@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Science, Faculty of"@en, "Zoology, Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "MacKinnon, Colin N."@en ; dcterms:issued "2010-02-18T04:08:29Z"@en, "1976"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Science - MSc"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description "This study was undertaken to determine whether gonads of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) could be stimulated by pelleted or injected salmon gonadotropin to reproductive maturity one year earlier than normal. This procedure, if successful, might be used in attempting to populate an \"off\" year cycle of pink salmon. In juvenile male pink salmon complete maturity was attained by September in the year of hatching with both pellet implantation (1x/3 weeks) and injection (thrice weekly) of 1.0 micrograms of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gonadotropin per gram body weight. Time of onset of mitotic division of spermatogonia and rate of spermatogenesis were accelerated in the precociously mature testes. Similar doses of salmon gonadotropin injected at longer time intervals (1x/week, and 1x/2 weeks) resulted in a slower maturation. In females, acceleration of maturation was achieved in immature pink salmon by injection and pellet implantation of salmon gonadotropin. The primary yolk vesicle stage was achieved after 4 months of treatment with thrice weekly injections and 1x/3 week pellet implantations of 1.0 μg/gm body weight of salmon gonadotropin. Similar doses of salmon gonadotropin injected at longer time intervals (1x/week and 1x/2 weeks) resulted in a reduction in the rate of maturation. Large numbers of preovulatory corpora atretica were observed in all treated fish. The knowledge developed by this research formed part of a large scale co-operative program with two objectives. The pragmatic objective is to develop an \"off\" year pink salmon spawning population in Bear River which has no spawners in odd-numbered years. The scientific objective is to assess the value of adding \"home stream\" genetic material to the transplanted embryos and to evaluate two experimental techniques as to their effectiveness in providing \"home stream\" genes to the transplanted population. The approach was to fertilize eggs taken from fish of another river (Glendale River) with 1) spermatozoa from precocious Bear River males, 2) cryopreserved spermatozoa from Bear River males, and 3) spermatozoa from Glendale River males (control transplant group). The fertilization rate among eggs of the precocious Bear River male x donor Glendale female group was equal to the control group (Glendale River male x Glendale River female) and twice that of the cryopreserved Bear River male x Glendale female transplant group. The control group exhibited a higher developmental index (K[sub D]) and migrated about 6 days earlier than the other two groups which had 50% of their genetic complement from the Bear River stock."@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/20406?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "An Investigation of the Regulation of Reproductive Development in Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbusha) in Relation to the Initiation B.Sc. University of British Columbia, 1974 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Zoology We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard. of an Off-year Pink Salmon Run by Colin N. MacKinnon The University of British Columbia December, 1976 C o l i n N. MacKinnon, 1976 In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t h e s i s i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l m e n t o f the r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r an advanced d e g r e e at t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , I a g r e e t h a t t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r r e f e r e n c e and s t u d y . I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y i n g o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may be g r a n t e d by the Head o f my Depar tment o r by h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t c o p y i n g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a i n s h a l l not be a l l o w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n . Depar tment o f ^ 9 0 9 The U n i v e r s i t y o f B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a 2075 Wesbrook Place Vancouver, Canada V6T 1W5 Date AflAJ/ i t / j l l l i ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to determine whether gonads of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) could be stimulated by pelleted or injected salmon gonadotropin to reproductive maturity one year earlier than normal. This procedure, i f successful, might be used in attempting to populate an \"off\" year cycle of pink salmon. In juvenile male pink salmon complete maturity was attained by September in the year of hatching with both pellet implantation (lx/3 weeks) and injection (thrice weekly) of 1.0 micrograms of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gonadotropin per gram body weight. Time of onset of mitotic division of spermatogonia and rate of spermatogenesis were accelerated in the precociously mature testes. Similar doses of salmon gonadotropin injected at longer time intervals (lx/week, and \\ lx/2 weeks) resulted in a slower maturation. In females, acceleration of maturation was achieved in immature pink salmon by injection and pellet implantation of salmon gonadotropin. The primary yolk vesicle stage was achieved after 4 months of treatment with thrice weekly injections and lx/3 week pellet implantations of 1.0 jjg/gm body weight of salmon gonadotropin. Similar doses of salmon gonadotropin injected at longer time intervals (lx/week and lx/2 weeks) resulted in a reduction in the rate of maturation. Large numbers of i i preovulatory corpora atretica were observed in all treated f ish. The knowledge developed by this research formed part of a large scale co-operative program with two objectives. The pragmatic objective is to develop an \"off\" year pink salmon spawning population in Bear River which has no spawners in odd-numbered years. The scientific objective is to assess the value of adding \"home stream\" genetic material to the transplanted embryos and to evaluate two experimental techniques as to their effectiveness in providing \"home stream\" genes to the transplanted population. The approach was to fert i l ize eggs taken from fish of another river (Glendale River) with 1) spermatozoa from precocious Bear River males, 2) cryopreserved spermatozoa from Bear River males, and 3) spermatozoa from Glendale River males (control transplant group). The fertilization rate among eggs of the precocious Bear River male x donor Glendale female group was equal to the control group (Glendale River male x Glendale River female) and twice that of the cryopreserved Bear River male x Glendale female transplant group. The control group exhibited a higher developmental index (KD) and migrated about 6 days earlier than the other two groups which had 50% of their genetic complement from the Bear River stock. i i ' i TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract i List of Figures y i i i List of Tables i x . ; Acknowledgements x i i General Introduction l \" Chapter I: The Testis 5 Introduction 5 Materials and Methods 7 Origin of Test Animals 7 Experimental Design and Treatments 8 Experimental Techniques 8 (i) Hormone Administration 9 ( i i ) Sampling Technique 11 ( i i i ) Histological Techniques i l (iv) Analysis of the Histological Results 11 (v) Histological Analysis 11 (vi) Statistical Analysis 12 (vii) Disease Treatment 12 Results i 3 Spermatogenesi s 13 Secondary Sexual Characteristics l U Discussion 1 5 Chapter II: The Ovary 19 Introduction 19 Materials and Methods 2k i v Origin of Test Animals 2h~. Experimental Design and Treatments 2h Experimental Techniques 2k (i), (i i) and ( i i i ) see Chapter I (iv) Analysis of the Histological Results -2'4 a) Measurements 24 • b) Histological Analysis 25 c) Stages of Oocyte Development 2%. (v) Statistical Analysis 2 ? ; (vi) Disease Treatment 27 Results 28 Measurements 28; (i) Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) 2 8 s ( i i ) Oocyte Diameter 29 ( i i i ) Oogenesis 29 Appearance 30: Discussion 3 i Chapter III: Aspects of the Bear River Pink Salmon Transplant Program 35 • Introduction 35: Materials and Methods 37 (i) Transplant Site 37 (ii) Sexual Product Collection; and Transportation 37V ( i i i ) Treatment Groups 37-(iv) Spawning Routine 39 a) Transplant groups 39 b) General 39 (v) Fry Count ^ Results U2 Discussion W' Evaluation to the Fry Stage kk General and Incidental Comments 1*5. General Summary 1+7-Figures i*9'; Tables L i te rature Cited 93'* v i FIGURES Facing page 1. Cross section of a control t e s t i s from an immature (stage 1) pink salmon juven i le 49 2. Cross-sect ion of a stage 3 t e s t i s from a pink salmon juveni le 49 3. Test is of a sexual ly mature (stage 5) pink salmon juveni le 49 4. Test is of a sexual ly mature (stage 5) pink salmon 49 j u v e n i l e , but at a higher magnif ication 5. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted gonadotropin 50\" 6. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time vK3/jg/g/wk) applied by pe l le t implantation and three in jec t ion frequencies 5.1' 7. Mean stages of t e s t i c u l a r maturity of male pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted gonadotropin.. 52 8. Mean stages of t e s t i c u l a r maturity of male pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3/jg/g/wk) applied by p e l l e t implanta-t ion and three in jec t ion frequencies 53 9. Cross sect ion from an ovary of a juveni le pink salmon in jected lx/wk with 3 jjg/g/wk salmon gonadotropin; v i i Facing page a) la te per inucleolar oocyte, b) yolk ves ic le stage oocyte, c) a t r e t i c oocyte 54, 10. Oocyte in the yolk ves ic le stage 5 4, 11. F o l l i c l e and thecal layers from an oocyte in the yolk ves ic le stage 54. 12. Primary yolk stage oocyte 54. 13. F o l l i c l e and thecal layers from an oocyte in the primary yolk stage 54 14. A t r e t i c oocyte from an ovary of a juven i le pink salmon implanted lx/3wk with a salmon gonadotropin p e l l e t (3Ajg/g/wk) 54: 15. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted gonadotropin 55 16. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 /jg/g/wk) applied by p e l l e t implantation and by in jec t ion at three frequencies. 56' 17. Mean oocyte diameter of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted gonadotropin 57 18. Mean oocyte diameter of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 ug/g/wk) applied by pe l le t implantation and by in jec t ion at three frequencies '58 o Facing page 19. Mean percentages of oocytes which comprise the ovaries of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pe l le ted gonadotropin. 20. Mean percentages of oocytes which comprise the ovaries of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 jig/g/wk) applied by p e l l e t implantation and by in jec t ion at three frequencies 21. Endocrine manipulation used in a proposed test to determine whether or not an infus ion of a stream's male on-year genes into transplanted ova w i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y increase the return of the resu l t ing adults to the rec ip ient stream (Bear River) 22. Pink f ry runs for the three experimental transplant groups in cumulative percentages 23. Map of experimental areas LIST OF TABLES Facing page 1. Mean body length and mean body weight of male pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted salmon gonadotropin 64 2. Mean body length and mean body weight of male pink salmon resu l t ing from a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 jug/g/wk) applied by pe l le t implantation and by in jec t ion at three frequencies 65 3. Mean f i xed t e s t i s weight and mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted salmon gonadotropin 66 4. Mean t e s t i s weight and mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male pink salmon resu l t ing from a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 pg/g/wk) applied by p e l l e t implantation and by in jec t ion at three frequencies 67 5. Analysis of variance of gonadosomatic index (GSI) to ta l s from male pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted gonadotropin 68-6. .Analysis of variance of gonadosomatic index (GSI) to ta l s from male pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 jjg/g/wk) applied by pe l le t implantation and by three in ject ion frequencies. 69 Facing page 7. Analysis of variance of male GSI data for exper i -ments 1 and 2 70 8. Student-Newman-Keuls mult ip le range test of male gonadosomatic index data for experiments 1 and 2-homogeneous subsets 7V 9. Mean t e s t i c u l a r stage of male pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted salmon gonadotropin. . . 72 10. Mean t e s t i c u l a r stage of male pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 jug/g/wk) applied by pe l le t implantation and by in jec t ion at three frequencies - 73 11. Mean body length and mean body weight of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted salmon gonadotropin .74 12. Mean body length and mean body weight of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 ug/g/wk) applied by pe l le t implantation and by in jec t ion at three frequencies. 75 13. Mean f ixed ovary weight and mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted salmon gonadotropin 76 14. Mean ovary weight and mean gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage Facing page of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 jug/g/wk) applied by pe l le t implantation and by in jec t ion at three frequencies 77.? 15. Mean oocyte diameter for female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted gonadotropin 78, 16. Mean oocyte diameter for female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 pg/g/wk) applied by pe l le t implantation and by three in jec t ion frequencies 79 17. Per cent oocyte a t res ia and mean per cent of oocytes in each stage from ovaries of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted gonadotropin 80-18. Per cent oocyte a t res ia and mean per cent of oocytes in each stage from ovaries of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 jug/g/wk) applied by pe l le t implantation and by in jec t ion at three frequencies .8-1-19. Analysis of variance for gonadosomatic index t o t a l s (GSI) of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pel leted gonadotropin 82 20. Analysis of variance for gonadosomatic index to ta l s (GSI) of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 /jg/g/wk) Facing x i i page applied by pellet implantation and by three injection frequencies 83 21. Analysis of variance of female gonadosomatic index 84 data for experiments 1 and 2 22. Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test of female pink salmon gonadosomatic index data (GSI) for experiments 1 and 2-homogeneous subsets 85 23. Mean emergence day, egg and fry numbers, and survival percentages of the three transplant groups 86 24. First, second (median), and third quartiles of the emergence of the three experimental transplant groups. 87 25. Analysis of variance totals for length of the three transplant groups of pink salmon upon emergence 88 26. Analysis of variance totals for weight of the three transplant groups of pink salmon upon emergence 89 27. Analysis of variance totals for developmental index (Kg) of the three transplant groups of pink salmon upon emergence 90 28. Analysis of variance for length, weight, and develop-mental index of the three transplant groups of pink salmon upon emergence 91 29. Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test for length and developmental index of the three transplant groups of pink salmon upon emergence-homogeneous subsets 92 x i i i y ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my thesis supervisor, Dr. E.M. Donaldson, for suggesting the problem and for his guidance and assistance throughout the study. Appreciation is also extended to my academic supervisor, Dr. W.S. Hoar, for his advice during the study. The technical assistance of Ms. H. Dye in preparation of salmon pituitary gonadotropin, Mrs. K. Kramer in paraffin embedding specimens, and Dr. D. Higgs and Mr. J. McBride for helpful suggestion during the course of the study. My appreciation is also extended to Mr. F.C. Withler and Mr. R. Morley of the Nanaimo Biological Station who so generously supplied samples and data from the Bear River Transplant Program, and to Mr. A. Lamb and Mr. J. Heading for help in caring for the fish. I further wish to acknowledge Mrs. M. Young for typing of the manuscript and Mr. Steve Borden for his statistical advice. 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Throughout the geographic range of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) there are rivers in which there is a pronounced difference in abundance between even and odd numbered years (Ricker, 1962; Neave, 1965). The major areas which currently display this pronounced disparity have done so since before white men began to fish salmon intensively on the North American Coast. In the Fraser River-Puget Sound-Howe Sound region, for example, even-year fish are virtually absent, whereas the rivers on the Queen Charlotte Islands are characterized by a lack of pink salmon spawning in the odd-numbered years (Neave, 1962). If such disparities between even and odd years could be eliminated by repopulating the empty pink salmon cycles, there would be a major increase in the size and stability of the resource base and commensurate economic benefits to the fishing industry. The results of transplanting pink salmon to rivers where there are no spawners have been highly inconsistent. Excellent reviews by Ricker (1972) and Neave (1965) reveal that there have been many instances where transplantations failed to produce evidence of returning adults. In cases where adults did return, i t was not uncommon for the runs to decline and eventually disappear. One successful transplantation of pink salmon (0_. gorbuscha) occurred in Alaska in 1964 when 1,800 mature adults were moved 30 km from a donor stream and released to spawn naturally in Saskin Creek (McNeil, et al_., 1969). Returning runs of adults from this transplant have returned to Saskin Creek in numbers 2 varying between 6,000 and 13,000 annually between 1966 and 1974 (personal communication, McNeil). Technical problems interfered with the f irst introduction of pink salmon (0. gorbuscha) to the Barents and White Seas from eastern U.S.S.R. in 1956 and 1957, but in 1960 more than 100,000 adult pink salmon returned to northwest U.S.S.R. streams from a release of 15.3 million juveniles. The runs declined to much lower levels for a period after the large return in 1960, but Kamyshnaya and Smirnov (1968) felt that naturally reproducing populations may have become established. This conclusion is reinforced by more recent reports (Thurow, 1974) that about 200,000 adult pink salmon returned to northwest U.S.S.R. in 1973. Recently an appreciation has developed for the possibility of genetic barriers to successful transplantation. The opinion has arisen gradually that each salmon stock is , through selection over a long period, quite finely tuned to the particular conditions which prevail in a particular spawning or rearing area, and that the necessary characteristics were hereditary (Calaprice, 1969; McNeil etal_. , 1969). Considering the evidence that \"homing\" in salmonids is partially inherited (Bams, in press; Brannon, 1972; Raleigh, 1971) it would appear that genetic factors play a most important role in determining whether a donor stock will survive in the new system. It follows that in attempting introductions care must be taken to choose stocks whose heredity is especially appropriate to the area to be populated. It is known that pink salmon are characterized by such a rigid two-year l i fe cycle that populating a barren cycle naturally from fish in the \"on\" year stock is highly improbable (Funk and Donaldson, 1972). Recent studies by MacKinnon and Donaldson (1976) and Ivankov et al_.(1975) have shown instances of male pink salmon reaching maturity at an age of one year without exogenous hormonal treatment, but the proportion of these naturally occurring precocious males is extremely small. Another means of employing the genetic complement of home stream fish would be to manipulate the reproductive cycle of pink salmon such that they spawn exactly one year earlier than normal. Previous work (Funk and Donaldson, 1972) has shown that only the males of pink salmon can be matured one year earlier, by injection of a preparation of spring salmon (0_. tshawytscha) gonadotropin. This work led to the proposal that a pelleted pre-paration of spring salmon gonadotropin be used in an attempt to accelerate the development of the gonads of both male arid^female pink salmon to sexual maturity by September of the year of hatching. To date Fraser River male pink salmon have been accelerated to sexual maturity one year earlier than normal by thrice weekly injections of salmon gonadotropin over a period of 2-3 months (Funk and Donaldson, 1972). Spermatozoa from these accelerated males were used to fert i l ize ova obtained from wild females from Northern British Columbia. The eggs hatched to produce fry having 50% of their genetic complement from the Fraser River stock (Donaldson, et al_., 1972). This paper reports on certain aspects of a Federal-Provincial Salmonid Enhancement project aimed at developing effective methods for introducing self-sustaining runs into barren cycles of pink salmon streams having pronounced \"on-off\" characteristics. Currently, the objective of the study is to determine whether an .infusion , of \"homestream\" genes from the male component of the \"on-year\" run into ova transplanted from a donor stream will significantly increase the return of adults to the recipient stream. The success of the technique will be assessed by comparing the number of returns thus obtained with the returns obtained from similar eggs fertilized by males from the donor stream (representing a traditional transplant of entirely \"foreign\" origin). The project is a joint undertaking by Mr. F.C. Withler of the Pacific Biological Station and Dr. E.M. Donaldson of the Vancouver Laboratory, both of the Research and Resource Service of the Department of Fisheries and Environment. My part of the project involved testing methods of bringing male and female pink salmon to maturity at about one year of age by gonadotropin injection, and controlling the rate of maturation so that i t was achieved at the same time as that of the natural donor stock providing gametes for the transplant test. Further, this report contains preliminary results of ferti l iz ing donor ova with sperm from precocious males, by comparing their developmental states and times of emergence with fry of different parental origin. The three facets of this research are reported in the three chapters to follow. Chapter one describes the attempts to regulate the reproductive development of the male pink salmon, Chapter two describes the attempts to regulate the reproductive development of the female pink salmon, while Chapter three describes the application of this work to an actual field project. 5 CHAPTER I The Testis INTRODUCTION In common with other vertebrates the testes of teleost fishes require the support of an intact and functioning pituitary gland for their development and maintenance. Gonadotropin withdrawal, either by hypophysectomy or methallibure treatment, has demonstrated that the pituitary gland and, specifically, gonadotropin(s) are essential for normal spermatogenesis in teleosts (Barr, 1963; Lofts, et al_., 1966; Hoar, Wiebe and Wai, 1967; Sundararaj and Nayyar, 1967; Yamazaki and Donaldson, 1968; Pandey, 1969; Wiebe, 1969). Previous research on juvenile salmonids has demonstrated a stimulation of testicular development with heteroplastic pituitary preparations. Administration in cholesterol pellets of a preparation from lyophilized pituitaries of spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and 0. keta) brought about active spermatogenesis and the shedding of motile spermatozoa in immature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) (Robertson and Rinfret, 1957). Pituitary gland extracts from Chinook salmon injected into-immature rainbow trout for a period of two weeks brought about an acceleration in spermatogenesis (Schmidt e_t al_., 1965). Pituitary homogenates from spawning adult coho salmon (0. kisutch) injected into fingerling coho salmon stimulated the mitotic division of the spermatogonia (Chestnut, 1970). Further purification of 6 the pituitary extract used by Schmidt et al_.(1965) which involved gel f i ltration on Sephadex G-100, culminated in a partially purified preparation of 0. tshawytscha gonadotropin (SG-G100) (Donaldson and Yamazaki, 1968; Donaldson e_t al_., 1972). When Funk and Donaldson (1972) injected this partially purified salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) into male pink salmon, they completely matured within 98 days of treatment and within the year of their hatching. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the time of sexual maturity in pink salmon could be manipulated precisely enough to be made to coincide with the sexual ripening of a particular natural stock of pink salmon. In addition the study was aimed at determining optimal dosages, modes of administration of gonadotropin, and the use of elevated water temperatures for induction of maturation in male pink salmon. Two experiments were proposed, 1) to investigate the dose-response effect that pellet-implanted gonadotropin has on gonadal maturation in the male pink salmon, and 2) the effects on maturation of male pink salmon treated with pelleted gonadotropin compared with male pink salmon treated with gonadotropin injected at varying time intervals. 7 MATERIALS AND METHODS Origin of Test Animals The pink salmon fry employed in the f irst experiment were obtained from Mr. F.C. Withler, Research and Resource Services Directorate, Fisheries and Marine Service, Nanaimo, B.C., in early February, 1974. They had been hatched and reared at an elevated water temperature (12C) at the Pacific Biological Station from eggs taken at Jones Creek (near Hope, B.C.) in October, 1973. Upon arrival at the West VancouverLaboratory the newly hatched fish were placed outdooors under a natural photoperiod regime in 4,000 l i tre saltwater tanks where flow and temperature were maintained at 30 litres/min. and 12C. Feeding commenced January 3, using frozen brine shrimp. Beginning January 9, wet food (Donaldson and McBride, 1967) was included in the diet with brine shrimp being deleted on January 18. Commencing January 28, these fish were fed to satiation 2 tinjes/day on a diet consisting of Oregon Moist Pellets of an appropriate size (Westgate et al_. 1964) From the original stock of fish 160 were divided into 4 groups of 40. These fish were kept outdoors in 450 l i t re fiberglass aquaria and subjected to hormonal treatments as described in the following section. The pink salmon fry used in the second experiment were obtained in late March, 1975. They were hatched and reared at the Pacific Biological Station but originated from eggs taken at Bear River (near Campbell River, B.C.) in October 1974. They were gradually acclimated to saltwater between February 20 and March 1 before being transferred to the West Vancouver Laboratory. Upon arrival at West Vancouver the fish were placed outdoors under a natural photoperiod and temperature regime in 4,000 l i t re , saltwater tanks where flow and temperature were maintained at 30 litres/min. and 12C. Feeding commenced-February 15 using frozen brine shrimp. Beginning February 21, wet food (Donaldson and McBride, 1967) was included in the diet with brine shrimp being deleted on March 15. Commencing March 21, these fish were fed to satiety on a diet consisting of Oregon Moist Pellets of an appropriate size. From the original stock of animals, 392 fish were divided into 7 groups of 56, kept in separate 450 l i t re , fiberglass aquaria and subjected to hormonal treatments as described below. Experimental Design and Treatments The f irst or pilot experiment consisted of four groups of 40 fish: a cholesterol only implanted pellet control group and three treatment groups receiving a partially purified pelleted preparation of Chinook salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) (Donaldson and Yamazaki, 1968; Donaldson, et al_., 1971) bound with cholesterol (Robertson and Rinfret, 1957) at doses of 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 micrograms SG-G100 per gram body weight. 9 After a control (untreated) sample had been taken, treatment commenced November 1, 1974. Samples were taken on November 13, 1974 and January 24, 1975. The second experiment consisted of seven treatment groups of 56 fish. All groups treated with pituitary gonadotropin received the same amount of salmon gonadotropin per unit time. Only the method of administration differed in each treatment group. The seven groups consisted of: 1. untreated control 2. saline injected control, 0.05 ml saline 1 time/week 3. 