@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Arts, Faculty of"@en, "Central, Eastern, and Northern European Studies, Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Rumpf, Marcelle Irene"@en ; dcterms:issued "2011-09-12T23:33:12Z"@en, "1966"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Arts - MA"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """I. Purpose To place the Livre and its author in their historical setting, in order to evaluate their contribution to ideas on the education of women. II. Development 1. An outline of cultural influences in Mediaeval France. 2. A description of texts on the education of girls and women prior to the time of the Chevalier de La Tour Landry, noting changes in ideas. Contributions made by Vincent de Beauvais and Pierre Dubois. The influence of the Dicta Catonis, a little book of maxims. 3. The position and condition of women of noble families as a result of certain cultural influences such as that of Courtly Love. 4. An analysis of the examples contained in the Livre, giving an overall picture of the virtues which one could expect to find in an honourable woman with a Christian upbringing. III. Conclusion The Livre and its author in relation to the influences of their time and place. A defense against later critics. Definition of "enseignement,” and evaluation of the Livre and its author in the light of the meaning of this term."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/37224?expand=metadata"@en ; skos:note "THE CHEVALIER DE LA TOUR LANDRY; AN ASSESSMENT OF HIS \"LIVRE\" WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN by MARCELLE IRENE RUMPF B.A., U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1962 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS i n the Department of Romance Studies We accept t h i s t h e s i s as conforming t o the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA May, 1966 ABSTRACT I. Purpose To place the L i v r e and i t s author i n t h e i r h i s t o r i c a l s e t t i n g , i n order t o evaluate t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o ideas on the education of women. I I . Development 1. An o u t l i n e of c u l t u r a l i n f l u e n c e s i n Mediaeval France. 2. A d e s c r i p t i o n of t e x t s on the education of g i r l s and women p r i o r t o the time of the Ch e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry, noting changes i n ideas. C o n t r i b u t i o n s made by Vincent de Beauvais and P i e r r e Dubois. The i n f l u e n c e of the D i c t a C a t o n i s , a l i t t l e book of maxims. 3. The pos i t i o n _ a n d c o n d i t i o n of women of noble f a m i l i e s as a r e s u l t of c e r t a i n c u l t u r a l i n f l u e n c e s such as that of Co u r t l y Love. 4. An a n a l y s i s of the examples contained i n the L i v r e , g i v i n g an o v e r a l l p i c t u r e of the v i r t u e s which one could expect t o f i n d i n an honourable woman wit h a C h r i s -t i a n upbringing. I I I . Conclusion The L i v r e and i t s author i n r e l a t i o n t o the i n f l u -ences of t h e i r time and place. A defense against l a t e r c r i t i c s . D e f i n i t i o n of \"enseignement, u and e v a l u a t i o n the L i v r e and i t s author i n the l i g h t of the meaning of t h i s term. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE PART I . INTRODUCTION I. THE AUTHOR'S LIFE AND FAMILY BACKGROUND . . . 1 I I . MANUSCRIPTS AND EARLY EDITIONS OF LE LIVRE . . 4 E a r l y French Manuscripts and Texts . . . . 4 E a r l y E n g l i s h Manuscripts and Texts . . . 6 Modern E d i t i o n s 8 I I I . DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY OF WORK 12 IV. THE STYLE OF THE LIVRE 17 V. CONTEMPORARY REACTIONS 23 PART I I . THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN PRIOR TO THE APPEARANCE OF THE LIVRE (AND WITHIN THE MIDDLE AGES) I. AN OUTLINE OF CULTURAL INFLUENCES 28 I I . FOUR GROUPS OF TEXTS ON THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN 33 I I I . CATO 41 IV. WOMEN IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES 44 PART I I I . AN ANALYSIS OF HIS EXAMPLES I. THE VIRTUE OF PIETY 50 I I . COURTESY AND HUMILITY 54 I I I . CHARITY AND COMPASSION 60 IV. LOYALTY AND OBEDIENCE 63 V. PATIENCE 70 V CHAPTER PAGE VI. CHASTITY 73 V I I . MODERATION 80 PART IV. CONCLUSION AN EVALUATION OF AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION 91 BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my d i r e c t o r Dr. R. Holdaway f o r h i s forbearance during these past few months, and express my a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r h i s h e l p f u l sugges-t i o n s . My thanks are o f f e r e d a l s o t o Dr. McKay f o r h i s a d vice, and t o the s t a f f of the l i b r a r y of the U n i v e r s i t y of B r i t i s h Columbia f o r t h e i r courteous co-operation, and i n p a r t i c u l a r t o Mrs. Horvath of the Humanities D i v i s i o n f o r her e n t h u s i a s t i c a s s i s -tance i n my e f f o r t s t o i d e n t i f y n l a royne P r i n e s . \" To my Daughters and Grand Daughters Pour ce, mes c h i e r e s f i l l e s , e s t - i l bon de ne se haster point et de t e n i r l e moyen e s t a t , c'est a en f a i r e plus sur l e moins que sur l e p l u s . Le C h e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry PART I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I THE AUTHOR'S LIFE AND FAMILY BACKGROUND The c a s t l e and v i l l a g e of La Tour-Landry are s i t u a t e d i n the Canton of Loroux, some f i f t e e n k i l o m e t e r s from Nantes. Montaiglon, i n the i n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s e d i t i o n of Le L i v r e du C h e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry pour l'enseignement de ses f i l l e s s t a t e s that the c a s t l e , a l a r g e tower, dates from the 12th century. There i s reason t o b e l i e v e that the La Tour Landry f a m i l y were e s t a b l i s h e d i n the reg i o n by that time. Family claims t o mythol o g i c a l ancestors dating back t o the end of the 5th century must remain open, and the f i r s t h i s t o r i c a l reference i s i n the year 1220, when a Landry-Latour i s i n v o l v e d i n a l a w s u i t . In 1294, a Geoffroy de La Tour i s l i s t e d among the k n i g h t s , squires and archers i n the s e r v i c e of the Duke of B r i t t a n y . In 1336, a Geoffroy de La Tour Landry, under the ban-ner of Anjou, fought g a l l a n t l y against the E n g l i s h . He ap-pears t o have been the f a t h e r of the author. Following i n the m i l i t a r y t r a d i t i o n of the f a m i l y , t h i s La Tour Landry, a l s o c h r i s t e n e d Geoffroy, was present at the seige of A g u i l l o n i n 1346. His name occurs on various documents as l a t e as 1389, when he married h i s second w i f e , Marguerite des Roches, a widow wi t h c h i l d r e n . His f i r s t w i f e , Jeanne de Rouge had died some time a f t e r 13#3. From t h i s marriage there were two sons and probably three daughters. For the l a t t e r , he wrote h i s book c i r c a 1371.* General source of h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l i s contained i n the Preface of Montaiglon's e d i t i o n of Le L i v r e du Che v a l i e r de La Tour Landry pour l'enseignement de ses f i l l e s , p u b l i e d'apres l e s manuscrits de P a r i s et de Londres, P a r i s (P. Jannet) 1854. The author of t h i s thesis v i s i t e d France i n the summer of 1966, and found the v i l l a g e of Latourlandry (pop. j u s t under 1,000) about midway between Saumur and Nantes, south of the L o i r e , and not 15 kms from Nantes, as noted by Montaiglon. A good portion of the wall which surrounded the o r i g i n a l c a s t l e i s s t i l l standing, along with two square towers i n the s t y l e of the 13th century. The c a s t l e was destroyed during the wars of r e l i g i o n and the present chateau was b u i l t i n the 18th century. I t i s i n sharp contrast to the wall and towers. The remaining tower of a church stands nearby, and shows possible Byzantine influence. CHAPTER I I MANUSCRIPTS AND EARLY EDITIONS OF LE LIVRE E a r l y French Manuscripts and Texts The B i b l i o t h e q u e n a t i o n a l e possesses seven manuscripts of the L i v r e . Montaiglon l i s t s them as f o l l o w s , i n the order of time of t h e i r t r a n s c r i p t i o n , and according t o t h e i r r e l a -t i v e value. 1. F. f r . 1190, on vellum, i n f o l i o , and w r i t t e n i n two columns of t h i r t y l i n e s i s the o l d e s t . The f i r s t page i s decorated w i t h t y p i c a l ornaments of the time. There i s a miniature of the C h e v a l i e r seated on a t u r f , and dressed i n a green doublet and l i l a c cap, i n the most extravagant s t y l e . Three daughters, i n long-sleeved dresses, are a l l standing. The MS. a l s o contains the G r i s e l i d i s s t o r y , which suggests i t i s a copy. I t i s t e n t a t i v e l y dated e a r l y 15th century. According t o Gertrude Burford Rawlings the«s« were 149 chapters i n the C h e v a l i e r ' s L i v r e ( e d i t o r i a l note p. 1 9 9 ) . 1 2. F. f r . 24397, a l s o on vellum, i n f o l i o , i s w r i t t e n i n two columns of t h i r t y - s i x l i n e s . I t a l s o contains the G r i s e l i d i s s t o r y . i s very i n a c c u r a t e , w i t h s e c t i o n s of s e v e r a l sentences missing. 3. F. f r . The t e x t 5. 4. F. f r . 24398, on vellum, has t h i r t y - s i x l i n e s a page w r i t t e n i n the l a r g e s c r i p t of the end of the 15th century. I t has a m i n i a t u r e , and the l a s t twelve pages con t a i n the s t o r y of G r i s e l i d i s . The spine bears the t i t l e \" M i r o i r des femmes mariees.\" 5. F. f r . 1693 i s on vellum, w r i t t e n i n two narrow columns of t h i r t y l i n e s . The f i r s t s t o r i e s are m i s s i n g , and i t i s incomplete at the end. The eighteenth-century bind-ing appears to be German. 6. F. f r . 1505, on vellum, i s w r i t t e n i n long l i n e s i n the f r e e l y running s t y l e of the l a t e 15th century. I t was 2 once a part of the r o y a l l i b r a r y at B l o i s . F o l i o s 139 verso t o 144 contain \"Le Debat du Corps et de l'Ame\" i n 3 verse. 7. F. f r . 9628 i s a s m a l l i n - f o l i o on paper i n a very poor s c r i p t of the l a t e 15th century. The L i v r e f o l l o w s an i n t r o d u c t i o n which contains a t r e a t i s e on s i n s and on the commandments of God. I t i s incomplete. The f i r s t French t e x t appeared i n 1514, w i t h the f o l l o w i n g t i t l e : Le C h e v a l i e r de l a t o u r et l e guidon des guerres, Nouvellement imprime a P a r i s pour Guillaume Eustace, l i b r a i r e du roy, Cum p u i l l e g i o Regis. At the end of the book i s t h i s statement: Cy f i n e ce present volume i n t i t u l e l e c h e v a l i e r de l a t o u r et l e guidon des guerres. Imprime a P a r i s en m i l c i n q cens et quatorze l e neufiesme i o u r de novembre. Pour Guillaume Eustace, l i b r a i r e du roy et j u r e de l u n i v e r s i t e . . . . There are 95 numbered and 4 unnumbered f o l i o s of the l a t t e r , three are occupied by the t i t l e and the t a b l e f o l -l o w ing, and the other f o l l o w s the colophon, and contains the p r i n t e r ' s d e vice, which i s repeated on the verso of the t i t l e . The volume i s i l l u m i n a t e d throughout, and i s i n a very f i n e French binding of the f i r s t h a l f of the 16th century. In 1517 another e d i t i o n was published i n P a r i s (M. l e N o i r ) . E a r l y E n g l i s h Manuscripts and Texts An accurate t r a n s l a t i o n e x i s t s i n the H a r l e i a n MS. no. I764, which i s i n the possession of the B r i t i s h Museum. Wr i t t e n during the r e i g n of Henry V I , each f o l i o c o n s i s t s of two columns of 33 l i n e s . The work i s anonymous, and contemporary t o F. f r . no. 1190. According t o Montaiglon, i t i s even a b e t t e r copy. The L i v r e occupies f o l i o s 1-121; the book of Melibee\"' by C h r i s t i n e de P i s a n , f o l i o s 122-146; the s t o r y of G r i s e l i d i s , f o l i o s 147-162. On the l a s t two f o l i o s , a l a t e r s c r i b e added \"Le c o d i c i l i k e M Jehan de Meung. At the beginning of the t e x t there i s a miniature of the C h e v a l i e r dressed i n blue and seated on a green t u r f which ^The book of Melibee was copied s e v e r a l times u n t i l the 14th century. W r i t t e n w i t h the purpose of appeasing o v e r l y - w a r l i k e l o r d s , i t became an e d i f y i n g t r e a t i s e f o r women. This e x p l a i n s why u n t i l the 15th century i t was j o i n e d t o other manuscripts such as the G r i s e l i d i s , or the L i v r e .4 7 surrounds the base of a t r e e . In the background i s a t r e l l i s . The three daughters, a l l standing, are dressed i n the f a s h i o n of the day. Each chapter has a painted l e t t e r . On the second f o l i o are the signatures of two former owners of the MS.: Paulus Durant and David K e l l i e , w r i t t e n at the close of the 16th century, and at the beginning of the 17th. In England, the L i v r e was one of the f i r s t productions of the newly developing press outside of France. The work was undertaken by W i l l i a m Caxton, at the request of an un-named lady who had daughters. I t has the f o l l o w i n g t i t l e : The Booke Whiche the Knyght of the Toure Made t o the Enseygnement & Teching of His Doughters I t was published at h i s press at Westminster i n 1484. In 1810, Ames l i s t s only three complete copies extant: one be-longing t o Lord Spencer, one t o the Marquis of Blandford, and a t h i r d t o h i s Majesty the King. The t r a n s l a t i o n i s of a remarkable f i d e l i t y . However, the too l i t e r a l t r a n s l a t i o n causes the p u r i t y of Caxton's E n g l i s h to s u f f e r . According to Montaiglon, the H a r l e i a n t r a n s l a t i o n i s s u p e r i o r . There were e a r l y t r a n s l a t i o n s and p u b l i c a t i o n s of the L i v r e i n Germany. The f i r s t of these was published i n 1495 by M i c h e l F u r t e r i n Bale, and e n t i t l e d : Der R i t t e r vom Turn, von den Exempeln der Gotsforcht vn e r b e r k e i t The volume was superbly done. A b e a u t i f u l copy i s now i n the B r i t i s h Museum. In the m i n i a t u r e , the C h e v a l i e r , armed from head t o t o e , i s represented i n a s l e e p i n g p o s i t i o n at 3 the f o o t of a t r e e . His daughters are standing beside him. The t r a n s l a t i o n i s by Marquard vom S t e i n . L a ter e d i t i o n s appeared i n 1498 at Augsburg (Schonsperger); i n 1513, again at Bale ( F u r t e r ) ; i n 1519 at Strasbourg (Knoblouch), and f i n a l l y i n 1538, at Strasbourg (Cammerlander). Modern E d i t i o n s 1. The Book of the Knight of the Tower, Landry. S e l e c t i o n s done i n t o E n g l i s h by A. Vance (Chapman & H a l l ) , London, 1862, 8V0. 2. The Book of the Knight of La Tour Landry. Compiled f o r the I n s t r u c t i o n of h i s Daughters. Tr a n s l a t e d from the o r i g i n a l French i n t o E n g l i s h i n the r e i g n of Henry V I , and e d i t e d f o r the f i r s t time from the unique manuscript i n the B r i t i s h Museum, w i t h an i n t r o d u c t i o n and notes by Thomas Wright, London. Published f o r the E a r l y E n g l i s h Text S o c i e t y , 1868. 3. The Booke of Thenseygnementes and techynge that the Knyght of the Towre made t o h i s Doughters by the C h e v a l i e r Geoffroy De La Tour Landry. E d i t e d w i t h notes and a g l o s s a r y by Gertrude Burford Rawlings, London (George Newnes L t d . ) , 1902. This volume reproduces s l i g h t l y more than h a l f of Caxton's v e r s i o n of the Knight's book, o m i t t i n g the coarser and more tedious chapters, as the e d i t o r i s c a r e f u l t o e x p l a i n . 9 4. The Book of the Knight of La Tour Landry, E a r l y E n g l i s h Text S o c i e t y . Revised e d i t i o n , 1906, 8V0. 5. The Book of the Knight of La Tour Landry, e d i t e d by G.S. T a y l o r , w i t h an i n t r o d u c t i o n by D.B. Wyndham Lewis, London (John Hamilton L t d . ) . 6. Le L i v r e du C h e v a l i e r De La Tour Landry pour l'enserg-nement de ses f i l l e s , p u b l i e d'apres l e s manuscrits de P a r i s et de Londres par M. Anatole de Montaiglon, P a r i s (P. Jannet), 1854. 7. Peter Stolingwa, Zum l i v r e du C h e v a l i e r de La \"Tour Landry pour 1'enseignement de ses f i l l e s , B r e s l a u (Druck von Paul F o r s t e r ) , 1911. A comparative study of the t e x t s published f o r Montaiglon and f o r the E a r l y E n g l i s h Text S o c i e t y r e v e a l s a few i n t e r e s t i n g d i f f e r e n c e s . Montaiglon compiled h i s e d i t i o n from the London and P a r i s MSS. Thomas Wright, f o r the E a r l y E n g l i s h Text S o c i e t y , chose the H a r l e i a n MS. r a t h e r than Caxton's t e x t because i t i s a more elegant and i n t e r e s t i n g monument of the E n g l i s h language. