@prefix vivo: . @prefix edm: . @prefix ns0: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix dc: . @prefix skos: . vivo:departmentOrSchool "Applied Science, Faculty of"@en, "Mechanical Engineering, Department of"@en ; edm:dataProvider "DSpace"@en ; ns0:degreeCampus "UBCV"@en ; dcterms:creator "Hua, Lu"@en ; dcterms:issued "2009-05-25T20:20:41Z"@en, "1998"@en ; vivo:relatedDegree "Master of Applied Science - MASc"@en ; ns0:degreeGrantor "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:description """A computational model is developed for the prediction of flow distribution in manifold type flowspreaders. To address the difficulties associated with complex configurations of manifold type flowspreaders and convergence problems, several numerical techniques are used, including curvilinear coordinate-based calculations and domain segmentation. A 3D curvilinear coordinate-based CFD code, called CMGFD, which can be used to calculate laminar/turbulent flows in arbitrary geometries using curvilinear grids is adapted. To support the application of the CMGFD code, a multigrid elliptic grid generation code, MBEGG, was modified to generate multi-block curvilinear grids for the CMGFD code. Validation of these methods is performed. The calculation of flow in liquid cooling module manifolds shows that the predicted flow rate in each channel is in good agreement with other numerical studies; the calculated cross-stream motions at different locations agree well with experimental data for the turbulent flow modelling in a pipe junction, . A Canfor manifold type flow spreader, which includes a tapered rectangular duct with 560 tubes, is modelled. The effects of spreader recirculation rate and inlet flow rate on the flow distribution have been considered. The computational results show that the numerical tool has the ability to model the flow distribution of manifold type flowspreaders."""@en ; edm:aggregatedCHO "https://circle.library.ubc.ca/rest/handle/2429/8153?expand=metadata"@en ; dcterms:extent "7594254 bytes"@en ; dc:format "application/pdf"@en ; skos:note "COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF MANIFOLD T Y P E FLOWSPREADERS By Lu Hua B.Sc, Zhejiang University, P.R.China A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF APPLIED SCIENCE in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA OCTOBER, 1998 © Lu Hua, 1998 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Mechanical Engineering The University of British Columbia 2324 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z4 Date: Abstract A computational model is developed for the prediction of flow distribution in manifold type flowspreaders. To address the difficulties associated with complex configurations of manifold type flowspreaders and convergence problems, several numerical techniques are used, including curvilinear coordinate-based calculations and domain segmentation. A 3D curvilinear coordinate-based CFD code, called CMGFD, which can be used to calculate laminar/turbulent flows in arbitrary geometries using curvilinear grids is adapted. To support the application of the CMGFD code, a multigrid elliptic grid generation code, MBEGG, was modified to generate multi-block curvilinear grids for the CMGFD code. Validation of these methods is performed. The calculation of flow in liquid cooling module manifolds shows that the predicted flow rate in each channel is in good agreement with other numerical studies; the calculated cross-stream motions at different locations agree well with experimental data for the turbulent flow modelling in a pipe junction, . A Canfor manifold type flow spreader, which includes a tapered rectangular duct with 560 tubes, is modelled. The effects of spreader recirculation rate and inlet flow rate on the flow distribution have been considered. The computational results show that the numerical tool has the ability to model the flow distribution of manifold type flowspreaders. ii Table of Contents Abstract ii List of Figures v Nomenclature viii Acknowledgment x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Motivation for the Present Studies 3 1.3 Previous Numerical Studies 5 1.4 Remarks on Manifold flow Studies . . . . 5 1.5 Objective and Scope 6 2 Validation of the Computational Method 12 2.1 Flow in Liquid Cooling Module Manifolds for Electronic Packaging . . . 12 2.2 Turbulent Flow in a Pipe Junction Representing an Engine Inlet Manifold 13 3 Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 26 3.1 Problem Description 26 3.2 Computational Grids 30 3.3 Solution Procedure 30 3.4 Boundary Conditions 33 iii 3.5 Computational Procedure 34 3.6 Results and Discussion 35 4 Conclusions and Recommendations 55 4.1 Conclusions 55 4.2 Recommendations for Future Work 56 Appendices 57 A A Computational Method Using Curvilinear Grids - C M G F D 61 B Governing Equations 65 C Grid Generation for Manifolds with a Circular Cross Section 67 C . l Problem Description 67 C.2 Computational Grid 67 Bibliography 75 iv List of Figures 1.1 Illustration of a manifold flow spreader 2 1.2 Illustration of three different types of manifold 4 1.3 Illustration of previous numerical studies 9 1.4 Illustration of previous numerical studies 10 1.5 Illustration of manifold cross sectional configurations 11 2.1 Illustration of a parallel manifold in liquid cooling module for electronic packaging 14 2.2 Computational grid for the parallel manifold 15 2.3 Calculated velocity vector and pressure contour for the parallel manifold 16 2.4 Percent flow rate in each channel as numbered in Figure 3.1 17 2.5 V-component velocities at the channel entrance 18 2.6 V-component velocities at the channel entrance 19 2.7 Illustration of a T-junction flow domain 21 2.8 Computational grid for the T-junction flow domain 22 2.9 Pressure contour and velocity vector in the plane of symmetry for the T-junction flow domain 23 2.10 Cross-stream motions at three different locations. Location of cross sec-tions are shown in the sketches below each vector plot 24 2.11 Cross-stream motions at three different locations computed by Fu et al ,1992. Cross sections are located as shown in Figure 2.10 25 v 3.1 Illustration of the Canfor headbox flow diffuser (a) side view of the whole manifold (b) side view of the diffuser tube 27 3.2 Illustration of the top view of the tube bank 28 3.3 3D view of the Canfor manifold 29 3.4 Grid generated for the present calculation containing 377 x 18 x 13 grid nodes in the main flow region and 3 x 3 x 30 grid nodes for each tube . . 