Applied Science, Faculty of
Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of
DSpace
UBCV
Yu, Yongxu
Master of Landscape Architecture - MLA
University of British Columbia
With the rapid pace of urbanization in the Greater Vancouver Regional District, sustainable development is increasingly important to the economy, ecology and equity of the region. Simon Fraser UniverCity Community Trust intends to create a "vibrant, self-sustaining community for its well-planned neighborhood, its strong links to the university and its deep respect for the natural heritage of Burnaby Mountain."¹ Huge efforts toward sustainability have been put into this entire new community development by wide range of disciplines in the past few years. However the lose of green space has changed Burnaby Mountain forever. As an approved technology of sustainable development, which has been widely practiced in Europe, the green roof is a creative way to increase green space, save energy and reduce stormwater runoff. But the lack of knowledge, awareness and technical support creates uncertainty in designers, developers, and contractors. Above all, the costs of green roofs have always been a big concern. Literature about green roofs is confusing from the economic point of view. Some authors claim that a green roof can cost twice as much or more than conventional roofs. Others think that it is a cost-effective way to achieve the environmental and aesthetic goals of a project. This research project will take a closer look at green roof technologies, discuss green roofs from the Hanging Gardens of Babylon to modern examples, identify the benefits that green roofs could offer to Burnaby Mountain and surrounding areas, discover how much the benefits can offset the costs and explore practical strategies of implementing green roof technologies toward a livable, affordable and sustainable community in Burnaby Mountain.
PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING GREEN ROOF TECHNOLOGIES TOWARD A LIVABLE, AFFORDABLE AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY IN BURNABY MOUNTIAN by YONGXU YU M.Sc, NORTHEAST FORESTRY UNIV1VERSITY, CHINA, 1996 B.Sc, NORTHEAST FORESTRY UNIVIVERSITY, CHINA, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA April 2005 © YONGXU Y U , 2005 ABSTRACT With the rapid pace of urbanization in the Greater Vancouver Regional District, sustainable development is increasingly important to the economy, ecology and equity of the region. Simon Fraser UniverCity Community Trust intends to create a "vibrant, self-sustaining community for its well-planned neighborhood, its strong links to the university and its deep respect for the natural heritage of Bumaby Mountain." 1 Huge efforts toward sustainability have been put into this entire new community development by wide range of disciplines in the past few years. However the lose of green space has changed Bumaby Mountain forever. A s an approved technology of sustainable development, which has been widely practiced in Europe, the green roof is a creative way to increase green space, save energy and reduce stormwater runoff. But the lack of knowledge, awareness and technical support creates uncertainty in designers, developers, and contractors. Above all, the costs of green roofs have always been a big concern. Literature about green roofs is confusing from the economic point of view. S o m e authors claim that a green roof can cost twice as much or more than conventional roofs. Others think that it is a cost-effective way to achieve the environmental and aesthetic goals of a project. This research project will take a closer look at green roof technologies, discuss green roofs from the Hanging Gardens of Babylon to modern examples, identify the benefits that green roofs could offer to Bumaby Mountain and surrounding areas, discover how much the benefits can offset the costs and explore practical strategies of implementing green roof technologies toward a livable, affordable and sustainable community in Bumaby Mountain. 1 Michael Stevenson, "Cornerstones of a Sustainable Community," n.d., <http://www.univercity.ca/handoutcov.pdC> (26 December 2004). ii T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Abstract ii Table of Contents iii List of Tables iv List of Figures v List of Charts viii Acknowledgements ix C H A P T E R I Introduction 1 1.1 Sustainable Development on Burnaby Mountain 1 1.2 Green Roof Technologies and Sustainable Development 4 1.3 Green Roof Definition and Components 6 1.4 Types of Green Roofs 8 1.5 Benefits of Green Roofs 9 1.6 Issues of Green Roofs 20 C H A P T E R II History and Modern Technologies 25 2.1 History 25 2.2 Modern Technologies 28 2.3 Green Roof Products and Manufactures 29 C H A P T E R III Precedents 34 3.1 Waterfall Building Green Roofs 34 3.2 Fairmont Waterfront Hotel Green Roof 37 C H A P T E R IV Design and Analysis 40 4.1 Site Analysis 40 4.2 Cost Analysis 49 4.3 Green Roof Design 56 C H A P T E R V Strategies of Implementing Green Roof Technologies 69 5.1 Conclusions 69 5.2 Strategies of Implementing Green Roof Technologies 71 B I B L I O G R A P H Y 75 A P P E N D I X I 79 A P P E N D I X II 80 APPENDIX III 81 iii L I S T O F T A B L E S Table 1.1 Intensive green roof and extensive green roof 8 Table 1.2 Comparison of green roof performance on Burnaby Mountain 11 Table 2.1 Manufactured green roof systems 30 Table 4.1 Analysis of first costs of different roof systems 49 Table 4.2 Analysis of life cycle maintenance costs of different room systems 49 Table 4.3 Summary of 30 Year life cycle costs of different roof systems (before counting benefits) 50 Table 4.4 Storrmwater storage analysis 50 Table 4.5 Summary of adjusted 30 Year life cycle costs of different roof systems (after counting benefits) 51 Table 4.6 off-site stormwater management analysis 53 IV LIST OF F I G U R E S Figure 1.1 S F U before UniverCity development, (student reports, 2000) 1 Figure 1.2 Diagram of UniverCity sustainability cornerstones 3 Figure 1.3 Diagram of green roofs and Burnaby Mountain sustainable development 5 Figure 1.4 Gown by Nature"-Chosen plan of the Burnaby Mountain Community Design Charrette 5 Figure 1.5 UniverCity Highlands Neighborhood plan 6 Figure 1.6 "forest fingers" on the current construction site (Oct 30, 2004) 6 Figure 1.7 Typical green roof components 7 Figure 1.8 Effect of Rainfall on Green Roof Performance 10 Figure 1.9 Runoff from a green roof is much cleaner than that from a non-vegetated roof 11 Figure 1.10 A Green Roof helps to stabilize the temperature inside the building 12 Figure 1.11 G V R D Air Quality Index (Burnaby Mountain station) 12 Figure 1.12 G V R D Air Quality Index (Downtown Vancouver station) 13 Figure 1.13 Green roof play grounds 15 Figure 1.14 G V R D urban heat islands 16 Figure 1.15 S a m e building, different aesthetic values 17 Figure 1.16 Chicago's City Hall green roof incorporates sedums and meadow plants, a colony of bees and also attracts native insets such as butterflies 18 Figure 1.17 Urban agriculture with Sedum and watermelon 19 Figure 1.18 Fairmont Waterfront Hotel 20 Figure 2.1 Skara Brae Neolithic village, Orkney, Scotland (by Charles Tait) 25 Figure 2.2 Skara Brae dwelling (by Jacob Cord) 25 Figure 2.3 C a v e s in the hill 26 Figure 2.4 C a v e s in the sunken courtyard 26 Figure 2.5 Ziggurat of Ur-Nammu 26 Figure 2.6 Hanging Gardens of Babylon 27 Figure 2.7 Turf roofs in Iceland (by Joel Metz) 28 Figure 3.1 Waterfall building site plan 36 Figure 3.3 Fairmont Waterfront Hotel rooftop herb garden 39 Figure 4.1 Site location 40 Figure 4.2 Regional context analyses 41 Figure 4.3 Regional context analyses 41 Figure 4.4 UniverCity Highlands site analysis 42 Figure 4.5 UniverCity Highlands slope analysis 42 Figure 4.6 UniverCity Highlands Building type analysis ....44 Figure 4.7 UniverCity Highland view analysis 45 Figure 4.8 UniverCity Highland parcel map 45 Figure 4.9 Parcel 11 3D model 46 Figure 4.9 Parcel 11 site analysis ...47 Figure 4.10 Parcel 11 shadow analysis 48 Figure 4.11 Stormwater management diagram 55 Figure 4.12 Highlands Neighbourhood potential roof garden diagram 59 Figure 4.13 Parcel 11 green roof distribution diagram ...60 Figure 4.14 Parcel 11 site plan 62 Figure 4.15 Parcel 11 3D model 63 Figure 4.16 Courtyard garden 64 Figure 4.17 Amenity garden 65 vi Figure 4.18 Private gardens 66 Figure 4.19 Enlarged private garden I 67 Figure 4.20 Enlarged private garden II 68 v i i LIST OF C H A R T S Chart 1.1 Average annual precipitations on Burnaby Mountain 1 Chart 1.2 A cost-benefit overview of the estimated lifespan of 90 years in € / m 2 Chart 4.1 Burnaby Mountain monthly average precipitations Chart 4.2 Cost analysis of different types of roofs A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis. I am deeply indebted to my committee chair Professor Patrick Mooney. He spent numerous times reviewing; editing my thesis and helping me complete my thesis in time. Many thanks to my committee members Don Crockett from Lanarc Consultants and Ronald Kellett, Professor of U B C for their stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all the time of research for and writing of this thesis. I greatly appreciate that Don Crockett spent his precious time, and drove a long distance to attend my committee meetings. My sincere thanks are due to Dave Reid, the principle of Lanarc Consultants Ltd. for introducing this interesting thesis project to me and helping me get started. Gomberoff Bell Lyon Architects Group Inc. and Lanarc Consultants Ltd have generously provided me with the project information, drawings of UniverCity Highlands Neighbourhood and Parcle 11 building site plan, elevations, and sections. I also want to thank Rachel Forbes, planning assistant and Chris Hartman, V P Development of S F U Community Trust for answering my questions, collecting and emailing me information of UniverCity development, which was crucial for this thesis. Finally, I would like to give my special thanks to my friend Dustin Merrett and Lai Wei for their kind support, which enabled me to complete this work. ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Sustainable Development on Burnaby Mountain With the rapid pace of urbanization in the Greater Vancouver Regional District, stainable development is increasingly important to the economy, ecology and equity of the region. Sustainable Development has become a very popular term. T h e most common definition of sustainable development is from the World Commission on Environment and Development, or the "Brundtland" Commission, in 1987: "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." 2 In general this term is understood to mean that the long-term survival of all human beings and their quality of life depend on effective protection of the environment, prudent use of natural resources and the careful maintenance of a stable economic system. The current sustainable development on Burnaby Mountain is aiming to create a "vibrant, self-sustaining community for its well-planned neighborhood, its strong links to the university and its deep respect for the natural heritage of Burnaby Mountain." 3 ^ "Sustainable Development," n.d, <http://www.consultnet.ie/Sustainable%20Developmenthtm> (18 April 2005). Michael Stevenson, "Cornerstones of a Sustainable Community," n.d, <http ://www.univercitv.ca/handoutcov.pdf> (26 December 2004). 4 "Student Reports On the Burnaby Mountain Community Project," 2001, <http://www.univercity.ca/bmcp/geog4492000fall/pub html/titles.html> (18 April 2005). 1 Burnaby Mountain is located in the north east of the City of Burnaby. It is a well-known and significant landform and is the home of Simon Fraser University (SFU). Like most of the surrounding region, Burnaby Mountain was logged extensively in the early 1900s and this continued through the 1940s. Although the area became a popular place for hiking in the 1920s there weren't dedicated municipal lands on the mountain for park and recreation until 1957. In 1963, Burnaby provided approximately 400 hectares to serve as a S F U campus. Designed by Arthur Erickson and Geoffrey Massey, two of Canada 's most renowned architects, the spacious campus is perched atop Burnaby Mountain. Thirty years after S F U first open its doors to students in 1965, the University returned 332 hectares outside of the ring road to the City of Burnaby as a conservation area. In exchange, S F U revived approvals to develop a new community, which is now named UniverCity. This 65-hectare development on Burnaby Mountain has attracted a huge amount of attention from inside and outside of the university. Many reports and articles have addressed the environmental, economic and social concerns of the project and links between them. From the Development Plan Concept developed in 1996 to T h e Vision Statement in 1998 and the Burnaby Mountain Community Design T e a m Selection Charrette in 2000 many highly creative and knowledgeable groups and individuals have participated in this project with their broad range of experience and wisdom. Students, staff, faculty, alumni, as well as local environmental groups have also contributed their research, ideas and suggestions to this sustainable community development. Four Sustainability cornerstones have been established to guide the planning and design of UniverCity. They are: 2 Environment: A community with a sustainable future; Equity: A livable and inclusive community; Economy: A financially secure community; Education: A community focus on lifelong learn ing. 5 Figure 1.2 Diagram of UniverCity sustainability cornerstones. However it is not easy to achieve these goals by simply reducing the consumption of energy, water, and raw materials or recycling and reusing them. T h e s e issues contain both benefits and drawbacks. Solving one problem may cause another. Sustainable development is a very complex process, which requires new ways of thinking about the interrelationship between economy, environment and community and new ways of 'Four Cornerstones of Sustainable Community," n.d., < http://univercity.ca/cornerstones.html> (23 January 2005). 