1.0 jjg/gm B.W.salmon gonadotropin injected 3 times/week 4. 3.0 ug/gm B.W. salmon gonadotropin injected 1 time/week 5. 6.0 jug/gm B.W. salmon gonadotropin injected 1 time/2 weeks 6. cholesterol only control pellet implanted 1 time/3 weeks 7. 9.0 jug/gm B.W. of pelleted salmon gonadotropin implanted 1 time/3 weeks The fish were sampled at 4 week- intervals. The pre-treatment control sample was taken on June 17, 1975. Treatments were continued until the final sampling on October 7, 1975. Experimental Techniques (i) Hormone administration Prior to hormone administration the fish were netted and transferred to an aerated bucket where they were anesthetized with 2-phenoxyethanol (0.5 ml/litre seawater). Removal of the fish from the bucket was followed quickly by either intraperitoneal injection of a test solution or the implantation of a prepared pellet. For the injection treatments the saline control fish received the same 10 volume (0.05 ml) of solution (saline 0.7% NaCl) as the experimental f ish, but without the added hormone. Injection was directed into the peritoneal cavity at a site immediately anterior to the pelvic f in . To facilitate handling large numbers of fish a Repette Syringe (Jencons Scientific Ltd.) fitted with a 27 guage, 1/2 inch disposable needle was employed. The animals revived within approxi-mately one minute when returned to saltwater. In preparing the pellets, salmon gonadotropin was mixed homogenously with cholesterol (BDH Chemicals Canada Ltd). Then the mixture was pressed into pellet form by placing a weighed amount of the mixture into the die (3mm diameter) of a hand press (Parr Instrument Co., Moline, Illinois) and applying pressure. The proportion of salmon gonadotropin by weight depended upon the dose (treatment range, 0.3%-30.0%). Pellets for control fish were composed of cholesterol only and were of similar size to those containing both salmon gonadotropin and cholesterol. Initially the pellets weighed 6 mg; their final weight was 13.6 mg + 5%. Implantation of the pellet into the anesthetized fish was accomplished in the following manner. First a small incision along the midventral line between the pelvic and pectoral fins was made. A trocar was used to channel ai hole into the peri-toneal cavity. By using a pair of curved needle forceps, i t was possible to implant a pellet in the incision and with the use of a polished glass probe to push the pellet into the peritoneal cavity. One drop of terramycin (50 mg/ml) from a 27 guage needle was applied to the wound, which was subsequently closed with a drop of dental - L X adhesive (Eastman 910, Adhesives). The animals revived within 5 minutes when returned to saltwater. For both pellet implantation and injection, opposite sides of the fish were used for each succeeding treatment. ( i i ) Sampling technique Before sampling the fish were anesthetized in 2-phenoxy-ethanol (0.5 ml/litre) and then killed by decapitation. Excessive moisture was blotted from each fish and the body length (measured to the nearest mm), body weight (measured to the nearest 0.1 gr), gonad appearance and condition of the fish were recorded. Both gonads were removed, one gonad was fixed immediately in Bouin's solution while the other was weighed to the nearest 0.001 gr. Prior to the start of each experiment or treatment, a sample was taken to determine the init ial state of gonadal development. ( i i i ) Histological techniques Following fixation in Bouin's solution for a minimum of 24 hours, the testis was washed, dehydrated and embedded in para-plast m.p. 56-57C (Culling, 1963). The specimens were then sectioned at 6 microns, and stained with Mayer's haematoxylin and eosin. (iv) Analysis of the histological results The gonadosomatic index was calculated for each fish from the formula: (weight of one testis^ X 2 GSI = X 100 body weight (v) Histological analysis The stage of sexual maturity of the testis was determined from examination of a single median saggital section from each specimen i i and rat ing i t as one of the fo l lowing stages of t e s t i c u l a r development (Funk and Donaldson 1972): 1. Spermatogonia only are present. 2. Spermatogenesis has been i n i t i a t e d . Predominant c e l l types are primary spermatocytes. 3. Primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, and spermatids are a l l present. 4. Spermatogenesis i s proceeding a c t i v e l y ; spermatozoa are present in the lobule lumina. In t h i s stage the t e s t i s reaches i t s maximum s i z e . 5. The t e s t i s i s now \" funct iona l l y \" mature. There i s an extensive breakdown of the t e s t i c u l a r morphology, and spermatozoa l i e free in the sperm duct. Semen can be stripped from the animal at t h i s stage. 6. The t e s t i s i s completely regressed. (vi) S t a t i s t i c a l analysis The unbalanced data were randomly reduced to equal sample sizes and subjected to balanced analysis of variance using ANOVAR (U .B .C . ) . The Student Newman Keuls test was performed on data where F in the Anova was s i g n i f i c a n t at the 0.05 l e v e l . A water supply problem resulted in the morta l i ty of the in jec t ion lx/2wk groups in experiment 2. Therefore i t was necessary to use an average value for the las t sampling period in t h i s group to balance the analysis of variance. ( v i i ) Disease treatment The f i s h employed in experiment 1 suffered from a high morta l i t y and were diagnosed as having kidney disease. To control the extent of the kidney disease the a n t i b i o t i c erythromycin was incorporated in the d iet of a l l groups at a dose of 100 mg erythromycin/Kgm - f ish/day for 21 days beginning October 7 and ending October 31. 13 RESULTS All of the male pink salmon in both experiments that had been treated with salmon gonadotropin showed a stimulation of spermatogenesis. In experiment 1 the functionally mature stage 5 state (Fig. 4) was attained in both the large dose> (5.0 ug/gm B.W.) and medium dose 0.5 ug/gm B.W.) after 12 weeks of treatment (Fig. 7). The functionally mature stage 5 state in experiment 2 was attained in the pelleted gonadotropin group and the 3x/week gonadotropin injection group between 8 and 12 weeks after commencing treatment. Only one fish from the large dose group (5.0 ug/gm B.W.) of experiment 1 underwent the complete cycle of gonad development ending in stage 6-testicular regression (Fig. 7). Testicular regression for this fish was attained after 12 weeks of treatment. GSI measurements for experiment 1 revealed that the three dose groups that received pelleted salmon gonadotropin were a homogeneous subset showing greater GSI than the pellet control (Table B). The f irst two time period groups (0 and 6 weeks) were a homogeneous subset displaying a lesser GSI than the 12 week period group (Table 8). There was however a significant interaction between dose and time for GSI in experiment 1. Graphical display of this interaction (Fig. 5) showed that there was no increase over time in the control group and that a large GSI increase occurred between 6 and 12 weeks in the low dose group (0.05 ^ ig/gm B.W.) Similarily for experiment 2, Ik homogeneous subsets were the three groups that received no salmon gonadotropin (0 jjg/g/B.W. control pellet, 0 jug/g/B.W. injection control, untreated) and the three groups that received salmon gonadotropin (pellet lx/3wk injection lx/wk, injection lx/2wk)(Table 8). The later three groups that received salmon gonadotropin showed a significantly greater GSI than did the three groups that received no salmon gonadotropin, while the group that received salmon gonadotropin injected 3x/wk displayed a significantly greater GSI than did all other groups. The second and third periods (4 and 8 weeks) were a homogeneous subset with GSI significantly increasing in 12 weeks and 16 weeks (Fig. 6). However a significant interaction over time occurred between the groups in experiment 2. Graphical display of the GSI interaction (Fig. 6) showed that there was no increase in GSI over time in the injection control, pellet control or untreated groups. Two groups receiving salmon; gonadotropin (pellet lx/3wk, injection 3x/wk) showed a sharp rise in GSI from 0 to 8 weeks with a tapering off in GSI from 8 to 16 weeks, while the other two salmon gonadotropin groups (injection lx/wk, injection lx/2wk) showed a steady rise in GSI from 0 to 16 weeks. Secondary Sexual Characteristics The characteristic humping of the back and the brownish-red coloration of the sides of the male pink salmon approaching sexual maturity were apparent in the males injected with salmon gonadotropin, making i t possible to distinguish between males and females within a treatment group. The male secondary sexual characteristics were more prominent and appeared earlier in the groups receiving the greater gonadotropin dosage in experiment 1, and in the pellet implanted and 3x/wk injected salmon gonadotropin; groups in experiment 2. 15 DISCUSSION The testis of the gonadotropin-treated pink salmon passed through all stages of gonad maturation, including testicular regression in some fish. Semen could be stripped from the testes of mature fish by stroking in a posterior direction. The results indicate that the time of sexual maturity of males could be manipulated to coincide with that of a particular natural stock of spawning f ish. This was an important conclusion for the experimental transplant program described in Chapter III. ^ A relationship existed between the method of administration of a constant dose of gonadotropin per time period and the rate of maturation. The group receiving a small dose of gonadotropin injected at a shorter time interval (injection 3x/wk) matured faster than did those groups receiving larger doses of gonadotropin at longer intervals (injection Ix/wk, injection lx/2wk). On the other hand the pellet implanted gonadotropin group (lx/3wk) matured almost as quickly as the 3x/wk gonadotropin group. Because the concentration of a circulating hormone depends upon the rate of secretion into,,and clearance from the plasma, i t may be postulated that, when the interval between injections is longer (as in the Ix/wk and lx/2wk groups), the metabolic clearance may reduce the gonadotropin to an ineffective level for part of the interval, thus retarding maturation. In the case of the pelleted gonadotropin group, gonadotropin was being leached constantly from the pellet over a period of three weeks. With regard to the plasma GTH 16 concentration, there is probably a steady state interaction in which the rate of leaching is in equilibrium with the metabolic clearance rate. This may explain why the pelleted gonadotropin group matured almost as quickly as the 3x/wk salmon gonadotropin injected group. The GSI measurements and testicular stage data both suggest that onset of mitotic division to form primary spermatocytes and the process of active spermatogenesis were accelerated in fish treated with salmon gonadotropin. Maturity was advanced 9 months in experiment 1 and 13 months in experiment 2 prior to the appearance of sexual maturity in natural stocks of pink salmon. The progress of active spermatogenesis to the production of mature spermatozoa in one-half the normal time in the precociously developed pink salmon might not be due directly to injected gonadotropin. While some aspects of spermatogenesis may be under direct control by pituitary gonadotropins, there are strong indications that androgens may be the ultimate controlling agents for at least some of the spermatogenetic events (Dodd, 1972). It has been shown that spermatogenesis can be induced by androgen treatment (testosterone, dehydro-epiniandrosterone, methyl testosterone) in hypophysectomized Fundulus heteroditus (Lofts, et al_., 1966), Heteropneutes fossil is (Sundararaj and Nayyar, 1967; Sundararaj e_al_., 1971), Carassius (Yamazaki and Donaldson, 1969; Billard, 1974). In addition methyltestosteroneis also a potent agent in activating spermatogenesis in Mugil cephalus (Shedadeh et al_, 1973). However, testosterone 17 failed to activate spermatogenesis in methallibure-treated Cymatogaster (Weibe, 1969) and Ti l ipia (Hyder, 1972). Yamazaki (1972) reported that methyl testosterone suppressed spermatogenesis and caused degeneration of spermatogonia in the salmonids Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and fJ. nerka. However, Pandey (1968) also reports the lack of effect of methyl testosterone on the testis of juvenile Poecilia: there is no stimulation of any stage of spermatogenesis. Pandey (1968) suggests that the gonadal tissues must f i rst be primed by gonadotropin before they are reactive to steroids. In any case, these facts demonstrate that in pink salmon as well as other teleosts the pituitary gland and especially gonadotropin(s) are essential for normal spermatogenesis. The rate of induction of active spermatogenesis and the time of appearance of spermatozoa in the gonadotropin-treated juvenile pink salmon compared favourably with similar treatment of other salmonids. Schmidt et al_. (1965) found after two weeks of injection of extracts from 0. tshawytscha pituitaries into immature rainbow trout that spermatogenesis had been accelerated to the primary and secondary spermatocyte stage. Injection of fingerling coho salmon for three weeks with a pituitary homogenate from spawning adult coho:stimulated the mitotic division of the spermatogonia; however no spermatocytes could be found (Chestnut, 1970). Administration of an extract from the pituitaries of spawning salmon (£. keta and 0_. tshawytscha) in cholesterol pellets to six month old rainbow trout resulted in the shedding of spermatozoa two months later. Injection of chinook salmon gonadotropin into juvenile pink salmon resulted in male pink salmon passing through all stages of gonad maturation including terminal testicular regression in about three months (Funk and Donaldson, 1972). In contrast to the findings by Funk and Donaldson (1972) the secondary sex characteristics typical of spawning adult male pink salmon were evident in the precocious males produced in this study. Such sexual dimorphism is a result of androgen biosynthesis in the testis and demonstrates the potential of the testes for producing sex hormones while under gonadotropin administration. 