o l e , t h e p e e r and t e a c h e r r a t i n g s s u p p o r t e d t h e f i n d i n g s from t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l measures o f a g g r e s s i o n , and c o n s i s t e n t sex d i f f e r e n c e s were found f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n . That i s , males were more p h y s i c a l l y a g g r e s s i v e t h a n f e m a l e s . The i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d about c h i l d r e n ' s f a v o u r i t e shows r e v e a l e d i i i no d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e a g g r e s s i v e and l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e was no d i f f e r e n c e among th e t h r e e towns i n t h e r e p e r -t o i r e s o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r d i s p l a y e d . The most p r o b a b l e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e i n c r e a s e d a g g r e s s i o n i n N o t e l c h i l d r e n was h e i g h t e n e d a r o u s a l , r e s u l t i n g f r o m N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s l a c k of f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t e l e v i s i o n . H e i g h t e n e d a r o u s a l would r e s u l t i n a g r e a t e r l i k e l i h o o d o f a g g r e s s i o n b e i n g e l i c i t e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , because c h i l d r e n l e a r n from t e l e v i s i o n t h a t a g g r e s s i o n i s a c c e p t a b l e , a p p r o p r i a t e , and e f f e c t i v e , the i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r would l i k e l y be m a i n t a i n e d . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT i i TABLE OF CONTENTS . i v LIST OF TABLES v i LIST OF FIGURES v i i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i x INTRODUCTION 1 Hypotheses 17 METHOD 21 RESULTS 26 L o n g i t u d i n a l A n a l y s e s o f V a r i a n c e 27 1. P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n 27 2. V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n 29 C r o s s - S e c t i o n a l A n a l y s e s o f V a r i a n c e 33 1. P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n 34 2. V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n 37 R e p e r t o i r e o f A g g r e s s i v e B e h a v i o u r 41 C h i l d r e n H i g h and Low i n A g g r e s s i v e B e h a v i o u r 47 C o r r e l a t i o n s among Measures o f A g g r e s s i o n 68 DISCUSSION 73 FOOTNOTES 84 REFERENCES 86 APPENDIX A: P e e r R a t i n g s 93 APPENDIX B: T e a c h e r ' s R a t i n g s 99 APPENDIX C: C h i l d r e n ' s TV I n t e r v i e w ( N o t e l & U n i t e l ) 100 APPENDIX D: C h i l d r e n ' s Media I n t e r v i e w ( M u l t i t e l ) 108 APPENDIX E: A g g r e s s i o n C a t e g o r i e s 121 T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s c o n t i n u e d Page APPENDIX F: C o d i n g S h e e t s 123' APPENDIX G: R e p e r t o i r e o f A g g r e s s i v e B e h a v i o u r 127 APPENDIX H: Key: A b b r e v i a t i o n s Employed i n t h e C o r r e l a t i o n T a b l e s 130 APPENDIX I : C o r r e l a t i o n T a b l e s f o r Teac h e r R a t i n g s , Beer R a t i n g s , and O b s e r v a t i o n a l Measures o f A g g r e s s i o n 131 APPENDIX J : V i e w i n g Hours P e r Week 139 v i LIST OF TABLES T a b l e 1. Demographic Data f o r N o t e l , U n i t e l , and M u l t i t e l Page 18 T a b l e 2. Comparison o f t h e Number o f Shows ( i n C a t e g o r i e s ) A v a i l a b l e i n N o t e l / U n i t e l v e r s u s Those A v a i l a b l e i n M u l t i t e l 20 T a b l e 3. Number o f S u b j e c t s i n Each Subgroup a t Time 1 and Time 2 22 T a b l e 4. A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e f o r P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n ( L o n g i t u d i n a l ) T a b l e 5. A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e f o r V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n ( L o n g i t u d i n a l ) T a b l e 6. A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e f o r P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n ( C r o s s - s e c t i o n a l ) 30 32 38 T a b l e 7. A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e f o r V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n ( C r o s s - s e c t i o n a l ) 42 T a b l e 8. Summary T a b l e o f P o s t Hoc T e s t s Conducted on t h e S i g n i f i c a n t Town x Time I n t e r a c t i o n s f o r t h e O b s e r v a t i o n a l D a t a A f t e r t h e A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e 43 T a b l e 9. R e p e r t o i r e o f t h e Three H i g h e s t P h y s i c a l and V e r b a l A g g r e s s i v e Responses a t Time 1 and Time 2 45 T a b l e 10. Median-' Values o f A g g r e s s i o n 48 T a b l e 11. P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n - N o t e l : C h i l d r e n Above/ Below Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e Responding a t Time 2, and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours p e r Week a t Time 2 50 T a b l e 12. V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n - N o t e l : C h i l d r e n Above/Below . . Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e R e s p o n d i n g a t Time 2, and T h e i r T e l e -v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours p e r Week a t Time 2 52 T a b l e 13. P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n - U n i t e l : C h i l d r e n Above/ Below Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e R e s p o n d i n g a t Time 2, and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours p e r Week a t Time 2 57 v i i L i s t o f T a b l e s c o n t i n u e d Page T a b l e 14. V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n - U n i t e l : C h i l d r e n Above/ Below Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e Responding a t Time 2, and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 59 T a b l e 15. P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n - M u l t i t e l : C h i l d r e n Above/ Below Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e R e s p o n d i n g a t Time 2, and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 63 T a b l e 16 V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n - M u l t i t e l : C h i l d r e n Above/ Below Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e Responding a t Time 2, and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 65 v i i i LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Town by Time Interaction for Phy s i c a l Aggression (Longitudinal Analysis) 28 Figure 2. Town by Time Interaction f o r Verbal Aggres-sion (Longitudinal Analysis) 31 Figure 3. Town by Time Interaction f o r Phy s i c a l Aggression (Cross-sectional Analysis) 35 Figure 4. Town by Time Interaction f o r Verbal Aggres-sion (Cross-sectional Analysis) 39 Figure 5. Sex by Time Interaction for Verbal Aggression (Cross-sectional Analysis) 40 Figure 6. Repertoire of the Three Highest Physical and Verbal Aggression Scores at Time 1 and Time 2 44 i x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS F i r s t and foremost,. I am indebted to my Supervisor, Dr. Merle Zabrack, whose fri e n d s h i p and constructive c r i t i c i s m led me to the completion of t h i s p r o j e c t . Dr. Tannis MacBeth Williams and Dr. Don Dutton, the other two members of my committee, also offered invaluable advice and assistance. I was extremely fortunate i n having such a great committee to guide me through my Master's education. This work was part of a larger research project e n t i t l e d \"The Impact of T e l e v i s i o n : A Natural Experiment Involving Three Communities\", supervised by Dr. Tannis MacBeth Williams and funded by Canada Council. Consequently, many people were involved i n various aspects of data c o l l e c t i o n and coding, some of whom worked with me on my research. In p a r t i c u l a r , I would l i k e to thank .T Joanne McFadden Hordo, P a t r i c i a Crawford and E l s i e Eccles f o r c o l l e c t i n g time 1 data; Susan Lee Painter and Sue Fiske f o r helping me c o l l e c t time 2 data; V i r g i n i a Green and Georgio Pastore for t h e i r patience during analyses of these data; and Judy Hawkins f o r typing t h i s t h e s i s . Needless to say, thanks are extended to the students, parents and teachers i n the three towns who permitted the invasion by so many \"clip-board carrying\" observers.' L a s t l y but i n no way the l e a s t , thanks go to Wilf N i c h o l l s f or \"being there when I needed him. 1 INTRODUCTION The e f f e c t s o f v i e w i n g f i l m e d a g g r e s s i o n on b e h a v i o u r have been w e l l documented i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y s i n c e t h e e a r l y 1960's. F u r t h e r m o r e , r e c e n t r e s e a r c h i n t h e f i e l d has v a l i d a t e d t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e l a b o r a -t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h i s r e s e a r c h shows t h a t a g g r e s s i v e t e c h n i q u e s seen i n f i l m s a r e a p p a r e n t l y l e a r n e d and r e t a i n e d . The f o c u s o f t h e l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s has been p r i m a r i l y on two d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f e f f e c t s : i m i t a t i o n and i n s t i g a t i o n . I m i t a t i o n o c c u r s when what has been seen i s c o p i e d . I n s t i g a t i o n o c c u r s when i n c r e a s e d a g g r e s s i v e n e s s f o l l o w s what has been seen. I n a s e r i e s o f e x p e r i m e n t s Bandura and h i s a s s o c i a t e s ( e . g . , Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963a; Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963b; Bandura, 1965) i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t o f v i e w i n g a model on c h i l d r e n ' s s u b s e -quent i m i t a t i v e r e s p o n d i n g . Each c h i l d was exposed t o an a d u l t model i n p e r s o n , an' a d u l t model on f i l m , o r a c a r t o o n model on f i l m , e a ch o f whom a g g r e s s e d a g a i n s t a p l a s t i c , l i f e - s i z e d d o l l , s i m i l a r i n appearance t o Bobo t h e clo w n . The c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s were e i t h e r exposed t o a non-a g g r e s s i v e model o r t o no model a t a l l . F o l l o w i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l m a n i p u l a t i o n , t h e c h i l d was l e f t i n a room c o n t a i n i n g t h e same t o y s w i t h w h i c h t h e model had p l a y e d . Coders o b s e r v e d t h e c h i l d ' s b e h a v i o u r and s c o r e d i t f o r i m i t a t i v e r e s p o n s e s . The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e s t u d i e s i n d i -c a t e d t h a t the a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e c h i l d r e n i n c r e a s e d a f t e r e x-p o s u r e t o an a g g r e s s i v e model. To e x p l a i n t h e s e r e s u l t s , Bandura p o s t u l a t e d i n h i s s o c i a l l e a r n i n g t h e o r y t h a t an o b s e r v e r w i l l l e a r n t h e b e h a v i o u r o f a model c o n t i n g e n t 2 on f o u r p r o c e s s e s : t h e o b s e r v e r must be a t t e n d i n g t o t h e model, be a b l e t o r e t a i n what he o r she has see n , be c a p a b l e o f r e p r o d u c i n g t h e b e h a v i o u r ( t h a t i s , have d e v e l o p e d t h e a p p r o p r i a t e motor c a p a b i l i t i e s ) , and be m o t i v a t e d t o l e a r n . Through e x p o s u r e t o an a g g r e s s i v e model, i n h i b i t i o n s i n t h e o b s e r v e r a g a i n s t a c t i n g i n a v i o l e n t , a g g r e s s i v e manner a r e r e -duced. The e x p e r i e n c e a l s o h e l p s t o shape t h e s t y l e o f t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r t h r o u g h a c q u i s i t i o n o f n o v e l a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r s . I n a d d i -t i o n , a t h e o r e t i c a l d i s t i n c t i o n i s made between a c q u i s i t i o n and p e r f o r -mance o f b e h a v i o u r . A l t h o u g h o b s e r v a t i o n o f an a g g r e s s i v e model may l e a d t o t h e l e a r n i n g o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r , t h e o b s e r v e r may n o t n e c e s s a r i l y p e r f o r m t h i s b e h a v i o u r i m m e d i a t e l y . However, i f p r o v o k e d enough on some f u t u r e o c c a s i o n he o r she may r e p r o d u c e t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r s t h a t were o b s e r v e d . I n s t i g a t i o n t o behave a g g r e s s i v e l y has been s t u d i e d e x t e n s i v e l y w i t h a d u l t s by B e r k o w i t z ( e . g . , B e r k o w i t z , 1965, 1966, 1967): who t y p i c a l l y employs t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p e r i m e n t a l p a r a d i g m : w h i l e t h e s u b j e c t i s w o r k i n g a t a t a s k , a c o n f e d e r a t e i n d u c e s anger by i n s u l t i n g t h e s u b j e c t o r s h o c k i n g him ( a l l s u b j e c t s were male) f o r po o r t a s k p e r f o r m a n c e . A f t e r c o m p l e t i n g a 'mood' q u e s t i o n n a i r e , t h e s u b j e c t watches an e x c e r p t o f a f i g h t scene f r o m t h e f i l m \"Champion\" o r \" R e b e l w i t h o u t a Cause\" ( e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n ) , o r an ' e x c i t i n g b u t n o n a g g r e s s i v e ' t r a c k r a c e scene. F i n a l l y , t he s u b j e c t s h o c k s t h e c o n f e d e r a t e , e i t h e r i n t h e g u i s e o f an e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e c o n f e d e r a t e o r as a t e a c h i n g t a s k . V a r i a t i o n s o f t h i s d e s i g n i n v o l v e t h e m a n i p u l a t i o n o f a g g r e s s i o n - e l i c i t i n g c u e s ; f o r example, t h e s h o c k i n g p r o c e d u r e o c c u r s i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f weapons, th e c o n f e d e r a t e i s i n t r o d u c e d as a> b o x e r ( i n c o n t r a s t t o an E n g l i s h 3 m a j o r ) , o r the c o n f e d e r a t e i s g i v e n the same name as t h e a g g r e s s o r i n t h e f i l m . A n g e r i n g t h e s u b j e c t , e x p o s i n g him t o f i l m e d a g g r e s s i o n , and b e i n g i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a g g r e s s i o n - e l i c i t i n g cues r e s u l t s i n t h e a d -m i n i s t r a t i o n o f h i g h e r l e v e l s o f shock; t h a t i s , the s u b j e c t i s more a g g r e s s i v e towards t h e v i c t i m . These r e s u l t s l e d B e r k o w i t z t o p o s t u l a t e a c l a s s i c a l c o n d i t i o n i n g model o f a g g r e s s i o n . S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e model s t a t e s t h a t an i n d i v i d u a l w i l l r e a c t \" i m p u l s i v e l y \" o r \" a u t o m a t i c a l l y \" t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t i m u l i a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a g g r e s s i o n ( e . g . , weapons), p r o v i d e d t h a t the i n d i v i d u a l i s ' s e t ' o r r e a d y t o a c t a g g r e s s i v e l y (as when an g e r e d o r i n s u l t e d ) . A l t h o u g h t h e f i n d i n g s f r o m l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s r e l a t i n g t h e o b s e r v a t i o n o f a g g r e s s i o n w i t h i n c r e a s e d a g g r e s s i v e n e s s have been c o n -s i s t e n t f o r b o t h c h i l d r e n and a d u l t s (Bandura, 1965; B a r o n , 1971; B e r k o w i t z , 1967; Geen & S t o n n e r , 1972; G e l f a n d & Hartmann, 1969; H i c k s , 1965; W a t t e r s & Brown, 1963), some p s y c h o l o g i s t s a r e r e l u c t a n t t o draw d e f i n i t e c o n c l u s i o n s f r o m t h e s e s t u d i e s . The c r i t i c s argue t h a t i t i s i n v a l i d t o e x t r a p o l a t e from t h e s e l a b o r a t o r y s t u d i e s t o t h e r e a l w o r l d o f t h e t e l e v i s i o n v i e w e r . These arguments stem from c e r t a i n l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e l a b o r a t o r y f i n d i n g s . F o r example, c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e t e l e -v i s i o n programmes o r f i l m s were n o t employed i n some e x p e r i m e n t s (Bandura, Ross, & R o s s , 1963; Bandura, 1965). One c o u l d a rgue t h a t i f one o f t h e g o a l s o f l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s i s t o g e n e r a l i z e t o t h e v i e w i n g o f v i o l e n c e on t e l e v i s i o n , t h e s t i m u l u s m a t e r i a l s h o u l d , a t l e a s t , be r e a l i s t i c . F u r t h e r , when t e l e v i s i o n programmes o r f i l m s were employed ( B e r k o w i t z , 1975, 1966, e t c . ) , t h e e x c e r p t s were shown out of c o n t e x t f o r v e r y l i m i t e d t i m e p e r i o d s ( e . g . , 5 m i n u t e s , 7 m i n u t e s ) . 4 This kind of s i t u a t i o n , then, i s not analogous to one i n which complete programmes are shown, and i t i s l i k e l y that the impact of viewing an i s o l a t e d v i o l e n t f i l m sequence i s quite d i f f e r e n t from the e f f e c t s of viewing an e n t i r e f i l m . For example, research indicates that for adults exposure to j u s t i f i e d violence r e s u l t s i n increased aggressive behaviour i n contrast to violence which i s portrayed as u n j u s t i f i e d (Berkowitz, 1965). S i m i l a r l y , for school aged c h i l d r e n the consequences of violence (whether the aggressor i s punished or not) are important determinants of i m i t a t i v e responding (Bandura, 1965). This type of information, which may be evident i n f u l l - l e n g t h f i l m s or t e l e v i s i o n programmes, i s often missing i n the short f i l m excerpts. On the other hand, for very young chi l d r e n , the presence or absence of negative consequences does l i t t l e to reduce the impact of t e l e v i s e d violence ( C o l l i n s , Berndt, & Hess, 1974; L e i f e r & Roberts, 1972; Stein & F r i e d r i c h , 1975). Another problem i s that exposure to the stimulus material occurs once so only short-term e f f e c t s of viewing aggression are tested. Yet the long-term e f f e c t s of exposure to violence might d i f f e r . For example, a f t e r repeated exposure, a cumulative hypothesis would predict an i n -crease i n aggression. A l t e r n a t i v e l y , s a t i a t i o n or habituation to ag-gression could occur, r e s u l t i n g i n a lessened l i k e l i h o o d of the expres-sion of aggression (Gewirtz, 1967). Furthermore, there i s evidence to suggest that repeated exposure to filmed violence r e s u l t s i n l e s s emo-t i o n a l r e a c t i v i t y to aggressive d i s p l a y s ; that i s , d e s e n s i t i z a t i o n to violence occurs (Cline, C r o f t , & Courrier, 1973), as does increased tolerance of aggression i n one's ' r e a l ' environment (Drabman & Thomas, 1973). 5 F u r t h e r p r o b l e m s a r i s e because s u b j e c t s a r e t e s t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r e x p o s u r e t o t h e a g g r e s s i v e model o r f i l m , and t h u s t h e q u e s t i o n o f r e t e n t i o n becomes an i s s u e . That i s , i f t h e s u b j e c t does n o t im-m e d i a t e l y p e r f o r m t h e o b s e r v e d a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r , how l o n g w i l l t h a t b e h a v i o u r be r e t a i n e d ? H i c k s (1965) found t h a t c h i l d r e n ' s i m i t a t i v e b e h a v i o u r s were r e t a i n e d f o r as l o n g as s i x months. However, as e a c h c h i l d was t e s t e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r e x p o s u r e and p e r f o r m e d the b e h a v i o u r t h e n , r e t e n t i o n c o u l d be due as much t o t h e p r a c t i c e d u r i n g t h i s f i r s t t e s t i n g as t o the o r i g i n a l o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e b e h a v i o u r . A l s o , i n e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n s , i n h i b i t i n g f a c t o r s a g a i n s t a g g r e s s i n g , s u c h as the s a l i e n c e o f s o c i a l norms, and r i s k o f r e t a l i a t i o n a r e t y p i c a l l y a b s e n t . I n some c a s e s t h e v i c t i m i s not even seen o r h e a r d ( B e r k o w i t z , 1965). Y e t t h e f e e d b a c k o f p a i n has been shown t o be an i m p o r t a n t i n h i b i t o r o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g ( M i l g r a m , 1965; B a r o n , 1971a, 1971b). I n c o n c l u s i o n , i t has been a r g u e d t h a t l a b o r a t o r y i n d u c e d a g g r e s s i o n ( t h r o u g h i n s u l t i n g t h e s u b j e c t o r a d m i n i s t e r i n g e l e c t r i c s h o c k s ) , m i g h t no t be r e p r o d u c e d i n t h e r e a l w o r l d , due t o t h e absence o f v a r i o u s i n h i b i t o r s i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . A f u r t h e r f e a t u r e o f e x p e r i m e n t a l paradigms l i m i t i n g g e n e r a l i z a t i o n i s t h e dependent measure o f a g g r e s s i o n employed. I s t h e p h y s i c a l a t t a c k a g a i n s t an i n a n i m a t e o b j e c t s u c h as t h e Bobo d o l l a r e a l i s t i c measure o f a g g r e s s i o n ( T e d e s c h i , S m i t h , & Brown, 1974; K l a p p e r , 1968)? T y p i c a l l y , i t i s a r g u e d , t h i s measure i s p l a y a c t i v i t y w h i c h may b e a r l i t t l e o r no r e l a t i o n s h i p t o i n t e r p e r s o n a l a g g r e s s i o n . However, t h e r e i s r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t i n g t h a t Bobo d o l l t r a i n i n g does t r a n s f e r t o i n t e r -p e r s o n a l s i t u a t i o n s ( W a l t e r s & Brown, 1963; S t e u e r , A p p l e f i e l d , & S m i t h , 6 1971), o r t o s i t u a t i o n s where the t a r g e t o f a g g r e s s i o n i s a human d r e s s e d as a c l o w n ( H a n r a t t y , L i e b e r t , M o r r i s , & Fer n a n d e z , 1969). F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e a r e r e a l l i f e examples i n w h i c h b e h a v i o u r i s a c q u i r e d i n ' p l a y c o n t e x t s ' and t h e n p e r f o r m e d , t h r o u g h t r a n s f e r , i n i n t e r p e r s o n a l c o n t e x t s ( f o r example, s o l d i e r s l e a r n t o use b a y o n e t s by a t t a c k i n g s t u f f e d s a c k s ; b o x e r s l e a r n and p r a c t i c e t h e i r s k i l l s on p u n c h i n g bags and s p a r r i n g p a r t n e r s ) . F i n a l l y , a n o t h e r i n d e x o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r used e x t e n s i v e l y i n th e l a b o r a t o r y i s t h e Buss (1966) a g g r e s s i o n machine, whereby an i n d i -v i d u a l has t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f d e l i v e r i n g e l e c t r i c shocks o f v a r y i n g i n t e n s i t y t o a n o t h e r p e r s o n . A l t h o u g h t h e i n d e x has been c r i t i c i z e d as n o t b e i n g an i n d i c a t i o n o f a g g r e s s i o n because o f t h e l a c k o f s a n c t i o n s a g a i n s t s h o c k i n g t h e ' v i c t i m ' , t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h i s p r o c e d u r e has been d e m o n s t r a t e d . B e r k o w i t z , P a r k e , L e y e n s , and West (1975) f o u n d a p o s i -t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p between c o u n s e l o r r a t i n g s o f a d o l e s c e n t boys' a g g r e s s i o n and t h e i n t e n s i t y o f e l e c t r i c s h o c k s d e l i v e r e d by t h e boys i n t h e Buss s i t u a t i o n . S i m i l i a r l y , c h i l d r e n who were r a t e d a g g r e s s i v e .by. t h e i r -p e e r s were more l i k e l y t o d e l i v e r n o x i o u s n o i s e s t o t h e i r p e e r s i n an e x p e r i m e n t a l t a s k ( W i l l i a m s , Meyerson, E r o n , & Se m l e r , 1967). I n sum, t h e l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s on v i e w i n g f i l m e d o r modeled a g g r e s s i o n and an o b s e r v e r ' s subsequent a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r s u g g e s t the f o l l o w i n g : v i o l e n c e d e p i c t e d on t e l e v i s i o n can be mimicked by o b s e r v e r s e i t h e r i m m e d i a t e l y o r s h o r t l y a f t e r i t s p r e s e n t a t i o n ; and, under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s ( f o r example, i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a g g r e s s i o n - e l i c i t i n g cues o r anger a r o u s a l ) , t e l e v i s e d v i o l e n c e can i n s t i g a t e an i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e a c t s . 7 Due t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e s e l a b o r a t o r y f i n d i n g s and the pr o b l e m s i n h e r e n t i n l a b o r a t o r y r e s e a r c h , t h e r e has been i n c r e a s i n g i n t e r e s t i n d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e e f f e c t s o f e x p o s u r e t o media v i o l e n c e on i n t e r p e r s o n a l b e h a v i o u r i n n a t u r a l i s t i c c o n t e x t s . The f i e l d a p p r o a c h can be s e p a r a t e d i n t o two b a s i c m e t h o d o l o g i e s . I n c o r r e l a t i o n a l r e s e a r c h , no m a n i p u l a -t i o n o c c u r s , b u t i n s t e a d s u r v e y s o r o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e c o n d u c t e d t o d e t e r -mine i f two ( o r more) v a r i a b l e s a r e r e l a t e d . I n e x p e r i m e n t a l f i e l d s t u d i e s , n a t u r a l i s t i c o b s e r v a t i o n i s combined w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l m a n i p u l a -t i o n . Feshba/ck and S i n g e r (1971) c o n d u c t e d a f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t s o f s u s t a i n e d e x p o s u r e t o p r e d o m i n a n t l y a g g r e s s i v e o r non-a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n c o n t e n t on a g g r e s s i v e v a l u e s and b e h a v i o u r . Boys i n t h r e e p r i v a t e s c h o o l s ( c o n s i s t i n g o f upper m i d d l e c l a s s y o u n g s t e r s ) , and boys i n f o u r homes ( p r e d o m i n a n t l y l o w e r c l a s s ) were exposed t o an a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n d i e t o r a n o n a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n d i e t f o r s i x weeks. A number o f measures o f a g g r e s s i o n were employed, i n c l u d i n g p r o j e c t i v e t e s t s , a t t i t u d e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s , and a b e h a v i o u r r a t i n g s c a l e , c o m p l e t e d d a i l y f o r each boy by h i s t e a c h e r , s u p e r v i s o r , o r house p a r e n t . A g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r was r a t e d r e t r o s p e c t i v e l y a t t h e end o f ea c h day. The r a t e r n o t e d whether t h e a g g r e s s i o n was d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t p e e r s o r a u t h o r i t y , whether t h e a g g r e s s i o n was p r o v o k e d o r unprovoked, and whether i t was m i l d o r m o d e r a t e l y s t r o n g . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t boys exposed t o n o n a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n c o n t e n t were more a g g r e s s i v e t h a n boys exposed t o a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n c o n t e n t , b o t h i n terms o f a g g r e s s i o n towards p e e r s and a u t h o r i t y f i g u r e s . When t h e d a t a were r e a n a l y z e d , t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e 8 i n s t i t u t i o n s i n v o l v e d , t h e above d i f f e r e n c e o n l y h e l d f o r boys i n t h e homes, n o t f o r t h o s e i n t h e p r i v a t e s c h o o l s . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e e x p e r i -m e n t a l r e s u l t s were more pronounced f o r boys i n i t i a l l y h i g h i n a g g r e s -s i v e b e h a v i o u r o r t h o s e i n i t i a l l y low i n TAT f a n t a s y a g g r e s s i o n . Feshbach and S i n g e r c o n c l u d e d t h a t : i ) e x p o s u r e t o a g g r e s s i v e c o n t e n t on t e l e v i s i o n does n o t l e a d t o an i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r ; and i i ) e x p o s u r e t o a g g r e s s i v e c o n t e n t on t e l e v i s i o n seems t o r e d u c e o r c o n t r o l t h e e x p r e s s i o n o f a g g r e s s i o n i n boys f r o m r e l a t i v e l y l o w s o c i o -economic b a c k g r o u n d s , who a r e a l r e a d y a g g r e s s i v e , o r t h o s e who do n o t e x p r e s s f a n t a s y a g g r e s s i o n . Feshbach and S i n g e r ' s (1971) f i n d i n g s and c o n c l u s i o n s appear t o c o n t r a d i c t t h o s e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s . However, i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e s e r e s u l t s has been c h a l l e n g e d . L i e b e r t , S o b o l , and D a v i d s o n (1971) p r o p o s e d f o u r major m e t h o d o l o g i c a l drawbacks t o t h e s t u d y : 1. The r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e p r i m a r y dependent measure ( t h e b e h a v i o u r r a t i n g s c a l e ) was n o t e s t a b l i s h e d . 2. The a g g r e s s i v e programmes were l i k e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y more t h a n t h e n o n a g g r e s s i v e programmes ( C h a f f e e & McLeod, 1972), i m p l y i n g an a l t e r n a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s . Boys i n t h e c o n t r o l group c o u l d have been more a g g r e s s i v e a f t e r s i x weeks because t h e y r e s e n t e d b e i n g r e s t r i c t e d t o n o n a g g r e s s i v e programmes w h i c h t h e y l i k e d l e s s , and t h i s r e s e n t m e n t was e x p r e s s e d i n an i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e n e s s . 3. The r a t e r s were n o t b l i n d t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s , were u n t r a i n e d and r e c o r d e d t h e b e h a v i o u r s r e t r o s p e c t i v e l y . The p o s s i b i l i t y 9 of r e s p o n s e b i a s cannot be e l i m i n a t e d . 4. The e x p e r i m e n t a l and c o n t r o l groups were t r e a t e d d i f f e r e n t l y on d i m e n s i o n s o t h e r t h a n t h e m a n i p u l a t i o n o f t h e i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . F o r example, t h e e x p e r i m e n t e r s p e r m i t t e d c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s i n two o f t h e boys' homes t o see an a g g r e s s i v e show a f t e r t h e boys had e x p r e s s e d v e r y s t r o n g o b j e c t i o n s t o b e i n g p r e v e n t e d f r o m w a t c h i n g t h e i r f a v o u r i t e show. Thus, a n o t h e r r i v a l h y p o t h e s i s c o u l d be p o s t u l a t e d : h a v i n g g a i n e d some c o n t r o l o v e r t h e s i t u a t i o n by o b j e c t i n g , t h e boys t h e n r e a l i z e d t h e y c o u l d g e t t h e i r own way by c o m p l a i n i n g , g r u m b l i n g , b r e a k i n g t h e r u l e s , e t c . , a l l o f w h i c h were measures on t h e b e h a v i o u r r a t i n g s c a l e . F u r t h e r i n a r e p l i c a t i o n of t h e Feshbach and S i n g e r s t u d y , W e l l s (1971) f a i l e d t o f i n d s u p p o r t i n g e v i d e n c e . W e l l s f o u n d t h a t boys who watched o n l y n o n a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n were more v e r b a l l y a g g r e s s i v e t h a n t h o s e who watched o n l y a g g r e s s i v e shows, and t h e l a t t e r , i n t u r n , d i s p l a y e d more p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n . W e l l s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e d p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s u b j e c t s stemmed f r o m t h e s t i m u -l a t i o n o f \" a c t i o n - a d v e n t u r e \" shows, whereas t h e i n c r e a s e d v e r b a l a g g r e s -s i o n f r o m t h e c o n t r o l s u b j e c t s r e f l e c t e d t h e i r d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n i n n o t b e i n g a l l o w e d t o w a tch t h e \" a c t i o n - a d v e n t u r e \" shows. S t e i n and F r i e d r i c h ' s (1971) s t u d y o f t h e i n f l u e n c e o f a g g r e s s i v e , p r o s o c i a l and n e u t r a l t e l e v i s i o n shows on c h i l d r e n ' s i n t e r p e r s o n a l b e h a v i o u r i n a n a t u r a l i s t i c s i t u a t i o n s u p p o r t e d W e l l s ' c o n c l u s i o n s . F o r a p e r i o d o f n i n e weeks, n i n e t y - s e v e n n u r s e r y s c h o o l c h i l d r e n p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t . D u r i n g t h e f i r s t t h r e e weeks, t h e c h i l d r e n were 10 o b s e r v e d i n f r e e p l a y t o a s c e r t a i n b a s e l i n e r a t e s o f t h e i r a g g r e s s i v e and p r o s o c i a l b e h a v i o u r . F o r t h e f o l l o w i n g f o u r weeks, t h e c h i l d r e n were exposed t o e i t h e r a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n programmes (Batman and Superman c a r t o o n s ) , p r o s o c i a l t e l e v i s i o n programmes ( M i s t e r Roger's Neighbourhood) o r n e u t r a l c h i l d r e n ' s f i l m s . D u r i n g t h i s f o u r week p e r i o d and t h e two p o s t v i e w i n g weeks, c o d e r s o b s e r v e d t h e c h i l d r e n i n f r e e p l a y . C h i l d r e n i n i t i a l l y h i g h i n i n t e r p e r s o n a l a g g r e s s i o n who were exposed t o a g g r e s s i v e programmes s u b s e q u e n t l y d i s p l a y e d g r e a t e r a g g r e s -s i o n t h a n c h i l d r e n exposed t o n e u t r a l o r p r o s o c i a l shows. C h i l d r e n i n i t i a l l y l o w i n a g g r e s s i o n d i d n o t r e s p o n d d i f f e r e n t i a l l y t o t h e t h r e e t r e a t m e n t c o n d i t i o n s . There was a l s o e v i d e n c e t h a t t e l e v i s i o n can p l a y a p o s i t i v e r o l e i n c h i l d r e n ' s s o c i a l development: t h o s e c h i l d r e n e x-posed t o t h e p r o s o c i a l programmes showed h i g h e r l e v e l s o f s e l f - c o n t r o l l i n g b e h a v i o u r and t a s k p e r s i s t e n c e t h a n c h i l d r e n exposed t o n e u t r a l o r a g g r e s s i v e shows. S t e u e r , A p p l e f i e l d , and Sm i t h (1971) o b t a i n e d f u r t h e r v a l i d a t i o n t h a t v i e w i n g a g g r e s s i o n i n c r e a s e s a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r i n c h i l d r e n . They s t u d i e d t e n p r e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n , c o m p r i s i n g a r a c i a l l y and s o c i o -e c o n o m i c a l l y mixed group. F i r s t , t h e c h i l d r e n were matched i n t o p a i r s on t h e b a s i s o f t h e amount o f t i m e t h e y spent v i e w i n g t e l e v i s i o n a t home. Then t h e c h i l d r e n were o b s e r v e d i n f r e e p l a y f o r t e n days t o e s t a b l i s h a b a s e l i n e r a t e o f a g g r e s s i o n . D u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g e l e v e n d a y s , one member o f t h e p a i r v i e w e d an a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n programme d a i l y , w h i l e t h e o t h e r member v i e w e d a n o n a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n programme. Each day o b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e c h i l d r e n i n f r e e p l a y p r o v i d e d measures o f i n t e r p e r s o n a l p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n . By t h e end o f t h e e l e v e n d a y s , 11 c h i l d r e n i n t h e a g g r e s s i v e t r e a t m e n t group were more a g g r e s s i v e t h a n c h i l d r e n i n t h e matched c o n t r o l group, s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e t e l e v i s i o n t r e a t m e n t had an e f f e c t on t h e c h i l d r e n ' s i n t e r p e r s o n a l a g g r e s s i v e be-h a v i o u r . The r e s u l t s a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o f two p a r t i c u l a r c h i l d r e n i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l group was d i s c r e p a n t i n t h a t i t i n c r e a s e d more s l o w l y t h a n t h e b e h a v i o u r o f o t h e r c h i l d r e n exposed t o t h e a g g r e s s i v e programmes. S t e u e r and h i s c o l l e a g u e s p r o -posed two a l t e r n a t i v e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s f o r t h i s f i n d i n g : e i t h e r t h e two c h i l d r e n were r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e a g g r e s s i v e t e l e v i s i o n programmes i n t h e same way as t h e o t h e r c h i l d r e n b u t t h e r e was a l a t e n c y e f f e c t . A l t e r n a -t i v e l y a s e c o n d a r y e x p o s u r e e f f e c t might have been o p e r a t i n g ; t h a t i s , whereas most o f t h e c h i l d r e n were i n f l u e n c e d by t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l mani-p u l a t i o n , t h e two d i s c r e p a n t c h i l d r e n may have been d i s p l a y i n g more h o s t i l i t y i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e o t h e r c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i o n r a t h e r t h a n i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e f i l m . A n o t h e r p o s s i b l e s e c o n d a r y e x p o s u r e e f f e c t i s p e e r m o d e l l i n g ( P a r k e , B e r k o w i t z , L e y e n s , West, & S e b a s t i a n , 1975). A c h i l d may n o t d i r e c t l y i m i t a t e what he o r she has seen on t e l e v i s i o n b u t may, i n s t e a d , i m i t a t e a n o t h e r c h i l d .who has . been a f f e c t e d by t h e t e l e v i s e d v i o l e n c e . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e l i k e l i h o o d o f i m i t a t i n g a p e e r ' s a g g r e s s i v e a c t i o n s o r r e t a l i a t i n g a g a i n s t an a t t a c k e r may be i n c r e a s e d a f t e r w a t c h i n g an ag-g r e s s i v e f i l m , even though t h e f i l m i t s e l f may n o t have e l i c i t e d a g g r e s -s i v e r e s p o n d i n g . P a r k e e t a l . ' s (1975) c o n c l u s i o n s were drawn f r o m a s e r i e s , o f f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s . Boys who watched v i o l e n t movies - were more a g g r e s s i v e t h a n boys who v i e w e d n e u t r a l f i l m s . The s u b j e c t s were 14-18 y e a r o l d boys from d e l i n q u e n t homes. The s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d i n 12 f o u r phases o v e r a seven week p e r i o d . O b s e r v a t i o n s o f t h e boys' be-h a v i o u r d u r i n g f r e e p l a y i n t h e f i r s t t h r e e weeks c o n s t i t u t e d t h e b a s e -l i n e l e v e l o f a g g r e s s i o n . D u r i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g week, f i v e f i l m s were shown; boys i n one c o t t a g e ( t h e b a s i c u n i t i n t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a l c e n t r e w h i c h housed a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h i r t y boys) v i e w e d a c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e a g g r e s s i v e movie each n i g h t , w h i l e boys i n t h e second c o t t a g e watched a n e u t r a l n o n a g g r e s s i v e f i l m . Coders o b s e r v e d t h e boys' b e h a v i o u r b o t h b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e f i l m . ( V i e w i n g t e l e v i s i o n was n o t p e r m i t t e d d u r i n g t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l week..) On t h e day f o l l o w i n g the f i n a l f i l m , t h e boys f r o m b o t h c o t t a g e s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n a l a b o r a t o r y assessment of a g g r e s s i o n (amount o f e l e c t r i c shock a d m i n i s t e r e d t o a c o n f e d e r a t e ) , under e i t h e r a n g e r e d o r nonangered c o n d i t i o n s . D u r i n g t h e f i n a l t h r e e weeks o f t h e s t u d y , any l o n g - t e r m e f f e c t s o f t h e f i l m s on t h e boys' a g g r e s s i v e be-h a v i o u r s were a s s e s s e d . The r e s u l t s s u p p o r t e d t h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t ex-p o s u r e t o f i l m e d v i o l e n c e i n c r e a s e d a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r i n t h e v i e w e r s , and a g a i n , i t was t h e h i g h l y a g g r e s s i v e boys who were most a f f e c t e d . As m e n t i o n e d p r e v i o u s l y , a second m e t h o d o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h t o c o l l e c t i n g d a t a i n t h e f i e l d has been t h e c o r r e l a t i o n a l s u r v e y s t u d y . Himmelweit, Oppenheim, and V i n c e (1958) compared c h i l d r e n who d i d n o t have t e l e v i s i o n and t h o s e who d i d on a number of measures. The measures o f a g g r e s s i o n c o n s i s t e d o f t e a c h e r r a t i n g s f o r each c h i l d . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t no d i f f e r e n c e i n a g g r e s s i o n e x i s t e d between v i e w e r s and n o n v i e w e r s . Schramm, L y l e , and P a r k e r (1961) c o l l e c t e d s i m i l a r d a t a i n Canada and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . They s t u d i e d two C a n a d i a n towns one o f w h i c h had t e l e v i s i o n r e c e p t i o n . The measure o f a g g r e s s i o n was a s e l f -r e p o r t q u e s t i o n n a i r e , i n w h i c h t h e s u b j e c t s i n d i c a t e d t h e i r agreement 13 o r d i s a g r e e m e n t w i t h t w e n t y - f o u r s t a t e m e n t s ( f o r example, \" I don't see a n y t h i n g e s p e c i a l l y wrong about a f i g h t between two groups o f t e e n a g e r s ; i t ' s t h e i r b u s i n e s s , and a d u l t s s h o u l d s t a y out o f i t \" ) . The s i x t h grade c h i l d r e n i n Canada who d i d n o t have t e l e v i s i o n were more a g g r e s -s i v e t h a n s u b j e c t s who d i d have t e l e v i s i o n . There was no d i f f e r e n c e be-tween t h e two towns f o r t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e t e n t h grade on t h e a g g r e s -s i o n measure. I n t h e A m e r i c a n p a r t of t h e s t u d y , t h e c h i l d r e n were d i v i d e d i n t o groups who were h i g h o r low i n t h e number o f h o u r s spent w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n and h i g h o r low i n t h e amount o f p r i n t e d m a t e r i a l t h e y r e a d . C h i l d r e n c l a s s i f i e d as h i g h t e l e v i s i o n / l o w p r i n t were h i g h e r i n a g g r e s s i o n t h a n c h i l d r e n c l a s s i f i e d as low t e l e v i s i o n / h i g h p r i n t . Schramm e t a l . c o n c l u d e d t h a t : \" F o r some c h i l d r e n , under some c o n d i t i o n s , some t e l e v i s i o n i s h a r m f u l . F o r o t h e r c h i l d r e n under t h e same c o n d i t i o n s , o r f o r t h e same c h i l d r e n under o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s , i t may be b e n e f i c i a l . F o r most c h i l d r e n , under most c o n d i t i o n s , most t e l e v i s i o n i s p r o b a b l y n e i t h e r p a r t i c u l a r l y h a r m f u l n o r p a r t i c u l a r l y b e n e f i c i a l \" ( p . l ) . The two p r e c e d i n g s t u d i e s c o n t a i n two major m e t h o d o l o g i c a l p roblems ( L i e b e r t , 1973). F i r s t t h e measures o f a g g r e s s i o n were i n a d e q u a t e . I n t h e Himmelweit e t a l . s t u d y t h e t e a c h e r s were a s k e d t o i n d i c a t e o n l y whether a c h i l d was a g g r e s s i v e o r n o t , t h e y were n o t a s k e d t o r e p o r t o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e l a t e d t o a g g r e s i o n , f o r example, b o s s i n e s s , l o u d n e s s , e t c . I n t h e second s t u d y (Schramm e t a l . , 1961), o n l y 4 o f t h e 24 s e l f - r e p o r t measures were c o n c e r n e d w i t h a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r . The second m e t h o d o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m was t h a t a g g r e s s i o n was r e l a t e d t o t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a t e l e v i s i o n i n t h e home and n o t t o what t h e c h i l d r e n a c t u a l l y watched o r r e p o r t e d w a t c h i n g . I t i s n o t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f 14 t e l e v i s i o n p e r se w h i c h has an e f f e c t i n i n c r e a s i n g c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s -s i o n , b u t r a t h e r , t h e a c t of w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n and, more p o s s i b l y , t h e e x p o s u r e t o v i o l e n c e on t e l e v i s i o n . One o f t h e few l o n g i t u d i n a l s t u d i e s c o n d u c t e d s u p p o r t e d t h e p r e m i s e t h a t w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n v i o l e n c e i n c r e a s e s a g g r e s s i v e be-h a v i o u r ( E r o n , Huesmann, L e f k o w i t z , & W a l d e r , 1972). I n f o r m a t i o n was f i r s t c o l l e c t e d on measures o f a g g r e s s i o n and p o t e n t i a l p r e d i c t o r s o f a g g r e s s i o n when c h i l d r e n were i n t h e t h i r d grade. The main measure o f a g g r e s s i o n c o n s i s t e d of p e e r n o m i n a t i o n s ; t h a t i s , each c h i l d n ominated any o f h i s o r h e r c l a s s m a t e s on t e n i t e m s d e s c r i b i n g a g g r e s s i o n . Then, mothers were i n t e r v i e w e d t o o b t a i n t h e c h i l d r e n ' s t e l e v i s i o n p r e f e r e n c e s . P r e f e r e n c e s f o r v i o l e n t t e l e v i s i o n and a g g r e s s i o n were p o s i t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h p e e r n o m i n a t i o n s but f o r boys o n l y . Ten y e a r s l a t e r , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s c o n d u c t e d t h e second phase of t h e s t u d y . The t e e n a g e r s (now 18-19 y e a r s o l d ) a g a i n n ominated t h o s e among t h e i r p e e r s who were con-s i d e r e d t o be a g g r e s s i v e and gave t h e i r own t e l e v i s i o n programming p r e -f e r e n c e s . A h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p was o b t a i n e d between p r e -f e r e n c e f o r v i o l e n t t e l e v i s i o n i n t h e t h i r d grade and a g g r e s s i v e h a b i t s , as i n d i c a t e d by p e e r n o m i n a t i o n s , t e n y e a r s l a t e r . U s i n g c r o s s l a g g e d p a n e l c o r r e l a t i o n s and p a r t i a l c o r r e l a t i o n s , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e s i n g l e most p l a u s i b l e h y p o t h e s i s f o r t h e i r r e s u l t s was t h a t p r e f e r e n c e f o r w a t c h i n g v i o l e n t t e l e v i s i o n i n t h e t h i r d grade c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e development o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r . E r o n e t a l . do n o t argue t h a t t e l e v i s i o n v i o l e n c e i s t h e o n l y cause o f a g g r e s i v e b e h a v i o u r s , but t h e y do argue t h a t t e l e v i s i o n v i o l e n c e e x p l a i n s a l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e v a r i a n c e t h a n any o t h e r s i n g l e f a c t o r s t u d i e d . 15 A few o f t h e problems w i t h t h i s s t u d y a r e t h o s e i n h e r e n t i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f l o n g i t u d i n a l d a t a . C h a f f e e (1972) arg u e d t h e need f o r l o n g i t u d i n a l d a t a t o be r e s t r i c t e d w i t h i n a homogeneous l i f e c y c l e p e r i o d , t h a t i s , e i t h e r c h i l d h o o d o r a d o l e s c e n c e but n o t from one t o t h e o t h e r . A d d i t i o n a l l y , how do changes i n s o c i e t y o v e r a t e n y e a r p e r i o d a f f e c t t h e r e s u l t s i n a l o n g i t u d i n a l s t u d y ? I f t h e p e r i o d between d a t a c o l l e c t i o n s i s r e d u c e d ( f o r example, two t o t h r e e y e a r s ) , t h e changes, i f any, i n s o c i e t y would l i k e l y be l e s s , r a d i c a l . C h a f f e e a l s o d i s c u s s e s some o f t h e m e t h o d o l o g i c a l problems o f t h e E r o n e t a l . s t u d y . F o r example, programme p r e f e r e n c e s a t t i m e 1 were o b t a i n e d by p a r e n t a l r e -p o r t , w h i c h can v a r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m a c h i l d ' s s e l f - r e p o r t ( G r e e n b e r g , E r i c s o n , & V l a h o s , 1971), whereas programme p r e f e r e n c e s a t t i m e 2 were s e l f - r e p o r t e d . P e e r n o m i n a t i o n s a t t i m e 1 were f o r t h e p r e s e n t and r e s t r i c t e d t o c l a s s m a t e s a t t h a t t i m e , whereas a t t i m e 2, p e e r nomina-t i o n s were r e t r o s p e c t i v e and n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e c l a s s m a t e s a t t h a t t i m e . That i s , t h e t e e n a g e r s were a s k e d t o nominate any o f t h e i r c l a s s -mates i n t h e l a s t t e n y e a r s , whom t h e y p e r c e i v e d t o be a g g r e s s i v e . The m a j o r i t y o f s t u d i e s r e v i e w e d i n d i c a t e t h a t v i e w i n g v i o l e n c e on t e l e v i s i o n does a f f e c t a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r . There i s , however, enough i n c o n c l u s i v e e v i d e n c e , m e t h o d o l o g i c a l c r i t i c i s m ( f o r example, i n t h e s t u d i e s o f Feshbach & S i n g e r , 1971; E r o n e t a l . , 1972; Himmelweit e t a l . , 1958; Schramm e t a l . , 1961) and t h e use o f s p e c i a l s u b j e c t s , t h u s l i m i t i n g g e n e r a l i z a b i l i t y (as i n B e r k o w i t z e t a l . , 1975; Feshbach & S i n g e r , 1971), t o w a r r a n t f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h , e s p e c i a l l y i n n a t u r a l i s t i c s e t t i n g s . The p r e s e n t l o n g i t u d i n a l s t u d y was b a s e d on a n a t u r a l e x p e r i m e n t 16 i n t h r e e s m a l l towns i n B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , Canada. I n d e s i g n i n g t h e s t u d y some o f t h e p roblems m e n t i o n e d i n p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h were t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t ( f o r example, m u l t i p l e measures o f a g g r e s s i o n , i n c l u d i n g f r e e p l a y b e h a v i o u r s , were c o l l e c t e d and c h i l d r e n ' s t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h a b i t s were r e c o r d e d ) . The s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f two y e a r s (1973 t o 1975). C r o s s - s e c t i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n s were made between t h r e e groups o f c h i l d r e n who were exposed t o d i f f e r i n g amounts o f t e l e -v i s i o n . S p e c i f i c a l l y , i n t h e i n i t i a l phase o f t h e s t u d y ( 1 9 7 3 ) , c h i l d -r e n i n t h e town c a l l e d N o t e l had v e r y l i m i t e d e x p o s u r e t o t e l e v i s i o n ; t h a t i s , a l t h o u g h some o f t h e c h i l d r e n may have seen t e l e v i s i o n w h i l e v i s i t i n g f r i e n d s o r r e l a t i v e s , t h e town i t s e l f d i d not have t e l e v i s i o n r e c e p t i o n and c h i l d r e n c o u l d n o t w a tch i t r e g u l a r l y i n t h e i r homes. (See A p p e n d i x J f o r c h i l d r e n ' s t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h o u r s p e r week i n N o t e l , U n i t e l , and M u l t i t e l a t t i m e 1 and t i m e 2. The d a t a f o r N o t e l c h i l d r e n a t t i m e 1 i n d i c a t e t h a t 70% d i d n o t w a t c h t e l e v i s i o n . ) A t t h e second phase of d a t a c o l l e c t i o n (.1975) , t e l e v i s i o n had been a v a i l a b l e i n N o t e l f o r two y e a r s . D u r i n g t h i s t i m e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90% o f t h e town's p o p u l a t i o n r e c e i v e d t e l e v i s i o n i n t h e i r homes. The second town, U n i t e l , r e c e i v e d two C a n a d i a n s t a t i o n s d u r i n g b o t h phases ( b o t h CBC, b u t from d i f f e r e n t t r a n s m i t t e r s , t h e r e f o r e , t h e c o n t e n t o f each c h a n n e l v a r i e d s l i g h t l y ) . The t h i r d town, M u l t i t e l , r e c e i v e d C a n a d i a n (CBC) and A m e r i c a n (ABC, CBS, NBC) s t a t i o n s a t b o t h phases. A l l t h r e e A m e r i c a n n e t w o r k s and t h e C a n a d i a n c h a n n e l were a v a i l a b l e o n l y t o t h o s e p e o p l e who were on c a b l e t e l e v i s i o n , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 85% o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . Those p e o p l e n o t on c a b l e r e c e i v e d o n l y CBS. The t h r e e towns were comparable on v a r i o u s demographic d i m e n s i o n s , s u c h as s i z e , c l i m a t e , 17 d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e n e a r e s t u r b a n c e n t r e , s o c i o e c o n o m i c l e v e l s , e t c . The r e l e v a n t demographic d a t a a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 1 and a l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e towns, t h e s e were j u d g e d t o be m i n o r and the towns were c o n s i d e r e d g e n e r a l l y c o m p a r a b l e . 