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , i t i s an imperfect MS. w i t h one or two lacunae i n the body of the work, and i t i s truncated at the end by n e a r l y o n e - f i f t h of the whole. The e d i t o r ' s only resource was t o supply from Caxton's t e x t the parts which are wanting i n the i n e d i t e d MS. There are 144 chapters i n h i s e d i t i o n , compared t o 128 i n Montaiglon. The H a r l e i a n MS. ends before the end of chapter 120. The e x t r a 16 chapters can be accounted f o r by 10 the f a c t that no. 120 i s repeated, and nos. 124 and 128, which are long i n Montaiglon, are broken up i n t o s e v e r a l chapters. The S i r e de Beaumanoir, who must be the hero of the b a t t l e of the t h i r t y (1351), i n which 30 Bretons were measured against 30 E n g l i s h , i s c i t e d i n Montaiglon, chap-t e r 21, whereas, the name i s omitted i n the corresponding chapter i n Wright. 11' FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER I I 1 The Booke of Thenseygnementes and Techynge th a t the Knyght of the Towre Made t o His Doughters by the Ch e v a l i e r De La Tour LandryT Edited w i t h notes and a g l o s s a r y by Gertrude Burford Rawlings, London (George Newnes L t d . ) , 1902. 2 Montaiglon, Preface, p. x l i . 3 Loc. c i t . 4 G. Lanson, H i s t o i r e de l a L i t t e r a t u r e F r a n c a i s e . P a r i s Hachette. CHAPTER I I I DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY OF WORK The L i v r e has a prologue i n which the C h e v a l i e r s t a t e s h i s reasons f o r w r i t i n g . He t e l l s of h i s y o u t h f u l experience w i t h l o v e , which caused him t o be a l t e r n a t e l y happy or sad, as i t does every l o v e r . More than twenty years a f t e r her death, the n o s t a l g i c remembrance of the i d e a l lady who had i n s p i r e d him t o compose b a l l a d s , songs and v i r e l a y s , prompts him to t h i n k of h i s own daughters, now at the t h r e s h o l d of l i f e . Because they are young and a r t l e s s , i t i s h i s wish to i n s t r u c t them w i t h a book i n the same g e n t l e way t h a t queen Prin e s of Hungary i n s t r u c t e d her g i r l s . To accomplish h i s ^Montaiglon, i n Notes et V a r i a n t e s , says: Ce q u ' i l f a u t entendre par c e t t e r e i n e P r i n e s ou P r i v e s de Hongrie et par son l i v r e me p a r o i t f o r t douteux. Legrand d'Aussy propose d'y v o i r \" E l i s a b e t h de Bosnie, femme de Louis l e I * ... et mere de t r o i s f i l l e s ... a prendre une r e i n e contem-poraine, i l v a u d r a i t mieux y v o i r Jeanne de Boheme 1 ' a l l u s i o n de ce passage r e s t e mysterieux. Thomas Wright, f o r the E a r l y E n g l i s h Text S o c i e t y , notes: Who was the queen of Hungary here r e f e r r e d t o as having w r i t t e n a book f o r the i n s t r u c t i o n of her daughters appears t o be q u i t e unknown. . . . p. 206. A l i c e Hentsch l i s t s E l i s a b e t h de Bosnie, author of a Manuel d'education pour ses f i l l e s , i n her t e x t , De l a L i t t e r a t u r e d i d a c t i q u e du Moyen Age. She notes t h a t a copy of the work was given t o Louis of France, comte de V a l o i s , i n 1374^ Further research has uncovered more clues t o the i d e n t i t y of t h i s mysterious queen: Revai: Nagy Lexikona V. 15, p. 479, says t h a t Queen Pri n e s of Hungary was P i r o s k a , daughter of Saint L a s z l o , and r e f e r s the reader t o I r e n , V o l . 10, p. 633, which says that I r e n Duca, or queen P r i n e s , or P i r i s k a 13 purpose, he w i l l r e l a t e s t o r i e s not only about good women and t h e i r rewards, but a l s o about e v i l and dishonest women and t h e i r punishment. By l e a r n i n g t o d i s t i n g u i s h good from e v i l , he hopes h i s daughters w i l l avoid f a l l i n g i n t o e r r o r . The world i s f u l l of h y p o c r i t e s , and young women should acquire a w o r l d l y wisdom so as t o be able t o cope w i t h the problems of l i f e . Above a l l , he wishes t o show h i s daughters the t r u e path t o f o l l o w , so they may serve God, who rewards good deeds a hundredfold. I t f o l l o w s that they w i l l a l s o enjoy the love and g o o d w i l l of t h e i r neighbors and the world. In the f i r s t chapter the Ch e v a l i e r t e l l s h i s daughters i t i s a good t h i n g t o see oneself i n the m i r r o r of one's anc e s t o r s , and i n the s t o r i e s w r i t t e n about them. L a t e r , i n chapter 117, he lends support t o h i s e a r l i e r statement w i t h these words: (archaic form of Piroska) was born i n 1088, the daughter of Saint L a s z l o and a German p r i n c e s s , and died i n 1134 i n a monastery f o r women which she her-s e l f had e s t a b l i s h e d , and t o which she r e t i r e d a f t e r the death of her husband, A l e x i s Comnenos, Emperor of Byzantium. Zedler Grosses U n i v e r s a l Lexikon Band 14, column 1255, notes that P i r o s k a , or Irene, was the author of a book en-t i t l e d Typicum, r u l e s of conduct, or a c o n s t i t u t i o n of a monastery f o r young g i r l s , which she wrote i n Greek. This MS. was found and e d i t e d by Montfaucon (1655-1741) at one time procureur-general de S a i n t -Maur and i t i s contained i n h i s Analecta graeca. This work i s l i s t e d i n the B r i t i s h Museum Catalogue of P r i n t e d Books, V o l . 163, p. 234-Since intermarriage between the r o y a l houses of Hungary and France i s an h i s t o r i c a l f a c t , i t i s very probable t h a t the work of the c o l o u r f u l queen P r i n e s was known i n France. Another point i n favour of Irene f o r P r i n e s , i s that the C h e v a l i e r uses the past imperfect tense i n r e f e r r i n g t o her. E l i z a b e t h of Bosnia was contemporary t o h i s time, and died i n 1387. 14 Car touz juennes hommes et jeunes femmes qui c r o i e n t c o n s e i l et ne c o n t r a r i e n t mie l e d i t des anciens ne peuvent f a i l l i r de v e n i r a honneur.l However, he has h i s doubts and r e s e r v a t i o n s about young people who refuse t o p r o f i t from the example of t h e i r e l -ders and ancestors, and who object t o being c o r r e c t e d . these young people t h i n k they are wiser than t h e i r parents who have seen more of l i f e . I t i s a great p i t y . A w e l l brought up young man or lady should thank the person who c o r r e c t s him of h i s f o l l y . One can detect a c e r t a i n w i s t -f u l n e s s i n the author's determination t o preserve h i s daughters from causing unnecessary s u f f e r i n g t o themselves and t o others. The m a j o r i t y of the 128 chapters are one or two pages i n l e n g t h . Each one contains a s t o r y . Seventy-two of them are from contemporary sources, f i f t y - s i x are b i b l i c a l s t o r i e s , and one chapter i s based on the work of Cato, the Roman c l a s s i c a l w r i t e r . One might suggest that the r a t h e r l a r g e s e l e c t i o n of r e l i g i o u s themes can be t r a c e d t o the i n f l u e n c e of two p r i e s t s and two c l e r k s who helped the Ch e v a l i e r e x t r a c t 2 examples from h i s c o l l e c t i o n of books. On the other hand, s t o r i e s from the B i b l e , the l i v e s of Sa i n t s and other r e l i -gious works were too much part of the mediaeval environment f o r the author t o escape e n t i r e l y . Montaiglon suggests that the c o l l a b o r a t i o n of the c l e r k s i n compiling the work may be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the o r i g i n a l p l a n — h e r e only suggested 15 3 — n o t being f o l l o w e d i n a r e g u l a r way. In s e v e r a l places the n a r r a t i v e wanders from one type of example t o another, and at the end, the L i v r e r e t r a c e s i t s steps t o take up again a s e c t i o n which had seemed complete. For example, chapters 1 2 , 13 and 1 2 0 are about women who l o s t t h e i r chance of being married because of t h e i r coyness. Peter Stolingwa groups the examples contained i n the L i v r e i n the f o l l o w i n g d i v i s i o n s : 1. Examples which are drawn from the author's own e x p e r i -ence. To t h i s group are a l s o added anecdotes which, judging by t h e i r contents are taken from r e a l l i f e , although the author does not imply whether he has experienced them h i m s e l f or has learned of them by word of mouth. 2 . Examples which o r i g i n a t e i n the f o l k t a l e and show the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of F a b l i a u x . 3 . Examples which are taken from the B i b l e . 4. Examples which o r i g i n a t e from legends and m i r a c l e l i t e r a t u r e . 5 . Examples of h i s t o r i c a l o r i g i n s . ^ \" On the other hand, A l i c e Hentsch presents the f o l l o w -in g d i v i s i o n s : 1. C o n s e i l s d'ordre r e l i g i e u x — ... chatiments t e r r i b l e s sur ceux qui n'observent pas ces r e g i e s de conduite. Les femmes pieuses sont benies a jamais. 2. C o n s e i l s moraux sur l a conduite en g e n e r a l , s'adressant a toutes l e s femmes sans d i s t i n c t i o n d'age. 3 . C o n s e i l s s'adressant plus specialement aux jeunes f i l l e s . 4. C o n s e i l s s'adressant plus specialement aux femmes mariees. 5 . C o n s e i l s s'adressant aux veuves. 6 . C o n s e i l s sur 1 'education des enfants. 7. Relativement aux servantes. 8. Sur l a femme amoureuse. 9. Tableau de l a 'dame honnourable i d e a l e ' . ^ 16-By presenting h i s chapters i n a haphazard arrange-ment , the author of the L i v r e u n w i t t i n g l y gave much scope t o f u t u r e c r i t i c s . 17' FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER I I I 1 Montaiglon, ch. 117, p. 228. 2 I b i d . , p. 4. 3 I b i d . , P reface, p. x x x i i . 4 Peter Stolingwa, Zum l i v r e du Ch e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry pour l 1enseignement de ses f i l l e s (Druck von Paul F o r s t e r ) B r e s l a u , 1911, p. 88. 5 A l i c e Hentsch, De l a L i t t e r a t u r e d i d a c t i q u e Du Moyen Age, s'adressant specialement aux femmes, H a l l e A.S., 1903, pp. 128-134. CHAPTER IV THE STYLE OF THE LIVRE One can say tha t u n t i l the 14th century, p r a c t i c a l l y a l l works w r i t t e n i n the vernacular were composed i n verse. Since rhythm and rhyme exert t h e i r f u l l e s t e f f e c t s only when presented t o the ear, e p i c , l y r i c and dramatic forms had appealed t o l i s t e n i n g audiences which were l a r g e l y i l l i t e r a t e . During the 14th century, however, s e v e r a l prose adaptations of verse n a r r a t i v e s were already being enjoyed by a s l o w l y expanding reading p u b l i c . Georges Doutremont l i s t s some 55 epic poems and some 18 adventure romances that were r e v i s e d i n t h i s manner.\"*\" One such romance was Berinus. As f o r the works of c h r o n i c l e r s , a few had been w r i t t e n i n prose as e a r l y as the 13th century by such well-known w r i t e r s as V i l l e h a r d o u i n and J o i n v i l l e . L i t e r a t u r e which d e a l t w i t h r e a l l i f e n a t u r a l l y had t o adopt a mode of expression i n harmony w i t h r e a l i t y , that i s , o r d i n a r y language, or prose which i s o b j e c t i v e r a t h e r than s u b j e c t i v e . The simple and d i r e c t s t y l e of these w r i t e r s s a i d what i t wished t o say because events take precedence over s t y l i s t i c form. The 14th century c h r o n i c l e r Jean Le B e l (-1370), i r r i t a t e d by the la c k of t r u t h i n works h i t h e r t o composed i n verse, undertook h i s e n t e r p r i s e i n prose, j u s t i f y i n g h i s 19 choice by h i s love of t r u t h and h i s s c r u p l e s as an h i s t o r i -an. At the beginning of h i s Vrayes Chroniques, he ex p l a i n s h i s motives c l e a r l y : Qui v e u l t l i r e et o u i r l a vraye h i s t o i r e du preu et g e n t i l roy Edowart s i l i s e ce p e t i t l i v r e que j'ay commence a f a i r e , et l a i s s e ung grand l i v r e rime que j'ay veu et l e u , l e q u e l aucun controuveur a mis en rime par grandes f a i n t e s et bourdes controu-vees, duquel l e commencement est tout f a u l x , et p l a i n de menchongnes jusques au commencement de l a guerre ... et de l a en avant peut a v o i r assez de substance de v e r i t e et assez de bourdes, et sy y a grand plente de p a r o l l e s controuvees et de r e d i c t e s pour e m b e l l i r l a rime et grand f o i s o n de s i grands proesses racontees sur aucuns c h e v a l i e r s et aucunes personnes q u ' e l l e s debveroient sembler mal creables et ains y comme im-p o s s i b l e s . ... Car l ' i s t o i r e est s i noble, ce m'est a d v i s , et de s i g e n t i l e proesse, q u ' e l l e est bien digne et merite d'estre mise en e s c r i p t pour l e en memoire r e t e n i r au plus prez de l a v e r i t e . . . . 2 Jean F r o i s s a r t l a t e r borrowed h e a v i l y from Jean Le Bel who had been h i s good teacher. Since the C h e v a l i e r ' s s t o r i e s o s t e n s i b l y deal w i t h r e a l l i f e , i t i s not s u r p r i s i n g that he should have chosen prose as h i s medium of expression. Yet, as w i t h F r o i s s a r t , h i s o r i g i n a l choice was verse. A t r a n s c r i p t i o n of the f i r s t few l i n e s of h i s Prologue, w i t h only minor changes, r e v e a l s a r e g u l a r meter and ne a r l y a l l the rhyme r e q u i r e d i n verse: Prose L'an m i l t r o i s cens soixante et onze, en un j a r d i n estoye sous 1'ombre, comme a 1'issue d ' a v r i l , tout morne et tout pensi z : mais un pou me resjouy du son et du chant que j e ouy de ces o y s i l l o n s sauvaiges q u i chantoyent en l e u r s langaiges. Verse L'an m i l t r o i s cens soixante et onze En un j a r d i n estoys sous 1'ombre Comme a 1'issue du mois d ' a v r i l , Tout morne, dolent et p e n s i f ; Mais un peu j e me resjouy Du son et du chant que j e ouy De ces gents o y s i l l o n s sauvaiges Qui chantoient dans l e u r s langaiges.3 20 The author c l e a r l y s t a t e s h i s reasons f o r w r i t i n g h i s L i v r e i n prose: ... que j e ne veulx point mettre en rime, aincoys l e , v e u l x mettre en prose, pour l'abreger et mieux entendre According t o Rasmussen, i t i s probable t h a t the i d e a l of b r e v i t y was formed on the b a s i s of the r h e t o r i c a l w r i t -ings of Cicero and the Rhetorica ad Herenium, which teach 5 t h a t n a r r a t i o n should be b r i e f , c l e a r and convincing. I t i s evident t h a t the C h e v a l i e r ' s i n t e n t i o n was t o produce a book w i t h these c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . In more than one place he r e f e r s t o i t by the diminutive un l i v r e t , probably one of the f i r s t w r i t e r s t o use the word i n t h i s sense. One may assume that he was an understanding f a t h e r and teacher who r e a l i z e d that young g i r l s l e a r n i n g t o read would soon be bored and dismayed i f he were t o present them w i t h a l a r g e and ponderous book. His choice of vocabulary i s simple and d i r e c t . U n l i k e the c u r i a l or l e g a l s t y l e which c h a r a c t e r i z e s n a r r a t i v e prose u n t i l the 15th century, the author's expression i s i n t i m a t e r a t h e r than f o r m a l , and he o f t e n addresses h i s daughters d i r e c t l y , as Mes c h i e r e s f i l l e s , and B e l l e s f i l l e s . The modern w r i t e r favours a s u b j e c t i v e approach i n t e l l i n g h i s s t o r i e s . He was there. The mediaeval author, on the other hand, p r e f e r r e d t o have a crutch t o lean on, so t o speak. Someone e l s e had t o l d him the s t o r y , as i n Chapter 30: \"J'ay ouy compter l e compte d'un c h e v a l i e r . ...\" 21 A l i c e Hentsch f i n d s i t d i f f i c u l t t o r e c o n c i l e the s t o r i e s about lecherous monks i n the L i v r e w i t h the f a c t that the author says he asked two p r i e s t s and two c l e r k s t o help him.^ The t r u t h i s that because of t h e i r h e l p , the s t o r i e s are so much more s i g n i f i c a n t . In presenting h i s examples, the Che v a l i e r demonstrates h i s awareness of the value of l i t e r a r y d e v i c e s , such as unity, coherence and emphasis. Chapter XV i s a good sample. The author begins by warning h i s daughters against d i s p u t i n g w i t h hot-headed f o o l s , male or female. Then he s k i l l f u l l y develops h i s theme w i t h two examples. In the f i r s t , a woman who goes too f a r i n a dispute w i t h a c h o l e r i c man i s f i n a l l y h u m i l i a t e d by him. In the second, a wise man knows when t o cut short a q u a r r e l w i t h a hot-headed woman, t o h i s advantage. The l a s t two sentences sum up and emphasize the l e s s o n of the s t o r y : Et a i n s i l e d r o i t l ' e n f a i r e , car l'en ne d o i t mie e s t r i v e r a f o l , ne a gens tenseurs, ne que ayent male t e s t e . Ains l e s d o i t - e n eschever, comme f i s t l e c h e v a l i e r a l a dame, comme oy avez.7 Although they do not f o l l o w an o r d e r l y p l a n , the s t o r i e s themselves are w e l l - c o n s t r u c t e d , and w r i t t e n i n an unaffected s t y l e , s u i t e d t o the readers f o r whom they were intended. 