19 CHAPTER II The Ovary INTRODUCTION E a r l i e r work has shown that the development (maturation and growth) of the ovary in young te leosts i s dependent upon the p i t u i t a r y . However, the experimental evidence related to the nature of the p i tu i ta ry -ovar ian re la t ionsh ip i s contradictory and d i f f i c u l t to evaluate (Dodd, 1972). In l i n e with evidence from studies of amphibians (Schuetz, 1974), studies of te leosts both i_n v i t r o and in vivo have shown that the gonadotropins play a s i g n i f i c a n t ro le in regulat ing gametogenesis. A l l stages of reproductive matur i ty , including v i te l logenes is and ovu lat ion , were reinduced by replacement therapy with chinook salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) fo l lowing p i t u i t a r y removal in adult Carassius auratus (Yamazaki and Donaldson, 1968), P o e c i l i a r e t i c u l a t a (L i ley and Donaldson, 1969), and Heteropneustes f o s s i l i s (Sundararaj et a _ . , 1972). Salmon gonadotropin treatment has accelerated v i te l logenes is and induced ovulation in maturing Mugil cephalus (Donaldson and Shehadeh, 1972; Shehadeh _ _ aj_., 1972; Shehadeh and Kuo, 1972). Among salmonids, Schmidt et _a]_. (1965) found a small increase in ovarian s i ze in immature rainbow trout injected for 2 weeks with an extract of chinook salmon p i t u i t a r i e s . Oocytes in f i n g e r l i n g coho salmon matured slowly when treated for 3 weeks with a homoplastic preparation of p i t u i t a r y glands from spawning adults (Chestnut, 1970). Funk and Donaldson (1972) found 20 a stimulation in the development of previtellogenic stages and the onset of vitellogenesis by salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) therapy in pink salmon (0. gorbuscha). Jalabert e_t al_. (1973) have shown that oocyte final maturation can be induced in in vitro ovarian fragments of rainbow trout by purified carp gonadotropins or progesterone, but not by estogens or corticosteroids. These investigators (Jalabert et a l . , 1972) suggest that gonadotropins stimulate the ovary to produce progestogens which •\"in turn stimulate final maturation of oocytes. Fostier et^ al_. (1973) found that 17 hydroxy 20 B dihydroprogesterone induces maturation in vitro in oocytes of rainbow trout, and of all of the steroids tested he found it to be the most active. It is interesting to note that this steroid has been isolated from the plasma of salmon by Idler et al_. (1960) and that i t exerts an influence at doses lower than those found in vivo before spawning in !S. salar (Schmidt and Idler, 1962). One may surmise that the gonadotropic hormone(s) act on the ovary by provoking the synthesis and/or release of steroid(s) which in turn induce final maturation. In addition Jalabert (1975) has shown that Cortisol and cortisone increase the effectiveness of gonadotropin on intrafollicular maturation in vitro of the oocytes of trout rendering 17 hydroxy-20 B dihydroprogesterone even more effective. However, the injection of a preparation of gonadotropin from the chinook salmon into gonadectomized sockeye salmon (Cj. nerka) causes no increase in plasma Cortisol or cortisone and does not stimulate the activity 21> of interrenal tissue. These results suggest that certain actions of salmon gonadotropin in the genital sphere which could be ascribed to certain corticosteroids, cannot be explained by interrenal corticosteroidogenesis caused by this gonadotropin (Donaldson and McBride, 1974). Concerning oocyte growth, observations indicate that in teleosts estrogen stimulates the development of phospholipid proteins in the liver that are essential in building vitellus. Idler et a l . (1961) obtained some evidence that estradiol increased the mass of female gonads in sockeye salmon. Aida et al_. (1973) injected estradiol-17B into the Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelus) and found that the amount of yolk material which appeared in the blood serum increased in proportion to the amount of estradiol 17B injected. A s t i l l more complex picture prevails regarding the action of oocytes with incomplete vitellogenesis (Sakun, 1970). In most fishes, the transition to maturation becomes possible at the end of vitellogenesis. For example, Sakun (1975) has shown this to be the case in whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus pidschian). However, in the Atlantic salmon (_. salar), the pink salmon, and the rainbow trout, the maturation of oocytes can be induced long before the completion of vitellogenesis. Maturation of oocytes long before completion of vitellogenesis is probably the reason for the variability between the periods of maturation and the sizes of ripe eggs observed in salmon (Sakun, 1975). 22? In any case, evidence appears to indicate that steroids, both estrogenic and progestional compounds, are synthesized by the salmonid ovary under gonadotropic stimulation, and are involved in intra and extra-ovarian processes related to foll icular and oocyte maturation. Thus i t appears that treatment consisting of physiological dosages of salmon gonadotropin alone would be most likely to accelerate the maturation in the ovary of immature pink salmon. Funk and Donaldson (1972) did not obtain maturity in the year of hatching in female pink salmon treated with salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) alone and in combination with estradiol-17B. However, they did obtain female pink salmon that approached sexual maturity in January (5 months later) of the year in which they, would normally spawn. After considering this information and the size-fecundity relationship in pink salmon (Foerster and Pritchard, 1941) i t was proposed that the larger pink salmon occurring under experimental rearing conditions (see Chapter I) be subjected to gonadotropin treatment. Two experiments were proposed; 1) to investigate the dose-response effect that pellet implanted gonadotropin has on ovarian maturation in the female pink salmon, and 2) to compare the effects on ovarian maturation; of pellet implanted gonadotropin with the effects of injected gonadotropin administered at varying time intervals. If reproductive maturity were stimulated i t might be possible ?3 to f e r t i l i z e the eggs these precocious female pink salmon with sperm from precocious male pink salmon and possibly to populate \"off\" year cycles of pink salmon in B r i t i s h Columbia with f i s h containing a 100% home stream genetic complement. 2tt METHODS AND MATERIALS Origin of Test Animals The females were from the same stock and were maintained under the same conditions as described for males in the materials and methods section of Chapter 1. Experimental Design and Treatments The design and treatments for the observations on the female pink salmon were the same as those conducted on the male pink salmon as described in Chapter 1. Briefly they were: (1) November 1974 to January 1975 - Examine the effect of various dosages (0.05, 0.5, 5.0 /jg/gm B.W.) of chinook salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) administered in pelleted form on development of the pink salmon ovary. (2) July 1975 to October 1975 - Examine the effect of various modes of administration of a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin on development of the pink salmon ovary. Experimental Techniques (i) Hormone Administration. As in chapter 1 (i i) Sampling Technique. As in chapter 1 ( i i i ) Histological Technique. As in chapter 1 (iv) Analysis of the histological results (a) Measurements The gonadosomatic index was determined as follows: weight of one ovary X 2 x 100 body weight 25 The mean oocyte diameter was obtained from an average of the diameter of 30 oocytes per ovary, measured with an ocular micrometer. Only oocytes containing the greatest part of the nucleus were measured. The value for ovoid oocytes was calculated according to Braekevelt and McMil la in (1967) from the formula: oocyte diameter = K Vgreates t diameter x least diameter where K is the fac tor which converts the ocular micrometer measure-ments of the greatest and least oocyte diameter into mi l l imeters , b) H is to log ica l analysis The composition of each ovary was determined by counting a l l the nucleated oocytes in a median s a g i t t a l sec t ion , and expressing the value for each type as a percentage of the t o t a l . This inform-at ion was then averaged for each treatment and plotted graph ica l l y . The charac te r i s t i cs for each type of oocyte were those employed by Funk and Donaldson (1972) which were s i m i l a r to those described by Yamazaki (1965) in his study of the ovary of the goldf ish (Carassius auratus L . ) . They were as fo l lows : (1) Early perinucleolus stage Several nucleol i are apparent near the nuclear membrane. , The cytoplasm has a marked a f f i n i t y for haematoxylin; cer ta in basoph i l i c , clumped, granular portions are referred to as a p a l l i a r layer by Kudo in studies on Plecoglossus a l t i v e l u s (1969a) and Pseudorasbosa pimula (1969b). The cytoplasm and nucleus increase greatly in s i z e . The oocyte varies from 40 to 250 microns in diameter. During th is stage, the oocytes become surrounded by squamous c e l l s from the i n t e r s t i t i a l region to form a f o l l i c u l a r layer one c e l l t h i c k . The zona radiata i s not yet apparent. 26 (2) Late peri nucleolus stage Nucleoli are s t i l l present at the periphery of the nucleus. The ooplasm has lost its affinity for haematoxylin. The pallial layer has condensed to form a yolk-nucleus at the periphery of the cytoplasm. The oocyte has increased in size, but not as markedly as in the previous stage. The diameter of the oocytes vary from 180 to 320 micra. There is a division of the cells from the interstitial region to form a second layer. The zona radiata is vaguely apparent. (3) Yolk vesicle stage Cortical alveoli (or vesicles) appear in the periphery of the ooplasm as a single layer. The size of the oocytes varies from 260 to 900 micra. As the oocytes increase in diameter, the yolk vesicles accumulate toward the nucleus, and contain intravesicular eosinophilic granules. The nucleus becomes irregular in outline, i t s t i l l contains peripheral nucleoli. The foll icular epithelium is composed of a single layered zona granulosa of mitotically dividing squamous and ovoid cel ls , and an overlying theca of one to several layers of cells. The zona radiata is thin at the beginning of this stage and increases in thickness and eosin affinity toward the end. (4) Primary yolk stage At the beginning of this stage, oil globules are present near the nucleus, and small yolk granules are present at the periphery of the ooplasm.- The yolk granules coalesce to form 27 large globules, and move throughout the cytoplasm of the oocyte. The zona granulosa i s composed of cuboidal c e l l s , while the over-l y ing layer consists of squamous c e l l s . The thecal layer thickens, the c e l l s which compose i t are a l l squamous. The zona radiata stains intensely with eos in , but rad ia l s t r i a t i o n s are only vaguely apparent. The oocytes in th is stage range in diameter from 550 to 1,500 micra. (5) Post primary yolk stage This stage consists of a l l those oocytes larger than 1.0 mm and more advanced than in the primary yolk stage. (v) S t a t i s t i c a l analysis - see Chapter 1 (vi ) Disease treatment. - see Chapter 1. 28, RESULTS Measurements The development of the ovary in pink salmon juveni les in jected with various doses of pel leted gonadotropin in experiment 1 and by various modes of administrat ion in experiment 2 were compared with each other and the control groups, i ) Gonadosomatic index (GSI) GSI measurements in \"experiment 1 revealed that the three dose groups that received pel leted salmon gonadotropin (0 .05, 0 . 5 , 5.0 >ig/gm B.W.) were a homogeneous subset having a lesser GSI than the p e l l e t control group (Table 22). The groups in the f i r s t two time periods (0 and 6 weeks) were a homogeneous subset with a s i g n i f i c a n t l y greater GSI than the groups in the 12 week per iod. There was a s i g n i f i c a n t in teract ion over time occurring between the groups. Graphical analysis of the in teract ion (F ig . 15) revealed an increase over GSI in the control group, a sharp drop in GSI in the 5.0 /jg/gm B.W. treatment group between 0 and 6 weeks, and a sharp drop in GSI in the 0.05 and 0.5 ug/gm B.W. treatment groups between 6 and 12 weeks. In experiment 2, homogeneous GSI subsets were ( i n j . SG-G100 3x/wk, i n j . SG-G100 lx/wk, SG-G100 p e l l e t implant) , ( i n j . SG-G100 lx/wk, SG-G100 p e l l e t implant, p e l l e t c o n t r o l , i n j . SG-G100 lx/2wk, untreated), and (pe l l e t cont ro l , i n j . SG-G100 lx/2wk, untreated, i n j . control) (Table 22). The las t three time periods (8, 12, and 16 weeks) were a homogeneous subset with GSI greater in these periods than in the 4 week per iod. No s i g n i f i c a n t 29 in teract ion occurred between time and groups in experiment 2. i i ) Oocyte diameter In experiment 1, oocyte diameter decreased over time in a l l three salmon gonadotropin treated groups, the greatest decrease occurred between commencement of treatment and 6 weeks (F ig . 17). Oocyte diameter in the control group remained almost unchanged over the course of the experiment. In experiment 2, oocyte diameter increased s i g n i f i c a n t l y over time in the in jec t ion 3x/wk and p e l l e t implanted salmon gonadotropin groups reaching 1mm at 16 weeks (F ig . 18). The in jec t ion lx/wk and i n j . lx/2wk salmon gonadotropin groups displayed a s l i g h t r i s e in oocyte diameter over time s i m i l a r to the untreated and control groups. i i i ) Oogenesis Figure 19 shows the resul ts of experiment 1 on the e f fec t of various dosages of pe l le ted gonadotropin on development of the oocytes in immature pink salmon treated during the winter of 1974. In a l l three salmon gonadotropin treated groups the ovarian stage regressed over the course of the experiment while the ovarian stage of the control group remained r e l a t i v e l y unchanged. At the end of 12 weeks of treatment the 5.0 ug/gm B.W. group regressed from oocytes mainly in the yolk ves ic le stage to oocytes in the early perinucleolus stage (F ig . 19), the 0.5 ug/gm B.W. group regressed from oocytes mainly in the yolk ves ic le stage to oocytes in the late perinucleolus stage (F ig . 19), and the 0.05 ug/gm B.W. group regressed from oocytes mainly in the yolk ves ic le stage to oocytes mainly in the late perinucleolus stage. In experiment 2, treatment was .30 i n i t i a t e d at a s l i g h t l y e a r l i e r ovarian stage. Figure 20 showed that the in jec t ion 3x/wk and p e l l e t implanted salmon gonadotropin groups advanced a f te r 16 weeks of treatment from oocytes mainly in the late perinucleolus stage to oocytes mainly in the primary yolk ves ic le stage. The lx/wk and the lx/2wk salmon gonadotropin groups, the control groups, and the untreated group showed no advance in ovarian stage a f te r 16 weeks of treatment. There were primary yolk ves ic le stage oocytes present in the in jec t ion lx/wk and i n j . lx/2wk salmon gonadotropin groups at 8 weeks (F ig . 