3 examining the costs and benefits of alternatives to conventional approaches of development. 1.2 Green Roof Technologies and Sustainable Development Technology is a key part of the solution to sustainable development. The Highlands Neighbourhood (formerly called the East Neighbourhood) on Burnaby Mountain, which is presently under construction, shows that the green spaces between the buildings are very small. T h e original "forest finger" original concept of the chosen plan (Figure 1.2) in the Burnaby Mountain Community Design Charrette has been lost and larger parcels of forestlands preserved. A s an approved technology of sustainable development, which has been widely practiced in Europe, the green roof is a creative way to increase green space, save energy and decrease the pressure on the stormwater system caused by impervious paving and reduced open space. It also provides a smooth transition between man-made and natural space, which reflects Arthur Erickson's original concept of integrating the architecture with mountain. However a lack of knowledge, awareness and technical support creates uncertainty in designers, developers, and contractors. Above all, the cost of a green roof is the primary barrier. Literature about green roofs is confusing from the economic point of view. S o m e authors claim that a green roof can cost twice as much or more than conventional roofs. Others think that it is a cost-effective way to achieve the environmental and aesthetic goals of a project. In the East Neighbourhood Plan Development Guidelines of the Burnaby Mountain development, green roofs are designated as an encouraged practice instead of required practice. This provides little incentive to apply green roof practices in Burnaby Mountain. 4 This research project will take a closer look at green roof technologies, discuss green roofs from the Hanging Gardens of Babylon to modern examples, identify the benefits that green roofs could offer to Burnaby Mountain and surrounding areas, discover how much the benefits can offset the costs and explore practical strategies of implementing these technologies to promote more sustainable developments in the future practice. Reduce Negative Environmental Impacts Environment Introduce Social, Environmental Health and Occupational Safety, Improve Living Standards Creates Jobs, Save Costs on Energy and Raw Materials Provide Platform for Research and Studies Equity Economy Education Burnaby Mountain Sustainable Developme nt Figure 1.3 Diagram of green roofs and Burnaby Mountain sustainable development. \ Figure 1.4 "Town and Gown by Nature"-Chosen plan of the Burnaby Mountain Community Design Charrette. This plan shows the "forest fingers" of new growth, interspersed with more valuable mixed coniferous/deciduous forest, allow for a penetration of nature into the more urban reaches of the community. (James Taylor Chair in Landscape & Liveable environments, 2000) 6 6 "Burnaby Mountain Community," 2000, <http://www.sustainable-communities.agsci.ubc.ca/proiects/DesignManual/Burnaby_mountain.pd£> (18 April 2005). 5 Figure 1.5 UniverCity Highlands Neighborhood plan (The "forest fingers" have been cut back). 7 Figure 1.6 "forest fingers" on the current construction site (by Yongxu Yu in Oct 30, 2004). 1.3 Green Roof Definition and Components The most commonly used definition of the green roof is contained green space on top of a human-made structure. 8 This green space could be above, at or below the grade, but in all c a s e s the plants are not planted in the "ground". Unlike a conventional potted roof garden a green roof is part of the roof and is not planted in separate containers. Other terms such as turf roof, meadow roof, and eco-roof are also used to describe the different functions, vegetation and structures of green roofs. 7 "UniveCity. The Community at Simon Fraser," n.d, < http://univercity.ca/overview.html> (18 April 2005). 8 Steven W. Peck and Chris Callaghan, Greenbacks From Green Roofs: Forging A New Industry In Canada, (1999): 13 There are many different layering technologies but the basic layers of green roofs include: 1. roof deck 2. insulation 3. waterproofing membrane (on top of or underneath the insulation layer) 4. root barrier 5. drainage layer 6. geotextile fabric (filter fabric) 7. engineered light weight growing medium 8. plants 1.4 Types of Green Roofs T h e two distinctly different types of green roofs are intensive and extensive. A n intensive green roof is deeper, heavier and more expensive than an extensive green roof. Since intensive green roofs can be used to grow taller vegetation such as trees, shrubs, flowers and vegetables they can achieve more efficient environmental benefits. Intensive green roofs are meant to be designed to accommodate regular human traffic and activities. O n the contrary, extensive green roofs are not designed for public access . Although intensive green roofs can bring a wider range of social and environmental benefits the capital costs and structure reinforcing costs are much higher than extensive greens roofs. For this reason, lightweight, low cost extensive green roofs have become increasingly popular. Characteristic Intensive green roof Extensive green roof Soil depth 9 20-60cm (8-24") 5-15cm (2-6") Vegetation Large trees, shrubs, and well planted gardens Low ground covers, sedums, and mosses Load 1 0 290 - 967.7kg/m2 (60-200lbs/sf) 72.6 -169.4 kg / (16-35lbs/sf) A c c e s s Regular access Only maintenance access Maintenance Significant maintenance required Low maintenance Drainage Complex irrigation and drainage systems Simple irrigation and drainage systems Function Accessible Garden Stormwater management Environmental and Social benefits More Less Capital C o s t 1 1 1 2 High (Exceed $50/sf) Low (start from $7.5/sf) Table 1.1 Intensive green roof and extensive green roof. 9 Soprema Roofing Inc.; Promotional brochure on the "Soprcmature System"; Quebec City, Quebec, 1996. 1 0 Soprema Roofing Inc.; Promotional brochure on the "Soprcmature System"; Quebec City, Quebec, 1996. 1 1 Shary Bartlett, "Sky Gardens," 5 August 2005. <http://www.vancourier.com/issues03/071103/news/071103nnl .html > (13 February 2005). 1 2 Johnston, J. and Newton, J; Building Green, A Guide for Using Plants on Roofs, Walls and Pavements; The London Ecology Unit, London, 1996. 8 1.5 Benefits of Green Roofs Green roof technologies offer a wide range of environmental, economic, and social benefits. T h e s e benefits vary depending on climate, type of green roof, layer components, depth, and plant materials. S o m e of the benefits are quantifiable. S o m e of them are only qualitative. Although it is easier for people to judge green roof technologies on their quantifiable benefits, the qualitative benefits maybe more important to improve our lives. T h e benefits that green roofs could bring to Burnaby Mountain and surrounding areas are: • Stomwater retention T h e UniverCity development has brought dramatic changes to Burnaby Mountain. Well-vegetated natural ground covers have been destroyed and replaced with impermeable surfaces. For instance, there were approximately 1200 trees including Western Redcedar, Western Hemlock, Red Alder and Vine Maple on a 3.47ha parcel but less than 15 trees survived between parcel 9 and parcel 10. Increased stormwater runoff then became one of the most urgent concerns. T o prevent the possible flooding, erosion, and pollution caused by increased stormwater a detention system was designed and installed prior to the beginning of the building construction. In addition a 35 m 3 per 1000 m 2 of impervious area on-site storage volume is now required for all the parcels in the UniverCity Highlands. 1 3 T o find ground space to install these stormwater storage facilities, more valuable trees may have to be cut down. In consequence more runoff and other environmental problems may occur. Green roofs can dramatically reduce the volume and rate of runoff from building tops. Studies in Germany show 1 3 "East Neighbourhood Plan Part Four: Development Guidelines," 2003, <http://vvfww.univercity.ca/develguidenov-03.pdf > (23 January 2005)., 9 green roofs can retain up to 75% of precipitation that falls on them. This will ___________________________ significantly alleviate pressure on Average Annual Precipitation (1971 to 2000) Total Precipitation • Snowfall • Rainfall sewer systems or even reduce the size of sewer pipes and retention ponds thereby saving money and valuable lands. Chart 1.1 Average annual precipitations on Burnaby Moutain (Data from Environment Canada). Effect of Rainfall on Green Roof Performance Medium Density Multi-Family Lot (70% lot coverage, mostly rooftop) o mi E = O ro SI is 0 o Id 3 O > 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5* nm\ Burnaby Mountain White Rock (wet year, 1999) (wet year, 1999) (dry year, M)U) 1 500 1000 1500 "2019.5 2000 2500 3000 Total Annual Precipitation (mm) •No Source Control •With Intensive Green Roofs (soil depth shown) With Extensive Green Roofs (soil depth shown) Figure 1.8 Effect of Rainfall on Green Roof Performance 15 According to Environment Canada 's climate normal data, Burnaby Mountain's average annual precipitation is 2019.5 mm. Figure 1.8 shows that Green Roofs with a 1 4 Stephanie Miller, "New Urban Pastures: The Promise of Green Roofs," 2005, <http://www. satyamag.com/jul04/miller.html> (8 April 2005). 1 5 "Effectiveness of Stormwater Source Control," March 2002. <http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/sewerage/stoniiwater_reports_1997_2002/sc_assessment_interinVreport_interim_marO pdf> (30 January 2005). 10 2019.5mm total annual precipitation can catch approximately 40% of the precipitation that falls on them. Although the types of green roofs affect the volume of stormwater retention, all types of green roofs perform more effectively in dryer areas and dryer periods. Green Roof Type Soil Depth Volume of Stormwater Retention Wet Year (2530mm total annual rainfall) Average Year (2019.5mm total annual rainfall) Extensive 50mm 31% 37% 100mm 32% 38% Intensive 300mm 34% 40% 500mm 36% 42% Runoflrrrom green roofs Wilh vegetation Table 1.2 Comparison of green roof performance on Burnaby Mountain. • Improving Water Quality Studies show that up to 30% of total nitrogen and phosphorus released into streams is derived from dust that accumulates on rooftops in urban a r e a s . 1 6 Functioning as natural bio-filtration devices, green roofs effectively reduce water contamination. However the careful selection of growing medium and plants are essential for success . Figure 1.9 Runoff from a green roof is much cleaner than that from a non-vegetated roof . 1 7 • Energy conservation Green roofs can reduce cooling costs in summer and heating costs in winter. The performance of green roofs on energy conservation can be variable according to the 1 6 Charlie Miller, "Extensive green roofs," n.d. <http://vvww.wbdg.org/design/resource.php^cn=0&rp=41> (18 April 2005). 17 "Research," 8 November 2004, <http://hortweb.cas.psu.edu/research/greenroofcenter/research.html> (26 December 2004). 11 type of green roof and the way they are constructed. Research has shown that green roofs can cut energy costs in half in summer and by 25% in winter. 1 8 Studies have indicated that the Chicago's City Hall green roof surface temperature reduction is 21 ° C lower than the conventional black tar roof. This green roof is expected to save up to $5,000 a year in heating and cooling costs. Gre12en roofs can increase property value by as much as 15%. 1 9 Figure 1.10 A G r e e n Roof he lps to stab i l i ze the t e m p e r a t u r e ins ide t h e b u i l d i n g . 2 0 • Improvement of air quality Time GVRD Air Quality Index 100 80 60 a 40 100 60 40 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 6 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Pacific Standard Time (Hours) • AQI Figure 1.11 GVRD Air Quality Index (Burnaby Mountain station). 1 8 Theodore Eisenman, "Sedums Over Baltimore-How a green roof made a rehabilitated building more sustainable." Landscape Architecture Mangazine, 8 (2004): 58 1 9 Colin Cheney, "Earth Pledge Initiative EPF green Roofs," n.d, <http://www.earthpledge.org/GreenRoof.html> (23 January 2005). 2 0 "Great Lakes W A T E R Institute Green Roof Project," n.d, <http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/GLWI/ecoli/Greenroof/benefits.html> (23 January 2005). 12 GVRD Air Quality Index 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Pacific Standard Time (Hours) • AQI Figure 1.12 G V R D Air Quality Index (Downtown Vancouver station). T h e plants on green roofs absorb and convert carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. Just 1.5 m 2 of uncut grass produces enough oxygen in a year to supply one person's yearly oxygen intake needs. 