22 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER IV 1 Les Mises en prose des epopees et des romans chevaleres-ques^du XIV f a au XVI^ s p e c i e , B r u x e l l e s : P a l a i s des Academies, 1939, i n -8 (Memoires de l'Academie Royale de Belgique, Classe des L e t t r e s , X L ) , pp. 5-9. Quoted by R.G.C. Holdaway i n h i s a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d \"Verse t o prose: a l i t e r a r y f a s h i o n . \" 2 H i s t o i r e L i t t e r a i r e de l a France, ouvrage commence par des r e l i g i e u x b e n e d i c t i n s de l a Congregation de Saint Maur^ et continue' par des membres de l ' I n s t i t u t (Academie des i n s c r i p t i o n s et b e l l e s l e t t r e s ) , P a r i s , Imprimerie n a t i o n a l e , Tome 38, p. 247-3 Montaiglon, Preface, p. x x i x , and p. 1. 4 I b i d . , p. 4. 5 Rasmussen (Jens), La Prose N a r r a t i v e Francaise au XV e S i e c l e , p. 23. 6 A l i c e A. Hentsch, De l a L i t t e r a t u r e d i d a c t i q u e du Moyen Age, p. 133. 7 Montaiglon, op. c i t . , p. 34. CHAPTER V CONTEMPORARY REACTIONS The author of t h i s t h e s i s has not been able t o f i n d much supporting m a t e r i a l f o r the development of t h i s t o p i c . However, t o judge by the number of French MS. copies extant, one can assume th a t the L i v r e became a great favour-i t e i n i t s own country. In England and i n Germany, a f t e r i t s t r a n s l a t i o n and p u b l i c a t i o n , i t r e t a i n e d i t s p o p u l a r i t y f o r a long time. Mediaeval works which remained i n manu-s c r i p t form were t e m p o r a r i l y f o r g o t t e n or abo l i s h e d ; only those which were s e l e c t e d f o r p u b l i c a t i o n continued t o c i r -c u l a t e and t o i n f l u e n c e the minds of t h e i r readers. The esteem i n which the L i v r e was h e l d i s w e l l expressed by Caxton himself i n the preface t o h i s 11*84 e d i t i o n , which i s here reproduced i n p a r t . Emonge a l other t h i s book i s a s p e c i a l doctryne & techyng, by which a l yong g e n t y l wymen s p e c i a l l y may l e r n e to bihaue them s e l f v e r t u o u s l y , as wel i n t h e i r vyrgynyte as i n t h e i r wedlok & wedowhede, . . . . i n whiche werk j fynd many vertuous good enseygnementis & lernynges, by euydent h i s t o r i e s of a u c t o r i t e & good ensaples f o r a l maner peple i n g e n e r a l l y , but i n e s p e c i a l f o r ladyes & gentilwymen, douzters t o lor d e s & gentilmen: f o r whiche book a l the gentilwymen now lyuyng & h e r a f t e r t o come or s h a l be, arn bounde t o gyue laude, praysying, & thankynges to the auctor of t h i s book, . . . . Thene, f o as moche as t h i s book i s necessary t o euery gentilwoman, of what estate she be, j aduyse euery gentilman or woman, hauyng such c h i l d r e n , desyryng them t o be v e r t u o u s l y brouzt f o r t h , to gete & haue t h i s book, t o thende that they may l e r n e hou they ouzt t o gouerne them v e r t u o u s l y i n t h i s present l y f , by whiche they may the b e t t e r & h a s t l y e r come t o worship and good renommee. And I desyre a l l them th a t s h a l l l e r n e or see ony thynge i n t h i s sayd book, by whiche they s h a l ben the wyser & b e t t e r . . . .1 F i f t y years l a t e r the r e p u t a t i o n of the book had be-come c o n t r o v e r s i a l i n England. S i r A. F i t z - H e r b e r t , i n h i s work e n t i t l e d The Book of Husbandry (1534), expresses an o p i n i o n on the L i v r e which i s d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposed to that of Caxton's: I coulde peraduenture shewe the housbandes dyuerse poyntes t h a t the wyues deceyue them i n : and i n l y k e maner, howe husbandes deceyue theyr wyues: but i f I shulde do so, I shulde shewe mo s u b t y l l poyntes of deceypt, than eyther of them knewe of before. And t h e r f o r e me semeth beste t o holde my peace, l e a s t I shoulde do as the knyght of the toure dyd, the whiche had many f a y r e doughters, and of f a t h e r l y loue t h a t he oughte to them, he made a boke, to a good entente, th a t they myghte eschewe and f l e e from vyces, and folowe vertues. In the whiche boke he shewed, that i f they were wowed, moued, or s t y r e d by any man, a f t e r suche a maner as he there shewed, th a t they shulde withstande i t . In the whiche boke he shewed so many wayes, howe a man shoulde atteyne t o h i s purpose, t o brynge a woman to v i c e , the whiche wayes were so n a t u r a l l , and the wayes t o come to t h e y r purpose were soo s u b t y l l y contryued, and c r a f t e l y shewed, th a t harde i t wold be f o r any woman t o r e s y s t e or deny theyr desyre. And by the sayd boke hath made bothe the men and the women t o knowe more vyces, s u b t y l t y e , and c r a f t e , than euer they shulde haue knowen, i f the goke had not ben made: i n the whiche boke he named hym-selfe the knight of the towre . 2 U n t i l the appearance of the L i v r e , d i d a c t i c works were mainly c o l l e c t i o n s of masculine s t o r i e s , which are hetero-geneous. A reason f o r the p o p u l a r i t y and long l a s t i n g suc-cess of the C h e v a l i e r ' s work was that i t c o n s i s t e d of en-t i r e l y feminine s t o r i e s , something r a r e , and a q u i t e new departure. In h i s e d i t i o n of the book, the P a r i s i a n p r i n t e r 25 Eustace added the already w e l l known H i s t o i r e de M e l l i b e e et de Prudence and G r i s e l i d i s , p u t t i n g the n a r r a t i v e i n t o 3 the mouth of the author of the L i v r e , a t r i b u t e t o h i s p o p u l a r i t y . 26 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER V 1 The Booke of Thenseygnementes and Techynge t h a t the Knight of the Towre Made t o h i s Dqughters by the Che v a l i e r Geoffroy de l a Tour Landry, e d i t e d w i t h notes and a g l o s -sary by Gertrude Burford Rawlings, London (George Newnes L t d . ) , 1902, pp. 5-6. 2 S i r A. F i t z - H e r b e r t , The Book of Husbandry, published f o r the E h g l i s h D i a l e c t S o c i e t y , London, 1882, V o l . 13, p. 98. 3 H i s t o i r e L i t t e r a i r e de l a France, Tome 37, p. 503. < PART I I THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN PRIOR TO THE APPEARANCE OF THE LIVRE (AND WITHIN THE MIDDLE AGES) CHAPTER I AN OUTLINE OF CULTURAL INFLUENCES Today we tend t o define a w e l l educated person as being one who has a t t a i n e d a c e r t a i n s c h o l a s t i c l e v e l . In r e a l i t y , education i s broader than the i n s t r u c t i o n o f f e r e d i n schools. I t i s the t o t a l process of t r a i n i n g whereby the i n d i v i d u a l a s s i m i l a t e s h i s own c u l t u r e , and l e a r n s t o repress h i s e g o t i s t i c a l i n s t i n c t s . Nevertheless, schools do p l a y , and have always played an e f f e c t i v e and important r o l e . U n t i l the i n f l u e n c e of C h r i s t i a n i t y became almost t o t a l , Gallo-Roman c u l t u r e had provided i n s t r u c t i o n f o r g i r l s as w e l l as boys i n i t s c i v i l schools.\"*\" From the 6th century onward however, these democratic centers disappeared, and were replaced by monastic or e p i s c o p a l schools. During the 7th century, profane l i t e r a t u r e almost disappeared, and there was no other i n s t r u c t i o n except t h a t given by the Church, and i n i t s name. Monastic schools t r a i n e d those female students who were dedicated t o monastic l i f e , or who were placed at the summit of the s o c i a l s c a l e . Teachers were always male. A notable exception i s t o be found i n the daughters of the philosopher Manegold, who s u c c e s s f u l l y conducted a l a y school at Lutenbach i n the diocese of 2 Strasbourg. I f there were a few teaching masters employed 29 by c e r t a i n f a m i l i e s , they became more and more r a r e , and were rep l a c e d by c l e r i c s . In the 8th century, Charlemagne's own female r e l a t i v e s were i n s t r u c t e d at court by A l c u i n , who admired t h e i r s c h o l a r s h i p so much that he dedicated h i s T r e a t i s e on the Nature of the Soul to one of them.^ Abelard, who taught H e l o i s e i n the 12th century, was one of the l a s t of the l a y teachers.^\" The i n t e l l e c t u a l l i f e of women i n monasteries i n -cluded t r a i n i n g i n reading, w r i t i n g , s i n g i n g , a r i t h m e t i c , grammar, Holy W r i t , medicine and surgery: the l a s t two i n order t o avoid the i n t e r v e n t i o n of male doctors. Their main occupation was the copying and i l l u m i n a t i n g of manu-s c r i p t s , and u n t i l the 12th century, the study of L a t i n . With the establishment of u n i v e r s i t i e s i n the 13th century, even the monks deserted t h e i r schools f o r P a r i s and Oxford. Monastic schools then s u f f e r e d a lowering of standards, and there was nothing t o supplement the l o s s t o women, who were not admitted t o the u n i v e r s i t i e s . C h r i s t i a n i t y had emancipated woman by separating her from man, not by p l a c i n g her beside him. Already i n the 6th century, the Rule of the monastery f o r women which had been founded by Ce s a i r e , Bishop of A r i e s , recommended that no c h i l d r e n under f i v e or s i x years of age be admitted, and 5 a b s o l u t e l y no g i r l s of noble f a m i l i e s . Towards the clo s e of the ®in century, the dying Roland has no thought f o r h i s f i a n c e e , Aude. And she can only p r o t e s t t e a r f u l l y when the 30 well-meaning though r a t h e r t a c t l e s s Charlemagne o f f e r s her another husband so soon a f t e r her l o s s . -The author—of the •influenced by t h e o r i e s ^ of romant-i-c-love whieh—p^gfflea-feedMzhe theme of an epic t a l e , e s p e c i a l l y one which belonged t o the 8th century. A century l a t e r , bishops forbade t h e i r p r i e s t s t o admit g i r l s along w i t h the boys i n t h e i r schools. Women apparently d i d not count as s o c i a l beings. 12th century, C e l t i c i n f l u e n c e had replaced the C a r o l i n g i a n . In the North, where i t was most s t r o n g , l o r d s and l a d i e s sat down at the same banquet t a b l e s , and a f t e r the meal, l i s t e n e d t o the songs of t r o u v e r e s , a d e l i c a t e pleasure, already a t t e s t i n g a c u l t i v a t e d c i v i l i z a t i o n . Then, during the d i f f i c u l t years of the Crusades, the women who stayed at home assumed i n c r e a s i n g l y g r e a t e r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , and more respect was accorded t o them. In the South, songs of the Troubadours i d e a l i z e d a l o v e r ' s passion f o r h i s l a d y , which approached the c u l t of the V i r g i n Mary. These e a r l y poets c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d love and sex. Love was t o them a yearning f o r a psychic g r a t i f i c a t i o n which the l o v e r f e e l s only the beloved can g i v e ; sex, an impersonal d e s i r e which can be g r a t i f i e d by anyone possessing c e r t a i n f a i r l y common p h y s i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . They f r e t t e d l e s t sex abate the f e r v o r of love's l o n g i n g , and they never f u l l y r e s o l v e d the Honour and p a t r i o t i s m formed the However, c u l t u r a l changes were t a k i n g p l a c e . By the contest between love and sex. The r e l i g i o u s perpetuated longing by p l a c i n g the beloved a l t o g e t h e r out of p h y s i c a l reach: \"the Bride of C h r i s t . \" On the other hand, proponents of the more w o r l d l y C o u r t l y Lovem assuming that marriage, as a s o c i a l c o n t r a c t , precluded the n e c e s s i t y of the existence of l o v e between the p a r t n e r s — i n f a c t some went as f a r as t o say t h a t such love was w e l l nigh u n d e s i r a b l e — d r e w up an elaborate set of r u l e s by which the a s p i r i n g l o v e r of a noble married lady should govern h i m s e l f . These r u l e s , d e r i v e d from Ovid's Ars Amandi had been r e - c o d i f i e d by Andreas Capellanus i n the 12th century. What ennobling e f f e c t , i f any, they may have had on the woman i s not known. At any r a t e , the l a d i e s were placed on a p e d e s t a l , so t o speak. But no matter how noble and l o f t y the means employed i n winning t h e i r l o v e , a d u l t e r y was always the f i n a l g o a l . The Troubadour i d e a l soon gave way t o the more pragmatic approach of C o u r t l y Love, which was adopted as the theme of t h e i r poetry by w r i t e r s such as Chretien de Troyes. Other w r i t e r s , notably Marie de France, although not n e g l e c t i n g t h i s theme, seemed t o p r e f e r love i n the C e l t i c t r a d i t i o n , where i t was o f t e n l i n k e d w i t h death. I f one d i e s before i t does, love indeed i s the end. -JL, '^Ernest Van Haag, \"Love or Marriage,\" i n Harper's Magazine, May, 1962. 32 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER I 1 Paul Rousselot, H i s t o i r e d e l ' e d u c a t i o n des femmes en France, P a r i s ( D i d i e r ) , p. 18. 2 I b i d . , p. 18. 3 H i s t o i r e l i t t e r a i r e de l a France, Tome IV, p. 310. 4 Rousselot, op. c i t . , p. 18. 5 I b i d . , p. 22. CHAPTER I I FOUR GROUPS OF TEXTS ON THE EDUCATION OF WOMEN A l i c e Hentsch d i v i d e s the t e x t s which were w r i t t e n f o r and about women, and which i n f l u e n c e d t h e i r education i n the Middle Ages, i n t o three groups: A. The t e x t s of the Church Fathers which are of a s p e c i f i c a l l y r e l i g i o u s order, w i t h the dominant note an ex-h o r t a t i o n t o v i r g i n i t y and i t s g l o r i f i c a t i o n . A l l were w r i t t e n i n L a t i n , and i n some cases i n Greek. Saint Cyprian i n De c u l t u feminarum, blames Eve f o r the e v i l i n the world, and i n h i s De h a b i t u virginum, he says t h a t a woman should not t r y t o make h e r s e l f more b e a u t i f u l than she r e a l l y i s , f o r t h i s i s t r i c k e r y . Saint Ambrose's Ad virginem devotam e x h o r t a t i o advises women t o f l e e from men. Saint Jerome, author of the Vulgate had many fervent d i s c i p l e s and f r i e n d s among the l a d i e s of Roman s o c i e t y i n the 4th century. He p r a i s e s widows who do not remarry i n h i s t e x t e n t i t l e d Ad Furiam de V i d u i t a t e Servanda. Parents are advised t o choose t h e i r c h i l d r e n ' s books w i t h care i n Ad Laetam de i n s t i t u t i o n e f i l i a - P . They should be given a w e l l educated t u t o r who leads an exemplary l i f e , and they should not be t o l d t h i n g s which w i l l have t o be r e t r a c t e d l a t e r on when they are discovered t o be l i e s . i> 34 Saint Augustine, i n De sancta v i r g i n i t a t e i n s i s t s t hat the f e c u n d i t y of a married woman i s never worthy t o be compared t o the excellence of a v i r g i n . V i r g i n i t y i s honoured because i t i s consecrated t o God. This author i s more l e n i e n t when he deals w i t h the question of a widow's remarriage. In the 6th century, F u l g e n t i u s recommends continence i n marriage, and i n s i s t s on f a i t h f u l n e s s on the part of the husband as w e l l as of the w i f e . The couple are thus placed on equal f o o t i n g . Aldhelm of Wessex, known as a Greek s c h o l a r , p r a i s e s v i r g i n i t y , but he says t h a t one must not despise marriage. B. A second group of w r i t e r s gave advice of a super -f i c i a l nature. For them the woman i s always an object of l u x u r y , and her f i r s t duty i s t o please; her most i n d i s p e n -sable q u a l i t y i s beauty. They never address themselves t o women who are good, but p l a i n , and the p o p u l a r i t y of t h e i r works c o i n c i d e s w i t h the f l o u r i s h i n g age of c h i v a l r y . Rules of conduct advocated by poets such as Etienne de Fougeres have no other aim than t o make a person an agreeable com-panion, without any preoccupation f o r moral betterment. Garin l o Brun deplores the decadence i n t o which the c u l t of love has f a l l e n . A woman, he says, should know how t o make h e r s e l f an object of d e s i r e : she should be gay, cour-teous, and s e n s i b l e . And f o r poets l i k e Jacques d TAmiens women are p l a y t h i n g s , e x i s t i n g s o l e l y f o r the pleasure of men. 35 C. The t h i r d group contains teachings of a moral order, and c o n s t i t u t e the cr a d l e of modern pedagogy. With P h i l i p p e de Novaire, convention i s no longer a f i r s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n . R e l i g i o n develops, deepens, and p u r i f i e s i t s e l f . P r a c t i c a l l i v i n g regains i t s r i g h t s , and ignorance takes a backward step. Women are considered the companions of men. His La c l e f d'amour i s a v i o l e n t a t t a c k against marriage, a woman's p r i s o n . Another poet, Robert de B l o i s , b e l i e v e s t h a t women are not j u s t simply d o l l s , but l i v i n g beings. G e n e r a l l y , w r i t e r s i n t h i s group are i n t e r e s t e d i n r e a l i t y , and i n women i n a l l s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s . ' D. To these groups, the author of t h i s t h e s i s would l i k e t o add a f o u r t h , c o n s i s t i n g of two 12th century w r i t e r s whose ideas on the education of women were advanced f o r t h e i r time. The f i r s t of these was the Dominican monk, Vincent de Beauvais. At the request of Queen Marguerite, w i f e of Louis X I , he wrote a t r e a t i s e e n t i t l e d De e r u d i t i o n e f i l i o -rum nobilium. The most extensive precursor of the Humanist t r a c t s on education, i t i s a k i n d of anthology of s e l e c t e d passages from c l a s s i c a l and B i b l i c a l authors. The l a s t nine chapters, based almost e n t i r e l y on the l e t t e r s of Saint Jerome, are devoted t o the education of g i r l s . He i n s i s t s ^ D e t a i l s of authors and t h e i r t e x t s described i n t h i s s e c t i o n have been taken from De l a L i t t e r a t u r e d i d a c t i q u e du Moyen Age, s'adressant specialement aux femmes, by A l i c e A. Hentsch. 