20). However no evidence of primary yolk stage vesic les were apparent at l a t e r periods of 12 and 16 weeks in these two groups. In both experiments ovarian a t res ia was found in f i s h from gonadotropin treatment groups and to a lesser extent in control groups in the yolk ves ic le and the primary yolk ves ic le stage (Tables 17, 18 F i g . 14). Oocytes»in both the early and la te perinucleolus stages showed l i t t l e sign of a t r e s i a . Appearance No secondary sexual charac te r i s t i cs were observed in any of the treated or untreated female pink salmon. Kidney disease k i l l e d many f i s h in experiment 1. 31 DISCUSSION Ovarian maturation in juveni le pink salmon was stimulated with salmon gonadotropin in experiment 2, while in experiment 1 ovarian maturation was retarded by salmon gonadotropin. Although i t i s conceivable that salmon gonadotropin may have caused the retardation of maturation in experiment 1, the resul ts should be discounted because of the presence of kidney disease in the f i s h and the subsequent treatment with a n t i b i o t i c s , which may a f fec t p i t u i t a r y gonadotropin induced maturation in oocytes by i n h i b i t i n g RNA and protein synthesis (Goswami and Sundararaj, 1973; Ja laber t , 1976) The p i tu i ta ry -ovar ian re lat ionsh ip in terms of growth and development of oocytes in the preyolk ves ic le stage has had l i t t l e study in te leos ts . In addit ion the resul ts are contradictory and therefore d i f f i c u l t to evaluate (Bullough, 1942; Barr , 1963; V i v ien , 1938, 1941; Yamazaki, 1965). In the present study conversion of la te per inucleolar stage oocytes to yolk ves ic le oocytes occurred e a r l i e r in juveni le pink salmon treated with salmon gonadotropin than in the cont ro ls . This observation agrees with that of Funk and Donaldson (1972) in that there i s a st imulat ion of the development of prev i te l logenic stages by p i t u i t a r y gonadotropin. In experiment 2, oocytes in the primary yolk stage were f i r s t observed in pink salmon in jected 3x/wk, lx/wk and lx/2wk 32-with salmon gonadotropin a f te r 8 weeks of treatment. At 12 and 16 weeks the i n j . 3x/wk and the p e l l e t implanted salmon gonado-tropin groups were the only groups exh ib i t ing primary yolk stage oocytes. I t should be noted that in the lx/wk and lx/2wk salmon gonadotropin groups the primary yolk stage oocytes which occurred in the 8 week period were not present in the 12 and 16 week periods. Considering that the concentration of a c i r c u l a t i n g hormone resu l ts from the rate of secret ion or in jec t ion i n t o , and the clearance from the plasma, i t may be postulated that the gonadotropin level in the greater dose/longer time interva l between in jec t ion groups (lx/wk, lx/2wk) i s not e f fec t i ve enough to maintain the v i t e l l o g e n i c stage. I t i s possible that e i ther a change in the clearance rate of gonadotropin from the plasma or an increase in the demands of the ovary for gonadotropin occurs. In the in jec t ion 3x/wk and p e l l e t implant salmon .^gonadotropin groups, primary yolk oocytes were maintained and increased in number during the course of the experiment. This suggests perhaps that the smaller dose/smaller time interva l between in ject ions and the constant leaching of gonadotropin from the p e l l e t may maintain a s u f f i c i e n t gonadotropin concentration in the plasma for oocyte development. I t appears then that the gonadotropin demands of the ovary increase with development of the ovary. This observation agrees with that of Crim e_t al_. (1975) who found that female plasma gonadotropin t i t e r s are low at the early stages of ovarian growth, while further development of the oocyte inc luding the v i te l l ogen ic phases, i s associated with r i s i n g gonadotropin values. Gonadotropin extracted from teleost pituitaries has been found to be effective as a stimulant for ovary development in hypophysectomized adult teleosts. All stages of reproductive maturity, including vitellogenesis and ovulation were reinduced by replacement therapy with salmon gonadotropin (SG-G100) following pituitary removal in Carassius auratus (Yamazaki and Donaldson, 1968), Poecilia reticulata (Liley and Donaldson, 1969), and Heteropneustes fossil is (Sundararaj et al_., 1971). SG-G100 treatment accelerated vitellogenesis and induced ovulation in Mugil cephalus (Donaldson and Shehadeh, 1972; Shehadeh et al_., 1972; Shehadeh and Kuo, 1972). Concerning salmonids, Schmidt et a]_. (1965) found a small increase in ovarian size in immature Salmo gairdnerii injected for 2 weeks with an extract of _ . tshawytscha pituitaries. Oocytes in fingerling 0. kisutch matured slowly when treated for 3 weeks with a homoplastic preparation of pituitary glands from spawning adults (Chestnut, 1970). In comparison with the results of Funk and Donaldson (1972) the primary yolk vesicle stage reached after 16 weeks of treatment in this study was more advanced than the gonadotropin injected groups, but similar to the gonadotropin-estradiol injected groups of Funk and Donaldson (1972) after 16 weeks of treatment in the pink salmon. However, this difference in maturation may be attributed to the fact that the fish employed in experiment 2 in this study were reared at a higher temperature and were significantly larger than those fish used by Funk and Donaldson (1972) in their study. In this study no secondary sexual characteristics developed in the females. Atresia of oocytes undergoing vitellogenesis was f i rst 3V observed in experiment 1 in treatments injected with salmon gonado-tropin. However, considering the fact that the fish suffered from kidney disease and a high mortality rate the impression that salmon gonadotropin administration caused the atresia should be discounted. In experiment 2 atresia increased with ovarian maturation. More than one third of the oocytes had become atretic, developing into preovulatory corpora atretica at 16 weeks in the injection 3x/wk and pellet gonadotropin groups. This phenomenon is not unusual, as the ovary of every reproductively mature fish contain regressed oocytes (Ball, 1960; and Yamazaki, 1965). The stages of atresia followed the pattern described by Bretschneider and deWit (1947) and Beach (1959) and was confined to those oocytes in the yolk granular stage (vitellogenic stage). Much attention has been given to the mode of formation, function and endocrine status of these atretic oocytes and the subject has been reviewed repeatedly, though the question of function has not yet been resolved (Dodd, 1955; Pickford and Atz, 1957; Dodd, 1960; Ball , 1960; Hoar, 1965; Hoar, 1969). In summary, although ovarian maturation was induced by gonadotropin treatment i t was not possible with these treatments to obtain mature female pink salmon in the year of hatching. 35 CHAPTER III Aspects of the Bear River Pink Salmon Transplant Program INTRODUCTION The rigid 2-year l i fe cycle of pink salmon in nature prevents the possibility of populating a stream's barren cycle directly from that stream's \"on-year\" stock. Attempts to populate barren cycles with eggs transplanted from other streams have so far been largely unsuccessful. However, the ability to produce ferti le 1-year-old males by gonadotropin injections (as described earlier) makes it possible to transfer one-half of a stream's on-year gene pool into the barren cycle, by ferti l izing eggs from another stream with males derived from the on-year run (Fig. 21). A test to determine whether an infusion of a stream's male on-year genes into transplanted ova will significantly increase the return of the resulting adults to the recipient stream is being carried out on Bear (Amor de Cosmos) River on northeast Vancouver Island. The test is being accomplished by ferti l izing donor eggs from Glendale River (Knight Inlet, B.C.) with: 1) stored frozen \"on-year\" sperm from the recipient river (Bear River), 2) sperm from precociously matured \"on-year\" males of the recipient river, and 3) sperm from males of the donor river (Glendale River). Fry produced from eggs of the 3 different parental origins were marked distinctively and released in the spring of 1976 to go to sea. The effectiveness of infusing the \"on-year\" gene pool into transplanted ova will be assessed finally by comparing the numbers of each type of adult salmon returning to the fishery and to the Bear River in 1977. 36 My part of this study was f irst ly to create, by gonadotropic hormone treatment, relatively large numbers of precociously matured \"on-year\" Bear River male pink salmon, whose reproductive development was regulated to provide sperm for ferti l izing naturally developed eggs from wild stock females taken at Glendale River. (To date small numbers of Fraser River male pink salmon have been accelerated to sexual maturity 1 year earlier than normal using thrice weekly injections of salmon gonadotropin over a period of 2-3 months (Funk and Donaldson, 1972). Spermatozoa from these accelerated males have been used to ferti l ize ova obtained from wild females in Northern British Columbia and the eggs hatched to produce fry having 50% of their genetic complement from the Fraser River stock (Donaldson, ejt al_., 1972). Secondly, I was to evaluate other aspects of the test by comparing the ferti l izing ability of the sperm from precocious males with that of sperm from wild Bear River males that had been held 1 year by freezing and with sperm from current year wild stock pink salmon from the Glendale River, and by comparing the times of emergence and condition of fry derived from the 3 groups of eggs representing different parental ori gins. :37 MATERIALS AND METHODS i) Transplant Site The transplant testis being carried out at Bear River, Vancouver Island, B.C. (Fig. 23). Holding and incubating faci l i t ies are situated on Bear River near its confluence with Cold Creek. The water supply comes directly from both Cold Creek and Bear River. The water is pumped through sand fi lters and discharged into a constant level head tank where the two sources of water can be blended i f desired. Stacks of Heath incubators contained the brood to the eyed stage. The brood was then transferred to six 4' x 8' x 4' high gravel incubation boxes equipped with an upwelling water supply of approx-imately 100 litres/min, leak proof liners of non-toxic formula ABS plastic, and containing a gravel medium of crushed rock of a commercially available size range of 0.75-1.25 inches. i i ) Sexual Product Collection and Transportation The donor stream was the Glendale River located on Knight Inlet, B.C. (Fig. 23) where a large collecting installation had previously been constructed by the Department of Fisheries and Environment. The existing weir and holding pen on the Glendale River were used to hold the mature pink salmon. Donor females and males were taken from the spawning run during late September and October, 1975. Approximately 1.3 million unfertilized eggs and quantities of milt were transported in insulated boxes by float plane to the transplant site at Bear River where fertilization was carried out. (i i i) Treatment Groups (1) Control group - sperm from adult donor Glendale River males of 1975 fertil ized eggs from adult donor Glendale River females of 1975. 3» (2) Frozen sperm group - one year old cryopreserved sperm from adult \"on year\" Bear River males of 1974 fertilized eggs from adult donor Glendale River females of 1975. (3) Accelerated male group - sperm from precociously matured one year old, \"on year\" Bear River males fertil ized eggs from adult donor Glendale River females of 1975. The precocious males used for this fertilization were fed, reared and obtained from the same stock of fish described in Chapter I (Experiment 2). 750 juveniles were selected from this stock and held in 4,500 l i tre self cleaning tanks. These fish (OF. 110.0 g) were weighed and administered, by injection, 1.0 i^g salmon gona-dotropin 1 gm B.W., 3 times/week commencing July 14, 1975. The dosage was recalculated on the new mean body weight of a random sample of 50 fish every three weeks. On August 14, 1975 the males were separated from the females by observing secondary sexual characteristics, with the males continuing receiving injections. The males were placed on a maintenance injection schedule of 1.0 yug salmon gonadotropin/gm B.W., 1 time/week commencing August 27, 1975. This procedure was established in order to ensure that the sexual ripening of the precocious males would coincide with the Glendale River egg collection in October, 1975. During the collection, the precocious males were transferred from seawater to freshwater and transported in.ia chilled (5C) oxygenated tank truck to the Bear River site. There they were held in 2,000 l itre self-cleaning tanks with the males continuing to receive a maintenance injection until:time of stripping. The injection procedure was identical to that described in Chapter I under Experimental Techniques-Hormone Administration. 