1 m 2 (10.76 sf) of grass roof can remove up to 0.2 kg of airborne particulates from the air every year. 2 1 T h e Lower Fraser Valley Air Quality Index Reporting System shows the Air Quality index of Downtown Vancouver is lower than 10 while which of Burnaby Mountain is around 15 (January, 2005 data) . 2 2 The higher of air quality index the worse of the air quality. Thus Burnaby Mountain has a lower air quality than downtown Vancouver and need these green roof benefits. Within the next 20 years, more residents will move in, more automobiles will be on the road, more construction sites will start digging and more trees will be cut down. All these activities will contribute to the degradation of air quality. S ince most new built buildings have underground parking the footprints are big. Green space on the ground 2 1 "Earth Pledge initiative: epf green roofs," 2002, <http://www.earthpledge.org/PublicPrivate.html> (13 February 2005). 2 2 "Lower Fraser Valley Air quality Index Reporting System," January 2005, <http://www.gvrd.bc.ca/aqi/default.asp> (23 January 2005). 13 is very limited in this type of medium to high-density development. Green roofs can play an important role in improving air quality. • Protection of roof membrane Green roofs protect roofing membranes from intense ultraviolet radiation (UV) and extreme temperature degradation and therefore extend their lifespan. Most roofs have to be replaced every 15 to 20 years; some green roofs in Germany have lasted as long as 90 years without needing to be replaced. 2 3 • Sound insulation Roofs covered in growing medium and plants can be great sound insulators. Sound waves caused by machinery, traffic and airplanes can be absorbed and reflected. The growing medium and other substrates of green roofs block lower frequencies of sound and plants block higher frequencies. Tests show that 12cm(5") of growing medium alone can reduce sound by 4 0 d b . 2 4 • Amenity and recreational space T h e medium to high-density development on Burnaby Mountain provides limited space for residents to enjoy the outdoors around their buildings. Small courtyards, narrow corridors and space between buildings are usually enclosed spaces that are over looked by other people or too close to other people's windows or doors. Such public spaces are not comfortable for people to relax and enjoy. Green roofs can be an ideal amenity and recreational space for residents. Beautiful gardens and open views on top of the mountain would make the green roofs much more comfortable and relaxing places to enjoy the natural environment. Green roofs also 23 Ulrich Porsche and Manfred Kohler, "Life Cycle Costs of Green Roofs," 2003, <http://www.rio3.corn/proce^^ (24 January 2005). 2 0 0 5 ) n e f i t S ° f G r e e " R ° ° f S ' " " d " < h t t p j / ^ ^ ^ (23 January 14 provide safe resting and playing spaces for seniors and kids and promote interaction between neighbors. Because of the activities on the roof a strong building structure is essential. Rooftops of concrete buildings, which can support heavy loads, are especially suitable for the rooftop amenities and recreational functions of the intensive green roofs. Figurel .13 Green roof playgrounds. • Reduction of the Urban Heat Island Effect O n warm summer days, a city can be 6 - 8 ° F warmer than its surrounding areas. Scientists call such cities "Urban Heat Islands." 2 6 "This urban heat island condition is caused by reductions in the amount of natural tree canopy that provides shade, dark, heat absorbing materials on buildings, parking lots, roads and general development throughout most urban a reas . " 2 7 With the urbanization of Burnaby Mountain the microclimate is changing dramatically. Green roofs mitigate the urban heat islands effect by replacing the heat absorbing tar and other dark roofing materials with vegetation. Plant evapotranspiration cools the surrounding environments. 2 8 Green roofs would be a great way to reduce the contribution to the urban heat island effect of the G V R D . 2 5 "Dachgarten," n.d, <http://www.zinco.de/referenzen/intensiv/dachgarten.php> (23 January 2005). 2 6 "High Temperatures," n.d, <http://eetd.lbl.gov/Heat!sland> (23 January 2005). 2 7 "Urban heat Islands," n.d, <http ://www. stevensroofing. com/Energy/EnergvUrbanHeatlsl htm> (23 January 2005). 2 S "Urban heat Islands," n.d, <http://www.stevensroofing.com/Energy/Energy_UrbanHeatIsl.htm> (23 January 2005). 15 • Aesthetic value Although the aesthetic value of green roofs is hard to quantify, it is crucial to a livable community. According to the East Neighbourhood Development Guidelines, buildings will be from two to ten stories in height, with horizontal forms. Terraced buildings aligned to the mountain terrain are encouraged. Most of the rooftops are visible from the higher terraces or buildings. It has been proven that a colorful living roof is more visually desirable than a conventional black tar roof. Real-estate marketing studies have shown that green spaces are highly valued by buyers and t e n a n t s . 2 9 One pt iet . ipp>oaiflUlely on* square Uometr* Figure 1.14 GVRD urban heat islands30 T h e green oases that green roofs provide in the urban environment decrease stress, help relaxing and promote hea l ing . 3 1 According to psychological studies, the restorative effect of natural scenery holds the viewers' attention, diverts their awareness away from themselves and worrisome 2 9 Johnston, J. and Newton, J; Building Green, A Guide for Using Plants on Roofs, Walls and Pavements, The London Ecology Unit, London, 1996. 3 0 Steve Fick and Eric Harris, "Simmer in the City," n.d., <http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/Ja02/alacarte.asp> (13 February 2005). 3 1 "Health," n.d., <http://www.livingroofs.org/livingpages/benhealth.html> (13 February 2005). 16 thoughts and elicits a meditation-like state. They smoothly blend the buildings into the surrounding natural environment. T h e Property value of buildings with well-designed and well-maintained green roofs can be greater that that of buildings without green roofs. The green roof on a luxury condominium in Toronto has increased the property value of the benefited-units. 3 3 T h e green roof photo on the right of Figure 1.15 is from G r e e n G r i d ™ website. O n its left is a computer simulation showing how it would look if it was traditional black tar roof. It is obvious that the green roof if more visually appealing than the black roof. T h e lush grass, colorful flowers and textured shrubs bring life to this roof. In addition the comfortable furniture and carefully designed paving make this rooftop a peaceful, friendly and inviting place for people to enjoy the garden and significant views beyond. T h e valuable space is well used and provides pleasure for people who use it and who can watch it. On the contrary, the black roof is a waste of useable and visible space. Figure 1.15 Same building, different aesthetic values. (Green roof photo from Fact Sheet: GreenGrid and LEED Certification, http://www.qreengridroofs.com/lv1edia/LEEDFactSheet.pdf) Ulrich, R S . and Parsons, R.; "Influences of Passive Experiences with Plants on Individual Well-being and Health"; in The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Social Development, Chapter 15, Timber Press Inc., 1992. 3 3 Peck , Steven W , and Callaghan, Chris, Greenbacks From Green Roofs: Forging A New Industry In Canada, (1999): 62. 17 • Biodiversity O n e of the most important reasons that green roofs are so attractive is because they are living systems. Change is a characteristic of being alive. T h e color, shape and texture of the variety of plant species are constantly changing through the year. According to German research, green roofs support anywhere from 10 to 40 different insect s p e c i e s . 3 4 Rare birds and spiders have been found nesting on green roofs in L o n d o n . 3 5 The plants, insects and birds that thrive on rooftops create exciting wildlife habitat. Burnaby Mountain has a valuable natural heritage. Green roofs can compensate for some of the damage to the natural environment caused by the new development. Figure 1.16 Chicago's City Hall green roof incorporates sedums and meadow plants, a colony of bees and also attracts native insets such as butterflies. 3 6 • Food Production T h e new community on top of Burnaby Mountain is relatively isolated. Food products have to be transported long distances before getting onto people's tables. Although 3 4 "Earth Pledge Initiative: EPF Green Roofs," 2002, <http://www.earthpledge.org/PublicPrivate.html> (13 February 2005). 3 5 "Green Roofs Appeal: Can Green Roofs Save Urban Wildlife?," 2004, <http://www.ptes.org/action/appeals/jul04.html> (14 February 2005). 3 6 Theodore Eisenman, "Chicago's Green Grown." Landscape Architecture Magazine, 11 (2004): 113 18 fresh organic food is much more appreciated nowadays, most urban communities do not have much space for gardens. Roofs can be great spaces for urban agriculture. A green roof can support all sorts of herbs and vegetables that can be found in a traditional garden. Townhouses and condominiums with green roofs are more attractive for people who want to have a garden to grow food than those without. T h e Fairmount Waterfront Hotel in Vancouver Downtown is a well-known example of green roof urban agriculture. Herbs and vegetables from the green roof save the hotel kitchen $30,000 a year. The prices of the suites facing this garden are higher than others. Figure 1.17 Urban agriculture with Sedum and watermelon.37 Other benefits of green roofs include things such as reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) , creating jobs in design, growing, manufacturing, installation and maintenance. T h e wide range of benefits offered by green roofs addresses most of the environmental, economic, and social challenges that the new development on Burnaby Mountain is facing. Green roof technologies provide outstanding solutions to stormwater management, conserving energy and materials, expanding living space and improving life quality. "Vegetatve Greenroof Research Program," n.d, <http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/> (23 January 2005). 19 Figure 1.18 Fairmont Waterfront Hotel. 1.6 Issues of Green Roofs Although green roofs would bring excellent benefits to Burnaby Mountain some fundamental barriers hold developers and designers back. T h e s e barriers include: • Ecomomic Considerations T h e costs of green roofs can be divided into four general categories: design, structure reinforcing, capital costs and maintenance. Typically, the capital costs of green roofs are about $8 to $20/sf ($86/m 2 to $215/m 2), depending on the types and systems and layer components. Heavily used intensive green roofs may cost more. While, conventional roofs cost about $1.5 to $10/sf ($16/m 2 Varner, Collin and Allen, Christine, Gardens of Vancouver, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1999 20 to $108/m 2), two to four times less than green r o o f s . 3 9 This cost difference is the most significant barrier for developers who are looking to profit from their developments. Design fees usually are 5% to 10% of the green roof project. 4 0 Structural reinforcing can vary depending on the weight of green roof and the original building structure. A n extensive green roof requires a minimal cost to building structure upgrading if included in the initial building planning. 4 1 Ongoing maintenance can be much higher than conventional roof if an intensive green roof is applied. Trent University's wildflower meadow green roof only needs some cropping along the windows. 4 2 Although some literature claims that the adoption of green roof systems can lead to significant savings (Peck and Callaghan, 1999) very few studies have addressed how much these savings can offset the costs. The complexity of the cost estimation itself is one of the reasons why this has not been done. Costs and savings can be significantly different depending on the existing conditions, green roof size, climate, design, construction and maintenance. In addition, some of the benefits are difficult or impossible to calculate. Another reason is lack of scientific data to support the estimation of cost and benefits. Green roof technology is comparably new to North America. The performance of green roofs has just started to be monitored and studied. According to Charlie Miller, the principal of Roofscapes Inc., green roofs are comparable in cost to conventional roofs when the savings from deferred maintenance and the reduced energy consumption are taken into a c c o u n t . 4 3 A press release on April 3 9 Kimberly Pedersen, "Meadows in The Sky: Contemporay Applicationh for Eco-roofs in The Vancouver Region," UBC M.A.S.A. Thesis, (1999): 52 4 0 Stephanie Goom, "Green Roofing the Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention," December 2003, <http://www.c2p2online.corn/documents/GreenR (24 January 2005): 25. 4 1 Kimberly Pedersen, 52. 4 2 Robin Kortright, "Evaluating the potential of Green Roof Agriculture," October 2001, <http://www.cityfarmer.or_/greenpotential.html> (24 January 2005). 43 tc Cost of Green Roofs," n.d., <http^//ww^ (24 January 2005). 21 6 t h 2004 of the Cheshire Wildlife Trust website also points out that green roofs can provide an easy and cost-effective way of creating much-needed green space in urban env i ronments . 