36 t h a t g i r l s of noble parents be i n s t r u c t e d i n l e t t e r s and good morals. I f i n t e r e s t e d i n reading and w r i t i n g , they w i l l escape harmful thoughts and the pleasures and v a n i t i e s of the f l e s h . N a t u r a l l y he would expect the parents and teachers t o provide s u i t a b l e s t u d i e s . He advises parents to keep a c l o s e watch on t h e i r daughters, and the c h i e f method he advises f o r keeping them chaste i s keeping them at home.\"'\" Of course the woman i n the Middle Ages was ne a r l y always at home, i n her f a t h e r ' s or i n her husband's. In expressing concern about the success and happi-ness of a g i r l ' s marriage, Vincent de Beauvais l i s t s f i v e p r i n c i p l e s i n which she should be i n s t r u c t e d before l e a v i n g her parents: 1. She must love and honour her husband's r e l a t i v e s w i t h h u m i l i t y and patience. 2. She must love her husband w i t h voluntary submission. She must care f o r the house, and be h o s p i t a b l e . She should support her husband's defects p a t i e n t l y and sweetly. S i x hundred years l a t e r , although women have become emancipated t o a gr e a t e r or l e s s e r degree, young g i r l s s t i l l need the p r o t e c t i o n of t h e i r homes. According t o A r a b e l l a Kenealy: The higher the organism, the more and f o r the longer p e r i o d i t s infancy exacts i n c r e a s i n g devotion and nur-t u r e . Among the poor c l a s s e s , the c h i l d depends upon i t s hard working parents f o r a period v a r y i n g between 12 and 16 years. In p r o f e s s i o n a l c l a s s e s , the young sons and daughters are not f u l l y q u a l i f i e d f o r indepen-dent existence before the ages of 23 or 25. 37 3. She should beware of jealousy which destroys f a m i l y u n i t y . 4. She should r e f r a i n from dying her h a i r , and using other s i m i l a r means t o please her husband. 5. She must love and teach her sons and daughters and domestics according t o the law of God and t h e r e f o r e should a l l o w nothing o f f e n s i v e t o f a i t h or morals t o 3 remain i n the home. To the husband he says: \" V i r caput est m u l i e r i s , \" but he warns him that the w i f e i s the heart of the f a m i l y . She i s n e i t h e r m i s t r e s s or servant; she i s h i s companion: nec domina debet esse, nec a n c i l l a seajsocia.^ (Yet she must love her husband w i t h v o l u n t a r y submission.) Vincent de Beauvais i s a worthy forerunner of C h r i s t i n e de Pisan i n pleading f o r the broadening of the scope of a woman's l i f e . However, i t i s t o P i e r r e Dubois t h a t reference must be made t o f i n d a r a d i c a l change i n ideas. P i e r r e would admit g i r l s t o the schools at the age of f o u r . He would provide them w i t h the same basic education as boys, namely, w i t h L a t i n and one other language, grammar, l o g i c , r e l i g i o n , and a p o l o g e t i c s , the rudiments of n a t u r a l s c i e n c e , and sur-gery and m e d i c i n e — n o t t o avoid the i n t e r v e n t i o n of male docto r s , but t o take t h e i r part i n the conquest and main-tenance of the Holy Land. Some g i r l s would marry p h y s i c i a n s and surgeons, and through t h e i r education would be of 38 g r e a t e r a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e i r husbands i n the care of the s i c k . The w e l l i n s t r u c t e d and good l o o k i n g a l s o might be married t o worthy O r i e n t a l s (Moslems) t o le a d these men t o the t r u e f a i t h . They would be i n s t r u c t e d i n order t o pos-sess a basic understanding of Greek, Hebrew and Ara b i c . Learning t h e r e f o r e became i n h i s view a p r a c t i c a l means f o r C h r i s t i a n women t o a t t r a c t and capture those who admire these q u a l i t i e s . At home, or i n her own country, the w e l l educated woman could have taken her place i n academic l i f e , as she had already done i n I t a l y . The s u b o r d i n a t i o n of the study of L a t i n t o that of l i v i n g languages, i n c l u d i n g o r i e n t a l languages, the t r a n s -formation of convents i n t o teaching establishments, the assignment of a s o c i a l r o l e t o women, wh i l e g i v i n g the im-portance of a s o c i a l f u n c t i o n t o t h e i r education, a l l these new and bold ideas expressed by P i e r r e Dubois i n h i s De 5 recuperatione Terre. Sancte were being heard by the Middle Ages i n France f o r the f i r s t time. And apart from such i s o l a t e d e f f o r t s such as the establishment by Saint Louis i n the 13th century of schools at Pontoise and elsewhere f o r the education of orphaned daughters of knights k i l l e d i n the Holy Land, these ideas would not be understood f o r a long time. Although women had been t r i e d and not found wanting i n the attainment of s c h o l a s t i c achievement as long before as during the time of Charlemagne, t h e i r l i v e s would continue t o be very much r e s t r i c t e d t o the domestic p a t t e r n approved by conservative C h r i s t i a n t r a d i t i o n . T h e i r models would be Our Lady and the p a t i e n t G r i s e l i d i s 40 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER I I 1 A s t r i k L. G a b r i e l , The E d u c a t i o n a l Ideas of Vincent of Beauyais, the U n i v e r s i t y of Notre Dame Press, 1962, p. 20. 2 A r a b e l l a Kenealy, Feminism and Sex E x t i n c t i o n , London Unwin, 1920, p. 17. 3 Quoted i n G a b r i e l , op. c i t . , p. 41. 4 I b i d . , p. 16. 5 I b i d . , p. 39. CHAPTER I I I CATO Throughout the Middle Ages an i n t e r e s t i n g l i t t l e textbook s u r v i v e d a l l c u l t u r a l changes. This was the D i c t a Catonis or \"Cato\" as i t was c a l l e d , the \"vade mecum\" of every student. According t o J.W. and A.M. Duff, i t i s l i k e l y t h a t an unknown author gave t o h i s c o l l e c t i o n of wise saws the t i t l e as an echo of the moral i n s t r u c t i o n addressed generations e a r l i e r by Cato the Censor (234-149 B.C. ) t o h i s son, and contained i n h i s Carmen de Moribus.\"^ In the 4th century t h i s book enjoyed an extensive vogue. At the t u r n of the 6th century, Columbanus, the I r i s h monk, added many l i n e s from C h r i s t i a n sources, and i t i s not un-reasonable t o suppose that the book was re-worked i n the C a r o l i n g i a n era. At any r a t e \"Cato\" was one of the books, along w i t h the L i v r e of the C h e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry which were s e l e c t e d by Caxton f o r p u b l i c a t i o n i n the e a r l y years of h i s press at Westminster. I t appeared i n 1483 as 2 a prose v e r s i o n . However, t h i s c o l l e c t i o n of maxims was known long before then i n England, s i n c e Chaucer accounts f o r the f o o l i s h marriage of the carpenter i n the \" M i l l e r ' s T a le\" by remarking t h a t \"he knew not Catoun, f o r h i s w i t 3 was rude.\" 42 As l a t e as 1784, the l i t t l e book was in c l u d e d among the Prima Morum et P i e t a s Praeeepta, p r i n t e d as a school book at Edinburgh.^ In France, from the 12th century on-wards, Cato was t r a n s l a t e d s e v e r a l times. And sin c e the Ch e v a l i e r composed h i s book f o r h i s daughters t o \"aprendre a roumancier,\" that i s , t o read i n French, one might specu-l a t e on the p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t Cato, e s p e c i a l l y the D i s t i q u e s de Caton of Jean L e f e v r e , ^ was in c l u d e d among the books i n h i s l i b r a r y c o l l e c t i o n . However, f o l l o w i n g i n the t r a d i t i o n of the B i b l e as d i d the l a t e r C h r i s t i n e de P i s a n , he pre-f e r r e d the use of examples f o r the teaching of h i s daughters, although h i s L i v r e contains a l a r g e number of maxims. '\"\"Jean Lefevre was Procureur au Parlement around 1328. 43 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER I I I 1 M a r t i n Schanz, Geschichte Der Romischen L i t t e r a t u r , D r i t t e r T e i l . ( C H . Beck sache Verlagsbuchhandlung) Munchen, 1959, p. 34. 2 I b i d . , p. 39. 3 The Cambridge MS. of Chaucer's Canterbury T a l e s , pub-l i s h e d f o r the Chaucer S o c i e t y by Kegan P a u l , Trench, Trubner and Co., 1902, p. 93, 1. 3227-4 J.W. and A.M. Duff, Minor L a t i n Poets, London, W i l l i a m Heinemann L t d . ) , 1934, p. 589. CHAPTER IV WOMEN IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES As we have noted n e a r l y a l l of the t e x t s w r i t t e n on the subject of the education of women were intended f o r the daughters of noble f a m i l i e s . Since the menial work was done by servants, the g i r l s could be faced w i t h the problem of how t o use t h e i r l e i s u r e time p r o f i t a b l y . However, i f they were brought up i n the s t r i c t C a t h o l i c t r a d i t i o n , t h e i r l i v e s could be expected t o be w e l l f i l l e d . But one gathers that such was c e r t a i n l y not always the case, or there would not have been so many exhortations t o conserve t h e i r v i r g i n i t y , and t o car r y out t h e i r r e l i g i o u s d u t i e s . A few well-educated women were t o be found at the summit of the s o c i a l s c a l e or i n the monasteries and abbeys. I f a g i r l d i d not marry, she u s u a l l y entered a convent. Vincent de Beauvais had f e l t t hat parents should not f o r c e marriage on a g i r l who wishes t o consecrate her v i r g i n i t y to God, but should r a t h e r encourage such a noble r e s o l u t i o n . G i r l s were educated i n monastic schools or i n t h e i r homes i f t h e i r parents were able t o acquire a t u t o r . The c l e r k s who helped the Ch e v a l i e r w r i t e h i s L i v r e might have a l s o been employed t o teach h i s daughters. The w i f e was expected t o be completely devoted t o her husband. However, there was not too much o p p o s i t i o n 45 against her attempts t o impose her w i l l on him, and she often asserted her i n f l u e n c e , e s p e c i a l l y i n P a r i s . Of course, she might and ofte n d i d u t i l i z e her a u t h o r i t y by means of coquettishness, s i n c e courtesy d i d not f o r b i d 2 such t a c t i c s . And so i t i s not s u r p r i s i n g t o l e a r n t h a t more and more a t t e n t i o n was l a v i s h e d on a i d s t o beauty, such as c l o t h e s , head dresses and make up. From the 13th century onwards, women p r i z e d such t h i n g s as h a i r dyes, cosmetics, tooth powders, perfumes and pastes f o r removing the h a i r , e s p e c i a l l y along the forehead, t o make i t appear hi g h e r , as a mark of beauty. H a i r was dyed f a i r or dark, but never r e d , which was considered t o i n d i c a t e an un-a t t r a c t i v e temperament. There was a f a d f o r daubing the face w i t h white, r e d , and e s p e c i a l l y yellow powder, w i t h s a f f r o n reserved f o r the t r u l y elegant. Lavender and v i o l e t scents were the f a v o u r i t e s of high s o c i e t y i n the 14th century. Women c a r r i e d w i t h them small containers of scent i n the form of b i r d s , o f t e n covered w i t h f e a t h e r s t o b e t t e r i m i t a t e nature. Sometimes these were placed i n r i c h l y ornate cages, and hung from the c e i l i n g t o perfume the apartment. By t h i s time a l s o , a s l i m waist and an ample bosom were considered b e a u t i f u l , and head dresses had become q u i t e elaborate. But young g i r l s continued t o l e t t h e i r h a i r hang as a s i g n of t h e i r v i r g i n i t y . Forgotten were the exhortations of Pseudo-Thomas, 3 who i n h i s De e r u d i t i o n e principum l i k e n e d the beauty of 46 a woman t o a t r e a s u r e , which i f c a r r i e d i n p u b l i c places and exposed openly t o danger, w i l l be enrapturing. A g i r l should p r e f e r goodness t o c o r p o r a l beauty. I f she i s not blessed by nature she i s f o o l i s h t o want t o embellish her-s e l f by a r t i f i c i a l means. The woman who makes every pos-s i b l e e f f o r t t o become a t t r a c t i v e i n s t e a d of good i s pur-suing someone e l s e ' s i n t e r e s t , not her own, f o r i f she becomes b e a u t i f u l , she a c t u a l l y g r a t i f i e s someone e l s e . But i f she becomes good, she h e r s e l f w i l l enjoy the per f e c t s t a t e of her s o u l . She should l e a r n t o read and w r i t e : Quod valde u t i l e est f i l i a s n o b i l i u m , dum sunt i n custodias l i t t e r i s imbui, et semper a l i q u o opere o c c u p a r i . ^ Poets and w r i t e r s of f a b l i a u x took tu r n s i n e x t o l l -i n g or denouncing the woman who was such a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e product of her time, and i n t u r n , o s c i l l a t e d p e r p e t u a l l y between the coarsest r e a l i t y and an i d e a l of p u r i t y . In s p i t e j o f the i n f l u e n c e of C e l t i c c u l t u r e i n the North, where women were considered more as the companions of men, and of i d e a l s of C o u r t l y Love which spread from the South, the p o s i t i o n of women i n the face of i n c r e a s i n g l y b i t t e r a t t a c k s , e s p e c i a l l y from the c l e r g y , was becoming uncom-f o r t a b l e t o say the l e a s t . In the 13th century, Guillaume de L o r r i s , author of the f i r s t part of Le Roman de l a Rose, advises gentlemen t o serve the l a d i e s . His successor, Jean de Meung, who completed the work, persuades them t o 5 escape from the yoke imposed by the women. 47 Towards the end of the 13th century, c o u r t l y i n f l u -ences, w i t h t h e i r v a r n i s h and a r t i f i c e , began t o gi v e way i n the face of competition from the more p r a c t i c a l ideas of wealthy and c u l t u r e d bourgeois s o c i e t y i n the growing c i t i e s . A generation a f t e r the appearance of the L i v r e the e l d e r l y husband of a young w i f e wrote h i s Menagier de P a r i s t o i n s t r u c t her so th a t i n case of h i s death, she would be a b e t t e r w i f e f o r her second husband. The nobleman or k n i g h t , however, was s t i l l a country gentleman who t r i e d t o manage h i s esta t e s s u c c e s s f u l l y . I f he went o f f t o the wars h i s w i f e was expected t o ca r r y on. And i f he died she managed her l i f e and that of her c h i l d r e n t o the best of her a b i l i t y , and p r e f e r a b l y i n a contin u i n g s t a t e of widowhood. I t was f o r young g i r l s of t h i s s o c i a l l e v e l , h i s own daughters, r a i s e d i n the f a m i l y chateau on the f a m i l y estate t h a t the C h e v a l i e r wrote h i s L i v r e . 48 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER IV 1 A s t r i k L. G a b r i e l , The Ed u c a t i o n a l Ideas of Vincent of Beauvais, U n i v e r s i t y of Notre Dame Press, 19'6%. 2 A l f r e d F r a n k l i n , La C i v i l i t e , 1 ' E t i q u e t t e , La Mode, Le Bon Ton, Du X l i e au XIX H s i e c l e , P a r i s , Emile P a u l , 1908, Tome I , p. 1. 3 Quoted i n i b i d . , p. 38. 4 Loc. c i t . 