31 3.5 Computational grid near the interface between the plenum and the tube bank 32 3.6 Grid independence study of a 10-tube model 36 3.7 Different grid refinement used for 10-tube model study (a) 2 x 2 x 30, (b) 4 x 4 x 30, (c) 8 x 8 x 30, (d) 12 x 12 x 30 37 3.8 Computational grid for the 10-tube model with 6 x 6 x 30 cells for each diffuser tube 38 3.9 Velocity field in the xz-plane 39 3.10 Grid independence study of a 20-tube model 41 3.11 Different grid refinement used for 20-tube model study (a) 2 x 2 x 30, (b) 4 x 4 x 30, (c) 8 x 8 x 30, (d) 12 x 12 x 30 42 3.12 Computational grid for the 20-tube model with 6 x 6 x 30 cells for each diffuser tube 43 3.13 Velocity field in the xz-plane 44 3.14 The prediction of uniformity of diffuser tube outflow rates using 2 x 2 cells for the tube cross section (a) 20-tube model (b) 10-tube model (c)real geometry simulation 46 3.15 Effects of recirculation rate on flow distribution for a 10-tube model . . . 47 3.16 Effects of recirculation rate on flow distribution for a 20-tube model . . . 48 vi 3.17 Solution at the center plane for a 10-tube model (a) local velocity field (R=8%)(b) pressure distribution (R=8%) 49 3.18 Solution at the center plane for a 10-tube model (a) local velocity field (R=0%)(b) pressure distribution (R=0%) 50 3.19 Solution at the center plane for a 20-tube model (a) local velocity field (R=8%)(b) pressure distribution (R=8%) 51 3.20 Solution at the center plane for a 20-tube model (a) local velocity field (R=0%)(b) pressure distribution (R=0%) 52 3.21 Effects of operating flow rate on flow distribution for a 10-tube model with 6 x 6 x 30 grid refinement for each tube and 8% recirculation rate . . . . 53 3.22 Effects of operating flow rate on flow distribution for a 20-tube model with 6 x 6 x 30 grid refinement for each tube and 8% recirculation rate . . . . 54 4.1 Manifold with segmental cross section 58 4.2 Manifold with the contracting par 59 4.3 Tube replacement study 60 C . l Illustration of the circular cross section manifold 69 C.2 Illustration of the two different types of grids for the diffuser tube, (a) Rectangular (b) Circular 70 C.3 Illustration of the geometry mapping from 2D to 3D 71 C.4 Grid generation for a circle inside a rectangular 72 C.5 Illustration of the 2D and 3D surface grid for the circular cross section manifold 73 C.6 Illustration of the complete manifold computational grid 74 vii Nomenclature C^, C i , C2 The k — e turbulence model constants pi Volume flow rates across cell faces (m3/s) G Generation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (kg/ms3) J Generalized flow flux -Pi,i=l,2,3 Control functions in grid generation equations s1 Surface area vectors u{ Contravariant velocities Tangential velocity components (m/s) uT Friction velocity, uT = — Q V Volume of a control cell (m3) aj Covariant vectors a1 Contravariant vectors a i j Coefficients of the grid generation equations drib Coefficients of the discretized governing equations ei Tangential vectors Normalized surface vectors d Injection orifice diameter (m) gij Surface area metric tensor k Turbulent kinetic energy (m2/s2) p Mean static pressure (kg/ms2) u Velocity vector Cartesian coordinates viii x, y, z y+ Cti e K Q o~k, cre Tw r Subscript oo e , i E, W, ... Superscript c f 6 Cartesian coordinates Dimensionless distance from the solid wall, y+ = Non-orthogonal angles Dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (m 2/s 3) Von Karman constant, K — 0.41 Dynamic viscosity (hg/ms) Curvilinear coordinates Fluid Density (kg/m 3) Turbulence model constants Wall shear stress (kg/ms 2) General dependent variable General diffusivity coefficient Main stream Center of control volume surfaces Control volume center Coarser grid Finer grid £i oriented variables ix Acknowledgment I wish to express a deep sense of gratitude to my supervisors Dr. M. Salcudean and I. S. Gartshore for their encouragement, guidance and support throughout the course of this research. Working with them has been an enjoyable experience which I will cherish throughout my life. I would like to thank Dr. Suezone Chow, Ed Dylke and Harvey Daryl in Canadian Forest Products Ltd. I would also like to thank all my colleagues of the CFD group in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, especially Pinfan He and Eric Bibeau. Their suggestions and discussions have been invaluable. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The headbox is a critical component in the paper-making system. Its purpose is to supply well dispersed stock containing a constant percentage of fibers to all areas of the sheet-forming section. How well this is accomplished depends on the design of the flow approach system and the headbox. Early designs of headboxes accepted feed flows from either a single or multiple entry points, combined them where necessary, spread them across the width of the machine, and directed the flow towards the slice. Such designs frequently fell short of providing adequate flow uniformity, particularly as machine speeds increased and the demands of cross-machine paper uniformity became more stringent. Superior results have been achieved in modern headboxes by employing a manifold flowspreader feeding into an array of relatively small diameter tubes. The arrangement is illustrated in Figure 1.1. The advantages of this system are that it is simple in design, compact, relatively easy to construct and flexible in operation. A large number of experimental and computational studies have been devoted to the understanding of the manifold flow process in order to achieve more uniform outflow. A brief literature review is provided in Section 1.2 and 1.3. 