4 4 German scholars Ulrich Porsche and Manfred Kohler's report "Life Cycle Costs of Green Roofs" indicate that the total profit of intensive green roof with PVC-Products can be as high as € 1,250.00/m 2 over a lifespan of 90 years. i Bitumen roof I Gravel roof BENEFITS COSTS • Extensive green roof without PVC products • Extensive green roof with PVC products • Intensive green roofs without PVC products • Intensive green roof with PVC products Chart 1.2 A cost-benefit overview of the estimated lifespan of 90 years in € /m 2 . 45 While Mario Sokol , a student of university of Texas has gotten a different result in his research on the suitability of roof gardens for big box stores in central Texas. T h e costs of the green roof and savings from summer cooling and increased lifespan of the roof membranes have been estimated and analyzed base on a 30-year lifecycle. The conclusion was roof gardens on big box stores would cost significantly more than the provided savings. 4 6 Even if a 90-year lifecycle was counted the savings would not outweigh the costs. 4 4 "How By Going Green Up-Top You Can do Your Bit for the Environment," 6 April 2004, <http://www.wildlifetrust.org.uk/cheshire/news_press_green_roof.htm> (24 January 2005). 4 5 Ulrich Porsche and Manfred Kohler, "Life Cycle Costs of Green Roofs," RIO 3-World Climate & Energy Event, (1-5 December 2003): 467. 4 6 Maro Sokol, "Analysis of Suitability of Roof Gardens for Big Box Stores in Central Texas," n.d, <http://utwired.engr.utexas.edu/siegel/final%20project/Symposium/sokol.pdf> (24 January 2005): 9. 22 The increased rental and property value of a building with a green roof are major financial benefits shown in Porsche and Kohler's research. In Canada green roofs are becoming more and more popular. There isn't any regulation of the rental rates as in Germany. S o m e studies have shown that the green roof of S a n Francisco International Airport cost about 185% of conventional base case at the beginning. The annually operating costs are approximately 70% of a conventional roof. Th is green roof will be paid for by its energy saving in 11 y e a r s . 4 7 A report written by Jef Fuller, managing principal of D N C Architects states that green roof "Payback Day 1". T h e project they have done is located within a short walk of a Metro Station in suburban Maryland. Instead of installing one acre underground stormwater facility the team built a green roof at the same price. 4 8 This attractive, extensive green roof has provided many of its benefits from the time it was built. • Potential leaking hazard Even if the cost might be offset by the benefits, the risk of potential leaks challenges developers, designers, contractors and property owners. Theoretically green roofs can protect the membrane against ultra-violet radiation and extreme temperature. But people worry that poor designs, improper materials, and damage during installation may cause failure of the waterproofing system. Most developers and property owners would rather choose not to take the risk. A leaking green roof is also conceded to be harder to detect and more expensive to repair than a conventional roof. While, Blair Bennett, sales man of S o p r e m a ® would 4 7 "Profile of Award Winners," 29-30 May 2003, <http://www.t_ree!irpo (24 January 2005). 4 8 Jef Fuller, "Green Roof: Pack Day I," 2004, <http://www.dcd.com/bpr/bprjid 4_2004.html> (24 January 2005). 23 argue that people can accept pouring 4 inches of concrete over roof membrane to build an under ground parking garage deck but they are afraid of putting 4 inches of soil on top. It is obviously more difficult to repair a leaking deck under concrete than under soil and plants. The team of Integrated Design Charrette for a Sustainable UniverCity Community had discussed the suitability of implementing extensive green roofs on Burnaby Mountain. The conclusion was it would not be advantageous to have green roofs on this site because the invasive alder tree's roots would lead to damage of waterproofing membrane. Although applying root barriers can solve the root penetration problem the green roofs could need more maintenance. 4 9 However, do green roofs really cause more leaking than the conventional roof? Through reviewing available case studies and searching on the Internet no leaking case has been found related to green roofs. According to the "Green Roof Inventory: Preface Repot Greater Vancouver Regional District" prepared by Kim Dave's, there are 605 green roofs in Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) and the Lower Mainland. Further research needs to be done in order to provide convincing statistics of in what degree green roofs are related to leaking issues. "Integrated Design Charrette for a Sustainable UniverCity Community," 2003. <http://www.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/publications/en/rh-pr/lech/03-1.10-e,html> (30 January 2005). 24 CHAPTER II History and Modern Technologies 2.1 History T h e most historically famous green roof is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. However far earlier than Hanging Gardens, vegetated roofs were utilized by Neolithic people in northern Europe nearly five thousand years ago. Located about twenty miles north of the Scottish mainland, the island of Skara Brae was a Neolithic settlement dating back 3100-2600 B C . Archaeologists believe that the dwellings were once sheltered buy turf roofs. T h e s e inhabitants had stonewalls built into the earth. The roofs were constructed from whale ribs and covered by whale skin and Figure 2.1 Skara Brae Neolithic village, Figure 2.2 Skara Brae dwelling (by Jacob ord). Orkney, Scotland (by Charles Tait) 5 1 http://www.bogomip.net/scotland/ O n the vast loess plateau of Shaanxi province, China, people have been living in caves and growing food on top of the "roof since Neolithic Period. There are two basic types of caves. The first type of cave dwellings are those carved out of the side of a cliff. 5 0 Kevin L. Callahan, "Daily life in Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Scotland," n.d., <http://www.tc.umn.edu/~call0031 /dailylifeinneolithicscotland.html> (22 March 2005). 5 1 Charles Tait, "2788 Skara Brae Neolithic Village," n.d, <http://www.charles-tait.co.ulo1ibrary/archaeology/orkney/skara/pages/skarabraevertaerial2788crop_600jpg.htrn> (18 April 2005) 25 T h e second type of cave dwelling is built where hills are not available. People create 10 metre deep sunken courtyards in this situation. C a v e s are dug off the main courtyards. T h e C a v e s are usually 5-7 metres long, 3-4 metres wide, and 2-5 metres h igh . 5 2 Since the climate is extremely dry, drainage systems are not necessary for these sunken courtyards. Figure 2.3 Caves in the h i l l . 5 3 Figure 2.4 Caves in the sunken courtyard. 5 4 Unlike the cave dwelling in Shaanxi, the Ziggurat of Ur, which is north of Baghdad in Iraq, was a Mesopotamian temple. Built for the moon god Nanna, the ziggurat dates back to the 2100s B C . This once was a 50 metre high pyramidal mound built of mud brick. 5 5 T h e drainage system from interior suggested that trees and gardens were planted on the receding tiers upon square platforms. Figure 2.5 Ziggurat of Ur -Nammu. 5 6 " "Farmer's Cave," 2005, <http://wvvw.travelchinaguide.coni/attraction/shaanxi/xian/farmers-caves.htm> (21 March 2005). 5 3 "Date Garden-site of the CCP Secretariat," 2005, <http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shaanxi/yanan/date_garden.htm> (8 April 2005). 5 4 "Farmer's Cave," 2005, <http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shaanxi/xian/farmers-caves.htm> (21 March 2005). 5 5 Lexic Orient, "Ziggurat," 1996-2005, <http://lexicorient.com/eo/ziggurat.htm> (21 March 2005). 5 6 Lexic Orient, "Ziggurat," 1996-2005, <http://lexicorient.com/eo/ziggurat.htm> (21 March 2005). 26 Although the Hanging Gardens (600 BC) is not the earliest vegetated roof it is probably the most romantic and mythical garden in the world. According the ancient stories the gardens were built by king Nebuchadnezzar to cheer up his homesick wife, Amyitis who had a homeland with lush green, rugged land and mountains. S ince it didn't survive over the time, the detailed descriptions can only be found in the ancient Greek historians' writings. "The Garden is quadrangular, and each side is four plethra long. It consists of arched vaults which are located on checkered cube-like foundations... The ascent of the uppermost terrace-roofs is made by a stairway..." "The Hanging Garden has plants cultivated above ground level, and the roots of the trees are embedded in an upper terrace rather than in the earth. The whole mass is supported on stone columns... Streams of water emerging from elevated sources flow down sloping channels... These waters irrigate the whole garden saturating the roots of plants and keeping the whole area moist. Hence the grass is permanently green and the leaves of trees grow firmly attached to supple branches... This is a work of art of royal luxury and its most striking feature is that the labor of cultivation is suspended above the heads of the spectators".57 Diodorus Siculus, a Greek Historian claimed that the garden was about 400 feet wide by 400 feet long and more than 80 feet high. T h e platforms on which the garden stood consisted of huge slabs of stone covered with layers of reed, asphalt and tiles. There were 14 vaulted rooms and underground crypts making the garden complex and beaut i fu l . 5 9 Figure 2.6 Hanging Gardens of Babylon.6 0 3 7 Alaa K. Ashmawy, "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon," 2004, <http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/gardens.html> (21 March 2005). 5 8 Lee Krystek, "The Haning gardens of Babylon," 1998, <http://www.unmuseum.org/hangg.htm> (21 March 2005). 5 9 Heather Tennis, "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon," n.d., <http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/c/e/cep 159/Gardens.htm> (22 March 2005). 6 0 Blake Embree, "Hanging Gardens of Babylon," 2000, <http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/MidEast/04/Bembree/Bembree.htm> (8 April 2005). 27 Plants imported from foreign lands were planted in the gardens. T h e s e plants may have included: cedar, cypress, myrtle, juniper, almond, date palm, ebony, olive, oak, nut, ash, firs, nightshade, willow, pomegranate, plum, pear, quince, fig, and grapevine. 6 1 Although no one is sure that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon have ever existed this mystical and peaceful Paradise holds a fascination for people of all ages and cultures. From the medieval period to the early twenty-century, turf roofs are extensively used as the best insulation available at the time. The structure of these turf roofs is similar to the contemporary green roofs. Over lapped birch bark pieces work a s a waterproofing layer. T h e gravel and birch twigs on top are drainage layers. Finally two courses of turf are applied on top of the gravel. The first course is upside down. T h e function is similar to the filter cloth to prevent soil from plugging the gaps between the gravel. Figure 2.7 Turf roofs in Iceland. 6 2 2.2 Modern Technologies Modern green roof technologies have been developed in Europe, primarily in Germany, over the last 35 years to improve the urban environment. A significant amount of technical research was conducted on the waterproof membranes, drainage Heather Tennis, "The Hanging Garden of Babylon," n.d, <h«p://yyw.personal.psu.edu/users/c/e/cepl59/Gardens.htm> (18 April 2005). Julie Skurdenis, "Into Iceland's Past," 2003, <http://www.goworldtrave1 com/ex/aspx/articleGuid %7B07684F08-0BDF-434C-B410-E587AF.5D4D63%7D/xe/articlehtm> (18 April 2005). 28 systems, root barriers, lightweight growing media, and plants. With policy support and enormous benefits on energy conservation and storm water management, green roof technologies are utilized intensively in European Countries. S ince 1989, Germans have constructed 34 million square metres of green roofs . 6 3 More than 10 percent of the flat roofs in Germany contain green -roof infrastructure. 6 4 Cities in North America have started to become aware of the significant benefits in the last decade. Portland (Oregon), Chicago and Toronto became the leading cities of implementing green roof technologies. Although there still isn't incentive from the cities in British Columbia, green roof technologies have been a steadily increasing interest in the Vancouver R e g i o n . 6 5 25% of total neighbourhood roof area has been planned to accommodate plant life in Vancouver Southeast False C r e e k . 6 6 By the fall of 2007 Canada 's largest green roof (6 acres) will be installed on top of Vancouver Convention and Exhibition Centre. 6 7 From the Neolithic turf roof to modern green roof, this ancient technology is flourishing again with marvelous strength and speed. 2.3 Green Roof Products and Manufacturers With the increasing popularity of extensive green roofs, manufacturers have developed green roof systems. Engineered green roof components such as waterproof membranes, drainage mats, geotextiles, and growing mediums, can be purchased in the European market and some cities in the U S and Canada . C a n a d a has a great potential in the green roof market. Some manufactures from Europe and the States, for 6 3 David J. Beattie, "Green Roofs," n.d, <http://www.rps.psu.edu/0105/roofs.html> (21 March 2005). 6 4 Ray Hogan, "Workshop Training Pays Dividends for Pictou County Health," 2004, <http://www.cchse.org/oee/downloadables/pdfs/Partnership24_6.pdf> (25 March, 2005). 6 5 Kim Davis, "Green Roof Inventory. Preface Report Greater Vancouver Regional District," 12 December 2002, < http://www.betterbuildings.ca/content/articleliles/41 -GreenRoof Inventory pdf> (21 March 2005). 