5 Gerard Pare, Les idees et l e s l e t t r e s au X I I I e s i e c l e , Le Roman de l a Rose, e d i t i o n Le Centre de Psychologie et de Pedagogie, Montreal, 1947, p. 29. PART I I I AN ANALYSIS OF HIS EXAMPLES CHAPTER I THE VIRTUE OF PIETY In the s t o r i e s the C h e v a l i e r r e l a t e s f o r the i n s t r u c -t i o n of h i s daughters, he r e v e a l s the general v i r t u e s con-s i d e r e d t o be d e s i r a b l e i n the i d e a l woman. These are: p i e t y , h u m i l i t y , courtesy, p i t y , c h a r i t y , obedience, l o y a l t y , p a t i e n c e , c h a s t i t y and moderation. P i e t y c o n s i s t s of devotion t o r e l i g i o u s d u t i e s and p r a c t i c e s . When she a r i s e s i n the morning, the f i r s t t h i n g a good woman should do i s giv e p r a i s e t o God by saying a prayer such as: Laudate Dominum, omnes gentes, benedicamus patrem et f i l i u m . I t i s b e t t e r t o thank God f o r h i s g i f t s than t o ask Him f o r favours (chapter 2). A short s i n c e r e prayer i s b e t t e r than a long one i n t e r s p e r s e d w i t h thoughts on other matters, car vous ne po u r r i e z a l e r deux chemins a un coup, ou vous yrez l ' u n , ou vous yrez 1'autre (chapter 5). One should always pray f o r the dead, who r e t u r n such prayers. I t i s important t o attend Mass r e g u l a r l y and as often as p o s s i b l e . Behaviour i n Church or on a pilgrimage should always be exemplary; the journey f o r the l a t t e r should be undertaken f o r no other reason than f o r r e l i g i o u s devotion. Impiety i s punished, as i n the f o l l o w i n g examples: Ch.3 Of two s i s t e r s who f a l l i n love w i t h two bro t h e r s , the e l d e r who has mocked the p i e t y of the younger, i s drowned w i t h her l o v e r who has made her pregnant. Ch.6 A young lady l o s e s the love of her husband when through an accident which i s allowed t o happen because of her impie t y , she l o s e s her beauty. Ch.9 Another lady who was renowned f o r her apparently pious l i f e , was damned f o r e v e r because she had not confessed her mortal s i n t o the p r i e s t : et c r a i g n o i e plus l e bobant du monde que l a vengeance e s p i r i t u e l l e , et pour c u i d i e r e f f a c i e r mon pechie j e jeunoie et donnoye l e mien pour Dieu, j e ouoye l e s messes. ... Ch.28 Men and women who kept on t a l k i n g and laughing during the sermon given by a p a t i e n t and holy hermit were made t o cry out and bray l i k e demons when he c a l l e d on God t o make them keep q u i e t . A f t e r much s u f f e r i n g , the more l a v i s h l y dressed among the women, having learned t h e i r l e s s o n , disposed of t h e i r o s t e n t a t i o u s f i n e r y . Ch.26 A v a i n woman who refused t o wear her best garments t o a Church s e r v i c e on a f e a s t day because she thought no one of consequence would be there t o see them was t r a n s f i x e d t o the spot where she stood i n her defiance. A hot wind s t r u c k her so tha t she could not move, and she began t o s w e l l . Ch.3P^ A knight and h i s w i f e who sleep i n l a t e on Sunday 52 mornings, thereby causing inconvenience t o the other p a r i s h i o n e r s , are punished by having t o do penance before them on three consecutive Sundays. Here the idea of p i e t y i s not f o r one's own sake, but as an example t o others , the s o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the high born. Ch.34 Another example t e l l s of a w o r l d l y young w i f e who goes on a pilgrimage t o be w i t h her l o v e r . During the s e r -v i c e she becomes gra v e l y i l l , and i n a v i s i o n , her r e c e n t l y deceased parents rebuke her. Ch.35 Nor i s a church a place f o r s i n f u l behaviour. At Notre Dame de Bea u l i e u , a man and a woman commit f o r n i c a t i o n on the a l t a r . By a m i r a c l e which works t o r e v e a l t h e i r s i n , they are locked together l i k e dogs, and become the object of c u r i o s i t y f o r the v i l l a g e r s who form a pro-cession around them. Ch.36 A monk, caught i n the same s i t u a t i o n by h i s uncle and f r i e n d s , i s so overcome w i t h shame th a t he leaves the abbey. A l l s u f f e r the punishment of shame. Ch. 3 On the other hand, p i e t y i s always rewarded. The young s i s t e r of the g i r l who was punished f o r mocking her p i e t y , i s given i n marriage t o a great k i n g of Greece, a f i t t i n g reward f o r the daughter of an emperor who d i d not f o r g e t the dead i n her prayers. Ch.6 The pious h a l f s i s t e r of the woman who l o s t her hus-band's love because of her impiety i s rewarded i n a 53 happy marriage t o a r i c h and powerful husband. Ch.32 God comes t o the help of f a i t h f u l women who attend Ch.33 mass r e g u l a r l y . When t h e i r p r i e s t s become i l l , He sends an angel i n d i s g u i s e t o replace them, thus rewarding the women who take more d e l i g h t i n p l e a s i n g God than i n p l e a s i n g the worlk and the f l e s h . I t i s evident from these examples t h a t the l i f e of a pious woman w i l l be b e t t e r r e g u l a t e d . She w i l l have l e s s time f o r f r i v o l o u s a c t i v i t i e s , and the t r a i n i n g , i f acquired i n youth, w i l l be a l l the more valuable i n l a t e r l i f e . Furthermore, she w i l l set a good example f o r others t o f o l -low. But, as the Ch e v a l i e r e x p l a i n s , p i e t y should be s i n -c e re, and not an attempt t o compensate f o r e v i l done. CHAPTER I I COURTESY AND HUMILITY There are s e v e r a l examples i l l u s t r a t i n g h u m i l i t y and courtesy. The former, which i s the outstanding C h r i s t i a n v i r t u e r e s u l t s from a f e e l i n g and acknowledgement of one's own weakness and i n s u f f i c i e n c y . Courtesy expresses i t s e l f i n p o l i t e n e s s , kindness and c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n manner or ad-dress. The author t e l l s h i s g i r l s that t h i s v i r t u e i s the f i r s t road which leads t o f r i e n d s h i p . He says he knows a great nobleman who wins everyone by h i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r o t h e r s , so that they always serve him w i t h pleasure (chap-t e r 10). Kindness shown t o humble f o l k w i l l b r i n g g r e a t e r p r a i s e and renown than w i l l courtesy t o great people who take i t as t h e i r due. Lesser f o l k are honoured when they are addressed p o l i t e l y . I t i s discourteous t o always t u r n one's head from si d e t o s i d e . The daughters are advised t o t u r n body and head t o g e t h e r , and avoid l o o k i n g f l i g h t y . Many g i r l s l o s e t h e i r chance of marriage because of t h i s f a u l t , as i n the f o l l o w i n g examples: Ch.13 Two Danish princesses were ignored i n favour of t h e i r courteous young s i s t e r when the King of England was l o o k i n g f o r a w i f e . The e l d e s t appeared light-headed, and the second i n t e r r u p t e d people a l l the time. 55 Ch.14 The e l d e r of two Aragonese s i s t e r s l o s t her chance t o become queen of Spain because she was discourteous. Wives who are discourteous t o t h e i r husbands, expeci-a l l y i n the presence of others can expect t r o u b l e . A querulous w i f e drove her husband t o a f i t of anger, during which he broke her nose. Since the nose was considered t o be the most b e a u t i f u l part of the face (chapter 17), the punishment was indeed severe. Ch.22 The daughters are warned against v e r b a l exchanges w i t h persons who are easy t a l k e r s . A woman who reproached the M a r s h a l l of Clermont f o r h i s worst f a u l t i n the presence of l o r d s and l a d i e s was h u m i l i a t e d by him be-f o r e the others. I t i s best t o keep one's peace. Ch.23 Three women, who t r i e d t o shame the dashing Bouciquant because they had reason t o b e l i e v e that he was f i c k l e and a cheater, were rendered powerless by the d e x t e r i t y of h i s v e r b a l defense. On the other hand, the courteous g i r l or woman w i l l be rewarded. Ch.12 When the King of England chooses the youngest of three Danish s i s t e r s as h i s w i f e because of her good manners, he observes: ^A maxim expressing t h i s advice i s found i n Cato: Contra verbosos n o l i contendere v e r b i s ; sermo datur c u n c t i s , animi s a p i e n t i a p a u c i s . l . . . n u l l e beaute ne noblesce ne s ' a p a r e i l l e , ne passe bonnes moeurs, et n'est ou monde grant a a i s e comme de a v o i r femme seure et ferme d'estat et de bonne maniere, ne n'est plus b e l l e noblesce.2 Ch.13 The author himself refused t o marry a b e a u t i f u l noble woman because \" E l l e a v o i t assez de langaige ... et s i a v o i t l ' u e i l bien v i f et l e g i e r ... car e l l e me p r i a 11 f o i z ou 111. ...\" Her manner was too f r e e and open w i t h him too soon. Ch.97 The wise Hester g e n t l y c o r r e c t e d her husband i n the pr i v a c y of t h e i r home, f o r which he loved her de a r l y . Courtesy softens anger, and leads to domestic equa-n i m i t y , f o r the courteous person always avoids doing or saying anything t o d i s p l e a s e one she loves and honours. (Cato advises one not t o q u a r r e l w i t h one \"clos e l i n k e d t o thee./Anger breeds hate, love feeds on harmony.\"' Humble women never question the ways of the Almighty. Ch.69 Of two wives, one was c h i l d l e s s . The other who had s e v e r a l b e a u t i f u l c h i l d r e n shamed her w i t h d i s d a i n . God punished the proud woman by having her l o s e a l l her c h i l d r e n , and rewarded the humble one by g i v i n g her s e v e r a l who l i v e d . Ch.105 The humble Rebecca, c h i l d l e s s f o r many years, was r e -warded w i t h handsome t w i n sons. In B i b l i c a l times, twins were considered a b l e s s i n g and a reward. But rLitem i n f e r r e cave, cum quo t i b i g r a t i a i u n c t a i r a odium generat, concordia n u t r i t amorem.3 i n the Middle Ages, on the c o n t r a r y , they were the cause of much shame and s u f f e r i n g f o r the mother who was blamed f o r having had r e l a t i o n s w i t h two men, as i n the case of the s t o r y t o l d by Jean Renart i n Galeran de Bretagne^\" i n the 13th century. The i n c l u -s i o n of the s t o r y of Rebecca i n the L i v r e , and t o l d i n such a sympathetic way, must have reassured the women of the C h e v a l i e r ' s time. Ch.100 Because of the s i n c e r e h u m i l i t y w i t h which she cleansed her s o u l r of s i n by bathing the f e e t of C h r i s t w i t h her t e a r s and drying them w i t h her h a i r , Mary Magdalen was pardoned. People who d i s c a r d t h e i r h u m i l i t y i n favour of pri d e are punished. Ch.83 A worthy man and h i s w i f e , a l s o c h i l d l e s s f o r many years promised t h e i r f i r s t born t o the s e r v i c e of the Church. They were given two sons. When they saw how much more handsome was the f i r s t one, they decided t o make him t h e i r h e i r , and giv e the second one t o the Church. God punished t h e i r p r i d e by ending t h e i r l i n e a g e . Ch.105 The niece who made her much t r a v e l l e d uncle wait i n order t o b e a u t i f y h e r s e l f when he came t o see her, l o s t her chance of r e c e i v i n g the g i f t of a b e a u t i f u l dress, which he had brought back f o r her. The author of the L i v r e p r a i s e s the two v i r t u e s of courtesy and h u m i l i t y . Indeed, he considers them t o be so 53 c l o s e l y l i n k e d t h a t he t r e a t s them as one: Apres, mes b e l l e s f i l l e s , gardez que vous s o i e z cour-t o i s e s et humbles, car i l n'est n u l l e plus b e l l e v e r t u , ne qui t a n t a t t r a i t e a a v o i r l a grace de Dieu et l'hon-neur de toutes gens, que e s t r e humbleset c o u r t o i s e s . ... (chapter 10) 59 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER I I 1 J.W. and A.M. Duff, Minor L a t i n Poets, \"Cato,\" p. 10, 11. 598-99. 2 Montaiglon, p. 26. 3 Duff, op. c i t . , p. 36, 11. 602-603. 4 Jean Renart, Galeran de Bretagne, roman du X I I I e s i e c l e e d i t e par Lucien F o u l e t , P a r i s (Champion), 1925. CHAPTER I I I CHARITY AND COMPASSION The f i r s t q u a l i t y of the v i r t u e of c h a r i t y i s the love of man f o r h i s f e l l o w men. I t i s expressed by an act of g o o d w i l l or a f f e c t i o n or compassion. I t i s a l s o the q u a l i t y of being k i n d or l e n i e n t i n judging others. Moved by compassion a c h a r i t a b l e person f e e l s sorrow f o r the suf-f e r i n g s or t r o u b l e of another person or persons, and i s s e i z e d w i t h the urge t o help. Again these v i r t u e s have t h e i r rewards, while punishment l i e s i n s t o r e f o r those persons who are p i t i l e s s and u n c h a r i t a b l e . Wise men say th a t woman i s by nature more g e n t l e and compassionate than man. I f a woman's heart i s hard, she i s mannish. A t r u e woman need not be ashamed t o cry from a humble heart which i s f i l l e d w i t h p i t y f o r the unfortunate (chapter 103). The author of the L i v r e o f f e r s the f o l l o w i n g examples i n which the u n c h a r i t a b l e are punished. Ch.20 Women who pamper t h e i r f a t l i t t l e dogs w i t h good care and food w h i l e God's poor go hungry can expect small black dogs t o make t h e i r mouths c o a l black from t h e i r l i c k i n g when they are on t h e i r death bed. Ch . l 6 Jezebel hated hermits and the poor, and the people of the Church so much tha t she f o r c e d them t o f l e e from the realm. When she d i e d , she was denied a sepulcher, and was devoured by dogs. Ch. 67 Breneheust, a queen of France, at that time known as Gaul, was so c r u e l and p i t i l e s s t h a t she was quartered on the advice of one of her grandsons who escaped her rampage of slaughter. Compassionate and c h a r i t a b l e women, on the other hand, have t h e i r rewards: Ch.8l The two v i r t u e s were combined i n Pharaoh's daughter who found the h e l p l e s s babe Moses and r a i s e d him as her own son. She was rewarded by seeing him grow i n wisdom and power. Ch. 88 When her c i t y was att a c k e d , Raab and her f a m i l y were saved because she had given s h e l t e r t o God's messen-ge r s , and had t r i e d t o protect them. In the same chapter the author t e l l s of Saint Anastasia who was d e l i v e r e d from imprisonment because God knew that she had helped w i t h her own goods the unfortunate i n s i m i -l a r circumstances. He reminds h i s daughters t h a t ac-cording t o the Gospel, Jesus C h r i s t on the l a s t day of judgement w i l l have mercy on those who v i s i t e d the s i c k and the p r i s o n e r s . Saintffec!©gonde, a queen of France, f e l t t hat she was s t i l l not doing enough f o r the unfortunate. So she l e f t her husband and a l l the honour and g l o r y of the kingdom and w o r l d l y pleasures to enter a convent at P o i t i e r s . In her honour, God 62 worked a miracle by making a dry o l d t r e e which shaded the courtyard t o renew i t s e l f , so t h a t i t bore leaves again, much against the course of nature. Ch.102 Because of her holy l i f e , her c h a r i t y and compassion Jesus C h r i s t Himself stayed i n the home of Martha, the s i s t e r of Mary Magdalen. The author of the L i v r e could h a r d l y have chosen a b e t t e r example than t h i s one t o impress h i s daughters w i t h the q u a l i t y of these v i r t u e s . Ch.106 The v i r t u e of compassion i s not confined t o women alone. A young knight once came t o the rescue of a g i r l un-j u s t l y accused of a h e a r t l e s s crime. He challenged her f a l s e accuser t o a duel and overcame h i m — b u t not w i t h -out r e c e i v i n g f i v e mortal wounds, as d i d C h r i s t before he died t o save mankind. The author t e l l s about s e v e r a l g e n t l e and compassion-ate women, such as those who fo l l o w e d C h r i s t and wept t o see him c a r r y h i s heavy cross. Then there were the three Marys who rose e a r l y on Easter morning t o anoint His body w i t h precious ointments. During Nero's c r u e l years, the k i n d l y women of Rome, prepared the bodies of the martyrs f o r b u r i a l . The C h e v a l i e r deplores the f a c t t h a t i n h i s own day so many women set t h e i r hearts on w o r l d l y t h i n g s , and on the a t t e n -t i o n they r e c e i v e from others. CHAPTER IV LOYALTY AND OBEDIENCE I f she i s a l o y a l person, a w i f e w i l l be t r u e and f a i t h f u l t o duty, love and o b l i g a t i o n s . In Mediaeval times, she was expected t o be completely devoted t o her husband, and t o comply w i t h her commands, i r r e s p e c t i v e of t h e i r nature. And always, a wi f e should be worthy of her husband's t r u s t , as he should be of hers. Ch.58 The f i r s t example of l o y a l t y i n the L i v r e i s i n the s t o r y of Joseph who was s o l d t o Pharaoh by h i s brothers. The queen f e l l madly i n love w i t h him, r but he refused to comply w i t h her wishes because of h i s devotion t o her husband. In a f i t of anger, she f a l s e l y accused him of t r y i n g t o seduce her, and he was thrown i n t o p r i s o n . Remembering h i s goodness, God had him delivered, I t i s t o be noted t h a t the author i d e n t i f i e s Potiphar's w i f e w i t h Pharaoh's queen. The Vulgate, Genesis, chapter 39, verse 1, reads: I g i t u r Joseph ductus est i n Aegyptum, emit-que eum Potiphar eunuchus Pharaonis, princeps e x e r c i t u s , v i r Aegyptius, de manu Ismaelitarum, a quibus perductus e r a t . Later t r a n s l a t i o n s of the B i b l e f o l l o w d i f f e r e n t ver-sions of the s t o r y , based on J or E accounts which were con-temporaneous. Both groups drew from m a t e r i a l f a r o l d e r than t h e i r own day, sometimes older than I s r a e l i t s e l f . 