1 M u l t i p l e measures o f a g g r e s s i o n were c o l l e c t e d and c o n s i s t e d o f o b s e r v i n g c h i l d r e n ' s b e h a v i o u r i n f r e e p l a y and p e e r and t e a c h e r r a t i n g s o f a g g r e s s i o n . The f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e s e s were t e s t e d : H y p o t h e s i s 1: Based on s o c i a l l e a r n i n g t h e o r y (Bandura, 1963), t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r of c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l was e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2. That i s , t h r o u g h e x p o s u r e t o a g g r e s s i v e models on t e l e v i s i o n , c h i l d r e n ' s i n h i b i t i o n s a g a i n s t a c t i n g i n an a g g r e s s i v e manner m i g h t be r e d u c e d . To t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s , t h e same c h i l d r e n were ob-s e r v e d two y e a r s a f t e r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t e l e v i s i o n . To a s s e s s any c o n f o u n d i n g e f f e c t s due t o age d i f f e r e n c e s , d a t a were c o l l e c t e d a t t i m e 2 from c h i l d r e n i n g r a d e s 1 and 2, who were t h e same age as t h e c h i l d r e n i n i t i a l l y s t u d i e d . S i n c e t h e v i e w i n g o f t e l e v i s i o n was h y p o t h e s i z e d t o a f f e c t t h e c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e n e s s , i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e c h i l d r e n ' s t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h a b i t s was a l s o o b t a i n e d . H y p o t h e s i s 2: S i n c e t h e s o c i a l l e a r n i n g / m o d e l l i n g a p p r o a c h a l s o i m p l i e s an a c q u i s i t i o n o f new forms o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r , t h e a g g r e s -s i v e r e p e r t o i r e s o f c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l were e x p e c t e d t o change f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e p e r t o i r e s o f N o t e l c h i l d r e n a t t i m e 1 were e x p e c t e d t o be q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h e c h i l d r e n ' s r e p e r -t o i r e s i n U n i t e l and M u l t i t e l , because o f t h e l a c k o f t e l e v i s e d models i n N o t e l . However, a t t i m e 2, t h e a g g r e s s i v e r e p e r t o i r e s i n a l l t h r e e groups of c h i l d r e n were e x p e c t e d t o be more homogeneous. 18 Table 1 Demographic Data f o r Notel, U n i t e l , and M u l t i t e l ( L i s t i n g 1971 Census Data) Notel U n i t e l M u l t i t e l 1971 Population Town Area P r i n c i p l e source of income Mean income (head) Family heads with English as o f f i c i a l language Family heads with Mother tongue English Proportion of experienced labour force i n blue c o l l a r jobs Family heads educated beyond high school Birthplace Canada If born i n Canada, birth p l a c e B.C. Female population Proportion of population over 15 years 658 354 acres logging r a i l r o a d farming $7377 88% 74% 62% 37% 77% 64% 51% 63% 693 872 Not a v a i l a b l e 375 acres logging r a i l r o a d $6854 93% 81% 72% 23% 90% 34% 57% 65% logging mining $8055 95% 83% 77% 24% 77% 71% 52% 71% 19 H y p o t h e s i s 3: I f t h e e f f e c t s o f v i e w i n g a g g r e s s i o n m o d e l l e d on t e l e v i s i o n a r e c u m u l a t i v e f o r c h i l d r e n , a g g r e s s i o n i n b o t h U n i t e l and M u l t i t e l s h o u l d i n c r e a s e f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2, as t h e s e c h i l d r e n have been c o n t i n u a l l y exposed t o t e l e v i s i o n d u r i n g t h i s t i m e . However, t h e r e i s a l s o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a c e i l i n g e f f e c t o c c u r r i n g . T h e r e f o r e , once a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f a g g r e s s i o n , o r a c e r t a i n age i s r e a c h e d , t h e e f f e c t o f t e l e v i s i o n may no l o n g e r be e v i d e n t . I f t h i s c e i l i n g had n o t been a t t a i n e d a t t i m e 1, c h i l d r e n i n M u l t i t e l s h o u l d i n c r e a s e more i n t h e i r a g g r e s s i v e n e s s t h a n U n i t e l c h i l d r e n , s i n c e U.S. produced t e l e v i s i o n has been shown t o c o n t a i n more v i o l e n t c o n t e n t t h a n C a n a d i a n p r o d u c e d t e l e -v i s i o n ( S i n g e r , 1970; W i l l i a m s , Z a b r a c k , & J o y , 1977). I n a d d i t i o n , Gerbner and G r o s s (1976) have shown t h a t v i o l e n t c o n t e n t on U.S. t e l e -v i s i o n has i n c r e a s e d from 1967 t o 1976. The c o m p a r i s o n between shows a v a i l a b l e i n N o t e l , U n i t e l , and M u l t i t e l i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 2, and t h e r a n k o r d e r i n g o f shows f o r a g g r e s s i o n f r o m t h e c o n t e n t a n a l y s i s o f t e l e -v i s i o n c o n d u c t e d by W i l l i a m s , Z a b r a c k , and J o y (1977). The p e e r and t e a c h e r r a t i n g s o f a g g r e s s i o n were c o l l e c t e d t o v a l i -d a t e t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l measures employed i n t e s t i n g t h e above h y p o t h e s e s . The c o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e m u l t i p l e measures o f a g g r e s s i o n were e x p e c t e d t o be s i g n i f i c a n t . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e i s s u e o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r and sex d i f f e r e n c e s was t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t , by o b s e r v i n g b o t h males and f e m a l e s . P a s t r e s e a r c h has i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f v i e w i n g v i o l e n t t e l e v i s i o n on a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r may h o l d o n l y f o r males ( E r o n e t a l . , 1972), and o t h e r r e s e a r c h has c o n s i s t e n t l y shown males t o be more p h y s i c a l l y a g g r e s s i v e t h a n f e m a l e s ( F e s h b a c h , 1970). 20 T a b l e 2 Comparison between t h e Number o f Shows ( i n C a t e g o r i e s ) A v a i l a b l e i n N o t e l / U n i t e l v e r s u s Those A v a i l a b l e i n M u l t i t e l . A l s o Shown i n t h e Rank Order o f C a t e g o r i e s f o r A g g r e s s i o n ( W i l l i a m s , Z a b r a c k , & J o y , 1977) Rank O r d e r Number o f Shows i n These f o r A g g r e s s i o n C a t e g o r i e s A v a i l a b l e i n N o t e l / U n i t e l M u l t i t e l ( A c t u a l number) 1, Crime 2 21 2. D o c u m e n t a r i e s 3 6 3. A n i m a t e d 0 16 4. S i t u a t i o n Comedies 12 26 5. A d v e n t u r e 3 6 6. C h i l d r e n ' s Non-Animated 8 17 7. M u s i c / V a r i e t y / T a l k 5 12 8. I n s t r u c t i o n / R e l i g i o n 4 3 9. D rama/Medical 7 12 10. Game 2 8 N e w s / P u b l i c A f f a i r s 5 17 S p o r t s 4 3 The above 2 c a t e g o r i e s were n o t a n a l y z e d by W i l l i a m s , Z a b r a c k , & J o y . S i n g e r & Gordon (1977) f o u n d : \"News and s p o r t s c o v e r a g e i n t h e newspapers and on t e l e v i s i o n n e w s c a s t s sampled i s r e l a t i v e l y v i o l e n t . O v e r a l l , 40% o f t h e s e l e c t e d i t e m s f e l l i n t o t h e v i o -l e n c e and c o n f l i c t - r e l a t e d c a t e g o r i e s . . . \" 21 METHOD S u b j e c t s O b s e r v a t i o n a l S t u dy: A t o t a l o f 240 c h i l d r e n from t h e t h r e e towns (Note l , . U n i t e l , and M u l t i t e l ) p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l s t u d y . Those c h i l d r e n were grouped i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner: A t t i m e 1, f i v e male and f i v e f e m a l e s u b j e c t s i n each o f gra d e s 1, 2, 4, and 5 were ob-s e r v e d i n each town. A t ti m e 2, f i v e males and f i v e f e m a l e s i n each o f grad e s 1 and 2 were o b s e r v e d i n ea c h town ( t h i s was t o p r o v i d e c r o s s -s e c t i o n a l d a t a f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t he gra d e s 1 and 2 c h i l d r e n a t ti m e 1 ) ; i n a d d i t i o n f i v e males and f i v e f e m a l e s i n each o f gra d e s 3 and 4 were o b s e r v e d i n ea c h town, ( t h e grade 4 c h i l d r e n a t ti m e 2 a l s o p r o v i d e d d a t e f o r c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e ti m e 1 grade 4 d a t a ) . A subsample o f c h i l d r e n i n gr a d e s 3 and 4, a t ti m e 2, p r o v i d e d l o n g i t u -d i n a l d a t a f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d on t h e same c h i l d r e n i n g rades 1 and 2 a t ti m e 1. I t was o r i g i n a l l y p r o p o s e d t h a t a l l 60 c h i l d r e n i n i t i a l l y i n gr a d e s 1 and 2 would be o b s e r v e d a t t i m e 2. How-e v e r , o n l y 44 (73%) o f t h e s e c h i l d r e n were s t i l l a v a i l a b l e two y e a r s l a t e r (16 i n N o t e l , 15 i n U n i t e l , and 13 i n M u l t i t e l ) . T h e r e f o r e , 16 a d d i t i o n a l grade 3 and 4 c h i l d r e n were o b s e r v e d a t t i m e 2, as w e l l as th e 60 new grade 1 and 2 c h i l d r e n . The number o f s u b j e c t s i n e a c h sub-group, whether l o n g i t u d i n a l o r c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n T a b l e 3. The c r i t e r i a employed f o r i n v o l v i n g a c h i l d i n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l s t u d y were the f o l l o w i n g : t h e c h i l d was n o t s u b s t a n t i a l l y below a v e r a g e i n a b i l i t y ( t h a t i s , t h e t e a c h e r d i d n o t c o n s i d e r t h e c h i l d ' s l e v e l o f a b i l i t y t o be r e m e d i a l ) ; t h e c h i l d had n o t r e p e a t e d a s c h o o l g r a d e ; t h e 22 T a b l e 3 Number o f S u b j e c t s i n Each Subgroup a t Time 1 and Time 2 L o n g i t u d i n a l Sample N = 44 Time 1 (1973) Time 2 (1975) (Grades 1 & 2) (Grades 3 & 4) M a l e s Females M a l e s Females N o t e l 10 6 10 6 U n i t e l 8 7 8 7 M u l t i t e l 6 7 6 7 C r o s s - S e c t i o n a l Sample N = 240 Time 1 (1973) Time 2 (1975) GR 1 GR 2 GR 4 GR 5 GR 1 GR 2 GR 3 GR 4 M F M F M F M F . M F M F M F M F N o t e l 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 U n i t e l 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 M u l t i t e l 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 23 c h i l d had l i v e d more t h a n t h r e e y e a r s i n t h e town; no s i b l i n g had been s e l e c t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e s t u d y . The l a t t e r c r i t e r i o n was im p o r -t a n t because s i b l i n g s may be s i m i l a r i n a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r due t o s i m i l a r i t i e s i n t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t s , w h i c h , i n such a s m a l l sample s i z e , c o u l d i n t r o d u c e a c o u n f o u n d i n g v a r i a b l e . T h i s c r i t e r i o n was e s p e c i a l l y r e l e v a n t a t ti m e 2 when new s u b j e c t s were b e i n g chosen. P e e r and Teacher R a t i n g s : A l l c h i l d r e n i n t h e f o u r grades a t t i m e 1 and t i m e 2 were i n v o l v e d i n t h e p e e r and t e a c h e r r a t i n g s o f a g g r e s s i o n . P r o c e d u r e P e e r R a t i n g s o f A g g r e s s i o n . Each c h i l d n ominated t h e t h r e e c l a s s -mates whom he p e r c e i v e d as t h e b o s s i e s t , f i g h t i n g t h e most, t a l k i n g back t o t h e t e a c h e r t h e most, a r g u i n g and d i s a g r e e i n g t h e most, and p u s h i n g , s h o v i n g , and p o k i n g t h e most. Due t o d i f f i c u l t y i n w r i t i n g t h e i r r e s -ponses and/or r e a d i n g and u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e f o r m s , c h i l d r e n i n g r a d e s 1 and 2 were i n t e r v i e w e d i n d i v i d u a l l y . The o l d e r c h i l d r e n c o m p l e t e d t h e forms t h e m s e l v e s i n a group s e t t i n g , w i t h a s s i s t a n c e i f r e q u i r e d (see A p p e n d i x A ) . Teach e r R a t i n g s o f A g g r e s s i o n . Each c h i l d was r a t e d by h i s o r h e r t e a c h e r on t e n s e v e n - p o i n t s c a l e s o f a g g r e s s i o n and a c t i v i t y . These i n d i c a t e d t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e t e a c h e r c o n s i d e r e d each c h i l d t o be a c t i v e , a g g r e s s i v e , a r g u m e n t a t i v e , b o s s y , c o m p e t i t i v e , dominant, f r i e n d l y , h o n e s t , h o s t i l e , and lo u d (see A p p e n d i x B ) . T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g H a b i t s . The c h i l d r e n were i n d i v i d u a l l y i n t e r -v i e w e d about t h e i r t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h a b i t s . An e x t e n s i v e q u e s t i o n n a i r e was c o m p l e t e d w h i c h p r o v i d e d i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e number o f h o u r s 24 s p e n t v i e w i n g ( w i t h weekday and weekend v i e w i n g s e p a r a t e d ) , t h e c h i l d ' s f a v o u r i t e shows, the p r e v i o u s day's v i e w i n g , programmes u s u a l l y w a tched, t h e e x i s t e n c e o f p a r e n t a l g u i d a n c e , r e a d i n g h a b i t s , e t c . (See A p p e n d i x C f o r N o t e l and U n i t e l ' s q u e s t i o n n a i r e , and A p p e n d i x D f o r M u l t i t e l ; as t h e l a t t e r town r e c e i v e d more s t a t i o n s , a more e x t e n s i v e q u e s t i o n n a i r e was r e q u i r e d . ) O b s e r v a t i o n P r o c e d u r e . C h i l d r e n i n t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l sample (5 males and 5 f e m a l e s from each o f t h e f o u r g r a d e s i n each town) were o b s e r v e d d u r i n g f r e e p l a y p e r i o d s ( t h a t i s , b e f o r e s c h o o l , a t r e c e s s , a t l u n c h , and a f t e r s c h o o l ) , o v e r a p e r i o d o f two weeks. Each c h i l d was o b s e r v e d f o r 21 one m i n u t e . i n t e r v a l s and no c h i l d was o b s e r v e d f o r any two c o n s e c u t i v e m i n u t e s . F o r r e l i a b i l i t y p u r p o s e s , two -independent o b s e r v e r s watched e a c h c h i l d , s c o r i n g c a t e g o r i e s o f b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . The c a t e g o r i e s were n o n - h i e r a r c h i c a l ; t h a t i s , i n any one m i n u t e p e r i o d , any o f the a g g r e s s i o n c a t e g o r i e s c o u l d be coded once o r more t h a n o n c e . 2 The p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n c a t e g o r i e s c o n s i s t e d o f b e h a v i o u r s l a b e l l e d p h y s i c a l a s s a u l t , p h y s i c a l p r e v e n t i o n , and p h y s i c a l t h r e a t . These c a t e g o r i e s were f u r t h e r s u b d i v i d e d i n t o a t o t a l o f f o u r -t e e n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n c a t e g o r i e s ; f o r example, PA — s u b j e c t h i t s , s l a p s , punches o r s t r i k e s t h e t a r g e t w i t h any p a r t o f t h e body above t h e w a i s t ; PP — s u b j e c t p u s h e s , p u l l s , h o l d s , g r a b s , d r a g s , o r chokes t h e t a r g e t ; PT4 — s u b j e c t c h a s e s t h e t a r g e t w i t h a h e l d o b j e c t , e t c . (see A p p e n d i x E ) . F o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , t h r e e were n i n e s u b c a t e g o r i e s ; f o r example, VD — s u b j e c t d i s p a r a g e s t h e t a r g e t , mocks , e t c . ; VT — s u b j e c t t h r e a t e n s t o h u r t t a r g e t ; VC — s u b j e c t a r g u e s o r i s a t c r o s s p u r p o s e s w i t h t a r g e t , e t c . (see A p p e n d i x E ) . 25 D u r i n g t h e f r e e p l a y p e r i o d s , t h e o b s e r v e r s w a l k e d around the p l a y g r o u n d , s c o r i n g t h e s u b j e c t ' s b e h a v i o u r as u n o b t r u s i v e l y as p o s s i b l e . 3 The c h i l d r e n had been f u r n i s h e d w i t h a c o v e r s t o r y w h i c h a p p e a r e d , on i n f o r m a l q u e s t i o n i n g , t o have been a c c e p t e d . S p e c i f i c a l l y , a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e week i n e a c h town, b o t h o b s e r v e r s went i n t o e a c h c l a s s , i n t r o d u c e d t h e m s e l v e s and e x p l a i n e d t h e i r p r e s e n c e . They s a i d t h e y would be s i t t i n g i n t h e c l a s s r o o m s , i n t e r v e i w i n g t h e c h i l d r e n , and w a l k i n g around t h e p l a y g r o u n d b e f o r e s c h o o l i n t h e m o r n i n g , d u r i n g r e c e s s and l u n c h , and a f t e r s c h o o l , s e e i n g how c h i l d r e n p l a y t o g e t h e r . There was no m e n t i o n o f t e l e v i s i o n o r a g g r e s s i o n . W h i l e on t h e p l a y g r o u n d , t h e o b s e r v e r l o c a t e d a s u b j e c t , o b s e r v e d h i s o r h e r b e h a v i o u r f o r one m i n u t e and t h e n moved on t o t h e n e x t s u b j e c t s c h e d u l e d f o r o b s e r v a t i o n . The b e h a v i o u r s were r e c o r d e d on t h e l a b e l l e d c o d i n g s h e e t s (see A p p e n d i x F ) . The two o b s e r v e r s were t r a i n e d p r i o r t o a r r i v a l i n t h e t h r e e towns on a d i f f e r e n t sample o f s c h o o l a g e d c h i l d r e n t h a n t h o s e i n t h e s t u d y . The r e l i a b i l i t y a t t a i n e d d u r i n g t r a i n i n g was .85. S i n c e two o b s e r v e r s coded t h e c h i l d r e n ' s b e h a v i o u r i n e a c h town, r e l i a b i l i t y was t e s t e d c o n -s t a n t l y d u r i n g t h e o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d . The mean r e l i a b i l i t y a t t i m e 1 was 0.86 (based on 40 s c o r e s ) and .80 a t ti m e 2 (based on 51 s c o r e s ) . 1 * 26 RESULTS The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y were d i v i d e d i n t o s e v e r a l s e c t i o n s . F i r s t , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l s t u d y w i l l be p r e s e n t e d . These r e s u l t s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t h e most i m p o r t a n t s i n c e t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d were o b s e r v a t i o n s o f c h i l d r e n i n n a t u r a l f r e e p l a y , as opposed t o t h e some-what r e t r o s p e c t i v e paper and p e n c i l d a t a c o l l e c t e d from t h e t e a c h e r s and p e e r s . However, t h e t e a c h e r and p e e r measures o f a g g r e s s i o n a r e i m p o r -t a n t as v a l i d a t i o n o f t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d t h r o u g h o b s e r v a t i o n s . The s e c -t i o n on t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l s t u d y w i l l be s u b d i v i d e d i n t o a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e f o r t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l d a t a , a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e f o r t h e c r o s s -s e c t i o n a l d a t a , t h e r e p e r t o i r e o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r s f o r t i m e 1 and t i m e 2 i n a l l t h r e e towns, and f i n a l l y e x a m i n a t i o n i n more d e t a i l o f t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l c h i l d r e n who were e i t h e r h i g h o r low i n a g g r e s s i o n a t t i m e 1 and t h e i r a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s a t t i m e 2. The t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h a b i t s o f t h e s e l a t t e r c h i l d r e n were a l s o s t u d i e d . The f i n a l s e c t i o n w i l l i n c l u d e t h e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e m u l t i p l e measures o f a g g r e s s i o n ; t h a t i s , t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l measures, t h e p e e r r a t i n g s , and t h e t e a c h e r r a t i n g s . O b s e r v a t i o n a l Study O b s e r v a t i o n a l measures o f b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n were employed a t t i m e 1 and t i m e 2. T h e r e f o r e a number o f d i f f e r e n t a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e were c o n d u c t e d . F i r s t , l o n g i t u d i n a l ( r e p e a t e d measures) a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e were c o n d u c t e d on t h e d a t a o f c h i l d r e n o b s e r v e d a t time 1 who were a g a i n o b s e r v e d a t t i m e 2. F u r t h e r , c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l 27 a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e were c o n d u c t e d on t h e c h i l d r e n o b s e r v e d a t t i m e 1 and on s i m i l a r l y aged c h i l d r e n o b s e r v e d a t t i m e 2. The two dependent v a r i a b l e s i n a l l t h e a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l d a t a were t h e two means o f (a) t h e f o u r t e e n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s , and (b) t h e n i n e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s . 1. L o n g i t u d i n a l A n a l y s e s D a t a c o l l e c t e d on c h i l d r e n o b s e r v e d a t t i m e 1 and a g a i n a t t i m e 2 were a n a l y z e d i n two 3 x 2 r e p e a t e d measures a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e . The i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s were town and sex and t h e dependent measures were the p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n means. These a n a l y s e s i n v o l v e d t h e s c o r e s o f 44 c h i l d r e n (16 i n N o t e l , 15 i n U n i t e l , and 13 i n M u l t i t e l ) . The f o c u s on t h i s s t u d y was t h e e f f e c t o f t e l e v i s i o n e x p o s u r e on c h i l d r e n ' s p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . From t h e a n a l y s e s c o n d u c t e d i t was i m p o r t a n t t o examine how t h e c h i l d r e n ' s s c o r e s i n each town v a r i e d o v e r t i m e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e town x t i m e i n t e r a c t i o n i n t h e a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e i s c o n s i d e r e d an i m p o r t a n t one, as i t d e m o n s t r a t e s what o c c u r r e d i n each town o v e r t i m e . i ) . P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n . I n t h e r e p e a t e d measures a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e c o n d u c t e d on t h e p h y s i c a l measures o f a g g r e s s i o n , a town by t i m e i n t e r a c t i o n was o b t a i n e d , 1/(2,38) = 3.082, p_ < . 0 6 & (see F i g u r e 1 ) . Tukey A p o s t hoc a n a l y s e s 6 r e v e a l e d no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e s c o r e s i n t h e t h r e e towns a t t i m e 1. However, a t t i m e 2, t h e c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l were s i g n i f i c a n t l y more a g g r e s s i v e (p_ < .01) t h a n t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e o t h e r two towns, who d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2 (p_ < . 0 1 ) , Time 1 Time 2 219 whereas t h e i n c r e a s e s i n t h e o t h e r two towns were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e main e f f e c t f o r ti m e was s i g n i f i c a n t , _F(1,38) = 14.406, £ < .001, showing an o v e r a l l i n c r e a s e i n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n f r o m t i m e 1 t o ti m e 2, w h i c h was most l i k e l y due t o t h e i n c r e a s e i n N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i o n o v e r t i m e , as d i s c u s s e d above. There was •> a l s o a s i g n i f i c a n t m ain e f f e c t f o r s e x , ,F(1,38) =/. 17.101, £ < .001, s p e c i f y i n g t h a t males were more p h y s i c a l l y a g g r e s s i v e t h a n f e m a l e s , a r e s u l t f ound c o n s i s t e n t l y i n r e s e a r c h on c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r ( F e s h b a c h , 1970). See T a b l e 4 f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e r e s u l t s f o r t h e p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s . i i ) V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n . A town by t i m e i n t e r a c t i o n was o b t a i n e d f o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n as w e l l , 1/(2,38) = 2.674, £ < .08 (see F i g u r e 2 ) . P o s t hoc a n a l y s e s r e v e a l e d t h a t a t ti m e 1, t h e c h i l d r e n i n M u l t i t e l were s i g n i f i c a n t l y more a g g r e s s i v e t h a n c h i l d r e n i n U n i t e l (£ < . 0 5 ) , b u t n o t more a g g r e s s i v e t h a n t h e c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l , who, i n t u r n , d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r o m t h e c h i l d r e n i n U n i t e l . A t ti m e 2, N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s s c o r e s had i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y (£ < . 0 5 ) , r e s u l t i n g i n t h e s e c h i l d r e n b e i n g more a g g r e s s i v e t h a n t h o s e i n U n i t e l (£ < .01) and M u l t i t e l (£ < . 