6 6 Sebastian Moffatt, "Green Buildings in a Green Context: Specifying Environmental Performance at the Community Scale," n .d , <http://www.sheltair.com/library/gbcpaper.pdf> (21 M a r c h 2005). 6 7 Norman Stowe, "Convention Centre Expansion Budget Approved- Construction begins in October, completion 2008," 15 July 2004, <http://www.vccep.bc.ca/current/news/2004/Jull5-04.htm> (21 March 2005). 29 instance, Soprema and Xeroflor, are establishing local offices in the Canada 's major cities, which include Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. T h e following table lists the facts of five commonly used green roof systems. Sopranature (by Soprema) XeroFlor® (by XeroFlor) Roofmeadow® (by Roof sea pes) Garden Roof® (by Hydrotech) GreenGnd™ (by Weston) Green Roof Extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive A * Extensive Intensive and extensive j . Intensive, semi-intensive and , extensive Intensive and extensive. Product Code and Thickness Three depth: 2.5in(64mm), 4in(100mm), 8in(200mm) SOPRAFLOR-X 4-6in(100-150mm) XeroFloii 2-5in(50-'125mm) Flower carpet 2-3in(50-75mm) Extensive' G^arden Roof 3-6in (75- , . 150mm) |SernMHtfpiyj_. Garden Roof 6-12in (150-300mm) SOPRAFLOR-I 6-12in(150-300mm) SOPRAFIOR-U Aromatic Garden 3-4in (75- , 100mm) 6-12in(150-300mm) Savannah' 4-6in(100-150mm) Meadow 1| 6-9in (150-225mm). . Meadow 2 6-9in(150- . •:• 225mm) [Omega-' woodlands > 12in (300mm) Intensive JGarddnlR()pf ' >12in (300mm) Weight >30 Ibs/sf ; >12lbs/sf 12-18 Ibs/sf (2-. Growing 10 Ibs/sf 3in) medium weight: (2.5in:model) 15 Ibs/sf (4in 18-24 Ibs/sf (3- 12-24 Ibs/sf (3- model) 4in) 6in) • : 28 Ibs/sf (8in model) 24-36 Ibs/sf (4- 24-48 Ibs/sf (6-6in) 12in) * 36-54 Ibs/sf (6- >52 Ibs/sf . . . . . . . 9in) (>12in) 36-54 Ibs/sf (6-9in) > 72 Ibs/sf (12in) 30 Sopranature XeroFlor® Roofmeadow® Garden Roof® GreenGrid™ (by Soprema) (by (by (by Hydrotech) (by Weston) XeroFlor) Roofscapes) • ' • • - • Plants Wildflower Sedurh Sedurh] herbs, ; S e d u m , " \ , " Grasses,'';;-^ , : : meadows, meadow mosses herbs, Perennials, grasses, grasses, sod grass sedums and perennial perennials, turf, lawns, annual, wildflowers, small trees perennial, or shrubs wildflowers, shrubs, and. even small trees Growing Crushed brick, 60% Porous, Lightweight Bark compost, Lightweight = medium blond peat, inert stone growing perlite, blond soil media perlite, sand such as medium; peat, vegetable and compost crushed compost from vegetable brick, Formula varies matter, bark, pumice, or from region to compost! expanded region slate (maximum 10mm • 0,,~;*VV ' ' / : particle size) [fM:}':'''\';' 25% Fine • : ' ' *• '* *"' '• Washed Sand 14% Organic Compost (certified weed-free) •- :" • 1% Dolomite '••••V : \ : • . • . Other Sopradrain Water Wind Erosion Systemfilter Pavers and components GEO-M retention Stabilization SF® edge (geotextile); fleece; System, Root- (geotextile): ; treatment permeable v: ': Sopradrain 10- Drainage Separation Hydrodrain® G (drainage mat; Fabric; 300 (air layer) panel); HDPE Root Barrier Granular media Floradrain Microfab (root drainage layer FD25, FD40 barrier) is prepared. and Lightweight FD60(drainage media such as and water pumice, scoria, storage or expanded shale; or Moisture Roofmeadow Retention Mat Sheet Drain; SSM45 (water Retention) '., • ""'Xyj-*• -'; ' ./'„,-• . ' : Root Barrier; '''•'''v(T%V' '•' ' ' '' Hydrodrain® Waterproofing 400 (drainage 31 Sopranature (by Soprema) XeroFlor® (by XeroFlor) Roofmeadow® (by Roofscapes) Garden Roof® (by Hydrotech) GreenGrid™ (by Weston) Other components membrane; layer) : ' ' STYROFOAM®; Monolithic (insulatiOn/air barrier); Root Stop WSF 40® (Root barrier) Membrane 6125-EV®(hot, fluid applied rubberized asphalt) ; Cost $9/sf installed (includes soil, not plants) $10US/sf $12-20/sf $10-18/sf Extensive $8-20/sf; Intensive $15-25/sf irrigation If Aquamat Jardin (capillary mat for irrigation and water retention) is installed, no other irrigation • system is required for extensive green roofs. Piping, rotary head, dripping system, or other sprinkler types Capillary Fabric, Base trickle irrigation the Floradrain, promotes '-• irrigation . through - * capillary action . and. evaporation 'y:-\ |nto the :^ soil/vegetatiOn leyel.':;1,:;; :^ ?*.,: Drip irrigation system or sprinkler may be required for 8 in depth modules. ' Maintenance Has an integrated low-pressure sub-irrigation system that reduces the need for maintenance Need . irrigation duringthe first 1-2 years.. Most mature (2 • years or less) Roofmeadow® vegetated roof covers will not require irrigation, mowing, or fertilizing. .^Extensive Garden Roof®u requires little or .•no'-,, „' ••" maintenance; Intensive Garden Roof® requires regular; maintenance such as , irrigation,, fertilizing and mowing. Requires; '•mjnimal/;';^ ''.;'" maintenance Highlights Low weight, low maintenance; Double Ply waterproofing; Pre-cultivated Vegetation Mat 100% Pre-cultivated Vegetation Mat Use cuttings and seed to install a green Retain 50%-90% of a typical raip fall on the roof Assists earning Pre-planted modular system. Simple to install and : easy to 32 Sopranature XeroFlor® Roofmeadow® Garden Roof® GreenGrid™ (by Soprema) (by (by (by Hydrotech) (by Weston) XeroFlor) Roofscapes) Highlights Membrane recyclable; roof; LEED® credits repair: insure a , Improve roof completely life 1-3 times; Utilize blower Modules and uniform trucks to place pavers made waterproofing; Reduce growing media; from, recycled stormwater material; Growing runoff 60- Can be medium retain 100%; customized; The system 30-70 water can absorb Low weight, Wide rang of up to 99% of low. choice a 1-in. maintenance, rainfall; low cost; Reduce Simple heating and installation; cooling costs by up to 25 Qualifies for and 50%; LEED® project Flexible certification assembly; . credits Assists earning LEED® credits Example The Island Ford's Truck Chicago City Vancouver City Target Retail Project House, Assembly Hall, Chicago, Library, Store-South Thousand Plant, IL, USA 5 Vancouver, BC, Loop 7,128sf Islands, ON, Norfolk, VA, 33,000sf Canada - extensive ' Canada - U S A - intensive and 80Q0sf green roof 1,700sf 10.6 acre extensive green extensive and extensive green extensive roof intensive green roof green roof roof Table 2.1 Manufactured green roof systems. Information came from the following websites and inquiring with the manufacturer. http //www. q ree n q rid roof s. co m http //www.hvdrotechmembrane.ca http / /www.soorema.ca http //www.xeroflora.com http //www.roofmeadow.com www. barnard. edu/en vsci/cou rses/BC3800-01 / Presentations%20Spring%202004/LakeTimothyFinalPresentation.ppt 33 CHAPTER III PRECEDENTS There are many successful green roofs that have been built throughout the world. T h e s e green roofs include Chicago City Hall, Investment Bank in Potsdam, Germany, Rockefeller Center in New Your City, International Hall in Fukuoka, Japan, and Ford's Dearborn Truck Assembly Plant, the largest green roof in the world. T h e Greater Vancouver Reginald District has 605 green roofs . 6 8 Majority of these green roofs are on top of building roof decks and Garage roof decks. In this region, the most well known green roofs are Vancouver Public library and Robson Square and Provincial Government Courthouse Complex green roofs. Notable Landscape architect Cornelia Oberlander has designed these two green roofs. The Waterfall Building green roofs are austher of Cornelia's recently projects. T h e following sheets list the detailed precedents of the Waterfall Building and T h e Fairmont Waterfront Hotel, which is famous for its rooftop herb and vegetable garden. Unfortunately this garden was turned into a regular roof garden after the chef left. 3.1 Waterfall Building Green Roofs • Location: 1540 West Second Avenue Vancouver, British Columbia • Developer: Hillside Development Ltd. • Architect: Arthur Erickson with Nick Milkovich Architects • Landscape Architect: Cornelia Oberlander • Time of Completion: Fall 2001 • Building Type: Mixed-use commercial and live-work facility • Building Structure: reinforced cast-in place concrete 6 8 Kim Davis, "Green Roof Inventory: Preface Report Greater Vancouver Regional District," 12 December 2002, < http://www.betterbuildings.ca/content/articlefiles/41-Green_Roof^ Inventory.pdf> (21 March 2005). • Building Structure Reinforcing: extra 10 percent steel reinforcing was placed inside the concrete slabs • Building Load Capacity: 125lbs/sf (610kg/ m 2) • Number of Units: 49 Units (38 live/work units; 11 commercial units) • Green Roofs Size: 5880sf(546.3m 2) • Green Roof Type: intensive and extensive • Green Roof System: most of the system was comprised of Soprema's Sopranature green roof system • Saturated Weigh: 70lbs/sf (342kg/m 2) • Growing Medium: Answer Garden products. It is comprised of humus builder, washed sand, and pumice. • Growing Medium Depth: 2in-10in (50.8mm-254mm) • Plants: Poa alpina, blue grass, Rosa 'Meidiland white' • Waterproof Membrane: Urelastic-103 manufactured by universal Polymers • Filter Drain Mat: NilexWD15 Designed by Cornelia Oberlander • Total Cost: $538,500 • i'mj^ c^Elgloe/sf ( $ 9 8 5 1 ^ • Warranty: 5 -10 year warranty on the system on the green roof components and one-year warranty on plants • Irrigation: computerized irrigation system with small heads • Access: Upper units are connected to the rooftop by external spiral steel staircases • Maintenance: require weeding and cutting about two times per year 35 • User : The rooftop spaces are "owned" by the residents immediately below the green roofs • Benef i ts : T h e green roofs offered additional space on the rooftop for the residents to appreciate a spectacular view of the skyline and mountains. The sale-ability of the building has been increased. The green roofs have also assisted the developer to get approval of a building height, which has exceeded Vancouver 's building height limitation, from the Vancouver City Planning Department. • D r a w b a c k s : Insurance providers refused to insure the building because the green roofs were considered as a potential leaking hazard. r; 'i G r a s s A r e a P l a n t e r 6 7 0 s f P l a n t e r 9 0 0 s f Figure 3.1 Waterfall building site plan. 69 69 Waterfall Building Green Roof Case Study," n.d, <http://www. cmhc-schl.gc.ca/en/imquaf/himu/buin_019.cfm> (14 February 2005) 36 Information came from the article "Waterfall Building Green Roof Case Study" and "Erickson's Urban Waterfall" on the following websites. http://www.cmhc-schl.qc.ca/en/imquaf/himu/buin 019.cfm http://www.architectureweek.com/2002/0220/desion 1 -2.html 3.2 Fairmont Waterfront Hotel Green Roof • Location: 900 C a n a d a Place Way, Vancouver, British Columbia • Developer: Canadian Pacific Hotels • Architect: Frank Musson and Mark Whitehead, Musson Cattell Mackey Partnership • Landscape Architect: Pavelek and Associates • Time of Completion: Building was completed in 1991. T h e south side of the roof on the third floor was converted to an herb garden in 1994, • Building Type: 20-storey hotel • Building Structure: Concrete • Building Structure Reinforcing: No reinforcing because the concrete slab for the third floor was built to bear a greater load to accommodate the soil and plants. • Building Load Capacity: 125lbs/sf (610kg/ m 2) • Number of Units: 489 Units • Parcel Size: 457,000sf (42,555m 2) • Green Roof Size: 2,10Osf (195.1 m 2) • Green Roof Type: Intensive • Saturated Weigh: Ibs/sf (kg/m 2) • Growing Medium: T h e original soil has been replaced over the years. Two to three tons of exhausted soil with additional organic soil mixes and other 51 organic matter has been added in this green roof. They continually amend the beds with Unique, a mixture of organic pig manure and sawdust. • Growing Medium Depth: 18in (457mm) • Plants: T h e original green roof consisted of ivy. The current herb garden on the south side of the roof includes: several varieties of thyme, rosemary, oregano, parsley, sage, sorrel, marjoram, chives, basil, mint, lavender, a bay tree, angelica, lovage, salad burnet, pansies, violas, lemon verbena, verbena, lemon gems, Spanish and French tarragon, stevia, daylilies, artichokes, roses, four apple trees, nasturtiums, bachelors buttons, wild strawberries, bilberries, fennel, bergamot, feverfew, catnip, lemon balm, pinks, tulips, daffodils, a chaste berry tree, Tromboncino zucchinis, C a p e gooseberries, tomatillos, melon sage, ornamental ginger, love-in-a-mist, Welsh onions, Mrs. Mathers onions, lettuces, and other plants. • Waterproof Membrane: Waterproof 2-ply Monolithic Membrane manufactured by Hydrotech® • Conversion Cost: $25,000 • Unit Cost: $ 11.9/sf ($128.1 /m2)' • Warranty: A standard five-year warranty covered the roof at initial installation. • Irrigation: Manual irrigation • Access: Occupants of the rooms that open onto the terrace have private access to part of the garden • Maintenance: $16,000 per year (estimated) • User: Consumers include the hotel patrons and staff 38 • Benef i ts : Annual herb production saveed the hotel estimated $25,000 to $30,000 yearly. T h e rooms that have a c c e s s to this herb garden rent for approximately $80 more per night compared to other rooms in the hotel. • D r a w b a c k s : High Maintenance Figure 3.3 Fairmont Waterfront Hotel rooftop herb garden.70 Information came from the article "Fairmont Waterfront Hotel Green Roof Herb Garden Case Study" and "Erickson's Urban Waterfall" on the following websites. http://wv^.cmhc-schl.gc.ca/er^imquafyhimu^uin_034.cfm From the fact sheets above one can see that Waterfall Building's green roofs are surprisingly expensive. The unit cost is $91.6/sf ($985.8/m 2). T h e mixed extensive (grass area) and intensive (planter area) green roofs are not complex in appearance. $114,000 out of the total cost, $538,500, was spent on Landscape design and irrigation. Structure reinforcing could be a factor that added up the cost. S ince the roof deck of the Fairmont Waterfront Hotel was built to bear a greater load to accommodate the soil and plants, there was no extra expense in the structural reinforcing. T h e Blair Bennett from Soprema said that the structure reinforcing costs for extensive green roofs are not significant if a building is initially designed to accommodate a heavier load, in the beginning. Reinforcing a built structure could be very costly. 