1 Chapter 1. Introduction 2 Paper forming section Inlet Recirculation Manifold flow spreader Figure 1.1: Illustration of a manifold flow spreader Chapter 1. Introduction 3 1.2 Motivation for the Present Studies The problem of generating uniform distribution of fluid across a section has preoccupied engineers for a long time. The earliest paper on this subject is that of Enger et al (1929). The concept of the multi-tube manifold type flowspreader was introduced by Mardon and his colleagues during the mid 1950's. The subsequent efforts of Mardon (1963,1971) to popularize and advance this concept have played a large role in the universal adoption of this design. Manifolds are of two types. The first type includes branching pipes of successively decreasing diameter so that the flow from one large pipe or duct is divided into many smaller ones. The second type involves a tapered header with lateral openings. For this manifold, the difficulty in obtaining uniform distribution is due to pressure build-up at the manifold exit. To prevent the pressure build-up, a portion of the inlet flow is recir-culated from the manifold exit. The different manifolds discussed above are illustrated in Figure 1.2. For the tapered manifold flow spreader, the designer has considerable flexibility in selection of the cross-sectional shape of the manifold, its taper, the design of the tubes and the recirculation rate. The flow uniformity at the tube exit is influenced by a number of factors. Therefore, in order to achieve an optimal design of the manifold flow system, a parametric analysis has to be performed to determine the manifold performance with various parameters. Experimental measurements are expensive, time-consuming, and limited by the avail-ability and accuracy of the measuring instruments. An alternative method is numerical prediction. Recent advances in high speed digital computers and computational fluid dynamics make it possible to model the 3-D flow field in manifold flow spreaders. Chapter 1. Introduction 4 l I I t I I l I I l I I l I it Branch pipes of decreasing Dia. t t t t . . t . Recirculating Figure 1.2: Illustration of three different types of manifold Chapter 1. Introduction 5 1.3 Previous Numerical Studies There are a number of manifold numerical studies in the literature. However, most of the early numerical studies are confined to simple 1-D and 2-D geometries. Among the three-dimensional studies, Syrjala et al (1988) used the Phoenics CFD code to model the flow behaviour of a tapered manifold flow spreader (see Figure 1.3 (a)). Their results indicate that the geometry of the header affects the lateral distribution of the discharge mainly near the inlet. They used a slot to replace all branch tubes, so the flow information inside those branch tubes is unavailable. Shimizu et al (1992) performed a numerical study on the influence of headbox on paper quality by using the SCKYU CFD code (see Figure 1.3 (b)). They found the adjustment of the recirculation flow rate corrects the flow distribution only on the side near the flow exit, but they also used a slot instead of a row of branch tubes. Jones et al (1988) used FLUENT to predict turbulent flow profile in a straight-channel diffuser as shown in Figure 1.4 (a). Fair agreement with experimental results is reported. Fu et al (1992) conducted a numerical study of the flows in a pipe junction (see Fig-ure 1.4 (b)). Three-dimensional turbulent flows through a single branched manifold were simulated using the k — e model of turbulence. The effects of the flow split ratio and inlet flow rate were investigated. 1.4 Remarks on Manifold flow Studies Numerical simulations can furnish detailed information about fluid flow and heat transfer phenomena and provide a fast and ecnomical tool for understanding the manifold flow process. However, numerical simulation has not reached a stage where it can be directly applied to manifold design. One of the major problems is that there is a lack of appro-priate methods to model the flow spreading process for the complex manifold geometry. Chapter 1. Introduction 6 Therefore, the majority of the previous calculations are limited to simplified geometries. The complex configuration of an actual manifold presents a number of difficulties for numerical simulation. First, the flow region includes a tapered pipe or duct and a number of branch tubes for which an ordinary coordinate system, such as Cartesians or cylindrical coordinate cannot be applied. Secondly, the flow occurs in different flow regions: a main flow region through a tapered pipe or duct and a number of sub-regions in the small branch tubes for which ordinary one-segment methods are ineffective. Thirdly, the diameter of the branch tubes are small compared with the characteristic dimension of the main flow region. When a fairly dense grid is used in the branch tubes, the overall number of grid nodes needed will be too large to be handled by the present computer capacities. The use of non-uniform and dense grid near branch tubes can cause additional convergence difficulties. Therefore, a solution method must be developed to address both the convergence and geometrical difficulties. The use of a simplified geometry, such as a slot, can provide useful flow information about the complex manifold flow distribution. However, the flow inside the branch tubes is not accounted for in such a model, consequently the manifold flow might be significantly misrepresented. 