39 (iv) Spawning Routine a) Transplant groups (1) Control (Glendale River males x Glendale River females) -The spawning routine was to add the milt of about five males into a spawning bucket with the eggs of about five females, mix the sperm into the eggs, wash and water harden the ferti l ized eggs. (2) Frozen sperm group (Bear River males x Glendale River females) -Cryopreserved sperm from the \"on year\" run at Bear River (1974) and stored in cellophane packets in liquid nitrogen was thawed in a 45°C bath and mixed with the eggs of about five Glendale females. Eggs were washed and then water hardened. (3) Accelerated male group (Bear River males x Glendale River females) -The spawning routine followed standard hatchery procedures. The fertilized eggs were then washed and water hardened. All stripped males were returned live to freshwater and retained for observation. b) General A total of 1,348,480 eggs taken from the pink salmon spawning run of Glendale River was used in the three experimental groups. The number of eggs fertilized, and the concentration of milt used to fert i l ize the eggs of the experimental transplant groups were as follows: control, 368,460 eggs at 10 cc milt/7200 eggs; frozen sperm, kQ 609,280 eggs at 5 cc milt/7200 eggs; and accelerated males, 370,560 eggs at 10 cc milt/7200 eggs. During the course of the spawning period, each days egg take was divided and fertil ized proportionately among the three transplant groups, according to the ratio; 1 control: 2 frozen: 1 accelerated male. Once fertilized the eggs of all three transplant groups were placed randomly in darkened Heath incubators (the eggs of approximately five females per tray) and periodic treatments of malachite green were given at 5 ppm for 1 hour. When the eggs had developed to the eyed stage, approximately 6 weeks after ferti l ization, the dead eggs were removed. The live eggs were placed in the incubation boxes between 3 inch layers of gravel. Eight layers of eggs were placed in each box and two randomly chosen gravel boxes were used for each transplant group. At the time of egg deposition in the boxes, daily average temperatures for the hatchery water were about 9 C, at time of emergence about 6 C. The boxes were exposed to natural light fluctuation until February 21. From this day on art i f ic ial lights were kept on 24 hr/day in order to delay emergencein all groups. Beginning April 11, the lights were turned off for short period of time to permit emergence, (v) Fry Count Fry emerged at night and were trapped in troughs attached to the incubation boxes. All treatment fry were counted in the morning following emergence and recorded for that day. A random sample was taken of 10 fry per group for 12 days by successively splitting the hi night emergence down to adequate sample size. Samples were processed the next day after preservations in order of capture. Fork lengths (mm) and total weight (mg), were recorded and stages of development were related to the factor as follows: Kg = 10 3 w i n mg (Bams, 1970) L i n mm Balanced analysis of variance were carried out on the length, weight and KD data using ANOVAR (UBS computing center). The Student Newman Keuls test was performed on data where F was significant at the 0.05 level. 42 RESULTS The male pink-salmon treated by gonadotropic injection grew from an average weight of 110.0 grams on July 14 to an average weight of 120.5 grams on October 7. From the 187 males selected for use, 153 produced milt and 34 did not. The 153 males produced a total of 610 cc of milt or approximately 4.0 cc per male. This compares to an average milt production of 25 cc of milt per fish from Glendale River wild stock. Table 23 demonstrates the comparative survivals from fert i -lization of \"green\" (unfertilized) eggs to the eyed egg stage; from the eyed egg stage to the free-swimming fry stage and the overall survival from fertilization to free-swimming fry. The data showed that the sperm from those fish whose reproductive development had been accelerated by gonadotropic treatment was effective , in ferti l izing ova. The 96% survival to the eyed embryo compares favourably with the 93% survival of the control group which were fertilized with sperm from untreated wild stock from Glendale River. Less than half of the eggs that were fertil ized with sperm from wild stock and held over a year by the freezing technique survived to the eyed stage. The data also shows that fertil ized eggs from all three groups that survived to the eyed stage survived well to the fry stage. The control group fry began migrating earlier than the other groups and maintained the lead throughout the run (Fig. 2). First second (median), and third quartiles of the emergence for all groups are recorded in Table 24. According to the median dates, the control 43 group emerged earlier than the frozen sperm and accelerated male groups by approximately 6 days. The rate of emergence was very rapid for all groups. Lights had been kept on 24 hr/day since February 21 in order to delay emergence in all groups. Beginning April 11, the lights were turned off for short periods of time in order for emergence to take place. Mean lengths of the control groups were less than those of the other two groups (Table 25). But the S-N-K test revealed that the mean length of fry from only one control box was significantly different from that of one of the accelerated male boxes (Table 29). Analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in mean weights between groups. Mean stage of development (K^ Index) was less advanced (greater) in the control groups. S-N-K test indicates that one control group is significantly less advanced than two frozen sperm groups and one accelerated male group (Table 29). DISCUSSION Evaluation to the Fry Stage In this experiment all three transplant groups were subjected to identical conditions (spawning dates, total thermal units received, egg density, and water flow). Therefore, on the basis of thermal history alone, average developmental stages reached at specific times should have been similar i f there were no inherent differences between treatment groups. Comparison of samples for weight, length and stage of development (K )^ at emergence for all three transplant crosses showed that the control fry group(Glendale Figure 16 - Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonado-tropin per unit time (3 jug/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by injection at three frequencies. Values taken from table 14. 1.1 1.0-0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 CO 0.51-O 0.4 0.3 0.2F 3 u g / g / w k 3 u g / g / w k 0 p g / g / w k 0 u g / g / w k 3 u g / g / w k 3 u g / g / w k 0 ; u g / g / w k - i n j e c t i o n 3x / v / k - p e l l e t 1 x / 3 w k - p e l l e t 1 x / 3 w k - i n j e c t i o n Ix / w k - i n j e c t i o n l x / w k - i n j e c t i o n lx / 2 w k - u n t r e a t e d 0.1 8 WEEKS 12 16 57 FIGURE 17 - Mean oocyte diameter (microns) of female pink salmon implanted intraperitoneally every 3 weeks with various dosages of a salmon gonadotropin:cholesterol pellet. Values are taken from Table 15. OOCYTE o o DIAMETER o o •N o o r~ • • O p b o o o •c t co t to CQ (a CQ — f wk o o •e CQ (O m m o Co Figure 18 - Mean oocyte diameter (microns) of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 /jg/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by injection at three frequencies. Values taken from table 16. 58 oi/ {*) CJ313WVIQ 31ADOO FIGURE 19 - Mean percentages of oocytes which comprise the ovaries of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pelleted gonadotropin. 1 Early perinucleolar 2 Late perinucleolar 3 Yolk vesicle 0 . 0 0 pg/g / 3 wk 0 .05 j u g / g / 3 wk 0.50 fjg / g / 3 wk 5 .00 AJg / g / 3 wk Date 13/12 /74 24/l/75 m o FIGURE 20 - Mean percentages of oocytes which comprise the ovaries of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3jjg/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by injection at three frequencies. 1 Early perinucleolar 2 Late perinucleolar 3 Yolk vesicle 4 Primary yolk 6o ig/g/3wk 5.0 i^g/g/3wk 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 19.0 18.3 17.9 18.5 19.2 18.4 19.4 20.2 19.4 20.0 16.7 19.3 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.9 0.4 0.4 0.2 94.3 79.1 82.8 87.0 99.8 77.3 95.6 108.2 92.8 99 54 81 29.4 21.1 16.4 9.8 3.6 9.3 11.4 31.1 11.9 8.3 8.6 65 TABLE 2 - The effect on body length (cm) and body weight (g) of male pink salmon resulting from a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 ug/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by injection at three frequencies. 65 0/ Date Treatment group Number of males body length (cm) u S.D. body weight (g) u S.D. 17/6/75 zero control 10 13.0 0.4 29.4 3.4 15/7/75 inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj. lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated 12/8/75 inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 7 6 6 5 7 8 5 14.8 14.1 14.0 14.3 14.5 14.5 14.3 16.8 16.1 15.5 16.1 16.0 16.8 15.9 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.7 1.4 0.9 0.2 45.8 38.8 36.1 36.8 41.9 43.6 38.0 75.9 71.9 53.2 63.7 6.3 7.1 4.2 6.3 4.4 6.4 7.4 15.9 10.1 6.1 8.2 66.2 21.3 72.3 11.7 60.0 4.4 9/9/75 inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated 6 5 3 5 6 7 5 16.5 15.7 16.6 16.9 17.3 18.3 15.9 1.1 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.8 0.9 0.5 71.5 60.4 61.9 67.8 83.2 93.0 55.0 11.9 6.9 6.3 11.4 17.6 12.4 7.6 7/10/75 inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated 2 6 5 3 0 6 6 16.6 16.3 18.1 17.9 0 19.2 18.9 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.2 0 1.1 1.0 65.0 26.6 68.7 14.7 83.5 80.5 0 114.9 92.9 21.3 17.5 0 29.8 16.0 66 TABLE .3 - Male pink salmon treated with various dosages of pelleted salmon gonadotropin - mean fixed testis weight, mean gonadosomatic index (G.S.I.) u = mean; S.D. = 1 standard deviation. 66 ^ Fixed Testis Date Treatment Number of Weight (g) G.S.I. Group Males u S.D. u S.D. 01/11/74 (Zero Control) 13/12/74 24/01/75 0 ug/g/3wk 3 0.02 0, .04 0. ,02 0.05 ug/g/3wk 2 0.02 0, ,05 0. ,01 0.5 ug/g/3wk 3 0.02 0. ,05 0. ,01 5.0 ug/g/3wk 2 0.02 0. ,05 0. 02 0 ug/g/3wk 2 0.02 0. ,04 0. .01 0.05 ug/g/3wk 3 0.08 0. ,01 0. ,19 0. 04 0.5 ug/g/3wk 3 0.18 0. ,04 0. ,37 0. 04 5.0 ug/g/3wk 2 0.16 0. ,06 0. ,34 0. 21 o ug/g/3wk 2 0.02 0. ,01 0. ,05 0. 02 0.05 ug/g/3wk 3 0.68 0. ,34 1. 35 0. 57 0.5 ug/g/3wk 1 0.10 0. 73 -5.0 ug/g/3wk 2 0.34 0. ,11 0. 86 0. 36 '67 TABLE 4 - The effect on testis weight (g) and gonadosomatic index (G.S.I.) of male pink salmon resulting from a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time ( 3 ^ ug/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by injection at three frequencies. 67 <^ Date Treatment group Number of males Testis weight (g) u S.D. G.S.I. u S>D. 17/6/75 zero control 15/7/75 12/8/75 9/9/75 7/10/75 inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated i nj. 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated 10 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 7 6 6 5 7 8 5 6 5 3 5 6 7 5 2 6 5 3 0 6 6 0.004 0.001 0.054 0.020: 0.043 0.014 0.004 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.022 0.005 0.011 0.005 0.004 0.001 1.080 0.633 0.010 0.015 0.290 0.083 0.009 1.459 1.278 0.009 0.010 1.341 0.644 0.013 2.770 3.673 0.013 0.010 0 2.606 0.013 0.436 0.172 0.005 0.007 0.191 0.035 0.004 0.289 0.549 0.002 0.003 0.444 0.313 0.003 3.299 4.415 0.004 0.003 0 1.746 0.003 0.029 0.005 0.237 0.083 0.223 0.080 0.025 0.007 0.024 0.002 0.107 0.022 0.051 0.019 0.021 0.003 2.759 1.800 0.038 0.045 0.846 0.228 0.029 4.222 4.152 0.031 0.031 3.322 1.375 0.048 7.036 9.721 0.032 0.026 0 4.230 0.031 0.787 0.581 0.010 0.014 0.452 0.092 0.011 1.363 1.712 0.009 0.010 1.070 0.653 0.010 7.263 9.586 0.005 0.005 0 2.060 0.011 68 TABLE 5 - Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male pink salmon treated with various dosages of pelleted gonadotropin, cell n = 1 (Experiment 1). Data subjected to Analysis of Variance. W E E K S Group 12 Total Pellet control Pellet 0.05 ug/gm SG-G100 Pellet 0.5 ug/gm SG-G100 Pellet 5.0 >ig/gm SG-G100 0.043 0.050 0.050 0.055 0.040 0.197 0.370 0.335 0.055 1.353 0.730 0.865 0.138 1.599 1.149 1.254 Total 0.200 0.940 3.004 §9; TABLE 6 - Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time ( 3 jjg/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by three injection frequencies, cell means (n = 3) (Experiment 2). Data subjected to Analysis of Variance. W E E K S Group 4 8 12 16 Total Inj. 3x/wk 0.293 2.173 3.891 7.618 41.93 Pellet SG-G100 0.292 2.043 1.902 4.069 24.91 Pellet control 0.019 0.049 0.031 0.031 0.38 Inj. control 0.024 0.048 0.029 0.026 0.18 Inj. lx/wk 0.092 0.667 4.232 2.240 20.93 Inj. lx/2wk 0.060 0.154 1.225 3.482 20.12 Untreated 0.021 0.032 0.057 0.032 0.19 a-Total 2.39 15.50 34.10 52.50 70 TABLE 7 - Analysis of Variance table of male GSI data (Tables for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. Experiment 1 Source S.S. dF M.S. F P Group 8.3637E-01 3 2.7879E-01 5.39 0.00 Time 2.2361 2 1.1180 21.61 0.00 AB 1.1297 6 1.8829E-01 3.64 0.02 Error 8.2760E-01 16 5.1725E-02 Total 5.0298 27 Experiment 2 Source S.S. dF M.S. F P Group 1.2565E+02 6 2.0942E+01 13.59 0.00 Time 6.8316E+01 3 2.2772E+01 14.78 0.00 AB 9.4434E+01 18 5.2463 3.40 0.00 Error 8.6286E+01 56 1.5408 Total 3.7469E+02 83 71 Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test of male GSI data (Tables 5 and 6) for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. 71 oS Experiment 1 Homogeneous subsets Group SG-G100 - 0.05, 0.5, 5.0 ug/g/wk Time (0 weeks, 6 weeks) Experiment 2 Homogeneous subsets Group (pellet control, in j . control, untreated), (SG-GlOO-lx/wk, lx/2wk, pellet) Time (4 weeks, 8 weeks) The testicular stage of male pink salmon treated with various dosages of pelleted salmon gondotropin. ju = mean; S.D. - Standard deviation. 72 o/ Date Treatment Number of Testicular Stage Group Males /j S.D. 01/11/74 (zero control) 0 jug/g/3wk 3 1.0 0 0.05 jug/g/3wk 2 1.0 0 0.5 jug/g/3wk 3 1.0 0 5.0 jug/g/3wk 2 1.0 0 13/12/74 0 jug/g/3wk 2 1.0 0 0.05 |jg/g/3wk 3 2.0 0 0.5 /jg/g/3wk 3 2.3 0.6 5.0 ug/g/3wk 2 3.0 0 24/1/75 0 pg/g/3wk 2 1.0 0 0.05 )Jg/g/3wk 3 3.7 0.6 0.5 JJg/g/3wk 1 5.0 5.0 /Jg/g/3wk 2 5.5 0.7 -73 TABLE 10- The effect on testicular stage of male pink salmon resulting from a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 jug/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by injection at three frequencies. 7 3 . os Testicular Date Treatment Number of stage group males yu S.D. 17/6/75 15/7/75 zero control inj. 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj. control inj. lx/wk inj. lx/2wk untreated 10 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 1.0 2.3 2.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 12/8/75 inj. 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj. control inj. lx/wk inj. lx/2wk untreated 7 6 6 5 7 8 5 4.0 3.7 1.0 1.0 3.0 2.3 1.0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0.6 0 9/9/75 inj. 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj. control inj. lx/wk inj. lx/2wk untreated 6 5 3 5 6 7 5 5.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 3.7 3.2 1.0 0 0 0 0 0.6 0.3 0 7/10/75 inj. 3x/wk pellet lx/wk pellet control inj. control inj. lx/wk inj. lx/2wk untreated 2 6 5 3 0 6 6 5.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 0 4.0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TABLE 11 - Female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pelleted salmon gondotropin - mean body length, mean body weight. JJ = mean; S.D. = 1 standard deviation. 74 os Body Body Date Treatment Number of Length (cm) Weight (g) Group females ju S.D. JJ S.D. 01/11/74 13/12/74 24/01/75 zero control 0 /jg/g/3wk 0.05 /jg/g/3wk 0.5 i^g/g/3wk 5.0 jug/g/3wk 0 ;jg/g/3wk 0.05 ijg/g/3wk 0.5 fjg/g/3wk 5.0 pg/g/-3wk 0 /jg/g/3wk 0.05 ug/g/3wk 0.5 /jg/g/3wk 5.0 fig/g/3wk 2 19.0 1.6 99.8 28.9 3 18.8 2.3 96.2 27.0 3 19.0 1.1 100.1 14.0 3 17.9 0.1 80.2 13.3 5 19.7 0.5 109.0 20.8 2 19.8 0.5 97.3 0.4 1 19.5 - - 102.5 -3 21.2 1.6 115.5 25.1 2 19.5 0.6 93.2 16.5 4 19.4 1.0 88.7 14.6 5 20.2 1.0 109.3 14.2 2 18.8 0.9 81.6 14.8 75 TABLE 12 - The effect on body length (cm) and body weight (g) of female pink salmon resulting from a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 /jg/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by three injection frequencies. 