7 0 "Fairmont Waterfront Hotel Green Roof Herb Garden Case Study," n.d, < http://www.cmhc-schl. gc. ca/en/imquaf7himu/buin_034. cfm> (15 February 2005). 39 CHAPER IV DESIGN AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Site Analysis Si te In t roduct ion Situated on the north east of the City of Burnaby, Burnaby Mountain is bordered by the Burrard Inlet on the north side and surrounded by residential/industrial areas on all ; M A O I S T MoitfiitmlMrt Wynd J o t n u o n =I4km 34mi CoWw.ll B.ach @W«SI Vancouver Brighton BMCh o °Thwayt.t 11 & "J-c North Vancouver I1A&9SJ North Woodland* Bluortdg* 0 C o o n * . ^Anmort Lougheed Hwy &** Broidw»yAv« Harbour Chin.t ~ ^/-"A/»;:u;i i ":f;:,!'k' ' 8u*v» H.H)his Q Auttai Av* 5 2004 MapQiMtt com. ine , © 2004 NAVTEQ Figure 4.1 Site location. other sides. The selected site of this research project, UniverCity Highlands, is nestled on the east side of the existing Simon Fraser University campus with an elevation range between 330m and 365m above the sea level. It was covered by mature mixed deciduous/coniferous forest before development. | Herayat Deciduous species include Red alder, Big leaf maple, Black cottonwood and Mountain ash . Conifers are Western Hemlock, Western Redcedar, Lodgepole Pine 40 and Douglas Fir. T h e shrub layer is made up of Vine maple, Red elderberry, Salmonberry, Thimbleberry, English Holly and Indian plum. M o s s e s and a variety of fern species, such as Swordfern, REGIONAL CONTEXT ANALYSIS Bolcarra Regional Park \ BC Hydro Port Moody by Mou ervation Burnaby Mountain, i 1 Campus UniverCi ands H e w t B S l A g 5 O H M * ^ • 5 Z A i f l ie Crt fcr*<* <-'x 1 ,8 ~ . fcuWCY SI t i V Buchanan SI », _ I Resid * « K » I U . . V-Licorice fern and Spiny woodfern, occupy the lower level. Most slopes in the Highlands are less than 15%. T h e land generally slopes to the south. While the north facing slopes are steep. They are mostly between 15% and 30% slope. There are a few zones that have slopes exceeding 30%. Cn undo PI f \ ,£« - Figure 4.2 Regional context analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT ANALYSIS Figure 4.3 Environmental Regional context analyses. T h e mountain top climate of the site is very unique. Environment Canada 's Climate Normals or Averages 1971 to 2000 indicate a 2019.5mm average annual precipitation on Burnaby Simon Fraser University station (Latitude 4 9 ° 16' N, Longtitude 122°55 ' W , Elevation 365.80m). Half of the annual precipitation is accepted in wintertime, which 41 includes November, December, January, and February. In a year, there are 108 days that have precipitation exceeding 50mm. The huge amount of rainfall, snowfall and fog requires durable and long lasting building envelops and carefully managed stormwater systems to maintain the existing downstream hydrological patterns and water qualities. UNIVERCITY HIGHLANDS NEIGHBOURHOOD SITE ANALYSIS " ^ ^ ^ — H ™ ffl Figure 4.5 UniverCity Highlands slope analysis. watercourses, off-line floodplains with woody vegetation, and vegetated riparian areas. Subsequently, the water drains 42 into Stoney Creek through tributaries. Together with other community or off-site stormwater facilities such as infiltration, storage and drainage systems, the stormwater system provides 2/3 of the total storage requirements. 7 1 E a c h development is required to integrate on-site stormwater B u r n a b y M o u n t a i n A v e r a g e M o n t h l y P r e c ip i t a t i o n s 1971-2000 facilities with the community and city storm systems to limit the frequency and magnitude of storm flows, a s well a s improving the water quality. T h e on-site water storage requirement in Highlands Neighbourhood is 35 cubic metres of water per 1000 square metres of impervious Chart 4.1 Burnaby Mountain monthly average precipitations. _ r e a R o o f e ^ { h Q m _ j o r contributors to the impervious area. The total area of the parcels in Highlands is 15 hectares. Roofs cover 4.96 hectares, which is approximately one third of the total area. Green roofs can reduce the impervious area significantly but also can be used as stormwater storage. This practice is encouraged by the Development Guidelines. T h e UniverCity Highlands is planned to have 26 parcels. In total, 2136 units will be built over the next 7 to 10 years. T h e neighbourhood is characterized by mid-density and mixed-use housing. T h e building types fall into four categories in terms of the heights and structures. T h e s e categories are 4-story concrete structure buildings, 10-story concrete structure buildings, 12 to 13-story concrete structure buildings, and 3 to "East Neighbourhood Plan Part Four: Development Guidelines," 2003, <http://www univercitv ca/develguidenov-03pdf> (23 January 2005). 43 5-story wood structure buildings. A s Figure 4.6 shows most of the wood structure buildings occupy the lands within University Crescent. They are three to four stories with flat roofs. Concrete buildings over 10 stories are typically terraced with private decks. T h e 4-story concrete buildings have flat roofs. A n extensive green roof has already been installed on top of the Cornerstone building. From load bearing and waterproofing point of view concrete structure buildings are more suitable for intensive green roof and rooftop agriculture than wood structure buildings. T h o s e building with large flat areas are especially valuable for amenity uses. 4 Story Concrete Structure Building (Roof Area: 6495.2 s.m.) 10 Story Concrete Structure Building (Roof Area: 11101.3 s.m.) 12-13 Story Concrete Structure Building (Roof Area: 10760.8 s.m.) 3-5 Story Wood Structure Building (Roof Area: 21214.0 s.m.) Total Roof Area: 49,571 s.m. Highlands Neighbourhood Total Area: 150,080 s.m. (15 ha) Figure 4.6 UniverCity Highlands Building type analysis. Views are very important reason for being on top of the roofs. T h e views from Highlands are spectacular. Since the buildings in this neighborhood are planned to follow the terrain, open views to some direction can be achieved from most of the rooftops. 44 O p e n V i e w F i l t e r e d V i e w South : Lower Mainland, San Juan Islands E a s t : Golden Ears, Coastal Mountains North : Burrard Inlet, Indian Arm, Mount Baker, the North Shore Mountains Figure 4.7 Highlands view analysis. T h e test site of this research is Parcel 11. It is a nearly rectangular shaped parcel approximately 37 metres wide and 107 metres long on the very top of Burnaby Mountain. O n its west side there is a private road shared with parcel 10, the largest parcel in the neighbourhood. T h e B C Hydro water tower is on its west side with a new park in between. A new elementary HIGHLANDS PARCEL MAP Figure 4.8 Highlands parcel map. 45 school will be on the south side and university Crescent on the north. This 0.4-hectare unique parcel was planned to accommodate one three story tall building on the west side of the site. The other three buildings are all four stories. T h e s e buildings enclose a 12- metre wide courtyard, which sits on top of the deck of the underground parking. VanCity Enterprises Ltd. in association with resource Rethinking Building Inc. are participating in the development of this first non-market, low cost housing for faculty and staff of S F U . Open views of the Coast Mountains and filtered views over the central park, campus and distant focal points can be achieved from the top of the four-story buildings. Rooftops can be accessed through the elevator and a staircase. The shadow analysis in Figure 4.10 shows that the courtyard gets 5 hours of sunlight on the longest day of the year and no sunlight in the shortest day of the year. Thus, design for winter uses, colors and light are especially important for this dark, and humid courtyard. T h e construction of this project will begin in spring 2005. T h e existing site is covered with mature Western Staircase Roof A c c e s s , Elevator Roof Access <~J_J Main Entrance Hemlock, Western Red Cedar , Red Alder and Vine Maple. T h e complex topography Garage makes it a challenging Entrance site for grading and preserving existing trees. Figure 4.9 Parcel 11 3D model. 46 47 4.2 Cost Analysis Cost Conventional Roof ExtensiveGreen Roof Intensive Green Roof 2080m 2 (22390sf) Roof Cost (Installed) $111,904 ( @ $53.8/m 2 or $5/sf) $268,736 ( @ $129.2/m 2 or $12/sf) $559,728 ( @ $269.1/m 2 or $25/sf) Green Roof Design (10% of Total project Cost) $0 $26,874 $55,973 Irrigation System Cost $0 $0 $44,720 ( @ $21.5/m 2or $2/sf) Total First Cost $111,904 $295,610 $660,421 First Cost over Conventional Roof $0 $183,706 $548,517 Increases Each Building Unit (60 Units) 1 $0 $3061 $9142 Table 4.1 Analysis of first costs of different roof systems. . Time Cost Conventional Roof Extensive Green Roof Intensive Green Roof ... •.^-•;>s Maintenance $0 (Visual Inspection) $56,160 ( @ $13.5/m 2 .yr or $1.25/sf.yr) $56,160 ( @ $13.5/m 2 .yr or$1.25/sf.yr) 3-15 Year Maintenance $0 (Visual Inspection) $0 (Visual Inspection, Weeding if Necessary) $365,040 (@$13 .5 /m 2 . y r or$1.25/sf.yr) 15 Year Re-roofing $111,904 ( @ $53.8/m 2 or $5/sf) $0 $0 16-30 ; Year Maintenance $0 (Visual Inspection) $0 (Visual Inspection, Weeding if Necessary) $421,200 ( @ $13.5/m 2 .yr or$1.25/sf.yr) 30 Year Total cost $111,904 $0 $842,400 30 Year Each Building Unit (60 Units) $1,865 $0 $14,040 Table 4.2 Analysis of life cycle maintenance costs of different room systems. 49 Total Cost Conventional Roof Extensive Green Roof Intensive Green Roof 30-year Cost $223,808 $295,610 $1,502,821 30-year Cost per .1 Building Unit (60 Units) $3,730 $4,927 $25,047 Each Unit per Year V $124 $164 $835 Each Unit per Month $10 $13 $70 E a c h Unit Cost over Conventional Roof per Month $0 $3 $60 Table 4.3 Summary of 30 Year ife cycle costs of different roof systems (before counting benefits). Conventional Roof Extensive Green Roof Intensive Green Roof Stormwater Retention (of total rainfall) 19% 38% 40% Annual Unit Retention Volume (Annual precipitation 2019.5mm) 384mm 767mm 808mm Total Annual Retention Volume (of 2080m 2 Roof) 799m 3 1596m 3 1680m 3 Total Site Impervious area (include roofs, patios, pathways) 2486m 2 406m 2 406m 2 Required On-Site Storage (35mm/1000m 2 impervious area) 87m 3 14m 3 14m 3 Growing Medium Thickness 0 100mm (4in) 300mm (12in) Total Permeable Volume 0 208m 3 624m 3 Roof On-Site Storage -(Soi lhas 20% void space) 0 4 1 m 3 125m 3 On-Site Storage Cost $11,755 0 0 Table 4.4 Storrmwater storage analysis (See Figure 1.8 for stormwater runoff rate and Appendix I for detailed cost estimation of on-site storage). T h e following formula of calculating annual air-conditioning operating costs is from Natural Resources Canada . 2 4 X D D C 1 8 CAP(35°C) COST/kwh Cost of opertion = x x TOD -18 0.9 EER 1000 50 DDC 18 = number of cooling degree-days (base 18°C) from Table 1 (page 35) TOD = summer outdoor design temperature ( °C) for location from Table 1 CAP (35°C) = the capacity of the air conditioner (in Btu/h) at an entering air temperature of 3 5 ° C SEER = the rated seasonal energy efficiency ratio (Btu/h/Wh) EER = the rated energy efficiency ratio Cost per kWh = local electricity cost (in $/kWh) T h e yearly operating cost of the air conditioner of a 5 0 m 2 suite is calculated as below. 2 4 x 6 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 6 0 5 Cost of opertion = x x = $ 3 9 . 3 2 6 - 1 8 0 . 9 X 1 0 1 0 0 0 In the table (see Appendix II) provided by Natural Resources Canada , the closest city to Burnaby Mountain is Vancouver. The monthly average temperature of Vancouver for July and August are each 0.7-degree higher than those of Burnaby Mountain. By using the Vancouver D D C 18 and T O D values the yearly operating cost could be slightly higher. A s a rough rule of thumb, 200 Btu/h of room air conditioner capacity will be required to cool each square metre of living s p a c e . 7 2 T h e building units that are immediately adjacent to the roofs are approximately 50 square metres with a height of 3 metres. S o the capacity of the air conditioner is 30000 Btu/h. Room air conditioners rated energy efficiency ratio is 8 to 1 2 . 7 3 A n average 10 is used in this calculation. Each T o p floor suite would pay $39 for summer cooling. Total Cost Conventional Roof Extensive Green Roof Intensive Green Roof 30-year Cost $223,808 $295,610 $1,502,821 On-Site Water Storage Saving 0 $11,755 $11,755 30-year Energy Saving 0 $18,135 $18,135 Adjusted 30-year Cost $223,808 $265,720 $1,472,931 Table 4.5 Summary of adjusted 30 Year life cycle costs of different roof systems (after counting benefits). 