0 1 ) , who d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t main e f f e c t f o r towns, J£(2,38) = 3,843, £ < .04. Tukey A p o s t hoc a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e were no s i g n i f i c a n t p a i r - w i s e c o m p a r i s o n s . However, an a n a l y s i s o f complex c o m p a r i s o n s ( S c h e f f e p o s t hoc t e s t ) , showed t h a t t h e mean s c o r e s f o r N o t e l and M u l t i t e l combined were s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r t h a n t h e mean a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e o f c h i l d r e n i n U n i t e l (£ < .05). See T a b l e 5 f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e r e s u l t s f o r t h e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s . I t 30 T a b l e 4 A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e f o r P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n ( L o n g i t u d i n a l Data) Source Degrees o f Freedom Mean Squares F R a t i o P r o b a b i l i t y Town 2 0.650 2.981 0.063 Sex 1 3.730 17.101 0.001* Town x Sex 2 0.246 1.126 0.34 S - w i t h i n 38 0.218 Time 1 2.780 14.406 0.001* Town x Time 2 0.595 3.082 0.06 Sex x Time 1 0.194 1.008 0.32 Town x Sex x Time 2 0.003 0.014 0.99 T i m e - s - w i t h i n 38 0.193 i n d i c a t e s a s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t 31 F i g u r e 2. Town by Time I n t e r a c t i o n f o r V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n . L o n g i t u d i n a l A n a l y s i s 32 T a b l e 5 A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e f o r V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n ( L o n g i t u d i n a l Data) Source Degrees o f Freedom Mean Squares F R a t i o P r o b a b i l i t y Town 2 0.176 3.483 0.04* Sex 1 0.040 0.798 0.38 Town x Sex 2 0.116 2.287 0.12 S - w i t h i n 38 0.051 Time 1 0.094 2.173 0.15 Town x Time 2 0.115 2.674 0.08 Sex x Time 1 0.109 2.534 0.12 Town x Sex x Time 2 0.023 0.540 0.59 T i m e - s - w i t h i n 38 0.043 i n d i c a t e s a s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t 33 i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t main e f f e c t f o r sex. S i n c e t h e r e s e a r c h on sex d i f f e r e n c e f o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n i s v e r y i n c o n c l u s i v e ( F e s h b a c h , 1970), t h e s e r e s u l t s a r e an i n t e r e s t i n g a d d i t i o n t o the l i t e r a t u r e . I n sum, t h e r e p e a t e d measures a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e f o r b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t o n l y t h e a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s o f c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2, r e s u l t i n g i n N o t e l c h i l d r e n b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t l y more a g g r e s -s i v e t h a n c h i l d r e n i n t h e o t h e r two towns. The males i n t h i s sample d i s p l a y e d more p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n t h a n t h e f e m a l e s and no sex d i f -f e r e n c e s were o b t a i n e d f o r t h e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s . 2. C r o s s - s e c t i o n a l A n a l y s e s . The c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e were c o n d u c t e d on t h e c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s o b t a i n e d a t b o t h t i m e s . T h i s i n v o l v e d a t o t a l o f 240 c h i l d r e n , i n f o u r d i f f e r e n t age l e v e l s . A t t i m e 1, t h e f o u r l e v e l s were g r a d e s 1, 2, 4, and 5. A t ti m e 2, t h e f o u r l e v e l s were g r a d e s 1, 2, 3, and 4. The c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s e s e n a b l e d t h e assessment o f any p o s s i b l e confounds due t o d e v e l o p m e n t a l t r e n d s w h i c h c o u l d have p r o v i d e d an a l t e r n a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e o b t a i n e d l o n g i -t u d i n a l r e s u l t s . That i s , as t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l c h i l d r e n a t ti m e 2 were two y e a r s o l d e r , t h e i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i o n c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e c h i l d r e n b e i n g o l d e r and not t o t h e e f f e c t o f t e l e v i s i o n e x p o s u r e o v e r t i m e . By making c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l c o m p a r i s o n s , t h e e f f e c t s o f age, i f any, c o u l d be as s e s s e d . Thus, i n t h e c r o s s — s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s e s b o t h t h e town by t i m e i n t e r a c t i o n and t h e grade e f f e c t were c o n s i d e r e d t o be i m p o r t a n t . 34 Two 4-way a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e were c o n d u c t e d f o r t h e p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n means. The i n d e p e n d e n t f a c t o r s were town, s e x , t i m e , and g r a d e . i ) P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n . The c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n r e v e a l e d a s i g n i f i c a n t town by grade i n t e r a c t i o n , 1/(6,192) = 2.668, p_ < .02 (see F i g u r e 3). As t h e r e was no main e f f e c t f o r grade i t was i m p o r t a n t t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n f u r t h e r t o a s c e r t a i n i f t h e younger o r o l d e r c h i l d r e n were b e i n g more a g g r e s s i v e . When d i f f e r e n c e s among age l e v e l s were examined f o r each town, t h e grade 1 c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s a g g r e s s i v e t h a n c h i l d r e n a t t h e t h r e e o t h e r age l e v e l s (p_ < . 0 1 ) , whereas i t was t h e grade 2 c h i l d r e n i n M u l t i t e l who were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s a g g r e s s i v e t h a n t h e c h i l d r e n a t t h e o t h e r t h r e e age l e v e l s (p_ < . 0 5 ) . 7 There were no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f -f e r e n c e s among th e f o u r l e v e l s i n U n i t e l . I n a d d i t i o n , p o s t hoc a n a l y s e s showed t h a t t h e r e were town d i f f e r e n c e s f o r age l e v e l s 1, 2, and 3 (p_ < . 0 5 ) . S p e c i f i c a l l y , grade 1 c h i l d r e n i n M u l t i t e l were more a g g r e s -s i v e t h a n t h e grade 1 c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l (p_ K -01) a n d U n i t e l (p_ < . 0 1 ) , who d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y . Grade 2 N o t e l c h i l d r e n were more a g g r e s s i v e t h a n U n i t e l and M u l t i t e l grade 2 c h i l d r e n (p_ < . 0 1 ) , who were s i m i l a r . The t h i r d age l e v e l c h i l d r e n i n U n i t e l were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s a g g r e s s i v e t h a n t h i r d age l e v e l c h i l d r e n i n t h e o t h e r two towns (p_ < . 0 1 ) . F i n a l l y , l e v e l 4 c h i l d r e n (grade 5 a t t i m e 1, grade 4 a t t i m e 2) i n a l l t h r e e towns d i d n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y . E x a m i n a t i o n o f t h i s i n t e r a c t i o n r e v e a l e d no c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n s . The c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l i n c r e a s e d i n a g g r e s s i o n w i t h age; however, c h i l d r e n i n b o t h M u l t i t e l and U n i t e l d i d n o t d i s p l a y t h i s g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e w i t h age. A l t h o u g h 35 F i g u r e 3. Town by Grade x Time I n t e r a c t i o n f o r P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n . C r o s s - S e c t i o n a l D a t a . ...'9 . PI o •H CO CO CD H bO 60 < o o c cu i-l o •H CO CO CU n 60 60 / ns U n i t e l p<.05 0.116< , A c M u l t i t e l 0.244/ Time 2 N o t e l , 0.354n n_ y P_<. 05 U n i t e l p<.05 0.152< ^ n c p<.05 M u l t i t e l \\ 0.224'' N.B. Town x Time i n t e r a c t i o n f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n i n c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . F i g u r e 6. R e p e r t o i r e o f t h e Three H i g h e s t P h y s i c a l and V e r b a l 44 A g g r e s s i v e S c o r e s a t Time 1 and Time 2 400 1 1 300 o ti CU 3 • cr u F*4 200 100 •-I cu u o •H 4-1 I—I I Time 1 Time 2 o •H o S3 11—1 rH 1 1 te aj • te 4-1 1 'rH i 'H rH •rH 1 (U 1 4-1 CD 4-1 4J 1 rH 4J t—1 rH •rH o CU 3 3 1 g 4J s p a I i p i i cu 4-1 •H 4-> rH I cu 4-1 o a n i 1 cu I 4-> ' 3 rH cu 4J •rl 4-1 rH CU 4J O 13 t l-rl CU 4-) •rl 3 i d j i j m P u s h e s , H i t s , Chases, h o l d s , e t c . s l a p s , throws punches o b j e c t s , K i c k s T e a s e s , Commands, D i s p a r a g e s Argues annoys demands c e n s u r e s d i s a g r e e s 45 T a b l e 9 R e p e r t o i r e o f t h e Three H i g h e s t P h y s i c a l and V e r b a l A g g r e s s i v e Responses a t Time 1 and Time 2 (N = 240) T o t a l Count o f B e h a v i o u r s Over 840 M i n u t e s o f O b s e r v a t i o n Time 1 P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n N o t e l U n i t e l M u l t i t e l P ushes; h o l d s ; g r a b s , e t c . 144 140 186 H i t s ; s l a p s ; punches, e t c . 86 58 51 T e a s e s ; annoys; i n t e r f e r e s , e t c . 50 39 48 Commands; demands, e t c . D i s p a r a g e s ; c e n s u r e s , e t c . A r g u e s ; d i s a g r e e s , e t c . V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n N o t e l U n i t e l M u l t i t e l 67 48 74 30 30 48 15 14 38 Time 2 P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n N o t e l U n i t e l M u l t i t e l P ushes; h o l d s ; g r a b s , e t c . 311 214 405 Throws Chases 78 an 100 k i c k s 47 O b j e c t H i t s ; s l a p s ; punches, e t c . 72 42 45 : c o n t i n u e d 46 Table 9 continued Verbal Aggression Notel U n i t e l M u l t i t e l Commands; demands, etc. 97 36 69 Disparages; censures, etc. 77 29 29 Argues; disagrees, etc. 53 29 29 47 t i m e 2, t h e o v e r a l l p a t t e r n o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r s was a g a i n s i m i l a r among t h e t h r e e towns, though t h e a c t u a l number o f r e s p o n s e s had i n c r e a s e d i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f c a s e s (see A p p e n d i x I ) . The one main d i f f e r e n c e among t h e t h r e e towns was t h a t i n s t e a d o f t h e c h i l d r e n i n t e r -f e r i n g i n t h e a c t i v i t y o f a n o t h e r ( t h e t h i r d h i g h e s t r e s p o n s e a t t i m e 1 ) , a t t i m e 2 t h e c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l were c h a s i n g , t h o s e i n U n i t e l were t h r o w i n g o b j e c t s , and t h o s e i n M u l t i t e l were k i c k i n g and t r i p p i n g each o t h e r (see F i g u r e 6 ) . These r e s u l t s t h e n , i m p l y t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e r e were i n c r e a s e s i n a g g r e s s i o n , f o r t h e b e h a v i o u r s o b s e r v e d , t h e r e p e r -t o i r e a c r o s s t i m e f o r each town d i d n o t change. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e were no d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e towns, a t l e a s t i n terms o f t h e s p e c i f i c b e h a v i o u r s o b s e r v e d i n c h i l d r e n ' s f r e e p l a y i n t h e s c h o o l grounds. 4. C h i l d r e n H i g h and Low i n A g g r e s s i v e B e h a v i o u r . O t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s have found t h a t c h i l d r e n i n i t i a l l y h i g h i n a g g r e s s i o n t e n d t o be most a f f e c t e d by e x p o s u r e t o a g g r e s s i v e models i n t h e media, ( e . g . , S t e i n & F r i e d r i c h , 1972; P a r k e e t a l . , 1975). On t h i s b a s i s , t h e h i g h l y a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n a t t i m e 1 might a l s o be h i g h l y a g g r e s s i v e a t t i m e 2. To i n v e s t i g a t e whether t h i s was t h e c a s e f o r t h e c h i l d r e n s t u d i e d i n t h i s sample, t h e median v a l u e s were c a l c u l a t e d f o r b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . The medians were d e t e r m i n e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r each town, b a s e d on t h e d a t a of t i m e 1 s u b j e c t s . Then, th e subsample o f l o n g i t u d i n a l c h i l d r e n ' s s c o r e s were examined i n r e l a -t i o n t o t h e s e median v a l u e s . These median v a l u e s f o r t h e c h i l d r e n i n e ach town a r e shown i n T a b l e 10. O n l y t h e 44 l o n g i t u d i n a l c h i l d r e n c o u l d be s t u d i e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s as a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s were r e q u i r e d f o r t i m e 1 and t i m e 2 t o c a l c u l a t e any i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e ( U n i t s T a b l e 10 Median V a l u e s o f A g g r e s s i o n - Number o f A g g r e s s i v e I n c i d e n t s p e r M i n u t e ) N o t e l Time 4 Time 2 P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n .38 .75 V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n .14 ,29 U n i t e l Time 1 Time 2 P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n .29 .43 V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n .10 .14 M u l t i t e l Time 1 Time 2 P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n .48 .58 V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n .24 .14 49 r e s p o n d i n g . Each c h i l d had two a g g r e s s i v e s c o r e s , one f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n and one f o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . Thus 44 p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s f o r ti m e 1 were examined, as were 44 v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s . The c h i l d r e n were t h e n s u b d i v i d e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r s c o r e s i n t o two c a t e g o r i e s : t h o s e whose s c o r e s were above t h e median o f t h e e n t i r e sample a t t i m e 1 f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n , and t h o s e whose s c o r e s were below t h e median. S i m i l a r l y , t h e c h i l d r e n were s u b d i v i d e d i n t o t h e same two c a t e g o r i e s f o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , on t h e b a s i s o f whether t h e i r s c o r e s were above o r below t h e median. Then, each c h i l d ' s t i m e 2 a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s were examined t o d e t e r m i n e any i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g . i ) N o t e l . I n N o t e l , t e n o f t h e s i x t e e n l o n g i t u d i n a l c h i l d r e n o b s e r v e d had p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s above t h e sample median a t t i m e 1. From t i m e 1 t o ti m e 2, t h e mean i n c r e a s e i n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n f o r t h e s e t e n c h i l d r e n was 0.64; t h a t i s , t h e mean number o f p h y s i c a l a g g r e s -s i o n i n c i d e n t s p e r m i n u t e i n c r e a s e d by 0.64. The r e m a i n i n g s i x c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l , whose p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s were below t h e median a t t i m e 1, a l s o i n c r e a s e d i n a g g r e s s i o n . The mean i n c r e a s e f o r t h e s e s i x c h i l d r e n was 0.86. T h e r e f o r e , f o r b o t h t h o s e c h i l d r e n above t h e median a t time 1 and t h o s e b e l o w t h e median, t h e r e was a mean i n c r e a s e i n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n o v e r t i m e . The i n c r e a s e s o r d e c r e a s e s i n a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g f o r b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n f o r t h e c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l a r e shown i n T a b l e s 11 and 12, a l s o i n d i c a t e d a r e t h e c h i l d r e n ' s t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h o u r s a t t i m e 2. F o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , the p a t t e r n was s i m i l a r , though t h e mean i n c r e a s e s a c r o s s t i m e were s m a l l e r . F o r t h e t e n c h i l d r e n whose s c o r e s 50 T a b l e 11 P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n - N o t e l C h i l d r e n Above/Below t h e Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e Responding a t Time 2 and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours P e r Week a t Time 2 C h i l d r e n ABOVE t h e Median a t Time 1 Sex I n c r e a s e a t Time 2 Decre a s e a t Time 2 T.V. V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 M 0.592 3 - s i c k M 1.714 - 37.5 M 0.334 - 20 M 0.286 - 27 M - 0.620 27 M 0.762 - 28 M - 0.238 48 M 0.572 - 27 M 2.952 - 3.5 F 0.000 0.000 13.5 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.64 Mean number o f h o u r s = 25.72 ... c o n t i n u e d T a b l e 11 c o n t i n u e d C h i l d r e n BELOW t h e Median a t Time 1 T.V. I n c r e a s e D e c r e a s e V i e w i n g Hours Sex a t Time 2 a t Time 2 a t Time 2 M 1.524 - 28 F 0.655 - 25 F 0.381 - 0.0 F 0,552 - 6.5 F 0.810 - 30.5 F 1.238 - 33 Mean i n c r e a s e = 0.86 Mean number o f h o u r s = 20. U n i t s f o r t h e i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g t h e number o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n s e s p e r m i n u t e . 52 T a b l e 12 V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n - N o t e l C h i l d r e n Above/Below t h e Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e R e s p o n d i n g a t Time 2 and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours p e r Week a t Time 2 C h i l d r e n ABOVE t h e Median a t Time 1 Sex I n c r e a s e a t Time 2 Decre a s e a t Time 2 T.V. V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 M 0.300 3 - s i c k M 0.048 - 20 F 0.095 - 0 M - 0.095 27 M - 0.190 28 M 0.095 - 48 M 0.333 - 27 F - 0.428 30.5 F 0.190 - 13.5 F 0.714 - 33 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.1062 Mean number o f Hours = 25.56 c o n t i n u e d 53 T a b l e 12 c o n t i n u e d C h i l d r e n BELOW t h e Median a t Time 1 Sex I n c r e a s e a t Time 2 De c r e a s e a t Time 2 T.V. V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 M 0.191 - 28 M 0.715 - 37.5 M 0.381 - 27 F 0.302 - 25 F 0.200 - 6.5 M 0.429 - 3.5 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.37 Mean Number o f Hours U n i t s f o r t h e i n c r e a s e / d e c r e a s e o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g a r e t h e number o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n s e s p e r m i n u t e . 54 were above t h e median a t time 1, t h e mean i n c r e a s e a t t i m e 2 was 0.106, whereas t h e mean i n c r e a s e f o r c h i l d r e n whose s c o r e s were below t h e median a t t i m e 1, was 0.37. I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t t h e t e n c h i l d r e n above t h e median f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n a t t i m e 1, need n o t n e c e s s a r i l y be t h e same t e n c h i l d r e n whose s c o r e s were above t h e median f o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n a t t i m e 1; t h a t i s , t h e c h i l d r e n ' s p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l s c o r e s were examined s e p a r a t e l y . ' O v e r a l l , o f t h e 32 s c o r e s c o n s i d e r e d i n N o t e l f o r b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , 26 a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s i n c r e a s e d (81.3%) o v e r t i m e . T h i s d e t a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l s u p p o r t s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s o f t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y , namely, t h a t t h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i o n ( b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l ) from t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2. B e f o r e d i s c u s s i n g a s i m i l a r breakdown o f t h e d a t a f o r t h e l o n g i -t u d i n a l c h i l d r e n i n t h e o t h e r two towns, i t would be a p p r o p r i a t e h e r e t o d i s c u s s t h e t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g d a t a c o l l e c t e d f o r t h e above c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l . E x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e t o t a l number o f v i e w i n g h o u r s p e r week does no t i n d i c a t e a n y t h i n g c o n c l u s i v e , a l t h o u g h i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a t r e n d ; t h a t i s , f o r b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , t h e mean number o f v i e w i n g h o u r s a t t i m e 2 f o r c h i l d r e n whose a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s were above t h e median a t t i m e 1, were h i g h e r t h a n t h e mean number o f v i e w i n g h o u r s f o r c h i l d r e n who were below t h e median a t t i m e 1. T h i s f i n d i n g i s w o r t h n o t i n g because t h i s i s t h e o n l y s t u d y i n w h i c h o b s e r v a t i o n s o f a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r have been o b t a i n e d p r i o r t o c h i l d r e n ' s r e g u l a r t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g . The d a t a t h u s b e a r on t h e \" c h i c k e n and egg\" q u e s t i o n o f whether c h i l d r e n , who a r e 55 more o r l e s s a g g r e s s i v e i n d e p e n d e n t l y o f t e l e v i s i o n ' s e f f e c t s , w a t c h more o r l e s s t e l e v i s i o n when i t becomes a v a i l a b l e . I t i s a p p a r e n t , however, t h a t more d a t a a r e needed b e f o r e any c o n c l u s i o n s can be drawn. S i m i l a r l y , i n c o n c l u s i v e r e s u l t s emerged from i n s p e c t i n g t h e c h i l d r e n ' s r e p o r t s o f t h e i r f a v o u r i t e shows; t h a t i s , c h i l d r e n who were h i g h l y a g g r e s s i v e a t t i m e 1 d i d n o t s e l e c t more a g g r e s s i v e shows as t h e i r f a v o u r i t e s t h a n t h o s e c h i l d r e n who were n o t v e r y a g g r e s s i v e . F o r example, t h e f o r m e r group chose F o r e s t R a n g e r s , P a r t r i d g e F a m i l y , The W a l t o n s , Coming Up R o s i e , and t h e l a t t e r group p i c k e d P a r t r i d g e F a m i l y , A l l i n t h e F a m i l y , W a l t D i s n e y , and F o r e s t Rangers. A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s l a c k o f d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n between t h e two groups of c h i l d r e n c o u l d be t h a t l e s s h i g h l y a g g r e s s i v e shows were a v a i l a b l e i n N o t e l as t h e o n l y c h a n n e l r e c e i v e d i n t h i s town i s CBC. C o n t e n t a n a l y s i s r e s e a r c h has shown t h a t CBC has l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c o n t e n t t h a n CTV and/or t h e t h r e e m ajor U.S. n e t w o r k s ( W i l l i a m s , Z a b r a c k , & J o y , 1977); f o r example, CBC shows no a n i m a t e d programmes ( c a r t o o n s ) and o n l y two c r i m e programmes, c a t e g o r i e s w h i c h c o n t a i n h i g h a g g r e s s i v e c o n t e n t ( G e r b n e r , 1975; W i l l i a m s e t a l . , 1977) (see T a b l e 2 ) . T h e r e f o r e , a g g r e s s i v e and l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l a r e w a t c h i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same k i n d o f t e l e v i s i o n , t hough t h e a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n a ppear t o spend s l i g h t l y more t i m e w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n . i i ) U n i t e l . I n U n i t e l , f i f t e e n c h i l d r e n were o b s e r v e d a t t i m e 1 and t i m e 2. Of t h e s e c h i l d r e n , e i g h t had p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s above t h e median a t t i m e 1. The mean i n c r e a s e i n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2 f o r t h e s e c h i l d r e n was 0.12. The mean i n c r e a s e f o r t h e seven c h i l d r e n whose s c o r e s were below t h e median a t t i m e 1 was 56 0.19. S i m i l a r l y , f o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , t h e mean i n c r e a s e f o r t h e e i g h t c h i l d r e n whose s c o r e s were above t h e median a t t i m e 1 was 0.007, whereas t h e mean i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i o n f o r t h e seven c h i l d r e n whose s c o r e s were below t h e median a t t i m e 1 was 0.115, I n sum, o f t h e 30 s c o r e s c o n s i d e r e d i n U n i t e l , f o r b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , 17 s c o r e s i n c r e a s e d ( 5 6 . 7 % ) , and 11 s c o r e s d e c r e a s e d from t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2. Two s c o r e s remained t h e same. These f i g u r e s e x p l a i n i n more d e t a i l t h e l a c k o f a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n U n i t e l f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2 as found i n t h e a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e ; t h a t i s , t h e c h i l d r e n d i d n o t a l l r e m a i n s t a b l e w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r a g g r e s -s i v e b e h a v i o u r , as c o u l d be p o s t u l a t e d f r o m t h e ANOVA r e s u l t s , b u t i n s t e a d some c h i l d r e n i n c r e a s e d i n a g g r e s s i v e n e s s and o t h e i s d e c r e a s e d . Those c h i l d r e n who d e c r e a s e d i n a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g from time 1 t o t i m e 2 were n o t n e c e s s a r i l y w a t c h i n g l e s s t e l e v i s i o n a t t i m e 2 t h a n t h e i r p e e r s who i n c r e a s e d . I n f a c t , t h e number o f h o u r s spent v i e w i n g t e l e v i s i o n e ach week were v e r y s i m i l a r f o r a l l c h i l d r e n (range o f 20-37 h o u r s , w i t h one e x c e p t i o n — t h i s c h i l d d i d n o t w a t c h t e l e v i s i o n a t a l l ) . The v i e w i n g h o u r s p e r week o f t h e c h i l d r e n i n U n i t e l a r e shown i n T a b l e s 13 and 14 as a r e t h e i n c r e a s e s and d e c r e a s e s i n a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s . The tenuous t r e n d p r o p o s e d f o r t h e c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l , t h a t c h i l d r e n whose s c o r e s were above t h e a g g r e s s i o n medians a t t i m e 1 were w a t c h i n g more t e l e v i s i o n a t t i m e 2, was n o t u p h e l d . I n f a c t , i n U n i t e l , t h e o p p o s i t e was t r u e — t h e c h i l d r e n whose s c o r e s were below t h e median were s p e n d i n g more t i m e w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n p o s s i b l y r e n d e r i n g t h e p r o p o s e d t r e n d even more tenuous! I n c o n s i s t e n c i e s a g a i n appeared r e g a r d i n g 57 T a b l e 13 P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n - U n i t e l C h i l d r e n Above/Below t h e Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e s / D e c r e a s e s i n A g g r e s s i v e R e s p o n d i n g a t Time 2 and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours P e r Week a t Time 2 C h i l d r e n ABOVE t h e Median a t Time 1 Sex I n c r e a s e a t Time 2 Decre a s e a t Time 2 T.V. V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 M 0.143 a - 31 F - 0.428 20 M 0.103 - 0 M 0.952 - 23 M 0.000 0.000 20.5 M 0.476 - 37 M - 0.143 35 F - 0.143 31 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.12 Mean number o f Hours = 24.67 ... c o n t i n u e d 58 T a b l e 13 c o n t i n u e d C h i l d r e n BELOW t h e Median a t Time 1 T.V. I n c r e a s e D e c r e a s e V i e w i n g Hours Sex a t Time 2 a t Time 2 a t Time 2 M 0.143 - 23.5 M 0.429 - 25.5 F 0.286 - 27.5 F - 0.047 31 F 0.048 - 27.5 F 0.285 - 30.5 F 0.191 - 27 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.191 Mean Number o f Hours = 27.5 U n i t s f o r t h e i n c r e a s e / d e c r e a s e o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g a r e t h e number o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n s e s p e r m i n u t e . 