1 Volume I I I , p. 819, of A D i c t i o n a r y of the B i b l e s t a t e s : The long and elaborate s t o r y of Joseph presents some very i n t e r e s t i n g data f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , but they are not favourable t o the view that i t i s h i s t o r i c a l l y t r u e . and the queen was punished w i t h a sudden and e v i l death. Ch.83 A f t e r a barren p e r i o d that l a s t e d more than one hun-dred years, Sara was rewarded f o r her l o y a l t y t o her 2 husband Abraham, by g i v i n g b i r t h t o Isaac. Rebecca, f o r her l o y a l t y t o her husband, r e c e i v e d a s i m i l a r reward i n her sons Esau the hunter and Jacob, the provident one, favoured by h i s mother. In t h i s con-t e x t the author compares Rebecca t o the l i o n e s s and the she-wolf who p r e f e r the cub best able t o fend f o r i t s e l f . Ch.92 The w i f e of a Roman senator i s p r a i s e d f o r her l o y a l t y t o her husband who was jealous without cause and c r u e l to her. Committed t o f i g h t i n g a d u e l , he obtained a proxy because he was too much of a coward. When the man became i l l , and no replacement could be found, h i s w i f e , r e a l i z i n g the great dishonour that would b e f a l l her husband, went t o her room and had h e r s e l f armed and d i s g u i s e d . God saw th a t she was rendering good f o r e v i l , and gave her the courage and s t r e n g t h needed f o r v i c t o r y . When her i d e n t i t y was revealed everyone was impressed, and she r e c e i v e d even greater honour from the c i t y . Ch.98 A noble example of l o y a l t y i s contained i n the s t o r y of the b e a u t i f u l Suzanne. Two p r i e s t s who were tempted one day when they saw her combing her h a i r i n the or-65 chard, threatened t o witness i n court that they had seen her wit h another man i f she d i d not comply w i t h t h e i r wishes. Death would have been her f a t e , s i n c e two witnesses were b e l i e v e d at that time. Rather than be untrue t o her vows, she chose death. To the great amazement of everyone, she was rescued by the f o u r year o l d prophet D a n i e l who d i r e c t e d the c l e v e r ques-t i o n i n g which uncovered the p e r f i d y of the two p r i e s t s , 5 on whom the death sentence was passed. Ch.94 Here we have an example of l o y a l t y i n f r i e n d s h i p . F l a t t e r i n g f r i e n d s gathered around the death bed of a Roman emperor, and concerned only w i t h the s t a t e of h i s p h y s i c a l h e a l t h , kept t e l l i n g him he would recover. But a f a i t h f u l o l d chamberlain who had served him since h i s childhood, advised him t o giv e t o the poor the wealth of w o r l d l y goods God had seen f i t t o bestow on him during h i s long l i f e . The emperor accepted the wise advice, saying: Plus v a u l t amy qui point que f l a t -t e u r qui o i n t . ^ More valuable i s the l o y a l f r i e n d who values the s a l v a t i o n of the s o u l , f o r he who loves the body must a l s o love the s o u l , and he must never conceal from h i s f r i e n d anything t h a t w i l l b r i n g him p r o f i t or honour. D i s l o y a l t y i s the theme of three e n t e r t a i n i n g chapters. Ch.62 This i s a contemporary example i n which a f o o l i s h rope maker's w i f e (her husband should have t i e d her.') f i n a l l y 66 drove her honest husband t o i n f l i c t i n g the e f f e c t i v e , i f severe punishment of breaking her l e g s when she p e r s i s t e d i n v i s i t i n g a r i c h and l u s t f u l p r i o r . Her downfall began w i t h her greed, f o r she accepted l i t t l e jewels from the man, and as the author remarks: femme qui prent se vent.^ Ch.128 A d i s l o y a l w i f e who i s unworthy of her husband's con-fi d e n c e can cause a great deal of m i s c h i e f . On h i s deathbed, Cato the Censor advised h i s son t o t e s t h i s wife's l o y a l t y and d i s c r e t i o n . In time the young hus-band confided t o her that he had k i l l e d the emperor's son, removed h i s heart and sent i t t o h i s parents who ate i t i n i t s s p i c y sauce. The w i f e soon betrayed the secret t o a f r i e n d who went d i r e c t l y t o the emperor's wi f e w i t h i t , hoping to g a i n favour. As a r e s u l t of t h i s i n d i s c r e e t g o s s i p , Cathonet was almost hanged. One should always weigh the p o s s i b l e consequences of one's words and a c t i o n s , says the author. Ch.74 Yet, i n s p i t e of the advice of the sages, wives w i l l go on r e v e a l i n g t h e i r husbands! s e c r e t s . In t h i s ex-ample, the husband who confides t o having l a i d two eggs i s f i n a l l y reported t o have l a i d one hundred. Ch.39 I f a wife i s d i s l o y a l , i t w i l l be d i f f i c u l t f o r her t o be obedient. Because of her disobedience, Eve has been blamed f o r a l l the woes of mankind. The C h e v a l i e r de Latour Landry devotes nine chapters t o . a ^ a l y s t i ^ h i s - 46 67 complicated and portentous s i n . I f the Middle Ages have been accused of i n a b i l i t y t o analyse, the author's e f f o r t s here c e r t a i n l y prove the contrary. In the end, the daughters—and f u t u r e r e a d e r s — a r e l e f t t o specu-l a t e on what the h i s t o r y of mankind might have been i f Eve had been obedient. Ch.64 The author advises h i s g i r l s t o obey t h e i r husbands e s p e c i a l l y before company, i f they wish t o be honored. Queen V a s t i s , who disobeyed her husband, was banished by him f o r seven years, and placed on a se v e r e l y r e -s t r i c t e d d i e t . Ch.72 A w i f e who would not obey her husband's command t o come to the dinner t a b l e was made t o s i t w i t h an ugly v i l e lackey at another t a b l e spread w i t h a d i r t y c l o t h . A good deal of humour i s contained i n a s t o r y about a wife who does obey her husband. Ch.19 Three c l o t h merchants made a wager as t o which of t h e i r wives w i l l prove most obedient. The f i r s t two wives refuse t o obey, and are st r u c k by t h e i r husbands. The t h i r d one however, has the meal ready when the men a r r i v e , and l a t e r even jumps on the t a b l e at her hus-band's command: Femme, s a u l sur table.' The s i t u a t i o n and the lady's honour are saved by the husband's expla-n a t i o n of a c l e v e r play on words. He had s a i d : S e i sur t a b l e . The daughters l e a r n that common people c h a s t i s e t h e i r women w i t h blows. But a gentlewoman should be rebuked courteously. The more gen t l e she i s , the more j o y f u l l y she w i l l c a rry out her husband's wishes. A f t e r reading t h i s s t o r y the g i r l s would be deterred from marrying a man of the c l a s s of \"gens v o i t t u r i e r s , \" although they would l i k e l y admire the s p i r i t of the f i r s t two wives who wished t o know why they were being asked t o jump i n t o a basin.' The author concludes h i s chapter i n p r a i s e of the obedient w i f e by saying: . . . et a i n s i d o i t toute bonne femme f e r e , c r a i n d r e et o b e i r a son seigneur, et f a i r e son commandement, s o i t t o r t , s o i t d r o i t , se l e commandement n'est t r o p oultrageux, et se i l y a v i c e , e l l e en est desblamee, et demoure l e blasme, se blasme y a, a son seigneur. 69 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER IV 1 A D i c t i o n a r y of the B i b l e , V o l . IV, p. 23. 2 Genesis 21 (2, 3). 3 I b i d . , 25 (25:26). 4 I b i d . , 25:28. 5 The Apocrypha. Revised Standard V e r s i o n , \"Susanna,\" pp. 184-186. 6 V g l . Godefroy V, 583 (quoted i n Zum l i v r e du C h e v a l i e r . . . . by Peter Stolingwa, p. 159). 7 Proverbes f r a n c a i s a n t e r i e u r s au 1 5 e s i e c l e . e d i t e s par Joseph Morawski, P a r i s , L i b r a i r i e Ancienne Edouard Champion, 1925, p. 27, no. 738. CHAPTER V PATIENCE Although the G r i s e l i d i s was a popular model of calm endurance f o r women i n the l a t e Middle Ages,^ and the p a t i e n t and f o r e b e a r i n g w i f e i s ofte n met i n the L i v r e , a c t u a l l y only one chapter emphasizes t h i s v i r t u e , w i t h s t o r i e s taken from Tobit I I I of the Apocrypha.'*\" Ch.80 The f i r s t s t o r y t e l l s how God rewarded the p a t i e n t Tobias the e l d e r w i t h the r e t u r n of h i s s i g h t , w h i l e h i s nagging w i f e Anna was punished w i t h i l l n e s s f o r questioning God's ways. With uncomplaining patience, Sarah, daughter of the wealthy Raguel, bore the t r i a l of l o s i n g seven husbands one a f t e r the other. The author e x p l a i n s t h a t a l l were k i l l e d by the demon Asmodeus \"pour ce q u ' i l s v o u l i u e n t user d'un t r o p v i l l a i n f a i t que j a ne f a i t a nommer.\" G r i s e l i d i s was the heroine of a legend t o l d f o r the f i r s t time by Boccacio (Decameron, X, 10). The s t o r y was made i n t o a drama by an unknown French author at the c l o s e of the 14th century.1 \"\"\"\"included i n the L a t i n Vulgate, though not i n the Hebrew Canon of Holy S c r i p t u r e , the Apocrypha had a place i n a l l 16th century E n g l i s h t r a n s l a t i o n s of the B i b l e , and i n the King James Version (1611). \"And the other books (as Jerome s a i t h ) the Church doth read f o r example of l i f e , and i n s t r u c t i o n of manners, but yet doth i t not apply them t o e s t a b l i s h any doctrine.\"2 71 Further on, r e f e r r i n g again t o Sarah i n Chapter 96, he adds \"pour ce q u ' i l s ne v o u l i u e n t pas user de l o y a l mariage.\" In Chapter 54, r e f e r r i n g t o the seven c i t i e s burned by the wrath of God, the author c i t e s \" l e v i l pechie de l u x u r e \" as the s i n \"que j a ne f a i t a nommer.\" For her long s u f f e r i n g patience Sarah was rewarded w i t h the g e n t l e Tobias the younger as her eighth hus-band. They had b e a u t i f u l c h i l d r e n and prospered honorably. The author's daughters might not have read the G r i s e - l i d i s legend, but on the other hand, Cato's maxim could have been f a m i l i a r t o them.\"* Resignation t o God's w i l l as the crowning jewel of patience i s emphasized i n these examples. The author con-cludes by saying: ... nul ne d o i t despire l e mehaing ne l e mal d'autruy, car n u l ne scet q ui a l ' u e i l l u i peut, ne n u l ne d o i t e s m e r v e i l l i e r ne esmaier des fortunes ne des t r i b u -l a c i o n s a soy ne a ses v o y s i n s , et d o i t l'en du tout mercier Dieu. ... Quern superare potes interdum vinco ferendo; Maxima enim est hominum semper p a t i e n t i a v i r t u s . 3 72 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER V 1 La~rousse du X X i e m e s i e c l e , p. 886. 2 The Apocrypha, Revised Standard V e r s i o n , New York (Thomas Nelson and Sons), 1$57, Preface. 3 J.W. and A.M. Duff, Minor L a t i n Poets, \"Cato,\" p. 36. CHAPTER VI CHASTITY This v i r t u e has always been praiseworthy, from B i b l i -c a l times and from e a r l i e s t C h r i s t i a n days when members of the s e c ret s o c i e t y pledged themselves not t o commit adulteryT A chaste person abstains from i n d u l g i n g i n forbidden pl e a s -ures of the f l e s h , and p r a c t i s e s continence i n marriage. The C h e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry i s very much aware of the p i t f a l l s of temptation, and he o f f e r s s e v e r a l examples to show how the unchaste are punished. Ch .55 The daughters of Loth gave b i r t h t o an accursed l i n e a g e when they conceived from t h e i r f a t h e r whom they had rendered i n e b r i a t e w i t h wine. Ch . 5 6 Jacob's daughter caused so much carnage by her f a l l from the grace of c h a s t i t y that her uncle remarked t o her f a t h e r : I I vous v a u l s i s t t r o p mieulx que e l l e n'eust oncques este nee. She was cut up i n t o s m a l l pieces. Ch . 5 9 The daughters of Moab, who h i m s e l f had been conceived against the law, went i n t o Hebrew country t o seduce \"\\ . . quod essent s o l i t i s t a t o die ante lucem conue-n i r e , carmenque C h r i s t o quasi deo d i c e r e secum inuicem seque Sacramento non i n s c e l u s a l i q u o d o b s t r i n g e r e , sed ne f u r t a ne l a t r o c i n i a ne a d u l t e r i a committerent. . . . 1 74 the men so tha t the wrath of God would f a l l upon them. Many t r i b u l a t i o n s r e s u l t e d from t h i s piece of s k u l -duggery. The author remarks: et v o u l e n t i e r s de mauvais f r u i t . 2 Ch.6l Thamar, daughter of King David was made pregnant by her brother Amon who was then k i l l e d by t h e i r brother Absalom. Gay young f l e s h i s e a s i l y tempted, say the Ch e v a l i e r . He warns h i s daughters never t o be alone w i t h any man, not even w i t h a close r e l a t i v e . But a f t e r t e l l i n g h i s harrowing t a l e s he i n d i c a t e s h i s acknowledge-ment of the i n f l u e n c e of C h r i s t i a n teaching by a l l o w i n g that a g i r l may be alone w i t h her f a t h e r or her brother. The chaste w i f e i s rewarded, as i n the next example. Ch.125 A holy hermit questions h i s own worthiness before God. He i s t o l d i n a v i s i o n t o v i s i t the Provost of A c q u i l l e e and h i s w i f e . In the absence of her husband the good lady s e v e r e l y t e s t s the moral f i b r e of her guest who had never learned t o be moderate, because he had never faced such temptations. He returned t o h i s hermitage, f u l l of p r a i s e f o r the chaste w i f e . Although the author h i m s e l f married t w i c e , and h i s second w i f e was a widow w i t h c h i l d r e n , he does not ad-v i s e a woman t o remarry. Rather, she should l i v e i n clean widowhood, and r e a r her c h i l d r e n t o the best of her a b i l i t y . Philosophers and S a i n t s have expressed the same c o n v i c t i o n : 75 Tous l e s auteurs anciens se prononcent contre un deuxieme marriage: Saint Jerome ( P a t r o l , l a t . , XXII, c o l . 289-290, et c o l . 29D; Saint ^ Amboise, Saint Paul; exemples de Socrate, de Ciceron. Le Roman de l a Rose (1, 136-137) et Eustache Deschamps, dans toutes ses b a l l a d e s et dans son M i r o i r , sont fortement convaincus de l a sagesse de s'en t e n i r a une premiere epreuve.3 Several widows are c i t e d by the C h e v a l i e r as ex-amples f o r h i s daughters to consider. Ch.114 The f i r s t , a b e a u t i f u l w i f e who l o s t her husband at the b a t t l e of Crecy, continued t o l i v e a blameless l i f e , and was p r a i s e d more than ever before. Another a t t r a c t i v e young w i f e cared f o r her d i f f i -c u l t and s e n i l e o l d husband throughout h i s long i l l n e s s and continued t o behave impeccably i n her widowhood. Queen Jeanne of France i s e q u a l l y p r a i s e d . The author advises widows against remarrying f o r pleasure or l i g h t l o v e . I f they must marry, they should seek the advice of t h e i r parents and wise f r i e n d s . Further on i n h i s t e x t , the author handles the ever f a s c i n a t i n g and c o n t r o v e r s i a l subject of l o v e w i t h analy-t i c a l d e x e r i t y where he records a debate between h i s w i f e and h i m s e l f . Their arguments may be summarized as f o l l o w s : The C h e v a l i e r : A f t e r a l l o w i n g t h a t a woman or a young lady may love because of honour i n c e r t a i n cases, as i n the hope of marriage, he f e e l s that she could love simply f o r the sake of l o v i n g . Her l o v e r , whether a knight or s q u i r e , would become a more worthy person, gayer, 76 b e t t e r dressed, and ambitious f o r honour i n order t o please the woman he l o v e s . Here the author expresses ideas which had been enunciated much e a r l i e r by poets such as Drouart l a Vache, who based h i s work on th a t of Capellanus. He b e l i e v e s t h a t h i s daughters should not be r e -s t r a i n e d t o the point where they would be unable t o love one man more than another. And again he argues i n favour of a l l o w i n g them t o love f o r the sake of l o v i n g , at l e a s t once they are married. And i f they marry a man of lowly p o s i t i o n , i t w i l l be t o t h e i r c r e d i t t o increase h i s esteem, so that he may be ac-cepted among the worthy. As f o r a l l o w i n g them t o k i s s and embrace, he exclaims: Avoy, dame, e t , se i l l a r e q u i e r t d'acoler et de b a i s i e r , ce n'est mie grant chose; car autant en porte l e vent.* The Lady of La Tour Landry maintains t h a t a l l such t a l k about l o v i n g f o r the sake of l o v i n g i s simply the com-mon pastime of gentlemen and t h e i r f r i e n d s . In t r u t h , a man wishes to impress the world around him only t o r e c e i v e honours f o r h i m s e l f . She advises her daughters t o keep t h e i r honour clean and blameless before the world. They should avoid f a l l i n g i n love t o the point of being mastered by the emotion, which o f t e n leads i t s v i c t i m s a s t r a y . There \"\"This proverb appears i n V i l l o n ' s poem e n t i t l e d \"Ballade en V i e i l Langage Francois.\"4 77 are always p l e n t y of sla n d e r e r s and b a c k - b i t e r s who d e l i g h t i n spreading e v i l s t o r i e s which defame the honour of a good woman. This emphasis on the n o b i l i t y of honour, e x t o l l e d by the epic poets of the Northern school appears t o place the Lady of La Tour Landry i n o p p o s i t i o n t o her husband who seems t o support the ideas of the Southern Troubadours who sang the p r a i s e s of Women and \" l a j o i e d Tamour.