72 4, Air Conditioning Your Home," 1998, <htj$s://www.hydr^ 1 -23-7-2000E^df > (18 Feb 2005) 7 3 "Efficiency ratings: A F U E , COP, HSPF & SEER," n.d, <htJrjV/www\enena,gov (18 Feb 2005). 51 A s discussed in chapter one, if a 50% energy reduction were created, green roofs would save each suite $19.5 annually. There are 31 suites that are immediately under the green roof. S o the total saving on energy costs for parcel 11 is $604.5 every year. Consequently an $18,135 benefit would be attained over 30 years. Chart 4.2 Cost analysis of different types of roofs. In the analysis above structural reinforcing was not counted. A s discussed in chapter III, the extensive green roof will not increase the structure cost significantly but the extensive green roofs will raise the structure cost depending on the landscape designs. T h e total area (2,080m 2) of the roofs didn't include the courtyard garden because the courtyard will be landscaped whether there are green roofs or not. Except for the on-site water storage savings, the off-site stormwater management benefits could be enormous. Table 4.6 shows the green roofs cause 15,525m 3 to 17,509m 3 less stormwater runoff than the conventional roofs per year. This amount of 52 stormwater has to be held by the Highlands community stormwater system. This system is hugely expensive. According to Green Municipal Enabling Fund data, which is collected by S F U Community Trust, the total cost of the stormwater management system cost is $4,654,476. It also occupies valuable land, which could be conserved as forest or developed for more buildings. Conventional Extensive Intensive Roof Green Roof Green Roof Stormwater Runoff from the 81% 62% 60% Roofs (of the total annual rainfall) On-site Stormwater Storage 35 nrv71000 m 2 impervious area 0 0 Stormwater Runoff from the 77.5% 62% 60% Parcels (discharges to the Highlands community stormwater system) Annual Unit Runoff Volume from 1565mm 1252mm 1212mm the Parcels. (Annual precipitation 2019.5mm) Total Annual Runoff Volume 77,624m 3 62,099m 3 60,115m 3 from the Parcels. • (49600m2 roof area in Highlands) Stormwater Run off Difference 0 15525m 3 17509m 3 Table 4.6 Stormwater runoff analysis (see Figure 1.8 for stormwater runoff rate). Rainwater collected from conventional roofs can irrigate plants but is not clean enough to be used to flush toilets. After green roofs' bio-filtration the water quality has been improved greatly. The green roof rainwater can be harvested and used for flushing toilets and irrigating plants. Data collected on a sample of 1,188 North American single-family homes in 1998 by the American Water Works Association found that the homes with low-flush toilets used 38 liters per capita per day for toilets. This amount of water is 20 percent of the total household water c o n s u m p t i o n . 7 4 Low-flush toilets are required Mike McClintock, "An update on Low-Flush Toilets," 14 October 1999, <http://www.theplumber.com/lowflowupdate99.html> (25 March 2005). 53 practice in the Development Guidelines. The 60 homes' yearly water demand for flushing toilets will be 832,200 liters (832m 3). For the 2,136 homes in the Highlands Neighbourhood, 29,626m 3 of water consumption is used for flushing toilets annually. Although 90% percent of all communities in B C , including the new community on Burnaby Mountain, are charged a flat rate regardless the amount of water used, many municipalities are starting to be aware of the drinking water shortage and have initiated water meter installations to cut demand by 30 to 50 percent. Water metering is gradually being adopted within the G V R D . West Vancouver is taking the leadership by undertaking the universal metering project. Recycling rainwater from green roofs would bring substantial savings to the residents when Burnaby Mountain's new development installs water meters. If the 4.96-hectare rooftops were all installed with extensive green roofs, 56,829m 3 of rainwater could be harvested annually. Theoretically, toilets could consume 52% of it. This means 31-32% of the total rainwater falling on the green roofs could be used for flushing toilets. Figure 4. 11 shows the difference in stormwater management with and without green roofs. Using vertical pipes to store water for gravity feed irrigation and toilet flushing would be an innovative way to conserve water and energy. The vertical pipe can stand on the ground with a simple structural support. Compared to rooftop water tanks the vertical pipes would be much more economical. T h e s e pipes can be integrated into the building design and used as architecture elements. 54 CO c —1 CD X. CO o 3 0) i—f-(D =i 3 0) D 0) (Q (D 3 ro 3 a) 3 PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING G R E E N ROOF T E C H N O L O G I E S TOWARD A LIVABLE, A F F O R D A B L E AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY IN B U R N A B Y MOUNTAIN masnirn O i ml < Z O F z g z o o C O N V E N T I O N A L R O O F A N D G R E E N R O O F S T O R M W A T E R M A N A G E M E N T D I A G R A M JlPITATH 19% RETENTION 8 1 % ON-SITE LfSf* S T O R A G E 1 — 1 • •Jll E T INLET INFILTRATION S H A F T V E G E T A T E D L A N D S C A P E INFILTRATION S W A L E C O N S T R U C T E D W E T L A N D & RETENTION POND \ C R E E K * RIVER • h U A L P f l B P I T 38-40% R E T E N T I O N / y. o i z I I I I I I as o 60-62% 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 31-32% 4 - E L U S H I N i« TOILET 4 S M A L L E R C O N S T R U C T E D W E T L A N D S. RETENTION POND INFILTRATION S H A F T V E G E T A T E D L A N D S C A P E S M A L L E R INFILTRATION S W A L E L/l FOR CONSERVING FOREST OR DEVELOPING NEW RESIDENCE. 4.3 Green Roof Design The goal of this design is to create livable, affordable, and sustainable living environments on the rooftops. The following is a list of potential strategies that could be incorporated in this design. 1. Sustainability • Utilize multiple stormwater strategies that increase sustainability (e.g. use materials that can reduce stormwater runoff efficiently) • S a v e energy (use gravity for water features and irrigation) • S a v e water and material (harvest rain water to flush toilets)Use compost from the residents to fertilize the gardens) • Use local or recycled material (timber and rocks on the site) • Make sustainability visible (rooftop stormwater storage, water feature) 2. Affordability • Use cost effective material • Avoid labor intensive features (e.g. curved walls, complex paving patterns) • Consider long term benefits and life cycle costs 3. Livability • Use green roofs to provide exterior use areas and access to near nature. (The courtyard could be an extension of the living room with deck and furniture; rooftops can be used for B B Q , party, sun bathing, or growing food). • Amenity (create both indoor and outdoor spaces for people to read, to get away, to enjoy rooftop views in the long gloomy winter and to practice Yoga). 56 • Landscape aesthetic (contemporary style, to match the architecture, ornamented with elements made of local rock or wood, seasonal water feature, lightings, plants). • Multi-functional (objects in the garden should have layers of functions e.g. plants can be used as screens, a table could also serve as a bench, sittings areas could incorporate storage). • Flexible (mobility, objects can be rearranged to create appear different layouts) • Support the building of community (comfortable for gathering; sense of sharing and being social) • Safe (railings for extensive green roofs; safe for children and seniors) • Winter delight (consider winter use; select bright colors; and use reflecting materials Technically there are two basic types of green roofs, extensive and intensive. From a functional perspective green roofs can be divided into the following categories: 1. Amenity Garden (Intensive Green Roof); 2. Private Garden (Intensive Green Roof); 3. Vegetable Garden (Intensive Green Roof); 4. Courtyard Garden (Intensive Green Roof); 5. Stormwater Garden (Extensive Green Roof). A n amenity garden provides shared garden space and facilities for the residents in the community. T h e size and facilities can vary from community to community depending on the population, age structure, and income level of the community and the accessible space available on the roof. T h e potential facilities could include a sunroom for reading, a greenhouse, a kitchen, a B B Q , a guest room, a washroom, a view 57 watching deck, a yoga platform, and a children's play area. It is a place for the community members and their friends to integrate and promote a strong sense of community. Since the costs and maintenance of this type of gardens are very high the size should be restricted to the available budget. Combining these uses with a vegetable garden and a stormwater garden is an efficient way to reduce overall expenses. Private gardens will have only private accesses . This type of gardens reflects the lifestyles and tastes of the owners. A private garden could be a great place for the family to enjoy dinner, entertain friends and do light exercises. It can also be a quiet retreat for work, study or to have naps. A luxury private garden can have hot tubs. A low maintenance private garden can have just sedums and some potted plants. Since the private gardens are paid for and maintained by the owners, they won't increase the cost of the suites that are without private gardens. The buildings should be built to incorporate the features of these private gardens. Vegetable gardens are designed for the people in the community who have passion of growing their own food. They are a great energy saving solutions compared with buying food transported from thousand of miles away. Vegetable gardens also provide places for people to interact and promote active living. Since vegetable gardens are maintained by the residents, and include food production, the long term savings could be significant. T h e size of the gardens should be according to the residents' demands. Considering wintertime uses, green houses, and sunrooms could be integrated into vegetable gardens. Courtyard gardens are usually on top of parking garages and are surrounded by buildings. They are semi-public spaces shared by the residents. In the special climate 58 on Burnaby Mountain with its many rainy days, the bright colors, light textures, openness and sense intimacy are especially important. Courtyard gardens should be an extension of the indoor living spaces. Moveable furniture and constantly changing plants would give the garden different looks and increase interests in the courtyard. People's interaction with the gardens could promote a great sense of belonging and the sense of being at home. Rooftop stormwater gardens are extensive green roofs. They are only accessible for maintenance. This kind of garden is built for its numerous environmental benefits especially for stormwater management. Being low in cost and relatively high in performance with regard to retaining stormwater, extensive green roofs or stormwater gardens should be used intensively throughout the Highlands Neighbourhood. Figure 4.12 Highlands Neighbourhood potential roof garden diagram. 59 A s Figure 4.12 shows, the buildings in the Highlands Neighbourhood have the potential to accommodate different types of roof gardens. Most of the over 10- story concrete structure buildings have tiered private decks, which are suitable for private gardens. The top-level roofs could be used as amenity gardens to serve all the residents in the community. The two 4-story concrete buildings are on the busy street and the roofs would be under the observation of people who live on the north side of the street. Stormwater gardens would be appropriate for these buildings. In fact, one of them, the Cornerstone Building already has an extensive green roof. The majority of wood structure buildings should have lightweight stormwater gardens. Roofs on upper hills with magnificent views could have some private gardens. A limited number of amenity gardens and vegetable gardens could be on the roofs that have open views and easy access . Buildings in Parcel 11 provide opportunities for a variety of roof gardens. The 3-story building on the west side has a visible rooftop, which is suitable for a semi-extensive stormwater garden. The 4-story building on the north side has only a c c e s s Figure 4.13 Parcel 11 green roof distribution diagram. f r o m t h e s t a i r c a s e T n e r e would only be some filtered views between the tree branches in wintertime. It is suitable 60 for a stormwater garden. T h e views on top of the building on the east side are spectacular. It is perfect for private roof gardens. The building on the south side has large roof area and easy access by both elevator and staircase. It is great for a combination of amenity garden, vegetable garden and stormwater garden. PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING G R E E N ROOF T E C H N O L O G I E S TOWARD A L IVABLE, A F F O R D A B L E AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY IN B U R N A B Y MOUNTAIN rorara m • V E R H A N B I - t - - r -?-r - f - j — ^ - ^ - ^ - ^ - ^ . j a I I T E F U R N I T U R E W A T E R F E A T U R I Q A R D W A L K B I T E P L A N | ON I™ P A R C E L 1 1 S I T E P L A N Figure 4.16 Courtyard garden. 64 Figure 4.17Amenity garden. 