1.5 Objective and Scope The objective of the present work is to address the need discussed above to develop an efficient numerical tool suitable for modelling the manifold flow in realistic physical geometry. Numerical simulations can provide detailed information about flow fields and constitute a fast and economical tool for understanding the manifold flow process. The present study is motivated by the above need and is devoted to the numerical simulation of flow in a manifold. It is our aim to develop a computational capability for the prediction Chapter 1. Introduction 7 of flow in a manifold having a realistic geometry. This objective involves development of code and computational methods. Substantial code development work has been done in the CFD group supervised by Dr. Martha Salcudean and Dr. Ian Gartshore, Department of Mechanical Engineering at UBC. The MGFD code, developed by Nowak (1992), is a comprehensive 3D numerical code using multigrid and domain segmentation techniques. However, its application is limited to rectangular type geometry because it is based on the cartesians coordinate system. A 3D curvilinear coordinate based CFD code, which can be used to calculate laminar or turbulent flows in arbitrary geometry using curvilinear grids has been developed by He (1995). In addition, an elliptic grid generation program called MBEGG was developed to generate appropriate grid (see appendix A). In the present study, several numerical techniques are implemented in the code to simulate the manifold flow spreader. These techniques are described below (see also appendix B for a description of the basic equations). First, the multigrid elliptic grid generation program is generalized to create grids for the tapered manifold spreader with different cross sectional configurations, as illustrated in Figure 1.5, especially for the manifolds with a circular cross-section (see appendix C). This was a major effort in the present thesis. Second, several two- and three-dimensional laminar and turbulent flows are computed and compared with other numerical, experimental and analytical results. The objective of this step is to validate that the dividing and combining manifold can be predicted with sufficient accuracy by using the present computational method. The third step is aimed at the modelling of the manifold tube bank. The Canfor manifold flow spreader model in this study has 7 rows and 80 columns of branch tubes. Instead of simulating all these tubes, a pressure correction method is proposed so that the replacement of the tube tank with ten large similar tubes can give fairly reasonable Chapter 1. Introduction 8 results. The performance of the method is investigated through several computational examples. The main work in this step is presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 1. Introduction (a) ^ + Y.V V(X) Tampere University of Technology, Finland (b) Wall!\" Slice lip Contracting Part Turbulence generating part Taper header Hitachi Zoson Corporation , Japan Figure 1.3: Illustration of previous numerical studies Chapter 1. Introduction 10 (a) Straight - Channel Diffuser Direction of flow Front view 1 Side view Institute of Paper Chemistry, W l , U.S.A (b) Four branch manifold x,u 4+ z,w • y,v Univ. of Manchester Inst, of Sci. and Techn. England Figure 1.4: Illustration of previous numerical studies © 0 Rectangular Circular Segmental Figure 1.5: Illustration of manifold cross sectional configurations Chapter 2 Validation of the Computational Method In this chapter, the performance of the numerical method for simulating manifold type dividing and combining flow is investigated. Two examples are given, one is the flow inside a manifold in a liquid cooling module for electronic packaging, the other is the turbulent flow in a pipe junction having application to engine inlet manifolds. Comparisons with available experimental and numerical results show that the present solution method is reliable. 2.1 Flow in Liquid Cooling Module Manifolds for Electronic Packaging Manifolds in liquid cooling modules for electronic packaging are used to divide a main fluid stream into several small streams as well as to combine several small streams into a large stream. These manifolds are classified by flow directions into parallel and reverse flow manifolds. In the parallel flow manifold, the flow directions in the dividing and combining header are the same, whereas the flow in the reverse flow manifold are in opposite directions. This problem was chosen because it has a similar manifold dividing and combining flow characteristics as a headbox. The objective of a manifold design is to obtain a uniform flow distribution. Achieving this objective is especially important in the manifold of a liquid cooling module for electronic packaging because local hot spots can significantly reduce the reliability of a system. Recently, Choi et al (1993) numerically studied the effect of the area ratio, the 12 Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 13 Reynolds number, and the width ratio on the flow distribution in manifolds of a liq-uid cooling module for electronic packaging. This geometry was adopted for the present validation study. The parallel manifold has a rectangular header and eight channels of uniform width separated by thin baffles, as shown in Figure 2.1. The same inlet Reynolds number of 50 is used to simulate this two-dimensional and steady laminar flow. A uniform inlet velocity profile assumed. The property values of water at 20° are used. The grid for this model is illustrated in Figure 2.2 and was generated by using a multi-block algebraic grid method. Figure 2.3 