59 T a b l e 14 V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n - U n i t e l C h i l d r e n Above/Below t h e Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e Responding a t Time 2 and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 C h i l d r e n ABOVE t h e Median a t Time 1 Sex M F F M M M F F I n c r e a s e a t Time 2 Decre a s e a t Time 2 0.667 0.096 0.095 0.095 0.090 0.048 0.143 0.048 T.V. V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 25.5 20 31 0 23 35 30.5 31 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.0065 Mean Number o f Hours = 24.5 c o n t i n u e d 60 T a b l e 14 c o n t i n u e d C h i l d r e n BELOW t h e Median a t Time 1 T.V. I n c r e a s e D e c r e a s e V i e w i n g Hours Sex a t Time 2 a t Time 2 a t Time 2 M 0.238 - 31 M 0.095 - 23.5 F 0.095 - 27.5 F 0.095 - 27.5 M 0.142 - 20.5 M 0.000 0.000 37 F 0.143 - 27 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.115 Mean Number o f Hours = 27.71 61 c h i l d r e n ' s f a v o u r i t e t e l e v i s i o n programmes. The more a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d -r e n were n o t c o n s i s t e n t l y s e l e c t i n g t h e more a g g r e s s i v e shows i n com-p a r i s o n t o t h e i r n o n - a g g r e s s i v e p e e r s . T h i s c o u l d a g a i n be an a r t i f a c t o f t h e programmes a v a i l a b l e i n U n i t e l . ( U n i t e l r e c e i v e d two d i f f e r e n t CBC c h a n n e l s f r o m s e p a r a t e t r a n s m i t t e r s . ) F o r example, one c h i l d who was below t h e median a t t i m e 1 and who i n c r e a s e d i n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n watched a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 h o u r s o f t e l e v i s i o n p e r week a t t i m e 2 and h e r t h r e e f a v o u r i t e shows were The W a l t o n s , Beachcombers, and Walt D i s n e y , shows i n c a t e g o r i e s w h i c h have been found t o have r e l a t i v e l y l o w a g g r e s -s i v e c o n t e n t . A c h i l d who was above t h e median a t t i m e 1 and d e c r e a s e d i n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n watched a p p r o x i m a t e l y 31 h o u r s p e r week a t t i m e 2 and h e r f a v o u r i t e shows were L i t t l e House on t h e P r a i r i e , Abbot and C o s t e l l o , and Bonanza! (The l a s t two shows a r e i n c a t e g o r i e s w h i c h have been f o u n d t o have r e l a t i v e l y h i g h a g g r e s s i v e c o n t e n t . ) i i i ) M u l t i t e l . I n M u l t i t e l , t h e r e were t h i r t e e n c h i l d r e n who were a v a i l a b l e f o r o b s e r v a t i o n a t b o t h t i m e s . F o r t h e 5 c h i l d r e n whose s c o r e s were above t h e median a t t i m e 1, t h e mean i n c r e a s e i n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n was 0.17, whereas t h e mean i n c r e a s e i n p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n f o r c h i l d r e n below t h e median was 0.29. The 8 c h i l d r e n who s c o r e d above t h e median i n v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n a t t i m e 1 g e n e r a l l y d e c r e a s e d i n a g g r e s s i o n by t i m e 2. (The mean d e c r e a s e was 0.11) T h i s was an u n e x p e c t e d f i n d i n g , s i n c e i n t h e o t h e r towns b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n i n c r e a s e d f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2. Those e i g h t c h i l d r e n were th e o n l y ones t o d e m o n s t r a t e a c o n s i s t e n t d e c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i o n o v e r t h e two y e a r s . The f i v e r e m a i n i n g c h i l d r e n who were below t h e median a t ti m e 1, had a mean i n c r e a s e o f 0.0004, e s s e n t i o n a l l y i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e y 62 r emained s t a b l e . However, i n s p e c t i o n o f i n d i v i d u a l s c o r e s d i d n o t i l l u s t r a t e s t a b i l i t y f o r t h e s e f i v e c h i l d r e n — two i n c r e a s e d i n v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n and 3 d e c r e a s e d . The i n c r e a s e s and d e c r e a s e s i n a g g r e s s i v e s c o r e s and mean v i e w i n g h ours p e r week a r e shown f o r c h i l d r e n i n M u l t i t e l i n T a b l e s 15 and 16. I n M u l t i t e l , 26 s c o r e s were c o n s i d e r e d f o r b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n and o f t h e s e s c o r e s , 13 i n c r e a s e d (50%) and 12 d e c r e a s e d from t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2. One d i d n o t v a r y . S i m i l a r t o t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d from t h e U n i t e l c h i l d r e n , t h e s e r e s u l t s e x p l a i n i n more d e t a i l t h e l a c k o f a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e ; t h a t i s , some c h i l d r e n i n c r e a s e d i n a g g r e s s i o n and o t h e r s d e c r e a s e d , r a t h e r t h a n a l l t h e c h i l d r e n r e m a i n i n g a t t h e same l e v e l . The i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d from t h e t e l e v i s i o n q u e s t i o n n a i r e s was a g a i n i n c o n c l u s i v e . The c h i l d r e n i n M u l t i t e l r e p o r t e d a g r e a t e r number of v i e w i n g h o u r s p e r week a t t i m e 2 ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 40) b u t whether t h e c h i l d was h i g h o r low i n a g g r e s s i o n d i d n o t r e l a t e t o t h e number o f h o u r s watched, n o r was t h e r e any c o n s i s t e n c y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c h i l d -r e n ' s f a v o u r i t e t e l e v i s i o n programmes. F o r example, t h e a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n p i c k e d P a r t r i d g e F a m i l y , c a r t o o n s , S i x M i l l i o n D o l l a r Man, and Happy Days, whereas l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n p i c k e d c a r t o o n s , P a r t r i d g e F a m i l y , Happy Days, and Hogan's Heroes. T h i s l a c k o f d i f f e r e n c e among t h e c h i l d r e n i n M u l t i t e l d i s p e l l s t h e e x p l a n a t i o n o f f e r e d f o r t h e l a c k o f d i f f e r e n c e i n N o t e l and U n i t e l c h i l d r e n ( t h a t t h e r e was n o t enough c h o i c e i n t h e s e l a t t e r towns t o d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t t h e a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n were w a t c h i n g a g g r e s s i v e shows), as i n M u l t i t e l t h e r e was a w i d e r v a r i e t y o f programmes. 63 T a b l e 15 P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n - M u l t i t e l C h i l d r e n Above/Below t h e Me d i a n a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e Responding a t Time 2 and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 C h i l d r e n ABOVE t h e Median a t Time 1 T.V. I n c r e a s e D e c r e a s e V i e w i n g Hours Sex a t Time 2 a t Time 2 a t Time 2 M 0.238 - 38 F - 0.619 4 M 0.096 - 25.5 M 0.857 - 43 F 0.286 - 34.5 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.172 Mean Number o f Hours = 29.00 C h i l d r e n BELOW t h e median a t Time 1 T.V. I n c r e a s e D e c r e a s e V i e w i n g Hours Sex a t Time 2 a t Time 2 a t Time 2 F 0.047 F 0.179 F 0.000 0.000 F 0.107 40.5 29.5 16 22 ... c o n t i n u e d 64 T a b l e 15 c o n t i n u e d T.V. I n c r e a s e D e c r e a s e V i e w i n g Hours Sex a t Time 2 a t Time 2 a t Time 2 M - 0.239 s i c k M 1.000 - 67 M 0.048 - 22 F 1.143 - 54 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.286 Mean Number o f Hours = 35.86 65 T a b l e 16 V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n - M u l t i t e l C h i l d r e n Above/Below t h e Median a t Time 1, T h e i r I n c r e a s e / D e c r e a s e i n A g g r e s s i v e Responding a t Time 2 and T h e i r T e l e v i s i o n V i e w i n g Hours a t Time 2 C h i l d r e n ABOVE t h e Median a t Time 1 T.V. I n c r e a s e D e c r e a s e V i e w i n g Hours Sex a t Time 2 a t Time 2 a t Time 2 F - 0.143 4 F - 0.238 40.5 F - 0.060 29.5 F - 0.571 16 F - 0.208 22 M - 0.476 s i c k M - 0.143 67 M 1.000 _ 43 Mean I n c r e a s e = -0.105 Mean Number o f Hours = 31.71 i . e . , t h e r e was an o v e r a l l DECREASE c o n t i n u e d 66 T a b l e 16 c o n t i n u e d C h i l d r e n BELOW t h e Median a t Time 1 T.V. I n c r e a s e D e c r e a s e V i e w i n g Hours Sex a t Time 2 a t Time 2 a t Time 2 M 0.096 - 38 M 0.048 - 22.5 M - 0.047 22 F - 0.048 54 F - 0.047 34.5 Mean I n c r e a s e = 0.0004 Mean Number o f Hours = 34.8 67 However, i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t o n l y i n N o t e l d i d c h i l d r e n above t h e median i n a g g r e s s i o n spend more t i m e v i e w i n g t e l e v i s i o n t h a n c h i l d r e n below t h e median. I n t h e o t h e r two towns t h i s t r e n d was r e -v e r s e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , one c o u l d p o s t u l a t e t h a t i f more a g g r e s s i v e shows had been a v a i l a b l e i n N o t e l , where t h e c h i l d r e n had no p r e v i o u s e x p o s u r e t o t e l e v i s i o n , a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n may have s e l e c t e d a g g r e s s i v e shows as - t h e i r f a v o u r i t e s . However, more i n f o r m a t i o n i s needed about c h i l d r e n w i t h o u t p r e v i o u s e x p o s u r e who have a c c e s s t o a v a r i e t y o f a g g r e s s i v e shows. ( I t s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t though CBC had l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c o n t e n t t h a n CTV, CBS, ABC, o r NBC ( W i l l i a m s , Z a b r a c k , & J o y , 1977), t h e r e i s s t i l l a g g r e s s i o n d i s p l a y e d on CBC. T h e r e f o r e N o t e l and U n i t e l c h i l d r e n were exposed t o some a g g r e s s i v e models on t e l e v i s i o n . ) I n sum, t h e d a t a r e v i e w e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n do n o t s u p p o r t t h e f i n d i n g s o f some p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h ( S t e i n & F r i e d r i c h , 1972; P a r k e e t a l . , 1975); t h a t i s , t h a t c h i l d r e n i n i t i a l l y h i g h i n a g g r e s s i o n t e n d t o be most a f f e c t e d by e x p o s u r e t o a g g r e s s i v e models i n t h e media. I n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o f b o t h a g g r e s s i v e and l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n g e n e r a l l y i n c r e a s e d o v e r t i m e , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f M u l t i t e l c h i l d r e n i n i t i a l l y h i g h i n v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e d i s c r e p a n c y between t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y and p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h may be a d i f f e r e n c e i n methods o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n . S p e c i f i c a l l y , i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y c h i l d r e n were o b s e r v e d d u r i n g f r e e p l a y p e r i o d s a t s c h o o l , and i n a d d i t i o n , t h e y had n o t been w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n j u s t p r i o r t o t h e o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d s . P r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h e r s ( e . g . , S t e i n & F r i e d r i c h , 1972) o b s e r v e d c h i l d r e n i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r e x p o s u r e t o a g g r e s s i v e models i n t h e s c h o o l r o o m . S t e i n and F r i e d r i c h ' s 68 (.1972) f i n d i n g s t h a t l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n do n o t d i s p l a y an i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g may have o c c u r r e d because t h e s e c h i l d r e n were no t used t o a c t i n g a g g r e s s i v e l y , and t h u s , m ight be r e l u c t a n t t o i m m e d i a t e l y copy a model's b e h a v i o u r . However, a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n may have no h e s i t a t i o n about b e h a v i n g i n an a g g r e s s i v e manner, and c o n s e -q u e n t l y , t h e y might copy t h e model's b e h a v i o u r s o o n e r , o r a t l e a s t r e a l i s e t h a t b e h a v i n g a g g r e s s i v e l y i s a c c e p t a b l e . Over a p e r i o d o f t i m e ( f o r example, two y e a r s i n t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y ) , some l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n may a l s o d i s p l a y i n c r e a s e d a g g r e s s i o n f o r a number o f p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s . F o r example, t h e i r a g g r e s s i v e p e e r s a l s o a c t as a g g r e s s i v e m o d els, and a r e l i k e l y t o be more s a l i e n t models t h a n t h o s e on f i l m , s i n c e t h e p e e r groups a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same age, and t h e c h i l d r e n know each o t h e r . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n may use o b s e r v e d a g g r e s s i o n i n r e t a l i a t i o n t o t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o f t h e i r p e e r s . F i n a l l y , c h i l d r e n may l e a r n f r o m o b s e r v i n g models t h a t a g g r e s -s i o n i s e f f e c t i v e and see t h a t i t i s a c c e p t a b l e ( t h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e f o r t e l e v i s e d a g g r e s s i o n , W i l l i a m s , Z a b r a c k , & J o y , 1977). The messages o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s and a c c e p t a b i l i t y may n o t be i m m e d i a t e l y a p p a r e n t o r i m p o r t a n t t o t h e n o n - a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n as a g g r e s s i o n may n o t be v e r y s a l i e n t f o r them. T h e r e f o r e , i f c h i l d r e n a r e n o t o b s e r v e d i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r e x p o s u r e t o a g g r e s s i v e m o dels, any d i f f e r e n t i a t i o n between h i g h l y a g g r e s s i v e and l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n may be d i f f u s e d . C o r r e l a t i o n s among Measures o f A g g r e s s i o n An advantage o f t h i s s t u d y was the use o f m u l t i p l e measures o f a g g r e s s i o n ( t h a t i s , o b s e r v a t i o n s , t e a c h e r r a t i n g s and p e e r r a t i n g s ) . 69 Most p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h e r s have employed o n l y one measure o f a g g r e s s i o n , f o r example, o b s e r v a t i o n s ( S t e i n & F r i e d r i c h , 1972), o r q u e s t i o n n a i r e s Schramm e t a l . , 1961) o r s u r v e y s (Himmelweit e t a l . , 1959). By c o l l e c -t i n g d a t a from more t h a n one s o u r c e , c r o s s - v a l i d a t i o n among t h e v a r i o u s measures c o u l d be a s s e s s e d , t h a t i s , more c o n f i d e n c e c o u l d be p l a c e d i n t h e v a l i d i t y o f the measures employed. To t h i s aim, s e v e r a l P e a r s o n p r o d u c t moment c o r r e l a t i o n s were computed on t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l d a t a . S e p a r a t e c o r r e l a t i o n s were computed f o r each town a t t i m e 1 and t i m e 2, r e s u l t i n g i n a t o t a l o f 6 c o r r e l a t i o n m a t r i c e s . The i t e m s c o r r e l a t e d were: (a) t h e two a g g r e s s i o n means ( P h y s i c a l and V e r b a l ) ; (b) f o u r t e a c h e r r a t i n g sums ( i . e . , S S I , t h e t e a c h e r r a t i n g sum : f o r a g g r e s s i v e , b o s s y , and h o s t i l e s c a l e s ; SS2, t h e sum o f t e a c h e r r a t i n g s f o r t h e a c t i v e and l o u d s c a l e s ; SS3, t h e t e a c h e r r a t i n g sum f o r the c o m p e t i t i v e and dominant s c a l e s ; and SS4, t h e sum of t e a c h e r r a t i n g s f o r the f r i e n d l y and h o n e s t s c a l e s ) ; and (c) t h e f i v e p e e r r a t i n g measures ( i . e . , p e e r r a t i n g f o r b o s s y ; f i g h t s ; t a l k s back t o t e a c h e r ; a r g u e s and d i s a g r e e s ; and pu s h e s , s h o v e s , and p o k e s ) . Time 1. O v e r a l l , a t t i m e 1 ( c o l l a p s e d a c r o s s a l l t h r e e towns, see Ap p e n d i x J ) , o f t h e 55 p o s s i b l e i n t e r c o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e v a r i o u s s c o r e s , 45 o r 81.8% o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e .05 l e v e l o r b e t t e r . 8 S p e c i f i c a l l y , i n N o t e l , 40 o f t h e 55 c o r r e l a t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t . The m a j o r i t y o f measures c o r r e l a t e d w e l l among them-s e l v e s and w i t h t h e o t h e r measures, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e c o r r e l a -t i o n s o f t h e p e e r r a t i n g s c o r e s w i t h t h e v e r b a l measure o f a g g r e s s i o n . I t c o u l d be a p p r o p r i a t e a t t h i s p o i n t t o r e i t e r a t e t h a t t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l d a t a were c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e most v a l i d o f t h e v a r i o u s measures, f o r 70 a v a r i e t y o f r e a s o n s . Namely, s i n c e two o b s e r v e r s coded t h e b e h a v i o u r , i t was p o s s i b l e t o c a l c u l a t e i n t e r r a t e r r e l i a b i l i t y . These r e l i a b i l i t y s c o r e s were .89 a t t i m e 1 and .80 a t t i m e 2. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e o b s e r v e r s coded t h e c h i l d r e n ' s b e h a v i o u r as i t o c c u r r e d , whereas b o t h t h e c h i l d r e n and t h e t e a c h e r s were r e q u i r e d t o g i v e o v e r a l l r e t r o s p e c t i v e i m p r e s s i o n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , as t h e t e a c h e r s and c h i l d r e n know e a c h o t h e r t h e y m ight have p r e c o n c e i v e d i d e a s and e x p e c t a t i o n s o f who t h e y thought was a g g r e s -s i v e w h i c h might i n f l u e n c e t h e i r p e r c e p t i o n s and judgements. The ob-s e r v e r s would n o t have any e x p e c t a t i o n s a t l e a s t i n i t i a l l y , and c a l c u -l a t i n g r e l i a b i l i t y p r e v e n t e d i n d i v i d u a l p e r c e p t i o n s f r o m b i a s i n g t h e d a t a . I n sum, f o r N o t e l , t h e p e e r and t e a c h e r r a t i n g s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n measure, whereas o n l y t e a c h e r r a t i n g s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n measure. A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e poor c o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e p e e r r a t i n g s c o r e s and t h e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n measure might be t h a t c h i l d r e n and a d u l t s h o l d d i f f e r e n t d e f i n i t i o n s and p e r c e p t i o n s o f v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , b u t n o t f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n , a d m i t t e d l y a more b l a t a n t form o f a g g r e s s i o n . I n U n i t e l , a t t i m e 1, o n l y 21 o f the 55 c o r r e l a t i o n s were s i g n i f i -c a n t . Namely, t h e t e a c h e r r a t i n g s were p o o r l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e o t h e r measures o f a g g r e s s i o n . The p e e r r a t i n g s c o r r e l a t e d among t h e m s e l v e s and w i t h t h e p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n measure, b u t , a g a i n , n o t w i t h t h e mea-s u r e o f v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . I t appeared t h a t i n U n i t e l t h e t e a c h e r s d i d not a g r e e w i t h t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f a g g r e s s i o n o f e i t h e r t h e c h i l d r e n o r the o b s e r v e r s and t h e c h i l d r e n d i d n o t base t h e i r judgements on v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . 71 An e x a m i n a t i o n o f the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n M u l t i t e l a t t i m e 1 i n d i c a t e d a s i m i l a r p a t t e r n t o t h a t o b t a i n e d f o r N o t e l ; t h a t i s , 36 of t h e p o s s i b l e c o r r e l a t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t . On the w h o l e , t h e v a r i o u s measures were w e l l c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n , a g a i n , o f t h e c o r r e l a -t i o n s o f t h e p e e r r a t i n g s w i t h t h e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n measure. I n sum, f o r t i m e 1, i n N o t e l and M u l t i t e l , i t appeared t h a t t h e t e a c h e r s and c h i l d r e n were b o t h s e n s i t i v e t o p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n , but t h e c h i l d r e n seemed t o o v e r l o o k v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . The l a t t e r r e s u l t , w h i c h was a l s o t r u e f o r t h e U n i t e l c h i l d r e n , m i ght be due t o the d i f f e r e n t d e f i n i t i o n s f o r c h i l d r e n and a d u l t s , as t o what c o n s t i t u t e s a g g r e s s i o n . P e r h a p s more i m p o r t a n t l y , t h e r a t i n g s c a l e s g i v e n t o t h e c h i l d r e n were m o s t l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n ( e . g . , who f i g h t s t h e m o st?; who p u s h e s , s h o v e s , and pokes t h e most?) t h u s f o c u s i n g t h e c h i l d r e n on p h y s i c a l b e h a v i o u r s . Time 2. A t t i m e 2, 38 o f t h e 55 p o s s i b l e c o r r e l a t i o n s ( c o l l a p s e d a c r o s s a l l t h r e e towns) were s i g n i f i c a n t (see A p p e n d i x J ) . S p e c i f i c a l l y , i n N o t e l , 26 c o r r e l a t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t , a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e number o f s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s from t i m e 1. P e e r and t e a c h e r r a t i n g s c o r -r e l a t e d w e l l i n most c a s e s , whereas b o t h o f t h e s e measures c o r r e l a t e d p o o r l y w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l measures of a g g r e s s i o n . I n U n i t e l , 28 o f t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t . The p a t t e r n o f c o r r e l a t i o n s o b t a i n e d was v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t o b t a i n e d f o r U n i t e l a t t i m e 1; t h a t i s , t h e t e a c h e r r a t i n g s c o r r e l a t e d p o o r l y w i t h t h e o t h e r measures o f a g g r e s s i o n , and t h e p e e r r a t i n g s d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n measure. I t a p p e a r e d , a g a i n , t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n may be s e n s i t i v e t o p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n b u t n o t t o v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . 72 I n M u l t i t e l , a t t i m e 2, 37 o f t h e p o s s i b l e 55 c o r r e l a t i o n s were s i g n i f i c a n t . The p e e r r a t i n g s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n measure and m o d e r a t e l y w e l l w i t h t h e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n measure . S i m i l a r t o t h e f i n d i n g i n U n i t e l , t h e c h i l d r e n seemed s e n s i t i v e t o p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n . However, i n M u l t i t e l , t h e c h i l d r e n seemed t o be more aware o f v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n . I n sum, a t t i m e 2, t h e t e a c h e r r a t i n g s i n N o t e l d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l measures o f a g g r e s s i o n , and i n a l l t h r e e towns t h e p e e r r a t i n g s d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e w e l l w i t h t h e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n mea-s u r e ( t h o u g h i n M u l t i t e l , t h e s e c o r r e l a t i o n s were s l i g h t l y b e t t e r t h a n i n t h e o t h e r two t o w n s ) . The two f a c t s , t h a t the t e a c h e r r a t i n g s i n N o t e l d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l measures o f a g g r e s s i o n and t h a t t h e p e e r r a t i n g s i n N o t e l d i d n o t c o r r e l a t e w i t h t h e measure o f p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n , were t h e o n l y major d i s c r e p a n c i e s among t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s f r o m time 1 and t i m e 2. A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e s e d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n N o t e l c o u l d be t h a t b o t h t h e t e a c h e r ' s and c h i l d r e n ' s t o l e r a n c e o f a g g r e s s i o n i n c r e a s e d f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2. T h e r e f o r e , t h e t e a c h e r s and c h i l d r e n d i s a g r e e d w i t h t h e o b s e r v e r s , a t t i m e 2, as t o w h i c h c h i l d r e n were a g g r e s s i v e and w h i c h were n o t . The o b s e r v e r s used t h e same a p r i o r i d e f i n i t i o n s a t b o t h phases o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n , t h u s i t i s u n l i k e l y t h e r e were changes i n t h e o b s e r v e r s ' t o l e r a n c e o f a g g r e s s i o n o r changes i n d e f i n i t i o n s o f what i s a g g r e s s i o n from t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2. T e l e v i s i o n was n o t new t o t h e p e o p l e i n U n i t e l o r M u l t i t e l and t h e r e f o r e . t h e i r t o l e r a n c e and d e f i n i t i o n s o f a g g r e s s i o n may n o t have changed from t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2, e x p l a i n i n g why t h e p a t t e r n s o f c o r r e l a t i o n s i n t h e s e two towns were s i m i l a r a t b o t h t i m e s . 