65 67 C H A P E R V C O N C L U S I O N S A N D S T R A T E G I E S 5.1 Conclusions Green roofs offer numerous public and private, economic, social and environmental benefits, including: • stormwater retention; • improving water quality; • energy conservation; • protecting roof membrane; • sound insulation; • improving air quality; • providing amenity and recreational space; • reducing the urban heat island effect; • providing aesthetic and healthy living environment; • creating habitats for birds and invertebrates, increasing biodiversity; • and expanding opportunities for urban agriculture. T h e lifecycle cost analysis indicates that the costs of extensive green roofs are comparable with conventional roofs. Instead of installing expensive and space consuming stromwater management infrastructure, green roofs are an efficient alternative to retain and clean stormwater on site. In order to create a more sustainable, affordable, and livable community on Burnaby Mountain green roofs are strongly recommended. Although many benefits are not quantifiable economically, e.g., the 69 aesthetically pleasant environment and cleaner water and air, they are essential for improving quality of life. A s a proven technology, contemporary green roofs have been utilized intensively through out Europe for several decades. People in North America have accepted plantings on top of underground parking garages. In fact, extensive green roofs are less likely to leak than the parking garage alone because they are less exposed to human activities and the green roofs are more protective of the roof waterproofing membranes from U V and extreme temperatures. The invasive alder tree seedlings could increase the maintenance of intensive green roofs but they won't survive through the dry summer in extensive green roofs. Comparing the stormwater performance of a 100mm extensive green roof and a 300mm intensive green roof, the retention rates, of 38% and 40%, respectively are very close. However the first costs and maintenance fees of an intensive green roof in a lifecycle, 30 years, are more than five times higher than those of an extensive green roof. T h e intensive green roofs provide recreational, social, and active living space for residents to engage in the landscape, interact with neighbours and friends and enjoy living on the mountaintop, that intensive green roofs do not. T h e s e valuable functions are very important features of a sustainable community and a livable environment. A n integration of intensive and extensive green roofs should be promoted on Burnaby Mountain. Because of the time limitation and lack of data this research didn't estimate the savings in off-site stormwater systems that green roofs could offer. This suggest the need for further research to discover how much the savings would offset the costs of green roofs. 70 5.2 Strategies of Implementing Green Roof Technologies. The strategies of implementing green roof technologies are developed based on the four sustainability cornerstones of UniverCity discussed in Chapter one. They are: Environment: A community with a sustainable future; Equity: A livable and inclusive community; Economy: A financially secure community; Education: A community focus on lifelong learning. Proposed strategies for Highlands Neighbourhood: 1. Install green roofs on every building. Rooftops in Highlands Neighbourhood comprise one third of the total parcel area. They are the major contributors to stormwater runoff, urban heat island effect and greenhouse gases. Green roofs should be installed wherever rooftop space is available to attain the maximum benefits, e.g., reducing and slowing down stormwater runoff, conserving energy, improving air and water quality, increase valuable living space, and providing aesthetic and healthy living environment. 2. Integrate intensive green roofs with extensive green roofs. T h e life cycle cost of extensive green roofs are comparable to conventional roofs. T h e stormwater retention rate of extensive green roofs and intensive green roofs are similar. Maximizing the size of extensive green roofs is financially efficient without compromising the stormwater retention. Although the first cost of an intensive green roof is usually more than twice of that of an extensive green roof and the maintenance fees are very expensive over the years, the valuable benefits of an intensive green roof are irreplaceable by extensive green roofs. T h e s e benefits include the increasing 71 of living space in the tight urban environment, creating social interaction space in the community, and providing urban agriculture opportunity on rooftops. Integrating extensive green roofs and minimizing the size of intensive green roofs while still provide the quality of living space is one of the solutions to reduce the cost. 3. Provide intensive green roofs for amenity uses and growing food in each parcel community. Rooftops are places of fantasy and imagination, places for people to momentarily get away from the din of the city and the stress of life. Especially on top of Burnaby Mountain, intensive green roofs would allow people to fully appreciate and take advantages of the magnificent views and escape from the dark winter days. Each parcel should have at least one intensive green roof for amenity and growing food. This green roof should be accessible to all the residents living in that community. T h e amenity gardens provide efficient social space for people to build up a strong sense of community. The vegetable gardens promote an active and sustainable lifestyle. The size of these gardens can vary according to the residents' demands. Since the maintenance is taken care of by the user, and includes the food production, the long term savings can be significant. Installing a small greenhouse or sunroom for food production and winter retreat is particularly valuable in this climate. Moreover intensive green roofs also have the potential of increasing the real estate saleability. 72 4. Limit the implanted area of a private roof deck. There are many private roof decks on top of the concrete buildings outside the University Crescent. T o prevent the owners paving the whole deck area and consequently increasing stormwater runoff, a limited unplanted area should be required in the Development Guidelines. 5. Plant vines and climbers for vertical accents in the intensive green roofs. Trees and large shrubs need deeper growing medium and increase in weight significantly over the years. Vines and climbers are great alternatives for vertical elements in the garden without having to reinforce the structure to bear the greater load and without using deeper soil. 6. Utilize vertical pipe cisterns to harvest rainwater from green roofs. Vertical pipe cisterns have many advantages. Unlike the horizontal cisterns, they have smaller footprints. This would result less impact on the existing trees and vegetation. The vertical pipe cisterns are up ground infrastructures. They would save money on excavation and materials, e.g. gravel, and are easer to install and repair compare to conventional above-ground cisterns. T h e water collected in the cisterns can be used to flush toilets and irrigate plants. Up to 31-32% of the rainwater can be recycled for flushing toilets. Gravity feeding would conserve energy. T h e s e vertical pipe cisterns stand on the ground instead of the rooftops or under ground parking slabs. There is no need for reinforcing the building structure. T h e vertical pipes should be integrated to the building design and used as interesting architecture elements. 73 7. Provide access for educational uses. O n e of the cornerstones that guide the design and planning of UniverCity is education. A s a community beside Simon Fraser University, UniverCity provides a convenient classroom and test site for students and faculty to explore sustainable development. Green roofs should be accessible for the students to monitor and study. Encouraging student involvement in green roof design and engineering would not only allow the students to practice their learning but also create opportunities for innovative ideas. 8. Apply for L E E D credits and funding. Since the first cost of a green roof is approximately twice as much as that of a conventional roof or more, it is often difficult for builders and developers to make the initial investment. In European countries such as Sweden, Austria, and Germany, governments have developed incentives for green roof infrastructure. While in C a n a d a there still no government incentives. There fore we suggest the developer apply for L E E D Credits and funding to obtain some financial support. 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Tait, Charles, "2788 Skara Barae Neolithic Village," n.d., <http://www.charles-tait.co.uk/librarv/archaeoloav/orknev/skara/pages/skarabraevertaerial2788crop 600 ipg.htm> (18 April 2005). Tennis, Heather, "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon," n.d., <http://www.personal.psu.edU/users/c/e/cepl59/Gardens.htm> (22 March 2005). Ulrich, R.S. and Parsons, R.; "Influences of Passive Experiences with Plants on Individual Well-being and Health"; in The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Social Development, Chapter 15, Timber Press Inc., 1992. "UniverCity. The Community at Simon Fraser," n.d., <htip:/univercitv.ca/overview.html> (18 April 2005). "Urban heat Islands," n.d., <http://www.stevcnsroofing.coin/Energy/Energy UrbanHeatIsl.htm> (23 January 2005). Varner, Collin and Allen, Christine, Gardens of Vancouver, Raincoast Books, Vancouver, 1999. Vegetative Green Roof Research Program," n.d., <http://www.hrt.msu.edu/greenroof/> 23 January 2005). 77 "Waterfall Building Green Roof Case Study," n.d, <http://www, cmhc-schl. gc. ca/en/imquaf/himu/buin_019. cfm> (14 February 2005). 78 A P P E N D I X I Table 4.4 shows that the required on-site storage in the circumstance of conventional roof is 87m 3 . Ra instore 3 ® is the proposed rain storage system. It is a modular plastic product manufactured by Invisible Structures Inc. O n e Rainstore 3 ®unit measures 1m x 1m x 0.1m. It cost $10 installed. S o a cubic metre Rainstore 3 ® costs $100. This system provides 94% void space. For 87m 3 water storage, approximately 93m 3 total Rainstore 3 system is required. T h e trench is 2 metres deep, 1 metre wide, and 46.5 metres long with 100mm thick granular base on the bottom. This trench could be under the walkway on the west side of the building in order not to compete space with plants and existing trees. Invisible Structures Pty Ltd provides a 3 year limited product only warranty on Ra ins to re 3 ® system. T h e lifespan of this product is unknown. A Ra ins to re 3 ® system installed 10 years ago is still working well. This estimation assumes that it can last for 30 years. ITEM Q U A N T I T Y UNIT U N I T - C O S T T O T A L Exaction & Haul 93 c m . $100 $9,300 Geotextile 279 sq.m. $2.5 $697.5 Rainstore 3 ® 93 c m . $15 $1,395 Granular base, 20mm 4.65 c m . $78 $362.7 Total $11,755.2 | 79 A P P E N D I X II Cooling Degree-days and Summer Outdoor Design Temperature PROVINCE/CITY DDC'18 TOD { ° C ) British Columbia Kamloops 291 34 Penticton 190 33 Prince George 16 28 Victoria 39 24 Alberta Calgary 38 29 Edmonton 70 28 Lethbridge 116 31 Medicine Hat 187 33 Saskatchewan Moose Jaw 175 32 Regina 136 31 Saskatoon 114 30 Manitoba Brandon 125 31 Winnipeg 178 30 Ontario London 237 30 North Bay 158 28 Ottawa 262 30 Sudbury 143 29 Thunder Bay 66 28 Toronto 347 31 Windsor 450 31 Quebec Montreal 327 30 Quebec 141 28 Sept-lles 11 24 Sherbrooke 193 29 New Brunswick Fredericton 143 29 Moncton 118 28 Saint John 32 25 Nova Scotia Halifax 93 26 Sydney 85 27 Prince Edward Island Charlottetown 115 26 Summerside 107 27 Newfoundland Gander 50 27 St. John's 41 24 80 A P P E N D I X III List of funding for green roofs Name of Incentive Program or Grant Descr ipt ion Commercial Building Incentive Program Offered through Natural Resources Canada and offers up to $60,000 for incorporating energy efficient features, such as a green roof into a building. Green Municipal Enabling Fund (GMEF) is a grant given out by the Government of Canada to cover up to 50% of the eligible costs, up to a maximum of $100, 000 to aid innovative municipal projects. If the Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention developed a partnership with the City of Sarnia this grand could apply. EcoAction Offered through Environment Canada that provides funding for non-profit organizations, such as the Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention to implement projects that have positive, measurable results on the environment. TD Canada Trust, Friends of the Environment Foundation Provide funding support for worthwhile community-based initiatives that make a positive difference to the Canadian environment Trillium Foundation The foundation funds initiatives that protect and restore the environment or that increase awareness of our vital relationship with the ecosystem. They fund activities that help communities take a leadership role in protecting their natural environments and habitats, and that promote healthy living. Current Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention Sponsors Current sponsors can be asked for additional funding or grants for a green roof study 7 5 Stephanie Goom, "Green Roofing the Canadian Centre for Pollution Prevention," December 2003, <http://www.c2p2online.com/documents/GreenRoofsComplete.pdf> (25 March 2005). 81
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Practical strategies for implementing green roof technologies toward a livable, affordable and sustainable community in Burnaby Mountain
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