shows the simulated velocity vectors, streamlines and pressure contours. The predicted percent flow rate in each channel together with the results obtained by Choi et al (1993), is compared in Figure 2.4, where good agreement can be seen. Figures 2.5 and 2.6 show the -^component velocities at the channel entrance (i.e. at y = D). The results of the computation agrees well with the experimental results of choi et al. 2.2 Turbulent Flow in a Pipe Junction Representing an Engine Inlet Mani-fold This problem was chosen because experimental and numerical data for the dividing tur-bulent flows encounted in inlet manifolds are available. It has been realized that this configuration of the inlet manifold has a large effect on the performance of an inter-nal combustion engine. There is an increasing need to further understand the complex fluid-dynamic processes in manifolds to optimize engine geometric design parameters. Recently, Fu et al (1992) conducted an experimental and numerical investigation of the flow in an internal combustion engine inlet manifold. The flow in a single-branch mani-fold was simulated using the k — e model of turbulence. Steady and incompressible flow characteristics are assumed. Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 14 Thickness = 0.01 cm D = 0 . 9 8 3 c m #1] 2 w Vin Z U . L=4cm H=5 4 cm D=0.983cm 966cm Figure 2.1: Illustration of a parallel manifold in liquid cooling module for electronic packaging Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 15 Figure 2.2: Computational grid for the parallel manifold Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 16 Figure 2.3: Calculated velocity vector and pressure contour for the parallel manifold Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 17 The percent flow rate in each channel 50 r—i—i-—i—i | i i — i — i | i i i i i i i ~ i — | i i i i | i — i i i | i i • i Steve H. Choi Present calculat ion J I I I I I I I I L_ 4 5 Channel no. Figure 2.4: Percent flow rate in each channel as numbered in Figure 3.1 Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method The V component velocities at the channel entrances (y=D) A f U 4 (By Steve H. Choi, Sehyun Dhin, and Young I. Cho) Figure 2.5: V-component velocities at the channel entrance Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 19 Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 20 The flow domain is sketched in Figure 2.7 which shows a T-junction with a duct to branch area ratio of 2.87. The flow Reynolds number based on the bulk velocity at the inlet of the duct and the hydraulic diameter of the duct is 60, 000. Water is used as the working fluid. The multi-block computational grid is plotted in Figure 2.8. Only half of the domain is simulated because the geometry is symmetric about the center plane. Figure 2.9 shows the velocity vector in the plane of symmetry. For these results the bulk velocity and flow rate of the duct inlet are 1.27m/s and 3.82mm/s respectively, and the branch-main duct flow ratio is 11.6 percent. The predicted cross-stream motions at different locations together with the results of Fu et al are compared in Figure 2.10 and Figure 2.11, respectively. Although there are some discrepancies, the overall agreement is acceptable . A secondary flow is generated in cross- stream planes in the main duct downstream of the interface due to the impingement of the cross-stream flow on the wall. Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 21 430mm v=1.27m/s Q1 194.2mm V 30.8mm 30.8mm I Q2=11.6%Q1 50.8mm 50.8mm Figure 2.7: Illustration of a T-junction flow domain Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 22 Figure 2.8: Computational grid for the T-junction flow domain Chapter 2. Validation of the Computational Method 23 I LO o CM CO o o C D C O cn co d d co o o L O cn co C O L O L O L O d o d d co cn o o T - L O - 0.7 -4—' 0 0.4 2 0 n 1 -m— 2x2 -A— 4x4 — 6x6 8x8 • i I i i i i I • i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i • i I i i i ' I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i i Q 4 8 10 12 tube no. 14 16 18 2 0 Figure 3.10: Grid independence study of a 20-tube model Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 42 Figure 3.11: Different grid refinement used for 20-tube model study (a) 2 x 2 x 30, (b) 4 x 4 x 30, (c) 8 x 8 x 30, (d) 12 x 12 x 30 Figure 3.12: Computational grid for the 20-tube model with 6 x 6 x 30 cells for each diffuser tube Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 44 Figure 3.13: Velocity field in the xz-plane Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 45 ditribution of flow across the manifold using the 10-tube and 20-tube model respectively. The results show that the recirculation rate has a significant effect on the flow distribu-tion. When the recirculation ratio is 15%, the flow rates of the tubes near the manifold exit drop dramatically compared with other tubes. The zero recirculation rate causes unstable flow in the manifold exit due to highly distorted velocity profiles and the high pressure gradient. The local velocity profile and pressure are shown in Figures 3.17 to 3.20 for 10 and 20-tube model. During this study, the zero recirculation ratio is difficult to converge compared with cases with recirculation. As mentioned earlier, one main advantage of using recirculation is that good distri-bution performance can be maintained over a wide operating flow range. In Figure 3.21 and 3.22, the flow rate is increased up to three times the original value, and the unifor-mity of flow distribution across the manifold is well maintained. These results give solid verification of the advantage of using recirculation. Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 46 saqni ipuejq jo Ai|oo|3A )auno imam saqn) uouBjq jo AijoopA jaiino ueaiu saqm uouejq 10 A;po|3A ia&no ueaiu Figure 3.14: The prediction of uniformity of diffuser tube outflow rates using 2x2 cells for the tube cross section (a) 20-tube model (b) 10-tube model (c)real geometry simulation Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 4 7 Figure 3.15: Effects of recirculation rate on flow distribution for a 10-tube model Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 48 8 10 12 14 16 18 2 0 . I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I I | M I I | I I I I | I I I I | I I I II 0.1 0 ' '-I ' ' ' ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 Ho.1 8 10 12 t u b e no . 14 16 18 2 0 Figure 3.16: Effects of recirculation rate on flow distribution for a 20-tube model Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 49 i l l Iff i i i .mi 1111 j ill?! itl H i l l i t ' l l f * i mil t|| . i l l Hi 1 1 1 I I .»tf i n i f f i i i ! , /f /f : ifff 5 m/s Figure 3.17: Solution at the center plane for a 10-tube model (a) local velocity field (R=8%)(b) pressure distribution (R=8%) Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 50 Figure 3.18: Solution at the center plane for a 10-tube model (a) local velocity field (R=0%)(b) pressure distribution (R=0%) Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 51 Figure 3.19: Solution at the center plane for a 20-tube model (a) local velocity field (R=8%)(b) pressure distribution (R=8%) Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 52 Figure 3.20: Solution at the center plane for a 20-tube model (a) local velocity field (R=0%)(b) pressure distribution (R=0%) Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 53 Figure 3.21: Effects of operating flow rate on flow distribution for a 10-tube model with 6 x 6 x 30 grid refinement for each tube and 8% recirculation rate Chapter 3. Prediction of the Flow Distribution in a Flow Diffuser 54 5 10 15 20, 2 1 — i — i — i — | — i — i — i — i — r — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — i — j <• t u b e no . Figure 3.22: Effects of operating flow rate on flow distribution for a 20-tube model with 6 x 6 x 30 grid refinement for each tube and 8% recirculation rate Chapter 4 Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 Conclusions • An existing computational tool has been adapted for the prediction of the flow distribution across manifold type flowspreaders by using a curvilinear grid compu-tational method and elliptic or algebraic grid generation method. • As a validation of the present computer codes, laminar flow in a simple electronic packaging manifold was computed. This geometry has typical manifold dividing and combining flow characteristics. The prediction of the laminar flow distribution is in good agreement with results reported in the literature showing that the present computational methods can be generalized to deal with manifold type flow domains. • Calculations using block-structured (multi-block) curvilinear grids are applied to Canfor flowspreader. Grid independence studies were performed for 10 and 20 tube models. The results show that 6 x 6 cells for the tube cross section are required for the accurate prediction of flow distribution in each tube. • The real geometry of the Canfor manifold has been simulated together with 10 tube and 20 tube modelling. Due to memory limitations, only coarse grid representation was used for the real geometry simulation. The 10 tube and 20 tube models give results similar to the real geometry simulation do when using same grid refinement. They also predict observations such as the effects of recirculation rate and operating 55 Chapter 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 56 flow rate on the flow distribution, which are reported in the literature. • The effects of recirculation rate on the manifold flow distribution are studied using 10 and 20 tube models. It was found the flow rates from the downstream tubes drop dramatically with a 15% recirculation rate, and that the zero recirculation rate causes high pressure and large flow rate from tubes near the end. The results agree with the experimental observation. • A series of calculations have been performed to study the effect of the operating flow rate on the flow distribution. As reported in the literature, good distribu-tion performance can be maintained over a wide operating flow range by using appropriate value of recirculation. 4.2 Recommendations for Future Work Some recommendations for future work are suggested: • The real geometry simulation for the flow diffuser has been limited to coarse grid representation due to computer limitations. An improvement of the computational results can be achieved by using finer grids when larger computer memory is avail-able. In addition, the accuracy of tube models with fewer tubes can be further verified. • The Canfor manifold has a rectangular cross section, other type of manifold have a segmental cross section (see Figure 4.1) The method preposed in this thesis can be used to model other shapes such as the segmental case. • The manifold has been studied as an independent flow domain. In the real case, the flow diffuser is connected to other parts of the headbox. The outlet of the diffuser Chapter 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 5 7 tubes are the inlet of the contracting parts, as shown in Figure 4.2. The next step must include the contraction part as part of the whole computational domain. • Grid generation is one of the major tasks in numerical simulation for flows in complex geometries. The grid generation code adapted here, MBEGG, can be used for generating such block-structured, curvilinear grids. However, there are several aspects which require further consideration. In particular, MBEGG has no capability for generating grids with continuous grid slopes across the interfaces between domains. Smooth grid interface could perhaps be