73 DISCUSSION I n p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h , b o t h i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y and i n t h e f i e l d , i t has been f o u n d t h a t i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f c a s e s , c h i l d r e n exposed t o a g g r e s s i v e models, e i t h e r l i v e o r on f i l m , i m i t a t e t h e a g g r e s s i o n d i s p l a y e d and t h e i r a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o r i n c r e a s e s . The r e s u l t s o f b o t h t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l and c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s e s i n t h i s s t u d y i n d i c a t e s t h a t , on t h e w h o l e , c h i l d -r e n i n N o t e l i n c r e a s e d i n b o t h p h y s i c a l and v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n a f t e r t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t e l e v i s i o n t o t h e i r town. I t seems r e a s o n a b l e t o a t t r i b u t e t h i s i n c r e a s e d a g g r e s s i o n t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f new a g g r e s s i v e models i n N o t e l between t i m e 1 and t i m e 2. That i s , t h r o u g h e x p o s u r e t o a g g r e s s i v e m odels, t h e c h i l d r e n ' s i n h i b i t i o n s a g a i n s t a c t i n g i n an a g g r e s s i v e manner may have been r e d u c e d (Bandura's t h e o r y o f o b s e r v a t i o n a l l e a r n i n g , 1969). T h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s s u p p o r t e d by t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e ; t h a t i s , i n t h e a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n and t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o f o n l y N o t e l c h i l d r e n i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y o v e r t i m e . A n o t h e r p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n t h i s s t u d y i s t h a t N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s l a c k o f f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t e l e v i s i o n enhanced t h e e f f e c t s o f o b s e r v i n g a g g r e s s i o n on c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r . That i s , N o t e l c h i l d r e n may have a b s o r b e d more o f what t h e y watched t h a n c h i l d r e n i n t h e o t h e r two towns, and t h u s by t i m e 2 became even more a g g r e s s i v e t h a n c h i l d r e n i n t h o s e towns. I t i s a l s o l i k e l y t h a t t e l e v i s i o n , i n g e n e r a l , had a n o n - s p e c i f i c e n e r g i z i n g e f f e c t o r d i s i n h i b i t i n g e f f e c t on t h e N o t e l c h i l d r e n . Tannenbaum and Z i l l m a n (1975) have a r g u e d t h a t w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n may 74 l e a d t o a g e n e r a l s t a t e o f a r o u s a l w h i c h may be e x p r e s s e d i n an i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r . A c c o r d i n g t o B e r l y n e ' s (1960) t h e o r y c o n c e r n i n g t h e i n f l u e n c e o f n o v e l t y on a r o u s a l l e v e l s , t h e N o t e l c h i l d r e n who were n o t f a m i l i a r w i t h t e l e v i s i o n w o u l d be more a r o u s e d t h a n t h e c h i l d r e n i n t h e o t h e r two towns and the p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e i r e x p r e s s i n g a g g r e s s i o n would t h u s be i n c r e a s e d . As t h e n o v e l t y o f t e l e v i s i o n wears o f f N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g m i g h t be e x p e c t e d t o d e c r e a s e t o t h e l e v e l o f U n i t e l and M u l t i t e l c h i l d r e n . However, because o f t h e d i s i n -h i b i t i n g e f f e c t of t e l e v i s i o n , t h e N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s l e v e l o f a g g r e s s i o n would be u n l i k e l y t o r e t u r n t o t h a t e x h i b i t e d b e f o r e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t e l e v i s i o n . No r e l a t i o n s h i p was f o u n d between c h i l d r e n ' s s p e c i f i c t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h a b i t s and t h e i r a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r , and t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e r e p e r t o i r e s would change w i t h t h e i n c e p t i o n o f t e l e v i s i o n was n o t s u p p o r t e d . I f t h e c o n t e n t o f t e l e v i s i o n programming was a f f e c t i n g c h i l d r e n ' s s p e c i f i c a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r s , t h e r e p e r t i o r e of a g g r e s s i o n d i s p l a y e d was e x p e c t e d t o v a r y f r o m t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2 i n N o t e l . However, i n s p e c -t i o n o f t h e r e p e r t o i r e d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t the i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t e l e -v i s i o n t o N o t e l d i d n o t a l t e r t h e c h i l d r e n ' s r e p e r t o i r e . A t t i m e 1, t h e N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e r e p e r t o i r e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from t h o s e e x h i b i t e d by the c h i l d r e n i n t h e o t h e r two towns. F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e r e were no major changes i n t h e N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s r e p e r -t o i r e s a t t i m e 2. Based on t h i s d e s c r i p t i v e a n a l y s i s t h e r e was no e v i d e n c e t h a t c h i l d r e n were l e a r n i n g s p e c i f i c new b e h a v i o u r s f r o m t e l e -v i s i o n . However, i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n were o b s e r v e d 75 d u r i n g f r e e p l a y p e r i o d s a t s c h o o l . T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s n o t one i n w h i c h s p e c i f i c b e h a v i o u r s seen on t e l e v i s i o n w o u l d be l i k e l y t o be ex-h i b i t e d , a l t h o u g h i t i s c e r t a i n l y a more r e a l i s t i c s e t t i n g t h a n t h e l a b o r a t o r y . F o r example, c o n t e n t a n a l y s e s have r e v e a l e d t h a t p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n p o r t r a y e d on t e l e v i s i o n i s o f t e n i n t h e form o f b r a n d i s h i n g a weapon, o r u s i n g an o b j e c t n o t i n t e n d e d as a weapon, such as h o u s e h o l d f u r n i t u r e ( W i l l i a m s e t a l . , 1977). C l e a r l y , s u c h o b j e c t s a r e n o t r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e i n t h e s c h o o l p l a y g r o u n d . Even i f c h i l d r e n had l e a r n e d t h e s e s p e c i f i c b e h a v i o u r s from w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n programmes, i t i s un-l i k e l y t h a t t h e b e h a v i o u r s w o u l d be d i s p l a y e d on t h e p l a y g r o u n d . A drawback t o t h i s e x p l a n a t i o n o c c u r s when one c o n s i d e r s t h e use o f v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n , w h i c h i s n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o any p a r t i c u l a r s e t t i n g . The N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s r e p e r t o i r e s o f v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n d i d n o t d i f f e r s u b s t a n -t i a l l y f rom t h o s e d i s p l a y e d i n t h e o t h e r towns. A p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s l a c k o f d i f f e r e n c e among t h e t h r e e towns i n v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n d i s p l a y e d i s t h a t c h i l d r e n may be more exposed t o v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n i n t h e i r own e n v i r o n m e n t s t h a n t o p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n . That i s , n o t many c h i l d r e n have o b s e r v e d men \" s h o o t i n g i t o u t \" o r c a r chases i n r e a l l i f e , b u t many c h i l d r e n have w i t n e s s e d p e o p l e b e i n g s a r c a s t i c and v e r b a l l y a b u s i v e . What c h i l d r e n may l e a r n from t h e media i s t h a t v e r b a l a g g r e s -s i o n i s a p p r o p r i a t e and a c c e p t a b l e , so t h e f r e q u e n c y o f v e r b a l a g g r e s -s i o n i n c r e a s e s even though t h e form does n o t v a r y . Of c o u r s e , t h i s may a l s o o c c u r f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n , w h i c h i s p o r t r a y e d as e x t r e m e l y e f f e c t i v e ( L a r s e n , Gray, & F o r t i s , 1968; W i l l i a m s e t a l . , 1977); n e g a t i v e consequences f o r a g g r e s s i o n a r e v i r t u a l l y n o n - e x i s t e n t i n t e l e v i s i o n f i c t i o n . Thus t h e r e was no e v i d e n c e i n the r e s u l t s o f t h e 76 p r e s e n t s t u d y t h a t c h i l d r e n l e a r n s p e c i f i c a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n s e s f r o m t e l e v i s i o n . The r e s u l t s do n o t p r e c l u d e t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y , b u t p r o v i d e no d i r e c t e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t i t . The f a i l u r e t o f i n d t h a t h i g h l y a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n were more a f -f e c t e d t h a n l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n by e x p o s u r e t o a g g r e s s i v e models on t e l e v i s i o n adds f u r t h e r s u p p o r t t o t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t c h i l d r e n l e a r n t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f a g g r e s s i o n f r o m t e l e v i s i o n . That i s , some l e s s a g g r e s s i v e c h i l d r e n , who might n o t n e c e s s a r i l y i m i t a t e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r , p e r s e , may l e a r n t h a t t h i s t y p e o f b e h a v i o u r i s a c c e p t a b l e and so i n c l u d e i t i n t h e i r p l a y r e p e r t o i r e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n r e t a l i a t i o n t o o t h e r c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e n e s s . P e r h a p s i f t e l e v i s i o n p o r t r a y e d ways o f d e a l i n g w i t h a g g r e s s i o n o t h e r t h a n s u b m i s s i o n o r a g g r e s s i v e r e t a l i a t i o n ( W i l l i a m s e t a l . , 1977) , c h i l d r e n i n i t i a l l y l e s s a g g r e s s i v e might r e m a i n so. The a n a l y s e s o f v a r i a n c e ( b o t h l o n g i t u d i n a l and c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l ) i n d i c a t e d t h a t M u l t i t e l c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i o n d i d n o t i n c r e a s e s i g n i f i -c a n t l y from t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2, a l t h o u g h i n h y p o t h e s i s 3 t h e i r a g g r e s s i o n had been p o s t u l a t e d t o be h i g h e r a t t i m e 2. I t m ight be t h a t t h e M u l t i t e l c h i l d r e n e x h i b i t e d a maximum i n a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g a t t i m e 1 and so f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e was n o t p o s s i b l e a t t i m e 2. However, a t t i m e 2, t h e c h i l d r e n i n N o t e l d i s p l a y e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y more a g g r e s s i o n t h a n t h e M u l t i t e l c h i l d r e n , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t a h i g h e r l e v e l o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n -d i n g was p o s s i b l e . G i v e n t h e marked i n c r e a s e i n N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s -s i o n f o l l o w i n g t h e i n c e p t i o n o f t e l e v i s i o n , and the- l a c k o f a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n M u l t i t e l c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i o n , i t seems most l i k e l y t h a t an a r o u s a l e f f e c t combined w i t h d i s i n h i b i t i o n o c c u r r e d f o r N o t e l c h i l d r e n 77 r a t h e r t h a n t h e h y p o t h e s i z e d c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t . I t w o u l d be i n t e r e s t i n g t o r e t u r n t o N o t e l i n t h e f u t u r e when th e c h i l d r e n have become more accustomed t o h a v i n g t e l e v i s i o n , t o see whether t h e i r l e v e l o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g d e c r e a s e d t o the l e v e l o f t h e o t h e r two towns, as would be p r e d i c t e d from the h y p o t h e s i s t h a t N o t e l c h i l d r e n ' s r e a c t i o n s t o t e l e -v i s i o n were h e i g h t e n e d because o f t h e i r l a c k o f f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h i t . The sex d i f f e r e n c e s o b t a i n e d f o r t h e p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n i n b o t h t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a n a l y s i s and t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s were c o n s i s -t e n t w i t h p r e v i o u s f i n d i n g s ; t h a t i s , males were found t o be more phy-s i c a l l y a g g r e s s i v e t h a n f e m a l e s (Feshbach, 1970). The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f o r v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n were i n c o n c l u s i v e . P r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h i n t h i s a r e a has a l s o been i n c o n s i s t e n t . I n t h i s s t u d y t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t sex d i f f e r e n c e i n v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n i n the l o n g i t u d i n a l a n a l y s i s . How-e v e r , i n t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s , males d i s p l a y e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y more v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n a t t i m e 2 t h a n f e m a l e s ( t h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e a t t i m e 1 ) . E x a m i n a t i o n of t h e v e r b a l a g g r e s s i o n means o b t a i n e d f o r b o t h males and f e m a l e s i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a n a l y s i s r e v e a l e d a t r e n d , c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e s i g n i f i c a n t s e x d i f f e r e n c e f ound i n t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s — t h a t males were more v e r b a l l y a g g r e s s i v e t h a n f e m a l e s . The d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a n a l y s i s was p r o b a b l y n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t because o f t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l e r sample s i z e i n v o l v e d (44 s u b j e c t s , by c o m p a r i s o n w i t h 240 i n t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s ) . The most i m p o r t a n t f i n d i n g c o n c e r n i n g sex d i f f e r e n c e s was t h a t f o r p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n , w h i c h was c o n s i s t e n t w i t h most p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h on sex d i f f e r e n c e s and p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n . The r e p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d f i n d i n g l e n d s c r e d i b i l i t y t o t h e o t h e r f i n d i n g s 78 o b t a i n e d because i t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e c h i l d r e n s t u d i e d were n o t f r o m a s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t p o p u l a t i o n t h a n c h i l d r e n s t u d i e d i n o t h e r r e -s e a r c h on a g g r e s s i o n . One a l t e r n a t i v e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y i s e x p e r i m e n t e r b i a s . I t was n o t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e o b s e r v e r s t o be b l i n d t o t h e towns i n w h i c h t h e y were o b s e r v i n g . However, s e v e r a l a s p e c t s o f t h e f i n d i n g s argue s t r o n g l y a g a i n s t e x p e r i m e n t e r b i a s . The two o b s e r v e r s a t ti m e 1 were n a i v e c o n c e r n i n g t h e s p e c i f i c h y p o t h e s e s b e i n g t e s t e d , and d i d n o t know t h a t U.S. and C a n a d i a n t e l e v i s i o n d i f f e r i n l e v e l o f a g g r e s -s i o n c o n t e n t . The o b s e r v e r s a t t i m e 2, though unaware o f t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d a t t i m e 1, knew t h a t N o t e l had r e c e i v e d t e l e v i s i o n j u s t a f t e r t h e t i m e 1 o b s e r v a t i o n s had been made, and a l s o knew t h a t N o t e l and U n i t e l r e c e i v e d o n l y CBC whereas M u l t i t e l r e c e i v e d CBC and s e v e r a l US s t a t i o n s . However, n e i t h e r o b s e r v e r knew t h a t US n e t w o r k s had been fo u n d t o c o n t a i n more a g g r e s s i v e c o n t e n t t h a n C a n a d i a n t e l e v i s i o n ( S i n g e r , 1970; W i l l i a m s e t a l . , 1977). T h e r e f o r e , a t t i m e 1, t h e o b s e r v e r s d i d no t e x p e c t M u l t i t e l c h i l d r e n t o d i s p l a y t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l o f a g g r e s s i o n ( i . e . , h y p o t h e s i s 3 ) . And, i n d e e d , t h i s d i d n o t o c c u r , i n d i c a t i n g add-t i o n a l l a c k o f s u p p o r t f o r p o t e n t i a l e x p e r i m e n t e r b i a s . T h at t h e a g g r e s -s i v e b e h a v i o u r s d i s p l a y e d i n a l l t h r e e towns a t b o t h phases o f d a t a c o l l e c t i o n were s i m i l a r was a n o t h e r u n e x p e c t e d f i n d i n g ; i t had been h y p o t h e s i z e d t h a t t h e a g g r e s s i v e r e p e r t o i r e i n N o t e l would change w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a g g r e s s i v e models on t e l e v i s i o n . I f e x p e r i m e n t e r b i a s had been o p e r a t i n g w h i l e t h e d a t a were b e i n g c o l l e c t e d , t h e o b s e r -v e r s would have had t o m e n t a l l y r e g i s t e r , w h i l e c o d i n g , w h i c h a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n s e s were t h e most f r e q u e n t and remember the o r d e r from town t o 79 town. S i n c e e x p e r i m e n t e r b i a s o f t e n o c c u r s w i t h o u t awareness, i t seems u n l i k e l y t h a t c o d e r s r e g i s t e r e d and remembered the r e p e r t o i r e s w i t h o u t b e i n g aware o f t h i s p r o c e s s . A n o t h e r f i n d i n g t h a t a r g u e s a g a i n s t e x p e r i m e n t e r b i a s i s t h a t i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f c a s e s , t e a c h e r r a t i n g s and/or p e e r r a t i n g s were s i g n i f i -c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h t h e o b s e r v a t i o n a l a g g r e s s i o n s c o r e s , p r o v i d i n g v a l i d a t i o n f o r t h e a u t h e n t i c i t y o f the d a t a o b t a i n e d . The o b s e r v e r s c o u l d n o t b i a s t h e i r d a t a t o agree w i t h r a t i n g s o b t a i n e d a t t h e time o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e t e a c h e r s and c h i l d r e n d i d n o t know t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y . F i n a l l y , the r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e o b s e r v a t i o n s ( a t b o t h t i m e 1 and t i m e 2) was above 80%. To o b t a i n t h i s h i g h , r e l i -a b i l i t y , t h e o b s e r v e r s w o u l d have had t o b i a s t h e i r d a t a i n s i m i l a r ways on i n d i v i d u a l o b s e r v a t i o n s ( r e l i a b i l i t y was c a l c u l a t e d i n t e r m i t a n t l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d as two c o d e r s were p r e s e n t i n each town). S i n c e some o f t h e h y p o t h e s e s were n o t c o n f i r m e d , c o r r e l a t i o n s between o b s e r v a t i o n s and p e e r and t e a c h e r r a t i n g s were p o s i t i v e o v e r a l l , and h i g h r e l i a b i l i t y was o b t a i n e d between o b s e r v e r s , t h i s a u t h o r f e e l s c o n f i d e n t t h a t e x p e r i m e n t e r b i a s i s n o t a s u f f i c i e n t e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d . A f u r t h e r p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e f i n d i n g s has t o do w i t h changes between t i m e 1 and t i m e 2 i n s c h o o l p e r s o n n e l . A l l t h r e e e l e -mentary s c h o o l s a c q u i r e d new p r i n c i p a l s , and t h e y might have i n s t i t u t e d new s c h o o l r u l e s and a t t i t u d e s towards a g g r e s s i o n . Had t h i s o c c u r r e d , i t w ould most p r o b a b l y have been r e s t r i c t e d t o p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n . S t r i c t e r punishment f o r f i g h t i n g i n t h e p l a y g r o u n d w o u l d r e d u c e t h e 80 amount o f p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n e x h i b i t e d , o r , on t h e o t h e r hand, a more l e n i e n t a t t i t u d e might l e a d t o an i n c r e a s e i n t h e amount of a g g r e s s i o n d i s p l a y e d . The a t t i t u d e s o f t h e p r i n c i p a l s i n N o t e l and M u l t i t e l ( a t ti m e 2) were v e r y s i m i l a r ; r o u g h h o u s i n g was a l l o w e d u n l e s s i t appeared t h a t someone was g o i n g t o g e t h u r t . I n U n i t e l , when t h e p r i n c i p a l was p r e s e n t on t h e p l a y g r o u n d ( t h i s was not o f t e n ) , t h e c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s -s i v e b e h a v i o u r was dampened. However, i n N o t e l , t h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n v e r b a l as w e l l as p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n . T h i s would be d i f -f i c u l t t o e x p l a i n by a change i n p r i n c i p a l s as t h e c o n c e r n i n t h e s c h o o l s r e v o l v e d o n l y around e x c e s s i v e p h y s i c a l a g g r e s s i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , a l l s c h o o l s r e c e i v e d new p r i n c i p a l s b u t o n l y t h e a g g r e s s i o n i n N o t e l i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y o v e r t i m e , and U n i t e l c h i l d r e n were n o t l e s s a g g r e s s i v e t h a n c h i l d r e n i n M u l t i t e l , as would be p r e d i c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f p r i n c i p a l ' s p o l i c i e s i n U n i t e l . S i n c e t h e a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r o f c h i l d r e n i n U n i t e l and M u l t i t e l d i d n o t change s i g n i f i c a n t l y f r om t i m e 1 t o t i m e 2, a change o f p r i n c i p a l s i n N o t e l i s n o t a more l i k e l y e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i o n d i s p l a y e d t h a n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t e l e v i s i o n . R e s e a r c h c o n d u c t e d i n t h e f i e l d o f t e n l e a d s t o i n c o n c l u s i v e f i n d i n g s , f i n d i n g s f o r w h i c h c a u s a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s c a n n o t , s t r i c t l y s p e a k i n g , be made. However, i f enough i n f o r m a t i o n i s c o l l e c t e d , the r e s e a r c h e r can be more c o n f i d e n t i n p r o p o s i n g the d i r e c t i o n o f c a u s a t i o n . The a u t h o r r e a l i z e s t h a t a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n , t h a t w o u l d have been v e r y h e l p f u l i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s study, was n o t c o l l e c t e d f o r p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s s u c h as l a c k o f t i m e , l i m i t a t i o n s o f f i n a n c e , and a v a i l a b i l i t y o f p e r s o n n e l . F o r f u t u r e s t u d i e s i n t h i s a r e a , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t 81 d a t a on p a r e n t a l a t t i t u d e s be o b t a i n e d , a t t i t u d e s c o n c e r n i n g punishment o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i o n , a t t i t u d e s towards t h e use o f a g g r e s s i o n i n s o l v i n g c o n f l i c t and a t t i t u d e s toward t h e use o f t e l e v i s i o n . I n a d d i -t i o n , more d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n s h o u l d be c o l l e c t e d c o n c e r n i n g t h e c h i l d r e n ' s a c t i v i t i e s o u t s i d e s c h o o l , f o r example, comic books r e a d , s p o r t s p l a y e d , t h e a t t i t u d e of coaches w i t h r e g a r d t o a g g r e s s i o n w h i l e p l a y i n g , e t c . I t would c e r t a i n l y be advantageous t o have b l i n d o b s e r v e r s , w h i c h was i m p r a c t i c a l i n the p r e s e n t s t u d y . S i m i l a r l y , c o l l e c t i o n o f more d a t a d u r i n g d i f f e r e n t seasons o f t h e y e a r w o u l d be an improvement. F o r t h i s s t u d y t h e d a t a were c o l l e c t e d i n t h e t h r e e towns d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r months. Thus i n f o r m a t i o n about c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r d u r i n g t h e summer i s unknown. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e a u t h o r f e e l s t h a t more a c c u r a t e d a t a on t h e c h i l d -r e n ' s t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h a b i t s a r e needed. The younger c h i l d r e n found t h e t e l e v i s i o n q u e s t i o n n a i r e d i f f i c u l t , even though i t was a d m i n i s t e r e d i n d i v i d u a l l y by a r e s e a r c h a s s i s t a n t . O f t e n t h e s e c h i l d r e n d i d n o t know t h e name o f t h e programmes t h e y w atched, o r t h e number o f h o u r s sp e n t v i e w i n g . I t was o n l y t h r o u g h e x t e n s i v e p r o b i n g t h a t t h e r e s e a r c h e r s a s c e r t a i n e d t h e t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h a b i t s o f t h e c h i l d r e n . T h i s t a s k was made a d d i t i o n a l l y d i f f i c u l t because c h i l d r e n a t t e m p t e d t o g i v e what t h e y c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e \" r i g h t \" answer, even though i t had been s t r e s s e d t h a t t h e r e was no r i g h t o r wrong answer. A p o s s i b l e a p p r o a c h t o t a k e i n o v e r c o m i n g t h e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s when w o r k i n g w i t h younger c h i l d r e n m i ght be t o a s k them t o keep a \" t e l e v i s i o n d i a r y \" f o r a two week p e r i o d , w h e r e i n t h e y c o u l d c h e c k o f f the programmes as t h e y were 82 w a t c h i n g t e l e v i s i o n ( f o r t h e v e r y young c h i l d r e n a p i c t u r e code c o u l d be d e v i s e d ) . A d d i t i o n a l l y , the p a r e n t s c o u l d be i n t e r v i e w e d about t h e i r c h i l d r e n ' s t e l e v i s i o n v i e w i n g h a b i t s t o v a l i d a t e the i n f o r m a t i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e c h i l d r e n . I t would be i m p o r t a n t , however, t h a t t h e p a r e n t a l i n f o r m a t i o n n o t r e p l a c e the c h i l d r e n ' s i n f o r m a t i o n , as r e s e a r c h has i n d i c a t e d t h a t p a r e n t s a r e n o t a l w a y s good j u d g e s o f what t h e i r c h i l d -r e n a r e w a t c h i n g (Greenberg e t a l . , 1971). I n summary, i t was found, by o b s e r v i n g c h i l d r e n a t f r e e p l a y , t h a t a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y d u r i n g t h e two y e a r s f o l l o w i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t e l e v i s i o n t o N o t e l , a town p r e v i o u s l y w i t h o u t t e l e v i s i o n r e c e p t i o n . T h i s f i n d i n g i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h p r e v i o u s r e s e a r c h showing t h a t e x p o s u r e t o t e l e v i s i o n i n c r e a s e s c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s -s i v e b e h a v i o u r ( e . g . , P a r k e e t a l . , 1975; E r o n e t a l . , 1972; S t e i n & F r i e d r i c h , 1971). The o b s e r v e d a g g r e s s i o n o f c h i l d r e n i n U n i t e l and M u l t i t e l d i d n o t change s i g n i f i c a n t l y o v e r t i m e . I t i s p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i o n d i s p l a y e d by t h e N o t e l c h i l d r e n o c c u r r e d because t h e c h i l d r e n were a r o u s e d by t h e n o v e l t y o f t e l e v i s i o n , and t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g i n c r e a s e d . I n a d d i t i o n , because a g g r e s s i o n i s p o r t r a y e d on t e l e v i s i o n as a c c e p t a b l e , e f f e c t i v e , and a p p r o p r i a t e , t h e l i k e l i h o o d i s t h a t c h i l d r e n w o u l d i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i o n . I t has a l s o been s u g g e s t e d t h a t d i s i n h i b i t i o n w i l l m a i n t a i n a g g r e s s i v e r e s p o n d i n g once t h e n o v e l t y o f t e l e v i s i o n has worn o f f . E v i d e n c e o f l e a r n i n g s p e c i f i c b e h a v i o u r s f r o m t e l e v i s e d models was n o t f o u n d . However, t h i s may have been due t o t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e t e s t i n g s i t u a t i o n . The f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y , l i k e t h e f i n d i n g s o f most p r e v i o u s 83 r e s e a r c h , a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e c a u s a l s t a t e m e n t t h a t e x p o s u r e t o t e l e v i s i o n l e a d s t o an i n c r e a s e i n a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r . T h i s e f f e c t does n o t , o f c o u r s e , o c c u r i n a vacuum. A c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f f a c t o r s i s undoubtedly i n v o l v e d , i n c l u d i n g t h e a t t i t u d e s o f p a r e n t s and o t h e r a d u l t s t o w a r d a g g r e s s i o n and t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p e e r s . And, a d u l t s and p e e r s a l s o l e a r n f r o m t e l e v i s i o n t h a t a g g r e s s i o n i s an a p p r o p r i a t e and e f f e c t i v e method o f r e s o l v i n g c o n f l i c t . Thus c h i l d r e n ' s a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v i o u r may be a f f e c t e d b o t h d i r e c t l y and i n d i r e c t l y by t h e a g g r e s s i o n p o r t r a y e d on t e l e v i s i o n . 84 FOOTNOTES The p r o c e d u r e f o r s e l e c t i n g the t h r e e towns was t h e f o l l o w i n g : N o t e l was t h e i n i t i a l c h o i c e as i t l a c k e d t e l e v i s i o n r e c e p t i o n ; U n i t e l was s e l e c t e d as a comparable town because i t was i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same g e o g r a p h i c a r e a , o t h e r demographic v a r i a b l e s were s i m i l a r and t h e N o t e l r e s i d e n t s s e l e c t e d i t as a town s i m i l a r t o t h e i r own. M u l t i t e l was chosen t o e n a b l e a c o m p a r i s o n between t h e e f f e c t s o f e x p o s u r e t o US t e l e v i s i o n v e r s u s e x p o s u r e t o C a n a d i a n t e l e v i s i o n . The c o d i n g scheme employed was a m o d i f i e d f o r m , v a l i d a t e d by Joanne McFadden, o f W a l t e r s , P e a r c e and Dahms 1 1957 scheme. The o b s e r v e r s coded each c h i l d w h i l e p l a y i n g i n t h e p l a y g r o u n d . T h e r e -f o r e , no c h i l d was coded w h i l e a l o n e . T h i s meant t h a t though t h e c h i l d r e n saw t h e o b s e r v e r s w a l k i n g a r o u n d , t h e y seemed unaware t h a t i n d i v i d u a l c h i l d r e n o r b e h a v i o u r s were b e i n g coded. A l s o t h e ob-s e r v e r s , though n e a r enough t o h e a r what was b e i n g s a i d by t h e c h i l d -r e n , t r i e d t o g i v e t h e appearance o f l o o k i n g t h e o t h e r way. The c h i l d r e n seemed aware o f t h e o b s e r v e r s f o r the f i r s t few days ( m a i n l y when t h e o b s e r v e r s were l e a r n i n g t h e c h i l d r e n ' s names and f a c e s , and no c o d i n g was done) b u t soon began t o i g n o r e them, when t h e y r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e o b s e r v e r s were n o t t e a c h e r s and w o u l d n ' t s t o p them i f t h e y were f i g h t i n g , e t c . I n t e r r a t e r r e l i a b i l i t y was c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g method: the number o f agreements were d i v i d e d by t h e t o t a l number o f r e s p o n s e s . A p r o b a b i l i t y l e v e l o f p_ < .05 was c o n s i d e r e d t o r e f l e c t a s t a t i s -t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t f i n d i n g . However, i f a p r o b a b i l i t y l e v e l o f 85 0.1 > p_ < .05 was o b t a i n e d on t h e o r e t i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t e f f e c t s t h e s e e f f e c t s were d i s c u s s e d . 6 U n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d , p o s t hoc a n a l y s e s c o n s i s t e d o f : Tukey A f o r s i g n i f i c a n t main e f f e c t s S i m p l e M a i n E f f e c t s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r a c t i o n s . 7 The age l e v e l s 1, 2, 3, and 4 c o r r e s p o n d t o g r a d e s 1, 2, 4, and 5 a t t i m e 1 and g r a d e s 1, 2, 3, and 4 a t t i m e 2. 8 F o r t h e c o r r e l a t i o n s t h a t a r e d i s c u s s e d t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e l e v e l was £ < .05. I n t h e t a b l e s o f c o r r e l a t i o n s shown i n A p p e n d i x J , c o r r e l a -t i o n s s i g n i f i c a n t a t £ < .1 a r e a l s o shown. 86 REFERENCES Bandura, A. 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T e l e v i s e d a g g r e s s i o n and t h e i n t e r p e r s o n a l a g g r e s s i o n o f p r e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . J o u r n a l o f E x p e r i m e n t a l C h i l d P s y c h o l o g y , 1971, 11, 442-447. Tannenbaum, P.H. & Z i l l m a n n , D. E m o t i o n a l a r o u s a l i n t h e f a c i l i t a t i o n o f a g g r e s s i o n t h r o u g h c o m munication. I n L. B e r k o w i t z ( E d . ) , Advances i n e x p e r i m e n t a l s o c i a l p s y c h o l o g y , V o l . 8. New Y o r k : Academic P r e s s , 1975. T e d e s c h i , J . , S m i t h , R., & Brown, R. A r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f r e s e a r c h on a g g r e s s i o n . P s y c h o l o g i c a l B u l l e t i n , 1974, 81_, 540-562. W a l t e r s , J . , P e a r c e , D., & Dahms, L. A f f e c t i o n a l and a g g r e s s i v e be-h a v i o u r o f p r e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . C h i l d Development, 1957, 28, 14-28. W a l t e r s , R.H. & Brown, M. S t u d i e s o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t o f a g g r e s s i o n . T r a n s f e r o f r e s p o n s e s t o an i n t e r p e r s o n a l s i t u a t i o n . C h i l d Development, 1963, 34, 563-571. W e l l s , W.D. T e l e v i s i o n and a g g r e s s i o n : R e p l i c a t i o n o f an e x p e r i m e n t a l f i e l d s t u d y . U n p u b l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t , U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o , 1973. W i l l i a m s , J . F . , Meyerson, J . L . , E r o n , L., & Semler, I . J . P e e r - r a t e d a g g r e s s i o n and a g g r e s s i o n r e s p o n s e s e l i c i t e d i n an e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n . C h i l d Development, 1967, 38^ 181-189. W i l l i a m s , T.M., Z a b r a c k , M.L., & J o y , L.A. A c o n t e n t a n a l y s i s o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t t e l e v i s i o n programming. T o r o n t o : O n t a r i o R o y a l Commission on V i o l e n c e i n t h e Communications I n d u s t r y , 1977. APPENDIX A P e e r R a t i n g s Y o u r name — - \"~ Y o u r age — Y o u r grade _ \" Your s c h o o l 94 In the space below, name the three children in your class who are the bossiest 95 In the spaces below, name the three children in your class who get into fights the most: 1. 2. 3. 96 In the spaces below, name the three children in your class who talk back to the teacher the most: 1. 2. 3. 97 In the spaces below, name the three children in your class who argue and disagree with the other children the most: 1. 2. 3. 98 In the spaces below, name the three children in your class who push, shove and poke other children the most: 1. 2. 3. 99 APPENDIX B T e a c h e r ' s R a t i n g s Please rate each child in your class on the following personality t r a i t s by c i r c l i n g the X which most closely corresponds to your opinion about that child. NAME OF CHILD 1. Active X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l 2. Aggressive X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l 3. Argumentative 4. Bossy X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l 5. Competitive X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l 6. Dominant X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l 7. Friendly 8 . Honest X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l 9. Hostile 10. Loud X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l X X X X X X X Very Not at a l l APPENDIX C 100 CHILDREN'S TV INTERVIEW NAME: I.D. : AGE: SEX (1) Male (2) Female FORM M-V Card 1 1 2-5 6-7 Do - ou have a t e l e v i s i o n s e t a t home? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 14] How many T.V. s e t s do you have a t home? s e t s I s i t ( a r e t h e y ) w o r k i n g o r b r o k e n ? (1) a l l work [SKIP TO QUESTION 5] (2) a t l e a s t one works [SKIP TO QUESTION 5] (3) none work How l o n g has i t (have t h e y ) been broken? (1) l e s s t h a n a week (2) (3) (4) more t h a n a month [SKIP TO QUESTION 14] a week o r so a month o r so How many h o u r s o f t e l e v i s i o n do y o u u s u a l l y w a tch on (a) weekdays b e f o r e s c h o o l ? x 5 = (b) weekdays a f t e r s c h o o l ? x 5 = (c) weekdays a f t e r supper? x 5 = (d) S a t u r d a y ? (e) Sunday? (a) Y e s t e r d a y a t l u n c h t i m e d i d y o u w a t c h T.V.? _ ( 1 ) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 7] (b) D i d you w a t c h t h e Bob McLean Show, t h e Noon Show o r s o m e t h i n g e l s e y e s t e r d a y a t l u n c h t i m e ? (1) The Bob McLean Show (2) The Noon Show (3) O t h e r [SPECIFY] (a) Y e s t e r d a y a f t e r s c h o o l d i d you w a t c h T.V.? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 8] (b) [ I F YES, SELECT THE APPROPRIATE DAY THEN SAY] I'm g o i n g t o r e a d a l i s t o f shows t h a t were on TV y e s t e r d a y a f t e r s c h o o l . T e l l me w h i c h ones you watched. D i d you w a t c h : 10 11 12 13,14 15,16 17,18 19,20 21,22 23 24,25 26 101 Monday Abbott and C o s t e l l o ^Comin' Up Rosle Forest Rangers Hi Diddle Day jPartridge Family Other [SPECIFY] Wednesday Abbott and Costello Comin' Up Rosie Forest Rangers Partridge Family World Series Baseball Other [SPECIFY] game 27 28 29 30 31 32 39 40 41 42 43 44 Tuesday _Abbott and Cos t e l l o Animation Pie _ E l e c t r i c Company Forest Rangers Partridge Family World Series Baseball Other [SPECIFY] game Thursday _Abbott and Cos t e l l o _Forest Rangers _Partridge Family V i s i o n On JWhat's New Other [SPECIFY] (a) Did you watch T.V. l a s t night a f t e r supper? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 9] 33 34 35 36 37 38 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 (b) [IF YES, SELECT THE APPROPRIATE DAY THEN SAY] Which shows did you watch l a s t night? Did you watch: Monday k l l i n the Family Barney M i l l e r arefree Cooking hico and the Man ront Page Challenge Hourglass k e w s Magazine People of our Time \"SPECIAL - \"Your a Sport j Charlie Brown\" The National News Movie \"Fear no E v i l \" Other [SPECIFY] Tuesday 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63,64 Bob Newhart 65 Celebration 66 Doctor's Hospital 67 F i f t h Estate 68 Happy Days 69 Hourglass 70 P h y l l i s 71 This i s the Law 72 The National News 73 Movie \" B e l l i s s i m a \" 74 Other [SPECIFY] 75,76 Wednesday Col. Card 2 SPECIAL \"Earthwatch\" 6 Hourglass 7 L i t t l e House on the P r a i r i e 8 Nature of Things 9 Nobel Priz e Laureate 10 Movie \"Escape to Mindanao\" 12 \"Other [SPECIFY] 13,14 Thursday _Cannon 15 Carole Burnett 16 _House of Pride 17 _Hourglass 18 _King of Kensington 19 _Movin' On 20 Some of My Best Friends are Men 21 _Space 1999 22 Watson Report 23 _The National 24 _Movie \"The Tin Star\" 25 Movie \"The Brides of Dracula\" 26 Other [SPECIFY] 27,28 102 9. (a) D i d you w a tch T.V. t h i s m o r n i n g b e f o r e s c h o o l ? _ ( 1 ) Yes _ ( 2 ) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 10] 29 (b) What shows d i d y o u w a tch t h i s morning? C o l . 1. 30 2. 31 3. 32 10. (a) Do y o u r p a r e n t s e v e r keep y o u from w a t c h i n g s o m e t h i n g on t e l e v i s i o n t h a t you want t o watch? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 11] 35 (b) How o f t e n would you say t h i s happens: (1) o f t e n , (2) once i n a w h i l e , o r (3) h a r d l y e v e r ? 36 (c) What a r e t h e r e a s o n s y o u r p a r e n t s u s u a l l y have f o r n o t l e t t i n g you watch? (1) h a v e n ' t done homework (2) h a v e n ' t done c h o r e s (3) p a r e n t s d i s a p p r o v e o f c o n t e n t (4) p a r e n t s want t o watch s o m e t h i n g e l s e \\ (5) o t h e r [SPECIFY] 37 (d) Can you t h i n k o f any t i m e s i n t h e p a s t two weeks t h a t y o u r p a r e n t s w o u l d n ' t l e t y ou watch a show t h a t y o u wanted t o see? Name o f show Reason (1) 38 (2) 39 (3) 40 (4) 41 (5) 42 11. Most e v e n i n g s do you watch T.V. a l o n e o r w i t h o t h e r s ? (1) a l o n e (2) w i t h o t h e r s [SPECIFY] 43 12. What c h a n n e l s do you get on y o u r T.V.? (1) c h a n n e l 2 o n l y (2) c h a n n e l 6 o n l y [SKIP TO QUESTION 14] (3) c h a n n e l s 2 and 6 44 (4) o t h e r [SPECIFY] 103 I f t h e r e a r e two d i f f e r e n t shows on a t t h e same t i m e , one on Chan n e l 2 and one on C h a n n e l 6, who g e t s t o choose w h i c h one t o watch? (1) p a r e n t s d e c i d e . _(2) s u b j e c t chooses . (3) o l d e r s i b s choose ;—(4) p a r e n t s and c h i l d r e n t a k e t u r n s c h o o s i n g shows some o f us watch on a n o t h e r T.V. s e t (6) o t h e r [SPECIFY] [FOR THOSE WHO DO NOT HAVE A WORKING T.V. AT HOME: ALL OTHERS SKIP TO QUESTION 15] 45 (a) I f you h a v e n ' t got a w o r k i n g t e l e v i s i o n a t home, do you w a t c h T.V. e l s e w h e r e ? (1) Yes _ ( 2 ) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 20] (b) How o f t e n do you w a t c h T.V.? [PROBE TO ASCERTAIN FREQUENCY, DURATION AND LOCATION, E.G. TWICE A WEEK FOR 2 HOURS AFTER SCHOOL AT MY FRIEND'S HOUSE] Fre q u e n c y : Durat i o n : L o c a t i o n : L5. (a) What i s y o u r #1 f a v o r i t e T.V. show? (b) When i s i t on? (c) What a r e y o u r f o u r n e x t most f a v o r i t e shows? 1. 2. 3. 4. (a) Do you u s u a l l y w a t c h T.V. i n t h e m o r n i n g b e f o r e s c h o o l ? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 17] (b) Which o f t h e s e shows do you u s u a l l y watch? U n i v e r s i t y o f t h e A i r B.C. AM - M o r r i e r _Canada AM Romper Room O t h e r [SPECIFY] 46 47 48 49 50,51 52 53,54 55,56 57.58 59,60 61 62 63 64 65 66 L7. (a) Do you u s u a l l y w a t ch T.V. a f t e r S c h o o l ? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 18] 67 f (b) Which shows do you u s u a l l y watch? A b b o t t and C o s t e l l o A n i m a t i o n P i e Comin' Up R o s i e E l e c t r i c Company F l a x t o n Boys . F o r e s t Rangers H i D i d d l e Day 7 3 P a r t r i d g e F a m i l y 7 4 V i s i o n On 7 ^ What's New 7 6 O t h e r [SPECIFY] 7 7 78,79 L8. (a) Do you u s u a l l y w a t ch T.V. i n t h e e v e n i n g s a f t e r supper? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 19] O A 80 (b) Which o f t h e s e shows do you u s u a l l y watch? C a r d 3 A l l i n t h e F a m i l y 6 N a t u r e o f T h i n g s 33 Barney M i l l e r 7 News Magazine 34 Bob Newhart 8 N o b e l P r i z e L a u r e a t e 35 CFJC R e p o r t s 9 On t h e Rocks 36 CFL F o o t b a l l 10 Onedin L i n e 37 Cannon 11 P e o p l e o f Our Time 38 C a r e f r e e C o o k i n g 12 P h y l l i s 39 C a r o l B u r n e t t 13 P o l i c e S t o r y 40 C e l e b r a t i o n 14 Reach f o r t h e Top 41 C h i c o and t h e Man 15 Some o f My B e s t F r i e n d s D o c t o r ' s H o s p i t a l 16 A r e Men 42 F i f t h E s t a t e 17 Tommy H u n t e r 43 F r o n t Page C h a l l e n g e 18 T h i s i s t h e Law 44 Happy Days 19 Take Time 45 Hockey N i g h t i n Canada 20 W a l t o n s 46 H o u r g l a s s 21 W o n d e r f u l W o r l d o f D i s n e y 47 House o f P r i d e 22 The N a t i o n a l News 48 Howie Meeker's Hockey Monday N i g h t Movie 49 S c h o o l 23 Tuesday N i g h t Movie 50 I r i s h Rovers 24 Wednesday N i g h t Movie 51 K i n g o f K e n s i n g t o n 25 Thursday N i g h t Movie 52 K l a h a n i e 26 F r i d a y N i g h t Movie 53 L i t t l e House on t h e S a t u r d a y N i g h t Movie 54 P r a i r i e 27 Sunday N i g h t Movie 55 Mary T y l e r Moore 28 M.A.S.H. 29 Mr. C h i p s 30 Monty P y t h o n ' s Back 31 Mo v i n ' On 32 19. (a) Do you u s u a l l y w a t ch T.V. on S a t u r d a y morning? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 20] 57 105 1 0 6 (a) Do you e v e r r e a d comic books? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 24] (b) What a r e y o u r f a v o r i t e comic books? 1. 2. 3. (c) About how o f t e n do you r e a d a comic book? (1) once a week o r more (2) 2-3 t i m e s a month (3) once a month (4) a few t i m e s a y e a r Do you e v e r r e a d : (a) [VALEMOUNT ONLY] The Canoe M o u n t a i n Echo? (1) Yes (2) No (b) [McBRIDE ONLY] The Robson V a l l e y C o u r i e r ? (1) Yes (2) No (c) What about o t h e r newspapers? Do you e v e r r e a d a newspaper f r o m V a n c o u v e r , Kamloops, P r i n c e George, e t c . ? (1) Yes (2) No (d) About how o f t e n would you say you r e a d a newspaper o f any k i n d ? (1) e v e r y d a y (2) a few t i m e s a week (3) once a week (4) 1-3 t i m e s a month (5) a few t i m e s a y e a r (6) n e v e r 75 76 77 78 79 Card 4 How do you u s u a l l y f i n d out about t h e news? (1) f r o m t h e r a d i o (2) f r o m T.V. (3) f r o m a newspaper (4) f r o m a magazine (5) f r o m my p a r e n t s (6) o t h e r [SPECIFY] 10 107 26. How o l d were you when y o u r f a m i l y moved t o [McBRIDE] [VALMOUNT]? y e a r s 11 [IF BORN IN TOWN WRITE \"ZERO\"] 27. [McBRIDE ONLY]. Most p e o p l e i n M c B r i d e o n l y got T.V. two y e a r s ago. D i d you watch T.V. b e f o r e t h e new t r a n s m i t t e r came? (1) Yes (2) No [END] 12 (b) Where d i d you watch T.V. b e f o r e the new t r a n s m i t t e r came? 13 108 APPENDIX D CHILDREN'S MEDIA INTERVIEW FORM 3 NAME: 1 I.D.: 2-5 AGE: 6-7 SEX (1) Male (2) Female 8 Do you have a t e l e v i s i o n s e t a t home? 9 (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 14] How many TV s e t s do you have a t home? 10 s e t s I s i t ( a r e t h e y ) w o r k i n g o r brok e n ? 11 (1) a l l work [SKIP TO QUESTION 5] (2) a t l e a s t one works [SKIP TO QUESTION 5] (3) none work How l o n g has i t (have t h e y ) been broken? 12 (1) l e s s t h a n a week (2) a week o r so (3) a month o r so (4) more t h a n a month [SKIP TO QUESTION 14] How many h o u r s o f t e l e v i s i o n do you u s u a l l y w a t ch on (a) weekdays b e f o r e s c h o o l ? x 5 = 13-16 (b) weekdays a f t e r s c h o o l ? x 5 = 17-20 (c) weekdays a f t e r supper? x 5 = 21-24 (d) S a t u r d a y ? 25-28 (e) Sunday? 29-32 (a) Y e s t e r d a y a t l u n c h t i m e d i d you watch TV? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 7] 33 109 (b) [ I f y e s , t h e n a s k ] w h i c h shows d i d you watch y e s t e r d a y a t l u n c h t i m e ? D i d y o u watch A l l my c h i l d r e n 34 As t h e w o r l d t u r n s 35 Bob McLean 36 CBC news 37 Days o f o u r l i v e s 38 D i a l i n g f o r d o l l a r s 39 Edge o f n i g h t 40 Q6 K a l e i d o s c o p e 41 O t h e r 42-44 45-47 48-50 51-53 7. (a) Y e s t e r d a y a f t e r s c h o o l d i d you w a t c h TV? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 8] 54 (b) [ I F YES, SELECT THE APPROPRIATE DAY THEN SAY] I'm g o i n g t o r e a d a l i s t o f shows t h a t were on TV y e s t e r d a y a f t e r s c h o o l . T e l l me w h i c h ones you watched. D i d you w a t c h : Monday C o l . Tuesday C o l . Somerset 55 Somerset 12 G u i d i n g L i g h t 56 G u i d i n g L i g h t 13 Take 30 57 Take 30 14 G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l 58 G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l 15 B e w i t c h e d 59 B e w i t c h e d 16 B i g money movie 60 B i g money movie 17 C e l e b r i t y cooks 61 C e l e b r i t y cooks 18 Happy days 62 Happy Days 19 Merv G r i f f i n 63 Merv G r i f f i n 20 F o r e s t Rangers 64 F o r e s t Rangers 21 F a m i l y A f f a i r 65 F a m i l y A f f a i r 22 Comin' Up R o s i e 66 E l e c t r i c Company 23 M i c k e y Mouse 67 M i c k e y Mouse 24 Hogan's Heroes 68 Hogan's Heroes 25 H i D i d d l e Day 69 J u s t f o r f u n 26 Superman 70 Superman 27 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s news 71 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s news 28 News scene 72 News scene 29 P a r t r i d g e f a m i l y 73 P a r t r i d g e f a m i l y 30 C h a n n e l 2 news 74 Cha n n e l 2 news 31 O t h e r 75-77 O t h e r 32-34 78-80 35-37 110 6-8 38-40 9-11 41-43 Wednesday C o l . T h u r s d ay C o l . Somerset 44 Somerset 76 G u i d i n g L i g h t 45 G u i d i n g L i g h t 77 Take 30 46 Take 30 78 G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l 47 G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l 79 B e w i t c h e d 48 B e w i t c h e d 80 B i g money movie 49 B i g money movie 6 C e l e b r i t y cooks 50 C e l e b r i t y cooks 7 Happy days 51 Happy days 8 Merv G r i f f i n 52 Merve G r i f f i n 9 F o r e s t Rangers 53 F o r e s t Rangers 10 F a m i l y a f f a i r 54 F a m i l y A f f a i r 11 Comin' Up R o s i e 55 V i s i o n on 12 M i c k e y Mouse 56 M i c k e y Mouse 13 Hogan's Heroes 57 Hogan's Heroes 14 N i c and P i c 58 What's new 15 Superman 59 Superman 16 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s news 60 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s news 17 Newscene 61 Newscene 18 P a r t r i d g e F a m i l y 62 P a r t r i d g e F a m i l y 19 Channel 2 News 63 Channel 2 news 20 Other 64-66 Ot h e r 21-23 67-69 24-26 70-72 27-29 73-75 30-32 8. (a) D i d you watch TV l a s t n i g h t a f t e r supper 33 _ ( 1 ) Yes (2) No (b) [ I f y e s , s e l e c t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e day t h e n s a y ] w h i c h shows d i d you watch l a s t n i g h t ? D i d you w a t c h : Monday C o l . Tuesday C o l . NBC News 34 NBC News 77 CBC news 35 CBC News 78 K l a h a n i e 36 Barney M i l l e r 79 NFL f o o t b a l l 37 ABC news 80 To t e l l t h e t r u t h 38 To t e l l t h e t r u t h 6 Dinah 39 D i n a h 7 H o u r g l a s s 40 H o u r g l a s s 8 T r u t h o r consequences 41 Brady Bunch 9 Don Adam's s c r e e n t e s t 42 T r u t h o r consequences 10 Good t i m e s 43 Adam 12 11 Reach f o r t h e top 44 C a n d i d Camera 12 I l l -NBC w h i t e p a p e r Rhoda F r o n t page c h a l l e n g e P h y l l i s A l l i n t h e f a m i l y O l y m p i c games p r e v i e w C h i c o and the man Maude Canadian R e a l i s t s The A m e r i c a n a s s a s s i n s F B I Man a l i v e Q-6 e y e w i t n e s s news Newscene CBC news Ch a n n e l 2 news T o n i g h t show-Johnny C a r s o n CBS mo v i e , \"Come f l y w i t h me\" 1 L o c a l news Other 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62-63 \" 64 65-67 \"68-70 \"71-73 74-76 Hee Haw C e l e b r a t i o n L e t ' s make a d e a l M o v i n ' on Happy days J o e and sons T h i s i s t h e l a w Welcome back K o t t e r P o l i c e woman Mash 5 t h e s t a t e The R o o k i e s One day a t a t i m e F a m i l y t h e a t r e Joe F o r r e s t e r Marcus Welby S w i t c h Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s news Newscene CBC news Channel 2 news T o n i g h t show-Johnny C a r s CBC movie, \" C r y P a n i c \" L o c a l news Wide W o r l d o f M y s t e r y O t h e r 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 on 34 35-36 37 38 39-41 \"42-44 45-47 '48-50 Wednesday Thursday NBC news 51 NBC news 23 CBS news 52 CBS news 24 Bob S w i t z e r 53 S p o r t s c e n e 25 ABC news 54 ABC news 26 To t e l l t h e t r u t h 55 To t e l l t h e t r u t h 27 Din a h 56 D i n a h 28 H o u r g l a s s 57 H o u r g l a s s 29 B r a d y Bunch 58 Brady Bunch 30 T r u t h o r consequences 59 T r u t h o f consequences 31 Adam 12 60 Adam 12 32 I r i s h R o v e r s 61 Match game 33 Bob Newhart 62 Hockey Let's/make a d e a l 34 H o l l y w o o d Squares 63 35 L i t t l e house on t h e p r a i r i e 64 S a n f o r d & Son 36 Tony O r l a n d o and Dawn 65 Grady 37 T h i s l a n d 66 W a l t o n s 38 When t h i n g s were r o t t e n 67 Barney M i l l e r 39 Musicamera 68 The cop and t h e k i d 40 T h a t ' s my Mama 69 On t h e r o c k s 41 Count o f Monte C r i s t o 70 M e d i c a l s t o r y 42 Cannon 71 H a w a i i 5-0 43 112 B a r e t t a 72 The b l u e k n i g h t 73 U p s t a i r s D o w n s t a i r s 74 S t a r s k i & H u t c h 75 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s news 76 Newscene 77 The N a t i o n a l 78 Channel 2 news 79 T o n i g h t show 80 CBC movie \" T r i b u t e t o a Bad Man\" Movie Other _ 6\"7 9-10 11-13 S t r e e t s o f San F r a n c i s c o 44 Watson r e p o r t 45 Barnaby Jones 46 H a r r y 0 47 Peep show 48 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s news 49 Newscene 50 N a t i o n a l 51 Channel 2 news 52 T o n i g h t show 53 CBS movie \"Heaven w i t h a gun\" 54-55 L o c a l news 56 Mannix 57 L o n g s t r e e t 58 O t h e r 59-61 62-64 65-67 68-70 (a) D i d y o u w a t c h T.V. t h i s m o r n i n g b e f o r e s c h o o l ? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 10] (b) [ I F YES, SELECT THE APPROPRIATE DAY THEN SAY] Which shows d i d y ou watch t h i s morning? D i d y ou watch -71 Tuesday C o l Q-6 Farm and Home Re p o r t 72 Idea T h i n g 73 C o n s u l t a t i o n 74 Farm R e p o r t s 75 Not f o r Women Only 76 S u n r i s e Semester 77 S a c r e d H e a r t 78 I n t e r s e c t 79 Today Show 80 New Zoo Revue 6 A g r i c u l t u r e Today 7 CBS M o r n i n g News 8 Ca r t o o n s 9 C a p t a i n Kangaroo 10 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s News 11 M u n s t e r s 12 Other 13-15 16-18 19-21 22-24 Wednesday C o l Q-6 Farm and Home R e p o r t 25 Id e a T h i n g 26 C o n s u l t a t i o n 27 Farm R e p o r t s 28 Not f o r Women Only 29 S u n r i s e Semester 30 8 L i v e l y A r t s 31 Today Show 32 New Zoo Revue 33 A g r i c u l t u r e Today 34 CBS M o r n i n g News 35 C a r t o o n s 36 C a p t a i n Kangaroo 37 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s News 38 Mu n s t e r s 39 Othe r 40-42 43-45 46-48 49-51 113 Thursday F r i d a y Q-6 Farm and Home R e p o r t 52 Q-6 Farm and Home Re p o r t 79 Idea T h i n g 53 I d e a T h i n g 80 C o n s u l t a t i o n 54 C o n s u l t a t i o n 6 Farm R e p o r t s 55 Farm R e p o r t s 7 Not f o r Women Only 56 Not f o r Women Only 8 S u n r i s e Semester 57 S u n r i s e Semester 9 Si g n s o f L i f e 58 A g r i c u l t u r e Today 10 I n t e r s e c t 59 Today Show 11 Today Show 60 New Zoo Revue 12 A g r i c u l t u r e Today 61 C a r t o o n s 13 CBS M o r n i n g News 62 CBS M o r n i n g News 14 C a r t o o n s 63 C a p t a i n Kangaroo 15 C a p t a i n Kangaroo 64 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s News 16 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s News 65 M u n s t e r s 17 Munsters 66 O t h e r 18-20 Other 67-69 21-23 70-72 24-26 73-75 27-29 76-78 10. (a) Do y o u r p a r e n t s e v e r keep you from w a t c h i n g s o m e t h i n g on t e l e v i s i o n t h a t y o u want t o watch? _ ( 1 ) Yes _ ( 2 ) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 11] 30 (b) How o f t e n would you say t h i s happens: _ ( 1 ) o f t e n _ ( 2 ) once i n a w h i l e , o r (3) h a r d l y e v e r 31 (c) What a r e t h e r e a s o n s y o u r p a r e n t s u s u a l l y have f o r not l e t i n g you watch? _ ( 1 ) h a v e n ' t done homework _(2) h a v e n ' t done c h o r e s (3) p a r e n t s d i s a p p r o v e o f c o n t e n t (4) p a r e n t s want t o watch s o m e t h i n g e l s e _ (5) o t h e r [SPECIFY] 32-33 (d) Can you t h i n k o f any t i m e s i n t h e p a s t two weeks t h a t y o u r p a r e n t s w o u l d n ' t l e t you watch a show t h a t y o u wanted t o see? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Name o f how Reason 34-36 39-41 44-46 49-51 54-56 37-38 42-43 47-48 52-53 57-58 ;114 11. Most e v e n i n g s do y o u w a t c h T.V. a l o n e o r w i t h o t h e r s ? (1) a l o n e 59 (2) w i t h o t h e r s [SPECIFY] 60-61 12. (a) What c h a n n e l s do you get on y o u r T.V.? (1) C h a n n e l 2 - ABC (KREM) (2) C h a n n e l 4 - CBS (KXLY) (3) C h a n n e l 5 - CBC (CBUT) (4) C h a n n e l 6 - NBC (KHQ) (5) O t h e r [SPECIFY] (b) How many c h a n n e l s do you get a l t o g e t h e r ? 63 13. When t h e r e a r e two d i f f e r e n t shows on a t t h e same t i m e , f o r example, one on Ch a n n e l 2 and one on Chan n e l 5, who g e t s t o choose w h i c h one t o watch? (1) p a r e n t s d e c i d e (2) s u b j e c t chooses (3) o l d e r s i b s choose (4) p a r e n t s and c h i l d r e n t a k e t u r n s c h o o s i n g shows (5) some o f us w a t c h on a n o t h e r T.V. s e t (6) o t h e r [SPECIFY] 64-65 [FOR THOSE WHO DO NOT HAVE A WORKING T.V. AT HOME; ALL OTHERS SKIP TO QUESTION 15] a) I f you h a v e n ' t got a w o r k i n g t e l e v i s i o n a t home, do you watch T.V. e l s e w h e r e ? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 20] 66 b) How o f t e n do you watch T.V.? [PROBE TO ASCERTAIN FREQUENCY, DURATION AND LOCATION, E.G., TWICE A WEEK FOR 2 HOURS AFTER SCHOOL AT MY FRIEND'S HOUSE] Frequency: . 67-68 D u r a t i o n : 69-70 L o c a t i o n : 71-72 15. a) What i s y o u r #1 f a v o r i t e T.V. show? 73-75 b) When i s i t on? (day, t i m e ) 76-77 - 78-79 c) What a r e y o u r f o u r n e x t most f a v o r i t e shows? 1. ; 6-8 2. 9-11 3. 12-14 4. 15-17 16. a) Do you u s u a l l y w a t c h T.V. i n t h e morning b e f o r e s c h o o l ? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 17] 18 b) Which o f t h e s e shows do you u s u a l l y watch? Q-6 Farm and Home R e p o r t I d e a T h i n g C o n s u l t a t i o n Farm R e p o r t s Not f o r Women Only S u n r i s e Semester S a c r e d H e a r t 8 L i v e l y A r t s I n t e r s e c t Today Show New Zoo Review A g r i c u l t u r e Today CBS M o r n i n g News C a r t o o n s C a p t a i n Kangaroo M u n s t e r s S i g n s o f L i f e O t h e r a) Do you u s u a l l y w a t c h T.V. a f t e r s c h o o l ? (1) Yes _ ( 2 ) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 18] b) Which shows do you u s u a l l y watch? Somerset G u i d i n g L i g h t Take 30 _ _ _ G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l B e w i t c h e d B i g Money Movie C e l e b r i t y Cooks Happy Days Merv G r i f f i n F o r e s t Rangers _ _ _ F a m i l y A f f a i r Comin' Up R o s i e E l e c t r i c Company Mi c k e y Mouse Hogans Heroes H i D i d d l e Day J u s t f o r Fun Superman Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s News The Scene T o n i g h t P a r t r i d g e F a m i l y Channel 2 News N i c and P i c V i s i o n On What's New Other 115 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36-38 39-41 42-44 45-47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74-76 116 77-79 6-8 9-11 L8. a) Do you u s u a l l y w a tch T.V. i n t h e e v e n i n g s a f t e r supper? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 19] 12 b) Which o f t h e s e shows do you u s u a l l y a t c h ? NBC News 13 B l u e K n i g h t 56 CBS News 14 U p s t a i r s D o w n s t a i r s 57 ABC News 15 S t a r s k y and H u t c h 58 K l a h a n i e 16 The N a t i o n a l 59 NFL F o o t b a l l 17 S p o r t s c e n e 60 To T e l l t h e T r u t h 18 Matchgame 61 Dinah 19 Hockey 62 H o u r g l a s s 20 S a n f o r d and Son 63 Brady Bunch 21 Grady 64 T r u t h o r Consequences 22 M e d i c a l C e n t r e 65 Don Adams S c r e e n T e s t 23 FBI 66 Goodtimes 24 Man A l i v e 67 Reach f o r t h e Top 25 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s News 68 NBC Whi t e Paper 26 Newscene 69 Rhoda 27 CBC News 70 F r o n t Page C h a l l e n g e 28 C h a n n e l 2 News 71 P h y l l i s 29 T o n i g h t Show 72 A l l i n t h e F a m i l y 30 CBS Movie ( l a t e ) 73 O l y m p i c Games P r e v i e w 31 L o c a l L a t e News 74 C h i c o and t h e Man 32 Barney M i l l e r 75 Maude 33 Adam 12 76 Canadian R e a l i s t s 34 C a n d i d Camera 77 M.A.S.H. 35 Hee Haw 78 F i f t h E s t a t e 36 C e l e b r a t i o n 79 R o o k i e s 37 L e t ' s Make a D e a l 80 One Day a t a Time 38 M o v i n On 6 F a m i l y T h e a t r e 39 Happy Days 7 Joe F o r r e s t e r 40 J o e and Sons 8 S w i t c h 41 T h i s i s t h e Law 9 W i l d W o r l d o f M y s t e r y 42 Welcome Back K o t t e r 10 Bob S w i t z e r 43 P o l i c e Woman 11 I r i s h Rovers 44 W a l t o n s 12 Bob Newhart 45 The Cop and t h e K i d 13 H o l l y w o o d Squares 46 On t h e Rocks 14 L i t t l e House on t h e M e d i c a l S t o r y 15 P r a i r i e 47 H a w a i i F i v e - 0 16 Tony O r l a n d o and Dawn 48 S t r e e s o f San F r a n c i s c o 17 T h i s Land 49 Watson R e p o r t 18 When T h i n g s Were R o t t e n 50 Barnaby Jones 19 Musicamera 51 H a r r y - 0 20 T h a t 1 s My Momma 52 Peep Show 21 Count o f Monte C r i s t o 53 Mannis 22 Cannon 54 L o n g s t r e e t 23 B a r e t t a 55 Howard C o s e l l 24 117 -I.W.A.T. 25 i .:; Fami l y Ho 1 vak 40 M a t t Helm 26 Columbo 41 J e f f e r s o n s 27 McCloud 42 Doc 28 M c M i l l a n and W i f e 43 Mary T y l e r Moore 29 McCoy 44 C a r o l B u r n e t t 30 B a r b a r y Coast 45 Emergency 31 M e d i c a l C e n t r e 46 NBC S a t u r d a y N i g h t Movie 32 K a t e Mc Shane 47 S w i s s F a m i l y R o b i n s o n 33 D o c t o r ' s H o s p i t a l 48 S i x M i l l i o n D o l l a r Man 34 P e t r o c e l l i 49 ABC Sunday N i g h t Movie 35 M o b i l e One 50 Three f o r t h e Road 36 B i g E d d i e 51 Cher 37 O t h e r 52-54 K o j a k 38 55-57 W a l t D i s n e y 39 58-60 61-63 19. a) Do you u s u a l l y w a tch T.V. on S a t u r d a y morning? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 20] 64 b) Which o f t h e s e shows do you watch? U.S. Farm R e p o r t 65 G r o o v i e G o o l i e s 7 Davey and G o l i a t h 66 P e a n o t s and P o p c o r n 8 Romper Room 67 Beyond t h e P l a n e t o f th e Apes 9 Hong Kong Phooey 68 S h a z a m / I s i s Hour 10 J o s i e and t h e P u s s y c a t s 69 Speed Buggy 11 Sunday S c h o o l o f t h e A i r 70 Westwind 12 Tom and J e r r y / G r a p e Ape 71 O d d b a l l Couple 13 The S e c r e t L i f e o f Waldo The J e t s o n s 14 K i t t y 72 U n c l e C r o c ' s 15 P e b b l e s and Bamm-Bamm 73 Harvey C a r t o o n s 16 P i n k P a n t h e r 74 A m e r i c a n B a n d s t a n d 17 Bugs Bunny Road Runner Hour 75 Go U.S.A. 18 L o s t Saucer 76 Ghost B u s t e r s 19 LE 60 77 O t h e r 20-22 Land o f t h e L u s t 78 23-25 A d v e n t u r e s o f G i l l i g a n 79 26-28 Run Joe Run 80 29-31 Scooby Doo 6 20. a) Do you l i s t e n t o t h e r a d i o ? (1) o f t e n (2) sometimes, o r (3) a l m o s t n e v e r ? [SKIP TO QUESTION 21] 32 b) When do you u s u a l l y l i s t e n t o t h e r a d i o ? (!) i n t h e mor n i n g b e f o r e s c h o o l (2) a f t e r s c h o o l (3) i n t h e e v e n i n g s a f t e r supper (4) on S a t u r d a y o r Sunday (5) o t h e r [SPECIFY] 33-34 118 c) What k i n d s o f programs do y o u l i s t e n t o on t h e r a d i o ? (1) m u s i c (.2) news (3) h ockey o r f o o t b a l l games (4) o t h e r [SPECIFY] 21. a) O u t s i d e o f s c h o o l , about how many books do y o u r e a d a month? 35-36 37-38 b) Do you e v e r check books o u t o f y o u r s c h o o l l i b r a r y o r t h e p u b l i c l i b r a r y ? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 22] 39 c) About how o f t e n do you check books o u t o f a l i b r a r y ? (1) once a week (2) 2-3 t i m e s a week (3) once a month (4) a few t i m e s a y e a r 40 22. Do you e v e r r e a d magazines? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 23] 41 b) What magazines do you re a d ? 42-44 45-47 48-50 51-53 c) About how o f t e n do you r e a d a magazine? 54-56 (1) d a i l y (2) s e v e r a l t i m e s a week (3) once a week (4) 2-3 t i m e s a month (5) once a month (6) a few t i m e s a y e a r 57 23. a) Do you e v e r r e a d comic books? (1) Yes (2) No [SKIP TO QUESTION 24] 58 b) What a r e y o u r f a v o r i t e comic books? 1. 59-61 2. 62-64 3. 65-67 119 c) About how o f t e n do you r e a d a comic book? CI) d a i l y (2) s e v e r a l t i m e s a week (3) once a week (4) 2-3 t i m e s a month (5) once a month (6) a few t i m e s a y e a r 68 24. a) D i d you used t o r e a d t h e Salmo & D i s t r i c t News? (1) Yes (2) No 69 b) Do you e v e r r e a d t h e T r a i l Times? (1) Yes (2) No 70 c) Do you e v e r r e a d t h e N e l s o n D a i l y News? (1) Yes (2) No d) What.about o t h e r newspapers? Do you e v e r r e a d a newspaper f r o m Vancouver, Spokane, C a l g a r y , e t c ? (1) Yes (2) No 72 e) About how o f t e n w o u l d you say you r e a d a newspaper o f any k i n d ? (1) e v e r y d a y .(.2) a few t i m e s a week (3) once a week (4) 1-3 t i m e s a month (5) a few t i m e s a y e a r (6) n e v e r 73 25. a) How do you u s u a l l y f i n d out about t h e news? (1) f r o m t h e r a d i o (2) f r o m T.V. (3) f r o m a newspaper (4) f r o m a magazine (.5) f r o m my p a r e n t s (6) a t s c h o o l (7) o t h e r [SPECIFY2 74-75 b) [ I F WATCHES NEWS ON T.V. ASK] What T.V. News Shows do you u s u a l l y watch? CBS M o r n i n g News 76 Today Show 77 C h a n n e l 2- Krem 5:30 News 78 The Scene T o n i g h t a t 5:30 79 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s News - 5:30 80 ABC E v e n i n g News/Harry Reas o n e r , Howard K. S m i t h 6 CBS E v e n i n g News/Walter C r o n k i t e 7 NBC E v e n i n g News/John C h a n c e l l o r 8 120 H o u r g l a s s 9 Chann e l 2 News a t 11:00 10 The Scene T o n i g h t a t 11:00 11 Q-6 E y e w i t n e s s News a t 11:00 12 The N a t i o n a l News 13 26. How o l d were you when y o u r f a m i l y moved t o Salmo? y e a r s 14-15 1 2 1 APPENDIX E A g g r e s s i o n C a t e g o r i e s I . P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n PA^ - _ h i t s , s l a p s , punches, o r s t r i k e s _I w i t h any body p a r t above t h e w a i s t . PA^ - _ h i t s , s l a p s , punches, o r s t r i k e s I w i t h a h e l d o b j e c t . PA^ - S_ k i c k s , s t e p s on, s i t s on, l i e s on, o r t r i p s I w i t h any body p a r t below t h e w a i s t . PA^ - _ b i t e s o r s p i t s 1 PP - _ p u s h e s , h o l d s , p u l l s , g r a b s , d r a g s , o r chokes I PS - S_ s n a t c h e s t h e p r o p e r t y o f 1 ( w i t h o u t damage t o t h a t p r o -p e r t y PD - S_ damages th e p r o p e r t y o f I_ P I - _S_ t r i e s t o c r e a t e a r e a c t i o n i n 1, i . e . , t e a s e s , annoys, o r i n t e r f e r e s i n t h e a c t i v i t y o f _L ( e x c e p t where c h a s i n g i s i n v o l v e d when PT-j o r PT^ i s s c o r e d ) PT^ - j _ t h r e a t e n s I w i t h some p a r t o f t h e body P T 2 - _S t h r e a t e n s 1 w i t h a h e l d o b j e c t P T 3 - _5 chases I PT^ - _3 c h a s e s 1 w i t h a h e l d o b j e c t PF - _S s c o w l s , g r i m a c e s , o r makes sounds o f d i s l i k e o r anger towards _I PO - _S throws o r k i c k s an o b j e c t a t 1, e x c e p t as i t i s r e q u i r e d f o r o n g o i n g p l a y a c t i v i t y I I . V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n VD - _S_ d i s p a r a g e s 1, making remarks o f d i s l i k e f o r 1, f i n d s f a u l t w i t h o r c e n s u r e s 1, condemns I, h u m i l i a t e s _, l a u g h s a t the m i s f o r t u n e o f I_, mocks, e x p r e s s e s t h e d e s i r e t h a t I be t h e v i c t i m o f i m p e r i o u s e v e n t s , a t t r i b u t e s bad q u a l i t i e s t o I_, c u r s e s I_. .122 VP - _S t r i e d t o c l a i m a p o s s e s s i o n o f I_ VR - S_ r e j e c t s o r d e n i e s some a c t i v i t y , p r i v i l e g e , o r o b j e c t t o I VT - S t h r e a t e n s t o h u r t I VS - J3 commands o r demands I_ t o do something o r n o t t o do something i n a l o u d , v i g o r o u s , o r a n g r y tone o f v o i c e . VC - _S a r g u e s w i t h o r i s a t c r o s s - p u r p o s e s w i t h I, where J3 makes more t h a n one s t a t e m e n t w h i c h i s s e p a r a t e d by a r e j o i n d e r . VF - _S t e l l s an a u t h o r i t y f i g u r e about _I' s b e h a v i o u r w h i c h a p p a r e n t l y c o n s i d e r s n e g a t i v e VB - S_ s h i f t s t h e blame f o r some a c t i v i t y w h i c h S_ a p p a r e n t l y c o n s i d e r s n e g a t i v e , t o _I VI - _S t r i e s t o cause i n j u r y t o 1 v i a an agent . 123 APPENDIX F C o d i n g Sheet Time 1 Name D e s c r i p t i o n , No. A g g r e s s i o n C a t e g o r i e s Date Obse Time 1 s r v e r _ 2 3 Date Obse Time 1 _ Brver _ 2 3 Date Obse Time 1 i r v e r 2 3 Date Obse Time 1 i r v e i 2 3 P A 1 P A 2 P A 3 P A 4 PP PS PD P I P T X PT P T 3 PT, 4 PF VD VP VR VT VS -c o n t i n u e d ... 124 A p p e n d i x F c o n t i n u e d A g g r e s s i o n C a t e g o r i e s Date O b s e r v e r Time 1 2 3 Dat Obs T i n 1 e >erver le 2 3 Dat Obs T i n 1 e >ervei le 2 3 Dat Obs T i n 1 e e r v e i le 2 3 VC VF VB VI Comments: A p p e n d i x F c o n t i n u e d C o d i n g Sheet Time 2 Name: Sex: D e s c r i p t i o n : Grade: Date:- / / SF Date: / / SF Time:. - L J Time: L J PA1 H i t / p u n c h PA2 H i t w/obj. PA3 K i c k / s i t on PA4 B i t e / s p i t PP P u s h / h o l d PS S n a t c h p r o p . PD Damage p r o p . P I T e a s e / I n t e r f e r e PT1 T h r e a t PA 1 PT2 T h r e a t / o b j . PT3 Chase PT4 C h a s e / o b j . P F Scowl/sounds Pp Throw o b j . VD D i s p a r a g e VP C l a i m p o s s . VR R e j e c t / d e n y VT T h r e a t h u r t VS Loud Command c o n t i n u e d ... 126 A p p e n d i x F c o n t i n u e d D a t e : / / SF Date: / / SF Time: L J Time: L J vc Argue VF T a t t l i n g VB S h i f t Blame V I I n j u r y / a g e n t 127 APPENDIX G R e p e r t o i r e o f A g g r e s s i v e B e h a v i o u r N o t e l Time 1 Male Female Sum Time 2 Male Female Sum P h y s i c a l PA1 PA2 PA3 PA4 PP PS PD. P I . PT1 PT2 PT3 PT4 PF PO 60 3 14 2 113 4 0 43 5 0 25 0 6 5 26 6 14 5 31 1 0 7 2 0 3 0 2 2 36 9 28 7 144 5 0 50 7 0 28 0 8 7 49 3 54 3 175 2 2 29 31 9 40 0 8 54 23 3 17 2 136 0 0 10 16 2 38 1 .1 11 72 6 71 5 311 2 2 39 47 11 78 1 9 65 V e r b a l VD VP VR VT VS VC VF VB V I 16 0 7 3 30 7 0 0 1 14 0 6 2 37 8 5 0 0 30 0 13 5 67 15 5 0 1 50 0 17 10 49 21 8 0 2 27 5 12 3 48 32 5 0 0 77 5 29 13 97 53 13 0 2 128 A p p e n d i x G c o n t i n u e d R e p e r t o i r e o f A g g r e s s i v e B e h a v i o u r U n i t e l Time 1 Time 2 Male Female Sum Male Female Sum P h y s i c a l PA1 25 33 58 26 16 42 PA2 2 3 5 2 3 5 PA3 12 4 16 27 6 33 PA4 0 1 1 1 0 1 PP 104 36 140 170 44 214 PS 3 1 4 1 1 2 PD 0 0 0 1 1 2 P I 28 11 39 11 17 28 PT1 0 1 1 8 1 9 PT2 1 0 1 0 1 1 PT3 16 11 27 16 14 30 PT4 0 0 0 1 2 3 PF 7 5 12 6 3 9 PO 20 8 28 87 13 100 V e r b a l VD 19 11 30 23 13 36 VP 0 0 0 1 1 2 VR 0 1 1 2 1 3 VT 0 2 2 6 5 11 VS 17 31 48 17 12 29 VC 8 6 14 21 8 29 VF 1 0 1 9 6 15 VB 0 0 0 0 0 0 V I 0 1 1 0 1 1 A p p e n d i x G c o n t i n u e d R e p e r t o i r e o f A g g r e s s i v e B e h a v i o u r M u l t i t e l Time 1 Time 2 Male Female Sum Male 'Female Sum P h y s i c a l 45 PA1 32 16 48 36 9 PA2 4 10 14 5 2 7 PA3 9 4 13 30 17 47 PA4 0 1 1 1 0 1 PP 101 85 186 273 132 405 PS 13 3 16 4 1 5 PD 1 0 1 0 0 0 P I 35 16 51 15 5 20 PT1 13 2 15 16 2 18 PT2 6 1 7 4 2 6 PT3 25 8 33 16 18 34 PT4 0 0 0 3 0 3 PF 2 7 9 3 1 4 PO 32 1 33 5 2 7 V e r b a l VD 35 39 74 21 8 29 VP 0 0 0 1 0 1 VR 7 7 14 8 4 12 VT 9 9 18 7 5 12 VS 29 19 48 50 19 69 VC 22 16 38 21 8 29 VF 0 1 1 5 0 5 VB 0 0 0 0 0 0 VI 5 5 10 5 1 6 130 APPENDIX H Key: A b b r e v i a t i o n s Employed i n t h e C o r r e l a t i o n T a b l e s 551 : Sum o f t e a c h e r r a t i n g measures A g g r e s s i v e ; A r g u m e n t a t i v e ; B o ssy; H o s t i l e 552 : Sum o f t e a c h e r r a t i n g measures A c t i v e ; Loud 553 : Sum o f t e a c h e r r a t i n g measures C o m p e t i t i v e ; Dominant 554 : Sum o f t e a c h e r r a t i n g measures F r i e n d l y ; Honest PR1 : P e e r r a t i n g f o r B o s sy PR2 : P e e r r a t i n g f o r F i g h t s PR3 : P e e r r a t i n g f o r T a l k s back PR4 : P e e r r a t i n g f o r A r g u e s ; D i s a g r e e s PR5 : P e e r r a t i n g f o r Push; Shove; Poke AVSS6 : O b s e r v a t i o n a l measure f o r P h y s i c a l A g g r e s s i o n AVSS7 : O b s e r v a t i o n a l measure f o r V e r b a l A g g r e s s i o n APPENDIX I Time 1 C o r r e l a t i o n s among Teacher R a t i n g s , P e e r R a t i n g s , and O b s e r v a t i o n a l Measures of A g g r e s s i o n , C o l l a p s e d a c r o s s Towns SSI SS2 SS3 SS4 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 SSI 1.00 SS2 .78 1.00 SS3 .59 .65 1.00 SS4 -.27 -. 16 .27 1.00 PR1 .41 .47 .28 1.00 PR2 .26 .36 (-.14) .59 1.00 PR3 .43 .46 .19 .74 .60 . 1.00 PR4 .38 .47 .24 .85 .69 .74 1.00 PR5 .39 .46 .18 -.23 .66 .63 .61 .63 AVSS6 .37 .36 .27 .28 .49 .36 .41 AVSS7 .22 .31 .28 .17 .17 PR5 AVSS6 AVSS7 1.00 .38 1.00 .19 1.00 C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .05 l e v e l C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i n p a r e n t h e s e s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .10 l e v e l A p p e n d i x I c o n t i n u e d Time 1 N o t e l : C o r r e l a t i o n s among Teacher R a t i n g s , P e e r R a t i n g s , and O b s e r v a t i o n a l Measures o f A g g r e s s i o n SSI SS2 SS3 SS4 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 SSI 1.00. SS2 .78 .. 1.00 SS3 .58 .78 1.00 SS4 -.31 1.00 PR1 .62 .63 .53 1.00 PR2 .39 .47 (.22) .55 1.00 PR3 .60 .55 .36 .76 .63 1.00 PR4 .57 .61 .46 .91 .73 .80 1.00 PR5 .68 .62 .55 (-.25) .73 .61 .70 .71 AVSS6 .39 .37 .16 -.35 .36 .75 .41 .54 AVSS7 (.26) .46 .50 .27 PR5 AVSS6 AVSS7 1.00 .50 1.00 1.00 C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .05 l e v e l C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i n p a r e n t h e s e s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .10 l e v e l A p p e n d i x I c o n t i n u e d Time 1 U n i t e l : C o r r e l a t i o n s Among Teacher R a t i n g s , P e e r R a t i n g s , and O b s e r v a t i o n a l Measures o f A g g r e s s i o n SSI SS2 SS3 SS4 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 PR5 AVSS6 AVSS7 551 1.00 552 .75 1.00 553 .68 .72 1.00 554 .49 1.00 PR1 (.24) 1.00 PR2 .71 1.00 PR3 C.25) .49 .44 1.00 PR4 .59 .66 .47 1.00 PR5 .42 .64 .46 .51 'l.OO AVSS6 .40 .40 .42 .33 (.27) 1.00 AVSS7 .26 .35 (.22) 1.00 C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .05 l e v e l C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i n p a r e n t h e s e s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .10 l e v e l Co A p p e n d i x I c o n t i n u e d Time 1 M u l t i t e l : C o r r e l a t i o n s among Teacher R a t i n g s , P e e r O b s e r v a t i o n a l Measures o f A g g r e s s i o n R a t i n g s , and SSI SS2 SS3 SS4 PR1 . PR2 PR3 PR4 PR5 SSI 1.00 SS2 .82 1.00 SS3 .55 .54 1.00 SS4 -.45 -.41 1.00 PR1 .33 .28 (.24) 1.00 PR2 .31 .46 (,25) -.31 .53 1.00 PR3 .54 .52 -.32 .53 .46 1.00 PR4 .40 .41 (,24) .60 .34 .42 1.00 PR5 (.21) .39 -.43 .64 .74 .42 .36 1.00 AVSS6 .32 .35 (,24) .38 .42 .52 (.26) .36 AVSS7 .42. .36 .33 C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .05 l e v e l C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i n p a r e n t h e s e s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .10 l e v e l AVSS6 AVSS7 1.00 1.00 4> A p p e n d i x I c o n t i n u e d Time 2: C o r r e l a t i o n s among Teacher R a t i n g s , P e e r R a t i n g s , And O b s e r v a t i o n a l Measures o f A g g r e s s i o n , C o l l a p s e d A c r o s s Towns SSI SS2 SS3 SS4 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 PR5 AVSS6 SSI 1.00 SS2 .62 1.00 SS3 .49 .22 1.00 SS4 -.66 -.41 (-.14) 1.00 PR1 .27 .31 1.00 PR2 .25 .35 .74 1.00 PR3 .38 .40 (.15) -.20 .72 .62 1.00 PR4 .32 .27 (.13) .71 .63 .65 1.00 PR5 .28 .43 -. 17 .74 .78 .72 .65 1.00 AVSS6 .21 .32 .39 .32 .37 .41 1.00 AVSS7 -.23 .21 .21 .20 .38 C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .05 l e v e l C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i n p a r e n t h e s e s : s i g n i f i c a n t a t . 10 l e v e l 1.00 A p p e n d i x I c o n t i n u e d Time 2 N o t e l : C o r r e l a t i o n s Among Teacher R a t i n g s , P e e r R a t i n g s , and Ob se r v a t i o n a l Measures of A g g r e s s i o n SSI SS2 SS3 SS4 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 ER5 AVSS6 SSI 1.00 SS2 . 70 1.00 SS3 .46 (.24) 1.00 SS4 -.45 -.45 1.00 PR1 .40 .34 1.00 PR2 .44 .58 1.00 PR3 .68 .46 .23 -.38 .63 .29 1.00 PR4 .51 .41 -.36 .80 .56 .75 1.00 PR5 (.26) .42 (-.24) .72 .72 .66 .75 1.00 AVSS6 (.25) 1.00 AVSS7 (.23) .28 C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t . 05 l e v e l C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i a n t s i n p a r e n t h e s e s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .10 l e v e l AVSS7 1.00 to ON A p p e n d i x I c o n t i n u e d Time 2 U n i t e l : C o r r e l a t i o n s among t h e Teacher R a t i n g s , P e e r R a t i n g s , and O b s e r v a t i o n a l Measures of A g g r e s s i o n SSI SS2 SS3 SS4 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 PR5 AVSS6 SSI 1.00 SS2 .48 1.00 SS3 1.00 SS4 -.45 .36 1.00 PR1 .39 027) -.41 1.00 PR2 (.25) (-.28) .98 1.00 PR3 .44 .47 -.35 .89 .86 1.00 PR4 .65 .63 .53 1.00 PR5 .51 .43 -.39 .84 .85 .85 .64 1.00 AVSS6 0 26) .49 .53 .45 .49 .49 1.00 AVSS7 .36 .38 C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .05 l e v e l 1.00 C o r r e l a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i n p a r e n t h e s e s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .10 l e v e l A p p e n d i x I c o n t i n u e d Time 2 M u l t i t e l : C o r r e l a t i o n s among Teacher R a t i n g s , P e e r O b s e r v a t i o n a l Measures o f A g g r e s s i o n R a t i n g s , and SSI SS2 SS3 SS4 PR1 PR2 PR3 PR4 PR5 SSI 1.00 SS2 .77 .1.00 SS3 .47 .39 1.00 SS4 -.70 -.61 1.00 PR1 .34 .32 .34 1.00 PR2 .37 .38 .44 .76 1.00 PR3 .28 .29 .33 .66 .79 1.00 PR4 .39 (.26) .33 .66 .74 .61 1.00 PR5 .36 .43 .64 .80 .64 .55 1.00 AVSS6 (.24) (.22) .49 .55 .45 .56 .56 AVSS7 .39 .31 (.26) .27 AVSS6 AVSS7 1.00 .39 1.00 C o r r e l a t i o n a l c o e f f i c i e n t s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .05 l e v e l C o r r e l a t i o n a l c o e f f i c i e n t s i n p a r e n t h e s e s s i g n i f i c a n t a t .10 l e v e l Co 00 139 APPENDIX J V i e w i n g Hours P e r Week Time 1 N o t e l U n i t e l M u l t i t e l (N=30) (N=34) (N=39) No. o f No\": o f \" No. o f Hours/Week S u b j e c t s % S u b j e c t s % S u b j e c t s % 0 21 70 4 11.8 • -1-5 1 3.3 1 2.6 6-10 2 6.7 3 8.8 1 2.6 11-15 1 3.3 3 8.8 16-20 1 3.3 4 11.8 21-25 4 11.8 5 12.8 26-30 1 3.3 2 5.9 5 12.8 31-35 1 3.3 4 11.8 7 17.9 36-40 3 7.7 41-45 4 10.3 46-50 1 2.9 3 7.7 51-55 1 2.9 2 5.1 56-60 1 2.6 * L i t t l e 4 11.8 Sometimes 1 3.3 1 2.9 4 10.3 L o t s 1 3.3 3 8.8 3 7.7 'These c h i l d r e n d i d n o t know how many h o u r s t h e y watched o f TV p e r week, so t h e y were a s k e d whether i t was: \"a l i t t l e ; l o t s ; o r j u s t sometimes\". 140 A p p e n d i x J c o n t i n u e d V i e w i n g Hours P e r Week Time 2 Hours/Week N o t e l (N=38) No. o f S u b j e c t s U n i t e l (N=39) No. o f S u b j e c t s M u l t i t e l (N=37) No. o f Subj e c t s 0 I - 5 6-10 I I - 15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 60+ 5 1 1 4 4 5 10. 4 3 13.16 2.63 2.63 10.53 10.53 13.16 26.32 10.53 7.89 2.63 5.13 2 9 9 9 6 2 5.13 23.08 23.08 23.08 15.38 5.13 4 1 6 3 1 5 1 2 1 1 10.81 2.70 10.81 21.62 16.22 8.11 2.70 13.52 2.70 5.40 2.70 2.70 Mean no. hours/week 21.72 Median no. hours/week 25 28.21 27.5 28.71 25.5 "@en ; edm:hasType "Thesis/Dissertation"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0094376"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:degreeDiscipline "Psychology"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:rights "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "Television exposure and children’s aggressive behaviour"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/21031"@en .