\" She ex-presses concern about the bad e f f e c t s of an engrossing love which would prevent them from s e r v i n g God w i t h as good a heart as before, and she c i t e s the example of the a r t f u l goddess Venus who advised the Trojans t o send P a r i s t o Greece to seek the most b e a u t i f u l woman i n the kingdom. This was Helen, w i f e of King Menelaux. As a r e s u l t of t h i s expedition, f o r t y kings d i e d , and more than one hundred thousand men. She i s convinced t h a t no love s i c k woman w i l l ever be i n a s t a t e t o love God p e r f e c t l y , and she w i l l be tempted more s o r e l y i n church than elsewhere. She i s not i n favour of a l l o w i n g her g i r l s t o love a man of lower rank. Nor should they set t h e i r hearts on men of high p o s i t i o n , f o r great l o r d s w i l l not marry them. Rather, they w i l l only deceive them t o obtai n t h e i r own f a l s e pleasure. As f o r women who have a f f a i r s w i t h married men, p r i e s t s or monks, w i t h servants or others of low degree, they are worse h a r l o t s than those unfortunate women i n b r o t h e l s . These poor creatures f a l l i n t o the s i n of le c h e r y only because of need 78 or poverty, or because they have been deceived i n t o that k i n d of l i f e . She expects her daughters t o be gay wi t h a l l s o r t s of honourable people, and more so w i t h c e r t a i n ones than w i t h others. I t i s t r u e , however, th a t no woman can have two h e a r t s , no more than a greyhound can run a f t e r two beasts at one time. The best k i n d of love i s the one tha t makes no de-mands. Wise women of o l d maintained t h a t as soon as g i r l s a l l o w themselves t o be k i s s e d they put themselves i n t o the hands of the d e v i l who i s very s u b t l e . The mother warns her g i r l s not t o accept any g i f t s , f o r many a woman has placed h e r s e l f i n s u b j e c t i o n , simply because of covetousness. The C h e v a l i e r does not r e p l y t o h i s wi f e ' s l a s t argu-ment, and so ends the debate. In the preceding chapter, how-ever, he i n s i s t s t h a t a woman of q u a l i t y and honour should take good care t o keep h e r s e l f that way. She should always be on guard against f a l s e pretenders, long and t h o u g h t f u l l o o k s , l i t t l e s i g h s , and a f f e c t e d countenances. Women who stand f i r m i n the face of a l l these ruses should be p r a i s e d . However, i n c r i t i c i z i n g the Dame de V i l l o n ' s suggestion that a l o v e r should be t e s t e d by h i s lady f o r a peri o d of seven years ( t h i s c r u e l t y on the part of the lady was one of the obstacles t o be overcome by the C o u r t l y Lover) the Che v a l i e r says t h a t seven years i s too long f o r a man t o wait f o r an embrace. 79 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER VI 1 C. P l i n i C a e c i l i Secundi: Epistularum L i b r i Decern, p. 339. 2 Sain t Matthew, 7:18. 3 Mathilde L a i g l e , Le L i v r e des T r o i s Vertus de C h r i s t i n e de P i s a n , et son M i l i e u H i s t o r i q u e et L i t t e r a i r e , P a r i s (Honore Champion), 1912, p. 98. 4 Francois V i l l o n , Poesies, B a l l a d e s , E d i t i o n s Broceliande, Strasbourg, 1958, p. 79. CHAPTER V I I MODERATION There are many examples throughout the L i v r e that encourage the c u l t i v a t i o n of the v i r t u e of moderation... the sophrosyne of Greek philosophy. A moderate person who avoids extremes, and i s temperate i n conduct or ex-pr e s s i o n i s rewarded. On the other hand, v i o l a t i o n s of the golden mean may and do cause complications w i t h vary-ing degrees of seriousness. In the guise of h i s e x c e l -l e n t examples, the author teaches moderation i n e a t i n g , d r i n k i n g , i n c l o t h i n g and i n one's h a b i t s and personal r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Ch.l6 Greed i s a m a n i f e s t a t i o n of immoderation. In the absence of her husband a w i f e eats a t a s t y e e l without t e l l i n g him. The household magpie catches her i n the act and t e l l s on her. In a f i t of anger the wi f e plucks a l l of i t s f e a t h e r s , and t h e r e a f t e r when b a l d -headed v i s i t o r s come t o the house, and others w i t h l a r g e foreheads (a d i g at women who pluck t h e i r h a i r t o heighten t h e i r foreheads as a mark of beauty), the b i r d c r i e s out \"Vous en p a r l a t e s de l ' a n g u i l l e , \" an embarrassing punishment f o r a greedy w i f e who i s im-moderately v a i n and bad-tempered. Ch.17 Jealousy i s intemperate. A wi f e gets i n t o a f i g h t w i t h \"the other woman,\" who breaks her nose. Ch.68 Mary, the s i s t e r of Moses, envied her brother so much th a t God punished her w i t h an i l l n e s s which f o r c e d her t o l i v e away from everyone. Ch.70 Sampson's w i f e betrayed her husband t o the enemy f o r a p r i c e . When she remarried he came t o the f e a s t and pushed the house down on the newly-weds, thus k i l l i n g the pagan and the covetous w i f e . Ch.71 Anger i s an expression of immoderation. A wi f e ' s r e -c u r r i n g f i t s of anger over small i s s u e s f i n a l l y cause the death of t h i r t y - t h r e e thousand persons. Ch.73 There i s no moderation i n f l a t t e r y . Therefore i t i s a bad t h i n g t o have f l a t t e r e r s around one, f o r they never dare t e l l the t r u t h nor giv e l o y a l a d v i c e , and people are thus often d etracted from the r i g h t road. Ch.52 A woman who p e r s i s t e d i n t r y i n g t o b e a u t i f y h e r s e l f by removing the h a i r from her forehead was f i n a l l y aban-doned by her desperate husband who then donned a h a i r s h i r t and took up f a s t i n g on Wednesday (the day C h r i s t was sold) and on F r i d a y , as the l e s s e r of two e v i l s . Ch.89 For t h e i r moderation i n eating and d r i n k i n g , Sampson's parents were rewarded i n t h e i r strong son who upheld the law of God. At the end of t h i s chapter the author says: Pourquoi mes ch i e r e s f i l l e z , gardes-vous de c e l l u i mauvais v i c e de t r o p b o i r e , ne gourmender, ne mengier 82 f o r s aux d r o i t e s heures, comme a di s n e r et a soupper. Car une f o i s mengier est v i e d'ange, et deux f o i z est d r o i t e v i e d'homme et de femme, et p l u s i e u r s f o i s mengier est v i e de beste. ... Before c o n s i d e r i n g the author's examples which teach moderation i n dress, a short account of the s t y l e s i n Mediaeval France up t o h i s time w i l l r e v e a l c e r t a i n trends. At the beginning of the 12th century, long garments replaced the short ones which had been worn f o r centuries.\"^ Frankish costume had been simple. But w i t h an increase i n the number of p r i n c e l y c o u r t s , and r e s u l t i n g competition, dress became more ela b o r a t e . I t was h i g h l y s t y l i z e d , b r i l -l i a n t i n c o l o u r , w i t h strange and of t e n b e a u t i f u l shapes. A f a i t h f u l m i r r o r of i t s time, i t recognized d i s t i n c t i o n s of c l a s s and vo c a t i o n as being at l e a s t as important as the d i s t i n c t i o n between the sexes. And i t r a r e l y lacked i n 2 d i g n i t y . The 13th century became the most b r i l l i a n t of the age. A l l c l a s s e s went f o r t h , resplendant i n pu r p l e , even the peasant. As Quicherat w r i t e s : Le paysan enivre de se v o i r dans l a tenue d'un empereur, se juge l ' e g a l de 3 toutes puissances. However, by t h i s time, the costumes of men and women were so much a l i k e that a n t i q u a r i a n s have ofte n confused the sexes on monuments. Emblems or badges were worn f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . By-the end of the century, unforeseen d i f f i c u l t i e s n e c e s s i t a t e d the i n s t i t u t i o n of sumptuary laws. Slavishness t o elaborate s t y l e prompted the abstemious Saint Louis t o enunciate a d o c t r i n e on matters of dress, which appealed t o 83 the good sense of the people, and approved of those who observed moderation. Yet people continued i n t h e i r e x t r a -vagant ways as long as they could. Costumes became more d a r i n g , and i n the case of female dress, s l i t s i n the bodices went so f a r as t o r e v e a l the f l e s h beneath. P r e d i c a t o r s c a l l e d these openings \"fenetres de l'enfer.\"^\" Extravagance i n dress i s a s i g n of uneasy times and impending catastrophe, says the author of the L i v r e . He c i t e s the B i b l i c a l deluge as an example (ch. 47)• The g i r l s are urged not t o be f i r s t i n adopting new s t y l e s , e s p e c i a l l y those from f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s (ch. 21). The best course t o take i s t o f o l l o w the example set by the good women of one's own country. He reminds them that \" e s t - i l bon de ne se haster point et de t e n i r l e moyen e s t a t , c'est en f a i r e plus sur l e moins que sur l e p l u s . \" And he deplores the f a c t that servants and chamber maids put f u r s on t h e i r backs and hee l s . Since they do not r i d e i n c a r r i a g e s , t h e i r f e e t be-come caked w i t h mud and they resemble the backs of sheep. In w i n t e r these women die of c o l d because the f u r i s not on t h e i r breasts and stomachs, and i n summer f l e a s and l i c e get i n t o i t . Ch.49 A young woman who i s not very wise becomes the object of c u r i o s i t y f o r her f r i e n d s who come t o see her new head dress, c a l l e d \"Du g i b e t \" (cassete*te). The author's daughters may w e l l wince at the mere thought of sup-p o r t i n g such a c o n t r a p t i o n , which was anchored t o the 84 h a i r w i t h s i l v e r p i n s . Ch.50 A woman who had an extravagant wardrobe goes t o h e l l when she dies and i s made t o s u f f e r more by having t o wear a flaming dress. Ch.52 A woman who had been immoderate i n a l t e r i n g the f a c i a l a t t r i b u t e s God had given her was tormented by many d e v i l s i n h e l l when she die d . Ch.27 Saint Bernard's s i s t e r , over-dressed i n her f i n e r y , was put t o shame by her brother. He reminded her tha t one ten t h of her f i n e r y would c l o t h e more than f o r t y un-fo r t u n a t e s against the c o l d . Ch.31 An i n o r d i n a t e l y v a i n and s e l f i s h woman who caused i n -convenience t o the other p a r i s h i o n e r s by t a k i n g one quarter of the day t o arrange h e r s e l f , was punished by being made t o see the ugly back s i d e of the d e v i l when she looked i n t o her m i r r o r l a t e one Sunday morning Good h a b i t s of moderation manifest c o n s i d e r a t i o n and respect f o r other people. Extravagance i s never a v i r t u e , more e s p e c i a l l y when people s u f f e r as a consequence of i t . One long dress, two short ones and two cott e s hardies (a ki n d of overcoat w i t h long sleeves) should s u f f i c e any woman, says the author i n chapter 50. And he echoes the thought expressed i n Cato: Pleased w i t h small s t o r e , take care t o avoid the extreme Safer the c r a f t that s a i l s a moderate stream. 5? \"'Quod nimium est f u g i t o parvo gaudere memento; t u t a mage est puppis modico quae flumine f e r t u r . 5 85 The Middle Ages enjoyed great freedom of word and a c t i o n , and the crudest expression f r i g h t e n e d no one. Ch.54 Yet when the C h e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry w r i t e s on the subject of l u s t he uses a c i r c u m l o c u t i o n t o r e f e r t o the s i n against nature: \"que j a ne f a i t a nommer.\" I t s t i n k s so badly t h a t the stench r i s e s t o the sky and upsets a l l heaven and nature. In the days of Sodom and Gomorrah, whoever could indulge i n i t d i d so, f o r c -ing h i m s e l f t o do i t , u n b r i d l e d , without rime or reason. Because t h e i r hearts had become overheated w i t h l u s t , God punished the i n h a b i t a n t s of these c i t i e s by making them p e r i s h i n sulphurous flames, which smell h o r r i b l y . Ch.122 \"But f o r d e s t r u c t i o n ' s sake, i c e i s a l s o g r e a t , \" says the poet Robert F r o s t . And i n a s i n g u l a r t a l e which r e v e a l s the easy morals of h i s own day, the author g i v e s an example of what happens when people i n t e r f e r e w i t h the balance of nature. Several knights and l a d i e s made an ordinance by which they were to dress and l i v e i n w i n t e r as i f i t were sum-mer, and v i c e versa. When a married man, a Galoys, v i s i t e d a married woman, a Galoyse, i t was understood t h a t her husband would take h i s horse and v i s i t another Galoyse, whose husband would be expected t o depart, or s u f f e r shame. This l i f e of promiscuous behaviour l a s t e d some time, u n t i l most of the proponents died s t i f f of c o l d beside each other. One might say they were martyrs 86 of l o v e , remarks the author, and he adds: Ce est l e s i e c l e f o r t a connoistre et moult m e r v e i l l e u x t e l s et t e l l e s l e cuident bien connoistre qui en sont deceus, et s i connaissent moins que i l s ne cuident. The C h e v a l i e r ' s daughters are l e f t t o consider the ef-f e c t s of two extremes: that of a s i n g l e overpowering passion which can consume i t s v i c t i m s (as i n the t a l e of La Chate-l a i n e de Vergy mentioned by t h e i r mother i n chapter 124), and the eq u a l l y f a t a l consequences of the creeping c o l d which r e s u l t s from the s c a t t e r i n g and re d u c t i o n of the flame of Venus i n t o weak l i t t l e f i r e s which e v e n t u a l l y die out.\"' In the s e l e c t i o n of these examples, the author's i n -t e n t i o n appears t o be the teaching of moderation and decorum i n l o v e , as i n every other f a c e t of l i f e . The g i r l s are reminded never t o fo r g e t that God p r a i s e s the good woman through h i s Son, who s a i d long ago: Una '^A modern i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h i s very o l d problem i s contained i n the I n t e r p r e t e r ' s B i b l e : Miscellaneous sex r e -l a t i o n s h i p s ; i l l i c i t s o - c a l l e d love a f f a i r s are not l o v e ; they are only l u s t . Sex i s part of the d i v i n e o r d a i n i n g , and i n i t s r i g h t use i s s a n c t i f i e d . But sex impulses, un-d i s c i p l i n e d , degrade the p e r s o n a l i t y i n t o an instrument of low passion. I t has no l o y a l t y , and t h e r e f o r e i t s \"romance\" i s r ottenness. . . . Those who have l e t themselves go i n sexual l i c e n s e can become so c a r n a l , c y n i c a l and c a l l o u s that i t w i l l be hard f o r them t o love one woman t r u l y , or to b r i n g t o marriage a whole h e a r t . 6 When sexual objects are e a s i l y and g u i l t l e s s l y ac-c e s s i b l e , i n a s o c i e t y that does not object t o pro m i s c u i t y , romantic love seldom prospers. Love i s u n l i k e l y t o arouse the heart of someone brought up i n a harem, where the idea of uniqueness has a hard time. Romans sometimes wondered i f love would not blunt and tame t h e i r sexual pleasures, whereas the troubadours f r e t t e d l e s t sex abate the fe r v o u r of love's l o n g i n g . 87 pr e c i o s a margarita comparavit earn, which means that she i s l i k e a l a r g e round p e a r l 1 , clean and white, whether she i s a v i r g i n , or a chaste w i f e who keeps clean the sacrament of marriage. As the f i n e s t example of the woman h i s daughters should have as t h e i r model, the author of course s e l e c t s the Mother of C h r i s t . She has no equal, f o r i n her were combined a l l of the v i r t u e s i n t h e i r noblest degree: She was alone i n pious prayer when the Angel appeared to her, and announced the forthcoming b i r t h of her son. She asked him how i t was that she should be w i t h c h i l d , s i n c e she had had no c a r n a l knowledge of man. The Ch e v a l i e r p r a i s e s her f o r wanting t o know about these t h i n g s , and con-t r a s t s her t o our f i r s t mother Eve, who d i d not look or t h i n k ahead, nor enquire where her a c t i o n s might l e a d her. Holy S c r i p t u r e p r a i s e s her f o r her h u m i l i t y when she s a i d t o the Angel: Behold the handmaid of the Lord, be i t done according t o thy word. Mary was courteous t o everyone, and took the t r o u b l e t o v i s i t people i n need of counsel or co n s o l a t i o n . She i s a l s o p r a i s e d f o r her compassion at the mar-r i a g e f e a s t i n G a l i l e e . When the supply of wine f a i l e d , she asked her son Jesus t o help. Mary always obeyed her husband Joseph, and i t was w i t h uncomplaining r e s i g n a t i o n and patience t h a t she s u f f e r e d the t r i a l of seeing her Son's holy passion. 88 So humble and c h a r i t a b l e , she i s indeed the f i n e s t model a g i r l or woman could have. The author r e g r e t s t h a t there are so many v a i n and proud women i n h i s day. They want t o be f i r s t i n everything i n order t o have more of the usele s s g l o r y of the world. He reminds h i s daughters t h a t the humblest w i l l be the most e x a l t e d . And i f woman must s u f f e r , they should not wonder or f r e t , f o r not even the Mother of C h r i s t was spared. 89 FOOTNOTES FOR CHAPTER VII 1 Joan Evans, Dress i n Mediaeval France (Oxford at the Clarendon Press), 1952, p. 202. 