obtained by iteratively adjusting the source terms near the interface. Figure 4.1: Manifold with segmental cross section Chapter 4. Conclusions and Recommendations Figure 4.2: Manifold with the contracting par Appendix A A Computational Method Using Curvilinear Grids - C M G F D The CMGFD code was developed by He (1995) based on a previous CFD code, MGFD, developed by Nowak (1992) in the research group at UBC supervised by M.Salcudean and I. Gartshore. The MGFD code is a comprehensive 3D numerical code with multigrid and domain segmentation techniques. However, its application is limited to rectangular type geometries since it is based on the Cartesian coordinate system. The CMGFD code uses block-structured curvilinear grids. Al l the techniques used in the MGFD code, such as the multigrid method and domain segmentation feature, are generalized into the CMGFD code. The CMGFD code involves several numerical techniques. These techniques are im-plemented in the code in four steps as reported by He (1995). In the first step, the calculation of laminar flow in complex geometry using general curvilinear grids is investigated. This step is necessary to develop an efficient, curvi-linear coordinate-based finite-volume method while avoiding the additional complexity of turbulence modeling and domain segmentation treatments. Finite-volume methods in conjunction with curvilinear grids have become popular in recent years for flow simulation in complex geometry. However, problems still exist in terms of the accuracy and efficiency of such computations. In the present study, a finite volume method using general curvi-linear grids is proposed to overcome some of these difficulties. The coordinate invariant conservation equations and the physical geometric quantities of the control cells are used 60 Appendix A. A Computational Method Using Curvilinear Grids - CMGFD 61 directly to formulate the numerical scheme without reference to the commonly-used co-variant and contravariant vectors. The definitions of the physical geometrical quantities and the tangential velocity unknowns are introduced. A new difference scheme for the non-orthogonal diffusion and pressure terms is proposed. This scheme contributes to the main diagonal terms in the resulting coefficient matrix and allows an implicit treat-ment of the non-orthogonal quantities without increasing the number of computational molecules. A coupled equation solver is used in place of the commonly-used pressure-correction equation associated with grid non-orthogonality. The developed method is implemented in the CMGFD code. Several two- and three-dimensional laminar flows are computed and compared with other numerical, experimental and analytical results to validate the solution method and code (see He (1995)). In the second step, the method developed in the first step is generalized to turbulent flows. It is well known that turbulent flows are more difficult to handle. This step is intended to increase our knowledge in dealing with turbulent flows in the environment of general curvilinear grids and achieve an efficient numerical method for turbulent flows. The mathematical model adopted for the present study is introduced. The k — e two-equation model together with the 'wall function' is used to simulate turbulent flows. The discretization of the k — e equations and the formulation of the 'wall function' are presented. The treatment of the source terms in the k — e equations is discussed in detail. The performance of the method is investigated through several three-dimensional turbulent flows to validate the method as well as the CMGFD code in He (1995). The third step is concentrated on the development of an efficient multigrid method for flow simulation in general curvilinear grids. The multigrid method is an efficient so-lution procedure which exhibits convergence rates insensitive to grid refinement. It has been widely used in the field of computational fluid dynamics. However, there have been Appendix A. A Computational Method Using Curvilinear Grids - CMGFD 62 relatively few studies carried out using general curvilinear grids. There are additional dif-ficulties for multigrid acceleration in curvilinear coordinate systems which require careful consideration. In the CMGFD code, a multigrid method for calculating laminar and turbulent flows using general curvilinear grids is developed. First, the multigrid calculation of laminar flows is studied with emphasis on the influence of complex flow boundaries. It is found that the discrete governing equations on different grid levels can become inconsistent in some curvilinear grids due to complex flow boundaries, thus reducing the efficiency of the multigrid algorithm. A novel treatment is proposed to solve this problem. Secondly, the difficulties associated with the multigrid acceleration of turbulent flows are discussed and several techniques which help the performance of the multigrid method are introduced. Particularly, it is found that the formulation of the coarse-grid defect equation using the 'wall function' can cause inconsistency of the governing equations between fine and coarse grids. This problem is discussed in detail and a novel approach is proposed to allow the successful implementation of the multigrid method for turbulent flows. In the last step, the method developed in the three previous steps is generalized to non-structured curvilinear grids by using a domain segmentation technique. This tech-nique divides the domain of interest into different sub-domains. Solutions are obtained by iteratively applying the solver described in the previous steps to each sub-domain. The implementation of the domain segmentation strategy in the method using general curvilinear grids is studied. Particular attention is given to the communication between neighbouring