75 & body body Date Treatment Number of length (cm) weight (g) group females ju S.D. JJ S.D. 17/6/75 zero control 11 13.1 .0.5 30.5 4.1 15/7/75 12/8/75 9/9/75 7/10/75 inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj. lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated inj . 3x/wk pellet lx/3wk pellet control inj . control inj . lx/wk inj . lx/2wk untreated 5 5 5 9 7 5 9 5 6 6 8 5 4 7 5 3 5 7 4 4 6 4 3 4 5 0 4 5 14.7 14.3 13.9 14.3 14.1 14.5 14.0 17.3 15.4 15.4 15.3 16.2 16.6 15.7 18.7 18.4 17.8 16.4 17.1 18.5 17.0 21.2 20.6 18.3 18.4 0 18.1 17.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.1 0.8 2.1 0.6 1.6 1.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.9 1.5 43.7 40.2 36.1 39.6 40.2 41.2 36.5 73.2 54.2 49.4 52.8 60.3 65.8 57.3 85.9 92.7 78.1 61.3 70.2 90.4 67.2 137.4 125.2 82.9 87.7 0 84.0 8.4 4.9 4.2 7.3 3.3 4.6 7.2 12.3 10.7 7.0 10.2 12.4 16.2 8.5 14.1 9.3 14.9 12.2 11.6 30.2 8.1 28.2 26.5 9.3 9.8 0 7.2 84.3 22.4 TABLE, 13 - Female pink salmon treated salmon gonadotropin - mean index (G.S.I.)- /•! = mean; with various dosages of pelleted Fixed ovary weight, mean gonadosomatic S.D. = 1 standard deviation. 76 OLX Date Treatment Number of F , i , X ? d v ,? V ? r ^ Group Females Weight (g) G.S.I. JJ S.D. ju S.D. 01/11/74 zero control 0 >ig/g/3wk 0.05 ;jg/g/3wk 0.5 /jg/g/3wk 5.0 /jg/g/3wk 2 3 3 3 0.30 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.04 0.15 0.06 0.11 0.62 0.74 0.71 0.77 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.15 13/12/74 0 ,ug/g/3wk 0.05 |jg/g/3wk 0.5 jjg/g/3wk 5.0 jjg/g/3wk 5 2 1 3 0.50 0.32 0.30 0.19 0.06 0.11 0.07 0.94 0.66 0.58 0.33 0.15 0.23 0.07 24/01/75 0 jjg/g/3wk 0.05 >jg/g/3wk 0.5 >ig/g/3wk 5.0 ,ug/g/3wk 2 4 5 2 0.44 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.01 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.96 0.21 0.19 0.33 0.14 0.07 0.04 0.11 77 TABLE-14- The effect on ovary weight and gonadosomatic index (G.S.I.) of female pink salmon resulting from a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 jug/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by three injection frequencies. 77 os ovary Date Treatment Number of weight (g) G.S.I. Group Females u S.D. u S. 17/6/75 zero control 11 15/7/75 inj . 3x/wk 5 pellet lx/3wk 5 pellet control 5 inj . control 9 inj. lx/wk 7 inj. lx/2wk 5 untreated 9 12/8/75 inj . 3x/wk 5 pellet lx/3wk 6 pellet control 6 inj. control 8 inj. lx/wk 5 inj. lx/2wk 4 untreated 7 9/9/75 inj. 3x/wk 5 pellet lx/3wk 3 pellet control 5 inj. control 7 inj. lx/wk 4 inj . lx/2wk 4 untreated 6 7/10/75 inj. 3x/wk 4 pellet lx/3wk 3 pellet control 4 inj. control 5 inj. lx/wk 0 inj. lx/2wk 4 untreated 5 0.033 0.008 0.216 0.050 0.076 0.028 0.340 0.080 0.110 0.020 0.549 0.094 0.045 0.008 0.243 0.013 0.050 0.014 0.253 0.059 0.067 0.014 0.337 0.097 0.056 0.020 0.269 0.084 0.044 0.010 0.243 0.047 0.221 0.040 0.612 0.113 0.158 0.040 0.577 0.061 0.062 0.037 0.331 0.129 0.094 0.033 0.354 0.074 0.161 0.032 0.562 0.198 0.122 0.059 0.414 0.279 0.084 0.013 0.380 0.022 0.395 0.240 0.888 0.436 0.332 0.251 0.744 0.585 0.172 0.050 0.434 0.068 0.123 0.032 0.406 0.102 0.296 0.121 0.823 0.222 0.206 0.134 0.421 0.192 0.141 0.043 0.423 0.154 0.636 0.408 0.889 0.462 0.257 0.228 0.397 0.335 0.239 0.032 0.587 0.133 0.210 0.051 0.475 0.081 0 0 0 0 0.109 0.060 0.260 0.139 0.215 0.035 0.527 0.093 \\(0 TABLE 15 - Mean oocyte diameter and standard deviation of the means for pink salmon treated with various dosages of pelleted gonadotropin. * total atresia in the Female + total atresia in three of the Females Date Treatment Number of Group Females 01/11/74 (zero control) 0 pg/g/3wk 2 0.05 jjg/g/3wk 3 0.5 ug/g/3wk 3 5.0 yg/g/3wk 3 13/12/74 0 ug/g/3wk 5 0.05 /jg/g/3wk 2 *0.5 ug/g/3wk 1 5.0 ug/g/3wk 3 24/01/75 0 M9/9/3wk 2 0.05 jjg/g/3wk 4 +0.5 jjg/g/3wk 5 5.0 jjg/g/3wk 2 Number of Mean Diameter + S.D. of Oocytes Measured in Microns - The Means 60 498.7 31.6 90 502.7 61.7 91 467.5 14.5 90 502.1 26.4 96 492.8 86.7 14 338.7 49.0 0 0 0 3 240.7 -18 468.6 7.0 39 299.3 113.1 12 224.7 27.6 9 206.2 9.4 79 Table 16- Mean oocyte diameter and standard deviation of the means for female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 /jg/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by three injection frequencies. 79 os Date Treatment Number of Number of Mean Diameter + S.D. of Group Females Oocytes Measured in Microns - The Means 17/06/75 zero control 5 15/07/75 inj. 3x/wk 3 pellet lx/3wk 4 pellet control 2 inj . control 4 inj. lx/wk 2 inj. lx/2wk .2 untreated 3 12/08/75 inj. 3x/wk 3 pellet lx/3wk 2 pellet control 2 inj. control 2 inj. lx/wk 2 inj . :lx/2wk 2 untreated 3 09/09/75 inj. 3x/wk 3 pellet lx/3wk 2 pellet control 2 inj. control 2 inj. lx/wk 3 inj. lx/2wk 2 untreated 2 07/10/75 inj. 3x/wk 3 pellet lx/3wk 2 pellet control 2 inj. control 2 inj. lx/wk inj. lx/2wk 3 untreated 2 170 230.6 47.6 82 363.2 73.0 98 281.9 53.1 42 289.7 27.8 92 268.4 55.8 48 294.7 36.1 48 301.8 23.7 45 288.8 78.9 60 491.7 58.3 43 365.8 55.9 46 273.4 88.1 20 258.4 43.2 25 256.5 71.8 20 275.2 33.7 62 302.0 46.2 27 671.3 100.3 22 779.0 74.8 38 430.7 36.9 45 532.0 51.3 75 460.7 80.7 60 420.1 24.8 60 470.9 30.6 40 1028.2 239.7 42 933.8 28111 49 357.2 85.9 55 440.9 39.2 48 443.3 107.3 51 423.4 70.6 TABLE 17 - Percent oocyte atresia and mean percent of oocytes in each stage from ovaries of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pelleted gonadotropin. 1 Early perinucleolar 2 Late perinucleolar 3 Yolk vesicle Date Treatment Group Number of Females Number of Oocytes Measured Mean Percent in Each Stage 1 2 3 4 Percent Atretic 31/11/74 13/12/74 24/01/75 (zero control) 0 >ig/g/3wk 0.05 pg/g/3wk 0.5 yg/g/3wk 5.0 jjg/g/3wk 0 >jg/g/3wk 0.05 ug/g/3wk 0.5 pg/g/3wk 5.0 /jg/g/3wk 0 yg/g/3wk 0.05 /jg/g/3wk 0.5 >jg/g/3wk 5.0 /jg/g/3wk 2 60 10 20 70 30 3 90 5 18 77 25 3 91 5 15 80 40 3 90 5 25 70 30 5 96 5 10 85 65 2 14 20 80 85 1 0 . 100 100 3 3 100 95 2 18 5 20 75 20 4 39 10 50 40 65 5 12 100 95 2 9 100 95 TABLE 18 - Percent oocyte atresia and mean percent of oocytes in each stage from ovaries of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3^ ig/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by injection at three frequencies. 1 Early perinucleolar 2 Late perinucleolar 3 Yolk vesicle 4 Primary yolk 81 CK Date Treatment Number of Number of Mean Percent in Percent Group Females Oocytes Measured Each Stage Atretic 1 2 3 4 17/06/75 zero control 5 170 5 52 43 17 15/07/75 inj. 3x/wk 3 82 4 33 63 32 pellet lx/3wk 4 98 6 51 43 11 pellet control 2 42 8 36 62 10 inj . control 4 92 11 58 31 10 inj . lx/wk 2 48 5 18 77 20 inj . lx/2wk 2 48 3 14 83 15 untreated 3 45 7 37 56 10 12/08/75 inj . 3x/wk 3 60 a 1 90 7 35 pellet lx/3wk 2 43 3 30 67 25 pellet control 2 46 8 71 21 10 inj. control 2 20 5 60 35 10 inj . lx/wk 2 25 20 70 10 20 inj. lx/2wk 2 20 5 15 75 5 20 untreated 3 60 5 20 75 10 09/09/75 inj . 3x/wk 3 27 5 37 58 35 pellet lx/3wk 2 22 5 40 55 32 pellet control 2 38 5 30 65 10 inj . control 2 45 3 19 78 10 inj. lx/wk 3 75 20 80 25 inj . lx/2wk 2 60 15 85 20 untreated 2 60 5 25 70 10 07/10/75 inj . 3x/wk 3 40 10 90 47 pellet lx/3wk 2 42 30 70 35 pellet control 2 49 5 40 55 25 inj . control 2 55 2 20 78 10 inj. lx/wk - 30 inj. lx/2wk 3 48 7 90 3 untreated 2 51 5 10 85 10 82 TABLE 19 - Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female pink salmon treated with various dosages of pelleted gonadotropin, cell n = 1 (Experiment 1). Data subjected to Analysis of Variance. W E E K S Group 0 6 12 Total Pellet control 0.615 0.940 0.960 --2.514 Pellet 0.05 ug/gm SG-G100 0.743 0.655 0.215 1.614 Pellet 0.50 ug/gm SG-G100 0.707 • 0.580 0.194 1.482 Pellet 5.0 ug/gm SG-G100 0.773 0.327 0.330 1.431 Total 2.840 2.50 1.70 83 TABLE 20 - Gonadosomatic index (GSI) of female pink salmon treated with a constant dosage of salmon gonadotropin per unit time (3 jjg/g/wk) applied by pellet implantation and by three injection frequencies, cell means (n = 3) (Experiment 2). Data subjected to Analysis of Variance. Group 4 W E E K S 8 12 16 Total Inj. 3x/wk 0.318 0.671 0.671 1.004 7.99 Pellet SG-G100 0.556 0.570 0.744 0.397 6.80 Pellet control 0.249 0.358 0.455 0.557 4.86 Inj. control 0.273 0.406 0.405 0.510 4.79 Inj. lx/wk 0.269 0.654 0.847 0.590 7.08 Inj. lx/2wk 0.280 0.486 0.409 0.313 4.47 Untreated 0.248 0.318 0.492 0.559 4.85 Total 6.57 10.39 12.07 11.78 84 TABLE 21 - Analysis of Variance table of female GSI data (Tables for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. 84 Experiment 1 Source S.S. dF M.S. F P Group 6.2485E-01 3 2.0828E-01 13.32 0.00 Time 4.1251E-01 2 2.0626E-01 13.19 0.00 AB 8.1520E-01 6 1.3587E-01 8.69 0.00 Error 3.5959E-01 23 1.5634E-02 Total 2.2121 34 Experiment 2 Source S .S . dF M.S. F P Group 1.0029 6 1.6716E-01 3.57 0.00 Time 9.1290E-01 3 3.0430E-01 6.51 0.00 AB 1.0044 18 5.5803E-02 1.19 0.30 Error 2.6194 56 4.6774E-02 Total 5.5396 83 TABLE 22 - Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test of female GSI data Tables for Experiment 1 and Experiment 2. 35 Experiment 1 Homogeneous subsets Group S6-6100 - 0.05, 0.5, 5.0 ug/g/W Time (0 weeks, 6 weeks) Experiment 2 Homogeneous subsets Group ( inj . control, lx/2wk SG-G100, untreated, pellet control), (lx/2wk SG-G100, untreated, pellet control, pellet SG-G100, in j . lx/wk SG-G100), (SG-GlOO-pellet, in j . lx/wk, in j . lx/2wk). Time (8 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks) 86\" TABLE 23- Mean emergence day, egg and fry numbers, and survival percentages of the three transplant groups. ^the survival percentages span three l i fe stages; 6 = green egg stage; E = eyed egg (planting) stage; and F = emerged fry stage. J^eyed eggs for each transplant group were planted in two incubation boxes. Qnnrro Total eggs Mortality to Survival source ferti l ized planting G/E (%) Control 368,640 342,835 93 Frozen 609,280 274,176 45 sperm Accelerated 370,560 355,737 96 males Total eggs. , Fry output Survival., Survival planted b / E/F (%) a / G/F (%) 136,462 131,543 96 89 136,358 134,129 98 91 135,490 132,965 98 44 136,090 133,358 98 44 136,771 135,019 99 95 136,559 133,654 98 94 Table 24- First, second (median), and third quartiles of the emergence of the three experimental transplant groups. 87 t.K. Quartile G r o u P 1 (median) 3 Contro^ box 3 14.1 15.7 20.4 Control2 box 6 12.1 13.3 16.0 Frozen sperm^ box 1 Frozen spern^ box 4 18.8 22.8 25.7 19.7 22.1 25.4 Accelerated males1 box 2 20.6 24.0 26.3 Accelerated males2 box 5 20.1 22.5 25.2 sa TABLE 25 - Length (cm) of three transplant groups of pink salmon upon emergence in late April 1976, cell means (n = 10). Data subjected to Analysis of Variance. D A Y S Source 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total Frozen ] / 3.25 3.28 3.18 3.22 3.22 3.24 3.24 3.24 3.30 3.24 3.28 3.29 389.76 sperm Accelerated males '/ 3.29 3.16 3.19 3.23 3.24 3.14 3.30 3.21 3.24 3.22 3.34 3.34 389.04 Control1/ 3.24 3.28 3.19 3.20 3.19 3.19 3.27 3.30 3.22 3.20 3.23 3.23 387.36 Frozen^/ 3.28 sperm 3.21 3.20 3.18 3.25 3.31 3.22 3.32 3.23 3.21 3.26 3.35 390.24 Accelerated males L ' 3.22 3.20 3.27 3.23 3.26 3.27 3.31 3.29 3.30 3.27 3.37 3.28 392.64 Control 2 / 3.26 3.22 3.19 3.25 3.23 3.18 3.22 3.24 3.19 3.26 3.26 3.32 388.20 Total 195.42 193.50 192.18 193.08 193.92: 193.32 195.60 196.02 194.82 193.98 197.40 198.12 CO CO 89 TABLE 26 - Weight (gm) of three transplant groups of pink salmon upon emergence in late April 1976, cell means (n = 10). Data subjected to Analysis of Variance. D A Y S Source 1 10 11 12 Total Frozen 1 0.317 sperm Accelerated males 1 0.307 Control1 0.305 Frozen 2 0.310 sperm Accelerated males 2 0.296 Control2 0.312 0.315 0.297 0.289 0.300 0.300 0.297 0.310 0.314 0.305 0.288 0.300 0.290 0.298 0.317 0.298 0.299 0.311 0.300 0.286 0.293 0.305 0.271 0.299 0.294 0.298 0.312 0.294 0.297 0.303 0.282 0.277 0.281 0,286 0.302 0.286 0.295 0.299 0.293 0.290 0.259 0.306 0.298 0.305 0.285 0.290 0.291 0.301 0.322 0.281 0.291 0.291. 0.300 0.269 0.282 0.273 0.303 0.267 0.301 0.307 0.332 0.282 0.290 0.280 0.318 0.274 0.300 Total 18.48 18.12 18.36 17.76 17.82 17.46 17.52 17.22 17.40 18.78 16.56 17.58 90 TABLE 27- Developmental Index (KQ) of three transplant groups of pink salmon upon emergence in late April 1976, cell means (n = 10). Data subjected to Analysis of Variance. D A Y-Source 10 11 12 Total Frozen sperm 2.12 Accelerated 2.06 males Control 2.08 Frozen 2.07 sperm Accelerated 2.05 males Control 2.09 2.06 2.11 2.08 2.05 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.10 2.12 2.09 2.10 2.13 2.05 2.07 2.09 2.08 2.07 2.06 2.05 2.07 2.11 2.05 2.05 2.09 2.05, 2.05 2.08 2.04 2.05 2.05 2.02 2.02 2.03 1.98 2.02 2.00 2.00 2.08 2.01 2.03 2.07 2.13 1.97 1.99 2.04 2.03 2.06 2.09 2.01 2.02 2.05 2.01 2.01 2.09 1.99 2.02 2.04 2.12 1.94 2.01 2.05 2.03 2.04 2.09 2.00 2.03 245.88 246.24 248.04 245.52 245.28 247.44 Total 124.68 124.68 126.42 124.20 124.20 123.18 122.10 120.72 122.22 126.00 119.22 121.02 o 91' TABLE 28- Analysis of Variance table of length data (Table 25), weight data (Table 26), and developmental index data (Table 27). o •91 ^ Length Source S.S. dF M.S. F , P Group 1.4296E-01 5 2.8592E-02 2.31 0.04 Time 5.8537E-01 11 5.3216E-02 4.30 0.00 AB 8.6854E-01 55 1.5792E-02 1.28 0.09 Error 8.0130 648 1.2366E-02 Total 9.6099 719 Weight Source S.S. dF M.S. F P Group 3.6228E-03 5 7.2456E-04 0.785 0.56 Time 6.7044E-02 11 6.0950E-03 6.633 0.00 AB 6.0891E-02 55 1.1071E-03 1.205 0.15 Error 5.9544E-01 648 9.1889E-04 Total 7.2700E-01 719 Developmental index (K^) Source S.S. dF M.S. F P Group 5.3111E-02 5 1.0622E-02 3.21 0.01 Time 8.9794E-01 11 8.1631E-02 24.70 0.00 AB 1.9756E-01 55 3.5919E-02 1.09 0.32 Error 2.1420 648 3.3056E-02 Total 3.2906 719 92 TABLE 29 - Student-Newman-Keuls multiple range test of length data (Table 25), and Developmental Index data (Table 27). 92 oy Length Homogeneous subsets Group (control 1, control 2, accelerated males 1, frozen sperm 1, frozen sperm 2), (control 2, accelerated males 1, accelerated males 2, frozen sperm 1, frozen sperm 2) Developmental index (Kj Homogeneous subsets Group (control 1, control 2, accelerated males 1), (control 2, accelerated males 1, accelerated males 2, frozen sperm 1, frozen sperm 2) 93 LITERATURE CITED Aida, K., Phan Van Ngan, and T. Hibiya. 1973. Physiological studies on gonadal maturation of fishes. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sc. Fisheries. 39: 1091-1115. Ball , J.N. 1960. Reproduction in female bony fishes. Symp. Zool. Soc. London. 