2 Jules E. Quicherat, H i s t o i r e du Costume en France, Paris ( L i b r a i r i e Hachette), 1877, p. 143. 3 Ibid., p. 177. 4 Loc. c i t . 5 J.W. and A.M. Duff, Minor Latin Poets, \"Cato,\" Book I I , maxim 6. 6 The Interpreter's Bible, New York (Abingdon-Cokesbury Press), 1952, p. 766. PART IV CONCLUSION AN EVALUATION OF THE AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION In order t o assess the C h e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry and h i s L i v r e , i t i s necessary t o i d e n t i f y him i n r e l a t i o n t o the i n f l u e n c e s of h i s time and place. His r e l a t i v e l y long l i f e extended through the b e t t e r part of the 14th century, and perhaps i n t o the 15th, i n other words, the cl o s e of the Middle Ages. At tha t time, the Byzantine Empire was waging a l o s i n g s t r u g g l e w i t h the Mohammedans, who f i n a l l y conquered Constantinople i n 1453• In France, the millenium had seen the f u s i o n of Roman, Germanic and C h r i s t i a n i n s t i t u t i o n s , and the subjugation of Feudal barons by powerful kings who were then t o dispute among themselves the domination of the world. The Renaissance, w i t h i t s \" l i b r e a r b i t r e \" was s t i l l t o f i n d i t s way northward from i t s home i n I t a l y . As f o r the success of democratic ideas and i n s t i t u t i o n s , that i s a f a c t of contemporary times. Throughout the c e n t u r i e s , the age was concerned w i t h conduct more than w i t h conversation. I t s d i d a c t i c r e a l i s m made i t s e l f the a u x i l i a r y of C h r i s t i a n m o r a l i t y and w o r l d l y m o r a l i t y at the same time.^ The Church elevated the i d e a l of v i r g i n i t y t o a dogma of e x c e l l e n c e , and i t s d o c t r i n e on marriage was r e l e g a t e d t o the rank of a p a l l i a t i v e , destined f o r those who could not be chaste, thus g i v i n g the impression 92 of l e s s e n i n g the d i g n i t y of marriage t o the p r o f i t of c e l i b a c y . As we have seen, education was i n the hands of the Church, and i f t h e i r parents so d e s i r e d , g i r l s of noble f a m i l i e s might be sent t o convents or monasteries f o r i n -s t r u c t i o n . These were the only schools a v a i l a b l e t o them, even as l a t e as the time of Fenelon. In most cases they were educated at home. Marriages were g e n e r a l l y arranged by the parents, and although l o v e might play a p a r t , i t was not considered necessary t o t h e i r success. Perhaps be-cause of t h i s s i t u a t i o n , e x t r a - m a r i t a l a f f a i r s were not un-common, i f one can judge by the l i t e r a t u r e of the time. A code of manners such as the one compiled by Andreas Capel-lanus, and the ideas and advice contained i n the l y r i c poetry of the per i o d served t o g i v e a p o l i s h e d veneer t o what might otherwise have been a r a t h e r rapacious s o c i e t y . In the second h a l f of the 13th century, t h i s c o u r t l y c i v i l i z a t i o n l o s t i t s b r i l l i a n c e . The r i s e of an i n c r e a s -i n g l y wealthy and c u l t i v a t e d middle c l a s s i n the growing towns d e a l t a s e r i o u s blow t o a r t i f i c i a l p r a c t i c e s of which i t sensed the f u t i l i t y . This new bourgeois s o c i e t y turned s e r i o u s l y t o the B i b l e as i t s guide. The C h e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry, a member of the l e s -ser n o b i l i t y , took part i n the defense of h i s country, and, as has been noted, he d i d so w i t h d i s t i n c t i o n i n 1346. At that time he must have been around twenty years o l d . He 93 was i n h i s f o r t i e s , t h e r e f o r e , t h i s man of the world who had seen a good deal of l i f e , when he decided t o i n s t r u c t h i s daughters by w r i t i n g a book f o r them. I t i s p l a i n from i t s pages th a t h i s l i b r a r y was of respectable p r o p o r t i o n s , c o n t a i n i n g many c l a s s i c s , ancient and modern. H i s t o r i c a l references i n the anecdotes, names such as Bruneheust, and l a royne de Chippre, help form a l i n k between the remote B i b l i c a l past of many of the s t o r i e s and the author's own time, i n which Bouciquattt, Fouques de L a v a l , l a dame de L a n g u i l l i e r , l e s i r e de Beaumanoir were w e l l known person-a l i t i e s . Some of the s t o r i e s he i n c l u d e d i n h i s c o l l e c t i o n would h a r d l y have been the choice of h i s w i f e , but he knew perhaps b e t t e r than? she d i d , the k i n d of temptations and s i t u a t i o n s t h e i r daughters might have t o f a c e . Since they were young and b e a u t i f u l , and would l i k e l y be married, h i s main concern appears t o have been t h e i r happiness as wives and mothers, and even as widows, because widowhood was a l i k e l y p o s s i b i l i t y . Not one chapter of the L i v r e suggests the g i r l s might enter a convent. On the c o n t r a r y , the author wants them t o be prepared t o face the world around them, where r e a l i t y i s of t e n d i s c o n c e r t i n g . They must l e a r n t o govern themselves, t o be d i s c r i m i n a t i n g i n t h e i r c h o i c e s , and t o set a good example. C r i t i c s of the L i v r e begin w i t h Caxton, who has nothing but p r a i s e f o r i t i n the preface t o the 12*84 e d i t i o n 94 of h i s t r a n s l a t i o n . In the 16th century S i r A. F i t z - H e r b e r t f e e l s t h a t the book has a c o r r u p t i n g i n f l u e n c e w i t h i t s examples of y i c e , s u b t l e t y and c r a f t . The E n g l i s h gentleman was cer-t a i n l y f o r g e t t i n g or simply d i s r e g a r d i n g the B i b l e from which the author s e l e c t e d n e a r l y one h a l f of h i s s t o r i e s . And as f a r as o f f e r i n g the e v i l as w e l l as the good f o r h i s daughters t o consider, he was simply f o l l o w i n g the l e a d set by B i b l i c a l w r i t e r s , and he would have r e c e i v e d the u n q u a l i -f i e d support of l a t e r c r i t i c s such as John M i l t o n who wrote: Since t h e r e f o r e the knowledge and survey of v i c e i s i n t h i s world so necessary t o the c o n s t i t u t i n g of human v i r t u e , and the scanning of e r r o r t o the con f i r m a t i o n of t r u t h , how can we more s a f e l y and w i t h l e s s danger scout i n t o the regions of s i n and f a l s i t y than by read-in g a l l manner of t r a c t a t e s , and hearing a l l manner of reason? And t h i s i s the b e n e f i t which may be had of books promiscuously read.2 In h i s preface Montaiglon notes t h a t Gudin and Legrand D'Aussy are of the opin i o n t h a t the L i v r e i s f i l l e d w i t h ob-s c e n i t i e s . He disag r e e s , but allows that the book would 3 have been improved by a sma l l e r c o n t r i b u t i o n from the B i b l e . The charge of obscenity i s founded on the two s t o r i e s which t e l l about f o r n i c a t i o n i n a church. However, such instances of misbehaviour must have been common enough, or the author would have ignored them. Later w r i t e r s sharply censure lecherous monks. In Antoine De La S a l l e ' s Le P e t i t Jehan De S a i n t r e , the flower of c h i v a l r y i s b a f f l e d and beaten by a cursed monk before the very eyes of h i s former 95 4 5 p r o t e c t r e s s . L'Heptameron of Marguerite de Navarre con-t a i n s no fewer than 16 nouvelles which c r i t i c i z e c e r t a i n l a s c i v i o u s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the Church-. As f o r the c r i t i c i s m against the number of B i b l i c a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s , one might suggest that s i n c e the author t e l l s h i s daughters that i t i s a good t h i n g t o see oneself i n the m i r r o r of one's ancestors, these s t o r i e s would g i v e them an oppor-t u n i t y t o consider improvements, i f any, made by l a t e r generations. The book has three d i s t i n c t notes: 1. Deep, but not dark p i e t y . The s i n c e r i t y of the C h r i s -t i a n author i s never i n doubt, and when he r e s o r t s t o s a t i r e t o i l l u s t r a t e h i s p o i n t , i t i s never r e l i g i o n t hat he a t t a c k s , only the people who shame i t . 2. A charming tenderness which i s manifest i n constant references t o h i s dear daughters, and i n h i s concern f o r t h e i r p h y s i c a l and moral, as w e l l as t h e i r s p i r i t -u a l w e l l - b e i n g . 3. The calm disarming frankness of the C a t h o l i c Middle Ages which evokes such h o r r i f i e d censure from p u r i t a n c r i t i c s . Gertrude Burford Rawlings says t h a t the e t h i c a l s t a n -dard of the book f r e q u e n t l y f a l l s somewhat low, inasmuch as i t makes expediency and hope of reward loom very l a r g e on the moral h o r i z o n . ^ Again, one must keep i n mind th a t the L i v r e was w r i t t e n f o r adolescents, perhaps not q u i t e ready 96 f o r what Lessing c a l l s the r i p e age when people do good f o r i t s own sake. Vincent de Beauvais thought of education as a com-p l e t e p r e p a r a t i o n f o r a d u l t l i f e . His system i n c l u d e s t r a i n i n g not only i n v i r t u e s but i n p r a c t i c a l a f f a i r s as w e l l , and he i n s i s t s t hat v i r t u e cannot be taught through the teaching of e t h i c a l systems, but r a t h e r w i t h p r a c t i c a l advice and h e l p f u l suggestions. In the l i g h t of these c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , one can under-stand why the author of the L i v r e added \"pour 1'enseignement de ses f i l l e s \" t o the t i t l e . The word \"enseignement\" meant \"connaissance, a v i s , c o n s e i l \" i n o l d French, and \"une per-sonne enseignee\" was \"une personne bien elevee\" t h a t i s , w e l l brought up. E v i d e n t l y he has no c r i t i c i s m t o make of t h e i r e a r l y up-bringing. What concerns him now are the problems they must face as young a d u l t s . But i n order t o reap the b e n e f i t s contained i n the lessons of h i s book, they must f i r s t l e a r n t o read, or \"aprendre a roumancier\" as t h e i r f a t h e r expresses i t . And because c e r t a i n people do not wish t o have t h e i r wives and daughters l e a r n t o read and w r i t e , he makes h i s own a t t i t u d e on the subject q u i t e p l a i n : Je dy a i n s i que quant d ' e s c r i p r e , n Ty a f o r c e que femme en saiche r i e n s , mais quant a l i r e , toute femme en v a u l t mieulx de l e s c a v o i r , et cognoist mieulx l a foy et l e s p e r i l s de l Tame et son saulvement, et n'en est pas de cent une qui n'en v a i l l e mieulx, car c'est chose esprouvee.7 97 I f a woman cannot l e a r n t o w r i t e , at l e a s t she should l e a r n t o read. A f t e r a l l , the advice i s very s e n s i b l e . Much has sinc e been w r i t t e n on the b e n e f i t s of reading , but l i t t l e has been s a i d about the p o s s i b l e b e n e f i t s of w r i t i n g . To h i s daughters, he says i t i s a good t h i n g t o send one's c h i l d r e n t o school t o l e a r n from books of wisdom, where they may l e a r n how t o save t h e i r bodies and souls (ch. 90). The l i v e s of the Church Fathers and the S a i n t s are more pro-f i t a b l e reading m a t e r i a l than the study of f a b l e s and l i e s . References t o animals i n the L i v r e are u s u a l l y made t o i l -l u s t r a t e a lesson i n a humorous way, and they i n d i c a t e t h a t the author appears t o have been a most observant country gentleman. There i s a great change i n t h i s book from those th a t preceded i t . The general tone i s not the same; woman i s no longer considered i n the l i g h t of C o u r t l y Love. The idea of the f a m i l y acquires a much gre a t e r importance, and con-j u g a l happiness i s the most d e s i r a b l e g o a l . For the g i r l s , the book i s a guide f o r t h e i r conduct through l i f e . How-ever, the gen t l e moral philosopher who was i t s author, d i d not attempt any r e v o l u t i o n i n the p o s i t i o n of women. But n e i t h e r d i d the e a r l y humanists of h a l f a century l a t e r . V i t t o r i n o da F e l t r e , who founded a famous school at Mantua g i n 1424, s t i l l considered home, s o c i a l l i f e , the r e a r i n g of c h i l d r e n , the p r a c t i c e of c h a r i t y and r e l i g i o u s o b l i g a -t i o n t o be the f i r s t d u t i e s of a woman. 98 According t o A. David-Sauvageot, people i n the Middle Ages d i d not know how t o analyse. Unlike the Greeks who o wanted t o understand, they were s a t i s f i e d only t o see. The Ch e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry i s an exception. By s e l e c t i n g examples i l l u s t r a t i n g the s o c i a l behaviour of f o u r p e r i o d s , i n c l u d i n g h i s own, by h i s e x c e l l e n t p r e s e n t a t i o n of the de-bate on l o v e , and the astute a n a l y s i s of the e f f e c t s of mother love or the l a c k of i t on c h i l d r e n , he proved that he was not only an observer, but a s e r i o u s t h i n k e r as w e l l . Although i n matters of dress he advises h i s daughters not t o copy the s t y l e s of f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s , he encourages them t o be r e s p e c t f u l of a u t h o r i t y , f o r e i g n as w e l l as domes-t i c , by h i s p r a i s e of k i n g s , i n c l u d i n g the wise E n g l i s h k i n g , although France and England had been at war f o r so many de-cades. And i t i s always w i t h sympathy th a t he r e f e r s t o Constantinople, which was then the beleaguered b a s t i o n of Christendom. I t i s i n a C h r i s t i a n marriage blessed w i t h monogamous l o v e , w i t h passion reserved only f o r the transcendent wor-ship of God, and i n a v i r t u o u s l i f e devoted t o t h e i r c h i l d r e n and t o c h a r i t a b l e deeds th a t the f a t h e r hopes h i s daughters w i l l f i n d f u l f i l m e n t . Then, as i n the case of the dame O l i v e de B e l l e V i l l e , \" ^ m i n s t r e l s may s i n g t h e i r p r a i s e s when they have l e f t t h i s e a r t h . From the study of h i s L i v r e we may conclude that the Ch e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry was a p r o g r e s s i v e l y conservative 99 gentleman, and a C h r i s t i a n Humanist of the l a t e Middle Ages. In the outspoken expression of h i s language, he i s t y p i c a l of h i s time. The r a t h e r l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of B i b l i c a l s e l e c -t i o n s i n h i s manuel would appear t o be i n keeping w i t h bourgeois i n f l u e n c e which was already g a i n i n g s t r e n g t h . He was o r i g i n a l i n h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n of a book e x c l u s i v e l y f o r g i r l s , and w r i t t e n i n prose r a t h e r than i n poetry. His views encouraging the formal education of c h i l d r e n i n d i c a t e he was pro g r e s s i v e . On the other hand he could be c o n s i -dered r e t r o g r e s s i v e i n a d v i s i n g women to wear h a i r s h i r t s . I t i s not d i f f i c u l t t o understand why the L i v r e en-joyed great p o p u l a r i t y f o r a good two hundred years. The p e r e n n i a l character of many of i t s ideas make i t i n t e r e s t -ing t o read even today. 100 FOOTNOTES FOR CONCLUSION 1 A. David-Sauvageot, Le Realisme et l e Naturalisme dans, l a L i t t e r a t u r e et dans l ' A r t , P a r i s (Caiman-Levy, e d i t e u r a l a L i b r a i r i e N o u v e l l e ) , 1889, p. 87-2 John M i l t o n , A r e o p a g i t i c a , and of Education, e d i t e d by George H. Sabine (Appleton-Century-Crofts, I n c . ) , New York, 1951, pp. 18-19-3 Montaiglon, Preface, p. x x x i i i . 4 Antoine de l a S a l l e , Le P e t i t Jehan de Saintre,Ldndres (J.M. Dent & Sons). 5 Marguerite d'Angouleme, Reine de Navarre, L'Heptameron des Nouvelles, P a r i s ( L i b r a i r i e des B i b l i o p h i l e s ) , 1879, V o l s . 1 and 2. 6 Gertrude Burford Rawlings,(ed.), The Booke of Thensey-gnementes and Techynge th a t the Knyght of the Towre Made to h i s Doughters by the Ch e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry, p. 202. 7 Montaiglon, p. 178. 8 W i l l i a m H a r r i s o n Woodward, V i t t o r i n o da F e l t r e and other Humanist Educators, New York (Bureau of P u b l i c a t i o n s , Teachers' C o l l e g e , Columbia U n i v e r s i t y ) , 1964, quoted i n the foreword by Eugene F. Rice J r . 9 A. David-Sauvageot, op. c i t . , p. 85. 10. Montaiglon, op. c i t . , p. 276. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY I. TEXTS OF THE LIVRE La Tour Landry, l e C h e v a l i e r de. L i v r e , e d i t e par M.A. de Montaiglon. P a r i s : Jannet, 1854. Stolingwa, Peter. Zum l i v r e du C h e v a l i e r de La Tour Landry pour 1'enseignement de ses f i l l e s . 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Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "The chevalier de lat Tour Landry : an assessment of his \"livre\" with particular reverence to the education of women"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/37224"@en .