sub-domains. The performance of the multi-block method is investigated through several computational examples in He (1995). The methods described above have been implemented in the CMGFD code. With the above developments the code can be used to deal with arbitrary complex geometry Appendix A. A Computational Method Using Curvilinear Grids - CMGFD 63 if proper block-structured curvilinear grids are generated. However, generating appro-priate grids is often a difficult task. The existing difficulty in generating appropriate grids is one of the reasons that few numerical studies are carried out over complex three dimensional domains. An elliptic grid generation code, MBEGG, is developed to support the application of the CMGFD code. It can be used to generate multi-block curvilinear grids for various complex flows. An elliptic grid generation method is used in the code, which solves three nonlinear elliptic grid generation equations. The source terms in the equations are problem-dependent functions and can be used to control the grid char-acteristics, such as orthogonality and grid stretching. Methods to achieve certain grid quantities, such as skewness, through the control functions are implemented in the code. The multigrid method is an ideal solver for the elliptic grid generation equations due to the fully elliptic nature of the equations. In the present study, a multigrid method is developed to solve these equations. A domain segmentation technique is adopted in the code to generate block-structured curvilinear grids. Block-structured curvilinear grids are generated for flows over manifold type flow spreaders using the code. Appendix B Governing Equations In this section, the governing equations and turbulence model used in the present study are described. The full, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations together with the standard k — e equations are solved for turbulent flows. Using the eddy viscosity con-cept and the closure of the k — e two-equation model of Launder and Spalding (1974), the averaged governing equations for steady, incompressible flows can be written in the following coordinate-free form: -VP, (B.l) (B.2) - Qt, (B.3) -QCij, (B.4) where k is the turbulence kinetic energy, e is the turbulence energy disspation rate, g is the flow density, G is the turbulence energy generation rate, Ci, C2, crfc and ae are empirical constants which, following Launder and Spalding (1974), are taken as Ci = 1.44, C2 = 1.92, ak = 1.0, at = 1.3, CM = 0.09. Equations (3.1) and (3.2) represent the momentum and mass conservations, respectively, for steady, incompressible flows, and are the well-known Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Equations (3.3) and (3.4) are the transport equations for turbulence kinetic 011 • V U - V \" (l*eff V U ) = y u = 0, S7.(guk-^S/k) = G y U ? u e - - V e ) = C i | G -64 Appendix B. Governing Equations 65 energy and its dissipation rate respectively. In these equations, u is the mean velocity vector which is time-averaged from the instantaneous velocity, v u is a tensor, and /x e// is the effective viscosity which is given by: Peff = Pt + Pi, where pi and fit are the laminar and the turbulent viscosities respectively. The turbulent viscosity is evaluated from the relation fh = QC^/e, (B.5) where C M was found empirically to be approximately constant at high Reynolds numbers. Appendix C Grid Generation for Manifolds with a Circular Cross Section C . l Problem Description The circular cross section manifold under consideration has a large plenum and four diffuser tubes, as shown in Figure C.l. The inlet diameter of the large plenum is lm and the outlet diameter is 0.225m. Each diffuser tube is 2m long with an inlet diameter of 0.2m. C .2 Computational Grid The computational domain is segmented into a main flow subdomain and four diffuser flow subdomains. In order to obtain a continuous grid between the main flow domain and the diffuser tubes, rectangular grids are used for the diffuser tubes instead of cylindrical grids which have a singular line at the center. The two different types of grids are shown in Figure C.2. The direct grid generation for the main flow subdomain is difficult. The method adopted here is to generate two dimensional grid first, then map the grid into a three dimension grid. (Figure C.3) The grid generation method developed by He (1995) can be modified to generate the grid for a circle inside a rectangle as shown in Figure C.4. Grids for the present 2D geometry cannot be generated by the method developed by He (1995). A new subroutine called multicircle was developed here to generate the grid. 66 Appendix C. Grid Generation for Manifolds with a Circular Cross Section 67 In the multicircle code, a method similar to the 3D multi-block grid generation method is used to generate grids for 2D geometries. 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Phys., Vol. 81. [71] J. W. Yokota, 1990, \"Diagonally inverted lower-upper factored implicit multigrid scheme for the three-dimensional navier-stokes equations\", AIAA J., Vol. 29, pp. 1642-1649. "@en ; edm:hasType "Thesis/Dissertation"@en ; vivo:dateIssued "1998-11"@en ; edm:isShownAt "10.14288/1.0080864"@en ; dcterms:language "eng"@en ; ns0:degreeDiscipline "Mechanical Engineering"@en ; edm:provider "Vancouver : University of British Columbia Library"@en ; dcterms:publisher "University of British Columbia"@en ; dcterms:rights "For non-commercial purposes only, such as research, private study and education. Additional conditions apply, see Terms of Use https://open.library.ubc.ca/terms_of_use."@en ; ns0:scholarLevel "Graduate"@en ; dcterms:title "Computational modelling of manifold type flowspreaders"@en ; dcterms:type "Text"@en ; ns0:identifierURI "http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8153"@en .