1: 105-135. Bams, R.A. 1976. Results of a Pink Salmon Transplant Using Males Native to the Recipient Stream. Fisheries and Marine Service, Environment Canada, Tech. Rep. No. 642: 45p. Barr, W.A. 1963. The endocrine control of the sexual cycle in plaice, Pleuronectes platessa (L.). III. The endocrine control of spermatogenesis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 3: 216-255. Beach, A.W. 1959. Seasonal changes in the cytology of the ovary and of the pituitary gland of the goldfish. Can. J. Zool. 37: 615-625. Billard, R. 1974. Testosterone: effects on the maintenance of sperma-togenesis in intact and hypophysectomized goldfish (Carassius auratus). J.R.C.S. 2: 1231. Braekevelt, C.R. and D.B. McMillan. 1967. Cyclic changes in the ovary of brook stickleback (Eucalia inconstans K.). J . Morph. 123: 373-396. Brannon, E.L. 1972. Mechanisms controlling migration of sockeye salmon fry. Bull. I.P.S.F.C. 21 : 86p. Bretschneider, L.H. and J .J . deWit. 1947. Sexual endocrinology of non-mammalian vertebrates. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Brett, J.R. and C. Groot. 1963. Some aspects of olfactory and visual response in Pacific salmon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 20: 287-303. Bullough, W.S. 1942. Gametogenesis and some endocrine factors affecting i t in the adult minnow (Phoxinus laevis L.). J. Endocrinol. 3: 211-221. 9k. Calaprice, J.R. 1969. Production and genetic factors in managed salmonid populations. In; T.G. Northcote (ed.) Symposium on salmon and trout in streams. H.R. MacMillan lectures in Fisheries. Univ. of B.C. 377-388. Chestnut, C.V. 1970. The pituitary gland of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and its function in gonad maturation and thyroid activity. Simon Fraser University, B.C. PhD. 130 pp. Crim, L.W. and D.M. Evans. 1976. Gonadotropic hormone treatment of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Plasma hormone profile following a single injection. J . Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 2841-2844. Crim, L.W., E.G. Watts and D.M. Evans. 1975. The plasma gonadotropin profile during sexual maturation in a variety of salmonid fishes. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 27: 62-70. Culling, C.F.A. 1963. Handbook of Histopathological Techniques. Butterworth and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London. 553p. Dodd, J.M. 1955. The hormones of sex and reproduction and their effects in fish and lower chordates. Me. Soc. Endocrinol. 4: 166-187. Dodd, J.M. 1960. Gonadal and gonadotropic hormones in lower vertebrates. In: Marshall's physiology of reproduction. Vol. 1. A.S. Parkes (ed.). Longmans, Green, London. 417-582. Dodd, J.M. 1972. The endocrine regulation of gametogenesis and gonad maturation in fishes. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. Suppl. 3-675-687. Donaldson, E.M., J.D. Funk, F.C. Withler and R.B. Morley. 1972. Success-ful fertil ization of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) ova by spermatozoa from gonadotropin injected juvenile pink salmon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 13-18. 95: Donaldson, E.M. and J.R. McBride. 1967. The effect of hypophysectomy in the rainbow trout Sal mo gairdnerii (Rich.) with special reference to the pituitary-interrenal axis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 9:93-101. Donaldson, E.M. and J.R. McBride. 1974. Effect of ACTH and salmon gonadotropin on interrenal and thyroid activity of gonadectomized adult sockeye salmon (0. nerka). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 1211-1214. Donaldson, E.M. and Z.H. Shehadeh. 1972. Effect of salmon gonadotropin on ovarian and testicular development in immature grey mullet Mugil cepha1us,p. 71-86. In; The Grey Mullet, induced breeding and larval rearing. Report No. 01-72-76-1, Oceanic Institute, Waimanaoli, Hawaii. Donaldson, E.M. and F. Yamazaki. 1968. Preparation of gonadotropic hormone from salmon pituitary glands. Annual Conf. Chem. Inst, of Canada. 51st (Abstr.). p. 64 Donaldson, E.M., F. Yamazaki, H.M. Dye and W.W. Philleo. 1972. Preparation of gonadotropin from salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) pituitary glands. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 18: 469-481. . Foerster, R.E. and A.L. Pritchard. 1941. Observations on the relation of egg content to total length and weight in the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus herka) and the pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada 35(V): 51-60. Fostier, A., B. Jalabert and M. Tergui. 1973. Action predominante d'un derive hydroxyle de la progesterone sur la maturation in vitro des ovocytes de la truite arc-en-ciel (Salmo gairdnerii). C.R. Acad. Sci. 277: 241-424. 96 Funk, J.D. and E.M. Donaldson. 1972. Induction of precocious sexual maturity in male pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Can. J. Zool. 50: 1413-1419. Funk, J.D., E.M. Donaldson and H.M. Dye. 1973. Induction of precocious sexual maturity in female pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). Can. J. Zool. 51: 493-500. Goswami, Shashi V. and Bangalore J. Sundararaj. 1973: Effect of Actinomycin D, Mitomycin C, Puromycin and Cycloheximide on Desoxycoerticosterone - induced In Vitro Maturation in Oocytes of the Catfish, Heteropneustes Fossil is (Bloch) J . Exp. Zool., 185. 327-332. Hoar, W.S. 1965. Comparative physiology of hormones and reproduction in fishes. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 27: 51-70. Hoar, W.S. 1969. Reproduction, p. 1-72. Irv. Fish Physiology, W.S. Hoar and D.J. Randall (ed.). Vol. 3 Academic Press, New York. Hoar, W.S., J . Wiebe and E.H. Wai. 1967. Inhibition of the pituitary gonadotropic activity of fishes by a dithiocarbamoylhydrazine derivative (ICI 33, 828). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 8: 101-109. Hyder, M. 1972. Endocrine regulation of reproduction in Tilapia. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. (Suppl. 3): 729-740. Idler, D.R. I.I. Bitners and P.J. Schmidt. 1961. 11-ketotestosterone: An androgen for sockeye salmon. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 38: 1053-1057. Idler, D.R., P.J. Schmidt and A.P. Ronald. 1960. Isolation and identification of 11-ketotestosterone in salmon plasma. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol\".. 38: 1053-1058. 97 Ivankov, V.N., Y.A. Mitrofanov and V.P. Bushvyev. 1975. An instance of the pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) reaching maturity at an age of less than 1 year. J . Ichthyology. 15: 497-498. Jalabert, B. 1975. In vitro oocyte maturation and ovulation in trout pike and goldfish. J . Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 974-988. Jalabert, B., B. Breton and C. Bry. 1972. Maturation et ovulation in vitro des oocytes de la triute arc-en-ciel Salmo gairdnerii. C.R. Acad. Sc i . , Paris. 275: 1139-1142, Jalabert, B., C. Bry, D. Szollosi and A. Fostier, 1973. Etude comparee de Taction des hormones hypophysaires et steroides sur la maturation in vitro des oocytes de la truite et du Carassin (poissons teleosteens). Ann. Biol, animale Biochim. Biophys. 13: 59-72. Kamyshnaya, M.S. and A.I. Smirnov. 1968. Natural reproduction of pink salmon acclimatized in the watersheds of the Barents and White Seas. Rybn. Khoz., 44(10): 18-20. Transl. Ser. Fish. Res. Board Can. 1215. Liley, N.R. and E.M. Donaldson. 1969. The effects of salmon pituitary gonadotropin on the ovary and sexual behaviour of the female guppy, Poecilia reticulata. Can. J . Zool. 47: 569-573. Lofts, B., G.E. Pickford and J.W. Atz. 1966. Effects of methyltestos-terone on testes of a hypophysectomized cyprinodont f ish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 6: 74-88. MacKinnon, Colin N. and Edward M. Donaldson, 1976. Environmentally Induced Precocious Sexual Development in the Male Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33: 2602-2605. 98 McNeil, W.J. 1976. Review of transplantation and art i f ic ial recruitment of anadromous species. FAO Technical Conference on Aquaculture. FIR: AQ/conf/76/R.24 13 p. McNeil, W.J., S.C. Smedley and R.J. E l l i s . 1969. Transplanting adult pink salmon to Sashin Creek, Baranof, Alaska, and survival of their progeny. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. 587: 9p. Neave, F. 1965. Transplants of pink salmon. Fish. Res. Board Can. MS Rept. 830: 23p. Pandey, S. 1968. Ph.D. Thesis, University of British Columbia. Pandey, S. 1969. Effects of hypophysectomy on the testis and secondary sex characters of the adult guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters. Can. J . Zool. 47:775-781. Pickford, G.E. and J.W. At. 1957. The physiology of the pituitary gland of fishes. N.Y. Zool S o c , New York. Raleigh, R.F. 1971. Innate control of migrations of salmon and trout fry from natal gravels to rearing areas. Ecology. 52: 2: 291-297. Ricker, W.E. 1962. Regulation of the abundance of pink salmon populations. In.: Symposium on pink salmon. N.J. Wilimovsky (ed.) H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries. Univ. of B.C. 155-201. Ricker, W.E. 1972. Hereditary and environmental factors affecting certain salmonid populations. In_: The stock concept in Pacific salmon, R.C. Simon and P.A. Parkin (eds.). H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries. Univ. of B.C. 19-160. 99 Robertson, O.H. and.A,P. Rinfret. 1957. Maturation of the infantile testis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) produced by salmon gonadotropins administered in cholesterol pellets. Endocrinol. 60: 559-562. Sakun, O.F. 1970. The problem of the gonadotropic activity of the hypophysis in fishes and the physiology of oogenesis. Trudy Petergofskogo Biol, in-ta. No. 20. Sakun, O.F. 1975. Experimental study of oogenesis in the salmonids and possible ways of controlling this process. Fisheries and Marine Service. Trans1. Ser. No. 3594. 9 pp. Schmidt, P.J. and D.R. Idler. 1962. Steroid hormones in the plasma of salmon at various states of maturation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2: 204-214. Schmidt, P.J. , B.S. Mitchell, M. Smith and H. Tsuyuki. 1965. Pituitary hormones of the Pacific salmon. 1: Response of gonads in immature trout (Salmo gairdnerii) to extracts of pituitary glands from adult Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 5: 197-206. Schuetz, A.W. 1974. Role of hormones in oocyte maturation. Biol. Reprod. 10: 150-178. Shehadeh, Z.H. 1970. Controlled breeding of culturable species of fish - a review of progress and current problems. Indo Pacific Fisheries Council, 14th Session, Bangkok, Thailand. IPFC/C70/ SYM 2: 1-33. IQO Shehadeh, Z.H. and CM. Kuo. 1972. Induced spawning of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) with fractionated salmon pituitary extract, p. 99-122. Irr. The Grey Mullet, Induced breeding and larval rearing. Report No. 01-72-76-1, Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, Hawaii. Shehadeh, Z.H., W.O. Madden and T.P. Dohl. 1972. The effects of exogenous hormone treatment on spermiation, vitellogenesis and ovulation in the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L. p. 47-70. J_n: The Grey Mullet, Induced breeding and larval rearing. Report No. 01-72-76-1, Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, Hawaii. Shehadeh, Z.H., W.O. Madden and T.P. Dohl. 1973. The effect of exogenous hormone treatment on spermiation and vitellogenesis in the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus L. J . Fish. Biol. 5: 479-487. Sundararaj. B.I., T.C. Anand and E.M. Donaldson. 1972. Effects of partially purified s;almon pituitary gonadotropin on ovarian maintenance, ovulation and vitellogenesis in the hypophysectomized catfish Heteropneustes fossilis B. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 18: 102-114. Sundararaj. B.I. and S.K. Nayyar. 1967. Effects of exogenous gonadotropins and gonadal hormones on the testes and seminal vesicles of the hypophysectomized catfish, Heteropneustes fossi l is . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 8: 403-416. Sundararaj. B.I., S.K. Nayyar, T.C. Anand and E.M. Donaldson. 1971. Effects of salmon pituitary gonadotropin, ovine luteinizing hormone, and testosterone on the testes and seminal vesicles of hypophysectomized catfish H_. fossi l is . Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 17: 78-82. i b i Sutterlin, A.M. and R. Gray. 1973. Chemical basis for homing of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to a hatchery. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 985-989. Thurow, F. 1974. Administrative report for anadromous and cata-dromous fish committee. ICES, CM. 1974/M:1:21 p. Veda, K., T.J. Hara and A. Gorbman. 1967. Electroencephalographic studies on olfactory discrimination in adult spawning salmon. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 21: 133-143. Vivien, J.H. 1939. Relations hypophyso-genitales chez guelgues teleosteens et selaciens. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 131: 1222-1224. Vivien, J.H. 1941. Contribution a Vetude de la physiologie hypophysaire dans ses relations avec l'appareil genital, la thyro'ide et les corps suprarenaux chez les poissons selaciens et teleosteens, Scyliorhinus canicula et Gobi us paganeleus. Bull. Biol. France et Belgigue. 75: 257-303. Wiebe, J.P. 1969. Endocrine controls of spermatogenesis and oogenesis in the viviparous seaperch, Cymatogaster aggregata Gibbons. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 12: 267-275. Yamazaki, F. 1965. Endocrinological studies on the reproduction of the female goldfish, Carassius auratus L., with special reference to the function of the pituitary gland. Mem. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido Univ. 13: 1-64. Yamazaki, F. 1972. Effects of methyltestosterone on the skin and the gonads of salmonids. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. (Suppl. 3): 741-750. 102 Yamazaki, F. and E.M. Donaldson. 1968. The effects of partially purified salmon pituitary gonadotropin on spermatogenesis, vitellogenesis, and ovulation in hypophysectomized goldfish (Carassius auratus). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 21: 491-497. Yamazaki, F. and E.M. Donaldson. 1969. Involvement of gonadotropin and steroid hormones in the spermiation of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 12: 491-497. "@en ; edm:hasType "Thesis/Dissertation"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0094038"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:degreeDiscipline "Zoology"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:rights "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "An investigation of the regulation of reproductive development in pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbusha) in relation to the initiation of an off-year pink salmon run"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/20406"@en .